Wikipedia scowiki https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.24 first-letter Media Special Collogue Uiser Uiser collogue Wikipedia Wikipedia collogue File File collogue MediaWiki MediaWiki collogue Template Template collogue Help Help collogue Category Category collogue Portal Portal talk Define Define talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 4 1063 925354 924458 2026-10-26T14:00:51Z MediaWiki message delivery 20411 /* Yer wiki will be in raed-anerly suin */ new section 925354 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ [[File:Mercat Cross, Edinburgh.jpg|right|200px]] Walcome tae the Mercat Cross! This is the airt tae tauk aboot the technical wirkins o the Wikipedia. <div style="background-color: #add8e6; padding: 5px 15px; border-radius: 8px;"><big>Tae raise or discuss spellin o Scots wirds, an which we shuid be uisin, please gaun tae '''[[Wikipedia: Spellin Fettle|Spellin Fettle]]'''</big></div> * '''sco:''' {{int:please-translate}}. * '''en:''' Requests for the [[m:bot|bot]] flag should be made on this page. This wiki uses the [[m:bot policy|standard bot policy]], and allows [[m:bot policy#Global_bots|global bots]] and [[m:bot policy#Automatic_approval|automatic approval of certain types of bots]]. Other bots should apply below, and then [[m:Steward requests/Bot status|request access]] from a steward if there is no objection. *Archives: [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/1|1]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/2|2]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/3|3]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/4|4]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/5|5]] · {{TOC limit|2}} <!--Automatic archive configuration begins --> {{Uiser:MABot/config |archive = Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/%(counter)s |algo = old(30d) |counter = 5 |maxarchivesize = 250K |minthreadsleft = 5 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |archiveheader = }} <!-- Automatic archive configuration ends --> == {{en}} WikiBrounie draft - thoughts? == Hey folks, I've been drafting [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)/Draft WikiBrounie|this page]] to be a new tab on [[Wikipedia:WikiProject The Big Wiki Rewrite|WikiProject The Big Wiki Rewrite]], specifically to be a place and a thing that we can direct those to who want to help with the Wiki, but either don't speak Scots or who aren't confident in their written Scots. I've had some comments from @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] but would really appreciate any more feedback or suggestions before I add it. Idea would be that if folks land on the Wiki with good intentions, that we can direct those good intentions to the best place. [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 09:58, 20 August 2026 (UTC) :(& also that I can promote on the WMUK Scotland mailing list, and keep as a regular task when folks are looking for things to edit.) [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 10:35, 20 August 2026 (UTC) ::Hi, I think this page is very helpful, particularly the links to unreferenced articles and articles using archive today. Perhaps it could be added regarding archive today that editors should replace it with internet archive if possible and if not then just remove it if the original link is still dead, regards [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 18:23, 21 August 2026 (UTC) :::Brilliant - yes, will add this. Thank you! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 08:59, 24 August 2026 (UTC) :: Just found a problem with the list of archive today links which is it only lists one link for each page when there can be multiple links on a page such as [[Mexican Drog War]], [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 22:57, 23 August 2026 (UTC) :::A believe Mexican Drog War wis ae exception as there wis summat wrang wi the references, bit it is listin multiple airtins per airticle e.g. [[Daraa Destrict]]. A'v optit ti nuke Mexican Drog War as nae bein wirth the time ti fix, better ti stairt ower in aat case [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 03:45, 24 August 2026 (UTC) ::::Grand, thanks! Can add something to the instructions too to get folks to check whether there are multiple refs on the same article, just in case there are others. :) [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 09:00, 24 August 2026 (UTC) :::::@[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] @[[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ok, added. One thing to note - you'll see that I've said "set URL status to dead" - I'm pretty sure that that should be "deid", but "dead" is what's in the template. [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 09:09, 24 August 2026 (UTC) :::::: Those are very helpful changes and I agree about the Mexican Drog War as that would have taken hours to fix, imv [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 00:16, 25 August 2026 (UTC) :::::::Grand, thanks :) [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 11:28, 25 August 2026 (UTC) ::::::::@[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] @[[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] Ok, that's now live [[Wikipedia:Wikiproject The Big Wiki Rewrite/WikiBrounies]] on the project page - please feel free to point folks in that direction if it's helpful in your general admin / extended rights user duties :) Thanks so much for the suggestions and feedback! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 11:30, 25 August 2026 (UTC) :Somebody should share this in the Scots Language Forum group on Facebook. That would give this project the widest attention. [[Uiser:Gallovidisk|Gallovidisk]] ([[Uiser collogue:Gallovidisk|tauk]]) 09:46, 26 August 2026 (UTC) ::Thanks @[[Uiser:Gallovidisk|Gallovidisk]], good suggestion! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 10:00, 26 August 2026 (UTC) == Yer wiki will be in raed-anerly suin == <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Raed iss message in anither leid]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedie Foondation]] will be switchin the traffec atween its data centres. Iss will mak shuir that Wikipaedia an the ither Wikimedie wiki kin stey onwab e'en efter a muckle mishanterin. Aw traffec will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2026-09-23|sco}}'''. The test will stert at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2026-09-23T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2026-09-23T14:00}}]'''. Unfortunate, acause o some leemits in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MedieWiki]], aw editin maun stap whiles the switch is makit. We apologise fur iss disruption, an we ar wirkin tae minimise it in futur. Ae banner will be shawn on aw wikis 30 meenits afore iss operation happens. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&task=view&language=&filter=&action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text.</span> '''Ye will be able tae raed, but nae edit, aa wikis fur ae smaa period o time.''' * Ye willnae be able tae edit fur up til ae oor on {{#time:l j xg Y|2026-09-23|sco}}. * If ye try tae edit or hain durin thir times, ye will be gien ae error message. We howp that nae edits will gang astray durin the meenits but we canna mak shuir o'it. Gin ye see the error message, then please wait til athing is back tae normal. Then ye sud be able tae mak hain o yer edit. But, we recommend that ye mak a copy o yer chynges aforehaund, juist in case. ''Ither effecks'': * Backgroond tasks will be slaw an some micht drap. Reid airtins minna be updatit as quick as normal. Gin ye mak ae airticle that is awreidy airtint elsewyes, the airtin will remain reid fur langer nor uisual. Some lang-rinnin scripts will hae tae stap. * We expect the code deployments tae happen as wi ony ither week. Houaniver, some case-by-case code freezes cud happen gin the operation needs thaim efterwarts. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] willnae be available fur aboot 90 meenits. Iss projeck micht be pit aff gin needit. Ye kin [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Ony chynges will be annoonced in the schedule. '''Please share iss information wi yer commonity.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> [[m:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] 12:58, 15 September 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=30513874 --> == Your feedback wanted: Remove ''(Language link added:) and similar'' edits from Special:RecentChanges == ''(Apologies for posting in English. You can help by translating it)'' Hello, I’m Danny from [[:en:w:Wikimedia_Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland’s]] [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team.<br/> We have been investigating and examining how Wikidata’s use in the [[Special:RecentChanges]] and [[Special:Watchlist]] pages can be made to be more useful, or less ‘noisy’ (fewer edits that have little value to the reader). We are currently exploring to make a change in the volume and the type of Wikidata edits that appear in these pages, and '''we need your feedback''' to help us ensure this is a positive change for the Wikis and won’t disrupt your workflows.<br/> Language links are also known as sitelinks or interlanguage links and describe when a Wikidata item is connected to a Wiki, adding it to the language dropdown tool for other connected Wikis. [[File:Types of Lang Link changes.png|x350px|frame|A variety of "Language Link" edits as seen in the Recent Changes feed]] The request for feedback is whether you support the removal of these language link edits from the Recent Changes and Watchlist feed, or would you oppose such a change and if so, why? Please share you thoughts on the dedicated '''[[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|metawiki Talk page]]'''. Further information about this change: [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Hide_Language_Link_edits]] Thank you for any participation or feedback you give, -- [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 15:26, 21 September 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_test_list&oldid=31067433 --> == Wikidata Sitelink changes in Recent Changes and Watchlist == ''(Apologies for cross-posting in English, translating it will help spread the message)'' Earlier last month, all Wikis were contacted for feedback on our proposal to remove language link changes, this change has already been deployed to Wikisource, Wikibooks, Wikivoyage, Wikiquote, Wikiversity and Wiktionary. The same change is now being rolled out globally to all Wikipedias on '''October 13, 07:00 UTC'''. Editors will no longer see notifications after this time on their [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] and [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]] when a link to ''another'' language version of a page is added, removed, or changed in its Wikidata item (it does not affect language link notifications to the home wiki). There will then be a two-week monitoring period to observe if a reduction of high-volume but low-value notifications takes place, or if higher-value changes become easier to identify. Editors who rely on these notifications should be aware of the change and can share feedback or concerns on the Wikidata For Wikimedia [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|Projects talk page]].<br/> Wikidata's own Recent Changes page is not affected as it serves as the repository for these changes. Please reach out if you have any questions, or if your wiki would like to opt-out, thank you! -- [[User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User_talk:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|talk]]) sent via [[Uiser:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uiser collogue:MediaWiki message delivery|tauk]]) 09:29, 9 October 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=31142775 --> == (In Inglis) Wikimedian of the year and Community Celebration == (In Inglis) Hi and apologies for having to message in English. I wanted to make sure this community was aware of two events as I think it's important all of our UK language Wikipedias get fair representation! Firstly we're accepting nominations for "Wikimedian of the Year" again. So if there is someone who does stellar work here, a newer editor who you'd like to celebrate or there's an organisation doing great work on Wiki you can nominate through this form: [https://eu-west-1.protection.sophos.com/?d=google.com&u=aHR0cHM6Ly9kb2NzLmdvb2dsZS5jb20vZm9ybXMvZC9lLzFGQUlwUUxTY2l1NnBWN2ZwTXgxalVOWXd4RVNuZmtqVC1DR3dHeUxKMW5sMi1HMnRQU3YyUURRL3ZpZXdmb3Jt&i=NjVhZmE0ZjY3MDExZmY1Y2Q3NDE3Yjkx&t=dTNSS0Y0VllHVlJuRmx2Y3p0bUJYRDhPaGpXZFh4YzR2TTVUOGlOMHRXTT0=&h=bd583ddd03f94a8cbac9e5cc60b9867f&s=AVNPUEhUT0NFTkNSWVBUSVZrWAEExVy8KX0niY8TC-lq0ekobLfFOBZ_rOXRtXVTPA https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSciu6pV7fpMx1jUNYwxESnfkjT-CGwGyLJ1nl2-G2tPSv2QDQ/viewform] The more information you can give the panel in your nomination the better! Secondly, our online community celebration is happening on 22nd November 11am to 1pm. You can register here [https://eu-west-1.protection.sophos.com/?d=eventbrite.co.uk&u=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZXZlbnRicml0ZS5jby51ay9lL29ubGluZS13aWtpbWVkaWEtdWstMjAyNi1jb21tdW5pdHktY2VsZWJyYXRpb24tdGlja2V0cy0xOTk1OTE3OTA2MTg2&i=NjVhZmE0ZjY3MDExZmY1Y2Q3NDE3Yjkx&t=L2g2dGhJQ2lYekFBVEQ4S1N1dUVuY056K0E5OUMyVUdsNE1yVUFRSnFjST0=&h=bd583ddd03f94a8cbac9e5cc60b9867f&s=AVNPUEhUT0NFTkNSWVBUSVZrWAEExVy8KX0niY8TC-lq0ekobLfFOBZ_rOXRtXVTPA https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/online-wikimedia-uk-2026-community-celebration-tickets-1995917906186]. If you'd potentially be interested in talking for 5 minutes about something you've been doing on wiki please email the organiser [mailto:rupal.karia@wikimedia.org.uk rupal.karia@wikimedia.org.uk] and she can advise on if she is still accepting speakers. [[Uiser:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|Gemma Coleman (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|tauk]]) 13:24, 13 October 2026 (UTC) == Yer wiki will be in raed-anerly suin == <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Raed iss message in anither leid]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedie Foondation]] will be switchin the traffec atween its data centres. Iss will mak shuir that Wikipaedia an the ither Wikimedie wiki kin stey onwab e'en efter a muckle mishanterin. Aw traffec will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2026-10-28|sco}}'''. The test will stert at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2026-10-28T15:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2026-10-28T15:00}}]'''. Unfortunate, acause o some leemits in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MedieWiki]], aw editin maun stap whiles the switch is makit. We apologise fur iss disruption, an we ar wirkin tae minimise it in futur. Ae banner will be shawn on aw wikis 30 meenits afore iss operation happens. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&task=view&language=&filter=&action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text.</span> '''Ye will be able tae raed, but nae edit, aa wikis fur ae smaa period o time.''' * Ye willnae be able tae edit fur up til ae oor on {{#time:l j xg Y|2026-10-28|sco}}. * If ye try tae edit or hain durin thir times, ye will be gien ae error message. We howp that nae edits will gang astray durin the meenits but we canna mak shuir o'it. Gin ye see the error message, then please wait til athing is back tae normal. Then ye sud be able tae mak hain o yer edit. But, we recommend that ye mak a copy o yer chynges aforehaund, juist in case. ''Ither effecks'': * Backgroond tasks will be slaw an some micht drap. Reid airtins minna be updatit as quick as normal. Gin ye mak ae airticle that is awreidy airtint elsewyes, the airtin will remain reid fur langer nor uisual. Some lang-rinnin scripts will hae tae stap. * We expect the code deployments tae happen as wi ony ither week. Houaniver, some case-by-case code freezes cud happen gin the operation needs thaim efterwarts. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] willnae be available fur aboot 90 meenits. Iss projeck micht be pit aff gin needit. Ye kin [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Ony chynges will be annoonced in the schedule. '''Please share iss information wi yer commonity.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> [[user:Trizek_(WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]] 14:00, 26 October 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=30513874 --> it6y648cu63yagkqlpjnzcwitwpomfl 925364 925354 2026-10-26T23:20:17Z MABot 35091 Bot: Archivin 1 thread (aulder than 30 days) til [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/5]] 925364 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ [[File:Mercat Cross, Edinburgh.jpg|right|200px]] Walcome tae the Mercat Cross! This is the airt tae tauk aboot the technical wirkins o the Wikipedia. <div style="background-color: #add8e6; padding: 5px 15px; border-radius: 8px;"><big>Tae raise or discuss spellin o Scots wirds, an which we shuid be uisin, please gaun tae '''[[Wikipedia: Spellin Fettle|Spellin Fettle]]'''</big></div> * '''sco:''' {{int:please-translate}}. * '''en:''' Requests for the [[m:bot|bot]] flag should be made on this page. This wiki uses the [[m:bot policy|standard bot policy]], and allows [[m:bot policy#Global_bots|global bots]] and [[m:bot policy#Automatic_approval|automatic approval of certain types of bots]]. Other bots should apply below, and then [[m:Steward requests/Bot status|request access]] from a steward if there is no objection. *Archives: [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/1|1]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/2|2]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/3|3]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/4|4]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/5|5]] · {{TOC limit|2}} <!--Automatic archive configuration begins --> {{Uiser:MABot/config |archive = Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/%(counter)s |algo = old(30d) |counter = 5 |maxarchivesize = 250K |minthreadsleft = 5 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |archiveheader = }} <!-- Automatic archive configuration ends --> == Yer wiki will be in raed-anerly suin == <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Raed iss message in anither leid]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedie Foondation]] will be switchin the traffec atween its data centres. Iss will mak shuir that Wikipaedia an the ither Wikimedie wiki kin stey onwab e'en efter a muckle mishanterin. Aw traffec will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2026-09-23|sco}}'''. The test will stert at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2026-09-23T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2026-09-23T14:00}}]'''. Unfortunate, acause o some leemits in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MedieWiki]], aw editin maun stap whiles the switch is makit. We apologise fur iss disruption, an we ar wirkin tae minimise it in futur. Ae banner will be shawn on aw wikis 30 meenits afore iss operation happens. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&task=view&language=&filter=&action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text.</span> '''Ye will be able tae raed, but nae edit, aa wikis fur ae smaa period o time.''' * Ye willnae be able tae edit fur up til ae oor on {{#time:l j xg Y|2026-09-23|sco}}. * If ye try tae edit or hain durin thir times, ye will be gien ae error message. We howp that nae edits will gang astray durin the meenits but we canna mak shuir o'it. Gin ye see the error message, then please wait til athing is back tae normal. Then ye sud be able tae mak hain o yer edit. But, we recommend that ye mak a copy o yer chynges aforehaund, juist in case. ''Ither effecks'': * Backgroond tasks will be slaw an some micht drap. Reid airtins minna be updatit as quick as normal. Gin ye mak ae airticle that is awreidy airtint elsewyes, the airtin will remain reid fur langer nor uisual. Some lang-rinnin scripts will hae tae stap. * We expect the code deployments tae happen as wi ony ither week. Houaniver, some case-by-case code freezes cud happen gin the operation needs thaim efterwarts. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] willnae be available fur aboot 90 meenits. Iss projeck micht be pit aff gin needit. Ye kin [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Ony chynges will be annoonced in the schedule. '''Please share iss information wi yer commonity.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> [[m:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] 12:58, 15 September 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=30513874 --> == Your feedback wanted: Remove ''(Language link added:) and similar'' edits from Special:RecentChanges == ''(Apologies for posting in English. You can help by translating it)'' Hello, I’m Danny from [[:en:w:Wikimedia_Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland’s]] [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team.<br/> We have been investigating and examining how Wikidata’s use in the [[Special:RecentChanges]] and [[Special:Watchlist]] pages can be made to be more useful, or less ‘noisy’ (fewer edits that have little value to the reader). We are currently exploring to make a change in the volume and the type of Wikidata edits that appear in these pages, and '''we need your feedback''' to help us ensure this is a positive change for the Wikis and won’t disrupt your workflows.<br/> Language links are also known as sitelinks or interlanguage links and describe when a Wikidata item is connected to a Wiki, adding it to the language dropdown tool for other connected Wikis. [[File:Types of Lang Link changes.png|x350px|frame|A variety of "Language Link" edits as seen in the Recent Changes feed]] The request for feedback is whether you support the removal of these language link edits from the Recent Changes and Watchlist feed, or would you oppose such a change and if so, why? Please share you thoughts on the dedicated '''[[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|metawiki Talk page]]'''. Further information about this change: [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Hide_Language_Link_edits]] Thank you for any participation or feedback you give, -- [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 15:26, 21 September 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_test_list&oldid=31067433 --> == Wikidata Sitelink changes in Recent Changes and Watchlist == ''(Apologies for cross-posting in English, translating it will help spread the message)'' Earlier last month, all Wikis were contacted for feedback on our proposal to remove language link changes, this change has already been deployed to Wikisource, Wikibooks, Wikivoyage, Wikiquote, Wikiversity and Wiktionary. The same change is now being rolled out globally to all Wikipedias on '''October 13, 07:00 UTC'''. Editors will no longer see notifications after this time on their [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] and [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]] when a link to ''another'' language version of a page is added, removed, or changed in its Wikidata item (it does not affect language link notifications to the home wiki). There will then be a two-week monitoring period to observe if a reduction of high-volume but low-value notifications takes place, or if higher-value changes become easier to identify. Editors who rely on these notifications should be aware of the change and can share feedback or concerns on the Wikidata For Wikimedia [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|Projects talk page]].<br/> Wikidata's own Recent Changes page is not affected as it serves as the repository for these changes. Please reach out if you have any questions, or if your wiki would like to opt-out, thank you! -- [[User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User_talk:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|talk]]) sent via [[Uiser:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uiser collogue:MediaWiki message delivery|tauk]]) 09:29, 9 October 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=31142775 --> == (In Inglis) Wikimedian of the year and Community Celebration == (In Inglis) Hi and apologies for having to message in English. I wanted to make sure this community was aware of two events as I think it's important all of our UK language Wikipedias get fair representation! Firstly we're accepting nominations for "Wikimedian of the Year" again. So if there is someone who does stellar work here, a newer editor who you'd like to celebrate or there's an organisation doing great work on Wiki you can nominate through this form: [https://eu-west-1.protection.sophos.com/?d=google.com&u=aHR0cHM6Ly9kb2NzLmdvb2dsZS5jb20vZm9ybXMvZC9lLzFGQUlwUUxTY2l1NnBWN2ZwTXgxalVOWXd4RVNuZmtqVC1DR3dHeUxKMW5sMi1HMnRQU3YyUURRL3ZpZXdmb3Jt&i=NjVhZmE0ZjY3MDExZmY1Y2Q3NDE3Yjkx&t=dTNSS0Y0VllHVlJuRmx2Y3p0bUJYRDhPaGpXZFh4YzR2TTVUOGlOMHRXTT0=&h=bd583ddd03f94a8cbac9e5cc60b9867f&s=AVNPUEhUT0NFTkNSWVBUSVZrWAEExVy8KX0niY8TC-lq0ekobLfFOBZ_rOXRtXVTPA https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSciu6pV7fpMx1jUNYwxESnfkjT-CGwGyLJ1nl2-G2tPSv2QDQ/viewform] The more information you can give the panel in your nomination the better! Secondly, our online community celebration is happening on 22nd November 11am to 1pm. You can register here [https://eu-west-1.protection.sophos.com/?d=eventbrite.co.uk&u=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZXZlbnRicml0ZS5jby51ay9lL29ubGluZS13aWtpbWVkaWEtdWstMjAyNi1jb21tdW5pdHktY2VsZWJyYXRpb24tdGlja2V0cy0xOTk1OTE3OTA2MTg2&i=NjVhZmE0ZjY3MDExZmY1Y2Q3NDE3Yjkx&t=L2g2dGhJQ2lYekFBVEQ4S1N1dUVuY056K0E5OUMyVUdsNE1yVUFRSnFjST0=&h=bd583ddd03f94a8cbac9e5cc60b9867f&s=AVNPUEhUT0NFTkNSWVBUSVZrWAEExVy8KX0niY8TC-lq0ekobLfFOBZ_rOXRtXVTPA https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/online-wikimedia-uk-2026-community-celebration-tickets-1995917906186]. If you'd potentially be interested in talking for 5 minutes about something you've been doing on wiki please email the organiser [mailto:rupal.karia@wikimedia.org.uk rupal.karia@wikimedia.org.uk] and she can advise on if she is still accepting speakers. [[Uiser:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|Gemma Coleman (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|tauk]]) 13:24, 13 October 2026 (UTC) == Yer wiki will be in raed-anerly suin == <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Raed iss message in anither leid]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedie Foondation]] will be switchin the traffec atween its data centres. Iss will mak shuir that Wikipaedia an the ither Wikimedie wiki kin stey onwab e'en efter a muckle mishanterin. Aw traffec will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2026-10-28|sco}}'''. The test will stert at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2026-10-28T15:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2026-10-28T15:00}}]'''. Unfortunate, acause o some leemits in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MedieWiki]], aw editin maun stap whiles the switch is makit. We apologise fur iss disruption, an we ar wirkin tae minimise it in futur. Ae banner will be shawn on aw wikis 30 meenits afore iss operation happens. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&task=view&language=&filter=&action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text.</span> '''Ye will be able tae raed, but nae edit, aa wikis fur ae smaa period o time.''' * Ye willnae be able tae edit fur up til ae oor on {{#time:l j xg Y|2026-10-28|sco}}. * If ye try tae edit or hain durin thir times, ye will be gien ae error message. We howp that nae edits will gang astray durin the meenits but we canna mak shuir o'it. Gin ye see the error message, then please wait til athing is back tae normal. Then ye sud be able tae mak hain o yer edit. But, we recommend that ye mak a copy o yer chynges aforehaund, juist in case. ''Ither effecks'': * Backgroond tasks will be slaw an some micht drap. Reid airtins minna be updatit as quick as normal. Gin ye mak ae airticle that is awreidy airtint elsewyes, the airtin will remain reid fur langer nor uisual. Some lang-rinnin scripts will hae tae stap. * We expect the code deployments tae happen as wi ony ither week. Houaniver, some case-by-case code freezes cud happen gin the operation needs thaim efterwarts. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] willnae be available fur aboot 90 meenits. Iss projeck micht be pit aff gin needit. Ye kin [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Ony chynges will be annoonced in the schedule. '''Please share iss information wi yer commonity.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> [[user:Trizek_(WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]] 14:00, 26 October 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=30513874 --> 989k05omtwza0jwuqs7t9u2qpql7fs9 0 4961 925382 906163 2026-10-27T01:52:25Z ~2026-57262-14 139337 aco 925382 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Hellenic Republic | native_name = {{small|Ελληνική Δημοκρατία<br />{{native name|el|Ellinikí Dimokratía}}}} | common_name = Greece |image_flag = Flag of Greece.svg |image_coat = {{#property:p94}} |image_map = EU-Greece.svg |map_caption = {{map caption |location_color =dark green |region =Europe |region_color =dark grey | subregion =the [[European Union]] |subregion_color=green |legend =EU-Greece.svg}} |national_motto = {{lang|el|[[Eleftheria i thanatos|«Ελευθερία ή Θάνατος»]]}} {{small|(traditional)}} |englishmotto = "Freedom or Daith" |national_anthem = {{lang|el|[[Hymn tae Liberty|«Ὕμνος εἰς τὴν Ἐλευθερίαν»]]}}<br>{{small|"Hymn tae Liberty"}}<br /><center>[[File:Greece national anthem.ogg]]</center> |languages_type = Official language<br />{{nobold|and national language}} |languages = [[Greek leid|Greek]] |religion = [[Eastren Orthodoxy]] |demonym = [[Greeks|Greek]] |capital = [[Athens]] |coordinates = {{Coord|37|58|N|23|43|E|type:city}} |largest_city = caipital |government_type = {{nowrap|[[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Pairlamentary seestem|pairlamentary]]<br>[[constitutional republic]]}} |leader_title1 = [[Preses o Greece|Preses]] |leader_name1 = [[Katerina Sakellaropoulou]] |leader_title2 = [[Prime Meenister o Greece|Prime Meenister]] |leader_name2 = [[Kyriakos Mitsotakis]] |leader_title3 = [[Speaker o the Hellenic Parliament|Speaker o the Parliament]] |leader_name3 = [[Konstantinos Tasoulas]] |legislature = [[Hellenic Pairlament|Pairlament]] |sovereignty_type = [[History o modren Greece|Formation]] |established_event1 = [[Greek War o Unthirldom|Unthirldom declared]] {{nobold|frae the [[Ottoman Empire]]}} |established_date1 = 25 Mairch 1821 (tradeetional stairtin date o the [[Greek War o Unthirldom]]), 15 Januar 1822 (offeecial declaration in the [[First Naitional Assembly at Epidaurus]]) |established_event2 = [[Lunnon Protocol (1830)|Recognized]] |established_date2 = 3 February 1830 |established_event3 = {{nowrap|[[Constitution o Greece|Current constitution]]}} |established_date3 = 11 Juin 1975 |area_rank = 97th |area_magnitude = 1 E11 |area_km2 = 131,957 |area_footnote = <ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html?countryName=Greece&countryCode=gr&regionCode=eur&rank=97#gr |title= Country Comparison: Area |work= [[The World Factbook]] |publisher= [[Central Intelligence Agency]] |accessdate= 7 January 2013 |archive-date= 2020-11-13 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201113204336/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html?countryName=Greece&countryCode=gr&regionCode=eur&rank=97#gr |url-status= dead }}</ref> |area_sq_mi = 50,949 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |percent_water = 0.8669 |population_census = 10,816,286<ref>{{cite web|title=Announcement of the demographic and social characteristics of the revised Resident Population of Greece according to the 2011 Population&nbsp;– Housing Census.|url=http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/BUCKET/General/FEK_monimos_rev.pdf|publisher=Hellenic Statistical Authority|accessdate=16 February 2015|location=Piraeus|format=PDF|date=20 March 2014|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924120845/http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/BUCKET/General/FEK_monimos_rev.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |population_census_year = 2012 |population_census_rank = 80t |population_estimate_year = |population_density_km2 = 82<ref>{{cite web|title=Announcement of the results of the 2011 Population Census for the Resident Population|url=http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/BUCKET/A1602/PressReleases/A1602_SAM01_DT_DC_00_2011_02_F_EN.pdf|publisher=Hellenic Statistical Authority|accessdate=24 August 2013|location=Piraeus|format=PDF|date=28 December 2012|archive-date=2013-11-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113172928/http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/BUCKET/A1602/PressReleases/A1602_SAM01_DT_DC_00_2011_02_F_EN.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |population_density_sq_mi = 212 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = 120t |GDP_PPP = $294.014&nbsp;billion<ref name="imf2">{{cite web|url= http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=48&pr.y=7&sy=2013&ey=2020&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=174&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title= Greece| publisher= [[International Monetary Fund]] |deadurl=no |accessdate=29 June 2014}}</ref> |GDP_PPP_rank = 51st |GDP_PPP_year = 2015 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $26,773<ref name=imf2 /> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 41st |GDP_nominal = $238,023<&nbsp;billion<ref name=imf2 /> |GDP_nominal_rank = 44t |GDP_nominal_year = 2014 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $22,594<ref name=imf2 /> |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 37t |Gini_year = 2012 |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini = 34.3 <!--number only--> |Gini_ref = <ref name=eurogini>{{cite web|title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income (source: SILC)|url=http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=ilc_di12|publisher=Eurostat Data Explorer|accessdate=5 January 2014|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045123/http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=ilc_di12|url-status=dead}}</ref> |Gini_rank = high |HDI_year = 2013<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> |HDI_change = steady <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI = 0.853 <!--number only--> |HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14-summary-en.pdf |title=2014 Human Development Report Summary |date=2014 |accessdate=27 July 2014 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme | pages=21–25}}</ref> |HDI_rank = 29th |currency = [[Euro]] ([[Euro sign|€]])^a |currency_code = EUR |country_code = |time_zone = [[Eastren European Time|EET]] |utc_offset = +2 |time_zone_DST = [[EEST]] |utc_offset_DST = +3 |drives_on = right |date_format = dd/mm/yyyy&nbsp;([[Anno Domini|AD]]) |calling_code = [[Telephone nummers in Greece|+30]] |cctld = [[.gr]]^b |footnote_a = Afore 2002, the [[Greek drachma]]. |footnote_b = The [[.eu]] domain is uised anaa, as in ither [[European Union]] member states.}} '''Greece''' ([[Greek leid|Greek]]: ''Ελλάδα'' or ''Ελλάς''), kent offeecially as the '''Hellenic Republic''' ([[Greek leid|Greek]]: ''Ελληνική Δημοκρατία'') is a kintra in sooth-eastren [[Europe]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gr.html|title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov|language=en|access-date=2017-11-10|archive-date=2016-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825033157/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gr.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> wi a population o approximately {{#expr:{{replace|{{UN_Population|Greece}}|,||}}/1e6 round 0}} million as o {{UN_Population|Year}}. [[Athens]] is the naition's caipital an largest ceety, follaed bi [[Thessaloniki]]. but assassins creed pwayers like kephalonia mor obvoisly Greece is locatit at the crossroads o Europe, Asie, an Africae. Situatit on the soothren tip o the [[Balkan Peninsula]], it shares laund mairches wi [[Albanie]] tae the northwast, [[North Macedonie]] an [[Bulgarie]] tae the north, an [[Turkey]] tae the northeast. The [[Aegean Sea]] lies tae the east o the [[Geografie o Greece|mainland]], the [[Ionian Sea]] tae the wast, the [[Sea o Crete|Cretan Sea]] an the [[Mediterranean Sea]] tae the sooth. Greece haes the langest coastline on the [[Mediterranean Basin]] an the [[leet o kintras bi lenth o coastline|11t langest coastline in the warld]] at {{convert|13676|km|0|abbr=on}} in lenth, featurin a muckle nummer o [[Leet o islands o Greece|islands]], o that 227 are inhabitit. Aichty percent o Greece is muntainous, wi [[Munt Olympus]] bein the heichest peak at {{convert|2918|m|ft}}. The kintra consists o nine [[geografic regions o Greece|geografic regions]]: [[Macedonie (Greece)|Macedonie]], [[Central Greece]], the [[Peloponnese]], [[Thessaly]], [[Epirus (region)|Epirus]], the [[Aegean Islands]] (includin the [[Dodecanese]] an [[Cyclades]]), [[wastren Thrace|Thrace]], [[Crete]], an the [[Ionian Islands]]. Greece is conseedert the cradle o [[Wastren cultur|Wastren ceevilisation]],{{efn|See:<ref name="Duchesne2011">{{cite book|author=[[Ricardo Duchesne]]|title=The Uniqueness of Western Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pWmDPzPo0XAC&pg=PA297|date=7 February 2011|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-19248-4|page=297|quote=The list of books which have celebrated Greece as the “cradle” of the West is endless; two more examples are Charles Freeman's The Greek Achievement: The Foundation of the Western World (1999) and Bruce Thornton's Greek Ways: How the Greeks Created Western Civilization (2000)}}</ref><ref name="BotticiChalland2013">{{cite book|author1=Chiara Bottici|author2=Benoît Challand|title=The Myth of the Clash of Civilizations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QW1lrPMXprwC&pg=PA88|date=11 January 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-95119-0|page=88|quote=The reason why even such a sophisticated historian as Pagden can do it is that the idea that Greece is the cradle of civilisation is so much rooted in western minds and school curicula as to be taken for granted.}}</ref><ref name="Broad2007">{{cite book|author=William J. Broad|title=The Oracle: Ancient Delphi and the Science Behind Its Lost Secrets|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Oi_sVWIXLAC&pg=PA120|year=2007|publisher=Penguin Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-14-303859-7|page=120|quote=In 1979, a friend of de Boer's invited him to join a team of scientists that was going to Greece to assess the suitability of the ... But the idea of learning more about Greece — the cradle of Western civilization, a fresh example of tectonic forces at ...}}</ref>}} bein the birthplace o [[Athenian democracy|democracy]], [[Wastren filosofie]], [[Wastren leeteratur]], [[historiografie]], [[poleetical science]], major [[History o science in clessical antiquity|scienteefic]] an [[Greek mathematics|mathematical]] principles, an [[Drama|Wastren drama]],<ref name="Strickland2007">{{cite book|author=Carol Strickland|title=The Illustrated Timeline of Western Literature: A Crash Course in Words & Pictures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qw_7eINO_NcC&pg=PA2|year=2007|publisher=Sterling Publishing Company, Inc.|isbn=978-1-4027-4860-8|page=2|quote=Although the first writing originates in the cradle of civilization along Middle Eastern rivers — the Tigris, Euphrates, and Nile — the true cradle of Western literature is Athens. As the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley says, "We are all Greeks."}}</ref> as weel as the [[Olympic Gemmes]]. Frae the aicht century BC, the Greeks war organised intae various independent ceety-states, kent as ''poleis'' (seengular ''polis''), that spanned the entire [[Mediterranean region]] an the [[Black Sea]]. [[Philip o Macedon]] unitit maist o the Greek mainland in the fowert century BC, wi his son [[Alexander the Great]] [[Macedonian Empire|rapidly conquerin muckle o the auncient warld]], spreidin Greek cultur an science frae the eastren Mediterranean tae [[Indie]]. Greece wis [[Roman Greece|annexed]] bi [[Roman Republic|Roum]] in the seicont century BC, becomin an integral pairt o the [[Roman Empire]] an its successor, the [[Byzantine Empire]], whaurin the Greek leid an cultur war dominant. The [[Greek Orthodox Kirk]] shapit modren Greek identity an transmittit Greek tradeetions tae the wider [[Eastren Orthodox Kirk|Orthodox Warld]].<ref name=BritIdent>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |title =Greece during the Byzantine period (c. AD 300 – c. 1453), Population and languages, Emerging Greek identity |encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica |id=Online Edition}}</ref> Fawin unner [[Ottoman Greece|Ottoman domeenion]] in the mid-15t century, the modren [[naition state]] o Greece emerged in 1830 follaein a [[Greek War o Unthirldom|war o unthirldom]]. Greece's rich historical legacy is reflectit bi its 18 [[Leet o Warld Heritage Steids in Greece|UNESCO Warld Heritage Steids]], amang the [[Table o Warld Heritage Steids bi kintra|maist in Europe an the warld]].<ref name=Unesco>{{cite web|title=Greece Properties inscribed on the World Heritage List (17)|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/gr |publisher=Unesco}}</ref> Greece is a democratic an [[developit kintra]] wi an advanced [[Warld Bank heich-income economy|heich-income economy]], a heich [[quality o life]], an a verra heich [[Human Development Index|staundart o leevin]]. A foondin member o the [[Unitit Naitions]], Greece wis the tent member tae jyne the [[European Commonties]] (precursor tae the [[European Union]]) an haes been pairt o the [[Eurozone]] syne 2001. It is a member o numerous ither international institutions, includin the [[Cooncil o Europe]], the [[NATO|North Atlantic Treaty Organisation]] (NATO), the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation an Development]] (OECD), the [[Warld Tred Organisation]] (WTO), the [[Organisation for Siccarity an Co-operation in Europe]] (OSCE), an the [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]] (OIF). Greece's unique cultural heritage, muckle [[Tourism in Greece|tourism industry]], [[Greek shippin|prominent shippin sector]] an [[Geostrategy|geostrategic importance]]{{efn|See:<ref>{{cite web|title=The Strategic Importance of Greece |url=https://geopoliticalfutures.com/the-strategic-importance-of-greece/ |publisher=geopoliticalfutures.com |accessdate=6 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Geopolitics of Greece: "One cannot afford anymore to manage the Greek crisis without due consideration of its geopolitical consequences" |url=http://janelanaweb.com/crise/the-geopolitics-of-greece-one-cannot-afford-anymore-to-manage-the-greek-crisis-without-due-consideration-of-its-geopolitical-consequences-thanos-dokos-eliamep/ |publisher=janelanaweb.com |accessdate=6 March 2017 |archive-date=2017-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307045600/http://janelanaweb.com/crise/the-geopolitics-of-greece-one-cannot-afford-anymore-to-manage-the-greek-crisis-without-due-consideration-of-its-geopolitical-consequences-thanos-dokos-eliamep/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Geostrategic Value of Greece and Sweden in the Current Struggle between Russia and NATO |url=http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/natosource/the-geostrategic-value-of-greece-and-sweden-in-the-current-struggle-between-russia-and-nato |publisher=atlanticcouncil.org |accessdate=6 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Geopolitical Importance of Greece through the Ages |url=https://www.academia.edu/11230737/The_Geopolitical_Importance_of_Greece_through_the_Ages |publisher=academia.edu |accessdate=6 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Role of Greece in the Geostrategic Chessboard of Natural Gas |url=http://www.naturalgasworld.com/greece-geostrategic-significance-natural-gas |publisher=naturalgasworld.com |accessdate=6 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Geopolitical Consequences Of 'Grexit' Would Be Huge |url=http://www.bmiresearch.com/blog/geopolitical-consequences-of-grexit-would-be-huge |publisher=bmiresearch.com |accessdate=6 March 2017 |archive-date=2017-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010152346/https://www.bmiresearch.com/blog/geopolitical-consequences-of-grexit-would-be-huge |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Greece can still be a geopolitical asset for the EU |url=http://europesworld.org/2013/06/01/greece-can-still-be-a-geopolitical-asset-for-the-eu/#.V-ljaCQbP9s |publisher=europesworld.org |accessdate=6 March 2017 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111051954/http://europesworld.org/2013/06/01/greece-can-still-be-a-geopolitical-asset-for-the-eu/#.V-ljaCQbP9s |archivedate=11 January 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Greece and NATO: a long lasting relationship |url=http://www.nato.int/docu/review/2012/turkey-greece/greece-nato-partnership/en/index.htm |publisher=nato.int |accessdate=6 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ambassador Pyatt's Remarks at the "Foreign Policy under Austerity" Book Panel|url=https://athens.usembassy.gov/amb_bookpanel_remarks.html|publisher=athens.usembassy.gov|accessdate=29 May 2017}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>}} clessifee it as a [[middle pouer]]. It is the [[Leet o sovereign states in Europe bi GDP (nominal)|lairgest economy]] in the [[Balkans]], whaur it is an important regional investor. [[File:Greece 2011 Periferiakes Enotites-es.svg|thumb|Territorial organization]] ==Notes== {{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Greece| ]] [[Category:Balkan kintras]] [[Category:Sootheastren European kintras]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1821]] 8vbs2gertijgyw51z86bjvufm9efexh 925384 925382 2026-10-27T06:27:46Z CiphriusKane 74958 Revertit edit o ~2026-57262-14, chynged back tae last version bi InternetArchiveBot 906163 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Hellenic Republic | native_name = {{small|Ελληνική Δημοκρατία<br />{{native name|el|Ellinikí Dimokratía}}}} | common_name = Greece |image_flag = Flag of Greece.svg |image_coat = {{#property:p94}} |image_map = EU-Greece.svg |map_caption = {{map caption |location_color =dark green |region =Europe |region_color =dark grey | subregion =the [[European Union]] |subregion_color=green |legend =EU-Greece.svg}} |national_motto = {{lang|el|[[Eleftheria i thanatos|«Ελευθερία ή Θάνατος»]]}} {{small|(traditional)}} |englishmotto = "Freedom or Daith" |national_anthem = {{lang|el|[[Hymn tae Liberty|«Ὕμνος εἰς τὴν Ἐλευθερίαν»]]}}<br>{{small|"Hymn tae Liberty"}}<br /><center>[[File:Greece national anthem.ogg]]</center> |languages_type = Official language<br />{{nobold|and national language}} |languages = [[Greek leid|Greek]] |religion = [[Eastren Orthodoxy]] |demonym = [[Greeks|Greek]] |capital = [[Athens]] |coordinates = {{Coord|37|58|N|23|43|E|type:city}} |largest_city = caipital |government_type = {{nowrap|[[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Pairlamentary seestem|pairlamentary]]<br>[[constitutional republic]]}} |leader_title1 = [[Preses o Greece|Preses]] |leader_name1 = [[Katerina Sakellaropoulou]] |leader_title2 = [[Prime Meenister o Greece|Prime Meenister]] |leader_name2 = [[Kyriakos Mitsotakis]] |leader_title3 = [[Speaker o the Hellenic Parliament|Speaker o the Parliament]] |leader_name3 = [[Konstantinos Tasoulas]] |legislature = [[Hellenic Pairlament|Pairlament]] |sovereignty_type = [[History o modren Greece|Formation]] |established_event1 = [[Greek War o Unthirldom|Unthirldom declared]] {{nobold|frae the [[Ottoman Empire]]}} |established_date1 = 25 Mairch 1821 (tradeetional stairtin date o the [[Greek War o Unthirldom]]), 15 Januar 1822 (offeecial declaration in the [[First Naitional Assembly at Epidaurus]]) |established_event2 = [[Lunnon Protocol (1830)|Recognized]] |established_date2 = 3 February 1830 |established_event3 = {{nowrap|[[Constitution o Greece|Current constitution]]}} |established_date3 = 11 Juin 1975 |area_rank = 97th |area_magnitude = 1 E11 |area_km2 = 131,957 |area_footnote = <ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html?countryName=Greece&countryCode=gr&regionCode=eur&rank=97#gr |title= Country Comparison: Area |work= [[The World Factbook]] |publisher= [[Central Intelligence Agency]] |accessdate= 7 January 2013 |archive-date= 2020-11-13 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201113204336/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html?countryName=Greece&countryCode=gr&regionCode=eur&rank=97#gr |url-status= dead }}</ref> |area_sq_mi = 50,949 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |percent_water = 0.8669 |population_census = 10,816,286<ref>{{cite web|title=Announcement of the demographic and social characteristics of the revised Resident Population of Greece according to the 2011 Population&nbsp;– Housing Census.|url=http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/BUCKET/General/FEK_monimos_rev.pdf|publisher=Hellenic Statistical Authority|accessdate=16 February 2015|location=Piraeus|format=PDF|date=20 March 2014|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924120845/http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/BUCKET/General/FEK_monimos_rev.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |population_census_year = 2012 |population_census_rank = 80t |population_estimate_year = |population_density_km2 = 82<ref>{{cite web|title=Announcement of the results of the 2011 Population Census for the Resident Population|url=http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/BUCKET/A1602/PressReleases/A1602_SAM01_DT_DC_00_2011_02_F_EN.pdf|publisher=Hellenic Statistical Authority|accessdate=24 August 2013|location=Piraeus|format=PDF|date=28 December 2012|archive-date=2013-11-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113172928/http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/BUCKET/A1602/PressReleases/A1602_SAM01_DT_DC_00_2011_02_F_EN.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |population_density_sq_mi = 212 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = 120t |GDP_PPP = $294.014&nbsp;billion<ref name="imf2">{{cite web|url= http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=48&pr.y=7&sy=2013&ey=2020&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=174&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title= Greece| publisher= [[International Monetary Fund]] |deadurl=no |accessdate=29 June 2014}}</ref> |GDP_PPP_rank = 51st |GDP_PPP_year = 2015 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $26,773<ref name=imf2 /> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 41st |GDP_nominal = $238,023<&nbsp;billion<ref name=imf2 /> |GDP_nominal_rank = 44t |GDP_nominal_year = 2014 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $22,594<ref name=imf2 /> |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 37t |Gini_year = 2012 |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini = 34.3 <!--number only--> |Gini_ref = <ref name=eurogini>{{cite web|title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income (source: SILC)|url=http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=ilc_di12|publisher=Eurostat Data Explorer|accessdate=5 January 2014|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045123/http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=ilc_di12|url-status=dead}}</ref> |Gini_rank = high |HDI_year = 2013<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> |HDI_change = steady <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI = 0.853 <!--number only--> |HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14-summary-en.pdf |title=2014 Human Development Report Summary |date=2014 |accessdate=27 July 2014 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme | pages=21–25}}</ref> |HDI_rank = 29th |currency = [[Euro]] ([[Euro sign|€]])^a |currency_code = EUR |country_code = |time_zone = [[Eastren European Time|EET]] |utc_offset = +2 |time_zone_DST = [[EEST]] |utc_offset_DST = +3 |drives_on = right |date_format = dd/mm/yyyy&nbsp;([[Anno Domini|AD]]) |calling_code = [[Telephone nummers in Greece|+30]] |cctld = [[.gr]]^b |footnote_a = Afore 2002, the [[Greek drachma]]. |footnote_b = The [[.eu]] domain is uised anaa, as in ither [[European Union]] member states.}} '''Greece''' ([[Greek leid|Greek]]: ''Ελλάδα'' or ''Ελλάς''), kent offeecially as the '''Hellenic Republic''' ([[Greek leid|Greek]]: ''Ελληνική Δημοκρατία'') is a kintra in sooth-eastren [[Europe]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gr.html|title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov|language=en|access-date=2017-11-10|archive-date=2016-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825033157/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gr.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> wi a population o approximately {{#expr:{{replace|{{UN_Population|Greece}}|,||}}/1e6 round 0}} million as o {{UN_Population|Year}}. [[Athens]] is the naition's caipital an largest ceety, follaed bi [[Thessaloniki]]. Greece is locatit at the crossroads o Europe, Asie, an Africae. Situatit on the soothren tip o the [[Balkan Peninsula]], it shares laund mairches wi [[Albanie]] tae the northwast, [[North Macedonie]] an [[Bulgarie]] tae the north, an [[Turkey]] tae the northeast. The [[Aegean Sea]] lies tae the east o the [[Geografie o Greece|mainland]], the [[Ionian Sea]] tae the wast, the [[Sea o Crete|Cretan Sea]] an the [[Mediterranean Sea]] tae the sooth. Greece haes the langest coastline on the [[Mediterranean Basin]] an the [[leet o kintras bi lenth o coastline|11t langest coastline in the warld]] at {{convert|13676|km|0|abbr=on}} in lenth, featurin a muckle nummer o [[Leet o islands o Greece|islands]], o that 227 are inhabitit. Aichty percent o Greece is muntainous, wi [[Munt Olympus]] bein the heichest peak at {{convert|2918|m|ft}}. The kintra consists o nine [[geografic regions o Greece|geografic regions]]: [[Macedonie (Greece)|Macedonie]], [[Central Greece]], the [[Peloponnese]], [[Thessaly]], [[Epirus (region)|Epirus]], the [[Aegean Islands]] (includin the [[Dodecanese]] an [[Cyclades]]), [[wastren Thrace|Thrace]], [[Crete]], an the [[Ionian Islands]]. Greece is conseedert the cradle o [[Wastren cultur|Wastren ceevilisation]],{{efn|See:<ref name="Duchesne2011">{{cite book|author=[[Ricardo Duchesne]]|title=The Uniqueness of Western Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pWmDPzPo0XAC&pg=PA297|date=7 February 2011|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-19248-4|page=297|quote=The list of books which have celebrated Greece as the “cradle” of the West is endless; two more examples are Charles Freeman's The Greek Achievement: The Foundation of the Western World (1999) and Bruce Thornton's Greek Ways: How the Greeks Created Western Civilization (2000)}}</ref><ref name="BotticiChalland2013">{{cite book|author1=Chiara Bottici|author2=Benoît Challand|title=The Myth of the Clash of Civilizations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QW1lrPMXprwC&pg=PA88|date=11 January 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-95119-0|page=88|quote=The reason why even such a sophisticated historian as Pagden can do it is that the idea that Greece is the cradle of civilisation is so much rooted in western minds and school curicula as to be taken for granted.}}</ref><ref name="Broad2007">{{cite book|author=William J. Broad|title=The Oracle: Ancient Delphi and the Science Behind Its Lost Secrets|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Oi_sVWIXLAC&pg=PA120|year=2007|publisher=Penguin Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-14-303859-7|page=120|quote=In 1979, a friend of de Boer's invited him to join a team of scientists that was going to Greece to assess the suitability of the ... But the idea of learning more about Greece — the cradle of Western civilization, a fresh example of tectonic forces at ...}}</ref>}} bein the birthplace o [[Athenian democracy|democracy]], [[Wastren filosofie]], [[Wastren leeteratur]], [[historiografie]], [[poleetical science]], major [[History o science in clessical antiquity|scienteefic]] an [[Greek mathematics|mathematical]] principles, an [[Drama|Wastren drama]],<ref name="Strickland2007">{{cite book|author=Carol Strickland|title=The Illustrated Timeline of Western Literature: A Crash Course in Words & Pictures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qw_7eINO_NcC&pg=PA2|year=2007|publisher=Sterling Publishing Company, Inc.|isbn=978-1-4027-4860-8|page=2|quote=Although the first writing originates in the cradle of civilization along Middle Eastern rivers — the Tigris, Euphrates, and Nile — the true cradle of Western literature is Athens. As the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley says, "We are all Greeks."}}</ref> as weel as the [[Olympic Gemmes]]. Frae the aicht century BC, the Greeks war organised intae various independent ceety-states, kent as ''poleis'' (seengular ''polis''), that spanned the entire [[Mediterranean region]] an the [[Black Sea]]. [[Philip o Macedon]] unitit maist o the Greek mainland in the fowert century BC, wi his son [[Alexander the Great]] [[Macedonian Empire|rapidly conquerin muckle o the auncient warld]], spreidin Greek cultur an science frae the eastren Mediterranean tae [[Indie]]. Greece wis [[Roman Greece|annexed]] bi [[Roman Republic|Roum]] in the seicont century BC, becomin an integral pairt o the [[Roman Empire]] an its successor, the [[Byzantine Empire]], whaurin the Greek leid an cultur war dominant. The [[Greek Orthodox Kirk]] shapit modren Greek identity an transmittit Greek tradeetions tae the wider [[Eastren Orthodox Kirk|Orthodox Warld]].<ref name=BritIdent>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |title =Greece during the Byzantine period (c. AD 300 – c. 1453), Population and languages, Emerging Greek identity |encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica |id=Online Edition}}</ref> Fawin unner [[Ottoman Greece|Ottoman domeenion]] in the mid-15t century, the modren [[naition state]] o Greece emerged in 1830 follaein a [[Greek War o Unthirldom|war o unthirldom]]. Greece's rich historical legacy is reflectit bi its 18 [[Leet o Warld Heritage Steids in Greece|UNESCO Warld Heritage Steids]], amang the [[Table o Warld Heritage Steids bi kintra|maist in Europe an the warld]].<ref name=Unesco>{{cite web|title=Greece Properties inscribed on the World Heritage List (17)|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/gr |publisher=Unesco}}</ref> Greece is a democratic an [[developit kintra]] wi an advanced [[Warld Bank heich-income economy|heich-income economy]], a heich [[quality o life]], an a verra heich [[Human Development Index|staundart o leevin]]. A foondin member o the [[Unitit Naitions]], Greece wis the tent member tae jyne the [[European Commonties]] (precursor tae the [[European Union]]) an haes been pairt o the [[Eurozone]] syne 2001. It is a member o numerous ither international institutions, includin the [[Cooncil o Europe]], the [[NATO|North Atlantic Treaty Organisation]] (NATO), the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation an Development]] (OECD), the [[Warld Tred Organisation]] (WTO), the [[Organisation for Siccarity an Co-operation in Europe]] (OSCE), an the [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]] (OIF). Greece's unique cultural heritage, muckle [[Tourism in Greece|tourism industry]], [[Greek shippin|prominent shippin sector]] an [[Geostrategy|geostrategic importance]]{{efn|See:<ref>{{cite web|title=The Strategic Importance of Greece |url=https://geopoliticalfutures.com/the-strategic-importance-of-greece/ |publisher=geopoliticalfutures.com |accessdate=6 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Geopolitics of Greece: "One cannot afford anymore to manage the Greek crisis without due consideration of its geopolitical consequences" |url=http://janelanaweb.com/crise/the-geopolitics-of-greece-one-cannot-afford-anymore-to-manage-the-greek-crisis-without-due-consideration-of-its-geopolitical-consequences-thanos-dokos-eliamep/ |publisher=janelanaweb.com |accessdate=6 March 2017 |archive-date=2017-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307045600/http://janelanaweb.com/crise/the-geopolitics-of-greece-one-cannot-afford-anymore-to-manage-the-greek-crisis-without-due-consideration-of-its-geopolitical-consequences-thanos-dokos-eliamep/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Geostrategic Value of Greece and Sweden in the Current Struggle between Russia and NATO |url=http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/natosource/the-geostrategic-value-of-greece-and-sweden-in-the-current-struggle-between-russia-and-nato |publisher=atlanticcouncil.org |accessdate=6 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Geopolitical Importance of Greece through the Ages |url=https://www.academia.edu/11230737/The_Geopolitical_Importance_of_Greece_through_the_Ages |publisher=academia.edu |accessdate=6 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Role of Greece in the Geostrategic Chessboard of Natural Gas |url=http://www.naturalgasworld.com/greece-geostrategic-significance-natural-gas |publisher=naturalgasworld.com |accessdate=6 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Geopolitical Consequences Of 'Grexit' Would Be Huge |url=http://www.bmiresearch.com/blog/geopolitical-consequences-of-grexit-would-be-huge |publisher=bmiresearch.com |accessdate=6 March 2017 |archive-date=2017-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010152346/https://www.bmiresearch.com/blog/geopolitical-consequences-of-grexit-would-be-huge |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Greece can still be a geopolitical asset for the EU |url=http://europesworld.org/2013/06/01/greece-can-still-be-a-geopolitical-asset-for-the-eu/#.V-ljaCQbP9s |publisher=europesworld.org |accessdate=6 March 2017 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111051954/http://europesworld.org/2013/06/01/greece-can-still-be-a-geopolitical-asset-for-the-eu/#.V-ljaCQbP9s |archivedate=11 January 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Greece and NATO: a long lasting relationship |url=http://www.nato.int/docu/review/2012/turkey-greece/greece-nato-partnership/en/index.htm |publisher=nato.int |accessdate=6 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ambassador Pyatt's Remarks at the "Foreign Policy under Austerity" Book Panel|url=https://athens.usembassy.gov/amb_bookpanel_remarks.html|publisher=athens.usembassy.gov|accessdate=29 May 2017}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>}} clessifee it as a [[middle pouer]]. It is the [[Leet o sovereign states in Europe bi GDP (nominal)|lairgest economy]] in the [[Balkans]], whaur it is an important regional investor. [[File:Greece 2011 Periferiakes Enotites-es.svg|thumb|Territorial organization]] ==Notes== {{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Greece| ]] [[Category:Balkan kintras]] [[Category:Sootheastren European kintras]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1821]] mzs8rxlw3jsalazvxvwydydq92rcwzr 0 9020 925368 918750 2026-10-27T01:28:30Z ~2026-57262-14 139337 wandom gey 925368 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox former country | conventional_long_name = Roman Empire | common_name = Roman Empire | native_name = {{unbulleted list |item3_style=font-size:80%;padding-top:0.15em;line-height:1.15em | {{native phrase|la|Imperium Romanum}} | '''''{{lang|la|Senatus Populusque Romanus}}''''' ([[SPQR]])<br />{{smaller|{{nobold|Roman [[Senate o the Roman Republic|Senate]] an Fowk}}<ref group="n">Ither weys o referrin tae the "Roman Empire" amang the Romans an Greeks themselves includit ''{{lang|la|Res publica Romana}}'' or ''{{lang|la|Imperium Romanorum}}'' (an aa in Greek: {{lang|grc|Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων}} – {{grc-tr|Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων}} – ["Dominion (Leeterally 'kinrick' but an aa interpretit as 'empire') o the Romans"]) an ''Romania''. ''{{lang|la|Res publica}}'' means Roman "commonweel" <!--?: Usually,--> an can refer to baith the Republican an the Imperial eras. ''{{lang|la|Imperium Romanum}}'' (or ''{{lang|la|Romanorum}}'') refers tae the territorial extent o Roman authority. ''{{lang|la|Populus Romanus}}'' ("the Roman fowk") wis/is eften uised [[Metonym|tae indicate the Roman state]] in matters involvin ither naitions. The term ''Romania'', ineetially a colloquial term for the empire's territory as well as a [[Collective noon|collective name]] for its indwallers, appears in Greek an Laitin soorces frae the 4t century onwart an wis eventually carried ower tae the [[Eastren Roman Empire]] (see R. L. Wolff, "Romania: The Latin Empire of Constantinople" in ''Speculum'' 23 (1948), pp. 1–34 an especially pp. 2–3).</ref>}} | {{native phrase|grc|Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων|italics=off}}<br />{{smaller|{{transl|grc|''Basileía Rhōmaíōn''}}}} }} | continent=Eurasie |region=[[Mediterranean Basin|Mediterranean]] |status=Empire | life_span = {{line-height|1.3em|{{nowrap|27  BC  – 395  AD}}<br />{{nowrap|395 – 480 {{small|{{nobold|([[Wastren Roman Empire|Wastren]])}}}}}}<br />{{nowrap|395}} – 1453 {{small|{{nobold|([[Eastren Roman Empire|Eastren]])}}}}}} | p1=Roman Republic |image_p1=[[File:Consul et lictores.png|30px|link=Roman Republic]] | s1=Wastren Roman Empire |image_s1=[[File:Julius Nepos Tremissis.jpg|30px|link=Wastren Roman Empire]] | s2=Eastren Roman Empire |image_s2=[[File:Constantine multiple CdM Beistegui 233.jpg|30px|link=Byzantine Empire]] | image_coat=Augustus Aureus infobox version.png | symbol_type = ''[[Aureus]]'' o [[Augustus]] | image_flag = Vexilloid of the Roman Empire.svg | flag_border = no | flag_size = 100px | flag_type = [[Vexilloid]] | image_map = Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png | image_map_caption = The Roman Empire in 117 AD, at its greatest extent at the time o [[Trajan]]'s daith (its [[vassal]]s in pink).<ref>{{cite book|author=Bennett, Julian |title=Trajan: Optimus Princeps : a Life and Times|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qk_tofvS8EsC|year=1997|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-16524-2}}. Fig. 1. Regions east o the [[Euphrates]] river war held anerly in the years 116–117.</ref> | capital = [[Roum]] (27 BC – AD 410)<br> [[Mediolanum]] (286–402, [[Wastren Roman Empire|Wastren]])<br> [[Augusta Treverorum]] <br> [[Sirmium]] <br> [[Ravenna]] (402–476, Wastren)<br> [[Nicomedia]] (286–330, [[Eastren Roman Empire|Eastren]])<br> [[Constantinople]] (330–1453, Eastren)<br> [[Syracuse, Sicily|Syracuse]] (663–669, Eastren) | common_languages = {{plainlist}} * [[Laitin]] <small>(offeecial till 610)</small> * [[Greek leid|Greek]] <small>(offeecial efter 610)</small> * [[Leids o the Roman Empire|Regional{{\}}local leids]] | religion = {{unbulleted list | {{longitem|{{small|Afore AD 380''':'''}} [[Imperial cult (auncient Roum)|Imperial cult]]-driven [[Releegion in auncient Rome|polytheism]]}} | {{small|Frae AD 380''':'''}} [[State kirk o the Roman Empire|Christianity]] }} | government_type = [[Mixed govrenment|Mixed]], functionally [[absolute monarchy]] | title_leader = [[Roman emperor#Titles an poseetions|Emperor]] | year_leader1 = {{nowrap|27  BC  – AD 14}} |leader1 = [[Augustus]] {{smaller|(first)}} | year_leader2 = 98–117 |leader2 = [[Trajan]] | year_leader3 = 284–305 |leader3 = [[Diocletian]] | year_leader4 = 306–337 |leader4 = [[Constantine I]] | year_leader5 = 379–395 |leader5 = [[Theodosius I]]<ref group="n">The final emperor tae rule ower aw o the Roman Empire's territories afore its conversion tae a diarchy.</ref> | year_leader6 = 474–480 |leader6 = [[Julius Nepos]]<ref group="n">Offeecially the final emperor o the Wastren empire.</ref> | year_leader7 = 527–565 |leader7 = [[Justinian I]] | year_leader8 = 976–1025 |leader8 = [[Basil II]] | year_leader9 = 1449–1453 |leader9 = [[Constantine XI Palaiologos|Constantine XI]]<ref group="n">Last emperor o the Eastren (Byzantine) empire.</ref> | legislature = [[Senate o the Roman Empire|Senate]] | era = [[Clessical era]] tae [[Late Middle Ages]] | date_pre = 32–30 BC |event_pre = [[Final War o the Roman Republic|Final War o the<br />Roman Republic]] | year_start = 30–2 BC |event_start = [[Constitutional reforms o Augustus|Empire established]] | date_event1 = 330 |event1 = [[Constantinople#306–337|Constantinople]]<br />becomes capital | date_event2 = 395 |event2 = {{nowrap|[[Wastren Roman Empire#Final diveesion|Final]] [[Greek East an Laitin Wast|East Wast]] divide}} | date_event3 = 476 |event3 = [[Faw o the Wastren Roman Empire]] | date_event4 = 1202–1204 |event4 = [[Fowert Crusade]] |date_event5 = 1261 |event5 = Reconquest o Constantinople | year_end = 1453 |date_end=29 May |event_end=[[Faw o Constantinople]] | stat_year1 = 25 BC<ref name="size">{{cite journal |journal=Social Science History |title=Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D |first=Rein |last=Taagepera |volume=3 |issue=3/4 |year=1979 |page=125|doi=10.2307/1170959|jstor=1170959|publisher=Duke University Press |authorlink=Rein Taagepera}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| doi=10.2307/1971891 | jstor=1971891 | title=Historical Estimates of World Population: An Evaluation | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_population-and-development-review_1977-09_3_3/page/253 | journal=Population and Development Review | volume=3 | issue=3 | pages=253 | year=1977 | last1=Durand | first1=John D. }}</ref> |stat_area1 = 2750000 |stat_pop1 = 56800000 | stat_year2 = AD 117<ref name="size"/><ref name="cliodynamics.info">{{cite journal|last1=Turchin|first1=Peter|last2=Adams|first2=Jonathan M.|last3=Hall|first3=Thomas D|title=East-West Orientation of Historical Empires|journal=Journal of world-systems research|date=2006|volume=12|issue=2|page=222|url=http://peterturchin.com/PDF/Turchin_Adams_Hall_2006.pdf|accessdate=6 February 2016|issn=1076-156X|archive-date=2016-05-17|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160517210851/http://peterturchin.com/PDF/Turchin_Adams_Hall_2006.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>|stat_area2 = 5000000 |stat_pop2 = | stat_year3 = AD 390<ref name="size"/> |stat_area3 = 4400000 |stat_pop3 = | currency = [[Sestertius]],<ref group="n">Abbreviatit "HS". Prices an values are uisually expressed in sesterces.</ref> [[Aureus]], [[Solidus (cunyie)|Solidus]], [[Solidus (cunyie)|Nomisma]] }} The '''Roman Empire''' (or '''Impire''') wis a gey muckle [[empire]] wi its caipital in [[Roum]], ringed ower bi an [[emperor]]. The first [[emperor]] o Rome wis [[Augustus|Octavian]], efter cried Augustus, frae the year [[27 BC]]. Afore that, Rome haed been a [[republic]] ringed ower bi a cooncil cried the "[[Roman Senate|Senate]]". The Roman Empire wis maist muckle whan ringed ower bi [[Trajan]] ben the year 117. Efter him, [[Hadrian|Hadrian Joeseph Rankin]] shapit it less muckle, an shapit [[Hadrian's waw]] ben the nor o Ingland. Mony modren kintras are on land that wis aince pairt o the Roman Empire, includin [[Ingland]], [[Spain]], [[Portugal]], [[Fraunce]], [[Italy]], [[Greece]], [[Turkey]], [[Germany]], [[Egyp]], an the north coast o [[Africae]]. The leid o the Roman Empire wis [[Laitin]]. The wastren pairt o the Roman Empire conteena'd for nearhaund 1000 year, an the eastren pairt, includin [[Greece]] an [[Turkey]], conteena'd for aboot a thoosand year mair. The eastren pairt wis cried the [[Byzantine Empire]] - fer the auld name o the kintra - wi a caipital at [[Constantinople]]. ==History== [[File:Statue-Augustus.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Augustus o Prima Porta]]''<br />(early 1st century AD)]] Roum haed began expandin shortly efter the foondin o the republic in the 6t century BC, tho it did nae expand ootside the [[Italian Peninsula]] till the 3rd century BC. Then, it wis an "empire" lang afore it haed an emperor.<ref>[[#Kelly|Kelly]], pp. 4ff.</ref><ref name=n1>[[#Nicolet|Nicolet]], pp. 1, 15</ref><ref>Brennan, T. Corey (2000) ''The Praetorship in the Roman Republic''. Oxford University Press. p. 605.</ref><ref>[[#Peachin|Peachin]], pp. 39–40.</ref> The Roman Republic wis nae a naition-state in the modren sense, but a network o touns left tae rule themsels (tho wi varyin degrees o unthirldom frae the [[Roman Senate]]) an provinces admeenistert bi militar commanders. It wis ruled, nae bi emperors, but bi annually electit [[Roman magistrate|magistrates]] ([[Roman Consul]]s abuin aw) in conjunction wi the senate.<ref name="Ando p. 179">[[#Potter2009|Potter (2009)]], p. 179.</ref> For various raisons, the 1st century BC wis a time o poleetical an militar upheaval, that ultimately led tae rule bi emperors.<ref name=n1/><ref name=Hekster>Hekster, Olivier and Kaizer, Ted (2011). Preface to ''Frontiers in the Roman World. Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire (Durhan, 16–19 April 2009)''. Brill. p. viii.</ref><ref>[[Andrew Lintott|Lintott, Andrew]] (1999) ''The Constitution of the Roman Republic''. Oxford University Press. p. 114</ref><ref>Eder, W. (1993) "The Augustan Principate as Binding Link," in ''Between Republic and Empire''. University of California Press. p. 98. {{ISBN|0520084470}}.</ref> The consuls' militar pouer restit in the Roman legal concept o ''[[imperium]]'', that leeterally means "command" (tho teepically in a militar sense).<ref>Richardson, John (2011) "''Fines provinciae''", in ''Frontiers in the Roman World''. Brill. p. 10.</ref> Occasionally, successfu consuls wad gien the honourar teetle ''[[imperator]]'' (commander), an this is the oreegin o the wird ''emperor'' (an ''empire'') syne this teetle (amang ithers) wis ayeweys bestowed tae the early emperors upon thair accession.<ref>Richardson, John (2011) "''Fines provinciae''", in ''Frontiers in the Roman World''. Brill. pp. 1–2.</ref> Rome suffered a lang series o internal conflicts, conspeeracies an [[Roman ceevil wars|ceevil wars]] frae the late seicont century BC onwart, while greatly extendin its pouer ayont Italy. This wus the period o the [[Creesis o the Roman Republic]]. Taewart the end o this era, in 44 BC, [[Julius Caesar]] wis briefly perpetual [[Roman dictator|dictator]] afore bein [[Assassination o Julius Caesar|assassinatit]]. The faction o his assassins wis driven frae Roum an defeatit at the [[Battle o Philippi]] in 42 BC bi an airmy led bi [[Mark Antony]] an Caesar's adoptit son [[Augustus|Octavian]]. Antony an Octavian's diveesion o the Roman warld atween themsels did nae last an Octavian's forces defeatit thae o Antony an [[Cleopatra]] at the [[Battle o Actium]] in 31 BC. In 27 BC the [[Senate an Fowk o Roum]] made Octavian ''[[princeps]]'' ("first ceetizen") wi [[proconsul]]ar ''[[imperium]]'', sicweys beginnin the [[Principate]] (the first epoch o Roman imperial history, uisually datit frae 27 BC tae AD 284), an gae him the name "[[Augustus (honoureefic)|Augustus]]" ("the veneratit"). Tho the auld constitutional machinery remeened in place, Augustus cam tae predominate it. Awtho the republic stuid in name, contemporaries o Augustus knew it wis juist a veil an that Augustus haed aw meaninfu authority in Roum.<ref>Syme, Ronald (1939) ''The Roman Revolution''. Oford: Oxford University Press. pp. 3–4.</ref> Syne his rule endit a century o ceevil wars an begoud an unprecedentit period o peace an prosperity, he wis sae luved that he cam tae hauld the pouer o a monarch ''[[de facto]]'' if nae ''[[de jure]]''. In the years o his rule, a new constitutional order emerged (in pairt organically an in pairt bi design), sae that, upon his daith, this new constitutional order operatit as afore whan [[Tiberius]] wis acceptit as the new emperor. The 200 year that begoud wi Augustus's rule is tradeetionally regairdit as the ''[[Pax Romana]]'' ("Roman Peace"). In this period, the cohesion o the empire wis fordered bi a degree o social stability an economic prosperity that Roum haed niver afore experienced. Uprisins in the provinces war infrequent, but pit doun "mercilessly an swiftly" whan thay occurred.<ref>Boatwright, Mary T. (2000) ''Hadrian and the Cities of the Roman Empire''. Princeton University Press. p. 4.</ref> The saxty years o [[Jewish–Roman wars]] in the seicont hauf o the 1st century an the first hauf o the 2nt century war exceptional in thair duration an veeolence.<ref>[[#Potter2009|Potter (2009)]], p. 571.</ref> The success o Augustus in establishin principles o dynastic succession wis leemitit bi his ootleevin a nummer o talentit potential heirs. The [[Julio-Claudian dynasty]] lastit for fower mair emperors—[[Tiberius]], [[Caligula]], [[Claudius]] an [[Nero]]—afore it yieldit in 69 AD tae the strife-torn [[Year o Fower Emperors]], frae which [[Vespasian]] emerged as veector. Vespasian becam the foonder o the brief [[Flavian dynasty]], tae be follaed bi the [[Nerva–Antonine dynasty]] that produced the "[[Five Good Emperors]]": [[Nerva]], [[Trajan]], [[Hadrian]], [[Antoninus Pius]] an the filosofically-inclined [[Marcus Aurelius]]. In the view o the Greek historian [[Dio Cassius]], a contemporary observer, the accession o the emperor [[Commodus]] in 180 AD merkit the strynd "frae a kinrick o gowd tae ane o roust an airn".<ref>Dio Cassius [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/72*.html#36 72.36.4], Loeb edeetion translatit E. Cary</ref> In 212, in the ring o [[Caracalla]], [[Roman ceetizenship]] wis grantit tae aw freeborn indwallers o the empire. But despite this gestur o universality, the [[Severan dynasty]] wis camsteirie—an emperor's ring wis endit routinely bi his murther or execution—an, follaein its collapse, the Roman Empire wis engulfed bi the [[Creesis o the Third Century]], a period o invasions, ceevil strife, economic disorder, an plague.<ref>Brown, P., The World of Late Antiquity, London 1971, p. 22.</ref> In definin [[periodisation|historical epochs]], this creesis is whiles viewed as merkin the transeetion frae [[Clessical Antiquity]] tae [[Late Antiquity]]. [[Aurelian]] (reigned 270–275) brocht the empire back frae the brink an stabilised it. [[Diocletian]] completit the wirk o fully restorin the empire, but declined the role o ''princeps'' an becam the first emperor tae be addressed regularly as ''domine'', "master" or "laird".<ref>Adrian Goldsworth, ''How Rome Fell: Death of a Superpower'' (Yale University Press, 2009), pp. 405–415.</ref> This merked the end o the [[Principate]], an the beginnin o the [[Dominate]]. Diocletian dividit the empire intae fower regions, ilk ruled bi a separate emperor, the [[Tetrarchy]].<ref>Potter, David. The Roman Empire at Bay. 296–98.</ref> Confident that he fixed the disorders that war plaguin Roum, he abdicatit alang wi his co-emperor, an the Tetrarchy suin collapsed. Order wis eventually restored bi [[Constantine the Great]], that becam the first emperor tae convert tae [[Christianity]], an that established [[Constantinople]] as the new caipital o the eastren empire. In the decades o the [[Constantinian dynasty|Constantinian]] an [[Valentinian dynasty|Valentinian dynasties]], the empire wis dividit alang an east–wast axis, wi dual pouer centres in Constantinople an Roum. The ring o [[Julian (emperor)|Julian]], that attemptit tae restore [[Releegion in auncient Roum|Clessical Roman]] an [[Hellenistic releegion]], anly briefly interruptit the succession o Christian emperors. [[Theodosius I]], the last emperor tae rule ower baith East an Wast, dee'd in 395 AD efter makkin Christianity the [[State kirk o the Roman Empire|offeecial releegion]] o the empire.<ref>Starr, Chester G. (1974) ''A History of the Ancient World, Second Edition.'' Oxford University Press. pp. 670–678.</ref> The [[Wastren Roman Empire]] begoud tae [[Faw o the Wastren Roman Empire|disintegrate]] in the early 5t century. The empire in the East—eften kent as the [[Byzantine Empire]], but referred tae in its time as the Roman Empire or bi various ither names—haed a different fate. It survived for awmaist a millennium efter the faw o its [[Wastren Roman Empire|Wastren coonterpairt]] an becam the maist stable Christian [[realm]] in the Middle Ages. ==Society== The Roman Empire wis remerkably multicultural, wi "a rather astonishing cohesive capacity" tae creaut a sense o shared identity while encompassin diverse fowks within its poleetical seestem ower a lang span o time.<ref>[[#Peachin|Peachin]], p. 12.</ref> The Roman attention tae creautin public monuments an communal spaces appen tae aw—sic as [[Forum (Roman)|forums]], [[Leet o Roman amphitheatres|amphitheatres]], [[circus (biggin)|racetracks]] an [[thermae|baths]]—helped foster a sense o "Romanness".<ref>[[#Peachin|Peachin]], p. 16.</ref> Roman society haed multiple, owerlappin social hierarchies that modren concepts o "cless" mey nae represent accurately.<ref>[[#Peachin|Peachin]], p. 9.</ref> The twz decades o ceevil war frae that Augustus rose tae sole pouer left tradeetional society in Roum in a state o confuision an upheaval,<ref name=Garnsey>Garnsey, Peter and Saller, Richard (1987) ''The Roman Empire: Economy, Society and Culture''. University of California Press. pp. 107–111.</ref> but did nae effect an immediate [[redistribution o walth]] an social pouer. Frae the perspective o the lawer clesses, a peak wis merely addit tae the social pyramid.<ref>Noreña, Carlos F. (2011) ''Imperial Ideals in the Roman West: Representation, Circulation, Power''. Cambridge University Press. p. 7.</ref> Personal relationships—[[Patronage in auncient Roum|patronage]], friendship ''(amicitia)'', faimily, [[Mairiage in auncient Roum|mairiage]]—conteena'd tae influence the wirkins o politics an govrenment, as thay haed in the Republic.<ref>[[#Peachin|Peachin]], pp. 4–5.</ref> Bi the time o [[Nero]], houiver, it wis nae unusual tae find a umwhile sclave that wis richer nor a freeborn ceetizen, or an [[equestrian order|equestrian]] that exercised greater pouer nor a senator.<ref>[[#Winterling|Winterling]], pp. 11, 21.</ref> The blurrin or diffuision o the Republic's mair rigid hierarchies led tae increased [[social mobility]] unner the Empire,<ref>Saller, Richard P. (1982, 2002) ''Personal Patronage under the Early Empire''. Cambridge University Press. pp. 123, 176, 183</ref><ref>Duncan, Anne (2006) ''Performance and Identity in the Classical World''. Cambridge University Press. p. 164.</ref> baith upwart an dounwart, tae an extent that exceedit that o aw ither weel-documentit auncient societies.<ref>Reinhold, Meyer (2002) ''Studies in Classical History and Society''. Oxford University Press. pp. 25ff. and 42.</ref> Weemen, freedmen, an sclaves haed opportunities tae profit an exercise influence in weys previously less available tae them.<ref>[[#Boardman|Boardman]], p. 18.</ref> Social life in the Empire, pairteecularly for thae that's personal resoorces war leemitit, wis forder fostered bi a proleeferation o [[associations in Auncient Roum|voluntar associations]] an [[confraternity|confraternities]] (''[[collegium|collegia]]'' an ''[[Sodales|sodalitates]]'') formed for various purposes: perfessional an tred guilds, veterans' groups, releegious sodalities, drinkin an dinin clubs,<ref>[[#Peachin|Peachin]], pp. 17, 20.</ref> performing airts troupes,<ref>[[#Millar|Millar]], pp. 81–82</ref> an [[buirial society|buirial societies]].<ref>Carroll, Maureen (2006) ''Spirits of the Dead: Roman Funerary Commemoration in Western Europe''. Oxford University Press. pp. 45–46.</ref> ==Govrenment an militar== ===Central govrenment=== {{See also|Roman emperor}} The dominance o the emperor wis based on the consolidation o certaint pouers frae several republican offices, includin the inviolability o the [[Plebeian Tribune|tribunes o the fowk]] an the authority o the [[Roman Censors|censors]] tae manipulate the hierarchy o Roman society.<ref name="Abbott, 354">[[#Abbott|Abbott]], p. 354</ref> The emperor an aw made himsel the central releegious authority as [[Pontifex Maximus]], an centralised the richt tae declare war, ratifee treaties, an negotiate wi furrin leaders.<ref name="Abbott, 345">[[#Abbott|Abbott]], p. 345</ref> While thir functions war clearly defined in the [[Principate]], the emperor's pouers ower time becam less constitutional an mair monarchical, culminatin in the [[Dominate]].<ref name="Abbott, 341">[[#Abbott|Abbott]], p. 341</ref> ===Militar=== [[File:Roman Empire 125.png|thumb|upright=1.35|The Roman empire unner [[Hadrian]] (ruled 117–138) shawin the location o the Roman legions deployed in AD 125]] The sodgers o the Imperial Roman airmy war perfaisionals that volunteered for 20 year o active duty an five as reserves. The transeetion tae a perfaisional militar haed began in the late Republic, an wis ane o the mony profoond shifts awey frae republicanism, unner that an airmy o [[conscripts]] haed exercised thair responsibilities as ceetizens in defendin the hameland in a campaign against a specific threit. For Imperial Rome, the militar wis a full-time career in itsel.<ref>[[#Edmondson|Edmondson]], pp. 111–112.</ref> The primar mission o the Roman militar o the early empire wis tae preserve the [[Pax Romana]].<ref>Hekster, Olivier J. (2007) "Fighting for Rome: The Emperor as a Military Leader," in ''Impact of the Roman Army (200 BC–AD 476)''. Brill. p. 96.</ref> The three major divisions o the military war: * the gairison at Roum, that includes baith the [[Praetorian Gaird|Praetorians]] an the ''[[vigiles]]'' that functioned as polis an firefechters; * the provincial airmy, comprisin the [[Roman legions]] an the auxiliaries providit bi the provinces ''([[auxilia]]''); * the [[Roman navy|navy]]. ==Daily life== In the ceety o Rome, maist fowk leeved in multistory flats ''([[insulae]])'' that war eften dirty an nae sauf. Public facilities—sic as baths ''([[thermae]])'', toilets that war flushed wi rinnin watter ''(latrinae)'', conveniently locatit basins or elaborate foontains ''([[nymphaeum|nymphea]])'' deliveringfresh watter,<ref name=brenda>Longfellow, Brenda (2011) ''Roman Imperialism and Civic Patronage: Form, Meaning and Ideology in Monumental Fountain Complexes''. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–2. {{ISBN|0521194938}}</ref> an lairge-scale enterteenments siv as [[chariot races]] an [[gladiator|gladiator combat]]—war aimed primarily at the common fowk that leeved in the ''insulae''.<ref>Jones, Mark Wilson (2000) ''Principles of Roman Architecture.'' New Haven: Yale University Press.</ref> Seemilar facilities war constructit in ceeties ootthrou the Empire, an some o the best-preserved Roman structurs are in Spain, soothren Fraunce, an northren Africae. ===Fuid=== Maist flats in Roum lackit kitchens, tho a charcoal [[brazier]] coud be uised for rudimentary cuikery.<ref>[[#Stambaugh|Stambaugh]], pp. 144, 178</ref><ref>Hinds, Kathryn (2010) ''Everyday Life in the Roman Empire''. Marshall Cavendish. p. 90.</ref> Prepared fuid wis sauld at pubs an bars, inns, an fuid staws ''([[taberna]]e, cauponae, [[popina]]e, [[thermopolium|thermopolia]])''.<ref>[[#Holleran|Holleran]], p. 136ff.</ref> [[Cairyoot]] an restaurant dinin war for the lawer clesses; [[fine dinin]] coud be socht anly at preevat dinner pairties in a few hooses wi a [[chef]] ''(archimagirus)'' an trained kitchen staff,<ref>[[#Gagarin|Gagarin]], p. 299.</ref> or at banquets hostit bi social clubs ''([[collegium (auncient Roum)|collegia]])''.<ref>Faas, Patrick (1994, 2005) ''Around the Roman Table: Food and Feasting in Ancient Rome''. University of Chicago Press. p. 29.</ref> Maist fowk wad hae consumed at least 70% o thair daily [[calorie]]s in the form o cereals an [[legumes]].<ref name="Garnsey p. 681">[[#Boardman|Boardman]], p. 681.</ref> ''Puls'' ([[pottage]]) wis conseedert the aboreeginal fuid o the Romans.<ref>[[Pliny the Elder]], ''Natural History'' 19.83–84; Emily Gowers, ''The Loaded Table: Representation of Food in Roman Literature'' (Oxford University Press, 1993, 2003), p. 17</ref><ref>[[#Gagarin|Gagarin]], p. 198.</ref> The basic grain pottage coud be elaboratit wi chappit vegetables, bits o meat, cheese, or yerbs tae produce dishes seemilar tae [[polenta]] or [[risotto]].<ref>[[#Stambaugh|Stambaugh]], p. 144.</ref> ==Notes== {{reflist|group=n}} ==References== {{reflist}} ===Soorces=== {{refbegin|2}} * {{cite book |ref=Abbott|author = Abbott, Frank Frost |year=1901 |title=A History and Description of Roman Political Institutions |publisher=Elibron Classics |isbn=0-543-92749-0 |authorlink=Frank Frost Abbott}} * {{cite book|ref=Boardman|editor=Boardman, John |title=The Cambridge Ancient History: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2pPxAAAAMAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=Vol. 11|isbn=0521263352}} * {{cite book|ref=Edmondson|author=Edmondson, J.C. |chapter=Dynamic Arenas: Gladiatorial Presentations in the City of Rome and the Construction of Roman Society during the Early Empire|title=Roman Theater and Society|publisher=University of Michigan Press|year= 1996}} * {{cite book|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fj69DAEACAAJ|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-517072-6|editor=Gagarin, Michael|ref=Gagarin}} * {{cite book|ref=Holleran|author=Holleran, Claire |title=Shopping in Ancient Rome: The Retail Trade in the Late Republic and the Principate|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oO7NwmbyxwAC|date=2012|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-969821-9}} * {{cite book|last=Huzar|first=Eleanor Goltz|title=Mark Antony: a Biography|translator=|editor=|year=1978|orig-year=|location=Minneapolis|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|ISBN=0-8166-0863-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pos8_zvVYDUC|postscript=.}} * {{cite book|ref=Kelly|author=Kelly, Christopher |title=The Roman Empire: A Very Short Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_2900192803916|publisher=Oxford University Press|year= 2007|isbn=0192803913}} * {{cite journal|ref=Millar| doi=10.2307/300073 | jstor=300073 | title=Empire and City, Augustus to Julian: Obligations, Excuses and Status | journal=Journal of Roman Studies | volume=73 | pages=76 | year=2012 | last1=Millar | first1=Fergus }} * {{cite book|last=Mommsen|first=Theodore|title=The provinces of the Roman empire from Caesar to Diocletian|translator=William P. Dickson|editor=William P. Dickson|year=2005|orig-year=1909|location=Ann Arbor, Michigan|publisher=University of Michigan Library|ISBN=|url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/g/genpub/abq2762.0001.001/332?page=root;size=100;view=image|postscript=.}} * {{cite book|ref=Nicolet|author=Nicolet, Claude |title=Space, Geography, and Politics in the Early Roman Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7IQpCaCpQ1MC|year=1991|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=0-472-10096-3}} * {{cite book|ref=Peachin|editor=Peachin, Michael |title=The Oxford Handbook of Social Relations in the Roman World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RDSI1V12ueIC|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-518800-4}} * {{cite book|ref=Potter2009|editor=Potter, David S. |title=A Companion to the Roman Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g4ZmqsyC5kEC|date=2009|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4051-9918-6}} * {{cite book|ref=Stambaugh|author=Stambaugh, John E. |title=The Ancient Roman City|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k0mZufizhH0C|date=1988|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-0-8018-3692-3}} * {{cite book|last=Sullivan|first=Richard, D.|title=Near Eastern Royalty and Rome, 100-30 BC|translator=|editor=|year=1990|orig-year=|location=Toronto|publisher=University of Toronto Press|ISBN=0-8020-2682-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IDU5DwAAQBAJ|postscript=.}} * {{cite book|ref=Winterling|author=Winterling, Aloys |title=Politics and Society in Imperial Rome|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_35eZH6_vT8C|date=2009|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4051-7969-0}} {{refend}} {{Commonscat|Roman Empire}} [[Category:Roman Empire|Roman Empire]] [[Category:Auncient Italian history]] [[Category:Umwhile kintras on the Italian Peninsula]] [[Category:Umwhile kintras in Asie]] [[Category:States o Auncient Africae]] [[Category:Superpouers]] [[Category:20s BC establishments in the Roman Empire|*]] [[Category:27 BC establishments]] [[Category:1st-century BC establishments in Italy]] [[Category:States an territories established in the 1st century BC]] [[Category:States an territories disestablished in the 5t century]] [[Category:476 disestablishments in the Roman Empire|*]] [[Category:470s disestablishments in Europe]] [[Category:5t-century disestablishments in Italy]] [[Category:1453 disestablishments in Europe]] c5m225zgi4v1fih9xb1tmbstb0oho05 925369 925368 2026-10-27T01:31:41Z ~2026-57262-14 139337 wandom gey 925369 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox former country | conventional_long_name = Roman Empire | common_name = Roman Empire | native_name = {{unbulleted list |item3_style=font-size:80%;padding-top:0.15em;line-height:1.15em | {{native phrase|la|Imperium Romanum}} | '''''{{lang|la|Senatus Populusque Romanus}}''''' ([[SPQR]])<br />{{smaller|{{nobold|Roman [[Senate o the Roman Republic|Senate]] an Fowk}}<ref group="n">Ither weys o referrin tae the "Roman Empire" amang the Romans an Greeks themselves includit ''{{lang|la|Res publica Romana}}'' or ''{{lang|la|Imperium Romanorum}}'' (an aa in Greek: {{lang|grc|Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων}} – {{grc-tr|Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων}} – ["Dominion (Leeterally 'kinrick' but an aa interpretit as 'empire') o the Romans"]) an ''Romania''. ''{{lang|la|Res publica}}'' means Roman "commonweel" <!--?: Usually,--> an can refer to baith the Republican an the Imperial eras. ''{{lang|la|Imperium Romanum}}'' (or ''{{lang|la|Romanorum}}'') refers tae the territorial extent o Roman authority. ''{{lang|la|Populus Romanus}}'' ("the Roman fowk") wis/is eften uised [[Metonym|tae indicate the Roman state]] in matters involvin ither naitions. The term ''Romania'', ineetially a colloquial term for the empire's territory as well as a [[Collective noon|collective name]] for its indwallers, appears in Greek an Laitin soorces frae the 4t century onwart an wis eventually carried ower tae the [[Eastren Roman Empire]] (see R. L. Wolff, "Romania: The Latin Empire of Constantinople" in ''Speculum'' 23 (1948), pp. 1–34 an especially pp. 2–3).</ref>}} | {{native phrase|grc|Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων|italics=off}}<br />{{smaller|{{transl|grc|''Basileía Rhōmaíōn''}}}} }} | continent=Eurasie |region=[[Mediterranean Basin|Mediterranean]] |status=Empire | life_span = {{line-height|1.3em|{{nowrap|27  BC  – 395  AD}}<br />{{nowrap|395 – 480 {{small|{{nobold|([[Wastren Roman Empire|Wastren]])}}}}}}<br />{{nowrap|395}} – 1453 {{small|{{nobold|([[Eastren Roman Empire|Eastren]])}}}}}} | p1=Roman Republic |image_p1=[[File:Consul et lictores.png|30px|link=Roman Republic]] | s1=Wastren Roman Empire |image_s1=[[File:Julius Nepos Tremissis.jpg|30px|link=Wastren Roman Empire]] | s2=Eastren Roman Empire |image_s2=[[File:Constantine multiple CdM Beistegui 233.jpg|30px|link=Byzantine Empire]] | image_coat=Augustus Aureus infobox version.png | symbol_type = ''[[Aureus]]'' o [[Augustus]] | image_flag = Vexilloid of the Roman Empire.svg | flag_border = no | flag_size = 100px | flag_type = [[Vexilloid]] | image_map = Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png | image_map_caption = The Roman Empire in 117 AD, at its greatest extent at the time o [[Trajan]]'s daith (its [[vassal]]s in pink).<ref>{{cite book|author=Bennett, Julian |title=Trajan: Optimus Princeps : a Life and Times|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qk_tofvS8EsC|year=1997|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-16524-2}}. Fig. 1. Regions east o the [[Euphrates]] river war held anerly in the years 116–117.</ref> | capital = [[Roum]] (27 BC – AD 410)<br> [[Mediolanum]] (286–402, [[Wastren Roman Empire|Wastren]])<br> [[Augusta Treverorum]] <br> [[Sirmium]] <br> [[Ravenna]] (402–476, Wastren)<br> [[Nicomedia]] (286–330, [[Eastren Roman Empire|Eastren]])<br> [[Constantinople]] (330–1453, Eastren)<br> [[Syracuse, Sicily|Syracuse]] (663–669, Eastren) | common_languages = {{plainlist}} * [[Laitin]] <small>(offeecial till 610)</small> * [[Greek leid|Greek]] <small>(offeecial efter 610)</small> * [[Leids o the Roman Empire|Regional{{\}}local leids]] | religion = {{unbulleted list | {{longitem|{{small|Afore AD 380''':'''}} [[Imperial cult (auncient Roum)|Imperial cult]]-driven [[Releegion in auncient Rome|polytheism]]}} | {{small|Frae AD 380''':'''}} [[State kirk o the Roman Empire|Christianity]] }} | government_type = [[Mixed govrenment|Mixed]], functionally [[absolute monarchy]] | title_leader = [[Roman emperor#Titles an poseetions|Emperor]] | year_leader1 = {{nowrap|27  BC  – AD 14}} |leader1 = [[Augustus]] {{smaller|(first)}} | year_leader2 = 98–117 |leader2 = [[Trajan]] | year_leader3 = 284–305 |leader3 = [[Diocletian]] | year_leader4 = 306–337 |leader4 = [[Constantine I]] | year_leader5 = 379–395 |leader5 = [[Theodosius I]]<ref group="n">The final emperor tae rule ower aw o the Roman Empire's territories afore its conversion tae a diarchy.</ref> | year_leader6 = 474–480 |leader6 = [[Julius Nepos]]<ref group="n">Offeecially the final emperor o the Wastren empire.</ref> | year_leader7 = 527–565 |leader7 = [[Justinian I]] | year_leader8 = 976–1025 |leader8 = [[Basil II]] | year_leader9 = 1449–1453 |leader9 = [[Constantine XI Palaiologos|Constantine XI]]<ref group="n">Last emperor o the Eastren (Byzantine) empire.</ref> | legislature = [[Senate o the Roman Empire|Senate]] | era = [[Clessical era]] tae [[Late Middle Ages]] | date_pre = 32–30 BC |event_pre = [[Final War o the Roman Republic|Final War o the<br />Roman Republic]] | year_start = 30–2 BC |event_start = [[Constitutional reforms o Augustus|Empire established]] | date_event1 = 330 |event1 = [[Constantinople#306–337|Constantinople]]<br />becomes capital | date_event2 = 395 |event2 = {{nowrap|[[Wastren Roman Empire#Final diveesion|Final]] [[Greek East an Laitin Wast|East Wast]] divide}} | date_event3 = 476 |event3 = [[Faw o the Wastren Roman Empire]] | date_event4 = 1202–1204 |event4 = [[Fowert Crusade]] |date_event5 = 1261 |event5 = Reconquest o Constantinople | year_end = 1453 |date_end=29 May |event_end=[[Faw o Constantinople]] | stat_year1 = 25 BC<ref name="size">{{cite journal |journal=Social Science History |title=Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D |first=Rein |last=Taagepera |volume=3 |issue=3/4 |year=1979 |page=125|doi=10.2307/1170959|jstor=1170959|publisher=Duke University Press |authorlink=Rein Taagepera}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| doi=10.2307/1971891 | jstor=1971891 | title=Historical Estimates of World Population: An Evaluation | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_population-and-development-review_1977-09_3_3/page/253 | journal=Population and Development Review | volume=3 | issue=3 | pages=253 | year=1977 | last1=Durand | first1=John D. }}</ref> |stat_area1 = 2750000 |stat_pop1 = 56800000 | stat_year2 = AD 117<ref name="size"/><ref name="cliodynamics.info">{{cite journal|last1=Turchin|first1=Peter|last2=Adams|first2=Jonathan M.|last3=Hall|first3=Thomas D|title=East-West Orientation of Historical Empires|journal=Journal of world-systems research|date=2006|volume=12|issue=2|page=222|url=http://peterturchin.com/PDF/Turchin_Adams_Hall_2006.pdf|accessdate=6 February 2016|issn=1076-156X|archive-date=2016-05-17|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160517210851/http://peterturchin.com/PDF/Turchin_Adams_Hall_2006.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>|stat_area2 = 5000000 |stat_pop2 = | stat_year3 = AD 390<ref name="size"/> |stat_area3 = 4400000 |stat_pop3 = | currency = [[Sestertius]],<ref group="n">Abbreviatit "HS". Prices an values are uisually expressed in sesterces.</ref> [[Aureus]], [[Solidus (cunyie)|Solidus]], [[Solidus (cunyie)|Nomisma]] }} The '''Roman Empire''' (or '''Impire''') wis a gey muckle [[empire]] wi its caipital in [[Roum]], ringed ower bi an [[emperor]]. The first [[emperor]] o Rome wis [[Augustus|Octavian]], efter cried Augustus, frae the year [[27 BC]]. Afore that, Rome haed been a [[republic]] ringed ower bi a cooncil cried the "[[Roman Senate|Senate]]". The Roman Empire wis maist muckle whan ringed ower bi [[Trajan]] ben the year 117. Efter him, [[Hadrian|Hadrian Joeseph Rankin]] (whoo is a gai wandom ahh gey) shapit it less muckle, an shapit [[Hadrian's waw]] ben the nor o Ingland. Mony modren kintras are on land that wis aince pairt o the Roman Empire, includin [[Ingland]], [[Spain]], [[Portugal]], [[Fraunce]], [[Italy]], [[Greece]], [[Turkey]], [[Germany]], [[Egyp]], an the north coast o [[Africae]]. The leid o the Roman Empire wis [[Laitin]]. The wastren pairt o the Roman Empire conteena'd for nearhaund 1000 year, an the eastren pairt, includin [[Greece]] an [[Turkey]], conteena'd for aboot a thoosand year mair. The eastren pairt wis cried the [[Byzantine Empire]] - fer the auld name o the kintra - wi a caipital at [[Constantinople]]. ==History== [[File:Statue-Augustus.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Augustus o Prima Porta]]''<br />(early 1st century AD)]] Roum haed began expandin shortly efter the foondin o the republic in the 6t century BC, tho it did nae expand ootside the [[Italian Peninsula]] till the 3rd century BC. Then, it wis an "empire" lang afore it haed an emperor.<ref>[[#Kelly|Kelly]], pp. 4ff.</ref><ref name=n1>[[#Nicolet|Nicolet]], pp. 1, 15</ref><ref>Brennan, T. Corey (2000) ''The Praetorship in the Roman Republic''. Oxford University Press. p. 605.</ref><ref>[[#Peachin|Peachin]], pp. 39–40.</ref> The Roman Republic wis nae a naition-state in the modren sense, but a network o touns left tae rule themsels (tho wi varyin degrees o unthirldom frae the [[Roman Senate]]) an provinces admeenistert bi militar commanders. It wis ruled, nae bi emperors, but bi annually electit [[Roman magistrate|magistrates]] ([[Roman Consul]]s abuin aw) in conjunction wi the senate.<ref name="Ando p. 179">[[#Potter2009|Potter (2009)]], p. 179.</ref> For various raisons, the 1st century BC wis a time o poleetical an militar upheaval, that ultimately led tae rule bi emperors.<ref name=n1/><ref name=Hekster>Hekster, Olivier and Kaizer, Ted (2011). Preface to ''Frontiers in the Roman World. Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire (Durhan, 16–19 April 2009)''. Brill. p. viii.</ref><ref>[[Andrew Lintott|Lintott, Andrew]] (1999) ''The Constitution of the Roman Republic''. Oxford University Press. p. 114</ref><ref>Eder, W. (1993) "The Augustan Principate as Binding Link," in ''Between Republic and Empire''. University of California Press. p. 98. {{ISBN|0520084470}}.</ref> The consuls' militar pouer restit in the Roman legal concept o ''[[imperium]]'', that leeterally means "command" (tho teepically in a militar sense).<ref>Richardson, John (2011) "''Fines provinciae''", in ''Frontiers in the Roman World''. Brill. p. 10.</ref> Occasionally, successfu consuls wad gien the honourar teetle ''[[imperator]]'' (commander), an this is the oreegin o the wird ''emperor'' (an ''empire'') syne this teetle (amang ithers) wis ayeweys bestowed tae the early emperors upon thair accession.<ref>Richardson, John (2011) "''Fines provinciae''", in ''Frontiers in the Roman World''. Brill. pp. 1–2.</ref> Rome suffered a lang series o internal conflicts, conspeeracies an [[Roman ceevil wars|ceevil wars]] frae the late seicont century BC onwart, while greatly extendin its pouer ayont Italy. This wus the period o the [[Creesis o the Roman Republic]]. Taewart the end o this era, in 44 BC, [[Julius Caesar]] wis briefly perpetual [[Roman dictator|dictator]] afore bein [[Assassination o Julius Caesar|assassinatit]]. The faction o his assassins wis driven frae Roum an defeatit at the [[Battle o Philippi]] in 42 BC bi an airmy led bi [[Mark Antony]] an Caesar's adoptit son [[Augustus|Octavian]]. Antony an Octavian's diveesion o the Roman warld atween themsels did nae last an Octavian's forces defeatit thae o Antony an [[Cleopatra]] at the [[Battle o Actium]] in 31 BC. In 27 BC the [[Senate an Fowk o Roum]] made Octavian ''[[princeps]]'' ("first ceetizen") wi [[proconsul]]ar ''[[imperium]]'', sicweys beginnin the [[Principate]] (the first epoch o Roman imperial history, uisually datit frae 27 BC tae AD 284), an gae him the name "[[Augustus (honoureefic)|Augustus]]" ("the veneratit"). Tho the auld constitutional machinery remeened in place, Augustus cam tae predominate it. Awtho the republic stuid in name, contemporaries o Augustus knew it wis juist a veil an that Augustus haed aw meaninfu authority in Roum.<ref>Syme, Ronald (1939) ''The Roman Revolution''. Oford: Oxford University Press. pp. 3–4.</ref> Syne his rule endit a century o ceevil wars an begoud an unprecedentit period o peace an prosperity, he wis sae luved that he cam tae hauld the pouer o a monarch ''[[de facto]]'' if nae ''[[de jure]]''. In the years o his rule, a new constitutional order emerged (in pairt organically an in pairt bi design), sae that, upon his daith, this new constitutional order operatit as afore whan [[Tiberius]] wis acceptit as the new emperor. The 200 year that begoud wi Augustus's rule is tradeetionally regairdit as the ''[[Pax Romana]]'' ("Roman Peace"). In this period, the cohesion o the empire wis fordered bi a degree o social stability an economic prosperity that Roum haed niver afore experienced. Uprisins in the provinces war infrequent, but pit doun "mercilessly an swiftly" whan thay occurred.<ref>Boatwright, Mary T. (2000) ''Hadrian and the Cities of the Roman Empire''. Princeton University Press. p. 4.</ref> The saxty years o [[Jewish–Roman wars]] in the seicont hauf o the 1st century an the first hauf o the 2nt century war exceptional in thair duration an veeolence.<ref>[[#Potter2009|Potter (2009)]], p. 571.</ref> The success o Augustus in establishin principles o dynastic succession wis leemitit bi his ootleevin a nummer o talentit potential heirs. The [[Julio-Claudian dynasty]] lastit for fower mair emperors—[[Tiberius]], [[Caligula]], [[Claudius]] an [[Nero]]—afore it yieldit in 69 AD tae the strife-torn [[Year o Fower Emperors]], frae which [[Vespasian]] emerged as veector. Vespasian becam the foonder o the brief [[Flavian dynasty]], tae be follaed bi the [[Nerva–Antonine dynasty]] that produced the "[[Five Good Emperors]]": [[Nerva]], [[Trajan]], [[Hadrian]], [[Antoninus Pius]] an the filosofically-inclined [[Marcus Aurelius]]. In the view o the Greek historian [[Dio Cassius]], a contemporary observer, the accession o the emperor [[Commodus]] in 180 AD merkit the strynd "frae a kinrick o gowd tae ane o roust an airn".<ref>Dio Cassius [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/72*.html#36 72.36.4], Loeb edeetion translatit E. Cary</ref> In 212, in the ring o [[Caracalla]], [[Roman ceetizenship]] wis grantit tae aw freeborn indwallers o the empire. But despite this gestur o universality, the [[Severan dynasty]] wis camsteirie—an emperor's ring wis endit routinely bi his murther or execution—an, follaein its collapse, the Roman Empire wis engulfed bi the [[Creesis o the Third Century]], a period o invasions, ceevil strife, economic disorder, an plague.<ref>Brown, P., The World of Late Antiquity, London 1971, p. 22.</ref> In definin [[periodisation|historical epochs]], this creesis is whiles viewed as merkin the transeetion frae [[Clessical Antiquity]] tae [[Late Antiquity]]. [[Aurelian]] (reigned 270–275) brocht the empire back frae the brink an stabilised it. [[Diocletian]] completit the wirk o fully restorin the empire, but declined the role o ''princeps'' an becam the first emperor tae be addressed regularly as ''domine'', "master" or "laird".<ref>Adrian Goldsworth, ''How Rome Fell: Death of a Superpower'' (Yale University Press, 2009), pp. 405–415.</ref> This merked the end o the [[Principate]], an the beginnin o the [[Dominate]]. Diocletian dividit the empire intae fower regions, ilk ruled bi a separate emperor, the [[Tetrarchy]].<ref>Potter, David. The Roman Empire at Bay. 296–98.</ref> Confident that he fixed the disorders that war plaguin Roum, he abdicatit alang wi his co-emperor, an the Tetrarchy suin collapsed. Order wis eventually restored bi [[Constantine the Great]], that becam the first emperor tae convert tae [[Christianity]], an that established [[Constantinople]] as the new caipital o the eastren empire. In the decades o the [[Constantinian dynasty|Constantinian]] an [[Valentinian dynasty|Valentinian dynasties]], the empire wis dividit alang an east–wast axis, wi dual pouer centres in Constantinople an Roum. The ring o [[Julian (emperor)|Julian]], that attemptit tae restore [[Releegion in auncient Roum|Clessical Roman]] an [[Hellenistic releegion]], anly briefly interruptit the succession o Christian emperors. [[Theodosius I]], the last emperor tae rule ower baith East an Wast, dee'd in 395 AD efter makkin Christianity the [[State kirk o the Roman Empire|offeecial releegion]] o the empire.<ref>Starr, Chester G. (1974) ''A History of the Ancient World, Second Edition.'' Oxford University Press. pp. 670–678.</ref> The [[Wastren Roman Empire]] begoud tae [[Faw o the Wastren Roman Empire|disintegrate]] in the early 5t century. The empire in the East—eften kent as the [[Byzantine Empire]], but referred tae in its time as the Roman Empire or bi various ither names—haed a different fate. It survived for awmaist a millennium efter the faw o its [[Wastren Roman Empire|Wastren coonterpairt]] an becam the maist stable Christian [[realm]] in the Middle Ages. ==Society== The Roman Empire wis remerkably multicultural, wi "a rather astonishing cohesive capacity" tae creaut a sense o shared identity while encompassin diverse fowks within its poleetical seestem ower a lang span o time.<ref>[[#Peachin|Peachin]], p. 12.</ref> The Roman attention tae creautin public monuments an communal spaces appen tae aw—sic as [[Forum (Roman)|forums]], [[Leet o Roman amphitheatres|amphitheatres]], [[circus (biggin)|racetracks]] an [[thermae|baths]]—helped foster a sense o "Romanness".<ref>[[#Peachin|Peachin]], p. 16.</ref> Roman society haed multiple, owerlappin social hierarchies that modren concepts o "cless" mey nae represent accurately.<ref>[[#Peachin|Peachin]], p. 9.</ref> The twz decades o ceevil war frae that Augustus rose tae sole pouer left tradeetional society in Roum in a state o confuision an upheaval,<ref name=Garnsey>Garnsey, Peter and Saller, Richard (1987) ''The Roman Empire: Economy, Society and Culture''. University of California Press. pp. 107–111.</ref> but did nae effect an immediate [[redistribution o walth]] an social pouer. Frae the perspective o the lawer clesses, a peak wis merely addit tae the social pyramid.<ref>Noreña, Carlos F. (2011) ''Imperial Ideals in the Roman West: Representation, Circulation, Power''. Cambridge University Press. p. 7.</ref> Personal relationships—[[Patronage in auncient Roum|patronage]], friendship ''(amicitia)'', faimily, [[Mairiage in auncient Roum|mairiage]]—conteena'd tae influence the wirkins o politics an govrenment, as thay haed in the Republic.<ref>[[#Peachin|Peachin]], pp. 4–5.</ref> Bi the time o [[Nero]], houiver, it wis nae unusual tae find a umwhile sclave that wis richer nor a freeborn ceetizen, or an [[equestrian order|equestrian]] that exercised greater pouer nor a senator.<ref>[[#Winterling|Winterling]], pp. 11, 21.</ref> The blurrin or diffuision o the Republic's mair rigid hierarchies led tae increased [[social mobility]] unner the Empire,<ref>Saller, Richard P. (1982, 2002) ''Personal Patronage under the Early Empire''. Cambridge University Press. pp. 123, 176, 183</ref><ref>Duncan, Anne (2006) ''Performance and Identity in the Classical World''. Cambridge University Press. p. 164.</ref> baith upwart an dounwart, tae an extent that exceedit that o aw ither weel-documentit auncient societies.<ref>Reinhold, Meyer (2002) ''Studies in Classical History and Society''. Oxford University Press. pp. 25ff. and 42.</ref> Weemen, freedmen, an sclaves haed opportunities tae profit an exercise influence in weys previously less available tae them.<ref>[[#Boardman|Boardman]], p. 18.</ref> Social life in the Empire, pairteecularly for thae that's personal resoorces war leemitit, wis forder fostered bi a proleeferation o [[associations in Auncient Roum|voluntar associations]] an [[confraternity|confraternities]] (''[[collegium|collegia]]'' an ''[[Sodales|sodalitates]]'') formed for various purposes: perfessional an tred guilds, veterans' groups, releegious sodalities, drinkin an dinin clubs,<ref>[[#Peachin|Peachin]], pp. 17, 20.</ref> performing airts troupes,<ref>[[#Millar|Millar]], pp. 81–82</ref> an [[buirial society|buirial societies]].<ref>Carroll, Maureen (2006) ''Spirits of the Dead: Roman Funerary Commemoration in Western Europe''. Oxford University Press. pp. 45–46.</ref> ==Govrenment an militar== ===Central govrenment=== {{See also|Roman emperor}} The dominance o the emperor wis based on the consolidation o certaint pouers frae several republican offices, includin the inviolability o the [[Plebeian Tribune|tribunes o the fowk]] an the authority o the [[Roman Censors|censors]] tae manipulate the hierarchy o Roman society.<ref name="Abbott, 354">[[#Abbott|Abbott]], p. 354</ref> The emperor an aw made himsel the central releegious authority as [[Pontifex Maximus]], an centralised the richt tae declare war, ratifee treaties, an negotiate wi furrin leaders.<ref name="Abbott, 345">[[#Abbott|Abbott]], p. 345</ref> While thir functions war clearly defined in the [[Principate]], the emperor's pouers ower time becam less constitutional an mair monarchical, culminatin in the [[Dominate]].<ref name="Abbott, 341">[[#Abbott|Abbott]], p. 341</ref> ===Militar=== [[File:Roman Empire 125.png|thumb|upright=1.35|The Roman empire unner [[Hadrian]] (ruled 117–138) shawin the location o the Roman legions deployed in AD 125]] The sodgers o the Imperial Roman airmy war perfaisionals that volunteered for 20 year o active duty an five as reserves. The transeetion tae a perfaisional militar haed began in the late Republic, an wis ane o the mony profoond shifts awey frae republicanism, unner that an airmy o [[conscripts]] haed exercised thair responsibilities as ceetizens in defendin the hameland in a campaign against a specific threit. For Imperial Rome, the militar wis a full-time career in itsel.<ref>[[#Edmondson|Edmondson]], pp. 111–112.</ref> The primar mission o the Roman militar o the early empire wis tae preserve the [[Pax Romana]].<ref>Hekster, Olivier J. (2007) "Fighting for Rome: The Emperor as a Military Leader," in ''Impact of the Roman Army (200 BC–AD 476)''. Brill. p. 96.</ref> The three major divisions o the military war: * the gairison at Roum, that includes baith the [[Praetorian Gaird|Praetorians]] an the ''[[vigiles]]'' that functioned as polis an firefechters; * the provincial airmy, comprisin the [[Roman legions]] an the auxiliaries providit bi the provinces ''([[auxilia]]''); * the [[Roman navy|navy]]. ==Daily life== In the ceety o Rome, maist fowk leeved in multistory flats ''([[insulae]])'' that war eften dirty an nae sauf. Public facilities—sic as baths ''([[thermae]])'', toilets that war flushed wi rinnin watter ''(latrinae)'', conveniently locatit basins or elaborate foontains ''([[nymphaeum|nymphea]])'' deliveringfresh watter,<ref name=brenda>Longfellow, Brenda (2011) ''Roman Imperialism and Civic Patronage: Form, Meaning and Ideology in Monumental Fountain Complexes''. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–2. {{ISBN|0521194938}}</ref> an lairge-scale enterteenments siv as [[chariot races]] an [[gladiator|gladiator combat]]—war aimed primarily at the common fowk that leeved in the ''insulae''.<ref>Jones, Mark Wilson (2000) ''Principles of Roman Architecture.'' New Haven: Yale University Press.</ref> Seemilar facilities war constructit in ceeties ootthrou the Empire, an some o the best-preserved Roman structurs are in Spain, soothren Fraunce, an northren Africae. ===Fuid=== Maist flats in Roum lackit kitchens, tho a charcoal [[brazier]] coud be uised for rudimentary cuikery.<ref>[[#Stambaugh|Stambaugh]], pp. 144, 178</ref><ref>Hinds, Kathryn (2010) ''Everyday Life in the Roman Empire''. Marshall Cavendish. p. 90.</ref> Prepared fuid wis sauld at pubs an bars, inns, an fuid staws ''([[taberna]]e, cauponae, [[popina]]e, [[thermopolium|thermopolia]])''.<ref>[[#Holleran|Holleran]], p. 136ff.</ref> [[Cairyoot]] an restaurant dinin war for the lawer clesses; [[fine dinin]] coud be socht anly at preevat dinner pairties in a few hooses wi a [[chef]] ''(archimagirus)'' an trained kitchen staff,<ref>[[#Gagarin|Gagarin]], p. 299.</ref> or at banquets hostit bi social clubs ''([[collegium (auncient Roum)|collegia]])''.<ref>Faas, Patrick (1994, 2005) ''Around the Roman Table: Food and Feasting in Ancient Rome''. University of Chicago Press. p. 29.</ref> Maist fowk wad hae consumed at least 70% o thair daily [[calorie]]s in the form o cereals an [[legumes]].<ref name="Garnsey p. 681">[[#Boardman|Boardman]], p. 681.</ref> ''Puls'' ([[pottage]]) wis conseedert the aboreeginal fuid o the Romans.<ref>[[Pliny the Elder]], ''Natural History'' 19.83–84; Emily Gowers, ''The Loaded Table: Representation of Food in Roman Literature'' (Oxford University Press, 1993, 2003), p. 17</ref><ref>[[#Gagarin|Gagarin]], p. 198.</ref> The basic grain pottage coud be elaboratit wi chappit vegetables, bits o meat, cheese, or yerbs tae produce dishes seemilar tae [[polenta]] or [[risotto]].<ref>[[#Stambaugh|Stambaugh]], p. 144.</ref> ==Notes== {{reflist|group=n}} ==References== {{reflist}} ===Soorces=== {{refbegin|2}} * {{cite book |ref=Abbott|author = Abbott, Frank Frost |year=1901 |title=A History and Description of Roman Political Institutions |publisher=Elibron Classics |isbn=0-543-92749-0 |authorlink=Frank Frost Abbott}} * {{cite book|ref=Boardman|editor=Boardman, John |title=The Cambridge Ancient History: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2pPxAAAAMAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=Vol. 11|isbn=0521263352}} * {{cite book|ref=Edmondson|author=Edmondson, J.C. |chapter=Dynamic Arenas: Gladiatorial Presentations in the City of Rome and the Construction of Roman Society during the Early Empire|title=Roman Theater and Society|publisher=University of Michigan Press|year= 1996}} * {{cite book|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fj69DAEACAAJ|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-517072-6|editor=Gagarin, Michael|ref=Gagarin}} * {{cite book|ref=Holleran|author=Holleran, Claire |title=Shopping in Ancient Rome: The Retail Trade in the Late Republic and the Principate|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oO7NwmbyxwAC|date=2012|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-969821-9}} * {{cite book|last=Huzar|first=Eleanor Goltz|title=Mark Antony: a Biography|translator=|editor=|year=1978|orig-year=|location=Minneapolis|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|ISBN=0-8166-0863-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pos8_zvVYDUC|postscript=.}} * {{cite book|ref=Kelly|author=Kelly, Christopher |title=The Roman Empire: A Very Short Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_2900192803916|publisher=Oxford University Press|year= 2007|isbn=0192803913}} * {{cite journal|ref=Millar| doi=10.2307/300073 | jstor=300073 | title=Empire and City, Augustus to Julian: Obligations, Excuses and Status | journal=Journal of Roman Studies | volume=73 | pages=76 | year=2012 | last1=Millar | first1=Fergus }} * {{cite book|last=Mommsen|first=Theodore|title=The provinces of the Roman empire from Caesar to Diocletian|translator=William P. Dickson|editor=William P. Dickson|year=2005|orig-year=1909|location=Ann Arbor, Michigan|publisher=University of Michigan Library|ISBN=|url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/g/genpub/abq2762.0001.001/332?page=root;size=100;view=image|postscript=.}} * {{cite book|ref=Nicolet|author=Nicolet, Claude |title=Space, Geography, and Politics in the Early Roman Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7IQpCaCpQ1MC|year=1991|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=0-472-10096-3}} * {{cite book|ref=Peachin|editor=Peachin, Michael |title=The Oxford Handbook of Social Relations in the Roman World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RDSI1V12ueIC|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-518800-4}} * {{cite book|ref=Potter2009|editor=Potter, David S. |title=A Companion to the Roman Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g4ZmqsyC5kEC|date=2009|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4051-9918-6}} * {{cite book|ref=Stambaugh|author=Stambaugh, John E. |title=The Ancient Roman City|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k0mZufizhH0C|date=1988|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-0-8018-3692-3}} * {{cite book|last=Sullivan|first=Richard, D.|title=Near Eastern Royalty and Rome, 100-30 BC|translator=|editor=|year=1990|orig-year=|location=Toronto|publisher=University of Toronto Press|ISBN=0-8020-2682-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IDU5DwAAQBAJ|postscript=.}} * {{cite book|ref=Winterling|author=Winterling, Aloys |title=Politics and Society in Imperial Rome|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_35eZH6_vT8C|date=2009|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4051-7969-0}} {{refend}} {{Commonscat|Roman Empire}} [[Category:Roman Empire|Roman Empire]] [[Category:Auncient Italian history]] [[Category:Umwhile kintras on the Italian Peninsula]] [[Category:Umwhile kintras in Asie]] [[Category:States o Auncient Africae]] [[Category:Superpouers]] [[Category:20s BC establishments in the Roman Empire|*]] [[Category:27 BC establishments]] [[Category:1st-century BC establishments in Italy]] [[Category:States an territories established in the 1st century BC]] [[Category:States an territories disestablished in the 5t century]] [[Category:476 disestablishments in the Roman Empire|*]] [[Category:470s disestablishments in Europe]] [[Category:5t-century disestablishments in Italy]] [[Category:1453 disestablishments in Europe]] 4sln8mv7lsc805g7p08gfwajcwzzhq7 925377 925369 2026-10-27T01:46:02Z ~2026-57259-82 139339 925377 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox former country | conventional_long_name = Roman Empire | common_name = Haru's Roman Empire😎😎😎😎 | native_name = {{unbulleted list |item3_style=font-size:80%;padding-top:0.15em;line-height:1.15em | {{native phrase|la|Imperium Romanum}} | '''''{{lang|la|Senatus Populusque Romanus}}''''' ([[SPQR]])<br />{{smaller|{{nobold|Roman [[Senate o the Roman Republic|Senate]] an Fowk}}<ref group="n">Ither weys o referrin tae the "Roman Empire" amang the Romans an Greeks themselves includit ''{{lang|la|Res publica Romana}}'' or ''{{lang|la|Imperium Romanorum}}'' (an aa in Greek: {{lang|grc|Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων}} – {{grc-tr|Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων}} – ["Dominion (Leeterally 'kinrick' but an aa interpretit as 'empire') o the Romans"]) an ''Romania''. ''{{lang|la|Res publica}}'' means Roman "commonweel" <!--?: Usually,--> an can refer to baith the Republican an the Imperial eras. ''{{lang|la|Imperium Romanum}}'' (or ''{{lang|la|Romanorum}}'') refers tae the territorial extent o Roman authority. ''{{lang|la|Populus Romanus}}'' ("the Roman fowk") wis/is eften uised [[Metonym|tae indicate the Roman state]] in matters involvin ither naitions. The term ''Romania'', ineetially a colloquial term for the empire's territory as well as a [[Collective noon|collective name]] for its indwallers, appears in Greek an Laitin soorces frae the 4t century onwart an wis eventually carried ower tae the [[Eastren Roman Empire]] (see R. L. Wolff, "Romania: The Latin Empire of Constantinople" in ''Speculum'' 23 (1948), pp. 1–34 an especially pp. 2–3).</ref>}} | {{native phrase|grc|Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων|italics=off}}<br />{{smaller|{{transl|grc|''Basileía Rhōmaíōn''}}}} }} | continent=Eurasie |region=[[Mediterranean Basin|Mediterranean]] |status=Empire | life_span = {{line-height|1.3em|{{nowrap|27  BC  – 395  AD}}<br />{{nowrap|395 – 480 {{small|{{nobold|([[Wastren Roman Empire|Wastren]])}}}}}}<br />{{nowrap|395}} – 1453 {{small|{{nobold|([[Eastren Roman Empire|Eastren]])}}}}}} | p1=Roman Republic |image_p1=[[File:Consul et lictores.png|30px|link=Roman Republic]] | s1=Wastren Roman Empire |image_s1=[[File:Julius Nepos Tremissis.jpg|30px|link=Wastren Roman Empire]] | s2=Eastren Roman Empire |image_s2=[[File:Constantine multiple CdM Beistegui 233.jpg|30px|link=Byzantine Empire]] | image_coat=Augustus Aureus infobox version.png | symbol_type = ''[[Aureus]]'' o [[Augustus]] | image_flag = Vexilloid of the Roman Empire.svg | flag_border = no | flag_size = 100px | flag_type = [[Vexilloid]] | image_map = Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png | image_map_caption = The Roman Empire in 117 AD, at its greatest extent at the time o [[Trajan]]'s daith (its [[vassal]]s in pink).<ref>{{cite book|author=Bennett, Julian |title=Trajan: Optimus Princeps : a Life and Times|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qk_tofvS8EsC|year=1997|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-16524-2}}. Fig. 1. Regions east o the [[Euphrates]] river war held anerly in the years 116–117.</ref> | capital = [[Roum]] (27 BC – AD 410)<br> [[Mediolanum]] (286–402, [[Wastren Roman Empire|Wastren]])<br> [[Augusta Treverorum]] <br> [[Sirmium]] <br> [[Ravenna]] (402–476, Wastren)<br> [[Nicomedia]] (286–330, [[Eastren Roman Empire|Eastren]])<br> [[Constantinople]] (330–1453, Eastren)<br> [[Syracuse, Sicily|Syracuse]] (663–669, Eastren) | common_languages = {{plainlist}} * [[Laitin]] <small>(offeecial till 610)</small> * [[Greek leid|Greek]] <small>(offeecial efter 610)</small> * [[Leids o the Roman Empire|Regional{{\}}local leids]] | religion = {{unbulleted list | {{longitem|{{small|Afore AD 380''':'''}} [[Imperial cult (auncient Roum)|Imperial cult]]-driven [[Releegion in auncient Rome|polytheism]]}} | {{small|Frae AD 380''':'''}} [[State kirk o the Roman Empire|Christianity]] }} | government_type = [[Mixed govrenment|Mixed]], functionally [[absolute monarchy]] | title_leader = [[Roman emperor#Titles an poseetions|Emperor]] | year_leader1 = {{nowrap|27  BC  – AD 14}} |leader1 = [[Augustus]] {{smaller|(first)}} | year_leader2 = 98–117 |leader2 = [[Trajan]] | year_leader3 = 284–305 |leader3 = [[Diocletian]] | year_leader4 = 306–337 |leader4 = [[Constantine I]] | year_leader5 = 379–395 |leader5 = [[Theodosius I]]<ref group="n">The final emperor tae rule ower aw o the Roman Empire's territories afore its conversion tae a diarchy.</ref> | year_leader6 = 474–480 |leader6 = [[Julius Nepos]]<ref group="n">Offeecially the final emperor o the Wastren empire.</ref> | year_leader7 = 527–565 |leader7 = [[Justinian I]] | year_leader8 = 976–1025 |leader8 = [[Basil II]] | year_leader9 = 1449–1453 |leader9 = [[Constantine XI Palaiologos|Constantine XI]]<ref group="n">Last emperor o the Eastren (Byzantine) empire.</ref> | legislature = [[Senate o the Roman Empire|Senate]] | era = [[Clessical era]] tae [[Late Middle Ages]] | date_pre = 32–30 BC |event_pre = [[Final War o the Roman Republic|Final War o the<br />Roman Republic]] | year_start = 30–2 BC |event_start = [[Constitutional reforms o Augustus|Empire established]] | date_event1 = 330 |event1 = [[Constantinople#306–337|Constantinople]]<br />becomes capital | date_event2 = 395 |event2 = {{nowrap|[[Wastren Roman Empire#Final diveesion|Final]] [[Greek East an Laitin Wast|East Wast]] divide}} | date_event3 = 476 |event3 = [[Faw o the Wastren Roman Empire]] | date_event4 = 1202–1204 |event4 = [[Fowert Crusade]] |date_event5 = 1261 |event5 = Reconquest o Constantinople | year_end = 1453 |date_end=29 May |event_end=[[Faw o Constantinople]] | stat_year1 = 25 BC<ref name="size">{{cite journal |journal=Social Science History |title=Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D |first=Rein |last=Taagepera |volume=3 |issue=3/4 |year=1979 |page=125|doi=10.2307/1170959|jstor=1170959|publisher=Duke University Press |authorlink=Rein Taagepera}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| doi=10.2307/1971891 | jstor=1971891 | title=Historical Estimates of World Population: An Evaluation | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_population-and-development-review_1977-09_3_3/page/253 | journal=Population and Development Review | volume=3 | issue=3 | pages=253 | year=1977 | last1=Durand | first1=John D. }}</ref> |stat_area1 = 2750000 |stat_pop1 = 56800000 | stat_year2 = AD 117<ref name="size"/><ref name="cliodynamics.info">{{cite journal|last1=Turchin|first1=Peter|last2=Adams|first2=Jonathan M.|last3=Hall|first3=Thomas D|title=East-West Orientation of Historical Empires|journal=Journal of world-systems research|date=2006|volume=12|issue=2|page=222|url=http://peterturchin.com/PDF/Turchin_Adams_Hall_2006.pdf|accessdate=6 February 2016|issn=1076-156X|archive-date=2016-05-17|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160517210851/http://peterturchin.com/PDF/Turchin_Adams_Hall_2006.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>|stat_area2 = 5000000 |stat_pop2 = | stat_year3 = AD 390<ref name="size"/> |stat_area3 = 4400000 |stat_pop3 = | currency = [[Sestertius]],<ref group="n">Abbreviatit "HS". Prices an values are uisually expressed in sesterces.</ref> [[Aureus]], [[Solidus (cunyie)|Solidus]], [[Solidus (cunyie)|Nomisma]] }} The '''Roman Empire''' (or '''Impire''') wis a gey muckle [[empire]] wi its caipital in [[Roum]], ringed ower bi an [[emperor]]. The first [[emperor]] o Rome wis [[Augustus|Octavian]], efter cried Augustus, frae the year [[27 BC]]. Afore that, Rome haed been a [[republic]] ringed ower bi a cooncil cried the "[[Roman Senate|Senate]]". The Roman Empire wis maist muckle whan ringed ower bi [[Trajan]] ben the year 117. Efter him, [[Hadrian|Hadrian Joeseph Rankin]] (whoo is a gai wandom ahh gey) shapit it less muckle, an shapit [[Hadrian's waw]] ben the nor o Ingland. Mony modren kintras are on land that wis aince pairt o the Roman Empire, includin [[Ingland]], [[Spain]], [[Portugal]], [[Fraunce]], [[Italy]], [[Greece]], [[Turkey]], [[Germany]], [[Egyp]], an the north coast o [[Africae]]. The leid o the Roman Empire wis [[Laitin]]. The wastren pairt o the Roman Empire conteena'd for nearhaund 1000 year, an the eastren pairt, includin [[Greece]] an [[Turkey]], conteena'd for aboot a thoosand year mair. The eastren pairt wis cried the [[Byzantine Empire]] - fer the auld name o the kintra - wi a caipital at [[Constantinople]]. ==History== [[File:Statue-Augustus.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Augustus o Prima Porta]]''<br />(early 1st century AD)]] Roum haed began expandin shortly efter the foondin o the republic in the 6t century BC, tho it did nae expand ootside the [[Italian Peninsula]] till the 3rd century BC. Then, it wis an "empire" lang afore it haed an emperor.<ref>[[#Kelly|Kelly]], pp. 4ff.</ref><ref name=n1>[[#Nicolet|Nicolet]], pp. 1, 15</ref><ref>Brennan, T. Corey (2000) ''The Praetorship in the Roman Republic''. Oxford University Press. p. 605.</ref><ref>[[#Peachin|Peachin]], pp. 39–40.</ref> The Roman Republic wis nae a naition-state in the modren sense, but a network o touns left tae rule themsels (tho wi varyin degrees o unthirldom frae the [[Roman Senate]]) an provinces admeenistert bi militar commanders. It wis ruled, nae bi emperors, but bi annually electit [[Roman magistrate|magistrates]] ([[Roman Consul]]s abuin aw) in conjunction wi the senate.<ref name="Ando p. 179">[[#Potter2009|Potter (2009)]], p. 179.</ref> For various raisons, the 1st century BC wis a time o poleetical an militar upheaval, that ultimately led tae rule bi emperors.<ref name=n1/><ref name=Hekster>Hekster, Olivier and Kaizer, Ted (2011). Preface to ''Frontiers in the Roman World. Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire (Durhan, 16–19 April 2009)''. Brill. p. viii.</ref><ref>[[Andrew Lintott|Lintott, Andrew]] (1999) ''The Constitution of the Roman Republic''. Oxford University Press. p. 114</ref><ref>Eder, W. (1993) "The Augustan Principate as Binding Link," in ''Between Republic and Empire''. University of California Press. p. 98. {{ISBN|0520084470}}.</ref> The consuls' militar pouer restit in the Roman legal concept o ''[[imperium]]'', that leeterally means "command" (tho teepically in a militar sense).<ref>Richardson, John (2011) "''Fines provinciae''", in ''Frontiers in the Roman World''. Brill. p. 10.</ref> Occasionally, successfu consuls wad gien the honourar teetle ''[[imperator]]'' (commander), an this is the oreegin o the wird ''emperor'' (an ''empire'') syne this teetle (amang ithers) wis ayeweys bestowed tae the early emperors upon thair accession.<ref>Richardson, John (2011) "''Fines provinciae''", in ''Frontiers in the Roman World''. Brill. pp. 1–2.</ref> Rome suffered a lang series o internal conflicts, conspeeracies an [[Roman ceevil wars|ceevil wars]] frae the late seicont century BC onwart, while greatly extendin its pouer ayont Italy. This wus the period o the [[Creesis o the Roman Republic]]. Taewart the end o this era, in 44 BC, [[Julius Caesar]] wis briefly perpetual [[Roman dictator|dictator]] afore bein [[Assassination o Julius Caesar|assassinatit]]. The faction o his assassins wis driven frae Roum an defeatit at the [[Battle o Philippi]] in 42 BC bi an airmy led bi [[Mark Antony]] an Caesar's adoptit son [[Augustus|Octavian]]. Antony an Octavian's diveesion o the Roman warld atween themsels did nae last an Octavian's forces defeatit thae o Antony an [[Cleopatra]] at the [[Battle o Actium]] in 31 BC. In 27 BC the [[Senate an Fowk o Roum]] made Octavian ''[[princeps]]'' ("first ceetizen") wi [[proconsul]]ar ''[[imperium]]'', sicweys beginnin the [[Principate]] (the first epoch o Roman imperial history, uisually datit frae 27 BC tae AD 284), an gae him the name "[[Augustus (honoureefic)|Augustus]]" ("the veneratit"). Tho the auld constitutional machinery remeened in place, Augustus cam tae predominate it. Awtho the republic stuid in name, contemporaries o Augustus knew it wis juist a veil an that Augustus haed aw meaninfu authority in Roum.<ref>Syme, Ronald (1939) ''The Roman Revolution''. Oford: Oxford University Press. pp. 3–4.</ref> Syne his rule endit a century o ceevil wars an begoud an unprecedentit period o peace an prosperity, he wis sae luved that he cam tae hauld the pouer o a monarch ''[[de facto]]'' if nae ''[[de jure]]''. In the years o his rule, a new constitutional order emerged (in pairt organically an in pairt bi design), sae that, upon his daith, this new constitutional order operatit as afore whan [[Tiberius]] wis acceptit as the new emperor. The 200 year that begoud wi Augustus's rule is tradeetionally regairdit as the ''[[Pax Romana]]'' ("Roman Peace"). In this period, the cohesion o the empire wis fordered bi a degree o social stability an economic prosperity that Roum haed niver afore experienced. Uprisins in the provinces war infrequent, but pit doun "mercilessly an swiftly" whan thay occurred.<ref>Boatwright, Mary T. (2000) ''Hadrian and the Cities of the Roman Empire''. Princeton University Press. p. 4.</ref> The saxty years o [[Jewish–Roman wars]] in the seicont hauf o the 1st century an the first hauf o the 2nt century war exceptional in thair duration an veeolence.<ref>[[#Potter2009|Potter (2009)]], p. 571.</ref> The success o Augustus in establishin principles o dynastic succession wis leemitit bi his ootleevin a nummer o talentit potential heirs. The [[Julio-Claudian dynasty]] lastit for fower mair emperors—[[Tiberius]], [[Caligula]], [[Claudius]] an [[Nero]]—afore it yieldit in 69 AD tae the strife-torn [[Year o Fower Emperors]], frae which [[Vespasian]] emerged as veector. Vespasian becam the foonder o the brief [[Flavian dynasty]], tae be follaed bi the [[Nerva–Antonine dynasty]] that produced the "[[Five Good Emperors]]": [[Nerva]], [[Trajan]], [[Hadrian]], [[Antoninus Pius]] an the filosofically-inclined [[Marcus Aurelius]]. In the view o the Greek historian [[Dio Cassius]], a contemporary observer, the accession o the emperor [[Commodus]] in 180 AD merkit the strynd "frae a kinrick o gowd tae ane o roust an airn".<ref>Dio Cassius [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/72*.html#36 72.36.4], Loeb edeetion translatit E. Cary</ref> In 212, in the ring o [[Caracalla]], [[Roman ceetizenship]] wis grantit tae aw freeborn indwallers o the empire. But despite this gestur o universality, the [[Severan dynasty]] wis camsteirie—an emperor's ring wis endit routinely bi his murther or execution—an, follaein its collapse, the Roman Empire wis engulfed bi the [[Creesis o the Third Century]], a period o invasions, ceevil strife, economic disorder, an plague.<ref>Brown, P., The World of Late Antiquity, London 1971, p. 22.</ref> In definin [[periodisation|historical epochs]], this creesis is whiles viewed as merkin the transeetion frae [[Clessical Antiquity]] tae [[Late Antiquity]]. [[Aurelian]] (reigned 270–275) brocht the empire back frae the brink an stabilised it. [[Diocletian]] completit the wirk o fully restorin the empire, but declined the role o ''princeps'' an becam the first emperor tae be addressed regularly as ''domine'', "master" or "laird".<ref>Adrian Goldsworth, ''How Rome Fell: Death of a Superpower'' (Yale University Press, 2009), pp. 405–415.</ref> This merked the end o the [[Principate]], an the beginnin o the [[Dominate]]. Diocletian dividit the empire intae fower regions, ilk ruled bi a separate emperor, the [[Tetrarchy]].<ref>Potter, David. The Roman Empire at Bay. 296–98.</ref> Confident that he fixed the disorders that war plaguin Roum, he abdicatit alang wi his co-emperor, an the Tetrarchy suin collapsed. Order wis eventually restored bi [[Constantine the Great]], that becam the first emperor tae convert tae [[Christianity]], an that established [[Constantinople]] as the new caipital o the eastren empire. In the decades o the [[Constantinian dynasty|Constantinian]] an [[Valentinian dynasty|Valentinian dynasties]], the empire wis dividit alang an east–wast axis, wi dual pouer centres in Constantinople an Roum. The ring o [[Julian (emperor)|Julian]], that attemptit tae restore [[Releegion in auncient Roum|Clessical Roman]] an [[Hellenistic releegion]], anly briefly interruptit the succession o Christian emperors. [[Theodosius I]], the last emperor tae rule ower baith East an Wast, dee'd in 395 AD efter makkin Christianity the [[State kirk o the Roman Empire|offeecial releegion]] o the empire.<ref>Starr, Chester G. (1974) ''A History of the Ancient World, Second Edition.'' Oxford University Press. pp. 670–678.</ref> The [[Wastren Roman Empire]] begoud tae [[Faw o the Wastren Roman Empire|disintegrate]] in the early 5t century. The empire in the East—eften kent as the [[Byzantine Empire]], but referred tae in its time as the Roman Empire or bi various ither names—haed a different fate. It survived for awmaist a millennium efter the faw o its [[Wastren Roman Empire|Wastren coonterpairt]] an becam the maist stable Christian [[realm]] in the Middle Ages. ==Society== The Roman Empire wis remerkably multicultural, wi "a rather astonishing cohesive capacity" tae creaut a sense o shared identity while encompassin diverse fowks within its poleetical seestem ower a lang span o time.<ref>[[#Peachin|Peachin]], p. 12.</ref> The Roman attention tae creautin public monuments an communal spaces appen tae aw—sic as [[Forum (Roman)|forums]], [[Leet o Roman amphitheatres|amphitheatres]], [[circus (biggin)|racetracks]] an [[thermae|baths]]—helped foster a sense o "Romanness".<ref>[[#Peachin|Peachin]], p. 16.</ref> Roman society haed multiple, owerlappin social hierarchies that modren concepts o "cless" mey nae represent accurately.<ref>[[#Peachin|Peachin]], p. 9.</ref> The twz decades o ceevil war frae that Augustus rose tae sole pouer left tradeetional society in Roum in a state o confuision an upheaval,<ref name=Garnsey>Garnsey, Peter and Saller, Richard (1987) ''The Roman Empire: Economy, Society and Culture''. University of California Press. pp. 107–111.</ref> but did nae effect an immediate [[redistribution o walth]] an social pouer. Frae the perspective o the lawer clesses, a peak wis merely addit tae the social pyramid.<ref>Noreña, Carlos F. (2011) ''Imperial Ideals in the Roman West: Representation, Circulation, Power''. Cambridge University Press. p. 7.</ref> Personal relationships—[[Patronage in auncient Roum|patronage]], friendship ''(amicitia)'', faimily, [[Mairiage in auncient Roum|mairiage]]—conteena'd tae influence the wirkins o politics an govrenment, as thay haed in the Republic.<ref>[[#Peachin|Peachin]], pp. 4–5.</ref> Bi the time o [[Nero]], houiver, it wis nae unusual tae find a umwhile sclave that wis richer nor a freeborn ceetizen, or an [[equestrian order|equestrian]] that exercised greater pouer nor a senator.<ref>[[#Winterling|Winterling]], pp. 11, 21.</ref> The blurrin or diffuision o the Republic's mair rigid hierarchies led tae increased [[social mobility]] unner the Empire,<ref>Saller, Richard P. (1982, 2002) ''Personal Patronage under the Early Empire''. Cambridge University Press. pp. 123, 176, 183</ref><ref>Duncan, Anne (2006) ''Performance and Identity in the Classical World''. Cambridge University Press. p. 164.</ref> baith upwart an dounwart, tae an extent that exceedit that o aw ither weel-documentit auncient societies.<ref>Reinhold, Meyer (2002) ''Studies in Classical History and Society''. Oxford University Press. pp. 25ff. and 42.</ref> Weemen, freedmen, an sclaves haed opportunities tae profit an exercise influence in weys previously less available tae them.<ref>[[#Boardman|Boardman]], p. 18.</ref> Social life in the Empire, pairteecularly for thae that's personal resoorces war leemitit, wis forder fostered bi a proleeferation o [[associations in Auncient Roum|voluntar associations]] an [[confraternity|confraternities]] (''[[collegium|collegia]]'' an ''[[Sodales|sodalitates]]'') formed for various purposes: perfessional an tred guilds, veterans' groups, releegious sodalities, drinkin an dinin clubs,<ref>[[#Peachin|Peachin]], pp. 17, 20.</ref> performing airts troupes,<ref>[[#Millar|Millar]], pp. 81–82</ref> an [[buirial society|buirial societies]].<ref>Carroll, Maureen (2006) ''Spirits of the Dead: Roman Funerary Commemoration in Western Europe''. Oxford University Press. pp. 45–46.</ref> ==Govrenment an militar== ===Central govrenment=== {{See also|Roman emperor}} The dominance o the emperor wis based on the consolidation o certaint pouers frae several republican offices, includin the inviolability o the [[Plebeian Tribune|tribunes o the fowk]] an the authority o the [[Roman Censors|censors]] tae manipulate the hierarchy o Roman society.<ref name="Abbott, 354">[[#Abbott|Abbott]], p. 354</ref> The emperor an aw made himsel the central releegious authority as [[Pontifex Maximus]], an centralised the richt tae declare war, ratifee treaties, an negotiate wi furrin leaders.<ref name="Abbott, 345">[[#Abbott|Abbott]], p. 345</ref> While thir functions war clearly defined in the [[Principate]], the emperor's pouers ower time becam less constitutional an mair monarchical, culminatin in the [[Dominate]].<ref name="Abbott, 341">[[#Abbott|Abbott]], p. 341</ref> ===Militar=== [[File:Roman Empire 125.png|thumb|upright=1.35|The Roman empire unner [[Hadrian]] (ruled 117–138) shawin the location o the Roman legions deployed in AD 125]] The sodgers o the Imperial Roman airmy war perfaisionals that volunteered for 20 year o active duty an five as reserves. The transeetion tae a perfaisional militar haed began in the late Republic, an wis ane o the mony profoond shifts awey frae republicanism, unner that an airmy o [[conscripts]] haed exercised thair responsibilities as ceetizens in defendin the hameland in a campaign against a specific threit. For Imperial Rome, the militar wis a full-time career in itsel.<ref>[[#Edmondson|Edmondson]], pp. 111–112.</ref> The primar mission o the Roman militar o the early empire wis tae preserve the [[Pax Romana]].<ref>Hekster, Olivier J. (2007) "Fighting for Rome: The Emperor as a Military Leader," in ''Impact of the Roman Army (200 BC–AD 476)''. Brill. p. 96.</ref> The three major divisions o the military war: * the gairison at Roum, that includes baith the [[Praetorian Gaird|Praetorians]] an the ''[[vigiles]]'' that functioned as polis an firefechters; * the provincial airmy, comprisin the [[Roman legions]] an the auxiliaries providit bi the provinces ''([[auxilia]]''); * the [[Roman navy|navy]]. ==Daily life== In the ceety o Rome, maist fowk leeved in multistory flats ''([[insulae]])'' that war eften dirty an nae sauf. Public facilities—sic as baths ''([[thermae]])'', toilets that war flushed wi rinnin watter ''(latrinae)'', conveniently locatit basins or elaborate foontains ''([[nymphaeum|nymphea]])'' deliveringfresh watter,<ref name=brenda>Longfellow, Brenda (2011) ''Roman Imperialism and Civic Patronage: Form, Meaning and Ideology in Monumental Fountain Complexes''. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–2. {{ISBN|0521194938}}</ref> an lairge-scale enterteenments siv as [[chariot races]] an [[gladiator|gladiator combat]]—war aimed primarily at the common fowk that leeved in the ''insulae''.<ref>Jones, Mark Wilson (2000) ''Principles of Roman Architecture.'' New Haven: Yale University Press.</ref> Seemilar facilities war constructit in ceeties ootthrou the Empire, an some o the best-preserved Roman structurs are in Spain, soothren Fraunce, an northren Africae. ===Fuid=== Maist flats in Roum lackit kitchens, tho a charcoal [[brazier]] coud be uised for rudimentary cuikery.<ref>[[#Stambaugh|Stambaugh]], pp. 144, 178</ref><ref>Hinds, Kathryn (2010) ''Everyday Life in the Roman Empire''. Marshall Cavendish. p. 90.</ref> Prepared fuid wis sauld at pubs an bars, inns, an fuid staws ''([[taberna]]e, cauponae, [[popina]]e, [[thermopolium|thermopolia]])''.<ref>[[#Holleran|Holleran]], p. 136ff.</ref> [[Cairyoot]] an restaurant dinin war for the lawer clesses; [[fine dinin]] coud be socht anly at preevat dinner pairties in a few hooses wi a [[chef]] ''(archimagirus)'' an trained kitchen staff,<ref>[[#Gagarin|Gagarin]], p. 299.</ref> or at banquets hostit bi social clubs ''([[collegium (auncient Roum)|collegia]])''.<ref>Faas, Patrick (1994, 2005) ''Around the Roman Table: Food and Feasting in Ancient Rome''. University of Chicago Press. p. 29.</ref> Maist fowk wad hae consumed at least 70% o thair daily [[calorie]]s in the form o cereals an [[legumes]].<ref name="Garnsey p. 681">[[#Boardman|Boardman]], p. 681.</ref> ''Puls'' ([[pottage]]) wis conseedert the aboreeginal fuid o the Romans.<ref>[[Pliny the Elder]], ''Natural History'' 19.83–84; Emily Gowers, ''The Loaded Table: Representation of Food in Roman Literature'' (Oxford University Press, 1993, 2003), p. 17</ref><ref>[[#Gagarin|Gagarin]], p. 198.</ref> The basic grain pottage coud be elaboratit wi chappit vegetables, bits o meat, cheese, or yerbs tae produce dishes seemilar tae [[polenta]] or [[risotto]].<ref>[[#Stambaugh|Stambaugh]], p. 144.</ref> ==Notes== {{reflist|group=n}} ==References== {{reflist}} ===Soorces=== {{refbegin|2}} * {{cite book |ref=Abbott|author = Abbott, Frank Frost |year=1901 |title=A History and Description of Roman Political Institutions |publisher=Elibron Classics |isbn=0-543-92749-0 |authorlink=Frank Frost Abbott}} * {{cite book|ref=Boardman|editor=Boardman, John |title=The Cambridge Ancient History: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2pPxAAAAMAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=Vol. 11|isbn=0521263352}} * {{cite book|ref=Edmondson|author=Edmondson, J.C. |chapter=Dynamic Arenas: Gladiatorial Presentations in the City of Rome and the Construction of Roman Society during the Early Empire|title=Roman Theater and Society|publisher=University of Michigan Press|year= 1996}} * {{cite book|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fj69DAEACAAJ|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-517072-6|editor=Gagarin, Michael|ref=Gagarin}} * {{cite book|ref=Holleran|author=Holleran, Claire |title=Shopping in Ancient Rome: The Retail Trade in the Late Republic and the Principate|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oO7NwmbyxwAC|date=2012|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-969821-9}} * {{cite book|last=Huzar|first=Eleanor Goltz|title=Mark Antony: a Biography|translator=|editor=|year=1978|orig-year=|location=Minneapolis|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|ISBN=0-8166-0863-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pos8_zvVYDUC|postscript=.}} * {{cite book|ref=Kelly|author=Kelly, Christopher |title=The Roman Empire: A Very Short Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_2900192803916|publisher=Oxford University Press|year= 2007|isbn=0192803913}} * {{cite journal|ref=Millar| doi=10.2307/300073 | jstor=300073 | title=Empire and City, Augustus to Julian: Obligations, Excuses and Status | journal=Journal of Roman Studies | volume=73 | pages=76 | year=2012 | last1=Millar | first1=Fergus }} * {{cite book|last=Mommsen|first=Theodore|title=The provinces of the Roman empire from Caesar to Diocletian|translator=William P. Dickson|editor=William P. Dickson|year=2005|orig-year=1909|location=Ann Arbor, Michigan|publisher=University of Michigan Library|ISBN=|url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/g/genpub/abq2762.0001.001/332?page=root;size=100;view=image|postscript=.}} * {{cite book|ref=Nicolet|author=Nicolet, Claude |title=Space, Geography, and Politics in the Early Roman Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7IQpCaCpQ1MC|year=1991|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=0-472-10096-3}} * {{cite book|ref=Peachin|editor=Peachin, Michael |title=The Oxford Handbook of Social Relations in the Roman World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RDSI1V12ueIC|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-518800-4}} * {{cite book|ref=Potter2009|editor=Potter, David S. |title=A Companion to the Roman Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g4ZmqsyC5kEC|date=2009|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4051-9918-6}} * {{cite book|ref=Stambaugh|author=Stambaugh, John E. |title=The Ancient Roman City|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k0mZufizhH0C|date=1988|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-0-8018-3692-3}} * {{cite book|last=Sullivan|first=Richard, D.|title=Near Eastern Royalty and Rome, 100-30 BC|translator=|editor=|year=1990|orig-year=|location=Toronto|publisher=University of Toronto Press|ISBN=0-8020-2682-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IDU5DwAAQBAJ|postscript=.}} * {{cite book|ref=Winterling|author=Winterling, Aloys |title=Politics and Society in Imperial Rome|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_35eZH6_vT8C|date=2009|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4051-7969-0}} {{refend}} {{Commonscat|Roman Empire}} [[Category:Roman Empire|Roman Empire]] [[Category:Auncient Italian history]] [[Category:Umwhile kintras on the Italian Peninsula]] [[Category:Umwhile kintras in Asie]] [[Category:States o Auncient Africae]] [[Category:Superpouers]] [[Category:20s BC establishments in the Roman Empire|*]] [[Category:27 BC establishments]] [[Category:1st-century BC establishments in Italy]] [[Category:States an territories established in the 1st century BC]] [[Category:States an territories disestablished in the 5t century]] [[Category:476 disestablishments in the Roman Empire|*]] [[Category:470s disestablishments in Europe]] [[Category:5t-century disestablishments in Italy]] [[Category:1453 disestablishments in Europe]] 8rzzzspa5bdz10gmbi8fixjtxydp3dz 925378 925377 2026-10-27T01:46:48Z ~2026-57259-82 139339 925378 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox former country | conventional_long_name = Haru's Roman Empire😎😎😎😎 | common_name = Haru's Roman Empire😎😎😎😎 | native_name = {{unbulleted list |item3_style=font-size:80%;padding-top:0.15em;line-height:1.15em | {{native phrase|la|Imperium Romanum}} | '''''{{lang|la|Senatus Populusque Romanus}}''''' ([[SPQR]])<br />{{smaller|{{nobold|Roman [[Senate o the Roman Republic|Senate]] an Fowk}}<ref group="n">Ither weys o referrin tae the "Roman Empire" amang the Romans an Greeks themselves includit ''{{lang|la|Res publica Romana}}'' or ''{{lang|la|Imperium Romanorum}}'' (an aa in Greek: {{lang|grc|Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων}} – {{grc-tr|Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων}} – ["Dominion (Leeterally 'kinrick' but an aa interpretit as 'empire') o the Romans"]) an ''Romania''. ''{{lang|la|Res publica}}'' means Roman "commonweel" <!--?: Usually,--> an can refer to baith the Republican an the Imperial eras. ''{{lang|la|Imperium Romanum}}'' (or ''{{lang|la|Romanorum}}'') refers tae the territorial extent o Roman authority. ''{{lang|la|Populus Romanus}}'' ("the Roman fowk") wis/is eften uised [[Metonym|tae indicate the Roman state]] in matters involvin ither naitions. The term ''Romania'', ineetially a colloquial term for the empire's territory as well as a [[Collective noon|collective name]] for its indwallers, appears in Greek an Laitin soorces frae the 4t century onwart an wis eventually carried ower tae the [[Eastren Roman Empire]] (see R. L. Wolff, "Romania: The Latin Empire of Constantinople" in ''Speculum'' 23 (1948), pp. 1–34 an especially pp. 2–3).</ref>}} | {{native phrase|grc|Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων|italics=off}}<br />{{smaller|{{transl|grc|''Basileía Rhōmaíōn''}}}} }} | continent=Eurasie |region=[[Mediterranean Basin|Mediterranean]] |status=Empire | life_span = {{line-height|1.3em|{{nowrap|27  BC  – 395  AD}}<br />{{nowrap|395 – 480 {{small|{{nobold|([[Wastren Roman Empire|Wastren]])}}}}}}<br />{{nowrap|395}} – 1453 {{small|{{nobold|([[Eastren Roman Empire|Eastren]])}}}}}} | p1=Roman Republic |image_p1=[[File:Consul et lictores.png|30px|link=Roman Republic]] | s1=Wastren Roman Empire |image_s1=[[File:Julius Nepos Tremissis.jpg|30px|link=Wastren Roman Empire]] | s2=Eastren Roman Empire |image_s2=[[File:Constantine multiple CdM Beistegui 233.jpg|30px|link=Byzantine Empire]] | image_coat=Augustus Aureus infobox version.png | symbol_type = ''[[Aureus]]'' o [[Augustus]] | image_flag = Vexilloid of the Roman Empire.svg | flag_border = no | flag_size = 100px | flag_type = [[Vexilloid]] | image_map = Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png | image_map_caption = The Roman Empire in 117 AD, at its greatest extent at the time o [[Trajan]]'s daith (its [[vassal]]s in pink).<ref>{{cite book|author=Bennett, Julian |title=Trajan: Optimus Princeps : a Life and Times|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qk_tofvS8EsC|year=1997|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-16524-2}}. Fig. 1. Regions east o the [[Euphrates]] river war held anerly in the years 116–117.</ref> | capital = [[Roum]] (27 BC – AD 410)<br> [[Mediolanum]] (286–402, [[Wastren Roman Empire|Wastren]])<br> [[Augusta Treverorum]] <br> [[Sirmium]] <br> [[Ravenna]] (402–476, Wastren)<br> [[Nicomedia]] (286–330, [[Eastren Roman Empire|Eastren]])<br> [[Constantinople]] (330–1453, Eastren)<br> [[Syracuse, Sicily|Syracuse]] (663–669, Eastren) | common_languages = {{plainlist}} * [[Laitin]] <small>(offeecial till 610)</small> * [[Greek leid|Greek]] <small>(offeecial efter 610)</small> * [[Leids o the Roman Empire|Regional{{\}}local leids]] | religion = {{unbulleted list | {{longitem|{{small|Afore AD 380''':'''}} [[Imperial cult (auncient Roum)|Imperial cult]]-driven [[Releegion in auncient Rome|polytheism]]}} | {{small|Frae AD 380''':'''}} [[State kirk o the Roman Empire|Christianity]] }} | government_type = [[Mixed govrenment|Mixed]], functionally [[absolute monarchy]] | title_leader = [[Roman emperor#Titles an poseetions|Emperor]] | year_leader1 = {{nowrap|27  BC  – AD 14}} |leader1 = [[Augustus]] {{smaller|(first)}} | year_leader2 = 98–117 |leader2 = [[Trajan]] | year_leader3 = 284–305 |leader3 = [[Diocletian]] | year_leader4 = 306–337 |leader4 = [[Constantine I]] | year_leader5 = 379–395 |leader5 = [[Theodosius I]]<ref group="n">The final emperor tae rule ower aw o the Roman Empire's territories afore its conversion tae a diarchy.</ref> | year_leader6 = 474–480 |leader6 = [[Julius Nepos]]<ref group="n">Offeecially the final emperor o the Wastren empire.</ref> | year_leader7 = 527–565 |leader7 = [[Justinian I]] | year_leader8 = 976–1025 |leader8 = [[Basil II]] | year_leader9 = 1449–1453 |leader9 = [[Constantine XI Palaiologos|Constantine XI]]<ref group="n">Last emperor o the Eastren (Byzantine) empire.</ref> | legislature = [[Senate o the Roman Empire|Senate]] | era = [[Clessical era]] tae [[Late Middle Ages]] | date_pre = 32–30 BC |event_pre = [[Final War o the Roman Republic|Final War o the<br />Roman Republic]] | year_start = 30–2 BC |event_start = [[Constitutional reforms o Augustus|Empire established]] | date_event1 = 330 |event1 = [[Constantinople#306–337|Constantinople]]<br />becomes capital | date_event2 = 395 |event2 = {{nowrap|[[Wastren Roman Empire#Final diveesion|Final]] [[Greek East an Laitin Wast|East Wast]] divide}} | date_event3 = 476 |event3 = [[Faw o the Wastren Roman Empire]] | date_event4 = 1202–1204 |event4 = [[Fowert Crusade]] |date_event5 = 1261 |event5 = Reconquest o Constantinople | year_end = 1453 |date_end=29 May |event_end=[[Faw o Constantinople]] | stat_year1 = 25 BC<ref name="size">{{cite journal |journal=Social Science History |title=Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D |first=Rein |last=Taagepera |volume=3 |issue=3/4 |year=1979 |page=125|doi=10.2307/1170959|jstor=1170959|publisher=Duke University Press |authorlink=Rein Taagepera}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| doi=10.2307/1971891 | jstor=1971891 | title=Historical Estimates of World Population: An Evaluation | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_population-and-development-review_1977-09_3_3/page/253 | journal=Population and Development Review | volume=3 | issue=3 | pages=253 | year=1977 | last1=Durand | first1=John D. }}</ref> |stat_area1 = 2750000 |stat_pop1 = 56800000 | stat_year2 = AD 117<ref name="size"/><ref name="cliodynamics.info">{{cite journal|last1=Turchin|first1=Peter|last2=Adams|first2=Jonathan M.|last3=Hall|first3=Thomas D|title=East-West Orientation of Historical Empires|journal=Journal of world-systems research|date=2006|volume=12|issue=2|page=222|url=http://peterturchin.com/PDF/Turchin_Adams_Hall_2006.pdf|accessdate=6 February 2016|issn=1076-156X|archive-date=2016-05-17|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160517210851/http://peterturchin.com/PDF/Turchin_Adams_Hall_2006.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>|stat_area2 = 5000000 |stat_pop2 = | stat_year3 = AD 390<ref name="size"/> |stat_area3 = 4400000 |stat_pop3 = | currency = [[Sestertius]],<ref group="n">Abbreviatit "HS". Prices an values are uisually expressed in sesterces.</ref> [[Aureus]], [[Solidus (cunyie)|Solidus]], [[Solidus (cunyie)|Nomisma]] }} The '''Roman Empire''' (or '''Impire''') wis a gey muckle [[empire]] wi its caipital in [[Roum]], ringed ower bi an [[emperor]]. The first [[emperor]] o Rome wis [[Augustus|Octavian]], efter cried Augustus, frae the year [[27 BC]]. Afore that, Rome haed been a [[republic]] ringed ower bi a cooncil cried the "[[Roman Senate|Senate]]". The Roman Empire wis maist muckle whan ringed ower bi [[Trajan]] ben the year 117. Efter him, [[Hadrian|Hadrian Joeseph Rankin]] (whoo is a gai wandom ahh gey) shapit it less muckle, an shapit [[Hadrian's waw]] ben the nor o Ingland. Mony modren kintras are on land that wis aince pairt o the Roman Empire, includin [[Ingland]], [[Spain]], [[Portugal]], [[Fraunce]], [[Italy]], [[Greece]], [[Turkey]], [[Germany]], [[Egyp]], an the north coast o [[Africae]]. The leid o the Roman Empire wis [[Laitin]]. The wastren pairt o the Roman Empire conteena'd for nearhaund 1000 year, an the eastren pairt, includin [[Greece]] an [[Turkey]], conteena'd for aboot a thoosand year mair. The eastren pairt wis cried the [[Byzantine Empire]] - fer the auld name o the kintra - wi a caipital at [[Constantinople]]. ==History== [[File:Statue-Augustus.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Augustus o Prima Porta]]''<br />(early 1st century AD)]] Roum haed began expandin shortly efter the foondin o the republic in the 6t century BC, tho it did nae expand ootside the [[Italian Peninsula]] till the 3rd century BC. Then, it wis an "empire" lang afore it haed an emperor.<ref>[[#Kelly|Kelly]], pp. 4ff.</ref><ref name=n1>[[#Nicolet|Nicolet]], pp. 1, 15</ref><ref>Brennan, T. Corey (2000) ''The Praetorship in the Roman Republic''. Oxford University Press. p. 605.</ref><ref>[[#Peachin|Peachin]], pp. 39–40.</ref> The Roman Republic wis nae a naition-state in the modren sense, but a network o touns left tae rule themsels (tho wi varyin degrees o unthirldom frae the [[Roman Senate]]) an provinces admeenistert bi militar commanders. It wis ruled, nae bi emperors, but bi annually electit [[Roman magistrate|magistrates]] ([[Roman Consul]]s abuin aw) in conjunction wi the senate.<ref name="Ando p. 179">[[#Potter2009|Potter (2009)]], p. 179.</ref> For various raisons, the 1st century BC wis a time o poleetical an militar upheaval, that ultimately led tae rule bi emperors.<ref name=n1/><ref name=Hekster>Hekster, Olivier and Kaizer, Ted (2011). Preface to ''Frontiers in the Roman World. Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire (Durhan, 16–19 April 2009)''. Brill. p. viii.</ref><ref>[[Andrew Lintott|Lintott, Andrew]] (1999) ''The Constitution of the Roman Republic''. Oxford University Press. p. 114</ref><ref>Eder, W. (1993) "The Augustan Principate as Binding Link," in ''Between Republic and Empire''. University of California Press. p. 98. {{ISBN|0520084470}}.</ref> The consuls' militar pouer restit in the Roman legal concept o ''[[imperium]]'', that leeterally means "command" (tho teepically in a militar sense).<ref>Richardson, John (2011) "''Fines provinciae''", in ''Frontiers in the Roman World''. Brill. p. 10.</ref> Occasionally, successfu consuls wad gien the honourar teetle ''[[imperator]]'' (commander), an this is the oreegin o the wird ''emperor'' (an ''empire'') syne this teetle (amang ithers) wis ayeweys bestowed tae the early emperors upon thair accession.<ref>Richardson, John (2011) "''Fines provinciae''", in ''Frontiers in the Roman World''. Brill. pp. 1–2.</ref> Rome suffered a lang series o internal conflicts, conspeeracies an [[Roman ceevil wars|ceevil wars]] frae the late seicont century BC onwart, while greatly extendin its pouer ayont Italy. This wus the period o the [[Creesis o the Roman Republic]]. Taewart the end o this era, in 44 BC, [[Julius Caesar]] wis briefly perpetual [[Roman dictator|dictator]] afore bein [[Assassination o Julius Caesar|assassinatit]]. The faction o his assassins wis driven frae Roum an defeatit at the [[Battle o Philippi]] in 42 BC bi an airmy led bi [[Mark Antony]] an Caesar's adoptit son [[Augustus|Octavian]]. Antony an Octavian's diveesion o the Roman warld atween themsels did nae last an Octavian's forces defeatit thae o Antony an [[Cleopatra]] at the [[Battle o Actium]] in 31 BC. In 27 BC the [[Senate an Fowk o Roum]] made Octavian ''[[princeps]]'' ("first ceetizen") wi [[proconsul]]ar ''[[imperium]]'', sicweys beginnin the [[Principate]] (the first epoch o Roman imperial history, uisually datit frae 27 BC tae AD 284), an gae him the name "[[Augustus (honoureefic)|Augustus]]" ("the veneratit"). Tho the auld constitutional machinery remeened in place, Augustus cam tae predominate it. Awtho the republic stuid in name, contemporaries o Augustus knew it wis juist a veil an that Augustus haed aw meaninfu authority in Roum.<ref>Syme, Ronald (1939) ''The Roman Revolution''. Oford: Oxford University Press. pp. 3–4.</ref> Syne his rule endit a century o ceevil wars an begoud an unprecedentit period o peace an prosperity, he wis sae luved that he cam tae hauld the pouer o a monarch ''[[de facto]]'' if nae ''[[de jure]]''. In the years o his rule, a new constitutional order emerged (in pairt organically an in pairt bi design), sae that, upon his daith, this new constitutional order operatit as afore whan [[Tiberius]] wis acceptit as the new emperor. The 200 year that begoud wi Augustus's rule is tradeetionally regairdit as the ''[[Pax Romana]]'' ("Roman Peace"). In this period, the cohesion o the empire wis fordered bi a degree o social stability an economic prosperity that Roum haed niver afore experienced. Uprisins in the provinces war infrequent, but pit doun "mercilessly an swiftly" whan thay occurred.<ref>Boatwright, Mary T. (2000) ''Hadrian and the Cities of the Roman Empire''. Princeton University Press. p. 4.</ref> The saxty years o [[Jewish–Roman wars]] in the seicont hauf o the 1st century an the first hauf o the 2nt century war exceptional in thair duration an veeolence.<ref>[[#Potter2009|Potter (2009)]], p. 571.</ref> The success o Augustus in establishin principles o dynastic succession wis leemitit bi his ootleevin a nummer o talentit potential heirs. The [[Julio-Claudian dynasty]] lastit for fower mair emperors—[[Tiberius]], [[Caligula]], [[Claudius]] an [[Nero]]—afore it yieldit in 69 AD tae the strife-torn [[Year o Fower Emperors]], frae which [[Vespasian]] emerged as veector. Vespasian becam the foonder o the brief [[Flavian dynasty]], tae be follaed bi the [[Nerva–Antonine dynasty]] that produced the "[[Five Good Emperors]]": [[Nerva]], [[Trajan]], [[Hadrian]], [[Antoninus Pius]] an the filosofically-inclined [[Marcus Aurelius]]. In the view o the Greek historian [[Dio Cassius]], a contemporary observer, the accession o the emperor [[Commodus]] in 180 AD merkit the strynd "frae a kinrick o gowd tae ane o roust an airn".<ref>Dio Cassius [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/72*.html#36 72.36.4], Loeb edeetion translatit E. Cary</ref> In 212, in the ring o [[Caracalla]], [[Roman ceetizenship]] wis grantit tae aw freeborn indwallers o the empire. But despite this gestur o universality, the [[Severan dynasty]] wis camsteirie—an emperor's ring wis endit routinely bi his murther or execution—an, follaein its collapse, the Roman Empire wis engulfed bi the [[Creesis o the Third Century]], a period o invasions, ceevil strife, economic disorder, an plague.<ref>Brown, P., The World of Late Antiquity, London 1971, p. 22.</ref> In definin [[periodisation|historical epochs]], this creesis is whiles viewed as merkin the transeetion frae [[Clessical Antiquity]] tae [[Late Antiquity]]. [[Aurelian]] (reigned 270–275) brocht the empire back frae the brink an stabilised it. [[Diocletian]] completit the wirk o fully restorin the empire, but declined the role o ''princeps'' an becam the first emperor tae be addressed regularly as ''domine'', "master" or "laird".<ref>Adrian Goldsworth, ''How Rome Fell: Death of a Superpower'' (Yale University Press, 2009), pp. 405–415.</ref> This merked the end o the [[Principate]], an the beginnin o the [[Dominate]]. Diocletian dividit the empire intae fower regions, ilk ruled bi a separate emperor, the [[Tetrarchy]].<ref>Potter, David. The Roman Empire at Bay. 296–98.</ref> Confident that he fixed the disorders that war plaguin Roum, he abdicatit alang wi his co-emperor, an the Tetrarchy suin collapsed. Order wis eventually restored bi [[Constantine the Great]], that becam the first emperor tae convert tae [[Christianity]], an that established [[Constantinople]] as the new caipital o the eastren empire. In the decades o the [[Constantinian dynasty|Constantinian]] an [[Valentinian dynasty|Valentinian dynasties]], the empire wis dividit alang an east–wast axis, wi dual pouer centres in Constantinople an Roum. The ring o [[Julian (emperor)|Julian]], that attemptit tae restore [[Releegion in auncient Roum|Clessical Roman]] an [[Hellenistic releegion]], anly briefly interruptit the succession o Christian emperors. [[Theodosius I]], the last emperor tae rule ower baith East an Wast, dee'd in 395 AD efter makkin Christianity the [[State kirk o the Roman Empire|offeecial releegion]] o the empire.<ref>Starr, Chester G. (1974) ''A History of the Ancient World, Second Edition.'' Oxford University Press. pp. 670–678.</ref> The [[Wastren Roman Empire]] begoud tae [[Faw o the Wastren Roman Empire|disintegrate]] in the early 5t century. The empire in the East—eften kent as the [[Byzantine Empire]], but referred tae in its time as the Roman Empire or bi various ither names—haed a different fate. It survived for awmaist a millennium efter the faw o its [[Wastren Roman Empire|Wastren coonterpairt]] an becam the maist stable Christian [[realm]] in the Middle Ages. ==Society== The Roman Empire wis remerkably multicultural, wi "a rather astonishing cohesive capacity" tae creaut a sense o shared identity while encompassin diverse fowks within its poleetical seestem ower a lang span o time.<ref>[[#Peachin|Peachin]], p. 12.</ref> The Roman attention tae creautin public monuments an communal spaces appen tae aw—sic as [[Forum (Roman)|forums]], [[Leet o Roman amphitheatres|amphitheatres]], [[circus (biggin)|racetracks]] an [[thermae|baths]]—helped foster a sense o "Romanness".<ref>[[#Peachin|Peachin]], p. 16.</ref> Roman society haed multiple, owerlappin social hierarchies that modren concepts o "cless" mey nae represent accurately.<ref>[[#Peachin|Peachin]], p. 9.</ref> The twz decades o ceevil war frae that Augustus rose tae sole pouer left tradeetional society in Roum in a state o confuision an upheaval,<ref name=Garnsey>Garnsey, Peter and Saller, Richard (1987) ''The Roman Empire: Economy, Society and Culture''. University of California Press. pp. 107–111.</ref> but did nae effect an immediate [[redistribution o walth]] an social pouer. Frae the perspective o the lawer clesses, a peak wis merely addit tae the social pyramid.<ref>Noreña, Carlos F. (2011) ''Imperial Ideals in the Roman West: Representation, Circulation, Power''. Cambridge University Press. p. 7.</ref> Personal relationships—[[Patronage in auncient Roum|patronage]], friendship ''(amicitia)'', faimily, [[Mairiage in auncient Roum|mairiage]]—conteena'd tae influence the wirkins o politics an govrenment, as thay haed in the Republic.<ref>[[#Peachin|Peachin]], pp. 4–5.</ref> Bi the time o [[Nero]], houiver, it wis nae unusual tae find a umwhile sclave that wis richer nor a freeborn ceetizen, or an [[equestrian order|equestrian]] that exercised greater pouer nor a senator.<ref>[[#Winterling|Winterling]], pp. 11, 21.</ref> The blurrin or diffuision o the Republic's mair rigid hierarchies led tae increased [[social mobility]] unner the Empire,<ref>Saller, Richard P. (1982, 2002) ''Personal Patronage under the Early Empire''. Cambridge University Press. pp. 123, 176, 183</ref><ref>Duncan, Anne (2006) ''Performance and Identity in the Classical World''. Cambridge University Press. p. 164.</ref> baith upwart an dounwart, tae an extent that exceedit that o aw ither weel-documentit auncient societies.<ref>Reinhold, Meyer (2002) ''Studies in Classical History and Society''. Oxford University Press. pp. 25ff. and 42.</ref> Weemen, freedmen, an sclaves haed opportunities tae profit an exercise influence in weys previously less available tae them.<ref>[[#Boardman|Boardman]], p. 18.</ref> Social life in the Empire, pairteecularly for thae that's personal resoorces war leemitit, wis forder fostered bi a proleeferation o [[associations in Auncient Roum|voluntar associations]] an [[confraternity|confraternities]] (''[[collegium|collegia]]'' an ''[[Sodales|sodalitates]]'') formed for various purposes: perfessional an tred guilds, veterans' groups, releegious sodalities, drinkin an dinin clubs,<ref>[[#Peachin|Peachin]], pp. 17, 20.</ref> performing airts troupes,<ref>[[#Millar|Millar]], pp. 81–82</ref> an [[buirial society|buirial societies]].<ref>Carroll, Maureen (2006) ''Spirits of the Dead: Roman Funerary Commemoration in Western Europe''. Oxford University Press. pp. 45–46.</ref> ==Govrenment an militar== ===Central govrenment=== {{See also|Roman emperor}} The dominance o the emperor wis based on the consolidation o certaint pouers frae several republican offices, includin the inviolability o the [[Plebeian Tribune|tribunes o the fowk]] an the authority o the [[Roman Censors|censors]] tae manipulate the hierarchy o Roman society.<ref name="Abbott, 354">[[#Abbott|Abbott]], p. 354</ref> The emperor an aw made himsel the central releegious authority as [[Pontifex Maximus]], an centralised the richt tae declare war, ratifee treaties, an negotiate wi furrin leaders.<ref name="Abbott, 345">[[#Abbott|Abbott]], p. 345</ref> While thir functions war clearly defined in the [[Principate]], the emperor's pouers ower time becam less constitutional an mair monarchical, culminatin in the [[Dominate]].<ref name="Abbott, 341">[[#Abbott|Abbott]], p. 341</ref> ===Militar=== [[File:Roman Empire 125.png|thumb|upright=1.35|The Roman empire unner [[Hadrian]] (ruled 117–138) shawin the location o the Roman legions deployed in AD 125]] The sodgers o the Imperial Roman airmy war perfaisionals that volunteered for 20 year o active duty an five as reserves. The transeetion tae a perfaisional militar haed began in the late Republic, an wis ane o the mony profoond shifts awey frae republicanism, unner that an airmy o [[conscripts]] haed exercised thair responsibilities as ceetizens in defendin the hameland in a campaign against a specific threit. For Imperial Rome, the militar wis a full-time career in itsel.<ref>[[#Edmondson|Edmondson]], pp. 111–112.</ref> The primar mission o the Roman militar o the early empire wis tae preserve the [[Pax Romana]].<ref>Hekster, Olivier J. (2007) "Fighting for Rome: The Emperor as a Military Leader," in ''Impact of the Roman Army (200 BC–AD 476)''. Brill. p. 96.</ref> The three major divisions o the military war: * the gairison at Roum, that includes baith the [[Praetorian Gaird|Praetorians]] an the ''[[vigiles]]'' that functioned as polis an firefechters; * the provincial airmy, comprisin the [[Roman legions]] an the auxiliaries providit bi the provinces ''([[auxilia]]''); * the [[Roman navy|navy]]. ==Daily life== In the ceety o Rome, maist fowk leeved in multistory flats ''([[insulae]])'' that war eften dirty an nae sauf. Public facilities—sic as baths ''([[thermae]])'', toilets that war flushed wi rinnin watter ''(latrinae)'', conveniently locatit basins or elaborate foontains ''([[nymphaeum|nymphea]])'' deliveringfresh watter,<ref name=brenda>Longfellow, Brenda (2011) ''Roman Imperialism and Civic Patronage: Form, Meaning and Ideology in Monumental Fountain Complexes''. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–2. {{ISBN|0521194938}}</ref> an lairge-scale enterteenments siv as [[chariot races]] an [[gladiator|gladiator combat]]—war aimed primarily at the common fowk that leeved in the ''insulae''.<ref>Jones, Mark Wilson (2000) ''Principles of Roman Architecture.'' New Haven: Yale University Press.</ref> Seemilar facilities war constructit in ceeties ootthrou the Empire, an some o the best-preserved Roman structurs are in Spain, soothren Fraunce, an northren Africae. ===Fuid=== Maist flats in Roum lackit kitchens, tho a charcoal [[brazier]] coud be uised for rudimentary cuikery.<ref>[[#Stambaugh|Stambaugh]], pp. 144, 178</ref><ref>Hinds, Kathryn (2010) ''Everyday Life in the Roman Empire''. Marshall Cavendish. p. 90.</ref> Prepared fuid wis sauld at pubs an bars, inns, an fuid staws ''([[taberna]]e, cauponae, [[popina]]e, [[thermopolium|thermopolia]])''.<ref>[[#Holleran|Holleran]], p. 136ff.</ref> [[Cairyoot]] an restaurant dinin war for the lawer clesses; [[fine dinin]] coud be socht anly at preevat dinner pairties in a few hooses wi a [[chef]] ''(archimagirus)'' an trained kitchen staff,<ref>[[#Gagarin|Gagarin]], p. 299.</ref> or at banquets hostit bi social clubs ''([[collegium (auncient Roum)|collegia]])''.<ref>Faas, Patrick (1994, 2005) ''Around the Roman Table: Food and Feasting in Ancient Rome''. University of Chicago Press. p. 29.</ref> Maist fowk wad hae consumed at least 70% o thair daily [[calorie]]s in the form o cereals an [[legumes]].<ref name="Garnsey p. 681">[[#Boardman|Boardman]], p. 681.</ref> ''Puls'' ([[pottage]]) wis conseedert the aboreeginal fuid o the Romans.<ref>[[Pliny the Elder]], ''Natural History'' 19.83–84; Emily Gowers, ''The Loaded Table: Representation of Food in Roman Literature'' (Oxford University Press, 1993, 2003), p. 17</ref><ref>[[#Gagarin|Gagarin]], p. 198.</ref> The basic grain pottage coud be elaboratit wi chappit vegetables, bits o meat, cheese, or yerbs tae produce dishes seemilar tae [[polenta]] or [[risotto]].<ref>[[#Stambaugh|Stambaugh]], p. 144.</ref> ==Notes== {{reflist|group=n}} ==References== {{reflist}} ===Soorces=== {{refbegin|2}} * {{cite book |ref=Abbott|author = Abbott, Frank Frost |year=1901 |title=A History and Description of Roman Political Institutions |publisher=Elibron Classics |isbn=0-543-92749-0 |authorlink=Frank Frost Abbott}} * {{cite book|ref=Boardman|editor=Boardman, John |title=The Cambridge Ancient History: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2pPxAAAAMAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=Vol. 11|isbn=0521263352}} * {{cite book|ref=Edmondson|author=Edmondson, J.C. |chapter=Dynamic Arenas: Gladiatorial Presentations in the City of Rome and the Construction of Roman Society during the Early Empire|title=Roman Theater and Society|publisher=University of Michigan Press|year= 1996}} * {{cite book|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fj69DAEACAAJ|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-517072-6|editor=Gagarin, Michael|ref=Gagarin}} * {{cite book|ref=Holleran|author=Holleran, Claire |title=Shopping in Ancient Rome: The Retail Trade in the Late Republic and the Principate|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oO7NwmbyxwAC|date=2012|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-969821-9}} * {{cite book|last=Huzar|first=Eleanor Goltz|title=Mark Antony: a Biography|translator=|editor=|year=1978|orig-year=|location=Minneapolis|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|ISBN=0-8166-0863-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pos8_zvVYDUC|postscript=.}} * {{cite book|ref=Kelly|author=Kelly, Christopher |title=The Roman Empire: A Very Short Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_2900192803916|publisher=Oxford University Press|year= 2007|isbn=0192803913}} * {{cite journal|ref=Millar| doi=10.2307/300073 | jstor=300073 | title=Empire and City, Augustus to Julian: Obligations, Excuses and Status | journal=Journal of Roman Studies | volume=73 | pages=76 | year=2012 | last1=Millar | first1=Fergus }} * {{cite book|last=Mommsen|first=Theodore|title=The provinces of the Roman empire from Caesar to Diocletian|translator=William P. Dickson|editor=William P. Dickson|year=2005|orig-year=1909|location=Ann Arbor, Michigan|publisher=University of Michigan Library|ISBN=|url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/g/genpub/abq2762.0001.001/332?page=root;size=100;view=image|postscript=.}} * {{cite book|ref=Nicolet|author=Nicolet, Claude |title=Space, Geography, and Politics in the Early Roman Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7IQpCaCpQ1MC|year=1991|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=0-472-10096-3}} * {{cite book|ref=Peachin|editor=Peachin, Michael |title=The Oxford Handbook of Social Relations in the Roman World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RDSI1V12ueIC|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-518800-4}} * {{cite book|ref=Potter2009|editor=Potter, David S. |title=A Companion to the Roman Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g4ZmqsyC5kEC|date=2009|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4051-9918-6}} * {{cite book|ref=Stambaugh|author=Stambaugh, John E. |title=The Ancient Roman City|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k0mZufizhH0C|date=1988|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-0-8018-3692-3}} * {{cite book|last=Sullivan|first=Richard, D.|title=Near Eastern Royalty and Rome, 100-30 BC|translator=|editor=|year=1990|orig-year=|location=Toronto|publisher=University of Toronto Press|ISBN=0-8020-2682-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IDU5DwAAQBAJ|postscript=.}} * {{cite book|ref=Winterling|author=Winterling, Aloys |title=Politics and Society in Imperial Rome|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_35eZH6_vT8C|date=2009|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4051-7969-0}} {{refend}} {{Commonscat|Roman Empire}} [[Category:Roman Empire|Roman Empire]] [[Category:Auncient Italian history]] [[Category:Umwhile kintras on the Italian Peninsula]] [[Category:Umwhile kintras in Asie]] [[Category:States o Auncient Africae]] [[Category:Superpouers]] [[Category:20s BC establishments in the Roman Empire|*]] [[Category:27 BC establishments]] [[Category:1st-century BC establishments in Italy]] [[Category:States an territories established in the 1st century BC]] [[Category:States an territories disestablished in the 5t century]] [[Category:476 disestablishments in the Roman Empire|*]] [[Category:470s disestablishments in Europe]] [[Category:5t-century disestablishments in Italy]] [[Category:1453 disestablishments in Europe]] dt8hwarevjkirp8bo85cj8pohyucfnc 925379 925378 2026-10-27T01:47:48Z ~2026-57280-89 139338 925379 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox former country | conventional_long_name = Haru's Roman Empire😎😎😎😎 | common_name = Haru's Roman Empire😎😎😎😎 | native_name = {{unbulleted list |item3_style=font-size:80%;padding-top:0.15em;line-height:1.15em | {{native phrase|la|Imperium Romanum}} | '''''{{lang|la|Senatus Populusque Romanus}}''''' ([[SPQR]])<br />{{smaller|{{nobold|Roman [[Senate o the Roman Republic|Senate]] an Fowk}}<ref group="n">Ither weys o referrin tae the "Roman Empire" amang the Romans an Greeks themselves includit ''{{lang|la|Res publica Romana}}'' or ''{{lang|la|Imperium Romanorum}}'' (an aa in Greek: {{lang|grc|Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων}} – {{grc-tr|Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων}} – ["Dominion (Leeterally 'kinrick' but an aa interpretit as 'empire') o the Romans"]) an ''Romania''. ''{{lang|la|Res publica}}'' means Roman "commonweel" <!--?: Usually,--> an can refer to baith the Republican an the Imperial eras. ''{{lang|la|Imperium Romanum}}'' (or ''{{lang|la|Romanorum}}'') refers tae the territorial extent o Roman authority. ''{{lang|la|Populus Romanus}}'' ("the Roman fowk") wis/is eften uised [[Metonym|tae indicate the Roman state]] in matters involvin ither naitions. The term ''Romania'', ineetially a colloquial term for the empire's territory as well as a [[Collective noon|collective name]] for its indwallers, appears in Greek an Laitin soorces frae the 4t century onwart an wis eventually carried ower tae the [[Eastren Roman Empire]] (see R. L. Wolff, "Romania: The Latin Empire of Constantinople" in ''Speculum'' 23 (1948), pp. 1–34 an especially pp. 2–3).</ref>}} | {{native phrase|grc|Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων|italics=off}}<br />{{smaller|{{transl|grc|''Basileía Rhōmaíōn''}}}} }} | continent=Eurasie |region=[[Mediterranean Basin|Mediterranean]] |status=Empire | life_span = {{line-height|1.3em|{{nowrap|27  BC  – 395  AD}}<br />{{nowrap|395 – 480 {{small|{{nobold|([[Wastren Roman Empire|Wastren]])}}}}}}<br />{{nowrap|395}} – 1453 {{small|{{nobold|([[Eastren Roman Empire|Eastren]])}}}}}} | p1=Roman Republic |image_p1=[[File:Consul et lictores.png|30px|link=Roman Republic]] | s1=Wastren Roman Empire |image_s1=[[File:Julius Nepos Tremissis.jpg|30px|link=Wastren Roman Empire]] | s2=Eastren Roman Empire |image_s2=[[File:Constantine multiple CdM Beistegui 233.jpg|30px|link=Byzantine Empire]] | image_coat=Augustus Aureus infobox version.png | symbol_type = ''[[Aureus]]'' o [[Augustus]] | image_flag = Vexilloid of the Roman Empire.svg | flag_border = no | flag_size = 100px | flag_type = [[Vexilloid]] | image_map = Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png | image_map_caption = The Roman Empire in 117 AD, at its greatest extent at the time o [[Trajan]]'s daith (its [[vassal]]s in pink).<ref>{{cite book|author=Bennett, Julian |title=Trajan: Optimus Princeps : a Life and Times|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qk_tofvS8EsC|year=1997|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-16524-2}}. Fig. 1. Regions east o the [[Euphrates]] river war held anerly in the years 116–117.</ref> | capital = [[Roum]] (27 BC – AD 410)<br> [[Mediolanum]] (286–402, [[Wastren Roman Empire|Wastren]])<br> [[Augusta Treverorum]] <br> [[Sirmium]] <br> [[Ravenna]] (402–476, Wastren)<br> [[Nicomedia]] (286–330, [[Eastren Roman Empire|Eastren]])<br> [[Constantinople]] (330–1453, Eastren)<br> [[Syracuse, Sicily|Syracuse]] (663–669, Eastren) | common_languages = {{plainlist}} * [[Laitin]] <small>(offeecial till 610)</small> * [[Greek leid|Greek]] <small>(offeecial efter 610)</small> * [[Leids o the Roman Empire|Regional{{\}}local leids]] | religion = {{unbulleted list | {{longitem|{{small|Afore AD 380''':'''}} [[Imperial cult (auncient Roum)|Imperial cult]]-driven [[Releegion in auncient Rome|polytheism]]}} | {{small|Frae AD 380''':'''}} [[State kirk o the Roman Empire|Christianity]] }} | government_type = [[Mixed govrenment|Mixed]], functionally [[absolute monarchy]] | title_leader = [[Roman emperor#Titles an poseetions|Emperor]] | year_leader1 = {{nowrap|27  BC  – AD 14}} |leader1 = [[Augustus]] {{smaller|(first)}} | year_leader2 = 98–117 |leader2 = [[Trajan]] | year_leader3 = 284–305 |leader3 = [[Diocletian]] | year_leader4 = 306–337 |leader4 = [[Constantine I]] | year_leader5 = 379–395 |leader5 = [[Theodosius I]]<ref group="n">The final emperor tae rule ower aw o the Roman Empire's territories afore its conversion tae a diarchy.</ref> | year_leader6 = 474–480 |leader6 = [[Julius Nepos]]<ref group="n">Offeecially the final emperor o the Wastren empire.</ref> | year_leader7 = 527–565 |leader7 = [[Justinian I]] | year_leader8 = 976–1025 |leader8 = [[Basil II]] | year_leader9 = 1449–1453 |leader9 = [[Constantine XI Palaiologos|Constantine XI]]<ref group="n">Last emperor o the Eastren (Byzantine) empire.</ref> | legislature = [[Senate o the Roman Empire|Senate]] | era = [[Clessical era]] tae [[Late Middle Ages]] | date_pre = 32–30 BC |event_pre = [[Final War o the Roman Republic|Final War o the<br />Roman Republic]] | year_start = 30–2 BC |event_start = [[Constitutional reforms o Augustus|Empire established]] | date_event1 = 330 |event1 = [[Constantinople#306–337|Constantinople]]<br />becomes capital | date_event2 = 395 |event2 = {{nowrap|[[Wastren Roman Empire#Final diveesion|Final]] [[Greek East an Laitin Wast|East Wast]] divide}} | date_event3 = 476 |event3 = [[Faw o the Wastren Roman Empire]] | date_event4 = 1202–1204 |event4 = [[Fowert Crusade]] |date_event5 = 1261 |event5 = Reconquest o Constantinople | year_end = 1453 |date_end=29 May |event_end=[[Faw o Constantinople]] | stat_year1 = 25 BC<ref name="size">{{cite journal |journal=Social Science History |title=Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D |first=Rein |last=Taagepera |volume=3 |issue=3/4 |year=1979 |page=125|doi=10.2307/1170959|jstor=1170959|publisher=Duke University Press |authorlink=Rein Taagepera}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| doi=10.2307/1971891 | jstor=1971891 | title=Historical Estimates of World Population: An Evaluation | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_population-and-development-review_1977-09_3_3/page/253 | journal=Population and Development Review | volume=3 | issue=3 | pages=253 | year=1977 | last1=Durand | first1=John D. }}</ref> |stat_area1 = 2750000 |stat_pop1 = 56800000 | stat_year2 = AD 117<ref name="size"/><ref name="cliodynamics.info">{{cite journal|last1=Turchin|first1=Peter|last2=Adams|first2=Jonathan M.|last3=Hall|first3=Thomas D|title=East-West Orientation of Historical Empires|journal=Journal of world-systems research|date=2006|volume=12|issue=2|page=222|url=http://peterturchin.com/PDF/Turchin_Adams_Hall_2006.pdf|accessdate=6 February 2016|issn=1076-156X|archive-date=2016-05-17|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160517210851/http://peterturchin.com/PDF/Turchin_Adams_Hall_2006.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>|stat_area2 = 5000000 |stat_pop2 = | stat_year3 = AD 390<ref name="size"/> |stat_area3 = 4400000 |stat_pop3 = | currency = [[Sestertius]],<ref group="n">Abbreviatit "HS". Prices an values are uisually expressed in sesterces.</ref> [[Aureus]], [[Solidus (cunyie)|Solidus]], [[Solidus (cunyie)|Nomisma]] }} The '''Roman Empire''' (or '''Impire''') wis a gey muckle [[empire]] wi its caipital in [[Roum]], ringed ower bi an [[emperor]]. The first [[emperor]] o Rome wis [[Augustus|Octavian]], efter cried Augustus, frae the year [[27 BC]]. Afore that, Rome haed been a [[republic]] ringed ower bi a cooncil cried the "[[Roman Senate|Senate]]". The Roman Empire wis maist muckle whan ringed ower bi [[Trajan]] ben the year 117. Efter him, [[hadrian]] (whoo is a gai wandom ahh gey) shapit it less muckle, an shapit [[Hadrian's waw]] ben the nor o Ingland. Mony modren kintras are on land that wis aince pairt o the Roman Empire, includin [[Ingland]], [[Spain]], [[Portugal]], [[Fraunce]], [[Italy]], [[Greece]], [[Turkey]], [[Germany]], [[Egyp]], an the north coast o [[Africae]]. The leid o the Roman Empire wis [[Laitin]]. The wastren pairt o the Roman Empire conteena'd for nearhaund 1000 year, an the eastren pairt, includin [[Greece]] an [[Turkey]], conteena'd for aboot a thoosand year mair. The eastren pairt wis cried the [[Byzantine Empire]] - fer the auld name o the kintra - wi a caipital at [[Constantinople]]. ==History== [[File:Statue-Augustus.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Augustus o Prima Porta]]''<br />(early 1st century AD)]] Roum haed began expandin shortly efter the foondin o the republic in the 6t century BC, tho it did nae expand ootside the [[Italian Peninsula]] till the 3rd century BC. Then, it wis an "empire" lang afore it haed an emperor.<ref>[[#Kelly|Kelly]], pp. 4ff.</ref><ref name=n1>[[#Nicolet|Nicolet]], pp. 1, 15</ref><ref>Brennan, T. Corey (2000) ''The Praetorship in the Roman Republic''. Oxford University Press. p. 605.</ref><ref>[[#Peachin|Peachin]], pp. 39–40.</ref> The Roman Republic wis nae a naition-state in the modren sense, but a network o touns left tae rule themsels (tho wi varyin degrees o unthirldom frae the [[Roman Senate]]) an provinces admeenistert bi militar commanders. It wis ruled, nae bi emperors, but bi annually electit [[Roman magistrate|magistrates]] ([[Roman Consul]]s abuin aw) in conjunction wi the senate.<ref name="Ando p. 179">[[#Potter2009|Potter (2009)]], p. 179.</ref> For various raisons, the 1st century BC wis a time o poleetical an militar upheaval, that ultimately led tae rule bi emperors.<ref name=n1/><ref name=Hekster>Hekster, Olivier and Kaizer, Ted (2011). Preface to ''Frontiers in the Roman World. Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire (Durhan, 16–19 April 2009)''. Brill. p. viii.</ref><ref>[[Andrew Lintott|Lintott, Andrew]] (1999) ''The Constitution of the Roman Republic''. Oxford University Press. p. 114</ref><ref>Eder, W. (1993) "The Augustan Principate as Binding Link," in ''Between Republic and Empire''. University of California Press. p. 98. {{ISBN|0520084470}}.</ref> The consuls' militar pouer restit in the Roman legal concept o ''[[imperium]]'', that leeterally means "command" (tho teepically in a militar sense).<ref>Richardson, John (2011) "''Fines provinciae''", in ''Frontiers in the Roman World''. Brill. p. 10.</ref> Occasionally, successfu consuls wad gien the honourar teetle ''[[imperator]]'' (commander), an this is the oreegin o the wird ''emperor'' (an ''empire'') syne this teetle (amang ithers) wis ayeweys bestowed tae the early emperors upon thair accession.<ref>Richardson, John (2011) "''Fines provinciae''", in ''Frontiers in the Roman World''. Brill. pp. 1–2.</ref> Rome suffered a lang series o internal conflicts, conspeeracies an [[Roman ceevil wars|ceevil wars]] frae the late seicont century BC onwart, while greatly extendin its pouer ayont Italy. This wus the period o the [[Creesis o the Roman Republic]]. Taewart the end o this era, in 44 BC, [[Julius Caesar]] wis briefly perpetual [[Roman dictator|dictator]] afore bein [[Assassination o Julius Caesar|assassinatit]]. The faction o his assassins wis driven frae Roum an defeatit at the [[Battle o Philippi]] in 42 BC bi an airmy led bi [[Mark Antony]] an Caesar's adoptit son [[Augustus|Octavian]]. Antony an Octavian's diveesion o the Roman warld atween themsels did nae last an Octavian's forces defeatit thae o Antony an [[Cleopatra]] at the [[Battle o Actium]] in 31 BC. In 27 BC the [[Senate an Fowk o Roum]] made Octavian ''[[princeps]]'' ("first ceetizen") wi [[proconsul]]ar ''[[imperium]]'', sicweys beginnin the [[Principate]] (the first epoch o Roman imperial history, uisually datit frae 27 BC tae AD 284), an gae him the name "[[Augustus (honoureefic)|Augustus]]" ("the veneratit"). Tho the auld constitutional machinery remeened in place, Augustus cam tae predominate it. Awtho the republic stuid in name, contemporaries o Augustus knew it wis juist a veil an that Augustus haed aw meaninfu authority in Roum.<ref>Syme, Ronald (1939) ''The Roman Revolution''. Oford: Oxford University Press. pp. 3–4.</ref> Syne his rule endit a century o ceevil wars an begoud an unprecedentit period o peace an prosperity, he wis sae luved that he cam tae hauld the pouer o a monarch ''[[de facto]]'' if nae ''[[de jure]]''. In the years o his rule, a new constitutional order emerged (in pairt organically an in pairt bi design), sae that, upon his daith, this new constitutional order operatit as afore whan [[Tiberius]] wis acceptit as the new emperor. The 200 year that begoud wi Augustus's rule is tradeetionally regairdit as the ''[[Pax Romana]]'' ("Roman Peace"). In this period, the cohesion o the empire wis fordered bi a degree o social stability an economic prosperity that Roum haed niver afore experienced. Uprisins in the provinces war infrequent, but pit doun "mercilessly an swiftly" whan thay occurred.<ref>Boatwright, Mary T. (2000) ''Hadrian and the Cities of the Roman Empire''. Princeton University Press. p. 4.</ref> The saxty years o [[Jewish–Roman wars]] in the seicont hauf o the 1st century an the first hauf o the 2nt century war exceptional in thair duration an veeolence.<ref>[[#Potter2009|Potter (2009)]], p. 571.</ref> The success o Augustus in establishin principles o dynastic succession wis leemitit bi his ootleevin a nummer o talentit potential heirs. The [[Julio-Claudian dynasty]] lastit for fower mair emperors—[[Tiberius]], [[Caligula]], [[Claudius]] an [[Nero]]—afore it yieldit in 69 AD tae the strife-torn [[Year o Fower Emperors]], frae which [[Vespasian]] emerged as veector. Vespasian becam the foonder o the brief [[Flavian dynasty]], tae be follaed bi the [[Nerva–Antonine dynasty]] that produced the "[[Five Good Emperors]]": [[Nerva]], [[Trajan]], [[Hadrian]], [[Antoninus Pius]] an the filosofically-inclined [[Marcus Aurelius]]. In the view o the Greek historian [[Dio Cassius]], a contemporary observer, the accession o the emperor [[Commodus]] in 180 AD merkit the strynd "frae a kinrick o gowd tae ane o roust an airn".<ref>Dio Cassius [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/72*.html#36 72.36.4], Loeb edeetion translatit E. Cary</ref> In 212, in the ring o [[Caracalla]], [[Roman ceetizenship]] wis grantit tae aw freeborn indwallers o the empire. But despite this gestur o universality, the [[Severan dynasty]] wis camsteirie—an emperor's ring wis endit routinely bi his murther or execution—an, follaein its collapse, the Roman Empire wis engulfed bi the [[Creesis o the Third Century]], a period o invasions, ceevil strife, economic disorder, an plague.<ref>Brown, P., The World of Late Antiquity, London 1971, p. 22.</ref> In definin [[periodisation|historical epochs]], this creesis is whiles viewed as merkin the transeetion frae [[Clessical Antiquity]] tae [[Late Antiquity]]. [[Aurelian]] (reigned 270–275) brocht the empire back frae the brink an stabilised it. [[Diocletian]] completit the wirk o fully restorin the empire, but declined the role o ''princeps'' an becam the first emperor tae be addressed regularly as ''domine'', "master" or "laird".<ref>Adrian Goldsworth, ''How Rome Fell: Death of a Superpower'' (Yale University Press, 2009), pp. 405–415.</ref> This merked the end o the [[Principate]], an the beginnin o the [[Dominate]]. Diocletian dividit the empire intae fower regions, ilk ruled bi a separate emperor, the [[Tetrarchy]].<ref>Potter, David. The Roman Empire at Bay. 296–98.</ref> Confident that he fixed the disorders that war plaguin Roum, he abdicatit alang wi his co-emperor, an the Tetrarchy suin collapsed. Order wis eventually restored bi [[Constantine the Great]], that becam the first emperor tae convert tae [[Christianity]], an that established [[Constantinople]] as the new caipital o the eastren empire. In the decades o the [[Constantinian dynasty|Constantinian]] an [[Valentinian dynasty|Valentinian dynasties]], the empire wis dividit alang an east–wast axis, wi dual pouer centres in Constantinople an Roum. The ring o [[Julian (emperor)|Julian]], that attemptit tae restore [[Releegion in auncient Roum|Clessical Roman]] an [[Hellenistic releegion]], anly briefly interruptit the succession o Christian emperors. [[Theodosius I]], the last emperor tae rule ower baith East an Wast, dee'd in 395 AD efter makkin Christianity the [[State kirk o the Roman Empire|offeecial releegion]] o the empire.<ref>Starr, Chester G. (1974) ''A History of the Ancient World, Second Edition.'' Oxford University Press. pp. 670–678.</ref> The [[Wastren Roman Empire]] begoud tae [[Faw o the Wastren Roman Empire|disintegrate]] in the early 5t century. The empire in the East—eften kent as the [[Byzantine Empire]], but referred tae in its time as the Roman Empire or bi various ither names—haed a different fate. It survived for awmaist a millennium efter the faw o its [[Wastren Roman Empire|Wastren coonterpairt]] an becam the maist stable Christian [[realm]] in the Middle Ages. ==Society== The Roman Empire wis remerkably multicultural, wi "a rather astonishing cohesive capacity" tae creaut a sense o shared identity while encompassin diverse fowks within its poleetical seestem ower a lang span o time.<ref>[[#Peachin|Peachin]], p. 12.</ref> The Roman attention tae creautin public monuments an communal spaces appen tae aw—sic as [[Forum (Roman)|forums]], [[Leet o Roman amphitheatres|amphitheatres]], [[circus (biggin)|racetracks]] an [[thermae|baths]]—helped foster a sense o "Romanness".<ref>[[#Peachin|Peachin]], p. 16.</ref> Roman society haed multiple, owerlappin social hierarchies that modren concepts o "cless" mey nae represent accurately.<ref>[[#Peachin|Peachin]], p. 9.</ref> The twz decades o ceevil war frae that Augustus rose tae sole pouer left tradeetional society in Roum in a state o confuision an upheaval,<ref name=Garnsey>Garnsey, Peter and Saller, Richard (1987) ''The Roman Empire: Economy, Society and Culture''. University of California Press. pp. 107–111.</ref> but did nae effect an immediate [[redistribution o walth]] an social pouer. Frae the perspective o the lawer clesses, a peak wis merely addit tae the social pyramid.<ref>Noreña, Carlos F. (2011) ''Imperial Ideals in the Roman West: Representation, Circulation, Power''. Cambridge University Press. p. 7.</ref> Personal relationships—[[Patronage in auncient Roum|patronage]], friendship ''(amicitia)'', faimily, [[Mairiage in auncient Roum|mairiage]]—conteena'd tae influence the wirkins o politics an govrenment, as thay haed in the Republic.<ref>[[#Peachin|Peachin]], pp. 4–5.</ref> Bi the time o [[Nero]], houiver, it wis nae unusual tae find a umwhile sclave that wis richer nor a freeborn ceetizen, or an [[equestrian order|equestrian]] that exercised greater pouer nor a senator.<ref>[[#Winterling|Winterling]], pp. 11, 21.</ref> The blurrin or diffuision o the Republic's mair rigid hierarchies led tae increased [[social mobility]] unner the Empire,<ref>Saller, Richard P. (1982, 2002) ''Personal Patronage under the Early Empire''. Cambridge University Press. pp. 123, 176, 183</ref><ref>Duncan, Anne (2006) ''Performance and Identity in the Classical World''. Cambridge University Press. p. 164.</ref> baith upwart an dounwart, tae an extent that exceedit that o aw ither weel-documentit auncient societies.<ref>Reinhold, Meyer (2002) ''Studies in Classical History and Society''. Oxford University Press. pp. 25ff. and 42.</ref> Weemen, freedmen, an sclaves haed opportunities tae profit an exercise influence in weys previously less available tae them.<ref>[[#Boardman|Boardman]], p. 18.</ref> Social life in the Empire, pairteecularly for thae that's personal resoorces war leemitit, wis forder fostered bi a proleeferation o [[associations in Auncient Roum|voluntar associations]] an [[confraternity|confraternities]] (''[[collegium|collegia]]'' an ''[[Sodales|sodalitates]]'') formed for various purposes: perfessional an tred guilds, veterans' groups, releegious sodalities, drinkin an dinin clubs,<ref>[[#Peachin|Peachin]], pp. 17, 20.</ref> performing airts troupes,<ref>[[#Millar|Millar]], pp. 81–82</ref> an [[buirial society|buirial societies]].<ref>Carroll, Maureen (2006) ''Spirits of the Dead: Roman Funerary Commemoration in Western Europe''. Oxford University Press. pp. 45–46.</ref> ==Govrenment an militar== ===Central govrenment=== {{See also|Roman emperor}} The dominance o the emperor wis based on the consolidation o certaint pouers frae several republican offices, includin the inviolability o the [[Plebeian Tribune|tribunes o the fowk]] an the authority o the [[Roman Censors|censors]] tae manipulate the hierarchy o Roman society.<ref name="Abbott, 354">[[#Abbott|Abbott]], p. 354</ref> The emperor an aw made himsel the central releegious authority as [[Pontifex Maximus]], an centralised the richt tae declare war, ratifee treaties, an negotiate wi furrin leaders.<ref name="Abbott, 345">[[#Abbott|Abbott]], p. 345</ref> While thir functions war clearly defined in the [[Principate]], the emperor's pouers ower time becam less constitutional an mair monarchical, culminatin in the [[Dominate]].<ref name="Abbott, 341">[[#Abbott|Abbott]], p. 341</ref> ===Militar=== [[File:Roman Empire 125.png|thumb|upright=1.35|The Roman empire unner [[Hadrian]] (ruled 117–138) shawin the location o the Roman legions deployed in AD 125]] The sodgers o the Imperial Roman airmy war perfaisionals that volunteered for 20 year o active duty an five as reserves. The transeetion tae a perfaisional militar haed began in the late Republic, an wis ane o the mony profoond shifts awey frae republicanism, unner that an airmy o [[conscripts]] haed exercised thair responsibilities as ceetizens in defendin the hameland in a campaign against a specific threit. For Imperial Rome, the militar wis a full-time career in itsel.<ref>[[#Edmondson|Edmondson]], pp. 111–112.</ref> The primar mission o the Roman militar o the early empire wis tae preserve the [[Pax Romana]].<ref>Hekster, Olivier J. (2007) "Fighting for Rome: The Emperor as a Military Leader," in ''Impact of the Roman Army (200 BC–AD 476)''. Brill. p. 96.</ref> The three major divisions o the military war: * the gairison at Roum, that includes baith the [[Praetorian Gaird|Praetorians]] an the ''[[vigiles]]'' that functioned as polis an firefechters; * the provincial airmy, comprisin the [[Roman legions]] an the auxiliaries providit bi the provinces ''([[auxilia]]''); * the [[Roman navy|navy]]. ==Daily life== In the ceety o Rome, maist fowk leeved in multistory flats ''([[insulae]])'' that war eften dirty an nae sauf. Public facilities—sic as baths ''([[thermae]])'', toilets that war flushed wi rinnin watter ''(latrinae)'', conveniently locatit basins or elaborate foontains ''([[nymphaeum|nymphea]])'' deliveringfresh watter,<ref name=brenda>Longfellow, Brenda (2011) ''Roman Imperialism and Civic Patronage: Form, Meaning and Ideology in Monumental Fountain Complexes''. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–2. {{ISBN|0521194938}}</ref> an lairge-scale enterteenments siv as [[chariot races]] an [[gladiator|gladiator combat]]—war aimed primarily at the common fowk that leeved in the ''insulae''.<ref>Jones, Mark Wilson (2000) ''Principles of Roman Architecture.'' New Haven: Yale University Press.</ref> Seemilar facilities war constructit in ceeties ootthrou the Empire, an some o the best-preserved Roman structurs are in Spain, soothren Fraunce, an northren Africae. ===Fuid=== Maist flats in Roum lackit kitchens, tho a charcoal [[brazier]] coud be uised for rudimentary cuikery.<ref>[[#Stambaugh|Stambaugh]], pp. 144, 178</ref><ref>Hinds, Kathryn (2010) ''Everyday Life in the Roman Empire''. Marshall Cavendish. p. 90.</ref> Prepared fuid wis sauld at pubs an bars, inns, an fuid staws ''([[taberna]]e, cauponae, [[popina]]e, [[thermopolium|thermopolia]])''.<ref>[[#Holleran|Holleran]], p. 136ff.</ref> [[Cairyoot]] an restaurant dinin war for the lawer clesses; [[fine dinin]] coud be socht anly at preevat dinner pairties in a few hooses wi a [[chef]] ''(archimagirus)'' an trained kitchen staff,<ref>[[#Gagarin|Gagarin]], p. 299.</ref> or at banquets hostit bi social clubs ''([[collegium (auncient Roum)|collegia]])''.<ref>Faas, Patrick (1994, 2005) ''Around the Roman Table: Food and Feasting in Ancient Rome''. University of Chicago Press. p. 29.</ref> Maist fowk wad hae consumed at least 70% o thair daily [[calorie]]s in the form o cereals an [[legumes]].<ref name="Garnsey p. 681">[[#Boardman|Boardman]], p. 681.</ref> ''Puls'' ([[pottage]]) wis conseedert the aboreeginal fuid o the Romans.<ref>[[Pliny the Elder]], ''Natural History'' 19.83–84; Emily Gowers, ''The Loaded Table: Representation of Food in Roman Literature'' (Oxford University Press, 1993, 2003), p. 17</ref><ref>[[#Gagarin|Gagarin]], p. 198.</ref> The basic grain pottage coud be elaboratit wi chappit vegetables, bits o meat, cheese, or yerbs tae produce dishes seemilar tae [[polenta]] or [[risotto]].<ref>[[#Stambaugh|Stambaugh]], p. 144.</ref> ==Notes== {{reflist|group=n}} ==References== {{reflist}} ===Soorces=== {{refbegin|2}} * {{cite book |ref=Abbott|author = Abbott, Frank Frost |year=1901 |title=A History and Description of Roman Political Institutions |publisher=Elibron Classics |isbn=0-543-92749-0 |authorlink=Frank Frost Abbott}} * {{cite book|ref=Boardman|editor=Boardman, John |title=The Cambridge Ancient History: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2pPxAAAAMAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=Vol. 11|isbn=0521263352}} * {{cite book|ref=Edmondson|author=Edmondson, J.C. |chapter=Dynamic Arenas: Gladiatorial Presentations in the City of Rome and the Construction of Roman Society during the Early Empire|title=Roman Theater and Society|publisher=University of Michigan Press|year= 1996}} * {{cite book|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fj69DAEACAAJ|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-517072-6|editor=Gagarin, Michael|ref=Gagarin}} * {{cite book|ref=Holleran|author=Holleran, Claire |title=Shopping in Ancient Rome: The Retail Trade in the Late Republic and the Principate|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oO7NwmbyxwAC|date=2012|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-969821-9}} * {{cite book|last=Huzar|first=Eleanor Goltz|title=Mark Antony: a Biography|translator=|editor=|year=1978|orig-year=|location=Minneapolis|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|ISBN=0-8166-0863-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pos8_zvVYDUC|postscript=.}} * {{cite book|ref=Kelly|author=Kelly, Christopher |title=The Roman Empire: A Very Short Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_2900192803916|publisher=Oxford University Press|year= 2007|isbn=0192803913}} * {{cite journal|ref=Millar| doi=10.2307/300073 | jstor=300073 | title=Empire and City, Augustus to Julian: Obligations, Excuses and Status | journal=Journal of Roman Studies | volume=73 | pages=76 | year=2012 | last1=Millar | first1=Fergus }} * {{cite book|last=Mommsen|first=Theodore|title=The provinces of the Roman empire from Caesar to Diocletian|translator=William P. Dickson|editor=William P. Dickson|year=2005|orig-year=1909|location=Ann Arbor, Michigan|publisher=University of Michigan Library|ISBN=|url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/g/genpub/abq2762.0001.001/332?page=root;size=100;view=image|postscript=.}} * {{cite book|ref=Nicolet|author=Nicolet, Claude |title=Space, Geography, and Politics in the Early Roman Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7IQpCaCpQ1MC|year=1991|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=0-472-10096-3}} * {{cite book|ref=Peachin|editor=Peachin, Michael |title=The Oxford Handbook of Social Relations in the Roman World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RDSI1V12ueIC|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-518800-4}} * {{cite book|ref=Potter2009|editor=Potter, David S. |title=A Companion to the Roman Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g4ZmqsyC5kEC|date=2009|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4051-9918-6}} * {{cite book|ref=Stambaugh|author=Stambaugh, John E. |title=The Ancient Roman City|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k0mZufizhH0C|date=1988|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-0-8018-3692-3}} * {{cite book|last=Sullivan|first=Richard, D.|title=Near Eastern Royalty and Rome, 100-30 BC|translator=|editor=|year=1990|orig-year=|location=Toronto|publisher=University of Toronto Press|ISBN=0-8020-2682-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IDU5DwAAQBAJ|postscript=.}} * {{cite book|ref=Winterling|author=Winterling, Aloys |title=Politics and Society in Imperial Rome|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_35eZH6_vT8C|date=2009|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4051-7969-0}} {{refend}} {{Commonscat|Roman Empire}} [[Category:Roman Empire|Roman Empire]] [[Category:Auncient Italian history]] [[Category:Umwhile kintras on the Italian Peninsula]] [[Category:Umwhile kintras in Asie]] [[Category:States o Auncient Africae]] [[Category:Superpouers]] [[Category:20s BC establishments in the Roman Empire|*]] [[Category:27 BC establishments]] [[Category:1st-century BC establishments in Italy]] [[Category:States an territories established in the 1st century BC]] [[Category:States an territories disestablished in the 5t century]] [[Category:476 disestablishments in the Roman Empire|*]] [[Category:470s disestablishments in Europe]] [[Category:5t-century disestablishments in Italy]] [[Category:1453 disestablishments in Europe]] 15zfr44wrk3s7u0y3531xe3ai0zeitt 925380 925379 2026-10-27T01:48:31Z Codename Noreste 104318 Vandalism. 925380 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox former country | conventional_long_name = Roman Empire | common_name = Roman Empire | native_name = {{unbulleted list |item3_style=font-size:80%;padding-top:0.15em;line-height:1.15em | {{native phrase|la|Imperium Romanum}} | '''''{{lang|la|Senatus Populusque Romanus}}''''' ([[SPQR]])<br />{{smaller|{{nobold|Roman [[Senate o the Roman Republic|Senate]] an Fowk}}<ref group="n">Ither weys o referrin tae the "Roman Empire" amang the Romans an Greeks themselves includit ''{{lang|la|Res publica Romana}}'' or ''{{lang|la|Imperium Romanorum}}'' (an aa in Greek: {{lang|grc|Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων}} – {{grc-tr|Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων}} – ["Dominion (Leeterally 'kinrick' but an aa interpretit as 'empire') o the Romans"]) an ''Romania''. ''{{lang|la|Res publica}}'' means Roman "commonweel" <!--?: Usually,--> an can refer to baith the Republican an the Imperial eras. ''{{lang|la|Imperium Romanum}}'' (or ''{{lang|la|Romanorum}}'') refers tae the territorial extent o Roman authority. ''{{lang|la|Populus Romanus}}'' ("the Roman fowk") wis/is eften uised [[Metonym|tae indicate the Roman state]] in matters involvin ither naitions. The term ''Romania'', ineetially a colloquial term for the empire's territory as well as a [[Collective noon|collective name]] for its indwallers, appears in Greek an Laitin soorces frae the 4t century onwart an wis eventually carried ower tae the [[Eastren Roman Empire]] (see R. L. Wolff, "Romania: The Latin Empire of Constantinople" in ''Speculum'' 23 (1948), pp. 1–34 an especially pp. 2–3).</ref>}} | {{native phrase|grc|Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων|italics=off}}<br />{{smaller|{{transl|grc|''Basileía Rhōmaíōn''}}}} }} | continent=Eurasie |region=[[Mediterranean Basin|Mediterranean]] |status=Empire | life_span = {{line-height|1.3em|{{nowrap|27  BC  – 395  AD}}<br />{{nowrap|395 – 480 {{small|{{nobold|([[Wastren Roman Empire|Wastren]])}}}}}}<br />{{nowrap|395}} – 1453 {{small|{{nobold|([[Eastren Roman Empire|Eastren]])}}}}}} | p1=Roman Republic |image_p1=[[File:Consul et lictores.png|30px|link=Roman Republic]] | s1=Wastren Roman Empire |image_s1=[[File:Julius Nepos Tremissis.jpg|30px|link=Wastren Roman Empire]] | s2=Eastren Roman Empire |image_s2=[[File:Constantine multiple CdM Beistegui 233.jpg|30px|link=Byzantine Empire]] | image_coat=Augustus Aureus infobox version.png | symbol_type = ''[[Aureus]]'' o [[Augustus]] | image_flag = Vexilloid of the Roman Empire.svg | flag_border = no | flag_size = 100px | flag_type = [[Vexilloid]] | image_map = Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png | image_map_caption = The Roman Empire in 117 AD, at its greatest extent at the time o [[Trajan]]'s daith (its [[vassal]]s in pink).<ref>{{cite book|author=Bennett, Julian |title=Trajan: Optimus Princeps : a Life and Times|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qk_tofvS8EsC|year=1997|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-16524-2}}. Fig. 1. Regions east o the [[Euphrates]] river war held anerly in the years 116–117.</ref> | capital = [[Roum]] (27 BC – AD 410)<br> [[Mediolanum]] (286–402, [[Wastren Roman Empire|Wastren]])<br> [[Augusta Treverorum]] <br> [[Sirmium]] <br> [[Ravenna]] (402–476, Wastren)<br> [[Nicomedia]] (286–330, [[Eastren Roman Empire|Eastren]])<br> [[Constantinople]] (330–1453, Eastren)<br> [[Syracuse, Sicily|Syracuse]] (663–669, Eastren) | common_languages = {{plainlist}} * [[Laitin]] <small>(offeecial till 610)</small> * [[Greek leid|Greek]] <small>(offeecial efter 610)</small> * [[Leids o the Roman Empire|Regional{{\}}local leids]] | religion = {{unbulleted list | {{longitem|{{small|Afore AD 380''':'''}} [[Imperial cult (auncient Roum)|Imperial cult]]-driven [[Releegion in auncient Rome|polytheism]]}} | {{small|Frae AD 380''':'''}} [[State kirk o the Roman Empire|Christianity]] }} | government_type = [[Mixed govrenment|Mixed]], functionally [[absolute monarchy]] | title_leader = [[Roman emperor#Titles an poseetions|Emperor]] | year_leader1 = {{nowrap|27  BC  – AD 14}} |leader1 = [[Augustus]] {{smaller|(first)}} | year_leader2 = 98–117 |leader2 = [[Trajan]] | year_leader3 = 284–305 |leader3 = [[Diocletian]] | year_leader4 = 306–337 |leader4 = [[Constantine I]] | year_leader5 = 379–395 |leader5 = [[Theodosius I]]<ref group="n">The final emperor tae rule ower aw o the Roman Empire's territories afore its conversion tae a diarchy.</ref> | year_leader6 = 474–480 |leader6 = [[Julius Nepos]]<ref group="n">Offeecially the final emperor o the Wastren empire.</ref> | year_leader7 = 527–565 |leader7 = [[Justinian I]] | year_leader8 = 976–1025 |leader8 = [[Basil II]] | year_leader9 = 1449–1453 |leader9 = [[Constantine XI Palaiologos|Constantine XI]]<ref group="n">Last emperor o the Eastren (Byzantine) empire.</ref> | legislature = [[Senate o the Roman Empire|Senate]] | era = [[Clessical era]] tae [[Late Middle Ages]] | date_pre = 32–30 BC |event_pre = [[Final War o the Roman Republic|Final War o the<br />Roman Republic]] | year_start = 30–2 BC |event_start = [[Constitutional reforms o Augustus|Empire established]] | date_event1 = 330 |event1 = [[Constantinople#306–337|Constantinople]]<br />becomes capital | date_event2 = 395 |event2 = {{nowrap|[[Wastren Roman Empire#Final diveesion|Final]] [[Greek East an Laitin Wast|East Wast]] divide}} | date_event3 = 476 |event3 = [[Faw o the Wastren Roman Empire]] | date_event4 = 1202–1204 |event4 = [[Fowert Crusade]] |date_event5 = 1261 |event5 = Reconquest o Constantinople | year_end = 1453 |date_end=29 May |event_end=[[Faw o Constantinople]] | stat_year1 = 25 BC<ref name="size">{{cite journal |journal=Social Science History |title=Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D |first=Rein |last=Taagepera |volume=3 |issue=3/4 |year=1979 |page=125|doi=10.2307/1170959|jstor=1170959|publisher=Duke University Press |authorlink=Rein Taagepera}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| doi=10.2307/1971891 | jstor=1971891 | title=Historical Estimates of World Population: An Evaluation | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_population-and-development-review_1977-09_3_3/page/253 | journal=Population and Development Review | volume=3 | issue=3 | pages=253 | year=1977 | last1=Durand | first1=John D. }}</ref> |stat_area1 = 2750000 |stat_pop1 = 56800000 | stat_year2 = AD 117<ref name="size"/><ref name="cliodynamics.info">{{cite journal|last1=Turchin|first1=Peter|last2=Adams|first2=Jonathan M.|last3=Hall|first3=Thomas D|title=East-West Orientation of Historical Empires|journal=Journal of world-systems research|date=2006|volume=12|issue=2|page=222|url=http://peterturchin.com/PDF/Turchin_Adams_Hall_2006.pdf|accessdate=6 February 2016|issn=1076-156X|archive-date=2016-05-17|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160517210851/http://peterturchin.com/PDF/Turchin_Adams_Hall_2006.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>|stat_area2 = 5000000 |stat_pop2 = | stat_year3 = AD 390<ref name="size"/> |stat_area3 = 4400000 |stat_pop3 = | currency = [[Sestertius]],<ref group="n">Abbreviatit "HS". Prices an values are uisually expressed in sesterces.</ref> [[Aureus]], [[Solidus (cunyie)|Solidus]], [[Solidus (cunyie)|Nomisma]] }} The '''Roman Empire''' (or '''Impire''') wis a gey muckle [[empire]] wi its caipital in [[Roum]], ringed ower bi an [[emperor]]. The first [[emperor]] o Rome wis [[Augustus|Octavian]], efter cried Augustus, frae the year [[27 BC]]. Afore that, Rome haed been a [[republic]] ringed ower bi a cooncil cried the "[[Roman Senate|Senate]]". The Roman Empire wis maist muckle whan ringed ower bi [[Trajan]] ben the year 117. Efter him, [[Hadrian]] shapit it less muckle, an shapit [[Hadrian's waw]] ben the nor o Ingland. Mony modren kintras are on land that wis aince pairt o the Roman Empire, includin [[Ingland]], [[Spain]], [[Portugal]], [[Fraunce]], [[Italy]], [[Greece]], [[Turkey]], [[Germany]], [[Egyp]], an the north coast o [[Africae]]. The leid o the Roman Empire wis [[Laitin]]. The wastren pairt o the Roman Empire conteena'd for nearhaund 1000 year, an the eastren pairt, includin [[Greece]] an [[Turkey]], conteena'd for aboot a thoosand year mair. The eastren pairt wis cried the [[Byzantine Empire]] - fer the auld name o the kintra - wi a caipital at [[Constantinople]]. ==History== [[File:Statue-Augustus.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Augustus o Prima Porta]]''<br />(early 1st century AD)]] Roum haed began expandin shortly efter the foondin o the republic in the 6t century BC, tho it did nae expand ootside the [[Italian Peninsula]] till the 3rd century BC. Then, it wis an "empire" lang afore it haed an emperor.<ref>[[#Kelly|Kelly]], pp. 4ff.</ref><ref name=n1>[[#Nicolet|Nicolet]], pp. 1, 15</ref><ref>Brennan, T. Corey (2000) ''The Praetorship in the Roman Republic''. Oxford University Press. p. 605.</ref><ref>[[#Peachin|Peachin]], pp. 39–40.</ref> The Roman Republic wis nae a naition-state in the modren sense, but a network o touns left tae rule themsels (tho wi varyin degrees o unthirldom frae the [[Roman Senate]]) an provinces admeenistert bi militar commanders. It wis ruled, nae bi emperors, but bi annually electit [[Roman magistrate|magistrates]] ([[Roman Consul]]s abuin aw) in conjunction wi the senate.<ref name="Ando p. 179">[[#Potter2009|Potter (2009)]], p. 179.</ref> For various raisons, the 1st century BC wis a time o poleetical an militar upheaval, that ultimately led tae rule bi emperors.<ref name=n1/><ref name=Hekster>Hekster, Olivier and Kaizer, Ted (2011). Preface to ''Frontiers in the Roman World. Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire (Durhan, 16–19 April 2009)''. Brill. p. viii.</ref><ref>[[Andrew Lintott|Lintott, Andrew]] (1999) ''The Constitution of the Roman Republic''. Oxford University Press. p. 114</ref><ref>Eder, W. (1993) "The Augustan Principate as Binding Link," in ''Between Republic and Empire''. University of California Press. p. 98. {{ISBN|0520084470}}.</ref> The consuls' militar pouer restit in the Roman legal concept o ''[[imperium]]'', that leeterally means "command" (tho teepically in a militar sense).<ref>Richardson, John (2011) "''Fines provinciae''", in ''Frontiers in the Roman World''. Brill. p. 10.</ref> Occasionally, successfu consuls wad gien the honourar teetle ''[[imperator]]'' (commander), an this is the oreegin o the wird ''emperor'' (an ''empire'') syne this teetle (amang ithers) wis ayeweys bestowed tae the early emperors upon thair accession.<ref>Richardson, John (2011) "''Fines provinciae''", in ''Frontiers in the Roman World''. Brill. pp. 1–2.</ref> Rome suffered a lang series o internal conflicts, conspeeracies an [[Roman ceevil wars|ceevil wars]] frae the late seicont century BC onwart, while greatly extendin its pouer ayont Italy. This wus the period o the [[Creesis o the Roman Republic]]. Taewart the end o this era, in 44 BC, [[Julius Caesar]] wis briefly perpetual [[Roman dictator|dictator]] afore bein [[Assassination o Julius Caesar|assassinatit]]. The faction o his assassins wis driven frae Roum an defeatit at the [[Battle o Philippi]] in 42 BC bi an airmy led bi [[Mark Antony]] an Caesar's adoptit son [[Augustus|Octavian]]. Antony an Octavian's diveesion o the Roman warld atween themsels did nae last an Octavian's forces defeatit thae o Antony an [[Cleopatra]] at the [[Battle o Actium]] in 31 BC. In 27 BC the [[Senate an Fowk o Roum]] made Octavian ''[[princeps]]'' ("first ceetizen") wi [[proconsul]]ar ''[[imperium]]'', sicweys beginnin the [[Principate]] (the first epoch o Roman imperial history, uisually datit frae 27 BC tae AD 284), an gae him the name "[[Augustus (honoureefic)|Augustus]]" ("the veneratit"). Tho the auld constitutional machinery remeened in place, Augustus cam tae predominate it. Awtho the republic stuid in name, contemporaries o Augustus knew it wis juist a veil an that Augustus haed aw meaninfu authority in Roum.<ref>Syme, Ronald (1939) ''The Roman Revolution''. Oford: Oxford University Press. pp. 3–4.</ref> Syne his rule endit a century o ceevil wars an begoud an unprecedentit period o peace an prosperity, he wis sae luved that he cam tae hauld the pouer o a monarch ''[[de facto]]'' if nae ''[[de jure]]''. In the years o his rule, a new constitutional order emerged (in pairt organically an in pairt bi design), sae that, upon his daith, this new constitutional order operatit as afore whan [[Tiberius]] wis acceptit as the new emperor. The 200 year that begoud wi Augustus's rule is tradeetionally regairdit as the ''[[Pax Romana]]'' ("Roman Peace"). In this period, the cohesion o the empire wis fordered bi a degree o social stability an economic prosperity that Roum haed niver afore experienced. Uprisins in the provinces war infrequent, but pit doun "mercilessly an swiftly" whan thay occurred.<ref>Boatwright, Mary T. (2000) ''Hadrian and the Cities of the Roman Empire''. Princeton University Press. p. 4.</ref> The saxty years o [[Jewish–Roman wars]] in the seicont hauf o the 1st century an the first hauf o the 2nt century war exceptional in thair duration an veeolence.<ref>[[#Potter2009|Potter (2009)]], p. 571.</ref> The success o Augustus in establishin principles o dynastic succession wis leemitit bi his ootleevin a nummer o talentit potential heirs. The [[Julio-Claudian dynasty]] lastit for fower mair emperors—[[Tiberius]], [[Caligula]], [[Claudius]] an [[Nero]]—afore it yieldit in 69 AD tae the strife-torn [[Year o Fower Emperors]], frae which [[Vespasian]] emerged as veector. Vespasian becam the foonder o the brief [[Flavian dynasty]], tae be follaed bi the [[Nerva–Antonine dynasty]] that produced the "[[Five Good Emperors]]": [[Nerva]], [[Trajan]], [[Hadrian]], [[Antoninus Pius]] an the filosofically-inclined [[Marcus Aurelius]]. In the view o the Greek historian [[Dio Cassius]], a contemporary observer, the accession o the emperor [[Commodus]] in 180 AD merkit the strynd "frae a kinrick o gowd tae ane o roust an airn".<ref>Dio Cassius [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/72*.html#36 72.36.4], Loeb edeetion translatit E. Cary</ref> In 212, in the ring o [[Caracalla]], [[Roman ceetizenship]] wis grantit tae aw freeborn indwallers o the empire. But despite this gestur o universality, the [[Severan dynasty]] wis camsteirie—an emperor's ring wis endit routinely bi his murther or execution—an, follaein its collapse, the Roman Empire wis engulfed bi the [[Creesis o the Third Century]], a period o invasions, ceevil strife, economic disorder, an plague.<ref>Brown, P., The World of Late Antiquity, London 1971, p. 22.</ref> In definin [[periodisation|historical epochs]], this creesis is whiles viewed as merkin the transeetion frae [[Clessical Antiquity]] tae [[Late Antiquity]]. [[Aurelian]] (reigned 270–275) brocht the empire back frae the brink an stabilised it. [[Diocletian]] completit the wirk o fully restorin the empire, but declined the role o ''princeps'' an becam the first emperor tae be addressed regularly as ''domine'', "master" or "laird".<ref>Adrian Goldsworth, ''How Rome Fell: Death of a Superpower'' (Yale University Press, 2009), pp. 405–415.</ref> This merked the end o the [[Principate]], an the beginnin o the [[Dominate]]. Diocletian dividit the empire intae fower regions, ilk ruled bi a separate emperor, the [[Tetrarchy]].<ref>Potter, David. The Roman Empire at Bay. 296–98.</ref> Confident that he fixed the disorders that war plaguin Roum, he abdicatit alang wi his co-emperor, an the Tetrarchy suin collapsed. Order wis eventually restored bi [[Constantine the Great]], that becam the first emperor tae convert tae [[Christianity]], an that established [[Constantinople]] as the new caipital o the eastren empire. In the decades o the [[Constantinian dynasty|Constantinian]] an [[Valentinian dynasty|Valentinian dynasties]], the empire wis dividit alang an east–wast axis, wi dual pouer centres in Constantinople an Roum. The ring o [[Julian (emperor)|Julian]], that attemptit tae restore [[Releegion in auncient Roum|Clessical Roman]] an [[Hellenistic releegion]], anly briefly interruptit the succession o Christian emperors. [[Theodosius I]], the last emperor tae rule ower baith East an Wast, dee'd in 395 AD efter makkin Christianity the [[State kirk o the Roman Empire|offeecial releegion]] o the empire.<ref>Starr, Chester G. (1974) ''A History of the Ancient World, Second Edition.'' Oxford University Press. pp. 670–678.</ref> The [[Wastren Roman Empire]] begoud tae [[Faw o the Wastren Roman Empire|disintegrate]] in the early 5t century. The empire in the East—eften kent as the [[Byzantine Empire]], but referred tae in its time as the Roman Empire or bi various ither names—haed a different fate. It survived for awmaist a millennium efter the faw o its [[Wastren Roman Empire|Wastren coonterpairt]] an becam the maist stable Christian [[realm]] in the Middle Ages. ==Society== The Roman Empire wis remerkably multicultural, wi "a rather astonishing cohesive capacity" tae creaut a sense o shared identity while encompassin diverse fowks within its poleetical seestem ower a lang span o time.<ref>[[#Peachin|Peachin]], p. 12.</ref> The Roman attention tae creautin public monuments an communal spaces appen tae aw—sic as [[Forum (Roman)|forums]], [[Leet o Roman amphitheatres|amphitheatres]], [[circus (biggin)|racetracks]] an [[thermae|baths]]—helped foster a sense o "Romanness".<ref>[[#Peachin|Peachin]], p. 16.</ref> Roman society haed multiple, owerlappin social hierarchies that modren concepts o "cless" mey nae represent accurately.<ref>[[#Peachin|Peachin]], p. 9.</ref> The twz decades o ceevil war frae that Augustus rose tae sole pouer left tradeetional society in Roum in a state o confuision an upheaval,<ref name=Garnsey>Garnsey, Peter and Saller, Richard (1987) ''The Roman Empire: Economy, Society and Culture''. University of California Press. pp. 107–111.</ref> but did nae effect an immediate [[redistribution o walth]] an social pouer. Frae the perspective o the lawer clesses, a peak wis merely addit tae the social pyramid.<ref>Noreña, Carlos F. (2011) ''Imperial Ideals in the Roman West: Representation, Circulation, Power''. Cambridge University Press. p. 7.</ref> Personal relationships—[[Patronage in auncient Roum|patronage]], friendship ''(amicitia)'', faimily, [[Mairiage in auncient Roum|mairiage]]—conteena'd tae influence the wirkins o politics an govrenment, as thay haed in the Republic.<ref>[[#Peachin|Peachin]], pp. 4–5.</ref> Bi the time o [[Nero]], houiver, it wis nae unusual tae find a umwhile sclave that wis richer nor a freeborn ceetizen, or an [[equestrian order|equestrian]] that exercised greater pouer nor a senator.<ref>[[#Winterling|Winterling]], pp. 11, 21.</ref> The blurrin or diffuision o the Republic's mair rigid hierarchies led tae increased [[social mobility]] unner the Empire,<ref>Saller, Richard P. (1982, 2002) ''Personal Patronage under the Early Empire''. Cambridge University Press. pp. 123, 176, 183</ref><ref>Duncan, Anne (2006) ''Performance and Identity in the Classical World''. Cambridge University Press. p. 164.</ref> baith upwart an dounwart, tae an extent that exceedit that o aw ither weel-documentit auncient societies.<ref>Reinhold, Meyer (2002) ''Studies in Classical History and Society''. Oxford University Press. pp. 25ff. and 42.</ref> Weemen, freedmen, an sclaves haed opportunities tae profit an exercise influence in weys previously less available tae them.<ref>[[#Boardman|Boardman]], p. 18.</ref> Social life in the Empire, pairteecularly for thae that's personal resoorces war leemitit, wis forder fostered bi a proleeferation o [[associations in Auncient Roum|voluntar associations]] an [[confraternity|confraternities]] (''[[collegium|collegia]]'' an ''[[Sodales|sodalitates]]'') formed for various purposes: perfessional an tred guilds, veterans' groups, releegious sodalities, drinkin an dinin clubs,<ref>[[#Peachin|Peachin]], pp. 17, 20.</ref> performing airts troupes,<ref>[[#Millar|Millar]], pp. 81–82</ref> an [[buirial society|buirial societies]].<ref>Carroll, Maureen (2006) ''Spirits of the Dead: Roman Funerary Commemoration in Western Europe''. Oxford University Press. pp. 45–46.</ref> ==Govrenment an militar== ===Central govrenment=== {{See also|Roman emperor}} The dominance o the emperor wis based on the consolidation o certaint pouers frae several republican offices, includin the inviolability o the [[Plebeian Tribune|tribunes o the fowk]] an the authority o the [[Roman Censors|censors]] tae manipulate the hierarchy o Roman society.<ref name="Abbott, 354">[[#Abbott|Abbott]], p. 354</ref> The emperor an aw made himsel the central releegious authority as [[Pontifex Maximus]], an centralised the richt tae declare war, ratifee treaties, an negotiate wi furrin leaders.<ref name="Abbott, 345">[[#Abbott|Abbott]], p. 345</ref> While thir functions war clearly defined in the [[Principate]], the emperor's pouers ower time becam less constitutional an mair monarchical, culminatin in the [[Dominate]].<ref name="Abbott, 341">[[#Abbott|Abbott]], p. 341</ref> ===Militar=== [[File:Roman Empire 125.png|thumb|upright=1.35|The Roman empire unner [[Hadrian]] (ruled 117–138) shawin the location o the Roman legions deployed in AD 125]] The sodgers o the Imperial Roman airmy war perfaisionals that volunteered for 20 year o active duty an five as reserves. The transeetion tae a perfaisional militar haed began in the late Republic, an wis ane o the mony profoond shifts awey frae republicanism, unner that an airmy o [[conscripts]] haed exercised thair responsibilities as ceetizens in defendin the hameland in a campaign against a specific threit. For Imperial Rome, the militar wis a full-time career in itsel.<ref>[[#Edmondson|Edmondson]], pp. 111–112.</ref> The primar mission o the Roman militar o the early empire wis tae preserve the [[Pax Romana]].<ref>Hekster, Olivier J. (2007) "Fighting for Rome: The Emperor as a Military Leader," in ''Impact of the Roman Army (200 BC–AD 476)''. Brill. p. 96.</ref> The three major divisions o the military war: * the gairison at Roum, that includes baith the [[Praetorian Gaird|Praetorians]] an the ''[[vigiles]]'' that functioned as polis an firefechters; * the provincial airmy, comprisin the [[Roman legions]] an the auxiliaries providit bi the provinces ''([[auxilia]]''); * the [[Roman navy|navy]]. ==Daily life== In the ceety o Rome, maist fowk leeved in multistory flats ''([[insulae]])'' that war eften dirty an nae sauf. Public facilities—sic as baths ''([[thermae]])'', toilets that war flushed wi rinnin watter ''(latrinae)'', conveniently locatit basins or elaborate foontains ''([[nymphaeum|nymphea]])'' deliveringfresh watter,<ref name=brenda>Longfellow, Brenda (2011) ''Roman Imperialism and Civic Patronage: Form, Meaning and Ideology in Monumental Fountain Complexes''. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–2. {{ISBN|0521194938}}</ref> an lairge-scale enterteenments siv as [[chariot races]] an [[gladiator|gladiator combat]]—war aimed primarily at the common fowk that leeved in the ''insulae''.<ref>Jones, Mark Wilson (2000) ''Principles of Roman Architecture.'' New Haven: Yale University Press.</ref> Seemilar facilities war constructit in ceeties ootthrou the Empire, an some o the best-preserved Roman structurs are in Spain, soothren Fraunce, an northren Africae. ===Fuid=== Maist flats in Roum lackit kitchens, tho a charcoal [[brazier]] coud be uised for rudimentary cuikery.<ref>[[#Stambaugh|Stambaugh]], pp. 144, 178</ref><ref>Hinds, Kathryn (2010) ''Everyday Life in the Roman Empire''. Marshall Cavendish. p. 90.</ref> Prepared fuid wis sauld at pubs an bars, inns, an fuid staws ''([[taberna]]e, cauponae, [[popina]]e, [[thermopolium|thermopolia]])''.<ref>[[#Holleran|Holleran]], p. 136ff.</ref> [[Cairyoot]] an restaurant dinin war for the lawer clesses; [[fine dinin]] coud be socht anly at preevat dinner pairties in a few hooses wi a [[chef]] ''(archimagirus)'' an trained kitchen staff,<ref>[[#Gagarin|Gagarin]], p. 299.</ref> or at banquets hostit bi social clubs ''([[collegium (auncient Roum)|collegia]])''.<ref>Faas, Patrick (1994, 2005) ''Around the Roman Table: Food and Feasting in Ancient Rome''. University of Chicago Press. p. 29.</ref> Maist fowk wad hae consumed at least 70% o thair daily [[calorie]]s in the form o cereals an [[legumes]].<ref name="Garnsey p. 681">[[#Boardman|Boardman]], p. 681.</ref> ''Puls'' ([[pottage]]) wis conseedert the aboreeginal fuid o the Romans.<ref>[[Pliny the Elder]], ''Natural History'' 19.83–84; Emily Gowers, ''The Loaded Table: Representation of Food in Roman Literature'' (Oxford University Press, 1993, 2003), p. 17</ref><ref>[[#Gagarin|Gagarin]], p. 198.</ref> The basic grain pottage coud be elaboratit wi chappit vegetables, bits o meat, cheese, or yerbs tae produce dishes seemilar tae [[polenta]] or [[risotto]].<ref>[[#Stambaugh|Stambaugh]], p. 144.</ref> ==Notes== {{reflist|group=n}} ==References== {{reflist}} ===Soorces=== {{refbegin|2}} * {{cite book |ref=Abbott|author = Abbott, Frank Frost |year=1901 |title=A History and Description of Roman Political Institutions |publisher=Elibron Classics |isbn=0-543-92749-0 |authorlink=Frank Frost Abbott}} * {{cite book|ref=Boardman|editor=Boardman, John |title=The Cambridge Ancient History: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2pPxAAAAMAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=Vol. 11|isbn=0521263352}} * {{cite book|ref=Edmondson|author=Edmondson, J.C. |chapter=Dynamic Arenas: Gladiatorial Presentations in the City of Rome and the Construction of Roman Society during the Early Empire|title=Roman Theater and Society|publisher=University of Michigan Press|year= 1996}} * {{cite book|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fj69DAEACAAJ|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-517072-6|editor=Gagarin, Michael|ref=Gagarin}} * {{cite book|ref=Holleran|author=Holleran, Claire |title=Shopping in Ancient Rome: The Retail Trade in the Late Republic and the Principate|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oO7NwmbyxwAC|date=2012|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-969821-9}} * {{cite book|last=Huzar|first=Eleanor Goltz|title=Mark Antony: a Biography|translator=|editor=|year=1978|orig-year=|location=Minneapolis|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|ISBN=0-8166-0863-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pos8_zvVYDUC|postscript=.}} * {{cite book|ref=Kelly|author=Kelly, Christopher |title=The Roman Empire: A Very Short Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_2900192803916|publisher=Oxford University Press|year= 2007|isbn=0192803913}} * {{cite journal|ref=Millar| doi=10.2307/300073 | jstor=300073 | title=Empire and City, Augustus to Julian: Obligations, Excuses and Status | journal=Journal of Roman Studies | volume=73 | pages=76 | year=2012 | last1=Millar | first1=Fergus }} * {{cite book|last=Mommsen|first=Theodore|title=The provinces of the Roman empire from Caesar to Diocletian|translator=William P. Dickson|editor=William P. Dickson|year=2005|orig-year=1909|location=Ann Arbor, Michigan|publisher=University of Michigan Library|ISBN=|url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/g/genpub/abq2762.0001.001/332?page=root;size=100;view=image|postscript=.}} * {{cite book|ref=Nicolet|author=Nicolet, Claude |title=Space, Geography, and Politics in the Early Roman Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7IQpCaCpQ1MC|year=1991|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=0-472-10096-3}} * {{cite book|ref=Peachin|editor=Peachin, Michael |title=The Oxford Handbook of Social Relations in the Roman World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RDSI1V12ueIC|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-518800-4}} * {{cite book|ref=Potter2009|editor=Potter, David S. |title=A Companion to the Roman Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g4ZmqsyC5kEC|date=2009|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4051-9918-6}} * {{cite book|ref=Stambaugh|author=Stambaugh, John E. |title=The Ancient Roman City|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k0mZufizhH0C|date=1988|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-0-8018-3692-3}} * {{cite book|last=Sullivan|first=Richard, D.|title=Near Eastern Royalty and Rome, 100-30 BC|translator=|editor=|year=1990|orig-year=|location=Toronto|publisher=University of Toronto Press|ISBN=0-8020-2682-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IDU5DwAAQBAJ|postscript=.}} * {{cite book|ref=Winterling|author=Winterling, Aloys |title=Politics and Society in Imperial Rome|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_35eZH6_vT8C|date=2009|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4051-7969-0}} {{refend}} {{Commonscat|Roman Empire}} [[Category:Roman Empire|Roman Empire]] [[Category:Auncient Italian history]] [[Category:Umwhile kintras on the Italian Peninsula]] [[Category:Umwhile kintras in Asie]] [[Category:States o Auncient Africae]] [[Category:Superpouers]] [[Category:20s BC establishments in the Roman Empire|*]] [[Category:27 BC establishments]] [[Category:1st-century BC establishments in Italy]] [[Category:States an territories established in the 1st century BC]] [[Category:States an territories disestablished in the 5t century]] [[Category:476 disestablishments in the Roman Empire|*]] [[Category:470s disestablishments in Europe]] [[Category:5t-century disestablishments in Italy]] [[Category:1453 disestablishments in Europe]] jnicmcj9purceeff4mlmvlwtmvonzfm 925381 925380 2026-10-27T01:50:20Z ~2026-57262-14 139337 me obv 925381 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox former country | conventional_long_name = Haru's Roman Empire😎😎😎😎 | common_name = Haru's Roman Empire😎😎😎😎 | native_name = {{unbulleted list |item3_style=font-size:80%;padding-top:0.15em;line-height:1.15em | {{native phrase|la|Imperium of Jack}} | '''''{{lang|la|Senatus Populusque Romanus}}''''' ([[SPQR]])<br />{{smaller|{{nobold|Roman [[Senate o the Roman Republic|Senate]] an Fowk}}<ref group="n">Ither weys o referrin tae the "Roman Empire" amang the Romans an Greeks themselves includit ''{{lang|la|Res publica Romana}}'' or ''{{lang|la|Imperium Romanorum}}'' (an aa in Greek: {{lang|grc|Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων}} – {{grc-tr|Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων}} – ["Dominion (Leeterally 'kinrick' but an aa interpretit as 'empire') o the Romans"]) an ''Romania''. ''{{lang|la|Res publica}}'' means Roman "commonweel" <!--?: Usually,--> an can refer to baith the Republican an the Imperial eras. ''{{lang|la|Imperium Romanum}}'' (or ''{{lang|la|Romanorum}}'') refers tae the territorial extent o Roman authority. ''{{lang|la|Populus Romanus}}'' ("the Roman fowk") wis/is eften uised [[Metonym|tae indicate the Roman state]] in matters involvin ither naitions. The term ''Romania'', ineetially a colloquial term for the empire's territory as well as a [[Collective noon|collective name]] for its indwallers, appears in Greek an Laitin soorces frae the 4t century onwart an wis eventually carried ower tae the [[Eastren Roman Empire]] (see R. L. Wolff, "Romania: The Latin Empire of Constantinople" in ''Speculum'' 23 (1948), pp. 1–34 an especially pp. 2–3).</ref>}} | {{native phrase|grc|Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων|italics=off}}<br />{{smaller|{{transl|grc|''Basileía Rhōmaíōn''}}}} }} | continent=Eurasie |region=[[Mediterranean Basin|Mediterranean]] |status=Empire | life_span = {{line-height|1.3em|{{nowrap|27  BC  – 395  AD}}<br />{{nowrap|395 – 480 {{small|{{nobold|([[Wastren Roman Empire|Wastren]])}}}}}}<br />{{nowrap|395}} – 1453 {{small|{{nobold|([[Eastren Roman Empire|Eastren]])}}}}}} | p1=Roman Republic |image_p1=[[File:Consul et lictores.png|30px|link=Roman Republic]] | s1=Wastren Roman Empire |image_s1=[[File:Julius Nepos Tremissis.jpg|30px|link=Wastren Roman Empire]] | s2=Eastren Roman Empire |image_s2=[[File:Constantine multiple CdM Beistegui 233.jpg|30px|link=Byzantine Empire]] | image_coat=Augustus Aureus infobox version.png | symbol_type = ''[[Aureus]]'' o [[Augustus]] | image_flag = Vexilloid of the Roman Empire.svg | flag_border = no | flag_size = 100px | flag_type = [[Vexilloid]] | image_map = Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png | image_map_caption = The Roman Empire in 117 AD, at its greatest extent at the time o [[Trajan]]'s daith (its [[vassal]]s in pink).<ref>{{cite book|author=Bennett, Julian |title=Trajan: Optimus Princeps : a Life and Times|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qk_tofvS8EsC|year=1997|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-16524-2}}. Fig. 1. Regions east o the [[Euphrates]] river war held anerly in the years 116–117.</ref> | capital = [[Roum]] (27 BC – AD 410)<br> [[Mediolanum]] (286–402, [[Wastren Roman Empire|Wastren]])<br> [[Augusta Treverorum]] <br> [[Sirmium]] <br> [[Ravenna]] (402–476, Wastren)<br> [[Nicomedia]] (286–330, [[Eastren Roman Empire|Eastren]])<br> [[Constantinople]] (330–1453, Eastren)<br> [[Syracuse, Sicily|Syracuse]] (663–669, Eastren) | common_languages = {{plainlist}} * [[Laitin]] <small>(offeecial till 610)</small> * [[Greek leid|Greek]] <small>(offeecial efter 610)</small> * [[Leids o the Roman Empire|Regional{{\}}local leids]] | religion = {{unbulleted list | {{longitem|{{small|Afore AD 380''':'''}} [[Imperial cult (auncient Roum)|Imperial cult]]-driven [[Releegion in auncient Rome|polytheism]]}} | {{small|Frae AD 380''':'''}} [[State kirk o the Roman Empire|Christianity]] }} | government_type = [[Mixed govrenment|Mixed]], functionally [[absolute monarchy]] | title_leader = [[Roman emperor#Titles an poseetions|Emperor]] | year_leader1 = {{nowrap|27  BC  – AD 14}} |leader1 = [[Augustus]] {{smaller|(first)}} | year_leader2 = 98–117 |leader2 = [[Trajan]] | year_leader3 = 284–305 |leader3 = [[Diocletian]] | year_leader4 = 306–337 |leader4 = [[Constantine I]] | year_leader5 = 379–395 |leader5 = [[Theodosius I]]<ref group="n">The final emperor tae rule ower aw o the Roman Empire's territories afore its conversion tae a diarchy.</ref> | year_leader6 = 474–480 |leader6 = [[Julius Nepos]]<ref group="n">Offeecially the final emperor o the Wastren empire.</ref> | year_leader7 = 527–565 |leader7 = [[Justinian I]] | year_leader8 = 976–1025 |leader8 = [[Basil II]] | year_leader9 = 1449–1453 |leader9 = [[Constantine XI Palaiologos|Constantine XI]]<ref group="n">Last emperor o the Eastren (Byzantine) empire.</ref> | legislature = [[Senate o the Roman Empire|Senate]] | era = [[Clessical era]] tae [[Late Middle Ages]] | date_pre = 32–30 BC |event_pre = [[Final War o the Roman Republic|Final War o the<br />Roman Republic]] | year_start = 30–2 BC |event_start = [[Constitutional reforms o Augustus|Empire established]] | date_event1 = 330 |event1 = [[Constantinople#306–337|Constantinople]]<br />becomes capital | date_event2 = 395 |event2 = {{nowrap|[[Wastren Roman Empire#Final diveesion|Final]] [[Greek East an Laitin Wast|East Wast]] divide}} | date_event3 = 476 |event3 = [[Faw o the Wastren Roman Empire]] | date_event4 = 1202–1204 |event4 = [[Fowert Crusade]] |date_event5 = 1261 |event5 = Reconquest o Constantinople | year_end = 1453 |date_end=29 May |event_end=[[Faw o Constantinople]] | stat_year1 = 25 BC<ref name="size">{{cite journal |journal=Social Science History |title=Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D |first=Rein |last=Taagepera |volume=3 |issue=3/4 |year=1979 |page=125|doi=10.2307/1170959|jstor=1170959|publisher=Duke University Press |authorlink=Rein Taagepera}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| doi=10.2307/1971891 | jstor=1971891 | title=Historical Estimates of World Population: An Evaluation | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_population-and-development-review_1977-09_3_3/page/253 | journal=Population and Development Review | volume=3 | issue=3 | pages=253 | year=1977 | last1=Durand | first1=John D. }}</ref> |stat_area1 = 2750000 |stat_pop1 = 56800000 | stat_year2 = AD 117<ref name="size"/><ref name="cliodynamics.info">{{cite journal|last1=Turchin|first1=Peter|last2=Adams|first2=Jonathan M.|last3=Hall|first3=Thomas D|title=East-West Orientation of Historical Empires|journal=Journal of world-systems research|date=2006|volume=12|issue=2|page=222|url=http://peterturchin.com/PDF/Turchin_Adams_Hall_2006.pdf|accessdate=6 February 2016|issn=1076-156X|archive-date=2016-05-17|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160517210851/http://peterturchin.com/PDF/Turchin_Adams_Hall_2006.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>|stat_area2 = 5000000 |stat_pop2 = | stat_year3 = AD 390<ref name="size"/> |stat_area3 = 4400000 |stat_pop3 = | currency = [[Sestertius]],<ref group="n">Abbreviatit "HS". Prices an values are uisually expressed in sesterces.</ref> [[Aureus]], [[Solidus (cunyie)|Solidus]], [[Solidus (cunyie)|Nomisma]] }} The '''Roman Empire''' (or '''Impire''') wis a gey muckle [[empire]] wi its caipital in [[Roum]], ringed ower bi an [[emperor]]. The first [[emperor]] o Rome wis [[Augustus|Octavian]], efter cried Augustus, frae the year [[27 BC]]. Afore that, Rome haed been a [[republic]] ringed ower bi a cooncil cried the "[[Roman Senate|Senate]]". The Roman Empire wis maist muckle whan ringed ower bi [[Trajan]] ben the year 117. Efter him, [[hadrian]] (whoo is a gai wandom ahh gey) shapit it less muckle, an shapit [[Hadrian's waw]] ben the nor o Ingland. Mony modren kintras are on land that wis aince pairt o the Roman Empire, includin [[Ingland]], [[Spain]], [[Portugal]], [[Fraunce]], [[Italy]], [[Greece]], [[Turkey]], [[Germany]], [[Egyp]], an the north coast o [[Africae]]. The leid o the Roman Empire wis [[Laitin]]. The wastren pairt o the Roman Empire conteena'd for nearhaund 1000 year, an the eastren pairt, includin [[Greece]] an [[Turkey]], conteena'd for aboot a thoosand year mair. The eastren pairt wis cried the [[Byzantine Empire]] - fer the auld name o the kintra - wi a caipital at [[Constantinople]]. ==History== [[File:Statue-Augustus.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Augustus o Prima Porta]]''<br />(early 1st century AD)]] Roum haed began expandin shortly efter the foondin o the republic in the 6t century BC, tho it did nae expand ootside the [[Italian Peninsula]] till the 3rd century BC. Then, it wis an "empire" lang afore it haed an emperor.<ref>[[#Kelly|Kelly]], pp. 4ff.</ref><ref name=n1>[[#Nicolet|Nicolet]], pp. 1, 15</ref><ref>Brennan, T. Corey (2000) ''The Praetorship in the Roman Republic''. Oxford University Press. p. 605.</ref><ref>[[#Peachin|Peachin]], pp. 39–40.</ref> The Roman Republic wis nae a naition-state in the modren sense, but a network o touns left tae rule themsels (tho wi varyin degrees o unthirldom frae the [[Roman Senate]]) an provinces admeenistert bi militar commanders. It wis ruled, nae bi emperors, but bi annually electit [[Roman magistrate|magistrates]] ([[Roman Consul]]s abuin aw) in conjunction wi the senate.<ref name="Ando p. 179">[[#Potter2009|Potter (2009)]], p. 179.</ref> For various raisons, the 1st century BC wis a time o poleetical an militar upheaval, that ultimately led tae rule bi emperors.<ref name=n1/><ref name=Hekster>Hekster, Olivier and Kaizer, Ted (2011). Preface to ''Frontiers in the Roman World. Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire (Durhan, 16–19 April 2009)''. Brill. p. viii.</ref><ref>[[Andrew Lintott|Lintott, Andrew]] (1999) ''The Constitution of the Roman Republic''. Oxford University Press. p. 114</ref><ref>Eder, W. (1993) "The Augustan Principate as Binding Link," in ''Between Republic and Empire''. University of California Press. p. 98. {{ISBN|0520084470}}.</ref> The consuls' militar pouer restit in the Roman legal concept o ''[[imperium]]'', that leeterally means "command" (tho teepically in a militar sense).<ref>Richardson, John (2011) "''Fines provinciae''", in ''Frontiers in the Roman World''. Brill. p. 10.</ref> Occasionally, successfu consuls wad gien the honourar teetle ''[[imperator]]'' (commander), an this is the oreegin o the wird ''emperor'' (an ''empire'') syne this teetle (amang ithers) wis ayeweys bestowed tae the early emperors upon thair accession.<ref>Richardson, John (2011) "''Fines provinciae''", in ''Frontiers in the Roman World''. Brill. pp. 1–2.</ref> Rome suffered a lang series o internal conflicts, conspeeracies an [[Roman ceevil wars|ceevil wars]] frae the late seicont century BC onwart, while greatly extendin its pouer ayont Italy. This wus the period o the [[Creesis o the Roman Republic]]. Taewart the end o this era, in 44 BC, [[Julius Caesar]] wis briefly perpetual [[Roman dictator|dictator]] afore bein [[Assassination o Julius Caesar|assassinatit]]. The faction o his assassins wis driven frae Roum an defeatit at the [[Battle o Philippi]] in 42 BC bi an airmy led bi [[Mark Antony]] an Caesar's adoptit son [[Augustus|Octavian]]. Antony an Octavian's diveesion o the Roman warld atween themsels did nae last an Octavian's forces defeatit thae o Antony an [[Cleopatra]] at the [[Battle o Actium]] in 31 BC. In 27 BC the [[Senate an Fowk o Roum]] made Octavian ''[[princeps]]'' ("first ceetizen") wi [[proconsul]]ar ''[[imperium]]'', sicweys beginnin the [[Principate]] (the first epoch o Roman imperial history, uisually datit frae 27 BC tae AD 284), an gae him the name "[[Augustus (honoureefic)|Augustus]]" ("the veneratit"). Tho the auld constitutional machinery remeened in place, Augustus cam tae predominate it. Awtho the republic stuid in name, contemporaries o Augustus knew it wis juist a veil an that Augustus haed aw meaninfu authority in Roum.<ref>Syme, Ronald (1939) ''The Roman Revolution''. Oford: Oxford University Press. pp. 3–4.</ref> Syne his rule endit a century o ceevil wars an begoud an unprecedentit period o peace an prosperity, he wis sae luved that he cam tae hauld the pouer o a monarch ''[[de facto]]'' if nae ''[[de jure]]''. In the years o his rule, a new constitutional order emerged (in pairt organically an in pairt bi design), sae that, upon his daith, this new constitutional order operatit as afore whan [[Tiberius]] wis acceptit as the new emperor. The 200 year that begoud wi Augustus's rule is tradeetionally regairdit as the ''[[Pax Romana]]'' ("Roman Peace"). In this period, the cohesion o the empire wis fordered bi a degree o social stability an economic prosperity that Roum haed niver afore experienced. Uprisins in the provinces war infrequent, but pit doun "mercilessly an swiftly" whan thay occurred.<ref>Boatwright, Mary T. (2000) ''Hadrian and the Cities of the Roman Empire''. Princeton University Press. p. 4.</ref> The saxty years o [[Jewish–Roman wars]] in the seicont hauf o the 1st century an the first hauf o the 2nt century war exceptional in thair duration an veeolence.<ref>[[#Potter2009|Potter (2009)]], p. 571.</ref> The success o Augustus in establishin principles o dynastic succession wis leemitit bi his ootleevin a nummer o talentit potential heirs. The [[Julio-Claudian dynasty]] lastit for fower mair emperors—[[Tiberius]], [[Caligula]], [[Claudius]] an [[Nero]]—afore it yieldit in 69 AD tae the strife-torn [[Year o Fower Emperors]], frae which [[Vespasian]] emerged as veector. Vespasian becam the foonder o the brief [[Flavian dynasty]], tae be follaed bi the [[Nerva–Antonine dynasty]] that produced the "[[Five Good Emperors]]": [[Nerva]], [[Trajan]], [[Hadrian]], [[Antoninus Pius]] an the filosofically-inclined [[Marcus Aurelius]]. In the view o the Greek historian [[Dio Cassius]], a contemporary observer, the accession o the emperor [[Commodus]] in 180 AD merkit the strynd "frae a kinrick o gowd tae ane o roust an airn".<ref>Dio Cassius [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/72*.html#36 72.36.4], Loeb edeetion translatit E. Cary</ref> In 212, in the ring o [[Caracalla]], [[Roman ceetizenship]] wis grantit tae aw freeborn indwallers o the empire. But despite this gestur o universality, the [[Severan dynasty]] wis camsteirie—an emperor's ring wis endit routinely bi his murther or execution—an, follaein its collapse, the Roman Empire wis engulfed bi the [[Creesis o the Third Century]], a period o invasions, ceevil strife, economic disorder, an plague.<ref>Brown, P., The World of Late Antiquity, London 1971, p. 22.</ref> In definin [[periodisation|historical epochs]], this creesis is whiles viewed as merkin the transeetion frae [[Clessical Antiquity]] tae [[Late Antiquity]]. [[Aurelian]] (reigned 270–275) brocht the empire back frae the brink an stabilised it. [[Diocletian]] completit the wirk o fully restorin the empire, but declined the role o ''princeps'' an becam the first emperor tae be addressed regularly as ''domine'', "master" or "laird".<ref>Adrian Goldsworth, ''How Rome Fell: Death of a Superpower'' (Yale University Press, 2009), pp. 405–415.</ref> This merked the end o the [[Principate]], an the beginnin o the [[Dominate]]. Diocletian dividit the empire intae fower regions, ilk ruled bi a separate emperor, the [[Tetrarchy]].<ref>Potter, David. The Roman Empire at Bay. 296–98.</ref> Confident that he fixed the disorders that war plaguin Roum, he abdicatit alang wi his co-emperor, an the Tetrarchy suin collapsed. Order wis eventually restored bi [[Constantine the Great]], that becam the first emperor tae convert tae [[Christianity]], an that established [[Constantinople]] as the new caipital o the eastren empire. In the decades o the [[Constantinian dynasty|Constantinian]] an [[Valentinian dynasty|Valentinian dynasties]], the empire wis dividit alang an east–wast axis, wi dual pouer centres in Constantinople an Roum. The ring o [[Julian (emperor)|Julian]], that attemptit tae restore [[Releegion in auncient Roum|Clessical Roman]] an [[Hellenistic releegion]], anly briefly interruptit the succession o Christian emperors. [[Theodosius I]], the last emperor tae rule ower baith East an Wast, dee'd in 395 AD efter makkin Christianity the [[State kirk o the Roman Empire|offeecial releegion]] o the empire.<ref>Starr, Chester G. (1974) ''A History of the Ancient World, Second Edition.'' Oxford University Press. pp. 670–678.</ref> The [[Wastren Roman Empire]] begoud tae [[Faw o the Wastren Roman Empire|disintegrate]] in the early 5t century. The empire in the East—eften kent as the [[Byzantine Empire]], but referred tae in its time as the Roman Empire or bi various ither names—haed a different fate. It survived for awmaist a millennium efter the faw o its [[Wastren Roman Empire|Wastren coonterpairt]] an becam the maist stable Christian [[realm]] in the Middle Ages. ==Society== The Roman Empire wis remerkably multicultural, wi "a rather astonishing cohesive capacity" tae creaut a sense o shared identity while encompassin diverse fowks within its poleetical seestem ower a lang span o time.<ref>[[#Peachin|Peachin]], p. 12.</ref> The Roman attention tae creautin public monuments an communal spaces appen tae aw—sic as [[Forum (Roman)|forums]], [[Leet o Roman amphitheatres|amphitheatres]], [[circus (biggin)|racetracks]] an [[thermae|baths]]—helped foster a sense o "Romanness".<ref>[[#Peachin|Peachin]], p. 16.</ref> Roman society haed multiple, owerlappin social hierarchies that modren concepts o "cless" mey nae represent accurately.<ref>[[#Peachin|Peachin]], p. 9.</ref> The twz decades o ceevil war frae that Augustus rose tae sole pouer left tradeetional society in Roum in a state o confuision an upheaval,<ref name=Garnsey>Garnsey, Peter and Saller, Richard (1987) ''The Roman Empire: Economy, Society and Culture''. University of California Press. pp. 107–111.</ref> but did nae effect an immediate [[redistribution o walth]] an social pouer. Frae the perspective o the lawer clesses, a peak wis merely addit tae the social pyramid.<ref>Noreña, Carlos F. (2011) ''Imperial Ideals in the Roman West: Representation, Circulation, Power''. Cambridge University Press. p. 7.</ref> Personal relationships—[[Patronage in auncient Roum|patronage]], friendship ''(amicitia)'', faimily, [[Mairiage in auncient Roum|mairiage]]—conteena'd tae influence the wirkins o politics an govrenment, as thay haed in the Republic.<ref>[[#Peachin|Peachin]], pp. 4–5.</ref> Bi the time o [[Nero]], houiver, it wis nae unusual tae find a umwhile sclave that wis richer nor a freeborn ceetizen, or an [[equestrian order|equestrian]] that exercised greater pouer nor a senator.<ref>[[#Winterling|Winterling]], pp. 11, 21.</ref> The blurrin or diffuision o the Republic's mair rigid hierarchies led tae increased [[social mobility]] unner the Empire,<ref>Saller, Richard P. (1982, 2002) ''Personal Patronage under the Early Empire''. Cambridge University Press. pp. 123, 176, 183</ref><ref>Duncan, Anne (2006) ''Performance and Identity in the Classical World''. Cambridge University Press. p. 164.</ref> baith upwart an dounwart, tae an extent that exceedit that o aw ither weel-documentit auncient societies.<ref>Reinhold, Meyer (2002) ''Studies in Classical History and Society''. Oxford University Press. pp. 25ff. and 42.</ref> Weemen, freedmen, an sclaves haed opportunities tae profit an exercise influence in weys previously less available tae them.<ref>[[#Boardman|Boardman]], p. 18.</ref> Social life in the Empire, pairteecularly for thae that's personal resoorces war leemitit, wis forder fostered bi a proleeferation o [[associations in Auncient Roum|voluntar associations]] an [[confraternity|confraternities]] (''[[collegium|collegia]]'' an ''[[Sodales|sodalitates]]'') formed for various purposes: perfessional an tred guilds, veterans' groups, releegious sodalities, drinkin an dinin clubs,<ref>[[#Peachin|Peachin]], pp. 17, 20.</ref> performing airts troupes,<ref>[[#Millar|Millar]], pp. 81–82</ref> an [[buirial society|buirial societies]].<ref>Carroll, Maureen (2006) ''Spirits of the Dead: Roman Funerary Commemoration in Western Europe''. Oxford University Press. pp. 45–46.</ref> ==Govrenment an militar== ===Central govrenment=== {{See also|Roman emperor}} The dominance o the emperor wis based on the consolidation o certaint pouers frae several republican offices, includin the inviolability o the [[Plebeian Tribune|tribunes o the fowk]] an the authority o the [[Roman Censors|censors]] tae manipulate the hierarchy o Roman society.<ref name="Abbott, 354">[[#Abbott|Abbott]], p. 354</ref> The emperor an aw made himsel the central releegious authority as [[Pontifex Maximus]], an centralised the richt tae declare war, ratifee treaties, an negotiate wi furrin leaders.<ref name="Abbott, 345">[[#Abbott|Abbott]], p. 345</ref> While thir functions war clearly defined in the [[Principate]], the emperor's pouers ower time becam less constitutional an mair monarchical, culminatin in the [[Dominate]].<ref name="Abbott, 341">[[#Abbott|Abbott]], p. 341</ref> ===Militar=== [[File:Roman Empire 125.png|thumb|upright=1.35|The Roman empire unner [[Hadrian]] (ruled 117–138) shawin the location o the Roman legions deployed in AD 125]] The sodgers o the Imperial Roman airmy war perfaisionals that volunteered for 20 year o active duty an five as reserves. The transeetion tae a perfaisional militar haed began in the late Republic, an wis ane o the mony profoond shifts awey frae republicanism, unner that an airmy o [[conscripts]] haed exercised thair responsibilities as ceetizens in defendin the hameland in a campaign against a specific threit. For Imperial Rome, the militar wis a full-time career in itsel.<ref>[[#Edmondson|Edmondson]], pp. 111–112.</ref> The primar mission o the Roman militar o the early empire wis tae preserve the [[Pax Romana]].<ref>Hekster, Olivier J. (2007) "Fighting for Rome: The Emperor as a Military Leader," in ''Impact of the Roman Army (200 BC–AD 476)''. Brill. p. 96.</ref> The three major divisions o the military war: * the gairison at Roum, that includes baith the [[Praetorian Gaird|Praetorians]] an the ''[[vigiles]]'' that functioned as polis an firefechters; * the provincial airmy, comprisin the [[Roman legions]] an the auxiliaries providit bi the provinces ''([[auxilia]]''); * the [[Roman navy|navy]]. ==Daily life== In the ceety o Rome, maist fowk leeved in multistory flats ''([[insulae]])'' that war eften dirty an nae sauf. Public facilities—sic as baths ''([[thermae]])'', toilets that war flushed wi rinnin watter ''(latrinae)'', conveniently locatit basins or elaborate foontains ''([[nymphaeum|nymphea]])'' deliveringfresh watter,<ref name=brenda>Longfellow, Brenda (2011) ''Roman Imperialism and Civic Patronage: Form, Meaning and Ideology in Monumental Fountain Complexes''. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–2. {{ISBN|0521194938}}</ref> an lairge-scale enterteenments siv as [[chariot races]] an [[gladiator|gladiator combat]]—war aimed primarily at the common fowk that leeved in the ''insulae''.<ref>Jones, Mark Wilson (2000) ''Principles of Roman Architecture.'' New Haven: Yale University Press.</ref> Seemilar facilities war constructit in ceeties ootthrou the Empire, an some o the best-preserved Roman structurs are in Spain, soothren Fraunce, an northren Africae. ===Fuid=== Maist flats in Roum lackit kitchens, tho a charcoal [[brazier]] coud be uised for rudimentary cuikery.<ref>[[#Stambaugh|Stambaugh]], pp. 144, 178</ref><ref>Hinds, Kathryn (2010) ''Everyday Life in the Roman Empire''. Marshall Cavendish. p. 90.</ref> Prepared fuid wis sauld at pubs an bars, inns, an fuid staws ''([[taberna]]e, cauponae, [[popina]]e, [[thermopolium|thermopolia]])''.<ref>[[#Holleran|Holleran]], p. 136ff.</ref> [[Cairyoot]] an restaurant dinin war for the lawer clesses; [[fine dinin]] coud be socht anly at preevat dinner pairties in a few hooses wi a [[chef]] ''(archimagirus)'' an trained kitchen staff,<ref>[[#Gagarin|Gagarin]], p. 299.</ref> or at banquets hostit bi social clubs ''([[collegium (auncient Roum)|collegia]])''.<ref>Faas, Patrick (1994, 2005) ''Around the Roman Table: Food and Feasting in Ancient Rome''. University of Chicago Press. p. 29.</ref> Maist fowk wad hae consumed at least 70% o thair daily [[calorie]]s in the form o cereals an [[legumes]].<ref name="Garnsey p. 681">[[#Boardman|Boardman]], p. 681.</ref> ''Puls'' ([[pottage]]) wis conseedert the aboreeginal fuid o the Romans.<ref>[[Pliny the Elder]], ''Natural History'' 19.83–84; Emily Gowers, ''The Loaded Table: Representation of Food in Roman Literature'' (Oxford University Press, 1993, 2003), p. 17</ref><ref>[[#Gagarin|Gagarin]], p. 198.</ref> The basic grain pottage coud be elaboratit wi chappit vegetables, bits o meat, cheese, or yerbs tae produce dishes seemilar tae [[polenta]] or [[risotto]].<ref>[[#Stambaugh|Stambaugh]], p. 144.</ref> ==Notes== {{reflist|group=n}} ==References== {{reflist}} ===Soorces=== {{refbegin|2}} * {{cite book |ref=Abbott|author = Abbott, Frank Frost |year=1901 |title=A History and Description of Roman Political Institutions |publisher=Elibron Classics |isbn=0-543-92749-0 |authorlink=Frank Frost Abbott}} * {{cite book|ref=Boardman|editor=Boardman, John |title=The Cambridge Ancient History: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2pPxAAAAMAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=Vol. 11|isbn=0521263352}} * {{cite book|ref=Edmondson|author=Edmondson, J.C. |chapter=Dynamic Arenas: Gladiatorial Presentations in the City of Rome and the Construction of Roman Society during the Early Empire|title=Roman Theater and Society|publisher=University of Michigan Press|year= 1996}} * {{cite book|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fj69DAEACAAJ|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-517072-6|editor=Gagarin, Michael|ref=Gagarin}} * {{cite book|ref=Holleran|author=Holleran, Claire |title=Shopping in Ancient Rome: The Retail Trade in the Late Republic and the Principate|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oO7NwmbyxwAC|date=2012|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-969821-9}} * {{cite book|last=Huzar|first=Eleanor Goltz|title=Mark Antony: a Biography|translator=|editor=|year=1978|orig-year=|location=Minneapolis|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|ISBN=0-8166-0863-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pos8_zvVYDUC|postscript=.}} * {{cite book|ref=Kelly|author=Kelly, Christopher |title=The Roman Empire: A Very Short Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_2900192803916|publisher=Oxford University Press|year= 2007|isbn=0192803913}} * {{cite journal|ref=Millar| doi=10.2307/300073 | jstor=300073 | title=Empire and City, Augustus to Julian: Obligations, Excuses and Status | journal=Journal of Roman Studies | volume=73 | pages=76 | year=2012 | last1=Millar | first1=Fergus }} * {{cite book|last=Mommsen|first=Theodore|title=The provinces of the Roman empire from Caesar to Diocletian|translator=William P. Dickson|editor=William P. Dickson|year=2005|orig-year=1909|location=Ann Arbor, Michigan|publisher=University of Michigan Library|ISBN=|url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/g/genpub/abq2762.0001.001/332?page=root;size=100;view=image|postscript=.}} * {{cite book|ref=Nicolet|author=Nicolet, Claude |title=Space, Geography, and Politics in the Early Roman Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7IQpCaCpQ1MC|year=1991|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=0-472-10096-3}} * {{cite book|ref=Peachin|editor=Peachin, Michael |title=The Oxford Handbook of Social Relations in the Roman World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RDSI1V12ueIC|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-518800-4}} * {{cite book|ref=Potter2009|editor=Potter, David S. |title=A Companion to the Roman Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g4ZmqsyC5kEC|date=2009|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4051-9918-6}} * {{cite book|ref=Stambaugh|author=Stambaugh, John E. |title=The Ancient Roman City|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k0mZufizhH0C|date=1988|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-0-8018-3692-3}} * {{cite book|last=Sullivan|first=Richard, D.|title=Near Eastern Royalty and Rome, 100-30 BC|translator=|editor=|year=1990|orig-year=|location=Toronto|publisher=University of Toronto Press|ISBN=0-8020-2682-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IDU5DwAAQBAJ|postscript=.}} * {{cite book|ref=Winterling|author=Winterling, Aloys |title=Politics and Society in Imperial Rome|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_35eZH6_vT8C|date=2009|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4051-7969-0}} {{refend}} {{Commonscat|Roman Empire}} [[Category:Roman Empire|Roman Empire]] [[Category:Auncient Italian history]] [[Category:Umwhile kintras on the Italian Peninsula]] [[Category:Umwhile kintras in Asie]] [[Category:States o Auncient Africae]] [[Category:Superpouers]] [[Category:20s BC establishments in the Roman Empire|*]] [[Category:27 BC establishments]] [[Category:1st-century BC establishments in Italy]] [[Category:States an territories established in the 1st century BC]] [[Category:States an territories disestablished in the 5t century]] [[Category:476 disestablishments in the Roman Empire|*]] [[Category:470s disestablishments in Europe]] [[Category:5t-century disestablishments in Italy]] [[Category:1453 disestablishments in Europe]] ky34u9wf7yqb2zbawg212l610xjo3e5 925385 925381 2026-10-27T06:27:48Z CiphriusKane 74958 Revertit edit o ~2026-57262-14, chynged back tae last version bi Codename Noreste 925380 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox former country | conventional_long_name = Roman Empire | common_name = Roman Empire | native_name = {{unbulleted list |item3_style=font-size:80%;padding-top:0.15em;line-height:1.15em | {{native phrase|la|Imperium Romanum}} | '''''{{lang|la|Senatus Populusque Romanus}}''''' ([[SPQR]])<br />{{smaller|{{nobold|Roman [[Senate o the Roman Republic|Senate]] an Fowk}}<ref group="n">Ither weys o referrin tae the "Roman Empire" amang the Romans an Greeks themselves includit ''{{lang|la|Res publica Romana}}'' or ''{{lang|la|Imperium Romanorum}}'' (an aa in Greek: {{lang|grc|Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων}} – {{grc-tr|Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων}} – ["Dominion (Leeterally 'kinrick' but an aa interpretit as 'empire') o the Romans"]) an ''Romania''. ''{{lang|la|Res publica}}'' means Roman "commonweel" <!--?: Usually,--> an can refer to baith the Republican an the Imperial eras. ''{{lang|la|Imperium Romanum}}'' (or ''{{lang|la|Romanorum}}'') refers tae the territorial extent o Roman authority. ''{{lang|la|Populus Romanus}}'' ("the Roman fowk") wis/is eften uised [[Metonym|tae indicate the Roman state]] in matters involvin ither naitions. The term ''Romania'', ineetially a colloquial term for the empire's territory as well as a [[Collective noon|collective name]] for its indwallers, appears in Greek an Laitin soorces frae the 4t century onwart an wis eventually carried ower tae the [[Eastren Roman Empire]] (see R. L. Wolff, "Romania: The Latin Empire of Constantinople" in ''Speculum'' 23 (1948), pp. 1–34 an especially pp. 2–3).</ref>}} | {{native phrase|grc|Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων|italics=off}}<br />{{smaller|{{transl|grc|''Basileía Rhōmaíōn''}}}} }} | continent=Eurasie |region=[[Mediterranean Basin|Mediterranean]] |status=Empire | life_span = {{line-height|1.3em|{{nowrap|27  BC  – 395  AD}}<br />{{nowrap|395 – 480 {{small|{{nobold|([[Wastren Roman Empire|Wastren]])}}}}}}<br />{{nowrap|395}} – 1453 {{small|{{nobold|([[Eastren Roman Empire|Eastren]])}}}}}} | p1=Roman Republic |image_p1=[[File:Consul et lictores.png|30px|link=Roman Republic]] | s1=Wastren Roman Empire |image_s1=[[File:Julius Nepos Tremissis.jpg|30px|link=Wastren Roman Empire]] | s2=Eastren Roman Empire |image_s2=[[File:Constantine multiple CdM Beistegui 233.jpg|30px|link=Byzantine Empire]] | image_coat=Augustus Aureus infobox version.png | symbol_type = ''[[Aureus]]'' o [[Augustus]] | image_flag = Vexilloid of the Roman Empire.svg | flag_border = no | flag_size = 100px | flag_type = [[Vexilloid]] | image_map = Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png | image_map_caption = The Roman Empire in 117 AD, at its greatest extent at the time o [[Trajan]]'s daith (its [[vassal]]s in pink).<ref>{{cite book|author=Bennett, Julian |title=Trajan: Optimus Princeps : a Life and Times|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qk_tofvS8EsC|year=1997|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-16524-2}}. Fig. 1. Regions east o the [[Euphrates]] river war held anerly in the years 116–117.</ref> | capital = [[Roum]] (27 BC – AD 410)<br> [[Mediolanum]] (286–402, [[Wastren Roman Empire|Wastren]])<br> [[Augusta Treverorum]] <br> [[Sirmium]] <br> [[Ravenna]] (402–476, Wastren)<br> [[Nicomedia]] (286–330, [[Eastren Roman Empire|Eastren]])<br> [[Constantinople]] (330–1453, Eastren)<br> [[Syracuse, Sicily|Syracuse]] (663–669, Eastren) | common_languages = {{plainlist}} * [[Laitin]] <small>(offeecial till 610)</small> * [[Greek leid|Greek]] <small>(offeecial efter 610)</small> * [[Leids o the Roman Empire|Regional{{\}}local leids]] | religion = {{unbulleted list | {{longitem|{{small|Afore AD 380''':'''}} [[Imperial cult (auncient Roum)|Imperial cult]]-driven [[Releegion in auncient Rome|polytheism]]}} | {{small|Frae AD 380''':'''}} [[State kirk o the Roman Empire|Christianity]] }} | government_type = [[Mixed govrenment|Mixed]], functionally [[absolute monarchy]] | title_leader = [[Roman emperor#Titles an poseetions|Emperor]] | year_leader1 = {{nowrap|27  BC  – AD 14}} |leader1 = [[Augustus]] {{smaller|(first)}} | year_leader2 = 98–117 |leader2 = [[Trajan]] | year_leader3 = 284–305 |leader3 = [[Diocletian]] | year_leader4 = 306–337 |leader4 = [[Constantine I]] | year_leader5 = 379–395 |leader5 = [[Theodosius I]]<ref group="n">The final emperor tae rule ower aw o the Roman Empire's territories afore its conversion tae a diarchy.</ref> | year_leader6 = 474–480 |leader6 = [[Julius Nepos]]<ref group="n">Offeecially the final emperor o the Wastren empire.</ref> | year_leader7 = 527–565 |leader7 = [[Justinian I]] | year_leader8 = 976–1025 |leader8 = [[Basil II]] | year_leader9 = 1449–1453 |leader9 = [[Constantine XI Palaiologos|Constantine XI]]<ref group="n">Last emperor o the Eastren (Byzantine) empire.</ref> | legislature = [[Senate o the Roman Empire|Senate]] | era = [[Clessical era]] tae [[Late Middle Ages]] | date_pre = 32–30 BC |event_pre = [[Final War o the Roman Republic|Final War o the<br />Roman Republic]] | year_start = 30–2 BC |event_start = [[Constitutional reforms o Augustus|Empire established]] | date_event1 = 330 |event1 = [[Constantinople#306–337|Constantinople]]<br />becomes capital | date_event2 = 395 |event2 = {{nowrap|[[Wastren Roman Empire#Final diveesion|Final]] [[Greek East an Laitin Wast|East Wast]] divide}} | date_event3 = 476 |event3 = [[Faw o the Wastren Roman Empire]] | date_event4 = 1202–1204 |event4 = [[Fowert Crusade]] |date_event5 = 1261 |event5 = Reconquest o Constantinople | year_end = 1453 |date_end=29 May |event_end=[[Faw o Constantinople]] | stat_year1 = 25 BC<ref name="size">{{cite journal |journal=Social Science History |title=Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D |first=Rein |last=Taagepera |volume=3 |issue=3/4 |year=1979 |page=125|doi=10.2307/1170959|jstor=1170959|publisher=Duke University Press |authorlink=Rein Taagepera}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| doi=10.2307/1971891 | jstor=1971891 | title=Historical Estimates of World Population: An Evaluation | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_population-and-development-review_1977-09_3_3/page/253 | journal=Population and Development Review | volume=3 | issue=3 | pages=253 | year=1977 | last1=Durand | first1=John D. }}</ref> |stat_area1 = 2750000 |stat_pop1 = 56800000 | stat_year2 = AD 117<ref name="size"/><ref name="cliodynamics.info">{{cite journal|last1=Turchin|first1=Peter|last2=Adams|first2=Jonathan M.|last3=Hall|first3=Thomas D|title=East-West Orientation of Historical Empires|journal=Journal of world-systems research|date=2006|volume=12|issue=2|page=222|url=http://peterturchin.com/PDF/Turchin_Adams_Hall_2006.pdf|accessdate=6 February 2016|issn=1076-156X|archive-date=2016-05-17|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160517210851/http://peterturchin.com/PDF/Turchin_Adams_Hall_2006.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>|stat_area2 = 5000000 |stat_pop2 = | stat_year3 = AD 390<ref name="size"/> |stat_area3 = 4400000 |stat_pop3 = | currency = [[Sestertius]],<ref group="n">Abbreviatit "HS". Prices an values are uisually expressed in sesterces.</ref> [[Aureus]], [[Solidus (cunyie)|Solidus]], [[Solidus (cunyie)|Nomisma]] }} The '''Roman Empire''' (or '''Impire''') wis a gey muckle [[empire]] wi its caipital in [[Roum]], ringed ower bi an [[emperor]]. The first [[emperor]] o Rome wis [[Augustus|Octavian]], efter cried Augustus, frae the year [[27 BC]]. Afore that, Rome haed been a [[republic]] ringed ower bi a cooncil cried the "[[Roman Senate|Senate]]". The Roman Empire wis maist muckle whan ringed ower bi [[Trajan]] ben the year 117. Efter him, [[Hadrian]] shapit it less muckle, an shapit [[Hadrian's waw]] ben the nor o Ingland. Mony modren kintras are on land that wis aince pairt o the Roman Empire, includin [[Ingland]], [[Spain]], [[Portugal]], [[Fraunce]], [[Italy]], [[Greece]], [[Turkey]], [[Germany]], [[Egyp]], an the north coast o [[Africae]]. The leid o the Roman Empire wis [[Laitin]]. The wastren pairt o the Roman Empire conteena'd for nearhaund 1000 year, an the eastren pairt, includin [[Greece]] an [[Turkey]], conteena'd for aboot a thoosand year mair. The eastren pairt wis cried the [[Byzantine Empire]] - fer the auld name o the kintra - wi a caipital at [[Constantinople]]. ==History== [[File:Statue-Augustus.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Augustus o Prima Porta]]''<br />(early 1st century AD)]] Roum haed began expandin shortly efter the foondin o the republic in the 6t century BC, tho it did nae expand ootside the [[Italian Peninsula]] till the 3rd century BC. Then, it wis an "empire" lang afore it haed an emperor.<ref>[[#Kelly|Kelly]], pp. 4ff.</ref><ref name=n1>[[#Nicolet|Nicolet]], pp. 1, 15</ref><ref>Brennan, T. Corey (2000) ''The Praetorship in the Roman Republic''. Oxford University Press. p. 605.</ref><ref>[[#Peachin|Peachin]], pp. 39–40.</ref> The Roman Republic wis nae a naition-state in the modren sense, but a network o touns left tae rule themsels (tho wi varyin degrees o unthirldom frae the [[Roman Senate]]) an provinces admeenistert bi militar commanders. It wis ruled, nae bi emperors, but bi annually electit [[Roman magistrate|magistrates]] ([[Roman Consul]]s abuin aw) in conjunction wi the senate.<ref name="Ando p. 179">[[#Potter2009|Potter (2009)]], p. 179.</ref> For various raisons, the 1st century BC wis a time o poleetical an militar upheaval, that ultimately led tae rule bi emperors.<ref name=n1/><ref name=Hekster>Hekster, Olivier and Kaizer, Ted (2011). Preface to ''Frontiers in the Roman World. Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire (Durhan, 16–19 April 2009)''. Brill. p. viii.</ref><ref>[[Andrew Lintott|Lintott, Andrew]] (1999) ''The Constitution of the Roman Republic''. Oxford University Press. p. 114</ref><ref>Eder, W. (1993) "The Augustan Principate as Binding Link," in ''Between Republic and Empire''. University of California Press. p. 98. {{ISBN|0520084470}}.</ref> The consuls' militar pouer restit in the Roman legal concept o ''[[imperium]]'', that leeterally means "command" (tho teepically in a militar sense).<ref>Richardson, John (2011) "''Fines provinciae''", in ''Frontiers in the Roman World''. Brill. p. 10.</ref> Occasionally, successfu consuls wad gien the honourar teetle ''[[imperator]]'' (commander), an this is the oreegin o the wird ''emperor'' (an ''empire'') syne this teetle (amang ithers) wis ayeweys bestowed tae the early emperors upon thair accession.<ref>Richardson, John (2011) "''Fines provinciae''", in ''Frontiers in the Roman World''. Brill. pp. 1–2.</ref> Rome suffered a lang series o internal conflicts, conspeeracies an [[Roman ceevil wars|ceevil wars]] frae the late seicont century BC onwart, while greatly extendin its pouer ayont Italy. This wus the period o the [[Creesis o the Roman Republic]]. Taewart the end o this era, in 44 BC, [[Julius Caesar]] wis briefly perpetual [[Roman dictator|dictator]] afore bein [[Assassination o Julius Caesar|assassinatit]]. The faction o his assassins wis driven frae Roum an defeatit at the [[Battle o Philippi]] in 42 BC bi an airmy led bi [[Mark Antony]] an Caesar's adoptit son [[Augustus|Octavian]]. Antony an Octavian's diveesion o the Roman warld atween themsels did nae last an Octavian's forces defeatit thae o Antony an [[Cleopatra]] at the [[Battle o Actium]] in 31 BC. In 27 BC the [[Senate an Fowk o Roum]] made Octavian ''[[princeps]]'' ("first ceetizen") wi [[proconsul]]ar ''[[imperium]]'', sicweys beginnin the [[Principate]] (the first epoch o Roman imperial history, uisually datit frae 27 BC tae AD 284), an gae him the name "[[Augustus (honoureefic)|Augustus]]" ("the veneratit"). Tho the auld constitutional machinery remeened in place, Augustus cam tae predominate it. Awtho the republic stuid in name, contemporaries o Augustus knew it wis juist a veil an that Augustus haed aw meaninfu authority in Roum.<ref>Syme, Ronald (1939) ''The Roman Revolution''. Oford: Oxford University Press. pp. 3–4.</ref> Syne his rule endit a century o ceevil wars an begoud an unprecedentit period o peace an prosperity, he wis sae luved that he cam tae hauld the pouer o a monarch ''[[de facto]]'' if nae ''[[de jure]]''. In the years o his rule, a new constitutional order emerged (in pairt organically an in pairt bi design), sae that, upon his daith, this new constitutional order operatit as afore whan [[Tiberius]] wis acceptit as the new emperor. The 200 year that begoud wi Augustus's rule is tradeetionally regairdit as the ''[[Pax Romana]]'' ("Roman Peace"). In this period, the cohesion o the empire wis fordered bi a degree o social stability an economic prosperity that Roum haed niver afore experienced. Uprisins in the provinces war infrequent, but pit doun "mercilessly an swiftly" whan thay occurred.<ref>Boatwright, Mary T. (2000) ''Hadrian and the Cities of the Roman Empire''. Princeton University Press. p. 4.</ref> The saxty years o [[Jewish–Roman wars]] in the seicont hauf o the 1st century an the first hauf o the 2nt century war exceptional in thair duration an veeolence.<ref>[[#Potter2009|Potter (2009)]], p. 571.</ref> The success o Augustus in establishin principles o dynastic succession wis leemitit bi his ootleevin a nummer o talentit potential heirs. The [[Julio-Claudian dynasty]] lastit for fower mair emperors—[[Tiberius]], [[Caligula]], [[Claudius]] an [[Nero]]—afore it yieldit in 69 AD tae the strife-torn [[Year o Fower Emperors]], frae which [[Vespasian]] emerged as veector. Vespasian becam the foonder o the brief [[Flavian dynasty]], tae be follaed bi the [[Nerva–Antonine dynasty]] that produced the "[[Five Good Emperors]]": [[Nerva]], [[Trajan]], [[Hadrian]], [[Antoninus Pius]] an the filosofically-inclined [[Marcus Aurelius]]. In the view o the Greek historian [[Dio Cassius]], a contemporary observer, the accession o the emperor [[Commodus]] in 180 AD merkit the strynd "frae a kinrick o gowd tae ane o roust an airn".<ref>Dio Cassius [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/72*.html#36 72.36.4], Loeb edeetion translatit E. Cary</ref> In 212, in the ring o [[Caracalla]], [[Roman ceetizenship]] wis grantit tae aw freeborn indwallers o the empire. But despite this gestur o universality, the [[Severan dynasty]] wis camsteirie—an emperor's ring wis endit routinely bi his murther or execution—an, follaein its collapse, the Roman Empire wis engulfed bi the [[Creesis o the Third Century]], a period o invasions, ceevil strife, economic disorder, an plague.<ref>Brown, P., The World of Late Antiquity, London 1971, p. 22.</ref> In definin [[periodisation|historical epochs]], this creesis is whiles viewed as merkin the transeetion frae [[Clessical Antiquity]] tae [[Late Antiquity]]. [[Aurelian]] (reigned 270–275) brocht the empire back frae the brink an stabilised it. [[Diocletian]] completit the wirk o fully restorin the empire, but declined the role o ''princeps'' an becam the first emperor tae be addressed regularly as ''domine'', "master" or "laird".<ref>Adrian Goldsworth, ''How Rome Fell: Death of a Superpower'' (Yale University Press, 2009), pp. 405–415.</ref> This merked the end o the [[Principate]], an the beginnin o the [[Dominate]]. Diocletian dividit the empire intae fower regions, ilk ruled bi a separate emperor, the [[Tetrarchy]].<ref>Potter, David. The Roman Empire at Bay. 296–98.</ref> Confident that he fixed the disorders that war plaguin Roum, he abdicatit alang wi his co-emperor, an the Tetrarchy suin collapsed. Order wis eventually restored bi [[Constantine the Great]], that becam the first emperor tae convert tae [[Christianity]], an that established [[Constantinople]] as the new caipital o the eastren empire. In the decades o the [[Constantinian dynasty|Constantinian]] an [[Valentinian dynasty|Valentinian dynasties]], the empire wis dividit alang an east–wast axis, wi dual pouer centres in Constantinople an Roum. The ring o [[Julian (emperor)|Julian]], that attemptit tae restore [[Releegion in auncient Roum|Clessical Roman]] an [[Hellenistic releegion]], anly briefly interruptit the succession o Christian emperors. [[Theodosius I]], the last emperor tae rule ower baith East an Wast, dee'd in 395 AD efter makkin Christianity the [[State kirk o the Roman Empire|offeecial releegion]] o the empire.<ref>Starr, Chester G. (1974) ''A History of the Ancient World, Second Edition.'' Oxford University Press. pp. 670–678.</ref> The [[Wastren Roman Empire]] begoud tae [[Faw o the Wastren Roman Empire|disintegrate]] in the early 5t century. The empire in the East—eften kent as the [[Byzantine Empire]], but referred tae in its time as the Roman Empire or bi various ither names—haed a different fate. It survived for awmaist a millennium efter the faw o its [[Wastren Roman Empire|Wastren coonterpairt]] an becam the maist stable Christian [[realm]] in the Middle Ages. ==Society== The Roman Empire wis remerkably multicultural, wi "a rather astonishing cohesive capacity" tae creaut a sense o shared identity while encompassin diverse fowks within its poleetical seestem ower a lang span o time.<ref>[[#Peachin|Peachin]], p. 12.</ref> The Roman attention tae creautin public monuments an communal spaces appen tae aw—sic as [[Forum (Roman)|forums]], [[Leet o Roman amphitheatres|amphitheatres]], [[circus (biggin)|racetracks]] an [[thermae|baths]]—helped foster a sense o "Romanness".<ref>[[#Peachin|Peachin]], p. 16.</ref> Roman society haed multiple, owerlappin social hierarchies that modren concepts o "cless" mey nae represent accurately.<ref>[[#Peachin|Peachin]], p. 9.</ref> The twz decades o ceevil war frae that Augustus rose tae sole pouer left tradeetional society in Roum in a state o confuision an upheaval,<ref name=Garnsey>Garnsey, Peter and Saller, Richard (1987) ''The Roman Empire: Economy, Society and Culture''. University of California Press. pp. 107–111.</ref> but did nae effect an immediate [[redistribution o walth]] an social pouer. Frae the perspective o the lawer clesses, a peak wis merely addit tae the social pyramid.<ref>Noreña, Carlos F. (2011) ''Imperial Ideals in the Roman West: Representation, Circulation, Power''. Cambridge University Press. p. 7.</ref> Personal relationships—[[Patronage in auncient Roum|patronage]], friendship ''(amicitia)'', faimily, [[Mairiage in auncient Roum|mairiage]]—conteena'd tae influence the wirkins o politics an govrenment, as thay haed in the Republic.<ref>[[#Peachin|Peachin]], pp. 4–5.</ref> Bi the time o [[Nero]], houiver, it wis nae unusual tae find a umwhile sclave that wis richer nor a freeborn ceetizen, or an [[equestrian order|equestrian]] that exercised greater pouer nor a senator.<ref>[[#Winterling|Winterling]], pp. 11, 21.</ref> The blurrin or diffuision o the Republic's mair rigid hierarchies led tae increased [[social mobility]] unner the Empire,<ref>Saller, Richard P. (1982, 2002) ''Personal Patronage under the Early Empire''. Cambridge University Press. pp. 123, 176, 183</ref><ref>Duncan, Anne (2006) ''Performance and Identity in the Classical World''. Cambridge University Press. p. 164.</ref> baith upwart an dounwart, tae an extent that exceedit that o aw ither weel-documentit auncient societies.<ref>Reinhold, Meyer (2002) ''Studies in Classical History and Society''. Oxford University Press. pp. 25ff. and 42.</ref> Weemen, freedmen, an sclaves haed opportunities tae profit an exercise influence in weys previously less available tae them.<ref>[[#Boardman|Boardman]], p. 18.</ref> Social life in the Empire, pairteecularly for thae that's personal resoorces war leemitit, wis forder fostered bi a proleeferation o [[associations in Auncient Roum|voluntar associations]] an [[confraternity|confraternities]] (''[[collegium|collegia]]'' an ''[[Sodales|sodalitates]]'') formed for various purposes: perfessional an tred guilds, veterans' groups, releegious sodalities, drinkin an dinin clubs,<ref>[[#Peachin|Peachin]], pp. 17, 20.</ref> performing airts troupes,<ref>[[#Millar|Millar]], pp. 81–82</ref> an [[buirial society|buirial societies]].<ref>Carroll, Maureen (2006) ''Spirits of the Dead: Roman Funerary Commemoration in Western Europe''. Oxford University Press. pp. 45–46.</ref> ==Govrenment an militar== ===Central govrenment=== {{See also|Roman emperor}} The dominance o the emperor wis based on the consolidation o certaint pouers frae several republican offices, includin the inviolability o the [[Plebeian Tribune|tribunes o the fowk]] an the authority o the [[Roman Censors|censors]] tae manipulate the hierarchy o Roman society.<ref name="Abbott, 354">[[#Abbott|Abbott]], p. 354</ref> The emperor an aw made himsel the central releegious authority as [[Pontifex Maximus]], an centralised the richt tae declare war, ratifee treaties, an negotiate wi furrin leaders.<ref name="Abbott, 345">[[#Abbott|Abbott]], p. 345</ref> While thir functions war clearly defined in the [[Principate]], the emperor's pouers ower time becam less constitutional an mair monarchical, culminatin in the [[Dominate]].<ref name="Abbott, 341">[[#Abbott|Abbott]], p. 341</ref> ===Militar=== [[File:Roman Empire 125.png|thumb|upright=1.35|The Roman empire unner [[Hadrian]] (ruled 117–138) shawin the location o the Roman legions deployed in AD 125]] The sodgers o the Imperial Roman airmy war perfaisionals that volunteered for 20 year o active duty an five as reserves. The transeetion tae a perfaisional militar haed began in the late Republic, an wis ane o the mony profoond shifts awey frae republicanism, unner that an airmy o [[conscripts]] haed exercised thair responsibilities as ceetizens in defendin the hameland in a campaign against a specific threit. For Imperial Rome, the militar wis a full-time career in itsel.<ref>[[#Edmondson|Edmondson]], pp. 111–112.</ref> The primar mission o the Roman militar o the early empire wis tae preserve the [[Pax Romana]].<ref>Hekster, Olivier J. (2007) "Fighting for Rome: The Emperor as a Military Leader," in ''Impact of the Roman Army (200 BC–AD 476)''. Brill. p. 96.</ref> The three major divisions o the military war: * the gairison at Roum, that includes baith the [[Praetorian Gaird|Praetorians]] an the ''[[vigiles]]'' that functioned as polis an firefechters; * the provincial airmy, comprisin the [[Roman legions]] an the auxiliaries providit bi the provinces ''([[auxilia]]''); * the [[Roman navy|navy]]. ==Daily life== In the ceety o Rome, maist fowk leeved in multistory flats ''([[insulae]])'' that war eften dirty an nae sauf. Public facilities—sic as baths ''([[thermae]])'', toilets that war flushed wi rinnin watter ''(latrinae)'', conveniently locatit basins or elaborate foontains ''([[nymphaeum|nymphea]])'' deliveringfresh watter,<ref name=brenda>Longfellow, Brenda (2011) ''Roman Imperialism and Civic Patronage: Form, Meaning and Ideology in Monumental Fountain Complexes''. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–2. {{ISBN|0521194938}}</ref> an lairge-scale enterteenments siv as [[chariot races]] an [[gladiator|gladiator combat]]—war aimed primarily at the common fowk that leeved in the ''insulae''.<ref>Jones, Mark Wilson (2000) ''Principles of Roman Architecture.'' New Haven: Yale University Press.</ref> Seemilar facilities war constructit in ceeties ootthrou the Empire, an some o the best-preserved Roman structurs are in Spain, soothren Fraunce, an northren Africae. ===Fuid=== Maist flats in Roum lackit kitchens, tho a charcoal [[brazier]] coud be uised for rudimentary cuikery.<ref>[[#Stambaugh|Stambaugh]], pp. 144, 178</ref><ref>Hinds, Kathryn (2010) ''Everyday Life in the Roman Empire''. Marshall Cavendish. p. 90.</ref> Prepared fuid wis sauld at pubs an bars, inns, an fuid staws ''([[taberna]]e, cauponae, [[popina]]e, [[thermopolium|thermopolia]])''.<ref>[[#Holleran|Holleran]], p. 136ff.</ref> [[Cairyoot]] an restaurant dinin war for the lawer clesses; [[fine dinin]] coud be socht anly at preevat dinner pairties in a few hooses wi a [[chef]] ''(archimagirus)'' an trained kitchen staff,<ref>[[#Gagarin|Gagarin]], p. 299.</ref> or at banquets hostit bi social clubs ''([[collegium (auncient Roum)|collegia]])''.<ref>Faas, Patrick (1994, 2005) ''Around the Roman Table: Food and Feasting in Ancient Rome''. University of Chicago Press. p. 29.</ref> Maist fowk wad hae consumed at least 70% o thair daily [[calorie]]s in the form o cereals an [[legumes]].<ref name="Garnsey p. 681">[[#Boardman|Boardman]], p. 681.</ref> ''Puls'' ([[pottage]]) wis conseedert the aboreeginal fuid o the Romans.<ref>[[Pliny the Elder]], ''Natural History'' 19.83–84; Emily Gowers, ''The Loaded Table: Representation of Food in Roman Literature'' (Oxford University Press, 1993, 2003), p. 17</ref><ref>[[#Gagarin|Gagarin]], p. 198.</ref> The basic grain pottage coud be elaboratit wi chappit vegetables, bits o meat, cheese, or yerbs tae produce dishes seemilar tae [[polenta]] or [[risotto]].<ref>[[#Stambaugh|Stambaugh]], p. 144.</ref> ==Notes== {{reflist|group=n}} ==References== {{reflist}} ===Soorces=== {{refbegin|2}} * {{cite book |ref=Abbott|author = Abbott, Frank Frost |year=1901 |title=A History and Description of Roman Political Institutions |publisher=Elibron Classics |isbn=0-543-92749-0 |authorlink=Frank Frost Abbott}} * {{cite book|ref=Boardman|editor=Boardman, John |title=The Cambridge Ancient History: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2pPxAAAAMAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=Vol. 11|isbn=0521263352}} * {{cite book|ref=Edmondson|author=Edmondson, J.C. |chapter=Dynamic Arenas: Gladiatorial Presentations in the City of Rome and the Construction of Roman Society during the Early Empire|title=Roman Theater and Society|publisher=University of Michigan Press|year= 1996}} * {{cite book|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fj69DAEACAAJ|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-517072-6|editor=Gagarin, Michael|ref=Gagarin}} * {{cite book|ref=Holleran|author=Holleran, Claire |title=Shopping in Ancient Rome: The Retail Trade in the Late Republic and the Principate|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oO7NwmbyxwAC|date=2012|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-969821-9}} * {{cite book|last=Huzar|first=Eleanor Goltz|title=Mark Antony: a Biography|translator=|editor=|year=1978|orig-year=|location=Minneapolis|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|ISBN=0-8166-0863-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pos8_zvVYDUC|postscript=.}} * {{cite book|ref=Kelly|author=Kelly, Christopher |title=The Roman Empire: A Very Short Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_2900192803916|publisher=Oxford University Press|year= 2007|isbn=0192803913}} * {{cite journal|ref=Millar| doi=10.2307/300073 | jstor=300073 | title=Empire and City, Augustus to Julian: Obligations, Excuses and Status | journal=Journal of Roman Studies | volume=73 | pages=76 | year=2012 | last1=Millar | first1=Fergus }} * {{cite book|last=Mommsen|first=Theodore|title=The provinces of the Roman empire from Caesar to Diocletian|translator=William P. Dickson|editor=William P. Dickson|year=2005|orig-year=1909|location=Ann Arbor, Michigan|publisher=University of Michigan Library|ISBN=|url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/g/genpub/abq2762.0001.001/332?page=root;size=100;view=image|postscript=.}} * {{cite book|ref=Nicolet|author=Nicolet, Claude |title=Space, Geography, and Politics in the Early Roman Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7IQpCaCpQ1MC|year=1991|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=0-472-10096-3}} * {{cite book|ref=Peachin|editor=Peachin, Michael |title=The Oxford Handbook of Social Relations in the Roman World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RDSI1V12ueIC|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-518800-4}} * {{cite book|ref=Potter2009|editor=Potter, David S. |title=A Companion to the Roman Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g4ZmqsyC5kEC|date=2009|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4051-9918-6}} * {{cite book|ref=Stambaugh|author=Stambaugh, John E. |title=The Ancient Roman City|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k0mZufizhH0C|date=1988|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-0-8018-3692-3}} * {{cite book|last=Sullivan|first=Richard, D.|title=Near Eastern Royalty and Rome, 100-30 BC|translator=|editor=|year=1990|orig-year=|location=Toronto|publisher=University of Toronto Press|ISBN=0-8020-2682-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IDU5DwAAQBAJ|postscript=.}} * {{cite book|ref=Winterling|author=Winterling, Aloys |title=Politics and Society in Imperial Rome|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_35eZH6_vT8C|date=2009|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4051-7969-0}} {{refend}} {{Commonscat|Roman Empire}} [[Category:Roman Empire|Roman Empire]] [[Category:Auncient Italian history]] [[Category:Umwhile kintras on the Italian Peninsula]] [[Category:Umwhile kintras in Asie]] [[Category:States o Auncient Africae]] [[Category:Superpouers]] [[Category:20s BC establishments in the Roman Empire|*]] [[Category:27 BC establishments]] [[Category:1st-century BC establishments in Italy]] [[Category:States an territories established in the 1st century BC]] [[Category:States an territories disestablished in the 5t century]] [[Category:476 disestablishments in the Roman Empire|*]] [[Category:470s disestablishments in Europe]] [[Category:5t-century disestablishments in Italy]] [[Category:1453 disestablishments in Europe]] jnicmcj9purceeff4mlmvlwtmvonzfm 0 10585 925376 879296 2026-10-27T01:45:09Z ~2026-57262-14 139337 uygtfcvbnjkuhyg 925376 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Hadrian's wall at Greenhead Lough.jpg|thumb|right|240px|Awtho hantle waw haes steyed, mony biggin projects uised a puckle o the stanes.]] '''Hadrian's waw''' ({{Lang-en|Hadrian's wall}}) is a lang stane an timmer waw made by the [[Roman Empire]] during the ring o Hadrian. It is fund on the northren mairch o the auld Roman kintra o Britainie.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hadrianswallcountry.co.uk/hadrians-wall/hadrian%E2%80%99s-wall-facts|title=Hadrian’s Wall: The Facts|date=2016-03-08|website=Visit Hadrian's Wall|language=en|access-date=2019-02-21|archive-date=2019-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221112558/https://hadrianswallcountry.co.uk/hadrians-wall/hadrian%E2%80%99s-wall-facts|url-status=dead}}</ref> The waw wis stairtit in 122 AD, an maist fowk believe it wis made ti be the rinnen atween auld independent [[Scotland]] an Brittanie, but this isnae true.<ref>[http://blog.english-heritage.org.uk/30-surprising-facts-hadrians-wall/ English Heritage. ''30 Surprising Facts About Hadrian's Wall''] Retrieved 18 March 2017.</ref><ref>[https://www.ft.com/content/14e09b78-3a6d-11e4-8ee4-00144feabdc0 Financial Times. ''Borders held dear to English and Scots''] Retrieved 18 March 2017.</ref><ref>[https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-rome/hadrians-wall History.com. ''Hadrian's Wall.''] Retrieved 27 August 2020</ref> Forby, the mairch wis weirt an the economie mair siccar.{{cn}}. da waw lowkey look lame tho; it jus rocks Anither waw, the Antonine waw, is fund in Scotland, but haesna been hantle uphauden like Hadrian's.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Breeze |first1=David |title=The Antonine Wall |date=2021 |publisher=Origin |location=[S.l.] |isbn=978-1-912476-93-0 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=k0hMzQEACAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Richardson |first1=John |title=The Romans and The Antonine Wall of Scotland |date=2019 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-0-244-50293-5 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bkGwDwAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist|30em}} {{Commonscat|Hadrian's Wall}} {{Coord|55|01|27|N|2|17|33|W|region:GB-LND_type:landmark_source:dewiki|display=title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hadrian's Wall}} [[Category:Hadrian's Waw| ]] [[Category:128 establishments]] [[Category:2nt-century establishments in Roman Breetain]] [[Category:2nt-century fortifications]] [[Category:Auncient Roman biggins an structurs in Breetain]] [[Category:Anglo-Scots mairch]] [[Category:Airchaeological steids in Cumbrie]] [[Category:Airchaeological steids in Northumberland]] [[Category:Airchaeological steids in Tyne an Wear]] [[Category:Mairch barriers]] [[Category:Biggins an structurs completit in the 2nt century]] [[Category:Biggins an structurs in Cumbrie]] [[Category:Biggins an structurs in Northumberland]] [[Category:Biggins an structurs in Tyne an Wear]] [[Category:Inglis Heritage steids in Cumbrie]] [[Category:Inglis Heritage steids in Northumberland]] [[Category:Inglis Heritage steids in Tyne an Wear]] [[Category:Fortification lines]] [[Category:Hadrianic biggin projects]] [[Category:Militar history o Cumbrie]] [[Category:Militar history o Northumberland]] [[Category:Militar history o Tyne an Wear]] [[Category:Nerva–Antonine dynasty]] [[Category:Northren Ingland]] [[Category:Roman fortifications in Ingland]] [[Category:Roman frontiers]] [[Category:Roman Limes]] [[Category:Roman limes in Britannie]] [[Category:Roman steids in Cumbrie]] [[Category:Roman steids in Northumberland]] [[Category:Roman waws in Ingland]] [[Category:Ruins in Cumbrie]] [[Category:Ruins in Northumberland]] [[Category:Tourist attractions in Cumbrie]] [[Category:Tourist attractions in Northumberland]] [[Category:Tourist attractions in Tyne an Wear]] [[Category:Warld Heritage Steids in Ingland]] {{Stub/Ingland}} dp6dyi3j26ptnrcp2cqnlxbbil1bcrn 925386 925376 2026-10-27T06:27:57Z CiphriusKane 74958 Revertit edit o ~2026-57262-14, chynged back tae last version bi Lirazelf 879296 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Hadrian's wall at Greenhead Lough.jpg|thumb|right|240px|Awtho hantle waw haes steyed, mony biggin projects uised a puckle o the stanes.]] '''Hadrian's waw''' ({{Lang-en|Hadrian's wall}}) is a lang stane an timmer waw made by the [[Roman Empire]] during the ring o Hadrian. It is fund on the northren mairch o the auld Roman kintra o Britainie.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hadrianswallcountry.co.uk/hadrians-wall/hadrian%E2%80%99s-wall-facts|title=Hadrian’s Wall: The Facts|date=2016-03-08|website=Visit Hadrian's Wall|language=en|access-date=2019-02-21|archive-date=2019-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221112558/https://hadrianswallcountry.co.uk/hadrians-wall/hadrian%E2%80%99s-wall-facts|url-status=dead}}</ref> The waw wis stairtit in 122 AD, an maist fowk believe it wis made ti be the rinnen atween auld independent [[Scotland]] an Brittanie, but this isnae true.<ref>[http://blog.english-heritage.org.uk/30-surprising-facts-hadrians-wall/ English Heritage. ''30 Surprising Facts About Hadrian's Wall''] Retrieved 18 March 2017.</ref><ref>[https://www.ft.com/content/14e09b78-3a6d-11e4-8ee4-00144feabdc0 Financial Times. ''Borders held dear to English and Scots''] Retrieved 18 March 2017.</ref><ref>[https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-rome/hadrians-wall History.com. ''Hadrian's Wall.''] Retrieved 27 August 2020</ref> Forby, the mairch wis weirt an the economie mair siccar.{{cn}} Anither waw, the Antonine waw, is fund in Scotland, but haesna been hantle uphauden like Hadrian's.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Breeze |first1=David |title=The Antonine Wall |date=2021 |publisher=Origin |location=[S.l.] |isbn=978-1-912476-93-0 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=k0hMzQEACAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Richardson |first1=John |title=The Romans and The Antonine Wall of Scotland |date=2019 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-0-244-50293-5 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bkGwDwAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist|30em}} {{Commonscat|Hadrian's Wall}} {{Coord|55|01|27|N|2|17|33|W|region:GB-LND_type:landmark_source:dewiki|display=title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hadrian's Wall}} [[Category:Hadrian's Waw| ]] [[Category:128 establishments]] [[Category:2nt-century establishments in Roman Breetain]] [[Category:2nt-century fortifications]] [[Category:Auncient Roman biggins an structurs in Breetain]] [[Category:Anglo-Scots mairch]] [[Category:Airchaeological steids in Cumbrie]] [[Category:Airchaeological steids in Northumberland]] [[Category:Airchaeological steids in Tyne an Wear]] [[Category:Mairch barriers]] [[Category:Biggins an structurs completit in the 2nt century]] [[Category:Biggins an structurs in Cumbrie]] [[Category:Biggins an structurs in Northumberland]] [[Category:Biggins an structurs in Tyne an Wear]] [[Category:Inglis Heritage steids in Cumbrie]] [[Category:Inglis Heritage steids in Northumberland]] [[Category:Inglis Heritage steids in Tyne an Wear]] [[Category:Fortification lines]] [[Category:Hadrianic biggin projects]] [[Category:Militar history o Cumbrie]] [[Category:Militar history o Northumberland]] [[Category:Militar history o Tyne an Wear]] [[Category:Nerva–Antonine dynasty]] [[Category:Northren Ingland]] [[Category:Roman fortifications in Ingland]] [[Category:Roman frontiers]] [[Category:Roman Limes]] [[Category:Roman limes in Britannie]] [[Category:Roman steids in Cumbrie]] [[Category:Roman steids in Northumberland]] [[Category:Roman waws in Ingland]] [[Category:Ruins in Cumbrie]] [[Category:Ruins in Northumberland]] [[Category:Tourist attractions in Cumbrie]] [[Category:Tourist attractions in Northumberland]] [[Category:Tourist attractions in Tyne an Wear]] [[Category:Warld Heritage Steids in Ingland]] {{Stub/Ingland}} j4arj7f0r72o3z9o4qjj5xhvx382mam 0 13350 925389 907640 2026-10-27T07:55:05Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 925389 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Nairobi |settlement_type = [[Leet o ceeties an touns in Kenyae bi population|Ceety]] |image_skyline = Nairobi Montage A.jpg |image size = |image_caption = Clockwise frae tap: Central buisness destrict, [[Nairobi Naitional Pairk]], [[Pairlament o Kenyae]], Nairobi Ceety Haw an the [[Kenyatta Internaitional Conference Centre]]. |image_flag = Flag of Nairobi.svg |flag_size = 100px |image_shield = Coat of Arms of Nairobi.svg |shield_size = 130px | nickname = "Green Ceety in the Sun", "Nai", "Silicon Savannah" |pushpin_map = Kenya |mapsize = |map_caption = Location o Nairobi |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Kenyae}} |subdivision_type1 = Coonty |subdivision_name1 = [[Nairobi Coonty]] |established_title = Foondit |established_date = 1899 <!-- Smaller parts (e.g. boroughs of a city) and seat of government --> |seat_type = |seat = |parts_type = [[Leet o constituencies o Kenyae|Constituencies]] |parts_style = |parts = |p1 = [[Dagoretti North Constituency|Dagoretti North]] |p2 = [[Dagoretti Sooth Constituency|Dagoretti Sooth]] |p3 = [[Westlands Constituency|Westlands]] |p4 = [[Lang'ata Constituency|Langata]] |p5 = [[Kibra Constituency|Kibra]] |p6 = [[Roysambu Constituency|Roysambu]] |p7 = [[Kasarani Constituency|Kasarani]] |p8 = [[Ruaraka Constituency|Ruaraka]] |p9 = [[Embakasi Sooth Constituency|Embakasi Sooth]] |p10 = [[Embakasi North Constituency|Embakasi North]] |p11 = [[Embakasi Central Constituency|Embakasi Central]] |p12 = [[Embakasi East Constituency|Embakasi East]] |p13 = [[Embakasi Wast Constituency|Embakasi Wast]] |p14 = [[Makadara Constituency|Makadara]] |p15 = [[Kamukunji Constituency|Kamukunji]] |p16 = [[Starehe Constituency|Starehe]] |p17 = [[Mathare Constituency|Mathare]] | governing_body = [[Nairobi Coonty|Nairobi Ceety Coonty]] | leader_title = Legislature | leader_name = [[Nairobi Coonty|Coonty Assembly]] | leader_title1 = [[Coonty Govrenors o Kenyae|Govrenor]] | leader_name1 = [[Evans Kidero]] |area_total_km2 = 696 |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |population_as_of = 2009 |population_footnotes = <ref name=currentpop>{{cite web |url=http://www.knbs.or.ke/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&view=category&download=583:volume-1b-population-distribution-by-political-units&id=109:population-and-housing-census-2009&Itemid=599 |title=Population Distribution by Political Units |publisher=knbs.or.ke |date= |accessdate=2015-03-30 |archive-date=2014-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113154135/http://www.knbs.or.ke/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&view=category&download=583:volume-1b-population-distribution-by-political-units&id=109:population-and-housing-census-2009&Itemid=599 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |population_urban = |population_metro = 6,547,547 |population_total = 3,138,369 |population_density_km2 = 4850 |population_demonym = Nairobian |area_code = 020 |twin1 = [[Denver]], Colorado |twin1_country = USA |twin2 = [[Rio de Janeiro]] |twin2_country = [[Brazil]] |timezone = [[East Africae Time|EAT]] |utc_offset = +3 |coordinates = {{coord|1|17|S|36|49|E|region:KE|display=inline,title}} |elevation_ft = 5450 |elevation_m = 1661 |footnotes = |website = {{URL|http://www.nairobi.go.ke/}} }} '''Nairobi''' ({{pronEng|naɪˈroʊbi}}) is the [[Caipital ceety|caipital]] an maistmuckle city o [[Kenyae]]. The city an its surroondin area forms the [[Nairobi Province]] an aa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.margiti.com/City:Nairobi |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-11-10 |archive-date=2015-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423102808/http://www.margiti.com/City:Nairobi |url-status=dead }}</ref> The name "Nairobi" comes frae the [[Maasai leid|Maasai]] phrase ''Enkare Nyirobi'', that translates tae "the place o cool watters". Houiver, it is kent as the "Green City in the Sun" forby an is surroondit bi seevral expandin villa suburbs.<ref>{{cite web |last=Pulse Africa |title=Not to be Missed: Nairobi 'Green City in the Sun' |publisher=pulseafrica.com |date= |url=http://www.pulseafrica.com/Highlights_1110000000_1_Nairobi+Green+City+In+The+Sun.htm |accessdate=2007-06-14 |archive-date=2007-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070428205948/http://www.pulseafrica.com/Highlights_1110000000_1_Nairobi%2BGreen%2BCity%2BIn%2BThe%2BSun.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The fowk o Nairobi are kent as '<nowiki/>'''Nairobians''''. Foondit in 1899 as a simple rail depot on the railwey linkin [[Mombasa]] tae [[Ugandae]], the toun quickly grew tae becom the caipital o [[Breetish East Africae]] in 1907 an eventually the caipital o a free Kenyan republic in 1963.<ref>{{cite web |last=City-Data.com|title= Nairobi History |publisher=http://www.city-data.com/ |date= |url=http://www.city-data.com/world-cities/Nairobi-History.html |accessdate=2008-08-25}}</ref> Durin Kenyae's colonial period, the city becam a centre fur the colony's coffee, tea an [[sisal]] industry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.city-data.com/world-cities/Nairobi-History.html |title=History - Nairobi |publisher=City-data.com |date= |accessdate=2010-10-18}}</ref> Nairobi is the caipital o the [[Nairobi Province]] an o the Nairobi Destrict an aa. The city lies on the [[Nairobi River]], in the sooth o the naition, an haes an elevation o 1795 m abuin [[sea-level]].<ref name="alninga.com">{{cite web |last=AlNinga |title=Attractions of Nairobi |publisher=alninga.com |date= |url=http://alninga.com/articles-directory/relationships/dating/attractions-of-nairobi.html |accessdate=2007-06-14 |archive-date=2007-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930061852/http://alninga.com/articles-directory/relationships/dating/attractions-of-nairobi.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nairobi is the maist populous city in [[East Africae]], wi a current estimatit population o aboot 3 million.<ref name=currentpop/> Accordin tae the 1999 Census, in the administrative area o Nairobi, 2,143,254 fowk bided athin 696 km (269 sq mi).<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Kenya Central Bureau of Statistics|url=http://www.cbs.go.ke/sectoral/population/census1999.html|title=Population distribution by province/district and sex: 1979-199 censuses|accessdate=2009-03-20|archive-date=2009-03-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090314132905/http://www.cbs.go.ke/sectoral/population/census1999.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nairobi is currently the 13t mucklest city in Africae based on population, an fowert mucklest in infrastructure development an its size. Nairobi is nou ane o the maist prominent cities in Africae politically an financially.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bauk |title=Håvar Bauck's city guide to Nairobi |publisher=bauck.com |date= |url=http://www.bauck.com/places/nairobi.asp#The_business_hub_of_Africa |accessdate=2007-06-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070909205151/http://www.bauck.com/places/nairobi.asp#The_business_hub_of_Africa |archivedate=2007-09-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> Hame tae mony companies an organisations, includin the [[Unitit Naitions Environment Programme]] an the UN Office in Africae, Nairobi is established as a hub fur business an cultur. The [[Nairobi Stock Exchange]] (NSE) is ane o the mucklest in Africae, ranked fowert in terms o tradin volume an capable o makin 10 million trades a day.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.millenniumit.com/esp/news_7.php |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-11-10 |archive-date=2008-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203180449/http://www.millenniumit.com/esp/news_7.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Globalisation an World Cities Study Group and Network ([[GaWC]]) defines Nairobi as a prominent social centre. == Sister ceeties == *{{flagicon|USA}} [[Denver]], [[Colorado]] (1975)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sister-cities.org/programs/humanitarian/Q2.cfm |title=Sister Cities International |publisher=Sister-cities.org |date= |accessdate=2010-10-18 |archive-date=2012-02-12 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/65OU5y2kH?url=http://www.sister-cities.org/programs/humanitarian/Q2.cfm |url-status=dead }}</ref> *{{flagicon|Venezuela}} [[Colonia Tovar]], [[Venezuela]] *{{flagicon|USA}} [[Raleigh]], [[North Carolina]]<ref name="sci">{{cite web| url=http://www.sister-cities.org/interactive-map/Raleigh,%20North%20Carolina| title=Raleigh, North Carolina| publisher=[[Sister Cities International]]| accessdate=29 January 2013| archive-date=2013-05-16| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516131850/http://www.sister-cities.org/interactive-map/Raleigh,%20North%20Carolina| url-status=dead}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} == External links == {{Commons|Nairobi}} {{Wikisource1911Enc}} ; Community * [http://www.nairobians.com/ Nairobians.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317211008/http://www.nairobians.com/ |date=2012-03-17 }} * [http://www.glue.co.ke/24/home/index.asp 24 Nairobi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307025241/http://www.glue.co.ke/24/home/index.asp |date=2011-03-07 }} ; Destinations * [http://www.nairobikenya.com/ NairobiKenya.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114040926/http://www.nairobikenya.com/ |date=2013-01-14 }} ; News * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110924202547/http://www.nationmedia.com/ Daily Nation] * [http://www.eastandard.net/ The Standard] ; Live Traffic Camera's * [http://www.nairobitraffic.com/ Nairobi Traffic] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101107153711/http://nairobitraffic.com/ |date=2010-11-07 }} ; Other * [http://www.nairobicity.go.ke The City Council of Nairobi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722211625/http://www.nairobicity.go.ke/ |date=2012-07-22 }} (offeecial wabsteid) * [http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0509/feature2/index.html National Geographic Feature about Nairobi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060811231343/http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0509/feature2/index.html |date=2006-08-11 }} * [http://www.museums.or.ke National Museums of Kenya] (offeecial wabsteid) {{Nairobi}} {{Provinces, cities and towns of Kenya}} {{List of African capitals}} {{All-Africa Games Host Cities}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Nairobi| ]] [[Category:Provincial caipitals in Kenyae]] [[Category:Caipitals in Africae]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1899]] [[Category:Provinces o Kenyae]] [[Category:Populatit places in Nairobi Province]] <!--Other languages--> qor4jy1fb07kfppi9ax3f20ph5mnigk 0 16890 925388 827729 2026-10-27T06:43:25Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 925388 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Kyoto | native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|ja|京都市}}}} | native_name_lang = ja | official_name = Kyoto Ceety | settlement_type = [[Ceeties designatit bi govrenment ordinance o Japan|Designatit ceety]] <!-- images, nickname, motto ---> | image_skyline = Kyoto montage.jpg | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = Frae tap left: [[Tō-ji]], [[Gion Matsuri]] in modren Kyoto, [[Fushimi Inari-taisha]], [[Kyoto Imperial Palace]], [[Kiyomizu-dera]], [[Kinkaku-ji]], [[Ponto-chō]] and [[Maiko]], [[Ginkaku-ji]], Ceetyscape frae Higashiyama an [[Kyoto Touer]] | image_flag = Flag of Kyoto City.svg{{!}}border | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | image_blank_emblem = Emblem of Kyoto, Kyoto.svg | nickname = | motto = <!-- maps and coordinates ------> | image_map = Kyoto in Kyoto Prefecture Ja.svg | map_alt = | map_caption = Location o Kyoto in [[Kyoto Prefectur]] | image_dot_map = | pushpin_map = Japan | pushpin_label_position = <!-- position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = &nbsp; | coordinates = {{coord|35|0|42|N|135|46|6|E|region:JP|display=inline,title}} | coor_pinpoint = <!-- to specify exact location of coordinates (was coor_type) --> | coordinates_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> <!-- location ------------------> | subdivision_type = [[Leet o sovereign states|Kintra]] | subdivision_name = Japan | subdivision_type1 = [[Leet o regions o Japan|Region]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Kansai region|Kansai]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Prefecturs o Japan|Prefectur]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Kyoto Prefectur]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = <!-- established ---------------> | established_title = <!-- Settled --> | established_date = | founder = | named_for = <!-- seat, smaller parts -------> | seat_type = <!-- defaults to: Seat --> | seat = <!-- government type, leaders --> | government_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | leader_party = | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = [[Daisaku Kadokawa]] | leader_title1 = | leader_name1 = <!-- etc., up to leader_title4 / leader_name4 --> <!-- display settings ---------> | total_type = <!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> | unit_pref = <!-- enter: Imperial, to display imperial before metric --> <!-- area ----------------------> | area_magnitude = <!-- use only to set a special wikilink --> | area_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | area_total_km2 = 827.83 | area_total_sq_mi = <!-- see table @ Template:Infobox settlement for details --> | area_land_km2 = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_percent = | area_note = <!-- elevation -----------------> | elevation_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = <!-- population ----------------> | population_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | population_total = 1,474,570 | population_as_of = October 1, 2015 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_est = | pop_est_as_of = | population_demonym = <!-- demonym, ie. Liverpudlian for someone from Liverpool --> | population_note = <!-- time zone(s) --------------> | timezone1 = [[Japan Staundart Time]] | utc_offset1 = +9 <!-- postal codes, area code ---> | postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> | postal_code = | area_code_type = <!-- defaults to: Area code(s) --> | area_code = <!-- blank fields (section 1) --> | blank_name_sec1 = Ceety Seembols | blank1_name_sec1 = - Tree | blank1_info_sec1 = [[Salix babylonica#Horticultural selections an relatit hybrids|Weeping Willow]], [[Acer palmatum|Japanese Maple]] an [[Cercidiphyllum japonicum|Katsura]] | blank2_name_sec1 = - Flouer | blank2_info_sec1 = [[Camellia]], [[Azalea]] an Succar [[Cherry]] <!-- blank fields (section 2) --> | blank_name_sec2 = Phone nummer | blank_info_sec2 = 075-222-3111 | blank1_name_sec2 = Address | blank1_info_sec2 = 488 Teramachi-Oike, Nakagyō-ku, Kyōto-shi, Kyōto-fu<br>604-8571 <!-- website, footnotes --------> | website = {{plainlist| *{{URL|www2.city.kyoto.lg.jp/koho/eng/index.html}} *{{URL|kyoto.travel}} }} | footnotes = }} {{nihongo|'''Kyoto'''|{{linktext|京都}}|''Kyōto''|"Caipital ceety"}} ({{IPA-ja|kʲoːto|-|Ja-Kyoto-shi.oga}}) is a [[Ceeties o Japan|ceety]] locatit in the central pairt o the island o [[Honshu]], Japan. It haes a population close tae 1.5 million. Umwhile the Imperial [[caipital o Japan]] for mair nor ane thoosan years, it is nou the caipital ceety o [[Kyoto Prefectur]] locatit in the [[Kansai region]], as well as a major pairt o the [[Keihanshin|Kyoto-Osaka-Kobe]] metropolitan aurie. Kyoto is kent as the ''thoosan-year caipital'' an aw. == Name == In Japanese, the ceety haes been cried '''Kyō''' (京), '''Miyako''' (都) or '''Kyō no Miyako''' (京の都). In the 11t century, the ceety wis renamed Kyoto ("caipital ceety"), efter the Cheenese wird for caipital ceety, ''jingdu'' (京都).<ref>Lowe, John. (2000). ''Old Kyoto: A short Social History,'' p. x.</ref> Efter [[Edo]] wis renamed [[Tokyo]] (meanin "Eastren Caipital") in 1868, Kyoto wis kent for a short time as '''Saikyō''' (西京, meanin "Wastren Capital"). An obsolete spellin for the ceety's name is '''Kioto'''; it wis umwhile kent tae the Wast as '''Meaco''' or '''Miako''' ({{lang-ja|都}}; miyako, meanin "the seat of Imperial palace" or "capital".). Anither term commonly uised tae refer tae the ceety in the pre-modren period wis '''Keishi''' ({{linktext|京師}}), meanin "metropolis" or "caipital". == Geografie == [[File:KyotoAutumn.jpg|thumb|left|Hairst in Kyoto attracts throngs o tourists tae temples lik this.]] Kyoto is locatit in a valley, pairt o the Yamashiro (or Kyoto) Basin, in the eastren pairt o the muntainous region kent as the Tamba hielands. The Yamashiro Basin is surroondit on three sides bi muntains kent as Higashiyama, Kitayama an Nishiyama, wi a heicht juist abuin 1,000 metres (3,281&nbsp;ft) [[abuin mean sea level|abuin sea level]]. This interior positionin results in het simmers an cauld winters. Thare are three rivers in the basin, the [[Uji River|Ujigawa]] tae the sooth, the [[Katsura River|Katsuragawa]] tae the wast, an the [[Kamo River|Kamogawa]] tae the east. Kyoto Ceety takes up 17.9% o the land in the prefecture wi an aurie o 827.9&nbsp;km² The oreeginal ceety wis arranged in accordance wi traditional [[Cheenae|Cheenese]] [[feng shui]] follaein the model o the auncient Cheenese caipital o [[Chang'an]] (present-day [[Xi'an]]). The [[Heian Palace|Imperial Palace]] faced sooth, resultin in Ukyō (the richt sector o the caipital) bein on the wast while Sakyō (the left sector) is on the east. The streets in the modren-day wards o [[Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto|Nakagyō]], [[Shimogyo-ku, Kyoto|Shimogyō]], an [[Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto|Kamigyō]] still follae a grid pattern. The day, the main business destrict is locatit tae the sooth o the auld [[Kyoto Gosho|Imperial Palace]], wi the less-populatit northren aurie retainin a far greener feel. Surroondin auries dae no follae the same grid pattern as the centre o the ceety, tho streets throughoot Kyoto share the distinction o haein names. Kyoto sits atop a muckle naitural watter table that provides the ceety wi ample freshwater wells. Due tae muckle scale urbanization, the amunt o rain drainin intae the table is dwindlin an wells athort the aurie are dryin at an increasin rate. == Internaitional relations == {{See an aa|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Japan}} === Twin touns — Sister ceeties === The ceety o Kyoto haes a [[Twin touns an sister ceeties|sister ceety]] relationship wi:<ref name="Kyoto">{{cite web|url=http://www.city.kyoto.jp/koho/eng/databox/sister.html|title=Kyoto City Web / Data Box / Sister Cities|publisher=www.city.kyoto.jp|accessdate=2010-01-14}}</ref> <!-- Note tae editors: This leet is for sister ceeties o the ceety o Kyoto. The places listed below have a sister relationship with the prefecture of Kyoto and are already listed on the article "Kyoto Prefecture". * Shaanxi Province, Fowkrepublic o Cheenae * Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesie * State o Oklahoma, USA * Leningrad Oblast, Roushie * Edinburgh, Scotland * Tuscany, Italy Please do not add any of them to this list. --> * {{flagicon|United States}} [[Boston]], [[Unitit States]] * {{flagicon|France}} [[Paris]], [[Fraunce]] (Friendship Pledge ceety) * {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Cologne]], [[Germany]] * {{flagicon|Peru}} [[Cuzco]], [[Peru]] * {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Konya]], [[Turkey]] * {{flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Prague]], [[Czech Republic]] * {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Florence]], [[Italy]] * {{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]] * {{flagicon|China}} [[Xi'an]], [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]] (Friendship ceety) * {{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Guadalajara, Jalisco|Guadalajara]], [[Mexico]] * {{flagicon|Croatia}} [[Zagreb]], [[Croatie]] == References == {{reflist}} == Freemit airtins == <!-- Ask in the discussion section before you add a link here, otherwise it is likely to be deleted NOTE: Official sites always go first --> {{Commonscat|Kyoto prefecture|Kyoto}} * [http://www.kyoto.travel/ Kyoto Travel Guide] — Ceety o Kyoto an Kyoto Tourism Cooncil * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040713000559/http://www.city.kyoto.jp/koho/index_e.html Kyoto Ceety] Local Govrenment {{En icon}} * [http://www.japaneselifestyle.com.au/travel/kyoto.htm Kyoto] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050716013200/http://www.japaneselifestyle.com.au/travel/kyoto.htm |date=2005-07-16 }} Guide includin interactive cairt & ower 1,300 pictures. * [http://www.artofjpn.com/kyoto/index.html Kyoto's temples & shrines] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110913144708/http://www.artofjpn.com/kyoto/index.html |date=2011-09-13 }}— Information on 26 temples an shrines. {{authority control}} [[Category:Populatit places established in the 8t century]] [[Category:794 establishments]] [[Category:Buddhist pilgrimages]] [[Category:Kyoto| ]] [[Category:Umwhile caipitals o Japan]] [[Category:Environmental model ceeties]] ahcc9sqo3p25u7dcezdn7s9ztelfkqr 0 33741 925365 851162 2026-10-27T01:05:11Z Atlantic306 30244 /* 2007-present: Girugamesh an internaitional success */ removed archive today, didn't verify anyway 925365 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Musicians --> | name = Girugämesh | image = Girugamesh 2007.jpg | caption = Girugämesh performin in 2007 | image_size = | landscape = yes | background = group_or_band | alias = Girugämesh | origin = [[Chiba, Chiba|Chiba]], Japan | genre = [[Alternative metal]], [[nu metal]], [[alternative rock]],<br> [[metalcore]], [[industrial metal]], [[industrial rock]] | years_active = 2003–present | label = [[Danger Crue Records|Danger Crue]]<br />[[Gan-Shin]] <small>([[Europe|EU]])</small> | associated_acts = | website = [http://www.girugamesh.jp/ girugamesh.jp] | current_members = Satoshi<br />Nii<br />Shū<br />Ryo | past_members = Cyrien<br />Hotaru }} {{nihongo|'''Girugamesh'''|ギルガメッシュ|Girugamesshu}} is a Japanese [[visual kei]] rock baund, formit in 2003.<ref name="CD Japan">[http://artist.cdjournal.com/d/reason-of-crying/4107050810 Reason of Crying Review by CD Japan] Retrieved Jun 26, 2010</ref> The name is derivit frae the name o the auncient keeng [[Gilgamesh]], o Babylonie an Sumerie meethos an is whiles stylizit wi a [[metal umlaut]] as '''girugämesh'''.<ref>{{cite web | title=Girugämesh J-Shock interview at JaME | work=jmusiceuropa.com | url=http://www.jmusiceuropa.com/uk/articles-2661-interview-with-girugamesh-before-j-shock.html}}</ref><ref name="gjame">{{cite web | title=girugämesh at JaME | work=jmusiceuropa.com | url=http://www.jmusiceuropa.com/uk/database-artist.php?id=481 | access-date=2012-05-29 | archive-date=2008-07-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705194048/http://www.jmusiceuropa.com/uk/database-artist.php?id=481 | url-status=dead }}</ref> ==History== ===2003-2006: Formation=== Formit in 2003 in [[Chiba, Chiba|Chiba]], Shuu an Nii haed been friends syne elementary schuil,<ref name="jrr_giru">{{cite web |url= http://www.jrockrevolution.com/index.php/webzine/article/interview_with_girugamesh_part_onegirugamesh_interview/interviews |title= Interview with girugamesh: PART ONE |accessdate= 2008-06-05 |author= Christina |year= 2008 |format= Interview |work= jrockrevolution.com |publisher= Jrock Revolution |pages= 1 |language= [[Inglis leid|Inglis]] |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080512132339/http://www.jrockrevolution.com/index.php/webzine/article/interview_with_girugamesh_part_onegirugamesh_interview/interviews |archivedate= 2008-05-12 |url-status= dead }}</ref> the earliest incarnation o the baund made its first performance while the members wur still in heich schuil.<ref name="gjrr">{{cite web | title=Girugamesh Jrock Revolution interview at JaME | work=jmusiceuropa.com | url=http://www.jmusiceuropa.com/uk/article.php?id=2326 | access-date=2012-05-29 | archive-date=2008-06-20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620215614/http://www.jmusiceuropa.com/uk/article.php?id=2326 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Girugamesh began playin gigs wi thair current lineup in 2004,<ref name="jrr_giru" /> till thay wur signed tae record label Gaina-Japan. Thair first single, "Kaisen Sengen" wis rankit #10 on the [[Oricon]] Indies chairt.<ref name="gjame" /> In 2005, Girugamesh embarkit on a naition-wide tour, efter which thay released thair first live DVD, featurin fuitage frae the tour, an efter mair tourin, released an [[Extendit play|EP]], ''Goku -Shohankei Enban-''. In 2007, Girugamesh wis signed tae the European label [[Gan-Shin]]. The baund then wis pairt o a 9-baund Japanese rock festival in [[Los Angeles, Californie]] cried "J-Rock Revolution". Thay wur pairt o the seicont nicht alangside [[Merry (baund)|Merry]], [[D'espairsRay]], an [[Mucc]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Girugamesh at J-Rock Revolution | work=jrockrevolution.com | url=http://www.jrockrevolution.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=category&sectionid=4&id=18&Itemid=27}}</ref> Aroond the time o J-Rock Revolution, some o the performin baunds released material on the [[iTunes Music Store]], includin Girugamesh. On this, Ryo haes commentit that "if you really like the baund efter the initial listen, you will buy the oreeginal CD."<ref name="giru_euro">{{cite web | title = Interview with Girugämesh in London | work = jmusiceuropa.com | url = http://www.jame-world.com/us/article.php?id=4017 | accessdate = 2008-03-25 | archive-date = 2008-03-01 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080301053800/http://www.jame-world.com/us/article.php?id=4017 | url-status = dead }}</ref> ===2007-present: ''Girugamesh'' an internaitional success=== In the simmer o 2007, Girugamesh released an [[Extended play|EP]] entitled ''[[Reason of Crying]]'', an in December released thair eponymous album, ''[[Girugamesh (album)|Girugamesh]]''. {{Main2|Girugamesh (album)#Touring|l1=''Girugamesh'' tourin}} In 2008, in support o ''Girugamesh'', the baund toured in baith Japan<ref name="stupid tour jpn">{{cite web |url = http://jame-world.com/us/schedule-concert.php?id=6101 |title = Stupid Tour '08 in Japan |accessdate = 2008-05-16 |format = Database article |work = jame-world.us |publisher = Asian Music Entertainment |pages = 1 |language = [[Inglis leid|Inglis]] |archive-date = 2008-01-29 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080129164013/http://www.jame-world.com/us/schedule-concert.php?id=6101 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="stupid tour GvR">{{cite web |url = http://jame-world.com/us/schedule-concert.php?id=6117 |title = Stupid Tour '08 Girugamesh Vs Roach |accessdate = 2008-05-16 |format = Database article |work = jame-world.us |publisher = Asian Music Entertainment |pages = 1 |language = [[Inglis leid|Inglis]] |archive-date = 2008-03-11 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080311180306/http://www.jame-world.com/us/schedule-concert.php?id=6117 |url-status = dead }}</ref> an Europe,<ref name="stupid tour eur">{{cite web |url = http://jame-world.com/us/schedule-concert.php?id=6098 |title = Stupid Tour '08 in Euro |accessdate = 2008-05-16 |format = Database article |work = jame-world.us |publisher = Asian Music Entertainment |pages = 1 |language = [[Inglis leid|Inglis]] |archive-date = 2009-01-15 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090115065111/http://jame-world.com/us/schedule-concert.php?id=6098 |url-status = dead }}</ref> unner the tour title "Stupid Tour '08". The Japanese leg haed Girugamesh performin throughoot Japan,<ref name="stupid tour jpn" /> an later in Januar, the baund toured [[Europe]] for the first time, visitin [[Germany]], [[Fraunce]], the [[Unitit Kinrick]], [[Swaden]] an [[Finland]].<ref name="stupid tour eur" /> Follaein thair European tour, Girugamesh continued the "Stupid Tour '08 in Japan".<ref name="stupid tour jpn" /> In Mairch, Girugamesh returned tae tourin visitin venues aw ower Japan includin [[Okinawa]].<ref name="stupid tour GvR" /> Follaein a performance at [[Wacken Open Air]],<ref>{{cite web | title=Wacken Open Air 2008 lineup | work=wacken.com | url=http://www.wacken.com/en/woa2008/main-bands/billing-2008/ | accessdate=2007-12-15 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031022416/http://www.wacken.com/en/woa2008/main-bands/billing-2008/ | archivedate=2007-10-31 | url-status=dead }}</ref> a support tour for ''Girugamesh'' will occur, entitled "Shining Tour '08".<ref name="shining jpn">{{cite web |url= http://www.girugamesh.jp/live.php |title= Girugamesh live info |accessdate= 2008-05-25 |format= Information page |work= girugamesh.jp |pages= 1 |language= [[Japanese language|Japanese]] |archive-date= 2009-07-04 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090704163938/http://www.girugamesh.jp/live.php |url-status= dead }}</ref> The first performances endured throu Julie, visitin [[Osaka]] an [[Nagoya]], wi ane feenal performance in August at the Liquidroom in [[Tokyo]].<ref name="shining jpn" /> Concerts in Julie featurt seicont acts, includin Gelugugu, Tr. Dan, Sel'm, Dogma, an [[Deathgaze]], while the tour finale shaw will be a ane-man performance, wi anerlie Girugamesh.<ref name="shining jpn" /> In Julie 2008, an Inglis version o thair wabsteid wis activatit; shortly efter this, the baund annooncit thay wad release thair debut American album, wi ''Girugamesh'' bein sauld exclusively throu [[Hot Topic]] stores. The baund's third full-lenth album, titled ''[[Music (Girugamesh album)|Music]]'', wis released on 5 November 2008. Efter a lengthy Japan tour throughoot the first quairter o 2009, the baund made its seicont appearance in the United States, showcased at [[Sakura-Con]] in [[Seattle]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]]. No lang efter the en o "Crazy Tour 2009" thay released the live DVD "Crazy Crazy Crazy" on 3 Juin. Anither release wis annooncit tae be oot on 10 Julie but this time it wis a single namit "Alive" which thay haed been playin for the audiences durin the end o thair "Crazy Tour". Juist a month later on 5 August the single "Border" came oot alang wi "Crying Rain" on 7 October. On 16 December thay released the fowert album wi the name ''[[NOW (Girugamesh album)|Now]]'' an this became the name o thair tour in 2010. The baund haed a live entitled New Album Release "Premium Oneman Show 2010" on 31 Januar 2010 at [[Shinkiba Studio Coast]], an at the same time, the members [[twitter|tweet]]it in real time throu [[musicJAPANplus]] afore the live began.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://musicjapanplus.jp/articles/?action=article_page&articles_id=1918&article_data_id=1932 |title=Next Event!![girugamesh] |publisher=[[Musicjapanplus]] |access-date=2012-05-29 |archive-date=2011-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722114346/http://www.musicjapanplus.jp/articles/?action=article_page&articles_id=1918&article_data_id=1932 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Girugamesh released the single "Color" on 6 Julie 2010. On 7 October thay released the single "Inochi no Ki". On 19 September 2010, the baund performit at [[D'erlanger]]'s "Abstinence's Door #005" wi [[Head Phones President]] an [[Defspiral]]. The concert wis streamit warldwide live on [[Ustream.tv]].<ref name="Abstinence’s Door #005, #006 on Ustream">{{cite web | title = ''Live Stream of Abstinence’s Door #005, #006'' | work = jame-world.com | url = http://jame-world.com/us/news-67686-live-stream-of-abstinencess-door-005-006-.html | accessdate = 2011-10-09 }}</ref> On 26 Januar 2011, Girugamesh released thair album ''[[GO (Girugamesh album)|Go]]'' which includes thair recent singles, "Color" an "Inochi no Ki", ane o the sangs, "Destiny", leakit oot a few days afore. ''Go'' will be released in Europe on 2 Februar 2012. On 22 Aprile 2011, Girugamesh played a concert at [[Anime Boston]] 2011. ==Meme== The baund became an internet [[meme]] efter a 2009 [[Sakura-Con]] commercial, wherein several fowk discussin thair luve o Japan-relatit material are interruptit bi a man who shouts "Girugamesh!"<ref>{{Citation|author = SakuraConPR | title = Sakura-Con 2009 Commercial| date = Jan 21, 2009| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XP5lz2CYNR4|accessdate = Nov 17, 2011 |publisher=YouTube}}</ref> This image-an-text macro suin became a meme on the imagebuird [[4chan]]. ==Members== * {{nihongo|Satoshi|左迅}} – [[vocals]], [[leericist]]<ref name="gjrr" /> (2003-present) * {{nihongo|Nii|弐}} – [[Rhythm an Lead Guitar|lead & rhythm guitar]] (2003-present) * {{nihongo|Shuu|愁}} – [[bass guitar|bass]], [[baundleader|leader]] (2003-present) * {{nihongo|Яyo|亮}} – [[drum kit|drums]], primary [[sangwriter]]<ref name="gjrr" /> (2003-present) ;Umwhile members * Cyrien – vocals (2003, went on tae play in Sel'm) * Hotaru – [[rhythm guitar]] (2003) ==Discography== ;Albums * ''[[13's Reborn]]'' (27 September 2006) * ''[[Girugamesh (album)|Girugamesh]]'' (26 December 2007) * ''[[Music (Girugamesh album)|Music]]'' (5 November 2008) * ''[[Now (Girugamesh album)|Now]]'' (16 December 2009) * ''[[Go (Girugamesh album)|Go]]'' (26 Januar 2011) ;EPs * ''[[Goku Shohan Kata Enban|Goku -Shohan Gata Enban-]]'' (25 Mey 2005) *''[[Reason of Crying]]''(18 Julie 2007) *''[[Color (EP)|Color]]'' (7 Julie 2010) *''[[Inochi no Ki]]'' (6 October 2010) ;Singles * "Jelato" (August 3, 2004, distributit single) * "Midnight" (2004, distributit single) * "Kaisen Sengen -Kikaku Kata Enban-" (15 August 2004) * "Mikongyaku" (24 August 2004) * "Kuukyo no Utsuwa -Kyosaku Gata Enban-" (25 December 2004) * "Kosaki Uta -Kaijou Gata Enban-" (8 Februar 2005) * "Senyuu Kyoutou Uta" (split CD wi Marusa, 20 Aprile 2005) * "Kyozetsusareta Tsukue -Tandoku Gata Enban-" (17 Juin 2005) * "Fukai no Yami -Mayosake Gata Enban-" (14 September 2005) * "Honnou Kaihou -Kakusei Gata Enban-" (30 November 2005) * "Risei Kairan -Ranchou Gata Enban-" (30 November 2005) * "Rei -Zero- -Mukei Gata Enban-" (5 Aprile 2006) * "Omae ni Sasageru Minikui Koe" (12 Aprile 2006) * "Volcano" (DVD single, 14 Mairch 2007) * "Alive" (10 Juin 2009) * "Border" (5 August 2009) * "Crying Rain" (7 October 2009) * "Color" (ギルガメッシュ) (7 Julie 2010) * "Inochi no Ki" (イノチノキ) (6 October 2010) * "Pray" (Japanese an Inglis versions) (13 Aprile 2011) * "Zecchou BANG!!" (4 Julie 2012) ;Demos * "Dekiai -Shisaku Gata Enban-" (2003, first release wi Satoshi) * "Stupid -Kyoku Gata Enban-" (live distribution, 2007) ;DVDs * ''Crazy Crazy Crazy'' 3 Juin 2009 * ''Gaisen-Kouen 'Chiba''' 22 Februar 2012 ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.girugamesh.jp/english/ Offeecial wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005162801/http://www.girugamesh.jp/english/ |date=2011-10-05 }} [[Category:Gan-Shin airtists]] [[Category:Visual kei muisical groups]] [[Category:Japanese alternative metal muisical groups]] [[Category:Japanese alternative rock groups]] [[Category:Muisical groups established in 2003]] [[Category:Muisical quartets]] [[Category:Internet memes]] cz6r261qpts8cykdjdqw11dxng59x7z 0 46412 925356 923247 2026-10-26T18:09:56Z ~2026-56935-43 139320 925356 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = |name = Xochitepec |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = Toun & Municipality |total_type = Municipality |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = 250px |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |city_lo |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Mexico |pushpin_label_position =above |pushpin_mapsize =300 |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Mexico <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Mexico]] |subdivision_type1 = [[States o Mexico|State]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Morelos]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = Municipal&nbsp;Preses |leader_name = Rodolfo Tapia López |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = Foondit |established_date = |established_title2 = Municipal Status |established_date2 = |established_title3 = |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 =99.13 |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = 2005 |population_footnotes = Municipality |population_note = |population_total = 53368 |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title = Seat |population_blank1 = 16627 <!-- population of seat --> |population_blank2_title = |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[Central Staundart Time|CST]] |utc_offset = −6 |timezone_DST = [[Central Daylicht Time|CDT]] |utc_offset_DST = −5 |coordinates = {{coord|18|42|N|99|11|W|region:MX|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = Postal code (of seat) <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = [[Demonym]] |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Xochitepec''' is a ''[[municipio (Mexico)|municipio]]'' ([[Municipalities o Mexico|municipality]]) of the [[Poleetical divisions of Mexico|state]] o [[Morelos]], in central [[Mexico]]. Xochitepec is the name o its principal township an seat o the municipal government an aw. It is located approximately 13 km (8.1 mi) the the south o the capital of Morelos, [[Cuernavaca]], on the southern outskirts of that city's greater [[metropolitan aurie]]. The municipality reportit 53,568 inhabitants in the year 2005 census. The [[toponym]] ''Xochitepec '' {{IPA-nah|ʃot͡ʃi'tepek||}} comes frae the [[Nahuatl]] leid, meaning "on the hill o flowers". In Juin 2006 a research team frae Mexico's [[:en:National Institute of Anthropology and History|National Institute o Anthropology an History]] (INAH) began excavations at [[Zazacatla]], a [[pre-Columbian]] [[Mesoamerica]]n [[archaeological steid]] locatit athin the municipal boundaries. The INAH team led bi Giselle Canto reportit fyndin evidence o [[Olmec]] cultural influences at the steid. Prior tae the fynd Olmec-influence [[Olmec figurine|statuar]] an architecture had been almost completely unkent for other steroids in the western Morelos region, an Zazacatla's excavation represents the strangest evidence yet for some form o trade or contact atween the aurie an the "[[Olmec heartland]]" in the [[Gulf Coast o Mexico|Gulf Coast]] region, some 400 km (249 mi) tae the east.<ref>García (2007), Lovgren (2007, pp.1–2).</ref> In January 2007 the [[Governor o Morelos]], [[Marco Adame Castillo]], announced an affer for the state tae unnerwrite the preservation o Zazacatla an tae incorporate it into the tourism an cultural heritage plans for Morelos. He foreshadowed that a tourism project wad be initiated at the steid's location in Xochitepec ance the archaeological investigations head further develop it.<ref>García (2007).</ref> ==Notes== {{reflist|1}} ==References== * {{cite news |author={{aut|García, Miguel Ángel}} |date=2007-01-26 |title=Posible, nuevo plan arqueológico en Xochitepec |url=http://www.lajornadamorelos.com/index.php?module=pagesetter&func=viewpub&tid=1&pid=22322 |work=La Jornada Morelos |publisher=Editora de Medios de Morelos |accessdate=2007-02-09 |archive-date=2007-10-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008074437/http://www.lajornadamorelos.com/index.php?module=pagesetter&func=viewpub&tid=1&pid=22322 |url-status=dead }}{{es icon}} * {{cite news |author={{aut|Lovgren, Stefan}} |date=2007-01-26 |title=Ancient City Found in Mexico; Shows Olmec Influence |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/01/070126-mexico-olmec.html |work=National Geographic News |publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] |accessdate=2007-02-08 |archive-date=2007-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202011007/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/01/070126-mexico-olmec.html |url-status=dead}} ==Freemit airtins== *http://www.e-morelos.gob.mx/e-gobierno/DirMunicipios/xochitepec.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813085414/http://www.e-morelos.gob.mx/e-gobierno/DirMunicipios/xochitepec.htm |date=2006-08-13 }} *http://e-municipios.e-morelos.gob.mx/xochitepec.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050125085133/http://e-municipios.e-morelos.gob.mx/xochitepec.htm |date=2005-01-25 }} {{Morelos}} [[Category:Municipalities o Morelos]] [[Category:Populated places in Morelos]] tf6rlzygfkmb4ivshehahbaercftisk 925357 925356 2026-10-26T19:37:09Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 Undae revision [[Special:Diff/925356|925356]] bi [[Special:Contributions/~2026-56935-43|~2026-56935-43]] ([[User talk:~2026-56935-43|Tauk]]) Nae the Inglis wiki 925357 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = |name = Xochitepec |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = Toun & Municipality |total_type = Municipality |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = 250px |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |city_lo |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Mexico |pushpin_label_position =above |pushpin_mapsize =300 |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Mexico <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Mexico]] |subdivision_type1 = [[States o Mexico|State]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Morelos]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = Municipal&nbsp;Preses |leader_name = Rodolfo Tapia López |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = Foondit |established_date = |established_title2 = Municipal Status |established_date2 = |established_title3 = |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 =99.13 |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = 2005 |population_footnotes = Municipality |population_note = |population_total = 53368 |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title = Seat |population_blank1 = 16627 <!-- population of seat --> |population_blank2_title = |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[Central Staundart Time|CST]] |utc_offset = −6 |timezone_DST = [[Central Daylicht Time|CDT]] |utc_offset_DST = −5 |coordinates = {{coord|18|42|N|99|11|W|region:MX|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = Postal code (of seat) <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = [[Demonym]] |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Xochitepec''' is a ''[[municipio (Mexico)|municipio]]'' ([[Municipalities o Mexico|municipality]]) o the [[Poleetical diveesions o Mexico|state]] o [[Morelos]], in central [[Mexico]]. Xochitepec is the name o its principal tounship an seat o the municipal govrenment an aw. It is locatit approximately 13 km (8.1 mi) tae the sooth o the caipital o Morelos, [[Cuernavaca]], on the soothern ootskirts o that ceety's greater [[metropolitan aurie]]. The municipality reportit 53,568 inhabitants in the year 2005 census. The [[toponym]] ''Xochitepec '' {{IPA-nah|ʃot͡ʃi'tepek||}} comes frae the [[Nahuatl]] leid, meanin "on the hill o flouers". In Juin 2006 a research team frae Mexico's [[:en:National Institute of Anthropology and History|Naitional Institute o Anthropologie an History]] (INAH) began excavations at [[Zazacatla]], a [[pre-Columbie]] [[Mesoamerica]]n [[airchaeological steid]] locatit athin the municipal boondaries. The INAH team led bi Giselle Canto reportit fyndin evidence o [[Olmec]] cultural influences at the steid. Prior tae the fynd Olmec-influencit [[Olmec figurine|statuar]] an airchitectur haed been amaist completely unkent for ither steids in the wastren Morelos region, an Zazacatla's excavation represents the strangest evidence yet for some form o trade or contact atween the aurie an the "[[Olmec heartland]]" in the [[Guwf Coast o Mexico|Guwf Coast]] region, some 400 km (249 mi) tae the east.<ref>García (2007), Lovgren (2007, pp.1–2).</ref> In Januar 2007 the [[govrenor o Morelos]], [[Marco Adame Castillo]], annooncit an affer for the state tae unnerwrite the preservation o Zazacatla an tae incorporate it intae the tourism an cultural heritage plans for Morelos. He foreshadaeed that a tourism project wad be initiatit at the steid's location in Xochitepec ance the airchaeological investigations haed further developit.<ref>García (2007).</ref> ==Notes== {{reflist|1}} ==References== * {{cite news |author={{aut|García, Miguel Ángel}} |date=2007-01-26 |title=Posible, nuevo plan arqueológico en Xochitepec |url=http://www.lajornadamorelos.com/index.php?module=pagesetter&func=viewpub&tid=1&pid=22322 |work=La Jornada Morelos |publisher=Editora de Medios de Morelos |accessdate=2007-02-09 |archive-date=2007-10-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008074437/http://www.lajornadamorelos.com/index.php?module=pagesetter&func=viewpub&tid=1&pid=22322 |url-status=dead }}{{es icon}} * {{cite news |author={{aut|Lovgren, Stefan}} |date=2007-01-26 |title=Ancient City Found in Mexico; Shows Olmec Influence |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/01/070126-mexico-olmec.html |work=National Geographic News |publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] |accessdate=2007-02-08 |archive-date=2007-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202011007/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/01/070126-mexico-olmec.html |url-status=dead}} ==Freemit airtins== *http://www.e-morelos.gob.mx/e-gobierno/DirMunicipios/xochitepec.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813085414/http://www.e-morelos.gob.mx/e-gobierno/DirMunicipios/xochitepec.htm |date=2006-08-13 }} *http://e-municipios.e-morelos.gob.mx/xochitepec.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050125085133/http://e-municipios.e-morelos.gob.mx/xochitepec.htm |date=2005-01-25 }} {{Morelos}} [[Category:Municipalities o Morelos]] [[Category:Populatit places in Morelos]] n435r5dr9vork60t2tkmd3drskycylb 0 46686 925348 925347 2026-10-26T12:23:11Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 925348 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Russian city |en_name=Lyubertsy |ru_name=Люберцы |image_skyline=View of Lyubertsy (1).jpg |coordinates = {{coord|55|40|N|37|55|E|display=inline,title}} |map_label_position=right |image_coa=Coat of Arms of Lyubertsy (2026).svg |image_flag=Flag of Lyubertsy (2026).png |federal_subject=[[Moscow Oblast]] |adm_district_jur=[[Lyuberetsky Destrict]] |adm_ctr_of=Lyuberetsky Destrict |inhabloc_cat=Ceety |mun_district_jur=Lyuberetsky Municipal Destrict |urban_settlement_jur=Lyubertsy Urban Dounset |pop_2010census=172525 |pop_2010census_rank=106t |pop_2010census_ref=<ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}}</ref> |established_date=1621 |website=http://www.luberadm.ru/ |commonscat=Lyubertsy |date=May 2010 }} '''Lyubertsy''' ({{lang-rus|Люберцы|p=ˈlʲʉbʲɪrtsɨ}}) is a [[teeps o inhabitit localities in Roushie|ceety]] an the [[admeenistrative centre]] o [[Lyuberetsky Destrict]] o [[Moscow Oblast]], [[Roushie]]. Population: {{ru-census|p2010=172,525|p2002=156,691|p1989=165,478}} ==History== Lyubertsy wis foondit in 1623 an wis grantit ceety status in 1925. It is a wirkin cless suburb o Moscow.<ref name = "NYT" >[http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/04/world/europe/in-russia-vote-fear-of-hardship-fuels-putin-support.html "Fear of Return to ’90s Hardship Fuels Support for Putin"] political analysis by Michael Schwirtz datelined Lyubertsy in ''[[The New York Times]]'' March 3, 2012</ref> Lyubertsy wis hame tae the [[Lyubery|Lyubers]] Soviet sports youth muivement in the 1980s. Durin the [[perestroika]] years o the 1990s, the Lyubers, an bi association Lyubertsy, formit a pairt o the emergin organisit creeme syndicates. ==Tourism== Awtho it haes some moderately attractive auries an is near some bonnie [[dacha]] auries sic as [[Malakhovka, Moscow Oblast|Malakhovka]], Lyubertsy attracts few tourists. ==Industry== Lyubertsy is a major industrial centre. Thare are mair nor twinty-five industrial enterprises an a lairge [[railwey]] junction. Prevailin domains are [[mechanical ingineerin]], [[metalwirkin]], production o [[construction]] materials, [[firthwirkin]] an [[fuid processin]]. Amang the lairgest enterprises are: *[[Kamov company]]. Ukhtomsky Helicopter plant namit efter N. I. Kamov (developer o the warld-famous [[Ka-50]] "Black Shark" an [[Ka-52]] "Alligator" helicopters) *Ukhtomsky machine-biggin plant, makkin equipment for raisin [[fermstockin]] *"Torgmash" joint-stock company produces manufacturin equipment *A construction materials plant *"Lyuberetskye carpets" collective *"Belaya dacha" agricultural processin plant, a suppleer for [[McDonalds]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.luberadm.ru/ Offeecial wabsteid, in Roushie] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321102334/http://www.luberadm.ru/ |date=2019-03-21 }} *[http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/04/world/europe/in-russia-vote-fear-of-hardship-fuels-putin-support.html "Fear of Return to ’90s Hardship Fuels Support for Putin"] poleetical analysis bi Michael Schwirtz datelined Lyubertsy in ''[[The New York Times]]'' Mairch 3, 2012 {{Moscow Oblast}} [[Category:Ceeties an touns in Moscow Oblast]] 4q7zxzs6z2ylu6vv2skzvaa94cp1ehh 0 49683 925383 894016 2026-10-27T06:14:40Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 925383 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Juanita Phillips''' (born 11 October 1963<ref>[http://www.theage.com.au/news/parenting/any-time-is-the-right-time/2006/11/07/1162661686469.html?page=fullpage "Any time is the right time"] ''[[The Age]]'', 7 July 2006</ref> in [[Brisbane]]) is an Australie jurnalist an news presenter. Phillips is currently wirkin for the [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]] as weeknicht presenter o ''[[ABC News (Australie)|ABC News]]'' in New Sooth Wales an fore-nicht presenter for [[ABC News]] bulletins. ==Career== Phillips began her career in Brisbane in 1982 as a cadet jurnalist at ''[[The Courier-Mail]]'' whaur she became a featur writer an [[columnist]].<ref>[http://www.booktopia.com.au/a-pressure-cooker-saved-my-life-how-to-have-it-all-do-it-all-and-keep-it-all-together/prod9780733325885.html Author biography]</ref> In the early 1990s, Phillips wirkit at [[TVQ|TVQ-10]] Brisbane as a reporter an presenter an she made her naitional debut as regular presenter on ''[[Ten News|Ten Eyewitness News]]'' weekend late edition (frae [[Network Ten]]'s Brisbane studios) in 1993. A year later, Phillips muivit tae [[Sydney]] tae join [[Ron Wilson (newsreader)|Ron Wilson]] on [[TEN (TV station)|TEN-10]]'s ''[[Ten News|Ten News First at Five]]'', succeedin [[Sandra Sully (jurnalist)|Sandra Sully]] an she wis lead female presenter for the bulletin for twa years an wis later succeedit bi [[Jessica Rowe]]. In 1997, follaein a stint as presenter wi [[Sky News Australia]], Phillips muivit tae [[Lunnon]] whaur she wirkit as a news presenter at [[BBC World News]] while at the same time runnin a Lunnon cafe. She later muivit tae [[CNN International]], in [[Lunnon]] an aw, wirkin mainly as co-anchor on ''[[World Report (CNN)|CNN Today]]'' afore returnin tae Australie as weekend presenter o ''[[ABC News (Australie)|ABC News]]'' in New Sooth Wales. In 2003, she muivit tae co-anchor ''[[ABC News (Australie)|ABC News NSW]]'' wi [[Tony Eastley]] an later acome solo presenter o the bulletin. Durin 2007, Phillips wrote a nummer o airticles for ''[[The Bulletin]]'' includin an airticle on ainimal richts activist Lyn White that caused some controversy.<ref>[http://www.liveexport-indefensible.com/news/110407.php "Lunch with Lyn White"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723114648/http://www.liveexport-indefensible.com/news/110407.php |date=2011-07-23 }} by Juanita Phillips, ''[[The Bulletin]]'' (11 April 2007)</ref> On 30 November 2007, Phillips suffered an on-air coughin fit while presentin ''[[ABC News (Australie)|ABC News NSW]]'', forcin the ABC tae switch tae a simulcast o the Victoria state bulletin frae its [[Melbourne]] [[ABV (TV station)|station]] till her coughin fit subsidit.<ref>[http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/articles/2007/11/30/1196394622704.html "Juanita Phillips coughing fit halts ABC evening news"], ''[[Brisbane Times]]'', 30 November 2007</ref> In her 2010 beuk, ''A Pressure Cooker Saved My Life'', she describes the episode as a result o a stress-inducit [[Laryngospasm|laryngeal spasm]]. ==Personal life== In 2002, Phillips marriet Mario Milostic, an Australie graphic designer, efter a sax-week courtship. Thair first bairn, Marcus, wis born in 2003 an thair dochter, Mischa, in 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/parenting/any-time-is-the-right-time/2006/11/07/1162661686469.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap2 |title= Any time is the right time |author=Karen Pakula|date=Nov 7, 2006 |publisher= The Age|accessdate=Sep 1, 2010 }}</ref> In 2009, Juanita teuk carer's leave frae the ABC tae care for thair childer while her husband Mario wis interstate for rehabilitation frae bouel cancer.<ref>[http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/celebrity/newsreader-juanita-phillips-husband-diagnosed-with-cancer/story-e6frfmqr-1111119114656#ixzz0yEyTMNof "Newsreader Juanita Phillips' husband diagnosed with cancer"] {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''news.com.au'', 13 March 2009</ref> ==Publications== *''The Newspaper Kids'', series o five childer's beuks, 1996, 1997, [[HarperCollins]]<ref>[http://www.mdavid.com.au/books.html Books by Mark David]</ref><ref>[http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Search/Home?lookfor=author%3A%22Phillips%2C+Juanita%22&type=all&submit=Find Phillips' publications] at the [[National Library of Australia]]</ref> *''A Pressure Cooker Saved My Life: how to have it all, do it all, and keep it all together'', 2010, [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC Beuks]], ISBN 978-0-7333-2588-5 ==References== {{reflist}} {{s-start}} {{s-media}} {{succession box | title = ''[[Ten News|Ten Eyewitness News: First At Five]]'' &ndash; Sydney <br/><small>Presenter with [[Ron Wilson (newsreader)|Ron Wilson]]</small> | before = [[Sandra Sully]] | after = [[Jessica Rowe]] | years = 1994&ndash;1996}} {{succession box|title=''[[ABC News (Australie)#NSW|ABC News NSW]]'' <br>Weeknicht Presenter |before=[[Tony Eastley]]|after=incumbent|years=2003&ndash;2023}} {{succession box|title=''[[ABC News|Evening News]]'' <br>Presenter |before=program stairtit|after=Karina Carvalho|years=22 July 2010 &ndash; 2014}} {{s-end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Phillips, Juanita}} [[Category:ABC News (Australie) presenters]] [[Category:Ten News presenters]] [[Category:1963 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Brisbane]] [[Category:Writers frae Queensland]] [[Category:Australie childer's writers]] [[Category:Australie autobiografers]] [[Category:Australie televeesion newsreaders an news presenters]] c72c846xq0tze4dgaez8fsyfhkauio0 0 58355 925391 885422 2026-10-27T09:55:59Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 925391 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Settlement |name =Shathah |settlement_type =Toun |official_name =Shathah al-Tahta (<big>شطحة التحتا</big>) |other_name = |native_name = <big>شطحة</big> <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |pushpin_map = Syria <!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Sirie |pushpin_mapsize =250 <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Sirie}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Govrenorates o Sirie|Govrenorate]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Hama Govrenorate|Hama]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Destricts o Sirie|Destrict]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Al-Suqaylabiyah Destrict|Al-Suqaylabiyah]] |subdivision_type3 = [[Nahiyah|Subdestrict]] |subdivision_name3 = Shathah |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = Metric <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of =2004 |population_footnotes =<ref name="CBS"/> |population_note = |population_total =8076 |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Religions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[Eastren European Time|EET]] |utc_offset = +2 |timezone_DST = +3 |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|35|30|11|N|36|14|38|E|region:SY|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Shathah''' ({{lang-ar|<big>شطحة التحتا</big>}}, ''šaṭḥat at-taḥta'') is a toun in northwastren [[Sirie]], admeenistratively pairt o the [[Hama Govrenorate]], locatit northwast o [[Hama]]. Nearbi localities include [[Slinfah]] tae the northwast, [[Nabl al-Khatib]] an [[Farikah]] tae the north, [[al-Huwash, Hama Govrenorate|al-Huwash]] tae the northeast, [[Huwayjat al-Sallah]] tae the sootheast, [[Inab, Hama Govrenorate|Inab]] tae the sooth an [[Ayn al-Tineh]] tae the wast.<ref>[http://mapcarta.com/12674474 Shathat al Tahta]. Mapcarta.</ref> Accordin tae the [[:en:Central Bureau of Statistics (Syria)|Sirie Central Bureau o Statistics]] (CBS), Shathah haed a population o 8,076 in the 2004 census. It is the admeenistrative centre and lairgest toun o the Shathah al-Tahta ''[[nahiyah]]'' ("subdestrict") which consistit o 12 localities wi a collective population o 25,273 in 2004.<ref name="CBS">[http://www.cbssyr.org/new%20web%20site/General_census/census_2004/NH/TAB05-8-2004.htm General Census of Population and Housing 2004] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925225237/http://www.cbssyr.org/new%20web%20site/General_census/census_2004/NH/TAB05-8-2004.htm |date=2020-09-25 }}. [[:en:Central Bureau of Statistics (Syria)|Sirie Central Bureau o Statistics]] (CBS). Hama Govrenorate. {{ar icon}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Hama Govrenorate|suqaylabiyah}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Shathah}} [[Category:Touns in Sirie]] [[Category:Populatit places in al-Suqaylabiyah Destrict]] c15nwvo7rjkwznh29alovlb6lcu9w33 0 69284 925366 895802 2026-10-27T01:16:28Z Atlantic306 30244 /* Freemit airtins */ replaced archive today 925366 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Ukrainian raion | name = Izmailskyi Raion | Ukrainian_name = Ізмаїльський район | image_skyline = | image_shield = Izmail ray gerb new.png | image_flag = Izmayil_Raion_flag.svg | image_map = Izmayil Raion Map 2020 July.tif | mapsize = 250px | region = [[Odessa Oblast]] | region_flag = {{flagicon|Odessa Oblast}} | city_councils = | town_councils = | village_councils = | villages = | settlements = | date_created = 1959 | population = 204,745 | population_as_of = 2022 | area_km2 = 3,439.9 | elevation_m = | admin_center = [[Izmail]] | governor = Sergiy Pavluhin | raion_phone_code = | postal_index = 68640—68681 | website = http://izmail-rda.odessa.gov.ua }} '''Izmailsky Raion''' ({{lang-uk|Ізмаїльський район ''Izmayil's'kyi rayon}}; {{lang-ru|Измаильский район ''Izmail'skii raion}}) is a [[raion]] ([[Admeenistrative diveesions o Ukraine|admeenistrative diveesion]]) in [[Odessa Oblast]] in soothwastren [[Ukraine]]. It is in the historical region o [[Budjak]] in southren [[Bessarabie]] an its admeenistrative seat is [[Izmail]]. In the [[Ukrainian Census (2001)|2001 Ukrainian Census]], the raion haed a multi-ethnic population o 54,692. 29% wur [[Ukrainians]], 28% [[Moldovans]], 26% [[Bessarabie Bulgaries]] an 16% [[Roushies]]. ==Freemit airtins== * {{uk icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20200803160007/http://izmail-rda.odessa.gov.ua/ Izmailsky Raion] * {{uk icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20200803160007/http://izmail-rda.odessa.gov.ua/ Izmailsky Raion] {{Geographic location | Northwest = [[Bolhrad Raion]] | North = [[Bolhrad Raion]] | Northeast = [[Artsyz Raion]] | West = [[Reni Raion]] | Centre = Reni | East = [[Kiliya Raion]] | Southwest = {{flag|Romania}}<br>''[[Danube]]'' | South = {{flag|Romania}}<br>''[[Danube]]'' | Southeast = {{flag|Romania}}<br>''[[Danube]]}} {{Odessa Oblast}} {{coord missing|Ukraine}} [[Category:Raions o Odessa Oblast]] [[Category:Bulgarie commonties in Ukraine]] [[Category:Romanie commonties in Ukraine]] e948wphy1u4ehfn349pr0u4ejg425yd 925367 925366 2026-10-27T01:20:10Z Atlantic306 30244 /* Freemit airtins */ corrected error 925367 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Ukrainian raion | name = Izmailskyi Raion | Ukrainian_name = Ізмаїльський район | image_skyline = | image_shield = Izmail ray gerb new.png | image_flag = Izmayil_Raion_flag.svg | image_map = Izmayil Raion Map 2020 July.tif | mapsize = 250px | region = [[Odessa Oblast]] | region_flag = {{flagicon|Odessa Oblast}} | city_councils = | town_councils = | village_councils = | villages = | settlements = | date_created = 1959 | population = 204,745 | population_as_of = 2022 | area_km2 = 3,439.9 | elevation_m = | admin_center = [[Izmail]] | governor = Sergiy Pavluhin | raion_phone_code = | postal_index = 68640—68681 | website = http://izmail-rda.odessa.gov.ua }} '''Izmailsky Raion''' ({{lang-uk|Ізмаїльський район ''Izmayil's'kyi rayon}}; {{lang-ru|Измаильский район ''Izmail'skii raion}}) is a [[raion]] ([[Admeenistrative diveesions o Ukraine|admeenistrative diveesion]]) in [[Odessa Oblast]] in soothwastren [[Ukraine]]. It is in the historical region o [[Budjak]] in southren [[Bessarabie]] an its admeenistrative seat is [[Izmail]]. In the [[Ukrainian Census (2001)|2001 Ukrainian Census]], the raion haed a multi-ethnic population o 54,692. 29% wur [[Ukrainians]], 28% [[Moldovans]], 26% [[Bessarabie Bulgaries]] an 16% [[Roushies]]. ==Freemit airtins== * {{uk icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20200803160007/http://izmail-rda.odessa.gov.ua/ Izmailsky Raion] * {{uk icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20120311121523/http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/z7502/A005?rdat1=05.06.2008&rf7571=24146 Izmailsky Raion] {{Geographic location | Northwest = [[Bolhrad Raion]] | North = [[Bolhrad Raion]] | Northeast = [[Artsyz Raion]] | West = [[Reni Raion]] | Centre = Reni | East = [[Kiliya Raion]] | Southwest = {{flag|Romania}}<br>''[[Danube]]'' | South = {{flag|Romania}}<br>''[[Danube]]'' | Southeast = {{flag|Romania}}<br>''[[Danube]]}} {{Odessa Oblast}} {{coord missing|Ukraine}} [[Category:Raions o Odessa Oblast]] [[Category:Bulgarie commonties in Ukraine]] [[Category:Romanie commonties in Ukraine]] fy1zn6kekjud44ntely760xbdeqnyxn 0 92178 925392 852333 2026-10-27T10:11:29Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 925392 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--more fields are available for this Infobox--See Template:Infobox Settlement--> |official_name = Stara Zagora |nickname = The city of the linden-trees |image_skyline = |imagesize = 320px |image_flag = Flag of Stara Zagora (obverse).svg |flag_size = 150px |subdivision_type = [[Kintras o the warld|Kintra]] |subdivision_name = [[Bulgarie]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces o Bulgarie|Province]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Stara Zagora Province|Stara Zagora]]<br /><small>(Oblast)</small> |timezone=[[Eastren European Time|EET]] |utc_offset=+2 |timezone_DST=[[Eastren European Simmer Time|EEST]] |utc_offset_DST=+3 |map_caption = Location o Stara Zagora| |pushpin_map =Bulgaria <!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> |pushpin_map_caption =Location of Stara Zagora |pushpin_mapsize = |leader_title =Mayor |established_title = Established |established_date = 342 BC |area_total_km2 = 85.786 |postal_code_type =[[Leet o postal codes in Bulgarie|Postal Code]] | native_name=Стара Загора| | subdivision_name1=[[Stara Zagora Province|Stara Zagora]] | image_shield=Stara-Zagora-coat-of-arms.svg| | population_footnotes =<ref name="cities census 2011">{{bg icon}}[http://www.nsi.bg/census2011/pagebg2.php?p2=36&sp2=37&SSPP2=45 National Statistical Institute - Main Towns Census 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408064046/http://www.nsi.bg/census2011/pagebg2.php?p2=36&sp2=37&SSPP2=45 |date=2011-04-08 }}</ref> | population_total= 199,272 | population_urban= 220,108 | population_metro= 240,444 | population_as_of= <small>Census February 2014</small> | population_density_km2 = 1612 | elevation_m=196 | postal_code=6000 | area_code=042 |website=[http://www.starazagora.bg// www.starazagora.bg] |coordinates = {{coord|42|26|N|25|39|E|region:BG|display=inline,title}} |leader_name=Zhivko Todorov [GERB] }} '''Stara Zagora''' ({{lang-bg|Стара Загора}}) is a ceety in [[Bulgarie]], a naitionally important economic center. ==Twin touns an sister ceeties== Stara Zagora is [[Twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi: {|class="wikitable" |- valign="top" | *{{flagicon|POL}} [[Radom]], [[Poland]]<ref name="Radom twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.radom.pl/page/192,miasta-partnerskie.html|title=Radom - Miasta partnerskie|accessdate=2013-08-07|work=Miasto Radom [City of Radom]|language=Polish|trans_title=Radom - Parntership cities|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403215958/http://www.radom.pl/page/192,miasta-partnerskie.html|archivedate=2013-04-03|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Radom twins">{{cite web|url=http://radom.naszestrony.pl/?info=miasta_partnerskie|title=Radom - miasta partnerskie|accessdate=2013-08-07|publisher=radom.naszestrony.pl|language=Polish|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924181020/http://radom.naszestrony.pl/?info=miasta_partnerskie|archive-date=2017-09-24|url-status=dead}}</ref> *{{flagicon|GRE}} [[Larissa]], [[Greece]] *{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Samara, Roushie|Samara]], [[Roushie]] || *{{flagicon|UK}} [[Coonty Down]], [[Unitit Kinrick]] *{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Kruševac]], [[Serbie]] *{{flagicon|POR}} [[Barreiro (ceety)|Barreiro]], [[Portugal]] |} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Cities in Bulgaria}} [[Category:Stara Zagora| ]] [[Category:Populatit places in Stara Zagora Province]] [[Category:100 Tourist Steids o Bulgarie]] l87a68zer24t6eqlx02gi8e5qc90x83 0 124273 925390 829314 2026-10-27T08:51:01Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 925390 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--more fields are available for this Infobox--See Template:Infobox Settlement--> |name = Ploiești |nickname = Capitala Aurului Negru<br/>({{small|[[Inglis leid|English]]: Capital of Black Gold}}) |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |settlement_type = [[Coonty seat]] |subdivision_type = [[Kintras o the warld|Kintra]] |subdivision_name = {{ROU}} |timezone = [[Eastren European Time|EET]] |utc_offset = +2 |timezone_DST = [[Eastren European Simmer Time|EEST]] |utc_offset_DST = +3 |pushpin_map = Romania |pushpin_mapsize = 250 |pushpin_map_caption = Location o Ploiești within Romanie |image_shield = ROU PH Ploiesti CoA1.png |shield_size = 75px |subdivision_type1 = [[Coonties o Romanie|Coonty]] |subdivision_name1 = {{RO-PH}} |subdivision_type2 = [[Subdiveesions o Romanie|Status]] |subdivision_name2 = {{Autolink|Coonty seat}} |leader_title = [[Mayor]] |leader_name = Iulian Bădescu |leader_party = [[Social Democratic Pairty (Romanie)|Social Democratic Pairty]] |area_total_km2 = 58.28 |population_as_of = 2011 census |population_total = 209,945 |population_metro = 266,457¹ |population_footnotes = <ref name="INSSER">{{cite web | url = http://www.prahova.insse.ro/phpfiles/Comunicat%20-%20DATE%20PROVIZORII%20RPL%202011%20PRAHOVA.pdf | title = 2011 Census press release | date = February 2, 2012 | accessdate = March 10, 2012 | publisher = INSSE Prahova | language = Romanian | archive-date = 2013-08-01 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130801031447/http://www.prahova.insse.ro/phpfiles/Comunicat%20-%20DATE%20PROVIZORII%20RPL%202011%20PRAHOVA.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> |population_density_km2 =3,394 |coordinates = {{coord|44|56|N|26|2|E|region:RO|display=inline,title}} || |website = [http://www.ploiesti.ro/ www.ploiesti.ro] |blank_name_sec1 = [[Romanie caur nummer plates|Caur plate]] |blank_info_sec1 = PH |footnotes = ¹ [[Ploiești metropolitan aurie]] is a proponed project. }} '''Ploiești''' ({{IPA-ro|ploˈjeʃtʲ}}; aulder spellin: ''Ploești'') is the coonty seat o [[Prahova Coonty]] an lies in the heestorical region o [[Wallachie]] in [[Romanie]]. ==Internaitional relations== ===Twin touns - sister ceeties=== Ploieşti is [[Twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi: {| class="wikitable" |- valign="top" | *{{flagicon|ALB}} [[Berat]] in [[Albanie]] *{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Dnipro]] in [[Ukraine]] *{{flagicon|PRC}} [[Harbin]] in [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|Cheenae]] || *{{flagicon|MDA}} [[Hîncești]] in [[Moldovae]] *{{flagicon|GRE}} [[Lefkada (city)|Lefkada]] in [[Greece]] *{{flagicon|VEN}} [[Maracaibo]] in [[Venezuela]] || *{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Oral, Kazakhstan|Oral]] in [[Kazakhstan]] *{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Osijek]] in [[Croatie]] *{{flagicon|POL}} [[Radom]] in [[Poland]]<ref name="Radom twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.radom.pl/page/192,miasta-partnerskie.html|title=Radom - Miasta partnerskie|accessdate=2013-08-07|work=Miasto Radom [City of Radom]|language=Polish|trans_title=Radom - Parntership cities|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403215958/http://www.radom.pl/page/192,miasta-partnerskie.html|archivedate=2013-04-03|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Radom twins">{{cite web|url=http://radom.naszestrony.pl/?info=miasta_partnerskie|title=Radom - miasta partnerskie|accessdate=2013-08-07|publisher=radom.naszestrony.pl|language=Polish|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070726160718/http://radom.naszestrony.pl/?info=miasta_partnerskie|archive-date=2007-07-26|url-status=dead}}</ref> || *{{flagicon|GRE}} [[Amarousion]] in [[Greece]] *{{flagicon|USA}} [[Tulsa]] in [[USA]] |} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ploiesti}} [[Category:Populatit places established in 1596]] [[Category:Ceeties in Romanie]] [[Category:Populatit places in Prahova Coonty]] [[Category:Ile Campaign o Warld War II]] [[Category:Ploiești| ]] e504fxl3ir3p15k5ahimywqyrkchvpn 14 163562 925360 925283 2026-10-26T20:49:11Z Sije 8692 removed [[Category:Fowk associatit wi the University o Cambridge]]; added [[Category:Fowk associatit wi the University o Cambrig]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 925360 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Fowk associatit wi the University o Cambrig]] [[Category:Alumni bi varsity or college in Ingland|Cambridge]] hfshck6kay8ab1j63ssyqt8jvkcylcy 14 181668 925359 925285 2026-10-26T20:47:21Z Sije 8692 removed [[Category:Fowk associatit wi the University o Cambridge]]; added [[Category:Fowk associatit wi the University o Cambrig]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 925359 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Fowk associatit wi the University o Cambrig]] [[Category:Academics bi varsity in Ingland|Cambridge]] qc0yl6lo6obip42d1m9exyl8ibd4qmc 0 194877 925355 805304 2026-10-26T17:38:33Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 capitilized reflist 925355 wikitext text/x-wiki {{For|the toun in Dumfries an Gallowa|Halywuid, Dumfries an Gallowa}} {{Infobox UK place |official_name= Holywood |irish_name= Ard Mhic Nasca |scots_name= Halywid<ref>[http://www.scots-online.org/dictionary/read.asp?letter=H The Online Scots Dictionary] Retrieved 20 August 2012.</ref> |local_name= |static_image_name= St Colmcille's church, Holywood, County Down.jpg |static_image_caption=St Colmcille's kirk on High Street |coordinates = {{coord|54.636|-5.845|display=inline,title}} |irish_grid_reference= | population = 12,131 | population_ref = <small>([[Unitit Kinrick Census 2011|2011 Census]])</small> |unitary_northern_ireland= [[Airds an North Doun Burgh Cooncil|Airds an North Doun Burgh]] |lieutenancy_northern_ireland=[[Coonty Doun]] |constituency_westminster=[[North Doun (UK Pairlament constituency)|North Doun]] |constituency_ni_assembly=[[North Doun (Assemmly constituency)|North Doun]] |country= Northern Ireland |post_town= HOLYWOOD |postcode_area= BT |postcode_district= BT18 |dial_code= 028 |website= [http://www.holywood.goesglobal.com Holywood virtual community] }} '''Halywid''' ({{lang-en|Holywood}}) is a toun in the metropolitan aurie o [[Belfast]] in [[Coonty Doun]], [[Northren Ireland]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Halywid| ]] [[Category:Touns in Coonty Doun]] [[Category:Seaside resorts in Northren Ireland]] [[Category:Ceevil pairish o Halywid]] [[Category:Tounlands o Coonty Doun]] [[Category:Warld War II preesoner o war camps in the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Warld War II steids in Northren Ireland]] d5fcupu17pg9wzsft5r37ooe5d7q5pr 4 232103 925363 924457 2026-10-26T23:20:07Z MABot 35091 Bot: Archivin 1 thread fae [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross]] 925363 wikitext text/x-wiki == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Vote now to fill vacancies of the first U4C</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – voting opens|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – voting opens}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Dear all, I am writing to you to let you know the voting period for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is open now through '''August 10, 2024'''. Read the information on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election|voting page on Meta-wiki]] to learn more about voting and voter eligibility. The Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community members were invited to submit their applications for the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 02:48, 27 Julie 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26989444 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Reminder! Vote closing soon to fill vacancies of the first U4C</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – reminder to vote|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – reminder to vote}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Dear all, The voting period for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is closing soon. It is open through 10 August 2024. Read the information on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2024_Special_Election#Voting|the voting page on Meta-wiki to learn more about voting and voter eligibility]]. If you are eligible to vote and have not voted in this special election, it is important that you vote now. '''Why should you vote?''' The U4C is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community input into the committee membership is critical to the success of the UCoC. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 15:31, 6 August 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Coming soon: A new sub-referencing feature – try it!</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="Sub-referencing"/> [[File:Sub-referencing reuse visual.png|{{#ifeq:{{#dir}}|ltr|right|left}}|400px]] Hello. For many years, community members have requested an easy way to re-use references with different details. Now, a MediaWiki solution is coming: The new sub-referencing feature will work for wikitext and Visual Editor and will enhance the existing reference system. You can continue to use different ways of referencing, but you will probably encounter sub-references in articles written by other users. More information on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|the project page]]. '''We want your feedback''' to make sure this feature works well for you: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Test|Please try]] the current state of development on beta wiki and [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|let us know what you think]]. * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Sign-up|Sign up here]] to get updates and/or invites to participate in user research activities. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]’s [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes]] team is planning to bring this feature to Wikimedia wikis later this year. We will reach out to creators/maintainers of tools and templates related to references beforehand. Please help us spread the message. --[[m:User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[m:User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|talk]]) 10:36, 19 August 2024 (UTC) <section end="Sub-referencing"/> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johannes_Richter_(WMDE)/Sub-referencing/massmessage_list&oldid=27309345 --> == Sign up for the language community meeting on August 30th, 15:00 UTC == Hi all, The next language community meeting is scheduled in a few weeks—on August 30th at 15:00 UTC. If you're interested in joining, you can [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#30_August_2024 sign up on this wiki page]. This participant-driven meeting will focus on sharing language-specific updates related to various projects, discussing technical issues related to language wikis, and working together to find possible solutions. For example, in the last meeting, topics included the Language Converter, the state of language research, updates on the Incubator conversations, and technical challenges around external links not working with special characters on Bengali sites. Do you have any ideas for topics to share technical updates or discuss challenges? Please add agenda items to the document [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/p/language-community-meeting-aug-2024 here] and reach out to ssethi(__AT__)wikimedia.org. We look forward to your participation! [[Uiser:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uiser collogue:MediaWiki message delivery|tauk]]) 23:19, 22 August 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Announcing the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/board-elections@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/OKCCN2CANIH2K7DXJOL2GPVDFWL27R7C/ Original message at wikimedia-l]. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement - results|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement - results}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hello all, The scrutineers have finished reviewing the vote and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Elections Committee|Elections Committee]] have certified the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Results|results]] for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) special election]]. I am pleased to announce the following individual as regional members of the U4C, who will fulfill a term until 15 June 2026: * North America (USA and Canada) ** Ajraddatz The following seats were not filled during this special election: * Latin America and Caribbean * Central and East Europe (CEE) * Sub-Saharan Africa * South Asia * The four remaining Community-At-Large seats Thank you again to everyone who participated in this process and much appreciation to the candidates for your leadership and dedication to the Wikimedia movement and community. Over the next few weeks, the U4C will begin meeting and planning the 2024-25 year in supporting the implementation and review of the UCoC and Enforcement Guidelines. You can follow their work on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Meta-Wiki]]. On behalf of the U4C and the Elections Committee,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 14:06, 2 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Have your say: Vote for the 2024 Board of Trustees!</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Hello all, The voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|2024 Board of Trustees election]] is now open. There are twelve (12) candidates running for four (4) seats on the Board. Learn more about the candidates by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Candidates|reading their statements]] and their [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Questions_for_candidates|answers to community questions]]. When you are ready, go to the [[Special:SecurePoll/vote/400|SecurePoll]] voting page to vote. '''The vote is open from September 3rd at 00:00 UTC to September 17th at 23:59 UTC'''. To check your voter eligibility, please visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Voter_eligibility_guidelines|voter eligibility page]]. Best regards, The Elections Committee and Board Selection Working Group<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[Uiser:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uiser collogue:MediaWiki message delivery|tauk]]) 12:14, 3 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == Celtic Knot Conference, 25–27 September: programme announcement == Hello everyone, On behalf of the Celtic Knot organising team, I'm excited to announce that the programme is now [[:meta:Celtic Knot Conference 2024/Program|available to view on Meta-Wiki]]. Explore the diverse range of sessions, workshops, and cultural events that will bring together language enthusiasts, Wikimedians, and community leaders from around the world. Whether you're interested in language preservation, digital tools for minority languages, or simply connecting with like-minded individuals, there's something for everyone. And there will be more programme updates including satellite events. We have some additional sessions in store that you won't want to miss. [[:meta:Celtic Knot Conference 2024/Program|Check out the program now and start planning your conference experience]]. As a reminder, if you plan to join the conference onsite or online, don't forget to [https://www.eventbrite.ie/e/2024-celtic-knot-wikimedia-language-conference-25-27-september-tickets-920884589597?aff=oddtdtcreator register on Eventbrite]. [[Uiser:Richard Nevell (WMUK)|Richard Nevell (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Richard Nevell (WMUK)|tauk]]) 14:16, 10 September 2024 (UTC) == Yer wiki will be in raed-anerly suin == <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Raed iss message in anither leid]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedie Foondation]] will be switchin the traffec atween its data centres. Iss will mak shuir that Wikipaedia an the ither Wikimedie wiki kin stey onwab e'en efter a muckle mishanterin. Aw traffec will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2024-09-25|sco}}'''. The test will stert at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2024-09-25T15:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2024-09-25T15:00}}]'''. Unfortunate, acause o some leemits in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MedieWiki]], aw editin maun stap whiles the switch is makit. We apologise fur iss disruption, an we ar wirkin tae minimise it in futur. Ae banner will be shawn on aw wikis 30 meenits afore iss operation happens. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation.</span> '''Ye will be able tae raed, but nae edit, aa wikis fur ae smaa period o time.''' *Ye willnae be able tae edit fur up til ae oor on {{#time:l j xg Y|2024-09-25|sco}}. *If ye try tae edit or hain durin thir times, ye will be gien ae error message. We howp that nae edits will gang astray durin the meenits but we canna mak shuir o'it. Gin ye see the error message, then please wait til athing is back tae normal. Then ye sud be able tae mak hain o yer edit. But, we recommend that ye mak a copy o yer chynges aforehaund, juist in case. ''Ither effecks'': *Backgroond tasks will be slaw an some micht drap. Reid airtins minna be updatit as quick as normal. Gin ye mak ae airticle that is awreidy airtint elsewyes, the airtin will remain reid fur langer nor uisual. Some lang-rinnin scripts will hae tae stap. * We expect the code deployments tae happen as wi ony ither week. Houaniver, some case-by-case code freezes cud happen gin the operation needs thaim efterwarts. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] willnae be available fur aboot 90 meenits. Iss projeck micht be pit aff gin needit. Ye kin [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Ony chynges will be annoonced in the schedule. '''Please share iss information wi yer commonity.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> [[User:Trizek_(WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]], 09:37, 20 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=27248326 --> == 'Wikidata item' link is moving. Find out where... == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><i>Apologies for cross-posting in English. Please consider translating this message.</i>{{tracked|T66315}} Hello everyone, a small change will soon be coming to the user-interface of your Wikimedia project. The [[d:Q16222597|Wikidata item]] [[w:|sitelink]] currently found under the <span style="color: #54595d;"><u>''General''</u></span> section of the '''Tools''' sidebar menu will move into the <span style="color: #54595d;"><u>''In Other Projects''</u></span> section. We would like the Wiki communities feedback so please let us know or ask questions on the [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|Discussion page]] before we enable the change which can take place October 4 2024, circa 15:00 UTC+2. More information can be found on [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|the project page]].<br><br>We welcome your feedback and questions.<br> [[Uiser:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uiser collogue:MediaWiki message delivery|tauk]]) 18:56, 27 September 2024 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=27524260 --> == Invitation to Participate in Wiki Loves Ramadan Community Engagement Survey == Dear all, Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. We are excited to announce the upcoming [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan|Wiki Loves Ramadan]] event, a global initiative aimed at celebrating Ramadan by enriching Wikipedia and its sister projects with content related to this significant time of year. As we plan to organize this event globally, your insights and experiences are crucial in shaping the best possible participation experience for the community. To ensure that Wiki Loves Ramadan is engaging, inclusive, and impactful, we kindly invite you to participate in our community engagement survey. Your feedback will help us understand the needs of the community, set the event's focus, and guide our strategies for organizing this global event. Survey link: https://forms.gle/f66MuzjcPpwzVymu5 Please take a few minutes to share your thoughts. Your input will make a difference! Thank you for being a part of our journey to make Wiki Loves Ramadan a success. Warm regards, User:ZI Jony 03:20, 6 October 2024 (UTC) Wiki Loves Ramadan Organizing Team <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=27510935 --> == Deployment of Dark mode in Scots Wikipedia == Hello Scots Wikipedians, Apologies as this message is not written in your native language, {{Int:please-translate}}. We are happy to announce that the [[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]] have deployed [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|dark mode]] here on Scots Wikipedia! This was possible because pages on your wiki have passed our checks for accessibility and other quality checks. Congratulations! This was only possible due to the diligent work of editors and other technical contributors in your community who have made sure that templates, gadgets, and other parts of pages can be accessible in dark mode. Thank you all for making dark mode available for everybody! For context, we would like to add that the Web team's work on dark mode has concluded. If on some wikis, the option is not yet available for logged-out users, this is likely because many pages do not yet display well in dark mode. As communities make progress on this work, we enable this feature on additional wikis once per month. If you notice any issues after enabling dark mode, please create this page: <code>Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Reporting/sco.wikipedia.org</code> in MediaWiki ([[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading/Reporting|like these pages]]), and report the issue in the created page. Thank you! On behalf of the [[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]] [[Uiser:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Uiser collogue:UOzurumba (WMF)|tauk]]) 01:42, 9 October 2024 (UTC) == Wikimedian of the Year Awards - Call for Nominations Now Open == Hello everyone, We are excited to announce that nominations are open for the 2024 UK Wikimedian of the Year Awards. We are asking you to nominate individuals and organisations that have been involved with Wikimedia UK's efforts to advance open knowledge in 2023/24. The categories for this year are: * UK Wikimedian of the Year (Individual) * Partnership of the Year (Organisation) * Up and Coming Wikimedian (Individual) We are looking for people and partnerships within the Wikimedia UK community who have really impressed you with their open knowledge work, in 2023/24. We are particularly keen to hear about people and organisations who delivered projects addressing our strategic themes of Knowledge Equity, Information Literacy, and Climate and Environment. Nominations will be judged by members of the Community Development Committee and winners will be announced at the Community Celebration on Saturday 23rd November 2024. [https://wikimedia.org.uk/2024/10/wikimedian-of-the-year-awards-2024-nominations-open/ Read more and nominate] 13:48, 10 October 2024 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Preliminary results of the 2024 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees elections</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Hello all, Thank you to everyone who participated in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|2024 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees election]]. Close to 6000 community members from more than 180 wiki projects have voted. The following four candidates were the most voted: # [[User:Kritzolina|Christel Steigenberger]] # [[User:Nadzik|Maciej Artur Nadzikiewicz]] # [[User:Victoria|Victoria Doronina]] # [[User:Laurentius|Lorenzo Losa]] While these candidates have been ranked through the vote, they still need to be appointed to the Board of Trustees. They need to pass a successful background check and meet the qualifications outlined in the Bylaws. New trustees will be appointed at the next Board meeting in December 2024. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Results|Learn more about the results on Meta-Wiki.]] Best regards, The Elections Committee and Board Selection Working Group <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:MPossoupe_(WMF)|MPossoupe_(WMF)]] 08:25, 14 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MPossoupe (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Seeking volunteers to join several of the movement’s committees</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Each year, typically from October through December, several of the movement’s committees seek new volunteers. Read more about the committees on their Meta-wiki pages: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee (AffCom)]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds_commission|Ombuds commission (OC)]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety/Case Review Committee|Case Review Committee (CRC)]] Applications for the committees open on 16 October 2024. Applications for the Affiliations Committee close on 18 November 2024, and applications for the Ombuds commission and the Case Review Committee close on 2 December 2024. Learn how to apply by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation/Legal/Committee_appointments|visiting the appointment page on Meta-wiki]]. Post to the talk page or email [mailto:cst@wikimedia.org cst@wikimedia.org] with any questions you may have. For the Committee Support team, <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 23:08, 16 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27601062 --> == 'Wikidata item' link is moving, finally. == Hello everyone, I previously wrote on the 27th September to advise that the ''Wikidata item'' sitelink will change places in the sidebar menu, moving from the '''General''' section into the '''In Other Projects''' section. The scheduled rollout date of 04.10.2024 was delayed due to a necessary request for Mobile/MinervaNeue skin. I am happy to inform that the global rollout can now proceed and will occur later today, 22.10.2024 at 15:00 UTC-2. [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|Please let us know]] if you notice any problems or bugs after this change. There should be no need for null-edits or purging cache for the changes to occur. Kind regards, -[[m:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 11:28, 22 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=27535421 --> == Proposal to enable the "Contribute" entry point in Scots Wikipedia == {{Int:Hello}} Scots Wikipedians, Apologies as this message is not in your language. {{Int:please-translate}}. The [[mediawikiwiki:Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|WMF Language and Product Localization]] team proposes enabling an entry point called "Contribute" to your Wikipedia. The [[:bn:বিশেষ:Contribute|Contribute]] entry point is based on collaborative work with other product teams in the Wikimedia Foundation on [[mediawikiwiki:Edit_Discovery|Edit discovery]], which validated the entry point as a persistent and constant path that contributors took to discover ways to contribute content in Wikipedia. Therefore, enabling this entry point in your Wikipedia will help contributors quickly discover available tools and immediately click to start using them. This entry point is designed to be a central point for discovering contribution tools in Scots Wikipedia. '''Who can access it''' Once it is enabled in your Wikipedia, newcomers can access the entry point automatically by just logging into their account, click on the User drop-down menu and choose the "Contribute" icon, which takes you to another menu where you will find a self-guided description of what you can do to contribute content, as shown in the image below. An option to "view contributions" is also available to access the list of your contributions. [[File:Mobile_Contribute_Page.png|link=https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:Mobile_Contribute_Page.png|Mobile Contribute Page]] [[File:Mobile_contribute_menu_(detailed).png|link=https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:Mobile_contribute_menu_(detailed).png|Mobile contribute menu (detailed)]] For experienced contributors, the Contribute icon is not automatically shown in their User drop-down menu. They will still see the "Contributions" option unless they change it to the "Contribute" manually. This feature is available in four Wikipedia (Albanian, Malayalam, Mongolian, and Tagalog). We have gotten valuable feedback that helped us improve its discoverability. Now, it is ready to be enabled in other Wikis. One major improvement was to [[phab:T369041|make the entry point optional for experienced contributors]] who still want to have the "Contributions" entry point as default.           We plan to enable it '''on mobile''' for Wikis, where the Section translation tool is enabled. In this way, we will provide a main entry point to the mobile translation dashboard, and the exposure can still be limited by targeting only the mobile platform for now. If there are no objections to having the entry point for mobile users from your community, we will enable it by 9th November 2024. We welcome your feedback and questions in this thread on our proposal to enable it here. Suppose there are no objections, we will deploy the "Contribute" entry point in your Wikipedia. We look forward to your response soon. Thank you! On behalf of the WMF Language and Product Localization team. [[Uiser:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Uiser collogue:UOzurumba (WMF)|tauk]]) 02:17, 24 October 2024 (UTC) == Final Reminder: Join us in Making Wiki Loves Ramadan Success == Dear all, We’re thrilled to announce the Wiki Loves Ramadan event, a global initiative to celebrate Ramadan by enhancing Wikipedia and its sister projects with valuable content related to this special time of year. As we organize this event globally, we need your valuable input to make it a memorable experience for the community. Last Call to Participate in Our Survey: To ensure that Wiki Loves Ramadan is inclusive and impactful, we kindly request you to complete our community engagement survey. Your feedback will shape the event’s focus and guide our organizing strategies to better meet community needs. * Survey Link: [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSffN4prPtR5DRSq9nH-t1z8hG3jZFBbySrv32YoxV8KbTwxig/viewform?usp=sf_link Complete the Survey] * Deadline: November 10, 2024 Please take a few minutes to share your thoughts. Your input will truly make a difference! '''Volunteer Opportunity''': Join the Wiki Loves Ramadan Team! We’re seeking dedicated volunteers for key team roles essential to the success of this initiative. If you’re interested in volunteer roles, we invite you to apply. * Application Link: [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfXiox_eEDH4yJ0gxVBgtL7jPe41TINAWYtpNp1JHSk8zhdgw/viewform?usp=sf_link Apply Here] * Application Deadline: October 31, 2024 Explore Open Positions: For a detailed list of roles and their responsibilities, please refer to the position descriptions here: [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1oy0_tilC6kow5GGf6cEuFvdFpekcubCqJlaxkxh-jT4/ Position Descriptions] Thank you for being part of this journey. We look forward to working together to make Wiki Loves Ramadan a success! Warm regards,<br> The Wiki Loves Ramadan Organizing Team 05:12, 29 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=27568454 --> == Winter 2024 Writin Drive == Jyne us in sortin oot an impruivin the Wiki! 25 Nov - 1 Dec, Zoom sessions 25 & 28 Nov. The theme is Scots & Irish Social Venues & Events. [[Wikipedia:Winter 2024 Writin Drive|Mair info here.]] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 11:01, 18 November 2024 (UTC) == Sign up for the language community meeting on November 29th, 16:00 UTC == Hello everyone, The next language community meeting is coming up next week, on November 29th, at 16:00 UTC (Zonestamp! For your timezone <https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1732896000>). If you're interested in joining, you can sign up on this wiki page: <https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#29_November_2024>. This participant-driven meeting will be organized by the Wikimedia Foundation’s Language Product Localization team and the Language Diversity Hub. There will be presentations on topics like developing language keyboards, the creation of the Moore Wikipedia, and the language support track at Wiki Indaba. We will also have members from the Wayuunaiki community joining us to share their experiences with the Incubator and as a new community within our movement. This meeting will have a Spanish interpretation. Looking forward to seeing you at the language community meeting! Cheers, [[User:SSethi (WMF)|Srishti]] 19:54, 21 November 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27746256 --> == Featurt Pictur == Am wantin tae gie a haun wi pittin on the featurt pictur fur the front page. Are thare ony guidelines a hiv tae abide bi an whaur coud a fun eemages tae pit on? Is thare a candidate leet? -[[Uiser:Cobra 3000|Cobra!]] ([[Uiser collogue:Cobra 3000|tauk]]) 20:00, 25 November 2024 (UTC) :Jist summat aat ye hink leuks gweed. A'd ask aat ye pick summat aat haes ae hauf decent airticle on here, wid raither nae hae reid airtins on the front page (he seys, ignorin the twa reid templates on the front page). Anither hing, we kin prolly dae awa wi the OTD section. Naebidy wints ti maintain it an it's mair ae hudower fae blindly copyin enwiki [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 20:09, 25 November 2024 (UTC) ::A’d comment it oot until we kin fun someb'dy thit is willin tae wirk on it. -[[Uiser:Cobra 3000|Cobra!]] ([[Uiser collogue:Cobra 3000|tauk]]) 02:31, 26 November 2024 (UTC) ::One way to make "on this day" easier is to use the day of the year pages, and the <nowiki><onlyinclude></nowiki> tag. I've done this quickly for 14 December. I could potentially do all the days of the year, maybe includin just those entries which have no red links apart from years. [[Uiser:Rich Farmbrough|Rich Farmbrough]] ([[Uiser collogue:Rich Farmbrough|tauk]]) == My Sincerest Thanks == I apologize for not writing this in the commonly used dialect, but I find I am incapable of it. That's besides my point. I am (or at least consider myself to be) a rookie Voice Actor, and have to learn a variety of accents to accommodate different voices. The way this site is written has helped me greatly by visualizing the pronunciation of the Scottish accent, and has actually landed me a potential job. Thanks, - [[Uiser:Shovel Shenanigans|Shovel Shenanigans]] ([[Uiser collogue:Shovel Shenanigans|tauk]]) 01:50, 15 December 2024 (UTC) == Launching! Join Us for Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025! == Dear All, We’re happy to announce the launch of [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025]], an annual international campaign dedicated to celebrating and preserving Islamic cultures and history through the power of Wikipedia. As an active contributor to the Local Wikipedia, you are specially invited to participate in the launch. This year’s campaign will be launched for you to join us write, edit, and improve articles that showcase the richness and diversity of Islamic traditions, history, and culture. * Topic: [[m:Event:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 Campaign Launch|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 Campaign Launch]] * When: Jan 19, 2025 * Time: 16:00 Universal Time UTC and runs throughout Ramadan (starting February 25, 2025). * Join Zoom Meeting: https://us02web.zoom.us/j/88420056597?pwd=NdrpqIhrwAVPeWB8FNb258n7qngqqo.1 * Zoom meeting hosted by [[m:Wikimedia Bangladesh|Wikimedia Bangladesh]] To get started, visit the [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025|campaign page]] for details, resources, and guidelines: Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025. Add [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Participant|your community here]], and organized Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 in your local language. Whether you’re a first-time editor or an experienced Wikipedian, your contributions matter. Together, we can ensure Islamic cultures and traditions are well-represented and accessible to all. Feel free to invite your community and friends too. Kindly reach out if you have any questions or need support as you prepare to participate. Let’s make Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 a success! For the [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Team|International Team]] 12:08, 16 Januar 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=27568454 --> == Universal Code of Conduct annual review: provide your comments on the UCoC and Enforcement Guidelines == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> My apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}}. I am writing to you to let you know the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines is open now. You can make suggestions for changes through 3 February 2025. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]]. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 01:11, 24 Januar 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27746256 --> == Februar writin drive - 3-9 Februar == {{en}} Afternoon folks, a wee reminder that the next Writin Drive takes place next week (3-9th), with Zoom sessions taking place Monday 3 & Thursday 6. Edit any time during the week and sign up for the Dashboard to log your edits! We're focussing again on articles with the "Fix Scots" tab. [[Wikipedia:Februar 2025 Writin Drive||Mair info & sign up here.]] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 13:57, 27 Januar 2025 (UTC) == Feminism and Folklore 2025 starts soon == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2025 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <center>''{{int:please-translate}}''</center> Dear Wiki Community, You are humbly invited to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|Feminism and Folklore 2025]]''' writing competition from February 1, 2025, to March 31, 2025 on your local Wikipedia. This year, Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women's issues, and gender-focused topics for the project, with a [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|Wiki Loves Folklore]] gender gap focus and a folk culture theme on Wikipedia. You can help Wikipedia's coverage of folklore from your area by writing or improving articles about things like folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer folklore figures, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales, and more. Users can help create new articles, expand or translate from a generated list of suggested articles. Organisers are requested to work on the following action items to sign up their communities for the project: # Create a page for the contest on the local wiki. # Set up a campaign on '''CampWiz''' tool. # Create the local list and mention the timeline and local and international prizes. # Request local admins for site notice. # Link the local page and the CampWiz link on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025/Project Page|meta project page]]. This year, the Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced two new tools to enhance support for the campaign. These tools include the '''Article List Generator by Topic''' and '''CampWiz'''. The Article List Generator by Topic enables users to identify articles on the English Wikipedia that are not present in their native language Wikipedia. Users can customize their selection criteria, and the tool will present a table showcasing the missing articles along with suggested titles. Additionally, users have the option to download the list in both CSV and wikitable formats. Notably, the CampWiz tool will be employed for the project for the first time, empowering users to effectively host the project with a jury. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. [https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ '''Click here to access these tools'''] Learn more about the contest and prizes on our [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|project page]]. Feel free to contact us on our [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2025/Project Page|meta talk page]] or by email us if you need any assistance. We look forward to your immense coordination. Thank you and Best wishes, '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|Feminism and Folklore 2025 International Team]]''' ::::Stay connected [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> --[[Uiser:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uiser collogue:MediaWiki message delivery|tauk]]) 02:36, 29 Januar 2025 (UTC) == Wiki Loves Folklore is back! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:please-translate}} [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] Dear Wiki Community, You are humbly invited to participate in the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|Wiki Loves Folklore 2025]]''' an international media contest organized on Wikimedia Commons to document folklore and intangible cultural heritage from different regions, including, folk creative activities and many more. It is held every year from the '''1st till the 31st''' of March. You can help in enriching the folklore documentation on Commons from your region by taking photos, audios, videos, and [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UploadWizard&campaign=wlf_2025 submitting] them in this commons contest. You can also [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025/Organize|organize a local contest]] in your country and support us in translating the [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025/Translations|project pages]] to help us spread the word in your native language. Feel free to contact us on our [[:c:Commons talk:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|project Talk page]] if you need any assistance. '''Kind regards,''' '''Wiki loves Folklore International Team''' --[[Uiser:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uiser collogue:MediaWiki message delivery|tauk]]) 02:36, 29 Januar 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=26503019 --> == Reminder: first part of the annual UCoC review closes soon == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> My apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}}. This is a reminder that the first phase of the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines will be closing soon. You can make suggestions for changes through [[d:Q614092|the end of day]], 3 February 2025. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]]. After review of the feedback, proposals for updated text will be published on Meta in March for another round of community review. Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 00:48, 3 Februar 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28198931 --> == Temporar adminship fur Pigsonthewing == A'm requestin aat [[Uiser:Pigsonthewing]] be gien temporar (1 month) adminship here. Pigsonthewing is ae admin on Wikispecies sae haes experience wi the tuils an haes been helpin wi coontervandalism here durin ma absence (taggin spam an makkin uiss o rowback tuils), an haein the fu reeng o tuils wid help them deal wi spam an vandalism an mak siccart aat scowiki disna gang unner whiles a'm gane [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 02:58, 4 Februar 2025 (UTC) '''Comment''' - A'm pittin iss here insteid ae at [[WP:RFA]] as iss is meant as a temporar caretakkin meisur raither nor ae lang term prospeck [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 02:58, 4 Februar 2025 (UTC) :'''Aye''' (en) I know @[[Uiser:Pigsonthewing|Pigsonthewing]] through my paid work wearing my @[[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] hat; supporting as a volunteer. [[Uiser:Lirazelf|Lirazelf]] ([[Uiser collogue:Lirazelf|tauk]]) 10:08, 4 Februar 2025 (UTC) : Thank you. Confirming I'm happy to serve in this role. [[Uiser:Pigsonthewing|Pigsonthewing]] ([[Uiser collogue:Pigsonthewing|tauk]]) 10:22, 4 Februar 2025 (UTC) : '''Support''' [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 20:29, 4 Februar 2025 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr"> Upcoming Language Community Meeting (Feb 28th, 14:00 UTC) and Newsletter</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="message"/> Hello everyone! [[File:WP20Symbols WIKI INCUBATOR.svg|right|frameless|150x150px|alt=An image symbolising multiple languages]] We’re excited to announce that the next '''Language Community Meeting''' is happening soon, '''February 28th at 14:00 UTC'''! If you’d like to join, simply sign up on the '''[[mw:Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#28_February_2025|wiki page]]'''. This is a participant-driven meeting where we share updates on language-related projects, discuss technical challenges in language wikis, and collaborate on solutions. In our last meeting, we covered topics like developing language keyboards, creating the Moore Wikipedia, and updates from the language support track at Wiki Indaba. '''Got a topic to share?''' Whether it’s a technical update from your project, a challenge you need help with, or a request for interpretation support, we’d love to hear from you! Feel free to '''reply to this message''' or add agenda items to the document '''[[etherpad:p/language-community-meeting-feb-2025|here]]'''. Also, we wanted to highlight that the sixth edition of the Language & Internationalization newsletter (January 2025) is available here: [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January|Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January]]. This newsletter provides updates from the October–December 2024 quarter on new feature development, improvements in various language-related technical projects and support efforts, details about community meetings, and ideas for contributing to projects. To stay updated, you can subscribe to the newsletter on its wiki page: [[:mw:Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter|Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter]]. We look forward to your ideas and participation at the language community meeting, see you there! <section end="message"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 08:29, 22 Februar 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28217779 --> == Mairch Writin Drive - 24-30 Mairch == Jyne us in sortin oot an impruivin the Wiki, 24-30 Mairch! Fur this event, we'll be sortin oot the airticles wi the fix_scots template. Zooms - 24 & 27 Mairch, 6-8pm UTC. Mair info [[Wikipedia:Mairch 2025 Writin Drive|here.]] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 15:23, 25 Februar 2025 (UTC) == Universal Code of Conduct annual review: proposed changes are available for comment == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> My apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}}. I am writing to you to let you know that [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/Proposed_Changes|proposed changes]] to the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) Enforcement Guidelines]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter]] are open for review. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/Proposed_Changes|You can provide feedback on suggested changes]]''' through the [[d:Q614092|end of day]] on Tuesday, 18 March 2025. This is the second step in the annual review process, the final step will be community voting on the proposed changes. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find relevant links about the process on the UCoC annual review page on Meta]]. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] 18:51, 7 Mairch 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28307738 --> == An improved dashboard for the Content Translation tool == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{Int:hello}} Wikipedians, Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{Int:please-translate}}. The [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|Language and Product Localization team]] has improved the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=es Content Translation dashboard] to create a consistent experience for all contributors using mobile and desktop devices. The improved translation dashboard allows all logged-in users of the tool to enjoy a consistent experience regardless of their type of device. With a harmonized experience, logged-in desktop users now have access to the capabilities shown in the image below. [[file:Content_Translation_new-dashboard.png|alt=|center|thumb|576x576px|Notice that in this screenshot, the new dashboard allows: Users to adjust suggestions with the "For you" and "...More" buttons to select general topics or community-created collections (like the example of Climate topic).  Also, users can use translation to create new articles (as before) and expand existing articles section by section. You can see how suggestions are provided in the new dashboard  in two groups ("Create new pages" and "Expand with new sections")-one for each activity.]] [[File:Content_Translation_dashboard_on_desktop.png|alt=|center|thumb|577x577px|In the current dashboard, you will notice that you can't adjust suggestions to select topics or community-created collections. Also, you can't expand on existing articles by translating new sections.]] We will implement [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation#Improved translation experience|this improvement]] on your wiki '''on Monday, March 17th, 2025''' and remove the current dashboard '''by May 2025'''. Please reach out with any questions concerning the dashboard in this thread. Thank you! On behalf of the Language and Product Localization team. </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> 02:56, 13 Mairch 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/sandbox_CX_Unified_dashboard_announcement_list_1&oldid=28382282 --> == Yer wiki will be in raed-anerly suin == <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Raed iss message in anither leid]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedie Foondation]] will be switchin the traffec atween its data centres. Iss will mak shuir that Wikipaedia an the ither Wikimedie wiki kin stey onwab e'en efter a muckle mishanterin. Aw traffec will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2025-03-19|sco}}'''. The test will stert at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2025-03-19T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2025-03-19T14:00}}]'''. Unfortunate, acause o some leemits in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MedieWiki]], aw editin maun stap whiles the switch is makit. We apologise fur iss disruption, an we ar wirkin tae minimise it in futur. Ae banner will be shawn on aw wikis 30 meenits afore iss operation happens. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation.</span> '''Ye will be able tae raed, but nae edit, aa wikis fur ae smaa period o time.''' *Ye willnae be able tae edit fur up til ae oor on {{#time:l j xg Y|2025-03-19|sco}}. *If ye try tae edit or hain durin thir times, ye will be gien ae error message. We howp that nae edits will gang astray durin the meenits but we canna mak shuir o'it. Gin ye see the error message, then please wait til athing is back tae normal. Then ye sud be able tae mak hain o yer edit. But, we recommend that ye mak a copy o yer chynges aforehaund, juist in case. ''Ither effecks'': *Backgroond tasks will be slaw an some micht drap. Reid airtins minna be updatit as quick as normal. Gin ye mak ae airticle that is awreidy airtint elsewyes, the airtin will remain reid fur langer nor uisual. Some lang-rinnin scripts will hae tae stap. * We expect the code deployments tae happen as wi ony ither week. Houaniver, some case-by-case code freezes cud happen gin the operation needs thaim efterwarts. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] willnae be available fur aboot 90 meenits. Iss projeck micht be pit aff gin needit. Ye kin [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Ony chynges will be annoonced in the schedule. '''Please share iss information wi yer commonity.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:14, 14 Mairch 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=28307742 --> == Final proposed modifications to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter now posted == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> The proposed modifications to the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines]] and the U4C Charter [[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/2025/Proposed_Changes|are now on Meta-wiki for community notice]] in advance of the voting period. This final draft was developed from the previous two rounds of community review. Community members will be able to vote on these modifications starting on 17 April 2025. The vote will close on 1 May 2025, and results will be announced no later than 12 May 2025. The U4C election period, starting with a call for candidates, will open immediately following the announcement of the review results. More information will be posted on [[m:Special:MyLanguage//Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election|the wiki page for the election]] soon. Please be advised that this process will require more messages to be sent here over the next two months. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 02:04, 4 Apryle 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28469465 --> == Mey-Juin Writin Drive - 26 Mey - 1 Juin == Jyne us in sortin oot an impruivin the Wiki, 26 Mey - 1 Juin! Fur this event, we'll be sortin oot the airticles wi the fix_scots template. Zooms - 27 & 29 Mey, 6-8pm UTC+1 (BST) [[Wikipedia:Mey-Juin 2025 Writin Drive|Mair info here.]] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 12:34, 15 Apryle 2025 (UTC) == Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025: Invitation == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:UCDM 2025 general.png|180px|right]] {{int:please-translate}} Hello, dear Wikipedians!<br/> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the fifth edition of writing challenge "'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''", which lasts from '''14th April''' until '''16th May 2025'''. The campaign is dedicated to famous Ukrainian artists of cinema, music, literature, architecture, design, and cultural phenomena of Ukraine that are now part of world heritage. We accept contributions in every language! The most active contesters will receive prizes. If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest. <br/> We invite you to take part and help us improve the coverage of Ukrainian culture on Wikipedia in your language! Also, we plan to set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in such a challenge! [[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]]) </div> 16:11, 16 Apryle 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Hide on Rosé@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:OlesiaLukaniuk_(WMUA)/list_of_wikis&oldid=28552112 --> == Vote now on the revised UCoC Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> The voting period for the revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines ("UCoC EG") and the UCoC's Coordinating Committee Charter is open now through the end of 1 May (UTC) ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746162000 find in your time zone]). [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/2025/Voter_information|Read the information on how to participate and read over the proposal before voting]] on the UCoC page on Meta-wiki. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review of the EG and Charter was planned and implemented by the U4C. Further information will be provided in the coming months about the review of the UCoC itself. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. In cooperation with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 00:34, 17 Apryle 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28469465 --> == Sub-referencing: User testing == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Sub-referencing reuse visual.png|400px|right]] <small>''Apologies for writing in English, please help us by providing a translation below''</small> Hi I’m Johannes from [[:m:Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]'s [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes team]]. We are making great strides with the new [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]] and we’d love to invite you to take part in two activities to help us move this work further: #'''Try it out and share your feedback''' #:[[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing# Test the prototype|Please try]] the updated ''wikitext'' feature [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Sub-referencing on the beta wiki] and let us know what you think, either [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|on our talk page]] or by [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/talktotechwish booking a call] with our UX researcher. #'''Get a sneak peak and help shape the ''Visual Editor'' user designs''' #:Help us test the new design prototypes by participating in user sessions – [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/gxk0taud/apply sign up here to receive an invite]. We're especially hoping to speak with people from underrepresented and diverse groups. If that's you, please consider signing up! No prior or extensive editing experience is required. User sessions will start ''May 14th''. We plan to bring this feature to Wikimedia wikis later this year. We’ll reach out to wikis for piloting in time for deployments. Creators and maintainers of reference-related tools and templates will be contacted beforehand as well. Thank you very much for your support and encouragement so far in helping bring this feature to life! </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|talk]])</bdi> 15:03, 28 Apryle 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johannes_Richter_(WMDE)/Sub-referencing/massmessage_list&oldid=28628657 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Vote on proposed modifications to the UCoC Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> The voting period for the revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter closes on 1 May 2025 at 23:59 UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746162000 find in your time zone]). [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025/Voter information|Read the information on how to participate and read over the proposal before voting]] on the UCoC page on Meta-wiki. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community in your language, as appropriate, so they can participate as well. In cooperation with the U4C -- <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 03:41, 29 Apryle 2025 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28618011 --> == Celtic Knot 2025 survey == {{en}} Sorry not to be able to send this in Scots - message below in Welsh and English. (Gweler isod ar gyfer y Gymraeg) We are planning an online community meeting later this year for [[metawiki:Celtic_Knot_Conference_2024|Celtic Knot]] (a conference celebrating minority languages). We would love to hear from you what you would like to see. We have created a small questionnaire to find out what was successful at Celtic Knot 2024 and what you would like to see this year. The survey is open to people who attended the conference last year and people who are interested in coming to an online community meeting this year. To participate, go to https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdBlgi-0XNjjgh9HCQsy7KQWJo4qhfJmCGtQjwFI4WWYipaMA/viewform?usp=dialog. The survey is also available in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSccsyMDUDFYush1oBasvulH4Vsjp0hubrKS_9u_73LCVtbJ0Q/viewform?usp=dialog Welsh] or [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScN6IBXfAUowjhQ4Uc6-_SZXUMJ9Mtp-iUgX5thg8bPHOGA-A/viewform?usp=dialog Irish]. (See above for English) Rydym gynllunio ar gyfer cyfarfod cymunedol ar-lein yn ddiweddarach eleni ar gyfer [[metawiki:Celtic_Knot_Conference_2024/cy|Celtic Knot]] (cynhadledd sy’n dathlu ieithoedd lleiafrifol). Byddem wrth ein bodd yn dysgu oddi wrthych beth hoffech chi ei weld. Rydym wedi creu holiadur bach i ddysgu beth roedd yn llwyddiannus yn Celtic Knot 2024 a beth hoffech chi weld eleni. Mae’r arolwg yn agor i bobol sydd wedi mynychu’r gynhadledd llynedd a phobl gyda diddordeb am ddod i gyfarfod cymunedol ar-lein eleni. I gymryd rhan, ewch i https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSccsyMDUDFYush1oBasvulH4Vsjp0hubrKS_9u_73LCVtbJ0Q/viewform?usp=dialog [[Uiser:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|Gemma Coleman (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|tauk]]) 08:56, 17 Apryle 2025 (UTC) :The above survey will close on the '''15th May.''' The survey is available in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdBlgi-0XNjjgh9HCQsy7KQWJo4qhfJmCGtQjwFI4WWYipaMA/viewform?usp=dialog English], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1BXYa7c6-9R4ZAeJFltPQSGw0OcnZbbz-b080wKpFAlI/edit Welsh] and [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1pyqryilEEymj7TpqEHQXEMHKZgCPRmDnH77oPCekqwQ/edit Irish] however if for any reason the survey isn't accessible for you, you are very welcome to email me (gemma.coleman@wikimedia.org.uk) to share your thoughts or discuss more accessible ways to have your say. :Mae'r holiadur uchod yn cau ar y 15fed Mai. Mae'r holiadur yn ar gael yn [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdBlgi-0XNjjgh9HCQsy7KQWJo4qhfJmCGtQjwFI4WWYipaMA/viewform?usp=dialog Saesneg], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1BXYa7c6-9R4ZAeJFltPQSGw0OcnZbbz-b080wKpFAlI/edit Cymraeg] a [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1pyqryilEEymj7TpqEHQXEMHKZgCPRmDnH77oPCekqwQ/edit Gwyddelig] ond os mae'r holiadur ddim yn hygyrch amdanoch chi am unrhyw reswm, mae croeso mawr i chi anfon e-bost i fi (gemma.coleman@wikimedia.org.uk) i rannu eich barn neu drafod am ffyrdd well i chi cael eich dweud. [[Uiser:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|Gemma Coleman (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|tauk]]) 10:13, 6 Mey 2025 (UTC) == We will be enabling the new Charts extension on your wiki soon! == ''(Apologies for posting in English)'' Hi all! We have good news to share regarding the ongoing problem with graphs and charts affecting all wikis that use them. As you probably know, the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|old Graph extension]] was disabled in 2023 [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EWL4AGBEZEDMNNFTM4FRD4MHOU3CVESO/|due to security reasons]]. We’ve worked in these two years to find a solution that could replace the old extension, and provide a safer and better solution to users who wanted to showcase graphs and charts in their articles. We therefore developed the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Charts extension]], which will be replacing the old Graph extension and potentially also the [[:mw:Extension:EasyTimeline|EasyTimeline extension]]. After successfully deploying the extension on Italian, Swedish, and Hebrew Wikipedia, as well as on MediaWiki.org, as part of a pilot phase, we are now happy to announce that we are moving forward with the next phase of deployment, which will also include your wiki. The deployment will happen in batches, and will start from '''May 6'''. Please, consult [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project#Deployment Timeline|our page on MediaWiki.org]] to discover when the new Charts extension will be deployed on your wiki. You can also [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|consult the documentation]] about the extension on MediaWiki.org. If you have questions, need clarifications, or just want to express your opinion about it, please refer to the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension_talk:Chart/Project|project’s talk page on Mediawiki.org]], or ping me directly under this thread. If you encounter issues using Charts once it gets enabled on your wiki, please report it on the [[:mw:Extension_talk:Chart/Project|talk page]] or at [[phab:tag/charts|Phabricator]]. Thank you in advance! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:07, 6 Mey 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sannita_(WMF)/Mass_sending_test&oldid=28663781 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Call for Candidates for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> The results of voting on the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter is [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025#Results|available on Meta-wiki]]. You may now [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025/Candidates|submit your candidacy to serve on the U4C]] through 29 May 2025 at 12:00 UTC. Information about [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|eligibility, process, and the timeline are on Meta-wiki]]. Voting on candidates will open on 1 June 2025 and run for two weeks, closing on 15 June 2025 at 12:00 UTC. If you have any questions, you can ask on [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|the discussion page for the election]]. -- in cooperation with the U4C, </div><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|Collogue]])</bdi> 22:07, 15 Mey 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28618011 --> == Mey-Juin 2025 Writin Drive == Jyne us in sortin oot an impruivin the Wiki! 26 Mey - 1 Juin - mair info - [[Wikipedia:Mey-Juin 2025 Writin Drive|Mey-Juin 2025 Writin Drive]] Thare ur '''2450''' articles on the wiki thit are still tagged as needin thair Scots sortit, an '''1480''' (25 Mairch 2025) o'aim ur stubs. Mony o thaim are juist a coople o lines lang, so we'v got a really guid opportunity here tae dae a big dent in that nummer! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 14:41, 21 Mey 2025 (UTC) == RfC ongoing regarding Abstract Wikipedia (and your project) == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ''(Apologies for posting in English, if this is not your first language)'' Hello all! We opened a discussion on Meta about a very delicate issue for the development of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]]: where to store the abstract content that will be developed through functions from Wikifunctions and data from Wikidata. Since some of the hypothesis involve your project, we wanted to hear your thoughts too. We want to make the decision process clear: we do not yet know which option we want to use, which is why we are consulting here. We will take the arguments from the Wikimedia communities into account, and we want to consult with the different communities and hear arguments that will help us with the decision. The decision will be made and communicated after the consultation period by the Foundation. You can read the various hypothesis and have your say at [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content]]. Thank you in advance! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|<span class="signature-talk">{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}</span>]]) 15:27, 22 Mey 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sannita_(WMF)/Mass_sending_test&oldid=28768453 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2025 Selection & Call for Questions</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Selection announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Selection announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Dear all, This year, the term of 2 (two) Community- and Affiliate-selected Trustees on the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees will come to an end [1]. The Board invites the whole movement to participate in this year’s selection process and vote to fill those seats. The Elections Committee will oversee this process with support from Foundation staff [2]. The Governance Committee, composed of trustees who are not candidates in the 2025 community-and-affiliate-selected trustee selection process (Raju Narisetti, Shani Evenstein Sigalov, Lorenzo Losa, Kathy Collins, Victoria Doronina and Esra’a Al Shafei) [3], is tasked with providing Board oversight for the 2025 trustee selection process and for keeping the Board informed. More details on the roles of the Elections Committee, Board, and staff are here [4]. Here are the key planned dates: * May 22 – June 5: Announcement (this communication) and call for questions period [6] * June 17 – July 1, 2025: Call for candidates * July 2025: If needed, affiliates vote to shortlist candidates if more than 10 apply [5] * August 2025: Campaign period * August – September 2025: Two-week community voting period * October – November 2025: Background check of selected candidates * Board’s Meeting in December 2025: New trustees seated Learn more about the 2025 selection process - including the detailed timeline, the candidacy process, the campaign rules, and the voter eligibility criteria - on this Meta-wiki page [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025|[link]]]. '''Call for Questions''' In each selection process, the community has the opportunity to submit questions for the Board of Trustees candidates to answer. The Election Committee selects questions from the list developed by the community for the candidates to answer. Candidates must answer all the required questions in the application in order to be eligible; otherwise their application will be disqualified. This year, the Election Committee will select 5 questions for the candidates to answer. The selected questions may be a combination of what’s been submitted from the community, if they’re alike or related. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Questions_for_candidates|[link]]] '''Election Volunteers''' Another way to be involved with the 2025 selection process is to be an Election Volunteer. Election Volunteers are a bridge between the Elections Committee and their respective community. They help ensure their community is represented and mobilize them to vote. Learn more about the program and how to join on this Meta-wiki page [[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Election_volunteers|[link].]] Thank you! [1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Results [2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Committee:Elections_Committee_Charter [3] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Resolution:Committee_Membership,_December_2024 [4] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee/Roles [5] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/FAQ [6] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Questions_for_candidates Best regards, Victoria Doronina Board Liaison to the Elections Committee Governance Committee<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[Uiser:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uiser collogue:MediaWiki message delivery|tauk]]) 03:08, 28 Mey 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28618011 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr"> Upcoming Deployment of the CampaignEvents Extension</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="message"/> Hello everyone, ''(Apologies for posting in English if English is not your first language. Please help translate to your language.)'' The Campaigns Product Team is planning a global deployment of the '''[[:mw:Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]]''' to all Wikipedias, including this wiki, during the '''week of June 23rd'''. This extension is designed to help organizers plan and manage events, WikiProjects, and other on-wiki collaborations - and to make these efforts more discoverable. The three main features of this extension are: * '''[[:m:Event_Center/Registration|Event Registration]]''': A simple way to sign up for events on the wiki. * '''[[:m:CampaignEvents/Collaboration_list|Collaboration List]]''': A global list of events and a local list of WikiProjects, accessible at '''[[:m:Special:AllEvents|Special:AllEvents]]'''. * '''[[:m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Invitation_list|Invitation Lists]]''': A tool to help organizers find editors who might want to join, based on their past contributions. '''Note''': The extension comes with a new user right called '''"Event Organizer"''', which will be managed by administrators on this wiki. Organizer tools like Event Registration and Invitation Lists will only work if someone is granted this right. The Collaboration List is available to everyone immediately after deployment. The extension is already live on several wikis, including '''Meta, Wikidata, English Wikipedia''', and more ( [[m:CampaignEvents/Deployment_status#Current_Deployment_Status_for_CampaignEvents_extension| See the full deployment list]]) If you have any questions, concerns, or feedback, please feel free to share them on the [[m:Talk:CampaignEvents| extension talkpage]]. We’d love to hear from you before the rollout. Thank you! <section end="message"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:Udehb-WMF|Udehb-WMF]] ([[User talk:Udehb-WMF|Collogue]]) 16:47, 29 Mey 2025 (UTC)</bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:Udehb-WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Udehb-WMF/sandbox/deployment_audience&oldid=28803829 --> == Vote now in the 2025 U4C Election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}} Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2025 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2025|2025 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 17 June 2025 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1750161600 12:00 UTC]. Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 1 July 2025. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 23:01, 13 Juin 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28848819 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2025 - Call for Candidates</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Call for candidates|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Call for candidates}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div> Hello all, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025|call for candidates for the 2025 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees selection is now open]] from June 17, 2025 – July 2, 2025 at 11:59 UTC [1]. The Board of Trustees oversees the Wikimedia Foundation's work, and each Trustee serves a three-year term [2]. This is a volunteer position. This year, the Wikimedia community will vote in late August through September 2025 to fill two (2) seats on the Foundation Board. Could you – or someone you know – be a good fit to join the Wikimedia Foundation's Board of Trustees? [3] Learn more about what it takes to stand for these leadership positions and how to submit your candidacy on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Candidate application|this Meta-wiki page]] or encourage someone else to run in this year's election. Best regards, Abhishek Suryawanshi<br /> Chair of the Elections Committee On behalf of the Elections Committee and Governance Committee [1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Call_for_candidates [2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Bylaws#(B)_Term. [3] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Resources_for_candidates<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[Uiser:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uiser collogue:MediaWiki message delivery|tauk]]) 17:44, 17 Juin 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28866958 --> == Adminship votin open == {{en}} Wee note to say that there's an RfA (request for adminship) now open here: [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship]]. [[Uiser:Lirazelf|Lirazelf]] ([[Uiser collogue:Lirazelf|tauk]]) 09:57, 25 Juin 2025 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Sister Projects Task Force reviews Wikispore and Wikinews</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="message"/> Dear Wikimedia Community, The [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee|Community Affairs Committee (CAC)]] of the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees assigned [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Sister Projects Task Force|the Sister Projects Task Force (SPTF)]] to update and implement a procedure for assessing the lifecycle of Sister Projects – wiki [[m:Wikimedia projects|projects supported by Wikimedia Foundation (WMF)]]. A vision of relevant, accessible, and impactful free knowledge has always guided the Wikimedia Movement. As the ecosystem of Wikimedia projects continues to evolve, it is crucial that we periodically review existing projects to ensure they still align with our goals and community capacity. Despite their noble intent, some projects may no longer effectively serve their original purpose. '''Reviewing such projects is not about giving up – it's about responsible stewardship of shared resources'''. Volunteer time, staff support, infrastructure, and community attention are finite, and the non-technical costs tend to grow significantly as our ecosystem has entered a different age of the internet than the one we were founded in. Supporting inactive projects or projects that didn't meet our ambitions can unintentionally divert these resources from areas with more potential impact. Moreover, maintaining projects that no longer reflect the quality and reliability of the Wikimedia name stands for, involves a reputational risk. An abandoned or less reliable project affects trust in the Wikimedia movement. Lastly, '''failing to sunset or reimagine projects that are no longer working can make it much harder to start new ones'''. When the community feels bound to every past decision – no matter how outdated – we risk stagnation. A healthy ecosystem must allow for evolution, adaptation, and, when necessary, letting go. If we create the expectation that every project must exist indefinitely, we limit our ability to experiment and innovate. Because of this, SPTF reviewed two requests concerning the lifecycle of the Sister Projects to work through and demonstrate the review process. We chose Wikispore as a case study for a possible new Sister Project opening and Wikinews as a case study for a review of an existing project. Preliminary findings were discussed with the CAC, and a community consultation on both proposals was recommended. === Wikispore === The [[m:Wikispore|application to consider Wikispore]] was submitted in 2019. SPTF decided to review this request in more depth because rather than being concentrated on a specific topic, as most of the proposals for the new Sister Projects are, Wikispore has the potential to nurture multiple start-up Sister Projects. After careful consideration, the SPTF has decided '''not to recommend''' Wikispore as a Wikimedia Sister Project. Considering the current activity level, the current arrangement allows '''better flexibility''' and experimentation while WMF provides core infrastructural support. We acknowledge the initiative's potential and seek community input on what would constitute a sufficient level of activity and engagement to reconsider its status in the future. As part of the process, we shared the decision with the Wikispore community and invited one of its leaders, Pharos, to an SPTF meeting. Currently, we especially invite feedback on measurable criteria indicating the project's readiness, such as contributor numbers, content volume, and sustained community support. This would clarify the criteria sufficient for opening a new Sister Project, including possible future Wikispore re-application. However, the numbers will always be a guide because any number can be gamed. === Wikinews === We chose to review Wikinews among existing Sister Projects because it is the one for which we have observed the highest level of concern in multiple ways. Since the SPTF was convened in 2023, its members have asked for the community's opinions during conferences and community calls about Sister Projects that did not fulfil their promise in the Wikimedia movement.[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WCNA_2024._Sister_Projects_-_opening%3F_closing%3F_merging%3F_splitting%3F.pdf <nowiki>[1]</nowiki>][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Community_Affairs_Committee/Sister_Projects_Task_Force#Wikimania_2023_session_%22Sister_Projects:_past,_present_and_the_glorious_future%22 <nowiki>[2]</nowiki>][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConvention_francophone/2024/Programme/Quelle_proc%C3%A9dure_pour_ouvrir_ou_fermer_un_projet_%3F <nowiki>[3]</nowiki>] Wikinews was the leading candidate for an evaluation because people from multiple language communities proposed it. Additionally, by most measures, it is the least active Sister Project, with the greatest drop in activity over the years. While the Language Committee routinely opens and closes language versions of the Sister Projects in small languages, there has never been a valid proposal to close Wikipedia in major languages or any project in English. This is not true for Wikinews, where there was a proposal to close English Wikinews, which gained some traction but did not result in any action[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Proposals_for_closing_projects/Closure_of_English_Wikinews <nowiki>[4]</nowiki>][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConvention_francophone/2024/Programme/Quelle_proc%C3%A9dure_pour_ouvrir_ou_fermer_un_projet_%3F <nowiki>[5]</nowiki>, see section 5] as well as a draft proposal to close all languages of Wikinews[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Proposals_for_closing_projects/Archive_2#Close_Wikinews_completely,_all_languages? <nowiki>[6]</nowiki>]. [[:c:File:Sister Projects Taskforce Wikinews review 2024.pdf|Initial metrics]] compiled by WMF staff also support the community's concerns about Wikinews. Based on this report, SPTF recommends a community reevaluation of Wikinews. We conclude that its current structure and activity levels are the lowest among the existing sister projects. SPTF also recommends pausing the opening of new language editions while the consultation runs. SPTF brings this analysis to a discussion and welcomes discussions of alternative outcomes, including potential restructuring efforts or integration with other Wikimedia initiatives. '''Options''' mentioned so far (which might be applied to just low-activity languages or all languages) include but are not limited to: *Restructure how Wikinews works and is linked to other current events efforts on the projects, *Merge the content of Wikinews into the relevant language Wikipedias, possibly in a new namespace, *Merge content into compatibly licensed external projects, *Archive Wikinews projects. Your insights and perspectives are invaluable in shaping the future of these projects. We encourage all interested community members to share their thoughts on the relevant discussion pages or through other designated feedback channels. === Feedback and next steps === We'd be grateful if you want to take part in a conversation on the future of these projects and the review process. We are setting up two different project pages: [[m:Public consultation about Wikispore|Public consultation about Wikispore]] and [[m:Public consultation about Wikinews|Public consultation about Wikinews]]. Please participate between 27 June 2025 and 27 July 2025, after which we will summarize the discussion to move forward. You can write in your own language. I will also host a community conversation 16th July Wednesday 11.00 UTC and 17th July Thursday 17.00 UTC (call links to follow shortly) and will be around at Wikimania for more discussions. <section end="message"/> </div> -- [[User:Victoria|Victoria]] on behalf of the Sister Project Task Force, 20:57, 27 Juin 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Sister_project_MassMassage_on_behalf_of_Victoria/Target_list&oldid=28911188 --> == Wikidata Item and Property labels soon displayed in Wiki Watchlist/Recent Changes == ''(Apologies for posting in English, you can help by translating into your language)'' Hello everyone, the [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team is excited to announce an upcoming change in how Wikidata edit changelogs are displayed in your [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlists]] and [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] lists. If an edit is made on Wikidata that affects a page in another Wikimedia Project, the changelog will contain some information about the nature of the edit. This can include a QID (or Q-number), a PID (or P-number) and a value (which can be text, numbers, dates, or also QID or PID’s). Confused by these terms? See the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Glossary|Wikidata:Glossary]] for further explanations. The upcoming change is scheduled for '''17.07.2025''', between '''1300 - 1500 UTC'''. The change will display the label (item name) alongside any QID or PIDs, as seen in the image below: [[File:Apr10 edit summary on Wikidata.png|An edit sum entry on Wikidata, labels display alongside their P- and Q-no.'s]] These changes will only be visible if you have Wikidata edits enabled in your User Preferences for Watchlists and Recent Changes, or have the active filter ‘Wikidata edits’ checkbox toggled on, directly on the Watchlist and Recent Changes pages. Your bot and gadget may be affected! There are thousands of bots, gadgets and user-scripts and whilst we have researched potential effects to many of them, we cannot guarantee there won’t be some that are broken or affected by this change. Further information and context about this change, including how your bot may be affected can be found on this [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|project task page]]. We welcome your questions and feedback, please write to us on this dedicated [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|Talk page]]. Thank you, - [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] on behalf of the Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects Team. [[Uiser:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uiser collogue:MediaWiki message delivery|tauk]]) 12:45, 14 Julie 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=28981877 --> == (en) Wiki Loves Monuments help needed.. == Hey folks, Sara here. Turns out that we could offer a Scots interface for the new Wiki Loves Monuments app if we can offer the translations - I'd LOVE for us to be able to do this, but I know fine well that I don't have the skills to do it myself. Wondering if anyone here might be interested in helping out? There's 142 items, ranging from single words to longer sentences, with a lot being short phrases (2-6 ish words long). Hoping that maybe if a few folks pitch in, that it wouldn't be too big a job...? If folks are interested, please do drop me a wee email and I could share the spreadsheet - sara.thomas@wikimedia.org.uk. [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 10:41, 14 August 2025 (UTC) == (en) Wikimedia UK Sandbox Sessions == Just a wee note to let folks know about some events we've got coming up that might be of interest - [https://wikimedia.org.uk/2025/08/community-sandbox-events/ Wikimedia UK Sandbox Sessions."] They're volunteer-led events supported by Wikimedia UK - the first is on using a Wikidata tool called Duplicity, to create missing Wikidata items from Wikipedia, and the next is on How to edit calmly in controversial areas. There's one more announced at the moment, and two still to come! Should be good - hope to see some folks there :) [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 14:13, 14 August 2025 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Temporary accounts will be rolled out soon</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="body"/> Hello, we are the Wikimedia Foundation [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity|Product Safety and Integrity]] team. We would like to announce that '''we plan to enable [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] for this wiki in the week of September 1'''. Temporary accounts are successfully live on 30 wikis, including many large ones like German, Japanese, and French. The change they bring is especially relevant to logged-out editors, who this feature is designed to protect. But it is also relevant to community members like mentors, patrollers, and admins – anyone who reverts edits, blocks users, or otherwise interacts with logged-out editors as part of keeping the wikis safe and accurate. '''Why we are building temporary accounts''' Our wikis should be safer to edit by default for logged-out editors. Temporary accounts allow people to continue editing the wikis without creating an account, while avoiding publicly tying their edits to their IP address. We believe this is in the best interest of our logged-out editors, who make valuable contributions to the wikis and who may later create accounts and grow our community of editors, admins, and other roles. Even though the wikis do warn logged-out editors that their IP address will be associated with their edit, many people may not understand what an IP address is, or that it could be used to connect them to other information about them in ways they might not expect. Additionally, our moderation software and tools rely too heavily on network origin (IP addresses) to identify users and patterns of activity, especially as IP addresses themselves are becoming less stable as identifiers. Temporary accounts allow for more precise interactions with logged-out editors, including more precise blocks, and can help limit how often we unintentionally end up blocking good-faith users who use the same IP addresses as bad-faith users. '''How temporary accounts work''' [[File:Temporary account banner and empty talk page.png|thumb]] Any time a logged-out user publishes an edit on this wiki, a cookie will be set in this user's browser, and a temporary account tied with this cookie will be automatically created. This account's name will follow the pattern: <code dir=ltr>~2025-12345-67</code> (a tilde, current year, a number). On pages like Recent Changes or page history, this name will be displayed. The cookie will expire 90 days after its creation. As long as it exists, all edits made from this device will be attributed to this temporary account. It will be the same account even if the IP address changes, unless the user clears their cookies or uses a different device or web browser. A record of the IP address used at the time of each edit will be stored for 90 days after the edit. However, only some logged-in users will be able to see it. '''What does this mean for different groups of users?''' '''For logged-out editors''' * This increases privacy: currently, if you do not use a registered account to edit, then everybody can see the IP address for the edits you made, even after 90 days. That will no longer be possible on this wiki. * If you use a temporary account to edit from different locations in the last 90 days (for example at home and at a coffee shop), the edit history and the IP addresses for all those locations will now be recorded together, for the same temporary account. Users who [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Access_to_temporary_account_IP_addresses|meet the relevant requirements]] will be able to view this data. If this creates any personal security concerns for you, please contact talktohumanrights at wikimedia.org for advice. '''For community members interacting with logged-out editors''' * A temporary account is uniquely linked to a device. In comparison, an IP address can be shared with different devices and people (for example, different people at school or at work might have the same IP address). * Compared to the current situation, it will be safer to assume that a temporary user's talk page belongs to only one person, and messages left there will be read by them. As you can see in the screenshot, temporary account users will receive notifications. It will also be possible to thank them for their edits, ping them in discussions, and invite them to get more involved in the community. '''For users who use IP address data to moderate and maintain the wiki''' * '''For patrollers''' who track persistent abusers, investigate violations of policies, etc.: Users who [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Access_to_temporary_account_IP_addresses|meet the requirements]] will be able to reveal temporary users' IP addresses and all contributions made by temporary accounts from a specific IP address or range ([[Special:IPContributions]]). They will also have access to useful information about the IP addresses thanks to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/IP Info|IP Info]] feature. Many other pieces of software have been built or adjusted to work with temporary accounts, including AbuseFilter, global blocks, Global User Contributions, and more. (For information for volunteer developers on how to update the code of your tools – see the last part of the message.) * '''For admins blocking logged-out editors''': ** It will be possible to block many abusers by just blocking their temporary accounts. A blocked person won't be able to create new temporary accounts quickly if the admin selects the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Autoblock|autoblock]] option. ** It will still be possible to block an IP address or IP range. * Temporary accounts will not be retroactively applied to contributions made before the deployment. On Special:Contributions, you will be able to see existing IP user contributions, but not new contributions made by temporary accounts on that IP address. Instead, you should use Special:IPContributions for this. '''Our requests for you, and next steps''' * If you know of any tools, bots, gadgets etc. using data about IP addresses or being available for logged-out users, you may want to test if they work on [[testwiki:Main_Page|testwiki]] or [[test2wiki:Main_Page|test2wiki]]. If you are a volunteer developer, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|read our documentation for developers]], and in particular, the section on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers#How should I update my code?|how your code might need to be updated]]. * If you want to test the temporary account experience, for example just to check what it feels like, go to testwiki or test2wiki and edit without logging in. * Tell us if you know of any difficulties that need to be addressed. We will try to help, and if we are not able, we will consider the available options. * Look at our [[m:Meta:Babel#Temporary_Accounts:_access_to_IP_addresses_and_next_steps|previous message]] about requirements for users without extended rights who may need access to IP addresses. To learn more about the project, check out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/FAQ|our FAQ]] – you will find many useful answers there. You may also [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|look at the updates]] (we have just posted one) and [[mw:Newsletter:Product Safety and Integrity|subscribe to our new newsletter]]. If you'd like to talk to me (Szymon) off-wiki, you will find me on Discord and Telegram. Thank you!<section end="body" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:user:NKohli (WMF)|NKohli (WMF)]], [[m:user:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]]</bdi> 21:36, 26 August 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Quiddity_(WMF)/sandbox6&oldid=29181713 --> == (en) Celtic Knot Online Gathering this September == {{en}} Hi, I'd just like to let you know about the "Celtic Knot" online gathering that's happening on the 23rd September 2025. The gathering is an opportunity for editors who edit in different languages, especially Celtic and minoritised languages, to connect and learn from each other. More information and registration is [[metawiki:Celtic_Knot_Conference_2025/Programme|here]]. [[Uiser:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|Gemma Coleman (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|tauk]]) 11:02, 28 August 2025 (UTC) == Volunteer role: Scots Wiki community support == {{en}} Since 2020, Wikimedia UK has been supporting the Scots Wiki community with a series of editathons / writing drives. We’re currently looking for a new volunteer to help add some capacity in this area of work, as the existing volunteer is stepping down, after five years of greatly-appreciated work. Ideally this person would be a Scots speaker / writer who’s got some Wiki skills, but we’re aware that that’s a small group of people! If you’re a Scots speaker / writer, we’re very happy to teach Wiki skills, and we’re open to exploring how this might work if you’ve got the requisite Wiki skills, and are interested in learning more about the Scots language. We estimate that this role would take around 1-2 hours per week, plus time spent in Zoom sessions (up to now, 2 x 2 hour sessions per writing drive).  Writing Drives take place around every 2 months and are currently attended by a small but regular group of editors.  You can see the progress we’ve made over the years on the [[wmfdashboard:campaigns/scots_wiki/programs|Dashboards here.]] You’d be working mainly with [[user:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas]], (Programme Manager at Wikimedia UK), and so duties can be divided, but this role would/could involve: * Creating & updating on-wiki event pages [[Wikipedia:Julie-August 2025 Writin Drive|like this]] ** Deciding on themes ** Creating worklists (manually, or using [https://petscan.wmcloud.org/ PetScan] or Wikidata) ** Using the Event Registration tool to [[metawiki:Event:Scots_Wiki_Writin_Drive_Julie_29.07.25|create registration pages like this]] * Updating [[Wikipedia:WikiProject The Big Wiki Rewrite|the project page]] with events & outputs * Creating Event [[wmfdashboard:|Dashboards]] * Advertising the events ** On-wiki posts ** Off-wiki locations like Facebook, Discord, and the WMUK Scotwiki mailing list ** Researching & reaching out to other places in which to advertise * Hosting or co-hosting the regular zoom sessions which form part of the Writing Drives ** Wikimedia UK Zoom can be used! * Contributing to / leading on new ideas for events & campaigns '''What we can offer:''' As well as training in Wiki-skills should you not already have these, and support and regular contact with the Wikimedia UK team, we are also interested in offering a scholarship to a relevant conference to present about the work and to help support future work.   '''How to apply:''' Please contact [mailto:sara.thomas@wikimedia.org.uk sara.thomas@wikimedia.org.uk] outlining your relevant skills and experience, and we’ll set up a chat. Cheers! :) [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 13:46, 9 September 2025 (UTC) == Yer wiki will be in raed-anerly suin == <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Raed iss message in anither leid]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedie Foondation]] will be switchin the traffec atween its data centres. Iss will mak shuir that Wikipaedia an the ither Wikimedie wiki kin stey onwab e'en efter a muckle mishanterin. Aw traffec will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2025-09-24|sco}}'''. The test will stert at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2025-09-24T15:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2025-09-24T15:00}}]'''. Unfortunate, acause o some leemits in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MedieWiki]], aw editin maun stap whiles the switch is makit. We apologise fur iss disruption, an we ar wirkin tae minimise it in futur. Ae banner will be shawn on aw wikis 30 meenits afore iss operation happens. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&task=view&language=&filter=&action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text.</span> '''Ye will be able tae raed, but nae edit, aa wikis fur ae smaa period o time.''' *Ye willnae be able tae edit fur up til ae oor on {{#time:l j xg Y|2025-09-24|sco}}. *If ye try tae edit or hain durin thir times, ye will be gien ae error message. We howp that nae edits will gang astray durin the meenits but we canna mak shuir o'it. Gin ye see the error message, then please wait til athing is back tae normal. Then ye sud be able tae mak hain o yer edit. But, we recommend that ye mak a copy o yer chynges aforehaund, juist in case. ''Ither effecks'': *Backgroond tasks will be slaw an some micht drap. Reid airtins minna be updatit as quick as normal. Gin ye mak ae airticle that is awreidy airtint elsewyes, the airtin will remain reid fur langer nor uisual. Some lang-rinnin scripts will hae tae stap. * We expect the code deployments tae happen as wi ony ither week. Houaniver, some case-by-case code freezes cud happen gin the operation needs thaim efterwarts. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] willnae be available fur aboot 90 meenits. Iss projeck micht be pit aff gin needit. Ye kin [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Ony chynges will be annoonced in the schedule. '''Please share iss information wi yer commonity.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> <span dir=ltr>[[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Trizek (WMF)|{{int:talk}}]])</span> 15:41, 18 September 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=29170715 --> == Campaign Events extension == {{en}} Hi folks. Posting here with my WMUK staff hat on, but I also do editing with my volunteer account [[user:lirazelf]]. I'm using my staff account for this as it would be mostly in my staff capacity that I'd be using this extension, so seemed best for transparency. I'd like to propose that the community consider enabling the Campaign Events extension for the wiki - details here: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents. I'm currently using the deployment on meta for events for Scots wiki - (example [[m:Event:Scots Wiki Writin Drive Mey 29.05.25|here]], linking to pages like [[Wikipedia:Mey-Juin 2025 Writin Drive]]. The extension lets you create Event Registration pages on the wiki (so no need to use Eventbrite or other off-wiki tool), message participants through their email (good for sending zoom links, updates etc), which is really useful! There's also other features like the collaboration list, which I reckon could be positive for developing community here, but that could only happen if the extension is enabled on this wiki. As well as metawiki, I use the tool on en.wiki and wikidata, for community training events, and international collaboration events, and I'm a fan - I hope that others would be able to use it here too. First step to enabling the extension (it's available for all Wikipedias) is to gather consensus (as per this page: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Deployment_status) - so starting that off :) [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 16:16, 9 September 2025 (UTC) * '''Ay''' - dinna see ony skaith in pittin iss ti eese [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 08:23, 16 September 2025 (UTC) *:{{en}} Update to this - there's a plan to make the right to use this automatic for autoconfirmed users for small & medium wikis which have the extension enabled.[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/CampaignEvents/Proposal_to_grant_autoconfirmed_users_on_small_and_medium_wikis_the_organizer_access_to_the_event_registration_tool see here for more info.] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 12:12, 22 September 2025 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Migration to Parsoid</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> <em>[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Parsoid Read Views/Read View Announcement|Read this in another language]]</em> Hello everyone! I am glad to inform you that as the next step in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parser Unification]] project, Parsoid will soon be turned on as the default article renderer on your wiki. We are gradually increasing the number of wikis using Parsoid, with the intention of making it the default wikitext parser for MediaWiki's next long-term support release. This will make our wikis more reliable and consistent for editors, readers, and tools to use, as well as making the development of future wikitext features easier. If this disrupts your workflow, don’t worry! You can still opt out through a user preference or turn Parsoid off on the current page using the Tools submenu, as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|Extension:ParserMigration]] documentation. There is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Confidence_Framework|more information about our roll-out strategy]] available, including the testing done before we turn on Parsoid for a new wiki. To report bugs and issues, please look at our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Known Issues|known issues]] documentation and if you found a new bug please create a phab ticket and tag the [[phab:project/view/5846|Content Transform Team in Phabricator]]. <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[mw:User:ABreault (WMF)|Content Transform Team]]</bdi> 19:49, 2 October 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ABreault (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_Foundation/Product_and_Technology/Parsoid_Read_Views/2025-10-06_Wikipedias&oldid=29381387 --> == {{en}} WMUK Wikimedian of the Year Awards 2025 == Hi folks! We are excited to announce that '''nominations are open for the 2025 UK Wikimedian of the Year Awards.''' We are asking you to nominate individuals and organisations that have contributed toward advancing open knowledge in 2024/25. The categories for this year are: * UK Wikimedian of the Year (Individual) * Partnership of the Year (Organisation) * Up and Coming Wikimedian (Individual) We are looking for people and partnerships within the Wikimedia UK community who have really impressed you with their open knowledge work, in 2024/25. We are particularly keen to hear about people and organisations who delivered projects addressing our strategic themes of Knowledge Equity, Information Literacy, and Climate and Environment.   Nominations will be judged by members of the Community Development Committee and winners will be announced at the '''Community Celebration on Saturday 15th November 2025''' (Save the date, we'd love to see you there!). You can read about [https://wikimedia.org.uk/2024/12/2024-uk-wikimedian-year-awards/ last year's winners here.] You can submit two nominations per category. Use [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScVy7AmH0qRRZmQ-QHtYKKCBZY0O40JZN9MWl8Xu7-oqK1-fg/viewform this Google Form] to submit your nominations. Nominations close on '''22nd October.''' [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 15:30, 6 October 2025 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Have your say: vote for the 2025 Board of Trustees</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Hello all, The voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025|2025 Board of Trustees election]] is now open. Candidates are running for two (2) seats on the Board. To check your voter eligibility, please visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Voter eligibility guidelines|voter eligibility page]]. Learn more about them by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Candidates|reading their application statements and watch their candidacy videos]]. When you are ready, go to the [[m:Special:SecurePoll/vote/405|SecurePoll voting page to vote]]. '''The vote is open from October 8 at 00:00 UTC to October 22 at 23:59 UTC.''' Best regards, Abhishek Suryawanshi<br />Chair, Elections Committee<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[Uiser:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uiser collogue:MediaWiki message delivery|tauk]]) 04:48, 9 October 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29360896 --> == {{en}} Join Us for Wikimedia UK’s Online Community Celebration – 15 November 2025 == We’re delighted to invite you to '''Wikimedia UK’s Online Community Celebration''', taking place on '''Saturday 15 November, from 11am to 1pm'''. This online gathering will celebrate the achievements of our incredible community over the past year, recognise outstanding contributions through the '''UK Wikimedian of the Year Awards''', and showcase inspiring projects from across the UK through a series of '''lightning talks'''. Over the past month, we’ve reached out to community members for talk proposals, and we’re thrilled with the lineup we now have! So much remarkable work happens behind the scenes in our movement, and this event is a chance to shine a light on those efforts and celebrate them together. Following the lightning talks, we’ll present the '''annual UK Wikimedian of the Year Awards'''. You can find out more about the awards [https://wikimedia.org.uk/2025/10/wikimedian-of-the-year-awards-call-for-nominations/ here]. Nominations are open until '''22 October.''' This celebration is '''open to everyone''', both Wikimedia UK members and anyone interested in learning more about Wikimedia’s work in the UK and getting involved. Tickets are free, the event will be held on Zoom, and you can reserve your tickets now through [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/online-wikimedia-uk-2025-community-celebration-tickets-1775880058059?aff=oddtdtcreator&_gl=1%2Ap0azzm%2A_up%2AMQ..%2A_ga%2ANDA4MzAyNzQ0LjE3NTk3NDk4NTQ.%2A_ga_TQVES5V6SH%2AczE3NTk3NDk4NTMkbzEkZzAkdDE3NTk3NDk4NTMkajYwJGwwJGgw#search Eventbrite.] We can’t wait to celebrate with you! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 09:53, 20 October 2025 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Help us decide the name of the new Abstract Wikipedia project</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="function1"/> {{int:Hello}}. Please help pick a name for the new Abstract Wikipedia wiki project. This project will be a wiki that will enable users to combine functions from [[:f:|Wikifunctions]] and data from Wikidata in order to generate natural language sentences in any supported languages. These sentences can then be used by any Wikipedia (or elsewhere). There will be two rounds of voting, each followed by legal review of candidates, with votes beginning on 20 October and 17 November 2025. Our goal is to have a final project name selected on mid-December 2025. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} <section end="function1"/> </div> -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:43, 20 October 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29432175 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Seeking volunteers to join several of the movement’s committees</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Each year, typically from October through December, several of the movement’s committees seek new volunteers. Read more about the committees on their Meta-wiki pages: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee|Affiliations Committee (AffCom)]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds commission|Ombuds commission (OC)]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety/Case Review Committee|Case Review Committee (CRC)]] Applications for the committees open on October 30, 2025. Applications for the Affiliations Committee, Ombuds commission and the Case Review Committee close on December 11, 2025. Learn how to apply by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Committee appointments|visiting the appointment page on Meta-wiki]]. Post to the talk page or email cst[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org with any questions you may have. For the Committee Support team, <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> -[[m:User:MKaur (WMF)| MKaur (WMF)]] 14:13, 30 October 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MKaur (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29517125 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Reminder: Help us decide the name of the new Abstract Wikipedia project</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="function2"/> {{int:Hello}}. Reminder: Please help to choose name for the new Abstract Wikipedia wiki project. The finalist vote starts today. The finalists for the name are: <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Abstract Wikipedia, Multilingual Wikipedia, Wikiabstracts, Wikigenerator, Proto-Wiki</span>. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} <section end="function2"/> </div> -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:22, 20 November 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29583860 --> == (in Inglis) Wikidata event looking for Scots speakers to take part == Apologies for the English language post. On the '''6th December''' there is an online “Revitalising UK history (Series 2)” event which we would like to make sure Scots speakers are aware of. The event builds on the success of [[metawiki:Event:Revitalizing_UK_History|''Revitalizing UK History (Series 1)'']], which enriched Wikidata entries about underrepresented UK historical figures. For series 2, the aim is to improve multilingual accessibility by adding labels and descriptions to Wikidata items in a variety of languages and we would love for the different UK languages to be represented. There is an online training event on '''Saturday 6th December 3pm - 5pm.''' More information and registration can be found at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:Revitalizing_UK_History_2 [[Uiser:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|Gemma Coleman (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|tauk]]) 09:57, 26 November 2025 (UTC) == (in Inglis) Update - Wikidata event looking for Scots speakers to take part == Apologies for the English language post. Before Christmas I posted about an online [[metawiki:Event:Revitalizing_UK_History 2|''Revitalizing UK History (Series 2)'']] event which we were hoping to get some Scots presence at. Unfortunately a tech issue meant we had to postpone and the event has now been scheduled for '''Saturday 17th January (3pm to 5pm online)''' instead. We'd LOVE to get some Wikidata items labelled in Scots as well as a range of other languages. For more information and registration head to https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:Revitalizing_UK_History_2[[Uiser:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|Gemma Coleman (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|tauk]]) 15:15, 7 Januar 2026 (UTC) == Scottish Book Trust vacancy: Vacancy: Scots Language Ootreach Co-ordinator == No aboot Wiki but.... Scottish Book Trust "are lookin for a gallus, eident Scots speaker for the role o Scots Language Ootreach Co-ordinator." [Mair info here https://www.scottishbooktrust.com/about/vacancies/scots-language-ootreach-co-ordinator]... [[Uiser:Lirazelf|Lirazelf]] ([[Uiser collogue:Lirazelf|tauk]]) 11:33, 14 Januar 2026 (UTC) == Thank You for Last Year – Join Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 == Dear Wikimedia communities, We hope you are doing well, and we wish you a happy New Year. ''Last year, we captured light. This year, we’ll capture legacy.'' In 2025, communities around the world shared the glow of Ramadan nights and the warmth of collective iftars. In 2026, ''Wiki Loves Ramadan'' is expanding, bringing more stories, more cultures, and deeper global connections across Wikimedia projects. We invite you to explore the ''Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026'' [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Meta page]] to learn how you can participate and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026/Participating communities|sign up]] your community. 📷 ''Photo campaign on '' [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Wikimedia Commons]] If you have questions about the project, please refer to the FAQs: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ/|Meta-Wiki]] * [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ|Wikimedia Commons]] ''Early registration for updates is now open via the '''[[m:Special:RegisterForEvent/2710|Event page]]''''' ''Stay connected and receive updates:'' * [https://t.me/WikiLovesRamadan Telegram channel] * [https://lists.wikimedia.org/postorius/lists/wikilovesramadan.lists.wikimedia.org/ Mailing list] We look forward to collaborating with you and your community. '''The Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 Organizing Team''' 19:45, 16 Januar 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=29879549 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2026 starts soon == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> ;Invitation to Organize Feminism and Folklore 2026 Dear Wiki Community, We are pleased to invite Wikimedia communities, affiliates, and independent contributors to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026]]''' writing competition on your local Wikipedia. The international campaign will run from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and aims to improve coverage of feminism, women’s histories, gender-related topics, and folk culture across Wikipedia projects. ;About the Campaign '''Feminism and Folklore''' is a global writing initiative that complements the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2026|Wiki Loves Folklore]]''' photography competition. While Wiki Loves Folklore focuses on visual documentation, this writing campaign addresses the '''gender gap on Wikipedia''' by improving encyclopedic content related to folk culture and marginalized voices. ;What Can Participants Write About? Communities can contribute by creating, expanding, or translating articles related to: * Folk festivals, rituals, and celebrations * Folk dances, music, and traditional performances * Women and queer figures in folklore * Women in mythology and oral traditions * Women warriors, witches, and witch-hunting narratives * Fairy tales, folk stories, and legends * Folk games, sports, and cultural practices Participants may work from curated article lists or generate new article suggestions using campaign tools. ;How to Sign Up as an Organizer Organizers are requested to complete the following steps to register their community: # Create a local project page on your wiki [[:m:Feminism and Folklore/Sample|(see sample)]] # Set up the campaign using the '''CampWiz''' tool # Prepare a local article list and clearly mention: #* Campaign timeline #* Local and international prizes # Request a site notice from local administrators [[:mr:Template:SN-FNF|(see sample)]] # Add your local project page and CampWiz link to the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta project page]]''' ;Campaign Tools The Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced tools to support organizers and participants: * '''Article List Generator by Topic''' – Helps identify articles available on English Wikipedia but missing in your local language Wikipedia. The tool allows customized filters and provides downloadable article lists in CSV and wikitable formats. * '''CampWiz''' – Enables communities to manage writing campaigns effectively, including jury-based evaluation. This will be the third year CampWiz is officially used for Feminism and Folklore. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ Click here to access the tools]''' ;Learn More & Get Support For detailed information about rules, timelines, and prizes, please visit the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 project page]]'''. If you have any questions or need assistance, feel free to reach out via: * '''[[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta talk page]]''' * Email us using details on the contact page. ;Join Us We look forward to your collaboration and coordination in making Feminism and Folklore 2026 a meaningful and impactful campaign for closing gender gaps and enriching folk culture content on Wikipedia. Thank you and best wishes, '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 International Team]]''' ---- ''Stay connected:'' [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> == Invitation to Host Wiki Loves Folklore 2026 in Your Country == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] Hello everyone, We are delighted to invite Wikimedia affiliates, user groups, and community organizations worldwide to participate in '''Wiki Loves Folklore 2026''', an international initiative dedicated to documenting and celebrating folk culture across the globe. ;About Wiki Loves Folklore '''Wiki Loves Folklore''' is an annual international photography competition hosted on Wikimedia Commons. The campaign runs from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and encourages photographers, cultural enthusiasts, and community members to contribute photographs that highlight: * Folk traditions and rituals * Cultural festivals and celebrations * Traditional attire and crafts * Performing arts, music, and dance * Everyday practices rooted in folk heritage Through this campaign, we aim to preserve and promote diverse folk cultures and make them freely accessible to the world. [[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026|Project page on Wikimedia Commons]] ; Host a Local Edition As we celebrate the '''eight edition''' of Wiki Loves Folklore, we warmly invite communities to organize a local edition in their country or region. Hosting a local campaign is a great opportunity to: * Increase visibility of your region’s folk culture * Engage new contributors in your community * Enrich Wikimedia Commons with high-quality cultural content '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026/Organize|Sign up to organize]]:''' If your team prefers to organize the competition in ''either February or March only'', please feel free to let us know. If you are unable to organize, we encourage you to share this opportunity with other interested groups or organizations in your region. ;Get in Touch If you have any questions, need support, or would like to explore collaboration opportunities, please feel free to contact us via: * The project Talk pages * Email: '''support@wikilovesfolklore.org''' We are also happy to connect via an online meeting if your team would like to discuss planning or coordination in more detail. Warm regards, '''The Wiki Loves Folklore International Team''' </div> [[Uiser:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uiser collogue:MediaWiki message delivery|tauk]]) 13:21, 18 Januar 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=29228188 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Annual review of the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> I am writing to you to let you know the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines is open now. You can make suggestions for changes through 9 February 2026. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2026|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]]. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]])<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> 21:01, 19 Januar 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29905753 --> == Bot flag == Hallo! A first noticed the Scots Wikipedia aboot a year ago, while A wis in Scotland. Recently, A've stertit editin on scowiki an gettin better acquaint wi hou the wiki works. While daein thae edits, A noticed a wheen recurring maintenance issues that could be handled mair easily wi simple automation. Tae help wi thae routine, low-risk tasks, A'm proponin BZPN bot. The full description o whit the bot daes (an disnae dae), alang wi its limits an configuration, is set oot at [[User:BZPN/Bot]]. For transparency, the bot's source code is publicly available [https://github.com/BZPN/BZPN.bot/tree/master here]. I'm happy tae adapt the bot’s behaviour based on community feedback. Thanks for yer time. ''Pingin @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] here for visibility, as the maist active admin on sco.wiki recently.'' [[Uiser:BZPN|BZPN]] ([[Uiser collogue:BZPN|tauk]]) 21:58, 30 Januar 2026 (UTC) :Fit is the soorce fur the "lexical analysis"? Pairt o the issue wi the wiki wis fur ower a tenyeir fowks wis eesin bots ti dae leiteral owersettins aat hid nae regaird fur Scots grammar, an fae the editin o yers aat a'v seen ye'v shawn the same signs an the first twa dynamic tasks leuk awfa lik it'd be daein the same hing. As fur the walcomin an non-Scots wairnin, fit een taks priority? We'r nae aafa keen ti be walcomin vandals an fowks jist here ti "correct grammar" [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 09:55, 31 Januar 2026 (UTC) ::Aye, cheers for raisin thae concerns - they're quite fair. A'll switch tae English for clarity on the technical bits. About "lexical analysis": there is no AI, no machine learning, and no automatic translation involved '''at all'''. The "lexical analysis" is strictly dictionary-based: the bot compares tokens against a static wordlist (e.g. ''dictionary.txt''), which is part of the [https://github.com/BZPN/BZPN.bot public source code] (which I will update soon because I am constantly improving it). Based on these wordlists, the bot assesses whether the article is en-only, en-heavy or Scots. Anyone is free to inspect it, suggest changes, or improve it. If the dictionary is wrong, the bot is wrong - nothing is hidden or heuristic. Regarding dynamic tasks, I'm very aware of problems with literal grammar/typo ("Scotsification") bots. That's exactly why my bot does '''not''' generate Scots, does '''not''' rewrite sentences, and it does '''not''' apply replacements unless they are explicitly and manually approved. All word and header replacements live in [[User:BZPN/Whitelist.json]] and ''only'' run if the entry is explicitly listed, the match conditions are exact and the community has agreed to add it. No whitelist entry = no change. Welcomes on the other hand are only triggered after a first constructive content edit. The bot detects whether a user's first edit is a vandalism (e.g. has vulgarisms, blanking, special characters, etc.), and based on this, either welcomes the user or ignores them (because the BZPN bot is not an anti-vandal bot, so it doesn't revert edits). If the first edit is in English, the bot assumes GF and inserts both a welcome and a warning. In short: the bot is deliberately conservative, transparent, and designed to avoid repeating the mistakes of earlier bots. If there are specific safeguards you’d want added, I’m happy to discuss and adjust them. Ta again for the questions. [[Uiser:BZPN|BZPN]] ([[Uiser collogue:BZPN|tauk]]) 13:35, 31 Januar 2026 (UTC) :::An fit's the soorce o the initial whitelist? Is it the DSL, the OSD, the Luath Learner? Nae ivery dictionair oot there is o the same quality [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 07:35, 2 Februar 2026 (UTC) ::::Aye, A think there's still a wee bit o confusion here, sae A'll spell it oot as plainly as a can. The dictionary an the whitelist are twa completely separate things. Dictionary ([https://github.com/BZPN/BZPN.bot/blob/master/dictionary.txt dictionary.txt]) is a static, read-only wordlist that the bot uses '''only''' for classification. It disnae replace words, disnae rewrite text, disnae touch grammar. It simply checks if tokens in an article exists in the Scots wordlist, tae judge whether the text is en-only, en-heavy, or Scots. That's it. Example: <code>fowk = people</code>. ::::The dictionary wis originally built by me manually, by readin an checkin existin articles on scowiki, an collectin words actually used thair. It's no tied tae ony single published dictionary. It is fully configurable, an can be adapted tae ony variety or orthography o Scots that the community decides it want tae reflect. If a word isnae in the dictionary, the bot just treats it as non-Scots. Nae substitution ''ever'' happens here. Whitelist on the other hand is a separate, optional mechanism for explicitly approved replacements only. If an entry isnae on the whitelist, the bot will '''never''' mak a change. The dictionary is not consulted at aw for whitelist actions. The goal o the whitelist is simple: standardisation, '''not translation'''. It exists tae ensure consistent, agreed-upon terminology for technical an structural elements o the wiki - no for content text. For example, the whitelist micht include fixed headers like ''"<nowiki>==See also==</nowiki>" → "<nowiki>==See forbye==</nowiki>"''. This isnae aboot stylistic preference or inventin Scots; it's aboot avoidin a mix o English an Scots in standard interface-like headers. Thae replacements are predictable, limited in scope, an identical every time. Nae whitelist entry = nae change. Nae community agreement = nae entry. The whitelist disnae interact wi the dictionary at aw, an it disnae apply tae article prose. It's a controlled tool for consistency, nae mair. Sae tae be absolutely clear: '''the bot never automatically converts English tae Scots'''. As for sources: baith the dictionary an the whitelist are open, public, an editable via the GitHub repository. Onybody is welcome tae review, challenge, improve, or propose changes. If the dictionary is wrang, the bot’s wrang - an that's precisely why it is transparent. [[Uiser:BZPN|BZPN]] ([[Uiser collogue:BZPN|tauk]]) 08:20, 2 Februar 2026 (UTC) :::::Okay, sae it's biggit manually, aat wis aa a wis wintin ti ken. Wid the bot be able ti check/compare page history as weel gif it fins a airticle aat's maistlins Inglis? Gif it canna aat's fair eneuch, kin aye dae it manually insteid. A leukit inti haein a bot ti coonterack the constant Inglifyin o airticles fur a while sae a'm nae oppont ti iss [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 08:53, 2 Februar 2026 (UTC) ::::::Aye, that's the kind o thing a meant. The bot could be extended tae generate reports only - listin airticles that are maistly English based on the existin dictionary check, limited tae e.g. ae report per day wi aboot 50 pages, an excluding ony that already hae <code><nowiki>{{Fix Scots}}</nowiki></code> or <code><nowiki>{{No Scots}}</nowiki></code>; gif that soonds useful, gie me till the end o the week an A'll prototype it sae ye can see exactly hou it behaves, an gif no, that's fair eneuch an it can be left at that. Thank ye. [[Uiser:BZPN|BZPN]] ([[Uiser collogue:BZPN|tauk]]) 10:13, 2 Februar 2026 (UTC) :@[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]]: the bot is ready fur initial testin. A've implemented the report feature tae [[Uiser:BZPN/Language report|list airticles]] that are maistly English. It's worth mentionin that the bot can make mistakes, but only errors would be due tae missing words in the dictionary or airticles wi irregular header names/wikitext issues. [[Uiser:BZPN|BZPN]] ([[Uiser collogue:BZPN|tauk]]) 13:42, 7 Februar 2026 (UTC) ::A'v seen the testin an the latest roond o reports wis mair accurate nor it wis at furst an fand a heap ae historical vandalism as weel, sae a'm happy fur it ti keep makkin the reports. Nae seein ony issue wi lettin the bot dae a trial rin fur the ither tasks as weel [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 11:32, 8 Februar 2026 (UTC) @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]]: thanks for the feedback an for monitorin the reports. The bot has nou completed a [[Uiser:ScotsBot/Trial results|4-day supervised test period]]. A'm pleased tae say the behaviour wis stable an predictable. There were nae significant mistakes during the test period. Based on observations from recent chynges (i.e. vandalism), A've slightly refined the detection filters tae reduce false positives. The recent reports hae already been used by the bot for maintenance taggin. As clarified earlier, ony classification errors can only stem frae missing entries in the static dictionary or irregular wikitext/header structures. Unless there are objections, A intend tae request a permanent bot flag on Meta based on this test period. Of course, A remain happy tae adjust thresholds or safeguards if the community feels it necessary. [[Uiser:BZPN|BZPN]] ([[Uiser collogue:BZPN|tauk]]) 11:14, 12 Februar 2026 (UTC) :{{ping|BZPN}} A thocht ye seyed it widna be daein owersettins, sae foo come a'm seein bot-lik owersettins in recent changes? [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 23:51, 13 Februar 2026 (UTC) ::Aye, thae edits are '''nae''' connected tae the bot at aw. They come fae ma personal on-wiki gadget: [[Uiser:BZPN/ScotsCheck]], which A put thegither yestreen for ma workflow. It isnae a bot task, an it disnae rin automatically. It disnae translate onything. It simply gies me a popup interface tae apply manual whitelist entries, instead o typin or copyin them by haund in the code. Ye're welcome tae read the '''[[Uiser:BZPN/ScotsCheck|description]]''' an test it yersel if ye like :). Also, the bot itsel has been inactive for twa days nou, waitin for the flag. [[Uiser:BZPN|BZPN]] ([[Uiser collogue:BZPN|tauk]]) 23:59, 13 Februar 2026 (UTC) :::Except the whitelist isna appruived yet an seems gey seemlir ti fit fowks wis daein last tenyeir. Fir exemple it seys aat "ay" means "always", except iss is wrang, an seys aat the Scots fur based is "basit", excep basit means summat else entirely, amang ither hings. An kin ye explain the block on enwiki? A shid hae chackit aat afore giein appruival [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 00:08, 14 Februar 2026 (UTC) '''Nae duin''' - BZPN his decidit ti lea the wiki [https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uiser_collogue:CiphriusKane&diff=prev&oldid=913598 ] [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 18:01, 14 Februar 2026 (UTC) == {{en}} Wiki Loves Folklore running until 31st March == {{en}} Apologies for the English message. If there are keen photographers here, I just wanted to let you know about [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026_in_Scotland Wiki Loves Folklore]. Wiki Loves Folklore is a photographic competition that celebrates our intangible cultural heritage. So if you have photos of a festival, a dance, a traditional food or anything else relating to Scotland's cultural heritage, you can upload them through the link above. All 4 nations of the UK are taking part so if you have pics from [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026_in_Wales Wales], [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026_in_England England] or [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026_in_Ireland Northern Ireland] (organised by Wikimedia Community Ireland), we'd love those too! You can upload them through the relevant nation pages (follow the links from the name above) [[Uiser:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|Gemma Coleman (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|tauk]]) 09:07, 25 Februar 2026 (UTC) == Join the sixth Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia 2026.png|right|250px|thumb|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ukraine%27s_Cultural_Diplomacy_Month_2026|Join our campaign!]] {{int:please-translate}} Dear Wikipedians! [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the sixth edition of writing challenge "'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''", which lasts from '''1st April''' until '''30th April 2026'''. The initiative aims to promote knowledge about Ukrainian culture abroad by creating and improving Wikipedia articles in multiple languages. This year marks the sixth edition of the campaign, which will focus on contemporary culture, making today’s artistic voices and practices more visible to international audiences. 🧩'''How to participate?''' Choose an article from the suggested list → Write an article in your language, or improve an existing one according to the rules → Add your contribution to the contest page and calculate your points → Win prizes and receive a certificate of participation → Become a promoter of truthful knowledge about Ukraine. 🧩'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Check our main page for more information]]'''. '''If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest.''' If not, then we encourage you to translate the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|landing page of the contest]] and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=Centralnotice-tgroup-UCDM2026banner&messages=&language=en&x=D banner] into your own language. Also, we set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in this challenge! [[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]]) 04:35, 1 April 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:OlesiaLukaniuk_(WMUA)/list_of_wikis&oldid=28552112 --> == Action Required: Update templates/modules for electoral maps (Migrating from P1846 to P14226) == Hello everyone, This is a notice regarding an ongoing data migration on Wikidata that may affect your election-related templates and Lua modules (such as <code>Module:Itemgroup/list</code>). '''The Change:'''<br /> Currently, many templates pull electoral maps from Wikidata using the property [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]], combined with the qualifier [[:d:Property:P180|P180]]: [[:d:Q19571328|Q19571328]]. We are migrating this data (across roughly 4,000 items) to a newly created, dedicated property: '''[[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]]'''. '''What You Need To Do:'''<br /> To ensure your templates and infoboxes do not break or lose their maps, please update your local code to fetch data from [[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]] instead of the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] + [[:d:Property:P180|P180]] structure. A [[m:Wikidata/Property Migration: P1846 to P14226/List|list of pages]] was generated using Wikimedia Global Search. '''Deadline:'''<br /> We are temporarily retaining the old data on [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] to allow for a smooth transition. However, to complete the data cleanup on Wikidata, the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] statements will be removed after '''May 1, 2026'''. Please update your modules and templates before this date to prevent any disruption to your wiki's election articles. Let us know if you have any questions or need assistance with the query logic. Thank you for your help! [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] using [[Uiser:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uiser collogue:MediaWiki message delivery|tauk]]) 17:11, 3 Apryle 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=29941252 --> == Request for comment (global AI policy) == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies for writing in English. {{int:Please-translate}} A [[:m:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|request for comment]] is currently being held to decide on a global AI policy. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[Uiser:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uiser collogue:MediaWiki message delivery|tauk]]) 00:58, 26 Apryle 2026 (UTC) </bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30424282 --> == Wiki Loves Earth! == {{en}} Hi folks - Just a wee note to let you know that '''Wiki Loves Earth''' is currently ongoing, running from 1 May - 30 June this year. It's an international photo competition that looks to capture images of protected natural areas across the world, including their flora and fauna. You can find out more about the competition, and how to take part, [[:Commons:Commons:Wiki Loves Earth 2026 in Scotland|over on Commmons.]] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 10:49, 19 Mey 2026 (UTC) == Writin Drive August 2026 == {{en}} Join us for the August 2026 Writin Drive - we're celebrating 6 years of these events, and it will be the last one we do for a while. We're holding 2 x zoom sessions - one on Monday 17 August and another on Thursday 20 August, or you can edit any time during the week! Mair info [[Wikipedia:August 2026 Writin Drive|and sign up details here.]] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 09:41, 20 Mey 2026 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Vote now in the 2026 U4C election</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2026 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|2026 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 2 June 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780358400 00:00 UTC]. Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 14 June 2026. -- In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 17:14, 27 Mey 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == RFC about AI-generated content in Wikimedia Commons == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English, please help translate this message to your language. You are invited to participate in a [[c:Commons:Requests for comment/Policy update for AI content|request for comment on Wikimedia Commons about a policy update for AI content]]. This may affect files that are uploaded to Wikimedia Commons for use on this project. Thank you. [[m:User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[m:User talk:Codename Noreste|Collogue]])</bdi> 17:11, 23 Juin 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Deployment of Legal and Safety Contacts Link in the Footer of Your Wiki</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="Message"/> '''Legal & Safety Contacts''' Hello community, the Wikimedia Foundation has provided a [[wmf:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contact Information|single legal and safety contact page]], to be linked in the footer of your wiki, to ensure access to accurate legal information. This is a regulatory requirement. We have already rolled out links to English, German, Italian, Spanish and other wikis and we will deploy to your wiki soon. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contacts_FAQ|Please read more on the project page]] and leave any comments in this thread or on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contacts FAQ|talk page]]. <section end="Message"/> </div> -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:30, 25 Juin 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sannita_(WMF)/Mass_sending_test&oldid=30731267 --> == Request for comment (the future of Abstract Wikipedia) == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies if this has not yet been translated into your wiki's language. {{int:Please-translate}} You are invited to voice your opinions in a [[:m:Requests for comment/The future of Abstract Wikipedia|request for comment about the future of Abstract Wikipedia]]. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[:m:User:Kowal2701|Kowal2701]] ([[:m:User talk:Kowal2701|talk]]) 12:24, 24 Julie 2026 (UTC) </bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:DreamRimmer@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == {{en}} WikiBrounie draft - thoughts? == Hey folks, I've been drafting [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)/Draft WikiBrounie|this page]] to be a new tab on [[Wikipedia:WikiProject The Big Wiki Rewrite|WikiProject The Big Wiki Rewrite]], specifically to be a place and a thing that we can direct those to who want to help with the Wiki, but either don't speak Scots or who aren't confident in their written Scots. I've had some comments from @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] but would really appreciate any more feedback or suggestions before I add it. Idea would be that if folks land on the Wiki with good intentions, that we can direct those good intentions to the best place. [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 09:58, 20 August 2026 (UTC) :(& also that I can promote on the WMUK Scotland mailing list, and keep as a regular task when folks are looking for things to edit.) [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 10:35, 20 August 2026 (UTC) ::Hi, I think this page is very helpful, particularly the links to unreferenced articles and articles using archive today. Perhaps it could be added regarding archive today that editors should replace it with internet archive if possible and if not then just remove it if the original link is still dead, regards [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 18:23, 21 August 2026 (UTC) :::Brilliant - yes, will add this. Thank you! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 08:59, 24 August 2026 (UTC) :: Just found a problem with the list of archive today links which is it only lists one link for each page when there can be multiple links on a page such as [[Mexican Drog War]], [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 22:57, 23 August 2026 (UTC) :::A believe Mexican Drog War wis ae exception as there wis summat wrang wi the references, bit it is listin multiple airtins per airticle e.g. [[Daraa Destrict]]. A'v optit ti nuke Mexican Drog War as nae bein wirth the time ti fix, better ti stairt ower in aat case [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 03:45, 24 August 2026 (UTC) ::::Grand, thanks! Can add something to the instructions too to get folks to check whether there are multiple refs on the same article, just in case there are others. :) [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 09:00, 24 August 2026 (UTC) :::::@[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] @[[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ok, added. One thing to note - you'll see that I've said "set URL status to dead" - I'm pretty sure that that should be "deid", but "dead" is what's in the template. [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 09:09, 24 August 2026 (UTC) :::::: Those are very helpful changes and I agree about the Mexican Drog War as that would have taken hours to fix, imv [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 00:16, 25 August 2026 (UTC) :::::::Grand, thanks :) [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 11:28, 25 August 2026 (UTC) ::::::::@[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] @[[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] Ok, that's now live [[Wikipedia:Wikiproject The Big Wiki Rewrite/WikiBrounies]] on the project page - please feel free to point folks in that direction if it's helpful in your general admin / extended rights user duties :) Thanks so much for the suggestions and feedback! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 11:30, 25 August 2026 (UTC) :Somebody should share this in the Scots Language Forum group on Facebook. That would give this project the widest attention. [[Uiser:Gallovidisk|Gallovidisk]] ([[Uiser collogue:Gallovidisk|tauk]]) 09:46, 26 August 2026 (UTC) ::Thanks @[[Uiser:Gallovidisk|Gallovidisk]], good suggestion! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 10:00, 26 August 2026 (UTC) g0xjya2413iz0zfm4ct2tllgmhnbhnw 14 234191 925362 925290 2026-10-26T20:53:21Z Sije 8692 Category redirect 925362 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Category redirect|Fowk associatit wi the University o Cambrig}} 9s8t3vbjrjrtcur6h8nzwg8sqqphil6 0 234194 925350 925278 2026-10-26T12:25:40Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 925350 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox document|signers=[[Rhun ap Iorwerth]], [[Michelle O'Neill]] an [[John Swinney]]|date_created=14 September 2026}}The '''Cairdiff Greement''' (Welsh: Cytundeb Caerdydd; Irish: Comhaontú Chaerdydd) is a memorandum o unnerstaundin scrievit on 14 September 2026 bi the heidyins o [[Plaid Cymru]], the [[Scots National Pairty|Scottish National Party]] (SNP) an [[Sinn Féin]] pittin oot a shared commitment fur independence fae the Unitit Kinrick fur Scotlan an Wales, an fur Northren Irelan<!--Airticle isna in Ulster Scots sae please dinna change tae Norlin Airlan--> tae be reunitit wi Irelan. The greement wis scrievit in Cairdiff b Rhun ap Iorwerth, [[First Meenister o Wales]] an heidyin o Plaid Cymru; [[John Swinney]], First Meenister o Scotlan an heidyin o the SNP; an Michelle O’Neill, First Meenister o Northren Irelan an Sinn Féin's vice praisident. Sinn Féin praisident [[Mary Lou McDonald]], leader o the opposeition in the [[Dáil Éireann|Dáil]] teuk pairt in the scrievin as weel. The fower leaders wis ackin as pairty leaders raither nor as memmers o thair goverments.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-14|title=SF, SNP, Welsh leaders sign deal pushing for independence|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/uk/2026/0914/1591410-independence-summit/|journal=RTE|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cardiff Agreement (Cytundeb Caerdydd): agreement between Welsh and Scottish Government|url=https://www.gov.scot/publications/cardiff-agreement-cytundeb-caerdydd-agreement-between-welsh-and-scottish-government/|access-date=2026-09-15|website=www.gov.scot|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|last=Brooks|first=Libby|date=2026-09-15|title=Tuesday briefing: How to understand Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland’s joint call for change|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/sep/15/tuesday-briefing-how-to-understand-wales-scotland-and-northern-irelands-joint-call-for-change|access-date=2026-09-15|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cardiff Agreement (Cytundeb Caerdydd): agreement between Welsh and Scottish Government|url=https://www.gov.scot/publications/cardiff-agreement-cytundeb-caerdydd-agreement-between-welsh-and-scottish-government/|access-date=15 September 2026|website=www.gov.scot|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=14 September 2026|title=SNP, Plaid and Sinn Féin leaders expected to sign joint agreement in Cardiff|url=https://www.the-independent.com/news/uk/home-news/john-swinney-mary-lou-mcdonald-snp-sinn-fein-cardiff-b3049571.html|access-date=15 September 2026|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=14 September 2026|title=DUP criticise O'Neill as nationalist first ministers sign agreement|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c770366z62po|access-date=15 September 2026|website=www.bbc.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=UK fractures deepen as Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland seek future with EU|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/london-letter/uk-fractures-deepen-as-scotland-wales-northern-ireland-seek-future-with-eu/amp/?utm=relatedarticles|access-date=17 September 2026|website=The Tribune|language=en}}</ref> The greement states that Wastmeinster's time is comin tae a en an caas fur the British government tae prepare an alloo fur constitutional change. It mairks the furst time sin devolution wis introduced that Scotlan, Wales an Northren Irelan hae aa been heidit bi governments commitit tae pullin oot fae the Unitit Kinrick. It sets oot plannt areas o coorperation atweesht the Scots an Welsh governments anaa, includin dealin wi bairn poverty, addressin cost-o-livin, preissurs an international engagement. The heidyins ootlined aims fur pairtnerships on the economy, energy an international cooperation as weel. == Backgrund == [[File:Northern_Ireland,_Scotland,_and_Wales_in_the_United_Kingdom_(semi-independent).svg|thumb|232x232px|Northern Ireland, Scotland, an Wales striped in the Unitit Kinrick]] In Mey 2026, aa o the three devolved [[Scots Govrenment|governments of Scotland]], [[Norlin Airlan Executive|Northern Ireland]] an Wales are led bi separatist pairties, wi the main separatist pairty bein the maistmuckle pairt in ilka devolved legislatures. This follaes Plaid Cymru winnin the maist seats in the 2026 Senedd election, the pairty's first win tae Wales' parliament.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Macaskill|first=Andrew|last2=Piper|first2=Elizabeth|last3=Ferguson|first3=Amanda|date=9 May 2026|title=A divided kingdom: pro-independence parties surge across Britain|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/divided-kingdom-pro-independence-parties-surge-across-britain-2026-05-08/}}</ref> The scrievin cam twa day aifter [[Donald Trump]] seyed he wud lik tae see Irelan unitti, an follaed the 2026 election, that changed the political laundscapes o the devolved nations.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Carroll|first=Rory|last2=|first2=|date=2026-09-12|title=Donald Trump says he would ‘love’ to see united Ireland|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2026/sep/12/donald-trump-says-he-would-love-to-see-united-ireland|access-date=2026-09-15|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> == Reactions == British Prime Meenister [[Andy Burnham]] reponed that there wisnae ony greement in Scotland on haudin ae independence referendum an nae clear evidence that the feck o fowk in Northern Ireland favoured lea'in the UK, tae whilk Swinney replied that Burnham wis at risk o bein mindit as "the last prime minister of the United Kingdom."<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=O'Mullony|first=Antonio|date=2026|title=Irish, Scottish and Welsh leaders sign Cardiff pact demanding votes on leaving the UK|url=https://brusselssignal.eu/2026/09/irish-scottish-and-welsh-leaders-sign-cardiff-pact-demanding-votes-on-leaving-the-uk/|access-date=2026-09-15|website=brusselssignal.eu}}</ref> On 24 September 2026, Russian Furren Meenister Sergey Lavrov referenced the declaration, quaistenin whit wud be the United Nations Secretariat's repone tae the plans o the three kintras, aifter the Secretary-General haed statit that the principle o sel-determination dida kiver Russia's claims in [[Crimea]] an Donbas.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-09-24|title=Russia cites Scottish independence in United Nations speech on Ukraine|url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/26578929.russia-cites-scottish-independence-united-nations/|access-date=2026-09-28|website=The Herald|language=en}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Politics o Wales]] [[Category:Politics o Scotland]] h5snlq4qq3k4540qj0pokqcuxwn6g30 925351 925350 2026-10-26T12:25:41Z KiranBOT 118781 removed AMP tracking from URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|details]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|report error]]) v3.1.1s 925351 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox document|signers=[[Rhun ap Iorwerth]], [[Michelle O'Neill]] an [[John Swinney]]|date_created=14 September 2026}}The '''Cairdiff Greement''' (Welsh: Cytundeb Caerdydd; Irish: Comhaontú Chaerdydd) is a memorandum o unnerstaundin scrievit on 14 September 2026 bi the heidyins o [[Plaid Cymru]], the [[Scots National Pairty|Scottish National Party]] (SNP) an [[Sinn Féin]] pittin oot a shared commitment fur independence fae the Unitit Kinrick fur Scotlan an Wales, an fur Northren Irelan<!--Airticle isna in Ulster Scots sae please dinna change tae Norlin Airlan--> tae be reunitit wi Irelan. The greement wis scrievit in Cairdiff b Rhun ap Iorwerth, [[First Meenister o Wales]] an heidyin o Plaid Cymru; [[John Swinney]], First Meenister o Scotlan an heidyin o the SNP; an Michelle O’Neill, First Meenister o Northren Irelan an Sinn Féin's vice praisident. Sinn Féin praisident [[Mary Lou McDonald]], leader o the opposeition in the [[Dáil Éireann|Dáil]] teuk pairt in the scrievin as weel. The fower leaders wis ackin as pairty leaders raither nor as memmers o thair goverments.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-14|title=SF, SNP, Welsh leaders sign deal pushing for independence|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/uk/2026/0914/1591410-independence-summit/|journal=RTE|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cardiff Agreement (Cytundeb Caerdydd): agreement between Welsh and Scottish Government|url=https://www.gov.scot/publications/cardiff-agreement-cytundeb-caerdydd-agreement-between-welsh-and-scottish-government/|access-date=2026-09-15|website=www.gov.scot|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|last=Brooks|first=Libby|date=2026-09-15|title=Tuesday briefing: How to understand Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland’s joint call for change|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/sep/15/tuesday-briefing-how-to-understand-wales-scotland-and-northern-irelands-joint-call-for-change|access-date=2026-09-15|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cardiff Agreement (Cytundeb Caerdydd): agreement between Welsh and Scottish Government|url=https://www.gov.scot/publications/cardiff-agreement-cytundeb-caerdydd-agreement-between-welsh-and-scottish-government/|access-date=15 September 2026|website=www.gov.scot|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=14 September 2026|title=SNP, Plaid and Sinn Féin leaders expected to sign joint agreement in Cardiff|url=https://www.the-independent.com/news/uk/home-news/john-swinney-mary-lou-mcdonald-snp-sinn-fein-cardiff-b3049571.html|access-date=15 September 2026|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=14 September 2026|title=DUP criticise O'Neill as nationalist first ministers sign agreement|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c770366z62po|access-date=15 September 2026|website=www.bbc.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=UK fractures deepen as Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland seek future with EU|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/london-letter/uk-fractures-deepen-as-scotland-wales-northern-ireland-seek-future-with-eu|access-date=17 September 2026|website=The Tribune|language=en}}</ref> The greement states that Wastmeinster's time is comin tae a en an caas fur the British government tae prepare an alloo fur constitutional change. It mairks the furst time sin devolution wis introduced that Scotlan, Wales an Northren Irelan hae aa been heidit bi governments commitit tae pullin oot fae the Unitit Kinrick. It sets oot plannt areas o coorperation atweesht the Scots an Welsh governments anaa, includin dealin wi bairn poverty, addressin cost-o-livin, preissurs an international engagement. The heidyins ootlined aims fur pairtnerships on the economy, energy an international cooperation as weel. == Backgrund == [[File:Northern_Ireland,_Scotland,_and_Wales_in_the_United_Kingdom_(semi-independent).svg|thumb|232x232px|Northern Ireland, Scotland, an Wales striped in the Unitit Kinrick]] In Mey 2026, aa o the three devolved [[Scots Govrenment|governments of Scotland]], [[Norlin Airlan Executive|Northern Ireland]] an Wales are led bi separatist pairties, wi the main separatist pairty bein the maistmuckle pairt in ilka devolved legislatures. This follaes Plaid Cymru winnin the maist seats in the 2026 Senedd election, the pairty's first win tae Wales' parliament.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Macaskill|first=Andrew|last2=Piper|first2=Elizabeth|last3=Ferguson|first3=Amanda|date=9 May 2026|title=A divided kingdom: pro-independence parties surge across Britain|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/divided-kingdom-pro-independence-parties-surge-across-britain-2026-05-08/}}</ref> The scrievin cam twa day aifter [[Donald Trump]] seyed he wud lik tae see Irelan unitti, an follaed the 2026 election, that changed the political laundscapes o the devolved nations.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Carroll|first=Rory|last2=|first2=|date=2026-09-12|title=Donald Trump says he would ‘love’ to see united Ireland|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2026/sep/12/donald-trump-says-he-would-love-to-see-united-ireland|access-date=2026-09-15|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> == Reactions == British Prime Meenister [[Andy Burnham]] reponed that there wisnae ony greement in Scotland on haudin ae independence referendum an nae clear evidence that the feck o fowk in Northern Ireland favoured lea'in the UK, tae whilk Swinney replied that Burnham wis at risk o bein mindit as "the last prime minister of the United Kingdom."<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=O'Mullony|first=Antonio|date=2026|title=Irish, Scottish and Welsh leaders sign Cardiff pact demanding votes on leaving the UK|url=https://brusselssignal.eu/2026/09/irish-scottish-and-welsh-leaders-sign-cardiff-pact-demanding-votes-on-leaving-the-uk/|access-date=2026-09-15|website=brusselssignal.eu}}</ref> On 24 September 2026, Russian Furren Meenister Sergey Lavrov referenced the declaration, quaistenin whit wud be the United Nations Secretariat's repone tae the plans o the three kintras, aifter the Secretary-General haed statit that the principle o sel-determination dida kiver Russia's claims in [[Crimea]] an Donbas.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-09-24|title=Russia cites Scottish independence in United Nations speech on Ukraine|url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/26578929.russia-cites-scottish-independence-united-nations/|access-date=2026-09-28|website=The Herald|language=en}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Politics o Wales]] [[Category:Politics o Scotland]] ojjrxgdcgnp4n9d7cnt4uojufw30gtv 925352 925351 2026-10-26T12:26:05Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Mr.Murdoch78 flittit page [[2026 Cardiff Agreement]] til [[2026 Cairdiff Greement]]: In Scots 925351 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox document|signers=[[Rhun ap Iorwerth]], [[Michelle O'Neill]] an [[John Swinney]]|date_created=14 September 2026}}The '''Cairdiff Greement''' (Welsh: Cytundeb Caerdydd; Irish: Comhaontú Chaerdydd) is a memorandum o unnerstaundin scrievit on 14 September 2026 bi the heidyins o [[Plaid Cymru]], the [[Scots National Pairty|Scottish National Party]] (SNP) an [[Sinn Féin]] pittin oot a shared commitment fur independence fae the Unitit Kinrick fur Scotlan an Wales, an fur Northren Irelan<!--Airticle isna in Ulster Scots sae please dinna change tae Norlin Airlan--> tae be reunitit wi Irelan. The greement wis scrievit in Cairdiff b Rhun ap Iorwerth, [[First Meenister o Wales]] an heidyin o Plaid Cymru; [[John Swinney]], First Meenister o Scotlan an heidyin o the SNP; an Michelle O’Neill, First Meenister o Northren Irelan an Sinn Féin's vice praisident. Sinn Féin praisident [[Mary Lou McDonald]], leader o the opposeition in the [[Dáil Éireann|Dáil]] teuk pairt in the scrievin as weel. The fower leaders wis ackin as pairty leaders raither nor as memmers o thair goverments.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-14|title=SF, SNP, Welsh leaders sign deal pushing for independence|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/uk/2026/0914/1591410-independence-summit/|journal=RTE|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cardiff Agreement (Cytundeb Caerdydd): agreement between Welsh and Scottish Government|url=https://www.gov.scot/publications/cardiff-agreement-cytundeb-caerdydd-agreement-between-welsh-and-scottish-government/|access-date=2026-09-15|website=www.gov.scot|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|last=Brooks|first=Libby|date=2026-09-15|title=Tuesday briefing: How to understand Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland’s joint call for change|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/sep/15/tuesday-briefing-how-to-understand-wales-scotland-and-northern-irelands-joint-call-for-change|access-date=2026-09-15|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cardiff Agreement (Cytundeb Caerdydd): agreement between Welsh and Scottish Government|url=https://www.gov.scot/publications/cardiff-agreement-cytundeb-caerdydd-agreement-between-welsh-and-scottish-government/|access-date=15 September 2026|website=www.gov.scot|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=14 September 2026|title=SNP, Plaid and Sinn Féin leaders expected to sign joint agreement in Cardiff|url=https://www.the-independent.com/news/uk/home-news/john-swinney-mary-lou-mcdonald-snp-sinn-fein-cardiff-b3049571.html|access-date=15 September 2026|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=14 September 2026|title=DUP criticise O'Neill as nationalist first ministers sign agreement|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c770366z62po|access-date=15 September 2026|website=www.bbc.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=UK fractures deepen as Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland seek future with EU|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/london-letter/uk-fractures-deepen-as-scotland-wales-northern-ireland-seek-future-with-eu|access-date=17 September 2026|website=The Tribune|language=en}}</ref> The greement states that Wastmeinster's time is comin tae a en an caas fur the British government tae prepare an alloo fur constitutional change. It mairks the furst time sin devolution wis introduced that Scotlan, Wales an Northren Irelan hae aa been heidit bi governments commitit tae pullin oot fae the Unitit Kinrick. It sets oot plannt areas o coorperation atweesht the Scots an Welsh governments anaa, includin dealin wi bairn poverty, addressin cost-o-livin, preissurs an international engagement. The heidyins ootlined aims fur pairtnerships on the economy, energy an international cooperation as weel. == Backgrund == [[File:Northern_Ireland,_Scotland,_and_Wales_in_the_United_Kingdom_(semi-independent).svg|thumb|232x232px|Northern Ireland, Scotland, an Wales striped in the Unitit Kinrick]] In Mey 2026, aa o the three devolved [[Scots Govrenment|governments of Scotland]], [[Norlin Airlan Executive|Northern Ireland]] an Wales are led bi separatist pairties, wi the main separatist pairty bein the maistmuckle pairt in ilka devolved legislatures. This follaes Plaid Cymru winnin the maist seats in the 2026 Senedd election, the pairty's first win tae Wales' parliament.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Macaskill|first=Andrew|last2=Piper|first2=Elizabeth|last3=Ferguson|first3=Amanda|date=9 May 2026|title=A divided kingdom: pro-independence parties surge across Britain|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/divided-kingdom-pro-independence-parties-surge-across-britain-2026-05-08/}}</ref> The scrievin cam twa day aifter [[Donald Trump]] seyed he wud lik tae see Irelan unitti, an follaed the 2026 election, that changed the political laundscapes o the devolved nations.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Carroll|first=Rory|last2=|first2=|date=2026-09-12|title=Donald Trump says he would ‘love’ to see united Ireland|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2026/sep/12/donald-trump-says-he-would-love-to-see-united-ireland|access-date=2026-09-15|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> == Reactions == British Prime Meenister [[Andy Burnham]] reponed that there wisnae ony greement in Scotland on haudin ae independence referendum an nae clear evidence that the feck o fowk in Northern Ireland favoured lea'in the UK, tae whilk Swinney replied that Burnham wis at risk o bein mindit as "the last prime minister of the United Kingdom."<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=O'Mullony|first=Antonio|date=2026|title=Irish, Scottish and Welsh leaders sign Cardiff pact demanding votes on leaving the UK|url=https://brusselssignal.eu/2026/09/irish-scottish-and-welsh-leaders-sign-cardiff-pact-demanding-votes-on-leaving-the-uk/|access-date=2026-09-15|website=brusselssignal.eu}}</ref> On 24 September 2026, Russian Furren Meenister Sergey Lavrov referenced the declaration, quaistenin whit wud be the United Nations Secretariat's repone tae the plans o the three kintras, aifter the Secretary-General haed statit that the principle o sel-determination dida kiver Russia's claims in [[Crimea]] an Donbas.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-09-24|title=Russia cites Scottish independence in United Nations speech on Ukraine|url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/26578929.russia-cites-scottish-independence-united-nations/|access-date=2026-09-28|website=The Herald|language=en}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Politics o Wales]] [[Category:Politics o Scotland]] ojjrxgdcgnp4n9d7cnt4uojufw30gtv 14 234195 925361 925282 2026-10-26T20:51:38Z Sije 8692 Category redirect 925361 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Category redirect|Fowk associatit wi the University o Cambrig}} 9s8t3vbjrjrtcur6h8nzwg8sqqphil6 3 234208 925349 2026-10-26T12:23:57Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Walcome tae the Scots Wikipaedia ! 925349 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, BFD-69, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/BFD-69|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 12:23, 26 October 2026 (UTC) qq9fv4qts85qivk3aefilsuryq60a9f 0 234209 925353 2026-10-26T12:26:06Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Mr.Murdoch78 flittit page [[2026 Cardiff Agreement]] til [[2026 Cairdiff Greement]]: In Scots 925353 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[2026 Cairdiff Greement]] gmp9ca565q6vreo2zwmxa25jmqaskfm 3 234210 925358 2026-10-26T19:37:39Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 /* October 2026 */ new section 925358 wikitext text/x-wiki == October 2026 == [[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]]. I wanted to let you know that I undid one or more of [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-56935-43|your recent contributions]] because you changed [[:en:Scots language|Scots]] material to the [[:en:English language|English language]] or added English material to articles. This is the Scots Wikipedia, not the [[:en:Main Page|English one]], and the language of this project is [[Scots leid|Scots]]. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on [[User_talk:Grilledcheeseisgreat|my talk page]]. Thanks! [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 19:37, 26 October 2026 (UTC) 9jkt0pvpni7rri8zkatyhjp10eip48i