Wikipedia scowiki https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.2 first-letter Media Special Collogue Uiser Uiser collogue Wikipedia Wikipedia collogue File File collogue MediaWiki MediaWiki collogue Template Template collogue Help Help collogue Category Category collogue Portal Portal talk Define Define talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 5054 916764 909425 2026-05-13T14:05:46Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916764 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translation}} [[File:Heckert GNU white.svg|thumb|200px|right|GNU logo (leuks awfu lik a [[Wildebeest|gnu]])]] The '''GNU Free Documentation License''' ('''GNU FDL''' or cutty '''GFDL''') is a [[copyleft]] [[license]] for [[free content]], designed bi the [[Free Saftware Foondation]] (FSF) for the [[GNU]] project. It is the coonterpairt tae the [[GNU GPL]] that gies readers the same richts tae copy, caw aboot an modifee a wark an requires aw copies an affcomes tae be tae haund unner the same license. Copies can be selt commercial an aw, but if duin in lairger quantities (greater nor 100) nor the oreeginal document or soorce code maun be seen on tae the wark's receepient. The license wis designed for [[guidal]]s, textbeuks, ither reference an instructional materials, an documentation that aften gangs alang wi GPL saftware. Houaniver, it can be uised for ony text-based wark, regairdless o subject maiter. The lairgest project uisin the license is [[Wikipedia]], a general-purpose encyclopaedia, but the license isna awfu popular amang ither projects. {{listen|filename=GFDL (English).ogg|title=Listen tae the GFDL|description=Audio recordin o the full text o the GNU Free Documentation License.|format=[[Ogg]]}} == Secondary sections == The license explicitly separates ony kynd of "Document" frae "Secondary Sections", which mey nae be integrated wi the Document, but exist as front-matter materials or appendices. Seicontar sections can contain information regarding the author's or publisher's relationship tae the subject matter, but nae ony subject matter itself. While the Document itself is wholly editable, an is essentially covered bi a license equivalent tae (but baith-ways incompatible wi) the [[GNU General Public License]], some o the seicontar sections hae various restrictions designed primarily tae deal wi proper attribution tae previous authors. Specifically, the authors of prior versions hae tae be acknowledged an certaint "invariant sections" specified bi the oreeginal author an dealing wi his or her relationship tae the subject matter mey nae be changed. If the material is modified, its title haes tae be changed (unless the prior authors gie permission tae retain the title). The license an aa haes provisions for the handling of front-kiver an back-kiver texts of beuks, as well as for "History", "Acknowledgements", "Dedications" an "Endorsements" sections. == Commercial redistribution == The GFDL requires the ability tae "copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially or noncommercially" an therefore is incompatible wi material that excludes commercial re-use. Material that restricts commercial re-use is incompatible wi the license an canna be incorporated intae the work. Houiver, incorporating sic restricted material mey be [[fair use]] unner United States copyright law an daes nae need tae be licensed tae faw within the GFDL if sic fair use is covered bi aw potential subsequent uses. Ane good ensaumple of sic liberal an commercial fair use is [[parody]].<!-- Note that a "fair use" in the United States might well be considered an infringing use under the copyright laws of other countries. --> == Criticism of the GFDL == The [[Debian]] project an Nathanael Nerode haes raised objection.[http://people.debian.org/~srivasta/Position_Statement.xhtml] Debian developers eventually voted tae consider works licensed unner the GFDL tae comply wi thair [[Debian Free Software Guidelines]] providit the invariant section clauses are nae uised.[http://www.debian.org/vote/2006/vote_001] Thir critics recommend the use of alternate licenses sic as the [[share-alike]] [[Creative Commons licenses]] or even the GNU GPL. Thay consider the GFDL a non-free license. The reasons for this are that the GFDL allows "invariant" text which canna be modified or removed, an that its prohibition against [[digital rights management]] (DRM) seestems applies tae valid usages, lik for "private copies made and not distributed".[http://home.twcny.rr.com/nerode/neroden/fdl.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031009105046/http://home.twcny.rr.com/nerode/neroden/fdl.html |date=2003-10-09 }} === Overly broad DRM clause === The GNU FDL conteens the statement: <blockquote>"You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute."</blockquote> A criticism of this leid is that it is too broad, acause it applies tae private copies made but nae distributed. This means that a licensee is nae allowed tae save document copies "made" in a proprietary file format or uisin encryption. In 2003, [[Richard Stallman]] [http://lists.debian.org/debian-legal/2003/09/msg00212.html said] aboot the abuin sentence on the [http://lists.debian.org/debian-legal debian-legal] mailing leet: <blockquote>"This means that you cannot publish them under DRM systems to restrict the possessors of the copies. It isn't supposed to refer to use of encryption or file access control on your own copy. I will talk with our lawyer and see if that sentence needs to be clarified."</blockquote> [[As of 2006]], the sentence haes nae yet been clarified. === Invariant sections === A GNU FDL wark can quickly be encumbered acause a new, different, title maun be giv'n an a leet o previous titles maun be kept. This coud lead tae the situation whaur thar are a whol series o title peiges, an dedications, in ilka an e'ery copy o the beuk if it haes a lang lineage. Thir peiges cannae ''e'er'' be remuived, at least nae until the wark haes enter'd the [[public domein]] efter [[copyricht]] expires. [[Richard Stallman]] [http://lists.debian.org/debian-legal/2003/08/msg00807.html said] aboot invariant sections on the [http://lists.debian.org/debian-legal debian-legal] mailin leet: <blockquote>"The dool o invariant sections, e'er syne the 80s whan we first made the ''GNU Manifesto'' an invariant section in the Emacs Manual, wis tae mak sure they coud nae be remuived. Specifically, tae mak sure that distributors o Emacs that awso distribute non-free software coud nae remuive the steitments o wir philosophy, whilka they micht think o doin acause those steitements criticize their actions."</blockquote> === GPL incompatible in both directions === The GNU FDL is incompatible in baith directions wi the GPL: that is GNU FDL material canna be put intae GPL code an GPL code canna be put intae a GNU FDL manual. Because of this, code samples are eften [[dual license|dual-licensed]] sae that thay mey appear in documentation an can be incorporated intae a free software program. At the Juin 22nt an 23rd internaitional GPLv3 conference in Barcelona, Moglen hinted that a future version o the GPL coud be made suitable for documentation:[http://fsfeurope.org/projects/gplv3/barcelona-moglen-transcript#lgpl] <blockquote>By expressing LGPL as just an additional permission on top of GPL we simplify our licensing landscape drastically. It's like for physics getting rid of a force, right? We just unified [[electro-weak]], ok? The [[grand unified field theory]] still escapes us until the document licences too are just additional permissions on top of GPL. I don't know how we'll ever get there, that's gravity, it's really hard.</blockquote> === Burdens when printing === The GNU FDL requires that licensees, when prentin a document covered bi the license, must an aa include "this License, the copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies to the Document". This means that if a licensee prints oot a copy of an article whose text is covered unner the GNU FDL, he or she must an aa include a copyright notice an a physical printout o the GNU FDL, which is a significantly lairge document in itself. === Ideological tone === The license haes a preamble, which some critics dislike acause of its ideological tone.{{cn}} Because the preamble is pairt o the license, it must be included (alang wi the rest o the license's text) wi every copy o a licensed document. === Transparent formats === The definition o a "transparent" format is complicated, an mey be difficult tae apply. For ensaumple, drawings are required tae be in a format that allows them tae be revised straightforwardly wi "some widely available drawing editor." The definition of "widely available" mey be difficult tae interpret, an mey chynge ower time, syne, e.g., the open-soorce [[Inkscape]] editor is rapidly maturing, but haes nae yet reached version 1.0. This section, which wis rewritten somewhat atween versions 1.1 an 1.2 o the license, uses the terms "widely available" an "proprietary" inconsistently an wioot defining them. Accordin tae a strict interpretation o the license, the references tae "generic text editors" coud be interpreted as ruling oot a format uised bi an open-soorce wird-processor sic as [[Abiword]]; accordin tae a loose interpretation, houiver, [[Microsoft Office Word|Microsoft Word]] .doc format coud qualify as transparent, syne a subset of .doc files can be edited perfectly uisin [[OpenOffice.org]], an the format therefore is nae ane "that can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors." == History == The FDL wis released in draft form for feedback in late 1999. Efter revisions, version 1.1 wis issued in Mairch 2000, an version 1.2 in November 2002. The current state o the license is version 1.2. The first discussion draft o the GNU Free Documentation License version 2 wis released on [[September 26]] [[2006]], alang wi a draft o the new [[GNU Simpler Free Documentation License]]. The new draft o the GNU FDL includes a nummer of improvements, sic as new terms crafted during the GPLv3 process tae improve internationalization, clarifications tae help fowk applying the license tae audio an video, an relaxed requirements for uisin an excerpt frae a work. The new proposed GNU Simpler Free Documentation License haes no requirements tae maintain Cover Texts an Invariant Sections. This will provide a simpler licensing option for authors who dae nae wish tae use thir features in the GNU FDL. == Other free content licenses == Some of thir war developed independently o the GNU FDL, while others war developed in response tae perceived flaws in the GNU FDL. * [[Creative Commons licenses]] * [[Design Science License]] * [[Free Art license]] * [[Open Content License]] * [[Open Publication License]] == See also == * [[BSD license]] * [[Copyright]] * [[Copyleft]] * [[Free software license]] * [[GNU]] * [[Open content]] * [[Share-alike]] * [[Software licensing]] <!-- should the above "alternatives" list be moved to [[software licensing]] ? --> * [[Non-commercial educational]] == External links == * [http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html GFDL official text] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916084910/http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html |date=2017-09-16 }} * [http://www.fsf.org/licenses/fdl.html The GNU Free Documentation License] * [http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-doc.html Free Software and Free Manuals] * [http://people.debian.org/~srivasta/Position_Statement.xhtml Draft of Debian position statement about the GFDL] * [http://home.twcny.rr.com/nerode/neroden/fdl.html Why You Shouldn't Use the GNU FDL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031009105046/http://home.twcny.rr.com/nerode/neroden/fdl.html |date=2003-10-09 }} * [[wikivoyage:Wikivoyage:Why Wikivoyage isn't GFDL|Why Wikivoyage isna GFDL]]: Problems wi uisin the GFDL for short printed texts * [http://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/ The Free Universal Encyclopedia And Learning Resource] * [http://gplv3.fsf.org/doclic-dd1-guide.html Guide to the new drafts of documentation licenses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205175357/http://gplv3.fsf.org/doclic-dd1-guide.html |date=2012-02-05 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gnu Free Documentation License}} [[Category:GNU Project]] [[Category:Free content licenses]] [[Category:Saftware documentation]] [[Category:Copyleft]] [[Category:Free Software Foundation]] 43qrls48l2m6i39wgyd63ow0642g2un 0 7178 916773 801797 2026-05-13T23:47:31Z Xqbot 2526 Fixin dooble reguidal til [[Jamie VI, King o Scots]] 916773 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Jamie VI, King o Scots]] tvns52ms20szv4acqngsp9u1dfk7mlq 0 8624 916774 801798 2026-05-13T23:47:36Z Xqbot 2526 Fixin dooble reguidal til [[Jamie VI, King o Scots]] 916774 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Jamie VI, King o Scots]] tvns52ms20szv4acqngsp9u1dfk7mlq 0 9158 916775 801799 2026-05-13T23:47:41Z Xqbot 2526 Fixin dooble reguidal til [[Jamie VI, King o Scots]] 916775 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Jamie VI, King o Scots]] tvns52ms20szv4acqngsp9u1dfk7mlq 0 11331 916784 818300 2026-05-14T02:30:04Z CommonsDelinker 411 Replacin' FNL_Flag.svg wi' [[File:Flag_of_the_National_Liberation_Front_of_South_Vietnam,_Flag_of_South_Vietnam_(1975–1976).svg]] (by [[commons:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] coz: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] (meaningl 916784 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=Dizember 2020}} [[File:Flag of Vietnam.svg|thumb|250px|Banner o Vietnam [[File:FIAV 111111.svg|23px]]]] The '''Banner o [[Vietnam]]''' frae 1976, offeecially the Socialist Republic o Vietnam, kent as the "red banner wi yellae starn" (''cờ đỏ sao vàng'') an aw, wis designed in 1940 an uised that year durin an uprisin against French rule in [[Cochincheenae]]. The banner wis uised bi the [[Việt Minh]], a communist-led organization creatit in 1941 tae oppose Japanese occupation. When the Japanese surrendered at the end o [[Warld War II]], Việt Minh leader [[Ho Chi Minh]] proclaimed the [[Democratic Republic o Vietnam]] in [[Hanoi]] wi hissel as preses. Hồ signed a decree on 5 September 1945 adoptin the Việt Minh banner as the banner o the DRV. The DRV became the govrenment o North Vietnam in 1954 follaein the [[Geneva Accords]]. The banner wis modifee'd in 1955 tae mak the edges o the starn sharper. The reid backgrund wis inspired bi the banner o the communist pairty, which in turn honors the [[red banner]] o the [[Paris Commune]] o 1871. It seembolizes revolution an bluid. The five-pointit yellae starn represents the unity o wirkers, peasants, intellectuals, traders an sodgers in biggin socialism. Till [[Fall o Saigon|Saigon wis captured]] in 1975, Sooth Vietnam uised a yellae banner wi three reid stripes. The reid banner o North Vietnam became the banner o a unitit Vietnam when the [[Vietnam|Socialist Republic o Vietnam]] wis formed on 2 Julie 1976. {| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;" |- bgcolor="#efefef" ! width="110"|Banner!!width="100"|Duration!!width="250"|Uise!!width="250"|Name/Description |- ||| 1802-1885|| Banner o [[Nguyễn Dynasty]] || ''Long tinh'' (Dragon Spirit) banner |- | [[File:Flag of Central Vietnam (1885-1890).svg|border|100px]] || 1885-1890 || || ''Đại Nam Kỳ'' (Naitional Banner o the Great Sooth) |- | [[File:Flag of French Indochina.svg|border|100px]] || 1887 – 1953 || Banner o [[French Indocheenae]] || French banner canton on a yellae field |- | [[File:Standard of the Nguyen Dynasty (1890 - 1920).svg|border|100px]] || 1890 – 1920 || Banner o [[Nguyễn Dynasty]] (Emperor [[Thành Thái]])|| A yellae field, wi three reid stripes. The stripes represent the ''Quẻ Càn'', or Qian trigram, interpretit as representin the regions o Vietnam (North, Central, an Sooth) an aw. |- | [[File:First flag of the Nguyen Dynasty.svg|border|100px]] || 1920 – 1945 || Banner o [[Nguyễn Dynasty]] an [[Annam]] (French protectorate) || A yellae field, wi single reid stripe (''Long tinh'' (Dragon Spirit) banner). |- ||| Mairch – August 1945 || Banner o the Empire o [[Vietnam]] durin Japanese occupation || A yellae field, wi three reid stripes. The stripes represent the ''Quẻ Ly'', or Li trigram. |- | [[File:Flag of Republic of Cochinchina (1946-8).svg|border|100px]] || 1946 – 1948 || Banner o the Autonomous Republic o [[Cochincheenae]] (''Nam Kỳ Cộng hòa quốc'') || Cochincheenae is a precursor o Sooth Vietnam |- ||| 1948 – 1975 || Banner o the [[State o Vietnam]] (1949-1954) an o [[Sooth Vietnam]] (1954-1974) || A yellae field, wi three reid stripes. (Identical tae Thành Thái's banner.) |- | [[File:Flag_of_North_Vietnam_(1945-1955).svg|border|100px]] || 1945 – 1955 || Banner o [[North Vietnam]] || A reid field, wi a lairge yellae starn. |- | [[File:Flag of Vietnam.svg|border|100px]] || 1955 – present || Banner o [[North Vietnam]] (1955-76) an the Socialist Republic o Vietnam (1976 - present) || A reid field, wi a lairge yellae starn. |- | [[File:Flag of the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam, Flag of South Vietnam (1975–1976).svg|border|100px]] || 1960 – 1975 || Banner o the [[Vietcong]], or [[Proveesional Revolutionary Govrenment o the Republic o Sooth Vietnam]] || A yellae starn, wi reid an blue backgrund. |} {{Commonscat|Flags of Vietnam}} [[Category:Naitional banners|Vietnam]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Vietnam]] [[Category:Banners o Vietnam]] {{stub/Banner}} 52n5aokscnusr2wfs0j39eql3kbyciq 0 12404 916768 916558 2026-05-13T21:59:23Z Atlantic306 30244 /* Fremmit airtins */ ce 916768 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club | current = Torneo Clausura 2008 (Paraguay)#Positions| image = | clubname = Sol de América| fullname = Club Sol de América| nickname = ''Los Danzarines'' | founded = 1909 | ground = [[Estadio Luis Alfonso Giagni]],<br>[[Villa Elisa, Paraguay|Villa Elisa]], [[Paraguay]] | capacity = 5,000 | chairman = [[Daniel Garnero]]| manager = Ángel Martínez | league = [[División Intermedia]] | season = 2025 | position = 8th | pattern_la1=|pattern_b1=|pattern_ra1=| leftarm1=0033CC|body1=0033CC|rightarm1=0033CC|shorts1=0033CC|socks1=0033CC| pattern_la2=_blueshoulders|pattern_b2=_blueshoulders|pattern_ra2=_blueshoulders| leftarm2=FFFFFF|body2=FFFFFF|rightarm2=FFFFFF|shorts2=0033CC|socks2=FFFFFF| }} '''Club Sol de América''' is a [[Paraguay]]an [[sports club]], kent for its [[fitbaw]] team.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sofascore.com/football/team/sol-de-america/36439|title=Club Sol de América|website=www.sofascore.com|access-date=9 Mey 2026}}</ref> The club is locatit in [[Barrio Obrero (Asunción)|Barrio Obrero]], Paraguay, an it wis foondit in 1909. The stadium Sol de America uises for maist o its first division games is locatit in the suburb ceity o [[Villa Elisa]]. Sol de America hae wan the [[Paraguayan Primera División|Paraguayn First Division]] title on twa occasions, in 1986 an then again in 1991. They hae a strang [[basketbaw]] team an aw. ==Fitbaa== ===Honours=== *'''[[Paraguayan Primera División|Paraguayan First Division]]''' **'''Winners (2):''' 1986, 1991 *'''[[Paraguayan Segunda División|Paraguayan Seicont Division]]''' **'''Winners (3):''' 1965, 1977, 2006 *'''[[Torneo República]]''' **'''Winners (1):''' 1988 ===Performance in CONMEBOL competitions=== *'''[[Copa Libertadores]]''': 6 appearances ::'''Best''': Quarter-Final in 1989 ===Notable coaches=== *{{flagicon|Hungary}} {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Ferenc Puskás]] *{{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Sergio Markarián]] *{{flagicon|Paraguay}} [[Ever Hugo Almeida]] ==Basketbaw== Sol de América also haes a [[basketbaw]] team participatin in the [[Paraguayan Metropolitan Basketbaw League]]. They wan the Paraguayan championship seiven times: 1982, 1983, 1984, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999 an 2007. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Fremmit airtins== [https://espndeportes.espn.com/futbol/equipo/_/id/7465/sol-de-america ESPN] (in Spainish) [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Paraguay|Sol de America]] [[Category:Basketbaw teams in Paraguay|Sol de America]] [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs establisht in 1909]] s3hdy7m2ihu8ohoe53yjzhvpsb8nxsu 0 13976 916765 905950 2026-05-13T18:39:10Z JayCubby 108561 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:030Arab (cropped).jpg]] → [[File:030Arab.jpg]] uncrop 916765 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Hashemite Kinrick o Jordan |common_name = Jordan |native_name = {{lower|0.1em|{{nobold|{{lang|ar|المملكة الأردنية الهاشمية}}}}}} ([[Modren Staundart Arabic|Arabic]])<br/><small>''{{transl|ar|ALA|Al-Mamlakah Al-Urdunnīyah Al-Ḥāshimīyah}}''</small> |image_flag = Flag of Jordan.svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of Jordan.svg |national_motto = {{small|"God, Kintra, Keeng"}}<br/>{{native phrase|ar|{{lower|0.1em|{{big|الله، الوطن، الملك}}}}|italics=off}}<br/>''{{transl|ar|ALA|Allah, Al-Waṭan, Al-Malik}}''<ref name="king">{{cite book|last=Temperman|first=Jeroen|title=State-Religion Relationships and Human Rights Law: Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Governance|accessdate=20 March 2016|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Khag6tbsIn4C&pg=PA87|year=2010|publisher=Brill|isbn=90-04-18148-2|page=87}}</ref> |national_anthem = {{small|({{lang-sco|[[The Ryal Anthem o Jordan]]}})}}<br/>{{lang|ar|{{big|السلام الملكي الأردني}}}}<br/>{{lower|0.1em|''{{transl|ar|ALA|Al-Salam Al-Malaki Al-Urdunni}}''}}<br/><br/><center>[[File:National anthem of Jordan instrumental.ogg]]</center> |image_map = Jordan (orthographic projection).svg |map_caption = |image_map2 = Jordan - Location Map (2013) - JOR - UNOCHA.svg |map_caption2 = Map of Jordan showing influential governorate centers |capital = [[Amman]] |coordinates = {{Coord|31|57|N|35|56|E|type:city}} |largest_city = caipital |official_languages = [[Modren Standard Arabic|Arabic]] |ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list |98% [[Arab fowk|Arab]] |1% [[Circassians]] |1% [[Armenies]]}} |demonym = Jordanian |government_type = [[Unitar state|Unitar]] [[Pairlamentar seestem|pairlamentar]] [[constitutional monarchy]] |leader_title1 = [[Leet o keengs o Jordan|Keeng]] |leader_name1 = [[Abdullah II o Jordan|Abdullah II]] |leader_title2 = [[Prime Meenister o Jordan|Prime Meenister]] |leader_name2 = [[Bisher Al-Khasawneh]] |legislature = [[Pairlament o Jordan|Pairlament]] |upper_house = [[Jordanian Senate|Senate]] |lower_house = [[Jordanian Hoose o Representatives|Hoose o Representatives]] |sovereignty_type = [[Unthirldom]] |sovereignty_note = frae [[Unitit Kinrick|Breetain]] |established_event1 = {{nowrap|[[The Emirate o Transjordan]]}} |established_date1 = 11 Apryle 1921 |established_event2 = [[League o Naitions mandate|The Hashemite Kinrick o Jordan]] |established_date2 = 25 May 1946 |area_km2 = 89,341 |area_rank = 112t |area_sq_mi = 35,637 |percent_water = |population_estimate = 9,952,293<ref>{{cite web|title=Population clock|accessdate=25 June 2017|publisher=Jordan Department of Statistics|url=http://web.dos.gov.jo/?lang=en|archive-date=2016-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306132107/http://web.dos.gov.jo/?lang=en|url-status=dead}}</ref> | population_estimate = 10,171,480<ref>{{cite web|title=Population clock|accessdate=12 June 2018|work=Jordan Department of Statistics|url=http://dosweb.dos.gov.jo/|archive-date=2019-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818112822/http://dosweb.dos.gov.jo/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2018 | population_estimate_rank = 88t | population_census = 9,531,712<ref name="census">{{cite web|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/population-stands-around-95-million-including-29-million-guests|title=Population stands at around 9.5 million, including 2.9 million guests|accessdate=12 June 2018|publisher=The Jordan Times|last=Ghazal|first=Mohammad|date=22 January 2016}}</ref> | population_census_year = 2015 | population_density_km2 = 114 | population_density_sq_mi = 295 | population_density_rank = 106t | GDP_PPP = $93.159 billion<ref name=GDP>{{cite web|title=Jordan|work=IMF|accessdate=24 November 2018|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=77&pr.y=14&sy=2018&ey=2023&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C546%2C213%2C962%2C911%2C674%2C314%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C836%2C918%2C558%2C748%2C138%2C618%2C196%2C624%2C278%2C522%2C692%2C622%2C694%2C156%2C142%2C626%2C449%2C628%2C564%2C228%2C565%2C924%2C283%2C233%2C853%2C632%2C288%2C636%2C293%2C634%2C566%2C238%2C964%2C662%2C182%2C960%2C359%2C423%2C453%2C935%2C968%2C128%2C922%2C611%2C714%2C321%2C862%2C243%2C135%2C248%2C716%2C469%2C456%2C253%2C722%2C642%2C942%2C643%2C718%2C939%2C724%2C734%2C576%2C644%2C936%2C819%2C961%2C172%2C813%2C132%2C726%2C646%2C199%2C648%2C733%2C915%2C184%2C134%2C524%2C652%2C361%2C174%2C362%2C328%2C364%2C258%2C732%2C656%2C366%2C654%2C144%2C336%2C146%2C263%2C463%2C268%2C528%2C532%2C923%2C944%2C738%2C176%2C578%2C534%2C537%2C536%2C742%2C429%2C866%2C433%2C369%2C178%2C744%2C436%2C186%2C136%2C925%2C343%2C869%2C158%2C746%2C439%2C926%2C916%2C466%2C664%2C112%2C826%2C111%2C542%2C298%2C967%2C927%2C443%2C846%2C917%2C299%2C544%2C582%2C941%2C474%2C446%2C754%2C666%2C698&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2018 | GDP_PPP_rank = 87t | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $9,406<ref name=GDP/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 86t | GDP_nominal = $41.869 billion<ref name=GDP/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2018 | GDP_nominal_rank = 92nt | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $4,228<ref name=GDP/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 95th | Gini = 35.4 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2011 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI|title=Gini index|work=World Bank|accessdate=12 June 2018}}</ref> | Gini_rank = 79t | HDI = 0.735 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2017<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = steady<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2017_human_development_report.pdf|title=2017 Human Development Report Summary|date=14 September 2018|accessdate=14 September 2018|publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | HDI_rank = 95t |currency = [[Jordanian dinar|Dinar]] |currency_code = JOD |time_zone = [[Eastren European Time|EET]] |utc_offset = +2 |utc_offset_DST = +3 |time_zone_DST = [[Eastren European Simmer Time|EEST]] |drives_on = ri ht |calling_code = [[Telephone nummers in Jordan|+962]] |cctld = [[.jo]]<br/>{{rtl-lang|ar|[[.الاردن]]}} |area_magnitude = }} '''Jordan''' (/ˈdʒɔrdən/), offeecially the '''Hashemite Kinrick o Jordan''', an forby kent as the '''JK''' (short for The Jordanian Kinrick), is a kinrick on the East Bank o the [[River Jordan]] in [[Wastren Asie]]. It haes mairches wi [[Saudi Arabie]] sooth-eastlins, [[Iraq]] eastlins, [[Sirie]] norlins an [[Israel]] an [[State o Palestine|Palestine]] tae the wast, sharin control o the [[Dead Sea]]. Jordan's anerlie port is at its soothren tip, at the [[Gulf o Aqaba]], whilk is skared wi Israel, [[Egyp]], an Saudi Arabie. Hantle o Jordan is kivered bi the [[Arabian Desert]]. Housomeivver, the north-wastren pairt o Jordan is pairt o the [[Fertile Crescent]]. The caipital ceety is [[Amman]]. Throu its [[History o Jordan|history]], Jordan haes seen a thrang o ceevilizations, includin sic auncient near eastren anes as the [[Canaan]]ites an later ither [[Semitic]] fowks lik the [[Edomite]]s, an the [[Moab]]ites. Ither ceevilizations possessin poleetical sovereignty an influence in Jordan wur: [[Akkadian Empire|Akkadian]], [[Assyrie|Assyrian]], [[Israelite]]/[[Judean]], [[Babylonian]], an [[Persian Empire|Persian]] empires. The lands o Jordan wur for a time unner the rule o [[Pharaonic Egyp]], componed pairt o the greater [[Kinrick o Israel (unitit monarchy)|Kinrick o Israel]] (includin the later [[Kinrick o Judah|Judaean Kinrick]], [[Hasmonean|Hasmonaen Kinrick o Israel]] an [[Herodian Dynasty]]), an notably, the region o Jordan gied birth tae the [[Nabataean]] ceevilisation an aw, whilk left rich airchaeological remains at [[Petra]], ane o the [[New Seiven Wonders o the Warld]] locatit in the [[Ma'an Govrenorate]]. Cultur faurer wast left their mark an aa, like the [[Alexander the Great|Macedonian]]/[[Greece|Greek]]/[[Hellenistic]], [[Roman Empire|Roman]], [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]], an [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Turkis]] empires. Syne the seivent century C.E., the area haes been unner the primary rule o [[Muslim]] an [[Arab]] cultur, wi the exceptions briefly for the area in wastren Jordan that wis pairt o the [[Crusades|Crusader]] [[Kinrick o Jerusalem]], an for the hale region in the early-mid twintiet century C.E. unner [[Breetish Empire|Breetish rule]] whilk led tae Jordan's establishment as an autonomous state. The [[Hashemite]] Kinrick o Jordan is a constitutional monarchy wi representative govrenment. The reignin monarch is the chief executive an the commander-in-chief o the airmed forces. The king exercises his executive authority through the prime meenisters an the Cooncil o Meenisters, or cabinet. The cabinet, atween hauns, is responsible afore the democratically elect Hoose o Deputies whilk, alang wi the Hoose o Notables (Senate), constitutes the legislative branch o the govrenment. The judicial branch is an independent branch o the govrenment. == Etymology == Jordan taks its name frae the [[Jordan River]] that forms muckle o the kintra's northwastren mairch.<ref name="CIA factbook">{{cite web|url= https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/jo.html|title= The World Fact book – Jordan|publisher= CIA World Factbook|accessdate= 15 June 2018|archive-date= 2019-09-12|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190912232305/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/jo.html|url-status= dead}}</ref> While several theories for the oreegin o the river's name hae been proponed, it is maist plausible that it derives frae the [[Semitic leids|Semitic]] wird ''Yarad'', meanin "the descender", reflectin the river's declivity.<ref name="etm1">{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC|title= Mercer Dictionary of the Bible|accessdate= 15 June 2018|year= 1990|pages= 466–467, 928|first1= Watson E.|last1= Mills|first2= Roger Aubrey|last2= Bullard|publisher= Mercer University Press|isbn= 9780865543737}}</ref> == History == {{Main|History o Jordan}} ===Auncient period=== The auldest evidence o [[hominid]] habitation in Jordan dates back at least 200,000 year.<ref name="KOJ">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-jfWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA23|accessdate=16 June 2018|date=8 December 2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|first=Raphael|last=Patai|title=Kingdom of Jordan|pages=23, 32|isbn=9781400877997}}</ref> Jordan is rich in [[Paleolithic]] (up tae 20,000 year agae) remeens due tae its location within the [[Levant]] whaur expansions o hominids oot o Africae converged.<ref name="chap-paleolithic">{{cite book|url=http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4877|title=Atlas of Jordan|accessdate=16 June 2018|editor-first=Myriam|editor-last=Ababsa|chapter=The First Traces of Man. The Palaeolithic Period (<1.5 million – ca 20,000 years ago)|first=Maysoun|last=al-Nahar|date=11 June 2014|pages=94–99}}</ref> Past lakeshore environments attracted different hominids, and several remains of tools have been found from this period.<ref name="chap-paleolithic"/> The warld's auldest evidence o breid-makin wis foond in a 14,500 year auld [[Natufian cultur|Natufian]] steid in Jordan's northeastren desert.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-44846874|title=Prehistoric bake-off: Scientists discover oldest evidence of bread|work=BBC|date=17 July 2018|accessdate=17 July 2018}}</ref> The transeetion frae [[hunter-gaitherer]] tae establishin populous agricultural veelages occurred in the [[Neolithic]] period (10,000–4,500 BC).<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4879|title=Atlas of Jordan|accessdate=16 June 2018|editor-first=Myriam|editor-last=Ababsa|chapter=The Refining of Tools. The Epipalaeolithic Period (c 23,000 - 11,600 years ago)|first=Maysoun|last=al-Nahar|date=11 June 2014|pages=100–105}}</ref> [['Ain Ghazal]], ane sic veelage locatit in the day's eastren [[Amman]], is ane o the lairgest kent prehistoric settlements in the [[Near East]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Betts|first1=Alison|title=The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Levant|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199212972.013.012|date=March 2014|chapter=The Southern Levant (Transjordan) During the Neolithic Period|isbn=9780199212972}}</ref> Fortifee'd touns an urban centres first emerged in the soothren Levant early on in the [[Bronze Age]] (3600–1200 BC).<ref name="atlas11">{{cite book|url=http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4885|title=Atlas of Jordan|accessdate=2 July 2018|editor-first=Myriam|editor-last=Ababsa|chapter=The First Cities in Early Bronze Age (3600-2000 BC)|first=Maysoun|last=al-Nahar|date=11 June 2014|pages=117–118}}</ref> [[Wadi Feynan]] becam a regional centre for capper extraction, that wis exploitit on a lairge-scale tae produce bronze.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pure.qub.ac.uk/portal/files/798584/158410_1_En_8_Chapter_ProofPDF[1].pdf|title=Human activity in the ancient metal-smelting and farming complex in the Wadi Faynan, SW Jordan, at the desert margin in the Middle East|publisher=Queen's University Belfast|year=2010|accessdate=4 July 2018|page=2|quote=It was a key Middle Eastern industrial centre from the early 3rd millennium BC to the Byzantine period|archive-date=2019-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924194946/https://pure.qub.ac.uk/portal/files/798584/158410_1_En_8_Chapter_ProofPDF|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tred an muivement o fowk in the Middle East peaked, spreidin an refinin ceevilisations.<ref name="atlas12"/> Veelages in Transjordan expandit fest in areas wi reliable watter resoorces an agricultural laund.<ref name="atlas12">{{cite book|url=https://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4890|title=Atlas of Jordan|accessdate=2 July 2018|editor-first=Myriam|editor-last=Ababsa|chapter=The Period of Small Cities. The Middle Bronze Age (ca 2000-1500 BC)|first=Maysoun|last=al-Nahar|date=11 June 2014|pages=122–123}}</ref> [[Auncient Egyp]]tians expandit taewart the Levant an controlled baith banks o the Jordan River.<ref name="atlas13">{{cite book|url=https://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4892|title=Atlas of Jordan|accessdate=2 July 2018|editor-first=Myriam|editor-last=Ababsa|chapter=The Influence of Egypt. The Late Bronze Age (1500-1200 BC)|first=Maysoun|last=al-Nahar|date=11 June 2014|pages=124–125}}</ref> In the [[Airn Age]] (1200–332 BC) efter the widrawal o the Egyptians, Transjordan wis hame tae [[Ammon]], [[Edom]] an [[Moab]].<ref name="AEM"/> Thay spaik Semitic leids o the [[Canaanite leids|Canaanite group]], an are conseedert tae be tribal kinricks raither nor states.<ref name="AEM"/> Ammon wis locatit in the Amman plateau; Moab in the hielands east o the Deid Sea; an Edom in the aera aroond [[Wadi Araba]] doun sooth.<ref name="AEM">{{cite conference|first1=Oystein S.|last1=LaBianca|first2=Randall W.|last2=Younker|author-link=|title=The Kingdoms of Ammon, Moab, and Edom: The Archaeology of Society in Late Bronze/Iron Age Transjordan (ca. 1400–500 BCE)|book-title=The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land|editor=Thomas Levy|page=114|publisher=Leicester University Press|date=1995|location=|url=https://www.academia.edu/744029/The_Kingdoms_of_Ammon_Moab_and_Edom_The_Archaeology_of_Society_in_Late_Bronze_Iron_Age_Transjordan_Ca._1400-500_BCE_|doi=|id =|access-date=16 June 2018}}</ref> Thir Transjordanian kinricks war in continuous conflict wi the neebourin Ebreu kinricks o [[Kinrick o Israel (Samarie)|Israel]] an [[Kinrick o Judah|Judah]], centred wast o the Jordan River–tho the umwhile wis kent tae hae at times controlled smaw pairts east o the river.<ref name="harrison">{{Citation|last1=Harrison|first1=Timothy P.|contribution=`The land of Medeba' and Early Iron Age Mādabā|pages=27–45|url=http://sites.utoronto.ca/tmap/Harrison.2009.pdf|accessdate=16 June 2018|year=2009|title=Studies on Iron Age Moab and Neighbouring Areas: In Honour of Michèle Daviau|editor-last=Bienkowski|editor-first=Piotr|place=Leuven|publisher=Peeters}} </ref> Ane record o this is the [[Mesha Stele]] erectit bi the Moabite king [[Mesha]] in 840 BC on that he lauds himsel for the biggin projects that he initiatit in Moab an commemorates his glory an veectory against the [[Israelites]].<ref name="rollston">{{cite book|page=54|title=Writing and Literacy in the World of Ancient Israel: Epigraphic Evidence from the Iron Age|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kx9Uke_IfloC&pg=PA54|accessdate=16 June 2018|first=Chris A.|last=Rollston|year=2010|publisher=Society of Biblical Lit|isbn=9781589831070}}</ref> The stele constitutes ane o the maist important direct accoonts o Biblical history.<ref name="mesha-louvre">{{cite web|url=http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/mesha-stele|title=The Mesha Stele|accessdate=16 June 2018|work=Department of Near Eastern Antiquities: Levant|publisher=Louvre Museum|archive-date=2018-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616103247/https://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/mesha-stele|url-status=dead}}</ref> Aroond 700 BC, the kinricks benefitit frae tred atween Sirie an Arabie whan the [[Neo-Assirian Empire|Assirian Empire]] controlled the Levant.<ref name="chap-iron">{{cite book|url=http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/5075|title=Atlas of Jordan|accessdate=16 June 2018|editor-first=Myriam|editor-last=Ababsa|chapter=The Iron Age and the Persian Period (1200-332 BC)|first=Maysoun|last=al-Nahar|date=11 June 2014|pages=126–130}}</ref> [[Neo-Babylonian Empire|Babylonians]] teuk ower the empire efter its disintegration in 627 BC.<ref name="chap-iron"/> Awtho the kinricks supportit the Babylonians against Judah in the 597 BC [[Siege o Jerusalem (597 BC)|sack o Jerusalem]], they rebelled against them a decade later.<ref name="chap-iron"/> The kinricks war reduced tae vassals, an thay remeened tae be sae unner the [[Achaemenid Empire|Persian]] an [[Macedonia (auncient kinrick)|Hellenic]] Empires.<ref name="chap-iron"/> Houiver, bi the time o [[Roman Empire|Roman rule]] aroond 63 BC, Ammon, Edom an Moab haed lost thair distinct identities, an war assimilatit intae Roman cultur.<ref name="AEM"/> ===Clessical period=== [[File:Al Khazneh Petra edit 2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Al-Khazneh]] in [[Petra]] (c. 1st century AD), is believed tae be the mausoleum o the Arab [[Nabataean]] Keeng [[Aretas IV Philopatris|Aretas IV]].]] [[Alexander the Great]]'s [[Wars o Alexander the Great|conquest]] o the Persie Empire in 332 BC introduced [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic]] cultur tae the Middle East.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=10}} Efter Alexander's daith in 323 BC, the empire split amang his generals, an in the end muckle o Transjordan wis disputit atween the [[Ptolemaic kinrick|Ptolemies]] based in Egyp an the [[Seleucids]] based in Sirie.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=10}} The [[Nabataeans]], nomadic Arabs based sooth o Edom, managed tae establish an independent kinrick in 169 BC bi exploitin the struggle atween the twa Greek pouers.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=10}} The [[Nabataean Kinrick]] controlled muckle o the tred routes o the region, an it stretched sooth alang the [[Reid Sea]] coast intae the [[Hejaz]] desert, up tae as faur north as [[Damascus]], that it controlled for a short period (85–71) BC.{{sfn|Taylor|2001|p=51}} The Nabataeans massed a fortune from their control of the trade routes, often drawing the envy of their neighbors.{{sfn|Taylor|2001|p=30}} [[Petra]], Nabataea's barren caipital, floorished in the 1st century AD, driven bi its extensive watter irrigation sestems an agricultur.{{sfn|Taylor|2001|p=70}} The Nabataeans war an aw talentit [[stane cairvin|stane cairvers]], biggin thair maist elaborate structur, [[Al-Khazneh]], in the first century AD.<ref name="petra"/> It is believed tae be the [[mausoleum]] o the Arab Nabataean King [[Aretas IV Philopatris|Aretas IV]].<ref name="petra">{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/archaeology-and-history/magazine/2016/01-02/petra/|title=Petra Lost and Found|work=National Geographic|date=2 January 2016|accessdate=8 April 2018|archive-date=2018-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408210210/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/archaeology-and-history/magazine/2016/01-02/petra/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Roman legions unner [[Pompey]] conquered muckle o the [[Levant]] in 63 BC, inauguratin a period o Roman rule that lastit fower centuries.<ref name="roman">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PVZfx3Y6o5IC&pg=PA573|page=573|title=The Roman Frontier in Central Jordan: Final Report on the Limes Arabicus Project|year=2006|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks|first1=Samuel|last1=Parker|first2=John|last2=Betlyon|accessdate=3 July 2018|isbn=9780884022985}}</ref> In 106 AD, Emperor [[Trajan]] annexed Nabataea unopponed, an rebiggit the [[Keeng's Heichwey (auncient)|Keeng's Heichwey]] that becam kent as the [[Via Traiana Nova]] road.<ref name="roman"/> The Romans gae the Greek ceeties o Transjordan–Philadelphia (Amman), [[Jerash|Gerasa]] (Jerash), [[Umm Qays|Gedara]] (Umm Qays), [[Pella]] (Tabaqat Fahl) an [[Irbid|Arbila]] (Irbid)–an ither Hellenistic ceeties in Palestine an soothren Sirie, a level o autonomy bi formin the ''[[Decapolis]]'', a ten-ceety league.<ref name="atlas15">{{cite book|url=https://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4903|title=Atlas of Jordan|accessdate=2 July 2018|editor-first=Myriam|editor-last=Ababsa|chapter=Roman Arabia|first=Maysoun|last=al-Nahar|date=11 June 2014|pages=155–161}}</ref> Jerash is ane o the best preserved Roman ceeties in the East; it wis even veesitit bi Emperor [[Hadrian]] in his jurney tae Palestine.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=--x-3W2R_QwC&pg=PA393|title=Ancient Cities: The Archaeology of Urban Life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece and Rome|accessdate=9 April 2016|date=15 April 2013|first1=Charles|last1=Gates|publisher=Routledge|pages=392–393|isbn=9781134676620}}</ref> [[File:Jerash 01 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|The Oval Forum o [[Jerash]] (c. 1st century AD), then pairt o the ten-ceety Roman league, the ''[[Decapolis]]''.]] In 324 AD, the [[Roman Empire]] split, an the Eastren Roman Empire–later kent as the [[Byzantine Empire]]–conteena'd to control or influence the region till 636 AD.<ref name="byzantine">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vSwi2TYabS4C&pg=PA43|page=43|title=Government Leaders, Military Rulers, and Political Activists|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2001|first1=Florence|last1=Lemoine|first2=John|last2=Strickland|accessdate=4 July 2018|isbn=9781573561532}}</ref> Christianity haed become legal within the empire in 313 AD an the offeecial state releegion in 390 AD, efter Emperor [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]] convertit tae Christianity.<ref name="byzantine"/> Transjordan prospered in the Byzantine era, an Christian kirks war biggit iverywhaur.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=14}} The [[Aqaba Kirk]] in [[Aqaba|Ayla]] wis biggit in this era, it is conseedert tae be the [[Leet o auldest kirk biggins|warld's first purpose biggit Christian kirk]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/first-purpose-built-church|title=First purpose-built church|accessdate=4 July 2018|publisher=Guinness World Records}}</ref> [[Umm ar-Rasas]] in soothren Amman conteens at least 16 Byzantine kirks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1093|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=4 July 2018|title=Um er-Rasas (Kastrom Mefa'a)|date=1 January 2004}}</ref> Meanwhile, Petra's importance declined as sea tred routes emerged, an efter a [[Galilee yirdquauk o 363|363 yirdquauk]] destroyed mony structurs, till it becam an abandoned place.<ref name="petra"/> The [[Sassanian Empire]] in the east becam the Byzantines' rivals, an [[Byzantine–Sasanian wars|frequent confrontations]] whiles led tae the Sassanids controllin some pairts o the region, includin Transjordan.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2aTFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA302|title=The Byzantine-Islamic Transition in Palestine: An Archaeological Approach|accessdate=4 July 2018|date=30 January 2014|first=Gideon|last=Avni|publisher=OUP Oxford|page=302|isbn=9780191507342}}</ref> ===Islamic era=== In 629 AD, in the [[Battle o Mu'tah]] in whit is the day [[Al-Karak]], the Byzantines an thair Arab Christian clients, the [[Ghassanids]], staved aff an attack bi a Muslim [[Rashidun]] force that mairched northwart taewart the Levant frae the Hejaz (in modren-day Saudi Arabie).<ref name="Bowersock">{{cite book|last=Bowersock|first=G. W.|last2=Brown|first2=Peter|last3=Grabar|first3=Oleg|title=Late Antiquity: A guide to the Postclassical World|publisher=Harvard University Press|accessdate=17 June 2018|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c788wWR_bLwC&pg=PA468|isbn=9780674511736|year=1999|pages=468–469}}</ref> The Byzantines houiver war defeatit bi the Muslims in 636 AD at the decisive [[Battle o Yarmouk]] juist north o Transjordan.<ref name="Bowersock"/> Transjordan wis an essential territory for the conquest o Damascus.<ref name="mus"/> The first, or Rashidun, [[caliphate]] wis follaed bi that o the [[Ummayad Caliphate|Ummayads]] (661–750).<ref name="mus"/> Unner the Umayyad Caliphate, several [[desert castles]] war constructit in Transjordan, includin: [[Qasr Al-Mshatta]] an [[Qasr Al-Hallabat]].<ref name="mus">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-_OBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT54|title=Near Eastern Tribal Societies During the Nineteenth Century: Economy, Society and Politics Between Tent and Town|page=54|date=14 October 2014|publisher=Routledge|first=Eveline|last=van der Steen|accessdate=18 June 2018|isbn=9781317543473}}</ref> The [[Abbasid Caliphate]]'s campaign tae tak ower the Umayyad's begoud in Transjordan.<ref name="atlas">{{cite book|url=http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4913|title=Atlas of Jordan|accessdate=16 June 2018|editor-first=Myriam|editor-last=Ababsa|chapter=The Abbasid Caliphate|first=Maysoun|last=al-Nahar|date=11 June 2014|pages=178–179}}</ref> A pouerfu 747 AD yirdquauk is thocht tae have contreibutit tae the Umayyads defeat tae the Abbasids, that muived the caliphate's caipital frae Damascus tae Baghdad.<ref name="atlas"/> In Abbasid rule (750–969), several Arab tribes muived northwart an settled in the Levant.<ref name="mus"/> Concurrently, growthe o maritime tred diminished Transjordan's central poseetion, an the area becam increasinly povereesed.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=21}} Efter the decline o the Abbasids, Transjordan wis ruled bi the [[Fatimid Caliphate]] (969–1070), then bi the [[Crusades|Crusader]] [[Kinrick o Jerusalem]] (1115–1187).{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=22}} [[File:Kerak BW 1 (cropped).JPG|thumb|right|The [[Kerak Castle|Karak Castle]] (c. 12t century AD) biggit bi the [[Kinrick o Jerusalem|Crusaders]], an later expandit unner the Muslim [[Ayyubids]] an [[Mamluks]].]] The Crusaders constructit several Crusader castles as pairt o the [[Lairdship o Oultrejordain]], includin thae o [[Montreal (Crusader castle)|Montreal]] an Al-Karak.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.jo/books?id=-_NbE5obqRMC|title=Secular Buildings in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: An Archaeological Gazetteer|page=2|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=11 December 1997|accessdate=18 June 2018|first1=Denys|last1=Pringle|first2=Denys|last2=Pringle|isbn=9780521460101}}</ref> The Ayyubids biggit the [[Ajloun Castle]] an rebiggit aulder castles, tae be uised as militar ootposts against the Crusaders.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=23}} In the [[Battle o Hattin]] (1187) near [[Loch Tiberias]] juist north o Transjordan, the Crusaders lost tae [[Saladin]], the foonder o the [[Ayyubid dynasty]] (1187–1260).{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=23}} Veelages in Transjordan unner the Ayyubids becam important staps for Muslim pilgrims gaein tae [[Mecca]] that traivelled alang the route that connected Sirie tae the Hejaz.<ref name="atlas1">{{cite book|url=http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4998|title=Atlas of Jordan|accessdate=16 June 2018|editor-first=Myriam|editor-last=Ababsa|chapter=Ayyubid and Mamluk Jordan|first=Maysoun|last=al-Nahar|date=11 June 2014|pages=184–187}}</ref> Several o the Ayyubid castles war uised an expandit bi the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluks]] (1260–1516), that dividit Transjordan atween the provinces o Karak an Damascus.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=25}} In the next century Transjordan experienced Mongol attacks, but the Mongols war ultimately repelled bi the Mamluks efter the [[Battle o Ain Jalut]] (1260).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-OmCfNI_SxAC&pg=PA11|title=Trade, Travel, and Exploration in the Middle Ages: An Encyclopedia|first1=John|last1=Friedman|first2=Kristen|last2=Figg|publisher=Routledge|date=4 July 2013|accessdate=18 June 2018|page=11|isbn=9781135590949}}</ref> In 1516, the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Caliphate]]'s forces [[Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–17)|conquered Mamluk territory]].{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=26}} Agricultural veelages in Transjordan witnessed a period o relative prosperity in the 16t century, but war later abandoned.<ref name="VSS">{{cite book|pages=37, 47|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lh1_ernmsnwC|title=Village, Steppe and State: The Social Origins of Modern Jordan|first=Eugene|last=Rogan|first2=Tariq|last2=Tell|publisher=British Academic Press|year=1994|accessdate=8 June 2016|isbn=9781850438298}}</ref> Transjordan wis o mairginal importance tae the Ottoman authorities.<ref name="atlas10">{{cite book|url=https://books.openedition.org/ifpo/5002|title=The Impact of Ottoman Reforms|accessdate=19 June 2018|editor-first=Myriam|editor-last=Ababsa|chapter=The Abbasid Caliphate|first=Maysoun|last=al-Nahar|date=11 June 2014|pages=198–201}}</ref> As a result, Ottoman presence wis virtually absent an reduced tae annual tax collection veesits.<ref name="VSS"/> Mair Arab bedouin tribes muived intae Transjordan frae Sirie an the Hejaz in the first three centuries o Ottoman rule, includin the [[Adwan]], the [[Bani Sakhr]] an the [[Howeitat]].{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=26, 27}} Thir tribes laid claims tae different pairts o the region, an wi the absence o a meaninfu Ottoman authority, Transjordan slid intae a state o anarchy that conteena'd till the 19t century.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=27}} This led tae a short-leeved occupation bi the [[Wahhabi]] forces (1803–1812), an ultra-orthodox Islamic muivement that emerged in [[Emirate o Diriyah|Najd]] (in modren-day Saudi Arabie).{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=30}} [[Ibrahim Pasha o Egyp|Ibrahim Pasha]], son o the [[Muhammad Ali o Egyp|govrenor]] o the [[Egyp Eyalet]] unner the request o the Ottoman sultan, [[Ottoman–Wahhabi War|ruitit oot the Wahhabis]] bi 1818.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=31}} In 1833 Ibrahim Pasha turned on the Ottomans an established his rule ower the Levant.<ref name="cup"/> His oppressive policies led tae the unsuccessfu [[peasants' revolt in Palestine]] in 1834.<ref name="cup"/> Transjordanian ceeties o [[Al-Salt]] an Al-Karak war [[Siege o Al-Karak (1834)|destroyed]] bi Ibrahim Pasha's forces for herbourin a [[Qasim al-Ahmad|paisants' revolt leader]].<ref name="cup"/> Egyptian rule wis [[Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–41)|forcibly endit]] in 1841, wi Ottoman rule restored.<ref name="cup">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AMAbXGQDmDYC&pg=PA31|page=31|title=Frontiers of the State in the Late Ottoman Empire: Transjordan, 1850–1921|accessdate=8 June 2016|date=11 April 2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|first=Eugene|last=Rogan|isbn=9780521892230}}</ref> [[File:Ajloun Castle 1.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Ajloun Castle]] (c. 12t century AD) biggit bi the Ayyubid leader [[Saladin]] for uise against the [[Crusades]].]] Anerly after Ibrahim Pasha's campaign did the Ottoman Empire try tae solitifee its presence in the [[Syria Vilayet]], that Transjordan wis pairt o.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=37}} A series o tax an laund reforms (''[[Tanzimat]]'') in 1864 brocht some prosperity back tae agricultur an tae abandoned veelages, while it provoked a backlash in ither areas o Transjordan.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=37}} Muslim [[Circassians]] an [[Chechens]], fleein Roushie [[Ethnic cleansin o Circassians|persecution]], socht refuge in the Levant.<ref name="leg"/> In Transjordan an wi Ottoman support, Circassians first settled in the lang-abandoned vicinity o Amman in 1867, an later in the surroondin veelages.<ref name="leg">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HRV9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14|page=14−15|accessdate=7 June 2016|title=Jordan: A Hashemite Legacy|first=Beverley|last=Milton-Edwards|first2=Peter|last2=Hinchcliffe|publisher=Routledge|date=5 June 2009|isbn=9781134105465}}</ref> Efter haein established its admeenistration, conscription an hivy taxation policies bi the Ottoman authorities, led tae revolts in the areas it controlled.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=38}} Transjordan's tribes in pairteecular revoltit in the [[Shoubak Revolt|Shoubak]] (1905) an the [[Karak Revolt]]s (1910), that war brutally suppressed.<ref name="leg"/> The construction o the [[Hejaz Railwey]] in 1908–stretchin athort the lenth o Transjordan an airtin Mecca wi [[Istanbul]]–helped the population economically as Transjordan becam a stapower for pilgrimers.<ref name="leg"/> Houiver, increasin policies o Turkification an centralisation adoptit bi the Ottoman Empire disenchantit the Arabs o the Levant.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=33}} ===Modren era=== {{Main|Emirate of Transjordan}} [[File:030Arab.jpg|thumb|left|Sodgers o the Hashemite-led [[Arab Airmy]] haudin the [[Banner o the Arab Revolt|banner]] o the [[Arab Revolt|Great Arab Revolt]] in 1916.]] Fower centuries o stagnation in Ottoman rule cam tae an end in [[World War I]] bi the 1916 [[Arab Revolt]]; driven bi lang-term resentment taewart the Ottoman authorities, an growin [[Arab naitionalism]].<ref name="leg"/> The revolt wis led bi [[Sharif o Mecca|Sharif]] [[Hussein bin Ali, Sharif o Mecca|Hussein]] o [[Mecca]], an his sons [[Abdullah I o Jordan|Abdullah]], [[Faisal I o Iraq|Faisal]] an [[Ali o Hejaz|Ali]], members o the [[Hashemites|Hashemite dynasty]] o the [[Hejaz]], descendants o the Prophet [[Muhammad]].<ref name="leg"/> Locally, the revolt gained the support o the Transjordanian tribes, includin Bedouins, Circassians an [[Jordanian Christians|Christians]].{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=41}} The [[Allies o World War&nbsp;I]], includin Breetain an Fraunce, that's imperial interests converged wi the Arabist cause, offered support.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=40}} The revolt stairtit on 5 Juin 1916 frae [[Medina]] an pushed northwart till the fechting reached Transjordan in the [[Battle o Aqaba]] on 6 Julie 1917.<ref name="revolt">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&pg=PA117|page=117|title=World War I: Encyclopedia, Volume 1|publisher=ABC-CLIO|first=Spencer|last=Tucker|year=2005|accessdate=5 July 2018|isbn=9781851094202}}</ref> The revolt reached its climax whan Faisal entered [[Damascus]] in October 1918, an established the [[Arab Kinrick o Sirie]], that Transjordan wis pairt o.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=41}} The nascent Hashemite Kinrick wis forced tae surrender tae French truips on 24 Julie 1920 in the [[Battle o Maysalun]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6I7FBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT396|title=The Making of the Modern Near East 1792-1923|first=Malcolm|last=Yapp|publisher=Routledge|date=9 January 2014|accessdate=23 July 2018|page=396|isbn=9781317871064}}</ref> Arab aspirations failed tae gain internaitional recogneetion, due mainly tae the saicret 1916 [[Sykes–Picot Greement]], that dividit the region intae French an Breetish spheres o influence, an the 1917 [[Balfour Declaration]], that promised Palestine tae Jews.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=34}} This wis seen bi the Hashemites an the Arabs as a betrayal o thair previous greements wi the Breetish,{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=71}} includin the 1915 [[McMahon–Hussein Correspondence]], in that the Breetish stated thair willinness tae recognise the unthirldom of a unifee'd Arab state stretchin frae [[Aleppo]] tae [[Aden]] unner the rule o the Hashemites.<ref name="tell2013">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XR56Jup9hwwC&pg=PT55|title=The Social and Economic Origins of Monarchy in Jordan|publisher=Springer|first=Tariq Moraiwed|last=Tell|doi=10.1057/9781137015655|accessdate=23 July 2018|date=7 January 2013|isbn=978-1-349-29089-5}}</ref>{{rp|55}} Abdullah, the seicont son o Sharif Hussein, arrived frae Hejaz bi train in [[Ma'an]] in soothren Transjordan on 21 November 1920 tae redeem the Kinrick his brither haed lost.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=82}} Transjordan then wis in disarray; widely conseedert tae be ungovrenable wi its dysfunctional local govrenments.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=91}} Abdullah then moved tae Amman an established the [[Emirate o Transjordan]] on 11 Apryle 1921.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=93}} [[File:The high commissioner's first visit to Transjordan, in Es-Salt..jpg|thumb|left|[[Al-Salt]] residents gaither on 20 August 1920 in the [[Breetish Mandate for Palestine (legal instrument)|Breetish]] [[Heich Commissioners for Palestine an Transjordan|Heich Commissioner]]'s veesit tae Transjordan.]] The Breetish reluctantly acceptit Abdullah as ruler o Transjordan.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=96}} Abdullah gained the trust o Tansjordan's tribal leaders afore scrammlin tae convince them o the benefits o an organised govrenment.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=100}} Abdullah's successes drew the envy o the Breetish, even whan it wis in thair interest.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=101}} In September 1922, the Cooncil o the [[League o Naitions]] recognised Transjordan as a state unner the [[Breetish Mandate for Palestine (legal instrument)|Breetish Mandate for Palestine]] an the [[Transjordan memorandum]], an excludit the territories east o the Jordan River frae the provisions o the mandate dealin wi Jewish settlement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historynet.com/creating-chaos-lawrence-of-arabia-and-the-1916-arab-revolt.htm|title=Creating Chaos: Lawrence of Arabia and the 1916 Arab Revolt|accessdate=15 October 2015|date=10 August 2010|first=O'Brien|last=Browne|publisher=HistoryNet, LLC.}}</ref><ref>''League of Nations Official Journal'', Nov. 1922, pp. 1188–1189, 1390–1391.</ref> Transjordan remeened a Breetish mandate till 1946, but it haed been grantit a greater level o autonomy nor the region wast o the Jordan River.<ref name="protectorate">Marjorie M. Whiteman, Digest of International Law, vol. 1, U.S. State Department (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1963) pp 636, 650–652</ref> The first organised airmy in Jordan wis established on 22 October 1920, an wis named the "[[Arab Legion]]".<ref name="modernjordan"/> The Legion grew frae 150 men in 1920 tae 8,000 in 1946.<ref name="encmew">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U05OvsOPeKMC&pg=PA662|title=The Encyclopedia of Middle East Wars: The United States in the Persian Gulf|publisher=ABC-CLIO|date=10 August 2010|first=Spencer|last=Tucker|accessdate=13 March 2016|page=662}}</ref> Multiple difficulties emerged upon the assumption o pouer in the region bi the Hashemite leadership.<ref name="modernjordan"/> In Transjordan, smaw local rebellions at [[Kura Rebellion|Kura]] in 1921 an 1923 war suppressed bi [[Emir]] Abdullah wi the help o Breetish forces.<ref name="modernjordan"/> Wahhabis frae Najd regained strenth an [[Ikhwan raids on Transjordan|repeatitly raidit]] the soothren pairts o his territory in (1922–1924), seriously threitenin the Emir's poseetion.<ref name="modernjordan">{{cite book|last=Salibi|first=Kamal|accessdate=20 March 2016|title=The Modern History of Jordan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7zdi2sCuIh8C&pg=PA104 |date=1998 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=978-1-86064-331-6 |pages=10, 30, 31, 49, 104}}</ref> The Emir wis unable tae repel thae raids withoot the aid o the local Bedouin tribes an the Breetish, that mainteened a militar base wi a smaw [[Ryal Air Force|RAF]] detachment close tae Amman.<ref name="modernjordan"/> ===Post-unthirldom=== [[File:King Abdullah I of Jordan declaring independence, 25 May 1946.jpg|thumb|right|[[Abdullah I o Jordan|Keeng Abdullah I]] on 25 Mey 1946 readin the declaration o unthirldom.]] The [[Treaty o London (1946)|Treaty o London]], signed bi the Breetish Govrenment an the Emir o Transjordan on 22 Mairch 1946, recognised the unthirldom o Transjordan upon ratification bi baith kintras' pairlaments.<ref name="FRUS1946">{{cite book|title=Foreign relations of the United States, 1946. The Near East and Africa, Vol. 7|date=1946|publisher=United States Department of State|pages=794–800|url=http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1946v07|accessdate=13 March 2016}}</ref> On 25 Mey 1946, the day that the treaty wis ratifee'd bi the Transjordan pairlament, Transjordan wis raised tae the status o a kinrick unner the name o the ''Hashemite Kinrick o Transjordan'', wi Abdullah as its first king.<ref>{{cite book|first=N.H.|last=Aruri|title=Jordan: a study in political development (1921–1965)|accessdate=20 March 2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GVaG4WGKj9MC&pg=PA90|year=1972|publisher=Springer Netherlands|isbn=978-90-247-1217-5|page=90}}</ref> The name wis shortened tae the ''Hashemite Kinrick o Jordan'' on 26 Apryle 1949.<ref name="HKJ"/> Jordan becam a member o the Unitit Naitions on 14 December 1955.<ref name="HKJ">{{cite book|last=Khalil|first=Muhammad|year=1962|publisher=Khayats|place=Beirut|pages=[https://archive.org/details/arabstatesandthe012664mbp/page/n96 53]–54|title=The Arab States and the Arab League: a Documentary Record|url=https://archive.org/details/arabstatesandthe012664mbp}}</ref> On 15 Mey 1948, as pairt o the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]], Jordan invadit [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] thegither wi ither Arab states.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CC7381HrLqcC|title=A History of the First Arab-Israeli War|first=Benny|last=Morris|publisher=Yale University Press|date=1 October 2008|pages=214, 215|accessdate=15 June 2016}}</ref> Follaein the war, Jordan controlled the Wast Bank an on 24 Apryle 1950 Jordan formally [[Jordanian annexation o the Wast Bank|annexed thir territories]] efter the [[Jericho conference]].<ref name=autogenerated2/><ref>{{cite book|last=Sicker|first=Martin|title=The Middle East in the Twentieth Century|accessdate=20 March 2016|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gHfw0Mv_uFUC&pg=PA187|year=2001|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-96893-9|page=187}}</ref> In response, some Arab kintras demandit Jordan's expulsion frae the [[Arab League]].<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite book|last=Aruri|first=Naseer Hasan |title=Jordan: a study in political development (1921–1965) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GVaG4WGKj9MC&pg=PA90 |year=1972 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-90-247-1217-5|page=90|accessdate=20 March 2016}}</ref> On 12 Juin 1950, the Arab League declared that the annexation wis a temporary, practical meisur an that Jordan wis haudin the territory as a "trustee" pendin a futur settlement.<ref>{{cite book|last=El-Hasan|first= Hasan Afif|title=Israel Or Palestine? Is the Two-state Solution Already Dead?: A Political and Military History of the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CjuzDY-WBr8C&pg=PA64|year=2010 |publisher=Algora Publishing|accessdate=20 March 2016|isbn=978-0-87586-793-9|page=64}}</ref> King Abdullah wis assassinatit at the [[Al-Aqsa Mosque]] in 1951 bi a Palestinian militant, amid rumours he intendit tae sign a peace treaty wi Israel.<ref name="kaiofh"/> Abdullah wis succeedit bi his son [[Talal o Jordan|Talal]], that wad suin abdicate due tae illness in favour o his eldest son [[Hussein o Jordan|Hussein]].<ref name="kojt">{{cite web|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-remembers-king-talal|title=Jordan remembers King Talal|publisher=The Jordan Times|accessdate=1 June 2017|date=6 July 2014}}</ref> Talal established the [[Constitution o Jordan|kintra's modren constitution]] in 1952.<ref name="kojt"/> Hussein ascendit tae the throne in 1953 at the age o 17.<ref name="kaiofh">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/1951/jul/21/fromthearchive|title=Assassination of King Abdullah|publisher=The Guardian|accessdate=15 October 2015|date=21 July 1951}}</ref> Jordan witnessed great poleetical uncertainty in the follaeingperiod.<ref name="poinjk"/> The 1950s war a period o poleetical upheaval, as [[Nasserism]] an [[Pan-Arabism]] swept the Arab Warld.<ref name="poinjk">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RI0o-bfRAvIC&pg=PA90|title=The Mirage of Peace: Understanding the Never-Ending Conflict in the Middle East|page=90|first=David|last=Aikman|accessdate=1 June 2017|date=14 August 2009|publisher=Gospel Light Publications}}</ref> On 1 Mairch 1956, King Hussein [[Arabisation o the Jordanian Army command|Arabised the command o the Airmy]] bi dismissin a nummer o senior Breetish officers, an act made tae remuive remeenin furrin influence in the kintra.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UhJBhHhpcBUC&pg=PA91|page=91|title=Democracy in the Arab World: Explaining the Deficit|accessdate=15 October 2015|year=2011|first1=Samir|last1=Makdisi |first2=Ibrahim|last2=Elbadawi|publisher=IDRC}}</ref> In 1958, Jordan and neighbouring Hashemite [[Kinrick o Iraq|Iraq]] formed the [[Arab Federation]] as a response tae the formation o the rival [[Unitit Arab Republic]] atween Nasser's Egyp an Sirie.<ref name="jejok"/> The union lastit anerly sax month, bein dissolved efter Iraqi [[Faisal II o Iraq|Keeng Faisal II]] (Hussein's cuisin) wis deponed bi a bluidy [[14 Julie Revolution|militar coup]] on 14 July 1958.<ref name="jejok">{{cite book|first=Bruce|last=Maddy-Weitzman|chapter=Jordan and Iraq: Efforts at Intra-Hashimite Unity|title=Middle Eastern Studies|pages=65–75|date=3 January 1990|jstor=4283349|publisher= Taylor & Francis, Ltd}}</ref> [[File:Karama aftermath 1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hussein o Jordan|Keeng Hussein]] on 21 Mairch 1968 checkin an abandoned [[Israel]]i tank in the eftermath o the [[Battle o Karameh]].]] Jordan signed a militar pact wi Egyp juist afore [[Israel]] launched a [[Preemptive war|preemptive strike]] on Egyp tae begin the [[Sax-Day War]] in Juin 1967, whaur Jordan an Sirie jynt the war.<ref name="jowars"/> The Arab states war defeatit an Jordan lost control o the [[Wast Bank]] tae Israel.<ref name="jowars"/> The [[War o Attrition]] wi Israel follaed, that includit the 1968 [[Battle of Karameh]] whaur he combined forces o the [[Jordanian Airmed Forces]] an the [[Palestine Liberation Organisation]] (PLO) repelled an Israeli attack on the [[Karameh]] camp on the Jordanian mairch wi the Wast Bank.<ref name="jowars">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-bXMBQAAQBAJ|title=Aviation and Airport Security: Terrorism and Safety Concerns, Second Edition|accessdate=27 October 2015|first=Kathleen|last=Sweet|publisher=CRC Press|date=23 December 2008|page=79}}</ref> Despite the fact that the Palestinians haed leemitit involvement against the Israeli forces, the events at Karameh gained wide recogneetion an acclaim in the Arab warld.<ref name="Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani"/> As a result, the time period follain the battle witnessed an upsurge o support for Palestinian paramilitar elements (the [[Palestinian fedayeen|fedayeen]]) within Jordan frae ither Arab kintras.<ref name="Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani"/> The fedayeen activities soon became a threit tae Jordan's rule o law.<ref name="Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani"/> In September 1970, the Jordanian airmy targetit the ''fedayeen'' an the resultant fechtin led tae the expulsion o Palestinian fechters frae various PLO groups intae [[Lebanon]], in a conflict that becam kent as [[Black September]].<ref name="Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eACqCQAAQBAJ|title=Concise History of Islam|accessdate=15 October 2015|date=24 September 2011|first=Muzaffar Husain|last=Syed|first2=Syed Saud|last2=Akhtar|first3=B D|last3=Usmani |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd|page=378}}</ref> In 1973, Egyp an Sirie waged the [[Yom Kippur War]] on Israel, an fechtin occurred alang the 1967 [[Jordan River]] cease-fire line.<ref name="Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani"/> Jordan sent a brigade tae Sirie tae attack Israeli units on Sirie territory but did nae engage Israeli forces frae Jordanian territory.<ref name="Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani"/> At the [[Rabat summit conference]] in 1974, Jordan greed, alang wi the rest o the Arab League, that the PLO wis the "sole legitimate representative o the Palestinian fowk".<ref name="Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani"/> Subsequently, Jordan [[Jordanian disengagement frae the Wast Bank|renoonced]] its claims tae the Wast Bank in 1988.<ref name="Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani"/> At the 1991 [[Madrid Conference]], Jordan greed tae negotiate a peace treaty sponsored bi the US an the Soviet Union.<ref name="Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani"/> The [[Israel-Jordan Treaty o Peace]] wis signed on 26 October 1994.<ref name="Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani"/> In 1997, Israeli agents entered Jordan uisin [[Canadian passport]]s an pushioned [[Khaled Meshal]], a senior [[Hamas]] leader.<ref name="Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani"/> Israel providit an antidote tae the pushion an released dizens o poleetical prisoners, includin [[Sheikh Ahmed Yassin]] efter [[Hussein o Jordan|Keng Hussein]] threitened tae annul the peace treaty.<ref name="Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani"/> [[File:HabisAlMajali&WasfiAlTall.jpg|thumb|right|Airmy Chief [[Habis Majali]] an Prime Meenister [[Wasfi Tal]] in a militar parade in 1970, twa widely acclaimed naitional feegurs.]] On 7 Februar 1999, [[Abdullah II o Jordan|Abdullah II]] ascendit the throne upon the daith o his faither Hussein.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kingabdullah.jo/index.php/en_US/pages/view/id/148.html|title=His majesty King Abdullah II ibn Al-Hussein|publisher=King Abdullah II Official Website|accessdate=15 June 2016}}</ref> Abdullah embaurked on economic leeberalisation whan he assumed the throne, an his reforms led tae an economic buim that conteena'd till 2008.<ref name="IMFjohk"/> Abdullah II haes been creditit wi increasin furrin investment, impruivin public-preevat pairtnerships an providin the foondation for [[Aqaba]]'s free-trede zone an Jordan's floorishin [[information an communication technology]] (ICT) sector.<ref name="IMFjohk"/> He an aw set up five ither special economic zones.<ref name="IMFjohk">{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/np/ms/2006/112806.htm |title=Jordan—Concluding Statement for the 2006 Article IV Consultation and Fourth Post-Program Monitoring Discussions |publisher=International Monetary Fund |date=28 November 2006|accessdate=15 June 2016}}</ref> Houiver, in the follaein years Jordan's economy experienced haurdship as it dealt wi the effects o the [[Great Recession]] an spillower frae the [[Arab Ware]].<ref name="instability1">{{cite web|url=http://carnegieendowment.org/sada/?fa=63061|title=Jordan is Sliding Toward Insolvency|accessdate=20 March 2016|date=18 March 2016|first=Kirk|last=Sowell|publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace}}</ref> [[Al-Qaeda]] unner [[Abu Musab al-Zarqawi]]'s leadership launched [[2005 Amman bombins|coordinatit explosions]] in three hotel labbies in Amman on 9 November 2005, resultin in 60 daiths an 115 injured.<ref name="acbsya"/> The bombins, that tairgetit ceevilians, caused widespreid ootrage amang Jordanians.<ref name="acbsya">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3eZK7cm6pjoC&pg=PA228|title=Arab-Israeli Military Forces in an Era of Asymmetric Wars|first=Anthony|last=Cordesman|accessdate=23 September 2015|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |date=1 January 2006|page=228}}</ref> The attack is conseedert tae be a rare event in the kintra, an Jordan's internal siccarity wis dramatically impruived efterwart.<ref name="acbsya"/> Na major terrorist attacks hae occurred syne then.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/jordan/2016-02-17/isis-meets-its-match|accessdate=16 March 2016|date=17 February 2016|title=ISIS Meets Its Match? How Jordan Has Prevented Large-Scale Attacks|work=Foreign Affairs|first=Aaron|last=Magid|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations}}</ref> Abdullah an Jordan are viewed wi contempt bi Islamic extremists for the kintra's peace treaty wi Israel an its relationship wi the Wast.<ref name="ahbbnyt">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/10/world/middleeast/3-hotels-bombed-in-jordan-at-least-57-die.html|title=3 Hotels Bombed in Jordan; At Least 57 Die|first1=Hassan|last1=Fattah|first2=Michael|last2=Slackmannov|date=10 November 2005|accessdate=13 February 2017|work=The New York Times}}</ref> The Arab Ware war lairge-scale protests that eruptit in the [[Arab Warld]] in 2011, demandin economic an poleetical reforms.<ref name="jkfchh"/> Mony o these protests tore doun regimes in some Arab naitions, leadin tae instability that endit wi veeolent ceevil wars.<ref name="jkfchh"/> In Jordan, in response tae [[2011–12 Jordanian protests|domestic unrest]], Abdullah replaced his prime meenister an introduced a nummer o reforms includin: reformin the Constitution, an laws govrenin public freedoms an elections.<ref name="jkfchh">{{cite news|title=Jordan's king fires Cabinet amid protests|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2011-02-02-jordan-cabinet_N.htm|accessdate=13 March 2016|agency=The Associated Press|publisher=USA Today|date=2 February 2011}}</ref> Proportional representation wis re-introduced tae the Jordanian pairlament in the [[Jordanian general election, 2016|2016 general election]], a muive that he said wad eventually lead tae establishin [[Pairlamentar seestem|pairlamentar govrenments]].<ref name="hhjdrp">{{cite web|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/new-elections-bill-sheds-one-vote-system|title=New elections bill sheds one-vote system|date=31 August 2015|publisher=The Jordan Times|accessdate=13 July 2016}}</ref> Jordan wks left lakrgely unscathed frae the veeolence that swept the region despite an influx o 1.4 million Sirie refugees intae the naitural resoorces-lackin kintra an the emergence o the [[Islamic State o Iraq an the Levant]] (ISIL).<ref name="hhjdrp"/> == Geografie == [[File:Mountain in Wadi Rum, Jordan.jpg|thumb|left|[[Wadi Rum]]'s resemblance tae the surface o [[Maurs]] haes made it a popular filmin an tourist attraction.]] Jordan sits strategically at the crossroads o the continents o Asie, Africae an Europe,<ref name="mattel">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tI9L9gepYAUC|pages=173, 408|title=Jordan|first=Matthew|last=Teller|publisher=Rough Guides|year=2002|accessdate=9 April 2016|isbn=9781858287409}}</ref> in the [[Levant]] area o the [[Fertile Crescent]], a [[cradle o ceevilisation]].<ref name="geo"/> It is {{convert|89341|sqkm|sqmi}} lairge, an {{convert|400|km|mi}} lang atween its northrenmaist an soothrenmaist points; [[Umm Qais]] an [[Aqaba]] respectively.<ref name="CIA factbook"/> The kinrick lies atween [[29t parallel north|29°]] an [[34t parallel north|34° N]], an [[34t meridian east|34°]] an [[40t meridian east|40° E]]. The east is an arid plateau irrigatit bi [[oasis|oases]] an saisonal watter streams.<ref name="CIA factbook"/> Major ceeties are owerwhelminly locatit on the north-wastren pairt o the kinrick due tae its fertile siles an relatively abundant rainfaw.<ref name="gbdss"/> Thir include Irbid, Jerash an [[Zarqa]] in the northwast, the caipital [[Amman]] an [[Al-Salt]] in the central wast, an Madaba, [[Al-Karak]] an Aqaba in the soothwast.<ref name="gbdss">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Hw_XY6VPm0C&pg=PA1|page=1|title=Diplomacy on Springer Science & Business Media|accessdate=14 June 2016|year=2002|first=Munther J.|last=Haddadin|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media}}</ref> Major touns in the eastren pairt o the kintra are the oasis touns o [[Azraq]] an [[Ruwaished]].<ref name="geo">{{cite book|title=Geo-data: The World Geographical Encyclopedia|pages=281–283|accessdate=10 March 2016|publisher=Gale Research Company|year=2003|first=John|last=McCoy|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Geo_data.html?id=tVIRAQAAMAAJ|isbn=9780787655815}}</ref> ===Climate=== {{Main|Climate o Jordan}} The climate in Jordan varies greatly. Generally, the faur inland frae the Mediterranean, greater contrasts in temperatur occur an the less rainfaw thare is.<ref name="CIA factbook"/> The kintra's average elevation is {{convert|812|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} (SL).<ref name="CIA factbook"/> The heichlands abuin the Jordan Valley, muntains o the Deid Sea an Wadi Araba an as faur sooth as Ras Al-Naqab are dominatit bi a [[Mediterranean climate]], while the eastren an northeastren areas o the kintra are arid desert.<ref name="majocw"/> Awtho the desert pairts o the kinrick reach heich temperaturs, the heat is uisually moderatit bi law humidity an a daytime breeze, while the nichts are cuil.<ref name="obgjo">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lmPVOL9_r7MC&pg=PA11|title=The Report: Jordan 2011|page=11|publisher=Oxford|author=Oxford Business Group|accessdate=18 June 2016|year=2011|isbn=9781907065439}}</ref> Simmers, lastin frae Mey tae September, are het an dry, wi temperaturs averagin aroond {{convert|32|°C|0|abbr=on}} an whiles exceedin {{convert|40|°C|0|abbr=on}} atween Julie an August.<ref name="obgjo"/> The winter, lastin frae November tae Mairch, is relatively cuil, wi temperaturs averagin aroond {{convert|13|°C|°F|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="majocw"/> Winter an aw sees frequent shouers an occasional snawfaw in some wastren elevatit areas.<ref name="majocw">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LbdAnZft2F4C&pg=PA404|page=404|accessdate=14 June 2016|date=21 April 2011|title=Water, Life and Civilisation: Climate, Environment and Society in the Jordan Valley|publisher=Cambridge University Press|first1=Emily|last1=Black|first2=Steven|last2=Mithen|isbn=9781139496674}}</ref> ===Ecology=== {{Main|Wildlife o Jordan}} [[File:Ajlun Green.jpg|thumb|A forest in [[Ajloun]], northren Jordan.]] Ower 2,000 plant species hae been recordit in Jordan.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cordova|first=Carlos E.|title=Millennial Landscape Change in Jordan: Geoarchaeology and Cultural Ecology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1eWaveyEIlcC&pg=PA47 |year=2007 |publisher=University of Arizona Press |isbn=978-0-8165-2554-6 |pages=47–55|accessdate=15 June 2016}}</ref> Mony o the flouerin plants bluim in the ware efter the winter rains an the teepe o vegetation depends lairgely on the levels o precipitation. The muntainous regions in the northwast are claithed in forests, while faur sooth an east the vegetation becomes mair scrubby an transeetions tae steppe-teep vegetation.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Mallon, David P.|author2=Kingswood, Steven Charles|title=Antelopes: North Africa, the Middle East, and Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uFo03Nd2oj8C&pg=PA103 |year=2001 |publisher=IUCN |isbn=978-2-8317-0594-1 |pages=103–104 |accessdate=31 August 2016}}</ref> Forests kiver 1.5 million [[dunam|dunums]] ({{convert|1500000|dunam|km2|disp=out}}), less nor 2% o Jordan, makkin Jordan amang the warld's least forestit kintras, the internaitional average bein 15%.<ref>{{cite news|last=Namrouqa|first=Hana|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/green-cover-increases-15000-dunums-three-years#sthash.lGaoiX1k.aMrxTrjE.dpuf|title='Green cover increases by 15,000 dunums in three years'|accessdate=11 January 2016|date=10 January 2016|publisher=The Jordan Times}}</ref> Plant species include, [[Pinus halepensis|Aleppo pine]], [[Sarcopoterium]], [[Salvia dominica]], [[black iris]], [[Tamarix]], ''[[Anabasis (plant)|Anabasis]]'', [[Artemisia (genus)|Artemisia]], [[Acacia]], [[Cupressus sempervirens|Mediterranean cypress]] an [[Juniperus phoenicea|Phoenecian juniper]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Cordova, Carlos E. |title=Millennial Landscape Change in Jordan: Geoarchaeology and Cultural Ecology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1eWaveyEIlcC&pg=PA47 |year=2007 |publisher=University of Arizona Press |isbn=978-0-8165-2554-6 |pages=47–55}}</ref> The muntainous regions in the northwast are claithed in naitural forests o [[pine]], [[Deciduous|deciduous aik]], [[Quercus ilex|evergreen aik]], [[pistachio]] an wild [[olive]].<ref name=Jordan>{{cite web |url=http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/geo_env2.html |title=Wildlife and vegetation |publisher=Jordan: Geography and Environment |accessdate=18 December 2015 |archive-date=2018-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020095858/http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/geo_env2.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mammal an reptile species include, the [[lang-eared hedgehog]], [[Nubian ibex]], [[wild boar]], [[fallae deer]], [[Arabie wouf]], [[desert monitor]], [[hinnie badger]], [[gless snake]], [[caracal]], [[gowden jackal]] an the [[roe deer]], amang ithers.<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.jtb.com.jo/brochures/eco_shumari.html |title= Shaumari Wildlife Reserve |publisher= Jordan Tourism Board |deadurl= yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223038/http://www.jtb.com.jo/brochures/eco_shumari.html |archivedate= 3 March 2016 |df= dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Mallon, David P.|author2=Kingswood, Steven Charles|title=Antelopes: North Africa, the Middle East, and Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uFo03Nd2oj8C&pg=PA103 |year=2001 |publisher=IUCN |isbn=978-2-8317-0594-1 |pages=103–104}}</ref><ref name=Qumsiyeh>{{cite book|author=Mazin B. Qumsiyeh|title=Mammals of the Holy Land|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Amr2oLxnR10C&pg=PA332 |year=1996|publisher=Texas Tech University Press|isbn=978-0-89672-364-1 }}</ref> Bird include the [[huidit craw]], [[Eurasian jay]], [[lappet-faced vultur]], [[barbary faucon]], [[hoopoe]], [[pharaoh eagle-oul]], [[common cuckoo]], [[Tristram's starling]], [[Palestine sunbird]], [[Sinai rosefinch]], [[lesser kestrel]], [[hoose craw]] an the [[white-spectacled bulbul]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rscn.org.jo/content/mujib-biosphere-reserve-1 |title=Mujib Biosphere Reserve |publisher=Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature |accessdate=19 December 2015 |archive-date=2018-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020155345/http://www.rscn.org.jo/content/mujib-biosphere-reserve-1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Politics an government== {{Main|Politics of Jordan}} Jordan is a [[unitar state]] unner a [[constitutional monarchy]]. Jordan's [[Constitution o Jordan|constitution]], adoptit in 1952 an amendit a nummer o times syne, is the legal framewirk that govrens the monarch, govrenment, bicameral legislatur an judiciary.<ref name="const">{{cite web|url=http://www.constitutionnet.org/country/constitutional-history-jordan|title=Constitutional history of Jordan|work=Constitutionnet|accessdate=5 October 2017|date=28 April 2016}}</ref> The king retains wide executive an legislative pouers frae the [[Govrenment o Jordan|govrenment]] an [[Pairlament o Jordan|pairlament]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2016/jordan|title=Jordan|work=Freedom House|date=1 January 2016|accessdate=5 October 2017|archive-date=2017-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221010223/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2016/jordan|url-status=dead}}</ref> The king exercises his pouers throu the govrenment that he appynts for a fower-year term, that is responsible afore the pairlament that is made up o twa chaumers: the [[Senate (Jordan)|Senate]] an the [[Hoose o Representatives (Jordan)|Hoose o Representatives]]. The judiciar is independent accordin tae the constitution.<ref name="const"/> The king is the [[heid o state]] an [[commander-in-chief]] o the [[Jordanian Airmed Forces|airmy]]. He can declare war an peace, ratifee laws an treaties, convene an close legislative sessions, caw an postpone elections, dismiss the govrenment an dissolve the pairlament.<ref name="const"/> The appyntit govrenment can an aw be dismissed throu a [[Majority rule|majority]] [[vote o na confidence]] bi the electit Hoose o Representatives. Efter a bill is proponed bi the govrenment, it maun be appruived bi the Hoose o Representatives then the Senate, an becomes law efter bein ratifee'd bi the king. A ryal veto on legislation can be owerridden bu a [[Supermajority#Twa-thirds vote|twa-thirds vote]] in a jynt session o baith hooses. The pairlament an aw haes the richt o [[Interpellation (politics)|interpellation]].<ref name="const"/> ===Lairgest ceeties=== {{Lairgest ceeties o Jordan}} ===Admeenistrative diveesions=== The first level subdiveesion in Jordan is the ''[[muhafazah]]'' or [[Govrenorates o Jordan|govrenorate]]. The govrenorates are dividit intae [[Liwa (Arabic)|''liwa'']] or destricts, that are eften faur subdividit intae [[Kaza|''qda'']] or sub-destricts.<ref name="Muni">{{Cite web|title=Annex B: Analysis of the municipal sector |work=Third Tourism Development Project, Secondary Cities Revitalization Study |date=24 May 2005 |page=4 |publisher=Ministry of Antiquities and Tourism, Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan |url=http://www.mota.gov.jo/Documents/Municipal_sector.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419052114/http://mota.gov.jo/Documents/Municipal_sector.pdf |archive-date=19 April 2016 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> Control for ilk admeenistrative unit is in a "chief toun" ([[administrative centre]]) kent as a [[Nahias o Jordan|''nahia'']].<ref name="Muni" /> <div class="left"> {|class="wikitable" |- !Map !! !! Govrenorate !! Caipital !! Population |- |rowspan="15"|{{Jordan Labelled Map}} !colspan="5"|Northren region |- |1 ||[[Irbid Govrenorate|Irbid]] ||[[Irbid]] ||1,770,158 |- |2 ||[[Ajloun Govrenorate|Ajloun]] ||[[Ajloun]] ||176,080 |- |3 ||[[Jerash Govrenorate|Jerash]] ||[[Jerash]] ||237,059 |- |4 ||[[Mafraq Govrenorate|Mafraq]] ||[[Mafraq]] ||549,948 |- !colspan="5"|Central region |- |5 ||[[Balqa Govrenorate|Balqa]] ||[[Al-Salt]] ||491,709 |- |6 ||[[Madaba Govrenorate|Madaba]] ||[[Madaba]] ||189,192 |- |7 ||[[Amman Govrenorate|Amman]] ||[[Amman]] ||4,007,256 |- |8 ||[[Zarqa Govrenorate|Zarqa]] ||[[Zarqa]] ||1,364,878 |- !colspan="5"|Soothren region |- |9 ||[[Karak Govrenorate|Karak]] ||[[Al-Karak]] ||316,629 |- |10 ||[[Tafilah Govrenorate|Tafila]] ||[[Tafila]] ||96,291 |- |11 ||[[Ma'an Govrenorate|Ma'an]] ||[[Ma'an]] ||144,083 |- |12 ||[[Aqaba Govrenorate|Aqaba]] ||[[Aqaba]] ||188,160 |} </div> ==Demografics== {{Historical populations |title = Historical populations |source = Department of Statistics<ref name="census report">{{cite web|title=2015 census report|publisher=Department of statistics|work=Government of Jordan|accessdate=15 June 2016|date=1 January 2016|url=http://census.dos.gov.jo/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/02/Census_results_2016.pdf|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328114309/http://census.dos.gov.jo/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/02/Census_results_2016.pdf|archivedate=28 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> |percentages = pagr |1920 |200000 |1922 |225000 |1948 |400000 |1952 |586200 |1961 |900800 |1979 |2133000 |1994 |4139500 |2004 |5100000 |2015 |9531712 |2018 |10171480 }}The 2015 census shawed Jordan's population tae be 9,531,712 (Female: 47%; Males: 53%). Aroond 2.9 million (30%) war non-ceetizens, a feegur includin refugees, an illegal immigrants.<ref name="census"/> Thare war 1,977,534 hoosehauds in Jordan in 2015, wi an average o 4.8 persons per hoosehaud (compared tae 6.7 persons per hoosehaud for the census o 1979).<ref name="census" /> The caipital an lairgest ceety o Jordan is [[Amman]], that is ane o the warld's auldest conteenuously inhabitit ceeties an ane o the maist modren in the Arab warld.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/jordan-population/|title=Jordan Population 2017 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs)|website=worldpopulationreview.com|access-date=7 December 2017|archive-date=2019-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305145442/http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/jordan-population/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The population o Amman wis 65,754 in 1946, but exceedit 4 million bi 2015. [[Arabs]] mak up aboot 98% o the population. The remeenin 2% consist lairgely o [[Circassians]] an [[Armenians]], alang wi smawer minority groups.<ref name="CIA factbook"/> Aboot 84.1% o the population live in urban areas.<ref name="CIA factbook"/> [[Sunni Islam]] is the dominant releegion in Jordan. Muslims mak up aboot 95% o the kintra's population; in turn, 93% o thae sel-identifee as Sunnis.<ref name="pewforum">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |work=The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity|date=9 August 2012|accessdate=26 October 2015}}</ref> Thare are an aw a smaw nummer o [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadi]] Muslims,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.alislam.org/library/history/ahmadiyya/56.html|title=Propagation of Islam|publisher=Al Islam|first=Ahmad|last=Kurshid|accessdate=16 June 2016|archive-date=2016-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513024917/https://www.alislam.org/library/history/ahmadiyya/56.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> an some [[Shiite]]s. Mony Shia are Iraqi an Lebanese refugees.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jewishjournal.com/live_from_the_arab_spring/article/shiites_in_jordan_maintained_low_profile_while_marking_ashura_observance|title=Shiites in Jordan maintained low profile while marking Ashura observance|accessdate=16 March 2016|date=27 November 2012|publisher=The Jewish Journal|first=Adam|last=Nicky|work=The Media Line|archive-date=2012-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128220658/http://www.jewishjournal.com/live_from_the_arab_spring/article/shiites_in_jordan_maintained_low_profile_while_marking_ashura_observance|url-status=dead}}</ref> Muslims that convert tae anither releegion as weel as missionaries frae ither releegions face societal an legal discrimination.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/238674.pdf|publisher=U.S. Department of State|title=Jordan 2014 International Religious Freedom Report|date=1 January 2014|accessdate=16 June 2016}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} == Faur readin == * {{cite book |last1=Salibi |first1=Kamal S. |title=The Modern History of Jordan |date=1993 |publisher=I B Tauris |location=London |isbn=978-1860643316}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Jordan| ]] [[Category:Wastren Asie kintras]] [[Category:Middle Eastren kintras]] [[Category:Eastren Mediterranean kintras]] [[Category:Member states o the Arab League]] [[Category:Arabic-speakin kintras]] [[Category:Fertile Crescent]] [[Category:Levant]] [[Category:Near Eastren kintras]] [[Category:Kintras borderin the Red Sea]] [[Category:Member states o the Organisation o the Islamic Conference]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1946]] cs2qgaapj632r70y4i9f4kaflknea50 0 15317 916792 850925 2026-05-14T05:01:20Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916792 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See Template:Infobox Settlement for additional fields that may be available--> <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |name = Dakar |image_skyline = Dakar-Indépendance.jpg |image_caption = Place de l'Indépendance |image_shield = Dakar CoA.png |shield_size = 50px |image_map = Dakar districts.svg |map_caption = Ceety o Dakar, dividit intae 19 ''communes d'arrondissement'' |pushpin_map = Senegal <!-- name of a location map as per Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position = <!-- position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> |pushpin_map_caption = Location within Senegal <!-- Location ------------------> |coordinates = {{coord|14|41|34|N|17|26|48|W|region:SN|display=inline,title}} |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = {{SEN}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Regions o Senegal|Région]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Depairtments o Senegal|Département]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Dakar Region|Dakar]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Dakar Depairtment|Dakar]] <!-- Smaller parts (e.g. boroughs of a city) and seat of government --> |established_title = Settled |established_date = 15t century <!-- Area ---------------------> |parts_type = Communes d'arrondissement |parts = 19 <!-- parts text, or header for parts list --> |p1=Cambérène |leader_party= [[Unitit tae Boost Senegal|BSS]]/PS |leader_title = [[Leet o mayors o Dakar|Mayor]] |leader_name = [[Khalifa Sall]] (2009)<ref>[http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/DEPAFP20090418T195706Z/-opposition-election-Abdoulaye-Wade-Khalifa-Sall-L-opposant-Khalifa-Sall-elu-maire-de-Dakar.html L'opposant Khalifa Sall élu maire de Dakar]. AFP. 2009-04-19</ref> | area_total_km2 = 83 <!-- General information ---------------> | elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dakar.climatemps.com/map.php |title=climatemps.com |access-date=2018-02-12 |archive-date=2016-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503062229/http://www.dakar.climatemps.com/map.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> | elevation_m = 22 |population_total =1146053 |population_as_of = 2013 estimate |population_footnotes = <ref>[http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?d=POP&f=tableCode%3A240 UN Data]. Projection based on 2002 census.</ref> |population_density_km2 =12510 <!--For automatic calculation, any density field may contain: auto --> |population_metro =2452656 |population_density_metro_km2 =4484 <!-- elevation --> |population_note = Data here are for the admeenistrative Dakar ''région'', that matches awmaist exactly the leemits o the metropolitan aurie |postal_code_type = 12500 |postal_code = |area_code = |website = [http://www.villededakar.org/ villededakar.org] |footnotes = [http://www.businessinsider.com/worst-cities-in-the-world-2011-2?op=1 The 10 Worst Cities in the World] |p2=Parcelles Assaines |p3=Pattie d'Oies |p4=Hann Bel-Air |p5=Dieuppeul Derklé |p6=HLM |p7=Biscuiterie |p8=Grand Dakar |p9=Plateau |p10=Médina |p11=Fass-Gueule Tapée-Colobane |p12= Fann Point-E |p13=Mermoz-Sacré-Coeur |p14=Ouakam |p15=Yoff |p16=Ngor |p17=Liberté |p18=Grand-Yoff |p19=Cape Verde Peninsula <!-- etc. up to p50: for separate parts to be listed--> <!-- Politics -----------------> |timezone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] |utc_offset = +0 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coor_type = <!-- can be used to specify what the coordinates refer to --> }} '''Dakar''' is the [[Caipital ceety|caipital]] an lairgest ceety o [[Senegal]], locatit on the [[Cap-Vert]] Peninsula, on the kintra's [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] coast. Its position, on the wastren edge o [[Africae]] (it is the wastrenmaist ceety on the African mainland), is an advantageous departure point for trans-Atlantic an European trade; this fact aidit its growth intae a major regional [[seaport|port]]. Accordin tae December 31, 2005 offeecial estimates, the ceety o Dakar proper haes a population o 1,030,594, whereas the population o the Dakar metropolitan aurie is estimatit at 2.45&nbsp;million fowk. Dakar is a major administrative centre, hame tae the [[Naitional Assembly o Senegal]] an Senegal's Preses's Palace. == Internaitional relations == {{Main|Leet_o_twin_touns_an_sister_ceeties_in_Africa#Senegal|l1=Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Senegal}} === Twin touns — Sister ceeties === Dakar is [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi: * {{Flag icon|USA}} [[Ann Arbor]], [[Michigan]], [[Unitit States]] * {{Flag icon|Azerbaijan}} [[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan]] * {{Flag icon|Cameroon}} [[Douala]], [[Cameroon]] * {{Flag icon|Iran}} [[Isfahan]], [[Iran]] * {{Flag icon|Italy}} [[Milan]], [[Italy]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.comune.milano.it/portale/wps/portal/CDM?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/wps/wcm/connect/contentlibrary/In+Comune/In+Comune/Citt+Gemellate/ |title= Città Gemellate |publisher= Comune di Milano |language= Italian |accessdate= 6 April 2012 |archive-date= 2014-10-27 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141027040938/http://www.comune.milano.it/portale/wps/portal/CDM?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=%2Fwps%2Fwcm%2Fconnect%2Fcontentlibrary%2FIn+Comune%2FIn+Comune%2FCitt+Gemellate%2F |url-status= dead }}</ref> * {{Flag icon|Algeria}} [[Oran]], [[Algerie]] *{{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Rangpur, Bangladesh]] * {{Flag icon|Argentina}} [[Rosario]], [[Argentinae]] * {{Flag icon|USA}} [[Washington, D.C.]], [[Unitit States]]<ref name="Washington DC">{{cite web |url= http://octo.dc.gov/DC/OS/Programs/View+DC%27s+Sister+Cities/DC+Sister+City+Relationships |title= DC Sister City Relationships |publisher= The District of Columbia |accessdate= 6 April 2012 |archive-date= 2013-05-14 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130514071310/http://octo.dc.gov/DC/OS/Programs/View+DC%27s+Sister+Cities/DC+Sister+City+Relationships |url-status= dead }}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} == Freemit airtins == {{Commons}} {{Commonscat}} * {{Fr icon}} [http://villededakar.org Offeecial wabsteid] * [http://www.pcsenegal.org/resources.html Peace Corps Senegal Volunteer Guide tae Dakar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204092055/http://www.pcsenegal.org/resources.html |date=2011-02-04 }} {{Communes o Dakar}} {{Leet o African caipitals}} {{Stub/Africae}} {{Stub/Ceety}} [[Category:Caipitals in Africae]] [[Category:Populatit places in Senegal]] [[Category:Populatit coastal places in Senegal]] [[Category:Dakar| ]] [[Category:Dakar Region]] [[Category:French Wast Africae|Dakar 1677-1959]] [[Category:Port ceeties in Africae]] [[Category:Regional caipitals in Senegal]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1857]] 16iavgfq62yuh00hol6ljm8jn0bpz2o 0 17920 916782 908579 2026-05-14T01:05:56Z CommonsDelinker 411 Replacin' Kandahar_districts.png wi' [[File:Districts_of_Kandahar_as_of_January_2004.png]] (by [[commons:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] coz: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] (meaningless or ambiguous name) · The map, dated 916782 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Afghanistan-Kandahar.png|thumb|right|Map o Afghanistan wi Kandahar heichlichtit]] '''Kandahar''' or '''Qandahar''' ({{lang-ps|'''کندھار''' or '''قندهار'''}}) ({{lang-fa|'''قندهار'''}}) is ane o the lairgest o the thirty-fower [[provinces o Afghanistan]]. It is locatit in soothren [[Afghanistan]], atween [[Helamand Province|Helmand]], [[Oruzgan Province|Oruzgan]] an [[Zabul Province|Zabul]] provinces. Its caipital is the ceety o [[Kandahar]], which is locatit on the [[Arghandab River]]. The province haes a population o nearly 913,000, wi ower 800,000 livin in its caipital ceety. The main inhabitants o Kandahar province are the [[Pashtun fowk|Pashtuns]]. ==Name== There is speculation aboot the oreegin o the name ''"Kandahar"''. It is believed that ''Kandahar'' bears [[Alexander the Great|Alexander's]] name, an derives frae the Pashto renderin o ''Iskandariya'' or [[Alexandria Arachosia|Alexandria]].<ref name=Alexander>Alexander the Great: his towns - ''Alexandria in Arachosia''...[http://www.livius.org/aj-al/alexandria/alexandria_arachosia.html Link]</ref> A temple tae the deifee'd Alexander as well as an inscription in [[Auncient Greek|Greek]] an [[Aramaic]] bi the emperor [[Ashoka]], who lived a few decades later, hae been discovered in the auld citadel.<ref>Ashoka's Rock Edicts...[http://www.livius.org/a/pakistan/shahbazgarhi/shahbazgarhi2.html Link] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515102838/http://www.livius.org/a/pakistan/shahbazgarhi/shahbazgarhi2.html |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> Alternatively, it is believed that ''"Kandahar"'' mey derive its name frae [[Gandhara]], an auncient kinrick alang the modren [[Kashmir]] an Afghanistan border,<ref>Gandara...[http://www.livius.org/ga-gh/gandara/gandara.html Link] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719233855/http://www.livius.org/ga-gh/gandara/gandara.html |date=2013-07-19 }}</ref> and former [[satrapy]] of the [[Persian Empire]].<ref>W. Vogelsang, ''"Gandahar"'', in ''The Circle Of Ancient Iranian Studies''</ref><ref>E. Herzfeld, ''"The Persian Empire: Studies on Geography and Ethnography of the Ancient Near East"'', ed. G. Walser, [[Wiesbaden]] 1968, pp. 279, 293-94, 336-38, 345</ref> It is suggestit that fowk o Gandhara migratit sooth tae [[Arachosia]] an transferred the name wi them.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Bosworth |first=C.E. | authorlink=Clifford Edmund Bosworth | title = Kandahār| encyclopedia = [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]| edition = CD-ROM Edition v. 1.0| publisher = Koninklijke Brill NV| location = Leiden, The Netherlands| year = 1999 }}</ref> ==Destricts== The follaein is a leet o the destricts o Kandahar Province: [[Image:Districts of Kandahar as of January 2004.png|300px|thumb|right|Destricts o Kandahar.]] {| class="wikitable sortable" width=90% style="font-size:90%;" align=center |+ align=center style="background:#BFD7FF"| '''Destricts o Kandahar Province''' |- bgcolor="#efefef" !style="width:125px" align="left"|Destrict !style="width:125px" align="left"|Caipital !style="width:100px" align="right"|Population<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090703075424/http://www.mrrd.gov.af/nabdp/Provincial%20Profiles/Kandahar%20PDP%20Provincial%20profile.pdf Kandahar PDP Provincial profile], MRRD - National Area Base Development Programme</ref> !style="width:100px" align="right"|Aurie<ref>[http://www.fao.org/afghanistan/ Afghanistan Geographic & Thematic Layers]</ref> !align="right"|Notes |- |[[Arghandab Destrict|Arghandab]] || || 51,600 || || |- |[[Arghistan Destrict|Arghistan]] || || 28,900 || || |- |[[Daman Destrict, Afghanistan|Daman]] || || 24,800 || || |- |[[Ghorak Destrict|Ghorak]] || || 8,000 || || |- |[[Kandahar Destrict|Kandahar]] || || 468,200 || || |- |[[Khakrez Destrict|Khakrez]] || || 19,200 || || |- |[[Maruf Destrict|Maruf]] || || 27,700 || || |- |[[Maywand Destrict|Maywand]] || || 40,700 || || |- |[[Miyannasheen Destrict|Miyan Nasheen]] || || 12,600 || || Creatit in 2005 athin [[Shah Wali Kot Destrict]] |- |[[Naish Destrict|Naish]] || || 11,300 || || Transferred frae [[Oruzgan Province]] in 2005 |- |[[Panjwaye Destrict|Panjwaye]] || || 82,800 || || |- |[[Reg Destrict (Kandahar)|Reg]] || || 1,600 || || |- |[[Shah Wali Kot Destrict|Shah Wali Kot]] || || 36,400 || || Sub-divided in 2005 |- |[[Shorabak Destrict|Shorabak]] || || 9,600 || || |- |[[Spin Boldak Destrict|Spin Boldak]] || || 41,000 || || |- |[[Zhari Destrict|Zhari]] || || 49,500 || || Creatit in 2005 frae pairts o [[Maywand Destrict|Maywand]] an [[Panjwaye Destrict|Panjwaye]] Destricts |} ==Notes== {{reflist}} == Freemit airtins == * [http://www.understandingwar.org/report/talibans-campaign-kandahar The Taliban's Campaign for Kandahar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920115733/https://www.understandingwar.org/report/talibans-campaign-kandahar |date=2021-09-20 }} {{Commonscat|Kandahar Province}} {{Geographic location |Centre = Kandahar Province |North = [[Orūzgān Province]] |Northeast = [[Zabul Province]] |East = |Southeast = [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]], {{flag|Pakistan}} |South = |Southwest = |West = [[Helmand Province]] |Northwest = }} [[Category:Provinces o Afghanistan]] [[Category:Shahi Dynasty]] [[Category:Kandahar Province| ]] lryivplr7k7xm2a3esxwv10cz58iy7v 0 21888 916789 891035 2026-05-14T02:33:30Z CommonsDelinker 411 Replacin' Badghis_districts.png wi' [[File:Districts_of_Badghis_as_of_January_2004.png]] (by [[commons:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] coz: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] (meaningless or ambiguous name) · The map, dated J 916789 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See Template:Infobox Settlement for additional fields that may be available--> <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |name =Badghis <!-- at least one of the first two fields must be filled in --> |official_name = |other_name = |native_name =بادغیس <!-- if different from the English name --> |native_name_lang = <!-- Use ISO639 code, e.g. "fr" for French. If there is more than one native name, in different languages, enter those names using {{lang}}, instead --> |nickname = |settlement_type =[[Provinces o Afghanistan|Province]] o Afghanistan<!--such as Town, Village, City, Borough etc.--> |total_type = <!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> |motto = |translit_lang1= |translit_lang1_type= |translit_lang1_info= |translit_lang1_type1= |translit_lang1_info1= |translit_lang1_type2= |translit_lang1_info2= |translit_lang1_type3= |translit_lang1_info3= |translit_lang1_type4= |translit_lang1_info4= |translit_lang1_type5= |translit_lang1_info5= |translit_lang1_type6= |translit_lang1_info6= |translit_lang2= |translit_lang2_type= |translit_lang2_info= |translit_lang2_type1= |translit_lang2_info1= |translit_lang2_type2= |translit_lang2_info2= |translit_lang2_type3= |translit_lang2_info3= |translit_lang2_type4= |translit_lang2_info4= |translit_lang2_type5= |translit_lang2_info5= |translit_lang2_type6= |translit_lang2_info6= <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = Northwestern Afghanistan.jpg |imagesize = |image_caption = A veelage in Badghis |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = Afghanistan_Badghis_Province_location.PNG |mapsize = |map_caption = Location athin Afghanistan |image_map1 = Districts of Badghis as of January 2004.png |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = Districts prior tae 2005 realignment |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = <!-- name of a location map as per Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position = <!-- position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> |pushpin_map_caption = |pushpin_mapsize = <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Afghanistan}} |subdivision_type1 = |subdivision_name1 = |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Smaller parts (e.g. boroughs of a city) and seat of government --> |seat_type =Provincial seat |seat =[[Qala i Naw, Afghanistan|Qala i Naw]] |parts_type =[[Destricts o Afghanistan|Destricts]] |parts_style = <!-- =list (for list), coll (for collapsed list), para (for paragraph format) Default is list if up to 5 items, coll if more than 5--> |parts =7 <!-- parts text, or header for parts list --> |p1 =[[Ab Kamari Destrict|Ab Kamari]] |p2 = [[Ghormach Destrict|Ghormach]] |p3=[[Jawand Destrict|Jawand]] |p4=[[Muqur Destrict, Badghis|Muqur]] |p5=[[Bala Murghab Destrict|Bala Murghab]] |p6=[[Qadis Destrict|Qadis]] |p7=[[Qala i Naw Destrict|Qala i Naw]] <!-- etc. up to p50: for separate parts to be listed--> <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_party = |leader_title =Govrenor |leader_name =Dilbar Jan Arman Shinwari <!--add &nbsp; (no-break space) to leader names to disable automatic links--> |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title1 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date1 = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = |established_date3 = |extinct_title = |extinct_date = |founder = |named_for = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = <!-- use only to set a special wikilink --> |unit_pref = <!--Enter: Imperial, to display imperial before metric--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 =20591 <!-- ALL fields with measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 =0 |area_total_dunam = <!--Used in Middle East articles only--> |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Elevation --------------------------> |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = |elevation_max_m = |elevation_max_ft = |elevation_min_m = |elevation_min_ft = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = |population_footnotes =<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mrrd.gov.af/nabdp/Provincial%20Profiles/Badghis%20PDP%20Provincial%20profile.pdf |title=Afghanistan Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development: Badghis Provincial Profile |access-date=2009-07-03 |archive-date=2009-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703075500/http://www.mrrd.gov.af/nabdp/Provincial%20Profiles/Badghis%20PDP%20Provincial%20profile.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> |population_note = |population_total =499,393 |population_density_km2 =20.9 <!--For automatic calculation, any density field may contain: auto --> |population_density_sq_mi = |population_est = |pop_est_as_of = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title = |population_blank1 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = |demographics_type1 =Ethnic groups |demographics1_footnotes = |demographics1_title1 =&nbsp; |demographics1_info1 =[[Tajiks]] |demographics1_title2 =&nbsp; |demographics1_info2 =[[Pashtun fowk|Pashtuns]] |demographics1_title4 =&nbsp; |demographics1_info4 =[[Uzbeks]] |demographics1_title5 =&nbsp; |demographics1_info5 =[[Turkmen fowk|Turkmen]] |demographics_type2 =Leids |demographics2_footnotes = |demographics2_title1 =&nbsp; |demographics2_info1 =[[Dari Persie]]<br />[[Pashto language|Pashto]]<br />[[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] |demographics2_title2 = |demographics2_info2 = |demographics2_title3 = |demographics2_info3 = |demographics2_title4 = |demographics2_info4 = |demographics2_title5 = |demographics2_info5 = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone1 = |utc_offset1 = |timezone1_DST = |utc_offset1_DST = |coor_pinpoint =<!-- can be used to specify exactly where/what the coordinates refer to --> |coordinates = {{coord|35|0|N|63|45|E|display=inline}} |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |postal2_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal2_code = |area_code_type = |area_code = |twin1 = |twin1_country = |twin2 = |twin2_country = |twin3 = |twin3_country = |twin4 = |twin4_country = |twin5 = |twin5_country = |twin6 = |twin6_country = |twin7 = |twin7_country = |blank_name_sec1 =[[ISO 3166-2]] code |blank_info_sec1 =AF-BDG |blank1_name_sec1 = |blank1_info_sec1 = |blank2_name_sec1 = |blank2_info_sec1 = |blank3_name_sec1 = |blank3_info_sec1 = |blank4_name_sec1 = |blank4_info_sec1 = |blank5_name_sec1 = |blank5_info_sec1 = |blank6_name_sec1 = |blank6_info_sec1 = |blank_name_sec2 = |blank_info_sec2 = |blank1_name_sec2 = |blank1_info_sec2 = |blank2_name_sec2 = |blank2_info_sec2 = |blank3_name_sec2 = |blank3_info_sec2 = |blank4_name_sec2 = |blank4_info_sec2 = |blank5_name_sec2 = |blank5_info_sec2 = |blank6_name_sec2 = |blank6_info_sec2 = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Bādghīs''' ([[Persie leid|Persie]]/[[Pashto language|Pashto]]: '''بادغیس''') is ane o the thirty-fower [[provinces o Afghanistan]]. It is locatit in northwastren [[Afghanistan]], atween the [[Murghab River (Afghanistan)|Murghab]] an [[Hari River, Afghanistan|Hari]] rivers, extendin as far northward as the edge o the desert o [[Sarakhs]]. It includes the Chul formations through which the [[Turkmenistan|Turkmen]]-Afghan bundary runs.<ref name="eb1911">{{Cite EB1911|W1EC=1|wstitle=Badghis}}</ref> The province wis carvit oot o portions o [[Herat Province]] an [[Meymaneh Province]] in 1964 an haes a total aurie o 20,591&nbsp;km².<ref name=Iranica>{{cite encyclopedia|author= C. E. Bosworth|coauthors= D. Balland|editor= [[Ehsan Yarshater]]|encyclopedia= [[Encyclopædia Iranica]]|title= BAÚD¨GÚÈS|url= http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v3f4/v3f4a026.html|accessdate= 2007-12-19|edition= |date= |year= |month= |publisher= [[Columbia University]]|volume= |location= [[United States]]|archive-date= 2009-01-02|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090102191649/http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v3f4/v3f4a026.html|url-status= dead}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} * [http://www.aims.org.af Afghanistan Information Management Service] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929110117/http://www.aims.org.af/maps/provincial/badghis.pdf |date=2007-09-29 }} ==Freemit airtins== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051027135603/http://www.aims.org.af/maps/provincial/badghis.pdf Map of Badghis Province] (PDF) {{Geographic location |Centre = Badghis Province |North = [[Mary Province]], {{flag|Turkmenistan}} |Northeast = [[Faryab Province]] |East = |Southeast = [[Ghor Province]] |South = |Southwest = [[Herat Province]] |West = |Northwest = }} {{Provinces o Afghanistan}} [[Category:Provinces o Afghanistan]] [[Category:Badghis Province| ]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1964]] qllv78lkslll5r1n0215411fygcletp 0 44881 916790 911573 2026-05-14T03:41:36Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916790 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Aboot|a major ceety in Roushie|the toun previously kent as Chelyabinsk-40 an Chelyabinsk-65|Ozyorsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast}} {{Infobox Russian city |en_name=Chelyabinsk |ru_name=Челябинск |image_skyline=Chelyabinsk Circus.jpg |image_caption= |coordinates = {{coord|55|09|17|N|61|22|33|E|display=inline,title}} |map_label_position=left |image_coa=CoA of Chelyabinsk (2000).svg |coa_caption= |image_flag=Flag of Chelyabinsk.svg |flag_caption= |anthem= |anthem_ref= |holiday=September&nbsp;13 |holiday_ref= |federal_subject=[[Chelyabinsk Oblast]] |federal_subject_ref= |adm_data_as_of=September 2011 |adm_city_jur=[[Ceety o federal subject significance|Ceety]] o Chelyabinsk |adm_city_jur_ref=<ref name="Ref30" /> |adm_ctr_of1=[[Chelyabinsk Oblast]] |adm_ctr_of1_ref=<ref name="Ref30" /> |adm_ctr_of2=Ceety o Chelyabinsk |adm_ctr_of2_ref=<ref name="Ref30" /> |inhabloc_cat=Ceety |inhabloc_cat_ref= |inhabloc_type= |inhabloc_type_ref= |mun_data_as_of=September 2011 |urban_okrug_jur=Chelyabinsky Urban Okrug |urban_okrug_jur_ref=<ref name="Ref30" /> |mun_admctr_of=Chelyabinsky Urban Okrug |mun_admctr_of_ref=<ref name="Ref30" /> |leader_title=Head |leader_title_ref= |leader_name=[[Stanislav Mosharov]] |leader_name_ref= |representative_body=[[Cooncil o Chelyabinsk|Cooncil]] |representative_body_ref= |area_of_what= |area_as_of= |area_km2= |area_km2_ref= |pop_2010census=1130132 |pop_2010census_rank=9t |pop_2010census_ref=<ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}}</ref> |pop_density= |pop_density_as_of= |pop_density_ref= |pop_latest= |pop_latest_date= |pop_latest_ref= |established_date=1736 |established_title= |established_date_ref= |current_cat_date= |current_cat_date_ref= |prev_name1= |prev_name1_date= |prev_name1_ref= |postal_codes=454xxx |postal_codes_ref=<ref>[http://info.russianpost.ru/servlet/department?action=show_info&depID=61773 Information about central postal office] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173938/http://info.russianpost.ru/servlet/department?action=show_info&depID=61773 |date=2016-03-03 }} (in Russian)</ref> |dialing_codes=351 |dialing_codes_ref=<ref>[http://www.chel.usi.ru/f/1/service/directions.zip Russian Federation Cities dialing codes]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (in Russian)(zip 34.4 KB)</ref> |website= |website_ref= |commonscat=Chelyabinsk |date=Mey 2010 }} '''Chelyabinsk''' ({{lang-rus|Челябинск|p=tɕɪˈlʲæbʲɪnsk|a=Ru-Chelyabinsk.ogg}}) is a [[teeps o inhabitit localities in Roushie|ceety]] an the [[admeenistrative centre]] o [[Chelyabinsk Oblast]], [[Roushie]], locatit in the northwast o the oblast, {{convert|210|km|sp=us}} sooth o [[Yekaterinburg]], juist tae the east o the [[Ural Muntains]], on the [[Miass River]], on the mairch o Europe an Asie.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.investinrussia.biz/city/chelyabinsk-city/investing-chelyabinsk-city |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-01-23 |archive-date=2020-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201213626/http://investinrussia.biz/city/chelyabinsk-city/investing-chelyabinsk-city |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rotobo.or.jp/events/forum/presentation/2-4-05Murzina.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-01-23 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234426/http://www.rotobo.or.jp/events/forum |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>http://www.investinural.com/EN/Chelyabinsk.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224041400/http://www.investinural.com/EN/Chelyabinsk.html |date=2013-02-24 }}</ref> Population: {{ru-census|p2010=1,130,132|p2002=1,077,174|p1989=1,141,777}} ==History== The fortress o Chelyaba, frae which the ceety taks its name, wis constructit on the steid in 1736; toun status wis grantit tae it in 1781. Aroond 1900, it servit as a centre for the construction o the [[Trans-Siberie Railwey]]. Accordin tae offeecial statistics the population on 1 Januar 1913 wis 45,000 indwallers. For several months durin the [[Roushie Ceevil War]], Chelyabinsk wis held bi the [[White muivement]] an [[Czechoslovak Legions]], becomin a centre for splinters o the [[Romanie Volunteer Corps in Roushie]]. The ceety later fell tae [[Roushie Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Bolshevik Roushie]] forces. In the decades efter the [[Finnish Ceevil War]] in 1918, some 15,000 [[Red Gairds (Finland)|"Red" Finns]] defectit intae the [[Soviet Union]]. Aboot 2000 o them wur transferred tae Chelyabinsk via railwey. In 1938, durin the [[Great Purge]], aroond 1000 o thaim wur executit, lairgest single action bein shuitin o 252 Finns in 10 an 13 Mairch in Chelyabinsk. Thair mass grave is locatit near the Zolonyi Gora's umwhile gowd mine, an the day bears a sma memorial.<ref>Jukka Rislakki, Eila Lahti-Argutina: Meillä ei kotia täällä: Suomalaisten Loikkarien Joukkotuho Uralilla 1938. Otava, 1997. ISBN 951-1-14851-6.</ref> Durin the Soviet industrialisation o the 1930s, Chelyabinsk experiencit rapid growthe. Several industrial establishments, includin the [[Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant]] an the Chelyabinsk Metallurgical Plant, wur biggit at this time. Durin Warld War II, [[Joseph Stalin]] decidit tae muive a lairge pairt o Soviet factory production tae places oot o the wey o the advancin German airmies in late 1941. This brocht new industries an thoosans o wirkers tae Chelyabinsk—still essentially a sma ceety. Several enormous facilities for the production o [[T-34]] tanks an [[Katyusha rocket launcher|Katyusha]] rocket launchers existit in Chelyabinsk, which became kent as "'''Tankograd'''" (Tank Ceety). Chelyabinsk wis essentially biggit frae scratch durin this time. A sma toun existit afore this, signs o which can be foond in the centre o the ceety. The [[OKMO|S.M. Kirov Factory no. 185]] muivit here frae [[Saunt Petersburg|Leningrad]] tae produce hivy tanks — it wis transferred tae [[Omsk]] efter 1962. Chelyabinsk haes haed a lang association (syne the 1940s) wi tap-secret nuclear research, tho this is mair properly applicable tae Chelyabinsk ''Oblast'' as a whole, as nuclear facilities sic as Chelyabinsk-70 ([[Snezhinsk]]) are, or wur, locatit far ootside the ceety. A [[Kyshtym disaster|serious nuclear accident]] occurred in 1957 at the [[Mayak]] [[nuclear fuel reprocessin plant]], 150&nbsp;km north-wast o the ceety, which caused daiths in Chelyabinsk Oblast but no in the ceety. The province wis closed tae aw foreigners till 1992 ither than a Breetish medical team follaein a twa train rail explosion in the mid 1980s. ===2013 meteor event=== {{main|2013 Roushie meteor event}} Shortly efter dawn on 15 Februar 2013, a 10-ton meteor descendit at aboot 40,000&nbsp;mph (ower 55,000&nbsp;km/h) ower the [[Ural Muntains]], explodin at an altitude 15–20 mile in a momentar flash as bricht as the sun an generatin a shockwave that injured mair nor 1200 fowk. Fragments fell in an aroond Chelyabinsk. Interior Meenistry spokesman [[Vadim Kolesnikov]] said 1100 fowk haed cried for medical assistance follaein the incident, maistly for treatment o injuries frae gless breuken bi the explosions. Kolsenikov said aboot 600 square metres (6,000 square feet) o a ruif at a zinc factory haed collapsed an aw. A spokeswumman for the Emergency Meenistry tauld the [[Associated Press]] that thare wis a [[meteor shouer]], but anither meenistry spokeswumman wis quotit bi the [[Interfax]] news agency as sayin it wis a single meteorite.<ref>{{cite web|title=BREAKING: Huge Meteor Blazes Across Sky Over Russia; Sonic Boom Shatters Windows [UPDATED]|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2013/02/15/breaking_huge_meteor_explodes_over_russia.html|publisher=Slate.com|accessdate=15 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Meteor strikes Earth in Russia's Urals|url=http://english.pravda.ru/news/hotspots/15-02-2013/123799-meteorite_russia-0/|publisher=Pravda|accessdate=15 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=400 INJURED BY METEORITE FALLS IN RUSSIAN URALS|url=http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/E/EU_RUSSIA_METEORITE?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT|publisher=AP|accessdate=15 February 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218034120/http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/E/EU_RUSSIA_METEORITE?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT|archivedate=2013-02-18|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Admeenistrative an municipal status== Chelyabinsk is the [[admeenistrative centre]] o the [[oblast]].<ref name="Ref30">Resolution #161</ref> Athin the [[subdiveesions o Roushie#Admeenistrative diveesions|framewirk o admeenistrative diveesions]], it is incorporatit as the '''[[Ceety o federal subject significance|Ceety]] o Chelyabinsk'''—an admeenistrative unit wi the status equal tae that o the [[admeenistrative diveesions o Chelyabinsk Oblast|destricts]].<ref name="Ref30" /> As a [[subdiveesions o Roushie#Municipal diveesions|municipal diveesion]], the Ceety o Chelyabinsk is incorporatit as '''Chelyabinsky Urban Okrug'''.<ref name="Ref30" /> ==Climate== {{Weather box |location=Chelyabinsk |metric first=yes |single line=yes |Jan high C=-10.5 |Feb high C=-7.9 |Mar high C=1.0 |Apr high C = 10.6 |May high C = 20.3 |Jun high C = 23.9 |Jul high C = 25.2 |Aug high C = 23.6 |Sep high C = 17.2 |Oct high C = 9.3 |Nov high C = -0.4 |Dec high C = -6.9 |year high C = 8.8 |Jan mean C = -14.1 |Feb mean C = -12.5 |Mar mean C = -4.8 |Apr mean C = 4.7 |May mean C = 12.1 |Jun mean C = 18.3 |Jul mean C = 19.3 |Aug mean C = 17.1 |Sep mean C = 10.9 |Oct mean C = 4.1 |Nov mean C = -5.2 |Dec mean C = -11.1 |year mean C = 3.2 |Jan low C = -19.0 |Feb low C = -18.9 |Mar low C = -9.3 |Apr low C = -0.3 |May low C = 7.9 |Jun low C = 12.9 |Jul low C = 14.5 |Aug low C = 13.5 |Sep low C = 7.6 |Oct low C = 1.3 |Nov low C = -5.9 |Dec low C = -14.6 |year low C = -0.9 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 17 |Feb precipitation mm = 16 |Mar precipitation mm = 19 |Apr precipitation mm = 27 |May precipitation mm = 47 |Jun precipitation mm = 55 |Jul precipitation mm = 87 |Aug precipitation mm = 44 |Sep precipitation mm = 41 |Oct precipitation mm = 30 |Nov precipitation mm = 26 |Dec precipitation mm = 21 |year precipitation mm = 430 |Jan humidity= 85 |Feb humidity= 77 |Mar humidity= 76 |Apr humidity= 66 |May humidity= 61 |Jun humidity= 64 |Jul humidity= 69 |Aug humidity= 71 |Sep humidity= 73 |Oct humidity= 73 |Nov humidity= 82 |Dec humidity= 83 |year humidity= 73 |Jan precipitation days = 6 |Feb precipitation days = 4 |Mar precipitation days = 4 |Apr precipitation days = 5 |May precipitation days = 7 |Jun precipitation days = 9 |Jul precipitation days = 10 |Aug precipitation days = 9 |Sep precipitation days = 7 |Oct precipitation days = 8 |Nov precipitation days = 7 |Dec precipitation days = 7 |source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net<ref name="pogoda">{{cite web | url = http://pogoda.ru.net/climate/28645.htm | title = Pogoda.ru.net | accessdate = December 13, 2012 | publisher = Weather and Climate (Погода и климат) | language = Russian | archive-date = 2013-04-16 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130416010514/http://www.pogoda.ru.net/climate/28645.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> |source 2 = World Meteorological Organization (precipitation days only)<ref name = WMO >{{cite web | url = http://worldweather.wmo.int/107/c01003.htm | title = World Weather Information Service – Cheljabinsk | publisher = [[World Meteorological Organization]] | accessdate = December 13, 2012 | archive-date = 2018-11-17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181117070257/http://worldweather.wmo.int/107/c01003.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> |date=August 2011 }} ==Education== Thare are ower a dozen varsities in Chelyabinsk. The main anes are [[South Ural State University]], [[Chelyabinsk State University]] an [[Chelyabinsk Medical Academy]]. ==Economy== Chelyabinsk is ane o the major [[industry|industrial]] centres o Roushie. Hivy industrie predominates, especially [[metallurgy]] an militar machinery, notably the [[Chelyabinsk Metallurgical Combinate]] (CMK, ChMK), [[Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant]] (CTZ, ChTZ), Chelyabinsk Electrode plant (CHEZ), [[Chelyabinsk Tube Rolling Plant]] (ChTPZ) an [[Chelyabinsk Forge-and-Press Plant]] (ChKPZ). ===Transportation=== [[File:Chelyabinsk Metro English.png|thumb|Planned metro netwirk]] ====Chelyabinsk Metro==== Chelyabinsk stairtit construction o a three-line subwey netwirk in the early 1980s. It is proceedin slowly uisin the [[New Austrian Tunneling method]]. Pendin financin, the openin o the first section is scheduled for 2017. ====Airport==== The ceety is servit bi the [[Chelyabinsk Airport]]. ==Pollution== The ceety haes been reportit as bein ane o the maist pollutit places on Yird, haein previously been a centre o production o wappens-grade [[plutonium]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/8663862/How-Chelyabinsk-became-synonymous-with-pollution.html|title=How Chelyabinsk became synonymous with pollution|last=Andrew Osborn|date=July 27, 2011|work=The Telegraph|publisher=Telegraph Media Group|accessdate=November 16, 2012}}</ref> ==Notable fowk== {{Further2|[[:Category:Fowk frae Chelyabinsk]]}} ==Internaitional relations== {{Main|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Roushie}} ===Twin touns an sister ceeties=== Chelyabinsk is [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi: *{{Flagicon|China}} [[Changchun]], [[Cheenae]] *{{Flagicon|United States}} [[Columbia, Sooth Carolina|Columbia]], [[Sooth Carolina]], [[Unitit States]] *{{Flagicon|Turkey}} [[Antalya]], [[Turkey]] *{{Flagicon|China}} [[Ürümqi]], Cheenae ==References== ===Notes=== {{Reflist}} ===Sources=== *{{RussiaAdmMunRef|che|mun|list}} *Lennart Samuelson, ''Tankograd. The Formation of a Soviet Company Town: Cheliabinsk, 1900s–1950s'' (Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2011). ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.urc.ac.ru/Chelyabinsk/ Wabsteid aboot Chelyabinsk] *[http://74.ru/ Chelyabinsk ceety portal] {{ru icon}} *[http://chelyabinsk.ru/ Chelyabinsk News Agency] {{ru icon}} *{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Chelyabinsk}} {{Chelyabinsk Oblast}} [[Category:Chelyabinsk| ]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1736]] dd86k2sh7ihzg2k7no9jr3uyk23wu4q 10 52584 916785 776488 2026-05-14T02:30:35Z CommonsDelinker 411 Replacin' FNL_Flag.svg wi' [[File:Flag_of_the_National_Liberation_Front_of_South_Vietnam,_Flag_of_South_Vietnam_(1975–1976).svg]] (by [[commons:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] coz: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] (meaningl 916785 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = VietnamPres | title = Post-[[World War II]] [[Leet o Preses o Vietnam|Heids o state o Vietnam]] | bodyclass = hlist | state = {{{state<includeonly>|collapsed</includeonly>}}} | group1 = [[North Vietnam]] (1945{{spaced ndash}}1976) | list1 = * [[File:Flag of Vietnam.svg|25px|right|North Vietnam]][[Ho Chi Minh]] * [[Ton Duc Thang]] | group2 = [[Sooth Vietnam]] (1946{{spaced ndash}}1976) | list2 = {{Navbox|child | group1 = [[Republic o Cochinchina]] (1946{{spaced ndash}}48) | list1 = [[File:Flag of Republic of Cochinchina.svg|25px|right|Cochinchina]] * [[Nguyen Van Thinh]] * [[Nguyen Van Xuan]] * [[Le Van Hoach]] * [[Nguyen Van Xuan]] | group2 = [[Provisional Central Govrenment o Vietnam|Central Government]] (1948{{spaced ndash}}49) | list2 = [[File:Flag of South Vietnam.svg|25px|right|Sooth Vietnam]] * [[Nguyen Van Xuan]] | group3 = [[State o Vietnam]] (1949–55) | list3 = [[File:Flag of South Vietnam.svg|25px|right|Sooth Vietnam]] * [[Bao Dai]] * [[Ngo Dinh Diem]]{{sup|1}} | group4 = [[Sooth Vietnam|Republic o Vietnam]] (1955{{spaced ndash}}75)<br />Preses | list4 = [[File:Flag of South Vietnam.svg|25px|right|Sooth Vietnam]] * [[Ngo Dinh Diem]] * [[Duong Van Minh]]{{sup|2}} * [[Nguyen Khanh]]{{sup|2}} * [[Duong Van Minh]]{{sup|2}} * [[Nguyen Khanh]]{{sup|2}} * [[Duong Van Minh]]{{sup|2}} * [[Phan Khac Suu]]{{sup|2}} * [[Nguyen Van Thieu]]{{sup|2}} * [[Tran Van Huong]]{{sup|1, 2}} * [[Duong Van Minh]]{{sup|1, 2}} | group5 = [[Provisional Revolutionary Govrenment o the Republic o Sooth Vietnam|PRG]] (1975{{spaced ndash}}76) | list5 = [[File:Flag of the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam, Flag of South Vietnam (1975–1976).svg|25px|right|FNL]] * [[Huynh Tan Phat]] }} | group4 = [[Vietnam]] (1976{{spaced ndash}}) | list4 = [[File:Flag of Vietnam.svg|25px|right|Vietnam]] * [[Ton Duc Thang]] * [[Nguyen Huu Tho]]{{sup|1}} * [[Truong Chinh]] * [[Vo Chi Cong]] * [[Le Duc Anh]] * [[Tran Duc Luong]] * [[Nguyen Minh Triet]] * [[Truong Tan Sang]] | below = * {{sup|1}}actin * {{sup|2}}militar }}<noinclude> {{collapsible option}} [[Category:Vietnam templates]]</noinclude> a325qa7k8fnazpjnnljpdtejc7ydgre 0 53968 916781 830898 2026-05-14T00:01:12Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916781 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox tennis biography |name = Ana Ivanović<br /><small>Ана Ивановић</small> |image= Ana Ivanovic Hopman Cup 2011.jpg |caption= Ivanovic at the 2011 Hopman Cup |nickname = Anci |country = {{SCG}}<br />(2003–2006)<br />{{SRB}} (2006–present) |residence = [[Basel]], Swisserland |nationality = {{SRB}} |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1987|11|6}} |birth_place = [[Belgrade]], [[SFR Yugoslavie]] |height = 1.84 m (6 ft 1⁄2 in)<!--DO NOT adjust her height from 1.84; there are two sources supporting this height and these are official.--><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.anaivanovic.com/bio/learn-more-about-ana |title=Bio on Official Website |publisher=Anaivanovic.com |date= |accessdate=2012-06-04 |archive-date=2012-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603120906/http://www.anaivanovic.com/bio/learn-more-about-ana |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=WTA>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/player/ana-ivanovic_2257889_10999 |title=WTA profile |publisher=Wtatennis.com |date= |accessdate=2012-06-04}}</ref> |weight = {{convert|69|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref name="WTA" /> |turnedpro = August 17, 2003 |plays = Richt-haundit (twa-haundit backhaund) |careerprizemoney = US$15,510,787 |singlesrecord = {{tennis record|won=480|lost=225}} |singlestitles = 15 WTA, 5 ITF |highestsinglesranking = No. '''1''' (Juin 9, 2008) |AustralianOpenresult = F ([[2008 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|2008]]) |FrenchOpenresult = '''W''' ([[2008 French Open – Weemen's Singles|2008]]) |Wimbledonresult = SF ([[2007 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|2007]]) |USOpenresult = QF ([[2012 US Open – Weemen's Singles|2012]]) |Othertournaments = yes |WTAChampionshipsresult = SF ([[2007 WTA Tour Championships|2007]]) |doublesrecord = 25–30 |doublestitles = 0 |highestdoublesranking = No. 50 (September 25, 2006) |grandslamsdoublesresults= yes |FrenchOpenDoublesresult = 1R (2005, 2007) |WimbledonDoublesresult = 3R (2005) |USOpenDoublesresult = 3R (2006) |website = {{Official|http://www.anaivanovic.com/}} |updated = Julie 9, 2013 }} '''Ana Ivanovic''' ([[Serbian leid|Serbian]]: Ана Ивановић, ''Ana Ivanović'';<ref>[http://www.vesti.rs/Sport/Ana-Ivanovi%C4%87/ Ana Ivanović] vesti.rs 23 April 2012</ref><ref>John Grasso ''Historical Dictionary of Tennis'' 2011 Page 225</ref> {{IPA-sh|âna iʋǎːnoʋitɕ|sr|Sr Ana Ivanovic.ogg}}) (born November 6, 1987) is a retired umwhile [[Leet o WTA nummer 1 ranked players|warld no. 1]] [[Serbie]] tennis player. She beat [[Dinara Safina]] tae win the [[2008 French Open]] an wis the runner-up in singles at the [[2007 French Open]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2007/SPORT/06/09/tennis.henin/index.html |title= Henin seals French title hat-trick |accessdate=July 1, 2008 |publisher=CNN |date=June 9, 2007 }}</ref> an the [[2008 Australian Open]], haes qualified for the annual [[WTA Tour Championships]] twice (in [[2007 WTA Tour Championships|2007]] an [[2008 WTA Tour Championships|2008]]) an haes wan the year-end [[WTA Toornament o Champions]] twice, in [[2010 Commonweel Bank Toornament o Champions|2010]]<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/news/2010-11-07/ivanovic-completes-turnaround-with-bali-title/2327284 Ivanovic completes turnaround with Bali title] ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)</ref> an [[2011 Commonweel Bank Toornament o Champions|2011]].<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-11-06/ivanovic-marks-birthday-with-bali-win/3638354 Ivanovic marks birthday with Bali win] – ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)</ref> Competin as a professional syne 2003, she haes wan 11 [[WTA Tour]] singles titles, includin ane [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] singles title. As o 2013, Ivanovic haes career earnins o ower 10.3 million US$. In Juin 2011, she wis named ane o the "30 Legends of Women's Tennis: Past, Present and Future" bi [[Time (magazine)|''Time'']],<ref>{{cite news|title=30 Legends of Women's Tennis: Past, Present and Future – Ana Ivanovic|url=http://keepingscore.blogs.time.com/2011/06/22/30-legends-of-womens-tennis-past-present-and-future/slide/ana-ivanovic/|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|accessdate=August 19, 2011|author=William Lee Adams|date=May 9, 2013|archive-date=2012-03-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312230830/http://keepingscore.blogs.time.com/2011/06/22/30-legends-of-womens-tennis-past-present-and-future/slide/ana-ivanovic/|url-status=dead}}</ref> an wis an aa includit on the leet o Tap 100 Greatest Players Ever (male an female combined) bi reporter Matthew Cronin.<ref name="tennisreporters.net">{{cite web|title = Matt Cronin's Top 100 Greatest Players Ever |url = http://www.tennisreporters.net/archives/7515|accessdate =9 May 2012}}</ref> Her first breakthrough came at the 2004 Zurich Open, whaur she qualified an narrowly wis beaten bi [[Venus Williams]] in the seicont roond in twa tiebreak sets. Bi the age o 18 Ivanovic haed already defeatit established players, such as [[Svetlana Kuznetsova]], [[Nadia Petrova]], [[Vera Zvonareva]], an [[Amélie Mauresmo]], the last o whom she defeatit in the [[2005 French Open]] on her way tae reachin the quarterfinals o anly her seicont Grand Slam toornament.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/4590387.stm |title=Serbian starlet shocks Mauresmo |work=BBC News |date=2005-05-28 |accessdate=2012-09-15}}</ref> She an aa haes defeatit mony ither past an present tap players includin, amang ithers, [[Maria Sharapova]], [[Venus Williams]], [[Dinara Safina]], [[Martina Hingis]], [[Jelena Janković]], [[Agnieszka Radwańska]], [[Caroline Wozniacki]], [[Petra Kvitová]], an [[Victoria Azarenka]]. When on form Ivanovic is kent for her aggressive style o play an impressive forehaund, describit bi Petrova as, "the best oot thare."<ref name="Forehand description">{{cite web|title=LA win takes Ivanovic to new high|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6943594.stm|work=BBC|accessdate=8 March 2013}}</ref> Ivanovic's struggles syne winnin the [[2008 French Open]] hae been well documented.<ref name="NoQuarterFinal">[http://www.theroar.com.au/2013/01/22/ana-ivanovic-is-not-back-to-her-best-yet/ Ana Ivanovic is not back to her best yet] ''The Roar''</ref> Syne that victory she haes endured an ongangin period o reduced success, failin tae mak a Grand Slam quarterfinal in 18 o her subsequent 19 Grand Slam toornaments, an droppin tae warld no. 65 in Julie 2010.<ref>[http://www.sportdw.com/2012/04/ana-ivanovic-heading-back-to-top.html Ana Ivanovic – Heading Back to the Top?] DW on Sport</ref><ref>[http://www.sportdw.com/2010/08/where-did-it-all-go-wrong-sad-demise-of.html Where Did It All Go Wrong: The Sad Demise of Ana Ivanovic] DW on Sport</ref> Ivanovic's anly Grand Slam quarterfinal syne then came at the [[2012 US Open (tennis)|2012 US Open]], whaur she lost tae eventual champion, [[Serena Williams]]. This, houiver, made her ane o the few active players tae hae reached at least the quarterfinal stage at each o the fower Grand Slam toornaments. == Singles performance timeline == {{Performance key}} {|class=wikitable style=text-align:center;font-size:97% |- !Tournament!![[2003 WTA Tour|2003]]!![[2004 WTA Tour|2004]]!![[2005 WTA Tour|2005]]!![[2006 WTA Tour|2006]]!![[2007 WTA Tour|2007]]!![[2008 WTA Tour|2008]]!![[2009 WTA Tour|2009]]!![[2010 WTA Tour|2010]]!![[2011 WTA Tour|2011]]!![[2012 WTA Tour|2012]]!![[2013 WTA Tour|2013]]!![[2014 WTA Tour|2014]]!![[2015 WTA Tour|2015]]!![[2016 WTA Tour|2016]]!!width=40|{{Tooltip| SR | Strike Rate}} !! {{Tooltip| W–L | Win–Loss}} |- | colspan="19" style="text-align:left;"|'''Grand Slam Tournaments |- |align=left|[[Australian Open]] |A |A |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2005 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|3R]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2006 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|2R]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2007 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|3R]] | style="background:thistle;"|[[2008 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|F]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2009 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|3R]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2010 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|2R]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2011 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|1R]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2012 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|4R]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2013 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|4R]] | bgcolor="#ffebcd" |[[2014 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|QF]] | bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2015 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|1R]] | bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2016 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|3R]] |0 / 9 |20–9 |- |align=left|[[French Open]] |A |A |bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2005 French Open – Weemen's Singles|QF]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2006 French Open – Weemen's Singles|3R]] | style="background:thistle;"|[[2007 French Open – Weemen's Singles|F]] |bgcolor=lime|[[2008 French Open – Weemen's Singles|'''W]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2009 French Open – Weemen's Singles|4R]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2010 French Open – Weemen's Singles|2R]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2011 French Open – Weemen's Singles|1R]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2012 French Open – Weemen's Singles|3R]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2013 French Open – Weemen's Singles|4R]] | bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2014 French Open – Weemen's Singles|3R]] |bgcolor=yellow|[[2015 French Open – Weemen's Singles|SF]] | bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2016 French Open – Weemen's Singles|3R]] |1 / 9 |28–8 |- |align=left|[[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]] |A |A |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2005 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|3R]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2006 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|4R]] | style="background:yellow;"|[[2007 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|SF]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2008 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|3R]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2009 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|4R]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2010 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|1R]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2011 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|3R]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2012 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|4R]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2013 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|2R]] | bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2014 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|3R]] | bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2015 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|2R]] | bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2016 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|1R]] |0 / 9 |21–9 |- |align=left|[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]] |A |LQ |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2005 US Open – Weemen's Singles|2R]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2006 US Open – Weemen's Singles|3R]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2007 US Open – Weemen's Singles|4R]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2008 US Open – Weemen's Singles|2R]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2009 US Open – Weemen's Singles|1R]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2010 US Open – Weemen's Singles|4R]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2011 US Open – Weemen's Singles|4R]] |bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2012 US Open – Weemen's Singles|QF]] | bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2013 US Open – Weemen's Singles|4R]] | bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2014 US Open – Weemen's Singles|2R]] | bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2015 US Open – Weemen's Singles|1R]] | bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2016 US Open – Weemen's Singles|1R]] ! |0 / 8 |17–8 |- !style=text-align:left|Win–Loss !0–0 !0–1 !9–4 !8–4 !16–4 !16–3 !8–4 !5–4 !5–4 !12–4 !7–3 !1 / 35 !86–34 |- | colspan="19" style="text-align:left;"|'''Year-End Championship |- |align=left|[[WTA Tour Championships]] |A |A |A |A | style="background:yellow;"|SF |bgcolor=afeeee|RR |A |A |A |A ! !0 / 2 !2–4 |- | colspan="19" style="text-align:left;"|'''Career statistics |- !style=text-align:left|Titles–Finals !0–0 !0–0 !1–1 !1–1 !3–5 !3–4 !0–1 !2–2 !1–1 !0–0 !0–0 !N/A !11–15 |- !style=text-align:left|Oweraw Win–Loss !12–5 !37–5 !40–14 !35–18 !51–18 !38–15 !24–14 !33–20 !32–20 !24–13 !22–13 !N/A !360–162 |- style="background:#efefef;" |align=left|Year End Rankin |705 |97 |16 |14 |bgcolor=eee8aa|'''4 |bgcolor=eee8aa|'''5 |22 |17 |22 |13 ! !colspan=2|– |} == Doubles performance timeline == {{Performance key}} {|class=wikitable style=text-align:center;font-size:97% |- !Toornament!![[2005 WTA Tour|2005]]!![[2006 WTA Tour|2006]]!![[2007 WTA Tour|2007]]!![[2011 WTA Tour|2011]]!!SR!!W–L |- | colspan="19" style="text-align:left;"|'''Grand Slam Tournaments |- |align=left|[[Australian Open]] | | | | |0 / 0 |0–0 |- |align=left|[[French Open]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2005 French Open – Weemen's Doubles|1R]] | |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2007 French Open – Weemen's Doubles|1R]] | |0 / 2 |0–2 |- |align=left|[[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2005 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Doubles|3R]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2006 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Doubles|1R]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2007 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Doubles|1R]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2011 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Doubles|2R]] |0 / 4 |3–4 |- |align=left|[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]] | |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2006 US Open – Weemen's Doubles|3R]] | | |0 / 1 |2–1 |- !style=text-align:left|Win–Loss !2–2 !2–2 !0–2 !1–1 !4 / 7 !4–7 |} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * {{Official website|1=http://www.anaivanovic.com}} * {{wta|id=10999|name=Ana Ivanovic}} * {{ITF female profile|number=100018598}} * {{FedCupplayerlink|id=100018598}} {{French Open weemen's singles champions}} {{Tap Serbian female tennis players}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ivanovic, Ana}} [[Category:1987 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Serbie female tennis players]] [[Category:Serbie an Montenegro female tennis players]] [[Category:Sportsfowk frae Belgrade]] [[Category:Serbie expatriates in Swisserland]] [[Category:French Open champions]] [[Category:Warld No. 1 tennis players]] [[Category:Hopman Cup competitors]] [[Category:Olympic tennis players o Serbie]] [[Category:Tennis players at the 2012 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Grand Slam (tennis) champions in weemen's singles]] lmokf11ypnzvhpnqbx8vzd4p4x8zntj 10 65105 916786 394919 2026-05-14T02:31:25Z CommonsDelinker 411 Replacin' FNL_Flag.svg wi' [[File:Flag_of_the_National_Liberation_Front_of_South_Vietnam,_Flag_of_South_Vietnam_(1975–1976).svg]] (by [[commons:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] coz: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] (meaningl 916786 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = Sooth Vietnam | flag alias = Flag of South Vietnam.svg | flag alias-PRG = Flag of the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam, Flag of South Vietnam (1975–1976).svg | link alias-tennis = Vietnam {{{mw}}} Cup team | link alias-naval = Republic o Vietnam Navy | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | altlink = {{{altlink|}}} | altvar = {{{altvar|}}} | variant = {{{variant|}}} <noinclude> | var1 = PRG | related1 = Vietnam </noinclude> }} 276gt9cmptmw3h98biyeyvc1vhe64pj 10 65107 916787 394921 2026-05-14T02:31:52Z CommonsDelinker 411 Replacin' FNL_Flag.svg wi' [[File:Flag_of_the_National_Liberation_Front_of_South_Vietnam,_Flag_of_South_Vietnam_(1975–1976).svg]] (by [[commons:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] coz: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] (meaningl 916787 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = Proveesional Revolutionary Govrenment o the Republic o Sooth Vietnam | flag alias = Flag of the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam, Flag of South Vietnam (1975–1976).svg | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} <noinclude> | templatename = Republic o Sooth Vietnam | cat = South vietnam republic </noinclude> }} dgxw72h5xuub0tneyna3vq44qzvtcjj 0 65114 916788 784882 2026-05-14T02:32:48Z CommonsDelinker 411 Replacin' FNL_Flag.svg wi' [[File:Flag_of_the_National_Liberation_Front_of_South_Vietnam,_Flag_of_South_Vietnam_(1975–1976).svg]] (by [[commons:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] coz: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] (meaningl 916788 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox former country |native_name = ''Việt-nam Cộng-hòa'' |conventional_long_name = Republic of Vietnam{{efn|The Republic of Vietnam was proclaimed on October 26, 1955 with Ngô Đình Diệm as its first president.<ref name="Bühler2001p71">{{cite book|author=Konrad G. Bühler|title=State Succession and Membership in International Organizations: Legal Theories Versus Political Pragmatism|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Ty7NAG1Jl-8C|year=2001|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|isbn=978-90-411-1553-9|pages=[http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=Ty7NAG1Jl–8C&pg=PA71 71]}}</ref> Its sovereignty was recognized by the United States and by some eighty-seven other nations. It had membership in several special committees of the United Nations, and would have been a member of the United Nations itself had it not been for a Soviet veto in 1957.<ref name=DOA1975>{{cite web|url=http://lawofwar.org/vietnam_pow_policy.htm|title=Application of Geneva Conventions to Prisoners of War|author=George S. Prugh|publisher=http://lawofwar.org/|year=1975|work=VIETNAM STUDIES : LAW AT WAR: VIETNAM 1964-1973}}</ref><ref name="Doyle2010">{{cite book|author=Robert C. Doyle|title=The Enemy in Our Hands: America's Treatment of Enemy Prisoners of War from the Revolution to the War on Terror|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ZBryc3ANF6IC|year=2010|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|isbn=978-0-8131-2589-3|page=[http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=ZBryc3ANF6IC&pg=PA269 269]}}</ref>|name=note-RVN}} |common_name = Sooth Vietnam |continent = Asia |region = Sootheast Asie |country = Vietnam |p1 = State o Vietnam |flag_p1 = |s1 = Provisional Revolutionary Govrenment o the Republic o Sooth Vietnam |flag_s1 = Flag of the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam, Flag of South Vietnam (1975–1976).svg |s2 = <!--Overseas Vietnamese--> |flag_s2 = <!--Flag of South Vietnam.svg--> |image_flag = |image_coat = Coat of Arms of South Vietnam (1963 - 1975).svg |symbol_type = Coat o Airms |image_map = South Vietnam in its region.svg |image_map_caption = Location o Sooth Vietnam in Sootheast Asie |capital = [[Saigon]] |national_motto = "Tổ quốc - Danh dự - Trách nhiệm"<br /><small>(English: "Fatherland &ndash; Honor &ndash; Duty")</small> |national_anthem = "[[Naitional anthem o Sooth Vietnam|Tiếng Gọi Công Dân]]"<br /><small>(Scots: "Cry tae the Ceetizens")</small> |common_languages = [[Vietnamese leid|Vietnamese]] <small>(offeecial) |religion = [[Buddhism]]<br />[[Roman Catholicism]]<br />[[Confucianism]]<br/>[[Taoism]] |government_type = [[Presidential republic]] |title_leader = [[Leaders o Sooth Vietnam#Heids o state|Preses]] |leader1 = Ngô Đình Diệm |year_leader1 = 1955&ndash;1963 |leader2 = [[Dương Văn Minh]]<br />[[Nguyễn Khánh]] |year_leader2 = 1963&ndash;1964 |leader3 = |year_leader3 = |leader4 = Phan Khắc Sửu |year_leader4 = 1964&ndash;1965 |leader5 = Nguyễn Văn Thiệu |year_leader5 = 1965&ndash;1975 |leader6 = [[Trần Văn Hương]] <small>(actin)</small> |year_leader6 = 1975 |leader7 = [[Dương Văn Minh]] <small>(actin)</small> |year_leader7 = 1975 |title_deputy = [[Leaders o Sooth Vietnam#Heids o govrenment|Prime Meenister]] |deputy1 = Nguyen Ngoc Tho |year_deputy1 = 1963&ndash;1964 <small>(first)</small> |deputy2 = Vu Van Mau |year_deputy2 = 1975 <small>(last)</small> |era = [[Cauld War]]{{·}}[[Vietnam War]] |event_start = [[State o Vietnam referendum, 1955|Referendum]] |date_start = 23 October |year_start = 1954 |event1 = [[Arrest an assassination o Ngô Đình Diệm|1963 coup]] |date_event1 = November 1963 |event2 = [[Paris Peace Accords]] |date_event2 = 27 Januar 1973 |event_end = [[Faw o Saigon]] |date_end = 30 Aprile |year_end = 1975 |stat_year1 = 1955 |stat_area1 = 173809 |stat_pop1 = 12000000 |stat_year2 = 1974 |stat_area2 = 173809 |stat_pop2 = 19582000 |HDI_year = 1979 |HDI = 0.783 |HDI_rank = 53 |currency = [[Sooth Vietnamese đồng|đồng]]^a |today = {{flag|Vietnam}} |footnote_a = Gradually phased in tae replace the [[French Indocheenese piastre|piastre]]. }} '''Sooth Vietnam''', offeecially the '''Republic o Vietnam''', wis a state which govrened soothren Vietnam till 1975. It received internaitional recogneetion in 1949 as the "[[State o Vietnam]]" (1949&ndash;55), an later as the "Republic o Vietnam"<ref name=note-RVN group=lower-alpha /> (1955&ndash;75). Its caipital wis Saigon. The term "Sooth Vietnam" acame common usage in 1954, when the [[Geneva Conference (1954)|Geneva Conference]] pairtitioned Vietnam intae communist an non-communist pairts. Sooth Vietnam's origins can be traced tae the French colony o [[Cochincheenae]], which consistit o the soothern third o Vietnam an wis a subdiveesion o [[French Indocheenae]]. Efter Warld War II, the [[Viet Minh]], led bi [[Ho Chi Minh]], proclaimed the establishment o a Communist naition in [[Hanoi]]. In 1949, non-communist [[Vietnamese fowk|Vietnamese]] politeecians furmed a rival govrenment in Saigon led bi umwhile [[Leet o Vietnamese monarchs|emperor]] [[Bảo Đại]]. Bảo Đại wis [[Deponeetion (politics)|deponed]] bi Prime Meenister [[Ngô Đình Diệm]] in 1955, who proclaimed himsel preses efter a [[1955 State o Vietnam referendum|referendum]]. Efter Diệm wis deponed in a militar ''[[Coup d'état|coup]]'' in 1963, thare wis a series o short-lived militar governments. General [[Nguyễn Văn Thiệu]] led the kintra frae 1967 till 1975. The [[Vietnam War]] began in 1959 wi an uprisin bi [[Viet Cong]] forces supplied bi [[North Vietnam]]. Fichting climaxed during the [[Tet Offensive]] o 1968, when thare wur ower 1.5 million Sooth Vietnamese soldiers an 500,000 [[U.S. Airmy|U.S. sodgers]] in Sooth Vietnam. Despite a [[Paris Peace Accords|peace treaty]] concluded in Januar 1973, fichtin continued till the North Vietnamese airmy owerran Saigon on 30 Aprile 1975. ==Notes== <references group="lower-alpha"/> ==References== {{Reflist|4}} [[Category:Sooth Vietnam| ]] [[Category:1975 disestablishments]] [[Category:Dividit regions|Vietnam, Sooth]] [[Category:Umwhile polities o the Cauld War]] [[Category:Umwhile republics]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1955]] [[Category:Vietnam War]] o5tletfgtui6r8xnzrx2fjxqmcs92eg 0 65836 916761 894189 2026-05-13T12:08:15Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916761 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Beyoncé | image = Beyoncé at The Lion King European Premiere 2019.png | image_size = | caption = Beyoncé, 2019 | alias = Sasha Fierce,<!--NOTE TO EDITORS: Sasha Fierce is the name of Knowles' alter-ego. This name therefore is an alias per [[Template:Infobox Musical artist#Alias]].--> Third Ward Trill<!--NOTE TO EDITORS: Credited under this name on Jay-Z's album, "Magna Carta... Holy Grail", on the tracks "Tom Ford" and "BBC".--> | birth_name= Beyoncé Giselle Knowles | birth_date = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1981|9|4}} | birth_place = [[Houston]], Texas, US | residence = New York Ceety, New York, US | occupation = {{flatlist| * Singer * actress }} | net_worth = {{increase}} US $350 million<ref>{{cite news|last=Vincent|first=Alice|title=The 10 women who made Beyonce|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/rockandpopmusic/10091698/The-10-women-who-made-Beyonce.html|accessdate=September 25, 2013|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=May 31, 2013}}</ref> | years_active = 1997–present | spouse = {{Marriage|[[Jay-Z]]|4 April 2008}} | children 3 | website = {{URL|http://beyonce.com|beyonce.com}} | module = {{Infobox muisical airtist|embed=yes | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory field --> | instrument = Vocals | genre = {{flatlist| * [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] * [[Pop muisic|pop]] * [[Soul muisic|soul]] }} | label = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] | associated_acts = {{flatlist| * [[Destiny's Child]] * [[Jay-Z]] * [[Solange Knowles]] }} }} }} '''Beyoncé Giselle Knowles-Carter''',<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/ae/celebrity/articles/2009/12/23/beyonce_knowles_name_change/|title=Beyonce Knowles' name change|newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]]|date=December 23, 2009|accessdate=March 8, 2013}}</ref> simply kent as '''Beyoncé''', ({{IPA-en|biˈjɒnseɪ|}} {{respell|bee|YON|say}}; born 4 September 1981)<ref name="Born to be a Star">{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/beyonc-born-to-be-a-star-1890924.html |last=Adams |first=Guy |title=Beyoncé: Born to be a star |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |date=February 6, 2010 |accessdate=January 9, 2011 |archive-date=2018-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617220026/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/beyonc-born-to-be-a-star-1890924.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Monitor|newspaper=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|date=Sep 6, 2013|year=2013|issue=1275|page=25}}</ref> is a American sangster an actress. A sel-described "modren-day [[Feminism|feminist]]",<ref>{{cite news|last=Cubarrubia|first=RJ|title=Beyonce Calls Herself a 'Modern-Day Feminist'|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/beyonce-calls-herself-a-modern-day-feminist-20130403|publisher=''[[Rolling Stone (magazine)|Rolling Stone]]''|accessdate=May 23, 2013}}</ref> Knowles' sangs is aften characterised bi themes sic as luve, relationships an monogamy, as weel as female sexuality an empouerment. On stage, her dynamic, hiely-choreographed performances haes led tae creetics hailin her as ane o the best enterteeners in contemporar popular muisic. Oot-throu a career raxin 16 year, she haes wan 17 Grammy Awards an sauld ower 118&nbsp;million records as a solo airtist<ref>{{cite web|last=Hamlin|first=John|title=How Gradual Success Helped Beyonce|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-18560_162-6151266.html|publisher=[[CBS]]|accessdate=August 4, 2013|date=September 12, 2010|archive-date=2013-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021224019/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-18560_162-6151266.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> an 60&nbsp;million wi Destiny's Child,<ref>{{cite news|title=Beyoncé and Destiny’s Child to Release Original Track for First Time in Eight Years|url=http://entertainment.time.com/2013/01/11/beyonce-and-destinys-child-to-release-original-track-for-first-time-in-eight-years/|publisher=''TIME''|accessdate=March 24, 2013|archive-date=2018-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101165110/http://entertainment.time.com/2013/01/11/beyonce-and-destinys-child-to-release-original-track-for-first-time-in-eight-years/|url-status=dead}}</ref> makkin her ane o the [[:en:List of best-selling music artists|best-sellin muisic airtists]] o aw time.<ref>{{cite web|last=Trust|first=Gary|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/chartbeat/474549/ask-billboard-the-twitter-sized-edition|title=Ask Billboard: The Twitter-Sized Edition — Chart Beat|work=Billboard|accessdate=October 21, 2012}}</ref><ref name="hamlin">{{cite news|last=Hamlin|first=John|title=How Gradual Success Helped Beyonce|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-18560_162-6151266.html|accessdate=January 10, 2013|publisher=[[CBS]]|date=September 12, 2010|archive-date=2013-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021224019/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-18560_162-6151266.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Recording Industry Association of America]] recognised Knowles as the Top Certified Artist in America durin the 2000s decade.<ref name="RIAADecade1">{{cite web |last=Pedersen |first=Erik |url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/content_display/industry/e3id4ade3d3e7f8db80b4071ff7aba918fc |title=Beyoncé Tops Decade's RIAA Sales |work=Billboard |date=February 17, 2010 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/654L74M9o?url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/content_display/industry/news/e3id4ade3d3e7f8db80b4071ff7aba918fc |archivedate=2012-01-30 |access-date=2016-06-16 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="RIAADecade2">{{cite web |author1=Lamy Johnathan |author2=Cara Duckworth |author3=Liz Kennedy |url=http://www.riaa.com/newsitem.php?id=C91C40E1-A65A-0F81-EBB3-8FE3B7C0ECEA |title=RIAA Tallies the Decade's Top Gold and Platinum Award Winners |publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]] (RIAA) |date=February 17, 2010 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/654LDUPGr?url=http://www.riaa.com/newsitem.php?id=C91C40E1-A65A-0F81-EBB3-8FE3B7C0ECEA |archivedate=2012-01-30 |access-date=2016-06-16 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2009, ''Billboard'' named her the Top Radio Songs Artist of the Decade,<ref name="RadioSongsArtist">{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/charts-decade-end/hot-100-songs?year=2009&begin=41&order=position#/charts-decade-end/radio-songs-artists?year=2009 |title=Radio Songs Artists of the Decade |work=Billboard |accessdate=October 20, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915045919/http://www.billboard.com/charts-decade-end/hot-100-songs?year=2009&begin=41&order=position#/charts-decade-end/radio-songs-artists?year=2009 |archivedate=2012-09-15 |url-status=live }}</ref> the Top Female Artist of the 2000s an their Artist of the Millennium in 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/266420/artists-of-the-decade|title=Artist of the Decade|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=March 12, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Barshad|first=Amos|title=Beyoncé Crushes at the Billboard Music Awards|url=http://www.vulture.com/2011/05/beyonc_crushes_at_the_billboar.html|accessdate=July 25, 2013|newspaper=[[Vulture]]|date=May 23, 2013}}</ref> In 2013, she wis includit in ''[[Time magazine|Time]]'' magazine's list o the 100 maist influential fowk in the warld.<ref>{{cite web|title=The 2013 TIME 100|url=http://time100.time.com/2013/04/18/time-100/slide/all/|publisher=Time|accessdate=16 December 2013}}</ref> ==Filmografie== {{Main|Beyoncé Knowles videografie}} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! style="text-align:center;" | Year !! | Film !! | Role |- | 2001 || ''[[Carmen: A Hip Hopera]]'' || {{sortname|Carmen|Brown|nolink=1}} |- | 2002 || ''[[Austin Powers in Goldmember]]'' || {{sortname|Foxxy|Cleopatra|nolink=1}} |- | 2003 || ''[[The Fighting Temptations]]'' || Lilly |- | 2006 || ''[[The Pink Panther (2006 film)|The Pink Panther]]'' || Xania |- | 2006 || ''[[Dreamgirls (film)|Dreamgirls]]'' || {{sortname|Deena|Jones|nolink=1}} |- | 2008 || ''[[Cadillac Records]]'' || {{sortname|Etta|James}} |- | 2009 || ''[[Wow! Wow! Wubbzy!: Wubb Idol]]'' || Shine* |- | 2009 || ''[[Obsessed (2009 film)|Obsessed]]'' || {{sortname|Sharon|Charles|nolink=1}} |- | 2013 || ''[[Life Is But a Dream]]'' || Hersel (biopic) |- | 2013 || ''[[Epic (film)|Epic]]'' || {{sortname|Queen|Tara|nolink=1}}* |} :<small>(*) designated a [[voice acting]] role</small> == Albums == * Dangerously in Love (2003) * B'Day (2006) * I Am... Sasha Fierce (2008) * 4 (2011) * Beyoncé (2013) * Lemonade (2016) * Renaissance (2022) ==Tours and residency shows== {{Main|List of Beyoncé Knowles performances}} ;Concert tours * [[Dangerously in Love Tour]] (2003) * [[Verizon Ladies First Tour]] (2004) * [[The Beyoncé Experience]] (2007) * [[I Am... World Tour]] (2009–2010) * [[The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour]] (2013–2014) ;Residency shows * [[I Am... Yours]] (2009) * [[4 Intimate Nights with Beyoncé]] (2011) * [[Revel Presents: Beyoncé Live]] (2012) ==Notes== {{Reflist|group=note}} ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons}} * {{Official website|http://www.beyonce.com}} * {{Tumblr|beyonce|Beyoncé Knowles}} * {{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p349078|label=Beyoncé}} * {{Discogs artist|Beyoncé|Beyoncé}} * {{IMDb name|461498|Beyoncé}} * [http://www.allrovi.com/name/beyonc%C3%A9-knowles-mn0000055375 Beyoncé Knowles]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} at [[AllRovi]] * [http://soundcloud.com/beyoncemusic Beyoncé] at [[SoundCloud]] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Beyonce}} [[Category:Beyoncé| ]] [[Category:1981 births]] [[Category:20t-century American sangsters]] [[Category:21st-century American sangsters]] [[Category:21st-century American actresses]] [[Category:Actresses frae Houston]] [[Category:African-American businessweemen]] [[Category:African-American choreographers]] [[Category:African-American dancers]] [[Category:African-American fashion designers]] [[Category:African-American female sangster-sangwriters]] [[Category:African-American film directors]] [[Category:African-American film producers]] [[Category:African-American Methodists]] [[Category:African-American record producers]] [[Category:American businessfowk in retailin]] [[Category:American cosmetics businessfowk]] [[Category:American fashion businessfowk]] [[Category:American female pop sangster-sangwriters]] [[Category:American hip hop record producers]] [[Category:American hip hop sangsters]] [[Category:American mezzo-sopranos]] [[Category:American muisic publishers (fowk)]] [[Category:American muisic video directors]] [[Category:American fowk o Acadie strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Creole strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o French strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Native American strynd]] [[Category:American philanthropists]] [[Category:American rhythm an blues sangster-sangwriters]] [[Category:American synthpop muisickers]] [[Category:American vyce actresses]] [[Category:Brit Award winners]] [[Category:Columbia Records airtists]] [[Category:Destiny's Child members]] [[Category:Female muisic video directors]] [[Category:Feminist muisickers]] [[Category:Film directors frae Texas]] [[Category:Gold Star Records airtists]] [[Category:Grammy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Ivor Novello Awaird winners]] [[Category:Jay-Z]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Louisiana Creole fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Texas]] [[Category:Muisickers frae Houston, Texas]] [[Category:Muisic video codirectors]] [[Category:Sangsters wi a three-octave vocal range]] [[Category:Sony/ATV Music Publishing airtists]] [[Category:Sangwriters frae Texas]] [[Category:Spaingie-leid sangsters o the Unitit States]] [[Category:United Methodists]] [[Category:Weemen film directors]] [[Category:World Music Awards winners]] 7x4jt8wr5vlf7ystz4imuxkr8tmjbdm 916783 916761 2026-05-14T02:01:38Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916783 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Beyoncé | image = Beyoncé at The Lion King European Premiere 2019.png | image_size = | caption = Beyoncé, 2019 | alias = Sasha Fierce,<!--NOTE TO EDITORS: Sasha Fierce is the name of Knowles' alter-ego. This name therefore is an alias per [[Template:Infobox Musical artist#Alias]].--> Third Ward Trill<!--NOTE TO EDITORS: Credited under this name on Jay-Z's album, "Magna Carta... Holy Grail", on the tracks "Tom Ford" and "BBC".--> | birth_name= Beyoncé Giselle Knowles | birth_date = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1981|9|4}} | birth_place = [[Houston]], Texas, US | residence = New York Ceety, New York, US | occupation = {{flatlist| * Singer * actress }} | net_worth = {{increase}} US $350 million<ref>{{cite news|last=Vincent|first=Alice|title=The 10 women who made Beyonce|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/rockandpopmusic/10091698/The-10-women-who-made-Beyonce.html|accessdate=September 25, 2013|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=May 31, 2013}}</ref> | years_active = 1997–present | spouse = {{Marriage|[[Jay-Z]]|4 April 2008}} | children 3 | website = {{URL|http://beyonce.com|beyonce.com}} | module = {{Infobox muisical airtist|embed=yes | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory field --> | instrument = Vocals | genre = {{flatlist| * [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] * [[Pop muisic|pop]] * [[Soul muisic|soul]] }} | label = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] | associated_acts = {{flatlist| * [[Destiny's Child]] * [[Jay-Z]] * [[Solange Knowles]] }} }} }} '''Beyoncé Giselle Knowles-Carter''',<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/ae/celebrity/articles/2009/12/23/beyonce_knowles_name_change/|title=Beyonce Knowles' name change|newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]]|date=December 23, 2009|accessdate=March 8, 2013}}</ref> simply kent as '''Beyoncé''', ({{IPA-en|biˈjɒnseɪ|}} {{respell|bee|YON|say}}; born 4 September 1981)<ref name="Born to be a Star">{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/beyonc-born-to-be-a-star-1890924.html |last=Adams |first=Guy |title=Beyoncé: Born to be a star |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |date=February 6, 2010 |accessdate=January 9, 2011 |archive-date=2018-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617220026/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/beyonc-born-to-be-a-star-1890924.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Monitor|newspaper=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|date=Sep 6, 2013|year=2013|issue=1275|page=25}}</ref> is a American sangster an actress. A sel-described "modren-day [[Feminism|feminist]]",<ref>{{cite news|last=Cubarrubia|first=RJ|title=Beyonce Calls Herself a 'Modern-Day Feminist'|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/beyonce-calls-herself-a-modern-day-feminist-20130403|publisher=''[[Rolling Stone (magazine)|Rolling Stone]]''|accessdate=May 23, 2013}}</ref> Knowles' sangs is aften characterised bi themes sic as luve, relationships an monogamy, as weel as female sexuality an empouerment. On stage, her dynamic, hiely-choreographed performances haes led tae creetics hailin her as ane o the best enterteeners in contemporar popular muisic. Oot-throu a career raxin 16 year, she haes wan 17 Grammy Awards an sauld ower 118&nbsp;million records as a solo airtist<ref>{{cite web|last=Hamlin|first=John|title=How Gradual Success Helped Beyonce|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-18560_162-6151266.html|publisher=[[CBS]]|accessdate=August 4, 2013|date=September 12, 2010|archive-date=2013-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021224019/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-18560_162-6151266.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> an 60&nbsp;million wi Destiny's Child,<ref>{{cite news|title=Beyoncé and Destiny’s Child to Release Original Track for First Time in Eight Years|url=http://entertainment.time.com/2013/01/11/beyonce-and-destinys-child-to-release-original-track-for-first-time-in-eight-years/|publisher=''TIME''|accessdate=March 24, 2013|archive-date=2018-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101165110/http://entertainment.time.com/2013/01/11/beyonce-and-destinys-child-to-release-original-track-for-first-time-in-eight-years/|url-status=dead}}</ref> makkin her ane o the [[:en:List of best-selling music artists|best-sellin muisic airtists]] o aw time.<ref>{{cite web|last=Trust|first=Gary|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/chartbeat/474549/ask-billboard-the-twitter-sized-edition|title=Ask Billboard: The Twitter-Sized Edition — Chart Beat|work=Billboard|accessdate=October 21, 2012}}</ref><ref name="hamlin">{{cite news|last=Hamlin|first=John|title=How Gradual Success Helped Beyonce|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-18560_162-6151266.html|accessdate=January 10, 2013|publisher=[[CBS]]|date=September 12, 2010|archive-date=2013-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021224019/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-18560_162-6151266.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Recording Industry Association of America]] recognised Knowles as the Top Certified Artist in America durin the 2000s decade.<ref name="RIAADecade1">{{cite web |last=Pedersen |first=Erik |url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/content_display/industry/e3id4ade3d3e7f8db80b4071ff7aba918fc |title=Beyoncé Tops Decade's RIAA Sales |work=Billboard |date=February 17, 2010 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/654L74M9o?url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/content_display/industry/news/e3id4ade3d3e7f8db80b4071ff7aba918fc |archivedate=2012-01-30 |access-date=2016-06-16 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="RIAADecade2">{{cite web |author1=Lamy Johnathan |author2=Cara Duckworth |author3=Liz Kennedy |url=http://www.riaa.com/newsitem.php?id=C91C40E1-A65A-0F81-EBB3-8FE3B7C0ECEA |title=RIAA Tallies the Decade's Top Gold and Platinum Award Winners |publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]] (RIAA) |date=February 17, 2010 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/654LDUPGr?url=http://www.riaa.com/newsitem.php?id=C91C40E1-A65A-0F81-EBB3-8FE3B7C0ECEA |archivedate=2012-01-30 |access-date=2016-06-16 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2009, ''Billboard'' named her the Top Radio Songs Artist of the Decade,<ref name="RadioSongsArtist">{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/charts-decade-end/hot-100-songs?year=2009&begin=41&order=position#/charts-decade-end/radio-songs-artists?year=2009 |title=Radio Songs Artists of the Decade |work=Billboard |accessdate=October 20, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915045919/http://www.billboard.com/charts-decade-end/hot-100-songs?year=2009&begin=41&order=position#/charts-decade-end/radio-songs-artists?year=2009 |archivedate=2012-09-15 |url-status=live }}</ref> the Top Female Artist of the 2000s an their Artist of the Millennium in 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/266420/artists-of-the-decade|title=Artist of the Decade|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=March 12, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Barshad|first=Amos|title=Beyoncé Crushes at the Billboard Music Awards|url=http://www.vulture.com/2011/05/beyonc_crushes_at_the_billboar.html|accessdate=July 25, 2013|newspaper=[[Vulture]]|date=May 23, 2013}}</ref> In 2013, she wis includit in ''[[Time magazine|Time]]'' magazine's list o the 100 maist influential fowk in the warld.<ref>{{cite web|title=The 2013 TIME 100|url=http://time100.time.com/2013/04/18/time-100/slide/all/|publisher=Time|accessdate=16 December 2013|archive-date=2015-08-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814190314/http://time100.time.com/2013/04/18/time-100/slide/all/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Filmografie== {{Main|Beyoncé Knowles videografie}} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! style="text-align:center;" | Year !! | Film !! | Role |- | 2001 || ''[[Carmen: A Hip Hopera]]'' || {{sortname|Carmen|Brown|nolink=1}} |- | 2002 || ''[[Austin Powers in Goldmember]]'' || {{sortname|Foxxy|Cleopatra|nolink=1}} |- | 2003 || ''[[The Fighting Temptations]]'' || Lilly |- | 2006 || ''[[The Pink Panther (2006 film)|The Pink Panther]]'' || Xania |- | 2006 || ''[[Dreamgirls (film)|Dreamgirls]]'' || {{sortname|Deena|Jones|nolink=1}} |- | 2008 || ''[[Cadillac Records]]'' || {{sortname|Etta|James}} |- | 2009 || ''[[Wow! Wow! Wubbzy!: Wubb Idol]]'' || Shine* |- | 2009 || ''[[Obsessed (2009 film)|Obsessed]]'' || {{sortname|Sharon|Charles|nolink=1}} |- | 2013 || ''[[Life Is But a Dream]]'' || Hersel (biopic) |- | 2013 || ''[[Epic (film)|Epic]]'' || {{sortname|Queen|Tara|nolink=1}}* |} :<small>(*) designated a [[voice acting]] role</small> == Albums == * Dangerously in Love (2003) * B'Day (2006) * I Am... Sasha Fierce (2008) * 4 (2011) * Beyoncé (2013) * Lemonade (2016) * Renaissance (2022) ==Tours and residency shows== {{Main|List of Beyoncé Knowles performances}} ;Concert tours * [[Dangerously in Love Tour]] (2003) * [[Verizon Ladies First Tour]] (2004) * [[The Beyoncé Experience]] (2007) * [[I Am... World Tour]] (2009–2010) * [[The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour]] (2013–2014) ;Residency shows * [[I Am... Yours]] (2009) * [[4 Intimate Nights with Beyoncé]] (2011) * [[Revel Presents: Beyoncé Live]] (2012) ==Notes== {{Reflist|group=note}} ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons}} * {{Official website|http://www.beyonce.com}} * {{Tumblr|beyonce|Beyoncé Knowles}} * {{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p349078|label=Beyoncé}} * {{Discogs artist|Beyoncé|Beyoncé}} * {{IMDb name|461498|Beyoncé}} * [http://www.allrovi.com/name/beyonc%C3%A9-knowles-mn0000055375 Beyoncé Knowles]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} at [[AllRovi]] * [http://soundcloud.com/beyoncemusic Beyoncé] at [[SoundCloud]] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Beyonce}} [[Category:Beyoncé| ]] [[Category:1981 births]] [[Category:20t-century American sangsters]] [[Category:21st-century American sangsters]] [[Category:21st-century American actresses]] [[Category:Actresses frae Houston]] [[Category:African-American businessweemen]] [[Category:African-American choreographers]] [[Category:African-American dancers]] [[Category:African-American fashion designers]] [[Category:African-American female sangster-sangwriters]] [[Category:African-American film directors]] [[Category:African-American film producers]] [[Category:African-American Methodists]] [[Category:African-American record producers]] [[Category:American businessfowk in retailin]] [[Category:American cosmetics businessfowk]] [[Category:American fashion businessfowk]] [[Category:American female pop sangster-sangwriters]] [[Category:American hip hop record producers]] [[Category:American hip hop sangsters]] [[Category:American mezzo-sopranos]] [[Category:American muisic publishers (fowk)]] [[Category:American muisic video directors]] [[Category:American fowk o Acadie strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Creole strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o French strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Native American strynd]] [[Category:American philanthropists]] [[Category:American rhythm an blues sangster-sangwriters]] [[Category:American synthpop muisickers]] [[Category:American vyce actresses]] [[Category:Brit Award winners]] [[Category:Columbia Records airtists]] [[Category:Destiny's Child members]] [[Category:Female muisic video directors]] [[Category:Feminist muisickers]] [[Category:Film directors frae Texas]] [[Category:Gold Star Records airtists]] [[Category:Grammy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Ivor Novello Awaird winners]] [[Category:Jay-Z]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Louisiana Creole fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Texas]] [[Category:Muisickers frae Houston, Texas]] [[Category:Muisic video codirectors]] [[Category:Sangsters wi a three-octave vocal range]] [[Category:Sony/ATV Music Publishing airtists]] [[Category:Sangwriters frae Texas]] [[Category:Spaingie-leid sangsters o the Unitit States]] [[Category:United Methodists]] [[Category:Weemen film directors]] [[Category:World Music Awards winners]] rgdnlkedom8n9yqaygzt2lur5vus5qm 0 87611 916762 839897 2026-05-13T12:39:07Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916762 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=Mairch 2021}} {{Taxobox |name = Carrot |image = 13-08-31-wien-redaktionstreffen-EuT-by-Bi-frie-037.jpg |image_caption = |regnum = [[Plantae]] |unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]] |unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]] |unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]] |ordo = [[Apiales]] |familia = [[Apiaceae]] |genus = ''[[Daucus]]'' |species = '''''D. carota''''' |trinomial = ''[[Daucus carota]]'' subsp. ''sativus'' |trinomial_authority = ([[Georg Franz Hoffmann|Hoffm.]]) [[Gustav Schübler|Schübl.]] & [[George Matthias von Martens|G. Martens]] }} [[File:Daucus carota subsp. maximus MHNT.BOT.2007.40.407.jpg|thumb|''Daucus carota subsp. maximus'']] The '''carrot''' (''[[Daucus carota]]'' subsp. ''sativus''; is a [[ruit vegetable]], uisually orange in colour, tho purpie, reid, white, an yellae varieties exeest.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sifferlin|first1=Alexandra|title=Eat This Now: Rainbow Carrots|url=http://healthland.time.com/2013/08/20/eat-this-now-rainbow-carrots/|website=Time|accessdate=27 January 2018|archive-date=2018-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123165655/http://healthland.time.com/2013/08/20/eat-this-now-rainbow-carrots/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Carrots are a domesticatit form o the [[Daucus carota|wild carrot]], ''Daucus carota'', native tae Europe an soothwastren Asia. The plant probably oreeginatit in [[Greater Iran|Persie]] an wis oreeginally cultivatit for its leafs an seeds. The maist commonly eaten pairt o the plant is the [[taupin]], although the stems and [[leafy vegetable|leafs]] are eaten as weel. The domestic carrot haes been [[selectively bred]] for its greatly enlairged, mair palatable, less widdy-texturt tapruit. The carrot is a [[biennial plant]] in the umbellifer faimily [[Apiaceae]]. At first, it growes a [[Rosette (botany)|rosette]] o leafs while biggin up the enlairged taupin. Fest-growin cultivars matur within three month (90 days) o sowin the seed, while slawer-maturin cultivars are hairstit fower month later (120 days). The ruits conteen heich quantities o [[Alpha-Carotene|alpha-]] an [[Beta-Carotene|beta-carotene]], an are a guid soorce o [[vitamin K]] an [[vitamin B6]], but the belief that eatin carrots impruives [[nicht veesion]] is a myth pit forrit bi the Breetish in Warld War II tae mislead the enemy aboot thair militar capabilities. The Unitit Naitions [[Fuid an Agricultur Organisation]] (FAO) reports that warld production o carrots an [[neep]]s (thir plants are combined bi the FAO) for the [[calendar year]] 2013 wis 37.2 million [[tonnes]]; awmaist hauf (~45%) war grawn in Cheenae. Carrots are widely uised in [[Leet o cuisines|mony cuisines]], especially in the preparation o salads, an [[carrot salad]]s are a [[tradeetion]] in mony regional cuisines. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commons|Daucus carota}} [[Category:Ruit vegetables]] [[Category:Apioideae]] {{stub/Plaunt}} {{stub/Fuid}} inkffez2cwckiwxz3x6ax92h89t02hd 0 89423 916776 801800 2026-05-13T23:47:46Z Xqbot 2526 Fixin dooble reguidal til [[Jamie VI, King o Scots]] 916776 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Jamie VI, King o Scots]] tvns52ms20szv4acqngsp9u1dfk7mlq 0 132739 916771 908766 2026-05-13T23:39:18Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916771 wikitext text/x-wiki {{lowercase title}} {{infobox war faction |name=al-Nusra Front<br>جبهة النصرة |native_name= |native_name_lang=ar |war=the [[Sirian Ceevil War]], the<br>[[Sirian Ceevil War spillower in Lebanon]], <br> an the [[War on Terror]] |image=[[File:Flag of the Al-Nusra Front.svg|border|260px]] |caption=Banner o the al-Nusra Front |active=23 Januar 2012{{spaced ndash}}present<ref name="world.time.com">{{cite news|url=http://world.time.com/2012/12/25/interview-with-a-newly-designated-terrorist-syrias-jabhat-al-nusra/|title=Interview with Official of Jabhat al-Nusra, Syria's Islamist Militia Group|date=25 December 2012|accessdate=29 November 2013|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|archive-date=2015-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821051440/http://world.time.com/2012/12/25/interview-with-a-newly-designated-syrias-jabhat-al-nusra/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |ideology= * [[Salafism]]<ref>{{cite web|title=The Al-Nusra Front|url=http://www.terrorism-info.org.il/Data/articles/Art_20573/E_076_13_1861409435.pdf|date=23 September 2013|accessdate=23 April 2015}}</ref> * [[Salafist jihadism]]<ref>{{cite web| title =Jabhat al-Nusra| url =http://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/Listedterroristorganisations/Pages/Jabhatal-Nusra.aspx| website =Australian National Security| date =28 June 2013| accessdate =23 April 2015| archive-date =2019-04-13| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20190413104256/https://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/Listedterroristorganisations/Pages/Jabhatal-Nusra.aspx| url-status =dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = Jabhat al-Nusra, A Strategic Briefing| url = http://www.quilliamfoundation.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/publications/free/jabhat-al-nusra-a-strategic-briefing.pdf| website = Quilliam Foundation| date = | accessdate = 23 April 2015| archive-date = 2015-03-28| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150328080133/http://www.quilliamfoundation.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/publications/free/jabhat-al-nusra-a-strategic-briefing.pdf| url-status = dead}}</ref> * [[Islamic fundamentalism]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Al-Nusra Front|url=http://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/groups/view/493|year=2012|accessdate=November 9, 2014}}</ref> * [[Releegious naitionalism]]<ref>{{cite web| title =Jabhat al-Nusra in Syria| url =http://www.understandingwar.org/report/jabhat-al-nusra-syria| website =Institute for the Study of War| date =| accessdate =7 April 2015| archive-date =2015-04-12| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20150412053745/http://www.understandingwar.org/report/jabhat-al-nusra-syria| url-status =dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title =Syria: A gathering force| url =http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/cae1bf48-9341-11e3-b07c-00144feab7de.html#axzz3WXVEKsGO| website =Financial Times| date = February 2014| accessdate = 7 April 2015}}</ref> |leaders=[[Abu Mohammad al-Julani]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://world.time.com/2012/07/26/time-exclusive-meet-the-islamist-militants-fighting-alongside-syrias-rebels//|title=TIME Exclusive: Meet the Islamist Militants Fighting Alongside Syria’s Rebels|date=26 July 2012|accessdate=29 November 2012|work=Time|archive-date=2019-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901111744/http://world.time.com/2012/07/26/time-exclusive-meet-the-islamist-militants-fighting-alongside-syrias-rebels/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |groups= |headquarters= *[[Deir ez-Zor|al-Shahil]], [[Deir ez-Zor Govrenorate|Deir ez-Zor]], <small>(2012–14)</small><ref>{{cite web| title =Syria: ISIS tightens grip, Nusra takes losses| url =http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/security/2014/05/isis-expands-control-syria-clashes-nusra.html#| website = Al-Monitor| date = 2 May 2014| accessdate = 9 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=ISIS losing ground in Syria to Jabhat al-Nusra|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/ar/contents/articles/security/2014/02/isis-losing-ground-deir-al-zour-jabhat.html|author=Abdallah Suleiman Ali|publisher=[[Al-Monitor]]|date=12 February 2014|accessdate=14 February 2014}}</ref> *[[Harem, Sirie|Harem]], [[Idlib Govrenorate|Idlib]], <small>(Februar–November 2014)</small><ref>{{cite news|title=Report: Airstrikes target another Islamist group in Syria|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2014/11/06/world/meast/syria-crisis/|author= Nick Paton Walsh and Laura Smith-Spark|publisher=CNN|date=6 November 2014|accessdate=November 9, 2014}}</ref> *[[Salqin]], [[Idlib Govrenorate|Idlib]], <small>(November 2014–Mairch 2015)</small><ref>{{cite web|url=http://aranews.net/2015/03/syrias-qaeda-leader-killed-in-explosion/|title=Syria's Qaeda leader killed in explosion - ARA News|work=ARA News|access-date=2015-11-16|archive-date=2015-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150308140014/http://aranews.net/2015/03/syrias-qaeda-leader-killed-in-explosion/|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Idlib]], [[Idlib Govrenorate]], Sirie <small>(Mairch 2015–present)</small><ref name="internal struggle">{{cite web| title =An internal struggle: Al Qaeda's Syrian affiliate is grappling with its identity| url =http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/markaz/posts/2015/05/31-syria-isis-lister| website = Brookings Institute| date = 31 May 2015| accessdate = 1 June 2015}}</ref> |area={{flag|Sirie}} <small>(Primarily in Northwast Sirie, aroond the Idlib an Aleppo Provinces)</small><br />{{flag|Lebanon}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2015/01/fatal-blast-lebanon-ends-lull-attacks-2015110194313121358.html|title=Al Nusra Front claims Lebanon suicide attack|date=11 January 2015|accessdate=12 January 2015|publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> |strength=10,750+<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/09/foreign-fighter-group-officially-joins-al-nusrah-front.php|title=Foreign fighter group officially joins Al Nusrah Front|date=23 September 2015|accessdate=26 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2015/0504/Syria-crisis-Spooked-by-rebel-gains-Jordan-doubles-down-on-Islamic-State|title=Syria crisis: Spooked by rebel gains, Jordan doubles down on Islamic State|date=4 May 2015|accessdate=4 May 2015}}</ref> |partof=[[al-Qaeda]]<br>[[Mujahideen Shura Cooncil (Sirie)|Mujahideen Shura Cooncil]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/security/2014/05/syria-new-jihadist-body-unified-shura-council-fight-isis.html#|title=New Syrian jihadist body formed to fight ISIS|date=28 May 2014|accessdate=3 June 2014|publisher=Al Monitor}}</ref><br><!--{{flagicon image|Jaish al-Fatah Logo.jpg|150px}}-->[[Airmy o Conquest]]<br><!--{{flagicon image|Battle_of_Victory_logo.png|200px}}-->[[Battle o Victory]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Jocelyn|first=Thomas|title=Al Nusrah Front, allies launch new offensives against Syrian regime|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/04/al-nusrah-front-allies-launch-new-offensives-against-syrian-regime.php|work=Long War Journal|date=23 April 2015}}</ref><br>[[Ansar al-Sharia (Sirie)|Ansar al-Sharia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/syriancivilwar/comments/3bwk8d/rebel_and_islamist_groups_form_another_op_room/|publisher=Reddit|accessdate=2 July 2015|date=2 July 2015|title=Rebel and Islamist groups form (another) op room "Ansar Al-Shariah" to take Aleppo city and its countryside}}</ref><br>[[Jund al-Malahm]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/syriancivilwar/comments/3pngxy/damascus_east_ghouta_jabhat_al_nusra_ahrar_al/|title=Damascus, East Ghouta - Jabhat al Nusra, Ahrar al Sham, Ajnad al-Sham Islamic Union Have Formed a Joint Operation's Room Named "Jund Al-Malahm" : syriancivilwar|work=reddit}}</ref><br>[[Jaish al-Haramoun]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Syria_Rebel_Obs/status/610748121652547584|title=#SRO INFOGRAPHIC - EXCLUSIVE - Rebellion forces in Hermon Mount area (S-W #Syria) creating the Jaysh al-Haramon.|work=Twitter|date=16 June 2015|accessdate=4 July 2015}}</ref><br>[[Itisam bi Allah]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/ajaltamimi/status/632578365988450304|title=Aymenn J Al-Tamimi|work=Twitter|accessdate=24 September 2015}}</ref><br>[[Northern Homs Countryside Operations Room]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/syriancivilwar/comments/3npob6/fsa_jabhat_anusra_ally_in_north_homs_ahead_of/cvq51r8|title=WinningLooksLike comments on FSA, Jabhat a-Nusra ally in north Homs ahead of expected Russian-backed offensive|work=reddit}}</ref> |previous= |next= |allies= * [[Islamic State o Iraq an the Levant]]<small> (Anly in [[Yarmouk Camp]])</small><ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.dailysabah.com/mideast/2015/04/14/clashes-erupt-between-alnusra-front-and-moderate-groups-in-deraa-syria |title= Clashes erupt between al-Nusra Front and moderate groups in Deraa, Syria |publisher= The Daily Sabah |last= |first= |date= 14 April 2015 |accessdate= 16 April 2015}}</ref> *[[Islamic Front (Sirie)|Islamic Front]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aranews.net/2014/03/clahses-renewed-between-islamist-groups-near-syria-s-hasaka/|title=Clashes renewed between Islamist groups near Syria's Hasaka|publisher=ARA News|date=18 March 2014|accessdate=9 November 2014|archive-date=2017-11-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122003445/http://aranews.net/2014/03/clahses-renewed-between-islamist-groups-near-syria-s-hasaka/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=O'Bagy|first=Elizabeth|title=Middle East Security Report: Jihad in Syria|page=27|volume=6|url=http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/Jihad-In-Syria-17SEPT.pdf|year=2012|location=Washington, DC|access-date=2015-11-16|archive-date=2014-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327163800/http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/Jihad-In-Syria-17SEPT.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Harakat Sham al-Islam]]<ref name=lwj4april>{{cite news|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2014/04/former_guantanamo_de_2.php#|title=Former Guantanamo detainee killed while leading jihadist group in Syria|date=4 April 2014|accessdate=21 May 2014|work=Long War Journal}}</ref> * [[Ajnad al-Sham Islamic Union]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aranews.net/2014/07/syria-rebels-advance-hama/|title=Syria rebels advance in Hama|publisher=ARA News|date=12 July 2014|accessdate=12 July 2014|archive-date=2017-07-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702204527/http://aranews.net/2014/07/syria-rebels-advance-hama/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Jund al-Aqsa]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/10/28/us-mideast-crisis-syria-idlib-idUSKBN0IH1KW20141028|title=Al Qaeda seizes territory from moderate Syrian group|agency=Reuters|date=28 October 2014|accessdate=28 October 2014|archive-date=2015-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001143518/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/10/28/us-mideast-crisis-syria-idlib-idUSKBN0IH1KW20141028|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001143518/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/10/28/us-mideast-crisis-syria-idlib-idUSKBN0IH1KW20141028 |date=2015-10-01 }}</ref> * [[Ansar al-Islam]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Key Updates on Iraq's Sunni Insurgent Groups|url=http://brown-moses.blogspot.co.uk/2014/05/key-updates-on-iraqs-sunni-insurgent.html|author=Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi|publisher=Brown Moses Blog|date=11 May 2014|accessdate=11 February 2015}}</ref> |opponents= '''State opponents'''<br> {{flagicon image|Flag of the United Arab Republic.svg}} [[Sirie]] * [[Sirian Airmed Forces]] {{flagicon image|Flag of Lebanon.svg}} [[Lebanon]] * [[Lebanese Airmed Forces]] {{flagicon image|Flag of Russia.svg}} [[Roushie]] * [[Roushie Airmed Forces]] '''Non-state opponents''' *[[Rojava]] (Primary opponent) *[[Free Sirian Airmy]] <small>(Ootside o [[Battle o Aleppo (2012–present)|Aleppo]])</small><ref name="FSA">{{cite news |url= http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2015/Apr-15/294547-syria-rebels-in-south-reject-cooperation-with-nusra.ashx |title= Syria rebels in south reject cooperation with Nusra |publisher= The Daily Star |agency= AFP |last= |first= |date= 15 April 2015 |accessdate= 17 April 2015 |quote= Rebels fighting in southern Syria will not cooperate militarily with Al-Qaeda's Syrian affiliate, Al-Nusra Front, a spokesman said Wednesday [...] "We reject all forms of cooperation with Nusra Front because keeping silent on its excesses, its statements and its violations will only allow them to continue," Rayes told AFP. |archive-date= 2015-12-16 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151216012330/http://www.dailystar.com.lb//News/Middle-East/2015/Apr-15/294547-syria-rebels-in-south-reject-cooperation-with-nusra.ashx |url-status= dead }}</ref> *[[Dawn o Freedom Brigades]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/11/jabhat-al-nusra-idlib-islamic-emirate.html|title=Jabhat al-Nusra eyes Idlib for Islamic emirate|work=Al-Monitor|accessdate=14 November 2014}}</ref> *[[Siriw Revolutionaries Front]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/10/28/us-mideast-crisis-syria-idlib-idUSKBN0IH1KW20141028|title=Al Qaeda seizes territory from moderate Syrian group|agency=Reuters|accessdate=30 October 2014|archive-date=2015-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001143518/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/10/28/us-mideast-crisis-syria-idlib-idUSKBN0IH1KW20141028|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001143518/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/10/28/us-mideast-crisis-syria-idlib-idUSKBN0IH1KW20141028 |date=2015-10-01 }}</ref> *[[Hazzm Muivement]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.syriahr.com/archives/33999|title=اشتباكات بين حركة وحزم وجبهة النصرة في ريف حلب الغربي وريف إدلب|author=Ahmed Marshal|work=المرصد السورى لحقوق الإنسان|accessdate=30 October 2014|archive-date=2014-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031145334/http://www.syriahr.com/archives/33999|url-status=dead}}</ref> **[[101st Diveesion (Sirian rebel group)|101st Diveesion]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://syriahr.com/en/2015/02/the-nusra-front-storm-the-village-of-ayn-laroz-and-arrest-dozens-of-fighters/|title=The Nusra Front storms the village of Ayn Laroz and arrests dozens of people, including fighters|author=sohranas|work=Syrian Observatory For Human Rights}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.almasdarnews.com/article/al-qaeda-linked-group-captures-large-supply-weapons-western-backed-rebels/|title=Al-Qaeda linked group captures large supply of weapons from western-backed rebels|author=Leith Fadel|work=Al-Masdar News|access-date=2015-11-16|archive-date=2019-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629013058/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/al-qaeda-linked-group-captures-large-supply-weapons-western-backed-rebels/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Sopthren Front (Sirian rebel group)|Soothern Front o the Free Sirian Airmy]]<ref name="FSA"/> '''Shi'ite groups''' *[[Hezbollah]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Mortada|first=Radwan|title=Hezbollah fighters and the "jihadis:" Mad, drugged, homicidal, and hungry|url=http://english.al-akhbar.com/content/hezbollah-fighters-and-jihadis-mad-drugged-homicidal-and-hungry|work=al-Akhbar English|date=19 May 2014|accessdate=9 June 2014|archive-date=2014-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707040428/http://english.al-akhbar.com/content/hezbollah-fighters-and-jihadis-mad-drugged-homicidal-and-hungry|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq]] *[[Al-Abbas brigade]] '''ISIL an ISIL affiliates''' *[[Islamic State o Iraq an the Levant]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Jabhat al-Nusra launches war against IS in Qalamoun|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/security/2015/05/syira-qalamoun-jabhat-al-nusra-war-isis-kharijites.html|accessdate=15 May 2015|publisher=CNN|date=15 May 2015}}</ref> *[[Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade]]<ref>{{cite web| title =Jabhat al-Nusra, IS clash in Daraa| url =http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/security/2014/12/jabhat-al-nusra-islamic-state-clash-qalamoun-risks-daraa.html| date = 16 December 2014| accessdate = 15 May 2015}}</ref> *[[Jaysh al-Jihad]] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2015/04/28/Rebels-fight-ISIS-linked-group-near-Israeli-occupied-Golan.html|title=Rebels fight ISIS-linked group near Israeli-occupied Golan|publisher=AFP|date=28 April 2015|accessdate=9 May 2015}}</ref> |battles='''[[Sirian Ceevil War]]''' * [[Battle o Aleppo (2012–present)|Battle o Aleppo]] * [[2013 Latakia offensive]]<ref name=lwj4april/> * [[Inter-rebel conflict during the Sirian Ceevil War]] * [[2014 Idlib offensive]] * [[al-Nusra Front–Sirie Revolutionaries Front conflict]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aranews.net/2014/11/al-qaeda-defeats-syrian-moderate-rebels-idlib/|title=Al-Qaeda defeats Syrian moderate rebels in Idlib|publisher=ARA News|date=2 November 2014|accessdate=12 November 2014|archive-date=2017-10-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030003410/http://aranews.net/2014/11/al-qaeda-defeats-syrian-moderate-rebels-idlib/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[2015 Idlib offensive]] ** [[Seicont Battle o Idlib]] * [[Battle o Bosra (2015)]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/security/2015/03/syria-jabhat-nusra-bosra-tikrit-fronts-fighting-offensives.html#|title=Jabhat al-Nusra looks for battlefield breakout|work=As-Safir|date=29 March 2015|accessdate=29 March 2015}}</ref> * [[2015 Jisr al-Shughur offensive]] * [[Battle o Yarmouk Camp (2015)]] * [[Qalamoun offensive (Mey 2015)]] * [[Battle o Zabadani (2015)]] * [[2015 Hama Offensive]] [[Sirian Ceevil War spillower in Lebanon]] * [[Battle o Arsal (2014)]] [[Militar intervention against ISIL]] * [[American-led intervention in Sirie]] |url = }} The '''al-Nusra Front''', or '''Jabhat al-Nusra''' ({{lang-ar|جبهة النصرة لأهل الشام}} ''Jabhat al-Nuṣrah li-Ahli ash-Shām'', "The Support Front for the Fowk o [[Bilad al-Sham|Al-Sham]]", eften abbreviatit tae '''JN''' or '''JaN'''), sometimes cried '''al-Qaeda in Sirie''' or '''al-Qaeda in the Levant''',<ref name=MEMRI25-11-13>{{cite news|url=http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/207/0/7589.htm|title=Al-Qaeda Upgrades Its Presence in Syria|date=25 November 2013|accessdate=24 August 2015|agency=[[MEMRI]]}}</ref> is a [[Sunni Islam]]ic [[Jihadism|jihadist]] militia fichtin against Sirian Govrenment forces in the [[Sirian Ceevil War]], wi the aim o establishing an Islamist state in the kintra.<ref name="quilliam">{{cite news|title=Jabhat al-Nusra A Strategic Briefing|url=http://www.quilliamfoundation.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/publications/free/jabhat-al-nusra-a-strategic-briefing.pdf|publisher=Quilliam Foundation|date=8 January 2013|accessdate=22 August 2014|archive-date=2015-03-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328080133/http://www.quilliamfoundation.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/publications/free/jabhat-al-nusra-a-strategic-briefing.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nusra Front, Al-}} [[Category:2011 establishments]] [[Category:2010s establishments in Asie]] [[Category:Anti-govrenment factions o the Sirian Ceevil War]] [[Category:Anti-Shi'ism]] [[Category:Designatit terrorist organisations associatit wi Islam]] [[Category:Organisations designatit as terrorist in Asie]] [[Category:Govrenment o Saudi Arabie designatit terrorist organisations]] [[Category:Groups affiliatit wi al-Qaeda]] [[Category:Islamic terrorism in Sirie]] [[Category:Jihadist groups]] [[Category:Salafi groups]] pyyd9axn61wt9ek468yy8g7ng13c3ce 0 151961 916780 693367 2026-05-13T23:51:31Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916780 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography |name = Alfredo Di Stéfano |image = Distefano eg 1958.jpg |image_size = 250px |caption = Di Stéfano in 1958 |fullname = Alfredo Stéfano Di Stéfano Laulhé<ref>{{cite web |url=http://es.eurosport.yahoo.com/fot/ftxt/alfredo_di_stefano.html |title=di Stéfano Profile |publisher=Yahoo! Deportes España |language=Spanish |access-date=2016-07-21 |archive-date=2010-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100818202701/http://es.eurosport.yahoo.com/fot/ftxt/alfredo_di_stefano.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |height = {{height|m=1.78}} |birth_date = {{birth date|1926|7|4|df=yes}} |death_date = {{Death date and age|2014|7|7|1926|7|4|df=yes}} |birth_place = [[Buenos Aires]], Argentinae |death_place = [[Madrid]], Spain |position = [[Forrit (association fitbaw)|Forrit]] |years1 = 1945–1949 |clubs1 = [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]] |caps1 = 66 |goals1 = 49 |years2 = 1946 |clubs2 = → [[Club Atlético Huracán|Huracán]] (loan) |caps2 = 25 |goals2 = 10 |years3 = 1949–1953 |clubs3 = [[Club Deportivo Los Millonarios|Millonarios]] |caps3 = 102 |goals3 = 90 |years4 = 1953–1964 |clubs4 = [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]] |caps4 = 282 |goals4 =216 |years5 = 1964–1966 |clubs5 = [[RCD Espanyol|Espanyol]] |caps5 = 47 |goals5 = 11 |totalcaps = 522 |totalgoals = 376 |nationalyears1 = 1947 |nationalteam1 = [[Argentina naitional fitbaw team|Argentinae]] |nationalcaps1 = 6 |nationalgoals1 = 6 |nationalyears2 = 1949–1952 |nationalteam2 = [[Colombie naitional fitbaw team|Colombie]] |nationalcaps2 = 4 |nationalgoals2= 0 |nationalyears3 = 1957–1961 |nationalteam3 = [[Spain naitional fitbaw team|Spain]] |nationalcaps3 = 31 |nationalgoals3 = 23 |managerclubs1 = [[Elche CF|Elche]] |manageryears1 = 1967–1968 |managerclubs2 = [[Boca Juniors]] |manageryears2 = 1969–1970 |managerclubs3 = [[Valencia CF|Valencia]] |manageryears3 = 1970–1974 |managerclubs4 = [[Sporting Clube de Portugal|Sporting CP]] |manageryears4 = 1974 |managerclubs5 = [[Rayo Vallecano]] |manageryears5 = 1975–1976 |managerclubs6 = [[CD Castellón|Castellón]] |manageryears6 = 1976–1977 |managerclubs7 = [[Valencia CF|Valencia]] |manageryears7 = 1979–1980 |managerclubs8 = [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]] |manageryears8 = 1981–1982 |managerclubs9 = [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]] |manageryears9 = 1982–1984 |managerclubs10 = [[Boca Juniors]] |manageryears10 = 1985 |managerclubs11 = [[Valencia CF|Valencia]] |manageryears11 = 1986–1988 |managerclubs12 = [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]] |manageryears12 = 1990–1991 }} {{Spanish name|Di Stéfano|Laulhé}} '''Alfredo Stéfano Di Stéfano Laulhé'''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.realmadrid.com/cs/Satellite/es/1193040475259/1202732249389/contenido/Entrenador/Alfredo_Stefano__Di_Stefano_Laulhe.htm |title=Di Stéfano Profile |publisher=Realmadrid.com|language=es}}</ref> ({{IPA-es|alˈfɾeðo ði (e)sˈtefano}}; 4 Julie 1926 – 7 Julie 2014) wis a [[association fitbaw|fitbawer]] an coach, wha haes been cried the best, maist complete an influential fitbawer o aw time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldsoccer.com/features/alfredo-di-stefano-influential-footballer-time-358751|title=Alfredo Di Stefano, the most influential footballer of all time|publisher=World Soccer|accessdate=23 October 2015}}</ref> He wis maist associatit wi [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]] an wis instrumental in thair domination o the [[UEFA Champions League|European Champions' Cup]] during the 1950s, a period in which the club wan the trophy in five consecutive saisons frae 1956. Alang wi [[Francisco Gento]] an [[José María Zárraga]], he wis ane o anly three players tae play a pairt in aw five victories, scorin goals in each o the five finals. Di Stéfano played internaitional fitbaw maistly for [[Spain naitional fitbaw team|Spain]] efter muivin tae Madrid, but he an aa played for [[Argentinae naitional fitbaw team|Argentinae]] an [[Colombie naitional fitbaw team|Colombie]]. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Navboxes colour |title = Awairds |bg = gold |fg = navy |bordercolor = black |list1 = {{World Team of the 20th Century}} {{Ballon d'Or recipients}} {{Argentina Primera Division top scorers}} {{Categoría Primera A top scorers}} {{La Liga top scorers}} {{FIFA 100}} {{UEFA Jubilee Awards}} {{UEFA Champions League top scorers}} {{UEFA Cup Winners' Cup winning managers}} }} {{Argentina squad 1947 South American Championship}} {{Spain squad 1962 FIFA World Cup}} {{Navboxes |title= Alfredo Di Stéfano managerial poseetions |list1= {{RCD Espanyol managers}} {{Elche CF managers}} {{Boca Juniors managers}} {{Valencia CF managers}} {{Sporting Clube de Portugal managers}} {{Rayo Vallecano managers}} {{CD Castellón managers}} {{River Plate managers}} {{Real Madrid C.F. managers}} }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Di Stefano, Alfredo}} [[Category:UEFA Gowden Players]] [[Category:1926 births]] [[Category:2014 daiths]] [[Category:Argentinae internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Argentine fitbaw managers]] [[Category:Argentine fitbawers]] [[Category:Argentine emigrants tae Spain]] [[Category:Argentine expatriate fitbawers]] [[Category:Argentine fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:Argentine fowk o French strynd]] [[Category:Argentine fowk o Italian strynd]] [[Category:Argentine fowk o Sicilian strynd]] [[Category:Association fitbaw forrits]] [[Category:Boca Juniors managers]] [[Category:Catalan XI guest fitbawers]] [[Category:Categoría Primera A players]] [[Category:CD Castellón managers]] [[Category:Colombie fitbawers]] [[Category:Colombie internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Dual internaitionalists (fitbaw)]] [[Category:Elche CF managers]] [[Category:European Fitbawer o the Year winners]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbaw managers in Portugal]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Colombie]] [[Category:FIFA 100]] [[Category:Huracán fitbawers]] [[Category:La Liga players]] [[Category:La Liga managers]] [[Category:Millonarios Fútbol Club fitbawers]] [[Category:Naituralised ceetizens o Spain]] [[Category:Argentine Primera División players]] [[Category:Pichichi Trophy winners]] [[Category:Rayo Vallecano managers]] [[Category:RCD Espanyol fitbawers]] [[Category:Real Madrid CF managers]] [[Category:Real Madrid CF players]] [[Category:River Plate fitbawers]] [[Category:River Plate managers]] [[Category:Spaingie fitbaw managers]] [[Category:Spaingie fitbawers]] [[Category:Spaingie fowk o French strynd]] [[Category:Spaingie fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:Spaingie fowk o Argentine strynd]] [[Category:Spain internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Sporting Clube de Portugal managers]] [[Category:Sportsfowk frae Buenos Aires]] [[Category:Valencia CF managers]] [[Category:Illustrious Ceetizens o Buenos Aires]] [[Category:Copa América-winnin players]] [[Category:Buirials at Cementerio de la Almudena]] [[Category:1962 FIFA Warld Cup players]] 5677c1e4glo83mw9tqwk16lcl63xgkv 0 164009 916763 888572 2026-05-13T14:01:18Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916763 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Free saftware''', '''freedom-respectin saftware''', or '''saftware libre'''<ref>See {{cite web|author=GNU Project|title=What is Free Software|publisher=Free Software Foundation|url=https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html|access-date=2017-03-21|archive-date=2013-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014132149/https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>http://www.internethalloffame.org/inductees/richard-stallman</ref> is [[computer saftware]] distributit unner terms that allae the saftware uisers tae run the saftware for ony purpose as well as tae study, chynge, an distribute the saftware an ony adaptit versions.<ref>[https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-software-intro.html Free Software Movement] (gnu.org)</ref><ref name="philo">[https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/philosophy.html Philosophy of the GNU Project] (gnu.org)</ref><ref name="def">[http://www.fsf.org/about/what-is-free-software What is free software] (fsf.org)</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society-2/|title=GNU Press - Free Software Foundation Online Shop - Buy GNU t-shirts, books, stickers and stuffed gnu toys|publisher=|accessdate=19 March 2015|archive-date=2016-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422141701/http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society-2/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="softwarefreedom">{{ cite web | url = http://www.softwarefreedom.org | title = Software Freedom Law Center}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Free saftware| ]] [[Category:Saftware licenses]] [[Category:Applee'd ethics]] kpzy5s8zz8bsqcxmxieucqy8joswqxs 0 170810 916769 914674 2026-05-13T22:25:07Z ~2026-28943-98 131223 916769 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Pangaea continents.svg|thumb|290px|upright=1.35|Cairt ofPangaea wi modren continental outlines]] '''Pangaea''' or '''Pangea''' was a [[supercontinent]] that existed during the late [[Paleozoic]] and early [[Mesozoic]] eras.<ref>{{Cite news | last = Lovett | first = Richard A. | title = Supercontinent Pangaea Pushed, Not Sucked, Into Place | publisher = National Geographic News | date = September 5, 2008 | url = http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/09/080905-pangaea-suction.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Pangea |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. |year=2015|url=http://www.britannica.com/place/Pangea}}</ref> It assembled from earlier continental units approximately 335 million years ago, and it began to break apart about 175 million years ago.<ref>{{cite book|title=Continents and Supercontinents|author1=Rogers, J.J.W.|author2=Santosh, M.|year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|publication-place=Oxford|ISBN=0-19-516589-6|page=146}}</ref> In contrast tae the present [[Yird]] an its distribution o continental mass, much o Pangaea wis in the [[Soothren Hemisphere|soothren hemisphere]] an surroondit bi a superocean, [[Panthalassa]]. Pangaea wis the maist recent supercontinent tae hae exeestit an the first tae be reconstructit bi geologists. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Geological history o Yird]] [[Category:Historical continents]] [[Category:Plate tectonics]] [[Category:Supercontinents]] 88zayyztg6717qme055q94hwg6sj7gp 916770 916769 2026-05-13T22:26:41Z ~2026-28943-98 131223 916770 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Pangaea continents.svg|thumb|290px|upright=1.35|Cairt ofPangaea wi modren continental outlines]] '''Pangaea''' or '''Pangea''' was a [[supercontinent]] that exeestit during the late [[Paleozoic]] an early [[Mesozoic]] eras.<ref>{{Cite news | last = Lovett | first = Richard A. | title = Supercontinent Pangaea Pushed, Not Sucked, Into Place | publisher = National Geographic News | date = September 5, 2008 | url = http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/09/080905-pangaea-suction.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Pangea |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. |year=2015|url=http://www.britannica.com/place/Pangea}}</ref> It assembled from earlier continental units approximately 335 million years ago, an it began to break apart about 175 million years ago.<ref>{{cite book|title=Continents and Supercontinents|author1=Rogers, J.J.W.|author2=Santosh, M.|year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|publication-place=Oxford|ISBN=0-19-516589-6|page=146}}</ref> In contrast tae the present [[Yird]] an its distribution o continental mass, much o Pangaea wis in the [[Soothren Hemisphere|soothren hemisphere]] an surroondit bi a superocean, [[Panthalassa]]. Pangaea wis the maist recent supercontinent tae hae exeestit an the first tae be reconstructit bi geologists. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Geological history o Yird]] [[Category:Historical continents]] [[Category:Plate tectonics]] [[Category:Supercontinents]] nixez2dg8zd8pq6ezp8fr2r3525j2bw 916795 916770 2026-05-14T09:20:48Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Revertit edit o ~2026-28943-98, chynged back tae last version bi CiphriusKane 912718 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Pangaea continents.svg|thumb|290px|upright=1.35|Cairt ofPangaea wi modren continental outlines]] '''Pangaea''' or '''Pangea''' wis a [[supercontinent]] that exeestit during the late [[Paleozoic]] an early [[Mesozoic]] eras.<ref>{{Cite news | last = Lovett | first = Richard A. | title = Supercontinent Pangaea Pushed, Not Sucked, Into Place | publisher = National Geographic News | date = September 5, 2008 | url = http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/09/080905-pangaea-suction.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Pangea |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. |year=2015|url=http://www.britannica.com/place/Pangea}}</ref> It assembled from earlier continental units approximately 335 million years ago, and it began to break apart about 175 million years ago.<ref>{{cite book|title=Continents and Supercontinents|author1=Rogers, J.J.W.|author2=Santosh, M.|year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|publication-place=Oxford|ISBN=0-19-516589-6|page=146}}</ref> In contrast tae the present [[Yird]] an its distribution o continental mass, much o Pangaea wis in the [[Soothren Hemisphere|soothren hemisphere]] an surroondit bi a superocean, [[Panthalassa]]. Pangaea wis the maist recent supercontinent tae hae exeestit an the first tae be reconstructit bi geologists. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Geological history o Yird]] [[Category:Historical continents]] [[Category:Plate tectonics]] [[Category:Supercontinents]] qqila9lh08i61mydfiyd33s3tcaha5a 916796 916795 2026-05-14T09:23:13Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Mendit Scots 916796 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Pangaea continents.svg|thumb|290px|upright=1.35|Cairt o Pangaea wi modren continental ootlines]] '''Pangaea''' or '''Pangea''' wis a [[supercontinent]] that exeestit durin the late [[Paleozoic]] an early [[Mesozoic]] eras.<ref>{{Cite news | last = Lovett | first = Richard A. | title = Supercontinent Pangaea Pushed, Not Sucked, Into Place | publisher = National Geographic News | date = September 5, 2008 | url = http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/09/080905-pangaea-suction.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Pangea |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. |year=2015|url=http://www.britannica.com/place/Pangea}}</ref> It assembled frae earlier continental units approximately 335 million years ago, an it begound tae break apart aboot 175 million years ago.<ref>{{cite book|title=Continents and Supercontinents|author1=Rogers, J.J.W.|author2=Santosh, M.|year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|publication-place=Oxford|ISBN=0-19-516589-6|page=146}}</ref> In contrast tae the present [[Yird]] an its distribution o continental mass, muckle o Pangaea wis in the [[Soothren Hemisphere|soothren hemisphere]] an surroondit bi a superocean, [[Panthalassa]]. Pangaea wis the maist recent supercontinent tae hae existit an the furst tae be reconstructit bi geologists. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Geological history o Yird]] [[Category:Historical continents]] [[Category:Plate tectonics]] [[Category:Supercontinents]] ipdpqhdw5xgkje4e73w1rbujd1c2vdc 0 171239 916766 902765 2026-05-13T20:30:33Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916766 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox holiday |holiday_name = {{lang|ar|رمضان}} <br />Ramadan |type = |longtype = [[Islam|Releegious]] |image = Welcome Ramadhan.jpg |image_size=250px |caption = A crescent muin can be seen ower paum trees at sunset in [[Manama]], merkin the beginnin o the Islamic month o Ramadan in [[Bahrain]] |official_name = |observedby = [[Muslim]]s |begins = 1 [[Ramadan (calendar month)|Ramadan]] |ends = 29, or 30 [[Ramadan (calendar month)|Ramadan]] |date = Variable (follaes the [[Islamic calendar|Islamic lunar calendar]]) |date2017 = 27 Mey&nbsp;– 24 Juin (''[[Islamic calendar#Saudi Arabia.27s Umm al-Qura calendar|Umm al-Qura]]'')<ref name="ummalqura">{{cite web|url=http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/ummalqura.htm|title=The Umm al-Qura Calendar of Saudi Arabia|publisher=|access-date=7 March 2017|archive-date=2020-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621105742/http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/ummalqura.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="AlJazeera">{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/04/ramadan-fasting-start-date-170427062743037.html|title=Ramadan to start May 27 or May 28|publisher=|accessdate=27 April 2017}}</ref> |date2018 = 16 Mey – 14 Juin<ref name="ummalqura"/> |date2019 = 6 Mey – 3 Juin<ref name="ummalqura"/> |celebrations = Commonty [[iftar]]s an Commonty prayers |observances = * [[sawm]] (fastin) * [[zakat]] an [[sadaqah]] (aums giein) * [[taraweeh]] prayer * readin the [[Quran]] * absteenin frae aw bad deeds an stayin hummle |relatedto = [[Eid al-Fitr]], [[Laylat al-Qadr]] |frequency=ivery 12 muins (lunar months) }} '''Ramadan''' ({{lang-ar|رمضان}} ''{{transl|ar|DIN|Ramaḍān}}'', {{IPA-ar|ramaˈdˤaːn|IPA}};<ref group="note">In Arabic phonology, it can be {{IPA|[rɑmɑˈdˤɑːn, ramadˤɑːn, ræmæˈdˤɑːn]}}, dependin on the region.</ref> an aa [[romanisation o Arabic|romanised]] as '''Ramazan''', '''Ramadhan''', or '''Ramathan''') is the [[Ramadan (calendar month)|nint month]] o the [[Islamic calendar]],<ref>[[BBC]] – [http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/practices/ramadan_1.shtml ''Religions''] Retrieved 25 Julie 2012</ref> an is observed bi [[Muslim]]s warldwide as a month o [[fastin]] ([[Sawm]]) tae commemorate the [[Muhammad's first revelation|first revelation o the Quran tae Muhammad]] accordin tae Islamic belief.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/722486.shtml | title= Muslims worldwide start to observe Ramadan |work= The Global Times Online | year= 2012 |access-date= 28 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://newsfeedresearcher.com/data/articles_w30_3/ramadan-muslims-fasting.html |title= The Muslim World Observes Ramadan |work= Power Text Solutions |year= 2012 |accessdate= 28 July 2012 |archive-date= 2021-02-11 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210211042928/https://newsfeedresearcher.com/ |url-status= dead }}</ref> ==Notes== {{reflist|group=note}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ramadan| ]] [[Category:Islamic haly days]] [[Category:Islamic terminology]] [[Category:Sawm]] [[Category:Shia days o remembrance]] [[Category:Observances set bi the Islamic calendar]] lkpk4oq0lm31lh7aymtetbplwrngab7 0 181109 916777 801801 2026-05-13T23:47:51Z Xqbot 2526 Fixin dooble reguidal til [[Jamie VI, King o Scots]] 916777 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Jamie VI, King o Scots]] tvns52ms20szv4acqngsp9u1dfk7mlq 0 181604 916778 801802 2026-05-13T23:47:56Z Xqbot 2526 Fixin dooble reguidal til [[Jamie VI, King o Scots]] 916778 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Jamie VI, King o Scots]] tvns52ms20szv4acqngsp9u1dfk7mlq 0 191869 916791 916542 2026-05-14T04:21:47Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916791 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:J M Briscoe - Clyde puffer VIC32 moored at Corpach.jpg|thumb|Clyde puffer]] The '''Clyde puffer''' is a smaw coal-fired an single-mastit cargo ship, biggit mainly on the [[Forth and Clyde canal]], that gied a purvey link athort the wast coast an [[Hebrides]] o Scotland. Biggit atween 1856 an 1939, thir [[steamboat]]s wis the subjeck o sindry short stories [[Neil Munro (writer)|Neil Munro]] wrate aboot the [[Vital Spark]] an captain [[Para Handy]], that produced three telly series. ==Characteristics== [[File:MV Eilean Eisdeal deck 2005.jpg|thumb|''Eilean Eisdeal'' visiting [[Glasgow]]]] Clyde puffers characteristically haed bauch bous, crew's quarters wi table an cuikin stove in the [[focsle]], an a single mast wi derrick afore the lairge hold. The lum an the ship's wheel bidit eft abuin the engine ruim, follaed by a wee captain's cabin in the starn. Whan publication o the ''Vital Spark'' stories began in 1905, the ship's wheel wis aye in the appen, but later a wheelhoose wis addit eft o the lum, giein the puffers thair distinctive image. Thair flat bottom alloued thaim tae saund an liver at laich tide, essential tae purvey hiddly settlements athoot confeerin piers. Teepical cargoes could include coal an furniture, wi ferm produce an gravel whiles bein brocht back. ==Survivin craft== [[File:Vital Spark December 2006 at Crinan.jpg|thumb|right|''Auld Reekie'' at [[Crinan (village)|Crinan]]]] A few puffers survive as conservation projecks, tho maist haes diesel engines. ''VIC 32'' is ane o the last few survivin coal-fired steam-pouert puffers an is based at The Change House, [[Crinan (village)|Crinan]]. She wis biggit by Dunston’s o Thorne, Yorkshire in November 1943 – a busy time fur the Clyde Ship biggin yairds. As the wartime Admiralty needit 50, (later 100) victuallin boats in a hurry, they were biggit in groups o three by various yairds in England. Ne new designs wis needit as the perfeck boat existit in a Clyde Puffer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://savethepuffer.co.uk/|title=Save The Puffer!|accessdate=27 January 2016}}</ref> Steam sailins on VIC 32 haes been available tae the public frae 1979, latterly as cruises on the [[Caledonian Canal]]. Syne 2004, she unnergaun extensive refittin at [[Corpach]] Boatyard at the wast end o the canal naur [[Fort William, Highland|Fort William]], fundit by donations an lottery funds. Efter the fittin o a new [[vertical cross-tube boiler|boiler]] by Pridham’s Engineering an Corpach Boatbuilders,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://savethepuffer.co.uk/history-of-vic-32/|title=History of VIC 32|accessdate=27 January 2016|archive-date=2021-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318154415/http://savethepuffer.co.uk/history-of-vic-32/|url-status=dead}}</ref> she steamed doun frae Fort William tae Crinan, frae whaur cruises on the Caledonian Canal haes nou re-commenced.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.savethepuffer.co.uk/ |title=Save the Puffer |publisher=Save the Puffer |date= |accessdate=2012-05-19 |archive-date=2012-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605015730/http://www.savethepuffer.co.uk/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''Vic 56'' wis biggit by Pollock, o [[Faversham]] in 1945. She is preserved in working order at [[Chatham Historic Dockyard]], regularly steaming in the Thames an Medway estuaries. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vic56.co.uk/|title=VIC 56|accessdate=27 January 2016}}</ref> [[File:Clydepufferspartan.JPG|thumb|left|MV ''Spartan'' at [[Irvine, Ayrshire|Irvine]]]] ''Vic 96'' wis biggit by Dunstons o [[Thorne, South Yorkshire]], in 1945, an efter disposal wis restored at [[Maryport]]. The restoration wis complete in 2009, reteenin its steam engine, byler an airn man.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vic96.co.uk/|title=The VIC 96 Trust |accessdate=27 January 2016}}</ref> On 8 August 2009, ''VIC 96'' arrived at her new hame, Chatham No. 1 Basin, efter a 1,000 mile vaige frae Elizabeth Dock, Maryport, that taen five week. ''VIC 27'' wis biggit at [[Rowhedge Ironworks]]. She wis renamed ''Auld Reekie'', an kythed as the ''Vital Spark'' in the third BBC TV [[Para Handy]] series, wis birtht at Crinan Basin fur 14 year dwynin. She wis cofft in October 2006 by the awner o the Inveraray Maritime Museum wha cairried oot some wark on her but she haes been selt again syne then tae a new awner wha haes awready stertit a feck o sotin wark on her. ''VIC 72'', renamed ''Eilean Eisdeal'', continued in operation as the last o the wirkin "puffers" intae the mid 1990s. In 2006, she wis again renamed as ''Vital Spark of Glasgow'' efter the Inveraray writer Neil Munro's ''Para Handy'' stories. She is nou aiccessible tae the public, alangside the ''[[Arctic Penguin]]'' at the [[Inveraray]] Maritime Museum, an continues tae mak sailins. [[File:Pibroch at Letterfrack Sept09.jpg|thumb|right|"Pibroch" at [[Letterfrack]], nou wrackit]] The ''Spartan'', anither diesel-engined "puffer", is on shaw at the [[Scottish Maritime Museum]] at [[Irvine, Ayrshire|Irvine]]. "Spartan" has recently unnergaun sortin wark on her howe, an is still bein refit. The museum forby includes the diesel-pouert motor coaster MV ''Kyles'' at [[Irvine, Ayrshire|Irvine]] (an early Clyde biggit coaster, no a puffer). The [[Pibroch (vessel)|''Pibroch'']], built at [[Bowling, West Dunbartonshire]] in 1957 as a diesel-engined boat fur the Scottish Malt Distillers Ltd, haed been leein at [[Letterfrack]], [[County Galway]], [[Ireland]], syne 2002. The Pibroch dwyned mair wi time passin, an her boukheids began tae yield. In 2010, she wis selt an wis wrackit thareefter. A sister-ship, the ''Julia T.'', lees in 30&nbsp;m o watter in Killary Bay thareaboot a [[furlong]] an twa [[chain [meisur)|chain]] aff Lettergesh. There haes forby been reproduction puffers biggit tae a weeer size, maist recently the ''MV Mary Hill'' fur tourist traffic on the Forth an Clyde canal. ==Notes== <References/> == References == {{refbegin}} *Donald, Stuart (1994). ''In the Wake of the Vital Spark''. Stirling: Johnston & Bacon, {{ISBN|0-7179-4604-5}} (hdbk); {{ISBN|0-7179-4605-3}} (pbk) *Lavery, Brian (2001). ''Maritime Scotland''. London: Batsford, {{ISBN|0-7134-8520-5}} *McDonald, Dan (1977). ''The Clyde Puffer''. Newton Abbot: David & Charles, {{ISBN|0-7153-7443-5}} *{{cite book|last1=McGinn|first1=Keith|title=Last of the Puffermen: The Real World of Para Handy|url=https://archive.org/details/lastofpuffermenr0000mcgi|date=2007|publisher=Neil Wilson Publishing|location=Glasgow|isbn=978-1-897784-99-0}} *Paterson, Len (1996). ''The Light in the Glens: The Rise and Fall of the Puffer Trade''. Colonsay: House of Lochar, {{ISBN|0-948905-78-6}} *Burrows, George W. (1981). ''Puffer Ahoy!''. Glasgow: Brown, Son & Ferguson, {{ISBN|0-85174-419-2}} {{refend}} ==External links== *[http://puffers.clydemaritime.co.uk Puffers and Vics] *[http://www.savethepuffer.co.uk/ Save the Puffer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318162649/http://savethepuffer.co.uk/ |date=2021-03-18 }} ''VIC 32'' Puffer Preservation Trust *[http://www.thepibroch.com/body_index.html ''Pibroch'': picture] *[http://www.thepibroch.com/facts/facts.html ''Pibroch'': facts] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20041010170614/http://www.ardmaleishboatbuilding.co.uk/puffer.htm Ardmaleish (''MV Mary Hill'')] *[http://www.clydepuffers.co.uk/ Clyde Puffers – ''Hand Carved Wooden Models''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508181835/http://clydepuffers.co.uk/ |date=2021-05-08 }} *[http://www.pagenumberone.co.uk/layouts/dock/puffers.htm Melbridge Dock – Clyde Puffers] *[http://vic96.co.uk/ The Restoration of ''VIC 96''] [[Category:Ship types]] [[Category:Tourist attractions in Scotland]] [[Category:Watter transport in Scotland]] [[Category:Ships of Scotland|Clyde puffers]] [[Category:Trade in Scotland]] [[Category:Cargo ships]] [[Category:1856 establishments in Scotland]] [[Category:1939 disestablishments in Scotland]] [[Category:19th century in Scotland]] [[Category:20th century in Schleswig-Holstein]] [[Category:Steamships]] 5p6f08ru9rgsoyw84ymnsh2o7ioiwp2 0 196262 916793 914840 2026-05-14T06:50:09Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916793 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | name = Florence and the Machine | image = FLORENCE + THE MACHINE - 25-6-15 - Rock Werchter, Belgium (35319651032).jpg | image_size = 250px | caption = Florence an the Machine performin at [[Rock Werchter]] in [[Werchter]], Belgium, 2015 | alt = A quintet performs a sang at a venue, ahint the bricht yellae stage lichtins. | background = group_or_band | origin = Lunnon, Ingland | genre = {{hlist|[[Indie rock]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Sharp |first=Zander |url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2013198_2013197_2013187,00.html |title=A New British Invasion? |work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=8 September 2010 |accessdate=7 May 2013 |archive-date=2013-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817130526/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2013198_2013197_2013187,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>|[[indie pop]]<ref name="unplugged">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/music/unplugged/florence_and_the_machine/main.jhtml |title=MTV Unplugged › Florence + The Machine |work=[[MTV Unplugged]] |accessdate=26 November 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202234038/http://www.mtv.com/music/unplugged/florence_and_the_machine/main.jhtml |archivedate=2 December 2012}}</ref>|[[baroque pop]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ew.com/article/2015/06/04/how-big-how-blue-how-beautiful-florence-machine-ew-review |title=How Big How Blue How Beautiful by Florence + The Machine: EW review |work=Entertainment Weekly |accessdate=5 May 2016 |archive-date=2016-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315052119/http://www.ew.com/article/2015/06/04/how-big-how-blue-how-beautiful-florence-machine-ew-review |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefourohfive.com/music/review/florence-and-the-machine-how-big-how-blue-how-beautiful-143 |title=Florence and the Machine – How Big, How Blue, How Beautiful |publisher=The 405 |accessdate=7 May 2016 |archive-date=2016-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630055505/http://www.thefourohfive.com/music/review/florence-and-the-machine-how-big-how-blue-how-beautiful-143 |url-status=dead }}</ref>|[[chamber pop]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/list/464746/critics-picks-10-best-albums-of-2011 |title=Critics' Picks: 10 Best Albums of 2011 |work=Billboard |date=13 December 2011 |accessdate=4 May 2016}}</ref>|[[airt rock]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Suddath |first=Claire |url=http://entertainment.time.com/2011/11/03/the-otherworldly-charms-of-florence-the-machine/ |title=The Otherworldly Charms of Florence + the Machine |work=Time |date=3 November 2011 |accessdate=26 November 2012 |archive-date=2012-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701130811/http://entertainment.time.com/2011/11/03/the-otherworldly-charms-of-florence-the-machine/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>|[[airt pop]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Hermes |first=Will |authorlink=Will Hermes |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/florence-and-the-machine-how-big-how-blue-how-beautiful-20150602 |title=Art-pop diva Florence Welch returns with a renewed love for loud guitars and soul vocals |work=Rolling Stone |accessdate=7 May 2016 |archive-date=2016-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506065857/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/florence-and-the-machine-how-big-how-blue-how-beautiful-20150602 |url-status=dead }}</ref>|{{nowrap|[[neo soul]]}}<ref name="unplugged"/>|[[folk music|folk]]<ref>https://www.redbull.com/us-en/top-5-best-florence-and-the-machine-songs</ref>}} | years_active = {{Start date|2007}}–present | label = {{hlist|[[Moshi Moshi Records|Moshi Moshi]]|[[Iamsound Records|Iamsound]]|[[Island Records|Island]]|[[Republic Records|Republic]]|[[Universal Republic Records|Universal Republic]]}} | associated_acts = {{hlist|[[Dizzee Rascal]]|[[Kid Harpoon]]|[[The Big Pink]]|[[The Horrors]]|[[Dev Hynes]]}} | website = {{URL|florenceandthemachine.net}} | current_members = * [[Florence Welch]] * [[Isabella Summers]] * Robert Ackroyd * Tom Monger * Mark Saunders * Rusty Bradshaw | past_members = * Christopher Lloyd Hayden }} '''Florence and the Machine''' (stylisit as '''Florence + the Machine''') are an Inglis [[indie rock]] baund that formit in [[Lunnon]] in 2007, consistin o vocalist [[Florence Welch]], keybuirdist [[Isabella Summers]], an a collaboration o ither airtists. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Florence And The Machine}} [[Category:2007 establishments]] [[Category:Airt rock muisical groups]] [[Category:Brit Awaird winners]] [[Category:Breetish indie pop groups]] [[Category:Inglis indie rock groups]] [[Category:Island Records airtists]] [[Category:Muisical groups established in 2007]] [[Category:Muisical groups frae Lunnon]] [[Category:NME Awards winners]] i7ka3inglvtq3fa7i2alp2aq72h9c4r 0 221243 916803 902626 2026-05-14T10:18:04Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916803 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fixscots}} {{Stub}} {{multiple image | align = right | image1 = Pasta Venice.jpg | width1 = 200 | alt1 = | caption1 = [[Pasta]] speiciality store in [[Venice]]. | image2 = Pizza Margherita stu spivack.jpg | width2 = 225 | alt2 = | caption2 = [[Pizza]] is ane o the warld's maist popular fuids an a common fast fuid item. | footer = }} '''Italian cuisine''' is a [[Mediterranean cuisine]]<ref name=DavidRisotto>[[#CITEREFDavid1988|David 1988, Introduction, pp.101–103]]</ref> conseestin o the [[ingredient]]s, [[recipe]]s an [[Leet o cuikin techniques|cuikin techniques]] developed athort the [[Italian Peninsula]] syne the [[Auncient Roman cuisine|antiquity]], an later spreid aroond the warld thegither wi waves o [[Italian diaspora]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lifeinitaly.com/food/food-articles|title=Italian Food {{!}} Italy|website=www.lifeinitaly.com|access-date=15 May 2017|archive-date=2017-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508201127/http://www.lifeinitaly.com/food/food-articles|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lifeinitaly.com/history-of-food/the-history-of-italian-cuisine-i|title=The History of Italian Cuisine I|date=2019-10-30|website=Life in Italy|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-on-the-road/economic-migration/ulrike-thoms-from-migrant-food-to-lifestyle-cooking-the-career-of-italian-cuisine-in-europe|title=From Migrant Food to Lifestyle Cooking: The Career of Italian Cuisine in Europe Italian Cuisine|last=Thoms|first=Ulrike|website=EGO(http://www.ieg-ego.eu)|language=en|access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref> Signeeficant chynges [[Columbie Exchynge|occurred wi the colonisation o the Americas]] an the introduction o [[tattie]]s, [[tomatae]]s, [[capsicum]]s, [[maize]] an [[succar beet]], this last introduced in quantity in the 18t century.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.epicurean.com/articles/making-of-italian-food.html |title=The Making of Italian Food...From the Beginning |publisher=Epicurean.com |date= |accessdate=24 April 2010 |archive-date=2010-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327080045/http://www.epicurean.com/articles/making-of-italian-food.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Del Conte, 11–21.</ref> Italian cuisine is kent for its regional diversity, espeicially atween [[Northren Italy|the north]] an [[Soothren Italy|the sooth]] o the Italian peninsula.<ref>{{cite web|author=Related Articles |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/718430/Italian-cuisine |title=Italian cuisine |work=Britannica Online Encyclopedia |publisher=Britannica.com |date=2 January 2009 |accessdate=24 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indigoguide.com/italy/food.htm |title=Italian Food – Italy's Regional Dishes & Cuisine |publisher=Indigoguide.com |accessdate=24 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102020059/http://www.indigoguide.com/italy/food.htm |archivedate=2 January 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rusticocooking.com/regions.htm |title=Regional Italian Cuisine |publisher=Rusticocooking.com |date= |accessdate=24 April 2010 |archive-date=2016-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727200112/http://www.rusticocooking.com/regions.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> It offers an abundance o taste, an is ane o the maist popular an copied in the warld.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-13760559 |title=How pasta became the world's favourite food |publisher=bbc |date=15 June 2011 |accessdate=28 September 2014}}</ref> It influenced several cuisines aroond the warld, chiefly that o the [[Cuisine o the Unitit States|Unitit States]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Freeman |first=Nancy |url=http://www.sallybernstein.com/food/cuisines/us/ |title=American Food, Cuisine |publisher=Sallybernstein.com |date=2 March 2007 |accessdate=24 April 2010}}</ref> Italian cuisine is generally chairacterised bi its sempleecity, wi mony dishes haein anerly twa tae fower main ingredients.<ref>The Silver Spoon {{ISBN|88-7212-223-6}}, 1997 ed.</ref> Italian cuiks rely chiefly on the quality o the ingredients raither nor on elaborate preparation.<ref>Mario Batali Simple Italian Food: Recipes from My Two Villages (1998), {{ISBN|0-609-60300-0}}</ref> Ingredients an dishes vary bi [[Regions o Italy|region]]. Mony dishes that war ance regional hae proleeferated wi variations ootthrou the kintra. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Italian cuisine| ]] 0l9xo2mweg7v7bv2ew0s5mdlebnovxv 0 224526 916779 801794 2026-05-13T23:48:01Z Xqbot 2526 Fixin dooble reguidal til [[Jamie VI, King o Scots]] 916779 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Jamie VI, King o Scots]] tvns52ms20szv4acqngsp9u1dfk7mlq 1 224527 916772 801796 2026-05-13T23:47:26Z Xqbot 2526 Fixin dooble reguidal til [[Collogue:Jamie VI, King o Scots]] 916772 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Collogue:Jamie VI, King o Scots]] m2xcw9udguub77l8uo3hd07ardiz1o7 0 224736 916802 913786 2026-05-14T10:03:24Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 3 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916802 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | name = Iona Fyfe | background = solo_singer | image = Scots Folk Singer Iona Fyfe.jpg | caption = Iona Fyfe in 2017 | birth_name = | alias = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1998|01|16}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Search results for Iona Fyfe |url=https://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk/record-results?search_type=People&surname=Fyfe&forename=Iona&forename_so=exact&from_year=1998&to_year=1998&surname_so=exact&record_type=stat_births |website=ScotlandsPeople |access-date=26 September 2020 |language=en |archive-date=2021-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817122539/https://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk/record-results?search_type=People&surname=Fyfe&forename=Iona&forename_so=exact&from_year=1998&to_year=1998&surname_so=exact&record_type=stat_births |url-status=dead }}</ref> | birth_place = [[Huntly]], [[Aiberdeenshire]], [[Scotland]] | genre = [[Scottish folk music]]<br>[[Doric dialect (Scotland)|Doric folk music]] | occupation = Folk sangster-sangwriter<br>Multi-instrumentalist | instrument = Vocals, piana | years_active = 2012-present | label = Cairnie Records | associated_acts = | website = [https://ionafyfe.com ionafyfe.com] | current_members = | past_members = }} '''Iona Fyfe''' is a Scots sangster frae [[Huntly]], [[Aiberdeenshire]] maist weel-kent for singin Scots folk sangs an muckle sangs (ballads). Efter lowsin her seicont EP "''East''" in 2016, Fyfe made forrit til baith the semi-finals o the [[BBC Radio 2]] ''Young Folk Award''<ref>{{cite web |title=Iona Fyfe Trio |url=https://eyemouthhippodrome.org/events/iona-fyfe/ |website=eyemouthhippodrome.org |access-date=26 September 2020 |archive-date=2020-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814144007/https://eyemouthhippodrome.org/events/iona-fyfe/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> an the finals o [[BBC Radio Scotland]] ''Young Traditional Musician of the Year'' the follaein year.<ref name="YTM2017" /> She makkit forrit tae the ''Young Tranditional Musician of the Year'' finals again in 2021.<ref name="YTM2021" /> In 2019, Fyfe wan "Young Scots Speaker o the Year" at the first [[Scots Language Awards]] ceremony in [[Glesga|Glesca]],<ref name="Scotsman2019">{{cite news |last1=Ferguson |first1=Brian |title=Winners of first ever Scots language ‘Oscars’ revealed |url=https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/theatre-and-stage/winners-first-ever-scots-language-oscars-revealed-1406494 |access-date=27 October 2020 |work=The Scotsman |publisher=JPI Media |date=29 September 2019|lang=en}}</ref> an in 2020, wan Scots Performer o the year.<ref name="National">{{cite news |last1=Hannan |first1=Martin |title=Janey Godley and Stuart Paterson muckle winners o' Scots awards |url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/18821205.janey-godley-stuart-paterson-muckle-winners-o-scots-awards/ |access-date=27 October 2020 |work=The National |agency=NewsQuest Media Group Ltd |publisher=NewsQuest |date=26 October 2020}}</ref> She is a National Director o the Traditional Music and Song Association an sers as a committee memmer o the Musicians Union Scotland.<ref>{{cite web |title=Scots Language Awards 2020: Iona Fyfe |url=https://projects.handsupfortrad.scot/scotslanguageawards/scots-language-awards-2020-iona-fyfe/?lang=en |website=handsupfortrad.scot |access-date=4 December 2020 |archive-date=2020-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029041321/https://projects.handsupfortrad.scot/scotslanguageawards/scots-language-awards-2020-iona-fyfe/?lang=en |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Biography== Fyfe wis born on the 16 Januar 1998 an wis brocht up in the rounds o Huntly. She stertit learin poems in the Doric byleid o Scots as a bairn. As a bairn Fyfe troked wi a wheen kenspeckle bothy balladers siclike as [[Jock Duncan]], [[Joe Aitken]], an [[Geordie Murison]], bodies that Fyfe haes cried her "adoptive family".<ref name="lt">{{cite web |title=Iona Fyfe - the Real Deal {{!}} Living Tradition |url=https://www.livingtradition.co.uk/articles/ionafyfe |website=www.livingtradition.co.uk |access-date=4 December 2020}}</ref> Syne, efter singin folk sangs, muckle sangs, an [[bothy ballads]] athort the North East, Fyfe pit hersel forrit for a degree at the [[Royal Conservatoire of Scotland]] an wis gien a place at the age o 16.<ref>{{cite web |last1=The Cross-Eyed Pianist |title=Iona Fyfe, folksinger |url=https://meettheartist.online/2020/03/13/iona-fyfe-folksinger/ |website=Meet the Artist |language=en |date=13 March 2020}}</ref> She graduatit in 2019 wi a First Class Honours degree in Traditional Music.<ref>{{cite web |title=BBC Radio Scotland Young Traditional Musician |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/44PR10XVLrZgmcxNWwL58M5/2021-finals |website=www.bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC |access-date=14 March 2021}}</ref> Fyfe is pairt o the Scots leed advocacy body, [[Oor Vyce]] an outspeaks aften o the mister for Scots tae be kent as a "legal langauge".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gerrard |first1=Philippa |title=Scots language: Reclaiming Scotland's mither tongue |url=https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/news/specials/2585665/spikkin-scots-scots-language/ |website=Press and Journal |access-date=4 December 2020}}</ref><ref name="lt" /> The [[Scots Language Awards]] gied mense tae Fyfe's wark wi the Scots leid wi awards in 2019 and 2020.<ref name="Scotsman2019" /><ref name="National" /> ==Music== Fyfe plays the piana an sings sangs in baith English an Scots, the hinner ane aye in the Doric byleid, an pits English sangs intae Doric Scots. She performs alangside fiddler Charlie Grey an guitarist Aidan Moodie, that crys thairsels the Iona Fyfe Trio.<ref>{{cite web |title=MG ALBA Scots Trad Music Awards 2019: Iona Fyfe Trio |url=https://projects.handsupfortrad.scot/scotstradmusicawards/mg-alba-scots-trad-music-awards-2019-iona-fyfe-trio/ |website=handsupfortrad.scot |access-date=4 December 2020}}</ref> Her muisic haes been played on [[BBC Radio Scotland]], [[BBC Radio 2]], an [[BBC Radio nan Gàidheal]].<ref>{{cite web |title=BBC Radio Scotland - Travelling Folk, 21/03/2018 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b09wcgp1 |website=www.bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC |lang=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=BBC Radio 2 - The Folk Show with Mark Radcliffe, Darlington in Session |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0b19krb |website=www.bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC |lang=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=BBC Radio nan Gàidheal - Caithream Ciùil, Mairead NicIllinnein le ceòl Ceilteach |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000s7y4 |website=www.bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC |lang=gd}}</ref> Her furst solo album. ''Away From My Window'', wis recordit wi sindry ither airtists, the likes o Tim Edey an Luc McNally.<ref>{{cite web |title=Iona Fyfe: Away from my window – Global Music Magazine |url=https://www.global-music.de/review/iona-fyfe-away-from-my-window/ |website=www.global-music.de |access-date=14 March 2021 |archive-date=2021-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423181227/https://www.global-music.de/review/iona-fyfe-away-from-my-window/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Graham |first1=Kenny |title=The future of Scots Trad music is in safe hands |url=https://www.scottishfield.co.uk/culture/music/the-future-of-scots-trad-music-is-in-safe-hands/ |access-date=14 March 2021 |work=Scottish Field |date=12 April 2018}}</ref> In Dizember 2020, Fyfe lowsed her Scots owersettin o [[Christina Rossetti]]'s Yulesang, ''In the Bleak Midwinter''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Leslie |first1=Bob |title=FATEA - Home |url=https://www.fatea-records.co.uk/magazine/reviews/IonaFyfe3/ |website=www.fatea-records.co.uk |access-date=14 March 2021 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Efter she wisna able tae wale Scots as the leed for her sang's metadata, she publicly speirt at muisic streamin service [[Spotify]] tae eik Scots til the leids available tae descrieve uploadit sangs.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Marlborough |first1=Conor |title=Spotify urged to recognise indigenous Scottish languages by Scots singer |url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/people/spotify-urged-recognise-indigenous-scottish-languages-scots-singer-3070589 |access-date=19 December 2020 |work=The Scotsman |date=16 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref> In Mairch 2021, Spotify eikit Scots tae their leet o leids.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ferguson |first1=Brian |title=Singer wins campaign to persuade Spotify to recognise Scots language for first time |url=https://www.scotsman.com/whats-on/arts-and-entertainment/singer-wins-campaign-to-persuade-spotify-to-recognise-scots-language-for-first-time-3155256 |access-date=14 March 2021 |work=The Scotsman |language=en}}</ref> In 2016, Fyfe wis a semi-finalist o the [[BBC Radio 2 Young Folk Award]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Iona Fyfe Trio |url=https://eyemouthhippodrome.org/events/iona-fyfe/ |website=eyemouthhippodrome.org |access-date=17 March 2021 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In 2017 an 2021, she wis a finalist o the [[BBC Radio Scotland Young Traditional Musician]] awaird.<ref name="YTM2017">{{cite news |title=Charlie Stewart named young traditional musician 2017 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-38878575 |access-date=17 March 2021 |work=BBC News |agency=BBC |date=6 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="YTM2021">{{cite news |title=Pianist Michael Biggins is BBC Scotland Young Traditional Musician of the year |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-55888672 |access-date=17 March 2021 |work=BBC News |date=1 February 2021}}</ref> Forby in 2017, she wan the Molloy Award.<ref name="Kidman" /> In 2018, she wan "Scots Singer of the Year" at the [[Scots Trad Music Awards|MG ALBA Scots Trad Music Awards]].<ref name="Robertson" /> In Januar 2021, Fyfe scrievit a petition opponin the UK government's plans tae exclude professional muiscikers frae thair leet o wirkers permittit tae enter the EU athoot a visa, claimin the plans wid mak tourin Europe "financially unviable".<ref>{{cite news |last1=O'Toole |first1=Emer |title=Iona Fyfe joins SNP in fighting against 'shoddy' plan to scrap musicians' visas |url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/18997669.iona-fyfe-joins-snp-fighing-shoddy-plan-scrap-musicians-visas/ |access-date=20 March 2021 |work=The National |agency=Newsquest Media Group |publisher=Herald and Times Group |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hutchison |first1=Caitlin |title=UK ‘rejected offer’ of visa-free tours for musicians in EU amid calls to negotiate 'free cultural work permit' |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/19000515.uk-government-rejected-offer-visa-free-tours-musicians-eu/ |access-date=20 March 2021 |work=HeraldScotland |agency=Newsquest Media Group |publisher=Herald and Times Group |date=10 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> In Apryle 2021, Fyfe pit oot a rendition o The Northern Lights, the unofficial anthem o [[Aberdeen F.C.]], efter bein commissioned bi the club.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Da Silva |first1=Ana |title=Aberdeenshire folksinger's voice becomes soundtrack to hopeful Aberdeen fans |url=https://www.eveningexpress.co.uk/fp/news/local/aberdeenshire-folksingers-voice-becomes-soundtrack-to-hopeful-aberdeen-fans/ |access-date=4 May 2021 |work=Evening Express |agency=DC Thomson Media |publisher=Aberdeen Journals Ltd |date=30 April 2021 |archive-date=2021-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504074923/https://www.eveningexpress.co.uk/fp/news/local/aberdeenshire-folksingers-voice-becomes-soundtrack-to-hopeful-aberdeen-fans/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Discography== Fyfe haes lowsed twa albums an twa EPs o her sangs.<ref>{{cite web |last1=McFayden |first1=Neil |date=3 August 2016 |title=Iona Fyfe Band: East (Album Review) |url=https://www.folkradio.co.uk/2016/08/iona-fyfe-band-east-ep/ |website=www.folkradio.co.uk |access-date=14 March 2021}}</ref> '''2015:''' ''The First Sangs''<br> '''2016:''' ''East EP''<br> '''2018:''' ''Away From My Window'' (Cairnie Records)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pratt |first1=David |title=FATEA - Home |url=https://www.fatea-records.co.uk/magazine/reviews/IonaFyfe/ |website=www.fatea-records.co.uk }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br> '''2019:''' ''Dark Turn of Mind'' (Cairnie Records)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Grant |first1=Nicky |title=FATEA - Home |url=https://www.fatea-records.co.uk/magazine/reviews/IonaFyfe2/ |website=www.fatea-records.co.uk }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Awairds== '''2017''' - Molloy Award<ref name="Kidman">{{cite web |last1=Kidman |first1=David |title=Iona Fyfe: Away from my Window (album review) |url=https://www.folkradio.co.uk/2018/05/iona-fyfe-away-from-my-window/ |website=www.folkradio.co.uk |access-date=14 March 2021}}</ref><br> '''2018''' - Scots Singer of the Year - MG ALBA Scots Trad Music Awards<ref name="Robertson">{{cite news |last1=Robertson |first1=Kirsten |title=Huntly singer Iona Fyfe nominated for accolade at MG Alba Scots Trad Music Awards |url=https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/news/aberdeenshire/1892280/huntly-singer-iona-fyfe-nominated-for-accolade-at-mg-alba-scots-trad-music-awards/ |access-date=14 March 2021 |work=Press and Journal |agency=DC Thomson Media |publisher=Aberdeen Journals Ltd |date=19 November 2019}}</ref><br> '''2019''' - Young Scots Speaker o the Year - Scots Language Awards<ref name="Scotsman2019" /><br> '''2020''' - Scots Performer o the Year - Scots Language Awards<ref name="National" /><br> == Fremmit airtins == * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J0b0FIadyFE Interview wi Iona Fyfe] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U22V3v0vHGU The Northern Lights sang bi Iona Fyfe] == References == {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Fowk frae Huntly]] [[Category:Scots female sangsters]] 1at8tjcqrte3dosdde7zq9pykbauf66 3 233462 916767 2026-05-13T21:58:22Z Atlantic306 30244 welcome 916767 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Welcome}} [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 21:58, 13 Mey 2026 (UTC) nbzsbqteddzbdc4imfp5a8qjp8bgt1a 0 233463 916794 2026-05-14T07:47:07Z ~2026-29129-78 131249 Made page wi "'''Mai Vu Minh''' is a former Vietnamese member o the [[National Assembly of Vietnam|National Assembly]], a billionaire investor, an philanthropist. Minh hae likeweys wirkit wi the govrenments o [[Bosnia an Herzegovina]], [[Serbia]], an [[Dubai]] on investment initiatives.<ref name=":0" /> He is chair o the Board o Directors o SATAS Group an Sapa Thale Group, a multinational conglomerate heidquartit in the Unitit States, Germany, an Vietnam.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=..." 916794 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mai Vu Minh''' is a former Vietnamese member o the [[National Assembly of Vietnam|National Assembly]], a billionaire investor, an philanthropist. Minh hae likeweys wirkit wi the govrenments o [[Bosnia an Herzegovina]], [[Serbia]], an [[Dubai]] on investment initiatives.<ref name=":0" /> He is chair o the Board o Directors o SATAS Group an Sapa Thale Group, a multinational conglomerate heidquartit in the Unitit States, Germany, an Vietnam.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Forbes |date=2024-09-13 |title=Billionaire Mai Vu Minh: Leading Global Collaboration for Sustainable Development - Forbes Morocco |url=https://forbesmorocco.com/2024/09/13/mai-vu-minh-leading-global-collaboration-for-sustainable-development/ |access-date=2026-05-14 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Billionaire Mai Vũ Minh a symbol of innovation and creativity |url=https://en.qdnd.vn/ovs/ovs-homeland/billionaire-mai-vu-minh-a-symbol-of-innovation-and-creativity-566962 |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=en.qdnd.vn |language=vi-vn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=en.baochinhphu.vn |date=2018-12-14 |title=VN to lure more investment from UAE |url=https://en.baochinhphu.vn/vn-to-lure-more-investment-from-uae-11133967.htm |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=en.baochinhphu.vn |language=vi}}</ref> == Career == He is chair o the Board o Directors o SATAS Group an Sapa Thale Group, a global financial conglomerate wi diverse interests in finance, technology, an real estate.<ref name="newsweek.ro">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-27 |title=Europa recâștigă încrederea investitorilor datorită planului de stimulare economică fără precedent {{!}} Newsweek Romania |url=https://newsweek.ro/economie/europa-recastiga-increderea-investitorilor-datorita-planului-de-stimulare-economica-fara-precedent |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=newsweek.ro |language=en}}</ref> He has invested mair nor US$15 billion in private financial institutions an govrenments.<ref name="financialexpress.com">{{Cite web |date=2024-07-05 |title=Economic growth and environmental sustainability in Asia: Insights from billionaire Mai Vũ Minh |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/lifestyle-economic-growth-and-environmental-sustainability-in-asia-insights-from-billionaire-mai-vu-minh-3545322/ |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> In 2016, he wis electit as a people's deputy tae the [[National Assembly of Vietnam]] an servit on the economics committee.<ref>{{Cite web |last=daibieunhandan.vn |title=Thị trường |url=https://daibieunhandan.vn/kinh-te-phat-trien/ |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=Báo Đại biểu Nhân dân |language=vi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Phó nhân dân Mai Vũ Minh |url=https://daibieunhandan.vn/lap-phap/vphong-tham-giago34 |website=Daibieunhandan.vn}}</ref> In 2018, he signed a bilateral investment cooperation agreement wi the [[Dubai Investment Fund|Dubai Investment Development]] Agency (DUBAI FDI) an the [[World Association of Investment Promotion Agencies]] (WAIPA).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-06 |title=Implementing investment cooperation between SAPA Thale and Dubai's leading enterprises - SAPA THALE Group |url=https://sapathale.com/news/implementing-investment-cooperation-between-sapa-thale-and-dubais-leading-enterprises.sptl |access-date=2026-05-14 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="financialexpress.com" /> This agreement focusit on billion-dollar investment projects atween Vietnam an the Middle East.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Billionaire Mai Vũ Minh steps up investment in Asia and Europe |url=https://vietnamnews.vn/media-outreach/524101/billionaire-mai-vu-minh-steps-up-investment-in-asia-and-europe.html |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=vietnamnews.vn |language=en}}</ref> Minh hae likeweys wirkit wi the govrenments o [[Bosnia an Herzegovina]], [[Serbia]], an Dubai on various investment initiatives.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Vietnam |date=2019-12-31 |title=Vietnamese-origin billionaire becomes Senior Advisor of Bosnian President |url=https://vietnamtimes.org.vn/vietnamese-origin-billionaire-becomes-senior-advisor-of-bosnian-president-17445.html |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=Vietnam Times |language=en}}</ref> In 2019, he met wi Bosnia an Herzegovina Preses Milorad Dodik, Serbya Deputy Prime Meenister an Foreign Meenister Ivica Dačić, an Republika Srpska Preses Željka Cvijanović as pairt o the "Bilateral investment cooperation between SAPA THALE group an the govrenment an leidin businesses o Bosnia–Herzegovina" programme.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vietnam+ (VietnamPlus) |date=2019-08-22 |title=Bosnia-Herzegovina President meets billionaire Mai Vũ Minh |url=https://en.vietnamplus.vn/post-158276.vnp |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=Vietnam+ (VietnamPlus) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2019 |title=The President of the Republic of Srpska spoke with the president of the Sapa Thale Group (Sapa Thale Group) |url=https://www.predsjednikrs.rs/en/the-president-of-the-republic-of-srpska-spoke-with-the-president-of-the-sapa-thale-group-sapa-thale-group/ |website=President of the Republic of Srpska}}</ref> Minh hae met mair nor 30 top global leaders, sic as Japanese Prime Meenister Shinzo Abe, Canadian Prime Meenister Justin Trudeau, Roush Preses Vladimir Putin, U.S. Preses Donald Trump, an Chinese Preses Xi Jinping.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Businessman Mai Vũ Minh: Vietnam's economy has many prospects |url= https://en.baoquocte.vn/businessman-mai-vu-minh-vietnams-economy-has-many-prospects-274123.html |access-date=2024-08-08 |website= en.baoquocte.vn|language=en}}</ref> Mai Vũ Minh regularly taks pairt in an sponsors charitable activities, supportin projects that develop communities an improve the quality o life for local populations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Entrepreneurial spirit soars amid COVID-19 pandemic |url=https://www.chinadailyhk.com/hk/article/148254#Entrepreneurial-spirit-soars-amid-COVID-19-pandemic-2020-11-03 |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=chinadailyhk |language=en}}</ref><ref name="newsweek.ro"/> == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Vietnamese businesspeople]] [[Category:Living people]] ridjix1rx94685we0ct7t8f1ebt850g 916800 916794 2026-05-14T09:38:36Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Mendit Scots 916800 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mai Vu Minh''' is a umwhile Vietnamese memmer o the [[Naitional Assembly o Vietnam|Naitional Assembly]], a billionaire investor, an philanthropist. Minh hae likweys wirkit wi the govrenments o [[Bosnie an Herzegovinae]], [[Serbie]], an [[Dubai]] on investment initiatives.<ref name=":0" /> He is chair o the Board o Directors o SATAS Group an Sapa Thale Group, a multinaitional conglomerate heidquarter in the Unitit States, Germany, an Vietnam.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Forbes |date=2024-09-13 |title=Billionaire Mai Vu Minh: Leading Global Collaboration for Sustainable Development - Forbes Morocco |url=https://forbesmorocco.com/2024/09/13/mai-vu-minh-leading-global-collaboration-for-sustainable-development/ |access-date=2026-05-14 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Billionaire Mai Vũ Minh a symbol of innovation and creativity |url=https://en.qdnd.vn/ovs/ovs-homeland/billionaire-mai-vu-minh-a-symbol-of-innovation-and-creativity-566962 |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=en.qdnd.vn |language=vi-vn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=en.baochinhphu.vn |date=2018-12-14 |title=VN to lure more investment from UAE |url=https://en.baochinhphu.vn/vn-to-lure-more-investment-from-uae-11133967.htm |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=en.baochinhphu.vn |language=vi}}</ref> == Career == He is chair o the Board o Directors o SATAS Group an Sapa Thale Group, a global financial conglomerate wi diverse interests in finance, technologie, an real estate.<ref name="newsweek.ro">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-27 |title=Europa recâștigă încrederea investitorilor datorită planului de stimulare economică fără precedent {{!}} Newsweek Romania |url=https://newsweek.ro/economie/europa-recastiga-increderea-investitorilor-datorita-planului-de-stimulare-economica-fara-precedent |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=newsweek.ro |language=en}}</ref> He haes investit mair nor US$15 billion in private financial institutions an govrenments.<ref name="financialexpress.com">{{Cite web |date=2024-07-05 |title=Economic growth and environmental sustainability in Asia: Insights from billionaire Mai Vũ Minh |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/lifestyle-economic-growth-and-environmental-sustainability-in-asia-insights-from-billionaire-mai-vu-minh-3545322/ |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> In 2016, he wis electit as a fowk's deputy tae the [[Naitional Assembly o Vietnam]] an servit on the economics committee.<ref>{{Cite web |last=daibieunhandan.vn |title=Thị trường |url=https://daibieunhandan.vn/kinh-te-phat-trien/ |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=Báo Đại biểu Nhân dân |language=vi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Phó nhân dân Mai Vũ Minh |url=https://daibieunhandan.vn/lap-phap/vphong-tham-giago34 |website=Daibieunhandan.vn}}</ref> In 2018, he signed a bilateral investment cooperation greement wi the [[Dubai Investment Fund|Dubai Investment Development]] Agency (DUBAI FDI) an the [[Warld Association o Investment Promotion Agencies]] (WAIPA).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-06 |title=Implementing investment cooperation between SAPA Thale and Dubai's leading enterprises - SAPA THALE Group |url=https://sapathale.com/news/implementing-investment-cooperation-between-sapa-thale-and-dubais-leading-enterprises.sptl |access-date=2026-05-14 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="financialexpress.com" /> This greement focused on billion-dollar investment projecks atween Vietnam an the Middle East.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Billionaire Mai Vũ Minh steps up investment in Asia and Europe |url=https://vietnamnews.vn/media-outreach/524101/billionaire-mai-vu-minh-steps-up-investment-in-asia-and-europe.html |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=vietnamnews.vn |language=en}}</ref> Minh hae likweys wirkit wi the govrenments o [[Bosnie an Herzegovinae]], [[Serbie]], an Dubai on seevral investment initiatives.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Vietnam |date=2019-12-31 |title=Vietnamese-origin billionaire becomes Senior Advisor of Bosnian President |url=https://vietnamtimes.org.vn/vietnamese-origin-billionaire-becomes-senior-advisor-of-bosnian-president-17445.html |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=Vietnam Times |language=en}}</ref> In 2019, he met wi Bosnie an Herzegovinae Preses Milorad Dodik, Serbie Deputy Prime Meenister an Foreign Meenister Ivica Dačić, an Republika Srpska Preses Željka Cvijanović as pairt o the "Bilateral investment cooperation atween SAPA THALE group an the govrenment an leadin businesses o Bosnie–Herzegovinae" programme.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vietnam+ (VietnamPlus) |date=2019-08-22 |title=Bosnia-Herzegovina President meets billionaire Mai Vũ Minh |url=https://en.vietnamplus.vn/post-158276.vnp |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=Vietnam+ (VietnamPlus) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2019 |title=The President of the Republic of Srpska spoke with the president of the Sapa Thale Group (Sapa Thale Group) |url=https://www.predsjednikrs.rs/en/the-president-of-the-republic-of-srpska-spoke-with-the-president-of-the-sapa-thale-group-sapa-thale-group/ |website=President of the Republic of Srpska}}</ref> Minh hae met mair nor 30 tap global leaders, sic as Japanese Prime Meenister Shinzo Abe, Canadian Prime Meenister Justin Trudeau, Roushie Preses Vladimir Putin, U.S. Preses Donald Trump, an Cheenese Preses Xi Jinping.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Businessman Mai Vũ Minh: Vietnam's economy has many prospects |url= https://en.baoquocte.vn/businessman-mai-vu-minh-vietnams-economy-has-many-prospects-274123.html |access-date=2024-08-08 |website= en.baoquocte.vn|language=en}}</ref> Mai Vũ Minh regularly taks pairt in an sponsors charitable activities, supportin projecks that develop commonties an impruive the quality o life fur local populations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Entrepreneurial spirit soars amid COVID-19 pandemic |url=https://www.chinadailyhk.com/hk/article/148254#Entrepreneurial-spirit-soars-amid-COVID-19-pandemic-2020-11-03 |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=chinadailyhk |language=en}}</ref><ref name="newsweek.ro"/> == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Vietnamese businesspeople]] [[Category:Living people]] ca5jx8ra225wu43y5r5cmcg790gtbya 916801 916800 2026-05-14T09:39:13Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Mendit Scots 916801 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mai Vu Minh''' is a umwhile Vietnamese memmer o the [[Naitional Assembly o Vietnam|Naitional Assembly]], a billionaire investor, an philanthropist. Minh hae likweys wirkit wi the govrenments o [[Bosnie an Herzegovinae]], [[Serbie]], an [[Dubai]] on investment initiatives.<ref name=":0" /> He is chair o the Board o Directors o SATAS Group an Sapa Thale Group, a multinaitional conglomerate heidquarter in the Unitit States, Germany, an Vietnam.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Forbes |date=2024-09-13 |title=Billionaire Mai Vu Minh: Leading Global Collaboration for Sustainable Development - Forbes Morocco |url=https://forbesmorocco.com/2024/09/13/mai-vu-minh-leading-global-collaboration-for-sustainable-development/ |access-date=2026-05-14 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Billionaire Mai Vũ Minh a symbol of innovation and creativity |url=https://en.qdnd.vn/ovs/ovs-homeland/billionaire-mai-vu-minh-a-symbol-of-innovation-and-creativity-566962 |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=en.qdnd.vn |language=vi-vn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=en.baochinhphu.vn |date=2018-12-14 |title=VN to lure more investment from UAE |url=https://en.baochinhphu.vn/vn-to-lure-more-investment-from-uae-11133967.htm |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=en.baochinhphu.vn |language=vi}}</ref> == Career == He is chair o the Board o Directors o SATAS Group an Sapa Thale Group, a global financial conglomerate wi diverse interests in finance, technologie, an real estate.<ref name="newsweek.ro">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-27 |title=Europa recâștigă încrederea investitorilor datorită planului de stimulare economică fără precedent {{!}} Newsweek Romania |url=https://newsweek.ro/economie/europa-recastiga-increderea-investitorilor-datorita-planului-de-stimulare-economica-fara-precedent |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=newsweek.ro |language=en}}</ref> He haes investit mair nor US$15 billion in private financial institutions an govrenments.<ref name="financialexpress.com">{{Cite web |date=2024-07-05 |title=Economic growth and environmental sustainability in Asia: Insights from billionaire Mai Vũ Minh |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/lifestyle-economic-growth-and-environmental-sustainability-in-asia-insights-from-billionaire-mai-vu-minh-3545322/ |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> In 2016, he wis electit as a fowk's deputy tae the [[Naitional Assembly o Vietnam]] an servit on the economics committee.<ref>{{Cite web |last=daibieunhandan.vn |title=Thị trường |url=https://daibieunhandan.vn/kinh-te-phat-trien/ |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=Báo Đại biểu Nhân dân |language=vi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Phó nhân dân Mai Vũ Minh |url=https://daibieunhandan.vn/lap-phap/vphong-tham-giago34 |website=Daibieunhandan.vn}}</ref> In 2018, he signed a bilateral investment cooperation greement wi the [[Dubai Investment Fund|Dubai Investment Development]] Agency (DUBAI FDI) an the [[Warld Association o Investment Promotion Agencies]] (WAIPA).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-06 |title=Implementing investment cooperation between SAPA Thale and Dubai's leading enterprises - SAPA THALE Group |url=https://sapathale.com/news/implementing-investment-cooperation-between-sapa-thale-and-dubais-leading-enterprises.sptl |access-date=2026-05-14 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="financialexpress.com" /> This greement focused on billion-dollar investment projecks atween Vietnam an the Middle East.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Billionaire Mai Vũ Minh steps up investment in Asia and Europe |url=https://vietnamnews.vn/media-outreach/524101/billionaire-mai-vu-minh-steps-up-investment-in-asia-and-europe.html |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=vietnamnews.vn |language=en}}</ref> Minh hae likweys wirkit wi the govrenments o [[Bosnie an Herzegovinae]], [[Serbie]], an Dubai on seevral investment initiatives.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Vietnam |date=2019-12-31 |title=Vietnamese-origin billionaire becomes Senior Advisor of Bosnian President |url=https://vietnamtimes.org.vn/vietnamese-origin-billionaire-becomes-senior-advisor-of-bosnian-president-17445.html |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=Vietnam Times |language=en}}</ref> In 2019, he met wi Bosnie an Herzegovinae Preses Milorad Dodik, Serbie Deputy Prime Meenister an Foreign Meenister Ivica Dačić, an Republika Srpska Preses Željka Cvijanović as pairt o the "Bilateral investment cooperation atween SAPA THALE group an the govrenment an leadin businesses o Bosnie–Herzegovinae" programme.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vietnam+ (VietnamPlus) |date=2019-08-22 |title=Bosnia-Herzegovina President meets billionaire Mai Vũ Minh |url=https://en.vietnamplus.vn/post-158276.vnp |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=Vietnam+ (VietnamPlus) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2019 |title=The President of the Republic of Srpska spoke with the president of the Sapa Thale Group (Sapa Thale Group) |url=https://www.predsjednikrs.rs/en/the-president-of-the-republic-of-srpska-spoke-with-the-president-of-the-sapa-thale-group-sapa-thale-group/ |website=President of the Republic of Srpska}}</ref> Minh hae met mair nor 30 tap global leaders, sic as Japanese Prime Meenister Shinzo Abe, Canadian Prime Meenister Justin Trudeau, Roushie Preses Vladimir Putin, U.S. Preses Donald Trump, an Cheenese Preses Xi Jinping.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Businessman Mai Vũ Minh: Vietnam's economy has many prospects |url= https://en.baoquocte.vn/businessman-mai-vu-minh-vietnams-economy-has-many-prospects-274123.html |access-date=2024-08-08 |website= en.baoquocte.vn|language=en}}</ref> Mai Vũ Minh regularly taks pairt in an sponsors charitable activities, supportin projecks that develop commonties an impruive the quality o life fur local populations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Entrepreneurial spirit soars amid COVID-19 pandemic |url=https://www.chinadailyhk.com/hk/article/148254#Entrepreneurial-spirit-soars-amid-COVID-19-pandemic-2020-11-03 |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=chinadailyhk |language=en}}</ref><ref name="newsweek.ro"/> == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Vietnamese businessfowk]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] d631m4isvqyvninj8wzapgff6uysedk 3 233464 916797 2026-05-14T09:25:24Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Walcome tae the Scots Wikipaedia ! 916797 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, Gotten5546, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/Gotten5546|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 09:25, 14 Mey 2026 (UTC) srcjf9cfil4vqpaiccwxxjnslyj0oom 3 233465 916798 2026-05-14T09:26:40Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Made page wi "{{subst:uw-disruptive1}} ~~~~" 916798 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello. This is a wairnin tae let ye kent that ane or more o [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-28943-98|yer contreibutions]] didnae appear constructive an haes been revertit. Please tak some time tae familiarise yerself wi oor [[Wikipedia:Policies an guidelines|policies an guidelines]]. Ye can find information anent these at oor [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome page]]. Gin ye anly meant til mak test edits, please uise [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|the saundpit]] fur that. Gin ye think A made a mistak, or gin ye hae ony quaistens, ye can leave a message on ma tauk page. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-disruptive1 --> [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 09:26, 14 Mey 2026 (UTC) n6darrt07qs92r5eth8f0l45z7hn95a 3 233466 916799 2026-05-14T09:27:24Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Walcome tae the Scots Wikipaedia ! 916799 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, &#126;2026-29129-78, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-29129-78|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 09:27, 14 Mey 2026 (UTC) 60zok0u74t6ca1wmccn2d77de8qjin6