Wikipedia scowiki https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.8 first-letter Media Special Collogue Uiser Uiser collogue Wikipedia Wikipedia collogue File File collogue MediaWiki MediaWiki collogue Template Template collogue Help Help collogue Category Category collogue Portal Portal talk Define Define talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk Turku 0 12213 918906 905359 2026-07-01T08:57:44Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 918906 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Finnish municipality |name = Turku |official_name = {{lang|fi|Turun kaupunki}}<br />{{lang|sv|Åbo stad}} |native_name = {{lang|fi|Turku}} – {{lang|sv|Åbo}} |nickname = |settlement_type = Ceety |motto = |image_skyline = Turku postcard 2009.jpg |imagesize = 250 px |image_caption = Tap:Aerial view o Turku frae Turku Cathedral, 2nt left:Statue o Per Brahe, 2nt middle:Turku Castle, 2nt richt:Turku Cathedral, 3rd left:Turku Medieval Mercat, 3rd middle:The Christmas Peace Balcony o Turku, 3rd richt:Twilicht in Aura River, Bottom left:Simmer in Aura River, Bottom richt:View o Yliopistonkatu pedestrian aurie |image_flag = Flag of turku Finland-.svg |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = Turku.vaakuna.svg |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map =Turku sijainti Suomi.svg |mapsize = |map_caption = |pushpin_map = <!-- name of a location map as per Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position = <!-- position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> |pushpin_map_caption = |pushpin_mapsize = |region = [[Finland Proper]] |subregion = [[Turku sub-region]] |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = [[{{#property:P6}}]] |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |established_title = |established_date = |established_title2 = |established_date2 = |established_title3 = |established_date3 = |extinct_title = |extinct_date = |area_urban_km2 = 252.65 |area_metro_km2 = 2331.1 |population_metro = 303,492 |population_blank1_title = |population_blank1 = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_urban = 252,468<ref name="taajamat">{{cite web |url= http://pxweb2.stat.fi/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=160_vaerak_tau_340_fi&ti=Taajamat+v%E4kiluvun+ja+v%E4est%F6ntiheyden+mukaan+31.12.2011&path=..%2FDatabase%2FStatFin%2Fvrm%2Fvaerak%2F&lang=3&multilang=fi |title= Taajamat väkiluvun ja väestöntiheyden mukaan 31.12.2011 |date= 2011-12-31 |work= Tiedote |publisher= Statistics Finland (Tilastokeskus) |language= Finnish |accessdate= 28 March 2013 |archive-date= 2013-04-12 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20130412162104/http://pxweb2.stat.fi/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=160_vaerak_tau_340_fi&ti=Taajamat+v%E4kiluvun+ja+v%E4est%F6ntiheyden+mukaan+31.12.2011&path=../Database/StatFin/vrm/vaerak/&lang=3&multilang=fi |url-status= dead }}</ref> |population_density_urban_km2 = 999,3 |population_note = |finnish_official = |swedish_official = 1 |sami_official = |urbanisation = |unemployment = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |blank2_name = |blank2_info = |blank3_name = |blank3_info = |blank4_name = |blank4_info = |coordinates_type = |coordinates = {{coord|60|27|N|022|16|E|display=inline,title}} |latNS=N |longEW=E |elevation_m = |postal_code = 20000–20960 |website = [http://www.turku.fi/ www.turku.fi] |footnotes = }} '''Turku''' ({{IPA-fi|ˈturku|-|Fi-Turku.ogg}}; {{lang-sv|Åbo|italic=yes}} {{IPA-sv|ˈoːbʊ||sv-Åbo.ogg}}) is a [[Leet o touns in Finland|ceety]] on the soothwast coast o [[Finland]] at the mooth o the [[Aura River (Finland)|Aura River]],<ref name="turku_stats"/><ref>'Aluetietopankki' at the Kuntaliitto website</ref> in the region o [[Finland Proper]]. Turku, as a toun, wis settled durin the 13t century an foondit maist likely at the end o the 13t century, makin hit the auldest ceety in Finland. hit quickly became the maist important ceety in Finland, a status hit retained fir hunders o years. Efter Finland became pairt o the [[Roushie Empire]] (1809) an the caipital o the [[Grand Duchy o Finland]] wis moved til [[Helsinki]] (1812), Turku continued tae be the maist populous ceety in Finland until the end o the 1840s, an hit remains a regional caipital an an important business an cultural centre. Acause o hits lang history, hit haes been the steid o mony important events an haes extensively influenced [[History o Finland|Finnish history]]. Alang wi [[Tallinn]], the caipital ceety o [[Estonie]], Turku wis designatit the [[European Caipital o Cultur]] fir 2011. In 1996 hit wis declared the offeecial Christmas Ceety o Finland.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.turku.fi/public/default.aspx?nodeid=9289&culture=en-US&contentlan=2 |title=Christmas City » Turku, the Finnish Christmas City |publisher=www.turku.fi |accessdate=2009-05-06 |archive-date=2011-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716095158/https://www.turku.fi/public/default.aspx?nodeid=9289&culture=en-US&contentlan=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Due tae hits location, Turku is a notable commercial an passenger [[seaport]] wi ower three million passengers travellin throu the [[Port o Turku]] each year tae [[Stockholm]] an [[Mariehamn]].<ref name="turku_stats">{{cite web | title = Statistical yearbook of Turku | url = http://www.turku.fi/Public/default.aspx?nodeid=3981&culture=en-US&contentlan=2 | date = 2008-07-17 | language = Finnish | access-date = 2015-06-01 | archive-date = 2007-09-27 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927175319/https://www.turku.fi/Public/default.aspx?nodeid=3981&culture=en-US&contentlan=2 | url-status = dead }}</ref> As o 30 September 2014, the population o Turku wis 183,811,<ref>http://vrk.fi/default.aspx?docid=8639&site=3&id=0 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029190516/http://vrk.fi/default.aspx?docid=8639&site=3&id=0 |date=2014-10-29 }}</ref> makin hit the saxt lairgest ceety in Finland.<ref name="population_count"/> As o 31 August 2008 thare war 303,492 indwallers livin in the [[Turku sub-region]], rankin hit as the [[Leet o urban auries in Finland bi population|third lairgest]] urban aurie in Finland efter the [[Greater Helsinki]] aurie an [[Tampere]] sub-region. The ceety is offeecially [[bilingual]] as {{Formatnum: {{#expr: (({{Infobox Finnish Municipality/native language Swedish|Turku}}/{{Infobox Finnish Municipality/native language total|Turku}}) * 100) round 1}}}} percent o hits population identify Swadish as a [[mother-tongue|mither-tongue]].<ref name="population_by_language"/> ==History== Turku haes a lang history as [[Finland]]'s lairgest ceety an occasionally as the admeenistrative centre o the kintra, but fir the last twa hunder years haes been surpassed bi [[Helsinki]]. The ceety's identity stems frae hits status as the auldest ceety in Finland<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitfinland.com/W5/index.nsf/(pages)/Destinations |title=Destinations in Finland - Official Travel and Tourism Guide |publisher=Visitfinland.com |accessdate=2009-05-06}}</ref> an the kintra's first caipital. Oreeginally, the wird "Finland" referred anly tae the aurie aroond Turku (hence the title, "[[Finland Proper]]" fir the region). [[File:Cathedral of Turku 1814.jpg|thumb|left|Cathedral o Turku, 1814.]] Awtho airchaeological findins in the aurie date back tae the [[Stane Age]], the toun o Turku wis foondit in late 13t century.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.utu.fi/media/ajankohtaista/argumentit/AkiPihlman.html|title= Varhainen Turku rakennettiin pellolle|accessdate= 2008-05-06|author= Aki Pihlman|date= 2006-09-13|language= Finnish|archive-date= 2009-01-13|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090113003534/https://www.utu.fi/media/ajankohtaista/argumentit/AkiPihlman.html|url-status= dead}}</ref> The [[Cathedral o Turku]] wis [[consecration|consecratit]] in 1300.<ref name="Spicer2012">{{cite book|author=Andrew Spicer|title=Lutheran Churches in Early Modern Europe|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=GyErqszUsFYC&pg=PA314|year=2012|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-6583-0|page=314}}</ref> During the [[Middle Ages]], Turku wis the seat o the Bishop o Turku (a title later upgraded tae [[Airchdiocese o Turku|Airchbishop o Turku]]), coverin the then eastren hauf o the Kinrick o Swaden (maist o the present-day Finland) until the 17t century. Even gif Turku haed no offeecial caipital status, baith the short-lived institutions o [[Duke o Finland|Dukes]] an [[Govrenor-General in the Swadish Realm|Govrenors-General o Finland]] uisually haed thair Finnish residences thare. In the eftermath o the [[War against Sigismund]], the toun wis the steid o the [[Åbo bloodbath]]. In 1640, the first [[varsity]] in Finland, [[The Ryal Academy o Turku]], wis foondit in Turku. Turku wis an aa the meetin place fir the [[States o Finland]] in 1676. [[File:Turku panorama late 19th century.jpg|thumb|right|450px|Panorama o Turku, late o 19t century]] Efter the [[Finnish War]], which ended whan [[Swaden]] ceded Finland tae [[Roushien Empire|Imperial Roushie]] at the [[Treaty o Fredrikshamn]] in 1809, Turku acame briefly the offeecial caipital, but suin lost the status tae Helsinki, as [[Emperor]] [[Alexander I o Roushie|Alexander I]] felt that Turku wis too far frae Roushie an too aligned wi Swaden tae serve as the caipital o the [[Grand Duchy o Finland]]. {{Citation needed|date=June 2008}} The chynge offeecially teuk place in 1812. The govrenment offices that remained in Turku war finally moved tae the new caipital efter the [[Great Fire o Turku]], which awmaist completely destroyed the ceety in 1827. {{Citation needed|date=September 2008}} Efter the fire, a new an safer ceety plan wis drawn up bi [[Germany|German]] [[architect]] [[Carl Ludvig Engel]], who haed an aa designed the new caipital, Helsinki. Turku remained the lairgest ceety in Finland fir anither twinty years. [[File:Aurakatu 1910's.jpg|thumb|right|Aurakatu aurie in 1910s]] In 1918, a new varsity, the [[Åbo Akademi]] – the anly [[Swadish leid]] varsity in Finland – wis foondit in Turku. Twa years later, the [[Finnish leid]] [[Varsity o Turku]] wis foondit alangside hit. Thir twa varsities are the seicont an third tae be foondit in Finland, baith bi private donations. In the 20t century Turku wis cried "Finland's gateway to the West" bi historians sic as Jarmo Virmavirta. The ceety enjoyed guid connections wi ither [[Western Europe]]an countries an ceeties, especially syne the 1940s wi [[Stockholm]] across the [[Gulf o Bothnie]]. In the 1960s, Turku became the first Wastren ceety tae sign a [[toun twinnin|twinnin]] agreement wi [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]] in the [[Soviet Union]], leadin tae greater inter-cultural exchange an providin a new meanin tae the ceety's 'gateway' function. Efter the faw o [[Communism]] in [[Roushie]], mony prominent Soviets came tae Turku tae study Western business practices {{Citation needed|date=June 2008}}, amang them [[Vladimir Putin]], then Leningrad's deputy [[mayor]].<ref>Virmavirta</ref> As fir airchitectur in the ceety, baith the body o airchitectural styles as well as the prevalent wey o livin hae experienced significant changes in the 20t century. While haein survived relatively intact throughout the years o war 1939–1945, the ceety faced increasin changes in the 1950s an 1960s due tae risin demands fir apartments, the eagerness tae rebuild an maist o aw the new development o infrastructure (especially increased automobile traffeck). The widden ane- tae twa-story hooses that war the dominant mode o biggin in the ceety wur maistly demolished in the 1950s an 1960s tae baith enable mair efficient biggin an tae ease car traffeck. This resultit in the destruction o biggins that wis in later decades seen as beautiful an worth savin. Some individual biggins remain controversial tae this day whan hit comes tae thair demolition in the decades efter the war. fir example, the biggin o Hotel Phoenix that stood on corner o [[Mercat Squerr, Turku|Kauppatori]] wis torn down tae mak wey fir a lairge, multistory apartment biggin in 1959. The biggin wis significant baith fir hits location an history: havin stood on ane o the maist valuable lots in the ceety centre syne 1878 the biggin haed fir example served as the first main biggin o the Varsity o Turku. Ither biggins whose demolition wis seen as scandalous aither already at the time o action or proved tae be sae in later years include The Nobel Hoose (subject tae the very first photograph ever taken in Finland) an the biggin o Old Hotel Börs which wis biggit in jugendstil in 1909 bi Frithiof Strandel. ==Name== The Finnish name ''Turku'' oreeginates frae an [[Old East Slavic]] wird, ''tǔrgǔ'', meanin "[[market place]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.katajala.net/keskiaika/suomi/kaupungit.html |title=Keskiaika - Suomen kaupungit keskiajalla |publisher=Katajala.net |date= |accessdate=2011-09-16 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185914/http://www.katajala.net/keskiaika/suomi/kaupungit.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The wird ''turku'' still means "market place" in some idioms in Finnish. The Swedish wird fir "market place" is ''torg'', an wis probably borrowed frae Old East Slavic, an wis present already in [[Old Swedish]].<ref>''[[Svenska Akademiens ordbok]]'', "torg", column T2031 [http://g3.spraakdata.gu.se/saob/show.phtml?filenr=2/52/241.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209001917/http://g3.spraakdata.gu.se/saob/show.phtml?filenr=2/52/241.html |date=2015-02-09 }}</ref> The Swedish name ''Åbo'' mey be a semple combination o ''å'' ("river; creek; large stream") an ''bo'' ("dwellin"). As this pattern daes nae appear in ony ither Swedish place names in Finland, etymologists believe thare coud be a different explanation. Ane theory is that hit comes frae "Aabo", the Finnish rendition o the Roushie "Avram" ([[Abraham]]), which coud an aa be the origin o the name o the river [[Aura (Finland)|Aura]].<ref>[[YLE]], ''1000 km ortnamn'', 2003, http://vetamix.net/video/ortnamnet-%C3%A5bo_2273{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Retrieved 2015-</ref> Thare is houiver an auld legal term cried "[[:sv:åborätt|åborätt]]" (meanin roughly "right to live at"), which gae ceetizens (cried "åbo") the inheritable right tae live at land ained bi the croun.<ref>[[:sv:Åborätt]]</ref> In [[Finnish language|Finnish]], the [[Finnish noun cases|genitive]] o ''Turku'' is '''''Turun''''', meanin "o Turku". The Finnish names o organisations an institutes o Turku eften begin wi this wird, as in ''Turun yliopisto'' fir the [[Varsity o Turku]]. ==Geografie== [[File:Aura River Turku.jpg|thumb|right|[[Aura River (Finland)|Aura River]] seen further frae central Turku.]] Locatit at the mooth o the [[Aura River (Finland)|Aura river]] in the soothwastren corner o Finland, Turku covers an aurie o {{convert|245|km2}} o land, spread ower baith banks o the river. The eastren side, whaur the Cathedral o Turku is locatit, is popularly referred tae as ''täl pual jokke'' ("this side o the river"), while the wastren side is referred tae as ''tois pual jokke'' ("the ither side o the river"). The ceety centre is locatit close tae the river mooth, on baith sides o the river, tho development haes recently been expandin wastward. {{Citation needed|date=January 2009}} Thare are ten brigs ower the Aura river in Turku. The auldest o the current brigs is ''Auransilta'', which wis constructit in 1904. The newest brig is ''Kirjastosilta'' ('leebrar brig'), a pedestrian-anly brig biggit in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.turku.fi/public/?contentid=480599&nodeid=23 |title=Kirjastosilta avattiin tulen ja valon juhlassa |publisher=www.turku.fi |accessdate=2014-01-10 |archive-date=2014-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114100705/https://www.turku.fi/public/?contentid=480599&nodeid=23 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The ''Föri'', a smaw [[ferry]] that transports pedestrians an [[bicycle]]s across the river wioot payment, is a weel kent featur o the ceety. Wi a population o approximately 300,000 {{Citation needed|date=September 2008}}, the [[Turku sub-region|Turku Region]] ([[Local admeenistrative unit|LAU]]&nbsp;1) is the third lairgest urban region in Finland, efter [[Greater Helsinki]] an the aurie aroond [[Tampere]]. The region includes, in addition tae the ceety itsel the follaein municipalities: [[Askainen]], [[Kaarina]], [[Lemu]], [[Lieto]], [[Masku]], [[Merimasku]], [[Mynämäki]], [[Naantali]], [[Nousiainen]], [[Paimio]], [[Piikkiö]], [[Raisio]], [[Rusko]], [[Rymättylä]], [[Sauvo]], [[Vahto]] an [[Velkua]]. A mair exclusive definition fir the urban aurie is the [[Turku sub-region|ceety region o Turku]] wi a population aroond 235,000 consistin o fower major municipalities Kaarina, Raisio, Naantali an Turku. ==Admeenistrative subdiveesions== {{Main|Subdiveesions o Turku}} [[File:Stålarminkatu-Mestarinkatu.jpg|thumb|right|[[IV Destrict, Turku|IV Destrict]] or Martti is ane o the smawest but maist densely populatit destricts o Turku.]] The ceety is dividit intae 78 destricts an nine [[Ward (kintra subdiveesion)|wards]] that dae nae function as local govrenment units. Thare are, houiver, some projects that are based on the destrict diveesions, pairteecularly in the eastren pairt o the ceety, whaur unemployment is heich in certaint auries. The lairgest populatit destricts are Varissuo an Runosmäki. Bi aurie, houever, [[Kakskerta]] an [[Paattinen]], formed frae umwhile municipalities that war annexed tae the ceety proper in the mid-20t century, constitute the lairgest districts. {{citation needed|date=April 2012}} As mony o the smaa neighbourin [[municipalities o Finland|municipalities]] frae the north an sooth o the ceety wur annexed durin the mid-20t century, Turku is the day shaped lik an elongatit [[peir]]. The ceety centre an maist o the suburban auries lie in the middle, separatit frae the less densely populatit northren rural auries bi the Turku [[Bypass (road)|bypass]], that forms pairt o [[European route E18]]. Islands sic as [[Ruissalo]], [[Hirvensalo]] an [[Kakskerta]], formin the soothren pairt o the ceety, are an aa sparsely populat itan maistly contain simmer residences, wi the exception o some destricts in Hirvensalo which are currently growin intae [[upper middle class|upper-middle-class]] [[suburb]]s. ==Climate== [[File:Autumn in Turku.jpg|thumb|Aurie o [[Turku cathedral]] in hairst.]] Situatit bi the [[Baltic Sea]] an sheltered bi the islands o the [[Archipelago Sea]], Turku haes a [[humid continental]] climate. Lik much o soothren Finland, the ceety experiences warm simmers, wi [[temperatur]]s rangin up tae 30&nbsp;°C (86&nbsp;°F), an relatively cauld winters wi frequent [[snaw]]faw. The warmest month o the year is Julie, wi an average temperatur o {{convert|17.5|°C|0|abbr=on}}, whauras the cauldest month is Februar. The average year-roond temperatur is {{convert|5.5|°C|0|abbr=on}}. Winter uisually staorts in early December, an ware in late Mairch. [[Precipitation (meteorology)|Preceepitation]] in Turku averages {{convert|720|mm|1|abbr=on}} a year. The rainiest month o the year is August, whan the ceety receives on average {{convert|80|mm|1|abbr=on}} o rainfaw. In Aprile, the driest month o the year, the figur is anly {{convert|32|mm|1|abbr=on}}. The average [[air pressur]] at sea level is {{convert|101.2|kPa|inHg}}, wi little variance throughoot the year. Operational syne 1955, the ceety's [[wather station]] is locatit at an altitude o 47 metres (154&nbsp;ft) at [[Turku Airport]].<ref>'Turku' at EuroWeather</ref> {{Weather box |location = Turku |metric first = Y |single line = Y |Jan record high C = 8.5 |Feb record high C = 10.2 |Mar record high C = 15.8 |Apr record high C = 24.5 |May record high C = 30.0 |Jun record high C = 32.0 |Jul record high C = 35.9 |Aug record high C = 32.6 |Sep record high C = 27.8 |Oct record high C = 18.9 |Nov record high C = 11.2 |Dec record high C = 10.0 |Year record high C = 35.9 |Jan high C = -1.7 |Feb high C = -2.1 |Mar high C = 2.0 |Apr high C = 8.8 |May high C = 15.5 |Jun high C = 19.5 |Jul high C = 22.3 |Aug high C = 20.5 |Sep high C = 14.9 |Oct high C = 8.8 |Nov high C = 3.0 |Dec high C = -0.1 |Year high C = 9.3 |Jan mean C = -4.4 |Feb mean C = -5.2 |Mar mean C = -1.6 |Apr mean C = 4.0 |May mean C = 10.2 |Jun mean C = 14.4 |Jul mean C = 17.5 |Aug mean C = 16.0 |Sep mean C = 11.0 |Oct mean C = 5.9 |Nov mean C = 0.8 |Dec mean C = -2.6 |Year mean C = 9.3 |Jan low C = -7.3 |Feb low C = -8.3 |Mar low C = -4.9 |Apr low C = -0.2 |May low C = 4.8 |Jun low C = 9.3 |Jul low C = 12.6 |Aug low C = 11.6 |Sep low C = 7.2 |Oct low C = 3.2 |Nov low C = -1.6 |Dec low C = -5.6 |Year low C = 1.8 |Jan record low C = -35.5 |Feb record low C = -35.2 |Mar record low C = -32.8 |Apr record low C = -21.0 |May record low C = -6.6 |Jun record low C = -2.2 |Jul record low C = 1.8 |Aug record low C = 0.2 |Sep record low C = -6.9 |Oct record low C = -15.0 |Nov record low C = -22.3 |Dec record low C = -33.8 |Year record low C = -35.5 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 61 |Feb precipitation mm = 42 |Mar precipitation mm = 43 |Apr precipitation mm = 32 |May precipitation mm = 39 |Jun precipitation mm = 59 |Jul precipitation mm = 79 |Aug precipitation mm = 80 |Sep precipitation mm = 64 |Oct precipitation mm = 78 |Nov precipitation mm = 76 |Dec precipitation mm = 70 |Jan precipitation days = 11 |Feb precipitation days = 8 |Mar precipitation days = 9 |Apr precipitation days = 7 |May precipitation days = 7 |Jun precipitation days = 8 |Jul precipitation days = 9 |Aug precipitation days = 11 |Sep precipitation days = 9 |Oct precipitation days = 12 |Nov precipitation days = 13 |Dec precipitation days = 12 |Jan sun = 40 |Feb sun = 75 |Mar sun = 134 |Apr sun = 204 |May sun = 284 |Jun sun = 276 |Jul sun = 287 |Aug sun = 230 |Sep sun = 155 |Oct sun = 89 |Nov sun = 38 |Dec sun = 27 |year sun = |source 1 = Climatological statistics for the normal period 1981–2010 <ref name="fmi.fi">{{cite web|url=http://en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/normal-period-1981-2010 |title=Normal period 1981-2010 |accessdate=12 October 2012}}</ref> |date=February 2011 }} ==Govrenment an politics== [[File:Turun hovioikeus.jpg|thumb|The Coort o Appeal an Academy Hoose o Turku.]] Bein baith a [[regions o Finland|regional]] an [[provinces o Finland|provincial]] caipital, Turku is an important admeenistrative centre, hostin the seat o the [[Airchdiocese o Turku|Airchbishop o Finland]] an a [[Appellate coort|Coort o Appeal]]. [[Aleksi Randell]] haes been the mayor o Turku syne 2010. The [[ceety cooncil]] an ceety buird hae lang been dominatit bi the [[Social Democratic Pairty o Finland|Social Democratic Pairty]] (SDP) an the [[Naitional Coaleetion Pairty (Finland)|Naitional Coaleetion Pairty]] (''Kokoomus/Samlingspartiet''), wi approximately equal representation. Currently, the cooncil haes 67 members, wi 19 frae ''Kokoomus'' an 14 frae SDP. The ither major pairties in the cooncil are the [[Green League]] (10 seats), the [[Left Alliance (Finland)|Left Alliance]] (9 seats) an The Finns (6 seats). The current chair o the ceety buird is [[Minna Arve]] frae ''Kokoomus''. Results o the [[Finnish parliamentary election, 2011]] in Turku: *[[Naitional Coalition Pairty]] 23.7% *[[Social Democratic Pairty o Finland|Social Democratic Pairty]] 19.4% *[[True Finns]] 15.8% *[[Left Alliance (Finland)|Left Alliance]] 12.7% *[[Green League]] 11.4% *[[Swedish People's Party]] 5.8% *[[Centre Party (Finland)|Centre Party]] 4.7% *[[Christian Democrats (Finland)|Christian Democrats]] 3.1% ==Transport== {{See also|Turku tram}} [[File:Electric locomotives at Turku railway station..jpg|200px|thumb|left|[[Locomotive]]s at [[Turku Central railway station]].]] [[File:Turku Postcard landscape.jpg|thumb|200px|left|[[Viking Line]]'s [[MS Isabella]] on her wey in the Turku Archipelago.]] fir a ceety o hits size, Turku haes a moderate [[public transport]] network o [[bus]] routes, which is comparable tae bus network o seemilar-sized [[Tampere]]. The bus network is managed an supervised bi the ''Ceety o Turku Public Transport Office'' ({{lang-fi|Turun joukkoliikennetoimisto}}, {{lang-sv|Åbo kollektivtrafikkontor}}), an is operatit mainly bi private companies. {{Citation needed|date=June 2008}} Regional buses are operatit bi private companies, maist importantly [[TLO]], wi very frequent services especially tae the neighbourin ceeties o Naantali, Raisio, an Kaarina. Rail traffeck tae an frae Turku is handled bi the Finnish naitional carrier, [[VR (Finnish railway company)|VR]]. The nummer o services haes fallen an anly the railways towards Tampere an Helsinki are nou in uise. The railway stations currently uised fir passenger traffeck are the [[Turku Central railway station]] in [[Pohjola, Turku|Pohjola]], an twa smawer stations in [[Kupittaa]] an the [[Port o Turku]]. Thare is no local rail traffeck at the moment, as the ceety's popular [[tram]] services war discontinued in 1972, an the various local railway lines tae neighbourin towns an municipalities war aw abolished during the late 20t century. {{Citation needed|date=October 2008}} Houever, thare are plans fir a [[licht rail]] seestem in the Turku region in the near future. This seestem wad mair ably serve major suburbs o the ceety sic as Varissuo an Runosmäki, as well as the neighbourin ceeties.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.raitio.org/historia/pika/pika.htm |title=Raitiovaunulla Naantaliin, Kaarinaan, Runosmäkeen, Varissuolle? |accessdate=2008-07-11 |last=Laaksonen |first=Mikko |work=raitio.org |publisher=Finnish Tramways Society |language=Finnish |archive-date=2016-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007180424/http://www.raitio.org/historia/pika/pika.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The State o Finland haes annoonced plans tae support [[Espoo]] wi 30% o full expenses on a new metro rail, the Regional Cooncil o Soothwast Finland is gangin tae uise this as a test case fir a new licht rail network in Turku.:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.turunsanomat.fi/kotimaa/?ts=1,3:1002:0:0,4:2:0:1:2006-09-27,104:2:407945,1:0:0:0:0:0 |title=Turun Sanomat |publisher=Turunsanomat.fi |date=2006-09-27 |accessdate=2009-05-06 |archive-date=2007-06-30 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070630122159/http://www.turunsanomat.fi/kotimaa/?ts=1,3:1002:0:0,4:2:0:1:2006-09-27,104:2:407945,1:0:0:0:0:0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Turku Bus Station an the [[Turku Central Railway Station]] are currently locatit in different places. The Ceety o Turku is plannin tae combine thir twa in a new greater station complex in the near future. This new traivel centre will conseest o a hotel an several shoppin estates. This centre will connect aw public transportation frae commuter trains tae lang distance buses. [[Turku Airport]] is locatit {{convert|8|km|0|abbr=off}} tae the north o the ceety centre, partly in the neighbourin municipality o [[Rusko]]. Thare are an aa daily ferry services frae the [[Port o Turku]] tae Swaden an the [[Åland Islands]], operatit i [[Silja Line]], [[Viking Line]] an [[SeaWind Line]]. Thir are something o a Finnish cultural tradeetion (see [[ruotsinlaiva]]), an fowk eften traivel lang distances across Finland tae Turku juist tae tak a [[cruisin (maritime)|cruise]] across the Gulf o Bothnie. The [[archipelago sea]] boat traffeck is handled bi, amang others, [[S/S Ukkopekka]], an auld [[steamship]] that cruises on the route Turku-[[Naantali]]-Turku. Turku is the anly ceety in Finland tae hae three lang-distance railway stations: [[Turku Central railway station|Turku Central]], [[Port o Turku]], an [[Kupittaa railway station|Kupittaa]]. ==Demographics== [[File:Turku Vappu 2008.jpg|thumb|Fowk celebratin [[Vappu]] in central Turku.]] At the end o 2004 the Turku region (includin the [[destricts o Finland|economic destricts]] o Turku an Åboland) haed a population o 319,632, oot o which 174,824 fowk lived in the ceety o Turku. The ceety's population density is 718 indwallers per square kilometre.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.turku.fi/Public/default.aspx?contentid=97662&nodeid=4907&culture=en-US&contentlan=2 |title=www.turku.fi » turku.fi » Turku.info » Publications and Reports |publisher=turku.fi |date=2008-06-25 |accessdate=2009-05-06 |archive-date=2011-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716095845/https://www.turku.fi/Public/default.aspx?contentid=97662&nodeid=4907&culture=en-US&contentlan=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> 89.4% o Turku's population speak Finnish as thair [[native leidile 5.2% speak Swedish. The next maist widely spoken languages are [[Roushie leid|Roushie]] (1.3%), [[Arabic leid|Arabic]] (0.6%), [[Albanie leid|Albanie]] (0.5%). 95.8% o the population are [[Finnish naitionality law|Finnish ceetizens]], an the maist sizeable minorities are frae [[Roushie]], [[Estonia]], [[Iraq]], an [[Iran]]. Lik aw ither Finnish ceeties, Turku daes nae collect information aboot the ethnic an releegious makeup o hits population.<ref>see ''Turun kaupungin tilastollinen vuosikirja, 2005/2006''</ref> ==Notable fowk== Famous fowk frae the ceety o Turku include: *[[Paavo Nurmi]], The [[Flying Finn]], a Finnish 9 time Olympic Champion in lang-distance runnin *[[Mauno Koivisto]], the 9t Preses o Finland *[[Matti Salminen]], a Finnish bass sangster *[[Johan Gadolin]], a Finnish chemist, physicist an mineralogist *[[Herman Spöring]], a Finnish explorer an botanist *[[Miikka Kiprusoff]], a Finnish umwhile professional ice hockey goalkeeper who played in [[Calgary Flames]] an [[San Jose Sharks]] during his [[NHL]] career *[[Christina Krook]] (1742-1806), educator *The brothers [[Saku Koivu|Saku]] an [[Mikko Koivu]], Finnish ice hockey players playin respectively in [[Anaheim Ducks]] an [[Minnesota Wild]] as an alternate captain an captain. *[[Darude]], a Finnish dance muisicker, airtist o the hit sang [[Sandstorm (Darude composition)|Sandstorm]] *[[Teemu Brunila]], a Finnish sangster, songwriter, muisicker an producer *[[Michael Monroe]], a Finnish rock muisicker, the vocalist o [[Hanoi Rocks]] *[[Makwan Amirkhani]], Kurdish Finnish MMA fighter in [[UFC]] *[[Jarno Saarinen]], Grand Prix motorcycle racer The Turku region haes an aa brought forth mony prominent personalities, includin the [[marshal]], [[Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim|Carl Gustaf Mannerheim]]. ==Economy== [[File:Oasis of the Seas 2009-10-18.jpg|thumb|right|[[MS Oasis o the Seas]], the world's lairgest passenger ship wis biggit in Turku.]] The business destrict in the ceety's economy is centred on the [[Port o Turku]] an ither service-orientit industries. The ceety is an aa a renowned [[high-tech]] centre – the [[Turku Science Park]] aurie in Kupittaa hosts ower 300 companies {{citation needed|date=April 2012}} frae the fields o [[biotechnology]] an [[information technology]], as well as several institutions o heicher learnin that wirk in closely wi the business sector. This cooperative element is seen as a parteecularly important factor wi regards tae the ceety's expectit future economic development, as outlined in the ''Turku Strategy'' that is published annually bi the ceety cooncil. {{citation needed|date=April 2012}} At least the follaein major Finnish companies hae thair corporate headquarters in Turku: [[HKScan]] an [[Hesburger]]. Ither major companies which hae operations in Turku include [[Bayer]], [[Fläkt Woods]], [[Meyer Werft]], [[Orion Corporation]] an [[Wärtsilä]]. As o 2007, the ceety's [[unemployment]] rate is 9.4%.<ref name="pdf">{{Cite web |url=http://www.turku.fi/Public/download.aspx?ID=59428&GUID=%7B2171A3CC-D0CC-4ACF-A894-86B962BE8B58%7D |title=Archived copy |access-date=2021-01-19 |archive-date=2015-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512120623/http://www.turku.fi/Public/download.aspx?ID=59428&GUID=%7B2171A3CC-D0CC-4ACF-A894-86B962BE8B58%7D |url-status=dead }}</ref> The problem o unemployment is houever troublesome in the destricts o [[Pansio]], [[Lauste]], an Varissuo, whaur hit hovers at aroond 16%.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.turku.fi/Public/download.aspx?ID=59731&GUID=%7B246B196C-9A7D-4975-8431-50D14A1405D8 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2021-01-19 |archive-date=2015-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511044102/http://www.turku.fi/Public/download.aspx?ID=59731&GUID=%7B246B196C-9A7D-4975-8431-50D14A1405D8 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Education== [[File:Turun yliopisto.jpg|thumb|right|The main biggin o the [[Varsity o Turku]].]] Turku haes a langer eddicational history than ony ither Finnish ceety – the first schuil in the ceety, the [[Katedralskolan i Åbo|Cathedral School]], wis foondit alang wi the Cathedral o Turku in the late 13t century. The first [[varsity]] in Finland, the "[[The Ryal Academy o Turku]]" (nou [[Varsity o Helsinki]]), wis established in the ceety in 1640. In 1820, the first school in Finland conformin tae the [[Bell-Lancaster method]] wis foondit in Turku wi the aim o makin primary eddication mair inclusive tae the lawer classes. Turku is home tae aboot 35,000 higher eddication students.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.turku.fi/Public/default.aspx?nodeid=4904&culture=en-US&contentlan=2 |title=www.turku.fi » turku.fi » Turku.info » Turku in Brief |publisher=turku.fi |accessdate=2009-05-06 |archive-date=2011-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716095212/https://www.turku.fi/Public/default.aspx?nodeid=4904&culture=en-US&contentlan=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Thare are twa varsities an several "[[Varsity o applied sciences (Finland)|polytechnics]]" in the toun. The Finnish [[Varsity o Turku]] is the seicont lairgest varsity in Finland (18,000 students), as measurt bi student enrollment, an ane o the auldest as well, havin been foondit in 1920. [[Åbo Akademi]], foondit 1918 as the seicont varsity o Finland, is Finland's anly Swedish-leid varsity. [[Turku School of Economics|Turku School o Economics]] merged wi The Varsity o Turku in 2010, an Åbo handelshögskola, hits Swedish counterpart, wi Åbo Akademi 1980. The central hospital o Turku, [[TYKS|Turku Varsity Hospital]], is affiliatit wi the Varsity an hit is uised as a teachin hospital. [[Turku Varsity o Applee'd Sciences]] is the seicont lairgest [[Institute o technology#Finland|polytechnic]] in Finland efter Metropolia Varsity o Applee'd Sciences. An aa [[Novia Varsity o Applee'd Sciences]] an [[Diaconia Varsity o Applee'd Sciences]] hae campuses in the toun. Turku is ane o anly twa ceeties in Finland tae hae an established [[international school]] (the ither ceety bein Helsinki). [[Turku International School]], locatit in the eastren destrict o [[Varissuo]], haes been operatin syne 2003. Bi an agreement signed atween the ceety o Turku an the [[Varsity o Turku]], [[Turun normaalikoulu]] takes care o the teachin in the international school.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.tnk.utu.fi/index.php?id=1389&news_id=125&archive=|title= Turku International School|publisher= [[Varsity o Turku]]|date= 15 January 2006|access-date= 2015-06-01|archive-date= 2008-12-26|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081226054046/http://www.tnk.utu.fi/index.php?id=1389&news_id=125&archive=|url-status= dead}}</ref> ==Media== [[File:Turun kaupunginkirjaston päärakennus.jpg|thumb|Main librar o Turku]] The maist widely read [[leet o Finnish newspapers|newspaper]] o Turku, an the aurie aroond hit, is the daily regional morning newspaper ''[[Turun Sanomat]]'', wi a readership o ower 70% o the population every day. ''[[Åbo Underrättelser]]'', a Swedish leid newspaper published in Turku, is the auldest newspaper in Finland, havin been published syne 1824. The free-o-charge ''Turkulainen'' newspaper is an aa amang the maist popular newspapers, thegither wi the local edeetion o ''[[Metro International]]'' an the naitional evening [[Tabloid (newspaper format)|tabloid]] ''[[Ilta-Sanomat]]''.<ref>see ''Tutkimus: Lehtien lukijapeitot''</ref> Thare are an aa a nummer o local newspapers sic as ''Kulmakunta'' (fir the eastren suburbs o Turku, includin Varissuo an Lauste), an ''Rannikkoseutu'' (fir the aurie aroond the neighbourin ceeties o Raisio an Naantali). The first Finnish newspaper ''[[Tidningar Utgifne Af et Sällskap i Åbo]]'', in Swedish, wis stairtit in Turku in 1771,<ref>Finnish Wikipedia article about Tidningar Utgifne Af et Sällskap i Åbo: http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidningar_Utgifne_Af_et_S%C3%A4llskap_i_%C3%85bo</ref> as well as the first Finnish-leid newspaper ''[[Suomenkieliset Tieto-Sanomat]]'' which wis stairtit in 1775. The newspaper, ''Turun Sanomat'', an aa operates a regional [[televeesion]] station, cried ''Turku TV''. The Finnish naitional broadcaster, ''[[Yleisradio]]'', screens local news, daily frae Monday tae Friday, fir the Soothwast Finland (includin the regions o [[Finland Proper (region)|Finland Proper]] an [[Satakunta (region)|Satakunta]]) residents. Aw [[leet o Finnish televeesion channels|Finnish naitional TV channels]] are viewable an naitional radio channels audible in the Turku aurie. In addeetion, a nummer o local [[radio]] stations, e.g. ''Auran Aallot'', ''Radio Sata'' an ''Radio Robin Hood'' are operational. Local [[public broadcastin|public service]] radio stations are ''YLE Turun Radio'' in Finnish leid (the regional version o [[YLE Radio Suomi]]) an ''YLE Radio Vega Åboland'' in Swadish leid (the regional version o [[YLE Radio Vega]]). ==Cultur== [[File:Turun tuomiokirkko.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Cathedral o Turku]], ane o the maist notable historical biggins in Finland.]] [[Cultur o Finland|Cultural venues]] in Turku include several [[theatre]]s, [[movie theater|cinemas]], an [[airt gallery|airt galleries]], an a ceety philharmonic [[orchestra]]. The ceety's cultural centre organises a nummer o regular events, maist notably the [[Medieval Mercat o Turku|Medieval Mercat]] in Julie each year. Turku is an aa the offeecial [[Christmas]] ceety o Finland, an 'Christmas Peace' in Finland is declared on every 24 December frae the Brinkkala Hall balcony. The [[Turku Music Festival]] an the [[rock festival]] [[Ruisrock]] (held on the island o [[Ruissalo]]) are amang the auldest o hits kynd in [[Scandinavie]]. The ceety an aa hosts anither rock festival, [[Down by the Laituri|Down bi the Laituri]], an ane o the lairgest electronic music festivals in Northren Europe, UMF<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uudenmusiikinfestivaali.org/ |title=www.uudenmusiikinfestivaali.org |publisher=www.uudenmusiikinfestivaali.org |date= |accessdate=2011-09-16}}</ref> (Uuden Musiikin Festivaali, "New Music Festival"), in addition tae a vibrant nightlife, centred on the Market Square. Thare are an aa numerous [[museum]]s, sic as the Turku Airt Museum an the [[Wäinö Aaltonen Museum o Airt]]. The Åbo Akademi Varsity maintains the [[Sibelius Museum]], which is the anly museum in Finland specialisin in the field o miusic. Apart frae thir, thare are an aa several historical museums that display the ceety's medieval period, sic as the [[Turku Castle]], which haes been a functional historical museum syne 1881, an the ''[[Aboa Vetus]]'' museum, biggit in the late 1990s ower the 14t century [[Archaeology|archaeological]] site. The ''[[Luostarinmäki]]'' [[handicrafts]] museum, convertit frae residential biggins that survived the [[Great Fire o Turku]] in 1827, wis the first [[Scandinavia]]n venue tae receive the "Golden Apple" tourism awaird. Turku is [[European Capital o Culture]] in 2011, an the ceety cooncil haes approved numerous projects tae boost the ceety's image in preparation fir that status. The [[Declaration o Christmas Peace]] haes been a tradeetion in Finland frae the Middle Ages every year, except in 1939 due tae the [[Winter War]]. The declaration takes place on the [[Old Great Square (Turku)|Old Great Squerr o Turku]], Finland's offeecial 'Christmas Ceety', at noon on Christmas Eve. The declaration ceremony begins wi the hymn ''Jumala ompi linnamme'' ([[Martin Luther]]'s ''[[Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott]]'') an continues wi the Declaration o Christmas Peace read frae a [[pairchment]] row in Finnish an Swadish. ==Sports== [[File:Paavo Nurmi Marathon, 2007, Aurakatu.jpg|thumb|[[Paavo Nurmi Marathon (Turku)|Paavo Nurmi Marathon]] is ran every simmer.]] The ceety haes twa fitbaa teams playin at the tap naitional level, the ''[[Veikkausliiga]]'': [[FC Inter Turku|FC Inter]] an [[Turun Palloseura|TPS]], which is playin in seicont heichest level Ykkönen, but TPS is ane o the auldest fitbaa clubs in Finland. Baith teams play thair home matches at [[Veritas Stadion]] in the destrict o [[Kupittaa]]. [[HC TPS]] o Turku is ane o the maist successfu teams in Finnish ice hockey history. hit plays in the Finnish tap league, [[SM-liiga]]. HC TPS haes won the naitional championship 11 times, the latest bein frae saison 2009-2010. [[HK Arena]], locatit in the Artukainen destrict, is uised as the venue fir HC TPS gemmes. The ''[[Paavo Nurmi Marathon (Turku)|Paavo Nurmi Marathon]]'' is an annual sportin event in Turku, named efter the warld-famous runner [[Paavo Nurmi]], who wis born an raised in the ceety. Finland's maist successfu [[tennis]] player, [[Jarkko Nieminen]], wis born an lifes in the neighbourin coonty o [[Masku]] [[Turku Titans]] is a lacrosse club based in Turku wi a relevantly successfu history wi three siller medals an ane gowd medal in the naitional lacrosse league in Finland. The Titans weemen's team haes forby haed a successfu history.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.turkutitans.fi/club.htm |title=Turku Titans history |publisher=Turku Titans |accessdate=2010-07-18 |archive-date=2011-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720194200/https://www.turkutitans.fi/club.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[FIL U19 2012 World Lacrosse Championships]] are an aa held in the ceety.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.2012worldlacrosse.com/ |title=2012 World Lacrosse |publisher=FIL U19 2012 World Lacrosse Championships |accessdate=2010-07-18 |archive-date=2010-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204114031/http://www.2012worldlacrosse.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Internaitional relations== {{See an aa|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Finland}} ===Twin touns — Sister ceeties=== Turku is [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi: {| cellpadding="10" |- style="vertical-align:top" | * [[File:Göteborg vapen.svg|25px]] [[Gothenburg]] in [[Swaden]] <small>(syne 1946)</small> * [[File:Coat of arms of Aarhus.svg|25px]] [[Aarhus]] in [[Denmark]] <small>(syne 1946)</small> * [[File:Bergen våpen.svg|25px]] [[Bergen]] in [[Norawa]] <small>(syne 1946)</small> * [[File:Coat of Arms of Saint Petersburg (2003).svg|25px]] [[Saunt Petersburg]] in [[Roushie]] <small>(at the time, Leningrad, USSR) (syne 1953)</small> * [[File:POL Gdańsk COA.svg|25px]] [[Gdańsk]] in [[Poland]] <small>(syne 1958)</small><ref name="Gdańsk">{{cite web|url=http://www.gdansk.pl/samorzad,62,733.html|title=Gdańsk Official Website: 'Miasta partnerskie'|publisher=[[copyright|©]] 2009 [http://www.gdansk.pl/ Urząd Miejski w Gdańsku]|language=Polish & English|accessdate=2009-07-11|archive-date=2013-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723091807/http://www.gdansk.pl/samorzad%2C62%2C733.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[File:Rostock Wappen.svg|25px]] [[Rostock]] in [[Germany]] <small>(at the time, [[East Germany|German Democratic Republic]]) (syne 1963)</small> * [[Varna]] in [[Bulgarie]] <small>(syne 1963)</small> * [[File:ROU CT Constanta CoA.png|25px]] [[Constanţa]] in [[Romanie]] <small>(syne 1963)</small> || || * [[File:DEU Koeln COA.svg|25px]] [[Cologne]] in [[Germany]] <small>(syne 1967)</small> * [[File:HUN Szeged Címer.svg|25px]] [[Szeged]] in [[Hungary]] <small>(syne 1971)</small> * [[File:Coat of Arms of Bratislava.svg|25px]] [[Bratislava]] in [[Slovakie]] <small>(at the time, [[Czechoslovakie]]) (syne 1976)</small><ref name="Bratislava">{{cite web|url=http://www.bratislava-city.sk/bratislava-twin-towns|title=''Bratislava City - Twin Towns''|publisher=[[copyright|©]] 2003-2008 Bratislava-City.sk|accessdate=2008-10-26}}</ref> * [[File:FlorenceCoA.svg|25px]] [[Florence]] in [[Italy]] <small>(syne 1992)</small> * [[File:National Emblem of the People's Republic of China.svg|25px]] [[Tianjin]] in [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]] <small>(syne 2000)</small> * [[File:Tartu coat of arms.svg|25px]] [[Tartu]] in [[Estonie]] <small>(syne 2008)</small> |} Turku haes co-operation greements wi the follaein ceeties: * [[File:Coat of arms of Tallinn (greater).svg|25px]] [[Tallinn]] in [[Estonie]] <small>(co-operation greement)</small> * [[File:Kuressaare coatofarms.png|25px]] [[Kuressaare]] in [[Estonie]] <small>(co-operation greement)</small> == Notes == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{FinlandProper}} [[Category:Turku| ]] [[Category:Ceeties an touns in Finland]] [[Category:Municipalities o Finland Proper]] {{Stub/Finland}} {{Stub/Ceety}} otww8xwew5xoertky5qt2puhclf914i Sooth Scots 0 13240 918893 868812 2026-07-01T01:38:09Z NoahGeo 129838 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 918893 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sooth Scots''' (kent as ''Border Scots'' an aw) is the dialect o the Scots leid spoken in the [[Scots Borders]] aurie o Scotland. Laith the naime Sooth Scots, it isna spoken awplace in the Sooth o Scotland; anely in a smaw pairt o eastren [[Dumfriesshire]], aw o [[Roxburghshire]] an maist o [[Selkirkshire]]. Sooth Scots can be cawed mony different things bi different fowk; it mey be cawed efter the toun thay're frae, for ensaumple fowk frae Hawick say thay speak ''Hawick''. It is cawed ''Borders'' bi some fowk an aw. Ae soon chynge at is speceific tae Border Scots is uisin diphthongs lik /əi/ an /əu/ whaur ither Scots byleids haes monosyllables lik /i/ an /u/. An ensaumpil is yow an mey whaur ither Scots byleids haes ye an me. Sooth Scots (lik [[Doric]]) haes a lang tradeetion o poetry an sang, gien rise tae the great Border Ballads, mony o whilk can be foond in beuks lik Scottish Ballad Poetry bi editit bi George Eyre-Todd. ==Ye can aye see tae== *[[Scots Borders]] *[[Scots leid]] *[[Hawick]] *[[Gala]] [[Category:The Mairches]] [[Category:Scots leid]] [[Category:Scots dialects]] apowm2rque6n04jdues8nzvk0oaq5y7 918894 918893 2026-07-01T01:40:40Z NoahGeo 129838 918894 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sooth Scots''' (kent as ''Border Scots'' an aw) is the byleid o the Scots leid spoken in the [[Scots Borders]] aurie o Scotland. Laith the naime Sooth Scots, it isna spoken awplace in the Sooth o Scotland; anely in a smaw pairt o eastren [[Dumfriesshire]], aw o [[Roxburghshire]] an maist o [[Selkirkshire]]. Sooth Scots can be cawed mony different things bi different fowk; it mey be cried efter the toun thay're frae, for ensaumple fowk frae Hawick say thay speak ''Hawick''. It is cried ''Borders'' bi some fowk an aw. Ae soon chynge at is speceific tae Border Scots is uisin diphthongs lik /əi/ an /əu/ whaur ither Scots byleids haes monosyllables lik /i/ an /u/. An ensaumpil is yow an mey whaur ither Scots byleids haes ye an me. Sooth Scots (lik [[Doric]]) haes a lang tradeetion o poetry an sang, gien rise tae the great Border Ballads, mony o whilk can be foond in beuks lik Scottish Ballad Poetry bi editit bi George Eyre-Todd. ==Ye can aye see tae== *[[Scots Borders]] *[[Scots leid]] *[[Hawick]] *[[Gala]] [[Category:The Mairches]] [[Category:Scots leid]] [[Category:Scots dialects]] ky9o7s11wyh64q8m5jihx3nedmfnymk Holden Nova 0 14676 918903 826619 2026-07-01T05:32:42Z ~2026-37690-85 133660 /* */ 918903 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Holden Nova''' wis a [[compact car]] that wis produced bi the [[Holden|GM-Holden]]-[[Toyota]] alliance, kent as [[United Australian Automobile Industries]] (UAAI) in [[Australie]] atween August 1989 an 1996. The alliance, an therefore the caur, wis a result o the failed [[Button caur plan]] which attemptit tae rationalise the Australian caur manufacturin industry. The Nova wis sauld an mercatit unner the [[Holden]] nameplate, awtho it wis a [[Badge ingineerin|badge ingineered]] version o the [[Toyota Corolla]], receivin minor stylistic chynges. Unlik the Corolla, the Nova wis sauld ae as a fower-door [[sedan (caur)|sedan]] an five-door [[hatchback]]. In aw years, the Nova wis ootsauld bi the Toyota Corolla in Australie, an frae 1996 caur wis replaced bi the [[Holden Astra]].<ref name = LFoverview>{{cite web | url = http://www.goauto.com.au/mellor/mellor.nsf/story2/60DB5F93CC0B207FCA256D21001310D6 | title = Holden LE–LF Nova overview | work = GoAuto | publisher = John Mellor | accessdate = 2007-03-28 | archive-date = 2008-07-31 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080731051142/http://www.goauto.com.au/mellor/mellor.nsf/story2/60DB5F93CC0B207FCA256D21001310D6 | url-status = dead }}</ref> == First generation (LE, LF; 1989–1994) == {{See an aa|Toyota Corolla (E90)}} The LE an LF series, based on the [[Toyota Corolla (E90)|Corolla E90]] wur sauld atween 1989 an 1994. The LE wis affered wi Toyota's 1.4&nbsp;litre 60-kilowatt (80&nbsp;hp) ingine (hatchback anerlie) an 1.6&nbsp;litre 67-kilowatt (90&nbsp;hp) ingine, in Holden's traditional SL (hatchback anerlie), SLX an SLE trims.<ref name = LFoverview/> The LF Nova, available frae October 1991, addit [[fuel injection]] tae the 1.6&nbsp;litre unit, nou ratit at 75 kilowatts (101&nbsp;hp).<ref name = LFoverview/> The SLE hatchback wis replaced bi a GS model, awtho SLE continued as a trim on the sedan, then in October 1992, a fuel-injectit 1.8&nbsp;litre 85-kilowatt (114&nbsp;hp) ingine wis affered for the GS hatchback. The 1.4&nbsp;litre option an the SLEs wur unavailable frae 1993. <gallery> File:1989-1991 Holden LE Nova SL hatchback 04.jpg|LE Nova SL hatchback File:1989-1991 Holden LE Nova SLX sedan 01.jpg|LE Nova SLX sedan </gallery> <gallery> File:1991-1994 Holden LF Nova SL hatchback 02.jpg|LF Nova SL hatchback File:1992 Holden Nova (LF) SLX hatchback (2008-09-04) 02.jpg|LF Nova SLX hatchback File:1993-1994 Holden LF Nova SLX Limited hatchback 04.jpg|LF Nova SLX Leemitit hatchback </gallery> == Seicont generation (LG; 1994–1996) == {{See an aa|Toyota Corolla (E100)}} The LG Nova wis sauld atween 1994 an 1996, awtho a smawer range wis affered. The SLX trim level wis equipped wi a 1.6&nbsp;litre 78-kilowatt (105&nbsp;hp) ingine, while the GS trim level denotit the fitment o the 1.8&nbsp;litre ingine. Fower-door sedan an five-door hatchback options wur affered for baith levels, an aw ingines featurt [[fuel injection]]. <gallery> File:1994-1996 Holden LG Nova SLX sedan 01.jpg|LG Nova SLX sedan File:1994-1996 Holden LG Nova SLX hatchback 02.jpg|LG Nova SLX hatchback File:1995 Holden Nova (LG) GS hatchback (20678223615).jpg|LG Nova GS hatchback </gallery> == References == {{Commonscat}} {{Reflist}} {{Holden timeline}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Holden vehicles|Nova]] [[Category:Vehicles introduced in 1989]] ap8neatt74cxc3zu558l57e7etdfacy Olsztyn 0 36635 918901 918363 2026-07-01T04:00:48Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 918901 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}}{{Infobox settlement |name = Olsztyn |motto = Olsztyn – Miasto Młode Duchem…<br />(Olsztyn– ceety o a young spirit…) |image_skyline =2024-07 Olsztyn (72).jpg |imagesize = 250px |image_caption = Auld Toun |image_flag = POL Olsztyn flag.svg |image_shield = POL Olsztyn COA.svg |pushpin_map = Poland |pushpin_label_position = bottom |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Poland}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Voivodeships o Poland|Voivodeship]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Warmie-Masurie Voivodeship|Warmie-Masurie]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Powiat|Coonty]] |subdivision_name2 = ''ceety coonty'' |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = Piotr Grzymowicz |established_title = Established |established_date = 14t century |established_title3 = Toun richts |established_date3 = 1353 |elevation_min_m = 88 |elevation_max_m = 154 |area_total_km2 = 88.328 |population_as_of = 2009 |population_total = 176387 |population_density_km2 = auto |population_metro = 270000 |timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]] |utc_offset = +1 |timezone_DST = [[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]] |utc_offset_DST = +2 |coordinates = {{coord|53|47|N|20|30|E|region:PL|display=inline}} |postal_code_type = Postal code |postal_code = 10-001 to 11–041 |area_code = +48 89 |website = http://www.olsztyn.eu |blank_name = [[Pols caur number plates|Caur plates]] |blank_info = NO }} [[File:Schloss Allenstein.JPG|thumb|250px|[[Ordensburg]] castle built bi the [[Teutonic Knichts]]]] '''Olsztyn''' ({{IPA-pl|ˈɔl.ʂtɨn|-|Pl-Olsztyn.ogg}}; {{lang-de|link=no|Allenstein}}, {{IPA-de|ˈalənʃtaɪ̯n|}}; [[Auld Pols leid|Auld Pols]]: ''Holstin''; [[Auld Proushian]]: ''Alnāsteini''; {{lang-lt|label=[[Lithuanian leid|Lithuanian]]|Olštynas}}) is a ceety on the [[Łyna River]] in northeastren [[Poland]]. Olsztyn haes been the caipital o the [[Warmie-Masurie Voivodeship]] syne 1999. It wis previously in the [[Olsztyn Voivodeship]] (an in [[voivodeships o Poland|ither units]] in 1945–75 an 1975–98). The ceety haes coonty status. == History == In 1346 the auld Posuhie [[Warmie]] forest in the vicinity wis cleared an a place wis selectit on the ''Alle'', nou Łyna River, for a new settlement. The [[Teutonic Knichts]] began the construction o [[Ordensburg]] castle in 1347 as a stranghauld against the [[Auld Proushies]], an the settlement o Allenstein wis first mentioned the follaein year. The German name ''Allenstein'' meant a castle on the Alle River. It became kent in Pols transliteration as ''Olsztyn''. The settlement receivit [[German toun law|municipal richts]] frae [[Johannes von Leysen]] on 31 October 1353, an the castle wis completit in 1397. Allenstein wis incorporatit intae the [[Kinrick o Poland (1385–1569)|Kinrick o Poland]] durin the [[Pols–Lithuanie–Teutonic War|Pols-Lithuanie-Teutonic War]] in 1410 an in 1414 durin the [[Hunger War]], but wis returned tae the [[monastic state o the Teutonic Knichts]] efter hostilities endit. Allenstein joined the [[Proushie Confederation]] in 1440. It rebelled against the Teutonic Knichts in 1454 upon the ootbreak o the [[Thirteen Years' War (1454–66)|Thirteen Years' War]] an requestit protection frae the [[Croun o the Kinrick o Poland|Pols Croun]]. Although the Teutonic Knichts captured the toun in the follaein year, it wis retaken bi Pols troops in 1463. The [[Seicont Peace o Thorn (1466)]] allocatit Allenstein an the [[Roman Catholic Airchdiocese o Warmie|Bishopric o Warmie]] as pairt o [[Ryal Proushie]] unner the sovereignty o the Croun o Poland. Frae 1516–21, [[Nicolaus Copernicus]] livit at the castle as admeenistrator o Allenstein an [[Pieniężno|Mehlsack (Pieniężno)]]; he wis in chairge o the [[Siege o Olsztyn|defenses o Allenstein]] an [[Warmie]] durin the [[Pols–Teutonic War (1519–1521)|Pols-Teutonic War o 1519–21]]. Allenstein wis sacked bi [[Swadish Empire|Swadish]] troops in 1655 an 1708 durin the [[Pols–Swadish wars|Pols-Swadish wars]], an the toun's population wis nearly wipit oot in 1710 bi epidemics o [[bubonic plague]] an [[cholera]]. Allenstein wis annexed bi the [[Kinrick o Proushie]] in 1772 durin the [[First Pairtition o Poland]]. A Proushie census recordit a population o 1,770 fowk, predominantly fermers, in Allenstein, which wis admeenistered athin the [[Province o East Proushie]]. It wis visitit bi [[Napoleon I|Napoleon Bonaparte]] in 1807 efter his victories ower the [[Proushie Airmy]] at [[Battle o Jena-Auerstedt|Jena an Auerstedt]]. In 1825 the ceety wis inhabitit bi 1266 Poles an 1341 Germans<ref>Historia Pomorza:(1815-1850),Gerard Labuda, Poznańskie Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk,page 157, 1993</ref> The German leid newspaper, ''[[Allensteiner Zeitung]]'', wis first published in 1841. The toun hospital wis foondit in 1867. [[File:Kopernikusplatz(plac Bema) - 16.04.1917.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Allenstein's Kopernikusplatz (now Plac Bema) in 1917]] Allenstein became parit o the [[German Empire]] in 1871 durin the Proushie-led [[unification o Germany]]. Twa years later the ceety wis connectit bi railwey tae [[Toruń|Thorn (Toruń)]]. Its first [[Pols leid]] newspaper, the ''[[Gazeta Olsztyńska]]'', wis foondit in 1886. Allenstein's infrastructur developit rapidly: gas wis instawed in 1890, telephones in 1892, public watter supply in 1898, an electricity in 1907. The ceety became the caipital o [[Allenstein (region)|Regierungsbezirk Allenstein]], a govrenment admeenistrative region in East Proushie, in 1905. Frae 1818–1910 the ceety wis admeenistered athin the East Proushie [[Allenstein (destrict)|Allenstein Destrict]], efter which it became an [[independent ceety]]. Shortly efter the ootbreak o Warld War I, truips o the [[Roushie Empire]] captured Allenstein in 1914, but it wis recovered bi the [[German Airmy (German Empire)|Imperial German Airmy]] in the [[Battle o Tannenberg (1914)|Battle o Tannenberg]]. The battle actually teuk place hintle closer tae Allenstein than Tannenberg (nou [[Stębark]]), but the victorious Germans, haein been defeatit in the [[Battle o Grunwald|medieval battle o Tannenberg]], namit it as such for [[propaganda]] purposes). In 1920 durin the [[East Proushie plebiscite]], Allenstein votit tae remain in German East Prussia insteid o becomin pairt o the [[Seicont Pols Republic]]. The fitbaa club [[SV Hindenburg Allenstein]] played in Allenstein frae 1921 tae 45. Efter the [[Nazi Pairty|Nazi]] [[Machtergreifung|seizur o power]] in 1933, [[Poles]] an Jews in Allenstein wur increasingly persecutit. In 1935 the [[Wehrmacht]] made the ceety the seat o the ''Allenstein Militärische Bereich''. It wis the hame o the 11t Infanterie Diveesion, the 11t Airtillery Regiment, an the 217th Infanterie Diveesion. [[File:Stamp Allenstein 1920 5pf.jpg|right|120px|thumb|5-Pfennig stamp]] In 1920 a [[East Poushie plebiscite|plebiscite]] wis held tae determine whether the ceety's populace wished tae remain in [[East Proushie]] or become pairt o [[Seicont Pols Republic|Poland]]. In order tae advertise the plebiscite, special postage stamps wur producit bi [[owerprint]]in German stamps an sauld frae 3 Aprile. Ane kynd o overprint read <small>'''PLÉBISCITE / OLSZTYN / ALLENSTEIN'''</small>, while the ither read <small>'''TRAITÉ / DE / VERSAILLES / ART. 94 et 95'''</small> inside an oval whose border gave the full name o the plebiscite commission. Each owerprint wis appleed tae 14 denominations rangin frae 5 [[Pfennig|Pf]] tae 3 [[Mark (money)|M]]. The plebiscite wis held on 11 Julie, an producit 362,209 votes (97.8 %) for East Proushie an 7,980 votes (2.2 %) for Poland. The stamps became invalid on 20 August. Despite their short period o uise, amaist aw o the stamps are cheaply available baith uised an unuised. On 12 October 1939, efter the [[invasion o Poland]] that began Warld War II, the Wehrmacht established an Aurie Heidquairters for [[Militar destrict (Germany)|Wehrkreis]] I that controlled the sub-auries o Allenstein, [[Giżycko|Lötzen (Giżycko)]] an [[Ciechanów|Zichenau (Ciechanów)]]. Beginnin in 1939, members o the Pols-speakin minority, especially members o the [[Union o Poles in Germany]], wur deportit tae [[Nazi concentration camps]]. Allenstein wis plundered an burnt bi the invadin [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[Red Airmy]] on 22 Januar 1945, as the [[Eastren Front (Warld War II)|Eastren Front]] reached the ceety. Allenstein's German population [[Evacuation o East Proushie|evacuatit the region]] or wur [[:en:Flight and expulsion of Germans from Poland during and after World War II|subsequently expelled]]. On 2 August 1945, the ceety wis placit unner Pols admeenistration bi the Soviets (accordin tae the [[Potsdam Greement]]) an offeecially renamit tae Pols ''Olsztyn''. In October 1945, the German population o Olsztyn wis expelled bi Order o the Ceety Commanders o Olsztyn an ordered tae assemble on 18 October at [[Karl Roensch]] Street barracks camp for transfer tae Germany an in the case o nan-compliance wur tae be put in a "punishment camp". A [[Tyre (wheel)|tyre]] factory wis foondit in Olsztyn in 1967. == Geografie == Locatit in the northeast pairt o Poland in the "Thoosans Lakes Aurie" === Green belt === Mair nor hauf o the forests occupeein 21.2 % o the ceety aurie form a single complex o the Municipal Forest (1050 ha) uised mainly for recreation an tourism purposes. Athin the Municipal Forest aurie are situatit twa peat-laund flora sanctuars, [[Mszar]] an [[Redykajny]]. Municipal greenery (560 ha, 6.5 % o the toun aurie) developit in the form of numerous pairks, green spots an three cemeteries ower a century-auld. The greenery includes 910 monuments o natur an groups o protectit trees in the form o [[beech]], [[aik]], [[maple]] an [[Lime (fruit)|lime]]-lined avenues. === Lochs === The ceety is situatit in a loch region o forests an plains. There are 15 lochs inside the admeenistrative boonds o the ceety (13 wi auries greater than 1 [[hectare|ha]]). The oweraw aurie o lochs in Olsztyn is aboot 725 ha, which constitutes 8.25 % o the total ceety aurie. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border:1px solid #f2f2f2; margin:1px 0; font-size:84%;" |- !| Loch !| Aurie ([[hectare|ha]]) !| Maximum depth (m) |- | [[Loch Ukiel|Loch Ukiel (a.k.a. Jezioro Krzywe)]] || 412 || 43 |- | [[Loch Kortowskie]] || 89.7 || 17.2 |- | [[Loch Track|Loch Track (a.k.a. Jezioro Trackie)]] || 52.8 || 4.6 |- | [[Loch Skanda]] || 51.5 || 12 |- | [[Loch Redykajny]] || 29.9 || 20.6 |- | [[Loch Długie]] || 26.8 || 17.2 |- | [[Loch Sukiel]] || 20.8 || 25 |- | [[Loch Tyrsko|Loch Tyrsko (a.k.a. Jezioro Gutkowskie)]] || 18.6 || 30.6 |- | [[Loch Stary Dwór|Loch Stary Dwór (a.k.a. Jezioro Starodworskie )]] || 6.0 || 23.3 |- | [[Loch Siginek|Loch Siginek (a.k.a. Jezioro Kopytko, Jezioro Podkówka, Jezioro Styginek)]] || 6.0 || insufficient data |- | [[Loch Czarne]] || approximately 1.3 || insufficient data |- | [[Lake Żbik]] || approximately 1.2 || insufficient data |- | [[Loch Pereszkowo|Loch Pereszkowo (a.k.a. Jezioro Pyszkowo)]] || approximately 1.2 || insufficient data |- | [[Mummelsee|Loch Mummel (a.k.a. Jezioro Mumel)]] || approximately 0.3 || insufficient data |- | [[Loch Modrzewiowe]] || 0.25 || insufficient data |} === Demografics === [[File:Olsztyn-Stadttor.jpg|thumb|The Upper Gate (Heich Gate) in the Auld Toun]] {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year ! Population |- | 1772 | 1,770 |- | 1846 | 4,000 |- | 1875 | 6,000 |- | 1885 | 11,555 |- | 1890 | 19,373 |- | 1895 | 25,000 |- | 1939 | 50,000 |- | 1941 | 54,300 |- | 1946 | 23,000 |- | 1950 | 45,000 |- | 1972 | over 100,000 |- | 1994 | 165,000 |- | 2000 | 170,000 |- | 2009 (30 Juin) | 176,387 |} == Administrative diveesion == [[File:Olsztyn-ratusz.jpg|thumb|300px|Ceety hall]] Olsztyn is dividit intae 23 destricts: {|border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse;text-align:center; font-size:84%" |- !Destrict || Population || Aurie || [[Population densitie|Densitie]] |- |[[Brzeziny, Olsztyn|Brzeziny]] ||align=right| 1,456 || 2.25&nbsp;km² || 647.1/km² |- |[[Dajtki]] ||align=right| 5,863 || 7.5&nbsp;km² || 781.7/km² |- |[[Osiedle Generałów|Generałów]] ||align=right| 6,500 || nae data || nae data |- |[[Osiedle Grunwaldzkie, Olsztyn|Grunwaldzkie]] ||align=right| 6,027 || 1.46&nbsp;km² || 4,128.1/km² |- |[[Gutkowo, Olsztyn|Gutkowo]] ||align=right| 2,256 || 7.2&nbsp;km² || 313.3/km² |- |[[Jaroty, Olsztyn|Jaroty]] ||align=right| 29,046 || 4.82&nbsp;km² || 6,026.1/km² |- |[[Osiedle Kętrzyńskiego|Kętrzyńskiego]] ||align=right| 7,621 || 4.83&nbsp;km² || 1,577.8/km² |- |[[Kormoran, Olsztyn|Kormoran]] ||align=right| 16,166 || 1.1&nbsp;km² || 14,696.4/km² |- |[[Kortowo]] ||align=right| 1,131 || 4.22&nbsp;km² || 268/km² |- |[[Osiedle Kościuszki|Kościuszki]] ||align=right| 6,704 || 1.18&nbsp;km² || 5,681.4/km² |- |[[Likusy, Olsztyn|Likusy]] ||align=right| 2,286 || 2.1&nbsp;km² || 1,088.6/km² |- |[[Osiedle Mazurskie|Mazurskie]] ||align=right| 4,615 || 5.98&nbsp;km² || 771.7/km² |- |[[Osiedle Nad Jeziorem Długim|Nad Jeziorem Długim]] ||align=right| 2,408 || 4.23&nbsp;km² || 569.3/km² |- |[[Nagórki, Olsztyn|Nagórki]] ||align=right| 12,538 || 1.69&nbsp;km² || 7,418.9/km² |- |[[Pieczewo, Olsztyn|Pieczewo]] ||align=right| 10,918 || 2.24&nbsp;km² || 4,874.1/km² |- |[[Podgrodzie, Olsztyn|Podgrodzie]] ||align=right| 11,080 || 1.35&nbsp;km² || 8,207.4/km² |- |[[Podleśna, Olsztyn|Podleśna]] ||align=right| 10,414 || 9.93&nbsp;km² || 1,048.7/km² |- |[[Pojezierze, Olsztyn|Pojezierze]] ||align=right| 13,001 || 2.39&nbsp;km² || 5,439.7/km² |- |[[Redykajny, Olsztyn|Redykajny]] ||align=right| 1,555 || 6.1&nbsp;km² || 254.9/km² |- |[[Śródmieście, Olsztyn|Śródmieście]] ||align=right| 3,448 || 0.58&nbsp;km² || 5,944.8/km² |- |[[Osiedle Wojska Polskiego, Olsztyn|Wojska Polskiego]] ||align=right| 6,759 || 5.03&nbsp;km² || 1,343.7/km² |- |[[Zatorze, Olsztyn|Zatorze]] ||align=right| 6,988 || 0.45&nbsp;km² || 15,528.9/km² |- |[[Zielona Górka]] ||align=right| 1,015 || 6.44&nbsp;km² || 157.6/km² |} There are mony smawer destricts: [[Jakubowo, Olsztyn|Jakubowo]], [[Karolin, Olsztyn|Karolin]], [[Kolonia Jaroty]], [[Kortowo II]], [[Łupstych, Olsztyn|Łupstych]], [[Niedźwiedź, Olsztyn|Niedźwiedź]], [[Piękna Góra, Olsztyn|Piękna Góra]], [[Podlesie, Olsztyn|Podlesie]], [[Pozorty, Olsztyn|Pozorty]], [[Skarbówka Poszmanówka]], [[Słoneczny Stok, Olsztyn|Słoneczny Stok]], [[Stare Kieźliny]], [[Stare Miasto, Olsztyn|Stare Miasto]], [[Stare Zalbki]], [[Stary Dwór, Olsztyn|Stary Dwór]], [[Track, Olsztyn|Track]]. These dae no hae cooncil representative assemblies. == Cultur == === Theatres === * [[:en:Stefan Jaracz Theatre, Olsztyn|Stefan Jaracz Theatre]] (est. 1925) * [[:en:Puppet Theatre, Olsztyn|Puppet Theatre]] === Cinemas === * [[:en:Helios (cinemas)|Helios]] === Museums === Olsztyn's lairgest museum is the [[:en:Museum of Warmia and Mazury|Museum o Warmie an Mazury]]. The ceety haes the [[Gazeta Olsztyńska House]], [[:en:Museum of Nature, Olsztyn|Museum o Natur]], an [[:en:Museum of Sports, Olsztyn|Museum o Sports]]. === Airchitectur === [[File:Olsztyn-katedra.jpg|thumb|300px|St. James's Cathedral]] * The Auld Toun * The [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] castle o the [[:en:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Warmia|Bishopric o Warmie]] built durin the 14t century. * St. James's Cathedral ({{lang-pl|św. Jakuba}}, {{lang-de|link=no|St. Jacob}} or ''St. Jakob''). * Auld Toun Haw on the [[:en:Old Market Square|Market Square]] – built in mid-14t century. * [[Gazeta Olsztyńska House]] at Fish Mercat. * The toun waws an the [[Upper Gate (Olsztyn)|Upper Gate]] (syne the mid-19t century kent as the Heich Gate). * [[Gothic Revival airchitectur|Neogothic]] [[:en:Church of the Holy Heart of Jesus (Olsztyn)|kirk o the Holy Hert o Jesus]], built durin the years 1901–1902 * The [[:en:New City Hall (Olsztyn)|New Ceety Haw]] * The Railway Bridge ower the [[Łyna River|River Łyna]] gorge near Artyleryjska an Wyzwolenia streets, built durin the years 1872–1873 * The Jerusalem Chapel, built in 1565 * Kirk o St. Lawrence, built durin the late 14t century * [[FM- and TV-mast Olsztyn-Pieczewo]] – 360 metres heich, syne the collapse o the [[Warsaw radio mast]] the tawest structur in [[Poland]] === Music === [[Daith metal]] act [[Vader (baund)|Vader]], regardit as ane o the first daith metal baunds frae Poland. == Economy == The [[Michelin]] tyre company (umwhile [[Stomil Olsztyn (company)|Stomil Olsztyn]]) is the lairgest employer in the region o Warmie an Masurie.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.autoflesz.pl/artykuly/4718,100milionowa_opona_w_olsztynskiej_fabryce_Michelin.html |title=100-milionowa opona w olsztyńskiej fabryce Michelin – Autoflesz.pl – Niezależny Portal Motoryzacyjny |publisher=Autoflesz.pl |accessdate=16 September 2011 |archive-date=2014-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521200658/http://www.autoflesz.pl/artykuly/4718,100milionowa_opona_w_olsztynskiej_fabryce_Michelin.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ither important [[industry|industries]] are [[fuid processin]] an furnitur manufacturin. == Unemployment == Olsztyn- 4,000 (fowk) – 4.8% rate == Education == [[File:Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie.jpg|thumb|150px|right|University of Warmia and Mazury]] * [[:en:University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn|University of Warmia and Mazury]] [http://www.uwm.edu.pl/pl/strona.php?b=2&ids=1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060526115542/http://www.uwm.edu.pl/pl/strona.php?b=2&ids=1 |date=2006-05-26 }} * [http://wsiie.olsztyn.pl/english/ University of Computer Science and Economics ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080521045115/http://www.wsiie.olsztyn.pl/english/ |date=2008-05-21 }} * [http://www.osw.olsztyn.pl/ Olsztyńska Szkoła Wyższa im. Józefa Rusieckiego] * [http://www.owsiiz.edu.pl/ Olsztyńska Wyższa Szkoła Informatyki i Zarządzania im. Tadeusza Kotarbińskiego] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210042054/http://www.owsiiz.edu.pl/ |date=2010-12-10 }} * [http://www.hosianum.edu.pl/ Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne HOSIANUM] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716204923/http://www.hosianum.edu.pl/ |date=2012-07-16 }} * [[Masurian Institute]] (est. 1943) == Sport == * [[AZS UWM Olsztyn|Indykpol AZS Olsztyn]] – [[:en:Volleyball in Poland|men's volleybaw]] team playin in [[Polish Volleyball League|Polish Volleyball League (PLS, Polska Liga Siatkówki)]] * [[OKS 1945 Olsztyn]] – men's [[:en:Football in Poland|fitbaw]] team, (8 saisons in Pols Ekstraklasa as Stomil Olsztyn) * [[Warmia Traveland Olsztyn]] – men's [[:en:Handball in Poland|handbaw]] team playin in Seria A (Pols First League) * [[AZS UWM Trójeczka Olsztyn]] – men's [[:en:Basketball in Poland|basketbaw]] team playin in Pols Seicont League * [[WMPD Olsztyn]] – men's rugby team, playin in First Pols League * [[Budowlani Olsztyn]] Warstlin team == Politics == Members o the [[:en:Sejm of the Republic of Poland|Sejm]] electit frae Olsztyn constituency in 2005 * [[Mieczysław Aszkiełowicz]], [[:en:Self-Defense of the Republic of Poland|Sel-Defense o the Republic o Poland (Samoobrona Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej)]] * [[Beata Bublewicz]], [[:en:Civic Platform|Civic Platform (PO, Platforma Obywatelska)]] * [[Jerzy Gosiewski]], [[:en:Law and Justice|Law and Justice (PiS, Prawo i Sprawiedliwość)]] * [[Tadeusz Iwiński]], [[:en:Democratic Left Alliance|Democratic Left Alliance (SLD, Sojusz Lewicy Demokratycznej)]] * [[Edward Ośko]], [[:en:League of Polish Families|League o Pols Faimilies (LPR, Liga Polskich Rodzin)]] * [[Adam Puza]], [[:en:Law and Justice|Law an Justice (PiS, Prawo i Sprawiedliwość)]] * [[Sławomir Rybicki]], [[:en:Civic Platform|Civic Platform (PO, Platforma Obywatelska)]] * [[Lidia Staroń]], [[:en:Civic Platform|Civic Platform (PO, Platforma Obywatelska)]] * [[Aleksander Szczygło|Aleksander Marek Szczygło]], [[:en:Law and Justice|Law and Justice (PiS, Prawo i Sprawiedliwość)]] * [[Zbigniew Włodkowski]], [[:en:Polish People's Party|Polish Peasant Party (PSL, Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe)]] Members o [[:en:Senate of the Republic of Poland|Senate]] electit frae Olsztyn constituency in 2005 * [[Ryszard Józef Górecki]], [[:en:Civic Platform|Civic Platform (PO, Platforma Obywatelska)]] * [[Jerzy Szmit]], [[:en:Law and Justice|Law an Justice (PiS, Prawo i Sprawiedliwość)]] == Internaitional relations == [[File:Olsztyn-planetarium.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Planetarium o Olsztyn]] {{See an aa|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Poland}} === Twin towns – Sister ceeties === Olsztyn is [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi: {| class="wikitable" |- valign="top" | * {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Calpe]], Spain * {{flagicon|France}} [[Châteauroux|Chateauroux]], Fraunce * {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Gelsenkirchen]], Germany<ref name="RuhrTwins2010">{{cite web|url=http://www.twins2010.com/fileadmin/user_upload/pic/Dokumente/List_of_Twin_Towns_01.pdf?PHPSESSID=2edd34819db21e450d3bb625549ce4fd|title=List of Twin Towns in the Ruhr District|publisher=2009 [http://www.twins2010.com/index.php?id=home&L=1 Twins2010.com]|accessdate=28 October 2009|archive-date=2009-11-28|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5lctsW5KG?url=http://www.twins2010.com/fileadmin/user_upload/pic/Dokumente/List_of_Twin_Towns_01.pdf?PHPSESSID=2edd34819db21e450d3bb625549ce4fd|url-status=dead}}</ref> || * {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Kaliningrad]], Roushie '* {{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Lutsk]], Ukraine * {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Offenburg]], Germany || * {{flagicon|USA}} [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]], VA Unitit States * {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Rovaniemi]], Finland * {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Bielsko-Biała]], Poland<ref name="Bielsko">{{cite web|url=http://www.um.bielsko.pl/|title=''Bielsko-Biała – Partner Cities''|publisher=2008 Urzędu Miejskiego w Bielsku-Białej.|accessdate=10 December 2008}}</ref> |} Olsztyn belangs tae the Federation o Copernicus Ceeties, an association o ceeties whare [[Nicolaus Copernicus|Copernicus]] livit an wirkit, such as [[Bologna]], [[Frombork]], [[Kraków]], an [[Toruń]]. The main office o the federation is situatit at Olsztyn Planetarium an Astronomical Observatory, locatit on St. Andrew's Hill (143 m) in a umwhile [[watter touer]] erectit in 1897. == References == {{reflist}} {{refbegin}} {{commons|Olsztyn}} * {{pl icon}} http://www.olsztyn.eu/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128054004/https://www.olsztyn.eu/ |date=2023-01-28 }} * {{pl icon}} http://www.bezrobocie.net/stat_powiaty.php/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904165651/http://www.bezrobocie.net/stat_powiaty.php |date=2014-09-04 }} {{refend}} * [http://www.zamkigotyckie.org.pl/olsztyn.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100220023326/http://zamkigotyckie.org.pl/olsztyn.htm |date=2010-02-20 }} (pols) * [http://www.pascal.pl/atrakcja.php?id=25797] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308112401/http://www.pascal.pl/atrakcja.php?id=25797 |date=2012-03-08 }} (pols) ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.olsztyn.eu/en.html Offeecial wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215222127/http://www.olsztyn.eu/en.html |date=2015-02-15 }} {{en icon}} *[http://www.olsztyn.com/ Olsztyn Ceety Guide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508055500/http://www.olsztyn.com/ |date=2012-05-08 }} {{en icon}} {{Principal ceeties o Poland}} {{Warmie-Masurie Voivodeship|state=autocollapse}} {{Olsztyn Coonty|state=autocollapse}} {{coord|53|47|N|20|29|E|display=title}} [[Category:Populatit places established in the 1340s]] [[Category:Castles o the Teutonic Knichts]] [[Category:Olsztyn]] [[Category:Ceety coonties o Poland]] [[Category:Ceeties an touns in Warmie-Masurie Voivodeship]] 6bdym0aea75x8wvfnxilx5wishthbgm Porvoo 0 45018 918904 865216 2026-07-01T06:51:43Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 918904 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Finnish municipality |name = Porvoo |official_name = {{lang|fi|Porvoon kaupunki}}<br />{{lang|sv|Borgå stad}} |native_name = {{lang|fi|Porvoo}} – {{lang|sv|Borgå}} |native_name_lang = |nickname = |settlement_type = Ceety |motto = |image_skyline = Porvoo riverside.jpg |imagesize = |image_caption = Riverside storage biggins in Auld Porvoo |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = Porvoo.vaakuna.svg |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = Porvoo sijainti Suomi.svg |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = <!-- name of a location map as per Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position = <!-- position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> |pushpin_map_caption = |pushpin_mapsize = |province = [[Soothren Finland]] |region = [[Uusimaa]] |subregion = Porvoo sub-region |leader_title = [[Ceety manager]] |leader_name = Jukka-Pekka Ujula |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |established_title = [[Ceety richts]] |established_date = ca. 1380 |established_title2 = |established_date2 = |established_title3 = |established_date3 = |extinct_title = |extinct_date = |area_urban_km2 = |area_metro_km2 = |population_metro = |population_blank1_title = |population_blank1 = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_urban = |finnish_official = 1 |swedish_official = 1 |coordinates = |elevation_m = |postal_code = |website = [http://www.porvoo.fi/ www.porvoo.fi] |footnotes = }} '''Porvoo''' ({{IPA-fi|ˈporʋoː}}; {{lang-sv|Borgå}} {{IPA-sv|ˈbɔrɡo|}}) is a [[Leet o ceeties an touns in Finland|ceety]] an a [[Municipalities o Finland|municipality]] situatit on the soothren coast o [[Finland]] approximately {{convert|50|km|-1}} east o [[Helsinki]]. Porvoo is ane o the sax [[Middle Ages|medieval]] touns in Finland, first mentioned as a ceety in texts frae 14t century. Porvoo is the seat o the Swadish speakin [[Diocese o Borgå]] o the [[Evangelical Lutheran Kirk o Finland]]. ==History== Porvoo wis first mentioned in documents in the early 14t century, an Porvoo wis gien [[ceety richts]] aroond 1380, even tho accordin tae some soorces the ceety wis foondit in 1346. The auld ceety o Porvoo wis formally disestablisht an the new ceety o Porvoo foondit in 1997 whan the ceety o Porvoo an the [[Porvoon maalaiskunta|Landwart municipality o Porvoo]] wur consolidatit.<ref name="porvoo20071119">{{Cite web |url= http://matkailu.porvoo.fi/fi/yleista_porvoosta |title= Yleistä Porvoosta |accessdate= 7 January 2009 |last= Jaakkola |first= Marianne |date= 2007-11-19 |publisher= City of Porvoo |location= Porvoo |language= Finnish |archive-date= 2009-02-01 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090201151343/http://matkailu.porvoo.fi/fi/yleista_porvoosta |url-status= dead }}</ref> Whan [[Swaden]] lost the ceety o [[Vyborg|Viborg]] tae Roushie in 1721, the episcopal seat wis muivit tae Porvoo. At this time, Porvoo wis the seicont lairgest ceety in Finland. Efter the conquest o Finland bi Roushie airmies in 1808 Swaden haed tae cede Finland tae Roushie in 1809 (the [[Treaty o Fredrikshamn]]). The [[Diet o Porvoo]] in 1809 wis a laundmerk in the [[History o Finland]]. The Tsar [[Alexander I o Roushie|Alexander I]] confirmit the new [[Constitution o Finland|Finnish constitution]] (which wis essentially the [[Instrument o Govrenment (1772)|Swadish constitution]] frae 1772), an made Finland an [[Autonomous entity|autonomous]] [[Grand Duchy]]. The ''Porvoo Common Statement'' is a report issued at the conclusion o theological conversations bi offeecial representatives o fower Anglican Kirks an aicht Nordic an Baltic Lutheran Kirks in 1989–1992. It establisht the [[Porvoo Communion]], sae namit efter the Porvoo Cathedral whaur the Eucharist wis celebratit on the feenal Sunday o the conversations leadin tae the Statement. ==Name== The [[Leet o touns in Finland|toun]] receivit its name frae a Swadish firth [[fortification|fortress]] near the river [[Porvoonjoki]] which flows throu the toun. The name ''Porvoo'' is the Fennicisit version o the Swadish name (''{{lang|sv|Borgå}}'') an its pairts o ''borg'' meanin "[[castle]]" an ''å'' "[[river]]".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.katajala.net/keskiaika/suomi/kaupungit.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-01-25 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185914/http://www.katajala.net/keskiaika/suomi/kaupungit.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Politics== Results o the [[Finnish pairlamentar election, 2011]] in Porvoo: *[[Swadish Fowkpairty]] 25.2% *[[Social Democratic Pairty o Finland|Social Democratic Pairty]] 19.2% *[[Naitional Coalition Pairty]] 18.0% *[[True Finns]] 16.5% *[[Green League]] 7.7% *[[Centre Pairty (Finland)|Centre Pairty]] 5.3% *[[Left Alliance (Finland)|Left Alliance]] 4.7% *[[Christian Democrats (Finland)|Christian Democrats]] 2.2% ==Urban development== The toun is famed for its "Old Town" (''{{lang|sv|Gamla Stan}}'' in [[Finland-Swedish|Swedish]]), a dense mediaeval street pattern wi predominantly widden houses. The Old Town came close tae bein demolished in the 19t century bi a new urban plan for the ceety. The plan wis cancelled due tae a popular resistance headed bi [[Louis Sparre|Count Louis Sparre]] The central pynt o the auld toun is the medieval, stone an brick [[Porvoo Cathedral]] which gae its name tae the [[Porvoo Communion]] – an inter-kirk agreement atween a nummer o [[Anglican]] an [[Lutheran]] [[religious denomination|denomination]]s. The cathedral wis damaged bi fire on 29 Mey 2006: the ruif wis totally destroyed but the interior is largely intact. A drunken youth haed played wi fire at the kirk, unaware o recent tarwork an nearby tarcontainers, accidentally causin a lairge fire. He wis later sentenced tae a short prison term an restitutions o 4.3 million Euro.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kirkkojakaupunki.fi/uutiset/rikos-ja-rangaistus |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-01-25 |archive-date=2014-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728200245/http://www.kirkkojakaupunki.fi/uutiset/rikos-ja-rangaistus |url-status=dead }}</ref> The reid-coloured widden storage buildings on the riverside are a proposed [[UNESCO]] [[world heritage]] site. Already bi the early 19t century the authorities understood the value o the auld toun, an sae wi the need for growthe a plan wis made for a 'new toun' biggit adjacent tae the auld toun, follaein a grid plan but wi houses an aa biggit in wid. [[File:Porvoo new housing.jpg|thumb|left|300px|New Housing, Porvoo, bi architect Tuomas Siitonen]] Bi the end o the 20t century thare wis pressure tae develop the essentially untouched wastren side o the river. Thare wis concern that growthe wad necessitate the construction o a seicont brig across the river intae the toun, sicweys putting further strain on the widden toun. An architectral competeetion wis held in 1990, the winnin entry o which proposed building the seicont brig. Plans for the wastren side o the river hae progressed unner the direction o architect [[Tuomas Siitonen]], an baith a vehicle brig an a pedestrian brig hae been biggit. The design for new housing is based on a typology derived frae the auld store houses on the opposite side o the river. Yet anither new development entails the construction o a lairge business pairk cried Keeng's Gate (''{{lang|fi|Kuninkaanportti}}'' in Finnish, ''{{lang|sv|Kungsporten}}'' in Swedish), which is presently unner construction. Porvoo railwey station daes nae receive regular train services, but special excursion trains frae Kerava (aither wi steam locomotives or comprising umwhile [[VR Group|VR]] diesel railcars frae the 1950s) operate on simmer Saturdays.<ref name="porvoo20091014">{{Cite web |url= http://www.helsinkiww.net/pmr/eng/time2009.html |title= Kerava-Porvoo Museum Train Timetable Summer 2009 |accessdate= 14 October 2009 |publisher= Porvoo Museum Railway Society |archive-date= 2009-08-01 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090801214233/http://helsinkiww.net/pmr/eng/time2009.html |url-status= dead }}</ref> ===Suomenkylä=== Suomenkylä, or ''{{lang|sv|Finnby}}'' in Swadish, is a veelage north o the centre o Porvoo an beside the Porvoo river. Suomenkylä haes an auld schuil foondit bi [[Johannes Linnankoski]] in 1898. The veelage o Suomenkylä haes twa burial places frae [[Bronze Age]] an aw. ===Kerkkoo=== Kerkkoo, or ''{{lang|sv|Kerko}}'' in Swadish, is a veelage north o the centre o Porvoo an beside the Porvoo river. Kerkkoo haes an auld schuil which is ower 100 year auld an still active. Frae the veelage o Kerkkoo aircheologists an townspeople foond a stane axe frae the [[Bronze Age]]. ==Sports== The local team Porvoon Akilles, or juist Akilles, plays in the heichest [[bandy]] diveesion an haes acome Finnish champions twice. [[File:Porvoon Tuomiokirkko.jpg|thumb|175px|Porvoo Cathedral prior tae the fire in Mey 2006]] ==Internaitional relations== {{See an aw|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Finland}} ===Twin touns — Sister ceeities=== Porvoo is [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi the follaein ceeties:<ref name=porvootwincities>{{cite web|title=The sister cities of Porvoo|url=http://www.porvoo.fi/fi/yleistietoa/ystavyyskuntatoiminta|publisher=Porvoo City|accessdate=5 March 2011|language=Finnish|archive-date=2011-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531145940/http://www.porvoo.fi/fi/yleistietoa/ystavyyskuntatoiminta|url-status=dead}}</ref>: {| class="wikitable" |- valign="top" | *{{flagicon|Iceland}} [[Dalvík]], [[Iceland]] *{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Dinkelsbühl]], [[Germany]] *{{flagicon|Norway}} [[Hamar]], [[Norawa]] *{{flagicon|United States}} [[Hancock, Michigan]], [[Unitit States|USA]] | *{{flagicon|Poland}} [[Kamień Pomorski]], [[Poland]] *{{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Lund]], [[Swaden]] *{{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Tyresö]], [[Swaden]] *{{flagicon|Latvia}} [[Ventspils]], [[Latvie]] | *{{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Viborg municipality|Viborg]], [[Denmark]] *{{flagicon|Estonia}} [[Viimsi Parish|Viimsi]], [[Estonie]] *{{flagicon|Estonia}} [[Viljandi]], [[Estonie]] |} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons category|Porvoo}} *[http://www.porvoo.fi/ Ceety Porvoo] – Offeecial wabsteid *{{Wikivoyage-inline}} *[http://www.srv.fi/reference_property_dev?id=1751433 King's Gate Business Park] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070315072106/http://www.srv.fi/reference_property_dev?id=1751433 |date=2007-03-15 }} *[http://helsinkiww.net/pmr/index.html Porvoo Museum Railway] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070823061120/http://helsinkiww.net/pmr/index.html |date=2007-08-23 }} – train service tae/frae Helsinki on simmer Saturdays {{Uusimaa}} [[Category:Porvoo]] [[Category:Ceeties an touns in Finland]] [[Category:Municipalities o Uusimaa]] [[Category:Municipalities o Eastren Uusimaa]] 9asifb631l4jr91ny3zoxoy486nn8h9 Valle del Rosario 0 46129 918891 642850 2026-07-01T01:32:32Z Cobra 3000 28371 Pit in stub tag 918891 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |name = Valle del Rosario |settlement_type = Toun |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = 300px |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Mexico <!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =above |pushpin_mapsize =300 |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Mexico <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Mexico}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Poleeticl diveesions o Mexico|State]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]] |subdivision_type2 = Municipality |subdivision_name2 = [[Rosario Municipality, Chihuahua|Rosario]] |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of =2005 |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Religions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|27|19|N|106|18|W|region:MX|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Valle del Rosario''' is a [[toun]] an seat o the [[Rosario Municipality, Chihuahua|municipality o Rosales]], in the northren [[Poleetical diveesions o Mexico|Mexican state]] o [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]].<ref>[[Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía]]. ''Principales resultados por localidad 2005'' (ITER). Retrieved on October 25, 2008</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}}{{Stub/Mexico}} [[Category:Populatit places in Chihuahua]] pqcbzuyrjo9xd56hoguogtn0z7joux8 Narita 0 70765 918900 918390 2026-07-01T03:49:32Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 918900 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Japanese city | Name = Narita | JapaneseName = 成田市 | settlement_type = [[Ceeties o Japan|Ceety]] | Region = [[Kantō region|Kantō]] | Prefecture = [[Chiba Prefectur]] | ImageSkyline = Narita montage.jpg | ImageCaption = Top: Naritasan Shinsho Temple, Middle left: Narita Sky Access Line, Middle richt: Tosho Temple in Sogo aurie, Bottom left: Narita Internaitional Airport, Bottom richt: Narita Newtoun in Karabe aurie | MapImage = Narita in Chiba Prefecture Ja.svg | Area_km2 = 213.84 | Population = 126,235 | PopDate = 31 Mairch 2011 | Density_km2 = 590.33 | Coords = | coordinates = {{coord|35|47|N|140|19|E|region:JP|display=inline,title}} | Postal code = | Area code = | Mayor = Kazunari Koizumi | Tree = [[Ume]] | Flower = [[Hydrangea]] | Bird = | SymbolImage = Emblem of Narita, Chiba.svg | SymbolDescription = Flag | CityHallPostalCode = 286-8585 | CityHallAddress = 760 Hanasaki-cho, Narita-shi, Chiba-ken | CityHallPhone = 0476-22-1111 | CityHallLink = {{URL|www.city.narita.chiba.jp}} | CityMap = Chiba-narita-city.png | Elevation = }} {{nihongo|'''Narita'''|成田市|Narita-shi}} is a [[Ceeties o Japan|ceety]] locatit in [[Chiba Prefectur]], [[Japan]]. It is the steid o [[Narita Internaitional Airport]], the main internaitional airport serving the [[Greater Tokyo Aurie]]. As o 31 Mairch 2011, the ceety haes a estimatit [[population]] o 126,235, wi 54,021 [[hoosehauld]]s an a [[population density]] o 590.33 bodies per km². Its total aurie is 213.84&nbsp;km². ==Auries== [[File:Narita-city-office,japan.jpg|thumb|Ceety Office]] [[File:Narita Street in Japan.JPG|thumb|right|The street o [[Narita-san]] temple]] [[Image:Narita-gion-festival-1,Narita-city,Japan.jpg|thumb|right|Narita Gion Festival, ane o famous for festival in Chiba Prefectur, wi held on Julie]] ===Central Narita=== Central Narita is roughly defined as the aurie atween [[Narita Station]], [[Keisei Narita Station]] an the [[Narita-san]] Temple. The main road in central Narita is Omotesandō (表参道), which is lined wi aboot 150 smaw shops an haes been extensively renovatit in recent years. ===Narita New Toun=== Narita New Toun is a planned residential aurie tae the wast o [[Narita Station]]. It haes 16,000 hames wi a total population o 60,000. The aurie wis designed in 1968 based on the [[new toun]]s surroondin Lunnon in the UK, an nou hooses maist o the ceety's population. ===Kōzunomori=== {{nihongo|Kōzunomori|公津の杜}} is a suburban aurie o Narita locatit sooth o the New Toun, aboot 4 minutes by train frae Keisei Narita Station. It haes a population o aboot 12,000. The [[Kōzunomori Station]] is flankit bi a lairge [[Ito-Yokado]] depairtment store. ===Airport an ferm auries=== [[Narita Internaitional Airport]] is locatit on the east side o Narita in a historically agricultural aurie cried {{Nihongo|Sanrizuka|三里塚}}. The construction an later expansion o the airport led tae intense ceevil unrest amang Sanrizuka residents (see [[:en:Narita International Airport#History|Narita Internaitional Airport's history]]). Awtho laund expropriation an poorer fermin condeetions due tae the airport's construction hae caused Narita's fermin population tae drop twa-thirds frae pre-airport levels, the aurie immediately surroondin the airport remains lichtly populatit bi fermers. Some abandoned fermland is nou uised for [[gowf]] courses, while ither plots o laund hae become unoffeecial dumpin grunds for garbage. ===Industrial auries=== Thare are twa main industrial zones in Narita: {{nihongo|Nogedaira|野毛平}} an {{nihongo|Toyosumi|豊住}}. Baith zones wur laid oot in the 1960s tae tak advantage o Narita Airport an the ability tae quickly import an export guids bi air. An aircraft part repair plant operatit bi JAL ([[Japan Airlines]]) an [[Pratt & Whitney]], cried [[Japan Turbine Technologies]], is locatit in the Taiei industrial estate. ==History== [[File:Naritasan-Shinshoji-Temple.Great-Main-Hall.jpg|thumb|Main Haw o [[Narita-san]] temple]] The aurie around present-day Narita haes been inhabitit syne the [[Japanese Paleolithic]] period. Airchaeologists hae foond [[stane tuil]]s datin tae some 30,000 years ago on the steid o Narita Airport. Numerous [[shell midden]]s frae the [[Jōmon period]], an hunders o [[kofun|burial tumuli]] frae the [[Kofun period]] hae been foond in numerous locations aroond Narita. Place names in the vicinity o Narita appear in the [[Nara period]] ''[[Man'yōshū]]'' (awtho the name “Narita” does no appear in written records till 1408). As Narita is locatit roughly equidistant frae the [[Paceefic Ocean]] an [[Tokyo Bay]], aroond a nummer o smaw rivers, it wis a natural poleetical an commercial centre for the region, an gained importance as a pilgrimage destination wi the foondation o the notit Buddhist temple o [[Narita-san|Shinsho-ji]] in 940 AD. Durin the [[Heian period]], the aurie wis a centre for the revolt o [[Taira Masakado]]. Durin the [[Edo period]], the aurie continued tae prosper as pairt o the ''[[tenryō]]'' athin [[Shimōsa Province]] unner direct control o the [[Tokugawa shogunate]]. Efter the [[Meiji Restoration]], the aurie wis organisit as a toun unner [[Inba Destrict]] on 1 Apryle 1889. Portions o the toun wur destroyed bi [[Allees o Warld War II|Alleed]] [[Strategic bombin|air raid]]s in Februar an Mey 1945. On 31 Mairch 1954, Narita gained ceety status throu merger wi the neebourin veelages o Habu, Nakago, Kuzumi, Toyosumi, Toyama, an Kozu. Growthe in the aurie began in earnest in 1966, when Prime Meenister [[Eisaku Sato]] laid oot the plan for [[Narita Internaitional Airport]]. The development o the airport an accompanyin access tae central Tokyo led tae widespread residential, commercial an industrial development in the ceety. Housomeivver, construction o the airport wis widely opposed, an violent demonstrations occurred throu the end o the 1960s an early 1970s, which delayed the openin o the airport till 20 Mey 1978. On 27 Mairch 2006, the touns o [[Shimofusa, Chiba|Shimofusa]] an [[Taiei, Chiba|Taiei]] (baith frae [[Katori Destrict]]) wur mergit intae Narita. ==Climate== {{Weather box |location = Narita, Chiba (1981-2010) |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan record high C = |Feb record high C = |Mar record high C = |Apr record high C = |May record high C = |Jun record high C = |Jul record high C = 38.7 |Aug record high C = |Sep record high C = |Oct record high C = |Nov record high C = |Dec record high C = |year record high C = 38.7 |Jan high C = 9.2 |Feb high C = 9.7 |Mar high C = 12.7 |Apr high C = 18.0 |May high C = 21.8 |Jun high C = 24.2 |Jul high C = 28.1 |Aug high C = 30.0 |Sep high C = 26.2 |Oct high C = 21.1 |Nov high C = 16.4 |Dec high C = 11.8 |year high C = 19.1 |Jan low C = -2.4 |Feb low C = -1.5 |Mar low C = 2.0 |Apr low C = 7.2 |May low C = 12.1 |Jun low C = 16.3 |Jul low C = 20.3 |Aug low C = 21.8 |Sep low C = 18.7 |Oct low C = 12.3 |Nov low C = 5.7 |Dec low C = 0.0 |year low C = 9.4 |Jan record low C = -10.7 |Feb record low C = |Mar record low C = |Apr record low C = |May record low C = |Jun record low C = |Jul record low C = |Aug record low C = |Sep record low C = |Oct record low C = |Nov record low C = |Dec record low C = |year record low C = |Jan precipitation mm = 61.8 |Feb precipitation mm = 62.9 |Mar precipitation mm = 115.6 |Apr precipitation mm = 116.6 |May precipitation mm = 119.6 |Jun precipitation mm = 144.9 |Jul precipitation mm = 123.2 |Aug precipitation mm = 117.2 |Sep precipitation mm = 214.8 |Oct precipitation mm = 202.1 |Nov precipitation mm = 99.8 |Dec precipitation mm = 50.7 |year precipitation mm = 1429.1 |source 1 = Narita Aviation Weather Service Center<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jma-net.go.jp/narita-airport/kansoku/data/siryou/kikou.htm| title = 成田空港 1981-2010年 | accessdate = 2012-02-06 | publisher = 成田航空地方気象台 }}</ref> |date=February 2012 }} ==Tourist attractions== [[File:Tuna auction at Narita Wholesale Market.jpg|thumb|Tuna auction at Narita Wholesale Mercat]] * [[Narita-san|Narita-san Shinsho Temple]] * [[Shiseki Pairk]] * [[Chiba Prefectural Boso Fudoki-no-oka Museum]] * [[Narita Wholesale ercat]] ==Economy== Awtho Narita's economy wis historically focused on agricultur, the openin o [[Narita Internaitional Airport]] refocused the local economy on transportation, logistics an tourism. Maist o the airport property is locatit athin Narita Ceety, but mony airport hotels an airport-relatit logistics facilities are in the neebourin touns o Shibayama an Tomisato. [[Prologis]], [[FedEx Express]], [[Sagawa Express]] an several ither lairge logistics firms hae major shippin centres in the ceety. [[Nippon Cargo Airlines]] an [[Vanilla Air]] are heidquartered on airport property athin the ceety.<ref>"[http://www.vanilla-air.com/en/corporate/corporate-profile Corporate Profile]." () Vanilla Air. Retrieved on January 19, 2014. "Headquarters Narita International Airport 2PTB, Chiba, JAPAN" - [http://www.vanilla-air.com/corporate/corporate-profile Address in Japanese](): "成田国際空港 第2旅客ターミナル内" (Narita International Airport, inside Passenger Terminal 2)</ref><ref name="Englishprofile">"[http://www.nca.aero/e/profile/company/about/index.html Corporate Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080628221310/http://www.nca.aero/e/profile/company/about/index.html |date=2008-06-28 }}." [[Nippon Cargo Airlines]]. Retrieved on February 17, 2012. "NARITA OFFICE NCA Line Maintenance Hangar Narita International Airport Narita-shi, Chiba 282-0011, Japan" and "TOKYO OFFICE : Onarimon Yusen Bldg. 11F 3-23-5 Nishi-Shimbashi Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0003, Japan"</ref> [[Spring Airlines Japan]] is heidquartered in the Kozunomori aurie o the ceety. [[JALways]] wis heidquartered in the JAL Operations Center at the airport afore mergin intae JAL in 2010.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20081219104422/http://www.jalways.co.jp/english/company/index.html Company Profile]" () JALways. Retrieved on December 12, 2009. "Registered Office 4-11, Higashi-Shinagawa 2-chome,Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan Head Office Japan Airlines Narita Operation Center 3F, Narita International Airport, Narita, Chiba,Japan 282-8610" [https://web.archive.org/web/20090830075357/http://www.jalways.co.jp/company/index.html Japanese address](): Registered office: "本店所在地 東京都品川区東品川2丁目4番11号" Headquarters: 〒282-8610 千葉県成田市成田国際空港内　日本航空成田オペレーションセンター3階."</ref> ==Education== ===Schuils=== Public elementar an junior heich schuils are operatit bi the ceety o Narita. The follaein public heich schuils are operatit bi the [[Chiba Prefectural Buird o Eddication]]. * Narita North Heich Schuil * Narita Seiryo Heich Schuil * Shimofusa Heich Schuil * Narita Internaitional Heich Schuil ===Public librars=== The Ceety o Narita operates the Narita Public Library. In addition each commonty centre includes a librar branch.<ref name=narita-city>{{cite web |url=http://www.city.narita.chiba.jp/english/information/c6_04.html |title=Libraries and Community Centers |publisher=City Narita, Chiba, Japan |accessdate=29 June 2011 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195500/http://www.city.narita.chiba.jp/english/information/c6_04.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Commonty centres== Narita operates several commonty centres, includin the Central Commonty Centre an various ithers.<ref name=narita-city/> ==Transportation== ===Airport=== [[File:Narita International Airport, Terminal 1.JPG|thumb|[[Narita Internaitional Airport]] Terminal Ane]] *[[Narita Internaitional Airport]] provides domestic an internaitional services. ===Rail=== ''[[Narita Express]]'' trains an Keisei ''[[Skyliner]]'' trains connect Narita Airport tae central Tokyo. *[[JR East]]: [[Narita Line]] **{{ja-stalink|Narita}}–{{ja-stalink|Kuzumi}}–{{ja-stalink|Namegawa}} *JR East: [[Narita Line|Narita Abiko Line]] **{{ja-stalink|Narita}}–{{ja-stalink|Shimōsa-Manzaki}} *JR East: [[Narita Line|Narita Airport Line]] **{{ja-stalink|Narita}}–{{ja-stalink|Airport Terminal 2}}–{{ja-stalink|Narita Airport}} [[File:Kouzunomori Station.jpg|thumb|Keisei Kozunomori Station]] *[[Keisei Electric Railway]]: [[Keisei Main Line]] **{{ja-stalink|Kōzunomori}}–{{ja-stalink|Keisei Narita}}–{{ja-stalink|Airport Terminal 2}}–{{ja-stalink|Narita Airport}} *Keisei Electric Railway: [[Keisei Higashi-Narita Line]] ** {{ja-stalink|Keisei Narita}}–{{ja-stalink|Higashi-Narita}} ===Heich-gate=== The [[Higashi-Kanto Expresswey]] connects Narita tae Tokyo an Chiba Ceety. Chiba Kotsu an Narita Kuko Kotsu provide bus service throu the ceety. The Narita City Loop Bus, operatit bi baith companies, operates on twa circular routes aroond the ceety, stoppin in major commercial auries an at aw major hotels. *[[Higashi-Kantō Expresswey]] *[[Shin-Kūkō Expresswey]] *[[Ken-Ō Expresswey]] *[[Japan Naitional Route 51]] *[[Japan Naitional Route 295]] *[[Japan Naitional Route 296]] *[[Japan Naitional Route 356]] *[[Japan Naitional Route 408]] *[[Japan Naitional Route 409]] *[[Japan Naitional Route 464]] ==Sister ceeties== *{{flagicon|China}} [[Xianyang]], [[Shaanxi]], Cheenae, syne 14 September 1988 *{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Incheon]], Sooth Korea, syne 21 September 1998 *{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Jeongeup]], Sooth Korea, syne 29 Januar 2002 *{{Flagicon|USA}} [[San Bruno, Californie]], USA,<ref name="CGJSFSister">"[http://www.cgjsf.org/pdf/Local_Government.pdf Consolidation of Local Governments in Japan and Effects on Sister City Relationships] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019123532/http://www.cgjsf.org/pdf/Local_Government.pdf |date=2007-10-19 }}", ''Consulate General of Japan, San Francisco''</ref> syne 6 October 1990 *{{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Næstved]], Denmark, syne 14 Mairch 2003 *{{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Foxton, New Zealand]], syne 1 Januar 1995 ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons category|Narita, Chiba}} * [http://www.city.narita.chiba.jp Narita Ceety official website] {{ja icon}} * [http://www.city.narita.chiba.jp/english/index.html Narita City official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050209005253/http://www.city.narita.chiba.jp/english/index.html |date=2005-02-09 }} {{en icon}} * [http://www.mgnewman.com/narita/ Narita Layover Page] {{en icon}} * {{Wikivoyage-inline|Narita}} {{Chiba}} [[Category:Ceeties in Chiba Prefectur]] n8rakyongvtlmf8yb0cti9j6az6wcv2 San Giuliano Milanese 0 84312 918905 637186 2026-07-01T07:28:05Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 918905 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Italian comune | name = San Giuliano Milanese | official_name = Città di San Giuliano Milanese | native_name = | image_skyline = SanGiulianoMil piazza Vittoria.JPG | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_shield = San Giuliano Milanese-Stemma.png | shield_alt = | image_map = | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | coordinates = {{coord|45|24|N|9|17|E|type:city(33,561)_region:IT|display=inline}} | coordinates_footnotes = | region = [[Lombardy]] | province = [[Province o Milan|Milan]] (MI) | frazioni = Borgolombardo, Carpianello, Civesio, Mezzano, Pedriano, Sesto Ulteriano, Viboldone, Zivido | mayor_party = [[Democratic Pairty (Italy)|PD]] | mayor = Alessandro Lorenzano | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 30.7 | population_footnotes = <ref name="istat">All demographics and other statistics: Italian statistical institute [[National Institute of Statistics (Italy)|Istat]].</ref> | population_total = 35002 | population_as_of = 2007 | pop_density_footnotes = | population_demonym = Sangiulianesi | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 97 | twin1 = | twin1_country = | saint = | day = | postal_code = 20098 | area_code = 02 | website = {{official website|http://www.sangiulianonline.it/}} | footnotes = }} '''San Giuliano Milanese''' is a ''[[comune]]'' (municipality) in the [[Province o Milan]] in the [[Italy|Italian]] region [[Lombardy]], locatit aboot {{convert|12|km|0|abbr=off}} southeast o [[Milan]]. It received the honorar title o ceety wi a presidential decree on 24 Apryle 2000. The ''[[frazione]]'' o Viboldone is hame tae the historical [[Abbey o Viboldone]]. The toun is servit bi the [[Borgolombardo railwey station|Borgolombardo]] an [[San Giuliano Milanese railwey station]]s. ==Twin touns== *{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Bussy-Saint-Georges]], Fraunce, syne 2001 *{{flagicon|ROU}} [[Curtea de Argeş]], [[Romanie]], syne 2003 ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.sangiulianonline.it/ Offeecial wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220002036/http://www.sangiulianonline.it/ |date=2011-02-20 }} {{Province o Milan}} 0e0tukpu4st9kadw46e0run5si77c8j Aaron Eckhart 0 233608 918890 918052 2026-07-01T01:09:21Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 918890 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie | image = Aaron Eckhart (29830286295) (cropped).jpg | caption = Eckhart in 2016 | birth_name = Aaron Edward Eckhart | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1968|03|12}} | birth_place = [[Cupertino, Californie]], U.S. | education = [[Brigham Young Varsity]] ([[Bachelor o Fine Airts|BFA]]) | occupation = Actor | years_active = 1992–present }} '''Aaron Edward Eckhart''' (born 12 Mairch 1968) is an American actor. Born in Cupertino, Californie, Eckhart flittit tae the Unitit Kinrick at an early age. He begoud his actin career bi performin in schuil pleys, afore flittin tae Austrailie fur his heich schuil senior year. He left heich schuil wioot graduatin, but earned a diploma throu a professional eddication coorse, an then graduatit frae Brigham Young Varsity (BYV) in Provo, Utah, in 1994 wi a Bachelor o Fine Airts degree in film. As an unnergraduate at BYU, Eckhart met director an writer Neil LaBute, wha cast Eckhart in seevral o LaBute's oreeginal pleys. Five years later Eckhart makkit a debut in LaBute's bleck comedy film ''In the Company of Men'' (1997), follaed bi appearances in three mair o the director's films. Eckhart gained wide recogneetion as George in ''Erin Brockovich'' (2000), an, in 2006, he received a Gowden Globe nomination fur his portrayal o Nick Naylor in ''Thank You for Smoking''. In 2008, he pleyed a major role in Christopher Nolan's blockbuster Batman film ''The Dark Knight'' as Destrict Attorney Harvey Dent / Two-Face. He wint on tae appear in ''Love Happens'', ''Rabbit Hole'', ''Battle: Los Angeles'', ''The Rum Diary'', ''Olympus Has Fallen'' and its sequel, ''I, Frankenstein'', ''Sully'', an ''Midway''. ljdzbzj5p5khedf36wsdcqlw10t7mc2 918892 918890 2026-07-01T01:32:41Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 918892 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie | image = Aaron Eckhart (29830286295) (cropped).jpg | caption = Eckhart in 2016 | birth_name = Aaron Edward Eckhart | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1968|03|12}} | birth_place = [[Cupertino, Californie]], U.S. | education = [[Brigham Young Varsity]] ([[Bachelor o Fine Airts|BFA]]) | occupation = Actor | years_active = 1992–present }} '''Aaron Edward Eckhart''' (born 12 Mairch 1968) is an American actor. Born in Cupertino, Californie, Eckhart flittit tae the Unitit Kinrick at an early age. He begoud his actin career bi performin in schuil pleys, afore flittin tae Austrailie fur his heich schuil senior year. He left heich schuil wioot graduatin, but earned a diploma throu a professional eddication coorse, an then graduatit frae Brigham Young Varsity (BYV) in Provo, Utah, in 1994 wi a Bachelor o Fine Airts degree in film. As an unnergraduate at BYU, Eckhart met director an writer Neil LaBute, wha cast Eckhart in seevral o LaBute's oreeginal pleys. Five years later Eckhart makkit a debut in LaBute's bleck comedy film ''In the Company of Men'' (1997), follaed bi appearances in three mair o the director's films. Eckhart gained wide recogneetion as George in ''Erin Brockovich'' (2000), an, in 2006, he received a Gowden Globe nomination fur his portrayal o Nick Naylor in ''Thank You for Smoking''. In 2008, he pleyed a major role in Christopher Nolan's blockbuster Batman film ''The Dark Knight'' as Destrict Attorney Harvey Dent / Two-Face. He wint on tae appear in ''Love Happens'', ''Rabbit Hole'', ''Battle: Los Angeles'', ''The Rum Diary'', ''Olympus Has Fallen'' and its sequel, ''I, Frankenstein'', ''Sully'', an ''Midway''. == Early life == Eckhart wis born on 12 Mairch 1968 in Cupertino, Californie, the son o Mary Martha Lawrence, a writer, penter an poet, an James Conrad Eckhart, a computer executive. He is the yungest o three brither. His faither is o Volga German strynd, whiles his mither haes Inglis, German, Scots-Erse, an Scots ancestry. He wis brocht up as a memmer o the Kirk o Jesus Christ o Latter-day Saunts, an servit a twa-year mission in Fraunce an Swisserland. Eckhart's faimily relocatit tae the Unitit Kinrick in 1981, follaein his faither's job in information technologie. Durin thair time in the Unitit Kinrick, the faimily flittit aroond Surrey, Ingland, bidin in touns sic as Cobham, Ripley, an Walton-on-Thames. Eckhart attendit American Commonty Schuil, whaur he wis furst introduced tae actin, starnin in a schuil production as Charlie Brown. In 1985, Eckhart flittit tae Austrailie an settled in Sydney, whaur he attendit American Internaitional Schuil o Sydney fur his heich schuil senior year; he further developit his actin skeels in productions lik ''Waiting for Godot'', whaur he admits that he gae a "terrible" performance. In the hairst o his senior year, Eckhart left schuil tae tak a job at the Warringah Maw film theatre. He eventually earned his diploma throu a professional eddication coorse. This forby alloued Eckhart time tae enjoy a year o surfin in Hawaii an Fraunce, as weel as skiin in the Alps. In 1988, Eckhart returned tae the Unitit States an enrowed as a film major at Brigham Yung Varsity–Hawaii, but later transferred tae Brigham Yung Varsity (BYV) in Provo, Utah. He graduatit in 1994 wi a Bachelor o Fine Airts degree. He studied actin at the William Esper Studio an aa. dcah4gvk63h0mw5pam18aa9d4jikojd 918895 918892 2026-07-01T01:43:06Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 918895 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie | image = Aaron Eckhart (29830286295) (cropped).jpg | caption = Eckhart in 2016 | birth_name = Aaron Edward Eckhart | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1968|03|12}} | birth_place = [[Cupertino, Californie]], U.S. | education = [[Brigham Young Varsity]] ([[Bachelor o Fine Airts|BFA]]) | occupation = Actor | years_active = 1992–present }} '''Aaron Edward Eckhart''' (born 12 Mairch 1968) is an American actor. Born in Cupertino, Californie, Eckhart flittit tae the Unitit Kinrick at an early age. He begoud his actin career bi performin in schuil pleys, afore flittin tae Austrailie fur his heich schuil senior year. He left heich schuil wioot graduatin, but earned a diploma throu a professional eddication coorse, an then graduatit frae Brigham Young Varsity (BYV) in Provo, Utah, in 1994 wi a Bachelor o Fine Airts degree in film. As an unnergraduate at BYU, Eckhart met director an writer Neil LaBute, wha cast Eckhart in seevral o LaBute's oreeginal pleys. Five years later Eckhart makkit a debut in LaBute's bleck comedy film ''In the Company of Men'' (1997), follaed bi appearances in three mair o the director's films. Eckhart gained wide recogneetion as George in ''Erin Brockovich'' (2000), an, in 2006, he received a Gowden Globe nomination fur his portrayal o Nick Naylor in ''Thank You for Smoking''. In 2008, he pleyed a major role in Christopher Nolan's blockbuster Batman film ''The Dark Knight'' as Destrict Attorney Harvey Dent / Two-Face. He wint on tae appear in ''Love Happens'', ''Rabbit Hole'', ''Battle: Los Angeles'', ''The Rum Diary'', ''Olympus Has Fallen'' and its sequel, ''I, Frankenstein'', ''Sully'', an ''Midway''. == Early life == Eckhart wis born on 12 Mairch 1968 in Cupertino, Californie, the son o Mary Martha Lawrence, a writer, penter an poet, an James Conrad Eckhart, a computer executive. He is the yungest o three brither. His faither is o Volga German strynd, whiles his mither haes Inglis, German, Scots-Erse, an Scots ancestry. He wis brocht up as a memmer o the Kirk o Jesus Christ o Latter-day Saunts, an servit a twa-year mission in Fraunce an Swisserland. Eckhart's faimily relocatit tae the Unitit Kinrick in 1981, follaein his faither's job in information technologie. Durin thair time in the Unitit Kinrick, the faimily flittit aroond Surrey, Ingland, bidin in touns sic as Cobham, Ripley, an Walton-on-Thames. Eckhart attendit American Commonty Schuil, whaur he wis furst introduced tae actin, starnin in a schuil production as Charlie Brown. In 1985, Eckhart flittit tae Austrailie an settled in Sydney, whaur he attendit American Internaitional Schuil o Sydney fur his heich schuil senior year; he further developit his actin skeels in productions lik ''Waiting for Godot'', whaur he admits that he gae a "terrible" performance. In the hairst o his senior year, Eckhart left schuil tae tak a job at the Warringah Maw film theatre. He eventually earned his diploma throu a professional eddication coorse. This forby alloued Eckhart time tae enjoy a year o surfin in Hawaii an Fraunce, as weel as skiin in the Alps. In 1988, Eckhart returned tae the Unitit States an enrowed as a film major at Brigham Yung Varsity–Hawaii, but later transferred tae Brigham Yung Varsity (BYV) in Provo, Utah. He graduatit in 1994 wi a Bachelor o Fine Airts degree. He studied actin at the William Esper Studio an aa. == Career == === Early wirk === Whiles at Brigham Yung Varsity, Eckhart kythed in the Mormon-themed film ''Godly Sorrow'', an the role markit his professional debut. At this time he met director/writer Neil LaBute, wha cast Eckhart in seevral o LaBute's oreeginal pleys. Efter graduatin frae BYU, Eckhart flittit tae New York Ceety, acquired an agent, an teuk mony occasional jobs, includin bartendin, bus drivin, an construction wirk. His furst telly roles wur in commercials. In 1994, he kythed as an extra on the telly drama series ''Beverly Hills, 90210''. Eckhart follaed this smaw pairt wi roles in documentary re-enactments (''Ancient Secrets of the Bible: Samson''), makkit-fur-telly films, an short-lived programmes lik ''Aliens in the Family''. In 1997, Eckhart wis approached bi Neil LaBute tae starn in a film adaptation o LaBute's stage pley ''In the Company of Men''. He pleyed a frustratit white-collar wirker. The film, his furst featur tae reach theatres, wis creetically weel received, wi Desson Howe o ''The Washington Post'' reportin that Eckhart is the "film's maist malignant presence". ''In the Company of Men'' wis a creetical success, winnin Best Furst Film fur LaBute at the 63rd annual New York Film Creetics Raing Awairds. His performance wan him the Independent Spirit Awaird in the category o Best Debut Performance. The film wis rankit as ane o "The 25 Maist Dangerous Films" bi ''Premiere'' magazine. ltjcdcc41ng76kcikku80irvtp63w32 918896 918895 2026-07-01T01:47:42Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 918896 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie | image = Aaron Eckhart (29830286295) (cropped).jpg | caption = Eckhart in 2016 | birth_name = Aaron Edward Eckhart | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1968|03|12}} | birth_place = [[Cupertino, Californie]], U.S. | education = [[Brigham Young Varsity]] ([[Bachelor o Fine Airts|BFA]]) | occupation = Actor | years_active = 1992–present }} '''Aaron Edward Eckhart''' (born 12 Mairch 1968) is an American actor. Born in Cupertino, Californie, Eckhart flittit tae the Unitit Kinrick at an early age. He begoud his actin career bi performin in schuil pleys, afore flittin tae Austrailie fur his heich schuil senior year. He left heich schuil wioot graduatin, but earned a diploma throu a professional eddication coorse, an then graduatit frae Brigham Young Varsity (BYV) in Provo, Utah, in 1994 wi a Bachelor o Fine Airts degree in film. As an unnergraduate at BYU, Eckhart met director an writer Neil LaBute, wha cast Eckhart in seevral o LaBute's oreeginal pleys. Five years later Eckhart makkit a debut in LaBute's bleck comedy film ''In the Company of Men'' (1997), follaed bi appearances in three mair o the director's films. Eckhart gained wide recogneetion as George in ''Erin Brockovich'' (2000), an, in 2006, he received a Gowden Globe nomination fur his portrayal o Nick Naylor in ''Thank You for Smoking''. In 2008, he pleyed a major role in Christopher Nolan's blockbuster Batman film ''The Dark Knight'' as Destrict Attorney Harvey Dent / Two-Face. He wint on tae appear in ''Love Happens'', ''Rabbit Hole'', ''Battle: Los Angeles'', ''The Rum Diary'', ''Olympus Has Fallen'' and its sequel, ''I, Frankenstein'', ''Sully'', an ''Midway''. == Early life == Eckhart wis born on 12 Mairch 1968 in Cupertino, Californie, the son o Mary Martha Lawrence, a writer, penter an poet, an James Conrad Eckhart, a computer executive. He is the yungest o three brither. His faither is o Volga German strynd, whiles his mither haes Inglis, German, Scots-Erse, an Scots ancestry. He wis brocht up as a memmer o the Kirk o Jesus Christ o Latter-day Saunts, an servit a twa-year mission in Fraunce an Swisserland. Eckhart's faimily relocatit tae the Unitit Kinrick in 1981, follaein his faither's job in information technologie. Durin thair time in the Unitit Kinrick, the faimily flittit aroond Surrey, Ingland, bidin in touns sic as Cobham, Ripley, an Walton-on-Thames. Eckhart attendit American Commonty Schuil, whaur he wis furst introduced tae actin, starnin in a schuil production as Charlie Brown. In 1985, Eckhart flittit tae Austrailie an settled in Sydney, whaur he attendit American Internaitional Schuil o Sydney fur his heich schuil senior year; he further developit his actin skeels in productions lik ''Waiting for Godot'', whaur he admits that he gae a "terrible" performance. In the hairst o his senior year, Eckhart left schuil tae tak a job at the Warringah Maw film theatre. He eventually earned his diploma throu a professional eddication coorse. This forby alloued Eckhart time tae enjoy a year o surfin in Hawaii an Fraunce, as weel as skiin in the Alps. In 1988, Eckhart returned tae the Unitit States an enrowed as a film major at Brigham Yung Varsity–Hawaii, but later transferred tae Brigham Yung Varsity (BYV) in Provo, Utah. He graduatit in 1994 wi a Bachelor o Fine Airts degree. He studied actin at the William Esper Studio an aa. == Career == === Early wirk === Whiles at Brigham Yung Varsity, Eckhart kythed in the Mormon-themed film ''Godly Sorrow'', an the role markit his professional debut. At this time he met director/writer Neil LaBute, wha cast Eckhart in seevral o LaBute's oreeginal pleys. Efter graduatin frae BYU, Eckhart flittit tae New York Ceety, acquired an agent, an teuk mony occasional jobs, includin bartendin, bus drivin, an construction wirk. His furst telly roles wur in commercials. In 1994, he kythed as an extra on the telly drama series ''Beverly Hills, 90210''. Eckhart follaed this smaw pairt wi roles in documentary re-enactments (''Ancient Secrets of the Bible: Samson''), makkit-fur-telly films, an short-lived programmes lik ''Aliens in the Family''. In 1997, Eckhart wis approached bi Neil LaBute tae starn in a film adaptation o LaBute's stage pley ''In the Company of Men''. He pleyed a frustratit white-collar wirker. The film, his furst featur tae reach theatres, wis creetically weel received, wi Desson Howe o ''The Washington Post'' reportin that Eckhart is the "film's maist malignant presence". ''In the Company of Men'' wis a creetical success, winnin Best Furst Film fur LaBute at the 63rd annual New York Film Creetics Raing Awairds. His performance wan him the Independent Spirit Awaird in the category o Best Debut Performance. The film wis rankit as ane o "The 25 Maist Dangerous Films" bi ''Premiere'' magazine. The follaein year Eckhart starned in anither LaBute featur, ''Your Friends & Neighbors'' (1998), as Barry, a sexually frustratit hauf-marrae in a dysfunctional mairiage. Fur the role Eckhart wis required tae gain wecht. In 1999, he starned opposite Elisabeth Shue in ''Molly'', a romantic comedy-drama in that he pleyed the sel-absorbit brither o an autistic wumman wha wis cured bi surgery. Eckhart forby starned that year as a fitbaw coach, an offensive coordinator in Oliver Stone's ''Any Given Sunday'' 5r23mk51wxtu92a2bkprrgwarfv05m1 918897 918896 2026-07-01T01:52:16Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 918897 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie | image = Aaron Eckhart (29830286295) (cropped).jpg | caption = Eckhart in 2016 | birth_name = Aaron Edward Eckhart | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1968|03|12}} | birth_place = [[Cupertino, Californie]], U.S. | education = [[Brigham Young Varsity]] ([[Bachelor o Fine Airts|BFA]]) | occupation = Actor | years_active = 1992–present }} '''Aaron Edward Eckhart''' (born 12 Mairch 1968) is an American actor. Born in Cupertino, Californie, Eckhart flittit tae the Unitit Kinrick at an early age. He begoud his actin career bi performin in schuil pleys, afore flittin tae Austrailie fur his heich schuil senior year. He left heich schuil wioot graduatin, but earned a diploma throu a professional eddication coorse, an then graduatit frae Brigham Young Varsity (BYV) in Provo, Utah, in 1994 wi a Bachelor o Fine Airts degree in film. As an unnergraduate at BYU, Eckhart met director an writer Neil LaBute, wha cast Eckhart in seevral o LaBute's oreeginal pleys. Five years later Eckhart makkit a debut in LaBute's bleck comedy film ''In the Company of Men'' (1997), follaed bi appearances in three mair o the director's films. Eckhart gained wide recogneetion as George in ''Erin Brockovich'' (2000), an, in 2006, he received a Gowden Globe nomination fur his portrayal o Nick Naylor in ''Thank You for Smoking''. In 2008, he pleyed a major role in Christopher Nolan's blockbuster Batman film ''The Dark Knight'' as Destrict Attorney Harvey Dent / Two-Face. He wint on tae appear in ''Love Happens'', ''Rabbit Hole'', ''Battle: Los Angeles'', ''The Rum Diary'', ''Olympus Has Fallen'' and its sequel, ''I, Frankenstein'', ''Sully'', an ''Midway''. == Early life == Eckhart wis born on 12 Mairch 1968 in Cupertino, Californie, the son o Mary Martha Lawrence, a writer, penter an poet, an James Conrad Eckhart, a computer executive. He is the yungest o three brither. His faither is o Volga German strynd, whiles his mither haes Inglis, German, Scots-Erse, an Scots ancestry. He wis brocht up as a memmer o the Kirk o Jesus Christ o Latter-day Saunts, an servit a twa-year mission in Fraunce an Swisserland. Eckhart's faimily relocatit tae the Unitit Kinrick in 1981, follaein his faither's job in information technologie. Durin thair time in the Unitit Kinrick, the faimily flittit aroond Surrey, Ingland, bidin in touns sic as Cobham, Ripley, an Walton-on-Thames. Eckhart attendit American Commonty Schuil, whaur he wis furst introduced tae actin, starnin in a schuil production as Charlie Brown. In 1985, Eckhart flittit tae Austrailie an settled in Sydney, whaur he attendit American Internaitional Schuil o Sydney fur his heich schuil senior year; he further developit his actin skeels in productions lik ''Waiting for Godot'', whaur he admits that he gae a "terrible" performance. In the hairst o his senior year, Eckhart left schuil tae tak a job at the Warringah Maw film theatre. He eventually earned his diploma throu a professional eddication coorse. This forby alloued Eckhart time tae enjoy a year o surfin in Hawaii an Fraunce, as weel as skiin in the Alps. In 1988, Eckhart returned tae the Unitit States an enrowed as a film major at Brigham Yung Varsity–Hawaii, but later transferred tae Brigham Yung Varsity (BYV) in Provo, Utah. He graduatit in 1994 wi a Bachelor o Fine Airts degree. He studied actin at the William Esper Studio an aa. == Career == === Early wirk === Whiles at Brigham Yung Varsity, Eckhart kythed in the Mormon-themed film ''Godly Sorrow'', an the role markit his professional debut. At this time he met director/writer Neil LaBute, wha cast Eckhart in seevral o LaBute's oreeginal pleys. Efter graduatin frae BYU, Eckhart flittit tae New York Ceety, acquired an agent, an teuk mony occasional jobs, includin bartendin, bus drivin, an construction wirk. His furst telly roles wur in commercials. In 1994, he kythed as an extra on the telly drama series ''Beverly Hills, 90210''. Eckhart follaed this smaw pairt wi roles in documentary re-enactments (''Ancient Secrets of the Bible: Samson''), makkit-fur-telly films, an short-lived programmes lik ''Aliens in the Family''. In 1997, Eckhart wis approached bi Neil LaBute tae starn in a film adaptation o LaBute's stage pley ''In the Company of Men''. He pleyed a frustratit white-collar wirker. The film, his furst featur tae reach theatres, wis creetically weel received, wi Desson Howe o ''The Washington Post'' reportin that Eckhart is the "film's maist malignant presence". ''In the Company of Men'' wis a creetical success, winnin Best Furst Film fur LaBute at the 63rd annual New York Film Creetics Raing Awairds. His performance wan him the Independent Spirit Awaird in the category o Best Debut Performance. The film wis rankit as ane o "The 25 Maist Dangerous Films" bi ''Premiere'' magazine. The follaein year Eckhart starned in anither LaBute featur, ''Your Friends & Neighbors'' (1998), as Barry, a sexually frustratit hauf-marrae in a dysfunctional mairiage. Fur the role Eckhart wis required tae gain wecht. In 1999, he starned opposite Elisabeth Shue in ''Molly'', a romantic comedy-drama in that he pleyed the sel-absorbit brither o an autistic wumman wha wis cured bi surgery. Eckhart forby starned that year as a fitbaw coach, an offensive coordinator in Oliver Stone's ''Any Given Sunday'' == Personal life == Eckhart met actress Emily Cline durin the filmin o ''In the Company of Men'' an thay becam engaged, but thay separatit in 1998. He haes aye been reluctant tae speak aboot his relationships in interviews. Eckhart dated sangwriter an memmer o SHeDAISY Kristyn Osborn frae 2006 tae 2007. He appeared in the group's video fur thair sang "I'm Taking the Wheel". Eckhart haes notit that hypnosis helpit him tae quit drinkin, smokin, an partyin, an that he unnertaks amateur photografie in his spare time. f0nsvxa7tnruvatambjy1ushf2tujxy 918898 918897 2026-07-01T02:01:56Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 918898 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie | image = Aaron Eckhart (29830286295) (cropped).jpg | caption = Eckhart in 2016 | birth_name = Aaron Edward Eckhart | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1968|03|12}} | birth_place = [[Cupertino, Californie]], U.S. | education = [[Brigham Young Varsity]] ([[Bachelor o Fine Airts|BFA]]) | occupation = Actor | years_active = 1992–present }} '''Aaron Edward Eckhart''' (born 12 Mairch 1968) is an American actor. Born in Cupertino, Californie, Eckhart flittit tae the Unitit Kinrick at an early age. He begoud his actin career bi performin in schuil pleys, afore flittin tae Austrailie fur his heich schuil senior year. He left heich schuil wioot graduatin, but earned a diploma throu a professional eddication coorse, an then graduatit frae Brigham Young Varsity (BYV) in Provo, Utah, in 1994 wi a Bachelor o Fine Airts degree in film. As an unnergraduate at BYU, Eckhart met director an writer Neil LaBute, wha cast Eckhart in seevral o LaBute's oreeginal pleys. Five years later Eckhart makkit a debut in LaBute's bleck comedy film ''In the Company of Men'' (1997), follaed bi appearances in three mair o the director's films. Eckhart gained wide recogneetion as George in ''Erin Brockovich'' (2000), an, in 2006, he received a Gowden Globe nomination fur his portrayal o Nick Naylor in ''Thank You for Smoking''. In 2008, he pleyed a major role in Christopher Nolan's blockbuster Batman film ''The Dark Knight'' as Destrict Attorney Harvey Dent / Two-Face. He wint on tae appear in ''Love Happens'', ''Rabbit Hole'', ''Battle: Los Angeles'', ''The Rum Diary'', ''Olympus Has Fallen'' and its sequel, ''I, Frankenstein'', ''Sully'', an ''Midway''. == Early life == Eckhart wis born on 12 Mairch 1968 in Cupertino, Californie, the son o Mary Martha Lawrence, a writer, penter an poet, an James Conrad Eckhart, a computer executive. He is the yungest o three brither. His faither is o Volga German strynd, whiles his mither haes Inglis, German, Scots-Erse, an Scots ancestry. He wis brocht up as a memmer o the Kirk o Jesus Christ o Latter-day Saunts, an servit a twa-year mission in Fraunce an Swisserland. Eckhart's faimily relocatit tae the Unitit Kinrick in 1981, follaein his faither's job in information technologie. Durin thair time in the Unitit Kinrick, the faimily flittit aroond Surrey, Ingland, bidin in touns sic as Cobham, Ripley, an Walton-on-Thames. Eckhart attendit American Commonty Schuil, whaur he wis furst introduced tae actin, starnin in a schuil production as Charlie Brown. In 1985, Eckhart flittit tae Austrailie an settled in Sydney, whaur he attendit American Internaitional Schuil o Sydney fur his heich schuil senior year; he further developit his actin skeels in productions lik ''Waiting for Godot'', whaur he admits that he gae a "terrible" performance. In the hairst o his senior year, Eckhart left schuil tae tak a job at the Warringah Maw film theatre. He eventually earned his diploma throu a professional eddication coorse. This forby alloued Eckhart time tae enjoy a year o surfin in Hawaii an Fraunce, as weel as skiin in the Alps. In 1988, Eckhart returned tae the Unitit States an enrowed as a film major at Brigham Yung Varsity–Hawaii, but later transferred tae Brigham Yung Varsity (BYV) in Provo, Utah. He graduatit in 1994 wi a Bachelor o Fine Airts degree. He studied actin at the William Esper Studio an aa. == Career == === Early wirk === Whiles at Brigham Yung Varsity, Eckhart kythed in the Mormon-themed film ''Godly Sorrow'', an the role markit his professional debut. At this time he met director/writer Neil LaBute, wha cast Eckhart in seevral o LaBute's oreeginal pleys. Efter graduatin frae BYU, Eckhart flittit tae New York Ceety, acquired an agent, an teuk mony occasional jobs, includin bartendin, bus drivin, an construction wirk. His furst telly roles wur in commercials. In 1994, he kythed as an extra on the telly drama series ''Beverly Hills, 90210''. Eckhart follaed this smaw pairt wi roles in documentary re-enactments (''Ancient Secrets of the Bible: Samson''), makkit-fur-telly films, an short-lived programmes lik ''Aliens in the Family''. In 1997, Eckhart wis approached bi Neil LaBute tae starn in a film adaptation o LaBute's stage pley ''In the Company of Men''. He pleyed a frustratit white-collar wirker. The film, his furst featur tae reach theatres, wis creetically weel received, wi Desson Howe o ''The Washington Post'' reportin that Eckhart is the "film's maist malignant presence". ''In the Company of Men'' wis a creetical success, winnin Best Furst Film fur LaBute at the 63rd annual New York Film Creetics Raing Awairds. His performance wan him the Independent Spirit Awaird in the category o Best Debut Performance. The film wis rankit as ane o "The 25 Maist Dangerous Films" bi ''Premiere'' magazine. The follaein year Eckhart starned in anither LaBute featur, ''Your Friends & Neighbors'' (1998), as Barry, a sexually frustratit hauf-marrae in a dysfunctional mairiage. Fur the role Eckhart wis required tae gain wecht. In 1999, he starned opposite Elisabeth Shue in ''Molly'', a romantic comedy-drama in that he pleyed the sel-absorbit brither o an autistic wumman wha wis cured bi surgery. Eckhart forby starned that year as a fitbaw coach, an offensive coordinator in Oliver Stone's ''Any Given Sunday'' == Personal life == Eckhart met actress Emily Cline durin the filmin o ''In the Company of Men'' an thay becam engaged, but thay separatit in 1998. He haes aye been reluctant tae speak aboot his relationships in interviews. Eckhart dated sangwriter an memmer o SHeDAISY Kristyn Osborn frae 2006 tae 2007. He appeared in the group's video fur thair sang "I'm Taking the Wheel". Eckhart haes notit that hypnosis helpit him tae quit drinkin, smokin, an partyin, an that he unnertaks amateur photografie in his spare time. ==Filmography== ===Film=== {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |- ! scope="col" style="width:5px;" | Year ! scope="col" style="width:350px;" | Title ! scope="col" style="width:100px;" | Role ! scope="col" style="width:150px;" | Director ! scope="col" style="width:300px;" class="unsortable" | Notes |- | 1992 | ''Godly Sorrow'' | | | |- | rowspan="2" | 1993 | ''[[Hot Shots! Part Deux]]'' | Prisoner | [[Jim Abrahams]] | Uncreditit |- | ''[[Slaughter of the Innocents (film)|Slaughter of the Innocents]]'' | Ken Reynolds | [[James Glickenhaus]] | |- | 1997 | ''[[In the Company of Men]]'' | Chad | rowspan="2" |[[Neil LaBute]] | |- | rowspan="2" | 1998 | ''[[Your Friends & Neighbors (film)|Your Friends & Neighbors]]'' | Barry | |- | ''[[Thursday (film)|Thursday]]'' | Nick | [[Skip Woods]] | |- | rowspan="2" | 1999 | ''[[Molly (1999 film)|Molly]]'' | Buck McKay | [[John Duigan]] | |- | ''[[Any Given Sunday]]'' | Nick Crozier | [[Oliver Stone]] | |- | rowspan="3" | 2000 | ''[[Erin Brockovich (film)|Erin Brockovich]]'' | George | [[Steven Soderbergh]] | |- | ''[[Nurse Betty]]'' | Del Sizemore | rowspan="2" |[[Neil LaBute]] | |- | ''Tumble'' | "Man" | |- | 2001 | ''[[The Pledge (film)|The Pledge]]'' | Stan Krolak | [[Sean Penn]] | |- | 2002 | ''[[Possession (2002 film)|Possession]]'' | Roland Michell | [[Neil LaBute]] | |- | rowspan="3" | 2003 | ''[[The Core]]'' | Dr. Joshua "Josh" Keyes | [[Jon Amiel]] | |- | ''[[The Missing (2003 film)|The Missing]]'' | Brake Baldwin | [[Ron Howard]] | |- | ''[[Paycheck (film)|Paycheck]]'' | James Rethrick | [[John Woo]] | |- | 2004 | ''[[Suspect Zero]]'' | Thomas Mackelway | [[E. Elias Merhige]] | |- | rowspan="3" | 2005 | ''[[Neverwas]]'' | Zach Riley | [[Joshua Michael Stern]] | Co-producer an aa |- | ''[[Thank You for Smoking (film)|Thank You for Smoking]]'' | Nick Naylor | [[Jason Reitman]] | |- | ''[[Conversations with Other Women]]'' | Man | [[Hans Canosa]] | |- | rowspan="2" | 2006 |''[[The Wicker Man (2006 film)|The Wicker Man]]'' | Truck Stop Patron | [[Neil LaBute]] | |- | ''[[The Black Dahlia (film)|The Black Dahlia]]'' | Sgt. Lee Blanchard | [[Brian De Palma]] | |- | rowspan="3" | 2007 | ''[[No Reservations (film)|No Reservations]]'' | Nick Palmer | [[Scott Hicks (director)|Scott Hicks]] | |- | ''[[Towelhead (film)|Towelhead]]'' | Mr. Vuoso | [[Alan Ball (screenwriter)|Alan Ball]] | Forby kens as ''Nothing is Private'' |- | ''[[Meet Bill]]'' | Bill Anderson | Bernie Goldmann & [[Melisa Wallack]] | Executive producer an aa |- | 2008 | ''[[The Dark Knight]]'' | [[Two-Face|Harvey Dent / Two-Face]] | [[Christopher Nolan]] | |- | 2009 | ''[[Love Happens (2009 film)|Love Happens]]'' | Dr. Burke Ryan | Brandon Camp | |- | rowspan="2" | 2010 | ''[[Rabbit Hole (2010 film)|Rabbit Hole]]'' | Howie Corbett | [[John Cameron Mitchell]] | |- | ''To Be Friends'' | {{N/A}} | James Lawrence Eckhart | Producer |- | rowspan="2" |2011 | ''[[Battle: Los Angeles]]'' | [[Staff sergeant|SSGT]] Michael Nantz | [[Jonathan Liebesman]] | |- | ''[[The Rum Diary (film)|The Rum Diary]]'' | Hal Sanderson | [[Bruce Robinson]] | |- | 2012 | ''[[Erased (2012 film)|Erased]]'' | Ben Logan | [[Philipp Stölzl]] | Forby kent as ''The Expatriate'' |- | 2013 | ''[[Olympus Has Fallen]]'' | Preses Benjamin Asher | [[Antoine Fuqua]] | |- | 2014 | ''[[I, Frankenstein]]'' | [[Frankenstein's monster|The Monster / Adam Frankenstein]] | [[Stuart Beattie]] | |- | 2015 | ''[[My All American]]'' | Darrell Royal | [[Angelo Pizzo]] | |- | rowspan="4" |2016 | ''[[London Has Fallen]]'' | Preses Benjamin Asher | [[Babak Najafi]] | |- | ''[[Sully (film)|Sully]]'' | Furst Officer [[Jeffrey Skiles]] | [[Clint Eastwood]] | |- | ''[[Bleed for This]]'' | Kevin Rooney | [[Ben Younger]] | |- | ''[[Incarnate (film)|Incarnate]]'' | Dr. Seth Ember | [[Brad Peyton]] | |- | rowspan="2" | 2019 | ''[[Midway (2019 film)|Midway]]'' | [[Lieutenant colonel (Unitit States)|Lieutenant Colonel]] [[Jimmy Doolittle]] | [[Roland Emmerich]] | |- | ''[[Line of Duty (film)|Line of Duty]]'' | Frank Penny | [[Steven C. Miller]] | Forby kent as ''Live!'' |- | 2020 | ''[[Wander (film)|Wander]]'' | Arthur Bretnik | [[April Mullen]] | |- | rowspan="4" | 2023 | ''[[Ambush (2023 film)|Ambush]]'' | Drummond | Mark Earl Burman | |- | ''[[Muzzle (film)|Muzzle]]'' | Jake Rosser | [[John Stalberg Jr.]] | |- | ''[[Rumble Through the Dark]]'' | Jack Boucher | [[Graham Phillips (actor)|Graham Phillips]] & Parker Phillips | |- | ''[[The Bricklayer]]'' | Steve Vail | [[Renny Harlin]] | |- | rowspan="2" | 2024 | ''[[Chief of Station (film)|Chief of Station]]'' | Ben | [[Jesse V. Johnson]] | |- | ''[[Classified (2024 film)|Classified]]'' | Evan Shaw | [[Roel Reiné]] | |- | 2025 | ''[[Muzzle: City of Wolves]]'' | Jake Rosser | John Stalberg Jr. | |- | 2026 | ''[[Deep Water (2026 film)|Deep Water]]'' | Ben | [[Renny Harlin]] | |} ===Televeesion=== {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ |- ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" style="width: 20em;" | Title ! scope="col" style="width: 17em;" | Role ! scope="col" | Note(s) |- | 1992 | ''[[Double Jeopardy (1992 film)|Double Jeopardy]]'' | Dwayne | [[Telly film]] |- | 1993 | ''History's Greatest Miracles'' | Samson | [[Telly special]] |- | 1994 | ''[[Beverly Hills, 90210]]'' | Extra | Uncreditit |- | 1996 | ''[[Aliens in the Family]]'' | Tounsend | Episode: "Meet the Brodys" |- | 2004 | ''[[Frasier]]'' | Frank | 2 episode |- | 2018 | ''[[The Romanoffs]]'' | Gregory | Episode: "The Violet Hour" |- | rowspan="2" | 2022 | ''[[The First Lady (American TV series)|The First Lady]]'' | Preses [[Gerald Ford]] | Main role |- | ''[[Pantheon (TV series)|Pantheon]]'' | Cary Duval | Vyce role |} 6eu4a3mdpoxh98bjfa6f1wxztdwpl7z 918899 918898 2026-07-01T02:07:14Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 918899 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie | image = Aaron Eckhart (29830286295) (cropped).jpg | caption = Eckhart in 2016 | birth_name = Aaron Edward Eckhart | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1968|03|12}} | birth_place = [[Cupertino, Californie]], U.S. | education = [[Brigham Young Varsity]] ([[Bachelor o Fine Airts|BFA]]) | occupation = Actor | years_active = 1992–present }} '''Aaron Edward Eckhart''' (born 12 Mairch 1968) is an American actor. Born in Cupertino, Californie, Eckhart flittit tae the Unitit Kinrick at an early age. He begoud his actin career bi performin in schuil pleys, afore flittin tae Austrailie fur his heich schuil senior year. He left heich schuil wioot graduatin, but earned a diploma throu a professional eddication coorse, an then graduatit frae Brigham Young Varsity (BYV) in Provo, Utah, in 1994 wi a Bachelor o Fine Airts degree in film. As an unnergraduate at BYU, Eckhart met director an writer Neil LaBute, wha cast Eckhart in seevral o LaBute's oreeginal pleys. Five years later Eckhart makkit a debut in LaBute's bleck comedy film ''In the Company of Men'' (1997), follaed bi appearances in three mair o the director's films. Eckhart gained wide recogneetion as George in ''Erin Brockovich'' (2000), an, in 2006, he received a Gowden Globe nomination fur his portrayal o Nick Naylor in ''Thank You for Smoking''. In 2008, he pleyed a major role in Christopher Nolan's blockbuster Batman film ''The Dark Knight'' as Destrict Attorney Harvey Dent / Two-Face. He wint on tae appear in ''Love Happens'', ''Rabbit Hole'', ''Battle: Los Angeles'', ''The Rum Diary'', ''Olympus Has Fallen'' and its sequel, ''I, Frankenstein'', ''Sully'', an ''Midway''. == Early life == Eckhart wis born on 12 Mairch 1968 in Cupertino, Californie, the son o Mary Martha Lawrence, a writer, penter an poet, an James Conrad Eckhart, a computer executive. He is the yungest o three brither. His faither is o Volga German strynd, whiles his mither haes Inglis, German, Scots-Erse, an Scots ancestry. He wis brocht up as a memmer o the Kirk o Jesus Christ o Latter-day Saunts, an servit a twa-year mission in Fraunce an Swisserland. Eckhart's faimily relocatit tae the Unitit Kinrick in 1981, follaein his faither's job in information technologie. Durin thair time in the Unitit Kinrick, the faimily flittit aroond Surrey, Ingland, bidin in touns sic as Cobham, Ripley, an Walton-on-Thames. Eckhart attendit American Commonty Schuil, whaur he wis furst introduced tae actin, starnin in a schuil production as Charlie Brown. In 1985, Eckhart flittit tae Austrailie an settled in Sydney, whaur he attendit American Internaitional Schuil o Sydney fur his heich schuil senior year; he further developit his actin skeels in productions lik ''Waiting for Godot'', whaur he admits that he gae a "terrible" performance. In the hairst o his senior year, Eckhart left schuil tae tak a job at the Warringah Maw film theatre. He eventually earned his diploma throu a professional eddication coorse. This forby alloued Eckhart time tae enjoy a year o surfin in Hawaii an Fraunce, as weel as skiin in the Alps. In 1988, Eckhart returned tae the Unitit States an enrowed as a film major at Brigham Yung Varsity–Hawaii, but later transferred tae Brigham Yung Varsity (BYV) in Provo, Utah. He graduatit in 1994 wi a Bachelor o Fine Airts degree. He studied actin at the William Esper Studio an aa. == Career == === Early wirk === Whiles at Brigham Yung Varsity, Eckhart kythed in the Mormon-themed film ''Godly Sorrow'', an the role markit his professional debut. At this time he met director/writer Neil LaBute, wha cast Eckhart in seevral o LaBute's oreeginal pleys. Efter graduatin frae BYU, Eckhart flittit tae New York Ceety, acquired an agent, an teuk mony occasional jobs, includin bartendin, bus drivin, an construction wirk. His furst telly roles wur in commercials. In 1994, he kythed as an extra on the telly drama series ''Beverly Hills, 90210''. Eckhart follaed this smaw pairt wi roles in documentary re-enactments (''Ancient Secrets of the Bible: Samson''), makkit-fur-telly films, an short-lived programmes lik ''Aliens in the Family''. In 1997, Eckhart wis approached bi Neil LaBute tae starn in a film adaptation o LaBute's stage pley ''In the Company of Men''. He pleyed a frustratit white-collar wirker. The film, his furst featur tae reach theatres, wis creetically weel received, wi Desson Howe o ''The Washington Post'' reportin that Eckhart is the "film's maist malignant presence". ''In the Company of Men'' wis a creetical success, winnin Best Furst Film fur LaBute at the 63rd annual New York Film Creetics Raing Awairds. His performance wan him the Independent Spirit Awaird in the category o Best Debut Performance. The film wis rankit as ane o "The 25 Maist Dangerous Films" bi ''Premiere'' magazine. The follaein year Eckhart starned in anither LaBute featur, ''Your Friends & Neighbors'' (1998), as Barry, a sexually frustratit hauf-marrae in a dysfunctional mairiage. Fur the role Eckhart wis required tae gain wecht. In 1999, he starned opposite Elisabeth Shue in ''Molly'', a romantic comedy-drama in that he pleyed the sel-absorbit brither o an autistic wumman wha wis cured bi surgery. Eckhart forby starned that year as a fitbaw coach, an offensive coordinator in Oliver Stone's ''Any Given Sunday'' == Personal life == Eckhart met actress Emily Cline durin the filmin o ''In the Company of Men'' an thay becam engaged, but thay separatit in 1998. He haes aye been reluctant tae speak aboot his relationships in interviews. Eckhart dated sangwriter an memmer o SHeDAISY Kristyn Osborn frae 2006 tae 2007. He appeared in the group's video fur thair sang "I'm Taking the Wheel". Eckhart haes notit that hypnosis helpit him tae quit drinkin, smokin, an partyin, an that he unnertaks amateur photografie in his spare time. ==Filmography== ===Film=== {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |- ! scope="col" style="width:5px;" | Year ! scope="col" style="width:350px;" | Title ! scope="col" style="width:100px;" | Role ! scope="col" style="width:150px;" | Director ! scope="col" style="width:300px;" class="unsortable" | Notes |- | 1992 | ''Godly Sorrow'' | | | |- | rowspan="2" | 1993 | ''[[Hot Shots! Part Deux]]'' | Prisoner | [[Jim Abrahams]] | Uncreditit |- | ''[[Slaughter of the Innocents (film)|Slaughter of the Innocents]]'' | Ken Reynolds | [[James Glickenhaus]] | |- | 1997 | ''[[In the Company of Men]]'' | Chad | rowspan="2" |[[Neil LaBute]] | |- | rowspan="2" | 1998 | ''[[Your Friends & Neighbors (film)|Your Friends & Neighbors]]'' | Barry | |- | ''[[Thursday (film)|Thursday]]'' | Nick | [[Skip Woods]] | |- | rowspan="2" | 1999 | ''[[Molly (1999 film)|Molly]]'' | Buck McKay | [[John Duigan]] | |- | ''[[Any Given Sunday]]'' | Nick Crozier | [[Oliver Stone]] | |- | rowspan="3" | 2000 | ''[[Erin Brockovich (film)|Erin Brockovich]]'' | George | [[Steven Soderbergh]] | |- | ''[[Nurse Betty]]'' | Del Sizemore | rowspan="2" |[[Neil LaBute]] | |- | ''Tumble'' | "Man" | |- | 2001 | ''[[The Pledge (film)|The Pledge]]'' | Stan Krolak | [[Sean Penn]] | |- | 2002 | ''[[Possession (2002 film)|Possession]]'' | Roland Michell | [[Neil LaBute]] | |- | rowspan="3" | 2003 | ''[[The Core]]'' | Dr. Joshua "Josh" Keyes | [[Jon Amiel]] | |- | ''[[The Missing (2003 film)|The Missing]]'' | Brake Baldwin | [[Ron Howard]] | |- | ''[[Paycheck (film)|Paycheck]]'' | James Rethrick | [[John Woo]] | |- | 2004 | ''[[Suspect Zero]]'' | Thomas Mackelway | [[E. Elias Merhige]] | |- | rowspan="3" | 2005 | ''[[Neverwas]]'' | Zach Riley | [[Joshua Michael Stern]] | Co-producer an aa |- | ''[[Thank You for Smoking (film)|Thank You for Smoking]]'' | Nick Naylor | [[Jason Reitman]] | |- | ''[[Conversations with Other Women]]'' | Man | [[Hans Canosa]] | |- | rowspan="2" | 2006 |''[[The Wicker Man (2006 film)|The Wicker Man]]'' | Truck Stop Patron | [[Neil LaBute]] | |- | ''[[The Black Dahlia (film)|The Black Dahlia]]'' | Sgt. Lee Blanchard | [[Brian De Palma]] | |- | rowspan="3" | 2007 | ''[[No Reservations (film)|No Reservations]]'' | Nick Palmer | [[Scott Hicks (director)|Scott Hicks]] | |- | ''[[Towelhead (film)|Towelhead]]'' | Mr. Vuoso | [[Alan Ball (screenwriter)|Alan Ball]] | Forby kens as ''Nothing is Private'' |- | ''[[Meet Bill]]'' | Bill Anderson | Bernie Goldmann & [[Melisa Wallack]] | Executive producer an aa |- | 2008 | ''[[The Dark Knight]]'' | [[Two-Face|Harvey Dent / Two-Face]] | [[Christopher Nolan]] | |- | 2009 | ''[[Love Happens (2009 film)|Love Happens]]'' | Dr. Burke Ryan | Brandon Camp | |- | rowspan="2" | 2010 | ''[[Rabbit Hole (2010 film)|Rabbit Hole]]'' | Howie Corbett | [[John Cameron Mitchell]] | |- | ''To Be Friends'' | {{N/A}} | James Lawrence Eckhart | Producer |- | rowspan="2" |2011 | ''[[Battle: Los Angeles]]'' | [[Staff sergeant|SSGT]] Michael Nantz | [[Jonathan Liebesman]] | |- | ''[[The Rum Diary (film)|The Rum Diary]]'' | Hal Sanderson | [[Bruce Robinson]] | |- | 2012 | ''[[Erased (2012 film)|Erased]]'' | Ben Logan | [[Philipp Stölzl]] | Forby kent as ''The Expatriate'' |- | 2013 | ''[[Olympus Has Fallen]]'' | Preses Benjamin Asher | [[Antoine Fuqua]] | |- | 2014 | ''[[I, Frankenstein]]'' | [[Frankenstein's monster|The Monster / Adam Frankenstein]] | [[Stuart Beattie]] | |- | 2015 | ''[[My All American]]'' | Darrell Royal | [[Angelo Pizzo]] | |- | rowspan="4" |2016 | ''[[London Has Fallen]]'' | Preses Benjamin Asher | [[Babak Najafi]] | |- | ''[[Sully (film)|Sully]]'' | Furst Officer [[Jeffrey Skiles]] | [[Clint Eastwood]] | |- | ''[[Bleed for This]]'' | Kevin Rooney | [[Ben Younger]] | |- | ''[[Incarnate (film)|Incarnate]]'' | Dr. Seth Ember | [[Brad Peyton]] | |- | rowspan="2" | 2019 | ''[[Midway (2019 film)|Midway]]'' | [[Lieutenant colonel (Unitit States)|Lieutenant Colonel]] [[Jimmy Doolittle]] | [[Roland Emmerich]] | |- | ''[[Line of Duty (film)|Line of Duty]]'' | Frank Penny | [[Steven C. Miller]] | Forby kent as ''Live!'' |- | 2020 | ''[[Wander (film)|Wander]]'' | Arthur Bretnik | [[April Mullen]] | |- | rowspan="4" | 2023 | ''[[Ambush (2023 film)|Ambush]]'' | Drummond | Mark Earl Burman | |- | ''[[Muzzle (film)|Muzzle]]'' | Jake Rosser | [[John Stalberg Jr.]] | |- | ''[[Rumble Through the Dark]]'' | Jack Boucher | [[Graham Phillips (actor)|Graham Phillips]] & Parker Phillips | |- | ''[[The Bricklayer]]'' | Steve Vail | [[Renny Harlin]] | |- | rowspan="2" | 2024 | ''[[Chief of Station (film)|Chief of Station]]'' | Ben | [[Jesse V. Johnson]] | |- | ''[[Classified (2024 film)|Classified]]'' | Evan Shaw | [[Roel Reiné]] | |- | 2025 | ''[[Muzzle: City of Wolves]]'' | Jake Rosser | John Stalberg Jr. | |- | 2026 | ''[[Deep Water (2026 film)|Deep Water]]'' | Ben | [[Renny Harlin]] | |} ===Televeesion=== {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ |- ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" style="width: 20em;" | Title ! scope="col" style="width: 17em;" | Role ! scope="col" | Note(s) |- | 1992 | ''[[Double Jeopardy (1992 film)|Double Jeopardy]]'' | Dwayne | [[Telly film]] |- | 1993 | ''History's Greatest Miracles'' | Samson | [[Telly special]] |- | 1994 | ''[[Beverly Hills, 90210]]'' | Extra | Uncreditit |- | 1996 | ''[[Aliens in the Family]]'' | Tounsend | Episode: "Meet the Brodys" |- | 2004 | ''[[Frasier]]'' | Frank | 2 episode |- | 2018 | ''[[The Romanoffs]]'' | Gregory | Episode: "The Violet Hour" |- | rowspan="2" | 2022 | ''[[The First Lady (American TV series)|The First Lady]]'' | Preses [[Gerald Ford]] | Main role |- | ''[[Pantheon (TV series)|Pantheon]]'' | Cary Duval | Vyce role |} == Awairds an nominations == * Independent Spirit Awaird fur Best Debut Performance * Satellite Awaird fur Ootstaundin New Talent * Nominatit – Gowden Globe Awaird fur Best Actor – Motion Pictur Muisical or Comedy * Nominatit – Independent Spirit Awaird fur Best Male Lead * Nominatit – St. Louis Gatewey Film Creetics Association Awaird fur Best Actor * Nominatit – Independent Spirit Awaird fur Best Male Lead * Nominatit – San Diego Film Creetics Society Awaird fur Best Actor * Central Ohio Film Creetics Association Awaird fur Best Actin Ensemble * Fowk's Chyce Awaird fur Favorite Cast * Nominatit – Braidcast Film Creetics Association Awaird fur Best Cast * Nominatit – Saturn Awaird fur Best Supportin Actor * Nominatit – Scream Awaird fur Best Veelain jadbdrp80v3u7azt9b8lh4epx9lh7u0 Uiser:PurpleDinosaur585/Silesia 2 233624 918882 918880 2026-06-30T13:32:16Z PurpleDinosaur585 129975 addit links, fixed references 918882 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | native_name = {{native name|pl|Śląsk}}<br />{{native name|szl|Ślōnsk}}<br />{{native name|cs|Slezsko}}<br />{{native name|de|Schlesien}}<br />{{native name|sli|Schläsing}} | settlement_type = [[Historical Region]] | image_shield = [[File:Generic Silesia CoA.svg|150px]] | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Ślůnsk 1335-1675.png|frameless]]|Show Silesia 1335-1675|[[File:Ślůnsk apx 1815 -1945.png|frameless]]|Show Silesia 1815-1939|default=1}} | mapsize = 250px | map_caption = Ducheries & Province of Silesia on kairt of Mid Europe | coordinates = {{coord|51.6|N|17.2|E|region:PL|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = {{plainlist| *[[Poland]] *[[Czech Republic]] *[[Germany]]}} | seat_type = Mucklest ceity | seat = [[Wrocław]] | area_total_km2 = 40400 | population_total = c. 8000000 | population_density_km2 = 200 | population_demonym = [[Silesians|Silesian]] | timezone1 = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset = +1 | timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] | utc_offset_DST = +2 }} '''Silesia'''{{Efn|{{IPAc-en|s|aɪ|ˈ|l|iː|ʒ|ə|,_|s|aɪ|ˈ|l|iː|ʃ|i|ə}} {{respell|sy|LEE|zhə|,_|sy|LEE|shee|ə}}, {{IPAc-en|UKalso|s|aɪ|ˈ|l|iː|z|i|ə}} {{respell|sy|LEE|zee|ə}}, {{IPAc-en|USalso|s|aɪ|ˈ|l|iː|ʒ|i|ə|,_|s|aɪ|ˈ|l|iː|ʃ|ə|,_|s|ɪ|ˈ|l|iː|-}} {{respell|sy|LEE|zhee|ə|,_|sy|LEE|shə|,_|sil|EE|-}}.<ref>{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Silesia|access-date=23 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/silesia|title=Silesia|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|access-date=23 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Silesia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723000000/http://www.lexico.com/definition/Silesia |url-status=dead |archive-date=2019-07-23 |title=Silesia |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Silesia|access-date=23 July 2019}}</ref>}} (tak a scance till the names ablow) is a historical pairt of Mid Europe that nou liggs maistly intil [[Poland]], wi smaw pairts in the [[Czech Republic]] an [[Germany]]. Its area is about {{Convert|40000|km2|-2}}, an the populace is upcuissen at 8,000,000. Silesia is riven intae twa main subregions: Nether Silesia tae the wast an Iver Silesia tae the east. Situate alang the [[Oder]] River, wi the [[Sudetes|Sudeten Bens]] raxin atour the southren mairch, Silesia is a heichly industrialised region rife of mineral an naitural resources. The mucklest toun an Nether Silesia's capital is [[Wrocław]]; the historic capital of Iver Silesia is [[Opole]]. The mucklest metropolitan airt is the {{interleid airtin|Katowice metropolitan airt|en|Katowice_metropolitan_area}}, the hert of whilk is {{interleid airtin|Katowice|en}}. Pairts of the Czech toun of {{interleid airtin|Ostrava|en|Ostrava}} an the German toun of Görlitz are situate intil Silesia's historic mairches. Silesia’s culture reflecks its wimpled history an diverse influences, takin in Polish, Czech, an German influences. The region is kent for its unique {{interleid airtin|Silesian langidge|en|Silesian_language}} (spoken yet bi a smaw feck of fowk bidin in Iver Silesia), grandly decored hamelt {{interleid airtin|graith|en|Polish_traditional_clothing}}, hairty regional {{interleid airtin|cuisine|en|Silesian_cuisine}}, an a mixter-maxter of {{interleid airtin|Gothic|en|Gothic_architecture}}, {{interlanguage link|Baroque|en|Baroque architecture}}, an {{interleid airtin|industrial|en|Industrial architecture}}-era [[Airchitectur|architectur]] seen in its ceities an touns. The region conteens mony historical meiths an [[Warld Heritage Steid|UNESCO Warld Heritage Steids]]. Silesia's mairches an national affiliation haes chyngit throu time, baith whan it wis a heirship aucht of [[Feudalism|noble housses]] an efter the rise of our ain day [[Naition state|nation-states]], resultin in a rowth of castles an stranghauds, particularly in the ''Jelenia Góra vailley''. First heild bi {{interleid airtin|Great Moravia|en}} in the back end of the 9t century an {{interleid airtin|Bohemia|en}} in the airly 10t century, Silesia haed become pairt of the airly Polish state, an efter its {{interleid airtin|division|en|Testament of Bolesław III Wrymouth}} in the 12t century it became the Duchery of Silesia. As a result of farrer division, it wis daled intae individual ducheries, ruled bi diverse lines of the Polish {{interleid airtin|Piast dynasty|en|Silesian_Piasts}}. In the 14t century, it haed become ane of the territories belanging the {{interleid airtin|Bohemian Croun Launds|en|Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown}} unner the [[Halie Romane Rik|Halie Roman Empire]], whilk wis haundit ower tae the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy in 1526; housomever, a wheen of ducheries bedd unner the maistry of Polish dukes (Piast, [[Jagiellonian dynasty|Jagiellon]], Sobieski) for ordinar Bohemian [[Feudalism|feus]]. The Silesian Weirs haed resultit in the region gettin annexed bi {{interleid airtin|Prussia|en|Kingdom_of_Prussia}} frae [[Austrick|Austria]] in 1742; efter this it became a pairt of the [[German Empire]] in 1871. Efter [[Warld War I|Warld Weir I]], whan the Poles an the Czechs haed wun back their independence, the eastmaist pairt of Iver Silesia became pairt of Poland bi the decision of the Entente Pouers efter upsets bi Poles an the Iver Silesian plebiscite, while the lave of the umwhile Austrian pairts of Silesia wir daled atween [[Czechoslovakie|Czechoslovakia]] an Poland. Durin [[Warld War II|Warld Weir II]], ower the heids of German occupation the haill region wis unner the maistry of [[Nazi Germany]]. In 1945, efter Warld Weir II, maist of the German-heild Silesia wis transferred tae Polish jurisdiction wi the Potsdam Greement atween the victorious Allies an became pairt of Poland. The smaw Lusatian skelp bewast the Oder–Neisse line, the whilk haed belanged Silesia sin 1815, became pairt of [[East Germany]]. Ower the heids of the forced {{interleid airtin|popular shifts|en|Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)}} in 1945–48, the day's indwallers of Silesia speaks the national leids of their respective kintras. Umwhile German-speakin Nether Silesia haes developed a new mell'd Polish dialeck an new-farrant graith. There is ongaun debate anent whither the Silesian leid, commonly spoken in Iver Silesia, shid be consithert a dialeck of [[Pols leid|Polish]] or a sindry langidge. The Nether Silesian German dialeck is aweers of deein out ower the heids of its speakers' gettin herriet out. == Etymology == The names of Silesia in different leids maist likely skairs their etymology—[[Pols leid|the Polish]]: ''Śląsk'' {{IPA|pl|ɕlɔ̃sk||Pl-Śląsk.ogg}}; [[German leid|the German]]: ''Schlesien'' {{IPA|de|ˈʃleːzi̯ən||De-Schlesien.ogg}}; [[Czech leid|the Czech]]: ''Slezsko'' {{IPA|cs|ˈslɛsko|}}; the Nether Silesian: ''Schläsing''; the Silesian: ''Ślōnsk'' {{IPA|szl|ɕlonsk|}}; the Nether Sorbian: ''Šlazyńska'' {{IPA|dsb|ˈʃlazɨnʲska|}}; the Iver Sorbian: ''Šleska'' {{IPA|hsb|ˈʃlɛska|}}; [[Slovak leid|the Slovak]]: ''Sliezsko''; [[Laitin|the Laitin]], [[Spainish leid|the Spainish]], [[Inglis leid|the English]] an [[Scots leid|the Scots]]: ''Silesia''; [[French leid|the French]]: ''Silésie''; [[Dutch leid|the Dutch]]: ''Silezië''; [[Italian leid|the Italian]]: ''Slesia''. The names aa effeir tae the name of a river (nou kent as ''Ślęza'') an ben (''Ben Ślęża'') in mid-southren Silesia, the whilk sair'd for a releigious steid till pagans afore {{interleid airtin|Christianization|en}}. ''Ślęża'' is listed as ane of the num'rous {{interleid airtin|Pre-Indo-European|en|Pre-Indo-European_languages}} topographic names in the region (tak a scance till {{interlanguage link|auld European hydronymy|en|Old European hydronymy}}).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zbigniew|first=Babik|date=2001|title=Najstarsza warstwa nazewnicza na ziemiach polskich w granicach średniowiecznej Słowiańszczyzny|journal=[[Uniwersitas, Kraków]]}}</ref> Frae the wittins of a puckle scholars, the name ''Ślęża'' {{IPA|pl|ˈɕlɛ̃ʐa|}} or ''Ślęż'' {{IPA|pl|ɕlɛ̃ʂ|}} is sib tae the Auld Polish wirds ''ślęg'' {{IPA|pl|ɕlɛŋk|}} or ''śląg'' {{IPA|pl|ɕlɔŋk|}}, meanin dunkieness, moister, or humidity.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fischer|first=Rudolf|date=2007|title=Onomastica slavogermanica|journal=[[Uniwersytet Wrocławski]]|volume=|pages=}}</ref> They differ wi the hypothesis that the name ''Śląsk'' haes its ruits in the name of the Silings tribe.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jankuhn|first=Herbert|last2=Beck|first2=Heinrich|date=2006|others=et. al.|title=Wandalen|journal=[[Germanische Altertumskunde Online]]|language=the German|edition=2t|volume=33|quote="Da die Silingen offensichtlich ihren Namen im mittelalterlichen pagus silensis und dem mons slenz – möglicherweise mit dem Zobten gleichzusetzen [...] – hinterließen und damit einer ganzen Landschaft – Schlesien – den Namen gaben [...]"}}</ref> In the common Polish tung, "''Śląsk''" refers tae traditionally Polish Iver Silesia an the day's {{interleid_airtin|Silesian Voivodeship|en|Silesian_Voivodeship}}, but less tae Nether Silesia, the whilk is unalike frae Iver Silesia in mony pairts sin the feck of its popular spoke German frae aroun the mid-19t century on ontill 1945–48.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Andreas Lawaty, Hubert Orłowski|title=Deutsche und Polen: Geschichte, Kultur, Politik|publisher=[[C.H.Beck]]|year=2003|page=183|language=the German}}</ref> == History == [[File:Polska_960_-_992.svg|left|thumb|200x200px|Kairt of Poland wi Silesia (''Śląsk'') in the year 992 durin the maistry of Mieszko I]] In the fowert century BC frae the south, throu the ''Kłodzko Vailley'', the Celts made ingangins intil Silesia, an made hame around ''Ben Ślęża'' near our ain day [[Wrocław]], ''Oława'' an ''Strzelin''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=R. Żerelik(in:)|title=Historia Śląska|last2=M. Czapliński (red.)|year=2007|location=Wrocław|pages=34–35}}</ref> Germanic Lugii clans wir first recordit athin Silesia in the 1t century BC. The [[Wast Slavs]] an Lechites wan till the pairt roun about the 7t century,<ref>{{Cite book|last=R. Żerelik(in:) M. Czpliński (red.)|title=Historia Śląska|year=2007|location=Wrocław|pages=37-38}}</ref> an bi the airly ninth century, their colonies haed become stabilised. The local Wast Slavs stertit upsettin boundary structures like the ''Silesian Przesieka'' an the ''Silesia Waws''. The easten mairch of Silesian sattlement wis situate bewast the ''Bytom'', an be-east ''[[Racibórz]]'' an ''Cieszyn''. East of this line wonned a sib Lechitic tribe kent as the Vistulans. Their northern mairch wis in the vailley of the ''Barycz River'', north of whilk bedd the Wastren Polans tribe that gied Poland its name.<ref>{{Cite book|last=R. Żerelik(in:) M. Czpliński (red.)|title=Historia Śląska|year=2007|location=Wrocław|pages=21-22}}</ref> The first kent states in Silesia wis Greater Moravia an Bohemia. In the 10t century, the Polish ruler Mieszko I of the Piast dynasty haed taen Silesia intae the newly foundit Polish state. In 1000, the {{interleid airtin|Diocie of Wrocław|en|Archdiocese_of_Wrocław}} wis foundit as the auldest [[Catholic Kirk|Catholic]] diocie in the region, an ane of the auldest diocies in Poland, thirled tae the Roman Catholic Airchdiocie of Gniezno. Poland repelled German invasions of Silesia in 1017 at Niemcza an in 1109 at Głogów. Durin the {{interlanguage link|Division of Poland|en|History of Poland during the Piast dynasty|}}, Silesia and the lave of the kintra wis pairtit intae mony smawer ducheries ruled bi sindry Silesian dukes. In 1178, pairts of the Duchery of Kraków aroun Bytom, Oświęcim, [[Chrzanów]], an Siewierz wir transferred tae the Silesian Piasts, awtho their populace wis feckly Vistulan an nae of Silesian stock.<ref>{{Cite book|last=R. Żerelik(in:) M. Czpliński (red.)|title=Historia Śląska|year=2007|location=Wrocław|pages=21-22}}</ref> [[File:Silesia_1172-1177.jpg|thumb|226x226px|Silesia in the fore-end of Poland's division, 1172–1177, Nether Silesia wi Lubusz Laund in orange, Iver Silesia in green an yella]] {{interleid airtin|The Walloons|en|Walloons}} came tae Silesia as ane of the foremaist fremmit immigrant wheens in [[Poland]], maist likely makin hame in [[Wrocław]] frae the 12t century on, wi farrer Walloon immigrants invited bi Duke Henry the Bairdit in the airly 13t century.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zientara|first=Benedykt|title=Walonowie na Śląsku w XII i XIII wieku|publisher=[[Przegląd Historyczny]]|year=1975|volume=66/3|pages=353, 357|language=the Polish}}</ref> Sin the 13t century, German cultural an ethnic influence gaed up as a result of immigration frae German-speakin states of the [[Halie Romane Rik|Holy Roman Empire]]. The first designin of municipal richts in Poland haed taen place in the toun of [[Złotoryja]] bi Henry the Bairdit. Medieval municipal richts modelled efter Lwówek Śląski an Środa Śląska, baith foundit bi Henry the Bairdit, haed become the founds of the municipal form of government till a curnie ceities an touns in Poland, an twa of five local Polish forms of medieval toun richts. The Beuk of Henryków, the whilk conteens the airliest kent sentence written in the Polish leid, as weel as a document conteenin the auldest prented text in the Polish, wir creatit in Henryków an Wrocław in Silesia, respectively. In 1241, the [[Mongol Empire|Mongols]] cairried out their first invasion of Poland, resultin in rife pilget an mass flicht. They reived the feck of the region an defaitit the jyned Polish, Moravian an German forces heidit bi Duke Henry II the Guidly at the Stour of Legnica, the whilk haed taen place at Legnickie Pole near the ceity of [[Legnica]]. Straicht efter the daith of Orda Khan, the Mongols decidit nae to bensel farrer intae Europe, but gaed back east tae tak pairt in the election of a new Grand Khan (heid yin). Atween 1289 an 1292, Bohemian king Wenceslaus II became ''suzerain'' of a puckle of the Iver Silesian ducheries. Polish monarchs haedna gien ower their heirship richts tae Silesia till 1335.<ref>{{Cite book|last=R. Żerelik(in:) M. Czpliński (red.)|title=Historia Śląska|year=2007|location=Wrocław|pages=81}}</ref> The province became pairt of the Bohemian Croun whilk wis pairt of the Hailie Roman Empire; houaniver, a wheen of ducheries bedd unner the maistry of the Polish dukes frae the housses of Piast, [[Jagiellonian dynasty|Jagiellon]] and Sobieski for ordinar Bohemian feus (a puckle till the 17t–18t centuries). Atween 1469 an 1490, Silesia was unner the maistry of Matthias Corvinus, wha haed whummel't the Bohemian throne. In 1526 Silesia wis haundit ower wi the Bohemian Crown tae the Habsburg monarchy. In the 15t century, a curnie chynges wir made tae Silesia's mairches. Pairts of the territories that haed gotten transferred tae the Silesian Piasts in 1178 wir coff't wi the Polish kings in the saicont hauf of the 15t century (the Duchery of Oświęcim in 1457; the Duchery of Zator in 1494). The Bytom pairt bedd in the aucht of the Silesian Piasts, tho it wis a pairt of the Diocie of Kraków.<ref>{{Cite book|last=R. Żerelik(in:) M. Czpliński (red.)|title=Historia Śląska|year=2007|location=Wrocław|pages=21-22}}</ref> The Duchery of Krosno Odrzańskie ({{Lang|de|Crossen}}) wis heired bi the Marquesy of Brandenburg in 1476 and wi the renunciation of King [[Ferdinand I, Haly Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]] and the estates of Bohemia in 1538, it became pairt an pertinent of Brandenburg. Atween 1645 an 1666, the Duchery of Opole an Racibórz was hauden in wad bi the Polish Houss of Vasa in tocher of the Polish queen Cecylia Renata. [[File:Crown_of_Bohemia_1648.png|thumb|Launds of the Bohemian Croun atween 1635 an 1742, afore the maist of Silesia was gien ower tae [[Kinrick o Proushie|Prussia]]]] [[File:Silesia-map.svg|left|thumb|Kairt of Austrian an Prussian Silesia wi modren national mairches: {{Legend|#00ffff|[[Austrian Silesia]], 1740}}{{Legend|#ffffff|[[Prussian Silesia]], 1871}}{{Legend|#0000ff|[[Oder]]}}]] In 1742, maist of Silesia wis claucht wi King [[Frederick the Great|Frederick II of Prussia]] in the Weir of the Austrian Succession, at the hinner end becomin the Prussian Province of Silesia in 1815; ower the heids of this, Silesia became pairt of the [[German Empire]] whan it wis latten wit in 1871. The Silesian capital Breslau became than ane of the big ceities in Germany. Breslau wis a centre of Jewish life in Germany an a wechty steid of science (college) an industry (manufacturin of steam-ingines). German mass tourism stertit in the Silesian hielaunds (Hirschberg, Schneekoppe). [[File:Wrocław_Rynek_18_sm.jpg|left|thumb|279x279px|Teipical Silesian baroque architectur in [[Wrocław]]]] Efter Warld Weir I, a pairt of Silesia, kent as Iver Silesia, wis quarreled wi Germany an the newly independent Saicont Polish Republic. The League of Nations organised a plebiscite tae sattle the maitter in 1921. It haed resultit in 60% of votes gettin cuissen for Germany an 40% for Poland.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Die Provinz Oberschlesien Volksabstimmungen 1920 und 1922|url=https://www.gonschior.de/weimar/Preussen/Oberschlesien/Volksentscheide.html|url-status=live|language=the German}}</ref> Follaein the third Silesian raibblin (1921), houaniver, the eastmaist pairt of Iver Silesia (as weel as Katowice), wi a feckly ethnic Polish populace, wis gien Poland, becomin the Silesian Voivodeship. The Prussian Province of Silesia intil Germany wis than dividit intae the provinces of Nether Silesia an Iver Silesia. Meantime, Austrian Silesia, the smaw pairt of Silesia keppit bi Austria efter the Silesian Weirs, wis maistly gien the new Czechoslovakia (at the hinner-end kent as Czech Silesia an Trans-Olza), awtho maist of Cieszyn an laund tae the east of it gaed tae Poland. Polish Silesia wis amang the foremaist regions invadit durin Germany's 1939 sailyie on Poland, the whilk stertit [[Warld War II|Warld Weir II]]. Ane of the claimed ettles of Nazi German occupation, mairbetoken in Iver Silesia, wis the extermination of thaim wham the Nazis thocht tae be "subhuman", viz Jews an ethnic Poles. The Polish an Jewish fowk of the than Polish pairt of Silesia wis subjectit tae genocide involvin herryin outs, mass murther an deportation till {{interleid airtin|Nazi concentration camps|en|Nazi_concentration_camps}} an {{interleid airtin|forced lawbour|en|Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II}} camps, while the Germans war sattled seekin for {{interlanguage link|Lebensraum|en|Lebensraum}}.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Piotr Eberhardt|title=Political Migrations in Poland 1939-1948|year=2006|location=Warsaw|pages=25}}</ref> Twa thousan Polish intellectuals, politicians, an businessmen wir murthered durin the {{interlanguage link|Intelligenzaktion Schlesien|en|Intelligenzakten}} <ref>{{Cite book|last=Wardzyńska|first=Maria|title=Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion|publisher=[[Institute of National Remembrance|IPN]]|year=2009|location=Warszawa|language=the Polish}}</ref> in 1940 as pairt of a {{interlanguage link|Germanization program aa ower the kintra|en|Germanisation in Poland (1939–1945)}}. Silesia alsae houssed ane of the twa main weirtime centres whaur medical pratticks wir conductit on kidnappit Polish bairns wi Nazis.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Uzarczyk|first=Kamila|title=Podstawy ideologiczne higieny ras i ich realizacja na przykładzie Śląska w latach 1924-1944|date=2002|publisher=[[Wydawn, Adam Marszałek]]|isbn=978-83-7322-287-8|location=Toruń}}</ref> Czech Silesia wis occupied bi Germany as pairt of Sudetenland. In Silesia, [[Nazi Germany]] operate the Gross-Rosen concentration camp, a curnie prisoner-of-weir camps till Allied POWs (amang thaim, the major Stalag VIII-A, Stalag VIII-B, Stalag VIII-C camps), num'rous Nazi wards an thousans of forced lawbour camps, takin in a netwark of forced lawbour camps allanerly till Poles (''Polenlager''), sub-camps of wards, POW camps an the Gross-Rosen an [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]] concentration camps. The [[Potsdam Conference|Potsdam Collogue]] of 1945 haed defined the Oder-Neisse line as the mairch atween Germany an Poland, ontil a hindmaist peace collogue wi Germany cuid be hauden (the whilk niver teuk place).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Geoffrey K. Roberts, Patricia Hogwood|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q40tDwAAQBAJ|title=The Politics Today Companion to West European Politics|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2013|isbn=9781847790323|page=50}}</ref> In the hinner end of WWII, the Germans wonnin in Silesia teuk leg bail frae the battle grund, assumin they wad be able tae come back whan the weir wis bye. Housomever, they cuidna come back, an the Germans that haed steyed wir herried out an a new Polish popular, amang thaim wis fowk that wir herried out frae umwhile Easten Poland annexed bi the Soviet Union an frae Mid Poland, jyned the lave of the native Polish inhaibitants frae the region. Efter 1945 an in 1946, nearhaund aa of the 4.5 meillion Silesians wi German ruits flichtit, or wir steekit in camps an herried out, amang thaim a wheen thousan German Jews that haed pitten ower the Holocaust an come back tae Silesia. The newly foundit Polish Unitit Wirkers' Pairty creatit a ''Ministry of the Recovered Territories'' that owned the hauf of the apen plou-grund till state-run collectivized fairms. Mony of the new Polish Silesians, wha murned the Germans for their invasion in 1939 an fellness in occupation, nou murned the newly foundit Polish communist government for their populace shiftin an mellin wi fairmin an industrial affairs.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lukowski, Zawadski|first=Jerzy, Hubert|url=https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00luko/page/278|title=A Concise History of Poland|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2006|isbn=978-0-521-61857-1|location=Cambridge, UK|pages=[https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00luko/page/278 278–280]|url-access=registration}}</ref> The admeinistrative division of Silesia intil Poland haes chyngit a curnie times sin 1945. Syne 1999, it haes been daled atween Lubusz Voivodeship, Nether Silesian Voivodeship, Opole Voivodeship, an Silesian Voivodeship. Czech Silesia is nou pairt of the Czech Republic, formin pairt of the Moravian-Silesian Region an the northern pairt of the Olomouc Region. Germany keps the Silesia-Lusatia region ({{Lang|de|Niederschlesien-Oberlausitz}} or {{Lang|de|Schlesische Oberlausitz}}) bewast the Neisse, the whilk is pairt of the federal state of [[Saxony]]. The region wis prejudged wi the 1997, 2010 an 2024 Mid European fluids. === Ethnic history === [[File:Silesia_Language_Map_1905.png|thumb|Mither Tungs of Silesia, frae the wittins of the 1905 Census]] Our ain day Silesia is inhaibitit bi [[Poles]], Silesians, [[Germans]], and Czechs. Germans first came till Silesia durin the Late Medieval Ostsiedlung.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Weinhold|first=Karl|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_CqpCAAAAIAAJ|title=Die Verbreitung und die Herkunft der Deutschen in Schlesien|publisher=[[J. Engelhorn]]|year=1887|location=Stuttgart|language=the German}}</ref> The lest Polish census in 2011 shawed that the Silesians are the mucklest ethnic or national minority in Poland, an Germans the saicont; baith groups bide maistly in Iver Silesia. The Czech pairt of Silesia is inhaibitit bi Czechs, Moravians, Silesians, and Poles. In the airly 19t century the popular of the Prussian pairt of Silesia wis atween 2/3 an 3/4 German-speakin, atween 1/5 an 1/3 Polish-speakin, wi the Sorbs, Czechs, Moravians an Jews makin up the ither smawer minorities (tak a scance till Table 1. ablow). Afore the Saicont Warld Weir, Silesia wis inhaibitit maistly bi Germans, wi Poles a muckle minority, formin a plurality in Iver Silesia.<ref name="Gumpert">{{Cite book|last=Jobst Gumpert|title=Polen, Deutschland|publisher=[[Callwey]]|year=1966|pages=138|language=the German}}</ref> Silesia wis alsae the hame of a smaw feck of Czech an Jewish fowk. The German populace wis maistly wonnin in the urban airts an in the laundward pairts tae the north an wast, whereas the Polish populace wis maistly laundward an cuid be fund in the east an in the south.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hunt Tooley|first=T|date=1997|title=National Identity and Weimar Germany: Upper Silesia and the Eastern Border, 1918–1922|journal=[[University of Nebraska Press]]|language=the English|pages=17}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Table 1. Ethno-leid structure of Prussian Silesia in years 1787–1823 !Ethnic group !frae. G. Hassel in 1819<ref name="Georg Hassel">{{Cite book|last=Georg Hassel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=31DMAJgQV28C&pg=PA34|title=Statistischer Umriß der sämmtlichen europäischen und der vornehmsten außereuropäischen Staaten, in Hinsicht ihrer Entwickelung, Größe, Volksmenge, Finanz- und Militärverfassung, tabellarisch dargestellt; Erster Heft: Welcher die beiden großen Mächte Österreich und Preußen und den Deutschen Staatenbund darstellt|publisher=[[Verlag des Geographischen Instituts Weimar]]|year=1823|pages=33–34|language=the German|quote=}}</ref> !% !frae. S. Plater in 1823{{Sfn|Plater|1825}} !% !frae. T. Ładogórski in 1787<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ładogórski|first=Tadeusz|title=Ludność, in: Historia Śląska, vol. II: 1763–1850, part 1: 1763–1806|publisher=[[edited by W. Długoborski]]|year=1966|location=Wrocław|pages=150|language=the Polish}}</ref> !% |- |'''Germans''' |1,561,570 |'''75.6''' |1,550,000 |'''70.5''' |1,303,300 |'''74.6''' |- |'''Poles''' |444,000 |'''21.5''' |600,000 |'''27.3''' |401,900 |'''23.0''' |- |'''Sorbs''' |24,500 |'''1.2''' |30,000 |'''1.4''' |900 |'''0.1''' |- |'''Czechs''' |5,500 |'''0.3''' | | |32,600 |'''1.9''' |- |'''Moravians''' |12,000 |'''0.6''' | | | | |- |'''Jews''' |16,916 |'''0.8''' |20,000 |'''0.9''' |8,900 |'''0.5''' |- |'''Popular''' |'''c. 2.1&nbsp;meillion''' |'''100''' |'''c. 2.2&nbsp;meillion''' |'''100''' |'''c. 1.8&nbsp;meillion''' |'''100''' |} Ethnic structure of Prussian Iver Silesia ([[Opole]] regency) durin the 19t century an the air 20t century can be fund in Table 2.: {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" ! colspan="18" |Table 2. Nummers of Polish, German an ither indwallers (Regierungsbezirk Oppeln)<ref name="Georg Hassel">{{Cite book|last=Georg Hassel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=31DMAJgQV28C&pg=PA34|title=Statistischer Umriß der sämmtlichen europäischen und der vornehmsten außereuropäischen Staaten, in Hinsicht ihrer Entwickelung, Größe, Volksmenge, Finanz- und Militärverfassung, tabellarisch dargestellt; Erster Heft: Welcher die beiden großen Mächte Österreich und Preußen und den Deutschen Staatenbund darstellt|publisher=Verlag des Geographischen Instituts Weimar|year=1823|pages=33–34|language=de|quote=}}</ref><ref name="Paul Weber1">{{Cite book|last=Paul Weber|url=https://archive.org/details/diepoleninobersc00webeuoft|title=Die Polen in Oberschlesien: eine statistische Untersuchung|publisher=[[Verlagsbuchhandlung von Julius Springer]]|year=1913|location=Berlin|language=the German}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kalisch|first=Johannes|last2=Bochinski|first2=Hans|date=1958|title=Stosunki narodowościowe na Śląsku w świetle relacji pruskich urzędników z roku 1882|url=http://sobotka.uni.wroc.pl/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Sobotka_13_1958_43-58.pdf|journal=[[Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka]]|location=Leipzig|volume=13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201215644/http://sobotka.uni.wroc.pl/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Sobotka_13_1958_43-58.pdf|archive-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> |- !Year !1819 !1831 !1834 !1837 !1840 !1843 !1846 !1852 !1855 !1858 !1861 !1867 !1890 !1900 !1905 !1910 |- |'''''Polish''''' |377,100 '''(67.2%)''' |418,837 '''(62.0%)''' |468,691 '''(62.6%)''' |495,362 '''(62.1%)''' |525,395 '''(58.6%)''' |540,402 '''(58.1%)''' |568,582 '''(58.1%)''' |584,293 '''(58.6%)''' |590,248 '''(58.7%)''' |612,849 '''(57.3%)''' |665,865 '''(59.1%)''' |742,153 '''(59.8%)''' |918,728 '''(58.2%)''' |1,048,230 '''(56.1%)''' |1,158,805 '''(57.0%)''' |Census, monolingual Polish: '''1,169,340''' '''(53.0%)'''<ref name="Paul Weber2">{{Cite book|last=Paul Weber|url=https://archive.org/details/diepoleninobersc00webeuoft|title=Die Polen in Oberschlesien: eine statistische Untersuchung|publisher=[[Verlagsbuchhandlung von Julius Springer]]|year=1913|location=Berlin|page=27|language=the German}}</ref> '''or up tae''' '''1,560,000''' thegither wi bilinguals |- |'''''German''''' |162,600 '''(29.0%)''' |257,852 '''(36.1%)''' |266,399 '''(35.6%)''' |290,168 '''(36.3%)''' |330,099 '''(36.8%)''' |348,094 '''(37.4%)''' |364,175 '''(37.2%)''' |363,990 '''(36.5%)''' |366,562 '''(36.5%)''' |406,950 '''(38.1%)''' |409,218 '''(36.3%)''' |457,545 '''(36.8%)''' |566,523 '''(35.9%)''' |684,397 '''(36.6%)''' |757,200 '''(37.2%)''' |'''884,045''' '''(40.0%)''' |- |'''''Ither''''' |21,503 '''(3.8%)''' |13,254 '''(1.9%)''' |13,120 '''(1.8%)''' |12,679 '''(1.6%)''' |41,570 '''(4.6%)''' |42,292 '''(4.5%)''' |45,736 '''(4.7%)''' |49,445 '''(4.9%)''' |48,270 '''(4.8%)''' |49,037 '''(4.6%)''' |51,187 '''(4.6%)''' |41,611 '''(3.4%)''' |92,480 '''(5.9%)''' |135,519 '''(7.3%)''' |117,651 '''(5.8%)''' |Populace: 2,207,981 |} The Austrian pairt of Silesia haed a mixter-maxter of German, Polish and Czech fowk, wi speakers of the Polish makin a plurality in Cieszyn Silesia.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chromik|first=Grzegorz|title=Geschichte des deutsch-slawischen Sprachkontaktes im Teschener Schlesien|isbn=978-3-88246-398-9|pages=258–322|language=the German}}</ref> ==== Releigion ==== [[File:Verbreitung_der_Konfessionen_im_deutschen_Reich.jpg|thumb|Confessions in the German Empire (Catholic/Protestant; {{Circa|1890}}). Nether Silesia wis maistly Protestant, while Glatz (Kłodzko) an Iver Silesia wis maistly Catholic.]] Historically, Silesia wis about aqual spleit atween [[Catholic Kirk|Catholics]] an [[Protestantism|Protestants]] (awmaist aa wir Lutherans). In an 1890 census taen in the German pairt, Catholics made up a slicht plurality of 53%, while the ither 47% wir maist haund Lutheran.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Meyers Konversationslexikon|volume=5. Ausgabe}}</ref> Geographically speakin, Iver Silesia wis maistly Catholic binna for a puckle of pairts in the nort-wast, the whilk wir feckly Lutheran. Nether Silesia wis maistly Lutheran binna for the Glatzer Laund (nou kent as Kłodzko County). Generally speakin, the popular wis maistly Protestant in the wastern pairts, an it wad maistly get mair Catholic the farrer east a body gaed. In Iver Silesia, Protestants wir thranged in muckler ceities, an aften conseidered theirsells German. Efter Warld Weir II, the releigious demographics haed chyngit significantly sin the Germans, wha made up the feck of the Protestant popular, wir forcibly herried out. Poles, wha wir maistly Catholic, haed sattled again here in their steid. The day, Silesia bides feckly Catholic. Extant syne the 12t century,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Demshuk|first=A|title=The Lost German East: Forced Migration and the Politics of Memory, 1945–1970|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2012|pages=40}}</ref> Silesia's Jewish commonty wis thranged aroun Wrocław an Iver Silesia, an nummered at 48,003 (1.1% of the popular) in 1890, gaein doun tae 44,985 bodies (0.9%) bi 1910.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kamusella|first=T|title=Silesia and Central European nationalisms: the emergence of national and ethnic groups in Prussian Silesia and Austrian Silesia, 1848–1918|publisher=[[Purdue University Press]]|year=2007|pages=173}}</ref> In Polish East Iver Silesia, the nummer of Jews wis roun about 90,000–100,000.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Browning|first=Christopher R.|url=https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511665301|title=Nazi Policy, Jewish Workers, German Killers|date=2000-02-13|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-77299-0}}</ref> Historically, the commonty haed dree'd a nummer of localised herryin outs, for ensample their 1453 herryin out frae [[Wrocław]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=van Straten|first=J|title=The Origin of Ashkenazi Jewry: The Controversy Unravelled|publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]]|year=2011|pages=58}}</ref> Atween 1712 an 1820 a tring of chiels heild the teitle Heid Rabbi of Silesia ("''Landesrabbiner''"): Naphtali ha-Kohen (1712–16); Samuel ben Naphtali (1716–22); Ḥayyim Jonah Te'omim (1722–1727); Baruch b. Reuben Gomperz (1733–54); Joseph Jonas Fränkel (1754–93); Jeremiah Löw Berliner (1793–99); Lewin Saul Fränkel (1800–7); Aaron Karfunkel (1807–16); an Abraham ben Gedaliah Tiktin (1816–20).<ref>{{Cite web|last=<!--Not stated-->|title=Silesia|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/7747-hirschberg|access-date=6 December 2017|website=1906 Jewish Encyclopedia|publisher=[[JewishEncyclopedia.com]]|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Eftercasts of Warld Weir II ==== Efter the Germans invadit Poland in 1939, follaein {{interlanguage link|Nazi racial policy|en|Racial Policy of Nazi Germany}}, the Jewish popular of Silesia wis subjectit tae genocide wi executions performit wi Einsatzgruppe z. B.V. heidit bi ''Udo von Woyrsch'' an Einsatzgruppe I heidit bi ''Bruno Streckenbach'',<ref>{{Cite book|last=Olkuśnik|first=Magdalena|title=Popularna encyklopedia powszechna|last2=Wójcik|first2=Elżbieta|year=2001|volume=10|pages=660}}</ref> incarceration in ghettos, an ethnic cleansing of the General Government. In their ettles tae exterminate the Jews throu murther an ethnic cleansin, the Germans foundit the Auschwitz an Gross-Rosen camps in the province of Silesia. Herryin outs wir cairried out apenly an souched in the local press.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Steinbacher|first=S|title=The murder of the Jews of East Upper Silesia", in Cesarani, D. (2004) Holocaust: From the persecution of the Jews to mass murder,|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2004|pages=110-138}}</ref> Thaim sent tae ghettos wad frae 1942 be herried out till concentration an wark camps.<ref name=":0" /> Atween 5 Mey an 17 Juin, 20,000 Silesian Jews wir sent till Birkenau till gas chaumers and aa throu August 1942, atween 10,000 an 13,000 Silesian Jews wir murthert wi gassin at the Auschwitz.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hoffmann|first=Stanley|last2=Browning|first2=Christopher R.|date=2005|title=The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939-March 1942|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/20034240|journal=[[Foreign Affairs]]|volume=84|issue=1|pages=188|doi=10.2307/20034240|issn=0015-7120}}</ref> Maist Jews in Silesia wir exterminated wi the Nazis. Efter the weir Silesia became a heidmaist centre till repatriation of the Jewish popular that haed pitten ower Nazi German extermination in Poland,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Slucki|first=David|url=https://doi.org/10.36019/9780813552255|title=The International Jewish Labor Bund after 1945|date=2019-09-03|publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8135-5225-5|pages=63}}</ref> an in the hairst of 1945, 15,000 Jews wir bidin in Nether Silesia, maistly Polish Jews that haed come back frae territories that nou belanged the Soviet Union,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Belah Guṭerman|first=|date=2011-03-01|title=A Narrow Bridge to Life: Jewish Forced Labor and Survival in the Gross-Rosen Camp System|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/hgs/dcr012|journal=[[Holocaust and Genocide Studies]]|volume=25|issue=1|pages=229|doi=10.1093/hgs/dcr012|issn=8756-6583}}</ref> risin in 1946 tae seiventy thousan<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Kochavi|first=AJ|date=2001|title=Post-Holocaust politics: Britain, the United States & Jewish refugees, 1945–1948|journal=[[University of North Carolina Press]]|pages=176}}</ref> as Jewish survivors frae ither pairts of Poland wir relocate.<ref name=":2" /> The feck of Germans flichtit or wir herried out frae the day's Polish an Czech pairts of Silesia durin an efter Warld Weir II. Atween Juin 1945 an Januar 1947, 1.77&nbsp;meillion Germans wir herried out frae Nether Silesia, an 310,000 frae Iver Silesia.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Klusmeyer|first=Douglas B.|url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9781845459697|title=Immigration Policy in the Federal Republic of Germany|last2=Papademetriou|first2=Demetrios G.|date=2022-09-29|publisher=[[Berghahn Books]]|isbn=978-1-84545-969-7}}</ref> The day, maist German Silesians an their affspring bides in the Federal Republic of Germany, mony of thaim in the [[Ruhr]] area wirkin as miners, like their forebeirs in Silesia. Ane of its maist namely but controversial presses wis the [[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|Christian Democratic Union]] politician ''Herbert Hupka''. The herryin out of Germans haed resultit in rife unnerpopulation. The popular of the toun of [[Głogów]] fell frae 33,500 tae 5,000, an atween 1939 an 1966 the popular of Wrocław fell bi 25%. Ettles tae re-people Silesia didna come muckle speed in the 1940s and 1950s,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fessenden|first=Helen|last2=Mazower|first2=Mark|date=1999|title=Dark Continent: Europe's Twentieth Century|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/20049489|journal=[[Foreign Affairs]]|volume=78|issue=5|pages=223|doi=10.2307/20049489|issn=0015-7120}}</ref> an Silesia's popular didna rax tae pre-weir levels till the hint-end of the 1970s. The Polish sattlers that re-peopled Silesia wir pairtly frae the umwhile Polish Easten Mairchlaunds, the whilk wis annexed bi the [[Soviet Union]] in 1939. Wrocław wis pairtly re-peopled wi bield-seekers frae the umwhile Polish ceity of [[Lviv|Lwów]]. == Geography == [[File:Landkarte_von_Schlesien.jpg|thumb|First kairt of Silesia bi Martin Helwig, 1561; north at the bottom]] [[File:Silesia_Physical_Map.png|thumb|Physical kairt of Silesia in 1905]] The maist of Silesia is affeirin flet, awtho its southren mairch is maistly mountainous. It is feckly locate in a swathe rinnin alang baith braes of the iver an mid [[Oder|Oder (Odra)]] River, but it raxes eastle tae the iver Vistula River. The pairt alsae taks in mony leaders of the Oder, amang thaim is the Bóbr (an its leader the Kwisa), the Barycz an the Nysa Kłodzka. The [[Sudetes|Sudeten Bens]] rins alang the maist of the southren rind of the region, tho at its south-eastern extreme it raxes tae the Silesian Beskids an Moravian-Silesian Beskids, whilk belang the [[Carpathie Moontains|Carpathian Bens]]. Historically, Silesia wis boundit tae the wast bi the Kwisa an Bóbr Rivers, while the laund bewast the Kwisa wis in Iver Lusatia (airlier ''Milsko''). Housomever, because pairt of Iver Lusatia wis taen in the Province of Silesia in 1815, in Germany ''[[Görlitz (destrict)|Görlitz]]'', ''Niederschlesischer Oberlausitzkreis'' an neebourin airts are conseidered pairts of historical Silesia. Thae destricks, alang wi Poland's Nether Silesian Voivodeship an pairts of Lubusz Voivodeship, mak up the geographic region of Nether Silesia. Silesia haes unnergaen a siclike notional raxin at its eastern extreme. Historically, it raxed anelie the lenth of the Brynica River, whilk sinders it frae Zagłębie Dąbrowskie in Lesser Poland. Houaniver, tae mony Poles the day, Silesia (''Śląsk)'' is unnerstuid tae kiver aa the area roun about Katowice, includin Zagłębie. This interpretation is gien offeicial ratihabitation in the yuise of the name Silesian Voivodeship ({{lang|pl|województwo śląskie}}) for the province kiverin this area. In fack, the wird ''{{lang|pl|Śląsk}}'' in the Polish leid (whan yuised athout qualification) nou commonly refers alanerlie tae this area (alsae kent as ''Górny Śląsk'' or Iver Silesia). As weel as the Katowice airt, historical Iver Silesia alsae taks in the [[Opole]] region (Poland's Opole Voivodeship) an Czech Silesia. Czech Silesia is made up of a pairt of the Moravian-Silesian Region an the Jeseník Destrick in the Olomouc Region. === Naitural resources === Silesia is an airt rife of resources an fowk. Syne the mid-18t century, coal haes gotten mined. The industry haed grown while Silesia wis pairt of Germany, an peaked in the 1970s unner the Fowk's Republic of Poland. Durin this time, Silesia became ane of the warld's mucklest producers of coal, wi a record tonnage in 1979.<ref name="en.poland.gov.pl">{{Cite web|title=Natural Resources &#124; poland.gov.pl|url=http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110813164344/http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-date=2011-08-13|access-date=19 November 2013|publisher=[[En.poland.gov.pl]]|url-status=live}}</ref> The coal minin dwined durin the nixt twa decades, but haes gaen up again follaein the end of Communist maistry. [[File:KWK_Bolesław_Śmiały_01.jpg|thumb|Bolesław Śmiały Coal Mine, Łaziska Górne]] The 41 coal mines in Silesia are maistly pairt of the Iver Silesian Coal Basin, whilk liggs in the Silesian Braes. The coalfield haes an area of about {{Convert|4,500|km2|mi2}}.<ref name="en.poland.gov.pl">{{Cite web|title=Natural Resources &#124; poland.gov.pl|url=http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110813164344/http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-date=2011-08-13|access-date=19 November 2013|publisher=En.poland.gov.pl}}</ref> Deposits in Nether Silesia hae kyth'd tae be a trauchle tae mak yuise of an the area's onprofitable mines wir steekit in 2000.<ref name="en.poland.gov.pl" /> In 2008, an upcuissen 35&nbsp;billion tonnes of lignite fordels wir fund near Legnica, makin thaim some of the mucklest in the warld.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mamy największe złoża węgla brunatnego na świecie|url=http://www.gazetawyborcza.pl/1,82244,4820533.html|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20120503194935/http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/1,114873,4820533.html|archive-date=2012-05-03|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=[[Gazetawyborcza.pl]]|language=the Polish|url-status=live}}</ref> Frae the fowert century BC on, airn ore haes been mined in the braes of Silesia.<ref name="en.poland.gov.pl">{{Cite web|title=Natural Resources &#124; poland.gov.pl|url=http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110813164344/http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-date=2011-08-13|access-date=19 November 2013|publisher=En.poland.gov.pl}}</ref> The samen while haed leid, capper, siller, an gowd minin. Zinc, cadmium, arsenic,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mikulski|first=S.Z.|title=Late-Hercynian gold-bearing arsenic-polymetallic mineralization within Saxothuringian zone in the Polish Sudetes, Northeast Bohemian Massif, Mineral Deposits at the Beginning of the 21st Century|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|year=2022|isbn=978-1-003-07750-3|location=London|pages=787-790}}</ref> an [[uranium]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wise International &#124; World Information Service on Energy|url=http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/index.html?http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/439-440/poland.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010053346/http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/index.html?http%3A%2F%2Fwww10.antenna.nl%2Fwise%2F439-440%2Fpoland.html|archive-date=10 October 2007|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=}}</ref> hev been mined in the region forbye. Nether Silesia features lairge capper minin an processing atween the ceities of [[Legnica]], Głogów, Lubin, and Polkowice. In the Middle Ages, gowd (Polish: ''złoto'') an siller (Polish: ''srebro'') wir mined in the region, whilk is refleckit in the names of the umwhile minin touns of [[Złotoryja]], Złoty Stok an Srebrna Góra. The region is kent for stane quarrying tae produce limestane, marl, mairble, an basalt.<ref name="en.poland.gov.pl">{{Cite web|title=Natural Resources &#124; poland.gov.pl|url=http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110813164344/http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-date=2011-08-13|access-date=19 November 2013|publisher=En.poland.gov.pl}}</ref> {| class="wikitable col2right" |+'''Annwal throu-pit of minerals in Silesia''' !Mineral name !Throu-pit (tonnes) !Ref. |- |Bituminous coal |95,000,000 | |- |Capper |571,000 |<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 July 2011|title=Copper: World Smelter Production, By Country|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/minerals/copper/copper_t21.html|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |Zinc |160,000 |<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 July 2004|title=Zinc: World Smelter Production, By Country|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/minerals/zinc/zinc_table18.html|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |Siller |1,200 |<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 August 2004|title=Silver: World Mine Production, By Country|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/minerals/silver/silver_table08.html|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |Cadmium |500 |<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 May 2012|title=Cadmium: World Refinery Production, By Country|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/minerals/cadmium/cadmium_t5.html|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |Leid |70,000 |<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 June 2005|title=Lead: World Refinery Production, By Country|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/minerals/lead/lead_t16.html|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=|url-status=live}}</ref> |} The region alsae haes a weel-daein lawbourage sector, whilk produces cereals (white, rye, barley, aits, stuff), tatties, rapeseed, succar beets an siclike. Milk throu-pit is weel developed. The Opole Silesia haes for mony decade taen the tap spat in Poland for their indices of effective yuise of pleu laund.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Samorząd Województwa Opolskiego|url=http://umwo.opole.pl/serwis/index.php?id=2009|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=|url-status=live}}</ref> The mountainous pairts of southren Silesia features mony significant an hertsome tourism destinations (e.g., Karpacz, Szczyrk, Wisła). Silesia is generally weel forestit. This is because greenness is generally heichly socht efter bi the local populace, mairbetoken in the heichly industrialized pairts of Silesia. == Demographics == Silesia haes been historically diverse in aa pairts. Nouadays, the mucklest pairt of Silesia is locate in Poland; it is aften cried ane of the maist diverse pairts of Poland. The Unitit States Immigration Commission, in its ''Dictionary of Races or People'' (published in 1911, whan muckle thrangs of Silesian fowk wir flittin till the Unitit States), heild ''Silesian'' for a geographical (nae ethnic) term, beirin the inhaibitants of Silesia. The existence of baith Polish Silesian an German Silesian dialecks thereawa wis mintioned forbye.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dillingham|first=William Paul|url=https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofrace00unitrich#page/128/mode/1up/search/Silesian|title=Dictionary of Races or Peoples|last2=Folkmar|first2=Daniel|last3=Folkmar|first3=Elnora|publisher=[[Washington, Government Printing Office]]|year=1911|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=128}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Dillingham|first=William Paul|url=https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofrace00unitrich#page/105/mode/1up|title=Dictionary of Races or Peoples|last2=Folkmar|first2=Daniel|last3=Folkmar|first3=Elnora|publisher=[[Washington, Government Printing Office]]|others=United States. Immigration Commission (1907–1910)|year=1911|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=105, 128}}</ref> === Ceities an touns === The follaein table taks in the ceities and touns in Silesia with a popular greater nor 20,000 (2026).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-04-29|title=Population. Size and structure and vital statistics in Poland by territorial division in 2025. As of 31 December (table IV)|url=https://stat.gov.pl/en/topics/population/population/population-size-and-structure-and-vital-statistics-in-poland-by-territorial-division-in-2025-as-of-31-december,3,39.html|access-date=2026-06-04|publisher=[[Statistics Poland]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-05-18|title=Population in municipalities as at 1. 1.|url=https://data.csu.gov.cz/datastat/data/VYBER/OBY02AT02|website=DataStat|publisher=[[Czech Statistical Office]]}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" ! style="width:1%;" | ! style="width:1%;" | !Name ! style="width:6%;" |Popular ! style="width:11%;" |Area ! style="width:4%;" |Kintra !Admeinistrative ! style="width:15%;" |Historic subregion |- style="text-align:center;" |1 |[[File:Herb_wroclaw.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Wrocław]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |672,601 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|293|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |2 |[[File:Ostrava_CoA_CZ.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Ostrava'''* | style="text-align:center;" |280,853 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|214|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia/[[Moravie|Moravia]] |- style="text-align:center;" |3 |[[File:Katowice_Herb.svg|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Katowice''' | style="text-align:center;" |277,415 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|165|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |4 |[[File:Gliwice_herb.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Gliwice''' | style="text-align:center;" |166,942 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|134|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |5 |[[File:POL_Bielsko-Biała_COA.svg|center|48x48px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Bielsko-Biała'''* | style="text-align:center;" |163,164 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|125|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia/Lesser Poland |- style="text-align:center;" |6 |[[File:POL_Zabrze_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Zabrze''' | style="text-align:center;" |150,780 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|80|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |7 |[[File:Bytom_herb.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Bytom''' | style="text-align:center;" |144,598 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|69|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |8 |[[File:POL_Zielona_Góra_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Zielona Góra''' | style="text-align:center;" |138,476 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|58|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_lubuskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Lubusz Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |9 |[[File:POL_Rybnik_COA.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Rybnik]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |128,788 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|148|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |10 |[[File:POL_Ruda_Śląska_COA.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Ruda Śląska''' | style="text-align:center;" |127,601 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|78|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |11 |[[File:POL_Opole_COA.svg|center|34x34px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Opole]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |126,623 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|97|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_opolskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Opole Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |12 |[[File:POL_Tychy_COA.svg|center|27x27px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Tychy''' | style="text-align:center;" |120,081 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|82|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |13 |[[File:Chorzów_herb.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Chorzów''' | style="text-align:center;" |98,418 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|33|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |14 |[[File:POL_Wałbrzych_COA.svg|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Wałbrzych]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |97,546 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|85|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |15 |[[File:Legnica_herb.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Legnica]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |89,919 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|56|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |16 |[[File:POL_Jastrzębie-Zdrój_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Jastrzębie-Zdrój''' | style="text-align:center;" |80,527 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|85|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |17 |[[File:POL_Jelenia_Góra_COA_1.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Jelenia Góra''' | style="text-align:center;" |73,470 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|109|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |18 |[[File:POL_Mysłowice_COA.svg|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Mysłowice''' | style="text-align:center;" |70,160 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|66|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |19 |[[File:Havirov_CoA.png|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Havířov''' | style="text-align:center;" |67,998 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|32|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |20 |[[File:POL_Lubin_COA.svg|center|27x27px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Lubin''' | style="text-align:center;" |65,961 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|41|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |21 |[[File:POL_Siemianowice_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Siemianowice Śląskie''' | style="text-align:center;" |62,311 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|25|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |22 |[[File:POL_Żory_COA.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Żory''' | style="text-align:center;" |61,857 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|65|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |23 |[[File:Herb_TarnowskieGory.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Tarnowskie Góry''' | style="text-align:center;" |61,001 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|84|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |24 |[[File:POL_Głogów_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Głogów''' | style="text-align:center;" |60,605 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|35|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |25 |[[File:Wappen_Goerlitz_vector.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Görlitz'''** | style="text-align:center;" |55,186 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|68|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|GER}} | style="text-align:center;" |{{Flagicon|Saxony}} [[Saxony]] |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |26 |[[File:Opava_CoA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Opava''' | style="text-align:center;" |54,881 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|91|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |27 |[[File:Frýdek_Místek_CoA_CZ.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Frýdek-Místek'''* | style="text-align:center;" |53,164 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|52|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia/Moravia |- style="text-align:center;" |28 |[[File:POL_Kędzierzyn-Koźle_COA.svg|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Kędzierzyn-Koźle''' | style="text-align:center;" |53,140 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|124|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_opolskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Opole Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |29 |[[File:POL_Świdnica_COA.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Świdnica''' | style="text-align:center;" |51,357 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|22|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |30 |[[File:POL_Piekary_Śląskie_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Piekary Śląskie''' | style="text-align:center;" |51,030 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|40|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |31 |[[File:POL_Racibórz_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Racibórz]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |48,750 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|75|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |32 |[[File:Karwina_herb.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Karviná]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |48,684 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|58|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |33 |[[File:POL_Świętochłowice_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Świętochłowice''' | style="text-align:center;" |44,621 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|13|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |34 |[[File:POL_Wodzisław_Śląski_COA.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Wodzisław Śląski''' | style="text-align:center;" |44,017 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|50|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |35 |[[File:POL_Mikołów_COA.svg|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Mikołów''' | style="text-align:center;" |41,478 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|79|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |36 |[[File:POL_Nysa_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Nysa''' | style="text-align:center;" |39,887 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|27|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_opolskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Opole Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |37 |[[File:POL_Bolesławiec_COA_1.svg|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Bolesławiec''' | style="text-align:center;" |36,642 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|24|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |38 |[[File:POL_Nowa_Sól_COA.svg|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Nowa Sól''' | style="text-align:center;" |35,230 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|22|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_lubuskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Lubusz Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |39 |[[File:Herb_Knurów-2018.png|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Knurów''' | style="text-align:center;" |34,919 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|34|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |40 |[[File:POL_Oleśnica_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Oleśnica''' | style="text-align:center;" |34,676 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|21|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |41 |[[File:POL_Czechowice-Dziedzice_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Czechowice-Dziedzice''' | style="text-align:center;" |34,564 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|33|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |42 |[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Třinec.svg|center|34x34px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Třinec''' | style="text-align:center;" |33,523 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|85|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |43 |[[File:POL_Oława_COA.svg|center|33x33px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Oława''' | style="text-align:center;" |32,928 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|27|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |44 |[[File:POL_Brzeg_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Brzeg''' | style="text-align:center;" |32,724 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|15|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_opolskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Opole Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |45 |[[File:POL_Cieszyn_COA.svg|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Cieszyn''' | style="text-align:center;" |32,217 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|29|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |46 |[[File:Wappen_Hoyerswerda.PNG|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Hoyerswerda'''** | style="text-align:center;" |30,759 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|96|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|GER}} | style="text-align:center;" |{{Flagicon|Saxony}} Saxony |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |47 |[[File:POL_Dzierżoniów_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Dzierżoniów''' | style="text-align:center;" |30,014 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|20|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |48 |[[File:POL_Zgorzelec_COA.svg|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Zgorzelec'''** | style="text-align:center;" |28,095 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|16|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |49 |[[File:POL_Bielawa_COA.svg|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Bielawa''' | style="text-align:center;" |27,480 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|36|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |50 |[[File:Orlová_znak.png|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Orlová''' | style="text-align:center;" |27,383 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|25|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |51 |[[File:POL_Lubliniec_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Lubliniec''' | style="text-align:center;" |22,931 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|89|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |52 |[[File:Cesky_Tesin_CoA.png|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Český Těšín''' | style="text-align:center;" |22,870 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|34|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |53 |[[File:POL_Żagań_COA.svg|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Żagań''' | style="text-align:center;" |22,800 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|40|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_lubuskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Lubusz Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |54 |[[File:Krnov_znak.png|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Krnov''' | style="text-align:center;" |22,303 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|44|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |55 |[[File:POL_Orzesze_COA.svg|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Orzesze''' | style="text-align:center;" |22,242 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|84|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |56 |[[File:POL_Świebodzice_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Świebodzice''' | style="text-align:center;" |21,469 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|30|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |57 |[[File:POL_Kluczbork_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Kluczbork''' | style="text-align:center;" |21,232 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|12|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_opolskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Opole Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |58 |[[File:POL_Polkowice_COA_2022.svg|center|27x27px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Polkowice''' | style="text-align:center;" |20,832 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|24|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |59 |[[File:POL_Łaziska_Górne_COA.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Łaziska Górne''' | style="text-align:center;" |20,826 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|21|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |60 |[[File:POL_Świebodzin_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Świebodzin''' | style="text-align:center;" |20,480 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|11|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_lubuskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Lubusz Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |61 |[[File:Bohumin_CoA_CZ.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Bohumín''' | style="text-align:center;" |20,234 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|31|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Anelie pairt in Silesia<gallery> File:Old_Town_Hall_in_Wrocław,_September_2022_07.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_Town_Hall_in_Wroc%C5%82aw,_September_2022_07.jpg|[[:en:Wrocław|Wrocław]] File:Masarykovo_namesti.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Masarykovo_namesti.jpg|[[:en:Ostrava|Ostrava]] File:Katowice_Rynek.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Katowice_Rynek.jpg|[[:en:Katowice|Katowice]] File:6588vik_Gliwice._Foto_Barbara_Maliszewska.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:6588vik_Gliwice._Foto_Barbara_Maliszewska.jpg|[[:en:Gliwice|Gliwice]] File:Ratusz_Bielsko-Biała.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ratusz_Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a.JPG|[[:en:Bielsko-Biała|Bielsko-Biała]] File:Zabrze_post_office.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zabrze_post_office.jpg|[[:en:Zabrze|Zabrze]] File:Rynek_w_Bytomiu_2020.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rynek_w_Bytomiu_2020.jpg|[[:en:Bytom|Bytom]] File:Ratusz_i_Stary_Rynek_w_Zielonej_Górze.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ratusz_i_Stary_Rynek_w_Zielonej_G%C3%B3rze.jpg|[[:en:Zielona_Góra|Zielona Góra]] File:Rynek_w_Rybniku_1.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rynek_w_Rybniku_1.JPG|[[:en:Rybnik|Rybnik]] File:Plac_Jana_Pawła_II_w_Nowym_Bytomiu.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plac_Jana_Paw%C5%82a_II_w_Nowym_Bytomiu.jpg|[[:en:Ruda_Śląska|Ruda Śląska]] File:Opole_0001.7_-_widok_na_Stare_Miasto.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Opole_0001.7_-_widok_na_Stare_Miasto.jpg|[[:en:Opole|Opole]] File:Tychy_Stare._Rynek1.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tychy_Stare._Rynek1.JPG|[[:en:Tychy|Tychy]] File:Chorzów_-_Teatr_Rozrywki_01.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chorz%C3%B3w_-_Teatr_Rozrywki_01.JPG|[[:en:Chorzów|Chorzów]] File:Wałbrzych_-_Rynek_03.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wa%C5%82brzych_-_Rynek_03.jpg|[[:en:Wałbrzych|Wałbrzych]] File:Legnica_-_Rynek_-_Dawny_Ratusz_01.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Legnica_-_Rynek_-_Dawny_Ratusz_01.jpg|[[:en:Legnica|Legnica]] File:Pałac_w_Boryni_7.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pa%C5%82ac_w_Boryni_7.JPG|[[:en:Jastrzębie-Zdrój|Jastrzębie-Zdrój]] File:Horni-namesti1.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Horni-namesti1.jpg|[[:en:Opava|Opava]] File:SM_Brzeg_Ratusz_2023_(1).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SM_Brzeg_Ratusz_2023_(1).jpg|[[:en:Brzeg|Brzeg]] </gallery> == Flags an blasouns == The signs of Nether Silesia an Iver Silesia hae their founds in the signs of the Piasts of Nether Silesia an Iver Silesia. The blasoun of Iver Silesia depicts the gowden earn on the blue shiel. The blasoun of Nether Silesia depicts a black earn on a gowden (yella) shiel.<gallery> File:DEU_Oberschlesien_1926-1945_COA.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DEU_Oberschlesien_1926-1945_COA.svg|Blasoun of the Prussian [[:en:Province_of_Upper_Silesia|province of Iver Silesia]] (1919–1938 and 1941–1945) File:POL_województwo_śląskie_COA.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_COA.svg|[[:en:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Silesian_Voivodeship|Blasoun of the Silesian Voivodeship]] File:POL_województwo_opolskie_COA.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_opolskie_COA.svg|[[:en:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Opole_Voivodeship|The blasoun of the Opolskie Voivodeship]] File:Henryk_I_Probus_herb.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henryk_I_Probus_herb.png|Blasoun of Duke [[:en:Henry_Probus|Henry Probus]] File:Wappen_Herzogtum_Schlesien.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wappen_Herzogtum_Schlesien.png|Blasoun of [[:en:Austrian_Silesia|Austrian Silesia]] (1742–1918) File:Wappen_Provinz_Niederschlesien.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wappen_Provinz_Niederschlesien.png|Prussian [[:en:Province_of_Lower_Silesia|province of Nether Silesia]] (1919–1938 and 1941–1945) File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_COA.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_dolno%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_COA.svg|Blasoun of the [[:en:Lower_Silesia_Voivodeship|Nether Silesia Voivodeship]] File:Znak_Slezska.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Znak_Slezska.svg|Blasoun of [[:en:Czech_Silesia|Czech Silesia]] </gallery>Flags wi their colors refer tae the blasoun of Silesia.<gallery> File:Flagge_Preußen_-_Provinz_Oberschlesien.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flagge_Preu%C3%9Fen_-_Provinz_Oberschlesien.svg|[[:en:Flag_of_Upper_Silesia|Flag of Prussian Iver Silesia province]] (1919–1938 and 1941–1945) File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_flag.svg|Flag of Silesia Voivodeship File:Flag_of_Czech_Silesia.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Czech_Silesia.svg|Flag of the Austrian Silesia (1742–1918), an Czech Silesia File:Flagge_Preußen_-_Provinz_Schlesien.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flagge_Preu%C3%9Fen_-_Provinz_Schlesien.svg|[[:en:Flag_of_Silesia_and_Lower_Silesia|Flag of Prussian Nether Silesia province]] (1919–1938 and 1941–1945) File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_dolno%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_flag.svg|Flag of Nether Silesia Voivodeship </gallery> == Warld Heritage Steids == <gallery mode="packed-hover" widths="200px" heights="160px"> File:Swidnica-_Kosciol_Pokoju_02.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Swidnica-_Kosciol_Pokoju_02.jpg|Kirks of Peace, Świdnica an Jawor File:Wrocław_-_Jahrhunderthalle5.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wroc%C5%82aw_-_Jahrhunderthalle5.jpg|Centennial Haa, [[Wrocław]] File:SZTOLNIA_GŁĘBOKA_FRYDERYK_-_część_trasy_turystycznej_pn._Sztolnia_Czarnego_Pastrąga.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SZTOLNIA_G%C5%81%C4%98BOKA_FRYDERYK_-_cz%C4%99%C5%9B%C4%87_trasy_turystycznej_pn._Sztolnia_Czarnego_Pastr%C4%85ga.jpg|Historic Siller Mine, Tarnowskie Góry File:Das_Neue_Schloss_im_Park.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Das_Neue_Schloss_im_Park.jpg|Muskau Pairk, Łęknica an Bad Muskau </gallery> == Sources == * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Silesia|volume=25|pages=90–92}} *  {{cite encyclopedia|editor1-last=Czapliński|editor1-first=Marek|editor2-last=Wiszewski|editor2-first=Przemysław|encyclopedia=Region Divided - Times of Nation-States (1918-1945)|url=http://www.bibliotekacyfrowa.pl/Content/64229/Cuius_regio_vol_4.pdf|access-date=18 March 2018|language=the English|year=2014|publisher=ebooki.com.pl|title=Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia|volume=4|location=Wrocław, Poland|isbn=978-83-927132-8-9}} * {{Cite book|last=Długajczyk|first=Edward|title=Tajny front na granicy cieszyńskiej. Wywiad i dywersja w latach 1919–1939|publisher=Śląsk|year=1993|isbn=83-85831-03-7|location=[[Katowice]]|language=the Polish|trans-title=The Dern Front on the Cieszyn Mairch: Intelligence and Sabotage, 1919–1939|author-link=Edward Długajczyk}} *  {{cite encyclopedia|editor1-last=Harc|editor1-first=Lucyna|editor2-last=Wąs|editor2-first=Gabriela|encyclopedia=The Strengthening of Silesian Regionalism (1526-1740)|url=http://www.bibliotekacyfrowa.pl/Content/73766/Cuius_regio_vol_2.pdf|access-date=18 March 2018|language=the English|year=2014|publisher=ebooki.com.pl|title=Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia|volume=2|location=Wrocław, Poland|isbn=978-83-927132-6-5}} *  {{cite encyclopedia|editor1-last=Harc|editor1-first=Lucyna|editor2-last=Kulak|editor2-first=Teresa|encyclopedia=Silesia under the Authority of the Hohenzollerns (1741-1918)|url=http://www.bibliotekacyfrowa.pl/Content/79021/Cuius_regio_vol_3.pdf|access-date=18 March 2018|language=the English|year=2015|publisher=ebooki.com.pl|title=Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia|volume=3|location=Wrocław, Poland|isbn=978-83-942651-3-7}} * {{Cite book|last=Plater|first=Stanisław|url=https://obc.opole.pl/Content/8541/download/|title=Jeografia wschodniéy części Europy czyli Opis krajów przez wielorakie narody słowiańskie zamieszkanych : obejmujący Prussy, Xsięztwo Poznańskie, Szląsk Pruski, Gallicyą, Rzeczpospolitę Krakowską, Krolestwo Polskie i Litwę|publisher=Wilhelm Bogumił Korn|year=1825|location=Wrocław|language=the Polish|trans-title=Geography of the Easten Pairt of Europe, or Description of the Kintras inhaibitit bi Sindry Slavic Nations: Amang thaim Prussia, the Duchery of Posen, Prussian Silesia, Galicia, the Republic of Cracow, the Kinrick of Poland, and Lithuania|author-link=Stanisław Plater}} *  {{cite encyclopedia|editor-last=Przemysław|editor-first=Wiszewski|encyclopedia=The Long Formation of the Region (c. 1000–1526)|url=http://www.bibliotekacyfrowa.pl/Content/49790/Cuius_regio_vol_1.pdf|access-date=18 March 2018|language=the English|year=2013|publisher=ebooki.com.pl|title=Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia|volume=1|location=Wrocław, Poland|isbn=978-83-927132-1-0}} *  {{cite encyclopedia|editor-last=Wiszewski|editor-first=Przemysław|encyclopedia=Permanent Change - The New Region(s) of Silesia (1945-2015)|url=http://www.bibliotekacyfrowa.pl/Content/76597/Cuius_regio_vol_5.pdf|access-date=18 March 2018|language=the English|year=2015|publisher=ebooki.com.pl|title=Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia|volume=5|location=Wrocław, Poland|isbn=978-83-942651-2-0}} * {{Cite book|last=Zahradnik|first=Stanisław|title=Korzenie Zaolzia|last2=Marek Ryczkowski|publisher=PAI-press|year=1992|location=Warszawa - Praga - Trzyniec|language=the Polish|trans-title=The Ruits of Zaolzie|oclc=177389723}} == Wabsteid links == * {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070727142251/http://brws.silesia-region.pl/indexang.php|date=27 July 2007|title=Silesia in Europe page}} * [http://www.hoeckmann.de/germany/silesia.htm Map of Silesia in 1763] * [http://www.vogel-soya.de/bilder/Schlesphoto.html Old postcards from Silesian towns] * [http://www.schlesierland.de/index.html Photos from Silesian towns, villages and communities before 1946] * [http://culture.pl/en/article/what-is-silesia What is Silesia?] * [https://mapy.com/en/zakladni?q=Slezsko%20-%20s%20moravsk%C3%BDmi%20enkl%C3%A1vami&source=area&id=191266&ds=1&x=17.1035242&y=50.7247522&z=7 Borders of Silesia with Moravian enclaves] on Mapy.com == References == 27alynsl5h72xqds3acky25jodn11hr 918883 918882 2026-06-30T14:10:16Z PurpleDinosaur585 129975 Adding description tag and draft categories template, fixing minor issues 918883 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Historical pairt of Mid Europe}} {{Infobox settlement | native_name = {{native name|pl|Śląsk}}<br />{{native name|szl|Ślōnsk}}<br />{{native name|cs|Slezsko}}<br />{{native name|de|Schlesien}}<br />{{native name|sli|Schläsing}} | settlement_type = [[Historical Region]] | image_shield = [[File:Generic Silesia CoA.svg|150px]] | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Ślůnsk 1335-1675.png|frameless]]|Show Silesia 1335-1675|[[File:Ślůnsk apx 1815 -1945.png|frameless]]|Show Silesia 1815-1939|default=1}} | mapsize = 250px | map_caption = Ducheries & Province of Silesia on kairt of Mid Europe | coordinates = {{coord|51.6|N|17.2|E|region:PL|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = {{plainlist| *[[Poland]] *[[Czech Republic]] *[[Germany]]}} | seat_type = Mucklest ceity | seat = [[Wrocław]] | area_total_km2 = 40400 | population_total = c. 8000000 | population_density_km2 = 200 | population_demonym = [[Silesians|Silesian]] | timezone1 = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset = +1 | timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] | utc_offset_DST = +2 }} '''Silesia'''{{Efn|{{IPAc-en|s|aɪ|ˈ|l|iː|ʒ|ə|,_|s|aɪ|ˈ|l|iː|ʃ|i|ə}} {{respell|sy|LEE|zhə|,_|sy|LEE|shee|ə}}, {{IPAc-en|UKalso|s|aɪ|ˈ|l|iː|z|i|ə}} {{respell|sy|LEE|zee|ə}}, {{IPAc-en|USalso|s|aɪ|ˈ|l|iː|ʒ|i|ə|,_|s|aɪ|ˈ|l|iː|ʃ|ə|,_|s|ɪ|ˈ|l|iː|-}} {{respell|sy|LEE|zhee|ə|,_|sy|LEE|shə|,_|sil|EE|-}}.<ref>{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Silesia|access-date=23 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/silesia|title=Silesia|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|access-date=23 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Silesia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723000000/http://www.lexico.com/definition/Silesia |url-status=dead |archive-date=2019-07-23 |title=Silesia |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Silesia|access-date=23 July 2019}}</ref>}} (tak a scance till the names ablow) is a historical pairt of Mid Europe that nou liggs maistly intil [[Poland]], wi smaw pairts in the [[Czech Republic]] an [[Germany]]. Its area is about {{Convert|40000|km2|-2}}, an the populace is upcuissen at 8,000,000. Silesia is riven intae twa main subregions: Nether Silesia tae the wast an Iver Silesia tae the east. Situate alang the [[Oder]] River, wi the [[Sudetes|Sudeten Bens]] raxin atour the southren mairch, Silesia is a heichly industrialised region rife of mineral an naitural resources. The mucklest toun an Nether Silesia's capital is [[Wrocław]]; the historic capital of Iver Silesia is [[Opole]]. The mucklest metropolitan airt is the {{interleid airtin|Katowice metropolitan airt|en|Katowice_metropolitan_area}}, the hert of whilk is {{interleid airtin|Katowice|en}}. Pairts of the Czech toun of {{interleid airtin|Ostrava|en|Ostrava}} an the German toun of Görlitz are situate intil Silesia's historic mairches. Silesia’s culture reflecks its wimpled history an diverse influences, takin in Polish, Czech, an German influences. The region is kent for its unique {{interleid airtin|Silesian langidge|en|Silesian_language}} (spoken yet bi a smaw feck of fowk bidin in Iver Silesia), grandly decored hamelt {{interleid airtin|graith|en|Polish_traditional_clothing}}, hairty regional {{interleid airtin|cuisine|en|Silesian_cuisine}}, an a mixter-maxter of {{interleid airtin|Gothic|en|Gothic_architecture}}, {{interlanguage link|Baroque|en|Baroque architecture}}, an {{interleid airtin|industrial|en|Industrial architecture}}-era [[Airchitectur|architectur]] seen in its ceities an touns. The region conteens mony historical meiths an [[Warld Heritage Steid|UNESCO Warld Heritage Steids]]. Silesia's mairches an national affiliation haes chyngit throu time, baith whan it wis a heirship aucht of [[Feudalism|noble housses]] an efter the rise of our ain day [[Naition state|nation-states]], resultin in a rowth of castles an stranghauds, particularly in the ''Jelenia Góra vailley''. First heild bi {{interleid airtin|Great Moravia|en}} in the back end of the 9t century an {{interleid airtin|Bohemia|en}} in the airly 10t century, Silesia haed become pairt of the airly Polish state, an efter its {{interleid airtin|division|en|Testament of Bolesław III Wrymouth}} in the 12t century it became the Duchery of Silesia. As a result of farrer division, it wis daled intae individual ducheries, ruled bi diverse lines of the Polish {{interleid airtin|Piast dynasty|en|Silesian_Piasts}}. In the 14t century, it haed become ane of the territories belanging the {{interleid airtin|Bohemian Croun Launds|en|Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown}} unner the [[Halie Romane Rik|Halie Roman Empire]], whilk wis haundit ower tae the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy in 1526; housomever, a wheen of ducheries bedd unner the maistry of Polish dukes (Piast, [[Jagiellonian dynasty|Jagiellon]], Sobieski) for ordinar Bohemian [[Feudalism|feus]]. The Silesian Weirs haed resultit in the region gettin annexed bi {{interleid airtin|Prussia|en|Kingdom_of_Prussia}} frae [[Austrick|Austria]] in 1742; efter this it became a pairt of the [[German Empire]] in 1871. Efter [[Warld War I|Warld Weir I]], whan the Poles an the Czechs haed wun back their independence, the eastmaist pairt of Iver Silesia became pairt of Poland bi the decision of the Entente Pouers efter upsets bi Poles an the Iver Silesian plebiscite, while the lave of the umwhile Austrian pairts of Silesia wir daled atween [[Czechoslovakie|Czechoslovakia]] an Poland. Durin [[Warld War II|Warld Weir II]], ower the heids of German occupation the haill region wis unner the maistry of [[Nazi Germany]]. In 1945, efter Warld Weir II, maist of the German-heild Silesia wis transferred tae Polish jurisdiction wi the Potsdam Greement atween the victorious Allies an became pairt of Poland. The smaw Lusatian skelp bewast the Oder–Neisse line, the whilk haed belanged Silesia sin 1815, became pairt of [[East Germany]]. Ower the heids of the forced {{interleid airtin|popular shifts|en|Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)}} in 1945–48, the day's indwallers of Silesia speaks the national leids of their respective kintras. Umwhile German-speakin Nether Silesia haes developed a new mell'd Polish dialeck an new-farrant graith. There is ongaun debate anent whither the Silesian leid, commonly spoken in Iver Silesia, shid be consithert a dialeck of [[Pols leid|Polish]] or a sindry langidge. The Nether Silesian German dialeck is aweers of deein out ower the heids of its speakers' gettin herriet out. ==Etymology== The names of Silesia in different leids maist likely skairs their etymology—[[Pols leid|the Polish]]: ''Śląsk'' {{IPA|pl|ɕlɔ̃sk||Pl-Śląsk.ogg}}; [[German leid|the German]]: ''Schlesien'' {{IPA|de|ˈʃleːzi̯ən||De-Schlesien.ogg}}; [[Czech leid|the Czech]]: ''Slezsko'' {{IPA|cs|ˈslɛsko|}}; the Nether Silesian: ''Schläsing''; the Silesian: ''Ślōnsk'' {{IPA|szl|ɕlonsk|}}; the Nether Sorbian: ''Šlazyńska'' {{IPA|dsb|ˈʃlazɨnʲska|}}; the Iver Sorbian: ''Šleska'' {{IPA|hsb|ˈʃlɛska|}}; [[Slovak leid|the Slovak]]: ''Sliezsko''; [[Laitin|the Laitin]], [[Spainish leid|the Spainish]], [[Inglis leid|the English]] an [[Scots leid|the Scots]]: ''Silesia''; [[French leid|the French]]: ''Silésie''; [[Dutch leid|the Dutch]]: ''Silezië''; [[Italian leid|the Italian]]: ''Slesia''. The names aa effeir tae the name of a river (nou kent as ''Ślęza'') an ben (''Ben Ślęża'') in mid-southren Silesia, the whilk sair'd for a releigious steid till pagans afore {{interleid airtin|Christianization|en}}. ''Ślęża'' is listed as ane of the num'rous {{interleid airtin|Pre-Indo-European|en|Pre-Indo-European_languages}} topographic names in the region (tak a scance till {{interlanguage link|auld European hydronymy|en|Old European hydronymy}}).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zbigniew|first=Babik|date=2001|title=Najstarsza warstwa nazewnicza na ziemiach polskich w granicach średniowiecznej Słowiańszczyzny|journal=[[Uniwersitas, Kraków]]}}</ref> Frae the wittins of a puckle scholars, the name ''Ślęża'' {{IPA|pl|ˈɕlɛ̃ʐa|}} or ''Ślęż'' {{IPA|pl|ɕlɛ̃ʂ|}} is sib tae the Auld Polish wirds ''ślęg'' {{IPA|pl|ɕlɛŋk|}} or ''śląg'' {{IPA|pl|ɕlɔŋk|}}, meanin dunkieness, moister, or humidity.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fischer|first=Rudolf|date=2007|title=Onomastica slavogermanica|journal=[[Uniwersytet Wrocławski]]|volume=|pages=}}</ref> They differ wi the hypothesis that the name ''Śląsk'' haes its ruits in the name of the Silings tribe.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jankuhn|first=Herbert|last2=Beck|first2=Heinrich|date=2006|others=et. al.|title=Wandalen|journal=[[Germanische Altertumskunde Online]]|language=the German|edition=2t|volume=33|quote="Da die Silingen offensichtlich ihren Namen im mittelalterlichen pagus silensis und dem mons slenz – möglicherweise mit dem Zobten gleichzusetzen [...] – hinterließen und damit einer ganzen Landschaft – Schlesien – den Namen gaben [...]"}}</ref> In the common Polish tung, "''Śląsk''" refers tae traditionally Polish Iver Silesia an the day's {{interleid_airtin|Silesian Voivodeship|en|Silesian_Voivodeship}}, but less tae Nether Silesia, the whilk is unalike frae Iver Silesia in mony pairts sin the feck of its popular spoke German frae aroun the mid-19t century on ontill 1945–48.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Andreas Lawaty, Hubert Orłowski|title=Deutsche und Polen: Geschichte, Kultur, Politik|publisher=[[C.H.Beck]]|year=2003|page=183|language=the German}}</ref> ==History== [[File:Polska_960_-_992.svg|left|thumb|200x200px|Kairt of Poland wi Silesia (''Śląsk'') in the year 992 durin the maistry of Mieszko I]] In the fowert century BC frae the south, throu the ''Kłodzko Vailley'', the Celts made ingangins intil Silesia, an made hame around ''Ben Ślęża'' near our ain day [[Wrocław]], ''Oława'' an ''Strzelin''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=R. Żerelik(in:)|title=Historia Śląska|last2=M. Czapliński (red.)|year=2007|location=Wrocław|pages=34–35}}</ref> Germanic Lugii clans wir first recordit athin Silesia in the 1t century BC. The [[Wast Slavs]] an Lechites wan till the pairt roun about the 7t century,<ref>{{Cite book|last=R. Żerelik(in:) M. Czpliński (red.)|title=Historia Śląska|year=2007|location=Wrocław|pages=37-38}}</ref> an bi the airly ninth century, their colonies haed become stabilised. The local Wast Slavs stertit upsettin boundary structures like the ''Silesian Przesieka'' an the ''Silesia Waws''. The easten mairch of Silesian sattlement wis situate bewast the ''Bytom'', an be-east ''[[Racibórz]]'' an ''Cieszyn''. East of this line wonned a sib Lechitic tribe kent as the Vistulans. Their northern mairch wis in the vailley of the ''Barycz River'', north of whilk bedd the Wastren Polans tribe that gied Poland its name.<ref>{{Cite book|last=R. Żerelik(in:) M. Czpliński (red.)|title=Historia Śląska|year=2007|location=Wrocław|pages=21-22}}</ref> The first kent states in Silesia wis Greater Moravia an Bohemia. In the 10t century, the Polish ruler Mieszko I of the Piast dynasty haed taen Silesia intae the newly foundit Polish state. In 1000, the {{interleid airtin|Diocie of Wrocław|en|Archdiocese_of_Wrocław}} wis foundit as the auldest [[Catholic Kirk|Catholic]] diocie in the region, an ane of the auldest diocies in Poland, thirled tae the Roman Catholic Airchdiocie of Gniezno. Poland repelled German invasions of Silesia in 1017 at Niemcza an in 1109 at Głogów. Durin the {{interlanguage link|Division of Poland|en|History of Poland during the Piast dynasty|}}, Silesia and the lave of the kintra wis pairtit intae mony smawer ducheries ruled bi sindry Silesian dukes. In 1178, pairts of the Duchery of Kraków aroun Bytom, Oświęcim, [[Chrzanów]], an Siewierz wir transferred tae the Silesian Piasts, awtho their populace wis feckly Vistulan an nae of Silesian stock.<ref>{{Cite book|last=R. Żerelik(in:) M. Czpliński (red.)|title=Historia Śląska|year=2007|location=Wrocław|pages=21-22}}</ref> [[File:Silesia_1172-1177.jpg|thumb|226x226px|Silesia in the fore-end of Poland's division, 1172–1177, Nether Silesia wi Lubusz Laund in orange, Iver Silesia in green an yella]] {{interleid airtin|The Walloons|en|Walloons}} came tae Silesia as ane of the foremaist fremmit immigrant wheens in [[Poland]], maist likely makin hame in [[Wrocław]] frae the 12t century on, wi farrer Walloon immigrants invited bi Duke Henry the Bairdit in the airly 13t century.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zientara|first=Benedykt|title=Walonowie na Śląsku w XII i XIII wieku|publisher=[[Przegląd Historyczny]]|year=1975|volume=66/3|pages=353, 357|language=the Polish}}</ref> Sin the 13t century, German cultural an ethnic influence gaed up as a result of immigration frae German-speakin states of the [[Halie Romane Rik|Holy Roman Empire]]. The first designin of municipal richts in Poland haed taen place in the toun of [[Złotoryja]] bi Henry the Bairdit. Medieval municipal richts modelled efter Lwówek Śląski an Środa Śląska, baith foundit bi Henry the Bairdit, haed become the founds of the municipal form of government till a curnie ceities an touns in Poland, an twa of five local Polish forms of medieval toun richts. The Beuk of Henryków, the whilk conteens the airliest kent sentence written in the Polish leid, as weel as a document conteenin the auldest prented text in the Polish, wir creatit in Henryków an Wrocław in Silesia, respectively. In 1241, the [[Mongol Empire|Mongols]] cairried out their first invasion of Poland, resultin in rife pilget an mass flicht. They reived the feck of the region an defaitit the jyned Polish, Moravian an German forces heidit bi Duke Henry II the Guidly at the Stour of Legnica, the whilk haed taen place at Legnickie Pole near the ceity of [[Legnica]]. Straicht efter the daith of Orda Khan, the Mongols decidit nae to bensel farrer intae Europe, but gaed back east tae tak pairt in the election of a new Grand Khan (heid yin). Atween 1289 an 1292, Bohemian king Wenceslaus II became ''suzerain'' of a puckle of the Iver Silesian ducheries. Polish monarchs haedna gien ower their heirship richts tae Silesia till 1335.<ref>{{Cite book|last=R. Żerelik(in:) M. Czpliński (red.)|title=Historia Śląska|year=2007|location=Wrocław|pages=81}}</ref> The province became pairt of the Bohemian Croun whilk wis pairt of the Hailie Roman Empire; houaniver, a wheen of ducheries bedd unner the maistry of the Polish dukes frae the housses of Piast, [[Jagiellonian dynasty|Jagiellon]] and Sobieski for ordinar Bohemian feus (a puckle till the 17t–18t centuries). Atween 1469 an 1490, Silesia was unner the maistry of Matthias Corvinus, wha haed whummel't the Bohemian throne. In 1526 Silesia wis haundit ower wi the Bohemian Crown tae the Habsburg monarchy. In the 15t century, a curnie chynges wir made tae Silesia's mairches. Pairts of the territories that haed gotten transferred tae the Silesian Piasts in 1178 wir coff't wi the Polish kings in the saicont hauf of the 15t century (the Duchery of Oświęcim in 1457; the Duchery of Zator in 1494). The Bytom pairt bedd in the aucht of the Silesian Piasts, tho it wis a pairt of the Diocie of Kraków.<ref>{{Cite book|last=R. Żerelik(in:) M. Czpliński (red.)|title=Historia Śląska|year=2007|location=Wrocław|pages=21-22}}</ref> The Duchery of Krosno Odrzańskie ({{Lang|de|Crossen}}) wis heired bi the Marquesy of Brandenburg in 1476 and wi the renunciation of King [[Ferdinand I, Haly Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]] and the estates of Bohemia in 1538, it became pairt an pertinent of Brandenburg. Atween 1645 an 1666, the Duchery of Opole an Racibórz was hauden in wad bi the Polish Houss of Vasa in tocher of the Polish queen Cecylia Renata. [[File:Crown_of_Bohemia_1648.png|thumb|Launds of the Bohemian Croun atween 1635 an 1742, afore the maist of Silesia was gien ower tae [[Kinrick o Proushie|Prussia]]]] [[File:Silesia-map.svg|left|thumb|Kairt of Austrian an Prussian Silesia wi modren national mairches: {{Legend|#00ffff|[[Austrian Silesia]], 1740}}{{Legend|#ffffff|[[Prussian Silesia]], 1871}}{{Legend|#0000ff|[[Oder]]}}]] In 1742, maist of Silesia wis claucht wi King [[Frederick the Great|Frederick II of Prussia]] in the Weir of the Austrian Succession, at the hinner end becomin the Prussian Province of Silesia in 1815; ower the heids of this, Silesia became pairt of the [[German Empire]] whan it wis latten wit in 1871. The Silesian capital Breslau became than ane of the big ceities in Germany. Breslau wis a centre of Jewish life in Germany an a wechty steid of science (college) an industry (manufacturin of steam-ingines). German mass tourism stertit in the Silesian hielaunds (Hirschberg, Schneekoppe). [[File:Wrocław_Rynek_18_sm.jpg|left|thumb|279x279px|Teipical Silesian baroque architectur in [[Wrocław]]]] Efter Warld Weir I, a pairt of Silesia, kent as Iver Silesia, wis quarreled wi Germany an the newly independent Saicont Polish Republic. The League of Nations organised a plebiscite tae sattle the maitter in 1921. It haed resultit in 60% of votes gettin cuissen for Germany an 40% for Poland.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Die Provinz Oberschlesien Volksabstimmungen 1920 und 1922|url=https://www.gonschior.de/weimar/Preussen/Oberschlesien/Volksentscheide.html|url-status=live|language=the German}}</ref> Follaein the third Silesian raibblin (1921), houaniver, the eastmaist pairt of Iver Silesia (as weel as Katowice), wi a feckly ethnic Polish populace, wis gien Poland, becomin the Silesian Voivodeship. The Prussian Province of Silesia intil Germany wis than dividit intae the provinces of Nether Silesia an Iver Silesia. Meantime, Austrian Silesia, the smaw pairt of Silesia keppit bi Austria efter the Silesian Weirs, wis maistly gien the new Czechoslovakia (at the hinner-end kent as Czech Silesia an Trans-Olza), awtho maist of Cieszyn an laund tae the east of it gaed tae Poland. Polish Silesia wis amang the foremaist regions invadit durin Germany's 1939 sailyie on Poland, the whilk stertit [[Warld War II|Warld Weir II]]. Ane of the claimed ettles of Nazi German occupation, mairbetoken in Iver Silesia, wis the extermination of thaim wham the Nazis thocht tae be "subhuman", viz Jews an ethnic Poles. The Polish an Jewish fowk of the than Polish pairt of Silesia wis subjectit tae genocide involvin herryin outs, mass murther an deportation till {{interleid airtin|Nazi concentration camps|en|Nazi_concentration_camps}} an {{interleid airtin|forced lawbour|en|Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II}} camps, while the Germans war sattled seekin for {{interlanguage link|Lebensraum|en|Lebensraum}}.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Piotr Eberhardt|title=Political Migrations in Poland 1939-1948|year=2006|location=Warsaw|pages=25}}</ref> Twa thousan Polish intellectuals, politicians, an businessmen wir murthered durin the {{interlanguage link|Intelligenzaktion Schlesien|en|Intelligenzakten}} <ref>{{Cite book|last=Wardzyńska|first=Maria|title=Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion|publisher=[[Institute of National Remembrance|IPN]]|year=2009|location=Warszawa|language=the Polish}}</ref> in 1940 as pairt of a {{interlanguage link|Germanization program aa ower the kintra|en|Germanisation in Poland (1939–1945)}}. Silesia alsae houssed ane of the twa main weirtime centres whaur medical pratticks wir conductit on kidnappit Polish bairns wi Nazis.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Uzarczyk|first=Kamila|title=Podstawy ideologiczne higieny ras i ich realizacja na przykładzie Śląska w latach 1924-1944|date=2002|publisher=[[Wydawn, Adam Marszałek]]|isbn=978-83-7322-287-8|location=Toruń}}</ref> Czech Silesia wis occupied bi Germany as pairt of Sudetenland. In Silesia, [[Nazi Germany]] operate the Gross-Rosen concentration camp, a curnie prisoner-of-weir camps till Allied POWs (amang thaim, the major Stalag VIII-A, Stalag VIII-B, Stalag VIII-C camps), num'rous Nazi wards an thousans of forced lawbour camps, takin in a netwark of forced lawbour camps allanerly till Poles (''Polenlager''), sub-camps of wards, POW camps an the Gross-Rosen an [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]] concentration camps. The [[Potsdam Conference|Potsdam Collogue]] of 1945 haed defined the Oder-Neisse line as the mairch atween Germany an Poland, ontil a hindmaist peace collogue wi Germany cuid be hauden (the whilk niver teuk place).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Geoffrey K. Roberts, Patricia Hogwood|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q40tDwAAQBAJ|title=The Politics Today Companion to West European Politics|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2013|isbn=9781847790323|page=50}}</ref> In the hinner end of WWII, the Germans in Silesia teuk leg bail frae the battle grund, assumin they wad be able tae come back whan the weir wis bye. Housomever, they cuidna come back, an the Germans that haed steyed wir herried out an a new Polish popular, amang thaim wis fowk that wir herried out frae umwhile Easten Poland annexed bi the Soviet Union an frae Mid Poland, jyned the lave of the native Polish inhaibitants frae the region. Efter 1945 an in 1946, nearhaund aa of the 4.5 meillion Silesians wi German ruits flichtit, or wir steekit in camps an herried out, amang thaim a wheen thousan German Jews that haed pitten ower the Holocaust an come back tae Silesia. The newly foundit Polish Unitit Wirkers' Pairty creatit a ''Ministry of the Recovered Territories'' that owned the hauf of the apen plou-grund till state-run collectivized fairms. Mony of the new Polish Silesians, wha murned the Germans for their invasion in 1939 an fellness in occupation, nou murned the newly foundit Polish communist government for their populace shiftin an mellin wi fairmin an industrial affairs.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lukowski, Zawadski|first=Jerzy, Hubert|url=https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00luko/page/278|title=A Concise History of Poland|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2006|isbn=978-0-521-61857-1|location=Cambridge, UK|pages=[https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00luko/page/278 278–280]|url-access=registration}}</ref> The admeinistrative division of Silesia intil Poland haes chyngit a curnie times sin 1945. Syne 1999, it haes been daled atween Lubusz Voivodeship, Nether Silesian Voivodeship, Opole Voivodeship, an Silesian Voivodeship. Czech Silesia is nou pairt of the Czech Republic, formin pairt of the Moravian-Silesian Region an the northern pairt of the Olomouc Region. Germany keps the Silesia-Lusatia region ({{Lang|de|Niederschlesien-Oberlausitz}} or {{Lang|de|Schlesische Oberlausitz}}) bewast the Neisse, the whilk is pairt of the federal state of [[Saxony]]. The region wis prejudged wi the 1997, 2010 an 2024 Mid European fluids. ===Ethnic history=== [[File:Silesia_Language_Map_1905.png|thumb|Mither Tungs of Silesia, frae the wittins of the 1905 Census]] Our ain day Silesia is inhaibitit bi [[Poles]], Silesians, [[Germans]], and Czechs. Germans first came till Silesia durin the Late Medieval Ostsiedlung.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Weinhold|first=Karl|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_CqpCAAAAIAAJ|title=Die Verbreitung und die Herkunft der Deutschen in Schlesien|publisher=[[J. Engelhorn]]|year=1887|location=Stuttgart|language=the German}}</ref> The lest Polish census in 2011 shawed that the Silesians are the mucklest ethnic or national minority in Poland, an Germans the saicont; baith groups bide maistly in Iver Silesia. The Czech pairt of Silesia is inhaibitit bi Czechs, Moravians, Silesians, and Poles. In the airly 19t century the popular of the Prussian pairt of Silesia wis atween 2/3 an 3/4 German-speakin, atween 1/5 an 1/3 Polish-speakin, wi the Sorbs, Czechs, Moravians an Jews makin up the ither smawer minorities (tak a scance till Table 1. ablow). Afore the Saicont Warld Weir, Silesia wis inhaibitit maistly bi Germans, wi Poles a muckle minority, formin a plurality in Iver Silesia.<ref name="Gumpert">{{Cite book|last=Jobst Gumpert|title=Polen, Deutschland|publisher=[[Callwey]]|year=1966|pages=138|language=the German}}</ref> Silesia wis alsae the hame of a smaw feck of Czech an Jewish fowk. The German populace wis maistly wonnin in the urban airts an in the laundward pairts tae the north an wast, whereas the Polish populace wis maistly laundward an cuid be fund in the east an in the south.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hunt Tooley|first=T|date=1997|title=National Identity and Weimar Germany: Upper Silesia and the Eastern Border, 1918–1922|journal=[[University of Nebraska Press]]|language=the English|pages=17}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Table 1. Ethno-leid structure of Prussian Silesia in years 1787–1823 !Ethnic group !frae. G. Hassel in 1819<ref name="Georg Hassel">{{Cite book|last=Georg Hassel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=31DMAJgQV28C&pg=PA34|title=Statistischer Umriß der sämmtlichen europäischen und der vornehmsten außereuropäischen Staaten, in Hinsicht ihrer Entwickelung, Größe, Volksmenge, Finanz- und Militärverfassung, tabellarisch dargestellt; Erster Heft: Welcher die beiden großen Mächte Österreich und Preußen und den Deutschen Staatenbund darstellt|publisher=[[Verlag des Geographischen Instituts Weimar]]|year=1823|pages=33–34|language=the German|quote=}}</ref> !% !frae. S. Plater in 1823{{Sfn|Plater|1825}} !% !frae. T. Ładogórski in 1787<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ładogórski|first=Tadeusz|title=Ludność, in: Historia Śląska, vol. II: 1763–1850, part 1: 1763–1806|publisher=[[edited by W. Długoborski]]|year=1966|location=Wrocław|pages=150|language=the Polish}}</ref> !% |- |'''Germans''' |1,561,570 |'''75.6''' |1,550,000 |'''70.5''' |1,303,300 |'''74.6''' |- |'''Poles''' |444,000 |'''21.5''' |600,000 |'''27.3''' |401,900 |'''23.0''' |- |'''Sorbs''' |24,500 |'''1.2''' |30,000 |'''1.4''' |900 |'''0.1''' |- |'''Czechs''' |5,500 |'''0.3''' | | |32,600 |'''1.9''' |- |'''Moravians''' |12,000 |'''0.6''' | | | | |- |'''Jews''' |16,916 |'''0.8''' |20,000 |'''0.9''' |8,900 |'''0.5''' |- |'''Popular''' |'''c. 2.1&nbsp;meillion''' |'''100''' |'''c. 2.2&nbsp;meillion''' |'''100''' |'''c. 1.8&nbsp;meillion''' |'''100''' |} Ethnic structure of Prussian Iver Silesia ([[Opole]] regency) durin the 19t century an the air 20t century can be fund in Table 2.: {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" ! colspan="18" |Table 2. Nummers of Polish, German an ither indwallers (Regierungsbezirk Oppeln)<ref name="Georg Hassel">{{Cite book|last=Georg Hassel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=31DMAJgQV28C&pg=PA34|title=Statistischer Umriß der sämmtlichen europäischen und der vornehmsten außereuropäischen Staaten, in Hinsicht ihrer Entwickelung, Größe, Volksmenge, Finanz- und Militärverfassung, tabellarisch dargestellt; Erster Heft: Welcher die beiden großen Mächte Österreich und Preußen und den Deutschen Staatenbund darstellt|publisher=Verlag des Geographischen Instituts Weimar|year=1823|pages=33–34|language=de|quote=}}</ref><ref name="Paul Weber1">{{Cite book|last=Paul Weber|url=https://archive.org/details/diepoleninobersc00webeuoft|title=Die Polen in Oberschlesien: eine statistische Untersuchung|publisher=[[Verlagsbuchhandlung von Julius Springer]]|year=1913|location=Berlin|language=the German}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kalisch|first=Johannes|last2=Bochinski|first2=Hans|date=1958|title=Stosunki narodowościowe na Śląsku w świetle relacji pruskich urzędników z roku 1882|url=http://sobotka.uni.wroc.pl/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Sobotka_13_1958_43-58.pdf|journal=[[Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka]]|location=Leipzig|volume=13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201215644/http://sobotka.uni.wroc.pl/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Sobotka_13_1958_43-58.pdf|archive-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> |- !Year !1819 !1831 !1834 !1837 !1840 !1843 !1846 !1852 !1855 !1858 !1861 !1867 !1890 !1900 !1905 !1910 |- |'''''Polish''''' |377,100 '''(67.2%)''' |418,837 '''(62.0%)''' |468,691 '''(62.6%)''' |495,362 '''(62.1%)''' |525,395 '''(58.6%)''' |540,402 '''(58.1%)''' |568,582 '''(58.1%)''' |584,293 '''(58.6%)''' |590,248 '''(58.7%)''' |612,849 '''(57.3%)''' |665,865 '''(59.1%)''' |742,153 '''(59.8%)''' |918,728 '''(58.2%)''' |1,048,230 '''(56.1%)''' |1,158,805 '''(57.0%)''' |Census, monolingual Polish: '''1,169,340''' '''(53.0%)'''<ref name="Paul Weber2">{{Cite book|last=Paul Weber|url=https://archive.org/details/diepoleninobersc00webeuoft|title=Die Polen in Oberschlesien: eine statistische Untersuchung|publisher=[[Verlagsbuchhandlung von Julius Springer]]|year=1913|location=Berlin|page=27|language=the German}}</ref> '''or up tae''' '''1,560,000''' thegither wi bilinguals |- |'''''German''''' |162,600 '''(29.0%)''' |257,852 '''(36.1%)''' |266,399 '''(35.6%)''' |290,168 '''(36.3%)''' |330,099 '''(36.8%)''' |348,094 '''(37.4%)''' |364,175 '''(37.2%)''' |363,990 '''(36.5%)''' |366,562 '''(36.5%)''' |406,950 '''(38.1%)''' |409,218 '''(36.3%)''' |457,545 '''(36.8%)''' |566,523 '''(35.9%)''' |684,397 '''(36.6%)''' |757,200 '''(37.2%)''' |'''884,045''' '''(40.0%)''' |- |'''''Ither''''' |21,503 '''(3.8%)''' |13,254 '''(1.9%)''' |13,120 '''(1.8%)''' |12,679 '''(1.6%)''' |41,570 '''(4.6%)''' |42,292 '''(4.5%)''' |45,736 '''(4.7%)''' |49,445 '''(4.9%)''' |48,270 '''(4.8%)''' |49,037 '''(4.6%)''' |51,187 '''(4.6%)''' |41,611 '''(3.4%)''' |92,480 '''(5.9%)''' |135,519 '''(7.3%)''' |117,651 '''(5.8%)''' |Populace: 2,207,981 |} The Austrian pairt of Silesia haed a mixter-maxter of German, Polish and Czech fowk, wi speakers of the Polish makin a plurality in Cieszyn Silesia.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chromik|first=Grzegorz|title=Geschichte des deutsch-slawischen Sprachkontaktes im Teschener Schlesien|isbn=978-3-88246-398-9|pages=258–322|language=the German}}</ref> ====Releigion==== [[File:Verbreitung_der_Konfessionen_im_deutschen_Reich.jpg|thumb|Confessions in the German Empire (Catholic/Protestant; {{Circa|1890}}). Nether Silesia wis maistly Protestant, while Glatz (Kłodzko) an Iver Silesia wis maistly Catholic.]] Historically, Silesia wis about aqual spleit atween [[Catholic Kirk|Catholics]] an [[Protestantism|Protestants]] (awmaist aa wir Lutherans). In an 1890 census taen in the German pairt, Catholics made up a slicht plurality of 53%, while the ither 47% wir maist haund Lutheran.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Meyers Konversationslexikon|volume=5. Ausgabe}}</ref> Geographically speakin, Iver Silesia wis maistly Catholic binna for a puckle of pairts in the nort-wast, the whilk wir feckly Lutheran. Nether Silesia wis maistly Lutheran binna for the Glatzer Laund (nou kent as Kłodzko County). Generally speakin, the popular wis maistly Protestant in the wastern pairts, an it wad maistly get mair Catholic the farrer east a body gaed. In Iver Silesia, Protestants wir thranged in muckler ceities, an aften conseidered theirsells German. Efter Warld Weir II, the releigious demographics haed chyngit significantly sin the Germans, wha made up the feck of the Protestant popular, wir forcibly herried out. Poles, wha wir maistly Catholic, haed sattled again here in their steid. The day, Silesia bides feckly Catholic. Extant syne the 12t century,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Demshuk|first=A|title=The Lost German East: Forced Migration and the Politics of Memory, 1945–1970|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2012|pages=40}}</ref> Silesia's Jewish commonty wis thranged aroun Wrocław an Iver Silesia, an nummered at 48,003 (1.1% of the popular) in 1890, gaein doun tae 44,985 bodies (0.9%) bi 1910.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kamusella|first=T|title=Silesia and Central European nationalisms: the emergence of national and ethnic groups in Prussian Silesia and Austrian Silesia, 1848–1918|publisher=[[Purdue University Press]]|year=2007|pages=173}}</ref> In Polish East Iver Silesia, the nummer of Jews wis roun about 90,000–100,000.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Browning|first=Christopher R.|url=https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511665301|title=Nazi Policy, Jewish Workers, German Killers|date=2000-02-13|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-77299-0}}</ref> Historically, the commonty haed dree'd a nummer of localised herryin outs, for ensample their 1453 herryin out frae [[Wrocław]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=van Straten|first=J|title=The Origin of Ashkenazi Jewry: The Controversy Unravelled|publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]]|year=2011|pages=58}}</ref> Atween 1712 an 1820 a tring of chiels heild the teitle Heid Rabbi of Silesia ("''Landesrabbiner''"): Naphtali ha-Kohen (1712–16); Samuel ben Naphtali (1716–22); Ḥayyim Jonah Te'omim (1722–1727); Baruch b. Reuben Gomperz (1733–54); Joseph Jonas Fränkel (1754–93); Jeremiah Löw Berliner (1793–99); Lewin Saul Fränkel (1800–7); Aaron Karfunkel (1807–16); an Abraham ben Gedaliah Tiktin (1816–20).<ref>{{Cite web|last=<!--Not stated-->|title=Silesia|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/7747-hirschberg|access-date=6 December 2017|website=1906 Jewish Encyclopedia|publisher=[[JewishEncyclopedia.com]]|url-status=live}}</ref> ====Eftercasts of Warld Weir II==== Efter the Germans invadit Poland in 1939, follaein {{interlanguage link|Nazi racial policy|en|Racial Policy of Nazi Germany}}, the Jewish popular of Silesia wis subjectit tae genocide wi executions performit wi Einsatzgruppe z. B.V. heidit bi ''Udo von Woyrsch'' an Einsatzgruppe I heidit bi ''Bruno Streckenbach'',<ref>{{Cite book|last=Olkuśnik|first=Magdalena|title=Popularna encyklopedia powszechna|last2=Wójcik|first2=Elżbieta|year=2001|volume=10|pages=660}}</ref> incarceration in ghettos, an ethnic cleansing of the General Government. In their ettles tae exterminate the Jews throu murther an ethnic cleansin, the Germans foundit the Auschwitz an Gross-Rosen camps in the province of Silesia. Herryin outs wir cairried out apenly an souched in the local press.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Steinbacher|first=S|title=The murder of the Jews of East Upper Silesia", in Cesarani, D. (2004) Holocaust: From the persecution of the Jews to mass murder,|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2004|pages=110-138}}</ref> Thaim sent tae ghettos wad frae 1942 be herried out till concentration an wark camps.<ref name=":0" /> Atween 5 Mey an 17 Juin, 20,000 Silesian Jews wir sent till Birkenau till gas chaumers and aa throu August 1942, atween 10,000 an 13,000 Silesian Jews wir murthert wi gassin at the Auschwitz.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hoffmann|first=Stanley|last2=Browning|first2=Christopher R.|date=2005|title=The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939-March 1942|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/20034240|journal=[[Foreign Affairs]]|volume=84|issue=1|pages=188|doi=10.2307/20034240|issn=0015-7120}}</ref> Maist Jews in Silesia wir exterminated wi the Nazis. Efter the weir Silesia became a heidmaist centre till repatriation of the Jewish popular that haed pitten ower Nazi German extermination in Poland,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Slucki|first=David|url=https://doi.org/10.36019/9780813552255|title=The International Jewish Labor Bund after 1945|date=2019-09-03|publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8135-5225-5|pages=63}}</ref> an in the hairst of 1945, 15,000 Jews wir bidin in Nether Silesia, maistly Polish Jews that haed come back frae territories that nou belanged the Soviet Union,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Belah Guṭerman|first=|date=2011-03-01|title=A Narrow Bridge to Life: Jewish Forced Labor and Survival in the Gross-Rosen Camp System|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/hgs/dcr012|journal=[[Holocaust and Genocide Studies]]|volume=25|issue=1|pages=229|doi=10.1093/hgs/dcr012|issn=8756-6583}}</ref> risin in 1946 tae seiventy thousan<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Kochavi|first=AJ|date=2001|title=Post-Holocaust politics: Britain, the United States & Jewish refugees, 1945–1948|journal=[[University of North Carolina Press]]|pages=176}}</ref> as Jewish survivors frae ither pairts of Poland wir relocate.<ref name=":2" /> The feck of Germans flichtit or wir herried out frae the day's Polish an Czech pairts of Silesia durin an efter Warld Weir II. Atween Juin 1945 an Januar 1947, 1.77&nbsp;meillion Germans wir herried out frae Nether Silesia, an 310,000 frae Iver Silesia.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Klusmeyer|first=Douglas B.|url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9781845459697|title=Immigration Policy in the Federal Republic of Germany|last2=Papademetriou|first2=Demetrios G.|date=2022-09-29|publisher=[[Berghahn Books]]|isbn=978-1-84545-969-7}}</ref> The day, maist German Silesians an their affspring bides in the Federal Republic of Germany, mony of thaim in the [[Ruhr]] area wirkin as miners, like their forebeirs in Silesia. Ane of its maist namely but controversial presses wis the [[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|Christian Democratic Union]] politician ''Herbert Hupka''. The herryin out of Germans haed resultit in rife unnerpopulation. The popular of the toun of Głogów fell frae 33,500 tae 5,000, an atween 1939 an 1966 the popular of Wrocław fell bi 25%. Ettles tae re-people Silesia didna come muckle speed in the 1940s and 1950s,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fessenden|first=Helen|last2=Mazower|first2=Mark|date=1999|title=Dark Continent: Europe's Twentieth Century|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/20049489|journal=[[Foreign Affairs]]|volume=78|issue=5|pages=223|doi=10.2307/20049489|issn=0015-7120}}</ref> an Silesia's popular didna rax tae pre-weir levels till the hint-end of the 1970s. The Polish sattlers that re-peopled Silesia wir pairtly frae the umwhile Polish Easten Mairchlaunds, the whilk wis annexed bi the [[Soviet Union]] in 1939. Wrocław wis pairtly re-peopled wi bield-seekers frae the umwhile Polish ceity of [[Lviv|Lwów]]. ==Geography== [[File:Landkarte_von_Schlesien.jpg|thumb|First kairt of Silesia bi Martin Helwig, 1561; north at the bottom]] [[File:Silesia_Physical_Map.png|thumb|Physical kairt of Silesia in 1905]] The maist of Silesia is affeirin flet, awtho its southren mairch is maistly mountainous. It is feckly locate in a swathe rinnin alang baith braes of the iver an mid [[Oder|Oder (Odra)]] River, but it raxes eastle tae the iver Vistula River. The pairt alsae taks in mony leaders of the Oder, amang thaim is the Bóbr (an its leader the Kwisa), the Barycz an the Nysa Kłodzka. The [[Sudetes|Sudeten Bens]] rins alang the maist of the southren rind of the region, tho at its south-eastern extreme it raxes tae the Silesian Beskids an Moravian-Silesian Beskids, whilk belang the [[Carpathie Moontains|Carpathian Bens]]. Historically, Silesia wis boundit tae the wast bi the Kwisa an Bóbr Rivers, while the laund bewast the Kwisa wis in Iver Lusatia (airlier ''Milsko''). Housomever, because pairt of Iver Lusatia wis taen in the Province of Silesia in 1815, in Germany ''[[Görlitz (destrict)|Görlitz]]'', ''Niederschlesischer Oberlausitzkreis'' an neebourin airts are conseidered pairts of historical Silesia. Thae destricks, alang wi Poland's Nether Silesian Voivodeship an pairts of Lubusz Voivodeship, mak up the geographic region of Nether Silesia. Silesia haes unnergaen a siclike notional raxin at its eastern extreme. Historically, it raxed anelie the lenth of the Brynica River, whilk sinders it frae Zagłębie Dąbrowskie in Lesser Poland. Houaniver, tae mony Poles the day, Silesia (''Śląsk)'' is unnerstuid tae kiver aa the area roun about Katowice, includin Zagłębie. This interpretation is gien offeicial ratihabitation in the yuise of the name Silesian Voivodeship ({{lang|pl|województwo śląskie}}) for the province kiverin this area. In fack, the wird ''{{lang|pl|Śląsk}}'' in the Polish leid (whan yuised athout qualification) nou commonly refers alanerlie tae this area (alsae kent as ''Górny Śląsk'' or Iver Silesia). As weel as the Katowice airt, historical Iver Silesia alsae taks in the [[Opole]] region (Poland's Opole Voivodeship) an Czech Silesia. Czech Silesia is made up of a pairt of the Moravian-Silesian Region an the Jeseník Destrick in the Olomouc Region. ===Naitural resources=== Silesia is an airt rife of resources an fowk. Syne the mid-18t century, coal haes gotten mined. The industry haed grown while Silesia wis pairt of Germany, an peaked in the 1970s unner the Fowk's Republic of Poland. Durin this time, Silesia became ane of the warld's mucklest producers of coal, wi a record tonnage in 1979.<ref name="en.poland.gov.pl">{{Cite web|title=Natural Resources &#124; poland.gov.pl|url=http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110813164344/http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-date=2011-08-13|access-date=19 November 2013|publisher=[[En.poland.gov.pl]]|url-status=live}}</ref> The coal minin dwined durin the nixt twa decades, but haes gaen up again follaein the end of Communist maistry. [[File:KWK_Bolesław_Śmiały_01.jpg|thumb|Bolesław Śmiały Coal Mine, Łaziska Górne]] The 41 coal mines in Silesia are maistly pairt of the Iver Silesian Coal Basin, whilk liggs in the Silesian Braes. The coalfield haes an area of about {{Convert|4,500|km2|mi2}}.<ref name="en.poland.gov.pl">{{Cite web|title=Natural Resources &#124; poland.gov.pl|url=http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110813164344/http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-date=2011-08-13|access-date=19 November 2013|publisher=En.poland.gov.pl}}</ref> Deposits in Nether Silesia hae kyth'd tae be a trauchle tae mak yuise of an the area's onprofitable mines wir steekit in 2000.<ref name="en.poland.gov.pl" /> In 2008, an upcuissen 35&nbsp;billion tonnes of lignite fordels wir fund near Legnica, makin thaim some of the mucklest in the warld.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mamy największe złoża węgla brunatnego na świecie|url=http://www.gazetawyborcza.pl/1,82244,4820533.html|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20120503194935/http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/1,114873,4820533.html|archive-date=2012-05-03|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=[[Gazetawyborcza.pl]]|language=the Polish|url-status=live}}</ref> Frae the fowert century BC on, airn ore haes been mined in the braes of Silesia.<ref name="en.poland.gov.pl">{{Cite web|title=Natural Resources &#124; poland.gov.pl|url=http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110813164344/http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-date=2011-08-13|access-date=19 November 2013|publisher=En.poland.gov.pl}}</ref> The samen while haed leid, capper, siller, an gowd minin. Zinc, cadmium, arsenic,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mikulski|first=S.Z.|title=Late-Hercynian gold-bearing arsenic-polymetallic mineralization within Saxothuringian zone in the Polish Sudetes, Northeast Bohemian Massif, Mineral Deposits at the Beginning of the 21st Century|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|year=2022|isbn=978-1-003-07750-3|location=London|pages=787-790}}</ref> an [[uranium]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wise International &#124; World Information Service on Energy|url=http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/index.html?http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/439-440/poland.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010053346/http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/index.html?http%3A%2F%2Fwww10.antenna.nl%2Fwise%2F439-440%2Fpoland.html|archive-date=10 October 2007|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=}}</ref> hev been mined in the region forbye. Nether Silesia features lairge capper minin an processing atween the ceities of [[Legnica]], Głogów, Lubin, and Polkowice. In the Middle Ages, gowd (Polish: ''złoto'') an siller (Polish: ''srebro'') wir mined in the region, whilk is refleckit in the names of the umwhile minin touns of [[Złotoryja]], Złoty Stok an Srebrna Góra. The region is kent for stane quarrying tae produce limestane, marl, mairble, an basalt.<ref name="en.poland.gov.pl">{{Cite web|title=Natural Resources &#124; poland.gov.pl|url=http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110813164344/http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-date=2011-08-13|access-date=19 November 2013|publisher=En.poland.gov.pl}}</ref> {| class="wikitable col2right" |+'''Annwal throu-pit of minerals in Silesia''' !Mineral name !Throu-pit (tonnes) !Ref. |- |Bituminous coal |95,000,000 | |- |Capper |571,000 |<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 July 2011|title=Copper: World Smelter Production, By Country|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/minerals/copper/copper_t21.html|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |Zinc |160,000 |<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 July 2004|title=Zinc: World Smelter Production, By Country|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/minerals/zinc/zinc_table18.html|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |Siller |1,200 |<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 August 2004|title=Silver: World Mine Production, By Country|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/minerals/silver/silver_table08.html|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |Cadmium |500 |<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 May 2012|title=Cadmium: World Refinery Production, By Country|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/minerals/cadmium/cadmium_t5.html|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |Leid |70,000 |<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 June 2005|title=Lead: World Refinery Production, By Country|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/minerals/lead/lead_t16.html|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=|url-status=live}}</ref> |} The region alsae haes a weel-daein lawbourage sector, whilk produces cereals (white, rye, barley, aits, stuff), tatties, rapeseed, succar beets an siclike. Milk throu-pit is weel developed. The Opole Silesia haes for mony decade taen the tap spat in Poland for their indices of effective yuise of pleu laund.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Samorząd Województwa Opolskiego|url=http://umwo.opole.pl/serwis/index.php?id=2009|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=|url-status=live}}</ref> The mountainous pairts of southren Silesia features mony significant an hertsome tourism destinations (e.g., Karpacz, Szczyrk, Wisła). Silesia is generally weel forestit. This is because greenness is generally heichly socht efter bi the local populace, mairbetoken in the heichly industrialized pairts of Silesia. ==Demographics== Silesia haes been historically diverse in aa pairts. Nouadays, the mucklest pairt of Silesia is locate in Poland; it is aften cried ane of the maist diverse pairts of Poland. The Unitit States Immigration Commission, in its ''Dictionary of Races or People'' (published in 1911, whan muckle thrangs of Silesian fowk wir flittin till the Unitit States), heild ''Silesian'' for a geographical (nae ethnic) term, beirin the inhaibitants of Silesia. The existence of baith Polish Silesian an German Silesian dialecks thereawa wis mintioned forbye.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dillingham|first=William Paul|url=https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofrace00unitrich#page/128/mode/1up/search/Silesian|title=Dictionary of Races or Peoples|last2=Folkmar|first2=Daniel|last3=Folkmar|first3=Elnora|publisher=[[Washington, Government Printing Office]]|year=1911|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=128}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Dillingham|first=William Paul|url=https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofrace00unitrich#page/105/mode/1up|title=Dictionary of Races or Peoples|last2=Folkmar|first2=Daniel|last3=Folkmar|first3=Elnora|publisher=[[Washington, Government Printing Office]]|others=United States. Immigration Commission (1907–1910)|year=1911|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=105, 128}}</ref> ===Ceities an touns=== The follaein table taks in the ceities and touns in Silesia with a popular greater nor 20,000 (2026).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-04-29|title=Population. Size and structure and vital statistics in Poland by territorial division in 2025. As of 31 December (table IV)|url=https://stat.gov.pl/en/topics/population/population/population-size-and-structure-and-vital-statistics-in-poland-by-territorial-division-in-2025-as-of-31-december,3,39.html|access-date=2026-06-04|publisher=[[Statistics Poland]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-05-18|title=Population in municipalities as at 1. 1.|url=https://data.csu.gov.cz/datastat/data/VYBER/OBY02AT02|website=DataStat|publisher=[[Czech Statistical Office]]}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" ! style="width:1%;" | ! style="width:1%;" | !Name ! style="width:6%;" |Popular ! style="width:11%;" |Area ! style="width:4%;" |Kintra !Admeinistrative ! style="width:15%;" |Historic subregion |- style="text-align:center;" |1 |[[File:Herb_wroclaw.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Wrocław]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |672,601 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|293|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |2 |[[File:Ostrava_CoA_CZ.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Ostrava'''* | style="text-align:center;" |280,853 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|214|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia/[[Moravie|Moravia]] |- style="text-align:center;" |3 |[[File:Katowice_Herb.svg|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Katowice''' | style="text-align:center;" |277,415 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|165|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |4 |[[File:Gliwice_herb.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Gliwice''' | style="text-align:center;" |166,942 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|134|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |5 |[[File:POL_Bielsko-Biała_COA.svg|center|48x48px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Bielsko-Biała'''* | style="text-align:center;" |163,164 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|125|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia/Lesser Poland |- style="text-align:center;" |6 |[[File:POL_Zabrze_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Zabrze''' | style="text-align:center;" |150,780 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|80|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |7 |[[File:Bytom_herb.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Bytom''' | style="text-align:center;" |144,598 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|69|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |8 |[[File:POL_Zielona_Góra_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Zielona Góra''' | style="text-align:center;" |138,476 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|58|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_lubuskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Lubusz Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |9 |[[File:POL_Rybnik_COA.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Rybnik]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |128,788 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|148|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |10 |[[File:POL_Ruda_Śląska_COA.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Ruda Śląska''' | style="text-align:center;" |127,601 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|78|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |11 |[[File:POL_Opole_COA.svg|center|34x34px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Opole]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |126,623 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|97|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_opolskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Opole Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |12 |[[File:POL_Tychy_COA.svg|center|27x27px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Tychy''' | style="text-align:center;" |120,081 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|82|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |13 |[[File:Chorzów_herb.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Chorzów''' | style="text-align:center;" |98,418 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|33|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |14 |[[File:POL_Wałbrzych_COA.svg|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Wałbrzych]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |97,546 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|85|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |15 |[[File:Legnica_herb.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Legnica]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |89,919 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|56|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |16 |[[File:POL_Jastrzębie-Zdrój_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Jastrzębie-Zdrój''' | style="text-align:center;" |80,527 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|85|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |17 |[[File:POL_Jelenia_Góra_COA_1.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Jelenia Góra''' | style="text-align:center;" |73,470 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|109|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |18 |[[File:POL_Mysłowice_COA.svg|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Mysłowice''' | style="text-align:center;" |70,160 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|66|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |19 |[[File:Havirov_CoA.png|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Havířov''' | style="text-align:center;" |67,998 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|32|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |20 |[[File:POL_Lubin_COA.svg|center|27x27px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Lubin''' | style="text-align:center;" |65,961 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|41|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |21 |[[File:POL_Siemianowice_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Siemianowice Śląskie''' | style="text-align:center;" |62,311 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|25|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |22 |[[File:POL_Żory_COA.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Żory''' | style="text-align:center;" |61,857 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|65|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |23 |[[File:Herb_TarnowskieGory.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Tarnowskie Góry''' | style="text-align:center;" |61,001 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|84|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |24 |[[File:POL_Głogów_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Głogów''' | style="text-align:center;" |60,605 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|35|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |25 |[[File:Wappen_Goerlitz_vector.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Görlitz'''** | style="text-align:center;" |55,186 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|68|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|GER}} | style="text-align:center;" |{{Flagicon|Saxony}} [[Saxony]] |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |26 |[[File:Opava_CoA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Opava''' | style="text-align:center;" |54,881 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|91|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |27 |[[File:Frýdek_Místek_CoA_CZ.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Frýdek-Místek'''* | style="text-align:center;" |53,164 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|52|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia/Moravia |- style="text-align:center;" |28 |[[File:POL_Kędzierzyn-Koźle_COA.svg|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Kędzierzyn-Koźle''' | style="text-align:center;" |53,140 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|124|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_opolskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Opole Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |29 |[[File:POL_Świdnica_COA.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Świdnica''' | style="text-align:center;" |51,357 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|22|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |30 |[[File:POL_Piekary_Śląskie_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Piekary Śląskie''' | style="text-align:center;" |51,030 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|40|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |31 |[[File:POL_Racibórz_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Racibórz]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |48,750 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|75|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |32 |[[File:Karwina_herb.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Karviná]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |48,684 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|58|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |33 |[[File:POL_Świętochłowice_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Świętochłowice''' | style="text-align:center;" |44,621 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|13|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |34 |[[File:POL_Wodzisław_Śląski_COA.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Wodzisław Śląski''' | style="text-align:center;" |44,017 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|50|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |35 |[[File:POL_Mikołów_COA.svg|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Mikołów''' | style="text-align:center;" |41,478 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|79|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |36 |[[File:POL_Nysa_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Nysa''' | style="text-align:center;" |39,887 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|27|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_opolskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Opole Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |37 |[[File:POL_Bolesławiec_COA_1.svg|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Bolesławiec''' | style="text-align:center;" |36,642 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|24|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |38 |[[File:POL_Nowa_Sól_COA.svg|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Nowa Sól''' | style="text-align:center;" |35,230 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|22|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_lubuskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Lubusz Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |39 |[[File:Herb_Knurów-2018.png|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Knurów''' | style="text-align:center;" |34,919 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|34|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |40 |[[File:POL_Oleśnica_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Oleśnica''' | style="text-align:center;" |34,676 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|21|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |41 |[[File:POL_Czechowice-Dziedzice_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Czechowice-Dziedzice''' | style="text-align:center;" |34,564 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|33|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |42 |[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Třinec.svg|center|34x34px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Třinec''' | style="text-align:center;" |33,523 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|85|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |43 |[[File:POL_Oława_COA.svg|center|33x33px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Oława''' | style="text-align:center;" |32,928 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|27|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |44 |[[File:POL_Brzeg_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Brzeg''' | style="text-align:center;" |32,724 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|15|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_opolskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Opole Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |45 |[[File:POL_Cieszyn_COA.svg|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Cieszyn''' | style="text-align:center;" |32,217 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|29|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |46 |[[File:Wappen_Hoyerswerda.PNG|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Hoyerswerda'''** | style="text-align:center;" |30,759 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|96|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|GER}} | style="text-align:center;" |{{Flagicon|Saxony}} Saxony |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |47 |[[File:POL_Dzierżoniów_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Dzierżoniów''' | style="text-align:center;" |30,014 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|20|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |48 |[[File:POL_Zgorzelec_COA.svg|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Zgorzelec'''** | style="text-align:center;" |28,095 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|16|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |49 |[[File:POL_Bielawa_COA.svg|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Bielawa''' | style="text-align:center;" |27,480 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|36|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |50 |[[File:Orlová_znak.png|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Orlová''' | style="text-align:center;" |27,383 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|25|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |51 |[[File:POL_Lubliniec_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Lubliniec''' | style="text-align:center;" |22,931 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|89|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |52 |[[File:Cesky_Tesin_CoA.png|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Český Těšín''' | style="text-align:center;" |22,870 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|34|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |53 |[[File:POL_Żagań_COA.svg|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Żagań''' | style="text-align:center;" |22,800 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|40|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_lubuskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Lubusz Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |54 |[[File:Krnov_znak.png|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Krnov''' | style="text-align:center;" |22,303 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|44|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |55 |[[File:POL_Orzesze_COA.svg|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Orzesze''' | style="text-align:center;" |22,242 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|84|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |56 |[[File:POL_Świebodzice_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Świebodzice''' | style="text-align:center;" |21,469 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|30|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |57 |[[File:POL_Kluczbork_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Kluczbork''' | style="text-align:center;" |21,232 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|12|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_opolskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Opole Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |58 |[[File:POL_Polkowice_COA_2022.svg|center|27x27px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Polkowice''' | style="text-align:center;" |20,832 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|24|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |59 |[[File:POL_Łaziska_Górne_COA.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Łaziska Górne''' | style="text-align:center;" |20,826 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|21|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |60 |[[File:POL_Świebodzin_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Świebodzin''' | style="text-align:center;" |20,480 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|11|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_lubuskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Lubusz Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |61 |[[File:Bohumin_CoA_CZ.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Bohumín''' | style="text-align:center;" |20,234 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|31|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Anelie pairt in Silesia<gallery> File:Old_Town_Hall_in_Wrocław,_September_2022_07.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_Town_Hall_in_Wroc%C5%82aw,_September_2022_07.jpg|[[:en:Wrocław|Wrocław]] File:Masarykovo_namesti.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Masarykovo_namesti.jpg|[[:en:Ostrava|Ostrava]] File:Katowice_Rynek.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Katowice_Rynek.jpg|[[:en:Katowice|Katowice]] File:6588vik_Gliwice._Foto_Barbara_Maliszewska.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:6588vik_Gliwice._Foto_Barbara_Maliszewska.jpg|[[:en:Gliwice|Gliwice]] File:Ratusz_Bielsko-Biała.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ratusz_Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a.JPG|[[:en:Bielsko-Biała|Bielsko-Biała]] File:Zabrze_post_office.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zabrze_post_office.jpg|[[:en:Zabrze|Zabrze]] File:Rynek_w_Bytomiu_2020.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rynek_w_Bytomiu_2020.jpg|[[:en:Bytom|Bytom]] File:Ratusz_i_Stary_Rynek_w_Zielonej_Górze.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ratusz_i_Stary_Rynek_w_Zielonej_G%C3%B3rze.jpg|[[:en:Zielona_Góra|Zielona Góra]] File:Rynek_w_Rybniku_1.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rynek_w_Rybniku_1.JPG|[[:en:Rybnik|Rybnik]] File:Plac_Jana_Pawła_II_w_Nowym_Bytomiu.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plac_Jana_Paw%C5%82a_II_w_Nowym_Bytomiu.jpg|[[:en:Ruda_Śląska|Ruda Śląska]] File:Opole_0001.7_-_widok_na_Stare_Miasto.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Opole_0001.7_-_widok_na_Stare_Miasto.jpg|[[:en:Opole|Opole]] File:Tychy_Stare._Rynek1.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tychy_Stare._Rynek1.JPG|[[:en:Tychy|Tychy]] File:Chorzów_-_Teatr_Rozrywki_01.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chorz%C3%B3w_-_Teatr_Rozrywki_01.JPG|[[:en:Chorzów|Chorzów]] File:Wałbrzych_-_Rynek_03.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wa%C5%82brzych_-_Rynek_03.jpg|[[:en:Wałbrzych|Wałbrzych]] File:Legnica_-_Rynek_-_Dawny_Ratusz_01.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Legnica_-_Rynek_-_Dawny_Ratusz_01.jpg|[[:en:Legnica|Legnica]] File:Pałac_w_Boryni_7.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pa%C5%82ac_w_Boryni_7.JPG|[[:en:Jastrzębie-Zdrój|Jastrzębie-Zdrój]] File:Horni-namesti1.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Horni-namesti1.jpg|[[:en:Opava|Opava]] File:SM_Brzeg_Ratusz_2023_(1).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SM_Brzeg_Ratusz_2023_(1).jpg|[[:en:Brzeg|Brzeg]] </gallery> ==Flags an blasouns== The signs of Nether Silesia an Iver Silesia hae their founds in the signs of the Piasts of Nether Silesia an Iver Silesia. The blasoun of Iver Silesia depicts the gowden earn on the blue shiel. The blasoun of Nether Silesia depicts a black earn on a gowden (yella) shiel.<gallery> File:DEU_Oberschlesien_1926-1945_COA.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DEU_Oberschlesien_1926-1945_COA.svg|Blasoun of the Prussian [[:en:Province_of_Upper_Silesia|province of Iver Silesia]] (1919–1938 and 1941–1945) File:POL_województwo_śląskie_COA.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_COA.svg|[[:en:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Silesian_Voivodeship|Blasoun of the Silesian Voivodeship]] File:POL_województwo_opolskie_COA.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_opolskie_COA.svg|[[:en:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Opole_Voivodeship|The blasoun of the Opolskie Voivodeship]] File:Henryk_I_Probus_herb.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henryk_I_Probus_herb.png|Blasoun of Duke [[:en:Henry_Probus|Henry Probus]] File:Wappen_Herzogtum_Schlesien.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wappen_Herzogtum_Schlesien.png|Blasoun of [[:en:Austrian_Silesia|Austrian Silesia]] (1742–1918) File:Wappen_Provinz_Niederschlesien.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wappen_Provinz_Niederschlesien.png|Prussian [[:en:Province_of_Lower_Silesia|province of Nether Silesia]] (1919–1938 and 1941–1945) File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_COA.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_dolno%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_COA.svg|Blasoun of the [[:en:Lower_Silesia_Voivodeship|Nether Silesia Voivodeship]] File:Znak_Slezska.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Znak_Slezska.svg|Blasoun of [[:en:Czech_Silesia|Czech Silesia]] </gallery>Flags wi their colors refer tae the blasoun of Silesia.<gallery> File:Flagge_Preußen_-_Provinz_Oberschlesien.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flagge_Preu%C3%9Fen_-_Provinz_Oberschlesien.svg|[[:en:Flag_of_Upper_Silesia|Flag of Prussian Iver Silesia province]] (1919–1938 and 1941–1945) File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_flag.svg|Flag of Silesia Voivodeship File:Flag_of_Czech_Silesia.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Czech_Silesia.svg|Flag of the Austrian Silesia (1742–1918), an Czech Silesia File:Flagge_Preußen_-_Provinz_Schlesien.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flagge_Preu%C3%9Fen_-_Provinz_Schlesien.svg|[[:en:Flag_of_Silesia_and_Lower_Silesia|Flag of Prussian Nether Silesia province]] (1919–1938 and 1941–1945) File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_dolno%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_flag.svg|Flag of Nether Silesia Voivodeship </gallery> ==Warld Heritage Steids== <gallery mode="packed-hover" widths="200px" heights="160px"> File:Swidnica-_Kosciol_Pokoju_02.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Swidnica-_Kosciol_Pokoju_02.jpg|Kirks of Peace, Świdnica an Jawor File:Wrocław_-_Jahrhunderthalle5.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wroc%C5%82aw_-_Jahrhunderthalle5.jpg|Centennial Haa, [[Wrocław]] File:SZTOLNIA_GŁĘBOKA_FRYDERYK_-_część_trasy_turystycznej_pn._Sztolnia_Czarnego_Pastrąga.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SZTOLNIA_G%C5%81%C4%98BOKA_FRYDERYK_-_cz%C4%99%C5%9B%C4%87_trasy_turystycznej_pn._Sztolnia_Czarnego_Pastr%C4%85ga.jpg|Historic Siller Mine, Tarnowskie Góry File:Das_Neue_Schloss_im_Park.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Das_Neue_Schloss_im_Park.jpg|Muskau Pairk, Łęknica an Bad Muskau </gallery> ==Sources== * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Silesia|volume=25|pages=90–92}} *  {{cite encyclopedia|editor1-last=Czapliński|editor1-first=Marek|editor2-last=Wiszewski|editor2-first=Przemysław|encyclopedia=Region Divided - Times of Nation-States (1918-1945)|url=http://www.bibliotekacyfrowa.pl/Content/64229/Cuius_regio_vol_4.pdf|access-date=18 March 2018|language=the English|year=2014|publisher=ebooki.com.pl|title=Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia|volume=4|location=Wrocław, Poland|isbn=978-83-927132-8-9}} * {{Cite book|last=Długajczyk|first=Edward|title=Tajny front na granicy cieszyńskiej. Wywiad i dywersja w latach 1919–1939|publisher=Śląsk|year=1993|isbn=83-85831-03-7|location=[[Katowice]]|language=the Polish|trans-title=The Dern Front on the Cieszyn Mairch: Intelligence and Sabotage, 1919–1939|author-link=Edward Długajczyk}} *  {{cite encyclopedia|editor1-last=Harc|editor1-first=Lucyna|editor2-last=Wąs|editor2-first=Gabriela|encyclopedia=The Strengthening of Silesian Regionalism (1526-1740)|url=http://www.bibliotekacyfrowa.pl/Content/73766/Cuius_regio_vol_2.pdf|access-date=18 March 2018|language=the English|year=2014|publisher=ebooki.com.pl|title=Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia|volume=2|location=Wrocław, Poland|isbn=978-83-927132-6-5}} *  {{cite encyclopedia|editor1-last=Harc|editor1-first=Lucyna|editor2-last=Kulak|editor2-first=Teresa|encyclopedia=Silesia under the Authority of the Hohenzollerns (1741-1918)|url=http://www.bibliotekacyfrowa.pl/Content/79021/Cuius_regio_vol_3.pdf|access-date=18 March 2018|language=the English|year=2015|publisher=ebooki.com.pl|title=Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia|volume=3|location=Wrocław, Poland|isbn=978-83-942651-3-7}} * {{Cite book|last=Plater|first=Stanisław|url=https://obc.opole.pl/Content/8541/download/|title=Jeografia wschodniéy części Europy czyli Opis krajów przez wielorakie narody słowiańskie zamieszkanych : obejmujący Prussy, Xsięztwo Poznańskie, Szląsk Pruski, Gallicyą, Rzeczpospolitę Krakowską, Krolestwo Polskie i Litwę|publisher=Wilhelm Bogumił Korn|year=1825|location=Wrocław|language=the Polish|trans-title=Geography of the Easten Pairt of Europe, or Description of the Kintras inhaibitit bi Sindry Slavic Nations: Amang thaim Prussia, the Duchery of Posen, Prussian Silesia, Galicia, the Republic of Cracow, the Kinrick of Poland, and Lithuania|author-link=Stanisław Plater}} *  {{cite encyclopedia|editor-last=Przemysław|editor-first=Wiszewski|encyclopedia=The Long Formation of the Region (c. 1000–1526)|url=http://www.bibliotekacyfrowa.pl/Content/49790/Cuius_regio_vol_1.pdf|access-date=18 March 2018|language=the English|year=2013|publisher=ebooki.com.pl|title=Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia|volume=1|location=Wrocław, Poland|isbn=978-83-927132-1-0}} *  {{cite encyclopedia|editor-last=Wiszewski|editor-first=Przemysław|encyclopedia=Permanent Change - The New Region(s) of Silesia (1945-2015)|url=http://www.bibliotekacyfrowa.pl/Content/76597/Cuius_regio_vol_5.pdf|access-date=18 March 2018|language=the English|year=2015|publisher=ebooki.com.pl|title=Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia|volume=5|location=Wrocław, Poland|isbn=978-83-942651-2-0}} * {{Cite book|last=Zahradnik|first=Stanisław|title=Korzenie Zaolzia|last2=Marek Ryczkowski|publisher=PAI-press|year=1992|location=Warszawa - Praga - Trzyniec|language=the Polish|trans-title=The Ruits of Zaolzie|oclc=177389723}} ==Wabsteid links== * {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070727142251/http://brws.silesia-region.pl/indexang.php|date=27 July 2007|title=Silesia in Europe page}} * [http://www.hoeckmann.de/germany/silesia.htm Map of Silesia in 1763] * [http://www.vogel-soya.de/bilder/Schlesphoto.html Old postcards from Silesian towns] * [http://www.schlesierland.de/index.html Photos from Silesian towns, villages and communities before 1946] * [http://culture.pl/en/article/what-is-silesia What is Silesia?] * [https://mapy.com/en/zakladni?q=Slezsko%20-%20s%20moravsk%C3%BDmi%20enkl%C3%A1vami&source=area&id=191266&ds=1&x=17.1035242&y=50.7247522&z=7 Borders of Silesia with Moravian enclaves] on Mapy.com ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Draft categories| [[Category:History]] [[Category:Poland]] [[Category:Politics]] [[Category:Economy]] [[Category:Society]] [[Category:Geographie]] }} rpw0inrqz8pej14ez11qwgn9jq8wb3c Uiser collogue:~2026-37481-33 3 233682 918888 2026-07-01T01:06:25Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Made page wi "{{subst:uw-disruptive1}} ~~~~" 918888 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello. 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Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-disruptive1 --> [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 01:06, 1 Julie 2026 (UTC) bl66gcfho8i23pvmxra627agj5mp0mg Template:Featurt airticle/Julie 2026 10 233683 918902 2026-07-01T04:58:38Z CiphriusKane 74958 Reguidin tae [[Template:Featurt airticle/November 2020]] 918902 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Featurt airticle/November 2020]] 5ukhkxdtlse04x2jiwlpxh721chnnn8