Wikipedia scowiki https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.1 first-letter Media Special Collogue Uiser Uiser collogue Wikipedia Wikipedia collogue File File collogue MediaWiki MediaWiki collogue Template Template collogue Help Help collogue Category Category collogue Portal Portal talk Define Define talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 7167 925426 906355 2026-10-29T01:56:31Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 925426 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |honorific-prefix = [[The Honourable]] |birthname = Kevin Michael Rudd |honorific-suffix = [[Member o Parliament#Australie|MP]] |image = Kevin Rudd 2024 (cropped).jpg |office = [[Leet o Prime Meenisters o Australie|26t]] [[Prime Meenister o Australie]] |monarch = [[Elizabeth II]] |governor-general = [[Quentin Bryce]] |deputy = [[Anthony Albanese]] |term_start = 27 Juin 2013 |term_end = 18 September 2013 |predecessor = [[Julia Gillard]] |successor = [[Tony Abbott]] |monarch1 = [[Elizabeth II]] |governor-general1 = [[Michael Jeffery]]<br>[[Quentin Bryce]] |deputy1 = [[Julia Gillard]] |term_start1 = 3 December 2007 |term_end1 = 24 Juin 2010 |predecessor1 = [[John Howard]] |successor1 = [[Julia Gillard]] |office2 = [[Australie Labor Pairty#ALP Federal Parliamentary Leaders|Leader o the Labor Pairty]] |deputy2 = [[Anthony Albanese]] |term_start2 = 26 Juin 2013 |term_end2 = 13 September 2013 |predecessor2 = [[Julia Gillard]] |successor2 = [[Bill Shorten]] |deputy3 = [[Julia Gillard]] |term_start3 = 4 December 2006 |term_end3 = 24 Juin 2010 |predecessor3 = [[Kim Beazley]] |successor3 = [[Julia Gillard]] |office4 = [[Meenister for Foreign Affairs (Australie)|Meenister for Foreign Affairs]] |primeminister4 = [[Julia Gillard]] |term_start4 = 14 September 2010 |term_end4 = 22 Februar 2012 |predecessor4 = [[Stephen Smith (Australie politeecian)|Stephen Smith]] |successor4 = [[Bob Carr]] |office5 = [[Leader o the Opposeetion (Australie)|Leader o the Opposeetion]] |deputy5 = [[Julia Gillard]] |term_start5 = 4 December 2006 |term_end5 = 3 December 2007 |predecessor5 = [[Kim Beazley]] |successor5 = [[Brendan Nelson]] |constituency_MP6 = [[Diveesion o Griffith|Griffith]] |parliament6 = Australian |term_start6 = 3 October 1998 |term_end6 = 22 November 2013 |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1957|9|21|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Nambour, Queensland|Nambour]], [[Queensland]], [[Australie]] |death_date = |death_place = |party = [[Australie Labor Pairty|Labor Pairty]] |spouse = [[Thérèse Rein]] |children = 3 |alma_mater =[[Australian National University]] |religion = [[Christianity]] ([[Anglican]])<ref>{{cite interview |last=Rudd |first=Kevin |subjectlink= |interviewer=[[Geraldine Doogue]] |title=Kevin Rudd: The God Factor |publisher=ABC1 |date=8 May 2005 |work=[[Compass (TV programme)|Compass]] <!--|accessdate=18 February 2012--> |quote=I come from a long history of people who have spoken about the relevance of their faith to their political beliefs, on our side of politics going back. I mean here in Queensland Andrew Fisher was the Labor Prime Minister from this State. Andrew Fisher was a Christian Socialist. He taught Presbyterian Sunday School. He in turn came out of the stable of Keir Hardie who was himself a Presbyterian Sunday School teacher who founded the British Labour Party in the 1890s and was the first British Labour member of parliament. There's a long tradition associated with this; currently called the Christian Socialist Movement. And it's a worldwide network of people. The fact that you don't often hear from us in this country, well it's open for others to answer. I'm a relatively recent arrival. But I think, I think given what's happening on the political right in this country, what's happening on the political right in America, it's important that people on the centre-left of politics begin to argue a different perspective from within the Christian tradition.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/rudds-decision-to-take-holy-communion-at-catholic-mass-causes-debate/story-e6frg6nf-1225810746387 |title=Rudd's decision to take holy communion at Catholic mass causes debate |date=16 December 2009 |accessdate=18 February 2012 |work=The Australian |author1=Maiden, Samantha |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621101753/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/rudds-decision-to-take-holy-communion-at-catholic-mass-causes-debate/story-e6frg6nf-1225810746387 |archive-date=2013-06-21 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |signature=Kevin Rudd Signature 2.svg}} '''Kevin Rudd''' (born [[21 September]] [[1957]]) is an [[Australie]] politeecian, an wis [[Prime Meenister o Australie|Prime Meenister]] ([[2007]]-[[2010]]) o the kintra’s pairlament in [[Canberra]], representin the [[Labor Pairty]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rudd, Kevin}} [[Category:1957 births]] [[Category:Australie Anglicans]] [[Category:Australie diplomats]] [[Category:Australie Labor Pairty politeecians]] [[Category:Australie Leaders o the Opposeetion]] [[Category:Australie meenisters for Foreign Affairs]] [[Category:Australie Naitional Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Australie fowk o Inglis strynd]] [[Category:Australie fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:Australie republicans]] [[Category:Converts tae Anglicanism]] [[Category:Govrenment meenisters o Australie]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Members o the Australie Hoose o Representatives]] [[Category:Members o the Australie Hoose o Representatives for Griffith]] [[Category:Members o the Cabinet o Australie]] [[Category:Fowk frae Nambour, Queensland]] [[Category:Prime Meenisters o Australie]] [[Category:Converts tae Anglicanism frae Roman Catholicism]] {{Stub/Australie}} nmobv2ld7n9ytp2f17z2aqm8wgsxuhs 0 12421 925407 711657 2026-10-28T14:36:33Z ~2026-57672-25 139404 925407 wikitext text/x-wiki These are the '''9 ''castelli'' (municipalities) of [[San Marino]]''': [[File:San Marino.png|thumb|right|250px|Location of the 9 castelli of San Marino]] {| class="wikitable" |----- |colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="#FFA500" | '''Cities in San Marino''' |----- |rowspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="#98FB98" | '''Rank''' || rowspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="#98FB98" | '''Ceety''' || rowspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="#98FB98" | '''Aurie<br />km²''' || colspan="3" align="center" bgcolor="#98FB98" | '''Population''' |----- |align="center" bgcolor="#98FB98" | '''1986''' || align="center" bgcolor="#98FB98" | '''1996''' || align="center" bgcolor="#98FB98" | '''2006''' |----- |align=right | 1. || [[Serravalle (San Marino)|Serravalle]] || align=right | 10,53 || align=right | 6.995 || align=right | 8.085 || align=right | 9.847 |----- |align=right | 2. || [[Borgo Maggiore]] || align=right | 9,01 || align=right | 4.421 || align=right | 5.358 || align=right | 6.061 |----- |align=right | 3. || [[Ceety o San Marino]] || align=right | 7,09 || align=right | 4.179 || align=right | 4.350 || align=right | 4.409 |----- |align=right | 4. || [[Domagnano]] || align=right | 6,62 || align=right | 1.885 || align=right | 2.207 || align=right | 2.899 |----- |align=right | 5. || [[Fiorentino]] || align=right | 6,56 || align=right | 1.478 || align=right | 1.798 || align=right | 2.253 |----- |align=right | 6. || [[Acquaviva (San Marino)|Acquaviva]] || align=right | 4,86 || align=right | 1.148 || align=right | 1.264 || align=right | 1.881 |----- |align=right | 7. || [[Faetano]] || align=right | 7,75 || align=right | 738 || align=right | 870 || align=right | 1.139 |----- |align=right | 8. || [[Chiesanuova]] || align=right | 5,46 || align=right | 724 || align=right | 866 || align=right | 1.036 |----- |align=right | 9. || [[Montegiardino]] || align=right | 3,31 || align=right | 557 || align=right | 717 || align=right | 843 |-----bgcolor="#98FB98" |align=right | &nbsp; || '''San Marino''' || align=right | 61,19 || align=right | 22.125 || align=right | 25.515 || align=right | 30.368 |} Though it is one of the biggest towns of the Republic, [[Dogana]] is not an autonomous ''castello'' but belongs to the ''castello'' di Serravalle. Indeed, ''castelli'', like Italian [[comune|''comuni'']], include a main town that is the seat of the castello, called ''capoluogo'', and some little place or localities kent as ''[[frazione|frazioni]]''. == See also == * [[ISO 3166-2:SM]] {{San Marino}} {{Leet o ceeties in Europe}} {{Commonscat|Cities in San Marino}} [[Category:Municipalities o San Marino| ]] [[Category:Subdiveesions o San Marino|Municipalities]] [[Category:Leets o kintra subdiveesions|San Marino, Municipalities]] [[Category:Kintra subdiveesions o Europe|San Marino 1]] [[Category:First-level admeenistrative kintra subdiveesions|Municipalities, San Marino]] [[Category:Leets o ceeties bi kintra|San Marino]] [[Category:San Marino-relatit lists|Ceeties]] {{SanMarino-geo-stub}} g73aueyukqvbymzg7di73jbvw3frhyi 925408 925407 2026-10-28T14:41:28Z CiphriusKane 74958 Revertit edit o ~2026-57672-25, chynged back tae last version bi Holder 711657 wikitext text/x-wiki These ar the '''9 ''castelli'' (municipalities) o [[San Marino]]''': [[File:San Marino.png|thumb|right|250px|Location o the 9 castelli o San Marino]] {| class="wikitable" |----- |colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="#FFA500" | '''Cities in San Marino''' |----- |rowspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="#98FB98" | '''Rank''' || rowspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="#98FB98" | '''Ceety''' || rowspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="#98FB98" | '''Aurie<br />km²''' || colspan="3" align="center" bgcolor="#98FB98" | '''Population''' |----- |align="center" bgcolor="#98FB98" | '''1986''' || align="center" bgcolor="#98FB98" | '''1996''' || align="center" bgcolor="#98FB98" | '''2006''' |----- |align=right | 1. || [[Serravalle (San Marino)|Serravalle]] || align=right | 10,53 || align=right | 6.995 || align=right | 8.085 || align=right | 9.847 |----- |align=right | 2. || [[Borgo Maggiore]] || align=right | 9,01 || align=right | 4.421 || align=right | 5.358 || align=right | 6.061 |----- |align=right | 3. || [[Ceety o San Marino]] || align=right | 7,09 || align=right | 4.179 || align=right | 4.350 || align=right | 4.409 |----- |align=right | 4. || [[Domagnano]] || align=right | 6,62 || align=right | 1.885 || align=right | 2.207 || align=right | 2.899 |----- |align=right | 5. || [[Fiorentino]] || align=right | 6,56 || align=right | 1.478 || align=right | 1.798 || align=right | 2.253 |----- |align=right | 6. || [[Acquaviva (San Marino)|Acquaviva]] || align=right | 4,86 || align=right | 1.148 || align=right | 1.264 || align=right | 1.881 |----- |align=right | 7. || [[Faetano]] || align=right | 7,75 || align=right | 738 || align=right | 870 || align=right | 1.139 |----- |align=right | 8. || [[Chiesanuova]] || align=right | 5,46 || align=right | 724 || align=right | 866 || align=right | 1.036 |----- |align=right | 9. || [[Montegiardino]] || align=right | 3,31 || align=right | 557 || align=right | 717 || align=right | 843 |-----bgcolor="#98FB98" |align=right | &nbsp; || '''San Marino''' || align=right | 61,19 || align=right | 22.125 || align=right | 25.515 || align=right | 30.368 |} Though it is ane o the biggest touns o the Republic, [[Dogana]] is no an autonomous ''castello'' but belangs tae the ''castello'' o Serravalle. Indeed, ''castelli'', like Italian [[comune|''comuni'']], includes a main toun that is the seat o the castello, cawed ''capoluogo'', an some little place or localities kent as ''[[frazione|frazioni]]''. == See also == * [[ISO 3166-2:SM]] {{San Marino}} {{Leet o ceeties in Europe}} {{Commonscat|Cities in San Marino}} [[Category:Municipalities o San Marino| ]] [[Category:Subdiveesions o San Marino|Municipalities]] [[Category:Leets o kintra subdiveesions|San Marino, Municipalities]] [[Category:Kintra subdiveesions o Europe|San Marino 1]] [[Category:First-level admeenistrative kintra subdiveesions|Municipalities, San Marino]] [[Category:Leets o ceeties bi kintra|San Marino]] [[Category:San Marino-relatit lists|Ceeties]] {{SanMarino-geo-stub}} ax5p8x4y7t7cuomz5kbjh36nr1r2b3n 0 13976 925417 916765 2026-10-29T01:02:52Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 925417 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Hashemite Kinrick o Jordan |common_name = Jordan |native_name = {{lower|0.1em|{{nobold|{{lang|ar|المملكة الأردنية الهاشمية}}}}}} ([[Modren Staundart Arabic|Arabic]])<br/><small>''{{transl|ar|ALA|Al-Mamlakah Al-Urdunnīyah Al-Ḥāshimīyah}}''</small> |image_flag = Flag of Jordan.svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of Jordan.svg |national_motto = {{small|"God, Kintra, Keeng"}}<br/>{{native phrase|ar|{{lower|0.1em|{{big|الله، الوطن، الملك}}}}|italics=off}}<br/>''{{transl|ar|ALA|Allah, Al-Waṭan, Al-Malik}}''<ref name="king">{{cite book|last=Temperman|first=Jeroen|title=State-Religion Relationships and Human Rights Law: Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Governance|accessdate=20 March 2016|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Khag6tbsIn4C&pg=PA87|year=2010|publisher=Brill|isbn=90-04-18148-2|page=87}}</ref> |national_anthem = {{small|({{lang-sco|[[The Ryal Anthem o Jordan]]}})}}<br/>{{lang|ar|{{big|السلام الملكي الأردني}}}}<br/>{{lower|0.1em|''{{transl|ar|ALA|Al-Salam Al-Malaki Al-Urdunni}}''}}<br/><br/><center>[[File:National anthem of Jordan instrumental.ogg]]</center> |image_map = Jordan (orthographic projection).svg |map_caption = |image_map2 = Jordan - Location Map (2013) - JOR - UNOCHA.svg |map_caption2 = Map of Jordan showing influential governorate centers |capital = [[Amman]] |coordinates = {{Coord|31|57|N|35|56|E|type:city}} |largest_city = caipital |official_languages = [[Modren Standard Arabic|Arabic]] |ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list |98% [[Arab fowk|Arab]] |1% [[Circassians]] |1% [[Armenies]]}} |demonym = Jordanian |government_type = [[Unitar state|Unitar]] [[Pairlamentar seestem|pairlamentar]] [[constitutional monarchy]] |leader_title1 = [[Leet o keengs o Jordan|Keeng]] |leader_name1 = [[Abdullah II o Jordan|Abdullah II]] |leader_title2 = [[Prime Meenister o Jordan|Prime Meenister]] |leader_name2 = [[Bisher Al-Khasawneh]] |legislature = [[Pairlament o Jordan|Pairlament]] |upper_house = [[Jordanian Senate|Senate]] |lower_house = [[Jordanian Hoose o Representatives|Hoose o Representatives]] |sovereignty_type = [[Unthirldom]] |sovereignty_note = frae [[Unitit Kinrick|Breetain]] |established_event1 = {{nowrap|[[The Emirate o Transjordan]]}} |established_date1 = 11 Apryle 1921 |established_event2 = [[League o Naitions mandate|The Hashemite Kinrick o Jordan]] |established_date2 = 25 May 1946 |area_km2 = 89,341 |area_rank = 112t |area_sq_mi = 35,637 |percent_water = |population_estimate = 9,952,293<ref>{{cite web|title=Population clock|accessdate=25 June 2017|publisher=Jordan Department of Statistics|url=http://web.dos.gov.jo/?lang=en|archive-date=2016-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306132107/http://web.dos.gov.jo/?lang=en|url-status=dead}}</ref> | population_estimate = 10,171,480<ref>{{cite web|title=Population clock|accessdate=12 June 2018|work=Jordan Department of Statistics|url=http://dosweb.dos.gov.jo/|archive-date=2019-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818112822/http://dosweb.dos.gov.jo/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2018 | population_estimate_rank = 88t | population_census = 9,531,712<ref name="census">{{cite web|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/population-stands-around-95-million-including-29-million-guests|title=Population stands at around 9.5 million, including 2.9 million guests|accessdate=12 June 2018|publisher=The Jordan Times|last=Ghazal|first=Mohammad|date=22 January 2016}}</ref> | population_census_year = 2015 | population_density_km2 = 114 | population_density_sq_mi = 295 | population_density_rank = 106t | GDP_PPP = $93.159 billion<ref name=GDP>{{cite web|title=Jordan|work=IMF|accessdate=24 November 2018|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=77&pr.y=14&sy=2018&ey=2023&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C546%2C213%2C962%2C911%2C674%2C314%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C836%2C918%2C558%2C748%2C138%2C618%2C196%2C624%2C278%2C522%2C692%2C622%2C694%2C156%2C142%2C626%2C449%2C628%2C564%2C228%2C565%2C924%2C283%2C233%2C853%2C632%2C288%2C636%2C293%2C634%2C566%2C238%2C964%2C662%2C182%2C960%2C359%2C423%2C453%2C935%2C968%2C128%2C922%2C611%2C714%2C321%2C862%2C243%2C135%2C248%2C716%2C469%2C456%2C253%2C722%2C642%2C942%2C643%2C718%2C939%2C724%2C734%2C576%2C644%2C936%2C819%2C961%2C172%2C813%2C132%2C726%2C646%2C199%2C648%2C733%2C915%2C184%2C134%2C524%2C652%2C361%2C174%2C362%2C328%2C364%2C258%2C732%2C656%2C366%2C654%2C144%2C336%2C146%2C263%2C463%2C268%2C528%2C532%2C923%2C944%2C738%2C176%2C578%2C534%2C537%2C536%2C742%2C429%2C866%2C433%2C369%2C178%2C744%2C436%2C186%2C136%2C925%2C343%2C869%2C158%2C746%2C439%2C926%2C916%2C466%2C664%2C112%2C826%2C111%2C542%2C298%2C967%2C927%2C443%2C846%2C917%2C299%2C544%2C582%2C941%2C474%2C446%2C754%2C666%2C698&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2018 | GDP_PPP_rank = 87t | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $9,406<ref name=GDP/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 86t | GDP_nominal = $41.869 billion<ref name=GDP/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2018 | GDP_nominal_rank = 92nt | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $4,228<ref name=GDP/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 95th | Gini = 35.4 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2011 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI|title=Gini index|work=World Bank|accessdate=12 June 2018}}</ref> | Gini_rank = 79t | HDI = 0.735 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2017<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = steady<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2017_human_development_report.pdf|title=2017 Human Development Report Summary|date=14 September 2018|accessdate=14 September 2018|publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | HDI_rank = 95t |currency = [[Jordanian dinar|Dinar]] |currency_code = JOD |time_zone = [[Eastren European Time|EET]] |utc_offset = +2 |utc_offset_DST = +3 |time_zone_DST = [[Eastren European Simmer Time|EEST]] |drives_on = ri ht |calling_code = [[Telephone nummers in Jordan|+962]] |cctld = [[.jo]]<br/>{{rtl-lang|ar|[[.الاردن]]}} |area_magnitude = }} '''Jordan''' (/ˈdʒɔrdən/), offeecially the '''Hashemite Kinrick o Jordan''', an forby kent as the '''JK''' (short for The Jordanian Kinrick), is a kinrick on the East Bank o the [[River Jordan]] in [[Wastren Asie]]. It haes mairches wi [[Saudi Arabie]] sooth-eastlins, [[Iraq]] eastlins, [[Sirie]] norlins an [[Israel]] an [[State o Palestine|Palestine]] tae the wast, sharin control o the [[Dead Sea]]. Jordan's anerlie port is at its soothren tip, at the [[Gulf o Aqaba]], whilk is skared wi Israel, [[Egyp]], an Saudi Arabie. Hantle o Jordan is kivered bi the [[Arabian Desert]]. Housomeivver, the north-wastren pairt o Jordan is pairt o the [[Fertile Crescent]]. The caipital ceety is [[Amman]]. Throu its [[History o Jordan|history]], Jordan haes seen a thrang o ceevilizations, includin sic auncient near eastren anes as the [[Canaan]]ites an later ither [[Semitic]] fowks lik the [[Edomite]]s, an the [[Moab]]ites. Ither ceevilizations possessin poleetical sovereignty an influence in Jordan wur: [[Akkadian Empire|Akkadian]], [[Assyrie|Assyrian]], [[Israelite]]/[[Judean]], [[Babylonian]], an [[Persian Empire|Persian]] empires. The lands o Jordan wur for a time unner the rule o [[Pharaonic Egyp]], componed pairt o the greater [[Kinrick o Israel (unitit monarchy)|Kinrick o Israel]] (includin the later [[Kinrick o Judah|Judaean Kinrick]], [[Hasmonean|Hasmonaen Kinrick o Israel]] an [[Herodian Dynasty]]), an notably, the region o Jordan gied birth tae the [[Nabataean]] ceevilisation an aw, whilk left rich airchaeological remains at [[Petra]], ane o the [[New Seiven Wonders o the Warld]] locatit in the [[Ma'an Govrenorate]]. Cultur faurer wast left their mark an aa, like the [[Alexander the Great|Macedonian]]/[[Greece|Greek]]/[[Hellenistic]], [[Roman Empire|Roman]], [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]], an [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Turkis]] empires. Syne the seivent century C.E., the area haes been unner the primary rule o [[Muslim]] an [[Arab]] cultur, wi the exceptions briefly for the area in wastren Jordan that wis pairt o the [[Crusades|Crusader]] [[Kinrick o Jerusalem]], an for the hale region in the early-mid twintiet century C.E. unner [[Breetish Empire|Breetish rule]] whilk led tae Jordan's establishment as an autonomous state. The [[Hashemite]] Kinrick o Jordan is a constitutional monarchy wi representative govrenment. The reignin monarch is the chief executive an the commander-in-chief o the airmed forces. The king exercises his executive authority through the prime meenisters an the Cooncil o Meenisters, or cabinet. The cabinet, atween hauns, is responsible afore the democratically elect Hoose o Deputies whilk, alang wi the Hoose o Notables (Senate), constitutes the legislative branch o the govrenment. The judicial branch is an independent branch o the govrenment. == Etymology == Jordan taks its name frae the [[Jordan River]] that forms muckle o the kintra's northwastren mairch.<ref name="CIA factbook">{{cite web|url= https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/jo.html|title= The World Fact book – Jordan|publisher= CIA World Factbook|accessdate= 15 June 2018|archive-date= 2019-09-12|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190912232305/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/jo.html|url-status= dead}}</ref> While several theories for the oreegin o the river's name hae been proponed, it is maist plausible that it derives frae the [[Semitic leids|Semitic]] wird ''Yarad'', meanin "the descender", reflectin the river's declivity.<ref name="etm1">{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC|title= Mercer Dictionary of the Bible|accessdate= 15 June 2018|year= 1990|pages= 466–467, 928|first1= Watson E.|last1= Mills|first2= Roger Aubrey|last2= Bullard|publisher= Mercer University Press|isbn= 9780865543737}}</ref> == History == {{Main|History o Jordan}} ===Auncient period=== The auldest evidence o [[hominid]] habitation in Jordan dates back at least 200,000 year.<ref name="KOJ">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-jfWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA23|accessdate=16 June 2018|date=8 December 2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|first=Raphael|last=Patai|title=Kingdom of Jordan|pages=23, 32|isbn=9781400877997}}</ref> Jordan is rich in [[Paleolithic]] (up tae 20,000 year agae) remeens due tae its location within the [[Levant]] whaur expansions o hominids oot o Africae converged.<ref name="chap-paleolithic">{{cite book|url=http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4877|title=Atlas of Jordan|accessdate=16 June 2018|editor-first=Myriam|editor-last=Ababsa|chapter=The First Traces of Man. The Palaeolithic Period (<1.5 million – ca 20,000 years ago)|first=Maysoun|last=al-Nahar|date=11 June 2014|pages=94–99}}</ref> Past lakeshore environments attracted different hominids, and several remains of tools have been found from this period.<ref name="chap-paleolithic"/> The warld's auldest evidence o breid-makin wis foond in a 14,500 year auld [[Natufian cultur|Natufian]] steid in Jordan's northeastren desert.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-44846874|title=Prehistoric bake-off: Scientists discover oldest evidence of bread|work=BBC|date=17 July 2018|accessdate=17 July 2018}}</ref> The transeetion frae [[hunter-gaitherer]] tae establishin populous agricultural veelages occurred in the [[Neolithic]] period (10,000–4,500 BC).<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4879|title=Atlas of Jordan|accessdate=16 June 2018|editor-first=Myriam|editor-last=Ababsa|chapter=The Refining of Tools. The Epipalaeolithic Period (c 23,000 - 11,600 years ago)|first=Maysoun|last=al-Nahar|date=11 June 2014|pages=100–105}}</ref> [['Ain Ghazal]], ane sic veelage locatit in the day's eastren [[Amman]], is ane o the lairgest kent prehistoric settlements in the [[Near East]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Betts|first1=Alison|title=The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Levant|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199212972.013.012|date=March 2014|chapter=The Southern Levant (Transjordan) During the Neolithic Period|isbn=9780199212972}}</ref> Fortifee'd touns an urban centres first emerged in the soothren Levant early on in the [[Bronze Age]] (3600–1200 BC).<ref name="atlas11">{{cite book|url=http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4885|title=Atlas of Jordan|accessdate=2 July 2018|editor-first=Myriam|editor-last=Ababsa|chapter=The First Cities in Early Bronze Age (3600-2000 BC)|first=Maysoun|last=al-Nahar|date=11 June 2014|pages=117–118}}</ref> [[Wadi Feynan]] becam a regional centre for capper extraction, that wis exploitit on a lairge-scale tae produce bronze.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pure.qub.ac.uk/portal/files/798584/158410_1_En_8_Chapter_ProofPDF[1].pdf|title=Human activity in the ancient metal-smelting and farming complex in the Wadi Faynan, SW Jordan, at the desert margin in the Middle East|publisher=Queen's University Belfast|year=2010|accessdate=4 July 2018|page=2|quote=It was a key Middle Eastern industrial centre from the early 3rd millennium BC to the Byzantine period|archive-date=2019-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924194946/https://pure.qub.ac.uk/portal/files/798584/158410_1_En_8_Chapter_ProofPDF|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tred an muivement o fowk in the Middle East peaked, spreidin an refinin ceevilisations.<ref name="atlas12"/> Veelages in Transjordan expandit fest in areas wi reliable watter resoorces an agricultural laund.<ref name="atlas12">{{cite book|url=https://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4890|title=Atlas of Jordan|accessdate=2 July 2018|editor-first=Myriam|editor-last=Ababsa|chapter=The Period of Small Cities. The Middle Bronze Age (ca 2000-1500 BC)|first=Maysoun|last=al-Nahar|date=11 June 2014|pages=122–123}}</ref> [[Auncient Egyp]]tians expandit taewart the Levant an controlled baith banks o the Jordan River.<ref name="atlas13">{{cite book|url=https://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4892|title=Atlas of Jordan|accessdate=2 July 2018|editor-first=Myriam|editor-last=Ababsa|chapter=The Influence of Egypt. The Late Bronze Age (1500-1200 BC)|first=Maysoun|last=al-Nahar|date=11 June 2014|pages=124–125}}</ref> In the [[Airn Age]] (1200–332 BC) efter the widrawal o the Egyptians, Transjordan wis hame tae [[Ammon]], [[Edom]] an [[Moab]].<ref name="AEM"/> Thay spaik Semitic leids o the [[Canaanite leids|Canaanite group]], an are conseedert tae be tribal kinricks raither nor states.<ref name="AEM"/> Ammon wis locatit in the Amman plateau; Moab in the hielands east o the Deid Sea; an Edom in the aera aroond [[Wadi Araba]] doun sooth.<ref name="AEM">{{cite conference|first1=Oystein S.|last1=LaBianca|first2=Randall W.|last2=Younker|author-link=|title=The Kingdoms of Ammon, Moab, and Edom: The Archaeology of Society in Late Bronze/Iron Age Transjordan (ca. 1400–500 BCE)|book-title=The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land|editor=Thomas Levy|page=114|publisher=Leicester University Press|date=1995|location=|url=https://www.academia.edu/744029/The_Kingdoms_of_Ammon_Moab_and_Edom_The_Archaeology_of_Society_in_Late_Bronze_Iron_Age_Transjordan_Ca._1400-500_BCE_|doi=|id =|access-date=16 June 2018}}</ref> Thir Transjordanian kinricks war in continuous conflict wi the neebourin Ebreu kinricks o [[Kinrick o Israel (Samarie)|Israel]] an [[Kinrick o Judah|Judah]], centred wast o the Jordan River–tho the umwhile wis kent tae hae at times controlled smaw pairts east o the river.<ref name="harrison">{{Citation|last1=Harrison|first1=Timothy P.|contribution=`The land of Medeba' and Early Iron Age Mādabā|pages=27–45|url=http://sites.utoronto.ca/tmap/Harrison.2009.pdf|accessdate=16 June 2018|year=2009|title=Studies on Iron Age Moab and Neighbouring Areas: In Honour of Michèle Daviau|editor-last=Bienkowski|editor-first=Piotr|place=Leuven|publisher=Peeters}} </ref> Ane record o this is the [[Mesha Stele]] erectit bi the Moabite king [[Mesha]] in 840 BC on that he lauds himsel for the biggin projects that he initiatit in Moab an commemorates his glory an veectory against the [[Israelites]].<ref name="rollston">{{cite book|page=54|title=Writing and Literacy in the World of Ancient Israel: Epigraphic Evidence from the Iron Age|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kx9Uke_IfloC&pg=PA54|accessdate=16 June 2018|first=Chris A.|last=Rollston|year=2010|publisher=Society of Biblical Lit|isbn=9781589831070}}</ref> The stele constitutes ane o the maist important direct accoonts o Biblical history.<ref name="mesha-louvre">{{cite web|url=http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/mesha-stele|title=The Mesha Stele|accessdate=16 June 2018|work=Department of Near Eastern Antiquities: Levant|publisher=Louvre Museum|archive-date=2018-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616103247/https://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/mesha-stele|url-status=dead}}</ref> Aroond 700 BC, the kinricks benefitit frae tred atween Sirie an Arabie whan the [[Neo-Assirian Empire|Assirian Empire]] controlled the Levant.<ref name="chap-iron">{{cite book|url=http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/5075|title=Atlas of Jordan|accessdate=16 June 2018|editor-first=Myriam|editor-last=Ababsa|chapter=The Iron Age and the Persian Period (1200-332 BC)|first=Maysoun|last=al-Nahar|date=11 June 2014|pages=126–130}}</ref> [[Neo-Babylonian Empire|Babylonians]] teuk ower the empire efter its disintegration in 627 BC.<ref name="chap-iron"/> Awtho the kinricks supportit the Babylonians against Judah in the 597 BC [[Siege o Jerusalem (597 BC)|sack o Jerusalem]], they rebelled against them a decade later.<ref name="chap-iron"/> The kinricks war reduced tae vassals, an thay remeened tae be sae unner the [[Achaemenid Empire|Persian]] an [[Macedonia (auncient kinrick)|Hellenic]] Empires.<ref name="chap-iron"/> Houiver, bi the time o [[Roman Empire|Roman rule]] aroond 63 BC, Ammon, Edom an Moab haed lost thair distinct identities, an war assimilatit intae Roman cultur.<ref name="AEM"/> ===Clessical period=== [[File:Al Khazneh Petra edit 2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Al-Khazneh]] in [[Petra]] (c. 1st century AD), is believed tae be the mausoleum o the Arab [[Nabataean]] Keeng [[Aretas IV Philopatris|Aretas IV]].]] [[Alexander the Great]]'s [[Wars o Alexander the Great|conquest]] o the Persie Empire in 332 BC introduced [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic]] cultur tae the Middle East.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=10}} Efter Alexander's daith in 323 BC, the empire split amang his generals, an in the end muckle o Transjordan wis disputit atween the [[Ptolemaic kinrick|Ptolemies]] based in Egyp an the [[Seleucids]] based in Sirie.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=10}} The [[Nabataeans]], nomadic Arabs based sooth o Edom, managed tae establish an independent kinrick in 169 BC bi exploitin the struggle atween the twa Greek pouers.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=10}} The [[Nabataean Kinrick]] controlled muckle o the tred routes o the region, an it stretched sooth alang the [[Reid Sea]] coast intae the [[Hejaz]] desert, up tae as faur north as [[Damascus]], that it controlled for a short period (85–71) BC.{{sfn|Taylor|2001|p=51}} The Nabataeans massed a fortune from their control of the trade routes, often drawing the envy of their neighbors.{{sfn|Taylor|2001|p=30}} [[Petra]], Nabataea's barren caipital, floorished in the 1st century AD, driven bi its extensive watter irrigation sestems an agricultur.{{sfn|Taylor|2001|p=70}} The Nabataeans war an aw talentit [[stane cairvin|stane cairvers]], biggin thair maist elaborate structur, [[Al-Khazneh]], in the first century AD.<ref name="petra"/> It is believed tae be the [[mausoleum]] o the Arab Nabataean King [[Aretas IV Philopatris|Aretas IV]].<ref name="petra">{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/archaeology-and-history/magazine/2016/01-02/petra/|title=Petra Lost and Found|work=National Geographic|date=2 January 2016|accessdate=8 April 2018|archive-date=2018-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408210210/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/archaeology-and-history/magazine/2016/01-02/petra/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Roman legions unner [[Pompey]] conquered muckle o the [[Levant]] in 63 BC, inauguratin a period o Roman rule that lastit fower centuries.<ref name="roman">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PVZfx3Y6o5IC&pg=PA573|page=573|title=The Roman Frontier in Central Jordan: Final Report on the Limes Arabicus Project|year=2006|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks|first1=Samuel|last1=Parker|first2=John|last2=Betlyon|accessdate=3 July 2018|isbn=9780884022985}}</ref> In 106 AD, Emperor [[Trajan]] annexed Nabataea unopponed, an rebiggit the [[Keeng's Heichwey (auncient)|Keeng's Heichwey]] that becam kent as the [[Via Traiana Nova]] road.<ref name="roman"/> The Romans gae the Greek ceeties o Transjordan–Philadelphia (Amman), [[Jerash|Gerasa]] (Jerash), [[Umm Qays|Gedara]] (Umm Qays), [[Pella]] (Tabaqat Fahl) an [[Irbid|Arbila]] (Irbid)–an ither Hellenistic ceeties in Palestine an soothren Sirie, a level o autonomy bi formin the ''[[Decapolis]]'', a ten-ceety league.<ref name="atlas15">{{cite book|url=https://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4903|title=Atlas of Jordan|accessdate=2 July 2018|editor-first=Myriam|editor-last=Ababsa|chapter=Roman Arabia|first=Maysoun|last=al-Nahar|date=11 June 2014|pages=155–161}}</ref> Jerash is ane o the best preserved Roman ceeties in the East; it wis even veesitit bi Emperor [[Hadrian]] in his jurney tae Palestine.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=--x-3W2R_QwC&pg=PA393|title=Ancient Cities: The Archaeology of Urban Life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece and Rome|accessdate=9 April 2016|date=15 April 2013|first1=Charles|last1=Gates|publisher=Routledge|pages=392–393|isbn=9781134676620}}</ref> [[File:Jerash 01 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|The Oval Forum o [[Jerash]] (c. 1st century AD), then pairt o the ten-ceety Roman league, the ''[[Decapolis]]''.]] In 324 AD, the [[Roman Empire]] split, an the Eastren Roman Empire–later kent as the [[Byzantine Empire]]–conteena'd to control or influence the region till 636 AD.<ref name="byzantine">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vSwi2TYabS4C&pg=PA43|page=43|title=Government Leaders, Military Rulers, and Political Activists|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2001|first1=Florence|last1=Lemoine|first2=John|last2=Strickland|accessdate=4 July 2018|isbn=9781573561532}}</ref> Christianity haed become legal within the empire in 313 AD an the offeecial state releegion in 390 AD, efter Emperor [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]] convertit tae Christianity.<ref name="byzantine"/> Transjordan prospered in the Byzantine era, an Christian kirks war biggit iverywhaur.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=14}} The [[Aqaba Kirk]] in [[Aqaba|Ayla]] wis biggit in this era, it is conseedert tae be the [[Leet o auldest kirk biggins|warld's first purpose biggit Christian kirk]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/first-purpose-built-church|title=First purpose-built church|accessdate=4 July 2018|publisher=Guinness World Records}}</ref> [[Umm ar-Rasas]] in soothren Amman conteens at least 16 Byzantine kirks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1093|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=4 July 2018|title=Um er-Rasas (Kastrom Mefa'a)|date=1 January 2004}}</ref> Meanwhile, Petra's importance declined as sea tred routes emerged, an efter a [[Galilee yirdquauk o 363|363 yirdquauk]] destroyed mony structurs, till it becam an abandoned place.<ref name="petra"/> The [[Sassanian Empire]] in the east becam the Byzantines' rivals, an [[Byzantine–Sasanian wars|frequent confrontations]] whiles led tae the Sassanids controllin some pairts o the region, includin Transjordan.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2aTFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA302|title=The Byzantine-Islamic Transition in Palestine: An Archaeological Approach|accessdate=4 July 2018|date=30 January 2014|first=Gideon|last=Avni|publisher=OUP Oxford|page=302|isbn=9780191507342}}</ref> ===Islamic era=== In 629 AD, in the [[Battle o Mu'tah]] in whit is the day [[Al-Karak]], the Byzantines an thair Arab Christian clients, the [[Ghassanids]], staved aff an attack bi a Muslim [[Rashidun]] force that mairched northwart taewart the Levant frae the Hejaz (in modren-day Saudi Arabie).<ref name="Bowersock">{{cite book|last=Bowersock|first=G. W.|last2=Brown|first2=Peter|last3=Grabar|first3=Oleg|title=Late Antiquity: A guide to the Postclassical World|publisher=Harvard University Press|accessdate=17 June 2018|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c788wWR_bLwC&pg=PA468|isbn=9780674511736|year=1999|pages=468–469}}</ref> The Byzantines houiver war defeatit bi the Muslims in 636 AD at the decisive [[Battle o Yarmouk]] juist north o Transjordan.<ref name="Bowersock"/> Transjordan wis an essential territory for the conquest o Damascus.<ref name="mus"/> The first, or Rashidun, [[caliphate]] wis follaed bi that o the [[Ummayad Caliphate|Ummayads]] (661–750).<ref name="mus"/> Unner the Umayyad Caliphate, several [[desert castles]] war constructit in Transjordan, includin: [[Qasr Al-Mshatta]] an [[Qasr Al-Hallabat]].<ref name="mus">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-_OBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT54|title=Near Eastern Tribal Societies During the Nineteenth Century: Economy, Society and Politics Between Tent and Town|page=54|date=14 October 2014|publisher=Routledge|first=Eveline|last=van der Steen|accessdate=18 June 2018|isbn=9781317543473}}</ref> The [[Abbasid Caliphate]]'s campaign tae tak ower the Umayyad's begoud in Transjordan.<ref name="atlas">{{cite book|url=http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4913|title=Atlas of Jordan|accessdate=16 June 2018|editor-first=Myriam|editor-last=Ababsa|chapter=The Abbasid Caliphate|first=Maysoun|last=al-Nahar|date=11 June 2014|pages=178–179}}</ref> A pouerfu 747 AD yirdquauk is thocht tae have contreibutit tae the Umayyads defeat tae the Abbasids, that muived the caliphate's caipital frae Damascus tae Baghdad.<ref name="atlas"/> In Abbasid rule (750–969), several Arab tribes muived northwart an settled in the Levant.<ref name="mus"/> Concurrently, growthe o maritime tred diminished Transjordan's central poseetion, an the area becam increasinly povereesed.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=21}} Efter the decline o the Abbasids, Transjordan wis ruled bi the [[Fatimid Caliphate]] (969–1070), then bi the [[Crusades|Crusader]] [[Kinrick o Jerusalem]] (1115–1187).{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=22}} [[File:Kerak BW 1 (cropped).JPG|thumb|right|The [[Kerak Castle|Karak Castle]] (c. 12t century AD) biggit bi the [[Kinrick o Jerusalem|Crusaders]], an later expandit unner the Muslim [[Ayyubids]] an [[Mamluks]].]] The Crusaders constructit several Crusader castles as pairt o the [[Lairdship o Oultrejordain]], includin thae o [[Montreal (Crusader castle)|Montreal]] an Al-Karak.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.jo/books?id=-_NbE5obqRMC|title=Secular Buildings in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: An Archaeological Gazetteer|page=2|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=11 December 1997|accessdate=18 June 2018|first1=Denys|last1=Pringle|first2=Denys|last2=Pringle|isbn=9780521460101}}</ref> The Ayyubids biggit the [[Ajloun Castle]] an rebiggit aulder castles, tae be uised as militar ootposts against the Crusaders.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=23}} In the [[Battle o Hattin]] (1187) near [[Loch Tiberias]] juist north o Transjordan, the Crusaders lost tae [[Saladin]], the foonder o the [[Ayyubid dynasty]] (1187–1260).{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=23}} Veelages in Transjordan unner the Ayyubids becam important staps for Muslim pilgrims gaein tae [[Mecca]] that traivelled alang the route that connected Sirie tae the Hejaz.<ref name="atlas1">{{cite book|url=http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4998|title=Atlas of Jordan|accessdate=16 June 2018|editor-first=Myriam|editor-last=Ababsa|chapter=Ayyubid and Mamluk Jordan|first=Maysoun|last=al-Nahar|date=11 June 2014|pages=184–187}}</ref> Several o the Ayyubid castles war uised an expandit bi the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluks]] (1260–1516), that dividit Transjordan atween the provinces o Karak an Damascus.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=25}} In the next century Transjordan experienced Mongol attacks, but the Mongols war ultimately repelled bi the Mamluks efter the [[Battle o Ain Jalut]] (1260).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-OmCfNI_SxAC&pg=PA11|title=Trade, Travel, and Exploration in the Middle Ages: An Encyclopedia|first1=John|last1=Friedman|first2=Kristen|last2=Figg|publisher=Routledge|date=4 July 2013|accessdate=18 June 2018|page=11|isbn=9781135590949}}</ref> In 1516, the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Caliphate]]'s forces [[Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–17)|conquered Mamluk territory]].{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=26}} Agricultural veelages in Transjordan witnessed a period o relative prosperity in the 16t century, but war later abandoned.<ref name="VSS">{{cite book|pages=37, 47|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lh1_ernmsnwC|title=Village, Steppe and State: The Social Origins of Modern Jordan|first=Eugene|last=Rogan|first2=Tariq|last2=Tell|publisher=British Academic Press|year=1994|accessdate=8 June 2016|isbn=9781850438298}}</ref> Transjordan wis o mairginal importance tae the Ottoman authorities.<ref name="atlas10">{{cite book|url=https://books.openedition.org/ifpo/5002|title=The Impact of Ottoman Reforms|accessdate=19 June 2018|editor-first=Myriam|editor-last=Ababsa|chapter=The Abbasid Caliphate|first=Maysoun|last=al-Nahar|date=11 June 2014|pages=198–201}}</ref> As a result, Ottoman presence wis virtually absent an reduced tae annual tax collection veesits.<ref name="VSS"/> Mair Arab bedouin tribes muived intae Transjordan frae Sirie an the Hejaz in the first three centuries o Ottoman rule, includin the [[Adwan]], the [[Bani Sakhr]] an the [[Howeitat]].{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=26, 27}} Thir tribes laid claims tae different pairts o the region, an wi the absence o a meaninfu Ottoman authority, Transjordan slid intae a state o anarchy that conteena'd till the 19t century.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=27}} This led tae a short-leeved occupation bi the [[Wahhabi]] forces (1803–1812), an ultra-orthodox Islamic muivement that emerged in [[Emirate o Diriyah|Najd]] (in modren-day Saudi Arabie).{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=30}} [[Ibrahim Pasha o Egyp|Ibrahim Pasha]], son o the [[Muhammad Ali o Egyp|govrenor]] o the [[Egyp Eyalet]] unner the request o the Ottoman sultan, [[Ottoman–Wahhabi War|ruitit oot the Wahhabis]] bi 1818.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=31}} In 1833 Ibrahim Pasha turned on the Ottomans an established his rule ower the Levant.<ref name="cup"/> His oppressive policies led tae the unsuccessfu [[peasants' revolt in Palestine]] in 1834.<ref name="cup"/> Transjordanian ceeties o [[Al-Salt]] an Al-Karak war [[Siege o Al-Karak (1834)|destroyed]] bi Ibrahim Pasha's forces for herbourin a [[Qasim al-Ahmad|paisants' revolt leader]].<ref name="cup"/> Egyptian rule wis [[Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–41)|forcibly endit]] in 1841, wi Ottoman rule restored.<ref name="cup">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AMAbXGQDmDYC&pg=PA31|page=31|title=Frontiers of the State in the Late Ottoman Empire: Transjordan, 1850–1921|accessdate=8 June 2016|date=11 April 2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|first=Eugene|last=Rogan|isbn=9780521892230}}</ref> [[File:Ajloun Castle 1.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Ajloun Castle]] (c. 12t century AD) biggit bi the Ayyubid leader [[Saladin]] for uise against the [[Crusades]].]] Anerly after Ibrahim Pasha's campaign did the Ottoman Empire try tae solitifee its presence in the [[Syria Vilayet]], that Transjordan wis pairt o.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=37}} A series o tax an laund reforms (''[[Tanzimat]]'') in 1864 brocht some prosperity back tae agricultur an tae abandoned veelages, while it provoked a backlash in ither areas o Transjordan.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=37}} Muslim [[Circassians]] an [[Chechens]], fleein Roushie [[Ethnic cleansin o Circassians|persecution]], socht refuge in the Levant.<ref name="leg"/> In Transjordan an wi Ottoman support, Circassians first settled in the lang-abandoned vicinity o Amman in 1867, an later in the surroondin veelages.<ref name="leg">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HRV9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14|page=14−15|accessdate=7 June 2016|title=Jordan: A Hashemite Legacy|first=Beverley|last=Milton-Edwards|first2=Peter|last2=Hinchcliffe|publisher=Routledge|date=5 June 2009|isbn=9781134105465}}</ref> Efter haein established its admeenistration, conscription an hivy taxation policies bi the Ottoman authorities, led tae revolts in the areas it controlled.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=38}} Transjordan's tribes in pairteecular revoltit in the [[Shoubak Revolt|Shoubak]] (1905) an the [[Karak Revolt]]s (1910), that war brutally suppressed.<ref name="leg"/> The construction o the [[Hejaz Railwey]] in 1908–stretchin athort the lenth o Transjordan an airtin Mecca wi [[Istanbul]]–helped the population economically as Transjordan becam a stapower for pilgrimers.<ref name="leg"/> Houiver, increasin policies o Turkification an centralisation adoptit bi the Ottoman Empire disenchantit the Arabs o the Levant.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=33}} ===Modren era=== {{Main|Emirate of Transjordan}} [[File:030Arab.jpg|thumb|left|Sodgers o the Hashemite-led [[Arab Airmy]] haudin the [[Banner o the Arab Revolt|banner]] o the [[Arab Revolt|Great Arab Revolt]] in 1916.]] Fower centuries o stagnation in Ottoman rule cam tae an end in [[World War I]] bi the 1916 [[Arab Revolt]]; driven bi lang-term resentment taewart the Ottoman authorities, an growin [[Arab naitionalism]].<ref name="leg"/> The revolt wis led bi [[Sharif o Mecca|Sharif]] [[Hussein bin Ali, Sharif o Mecca|Hussein]] o [[Mecca]], an his sons [[Abdullah I o Jordan|Abdullah]], [[Faisal I o Iraq|Faisal]] an [[Ali o Hejaz|Ali]], members o the [[Hashemites|Hashemite dynasty]] o the [[Hejaz]], descendants o the Prophet [[Muhammad]].<ref name="leg"/> Locally, the revolt gained the support o the Transjordanian tribes, includin Bedouins, Circassians an [[Jordanian Christians|Christians]].{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=41}} The [[Allies o World War&nbsp;I]], includin Breetain an Fraunce, that's imperial interests converged wi the Arabist cause, offered support.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=40}} The revolt stairtit on 5 Juin 1916 frae [[Medina]] an pushed northwart till the fechting reached Transjordan in the [[Battle o Aqaba]] on 6 Julie 1917.<ref name="revolt">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&pg=PA117|page=117|title=World War I: Encyclopedia, Volume 1|publisher=ABC-CLIO|first=Spencer|last=Tucker|year=2005|accessdate=5 July 2018|isbn=9781851094202}}</ref> The revolt reached its climax whan Faisal entered [[Damascus]] in October 1918, an established the [[Arab Kinrick o Sirie]], that Transjordan wis pairt o.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=41}} The nascent Hashemite Kinrick wis forced tae surrender tae French truips on 24 Julie 1920 in the [[Battle o Maysalun]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6I7FBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT396|title=The Making of the Modern Near East 1792-1923|first=Malcolm|last=Yapp|publisher=Routledge|date=9 January 2014|accessdate=23 July 2018|page=396|isbn=9781317871064}}</ref> Arab aspirations failed tae gain internaitional recogneetion, due mainly tae the saicret 1916 [[Sykes–Picot Greement]], that dividit the region intae French an Breetish spheres o influence, an the 1917 [[Balfour Declaration]], that promised Palestine tae Jews.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=34}} This wis seen bi the Hashemites an the Arabs as a betrayal o thair previous greements wi the Breetish,{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=71}} includin the 1915 [[McMahon–Hussein Correspondence]], in that the Breetish stated thair willinness tae recognise the unthirldom of a unifee'd Arab state stretchin frae [[Aleppo]] tae [[Aden]] unner the rule o the Hashemites.<ref name="tell2013">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XR56Jup9hwwC&pg=PT55|title=The Social and Economic Origins of Monarchy in Jordan|publisher=Springer|first=Tariq Moraiwed|last=Tell|doi=10.1057/9781137015655|accessdate=23 July 2018|date=7 January 2013|isbn=978-1-349-29089-5}}</ref>{{rp|55}} Abdullah, the seicont son o Sharif Hussein, arrived frae Hejaz bi train in [[Ma'an]] in soothren Transjordan on 21 November 1920 tae redeem the Kinrick his brither haed lost.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=82}} Transjordan then wis in disarray; widely conseedert tae be ungovrenable wi its dysfunctional local govrenments.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=91}} Abdullah then moved tae Amman an established the [[Emirate o Transjordan]] on 11 Apryle 1921.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=93}} [[File:The high commissioner's first visit to Transjordan, in Es-Salt..jpg|thumb|left|[[Al-Salt]] residents gaither on 20 August 1920 in the [[Breetish Mandate for Palestine (legal instrument)|Breetish]] [[Heich Commissioners for Palestine an Transjordan|Heich Commissioner]]'s veesit tae Transjordan.]] The Breetish reluctantly acceptit Abdullah as ruler o Transjordan.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=96}} Abdullah gained the trust o Tansjordan's tribal leaders afore scrammlin tae convince them o the benefits o an organised govrenment.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=100}} Abdullah's successes drew the envy o the Breetish, even whan it wis in thair interest.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=101}} In September 1922, the Cooncil o the [[League o Naitions]] recognised Transjordan as a state unner the [[Breetish Mandate for Palestine (legal instrument)|Breetish Mandate for Palestine]] an the [[Transjordan memorandum]], an excludit the territories east o the Jordan River frae the provisions o the mandate dealin wi Jewish settlement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historynet.com/creating-chaos-lawrence-of-arabia-and-the-1916-arab-revolt.htm|title=Creating Chaos: Lawrence of Arabia and the 1916 Arab Revolt|accessdate=15 October 2015|date=10 August 2010|first=O'Brien|last=Browne|publisher=HistoryNet, LLC.}}</ref><ref>''League of Nations Official Journal'', Nov. 1922, pp. 1188–1189, 1390–1391.</ref> Transjordan remeened a Breetish mandate till 1946, but it haed been grantit a greater level o autonomy nor the region wast o the Jordan River.<ref name="protectorate">Marjorie M. Whiteman, Digest of International Law, vol. 1, U.S. State Department (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1963) pp 636, 650–652</ref> The first organised airmy in Jordan wis established on 22 October 1920, an wis named the "[[Arab Legion]]".<ref name="modernjordan"/> The Legion grew frae 150 men in 1920 tae 8,000 in 1946.<ref name="encmew">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U05OvsOPeKMC&pg=PA662|title=The Encyclopedia of Middle East Wars: The United States in the Persian Gulf|publisher=ABC-CLIO|date=10 August 2010|first=Spencer|last=Tucker|accessdate=13 March 2016|page=662}}</ref> Multiple difficulties emerged upon the assumption o pouer in the region bi the Hashemite leadership.<ref name="modernjordan"/> In Transjordan, smaw local rebellions at [[Kura Rebellion|Kura]] in 1921 an 1923 war suppressed bi [[Emir]] Abdullah wi the help o Breetish forces.<ref name="modernjordan"/> Wahhabis frae Najd regained strenth an [[Ikhwan raids on Transjordan|repeatitly raidit]] the soothren pairts o his territory in (1922–1924), seriously threitenin the Emir's poseetion.<ref name="modernjordan">{{cite book|last=Salibi|first=Kamal|accessdate=20 March 2016|title=The Modern History of Jordan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7zdi2sCuIh8C&pg=PA104 |date=1998 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=978-1-86064-331-6 |pages=10, 30, 31, 49, 104}}</ref> The Emir wis unable tae repel thae raids withoot the aid o the local Bedouin tribes an the Breetish, that mainteened a militar base wi a smaw [[Ryal Air Force|RAF]] detachment close tae Amman.<ref name="modernjordan"/> ===Post-unthirldom=== [[File:King Abdullah I of Jordan declaring independence, 25 May 1946.jpg|thumb|right|[[Abdullah I o Jordan|Keeng Abdullah I]] on 25 Mey 1946 readin the declaration o unthirldom.]] The [[Treaty o London (1946)|Treaty o London]], signed bi the Breetish Govrenment an the Emir o Transjordan on 22 Mairch 1946, recognised the unthirldom o Transjordan upon ratification bi baith kintras' pairlaments.<ref name="FRUS1946">{{cite book|title=Foreign relations of the United States, 1946. The Near East and Africa, Vol. 7|date=1946|publisher=United States Department of State|pages=794–800|url=http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1946v07|accessdate=13 March 2016}}</ref> On 25 Mey 1946, the day that the treaty wis ratifee'd bi the Transjordan pairlament, Transjordan wis raised tae the status o a kinrick unner the name o the ''Hashemite Kinrick o Transjordan'', wi Abdullah as its first king.<ref>{{cite book|first=N.H.|last=Aruri|title=Jordan: a study in political development (1921–1965)|accessdate=20 March 2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GVaG4WGKj9MC&pg=PA90|year=1972|publisher=Springer Netherlands|isbn=978-90-247-1217-5|page=90}}</ref> The name wis shortened tae the ''Hashemite Kinrick o Jordan'' on 26 Apryle 1949.<ref name="HKJ"/> Jordan becam a member o the Unitit Naitions on 14 December 1955.<ref name="HKJ">{{cite book|last=Khalil|first=Muhammad|year=1962|publisher=Khayats|place=Beirut|pages=[https://archive.org/details/arabstatesandthe012664mbp/page/n96 53]–54|title=The Arab States and the Arab League: a Documentary Record|url=https://archive.org/details/arabstatesandthe012664mbp}}</ref> On 15 Mey 1948, as pairt o the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]], Jordan invadit [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] thegither wi ither Arab states.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CC7381HrLqcC|title=A History of the First Arab-Israeli War|first=Benny|last=Morris|publisher=Yale University Press|date=1 October 2008|pages=214, 215|accessdate=15 June 2016}}</ref> Follaein the war, Jordan controlled the Wast Bank an on 24 Apryle 1950 Jordan formally [[Jordanian annexation o the Wast Bank|annexed thir territories]] efter the [[Jericho conference]].<ref name=autogenerated2/><ref>{{cite book|last=Sicker|first=Martin|title=The Middle East in the Twentieth Century|accessdate=20 March 2016|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gHfw0Mv_uFUC&pg=PA187|year=2001|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-96893-9|page=187}}</ref> In response, some Arab kintras demandit Jordan's expulsion frae the [[Arab League]].<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite book|last=Aruri|first=Naseer Hasan |title=Jordan: a study in political development (1921–1965) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GVaG4WGKj9MC&pg=PA90 |year=1972 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-90-247-1217-5|page=90|accessdate=20 March 2016}}</ref> On 12 Juin 1950, the Arab League declared that the annexation wis a temporary, practical meisur an that Jordan wis haudin the territory as a "trustee" pendin a futur settlement.<ref>{{cite book|last=El-Hasan|first= Hasan Afif|title=Israel Or Palestine? Is the Two-state Solution Already Dead?: A Political and Military History of the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CjuzDY-WBr8C&pg=PA64|year=2010 |publisher=Algora Publishing|accessdate=20 March 2016|isbn=978-0-87586-793-9|page=64}}</ref> King Abdullah wis assassinatit at the [[Al-Aqsa Mosque]] in 1951 bi a Palestinian militant, amid rumours he intendit tae sign a peace treaty wi Israel.<ref name="kaiofh"/> Abdullah wis succeedit bi his son [[Talal o Jordan|Talal]], that wad suin abdicate due tae illness in favour o his eldest son [[Hussein o Jordan|Hussein]].<ref name="kojt">{{cite web|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-remembers-king-talal|title=Jordan remembers King Talal|publisher=The Jordan Times|accessdate=1 June 2017|date=6 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803133637/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-remembers-king-talal|archive-date=2017-08-03|url-status=dead}}</ref> Talal established the [[Constitution o Jordan|kintra's modren constitution]] in 1952.<ref name="kojt"/> Hussein ascendit tae the throne in 1953 at the age o 17.<ref name="kaiofh">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/1951/jul/21/fromthearchive|title=Assassination of King Abdullah|publisher=The Guardian|accessdate=15 October 2015|date=21 July 1951}}</ref> Jordan witnessed great poleetical uncertainty in the follaeingperiod.<ref name="poinjk"/> The 1950s war a period o poleetical upheaval, as [[Nasserism]] an [[Pan-Arabism]] swept the Arab Warld.<ref name="poinjk">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RI0o-bfRAvIC&pg=PA90|title=The Mirage of Peace: Understanding the Never-Ending Conflict in the Middle East|page=90|first=David|last=Aikman|accessdate=1 June 2017|date=14 August 2009|publisher=Gospel Light Publications}}</ref> On 1 Mairch 1956, King Hussein [[Arabisation o the Jordanian Army command|Arabised the command o the Airmy]] bi dismissin a nummer o senior Breetish officers, an act made tae remuive remeenin furrin influence in the kintra.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UhJBhHhpcBUC&pg=PA91|page=91|title=Democracy in the Arab World: Explaining the Deficit|accessdate=15 October 2015|year=2011|first1=Samir|last1=Makdisi |first2=Ibrahim|last2=Elbadawi|publisher=IDRC}}</ref> In 1958, Jordan and neighbouring Hashemite [[Kinrick o Iraq|Iraq]] formed the [[Arab Federation]] as a response tae the formation o the rival [[Unitit Arab Republic]] atween Nasser's Egyp an Sirie.<ref name="jejok"/> The union lastit anerly sax month, bein dissolved efter Iraqi [[Faisal II o Iraq|Keeng Faisal II]] (Hussein's cuisin) wis deponed bi a bluidy [[14 Julie Revolution|militar coup]] on 14 July 1958.<ref name="jejok">{{cite book|first=Bruce|last=Maddy-Weitzman|chapter=Jordan and Iraq: Efforts at Intra-Hashimite Unity|title=Middle Eastern Studies|pages=65–75|date=3 January 1990|jstor=4283349|publisher= Taylor & Francis, Ltd}}</ref> [[File:Karama aftermath 1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hussein o Jordan|Keeng Hussein]] on 21 Mairch 1968 checkin an abandoned [[Israel]]i tank in the eftermath o the [[Battle o Karameh]].]] Jordan signed a militar pact wi Egyp juist afore [[Israel]] launched a [[Preemptive war|preemptive strike]] on Egyp tae begin the [[Sax-Day War]] in Juin 1967, whaur Jordan an Sirie jynt the war.<ref name="jowars"/> The Arab states war defeatit an Jordan lost control o the [[Wast Bank]] tae Israel.<ref name="jowars"/> The [[War o Attrition]] wi Israel follaed, that includit the 1968 [[Battle of Karameh]] whaur he combined forces o the [[Jordanian Airmed Forces]] an the [[Palestine Liberation Organisation]] (PLO) repelled an Israeli attack on the [[Karameh]] camp on the Jordanian mairch wi the Wast Bank.<ref name="jowars">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-bXMBQAAQBAJ|title=Aviation and Airport Security: Terrorism and Safety Concerns, Second Edition|accessdate=27 October 2015|first=Kathleen|last=Sweet|publisher=CRC Press|date=23 December 2008|page=79}}</ref> Despite the fact that the Palestinians haed leemitit involvement against the Israeli forces, the events at Karameh gained wide recogneetion an acclaim in the Arab warld.<ref name="Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani"/> As a result, the time period follain the battle witnessed an upsurge o support for Palestinian paramilitar elements (the [[Palestinian fedayeen|fedayeen]]) within Jordan frae ither Arab kintras.<ref name="Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani"/> The fedayeen activities soon became a threit tae Jordan's rule o law.<ref name="Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani"/> In September 1970, the Jordanian airmy targetit the ''fedayeen'' an the resultant fechtin led tae the expulsion o Palestinian fechters frae various PLO groups intae [[Lebanon]], in a conflict that becam kent as [[Black September]].<ref name="Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eACqCQAAQBAJ|title=Concise History of Islam|accessdate=15 October 2015|date=24 September 2011|first=Muzaffar Husain|last=Syed|first2=Syed Saud|last2=Akhtar|first3=B D|last3=Usmani |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd|page=378}}</ref> In 1973, Egyp an Sirie waged the [[Yom Kippur War]] on Israel, an fechtin occurred alang the 1967 [[Jordan River]] cease-fire line.<ref name="Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani"/> Jordan sent a brigade tae Sirie tae attack Israeli units on Sirie territory but did nae engage Israeli forces frae Jordanian territory.<ref name="Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani"/> At the [[Rabat summit conference]] in 1974, Jordan greed, alang wi the rest o the Arab League, that the PLO wis the "sole legitimate representative o the Palestinian fowk".<ref name="Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani"/> Subsequently, Jordan [[Jordanian disengagement frae the Wast Bank|renoonced]] its claims tae the Wast Bank in 1988.<ref name="Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani"/> At the 1991 [[Madrid Conference]], Jordan greed tae negotiate a peace treaty sponsored bi the US an the Soviet Union.<ref name="Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani"/> The [[Israel-Jordan Treaty o Peace]] wis signed on 26 October 1994.<ref name="Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani"/> In 1997, Israeli agents entered Jordan uisin [[Canadian passport]]s an pushioned [[Khaled Meshal]], a senior [[Hamas]] leader.<ref name="Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani"/> Israel providit an antidote tae the pushion an released dizens o poleetical prisoners, includin [[Sheikh Ahmed Yassin]] efter [[Hussein o Jordan|Keng Hussein]] threitened tae annul the peace treaty.<ref name="Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani"/> [[File:HabisAlMajali&WasfiAlTall.jpg|thumb|right|Airmy Chief [[Habis Majali]] an Prime Meenister [[Wasfi Tal]] in a militar parade in 1970, twa widely acclaimed naitional feegurs.]] On 7 Februar 1999, [[Abdullah II o Jordan|Abdullah II]] ascendit the throne upon the daith o his faither Hussein.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kingabdullah.jo/index.php/en_US/pages/view/id/148.html|title=His majesty King Abdullah II ibn Al-Hussein|publisher=King Abdullah II Official Website|accessdate=15 June 2016}}</ref> Abdullah embaurked on economic leeberalisation whan he assumed the throne, an his reforms led tae an economic buim that conteena'd till 2008.<ref name="IMFjohk"/> Abdullah II haes been creditit wi increasin furrin investment, impruivin public-preevat pairtnerships an providin the foondation for [[Aqaba]]'s free-trede zone an Jordan's floorishin [[information an communication technology]] (ICT) sector.<ref name="IMFjohk"/> He an aw set up five ither special economic zones.<ref name="IMFjohk">{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/np/ms/2006/112806.htm |title=Jordan—Concluding Statement for the 2006 Article IV Consultation and Fourth Post-Program Monitoring Discussions |publisher=International Monetary Fund |date=28 November 2006|accessdate=15 June 2016}}</ref> Houiver, in the follaein years Jordan's economy experienced haurdship as it dealt wi the effects o the [[Great Recession]] an spillower frae the [[Arab Ware]].<ref name="instability1">{{cite web|url=http://carnegieendowment.org/sada/?fa=63061|title=Jordan is Sliding Toward Insolvency|accessdate=20 March 2016|date=18 March 2016|first=Kirk|last=Sowell|publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace}}</ref> [[Al-Qaeda]] unner [[Abu Musab al-Zarqawi]]'s leadership launched [[2005 Amman bombins|coordinatit explosions]] in three hotel labbies in Amman on 9 November 2005, resultin in 60 daiths an 115 injured.<ref name="acbsya"/> The bombins, that tairgetit ceevilians, caused widespreid ootrage amang Jordanians.<ref name="acbsya">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3eZK7cm6pjoC&pg=PA228|title=Arab-Israeli Military Forces in an Era of Asymmetric Wars|first=Anthony|last=Cordesman|accessdate=23 September 2015|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |date=1 January 2006|page=228}}</ref> The attack is conseedert tae be a rare event in the kintra, an Jordan's internal siccarity wis dramatically impruived efterwart.<ref name="acbsya"/> Na major terrorist attacks hae occurred syne then.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/jordan/2016-02-17/isis-meets-its-match|accessdate=16 March 2016|date=17 February 2016|title=ISIS Meets Its Match? How Jordan Has Prevented Large-Scale Attacks|work=Foreign Affairs|first=Aaron|last=Magid|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations}}</ref> Abdullah an Jordan are viewed wi contempt bi Islamic extremists for the kintra's peace treaty wi Israel an its relationship wi the Wast.<ref name="ahbbnyt">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/10/world/middleeast/3-hotels-bombed-in-jordan-at-least-57-die.html|title=3 Hotels Bombed in Jordan; At Least 57 Die|first1=Hassan|last1=Fattah|first2=Michael|last2=Slackmannov|date=10 November 2005|accessdate=13 February 2017|work=The New York Times}}</ref> The Arab Ware war lairge-scale protests that eruptit in the [[Arab Warld]] in 2011, demandin economic an poleetical reforms.<ref name="jkfchh"/> Mony o these protests tore doun regimes in some Arab naitions, leadin tae instability that endit wi veeolent ceevil wars.<ref name="jkfchh"/> In Jordan, in response tae [[2011–12 Jordanian protests|domestic unrest]], Abdullah replaced his prime meenister an introduced a nummer o reforms includin: reformin the Constitution, an laws govrenin public freedoms an elections.<ref name="jkfchh">{{cite news|title=Jordan's king fires Cabinet amid protests|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2011-02-02-jordan-cabinet_N.htm|accessdate=13 March 2016|agency=The Associated Press|publisher=USA Today|date=2 February 2011}}</ref> Proportional representation wis re-introduced tae the Jordanian pairlament in the [[Jordanian general election, 2016|2016 general election]], a muive that he said wad eventually lead tae establishin [[Pairlamentar seestem|pairlamentar govrenments]].<ref name="hhjdrp">{{cite web|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/new-elections-bill-sheds-one-vote-system|title=New elections bill sheds one-vote system|date=31 August 2015|publisher=The Jordan Times|accessdate=13 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423030020/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/new-elections-bill-sheds-one-vote-system|archive-date=2016-04-23|url-status=dead}}</ref> Jordan wks left lakrgely unscathed frae the veeolence that swept the region despite an influx o 1.4 million Sirie refugees intae the naitural resoorces-lackin kintra an the emergence o the [[Islamic State o Iraq an the Levant]] (ISIL).<ref name="hhjdrp"/> == Geografie == [[File:Mountain in Wadi Rum, Jordan.jpg|thumb|left|[[Wadi Rum]]'s resemblance tae the surface o [[Maurs]] haes made it a popular filmin an tourist attraction.]] Jordan sits strategically at the crossroads o the continents o Asie, Africae an Europe,<ref name="mattel">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tI9L9gepYAUC|pages=173, 408|title=Jordan|first=Matthew|last=Teller|publisher=Rough Guides|year=2002|accessdate=9 April 2016|isbn=9781858287409}}</ref> in the [[Levant]] area o the [[Fertile Crescent]], a [[cradle o ceevilisation]].<ref name="geo"/> It is {{convert|89341|sqkm|sqmi}} lairge, an {{convert|400|km|mi}} lang atween its northrenmaist an soothrenmaist points; [[Umm Qais]] an [[Aqaba]] respectively.<ref name="CIA factbook"/> The kinrick lies atween [[29t parallel north|29°]] an [[34t parallel north|34° N]], an [[34t meridian east|34°]] an [[40t meridian east|40° E]]. The east is an arid plateau irrigatit bi [[oasis|oases]] an saisonal watter streams.<ref name="CIA factbook"/> Major ceeties are owerwhelminly locatit on the north-wastren pairt o the kinrick due tae its fertile siles an relatively abundant rainfaw.<ref name="gbdss"/> Thir include Irbid, Jerash an [[Zarqa]] in the northwast, the caipital [[Amman]] an [[Al-Salt]] in the central wast, an Madaba, [[Al-Karak]] an Aqaba in the soothwast.<ref name="gbdss">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Hw_XY6VPm0C&pg=PA1|page=1|title=Diplomacy on Springer Science & Business Media|accessdate=14 June 2016|year=2002|first=Munther J.|last=Haddadin|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media}}</ref> Major touns in the eastren pairt o the kintra are the oasis touns o [[Azraq]] an [[Ruwaished]].<ref name="geo">{{cite book|title=Geo-data: The World Geographical Encyclopedia|pages=281–283|accessdate=10 March 2016|publisher=Gale Research Company|year=2003|first=John|last=McCoy|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Geo_data.html?id=tVIRAQAAMAAJ|isbn=9780787655815}}</ref> ===Climate=== {{Main|Climate o Jordan}} The climate in Jordan varies greatly. Generally, the faur inland frae the Mediterranean, greater contrasts in temperatur occur an the less rainfaw thare is.<ref name="CIA factbook"/> The kintra's average elevation is {{convert|812|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} (SL).<ref name="CIA factbook"/> The heichlands abuin the Jordan Valley, muntains o the Deid Sea an Wadi Araba an as faur sooth as Ras Al-Naqab are dominatit bi a [[Mediterranean climate]], while the eastren an northeastren areas o the kintra are arid desert.<ref name="majocw"/> Awtho the desert pairts o the kinrick reach heich temperaturs, the heat is uisually moderatit bi law humidity an a daytime breeze, while the nichts are cuil.<ref name="obgjo">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lmPVOL9_r7MC&pg=PA11|title=The Report: Jordan 2011|page=11|publisher=Oxford|author=Oxford Business Group|accessdate=18 June 2016|year=2011|isbn=9781907065439}}</ref> Simmers, lastin frae Mey tae September, are het an dry, wi temperaturs averagin aroond {{convert|32|°C|0|abbr=on}} an whiles exceedin {{convert|40|°C|0|abbr=on}} atween Julie an August.<ref name="obgjo"/> The winter, lastin frae November tae Mairch, is relatively cuil, wi temperaturs averagin aroond {{convert|13|°C|°F|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="majocw"/> Winter an aw sees frequent shouers an occasional snawfaw in some wastren elevatit areas.<ref name="majocw">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LbdAnZft2F4C&pg=PA404|page=404|accessdate=14 June 2016|date=21 April 2011|title=Water, Life and Civilisation: Climate, Environment and Society in the Jordan Valley|publisher=Cambridge University Press|first1=Emily|last1=Black|first2=Steven|last2=Mithen|isbn=9781139496674}}</ref> ===Ecology=== {{Main|Wildlife o Jordan}} [[File:Ajlun Green.jpg|thumb|A forest in [[Ajloun]], northren Jordan.]] Ower 2,000 plant species hae been recordit in Jordan.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cordova|first=Carlos E.|title=Millennial Landscape Change in Jordan: Geoarchaeology and Cultural Ecology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1eWaveyEIlcC&pg=PA47 |year=2007 |publisher=University of Arizona Press |isbn=978-0-8165-2554-6 |pages=47–55|accessdate=15 June 2016}}</ref> Mony o the flouerin plants bluim in the ware efter the winter rains an the teepe o vegetation depends lairgely on the levels o precipitation. The muntainous regions in the northwast are claithed in forests, while faur sooth an east the vegetation becomes mair scrubby an transeetions tae steppe-teep vegetation.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Mallon, David P.|author2=Kingswood, Steven Charles|title=Antelopes: North Africa, the Middle East, and Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uFo03Nd2oj8C&pg=PA103 |year=2001 |publisher=IUCN |isbn=978-2-8317-0594-1 |pages=103–104 |accessdate=31 August 2016}}</ref> Forests kiver 1.5 million [[dunam|dunums]] ({{convert|1500000|dunam|km2|disp=out}}), less nor 2% o Jordan, makkin Jordan amang the warld's least forestit kintras, the internaitional average bein 15%.<ref>{{cite news|last=Namrouqa|first=Hana|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/green-cover-increases-15000-dunums-three-years#sthash.lGaoiX1k.aMrxTrjE.dpuf|title='Green cover increases by 15,000 dunums in three years'|accessdate=11 January 2016|date=10 January 2016|publisher=The Jordan Times}}</ref> Plant species include, [[Pinus halepensis|Aleppo pine]], [[Sarcopoterium]], [[Salvia dominica]], [[black iris]], [[Tamarix]], ''[[Anabasis (plant)|Anabasis]]'', [[Artemisia (genus)|Artemisia]], [[Acacia]], [[Cupressus sempervirens|Mediterranean cypress]] an [[Juniperus phoenicea|Phoenecian juniper]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Cordova, Carlos E. |title=Millennial Landscape Change in Jordan: Geoarchaeology and Cultural Ecology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1eWaveyEIlcC&pg=PA47 |year=2007 |publisher=University of Arizona Press |isbn=978-0-8165-2554-6 |pages=47–55}}</ref> The muntainous regions in the northwast are claithed in naitural forests o [[pine]], [[Deciduous|deciduous aik]], [[Quercus ilex|evergreen aik]], [[pistachio]] an wild [[olive]].<ref name=Jordan>{{cite web |url=http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/geo_env2.html |title=Wildlife and vegetation |publisher=Jordan: Geography and Environment |accessdate=18 December 2015 |archive-date=2018-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020095858/http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/geo_env2.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mammal an reptile species include, the [[lang-eared hedgehog]], [[Nubian ibex]], [[wild boar]], [[fallae deer]], [[Arabie wouf]], [[desert monitor]], [[hinnie badger]], [[gless snake]], [[caracal]], [[gowden jackal]] an the [[roe deer]], amang ithers.<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.jtb.com.jo/brochures/eco_shumari.html |title= Shaumari Wildlife Reserve |publisher= Jordan Tourism Board |deadurl= yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223038/http://www.jtb.com.jo/brochures/eco_shumari.html |archivedate= 3 March 2016 |df= dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Mallon, David P.|author2=Kingswood, Steven Charles|title=Antelopes: North Africa, the Middle East, and Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uFo03Nd2oj8C&pg=PA103 |year=2001 |publisher=IUCN |isbn=978-2-8317-0594-1 |pages=103–104}}</ref><ref name=Qumsiyeh>{{cite book|author=Mazin B. Qumsiyeh|title=Mammals of the Holy Land|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Amr2oLxnR10C&pg=PA332 |year=1996|publisher=Texas Tech University Press|isbn=978-0-89672-364-1 }}</ref> Bird include the [[huidit craw]], [[Eurasian jay]], [[lappet-faced vultur]], [[barbary faucon]], [[hoopoe]], [[pharaoh eagle-oul]], [[common cuckoo]], [[Tristram's starling]], [[Palestine sunbird]], [[Sinai rosefinch]], [[lesser kestrel]], [[hoose craw]] an the [[white-spectacled bulbul]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rscn.org.jo/content/mujib-biosphere-reserve-1 |title=Mujib Biosphere Reserve |publisher=Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature |accessdate=19 December 2015 |archive-date=2018-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020155345/http://www.rscn.org.jo/content/mujib-biosphere-reserve-1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Politics an government== {{Main|Politics of Jordan}} Jordan is a [[unitar state]] unner a [[constitutional monarchy]]. Jordan's [[Constitution o Jordan|constitution]], adoptit in 1952 an amendit a nummer o times syne, is the legal framewirk that govrens the monarch, govrenment, bicameral legislatur an judiciary.<ref name="const">{{cite web|url=http://www.constitutionnet.org/country/constitutional-history-jordan|title=Constitutional history of Jordan|work=Constitutionnet|accessdate=5 October 2017|date=28 April 2016}}</ref> The king retains wide executive an legislative pouers frae the [[Govrenment o Jordan|govrenment]] an [[Pairlament o Jordan|pairlament]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2016/jordan|title=Jordan|work=Freedom House|date=1 January 2016|accessdate=5 October 2017|archive-date=2017-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221010223/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2016/jordan|url-status=dead}}</ref> The king exercises his pouers throu the govrenment that he appynts for a fower-year term, that is responsible afore the pairlament that is made up o twa chaumers: the [[Senate (Jordan)|Senate]] an the [[Hoose o Representatives (Jordan)|Hoose o Representatives]]. The judiciar is independent accordin tae the constitution.<ref name="const"/> The king is the [[heid o state]] an [[commander-in-chief]] o the [[Jordanian Airmed Forces|airmy]]. He can declare war an peace, ratifee laws an treaties, convene an close legislative sessions, caw an postpone elections, dismiss the govrenment an dissolve the pairlament.<ref name="const"/> The appyntit govrenment can an aw be dismissed throu a [[Majority rule|majority]] [[vote o na confidence]] bi the electit Hoose o Representatives. Efter a bill is proponed bi the govrenment, it maun be appruived bi the Hoose o Representatives then the Senate, an becomes law efter bein ratifee'd bi the king. A ryal veto on legislation can be owerridden bu a [[Supermajority#Twa-thirds vote|twa-thirds vote]] in a jynt session o baith hooses. The pairlament an aw haes the richt o [[Interpellation (politics)|interpellation]].<ref name="const"/> ===Lairgest ceeties=== {{Lairgest ceeties o Jordan}} ===Admeenistrative diveesions=== The first level subdiveesion in Jordan is the ''[[muhafazah]]'' or [[Govrenorates o Jordan|govrenorate]]. The govrenorates are dividit intae [[Liwa (Arabic)|''liwa'']] or destricts, that are eften faur subdividit intae [[Kaza|''qda'']] or sub-destricts.<ref name="Muni">{{Cite web|title=Annex B: Analysis of the municipal sector |work=Third Tourism Development Project, Secondary Cities Revitalization Study |date=24 May 2005 |page=4 |publisher=Ministry of Antiquities and Tourism, Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan |url=http://www.mota.gov.jo/Documents/Municipal_sector.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419052114/http://mota.gov.jo/Documents/Municipal_sector.pdf |archive-date=19 April 2016 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> Control for ilk admeenistrative unit is in a "chief toun" ([[administrative centre]]) kent as a [[Nahias o Jordan|''nahia'']].<ref name="Muni" /> <div class="left"> {|class="wikitable" |- !Map !! !! Govrenorate !! Caipital !! Population |- |rowspan="15"|{{Jordan Labelled Map}} !colspan="5"|Northren region |- |1 ||[[Irbid Govrenorate|Irbid]] ||[[Irbid]] ||1,770,158 |- |2 ||[[Ajloun Govrenorate|Ajloun]] ||[[Ajloun]] ||176,080 |- |3 ||[[Jerash Govrenorate|Jerash]] ||[[Jerash]] ||237,059 |- |4 ||[[Mafraq Govrenorate|Mafraq]] ||[[Mafraq]] ||549,948 |- !colspan="5"|Central region |- |5 ||[[Balqa Govrenorate|Balqa]] ||[[Al-Salt]] ||491,709 |- |6 ||[[Madaba Govrenorate|Madaba]] ||[[Madaba]] ||189,192 |- |7 ||[[Amman Govrenorate|Amman]] ||[[Amman]] ||4,007,256 |- |8 ||[[Zarqa Govrenorate|Zarqa]] ||[[Zarqa]] ||1,364,878 |- !colspan="5"|Soothren region |- |9 ||[[Karak Govrenorate|Karak]] ||[[Al-Karak]] ||316,629 |- |10 ||[[Tafilah Govrenorate|Tafila]] ||[[Tafila]] ||96,291 |- |11 ||[[Ma'an Govrenorate|Ma'an]] ||[[Ma'an]] ||144,083 |- |12 ||[[Aqaba Govrenorate|Aqaba]] ||[[Aqaba]] ||188,160 |} </div> ==Demografics== {{Historical populations |title = Historical populations |source = Department of Statistics<ref name="census report">{{cite web|title=2015 census report|publisher=Department of statistics|work=Government of Jordan|accessdate=15 June 2016|date=1 January 2016|url=http://census.dos.gov.jo/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/02/Census_results_2016.pdf|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328114309/http://census.dos.gov.jo/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/02/Census_results_2016.pdf|archivedate=28 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> |percentages = pagr |1920 |200000 |1922 |225000 |1948 |400000 |1952 |586200 |1961 |900800 |1979 |2133000 |1994 |4139500 |2004 |5100000 |2015 |9531712 |2018 |10171480 }}The 2015 census shawed Jordan's population tae be 9,531,712 (Female: 47%; Males: 53%). Aroond 2.9 million (30%) war non-ceetizens, a feegur includin refugees, an illegal immigrants.<ref name="census"/> Thare war 1,977,534 hoosehauds in Jordan in 2015, wi an average o 4.8 persons per hoosehaud (compared tae 6.7 persons per hoosehaud for the census o 1979).<ref name="census" /> The caipital an lairgest ceety o Jordan is [[Amman]], that is ane o the warld's auldest conteenuously inhabitit ceeties an ane o the maist modren in the Arab warld.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/jordan-population/|title=Jordan Population 2017 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs)|website=worldpopulationreview.com|access-date=7 December 2017|archive-date=2019-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305145442/http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/jordan-population/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The population o Amman wis 65,754 in 1946, but exceedit 4 million bi 2015. [[Arabs]] mak up aboot 98% o the population. The remeenin 2% consist lairgely o [[Circassians]] an [[Armenians]], alang wi smawer minority groups.<ref name="CIA factbook"/> Aboot 84.1% o the population live in urban areas.<ref name="CIA factbook"/> [[Sunni Islam]] is the dominant releegion in Jordan. Muslims mak up aboot 95% o the kintra's population; in turn, 93% o thae sel-identifee as Sunnis.<ref name="pewforum">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |work=The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity|date=9 August 2012|accessdate=26 October 2015}}</ref> Thare are an aw a smaw nummer o [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadi]] Muslims,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.alislam.org/library/history/ahmadiyya/56.html|title=Propagation of Islam|publisher=Al Islam|first=Ahmad|last=Kurshid|accessdate=16 June 2016|archive-date=2016-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513024917/https://www.alislam.org/library/history/ahmadiyya/56.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> an some [[Shiite]]s. Mony Shia are Iraqi an Lebanese refugees.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jewishjournal.com/live_from_the_arab_spring/article/shiites_in_jordan_maintained_low_profile_while_marking_ashura_observance|title=Shiites in Jordan maintained low profile while marking Ashura observance|accessdate=16 March 2016|date=27 November 2012|publisher=The Jewish Journal|first=Adam|last=Nicky|work=The Media Line|archive-date=2012-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128220658/http://www.jewishjournal.com/live_from_the_arab_spring/article/shiites_in_jordan_maintained_low_profile_while_marking_ashura_observance|url-status=dead}}</ref> Muslims that convert tae anither releegion as weel as missionaries frae ither releegions face societal an legal discrimination.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/238674.pdf|publisher=U.S. Department of State|title=Jordan 2014 International Religious Freedom Report|date=1 January 2014|accessdate=16 June 2016}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} == Faur readin == * {{cite book |last1=Salibi |first1=Kamal S. |title=The Modern History of Jordan |date=1993 |publisher=I B Tauris |location=London |isbn=978-1860643316}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Jordan| ]] [[Category:Wastren Asie kintras]] [[Category:Middle Eastren kintras]] [[Category:Eastren Mediterranean kintras]] [[Category:Member states o the Arab League]] [[Category:Arabic-speakin kintras]] [[Category:Fertile Crescent]] [[Category:Levant]] [[Category:Near Eastren kintras]] [[Category:Kintras borderin the Red Sea]] [[Category:Member states o the Organisation o the Islamic Conference]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1946]] hhgh9ib5j4j23iikicsrt62jk8jywwp 0 44566 925406 885427 2026-10-28T14:25:40Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 925406 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |official_name = Farikah |other_name = Furaykah |native_name = <big>فريكة</big> |nickname = |settlement_type = Veelage |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Syria <!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_mapsize =250 |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Sirie <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{Flag|Sirie}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Govrenorates o Sirie|Govrenorate]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Hama Govrenorate]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Destricts o Sirie|Destrict]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Al-Suqaylabiyah Destrict]] |subdivision_type3 = [[Nahiyah]] |subdivision_name3 = [[Shathah]] |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |leader_title = |leader_name = |government_footnotes = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Metric <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = 2004 |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = 2,497 <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|35|34|30|N|36|16|13|E|region:SY|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Farikah''' ({{lang-ar|<big>فريكة</big>}}, spelt '''Freikeh''' or '''Furaykah''') is a veelage in northren [[Sirie]], admeenistratively part of the [[Hama Govrenorate]], locatit north o [[Hama]]. It is situatit in the [[Ghab plain]]. Nearbi localities include [[Shathah]] an [[Nabl al-Khatib]] tae the sooth, [[al-Amqiyah Tahta]] an [[al-Ankawi]] tae the east, [[al-Ziyarah]] tae the northeast an [[Sirmaniyah]] tae the north. Accordin tae the [[:en:Central Bureau of Statistics (Syria)|Sirie Central Bureau o Statistics]] (CBS), Farikah had a population o 2,497 in the 2004 census.<ref name="CBS">[http://www.cbssyr.org/new%20web%20site/General_census/census_2004/NH/TAB05-8-2004.htm General Census of Population and Housing 2004] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925225237/http://www.cbssyr.org/new%20web%20site/General_census/census_2004/NH/TAB05-8-2004.htm |date=2020-09-25 }}. [[:en:Central Bureau of Statistics (Syria)|Sirie Central Bureau o Statistics]] (CBS). Hama Governorate. {{ar icon}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Hama Govrenorate|suqaylabiyah}} [[Category:Populatit places in al-Suqaylabiyah Destrict]] [[Category:Veelages in Sirie]] puod11b2d05zzxynttgxyu6ty92nda1 0 46612 925429 924371 2026-10-29T10:22:57Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 925429 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fixscots}} {{Infobox bodie |background = solo_singer |image = File:Ricky Martin 7, 2013.jpg |caption = Ricky Martin in store appearance at Westfield Parramatta, Sydney, Australia 2013 |birth_name = Enrique Martín Morales |birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1971|12|24}} |birth_place = [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]], [[Puerto Rico]] |occupation = {{flatlist| * Sangster-sangwriter * muisicker * actor * author }} |instrument = Vocals |years_active = 1984–present | spouse = Jwan Yosef | children = 4 | module = {{Infobox muisical airtist|embed=yes | background = solo_singer | instrument = Vocals | genre = {{flatlist| * [[Pop muisic|Pop]] * [[Laitin pop]] * [[dance-pop]] * [[reggae]] * [[contemporar R&B|urban pop]] }} |label = {{flatlist| * [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] * [[Sony Music Latin]] * [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony Music Mexico]] }} |associated_acts = [[Menudo (baund)|Menudo]], [[Christina Aguilera]], [[Draco Rosa]], [[Ednita Nazario]], [[Luciano Pavarotti]], [[Nina Moric]] | website = {{url|rickymartinmusic.com}} }} }} '''Enrique Martín Morales'''<ref group=note>{{Spanish name|'''Martín'''|'''Morales'''}}</ref> (born 24 December 1971), kent professionally as '''Ricky Martin''', is a Puerto Rican<ref name="NE">{{cite web|url=http://www.lne.es/sociedad-cultura/2011/11/04/ricky-martin-benicio-toro-nacionalidad-espanola/1152213.html |title=Ricky Martin y Benicio del Toro ya tienen la nacionalidad española|publisher=lne.es |date=November 4, 2011|accessdate=November 4, 2011|language=Spanish}}</ref><ref name="ES">{{cite web|url=http://www.lepoint.fr/ces-gens-la/nationalite-espagnole-accordee-a-ricky-martin-et-benicio-del-toro-04-11-2011-1392750_264.php|title=RSS Nationalité espagnole accordée à Ricky Martin et Benicio del Toro|publisher=lepoint.fr|date=November 11, 2011|accessdate=November 4, 2011|language=French|archive-date=2013-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101032544/http://www.lepoint.fr/ces-gens-la/nationalite-espagnole-accordee-a-ricky-martin-et-benicio-del-toro-04-11-2011-1392750_264.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> pop muisicker, actor an author. Grammy haes cried him ''The King of Latin Pop''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/news/ricky-martin-host-biggest-night-latin-music-19-years-after-performing-inaugural-show |title=Grammy.com - Ricky Martin To Host The Biggest Night In Latin Music 19 Years After Performing At Inaugural Show |access-date=2020-02-13 |archive-date=2019-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114061046/https://www.grammy.com/grammys/news/ricky-martin-host-biggest-night-latin-music-19-years-after-performing-inaugural-show |url-status=dead}}</ref> Martin begoud his career at age twal wi the aw-lad pop group [[Menudo (baund)|Menudo]]. Efter five years wi the group, he lowsed seevral Spainish-leid solo albums throuoot the 1990s. He actit on stage an on TV in [[Mexico]] an aw, becomin a modest starn in the kintra. In 1994 he starned on the American TV saip opera ''[[General Hospital]]'', pleyin a Puerto Rican sangster. In late 1999, efter lowsin seevral albums in Spainie, Martin performit "[[The Cup of Life]]" at the [[41st Grammy Awairds]] programme, whilk becam a catalyst in bringin Laitin pop tae the forefront o the U.S. muisic scene.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/SHOWBIZ/Music/9905/17/latin.music/ CNN.com - Ricky Martin Leading The Latin (music) revolution]</ref> Follaein its success, Martin lowsed "[[Livin' la Vida Loca]]" whilk helpit him obteen enormous success warldwide an is generally seen as the sang that begoud the [[Laitin pop]] explosion o 1999 an makkit the transeetion easier fur ither Spainie-speakin airtists tae muive intae the Inglis-speakin mercat. Syne its lowse, the sang haes selt ower 8 million copies, makkin it ane o the best sellin singles o aw time.<ref name="20 Best Selling Since 1990">{{cite web|url=http://www.listzblog.com/best_selling_music_singles_history_list.html|title=20 Best Selling Music Singles Since 1990|publisher=The List Blog|date=|accessdate=2012-03-25|archive-date=2012-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104112329/http://www.listzblog.com/best_selling_music_singles_history_list.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> His furst Inglis-leid album (titled ''[[Ricky Martin (1999 album)|Ricky Martin]]'' an aw), haes selt 22 million copies an is ane of the best sellin albums o aw time.<ref>[http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Artists/M/Martin_Ricky/2011/04/11/17949796.html Martin wants to be a dad again]. Retrieved July 16, 2011.</ref><ref name="amillionlives.net">[http://www.amillionlives.net/ricky-martin-biography-a-prominent-figure-from-latin-pop-music.html Ricky Martin Biography – A Prominent Figure from Latin Pop Music] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151030160418/http://www.amillionlives.net/ricky-martin-biography-a-prominent-figure-from-latin-pop-music.html |date=2015-10-30 }}. Retrieved July 16, 2011.</ref><ref name="entertainment-focus.com">[http://www.entertainment-focus.com/news/ricky-martin-to-release-greatest-hits Ricky Martin To Release Greatest Hits] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315085017/http://www.entertainment-focus.com/news/ricky-martin-to-release-greatest-hits |date=2012-03-15 }}. Retrieved July 16, 2011.</ref> His ither studio albums include: ''[[Me Amarás (album)|Me Amarás]]'' (1993), ''[[A Medio Vivir (album)|A Medio Vivir]]'' (1995), ''[[Vuelve (album)|Vuelve]]'' (1998), ''[[Sound Loaded]]'' (2000), ''[[Almas del Silencio]]'' (2003), ''[[Life (Ricky Martin album)|Life]]'' (2005), ''[[Música + Alma + Sexo]]'' (2011), ''[[A Quien Quiera Escuchar]]'' (2015), an [[Movimiento]] (2020). He haes selt ower 85 million albums, an haes haed 95 platinum records, sax #1 ''Billboard'' albums, 11 Nummer 1 hit sangs, twa [[American Muisic Awaird|American Muisic Awairds]], sax [[Grammy Awaird|Grammy Awairds]], aicht [[Warld Muisic Awairds]], ten [[Billboard Muisic Awaird|''Billboard'' Muisic Awairds]], aicht [[MTV Muisic Video Awaird|MTV Muisic Video Awairds]], wi concerts in mair nor 60 kintra athort the globe. ==Life an career== ===Early life: 1971–83=== Martin wis born on 24 Dizember 1971, in [[San Juan, Puerto Rico]], the son o Nereida Morales, an accoontant, an Enrique Martín Negroni, a psychologist.<ref>{{cite web|url={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p29272|pure_url=yes}}|title=Ricky Martin – Biography|last=Erlewine|first=Stephen Thomas|work=[[AllMusic]]|publisher=Rovi Corporation |accessdate=April 8, 2009}}</ref><ref name="Otfinoski138">Otfinoski, 2007. p. 138</ref><ref name="zen">{{cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20133136,00.html|title=Ricky Martin : Zen and Now|work=People|publisher=Time, Inc.|last=Tresniowski|first=Alex|date=December 4, 2000|accessdate=August 1, 2012|archive-date=2014-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405080326/http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20133136,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Martin42">Martin, 2010. p. 42</ref> His parents divorcit when he wis twa year auld and Martin spent hintle o his childhood shifting atween his faither's home in the suburb of Varsity Gardens and his paternal grandmither's hoose nearby.<ref name="favorite">{{cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20128580,00.html|title=My Favorite Martin|work=People|publisher=Time, Inc.|last=Schneider|first=Karen S.|date=June 28, 1999|accessdate=August 3, 2012|archive-date=2014-01-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104194538/http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20128580,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Martin20">Martin, 2010. p. 20</ref> Martin haes twa maternal hauf-brithers, Fernando and Ángel Fernández, an twa paternal hauf-brithers, Eric an Daniel Martín, an a paternal hauf-sister Vanessa Martín.<ref name="zen"/> Martin haes Catalan ([[Spainyie fowk|Spainyie]]) ancestry throu his maternal grandmither who wis born in Spain as well as [[Corsican fowk|Corsican]] ancestry throu his paternal grandmither.<ref name=galaz>{{cite web|url =http://www.elpais.com/articulo/gente/tv/gobierno/concede/Ricky/Martin/nacionalidad/espanola/poder/casarse/elpepugen/20111104elpepuage_3/Tes |title = El gobierno concede a Ricky Martin la nacionalidad española para poder casarse|work=[[El País]]|author = Galaz, Mabel|date = November 4, 2011|accessdate =November 8, 2011}}</ref><ref name="Martin21">Martin, 2010. p. 21</ref> Martin grew up in a [[Roman Catholic]] hame an wis a [[altar server|altar boy]] throuoot his bairnheid.<ref name="Martin18">Martin, 2010. p. 18</ref> He began singin at age sax, uisin firthen kitchen spoons as pretend microphones; he aften interpretit sangs bi Menudo as well as Inglis-leid rock groups sic as [[Led Zeppelin]], Journey, an [[REO Speedwagon]].<ref name="Martin16">Martin, 2010. p. 16</ref> His mither's side o the faimily wis muisically inclined and his maternal grandfaither wis a poet, which inspired young Martin tae write sangs.<ref name="Martin16"/> Martin later reflectit on his time spent wi his faimily as a bairn: "Every time I find myself in front of an audience, be it twenty people or one hundred thousand, once again I feel the energy that consumed me back at the family gatherings of my youth."<ref name="Martin17">Martin, 2010. p. 17</ref> Efter discoverin a newspaper advertisement anent audeetions for commercials wi his faither, nine-year-auld Martin began appearin in Puerto Rican telly commercials for products siclik saft drinks, toothpaste, an fast-fuid restaurants.<ref name="Martin2425">Martin, 2010. pp. 24-25</ref> In a year an a hauf, he starred in eleiven commercials.<ref name="Martin2425"/> ===Menudo: 1984–89=== Efter achievin a smaw amoont o fame in Puerto Rico for his wirk in telly commercials, Martin auditioned for membership in [[Puerto Rican fowk|Puerto Rican]] [[boy baund]] [[Menudo (baund)|Menudo]]. Awtho the executives enjoyed his dancin an singin at his first twa audeetions, Martin wis rejectit acause he wis too short.<ref name="Martin31">Martin, 2010. p. 31</ref> Bi the third audeetion, his persistence impressed executives an in 1984, thirteen-year-auld Martin became a member.<ref name="Martin3132">Martin, 2010. pp. 31-32</ref> A month efter joinin Menudo, he made his debut performance wi the group at the [[Luis A. Ferré Performing Arts Center]] in San Juan.<ref name="Martin33">Martin, 2010. p. 33</ref> Durin this performance, he inadvertently disobeyed the choreografie bi walkin aroond the stage when it wis planned that he wad stay still, an wis chastisit bi the baund manager efter the show: "The mistake wis such a big deal that frae that moment on, niver again did A muive when A wisna supposed tae muive...That wis the discipline o Menudo: You either did things the wey you wur tauld or you wur no pairt o the group."<ref name="Martin3334">Martin, 2010. pp. 33-34</ref> The sang "Asignatura Pendiente" frae ''[[Almas del Silencio]]'' (2003) wis inspired bi the first time Martin left Puerto Rico tae tour wi Menudo.<ref name="Martin47">Martin, 2010. p. 47</ref> Awtho Martin enjoyed travelin an performin onstage wi Menudo, he foond the baund's busy schedule an strict managin tae be exhaustin an later reflectit that the experience "cost" him his bairnheid.<ref name="Martin28">Martin, 2010. p. 28</ref> He considered leavin the group while on tour in Brazil, but ultimately decidit tae stay oot o fear o media backlash an bein sued for breach o contract.<ref name="Martin3637">Martin, 2010. pp. 36-37</ref> Martin began strugglin wi his sexuality an aw, notin the stark contrast atween his status as a [[sex seembol]] an his awn emotions.<ref name="VH1behindthemusic">(2002) ''[[Behind the Music]]'': Ricky Martin episode. [[VH1]].</ref> Despite this, Martin acknawledgit his "opportunity tae hae so mony amazin experiences wi so mony amazin fowk" durin his time wi the group.<ref name="Martin37">Martin, 2010. p. 37</ref> He developit an interest in filanthropy when the group became [[UNICEF]] ambassadors, aften wirkin wi impoverished childer in third warld kintras.<ref name="Martin37"/> His experiences as a ambassador affectit him greatly an inspired him tae continue wirkin with charities later in life.<ref name="Martin37"/> Bi 1987, Menudo's record sales began tae decline an the group chyngit its image, adoptin a edgier leuk an performin mair rock-influencit sangs.<ref name="Martin44">Martin, 2010. p. 44</ref> The baund released the album ''[[Somos Los Hijos del Rock]]'' in Spainyie, an tae appeal tae the Menudo's Filipino fanbase, the group released ''[[In Action]]'', recordin sangs in baith Inglis an [[Tagalog leid|Tagalog]].<ref name="Martin44"/> Efter recordin eleiven albums wi the group, Martin left Menudo in Julie 1989 at age seiventeen, howpin tae rest an evaluate his career path.<ref name="Martin46">Martin, 2010. p. 46</ref> He performed his feenal show wi the group at the same venue as his first performance as a member.<ref name="Martin46"/> Martin returned tae Puerto Rico tae graduate frae heich schuil, an thirteen days efter turnin aichteen, he muivit tae New York Ceety tae celebrate his financial unthirldom; syne he wis a minor durin his time as a member o Menudo, Martin wis no allouit tae access his awn bank accoonts.<ref name="Martin58">Martin, 2010. p. 58</ref> He wis acceptit intae [[New York Varsity]]'s [[Tisch School of the Arts]], but months afore clesses began, Martin droppit oot an muivit tae [[Mexico Ceety]] tae perform in the play ''Mama Ama el Rock''.<ref name="Martin1819">Martin, 2010, pp. 18-19</ref> ===Actin an first twa solo albums: 1991–1994=== While he wis performin in onstage in ''Mama Ama el Rock'', a producer in the audience teuk notice o Martin's actin an affered him a role in the Mexican [[telenovela]] ''[[Alcanzar una estrella]]'' efter the show.<ref name="Martin66">Martin, 2010. p. 66</ref> He jynt the cast for the seicont series o the show an aw, titled ''[[Alcanzar una estrella II]]''.<ref name="Martin66"/> A film based on the TV series entitled ''Más que alcanzar una estrella'' wis producit an aw in which Martin starred an earned a El Heraldo Award in 1993 for his role.<ref name="Martin67">Martin, 2010. p. 67</ref> The show centred aroond a feectional muisical group cried [[Muñecos de Papel]] in which Martin played Pablo Loredo, ane o the sax members; the group toured several ceeties in Mexico an recordit twa albums.<ref name="Martin66"/> Awtho he haed howpit tae tak a break frae tourin efter Menudo, Martin enjoyed the experience acause he got alang wi the ither members well.<ref name="Martin67"/> In 1990, Martin wis signed to [[Sony Music Latin|Sony Discos]], the [[Sony Music Entertainment]]'s Latin imprint. Eager tae mak his first solo album, Martin signed the contract athoot readin it an inadvertently signed a deal in which he wad anerly be awairdit ane cent o ryalties for each album sauld.<ref name="Martin70"/> Despite viewin the contract as unfair, Martin referred tae the record as "the stairt o something phenomenal" for him.<ref name="Martin70"/> Efter wirking "aroond the clock" tae feenish filmin ''Alcanzar una estrella II'' an recordin muisic, Martin released his debut solo album, the Spainyie-leid ''[[Ricky Martin (1991 album)|Ricky Martin]]'', in November 1991.<ref name="Martin7071">Martin, 2010, pp. 70-71</ref> ''Ricky Martin'' includit the singles: "Fuego Contra Fuego" an "El Amor de Mi Vida". "Fuego Contra Fuego" wis certifee'd Gowd in Mexico, Argentinae, Puerto Rico, an the Unitit States.<ref name="Martin71">Martin, 2010. p. 71</ref> Tae promote the album, Martin toured throuoot Laitin Americae, which the sangster referred tae as "a indescribable feelin, amaist like comin hame."<ref name="Martin71"/> Efter the success o ''Ricky Martin'' an its subsequent tour, Martin's record company met him wi acclaimi producer Juan Carlos Calderón on his seicon solo album, ''[[Me Amarás (album)|Me Amarás]]''. Awtho Martin felt "very grateful" for the opportunity tae wirk wi Calderón, he notit, "I always felt that that record was more his than mine."<ref name="Martin87">Martin, 2010, p. 87</ref> Released in Mey 1993, ''Me Amarás'' features a Spainish-leid civer o the [[Laura Branigan]] sang "Self Control", titled "Que Dia Es Hoy".<ref name="MeamarasAM">{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/me-amar%C3%A1s-mw0000100600|title=Review: Ricky Martin - Me Amarás|last=Henderson|first=Alex|work=AllMusic|publisher=Rovi Corporation |accessdate=July 10, 2012}}</ref> In his review, Alex Henderson o [[AllMusic]] wrote, "The CD isn't without its pleasures...but on the whole, ''Me Amarás'' is too glossy, too calculated, and much too contrived for its own good."<ref name="MeamarasAM"/> In 1994, Martin's agent encouragi him tae muive tae Los Angeles tae act in a American sitcom cried ''[[Getting By]]''.<ref name="Martin76">Martin, 2010. p. 76</ref> The show wis canceled efter twa series, but suin efter, Martin wis gien the role o sangster/bartender Miguel Morez on the soap opera ''[[General Hospital]]''.<ref name="Martin7778">Martin, 2010, pp. 77-78</ref> Martin felt that he lacki chemistry wi the rest o the ''General Hospital'' cast, an observit that fowk treati him differently acause o his Puerto Rican accent.<ref name="Martin7879">Martin, 2010, pp. 78-79</ref> At the time, it wis relatively uncommon for Hispanic fowk tae appear on American telly, an fowk suggestit that he tak accent reduction clesses, which he refused.<ref name="Martin7778"/> It wis this time, housomeivver, that Martin began his first committi relationship wi a man.<ref name="Martin81">Martin, 2010. p. 81</ref> He "stoppit fearin his sexuality", an suin [[Comin oot|came oot]] tae his mither, who wis supportive o him.<ref name="Martin81"/> Housomeivver, efter the relationship endit, Martin "lockit [his] feelins even deeper inside", an began datin weemen again.<ref name="Martin82">Martin, 2010. p. 82</ref> He recried, "I already felt it was hard to be a Latino in Hollywood; what could have been more difficult than being Latino and gay?"<ref name="Martin84">Martin, 2010. p. 84</ref> ===''A Medio Vivir'', ''Vuelve'', an breakthrou: 1995–1998=== In 1995, Martin refocused on his muisic career, an began wirk on his third album, ''[[A Medio Vivir (album)|A Medio Vivir]]''. The first single, the ballad "[[Te Extraño, Te Olvido, Te Amo]]", wis reminiscent o his earlier wirk.<ref name="Martin102">Martin, 2010. p. 102</ref> Wi the sang, Martin furthered his expansion frae Laitin American an Spainyie-speakin audiences tae the European an Asie mercats.<ref>[{{Allmusic|class=album|id=r224606|pure_url=yes}} AllMusic]</ref> Housomeivver, the record made a shift frae his tradeetional ballad-style compositions tae a mair risky fusion o muisic centred aroond tradeetional Latin soonds an aw, epitomisit bi the sang "[[María (sang)|Maria]]". Taken aback bi the starkly different muisical style, record label executives felt that the sang wad ruin Martin's career.<ref name="Martin103">Martin, 2010. p. 103</ref> Despite this, "Maria" wis chosen as the album's seicont single, an became a breakthrou hit, reachin nummer ane in Fraunce, Spain, Germany, Belgium, Holland, Swisserland, Finland, Italy, Turkey, an the entire continent o Sooth Americae.<ref name="Martin103"/> Wi ''A Medio Vivir'', Martin wis creditit, alang wi sangsrers [[Chayanne]] an [[Marc Anthony]], for popularizin the muisic o Puerto Rico in Spain.<ref name="spanishmarket">{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=uhAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA61-IA2&lpg=RA1-PA61-IA2&dq=ricky+martin+a+medio+vivir&source=bl&ots=bqqrnCl1FZ&sig=fBmYD5iWZNkusJcpy1xthEWLRMI&hl=en&sa=X&ei=xa0LUL7rCIfMqAHrtK28Cg&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q=ricky%20martin%20a%20medio%20vivir&f=false|title=Breaking Into the Spanish Market|last=Llewellyn|first=Howell|work=Billboard|publisher=Prometheus Global Media |date=October 7, 2000|accessdate=July 21, 2012}}</ref> The album haes sauld ower 3 million copies warldwide. In a 1996 interview wi ''[[The Miami Herald]]'', Martin expressed a interest in performin on Broadway. Days efter the interview wis released Martin receivit a phone caw frae producer [[Richard Jay-Alexander]], offerin him the lead role o [[Marius Pontmercy]] in the play ''[[Les Misérables (muisical)|Les Misérables]]''.<ref name="Martin89">Martin, 2010. p. 89</ref> Efter the conclusion o a warldwide tour in support o ''A Medio Vivir'', Martin returned tae New York tae appear in the play in a eleiven-week run.<ref name="Martin90">Martin, 2010. p. 90</ref> He greatly enjoyed the experience, cawin his time in the play a "honor" an "the role of [his] life".<ref name="Martin90"/> Martin continued tae tour efter the conclusion o the show's run, an notit that his audiences wur growin in baith size an enthusiasm.<ref name="Martin104">Martin, 2010. p. 104</ref> In 1997, Martin wis invitit tae the prestigious [[Sanremo Muisic Festival]] in [[Sanremo]], Italy. efter landin in Milan, Martin's scheduled helicopter trip tae Sanremo haed tae be postponed due tae poor wather conditions.<ref name="Martin106">Martin, 2010. p. 106</ref> Howpin tae arrive at the festival on time, Martin an his crew drove throu the muntainous terrain at ower 120 mile per oor. The caur then turned too quickly an flippit ower.<ref name="Martin106"/> Housomeivver, "none of us had more than a couple of scratches and bruises" an he arrivit at the festival on time bi taxi later that day.<ref name="Martin106"/> In the simmer o 1997, Martin embarkit on a tour o Spain, performin 45 shows in 36 ceeties.<ref name="Martin107">Martin, 2010. p. 107</ref> While on tour, Martin returned tae the studio tae record his fowert album, ''[[Vuelve (album)|Vuelve]]'' (1998). He cried the experience o tourin an recordin at the same time "brutal and incredibly intense".<ref name="Martin108">Martin, 2010. p. 108</ref> As he wis feenishin the record, the sangster wis contactit bi [[FIFA]] tae write a sang for the [[1998 FIFA Warld Cup|1998 Warld Cup]]; Martin subsequently wrote "[[La Copa de la Vida]]" wi [[K. C. Porter]] an [[Draco Rosa]].<ref name="Martin108109">Martin, 2010. pp. 108-109</ref> He performit the sang at the Warld Cup feenal in the [[Stade de France]] on 12 Julie 1998.<ref name="Martin109">Martin, 2010. p. 109</ref> The performance, which wis broadcast tae ower a billion viewers in 187 kintras, wis describit as a "global moment for Latin pop".<ref name="Holt165">Holt, 2007. p. 165</ref> "La Copa de la Vida" reached nummer ane on the chairts aroond the warld an went gowd an platinum in various kintras. It wis awairdit Pop Sang o the Year at the 1999 [[Lo Nuestro Awards]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.univision.com/content/content.jhtml?cid=490994 |title=Lo Nuestro 1999 – Historia de Premio lo Nuestro |publisher=Univision |accessdate=August 2, 2010 |archive-date=2010-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100403132343/http://www.univision.com/content/content.jhtml?cid=490994 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Vuelve (sang)|title track]] an the ballad "[[Perdido Sin Tí]]" baith hit nummer ane on the [[Hot Latin Songs]]. Further singles includit: "[[La Bomba (Ricky Martin sang)|La Bomba]]", "[[Por Arriba, Por Abajo]]" an "[[Corazonado]]". ''Vuelve'' spent twinty-sax weeks at nummer ane on the [[Billboard Top Latin Albums]]. It became Martin's first top forty album on the [[Billboard 200]] in the Unitit States, whaur it wis certifee'd platinum bi the [[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]]. The album went tae nummer ane in Spain an Norawa, an sauld ower aicht million copies warldwide.<ref>[http://norwegiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Ricky+Martin&titel=Vuelve&cat=a/ Ricky Martin – Vuelve]. norwegiancharts.com. Retrieved on February 25, 2011.</ref> Martin wis nominatit for his first Grammy Award for ''Vuelve'' in the category o [[Grammy Award for Best Latin Pop Album|Best Latin Pop Album]], an wis beukit tae sing on the [[41st Grammy Awards]] live TV broadcast. His acclaimit performance o "La Copa de la Vida" earned Martin a unexpectit staundin ovation an introducit him tae the mainstream American audience.<ref name="smashing">{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1999/may/01/entertainment/ca-34681|title=A Smashing Start for Ricky Martin|work=Los Angeles Times |publisher=Tribune Company|date=May 1, 1999|accessdate=August 1, 2012}}</ref><ref name="Martin115">Martin, 2010. p. 115</ref> Martin won the Grammy Award later that evening.<ref name="Martin116">Martin, 2010. p. 116</ref> His appearance spairkit naitionwide interest in Laitin Writing for ''Billboard'' on 24 Apryle 1999, Michael Paoletta notit, "In the weeks since [the performance], it seems like every record label exec has been in a heated search for the next Latin hottie."<ref name="paoletta">{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=eigEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA26&lpg=PA26&dq=ricky+martin+sensation&source=bl&ots=-XoJZ-_KcN&sig=YqsasIUw3LbdUP1fhkzilnoqdAM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ZPkbUJjdB4GciQLV9YDoCg&ved=0CDMQ6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q=ricky%20martin%20sensation&f=false|title=Can New Jersey's Spicy Sin Match Martin's Latin Sizzle?|work=Billboard|publisher=Prometheus Global Media |last=Paoletta|first=Michael|date=April 24, 1999|accessdate=August 3, 2012}}</ref> ===Crossover tae Inglis: 1999–2002=== Efter receivin commercial success throuoot [[Asie]], [[Europe]], an [[Latin America]], Martin prepared his first Inglis album in 1999 in a attempt tae cross ower tae the Unitit States mercat.<ref name="Martin112">Martin, 2010. p. 112</ref> The [[Ricky Martin (1999 album)|sel-titled]] album, which debuted at nummer ane on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] an sauld 661,000 copies in its first week o release, became the maist successfu album debut on the ''Billboard'' chairts bi a Hispanic airtist.<ref name="debuts">{{cite news|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1999-05-21/news/9905210215_1_ricky-martin-pop-music-charts-divorce|title=Ricky Martin Debuts As No. 1|work=Orlando Sentinel|publisher=Tribune Company|date=May 21, 1999|accessdate=August 1, 2012|archive-date=2013-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621032623/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1999-05-21/news/9905210215_1_ricky-martin-pop-music-charts-divorce |url-status=dead}}</ref> It conteenit material bi writers an producers sic as [[Desmond Child]], [[Diane Warren]], [[William Orbit]], [[George Noriega]] an his langtime bairnheid friend [[Draco Rosa]]. The album featurt special guests an aw: [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] on the Spainyie-Inglis duet "Be Careful (Cuidado con mi Corazón)" an [[Meja]] on "[[Private Emotion]]".<ref name="rickymartinrev">{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/ricky-martin-1999-mw0000238986|title=Ricky Martin - Album Review|last=Erlewine|first=Stephen Thomas|work=AllMusic |publisher=Rovi Corporation|accessdate=August 1, 2012}}</ref> Twa weeks efter the album's release, Martin wis featurt on the civer o ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' wi the title "Latin Music Goes Pop!".<ref name="timecover">{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19990524,00.html|title=Time Magazine Cover: Ricky Martin - May 24, 1999|work=Time|publisher=Time, Inc.|accessdate=August 2, 2012|archive-date=2013-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825025139/http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19990524,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Afore the album's release, [[Janet Jackson]] collaboratit wi Ricky Martin for the Liatin American version o "[[Ask for More]]", a promotional single an commercial released as pairt o a advertisin campaign for saft drink company [[Pepsi]].<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xXQnfMiZIos Janet Jackson & Ricky Martin - "Ask for More" Pepsi Ad (Latin American Version)]. Retrieved on June 17, 2013</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Basham |first=David |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1431862/ricky-martin-inks-endorsement-deal-with-pepsi-preps-fall-tour.jhtml |title=Ricky Martin Inks Endorsement Deal With Pepsi, Preps For Fall Tour |publisher=Mtv.com |date=1999-10-15 |accessdate=2013-12-05 |archive-date=2013-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110095903/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1431862/ricky-martin-inks-endorsement-deal-with-pepsi-preps-fall-tour.jhtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> The first an maist prominent single wis "[[Livin' la Vida Loca]]", which reached nummer ane in mony kintras aroond the warld, includin the Unitit States, Unitit Kinrick, Canadae, Ireland an New Zealand. "Livin' la Vida Loca" is Ricky Martin's biggest hit. The video for "Livin 'La Vida Loca" wis directit bi [[Wayne Isham]] an starrin model [[Nina Moric]]. It wis follaeed bi "[[She's All I Ever Had]]" which peakit at nummer twa on the [[Billboard Hot 100]]. Baith tracks peakit at nummer ane on the [[Hot Latin Songs]]. "Livin' la Vida Loca" is generally seen as the sang that began the [[Latin pop]] explosion o 1999 an made the transition o ither Laitin airtists (first [[Jennifer Lopez]] an [[Enrique Iglesias]], then later [[Shakira]]) intae the Inglis-speakin mercat easier. ''[[Ricky Martin (1999 album)|Ricky Martin]]'' became ane o the top-sellin albums o 1999, an wis certifee'd 7× platinum in the Unitit States, sellin ower 22 million copies warldwide. In October 1999, Martin embarkit on a vera successfu year-lang [[Livin' la Vida Loca Tour]]. Efter this success, a new Inglis-leid album, ''[[Sound Loaded]]'', wis released in November 2000. It debuted at nummer fower on the [[Billboard 200]] an wis certifee'd 2× platinum bi the [[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]]. "[[She Bangs]]" an "[[Nobody Wants to Be Lonely]]" (duet wi [[Christina Aguilera]]) peakit at nummer twal an thirteen on the Billboard Hot 100, respectively. Baith singles reached nummer ane on the Hot Latin Songs. ''Sound Loaded'' haes sauld ower 8 million copies warldwide. In Februar 2001, Martin released a Spainyie-leid greatest hits album entitled ''[[La Historia (Ricky Martin album)|La Historia]]'', which went tae nummer ane for five weeks on the [[Billboard Top Latin Albums]] an debuted at nummer aichty-three on the Billboard 200. It toppit the chairt in Swaden for three weeks an aw. The album conteenit rewirkins o twa o his early sangs "[[Fuego Contra Fuego]]" an "[[El Amor de Mi Vida (sang)|El Amor de Mi Vida]]". In November 2001, a Inglis-leid greatest hits album, ''[[The Best of Ricky Martin]]'' wis released ootside North Americae. It conteenit twa new remixes o "[[Amor (Ricky Martin sang)|Amor]]". ===''Almas del Silencio'' an ''Life'': 2003–2006=== [[File:Ricky Martin (2005).jpg|190px|thumb|Ricky Martin in 2005.]] In Mey 2003, Martin released a new Spainyie-leid album ''[[Almas del Silencio]]''. The first single, "[[Tal Vez]]", debuted at nummer ane on the [[Hot Latin Songs]] an stayed thare for eleiven weeks becomin the best performin Latin single o the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/yearendcharts/2003/htltitl.jsp|title=Year-End Charts: Hot Latin Songs|date=December 27, 2003|work=Billboard|publisher=Prometheus Global Media|accessdate=August 3, 2012}}{{Dead link|date=May 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Martin said o the new album: "I really needed to go back to focus, to my center, to the beginning. I had the need to search within, and really dig deep, and find those emotions that, because of the adrenaline and the euphoria that I lived for a couple of years, were probably sabotaged."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.puertorico-herald.org/issues/2003/vol7n26/LivinSerious-en.html |title=Livin' The Serious Life; Ricky Martin's New Album Matches His Outlook |publisher=Puertorico-herald.org |accessdate=February 15, 2010 |archive-date=2009-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719094628/http://www.puertorico-herald.org/issues/2003/vol7n26/LivinSerious-en.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''Almas del Silencio'' debuted at nummer twal on the [[Billboard 200]] an reached nummer ane on the [[Billboard Top Latin Albums]] whaur it stayed for sax weeks. The album sauld mair nor ane million copies warldwide.<ref name=BB>Adams, Steve: "Martin's World View", ''Billboard'' magazine, November 4, 2006, pp. 64–66.</ref> The next singles, "[[Jaleo]]" an "[[Y Todo Queda en Nada]]", reached nummer ane on the Hot Latin Songs. "Jaleo" toppit the chairt in Spain for fower weeks an aw. In October 2005, Martin released his first Inglis-leid album syne 2000's ''Sound Loaded'' an the tent album o his career. Maist o the sangs on the album, cried ''[[Life (Ricky Martin album)|Life]]'', wur co-written bi Martin. He commentit on the album: "I was really in touch with my emotions. I think this album is very multi-layered, just like life is. It's about feeling anger. It's about feeling joy. It's about feeling uncertainty. It's about feeling. And all my emotions are part of this production."<ref>{{cite news |author=Tatiana Morales |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/11/11/earlyshow/leisure/music/main1038774.shtml |title=Ricky Martin Lets 'Life' Happen |publisher=Cbsnews.com |date=November 11, 2005 |accessdate=February 15, 2010 |archive-date=2013-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614040013/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/11/11/earlyshow/leisure/music/main1038774.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> The album debuted at nummer sax on the Billboard 200. The first single frae the album, "I Don't Care", featurt guest appearances bi [[Fat Joe]] an [[Amerie]]. It peakit at nummer three on the [[Hot Dance Club Songs]] an nummer saxty-five on the [[Billboard Hot 100]]. Anither sang frae the album, "It's Alright" wis re-recordit as a duet wi French sangster [[M. Pokora]]. It wis successfu in French-speakin kintras, reachin nummer fower in Fraunce. Suin efter, Martin announcit his [[One Night Only with Ricky Martin]] tour. Stairtin in Mexico Ceety, the tour premiered on 15 November 2005. Efter feenishin the first leg which includit Laitin Americae an the Unitit States, Martin performit at the [[2006 Winter Olympics closin ceremony]] in [[Turin]]. A few days later, he annooncit the seicont leg o his warld tour, which includit Europe an Africae. The seicont leg stairtit on 21 Apryle 2006 in [[Manchester]], UK, an endit on 3 Juin 2006 in [[Tel Aviv]], Israel. ===''MTV Unplugged'' an a warld tour: 2006–2007=== On 17 August 2006, Ricky Martin tapit his ''[[MTV Unplugged (Ricky Martin album)|MTV Unplugged]]'' concert in Miami. It premiered on [[MTV Latin America]], [[Tr3s|MTV Tr3s]] an [[WJPX|MTV Puerto Rico]] in October 2006 an wis released on CD an DVD in November 2006. The album wis a creetical an commercial success. It debuted at nummer ane on the [[Billboard Top Latin Albums]] an nummer thirty-aicht on the [[Billboard 200]]. At the [[Latin Grammy Awards o 2008]], ''MTV Unplugged'' receivit [[Latin Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Album]] an for [[Latin Grammy Award for Best Long Form Music Video|Best Long Form Music Video]]. The first single, "[[Tu Recuerdo]]" which featurt La Mari o [[Chambao]], reached nummer ane for three weeks on the [[Hot Latin Songs]]. The next single, "[[Pégate]]" peakit at nummer sax on the [[Hot Dance Club Songs]]. On 19 Februar 2007, Martin began his warldwide [[Black and White Tour]]<ref name="Hollywood"/> which stairtit wi a performance at the [[José Miguel Agrelot Coliseum]] in Puerto Rico an concludit wi a presentation at the [[Madison Square Garden]] in New York Ceety on 14 October 2007.<ref name="Hollywood"/> He recordit a duet wi [[Eros Ramazzotti]] an aw, "[[Non siamo soli]]" which toppit the Italian chairt for eleiven consecutive weeks. ===Career break: 2007–2010=== Efter feenishin his warldwide tour, Martin teuk a break frae the muisic industry an focused on his private life. In November 2007, [[Sony Music Latin|Sony BMG Norte]] released ''[[Ricky Martin Live: Black and White Tour]]'' on CD, DVD an Blu-ray Disc. Ane year later, a Spainyie-leid greatest hits album wis released, entitled ''[[17 (Ricky Martin album)|17]]''. It wis a summary o seiventeen years o Martin's muisical career, which includit maistly Spainyie-leid sangs. ===Autobiografie, ''Música + Alma + Sexo'' an ''Evita'': 2010–2013=== [[File:Ricky Martin Chicago.jpg|thumb|180px|Martin performin in Chicago on 19 Apryle 2011.]] Ricky Martin's autobiografie, ''Me'', wis published on 2 November 2010. The beuk became pairt o the [[The New York Times Best Seller list|''The New York Times'' Best Seller list]],<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/best-sellers-books/2010-11-21/hardcover-nonfiction/list.html | work=The New York Times | first=Jennifer | last=Schuessler | title=Hardcover}}</ref> debutin at nummer five on the Hardcover Nonfiction leet. A Spainyie-leid edeetion entitled ''Yo'' wis published simultaneously. Martin's single, "[[The Best Thing About Me Is You]]" featurin [[Joss Stone]] premiered on 2 November 2010 an an aw peakit at nummer seiventy-fower on the [[Billboard Hot 100]]. The Spainyie version, "[[The Best Thing About Me Is You|Lo Mejor de Mi Vida Eres Tú]]" toppit the [[Hot Latin Songs]] for twa weeks. It wis follaeed bi a new studio album, ''[[Música + Alma + Sexo]]'' released on 31 Januar 2011.<ref name = "2011 album">{{Cite web|url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/content_display/industry/e3i1c1499752deb3a60c4f4222c2ce37750|title=Ricky Martin Confirms Dual Spanish, English Single Release|work=Billboard|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008122931/http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/content_display/industry/news/e3i1c1499752deb3a60c4f4222c2ce37750|archive-date=8 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> It debuted at nummer three on the [[Billboard 200]] an became the heichest chairtin, primarily-Spainyie leid album in the Unitit States, syne ''[[Dreaming of You (album)|Dreaming of You]]'' bi [[Selena]].<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/473151/nicki-minaj-hits-no-1-on-billboard-200-crosses-1-million-sales Nicki Minaj Hits No. 1 on Billboard 200, Crosses 1 Million Sales]. Retrieved February 11, 2011.</ref> ''Música + Alma + Sexo'' represents the heichest iver chairt debut on the Billboard 200 for a [[Sony Music Latin]] release.<ref>[http://www.rickymartinmusic.com/Blog/Post/ec65e9ba-ec27-42da-9908-4ef3431c4c02 Ricky Martin delivers Latin music’s highest chart debut in the last 15 years] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129190129/http://www.rickymartinmusic.com/Blog/Post/ec65e9ba-ec27-42da-9908-4ef3431c4c02 |date=2013-01-29 }}. Retrieved February 11, 2011.</ref> It spent twa weeks at nummer ane on the [[Billboard Top Latin Albums]]. On 25 Mairch 2011, Martin stairtit his [[Música + Alma + Sexo World Tour]], which endit on 12 November 2011. The seicont single frae the album, "Más" wis released on 5 Apryle 2011 an peakit at nummer seiven on the [[Hot Dance Club Songs]]. "[[Frío]]" featurin [[Wisin & Yandel]] wis chosen as the third single. ''[[17: Greatest Hits]]'' wis released on 11 Julie 2011 exclusively in the Unitit Kinrick. Ricky Martin wis playin Ché Guevara in the Broadway revival o the show ''[[Evita (muisical)|Evita]]'', scheduled tae begin previews on Broadway in Mairch 2012, aheid o a openin in Apryle 2012.<ref>[http://broadwayworld.com/article/EVITA_w_Martin_Roger_Begins_Previews_Mar_2012_Opens_Apr_2012_20110121 EVITA w/ Martin & Roger Begins Previews Mar. 2012; Opens Apr. 2012 2011/01/21]. Broadwayworld.com. Retrieved on February 25, 2011.</ref> He receivit mixed reviews. Martin guest-starred as a Spainish teacher on the Fox TV show ''Glee'' episode "The Spanish Teacher" on 7 Februar 2012. Martin premiered his "Ricky's Lip Conditioner" lip balm in Apryle 2012 as pairt o the M.A.C Cosmetics "Ricky and Nicki for Viva Glam" campaign. The advertisements for the range paired him wi rapper [[Nicki Minaj]]. Martin's signatur is featurt on the lip balm packagin.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maccosmetics.com/vivaglam2012/collection.html |title=M.A.C Viva Glam Collection |publisher=Maccosmetics.com |date= |accessdate=2013-01-06 |archive-date=2013-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126195524/http://www.maccosmetics.com/vivaglam2012/collection.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===''The Voice Australia'', "Come with Me" an a Australie tour: 2013–present=== In November 2012, Martin wis annoonced as a coach on ''The Voice Australia'' an debuted in the first episode o series twa, on 7 Apryle 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/ricky-martin-replaces-keith-urban-on-the-voice/story-e6frg6n6-1226526911581 |title=Cookies must be enabled. {{!}} The Australian<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2014-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140507165647/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/ricky-martin-replaces-keith-urban-on-the-voice/story-e6frg6n6-1226526911581 |archive-date=2014-05-07 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/first-review-of-the-voice-2013/story-e6freuy9-1226613645581 First review of The Voice 2013. The Telegraph 6 April 2013 | Retrieved 7 April 2013 ]</ref> In Apryle 2013, Martin released his ''[[Greatest Hits: Souvenir Edition]]'' album in Australie, whaur it reached nummer twa on the [[ARIA Charts|ARIA Singles Chart]] an wis certifee'd Gowd. In Juin 2013, he released a new Inglis single titled "Come With Me", which serves as the lead single frae his upcomin fowert Inglis-leid studio album.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/latin-notas/1566940/ricky-martins-new-single-come-with-me-listen |title=Ricky Martin's New Single, 'Come With Me': Listen |publisher=Billboard |date= |accessdate=2013-12-05}}</ref> He embarkit on the [[2013 Australian Tour]] in October 2013 an aw. In Februar 2014, he appeared wi [[Jennifer Lopez]] & [[Wisin & malorie|Wisin]] on the single an video "Adrenalina" taen frae Wisin's solo album ''[[El Regreso del Sobreviviente]]''. The album version conteens Spainyie leerics but the single wis made available in a [[Spanglish]] version an aw. In Apryle 2014, the single & video war released for "Vida", frae the FIFA compilation album ''[[One Love, One Rhythm – The 2014 FIFA World Cup Official Album]]''. Here, the album version conteens Spanglish leerics, but the digital EP conteened versions in Spainyie & Portuguese as well as various dance remixes. ==Personal life== Martin is kent as “Kiki” or “Quiquito" bi intimates.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Latinos and Latinas in the United States|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195156003|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195156003.001.0001/acref-9780195156003-e-573?rskey=hO1evK&result=1&q=Kiki%E2%80%9D%20or%20%E2%80%9CQuiquito}}</ref> Martin wis raised Catholic, but says he is open tae aw sorts o releegious beliefs, especially the [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] filosofie, awtho he daes no identifee as a Buddhist.<ref name="buddhist">{{cite web|url=http://www.buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=9,3467,0,0,1,0|title=Ricky Martin admires Buddhist philosophy|work=The Buddhist Channel|publisher=Asian News International|date=November 28, 2006}}</ref> He feels that subscribin tae a specific releegion can "limit" a individual in certaint aspects, an notit in 2006, "I really like the Buddhist philosophy but that doesn’t mean that I am of the religion. If I subscribe to Buddhism, I can’t be of anything else...I am not going to follow those rules."<ref name="buddhist"/> Martin began practicin [[yoga]] efter a trip tae Thailand in 1997.<ref name="zen"/> He enjoys surfin, skydivin, an vacationin in the [[Indie subcontinent]], includin in Indie an Nepal, pairtly on accoont o his interest in yoga an Buddhism, in view o the oreegins o Buddhism an its sacred pilgrimage steids sic [[Bodhgaya]], [[Sarnath]] an [[Kushinagar]] bein in Indie.<ref name="zen"/> In November 2011, he acquired [[Spainyie naitionality law|Spainyie naitionality]] in recognition o his airtistic talents an for haein ruits in the kintra - Martin's grandmither is Spainyie, an he awns a residence in [[Madrid]]. On 9 September 2011 he sauld his hame in [[Miami]] for $16.3 million that he haed bocht in 2007 for $16.5 million.<ref>{{cite web|url =http://www.miamism.com/ricky-martins-golden-beach-home-for-sale/|title =Ricky Martin's Golden Beach Home For Sale|author =Ines Hegedus-Garcia|date =September 21, 2011|accessdate =January 22, 2012|archive-date =2011-12-27|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20111227081420/http://www.miamism.com/ricky-martins-golden-beach-home-for-sale/|url-status =dead}}</ref> In a public statement, written in Spainyie, Martin explicitly statit that he haes no abandoned his Puerto Rican identity: "I was born in Puerto Rico, I am a Puerto Rican, and Puerto Rico is my country. I made the request for Spanish citizenship some time ago, I was just waiting for a response. This step is part of planning for the future within a global community of whom I am part. Spain is a country with which I share many memories and strong ties born of my roots and the love they have given me since I first visited."<ref name=galaz/> Martin went [[vegetarian]] in Mairch 2013.<ref>{{cite news|title = PETA honra a Ricky Martin con una gallina | agency = Associated Press | date = March 20, 2013= http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/E/ESP_CEL_RICKY_MARTIN_PETA_SPEN-?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2013-03-20-15-05-13/}}</ref> ===Relationships an sexuality=== In the past Martin statit he wis in luve wi Mexican TV host [[Rebecca de Alba]], wi whom he haed a on-again aff-again relationship for ower 14 years. Thay even talkit o stairtin a faimily thegither,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hellomagazine.ca/profiles/rickymartin/ |title=Ricky Martin |publisher=Hellomagazine |access-date=2014-02-09 |archive-date=2009-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721105047/http://www.hellomagazine.ca/profiles/rickymartin/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hellomagazine.ca/music/2003/06/20/rickymartin/|title=Ricky Martin |publisher=Hellomagazine }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telemundo52.com/cotorreando/4537195/detail.html |title=Rebeca de Alba saw Ricky Martin as the father of their children (translated) |publisher=TelemundoLA |access-date=2014-02-09 |archive-date=2011-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006021124/http://www.telemundo52.com/cotorreando/4537195/detail.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> an at ane pynt Martin planned on proposin.<ref>[http://www.metro.co.uk/fame/article.html?in_article_id=59812&in_page_id=7&in_a_source=&expand=true Ricky likes being alone]. Metro.co.uk (August 2, 2007). Retrieved on February 25, 2011.</ref> In August 2008, Martin became the faither o twin boys, Matteo an Valentino. The babies wur birthit bi a [[Surrogacy|surrogate mither]] <ref>[http://content.usatoday.com/communities/entertainment/post/2008/12/59800522/1 Ricky Martin has twins babies and 'no nanny' – USATODAY.com]. Content.usatoday.com (December 10, 2008). Retrieved on February 25, 2011.</ref> Efter the success o "Livin' la Vida Loca", Martin's personal life became a subject o interest due tae his lairge gay follaein, an he wis questioned aboot his sexual orientation. In a Dizember 2000 interview wi ''[[Daily Mirror|The Mirror]]'', Martin wis askit tae comment on the rumors surroondin his sexuality. He replee'd that "I don't think I should have to tell anyone if I am gay or not, or who I've slept with or not."<ref>Sally Morgan [http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-67755270.html "Ricky Martin – It's no one's business whether I've been to bed with a cow, a broom or a woman...",] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106102141/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-67755270.html |date=2012-11-06 }} ''The Mirror'', December 9, 2000</ref><ref>Sally Morgan [http://www.rmtee.com/rmtee/html/press70.shtml "Ricky Martin – It's no one's business whether I've been to bed with a cow, a broom or a woman...",] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043719/http://www.rmtee.com/rmtee/html/press70.shtml |date=2016-03-04 }} ''The Mirror'', December 9, 2000, as reproduced on rmtee.com</ref> On 29 Mairch 2010, Martin publicly [[comin oot|acknawledgit his homosexuality]] in a post on his offeecial wabsteid statin, "I am proud to say that I am a fortunate homosexual man. I am very blessed to be who I am."<ref>[http://www.popeater.com/2010/03/29/ricky-martin-gay/ "Ricky Martin Gay Bombshell: 'I am a Fortunate Homosexual Man'"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006035234/http://www.popeater.com/2010/03/29/ricky-martin-gay/ |date=2018-10-06 }}, PopEater.com Staff, March 29, 2010</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/03/29/ricky-martin-comes-out-im_n_517625.html |title=Ricky Martin Comes Out: "I'm A Fortunate Homosexual Man" |work=Huffington Post |date= March 29, 2010|accessdate=August 2, 2010 |first=Katherine |last=Thomson}}</ref> Martin said that "these years in silence and reflection made me stronger and reminded me that acceptance has to come from within, and that this kind of truth gives me the power to conquer emotions I didn't even know existed."<ref>[http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/14639/81249 Yep, He's Gay: Ricky Martin Comes Out of the Closet | Rolling Stone Music] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208161915/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/14639/81249 |date=2010-12-08 }}. Rollingstone.com (March 29, 2010). Retrieved on February 25, 2011.</ref> In 2010, prior tae Martin comin oot, [[Barbara Walters]] expressed some regret for pushin Martin in a 2000 interview tae admit if he wis gay. The ''[[Toronto Star]]'' quotit her as sayin, "When I think back on it now, I feel it was an inappropriate question."<ref>{{cite web |author=Comments |url=http://www.popeater.com/2010/03/09/barbara-walters-ricky-martin-interview/ |title=Barbara Walters Regrets Ricky Martin Interview |publisher=PopEater.com |date=March 9, 2010 |accessdate=August 2, 2010 |archive-date=2013-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029213924/http://www.popeater.com/2010/03/09/barbara-walters-ricky-martin-interview/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Ouzounian |first=Richard |url=http://www.thestar.com/entertainment/television/article/775131--barbara-walters-what-kind-of-tree-is-she |title=Barbara Walters: What kind of tree is she? |work=Toronto Star |date=March 6, 2010 |accessdate=August 2, 2010 |location=Toronto}}</ref> Martin annooncit on ''[[The Oprah Winfrey Show]]'' that he wis in a relationship.<ref>[http://www.oprah.com/oprahshow/Ricky-Martin-on-Coming-Out/10 Ricky Martin on Love] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101211412/http://www.oprah.com/oprahshow/Ricky-Martin-on-Coming-Out/10 |date=2014-01-01 }}. Oprah.com (November 2, 2010). Retrieved on February 25, 2011.</ref> In 2011, durin his acceptance speech o the Vito Russo Award at the [[22nd GLAAD Media Awards]], Martin publicly thankit his boyfriend, Carlos González Abella, a economist.<ref>[http://www.elnuevodia.com/secasarickymartin-1156746.html Se casa Ricky Martin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103223920/http://www.elnuevodia.com/secasarickymartin-1156746.html |date=2015-01-03 }} on ''[[El Nuevo Día]]'' (January 1, 2012)</ref><ref>[http://www.popeater.com/2011/03/21/ricky-martin-partner-glaad-media-awards/ Ricky Martin thanks partner at GLAAD Awards] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101024114/http://www.popeater.com/2011/03/21/ricky-martin-partner-glaad-media-awards/ |date=2014-01-01 }} on PopEater; Mitchell, John (March 21, 2011)</ref> His relationship wi Abella endit in Januar 2014 [http://www.cbsnews.com/news/ricky-martin-splits-from-boyfriend-carlos-gonzalez-abella/] Martin haes expressed support for [[same-sex marriage]] in a interview on ''[[Larry King Live]]'' an aw , an commentit on his experience o bein [[closetit]] an comin oot. "Everything about saying that I am gay feels right...", Martin statit, addin "if I’d known how good it was going to feel, I would have done it ten years ago."<ref name = "LK_Live">{{cite web|url = http://www.samesame.com.au/news/international/6110/Let_Ricky_Martin_get_married|title = Let Ricky Martin Get Married!|publisher = samesame.com.au|author = Akersten, M.|date = November 11, 2010|accessdate = November 14, 2010|archive-date = 2010-11-13|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101113135622/http://www.samesame.com.au/news/international/6110/Let_Ricky_Martin_get_married|url-status = dead}}</ref> ===Humanitarian wirk=== [[File:Ricky Martin at the National Puerto Rican Day Parade.jpg|thumb|left|Ricky Martin at a [[Puerto Rican Day Parade|Puerto Rican Day annual parade]] in New York Ceety]] Martin is the foonder o ''Fundación Ricky Martin'' (''Ricky Martin Foundation''), a nan-profit organisation. Amang the events promotit bi the foundation wis a simmer camp, which includit Martin's personal pairticipation.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.primerahora.com/noticia/farandula/espectaculosasi/ricky_martin_sorprende_a_sus_ahijados/208318| title=Ricky Martin sorprende a sus "ahijados"| publisher=Primera Hora| language=Spanish| date=July 9, 2008| accessdate=July 14, 2008| archive-date=2009-07-19| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719114639/http://www.primerahora.com/noticia/farandula/espectaculosasi/ricky_martin_sorprende_a_sus_ahijados/208318| url-status=dead}}</ref> Martin haes been honored wi mony accolades for his humanitarian efforts includin: Leadership in the Arts Award, ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'''s Spirit of Hope Award, [[ALMA Award]], [[GLAAD Media Award|Vanguard Award]], International Humanitarian Award bi the [[International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children]], Hispanic Heritage Award for his humanitarian wirk throu the Sabera Foundation in rescuin three orphan girls frae the streets o [[Kolkata]] (September 2002). Martin haes collaboratit wi the [[International Organization for Migration]] an aw on the ''Llama y Vive'' (''Call and Live''), a campaign which is aimit tae facilitate prevention o human trokin, pertection o the youngest victims o bairn trokin, an prosecution o the trokers. For his wirk against [[human trokin]], the [[Unitit States Depairtment o State]] namit Martin ane o its Heroes in Endin Modren-Day Slavery in 2005. Its primar project is the Fowk for Children project, which aims tae eliminate [[trokin o childer]]. Tsunami Relief Fund – thegither wi [[Habitat for Humanity]], biggin hames in Thailand<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unicef.org/rightsite/364_570.htm?vid=0 |title=Profile by the Convention on the Rights of the Child |publisher=Unicef.org |date= |accessdate=2013-12-05 |archive-date=2013-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928032434/http://www.unicef.org/rightsite/364_570.htm?vid=0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> *RMF Simmer Camp *Children 4 Children *Haiti Relief The Foundation wirks closely wi [[UNICEF]] an aw. ===Politics=== [[File:Ricky Martin in Congress.jpg|thumb|right|Ricky Martin (mid richt) in Congress, wi [[Luis Fortuño]] (far left), [[Tom Lantos]] (mid left) an Chris Smith (far richt).]] Martin wis a heidliner in the 2001 inauguration celebration for Preses [[George W. Bush]]; he even invitit the newly electit preses tae jyne him on stage tae dance. This image wis captured bi photographers an broadcast in various media throuoot the warld. Martin referred tae it in a later sang, "[[Asignatura Pendiente]]". Martin haes syne chyngit his poseetion on the umwhile Preses. In a concert in Puerto Rico durin the sang ''Asignatura Pendiente'' Martin thrust his middle finger disappruivinly in the air while singin the line "photo with Bush". The gestur met wi audience appruival but caused a minor controversy wi the media. Martin said in a e-mail statement sent tae the [[Associated Press]] via a spokesman: "My convictions of peace and life go beyond any government and political agenda and as long as I have a voice onstage and offstage, I will always condemn war and those who promulgate it".<ref name="NewsMax">"[http://newsmax.com/archives/ic/2007/2/16/85325.shtml?s=ic Singer Ricky Martin 'Fingers' Bush for Iraq Criticism]". [[Associated Press]], February 16, 2007.</ref> Durin his appearance at the ''Billboard'' Latin Music Awards on 29 Apryle 2010, Martin expressed his disagreement wi the [[Arizona SB 1070]] act, a law that requires polis officers tae request documents frae indwallers who thay suspect tae be illegal immigrants.<ref name="speaksout">{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/958416/ricky-martin-criticizes-arizonas-immigration-law|title=Ricky Martin Criticizes Arizona's Immigration Law|work=Billboard|publisher=Prometheus Global Media |date=April 30, 2010|accessdate=August 1, 2012}}</ref> He criticisit the law for "discriminating against us for the simple fact of looking Latino" an further addressed the Latino commonty bi sayin, "Long live love, long live peace...You are not alone. We are with you. Put a stop to discrimination. Put a stop to hate. Put a stop to racism."<ref name="speaksout"/> Martin endorsed Preses [[Barack Obama]] for [[Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2012|his reelection campaign]] bi hostin a fundraiser wi the Preses in [[New York]] on 21 Mey 2012.<ref name="endorses">{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/OTUS/ricky-martin-endorses-president-obama/story?id=16343760|title=Pop Star Ricky Martin Courts Latino, Gay Supporters For President Obama|publisher=ABC News|date=May 14, 2012|accessdate=August 1, 2012|last=Bingham|first=Amy}}</ref> He endorsed the Preses for declarin his support for same-sex marriage.<ref name="endorses"/> ==Discografie== {{Main 2|Ricky Martin discografie|Ricky Martin videografie}} ===Wi Menudo=== * ''[[Evolución (Menudo album)|Evolución]]'' (1984) * ''[[Menudo (album)|Menudo]]'' (1985) * ''[[Ayer y Hoy (Menudo album)|Ayer Y Hoy]]'' (1985) * ''[[Ayer y Hoy (Menudo album)|A Festa Vai Começar]]'' (Portuguese) (1985) * ''[[Viva! Bravo!]]'' (Italian) (1986) * ''[[Refrescante]]'' (1986) * ''[[Can't Get Enough (Menudo album)|Can't Get Enough]]'' (1986) * ''[[Menudo (album)|Menudo]]'' (Portuguese) (1986) * ''[[Somos Los Hijos del Rock]]'' (1987) * ''[[In Action]]'' (Inglis-Tagalog) (1987) * ''[[Sons of Rock]]'' (1988) * ''[[Sombras & Figuras|Sombras Y Figuras]]'' (1989) ===Solo=== * ''[[Ricky Martin (1991 album)|Ricky Martin]]'' (1991) * ''[[Me Amarás (album)|Me Amarás]]'' (1993) * ''[[A Medio Vivir (album)|A Medio Vivir]]'' (1995) * ''[[Vuelve (album)|Vuelve]]'' (1998) * ''[[Ricky Martin (1999 album)|Ricky Martin]]'' (1999) * ''[[Sound Loaded]]'' (2000) * ''[[Almas del Silencio]]'' (2003) * ''[[Life (Ricky Martin album)|Life]]'' (2005) * ''[[MTV Unplugged (Ricky Martin album)|MTV Unplugged]]'' (2006) * ''[[Música + Alma + Sexo]]'' (2011) * ''[[A Quien Quiera Escuchar]]'' (2015) * ''[[Movimiento]]'' (2020) ==Filmografie== *1985 : ''[[The Love Boat]]'' (TV series) as Ricky *1987 : ''[[Por siempre amigos]]'' (Argentina TV series) as Ricky *1991 : ''[[Alcanzar una estrella II]]'' (TV series) as Pablo Loredo *1992 : ''[[Más que alcanzar una estrella]]'' as Enrique *1993 : ''[[Getting By]]'' (TV series) as Martin *1994 : ''[[General Hospital]]'' (TV series) as Miguel Morez (1994–95) *1996 : ''[[Barefoot in Paradice]]'' (TV series) as Sandoval *1997 : ''[[Hercules (1997 film)|Hercules]]'' (Spainyie leid, Voice Anerlie) as Hercules *2006 : ''[[Sos mi vida]]'' (Argentina TV series) as the same *2011 : ''[[The Oprah Winfrey Show]]'' guest *2011 : ''[[Susana Giménez (TV show)|Susana Giménez]]'' guest *2012 : ''[[Glee (TV series)|Glee]]'' (TV series) as David Martinez *2013: The Voice Australia as Hissel (Coach) ==Theatre== *''[[Les Misérables (musical)|Les Misérables]]'' (1996), Broadway&nbsp;– Marius *''[[Evita (musical)|Evita]]'', (2012), Broadway&nbsp;– Ché ==Tours== * Ricky Martin Tour (1992) * Me Amaras Tour (1993–1994) * A Medio Vivir Tour (1995–1997) * Vuelve World Tour (1998) * [[Livin' la Vida Loca Tour]] (1999–2000) * [[One Night Only with Ricky Martin]] (2005–2006) * [[Black and White Tour]] (2007) * [[Música + Alma + Sexo World Tour]]<ref>[http://twitter.com/ricky_martin/status/13011345884581888 Twitter / Ricky Martin: First stop on my "Music+So]. Twitter.com (December 9, 2010). Retrieved on February 25, 2011.</ref> (2011) * [[Ricky Martin Live]] (2013–2014) * Live in Mexico (2014) * [[One World Tour (Ricky Martin)|One World Tour]] (2015–2017) * Ricky Martin en Concierto (2018) * [[Movimiento Tour]] (2020) ==References== ===Notes=== {{Reflist|17em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{commons}} * {{Official website|http://rickymartinmusic.com/}} * {{IMDb name|id=0005193|name=Ricky Martin}} * {{Twitter|ricky_martin}} <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] --> {{DEFAULTSORT:Martin, Ricky}} [[Category:Ricky Martin| ]] [[Category:1971 births]] [[Category:20t-century actors]] [[Category:American humanitarians]] [[Category:American philanthropists]] [[Category:Gay actors]] [[Category:Gay Hispanic an Latino American fowk]] [[Category:Gay muisickers]] [[Category:GLAAD Media Award winners]] [[Category:Grammy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Hispanic an Latino American male actors]] [[Category:Latin Grammy Award winners]] [[Category:Latin pop sangsters]] [[Category:Latin Recording Academy Person of the Year Honorees]] [[Category:LGBT muisickers frae the Unitit States]] [[Category:LGBT fowk frae Puerto Rico]] [[Category:LGBT sangsters]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Male actors frae Los Angeles]] [[Category:Male actors frae San Juan, Puerto Rico]] [[Category:Menudo members]] [[Category:Naturalisit ceetizens o Spain]] [[Category:Sangsters frae Los Angeles]] [[Category:Sangsters frae San Juan, Puerto Rico]] [[Category:Pseudonymous muisickers]] [[Category:Puerto Rican male sangsters]] [[Category:Puerto Rican fowk o Catalan strynd]] [[Category:Puerto Rican fowk o Corsican strynd]] [[Category:Puerto Rican fowk o Spaingie strynd]] [[Category:Puerto Rican pop sangsters]] [[Category:Puerto Rican male soap opera actors]] [[Category:Puerto Rican male stage actors]] [[Category:Spaingie-leid sangsters o the Unitit States]] [[Category:World Music Awards winners]] cj8m8dejeov7rhp92s5n65zpu5jzpup 0 53699 925410 916860 2026-10-28T18:06:27Z Famberhorst 139417 925410 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=Mairch 2021}} {{Italic title}} {{Automatic taxobox | name = ''Aster'' | image = Asteraceae - Aster amellus.JPG | image_caption = ''[[Aster amellus]]'' | taxon = Aster | authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]], 1753 | type_species = ''[[Aster amellus]]'' | type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]], 1753<ref name="Pennissi">{{cite journal |author=Elizabeth Pennissi |year=2001 |title=Linnaeus's last stand? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2001-03-23_291_5512/page/2304 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=291 |issue=5512 |pages=2304–2307 |doi=10.1126/science.291.5512.2304 |pmid=11269295}}</ref> | synonyms = *''Asteromoea'' <small>Blume</small> *''Diplactis'' <small>Raf.</small> *''Heteropappus'' <small>Less.</small> *''Kamerlis'' <small>Cass.</small> | synonyms_ref = <ref name="FNA">{{cite book |author=Luc Brouillet|title=Flora of North America |chapter=''Aster'' Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2 : 872. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 373. 1754 |page=20 |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=102902}} in [[#FNA|Flora of North America]].</ref> }} '''''Aster''''' is a [[genus]] o [[flouerin plant]]s in the faimily [[Asteraceae]]. Its [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscription]] haes been narraeed, an it nou encompasses aroond 180 species, aw but ane o which are restrictit tae [[Eurasie]]; mony species formerly in ''Aster'' are nou in ither genera o the tribe [[Astereae]]. [[File:Bloeiwijze van een herfstaster (Aster). 02-10-2026. (d.j.b) 01.jpg|thumb|260px| Flùraichean-flùrach aster an fhoghair]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * {{Plantarium|Aster|42395}} * [http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/group.php?id=1 Ontario Wildflouers wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201020330/http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/group.php?id=1 |date=2021-02-01 }} Lots o info aboot Asters * [http://www.garden-allotment.com/2011/09/pictures-of-aster-flowers-thriving-in.html Picturs o Aster flouers thrivin in the hairst sunshine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530033002/http://www.garden-allotment.com/2011/09/pictures-of-aster-flowers-thriving-in.html |date=2013-05-30 }} {{Taxonbar|from=Q517130}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Aster (genus)| ]] [[Category:Asteraceae genera]] [[Category:Gairden plants]] {{stub/Plaunt}} pgv3cg4koa2eb2rksw0fef5kodkflkt 0 59618 925428 560622 2026-10-29T08:26:49Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 925428 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = | image =Paratype of Paedophryne amauensis (LSUMZ 95004).png | image_caption= [[Paratype]] o ''Paedophryne amauensis'' (LSUMZ 95004) on a [[Dime (Unitit States coin)|U.S. dime]] (diameter 18&nbsp;mm)<ref name = "BBC"/> | status = | status_system = | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]] | subphylum = [[Vertebrata]] | classis = [[Amphibia]] | ordo = [[Frog|Anura]] | familia = [[Microhylidae]] | subfamilia = [[Asterophryinae]] | genus = ''[[Paedophryne]]'' | species = '''''P. amauensis''''' | binomial = ''Paedophryne amauensis'' | binomial_authority = Rittmeyer ''et al.'' 2012<ref name="Rittmeyeretal"/> }} '''''Paedophryne amauensis''''' is a species o [[frog]] frae [[Papua New Guinea]] discovered in August 2009 an formally described in Januar 2012.<ref name = "BBC">{{cite news|last=Black |first=Richard |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-16491477 |title=World's smallest frog discovered |work=[[BBC News]] |date=11 January 2012 |accessdate=12 January 2012}}</ref><ref name = "Rittmeyeretal">{{cite journal |last1=Rittmeyer |first1=Eric N. |last2=Allison |first2=Allen |last3=Gründler |first3=Michael C. |last4=Thompson |first4=Derrick K. |last5=Austin |first5=Christopher C. |year=2012 |title=Ecological guild evolution and the discovery of the world's smallest vertebrate |journal=[[PLoS ONE]] |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages= e29797|publisher=[[Public Library of Science]] |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0029797 |url=http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0029797 |accessdate=11 January 2012 |pmid=22253785 |pmc=3256195}}</ref> At {{convert|7.7|mm|in|abbr=on}} in length, it is the [[Smawest organisms|warld's smawest kent vertebrate]].<ref name="Rittmeyeretal" /><ref name="TinyAustralian">{{cite news |title=World's tiniest frogs found in Papua New Guinea |author= |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/breaking-news/worlds-tiniest-frogs-found-in-papua-new-guinea/story-fn3dxity-1226242332383 |newspaper=[[The Australian]] |date=12 January 2012 |accessdate=11 January 2012}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The newly describit frog species wis leetit in the ''Top 10 New Species 2013'' bi the [[Internaitional Institute for Species Exploration]] for discoveries made durin 2012. The leet wis annoonced on 22 Mey 2013.<ref>{{cite web |author=Newswise|title= Scientists Announce Top 10 New Species |date= 22 May 2013 |url= http://www.newswise.com/articles/scientists-announce-top-10-new-species| work= Arizona State University College of Liberal Arts and Sciences |publisher=Newswise, Inc |accessdate=2013-05-23}}</ref><ref name=ari>{{cite web |author= Arizona State University College of Liberal Arts and Sciences |title= Top 10 new species of 2012|date= 22 May 2013 |url= http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/05/130522163921.htm | work= ScienceDaily|publisher= ScienceDaily, LLC |accessdate=2013-05-23}}</ref><ref name=var>{{cite web |author= Varma S |title= Amazing top 10 new species include glowing cockroach, tiniest vertebrate and new monkey|date= 23 May 2013 |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/Amazing-top-10-new-species-include-glowing-cockroach-tiniest-vertebrate-and-new-monkey/articleshow/20224922.cms| work= The Times of India|publisher= Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. |accessdate=2013-05-24}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Microhylidae]] [[Category:Ainimals descrived in 2012]] [[Category:Amphibians o New Guinea]] [[Category:Amphibians o Papua New Guinea]] [[Category:Endemic fauna o Papua New Guinea]] 22ipoaoi6zpel8t4s8kceprrlxw7tyc 0 64648 925405 865432 2026-10-28T12:43:02Z CommonsDelinker 411 Replacin' Cykoria_podroznik_pokroj.jpg wi' [[File:Cichorium_intybus_Cykoria_podróżnik_pokrój_2005-07_Sołtysowice.jpg]] (by [[commons:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] coz: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR1|Criterion 1]] (original uploader’s 925405 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Cichorium intybus Cykoria podróżnik pokrój 2005-07 Sołtysowice.jpg|thumb|Common chicory, ''[[Cichorium intybus]]'', is a herbaceous perennial plant]] A '''perennial plant''' or simply '''perennial''' ({{ety|la|per|through||annus|year}}) is a [[plant]] that lives for mair nor twa year.<ref>The Garden Helper. [http://www.thegardenhelper.com/planting.html The Difference Between Annual Plants and Perennial Plants in the Garden.] Retrieved on 2008-06-22.</ref> The term is aften uised tae differentiate a plant frae shorter-lived [[annual plant|annuals]] an [[biennial plant|biennials]]. The term is widely uised tae distinguish plants wi awee or na widdy growth frae trees an shrubs, whilk is technically perennials an aa.<ref name=RHSAZ>{{cite book|title=RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants|url=https://archive.org/details/azencyclopediaof0000unse|year=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=1405332964|pages=1136}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Perennial Plant}} [[Category:Botanical nomenclature]] [[Category:Plants]] [[Category:Gairden plants]] [[Category:Perennial plants| ]] lw9hrufxbvihakpfzbxvejkamkoomfb 0 69029 925421 898404 2026-10-29T01:17:33Z Atlantic306 30244 /* Freemit airtins */ fixed link 925421 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Ovidiopolskyi-Raion.png|thumb|300px|alt=|Location o Ovidiopol Raion in Odessa Oblast]] The '''Ovidiopol Raion''' ({{lang-uk|Овідіопольський район}}) is locatit in the [[Odessa Oblast]] o [[Ukraine]]. Its admeenistrative centre is the toun o [[Ovidiopol]]. The population o the destrict wis 60,308 in 2001. Accordin tae the [[Ukrainian Census (2001)|2001 Ukrainian census]] the population wis 79% [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]], 15% [[Roushies|Roushie]], 2% [[Moldovans|Moldovan]], 1% [[Bulgaries|Bulgarie]], an 1% [[Belaroushies|Belaroushie]].<ref>[http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Odesa/ 2001 All Ukrainian population census results for Odessa Region] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090731133158/http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Odesa |date=2009-07-31 }}</ref> The shore o the [[Black Sea]] forms the sootheastren edge o the destrict an the shore o the [[Dniester Liman]] forms the soothwastren edge. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * {{uk icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20201215010323/http://ovidiopol-rda.odessa.gov.ua/ Ovidiopolskyi Raion] * {{uk icon}} [http://gska2.rada.gov.ua/pls/z7502/A005?rdat1=19.10.2008&rf7571=22947 Ovidiopolskyi Raion] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120311121639/http://gska2.rada.gov.ua/pls/z7502/A005?rdat1=19.10.2008&rf7571=22947 |date=2012-03-11 }} * {{uk icon}} [http://www.ovidiopol.com Ovidiopolsky aurie] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901144110/http://www.ovidiopol.com/ |date=2007-09-01 }} * {{uk icon}} [http://www.ovidiopol.net Ovidiopolsky aurie] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070508193036/http://www.ovidiopol.net/ |date=2007-05-08 }} {{Geographic location | Northwest = [[Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Raion]] <br> [[Dniester Liman]] | North = [[Biliaivka Raion]] | Northeast = [[Odessa]] | West = [[Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Raion]] <br> [[Dniester Liman]] | Centre = Ovidiopol | East = [[Black Sea]] | Southwest = [[Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Raion]] <br> [[Dniester Liman]] | South = [[Black Sea]] | Southeast = [[Black Sea]]}} {{Odessa Oblast}} [[Category:Raions o Odessa Oblast]] 8k0fawnel5oe05qv9qhmb3x5jaiogtk 925422 925421 2026-10-29T01:20:54Z Atlantic306 30244 /* Freemit airtins */ replaced archive today 925422 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Ovidiopolskyi-Raion.png|thumb|300px|alt=|Location o Ovidiopol Raion in Odessa Oblast]] The '''Ovidiopol Raion''' ({{lang-uk|Овідіопольський район}}) is locatit in the [[Odessa Oblast]] o [[Ukraine]]. Its admeenistrative centre is the toun o [[Ovidiopol]]. The population o the destrict wis 60,308 in 2001. Accordin tae the [[Ukrainian Census (2001)|2001 Ukrainian census]] the population wis 79% [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]], 15% [[Roushies|Roushie]], 2% [[Moldovans|Moldovan]], 1% [[Bulgaries|Bulgarie]], an 1% [[Belaroushies|Belaroushie]].<ref>[http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Odesa/ 2001 All Ukrainian population census results for Odessa Region] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090731133158/http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Odesa |date=2009-07-31 }}</ref> The shore o the [[Black Sea]] forms the sootheastren edge o the destrict an the shore o the [[Dniester Liman]] forms the soothwastren edge. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * {{uk icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20201215010323/http://ovidiopol-rda.odessa.gov.ua/ Ovidiopolskyi Raion] * {{uk icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20120311121639/http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/z7502/A005?rdat1=19.10.2008&rf7571=22947O Ovidiopolskyi Raion] * {{uk icon}} [http://www.ovidiopol.com Ovidiopolsky aurie] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901144110/http://www.ovidiopol.com/ |date=2007-09-01 }} * {{uk icon}} [http://www.ovidiopol.net Ovidiopolsky aurie] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070508193036/http://www.ovidiopol.net/ |date=2007-05-08 }} {{Geographic location | Northwest = [[Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Raion]] <br> [[Dniester Liman]] | North = [[Biliaivka Raion]] | Northeast = [[Odessa]] | West = [[Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Raion]] <br> [[Dniester Liman]] | Centre = Ovidiopol | East = [[Black Sea]] | Southwest = [[Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Raion]] <br> [[Dniester Liman]] | South = [[Black Sea]] | Southeast = [[Black Sea]]}} {{Odessa Oblast}} [[Category:Raions o Odessa Oblast]] 1uqvdfwhjjy772jbakb7oxtyfhy5a76 925423 925422 2026-10-29T01:22:30Z Atlantic306 30244 /* Freemit airtins */ fixed typo 925423 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Ovidiopolskyi-Raion.png|thumb|300px|alt=|Location o Ovidiopol Raion in Odessa Oblast]] The '''Ovidiopol Raion''' ({{lang-uk|Овідіопольський район}}) is locatit in the [[Odessa Oblast]] o [[Ukraine]]. Its admeenistrative centre is the toun o [[Ovidiopol]]. The population o the destrict wis 60,308 in 2001. Accordin tae the [[Ukrainian Census (2001)|2001 Ukrainian census]] the population wis 79% [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]], 15% [[Roushies|Roushie]], 2% [[Moldovans|Moldovan]], 1% [[Bulgaries|Bulgarie]], an 1% [[Belaroushies|Belaroushie]].<ref>[http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Odesa/ 2001 All Ukrainian population census results for Odessa Region] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090731133158/http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Odesa |date=2009-07-31 }}</ref> The shore o the [[Black Sea]] forms the sootheastren edge o the destrict an the shore o the [[Dniester Liman]] forms the soothwastren edge. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * {{uk icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20201215010323/http://ovidiopol-rda.odessa.gov.ua/ Ovidiopolskyi Raion] * {{uk icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20120311121639/http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/z7502/A005?rdat1=19.10.2008&rf7571=22947 Ovidiopolskyi Raion] * {{uk icon}} [http://www.ovidiopol.com Ovidiopolsky aurie] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901144110/http://www.ovidiopol.com/ |date=2007-09-01 }} * {{uk icon}} [http://www.ovidiopol.net Ovidiopolsky aurie] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070508193036/http://www.ovidiopol.net/ |date=2007-05-08 }} {{Geographic location | Northwest = [[Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Raion]] <br> [[Dniester Liman]] | North = [[Biliaivka Raion]] | Northeast = [[Odessa]] | West = [[Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Raion]] <br> [[Dniester Liman]] | Centre = Ovidiopol | East = [[Black Sea]] | Southwest = [[Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Raion]] <br> [[Dniester Liman]] | South = [[Black Sea]] | Southeast = [[Black Sea]]}} {{Odessa Oblast}} [[Category:Raions o Odessa Oblast]] op687vnslj8e16fiqyccg46h64qgg4x 925424 925423 2026-10-29T01:25:49Z Atlantic306 30244 /* Freemit airtins */ fixed links 925424 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Ovidiopolskyi-Raion.png|thumb|300px|alt=|Location o Ovidiopol Raion in Odessa Oblast]] The '''Ovidiopol Raion''' ({{lang-uk|Овідіопольський район}}) is locatit in the [[Odessa Oblast]] o [[Ukraine]]. Its admeenistrative centre is the toun o [[Ovidiopol]]. The population o the destrict wis 60,308 in 2001. Accordin tae the [[Ukrainian Census (2001)|2001 Ukrainian census]] the population wis 79% [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]], 15% [[Roushies|Roushie]], 2% [[Moldovans|Moldovan]], 1% [[Bulgaries|Bulgarie]], an 1% [[Belaroushies|Belaroushie]].<ref>[http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Odesa/ 2001 All Ukrainian population census results for Odessa Region] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090731133158/http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Odesa |date=2009-07-31 }}</ref> The shore o the [[Black Sea]] forms the sootheastren edge o the destrict an the shore o the [[Dniester Liman]] forms the soothwastren edge. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * {{uk icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20201215010323/http://ovidiopol-rda.odessa.gov.ua/ Ovidiopolskyi Raion] * {{uk icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20120311121639/http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/z7502/A005?rdat1=19.10.2008&rf7571=22947 Ovidiopolskyi Raion] * {{uk icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20070901144110/http://www.ovidiopol.com/ Ovidiopolsky aurie] * {{uk icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20070508193036/http://www.ovidiopol.net/ Ovidiopolsky aurie] {{Geographic location | Northwest = [[Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Raion]] <br> [[Dniester Liman]] | North = [[Biliaivka Raion]] | Northeast = [[Odessa]] | West = [[Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Raion]] <br> [[Dniester Liman]] | Centre = Ovidiopol | East = [[Black Sea]] | Southwest = [[Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Raion]] <br> [[Dniester Liman]] | South = [[Black Sea]] | Southeast = [[Black Sea]]}} {{Odessa Oblast}} [[Category:Raions o Odessa Oblast]] e52xr5to4t5frfnnl8js0fsmf8lruzb 0 80906 925414 894235 2026-10-29T00:50:31Z Atlantic306 30244 removed archive today, left citation needed tag as it is not properly archived at internet archive 925414 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Nicolas Anelka | image = Nicolas Anelka 4720.jpg | caption = Anelka playin for [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] in 2010 | fullname = Nicolas Sébastien Anelka<ref>{{cite web|title=FIFA World Cup South Africa 2010 – List of Players|url=http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/01/22/85/78/fwc_2010_squadlists.pdf|publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA)|accessdate=5 June 2013|format=PDF|archive-date=2020-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517205300/https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/01/22/85/78/fwc_2010_squadlists.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1979|3|14|df=y}}<ref name="PFA 25">{{cite book| last = Hugman| first = Barry J.| title = The PFA Premier & Football League Players' Records 1946–2005| publisher=Queen Anne Press| year = 2005| page = 25| isbn = 1-85291-665-6 }}</ref> | birth_place = [[Le Chesnay]], Fraunce | height = {{convert|1.85|m|ftin|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Player Profiles|url=http://www.wba.co.uk/team/player-profile/index.aspx?playerid=31888&tcmuri=896199|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225070147/http://www.wba.co.uk/team/player-profile/index.aspx?playerid=31888&tcmuri=896199|archivedate=2013-12-25|publisher=[[West Bromwich Albion F.C.]]|access-date=2014-09-03|url-status=dead}}</ref> | position = [[Forrit (association football)#Striker|Striker]] | currentclub = [[Free agent]] | youthyears1 = 1983–1993 |youthclubs1 = Trappes Saint-Quentin | youthyears2 = 1993–1995 |youthclubs2 = [[Clairefontaine]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.fff.fr/presentationfff/actualite/418646.shtml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114014916/http://www.fff.fr/presentationfff/actualite/418646.shtml|archivedate=2012-11-14|title=INF, formateur de talents|accessdate=21 July 2009|publisher=FFF|language=French|url-status=live}}</ref> | youthyears3 = 1995–1996 |youthclubs3 = [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] | years1 = 1996–1997 |clubs1 = [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] | caps1 = 10 | goals1 = 1 | years2 = 1997–1999 |clubs2 = [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] | caps2 = 65 | goals2 = 23 | years3 = 1999–2000 |clubs3 = [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]] | caps3 = 19 | goals3 = 2 | years4 = 2000–2002 |clubs4 = [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] | caps4 = 39 | goals4 = 10 | years5 = 2001–2002 |clubs5 = → [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] (loan) | caps5 = 20 | goals5 = 4 | years6 = 2002–2005 |clubs6 = [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] | caps6 = 89 | goals6 = 37 | years7 = 2005–2006 |clubs7 = [[Fenerbahçe S.K. (football team)|Fenerbahçe]] | caps7 = 39 | goals7 = 14 | years8 = 2006–2008 |clubs8 = [[Bolton Wanderers F.C.|Bolton Wanderers]] | caps8 = 53 | goals8 = 21 | years9 = 2008–2012 |clubs9 = [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] | caps9 = 125 | goals9 = 38 | years10 = 2012–2013 |clubs10 = [[Shanghai Shenhua]] | caps10 = 22 | goals10 = 3 | years11 = 2013 |clubs11 = → [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]] (lend) | caps11 = 2 | goals11 = 0<!-- DO ''not'' REMOVE THE FACT THIS WAS A LOAN SPELL --> | years12 = 2013–2014 |clubs12 = [[West Bromwich Albion F.C.|West Bromwich Albion]]| caps12 = 12 | goals12 = 2 | years13 = 2014–2015 |clubs13 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] | caps13 = 13 | goals13 = 2 | totalcaps = 508 | totalgoals = 157 | nationalyears1 = 1997 |nationalteam1 = [[France national under-20 football team|France U20]] |nationalcaps1= 3 |nationalgoals1= 0 | nationalyears2 = 1998–2010 |nationalteam2 = [[France national football team|France]] |nationalcaps2 = 69 |nationalgoals2 = 14 | manageryears1 = 2012| managerclubs1 = [[Shanghai Shenhua F.C.|Shanghai Shenhua]] (player-coach)| manageryears2 = 2015| managerclubs2 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] (player-manager) | club-update = 5 November 2014}} '''Nicolas Sébastien Anelka''' ({{IPA-fr|ni.kɔ.la a.nɛl.ka}}; born 14 Mairch 1979) is a French umwhile [[Association fitbaw|fitbawer]]. Prior tae his reteerment frae internaitional fitbaw, Anelka wis a regular member o the [[Fraunce naitional fitbaw team|French naitional team]] an aw. Umwhile Chelsea manager [[Carlo Ancelotti]] haes describit him as a quick player wi guid aerial ability, technique, shuitin, an muivement aff the baw.{{citation needed|date=October 2026}} ==Personal life== Anelka wis born in 1979 in [[Le Chesnay]], [[Yvelines]], tae parents who haed migratit frae [[Martinique]] in 1974. Thareefter thay settled in [[Trappes]], near Paris. His mither is a secretar in the local heich schuil.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/26/sports/26iht-soccer.3674386.html "Nicolas Anelka haunts old coach as Bolton beats Arsenal"]. [[The New York Times]]. 26 November 2006.</ref><ref>[http://fourfourtwo.com/interviews/one-on-one/156/article.aspx "One-on-One with Nicolas Anelka"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828002324/http://fourfourtwo.com/interviews/one-on-one/156/article.aspx |date=2008-08-28 }}. [[FourFourTwo]] Retrieved 8 January 2012.</ref><ref name="lepoint.fr">[http://www.lepoint.fr/archives/article.php/81309 "Nicolas Anelka: de Trappes à Wembley"] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130213165632/http://www.lepoint.fr/archives/article.php/81309 |date=2013-02-13 }} (in French). [[Le Point]]. 20 February 1999.</ref> Anelka is marriet tae [[Barbara Tausia]], a Belgian choreographer. Thegither, thay hae twa sons, Kais born in 2008 an Kahil born in 2010.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2008/may/20/championsleague.chelsea3?2010. Chelsea: The players] ''[[The Guardian]]'', 20 May 2008; Retrieved 10 February 2009</ref> He actit in the 2002 film ''[[Le Boulet]]'' as a fitbawer namit Nicolas. He haes stated that, whan he retires frae fitbaw, he wad lik tae wirk in the film industry acause he haes a friend in the business.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2007/oct/24/theknowledge.sport | work=The Guardian | title=Has a journalist ever won an international cap? | first=Tom | last=Bryant | date=24 October 2007| accessdate=20 May 2010 | location=London}}</ref> Anelka haes twa brithers, [[Claude Anelka|Claude]] an Didier.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2008/nov/30/chelsea-arsenal-premier-league The £85m man lights Blue touchpaper] ''The Observer'', 30 November 2008</ref> ==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{commons category}} * {{soccerbase|id=10409|name=Nicolas Anelka}} * {{FIFA player|170710}} * {{UEFA player|27578}} * [http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/players/profile.overview.html/nicolas-anelka Premier League profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214061109/http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/players/profile.overview.html/nicolas-anelka |date=2014-02-14 }} * [http://www.fff.fr/equipes-de-france/tous-les-joueurs/fiche-joueur/85-nicolas-anelka ANELKA Nicolas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408211844/http://www.fff.fr/equipes-de-france/tous-les-joueurs/fiche-joueur/85-nicolas-anelka |date=2014-04-08 }} Fédération Française de Football (FFF) {{fr icon}} {{Navboxes colour |bg=gold |fg=navy |bordercolor=navy |title= Awards |list1= {{Premier League topscorers}} {{PFA Young Player of the Year}} {{1998–99 FA Premier League PFA Team of the Year}} {{2008–09 Premier League PFA Team of the Year}} }} {{Navboxes colour |title= France squads |bg= #002395 |fg= white |bordercolor= #ED2939 |list1= {{France squad UEFA Euro 2000}} {{France squad 2001 FIFA Confederations Cup}} {{France squad UEFA Euro 2008}} {{France squad 2010 FIFA Warld Cup}} }} <!--DO NOT add the category French Muslims: Per Wikipedia:BLP#Categories (point 2) an an aa read the player's desire tae keep this aspect o his life personal (See http://fourfourtwo.com/interviews/one-on-one/156/article.aspx)--> {{DEFAULTSORT:Anelka, Nicolas}} [[Category:1979 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Le Chesnay]] [[Category:Association fitbaw forrits]] [[Category:French fitbawers]] [[Category:Fraunce youth internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Fraunce internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:INF Clairefontaine players]] [[Category:Paris Saint-Germain F.C. players]] [[Category:Arsenal F.C. players]] [[Category:Real Madrid CF players]] [[Category:Liverpool F.C. players]] [[Category:Manchester City F.C. players]] [[Category:Fenerbahçe fitbawers]] [[Category:Bolton Wanderers F.C. players]] [[Category:Chelsea F.C. players]] [[Category:Shanghai Shenhua F.C. players]] [[Category:Juventus F.C. players]] [[Category:West Bromwich Albion F.C. players]] [[Category:Ligue 1 players]] [[Category:Premier League players]] [[Category:La Liga players]] [[Category:Süper Lig players]] [[Category:Serie A players]] [[Category:First Division/Premier League tap scorers]] [[Category:UEFA Euro 2000 players]] [[Category:UEFA Euro 2008 players]] [[Category:2001 FIFA Confederations Cup players]] [[Category:2010 FIFA Warld Cup players]] [[Category:UEFA European Championship-winnin players]] [[Category:FIFA Confederations Cup-winnin players]] [[Category:French expatriate fitbawers]] [[Category:French expatriates in Ingland]] [[Category:French expatriates in Spain]] [[Category:French expatriates in Turkey]] [[Category:French expatriates in Cheenae]] [[Category:French expatriates in Italy]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Ingland]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Spain]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Turkey]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Cheenae]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Italy]] [[Category:French fowk o Martiniquais strynd]] [[Category:Converts tae Islam]] [[Category:French Muslims]] [[Category:Mumbai City FC players]] adb1v2p9xyn51v16w6p280f3grrg1jg 925415 925414 2026-10-29T00:53:30Z Atlantic306 30244 fixed reference 925415 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Nicolas Anelka | image = Nicolas Anelka 4720.jpg | caption = Anelka playin for [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] in 2010 | fullname = Nicolas Sébastien Anelka<ref>{{cite web|title=FIFA World Cup South Africa 2010 – List of Players|url=http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/01/22/85/78/fwc_2010_squadlists.pdf|publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA)|accessdate=5 June 2013|format=PDF|archive-date=2020-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517205300if_/https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/01/22/85/78/fwc_2010_squadlists.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1979|3|14|df=y}}<ref name="PFA 25">{{cite book| last = Hugman| first = Barry J.| title = The PFA Premier & Football League Players' Records 1946–2005| publisher=Queen Anne Press| year = 2005| page = 25| isbn = 1-85291-665-6 }}</ref> | birth_place = [[Le Chesnay]], Fraunce | height = {{convert|1.85|m|ftin|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Player Profiles|url=http://www.wba.co.uk/team/player-profile/index.aspx?playerid=31888&tcmuri=896199|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225070147/http://www.wba.co.uk/team/player-profile/index.aspx?playerid=31888&tcmuri=896199|archivedate=2013-12-25|publisher=[[West Bromwich Albion F.C.]]|access-date=2014-09-03|url-status=dead}}</ref> | position = [[Forrit (association football)#Striker|Striker]] | currentclub = [[Free agent]] | youthyears1 = 1983–1993 |youthclubs1 = Trappes Saint-Quentin | youthyears2 = 1993–1995 |youthclubs2 = [[Clairefontaine]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.fff.fr/presentationfff/actualite/418646.shtml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114014916/http://www.fff.fr/presentationfff/actualite/418646.shtml|archivedate=2012-11-14|title=INF, formateur de talents|publisher=FFF|language=French|url-status=dead}}</ref> | youthyears3 = 1995–1996 |youthclubs3 = [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] | years1 = 1996–1997 |clubs1 = [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] | caps1 = 10 | goals1 = 1 | years2 = 1997–1999 |clubs2 = [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] | caps2 = 65 | goals2 = 23 | years3 = 1999–2000 |clubs3 = [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]] | caps3 = 19 | goals3 = 2 | years4 = 2000–2002 |clubs4 = [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] | caps4 = 39 | goals4 = 10 | years5 = 2001–2002 |clubs5 = → [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] (loan) | caps5 = 20 | goals5 = 4 | years6 = 2002–2005 |clubs6 = [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] | caps6 = 89 | goals6 = 37 | years7 = 2005–2006 |clubs7 = [[Fenerbahçe S.K. (football team)|Fenerbahçe]] | caps7 = 39 | goals7 = 14 | years8 = 2006–2008 |clubs8 = [[Bolton Wanderers F.C.|Bolton Wanderers]] | caps8 = 53 | goals8 = 21 | years9 = 2008–2012 |clubs9 = [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] | caps9 = 125 | goals9 = 38 | years10 = 2012–2013 |clubs10 = [[Shanghai Shenhua]] | caps10 = 22 | goals10 = 3 | years11 = 2013 |clubs11 = → [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]] (lend) | caps11 = 2 | goals11 = 0<!-- DO ''not'' REMOVE THE FACT THIS WAS A LOAN SPELL --> | years12 = 2013–2014 |clubs12 = [[West Bromwich Albion F.C.|West Bromwich Albion]]| caps12 = 12 | goals12 = 2 | years13 = 2014–2015 |clubs13 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] | caps13 = 13 | goals13 = 2 | totalcaps = 508 | totalgoals = 157 | nationalyears1 = 1997 |nationalteam1 = [[France national under-20 football team|France U20]] |nationalcaps1= 3 |nationalgoals1= 0 | nationalyears2 = 1998–2010 |nationalteam2 = [[France national football team|France]] |nationalcaps2 = 69 |nationalgoals2 = 14 | manageryears1 = 2012| managerclubs1 = [[Shanghai Shenhua F.C.|Shanghai Shenhua]] (player-coach)| manageryears2 = 2015| managerclubs2 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] (player-manager) | club-update = 5 November 2014}} '''Nicolas Sébastien Anelka''' ({{IPA-fr|ni.kɔ.la a.nɛl.ka}}; born 14 Mairch 1979) is a French umwhile [[Association fitbaw|fitbawer]]. Prior tae his reteerment frae internaitional fitbaw, Anelka wis a regular member o the [[Fraunce naitional fitbaw team|French naitional team]] an aw. Umwhile Chelsea manager [[Carlo Ancelotti]] haes describit him as a quick player wi guid aerial ability, technique, shuitin, an muivement aff the baw.{{citation needed|date=October 2026}} ==Personal life== Anelka wis born in 1979 in [[Le Chesnay]], [[Yvelines]], tae parents who haed migratit frae [[Martinique]] in 1974. Thareefter thay settled in [[Trappes]], near Paris. His mither is a secretar in the local heich schuil.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/26/sports/26iht-soccer.3674386.html "Nicolas Anelka haunts old coach as Bolton beats Arsenal"]. [[The New York Times]]. 26 November 2006.</ref><ref>[http://fourfourtwo.com/interviews/one-on-one/156/article.aspx "One-on-One with Nicolas Anelka"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828002324/http://fourfourtwo.com/interviews/one-on-one/156/article.aspx |date=2008-08-28 }}. [[FourFourTwo]] Retrieved 8 January 2012.</ref><ref name="lepoint.fr">[http://www.lepoint.fr/archives/article.php/81309 "Nicolas Anelka: de Trappes à Wembley"] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130213165632/http://www.lepoint.fr/archives/article.php/81309 |date=2013-02-13 }} (in French). [[Le Point]]. 20 February 1999.</ref> Anelka is marriet tae [[Barbara Tausia]], a Belgian choreographer. Thegither, thay hae twa sons, Kais born in 2008 an Kahil born in 2010.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2008/may/20/championsleague.chelsea3?2010. Chelsea: The players] ''[[The Guardian]]'', 20 May 2008; Retrieved 10 February 2009</ref> He actit in the 2002 film ''[[Le Boulet]]'' as a fitbawer namit Nicolas. He haes stated that, whan he retires frae fitbaw, he wad lik tae wirk in the film industry acause he haes a friend in the business.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2007/oct/24/theknowledge.sport | work=The Guardian | title=Has a journalist ever won an international cap? | first=Tom | last=Bryant | date=24 October 2007| accessdate=20 May 2010 | location=London}}</ref> Anelka haes twa brithers, [[Claude Anelka|Claude]] an Didier.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2008/nov/30/chelsea-arsenal-premier-league The £85m man lights Blue touchpaper] ''The Observer'', 30 November 2008</ref> ==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{commons category}} * {{soccerbase|id=10409|name=Nicolas Anelka}} * {{FIFA player|170710}} * {{UEFA player|27578}} * [http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/players/profile.overview.html/nicolas-anelka Premier League profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214061109/http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/players/profile.overview.html/nicolas-anelka |date=2014-02-14 }} * [http://www.fff.fr/equipes-de-france/tous-les-joueurs/fiche-joueur/85-nicolas-anelka ANELKA Nicolas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408211844/http://www.fff.fr/equipes-de-france/tous-les-joueurs/fiche-joueur/85-nicolas-anelka |date=2014-04-08 }} Fédération Française de Football (FFF) {{fr icon}} {{Navboxes colour |bg=gold |fg=navy |bordercolor=navy |title= Awards |list1= {{Premier League topscorers}} {{PFA Young Player of the Year}} {{1998–99 FA Premier League PFA Team of the Year}} {{2008–09 Premier League PFA Team of the Year}} }} {{Navboxes colour |title= France squads |bg= #002395 |fg= white |bordercolor= #ED2939 |list1= {{France squad UEFA Euro 2000}} {{France squad 2001 FIFA Confederations Cup}} {{France squad UEFA Euro 2008}} {{France squad 2010 FIFA Warld Cup}} }} <!--DO NOT add the category French Muslims: Per Wikipedia:BLP#Categories (point 2) an an aa read the player's desire tae keep this aspect o his life personal (See http://fourfourtwo.com/interviews/one-on-one/156/article.aspx)--> {{DEFAULTSORT:Anelka, Nicolas}} [[Category:1979 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Le Chesnay]] [[Category:Association fitbaw forrits]] [[Category:French fitbawers]] [[Category:Fraunce youth internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Fraunce internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:INF Clairefontaine players]] [[Category:Paris Saint-Germain F.C. players]] [[Category:Arsenal F.C. players]] [[Category:Real Madrid CF players]] [[Category:Liverpool F.C. players]] [[Category:Manchester City F.C. players]] [[Category:Fenerbahçe fitbawers]] [[Category:Bolton Wanderers F.C. players]] [[Category:Chelsea F.C. players]] [[Category:Shanghai Shenhua F.C. players]] [[Category:Juventus F.C. players]] [[Category:West Bromwich Albion F.C. players]] [[Category:Ligue 1 players]] [[Category:Premier League players]] [[Category:La Liga players]] [[Category:Süper Lig players]] [[Category:Serie A players]] [[Category:First Division/Premier League tap scorers]] [[Category:UEFA Euro 2000 players]] [[Category:UEFA Euro 2008 players]] [[Category:2001 FIFA Confederations Cup players]] [[Category:2010 FIFA Warld Cup players]] [[Category:UEFA European Championship-winnin players]] [[Category:FIFA Confederations Cup-winnin players]] [[Category:French expatriate fitbawers]] [[Category:French expatriates in Ingland]] [[Category:French expatriates in Spain]] [[Category:French expatriates in Turkey]] [[Category:French expatriates in Cheenae]] [[Category:French expatriates in Italy]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Ingland]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Spain]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Turkey]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Cheenae]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Italy]] [[Category:French fowk o Martiniquais strynd]] [[Category:Converts tae Islam]] [[Category:French Muslims]] [[Category:Mumbai City FC players]] i2m3zkqybspggau6jws49gehco6z5ai 925416 925415 2026-10-29T00:58:44Z Atlantic306 30244 /* Personal life */ fixed reference 925416 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Nicolas Anelka | image = Nicolas Anelka 4720.jpg | caption = Anelka playin for [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] in 2010 | fullname = Nicolas Sébastien Anelka<ref>{{cite web|title=FIFA World Cup South Africa 2010 – List of Players|url=http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/01/22/85/78/fwc_2010_squadlists.pdf|publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA)|accessdate=5 June 2013|format=PDF|archive-date=2020-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517205300if_/https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/01/22/85/78/fwc_2010_squadlists.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1979|3|14|df=y}}<ref name="PFA 25">{{cite book| last = Hugman| first = Barry J.| title = The PFA Premier & Football League Players' Records 1946–2005| publisher=Queen Anne Press| year = 2005| page = 25| isbn = 1-85291-665-6 }}</ref> | birth_place = [[Le Chesnay]], Fraunce | height = {{convert|1.85|m|ftin|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Player Profiles|url=http://www.wba.co.uk/team/player-profile/index.aspx?playerid=31888&tcmuri=896199|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225070147/http://www.wba.co.uk/team/player-profile/index.aspx?playerid=31888&tcmuri=896199|archivedate=2013-12-25|publisher=[[West Bromwich Albion F.C.]]|access-date=2014-09-03|url-status=dead}}</ref> | position = [[Forrit (association football)#Striker|Striker]] | currentclub = [[Free agent]] | youthyears1 = 1983–1993 |youthclubs1 = Trappes Saint-Quentin | youthyears2 = 1993–1995 |youthclubs2 = [[Clairefontaine]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.fff.fr/presentationfff/actualite/418646.shtml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114014916/http://www.fff.fr/presentationfff/actualite/418646.shtml|archivedate=2012-11-14|title=INF, formateur de talents|publisher=FFF|language=French|url-status=dead}}</ref> | youthyears3 = 1995–1996 |youthclubs3 = [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] | years1 = 1996–1997 |clubs1 = [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] | caps1 = 10 | goals1 = 1 | years2 = 1997–1999 |clubs2 = [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] | caps2 = 65 | goals2 = 23 | years3 = 1999–2000 |clubs3 = [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]] | caps3 = 19 | goals3 = 2 | years4 = 2000–2002 |clubs4 = [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] | caps4 = 39 | goals4 = 10 | years5 = 2001–2002 |clubs5 = → [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] (loan) | caps5 = 20 | goals5 = 4 | years6 = 2002–2005 |clubs6 = [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] | caps6 = 89 | goals6 = 37 | years7 = 2005–2006 |clubs7 = [[Fenerbahçe S.K. (football team)|Fenerbahçe]] | caps7 = 39 | goals7 = 14 | years8 = 2006–2008 |clubs8 = [[Bolton Wanderers F.C.|Bolton Wanderers]] | caps8 = 53 | goals8 = 21 | years9 = 2008–2012 |clubs9 = [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] | caps9 = 125 | goals9 = 38 | years10 = 2012–2013 |clubs10 = [[Shanghai Shenhua]] | caps10 = 22 | goals10 = 3 | years11 = 2013 |clubs11 = → [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]] (lend) | caps11 = 2 | goals11 = 0<!-- DO ''not'' REMOVE THE FACT THIS WAS A LOAN SPELL --> | years12 = 2013–2014 |clubs12 = [[West Bromwich Albion F.C.|West Bromwich Albion]]| caps12 = 12 | goals12 = 2 | years13 = 2014–2015 |clubs13 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] | caps13 = 13 | goals13 = 2 | totalcaps = 508 | totalgoals = 157 | nationalyears1 = 1997 |nationalteam1 = [[France national under-20 football team|France U20]] |nationalcaps1= 3 |nationalgoals1= 0 | nationalyears2 = 1998–2010 |nationalteam2 = [[France national football team|France]] |nationalcaps2 = 69 |nationalgoals2 = 14 | manageryears1 = 2012| managerclubs1 = [[Shanghai Shenhua F.C.|Shanghai Shenhua]] (player-coach)| manageryears2 = 2015| managerclubs2 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] (player-manager) | club-update = 5 November 2014}} '''Nicolas Sébastien Anelka''' ({{IPA-fr|ni.kɔ.la a.nɛl.ka}}; born 14 Mairch 1979) is a French umwhile [[Association fitbaw|fitbawer]]. Prior tae his reteerment frae internaitional fitbaw, Anelka wis a regular member o the [[Fraunce naitional fitbaw team|French naitional team]] an aw. Umwhile Chelsea manager [[Carlo Ancelotti]] haes describit him as a quick player wi guid aerial ability, technique, shuitin, an muivement aff the baw.{{citation needed|date=October 2026}} ==Personal life== Anelka wis born in 1979 in [[Le Chesnay]], [[Yvelines]], tae parents who haed migratit frae [[Martinique]] in 1974. Thareefter thay settled in [[Trappes]], near Paris. His mither is a secretar in the local heich schuil.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/26/sports/26iht-soccer.3674386.html "Nicolas Anelka haunts old coach as Bolton beats Arsenal"]. [[The New York Times]]. 26 November 2006.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fourfourtwo.com/interviews/one-on-one/156/article.aspx|title=One-on-One with Nicolas Anelka|work=FourFourTwo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828002324/http://fourfourtwo.com/interviews/one-on-one/156/article.aspx |archive-date=2008-08-28|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="lepoint.fr">[http://www.lepoint.fr/archives/article.php/81309 "Nicolas Anelka: de Trappes à Wembley"] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130213165632/http://www.lepoint.fr/archives/article.php/81309 |date=2013-02-13 }} (in French). [[Le Point]]. 20 February 1999.</ref> Anelka is marriet tae [[Barbara Tausia]], a Belgian choreographer. Thegither, thay hae twa sons, Kais born in 2008 an Kahil born in 2010.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2008/may/20/championsleague.chelsea3?2010. Chelsea: The players] ''[[The Guardian]]'', 20 May 2008; Retrieved 10 February 2009</ref> He actit in the 2002 film ''[[Le Boulet]]'' as a fitbawer namit Nicolas. He haes stated that, whan he retires frae fitbaw, he wad lik tae wirk in the film industry acause he haes a friend in the business.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2007/oct/24/theknowledge.sport | work=The Guardian | title=Has a journalist ever won an international cap? | first=Tom | last=Bryant | date=24 October 2007| accessdate=20 May 2010 | location=London}}</ref> Anelka haes twa brithers, [[Claude Anelka|Claude]] an Didier.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2008/nov/30/chelsea-arsenal-premier-league The £85m man lights Blue touchpaper] ''The Observer'', 30 November 2008</ref> ==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{commons category}} * {{soccerbase|id=10409|name=Nicolas Anelka}} * {{FIFA player|170710}} * {{UEFA player|27578}} * [http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/players/profile.overview.html/nicolas-anelka Premier League profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214061109/http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/players/profile.overview.html/nicolas-anelka |date=2014-02-14 }} * [http://www.fff.fr/equipes-de-france/tous-les-joueurs/fiche-joueur/85-nicolas-anelka ANELKA Nicolas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408211844/http://www.fff.fr/equipes-de-france/tous-les-joueurs/fiche-joueur/85-nicolas-anelka |date=2014-04-08 }} Fédération Française de Football (FFF) {{fr icon}} {{Navboxes colour |bg=gold |fg=navy |bordercolor=navy |title= Awards |list1= {{Premier League topscorers}} {{PFA Young Player of the Year}} {{1998–99 FA Premier League PFA Team of the Year}} {{2008–09 Premier League PFA Team of the Year}} }} {{Navboxes colour |title= France squads |bg= #002395 |fg= white |bordercolor= #ED2939 |list1= {{France squad UEFA Euro 2000}} {{France squad 2001 FIFA Confederations Cup}} {{France squad UEFA Euro 2008}} {{France squad 2010 FIFA Warld Cup}} }} <!--DO NOT add the category French Muslims: Per Wikipedia:BLP#Categories (point 2) an an aa read the player's desire tae keep this aspect o his life personal (See http://fourfourtwo.com/interviews/one-on-one/156/article.aspx)--> {{DEFAULTSORT:Anelka, Nicolas}} [[Category:1979 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Le Chesnay]] [[Category:Association fitbaw forrits]] [[Category:French fitbawers]] [[Category:Fraunce youth internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Fraunce internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:INF Clairefontaine players]] [[Category:Paris Saint-Germain F.C. players]] [[Category:Arsenal F.C. players]] [[Category:Real Madrid CF players]] [[Category:Liverpool F.C. players]] [[Category:Manchester City F.C. players]] [[Category:Fenerbahçe fitbawers]] [[Category:Bolton Wanderers F.C. players]] [[Category:Chelsea F.C. players]] [[Category:Shanghai Shenhua F.C. players]] [[Category:Juventus F.C. players]] [[Category:West Bromwich Albion F.C. players]] [[Category:Ligue 1 players]] [[Category:Premier League players]] [[Category:La Liga players]] [[Category:Süper Lig players]] [[Category:Serie A players]] [[Category:First Division/Premier League tap scorers]] [[Category:UEFA Euro 2000 players]] [[Category:UEFA Euro 2008 players]] [[Category:2001 FIFA Confederations Cup players]] [[Category:2010 FIFA Warld Cup players]] [[Category:UEFA European Championship-winnin players]] [[Category:FIFA Confederations Cup-winnin players]] [[Category:French expatriate fitbawers]] [[Category:French expatriates in Ingland]] [[Category:French expatriates in Spain]] [[Category:French expatriates in Turkey]] [[Category:French expatriates in Cheenae]] [[Category:French expatriates in Italy]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Ingland]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Spain]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Turkey]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Cheenae]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Italy]] [[Category:French fowk o Martiniquais strynd]] [[Category:Converts tae Islam]] [[Category:French Muslims]] [[Category:Mumbai City FC players]] cl6ezugcd41ax4oo0dt7tjr7uzan43i 925418 925416 2026-10-29T01:03:57Z Atlantic306 30244 /* Personal life */ fixed reference 925418 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Nicolas Anelka | image = Nicolas Anelka 4720.jpg | caption = Anelka playin for [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] in 2010 | fullname = Nicolas Sébastien Anelka<ref>{{cite web|title=FIFA World Cup South Africa 2010 – List of Players|url=http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/01/22/85/78/fwc_2010_squadlists.pdf|publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA)|accessdate=5 June 2013|format=PDF|archive-date=2020-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517205300if_/https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/01/22/85/78/fwc_2010_squadlists.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1979|3|14|df=y}}<ref name="PFA 25">{{cite book| last = Hugman| first = Barry J.| title = The PFA Premier & Football League Players' Records 1946–2005| publisher=Queen Anne Press| year = 2005| page = 25| isbn = 1-85291-665-6 }}</ref> | birth_place = [[Le Chesnay]], Fraunce | height = {{convert|1.85|m|ftin|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Player Profiles|url=http://www.wba.co.uk/team/player-profile/index.aspx?playerid=31888&tcmuri=896199|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225070147/http://www.wba.co.uk/team/player-profile/index.aspx?playerid=31888&tcmuri=896199|archivedate=2013-12-25|publisher=[[West Bromwich Albion F.C.]]|access-date=2014-09-03|url-status=dead}}</ref> | position = [[Forrit (association football)#Striker|Striker]] | currentclub = [[Free agent]] | youthyears1 = 1983–1993 |youthclubs1 = Trappes Saint-Quentin | youthyears2 = 1993–1995 |youthclubs2 = [[Clairefontaine]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.fff.fr/presentationfff/actualite/418646.shtml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114014916/http://www.fff.fr/presentationfff/actualite/418646.shtml|archivedate=2012-11-14|title=INF, formateur de talents|publisher=FFF|language=French|url-status=dead}}</ref> | youthyears3 = 1995–1996 |youthclubs3 = [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] | years1 = 1996–1997 |clubs1 = [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] | caps1 = 10 | goals1 = 1 | years2 = 1997–1999 |clubs2 = [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] | caps2 = 65 | goals2 = 23 | years3 = 1999–2000 |clubs3 = [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]] | caps3 = 19 | goals3 = 2 | years4 = 2000–2002 |clubs4 = [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] | caps4 = 39 | goals4 = 10 | years5 = 2001–2002 |clubs5 = → [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] (loan) | caps5 = 20 | goals5 = 4 | years6 = 2002–2005 |clubs6 = [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] | caps6 = 89 | goals6 = 37 | years7 = 2005–2006 |clubs7 = [[Fenerbahçe S.K. (football team)|Fenerbahçe]] | caps7 = 39 | goals7 = 14 | years8 = 2006–2008 |clubs8 = [[Bolton Wanderers F.C.|Bolton Wanderers]] | caps8 = 53 | goals8 = 21 | years9 = 2008–2012 |clubs9 = [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] | caps9 = 125 | goals9 = 38 | years10 = 2012–2013 |clubs10 = [[Shanghai Shenhua]] | caps10 = 22 | goals10 = 3 | years11 = 2013 |clubs11 = → [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]] (lend) | caps11 = 2 | goals11 = 0<!-- DO ''not'' REMOVE THE FACT THIS WAS A LOAN SPELL --> | years12 = 2013–2014 |clubs12 = [[West Bromwich Albion F.C.|West Bromwich Albion]]| caps12 = 12 | goals12 = 2 | years13 = 2014–2015 |clubs13 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] | caps13 = 13 | goals13 = 2 | totalcaps = 508 | totalgoals = 157 | nationalyears1 = 1997 |nationalteam1 = [[France national under-20 football team|France U20]] |nationalcaps1= 3 |nationalgoals1= 0 | nationalyears2 = 1998–2010 |nationalteam2 = [[France national football team|France]] |nationalcaps2 = 69 |nationalgoals2 = 14 | manageryears1 = 2012| managerclubs1 = [[Shanghai Shenhua F.C.|Shanghai Shenhua]] (player-coach)| manageryears2 = 2015| managerclubs2 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] (player-manager) | club-update = 5 November 2014}} '''Nicolas Sébastien Anelka''' ({{IPA-fr|ni.kɔ.la a.nɛl.ka}}; born 14 Mairch 1979) is a French umwhile [[Association fitbaw|fitbawer]]. Prior tae his reteerment frae internaitional fitbaw, Anelka wis a regular member o the [[Fraunce naitional fitbaw team|French naitional team]] an aw. Umwhile Chelsea manager [[Carlo Ancelotti]] haes describit him as a quick player wi guid aerial ability, technique, shuitin, an muivement aff the baw.{{citation needed|date=October 2026}} ==Personal life== Anelka wis born in 1979 in [[Le Chesnay]], [[Yvelines]], tae parents who haed migratit frae [[Martinique]] in 1974. Thareefter thay settled in [[Trappes]], near Paris. His mither is a secretar in the local heich schuil.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/26/sports/26iht-soccer.3674386.html "Nicolas Anelka haunts old coach as Bolton beats Arsenal"]. [[The New York Times]]. 26 November 2006.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fourfourtwo.com/interviews/one-on-one/156/article.aspx|title=One-on-One with Nicolas Anelka|work=FourFourTwo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828002324/http://fourfourtwo.com/interviews/one-on-one/156/article.aspx |archive-date=2008-08-28|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="lepoint.fr">{{Cite web|url=http://www.lepoint.fr/archives/article.php/81309|title=Nicolas Anelka: de Trappes à Wembley|work=Le Point|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231051110/http://www.lepoint.fr/actualites-societe/2007-01-24/nicolas-anelka-de-trappes-a-wembley/920/0/81309|archive-date=30 December 2013}}</ref> Anelka is marriet tae [[Barbara Tausia]], a Belgian choreographer. Thegither, thay hae twa sons, Kais born in 2008 an Kahil born in 2010.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2008/may/20/championsleague.chelsea3?2010. Chelsea: The players] ''[[The Guardian]]'', 20 May 2008; Retrieved 10 February 2009</ref> He actit in the 2002 film ''[[Le Boulet]]'' as a fitbawer namit Nicolas. He haes stated that, whan he retires frae fitbaw, he wad lik tae wirk in the film industry acause he haes a friend in the business.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2007/oct/24/theknowledge.sport | work=The Guardian | title=Has a journalist ever won an international cap? | first=Tom | last=Bryant | date=24 October 2007| accessdate=20 May 2010 | location=London}}</ref> Anelka haes twa brithers, [[Claude Anelka|Claude]] an Didier.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2008/nov/30/chelsea-arsenal-premier-league The £85m man lights Blue touchpaper] ''The Observer'', 30 November 2008</ref> ==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{commons category}} * {{soccerbase|id=10409|name=Nicolas Anelka}} * {{FIFA player|170710}} * {{UEFA player|27578}} * [http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/players/profile.overview.html/nicolas-anelka Premier League profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214061109/http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/players/profile.overview.html/nicolas-anelka |date=2014-02-14 }} * [http://www.fff.fr/equipes-de-france/tous-les-joueurs/fiche-joueur/85-nicolas-anelka ANELKA Nicolas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408211844/http://www.fff.fr/equipes-de-france/tous-les-joueurs/fiche-joueur/85-nicolas-anelka |date=2014-04-08 }} Fédération Française de Football (FFF) {{fr icon}} {{Navboxes colour |bg=gold |fg=navy |bordercolor=navy |title= Awards |list1= {{Premier League topscorers}} {{PFA Young Player of the Year}} {{1998–99 FA Premier League PFA Team of the Year}} {{2008–09 Premier League PFA Team of the Year}} }} {{Navboxes colour |title= France squads |bg= #002395 |fg= white |bordercolor= #ED2939 |list1= {{France squad UEFA Euro 2000}} {{France squad 2001 FIFA Confederations Cup}} {{France squad UEFA Euro 2008}} {{France squad 2010 FIFA Warld Cup}} }} <!--DO NOT add the category French Muslims: Per Wikipedia:BLP#Categories (point 2) an an aa read the player's desire tae keep this aspect o his life personal (See http://fourfourtwo.com/interviews/one-on-one/156/article.aspx)--> {{DEFAULTSORT:Anelka, Nicolas}} [[Category:1979 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Le Chesnay]] [[Category:Association fitbaw forrits]] [[Category:French fitbawers]] [[Category:Fraunce youth internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Fraunce internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:INF Clairefontaine players]] [[Category:Paris Saint-Germain F.C. players]] [[Category:Arsenal F.C. players]] [[Category:Real Madrid CF players]] [[Category:Liverpool F.C. players]] [[Category:Manchester City F.C. players]] [[Category:Fenerbahçe fitbawers]] [[Category:Bolton Wanderers F.C. players]] [[Category:Chelsea F.C. players]] [[Category:Shanghai Shenhua F.C. players]] [[Category:Juventus F.C. players]] [[Category:West Bromwich Albion F.C. players]] [[Category:Ligue 1 players]] [[Category:Premier League players]] [[Category:La Liga players]] [[Category:Süper Lig players]] [[Category:Serie A players]] [[Category:First Division/Premier League tap scorers]] [[Category:UEFA Euro 2000 players]] [[Category:UEFA Euro 2008 players]] [[Category:2001 FIFA Confederations Cup players]] [[Category:2010 FIFA Warld Cup players]] [[Category:UEFA European Championship-winnin players]] [[Category:FIFA Confederations Cup-winnin players]] [[Category:French expatriate fitbawers]] [[Category:French expatriates in Ingland]] [[Category:French expatriates in Spain]] [[Category:French expatriates in Turkey]] [[Category:French expatriates in Cheenae]] [[Category:French expatriates in Italy]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Ingland]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Spain]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Turkey]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Cheenae]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Italy]] [[Category:French fowk o Martiniquais strynd]] [[Category:Converts tae Islam]] [[Category:French Muslims]] [[Category:Mumbai City FC players]] 7dj51c8q1b284ixmw6esy94rhfo4gsj 925419 925418 2026-10-29T01:10:06Z Atlantic306 30244 /* Freemit airtins */ fixed link 925419 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Nicolas Anelka | image = Nicolas Anelka 4720.jpg | caption = Anelka playin for [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] in 2010 | fullname = Nicolas Sébastien Anelka<ref>{{cite web|title=FIFA World Cup South Africa 2010 – List of Players|url=http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/01/22/85/78/fwc_2010_squadlists.pdf|publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA)|accessdate=5 June 2013|format=PDF|archive-date=2020-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517205300if_/https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/01/22/85/78/fwc_2010_squadlists.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1979|3|14|df=y}}<ref name="PFA 25">{{cite book| last = Hugman| first = Barry J.| title = The PFA Premier & Football League Players' Records 1946–2005| publisher=Queen Anne Press| year = 2005| page = 25| isbn = 1-85291-665-6 }}</ref> | birth_place = [[Le Chesnay]], Fraunce | height = {{convert|1.85|m|ftin|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Player Profiles|url=http://www.wba.co.uk/team/player-profile/index.aspx?playerid=31888&tcmuri=896199|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225070147/http://www.wba.co.uk/team/player-profile/index.aspx?playerid=31888&tcmuri=896199|archivedate=2013-12-25|publisher=[[West Bromwich Albion F.C.]]|access-date=2014-09-03|url-status=dead}}</ref> | position = [[Forrit (association football)#Striker|Striker]] | currentclub = [[Free agent]] | youthyears1 = 1983–1993 |youthclubs1 = Trappes Saint-Quentin | youthyears2 = 1993–1995 |youthclubs2 = [[Clairefontaine]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.fff.fr/presentationfff/actualite/418646.shtml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114014916/http://www.fff.fr/presentationfff/actualite/418646.shtml|archivedate=2012-11-14|title=INF, formateur de talents|publisher=FFF|language=French|url-status=dead}}</ref> | youthyears3 = 1995–1996 |youthclubs3 = [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] | years1 = 1996–1997 |clubs1 = [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] | caps1 = 10 | goals1 = 1 | years2 = 1997–1999 |clubs2 = [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] | caps2 = 65 | goals2 = 23 | years3 = 1999–2000 |clubs3 = [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]] | caps3 = 19 | goals3 = 2 | years4 = 2000–2002 |clubs4 = [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] | caps4 = 39 | goals4 = 10 | years5 = 2001–2002 |clubs5 = → [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] (loan) | caps5 = 20 | goals5 = 4 | years6 = 2002–2005 |clubs6 = [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] | caps6 = 89 | goals6 = 37 | years7 = 2005–2006 |clubs7 = [[Fenerbahçe S.K. (football team)|Fenerbahçe]] | caps7 = 39 | goals7 = 14 | years8 = 2006–2008 |clubs8 = [[Bolton Wanderers F.C.|Bolton Wanderers]] | caps8 = 53 | goals8 = 21 | years9 = 2008–2012 |clubs9 = [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] | caps9 = 125 | goals9 = 38 | years10 = 2012–2013 |clubs10 = [[Shanghai Shenhua]] | caps10 = 22 | goals10 = 3 | years11 = 2013 |clubs11 = → [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]] (lend) | caps11 = 2 | goals11 = 0<!-- DO ''not'' REMOVE THE FACT THIS WAS A LOAN SPELL --> | years12 = 2013–2014 |clubs12 = [[West Bromwich Albion F.C.|West Bromwich Albion]]| caps12 = 12 | goals12 = 2 | years13 = 2014–2015 |clubs13 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] | caps13 = 13 | goals13 = 2 | totalcaps = 508 | totalgoals = 157 | nationalyears1 = 1997 |nationalteam1 = [[France national under-20 football team|France U20]] |nationalcaps1= 3 |nationalgoals1= 0 | nationalyears2 = 1998–2010 |nationalteam2 = [[France national football team|France]] |nationalcaps2 = 69 |nationalgoals2 = 14 | manageryears1 = 2012| managerclubs1 = [[Shanghai Shenhua F.C.|Shanghai Shenhua]] (player-coach)| manageryears2 = 2015| managerclubs2 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] (player-manager) | club-update = 5 November 2014}} '''Nicolas Sébastien Anelka''' ({{IPA-fr|ni.kɔ.la a.nɛl.ka}}; born 14 Mairch 1979) is a French umwhile [[Association fitbaw|fitbawer]]. Prior tae his reteerment frae internaitional fitbaw, Anelka wis a regular member o the [[Fraunce naitional fitbaw team|French naitional team]] an aw. Umwhile Chelsea manager [[Carlo Ancelotti]] haes describit him as a quick player wi guid aerial ability, technique, shuitin, an muivement aff the baw.{{citation needed|date=October 2026}} ==Personal life== Anelka wis born in 1979 in [[Le Chesnay]], [[Yvelines]], tae parents who haed migratit frae [[Martinique]] in 1974. Thareefter thay settled in [[Trappes]], near Paris. His mither is a secretar in the local heich schuil.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/26/sports/26iht-soccer.3674386.html "Nicolas Anelka haunts old coach as Bolton beats Arsenal"]. [[The New York Times]]. 26 November 2006.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fourfourtwo.com/interviews/one-on-one/156/article.aspx|title=One-on-One with Nicolas Anelka|work=FourFourTwo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828002324/http://fourfourtwo.com/interviews/one-on-one/156/article.aspx |archive-date=2008-08-28|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="lepoint.fr">{{Cite web|url=http://www.lepoint.fr/archives/article.php/81309|title=Nicolas Anelka: de Trappes à Wembley|work=Le Point|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231051110/http://www.lepoint.fr/actualites-societe/2007-01-24/nicolas-anelka-de-trappes-a-wembley/920/0/81309|archive-date=30 December 2013}}</ref> Anelka is marriet tae [[Barbara Tausia]], a Belgian choreographer. Thegither, thay hae twa sons, Kais born in 2008 an Kahil born in 2010.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2008/may/20/championsleague.chelsea3?2010. Chelsea: The players] ''[[The Guardian]]'', 20 May 2008; Retrieved 10 February 2009</ref> He actit in the 2002 film ''[[Le Boulet]]'' as a fitbawer namit Nicolas. He haes stated that, whan he retires frae fitbaw, he wad lik tae wirk in the film industry acause he haes a friend in the business.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2007/oct/24/theknowledge.sport | work=The Guardian | title=Has a journalist ever won an international cap? | first=Tom | last=Bryant | date=24 October 2007| accessdate=20 May 2010 | location=London}}</ref> Anelka haes twa brithers, [[Claude Anelka|Claude]] an Didier.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2008/nov/30/chelsea-arsenal-premier-league The £85m man lights Blue touchpaper] ''The Observer'', 30 November 2008</ref> ==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{commons category}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20151004064937/http://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=170710/index.html Nicolas Anelka at FIFA] * {{UEFA player|27578}} * [http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/players/profile.overview.html/nicolas-anelka Premier League profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214061109/http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/players/profile.overview.html/nicolas-anelka |date=2014-02-14 }} * [http://www.fff.fr/equipes-de-france/tous-les-joueurs/fiche-joueur/85-nicolas-anelka ANELKA Nicolas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408211844/http://www.fff.fr/equipes-de-france/tous-les-joueurs/fiche-joueur/85-nicolas-anelka |date=2014-04-08 }} Fédération Française de Football (FFF) {{fr icon}} {{Navboxes colour |bg=gold |fg=navy |bordercolor=navy |title= Awards |list1= {{Premier League topscorers}} {{PFA Young Player of the Year}} {{1998–99 FA Premier League PFA Team of the Year}} {{2008–09 Premier League PFA Team of the Year}} }} {{Navboxes colour |title= France squads |bg= #002395 |fg= white |bordercolor= #ED2939 |list1= {{France squad UEFA Euro 2000}} {{France squad 2001 FIFA Confederations Cup}} {{France squad UEFA Euro 2008}} {{France squad 2010 FIFA Warld Cup}} }} <!--DO NOT add the category French Muslims: Per Wikipedia:BLP#Categories (point 2) an an aa read the player's desire tae keep this aspect o his life personal (See http://fourfourtwo.com/interviews/one-on-one/156/article.aspx)--> {{DEFAULTSORT:Anelka, Nicolas}} [[Category:1979 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Le Chesnay]] [[Category:Association fitbaw forrits]] [[Category:French fitbawers]] [[Category:Fraunce youth internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Fraunce internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:INF Clairefontaine players]] [[Category:Paris Saint-Germain F.C. players]] [[Category:Arsenal F.C. players]] [[Category:Real Madrid CF players]] [[Category:Liverpool F.C. players]] [[Category:Manchester City F.C. players]] [[Category:Fenerbahçe fitbawers]] [[Category:Bolton Wanderers F.C. players]] [[Category:Chelsea F.C. players]] [[Category:Shanghai Shenhua F.C. players]] [[Category:Juventus F.C. players]] [[Category:West Bromwich Albion F.C. players]] [[Category:Ligue 1 players]] [[Category:Premier League players]] [[Category:La Liga players]] [[Category:Süper Lig players]] [[Category:Serie A players]] [[Category:First Division/Premier League tap scorers]] [[Category:UEFA Euro 2000 players]] [[Category:UEFA Euro 2008 players]] [[Category:2001 FIFA Confederations Cup players]] [[Category:2010 FIFA Warld Cup players]] [[Category:UEFA European Championship-winnin players]] [[Category:FIFA Confederations Cup-winnin players]] [[Category:French expatriate fitbawers]] [[Category:French expatriates in Ingland]] [[Category:French expatriates in Spain]] [[Category:French expatriates in Turkey]] [[Category:French expatriates in Cheenae]] [[Category:French expatriates in Italy]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Ingland]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Spain]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Turkey]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Cheenae]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Italy]] [[Category:French fowk o Martiniquais strynd]] [[Category:Converts tae Islam]] [[Category:French Muslims]] [[Category:Mumbai City FC players]] ri93tkvy234v0d1zyru037k1l9duu4w 925420 925419 2026-10-29T01:15:00Z Atlantic306 30244 /* Freemit airtins */ fixed links 925420 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Nicolas Anelka | image = Nicolas Anelka 4720.jpg | caption = Anelka playin for [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] in 2010 | fullname = Nicolas Sébastien Anelka<ref>{{cite web|title=FIFA World Cup South Africa 2010 – List of Players|url=http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/01/22/85/78/fwc_2010_squadlists.pdf|publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA)|accessdate=5 June 2013|format=PDF|archive-date=2020-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517205300if_/https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/01/22/85/78/fwc_2010_squadlists.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1979|3|14|df=y}}<ref name="PFA 25">{{cite book| last = Hugman| first = Barry J.| title = The PFA Premier & Football League Players' Records 1946–2005| publisher=Queen Anne Press| year = 2005| page = 25| isbn = 1-85291-665-6 }}</ref> | birth_place = [[Le Chesnay]], Fraunce | height = {{convert|1.85|m|ftin|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Player Profiles|url=http://www.wba.co.uk/team/player-profile/index.aspx?playerid=31888&tcmuri=896199|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225070147/http://www.wba.co.uk/team/player-profile/index.aspx?playerid=31888&tcmuri=896199|archivedate=2013-12-25|publisher=[[West Bromwich Albion F.C.]]|access-date=2014-09-03|url-status=dead}}</ref> | position = [[Forrit (association football)#Striker|Striker]] | currentclub = [[Free agent]] | youthyears1 = 1983–1993 |youthclubs1 = Trappes Saint-Quentin | youthyears2 = 1993–1995 |youthclubs2 = [[Clairefontaine]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.fff.fr/presentationfff/actualite/418646.shtml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114014916/http://www.fff.fr/presentationfff/actualite/418646.shtml|archivedate=2012-11-14|title=INF, formateur de talents|publisher=FFF|language=French|url-status=dead}}</ref> | youthyears3 = 1995–1996 |youthclubs3 = [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] | years1 = 1996–1997 |clubs1 = [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] | caps1 = 10 | goals1 = 1 | years2 = 1997–1999 |clubs2 = [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] | caps2 = 65 | goals2 = 23 | years3 = 1999–2000 |clubs3 = [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]] | caps3 = 19 | goals3 = 2 | years4 = 2000–2002 |clubs4 = [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] | caps4 = 39 | goals4 = 10 | years5 = 2001–2002 |clubs5 = → [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] (loan) | caps5 = 20 | goals5 = 4 | years6 = 2002–2005 |clubs6 = [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] | caps6 = 89 | goals6 = 37 | years7 = 2005–2006 |clubs7 = [[Fenerbahçe S.K. (football team)|Fenerbahçe]] | caps7 = 39 | goals7 = 14 | years8 = 2006–2008 |clubs8 = [[Bolton Wanderers F.C.|Bolton Wanderers]] | caps8 = 53 | goals8 = 21 | years9 = 2008–2012 |clubs9 = [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] | caps9 = 125 | goals9 = 38 | years10 = 2012–2013 |clubs10 = [[Shanghai Shenhua]] | caps10 = 22 | goals10 = 3 | years11 = 2013 |clubs11 = → [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]] (lend) | caps11 = 2 | goals11 = 0<!-- DO ''not'' REMOVE THE FACT THIS WAS A LOAN SPELL --> | years12 = 2013–2014 |clubs12 = [[West Bromwich Albion F.C.|West Bromwich Albion]]| caps12 = 12 | goals12 = 2 | years13 = 2014–2015 |clubs13 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] | caps13 = 13 | goals13 = 2 | totalcaps = 508 | totalgoals = 157 | nationalyears1 = 1997 |nationalteam1 = [[France national under-20 football team|France U20]] |nationalcaps1= 3 |nationalgoals1= 0 | nationalyears2 = 1998–2010 |nationalteam2 = [[France national football team|France]] |nationalcaps2 = 69 |nationalgoals2 = 14 | manageryears1 = 2012| managerclubs1 = [[Shanghai Shenhua F.C.|Shanghai Shenhua]] (player-coach)| manageryears2 = 2015| managerclubs2 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] (player-manager) | club-update = 5 November 2014}} '''Nicolas Sébastien Anelka''' ({{IPA-fr|ni.kɔ.la a.nɛl.ka}}; born 14 Mairch 1979) is a French umwhile [[Association fitbaw|fitbawer]]. Prior tae his reteerment frae internaitional fitbaw, Anelka wis a regular member o the [[Fraunce naitional fitbaw team|French naitional team]] an aw. Umwhile Chelsea manager [[Carlo Ancelotti]] haes describit him as a quick player wi guid aerial ability, technique, shuitin, an muivement aff the baw.{{citation needed|date=October 2026}} ==Personal life== Anelka wis born in 1979 in [[Le Chesnay]], [[Yvelines]], tae parents who haed migratit frae [[Martinique]] in 1974. Thareefter thay settled in [[Trappes]], near Paris. His mither is a secretar in the local heich schuil.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/26/sports/26iht-soccer.3674386.html "Nicolas Anelka haunts old coach as Bolton beats Arsenal"]. [[The New York Times]]. 26 November 2006.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fourfourtwo.com/interviews/one-on-one/156/article.aspx|title=One-on-One with Nicolas Anelka|work=FourFourTwo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828002324/http://fourfourtwo.com/interviews/one-on-one/156/article.aspx |archive-date=2008-08-28|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="lepoint.fr">{{Cite web|url=http://www.lepoint.fr/archives/article.php/81309|title=Nicolas Anelka: de Trappes à Wembley|work=Le Point|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231051110/http://www.lepoint.fr/actualites-societe/2007-01-24/nicolas-anelka-de-trappes-a-wembley/920/0/81309|archive-date=30 December 2013}}</ref> Anelka is marriet tae [[Barbara Tausia]], a Belgian choreographer. Thegither, thay hae twa sons, Kais born in 2008 an Kahil born in 2010.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2008/may/20/championsleague.chelsea3?2010. Chelsea: The players] ''[[The Guardian]]'', 20 May 2008; Retrieved 10 February 2009</ref> He actit in the 2002 film ''[[Le Boulet]]'' as a fitbawer namit Nicolas. He haes stated that, whan he retires frae fitbaw, he wad lik tae wirk in the film industry acause he haes a friend in the business.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2007/oct/24/theknowledge.sport | work=The Guardian | title=Has a journalist ever won an international cap? | first=Tom | last=Bryant | date=24 October 2007| accessdate=20 May 2010 | location=London}}</ref> Anelka haes twa brithers, [[Claude Anelka|Claude]] an Didier.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2008/nov/30/chelsea-arsenal-premier-league The £85m man lights Blue touchpaper] ''The Observer'', 30 November 2008</ref> ==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{commons category}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20151004064937/http://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=170710/index.html Nicolas Anelka at FIFA] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140214061109/http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/players/profile.overview.html/nicolas-anelka Premier League profile] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140408211844/http://www.fff.fr/equipes-de-france/tous-les-joueurs/fiche-joueur/85-nicolas-anelka Nicolas Anelka at Fédération Française de Football (FFF)] {{Navboxes colour |bg=gold |fg=navy |bordercolor=navy |title= Awards |list1= {{Premier League topscorers}} {{PFA Young Player of the Year}} {{1998–99 FA Premier League PFA Team of the Year}} {{2008–09 Premier League PFA Team of the Year}} }} {{Navboxes colour |title= France squads |bg= #002395 |fg= white |bordercolor= #ED2939 |list1= {{France squad UEFA Euro 2000}} {{France squad 2001 FIFA Confederations Cup}} {{France squad UEFA Euro 2008}} {{France squad 2010 FIFA Warld Cup}} }} <!--DO NOT add the category French Muslims: Per Wikipedia:BLP#Categories (point 2) an an aa read the player's desire tae keep this aspect o his life personal (See http://fourfourtwo.com/interviews/one-on-one/156/article.aspx)--> {{DEFAULTSORT:Anelka, Nicolas}} [[Category:1979 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Le Chesnay]] [[Category:Association fitbaw forrits]] [[Category:French fitbawers]] [[Category:Fraunce youth internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Fraunce internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:INF Clairefontaine players]] [[Category:Paris Saint-Germain F.C. players]] [[Category:Arsenal F.C. players]] [[Category:Real Madrid CF players]] [[Category:Liverpool F.C. players]] [[Category:Manchester City F.C. players]] [[Category:Fenerbahçe fitbawers]] [[Category:Bolton Wanderers F.C. players]] [[Category:Chelsea F.C. players]] [[Category:Shanghai Shenhua F.C. players]] [[Category:Juventus F.C. players]] [[Category:West Bromwich Albion F.C. players]] [[Category:Ligue 1 players]] [[Category:Premier League players]] [[Category:La Liga players]] [[Category:Süper Lig players]] [[Category:Serie A players]] [[Category:First Division/Premier League tap scorers]] [[Category:UEFA Euro 2000 players]] [[Category:UEFA Euro 2008 players]] [[Category:2001 FIFA Confederations Cup players]] [[Category:2010 FIFA Warld Cup players]] [[Category:UEFA European Championship-winnin players]] [[Category:FIFA Confederations Cup-winnin players]] [[Category:French expatriate fitbawers]] [[Category:French expatriates in Ingland]] [[Category:French expatriates in Spain]] [[Category:French expatriates in Turkey]] [[Category:French expatriates in Cheenae]] [[Category:French expatriates in Italy]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Ingland]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Spain]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Turkey]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Cheenae]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Italy]] [[Category:French fowk o Martiniquais strynd]] [[Category:Converts tae Islam]] [[Category:French Muslims]] [[Category:Mumbai City FC players]] 4076wyyxce7oc0cuw2uequ06zo2b8s8 925427 925420 2026-10-29T02:32:34Z CiphriusKane 74958 925427 wikitext text/x-wiki {{bare links}} {{Infobox football biography | name = Nicolas Anelka | image = Nicolas Anelka 4720.jpg | caption = Anelka playin for [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] in 2010 | fullname = Nicolas Sébastien Anelka<ref>{{cite web|title=FIFA World Cup South Africa 2010 – List of Players|url=http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/01/22/85/78/fwc_2010_squadlists.pdf|publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA)|accessdate=5 June 2013|format=PDF|archive-date=2020-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517205300if_/https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/01/22/85/78/fwc_2010_squadlists.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1979|3|14|df=y}}<ref name="PFA 25">{{cite book| last = Hugman| first = Barry J.| title = The PFA Premier & Football League Players' Records 1946–2005| publisher=Queen Anne Press| year = 2005| page = 25| isbn = 1-85291-665-6 }}</ref> | birth_place = [[Le Chesnay]], Fraunce | height = {{convert|1.85|m|ftin|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Player Profiles|url=http://www.wba.co.uk/team/player-profile/index.aspx?playerid=31888&tcmuri=896199|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225070147/http://www.wba.co.uk/team/player-profile/index.aspx?playerid=31888&tcmuri=896199|archivedate=2013-12-25|publisher=[[West Bromwich Albion F.C.]]|access-date=2014-09-03|url-status=dead}}</ref> | position = [[Forrit (association football)#Striker|Striker]] | currentclub = [[Free agent]] | youthyears1 = 1983–1993 |youthclubs1 = Trappes Saint-Quentin | youthyears2 = 1993–1995 |youthclubs2 = [[Clairefontaine]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.fff.fr/presentationfff/actualite/418646.shtml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114014916/http://www.fff.fr/presentationfff/actualite/418646.shtml|archivedate=2012-11-14|title=INF, formateur de talents|publisher=FFF|language=French|url-status=dead}}</ref> | youthyears3 = 1995–1996 |youthclubs3 = [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] | years1 = 1996–1997 |clubs1 = [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] | caps1 = 10 | goals1 = 1 | years2 = 1997–1999 |clubs2 = [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] | caps2 = 65 | goals2 = 23 | years3 = 1999–2000 |clubs3 = [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]] | caps3 = 19 | goals3 = 2 | years4 = 2000–2002 |clubs4 = [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] | caps4 = 39 | goals4 = 10 | years5 = 2001–2002 |clubs5 = → [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] (loan) | caps5 = 20 | goals5 = 4 | years6 = 2002–2005 |clubs6 = [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] | caps6 = 89 | goals6 = 37 | years7 = 2005–2006 |clubs7 = [[Fenerbahçe S.K. (football team)|Fenerbahçe]] | caps7 = 39 | goals7 = 14 | years8 = 2006–2008 |clubs8 = [[Bolton Wanderers F.C.|Bolton Wanderers]] | caps8 = 53 | goals8 = 21 | years9 = 2008–2012 |clubs9 = [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] | caps9 = 125 | goals9 = 38 | years10 = 2012–2013 |clubs10 = [[Shanghai Shenhua]] | caps10 = 22 | goals10 = 3 | years11 = 2013 |clubs11 = → [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]] (lend) | caps11 = 2 | goals11 = 0<!-- DO ''not'' REMOVE THE FACT THIS WAS A LOAN SPELL --> | years12 = 2013–2014 |clubs12 = [[West Bromwich Albion F.C.|West Bromwich Albion]]| caps12 = 12 | goals12 = 2 | years13 = 2014–2015 |clubs13 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] | caps13 = 13 | goals13 = 2 | totalcaps = 508 | totalgoals = 157 | nationalyears1 = 1997 |nationalteam1 = [[France national under-20 football team|France U20]] |nationalcaps1= 3 |nationalgoals1= 0 | nationalyears2 = 1998–2010 |nationalteam2 = [[France national football team|France]] |nationalcaps2 = 69 |nationalgoals2 = 14 | manageryears1 = 2012| managerclubs1 = [[Shanghai Shenhua F.C.|Shanghai Shenhua]] (player-coach)| manageryears2 = 2015| managerclubs2 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] (player-manager) | club-update = 5 November 2014}} '''Nicolas Sébastien Anelka''' ({{IPA-fr|ni.kɔ.la a.nɛl.ka}}; born 14 Mairch 1979) is a French former [[Association fitbaw|fitbawer]]. Prior tae his reteerment frae internaitional fitbaw, Anelka wis a reglar member o the [[Fraunce naitional fitbaw team|French naitional team]] an aw. ==Personal life== Anelka wis born in 1979 in [[Le Chesnay]], [[Yvelines]], tae parents wha haed migratit frae [[Martinique]] in 1974. Thareefter thay settled in [[Trappes]], near Paris. His mither is a secretar in the local heich schuil.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/26/sports/26iht-soccer.3674386.html "Nicolas Anelka haunts old coach as Bolton beats Arsenal"]. [[The New York Times]]. 26 November 2006.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fourfourtwo.com/interviews/one-on-one/156/article.aspx|title=One-on-One with Nicolas Anelka|work=FourFourTwo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828002324/http://fourfourtwo.com/interviews/one-on-one/156/article.aspx |archive-date=2008-08-28|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="lepoint.fr">{{Cite web|url=http://www.lepoint.fr/archives/article.php/81309|title=Nicolas Anelka: de Trappes à Wembley|work=Le Point|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231051110/http://www.lepoint.fr/actualites-societe/2007-01-24/nicolas-anelka-de-trappes-a-wembley/920/0/81309|archive-date=30 December 2013}}</ref> Anelka is marriet tae [[Barbara Tausia]], a Belgian choreographer. Thegither, thay hae twa loons, Kais born in 2008 an Kahil born in 2010.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2008/may/20/championsleague.chelsea3?2010. Chelsea: The players] ''[[The Guardian]]'', 20 May 2008; Retrieved 10 February 2009</ref> He actit in the 2002 film ''[[Le Boulet]]'' as a fitbawer cried Nicolas. He haes stated that, whan he retires frae fitbaw, he wad lik tae wirk in the film industry acause he haes a freen in the business.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2007/oct/24/theknowledge.sport | work=The Guardian | title=Has a journalist ever won an international cap? | first=Tom | last=Bryant | date=24 October 2007| accessdate=20 May 2010 | location=London}}</ref> Anelka haes twa brithers, Claude an Didier.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2008/nov/30/chelsea-arsenal-premier-league The £85m man lights Blue touchpaper] ''The Observer'', 30 November 2008</ref> ==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{commons category}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20151004064937/http://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=170710/index.html Nicolas Anelka at FIFA] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140214061109/http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/players/profile.overview.html/nicolas-anelka Premier League profile] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140408211844/http://www.fff.fr/equipes-de-france/tous-les-joueurs/fiche-joueur/85-nicolas-anelka Nicolas Anelka at Fédération Française de Football (FFF)] {{Navboxes colour |bg=gold |fg=navy |bordercolor=navy |title= Awards |list1= {{Premier League topscorers}} {{PFA Young Player of the Year}} {{1998–99 FA Premier League PFA Team of the Year}} {{2008–09 Premier League PFA Team of the Year}} }} {{Navboxes colour |title= France squads |bg= #002395 |fg= white |bordercolor= #ED2939 |list1= {{France squad UEFA Euro 2000}} {{France squad 2001 FIFA Confederations Cup}} {{France squad UEFA Euro 2008}} {{France squad 2010 FIFA Warld Cup}} }} <!--DO NOT add the category French Muslims: Per Wikipedia:BLP#Categories (point 2) an an aa read the player's desire tae keep this aspect o his life personal (See http://fourfourtwo.com/interviews/one-on-one/156/article.aspx)--> {{DEFAULTSORT:Anelka, Nicolas}} [[Category:1979 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Le Chesnay]] [[Category:Association fitbaw forrits]] [[Category:French fitbawers]] [[Category:Fraunce youth internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Fraunce internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:INF Clairefontaine players]] [[Category:Paris Saint-Germain F.C. players]] [[Category:Arsenal F.C. players]] [[Category:Real Madrid CF players]] [[Category:Liverpool F.C. players]] [[Category:Manchester City F.C. players]] [[Category:Fenerbahçe fitbawers]] [[Category:Bolton Wanderers F.C. players]] [[Category:Chelsea F.C. players]] [[Category:Shanghai Shenhua F.C. players]] [[Category:Juventus F.C. players]] [[Category:West Bromwich Albion F.C. players]] [[Category:Ligue 1 players]] [[Category:Premier League players]] [[Category:La Liga players]] [[Category:Süper Lig players]] [[Category:Serie A players]] [[Category:First Division/Premier League tap scorers]] [[Category:UEFA Euro 2000 players]] [[Category:UEFA Euro 2008 players]] [[Category:2001 FIFA Confederations Cup players]] [[Category:2010 FIFA Warld Cup players]] [[Category:UEFA European Championship-winnin players]] [[Category:FIFA Confederations Cup-winnin players]] [[Category:French expatriate fitbawers]] [[Category:French expatriates in Ingland]] [[Category:French expatriates in Spain]] [[Category:French expatriates in Turkey]] [[Category:French expatriates in Cheenae]] [[Category:French expatriates in Italy]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Ingland]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Spain]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Turkey]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Cheenae]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Italy]] [[Category:French fowk o Martiniquais strynd]] [[Category:Converts tae Islam]] [[Category:French Muslims]] [[Category:Mumbai City FC players]] 3z8vtx26g9fe6pj2ejqf801wxvnd6wq 0 94086 925425 919949 2026-10-29T01:29:50Z Atlantic306 30244 /* Distribution in Japan */ replaced archive today 925425 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=September 2020}} {{speciesbox | name = Raccoon | fossil_range = {{fossil range|Blancan|Recent|ref=<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://fossilworks.org/?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=50729 |title=Fossilworks: ''Procyon lotor'' |access-date=2019-07-13 |archive-date=2019-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124209/http://fossilworks.org/?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=50729 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite journal |last1=Timm |first1=R. |last2=Cuarón |first2=A.D. |last3=Reid |first3=F. |last4=Helgen |first4=K. |last5=González-Maya |first5=J.F. |title=''Procyon lotor'' |journal=[[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] |volume=2016 |page=e.T41686A45216638 |year=2016 |url=http://oldredlist.iucnredlist.org/details/41686/0 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41686A45216638.en |accessdate=24 November 2016 |archive-date=2019-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413155653/http://oldredlist.iucnredlist.org/details/41686/0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | image = Raccoon climbing in tree - Cropped and color corrected.jpg | image_caption = Californie raccoon (''P. l. psora''), [[Lawer Klamath Naitional Wildlife Refuge]] in [[Californie]] | genus = Procyon | species = lotor | authority = ([[Linnaeus, 1758]]) | range_map = Raccoon range.png | range_map_caption = Native range in reid, introduced range in blue | synonyms = ''Ursus lotor'' <small>Linnaeus,&nbsp;1758</small> }} The '''raccoon''' (''Procyon lotor'') is a middlin [[mammal]] hamelt tae North Americae. The raccoon is the maist muckle memmer o the [[procyonidae|procyonid]] [[Faimily (biology)|faimily]]; it ranges frae {{convert|40|to|70|cm|in|abbr=on}} lang an wechtin as {{convert|3.5|to|9|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}. Its grayish coat maistly consists o dense [[underfur]] that insulates again cauld wather. Twa o the raccoon's maist kenspeckle features is its extremely dexterous front [[paw]]s an its [[Domino mask|facial mask]]. Raccoons is kenspeckle for thair [[Animal cognition|intelligence]], wi studies shawin that thay can mynd the solution tae tasks for up tae three year.<ref name="h7172">Hohmann, pp. 71–72</ref> Raccoons is maistly nocturnal. Thay're omnivores; the diet o the raccoon consists o aboot 40% [[invertebrate]]s, 33% [[plant]] fuids, an 27% [[vertebrate]]s. They eat [[moose|mice]], [[ferret]]s, [[kinnen]]s, [[bird]]s, [[fish]], [[frog]]s, [[turtle]]s, [[lizard]]s, [[egg]]s, [[insect]]s, [[wirm]]s, [[fruit]] an [[nit]]s. Raccoons is eaten by [[tod]]s, [[wouf|wouves]], [[coyote]]s, [[beir]]s, [[eagle]]s, [[houlet]]s, [[cougar]]s, [[lynx]] an [[bobcat]]s. The oreeginal [[habitat]]s o the raccoon is [[deciduous]] an [[Temperate broadleaf an mixed forests|mixed wid]], but due tae thair adaptability thay hae stendit thair range tae mountainous auries, [[Salt marsh|coastal marshes]], an [[urban aurie]]s, whaur some homeowners consider them tae be [[Pest (organism)|pests]]. As a result o escapes an deliberate [[introduced species|introductions]] in the mid-20t century, raccoons is nou distributed athort mainlan [[Europe]], [[Caucasie]], an [[Japan]] an aa. Tho thocht aforehaun tae be solitary, thare is nou evidence that raccoons engage in gender-specific [[social behaviour]]. Related females aften share a common area, while unrelated males live thegither in groups o up tae fower ainimals tae maintain thair poseetions again ootlander males in the matein saison, an ither potential invaders. [[Hame range]] sizes vary anywhere frae 3 hectares (7 acres) for females in ceeties tae 50&nbsp;km² (20&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi) for males in [[prairie]]s. Efter a [[gestation|gestation period]] o aboot 65 day, twa tae five young, kent as "kits", is born in spring. The kits is subsequently raised bi thair mither til dispersal in late hairst. Tho captive raccoons haes been kent tae live ower 20 year, thair life expectancy in the wild is anly 1.8 til 3.1&nbsp;year. In mony auries, [[huntin]] an vehicular wounds is the twa maist common causes o daith. ==Etymology== [[File:Raccoon (Procyon lotor) 2.jpg|thumb|The mask o a raccoon is aften interrupt bi a broun-black streak that stends frae forehead tae neb.<ref>MacClintock, p. 5</ref>]] The wird "raccoon" comes frae the [[Powhatan leid|Powhatan]] wird ''aroughcun''.<ref>Ither attestit colonial spellins o the Powhatan wird include: ''racone'', ''arrathcune'', ''arathcoon'', ''aroucoun'', ''arathkone'' an ''rahaughcun''. ''Journal o the Illinois State Historical Society'', Vol 55, p. 400.</ref> It haes been identified as a [[Proto-Algonquian]] ruit ''*ahrah-koon-em'' an aw, meanin "[the] body that rubs, scrubs an scarts wi its haunds".<ref>{{cite book|last=Holmgren|first=Virginia C.|title=Raccoons: In Folklore, History & Today's Backyards|url=https://archive.org/details/raccoonsinfolklo0000holm|year=1990|publisher=Capra Pres|page=[https://archive.org/details/raccoonsinfolklo0000holm/page/157 157]}}</ref> Seemilarly, Spainish colonists adoptit the [[Spainish leid|Spainish]] wird {{lang|es|mapache}} frae the [[Nahuatl leid|Nahuatl]] ''mapachitli'', meanin "[the] body that taks awthin in its haunds".<ref name="holmgren52">Holmgren, p. 52</ref> In mony leids, the raccoon is cried fur its characteristic dousin behaviour in conjunction wi that leid's wird for ''beir'', the likes o {{lang|de|Waschbär}} in German, {{lang|it|orsetto lavatore}} in Italien, {{lang|hu|mosómedve}} in [[Hungarian language|Hungarien]] an ''araiguma'' ({{lang|ja|アライグマ}}) in Japanee. In French an Portuguese (in Portugal), the washin behaviour is combined wi thir leids' term for ''ratton'', yieldin, respectively, {{lang|fr|raton laveur}} an ''ratão-lavadeiro''. The raccoon's scientific name, ''Procyon lotor'', is [[New Latin|neo-Latin]], meanin "afore-dug washer", wi ''lotor'' [[Latin]] for "washer" an ''Procyon'' Latinized [[Greek leid|Greek]] frae προ-, "afore" an κύων, "dug". ==Taxonomy== {{double image|right|Raccoons of North & Middle America (1950) Skins of subgenera procyon & euprocyon.png|65|Raccoons of North & Middle America (1950) P. lotor & P. cancrivorus.png|180|Skins o ''P. lotor'' an ''[[crab-eatin raccoon|P. cancrivorus]]''|Skulls o ''P. lotor'' an ''P. cancrivorus''}} In the first decades efter its diskivery bi the members o the expedeetion o [[Christopher Columbus]] (the first person tae leave a written record aboot the species), [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomists]] thocht the raccoon wis sib tae mony different species, includin [[Canidae|dugs]], [[Felidae|cats]], [[brock]]s an parteecularly [[beir]]s.<ref>Holmgren, pp. 47–67</ref> [[Carl Linnaeus]], the faither o modren taxonomy, placed the raccoon in the genus ''[[Ursus (genus)|Ursus]]'', first as ''Ursus cauda elongata'' ("long-tailed bear") in the seicont edeetion o his ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' (1740), then as ''Ursus Lotor'' ("washer bear") in the tenth edition (1758–59).<ref>Holmgren, pp. 64–67; Zeveloff, pp. 4–6</ref> In 1780, [[Gottlieb Conrad Christian Storr]] placed the raccoon in its ain genus ''[[Procyon (genus)|Procyon]]'', whilk can be owerset as aither "afore the dug" or "duglike".<ref>Holmgren, pp. 68–69; Zeveloff, p. 6</ref> It is possible that Storr haed its [[nocturnality|nocturnal]] lifestyle in mind an chuise the starn [[Procyon]] as eponym for the species.<ref>Hohmann, p. 44; Holmgren, p. 68</ref> ==Description== [[File:Raccoon skull Pengo.jpg|thumb|left|Skull wi dentition: 2/2 molars, 4/4 premolars, 1/1 canines, 3/3 incisors]] ===Physical characteristics=== [[File:Coonskeleton.jpg|thumb|Skeleton]] Heid tae hurdies, raccoons meisur atween {{convert|40|and|70|cm|in|0|abbr=on}}, nae includin the bushy tail that can meisur atween {{convert|20|and|40|cm|in|0|abbr=on}}, but isnae uisually hantle langer than {{convert|25|cm|in|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>Hohmann, p. 77; Lagoni-Hansen, p. 15; Zeveloff, p. 58</ref> The shouther hicht is atween {{convert|23|and|30|cm|in|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>Lagoni-Hansen, p. 16</ref> The body wecht o an adult raccoon varies considerably wi [[habitat]], makkin the raccoon ane o the maist variably sized mammals. It can range frae {{convert|2|to|14|kg|lb|sigfig=1}}, but is uisually atween {{convert|3.5|and|9|kg|lb|sigfig=1}}. The smaaest specimens is foond in Southren Florida, while thaim that is near the northren leemits o the raccoon's range tend tae be the maist muckle (see [[Bergmann's rule]]).<ref>Zeveloff, pp. 58–59</ref> Males is uisually 15 tae 20% heivier than females.<ref>Lagoni-Hansen, p. 18</ref> At the beginnin o winter, a raccoon can wee twice as hantle as in spring acause o fat storage.<ref>Hohmann, p.47–48; MacClintock, p. 44; Zeveloff, p. 108</ref> The maist muckle kent wild raccoon weed {{convert|28.4|kg|lb|1|abbr=on}} an meisurt {{convert|140|cm|in|abbr=on}} in tot lenth, bi far the maist muckle procyonid kent.<ref>MacClintock, p. 8; Zeveloff, p. 59</ref><ref>Boitani, Luigi, ''Simon & Schuster's Guide to Mammals''. Simon & Schuster/Touchstone Books (1984), ISBN 978-0-671-42805-1</ref> The maist characteristic physical featur o the raccoon is the aurie o black [[fur]] aroond the een, whilk contrasts shairply wi the surroondin white face colourin. This is reminiscent o a "[[Domino mask|bandit's mask]]" an haes enhanced the animal's reputation for mischief.<ref>Bartussek, p.6; Zeveloff, p. 61</ref> The slichtly roundit lugs is bund bi white fur an aa. Raccoons is assumed tae ken the facial expression an posture o ither members o thair species mair quickly acause o the conspicuous facial colouration an the alternatin licht an dark rings on the tail.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 65–66</ref><ref name="mc5-6z63" /> The dark mask mey reduce [[glare (vision)|glare]] an aa an enhance [[nicht vision]].<ref name="mc5-6z63">MacClintock, pp. 5–6; Zeveloff, p. 63</ref> On ither pairts o the body, the lang an stiff [[guard hair]]s, which shed moisture, are uisually coloured in shades o gray an, tae a lesser extent, broun.<ref name="z60">Zeveloff, p. 60</ref> Raccoons wi a vera dark coat is mair common in the German population acause individuals wi sic colourin wis amang thaim that wis initially released intae the wild.<ref name="stellungnahme">{{cite web|url=http://www.projekt-waschbaer.de/aktuelles/stellungnahme-oekologie/|title=Ökologische und ökonomische Bedeutung des Waschbären in Mitteleuropa – Eine Stellungnahme|accessdate=December 7, 2008|last=Michler|first=Frank-Uwe|author2=Köhnemann, Berit A.|date=May 2008|work="Projekt Waschbär"|language=German|archive-date=2012-05-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512144354/http://www.projekt-waschbaer.de/aktuelles/stellungnahme-oekologie/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The dense [[underfur]], whilk accounts for awmaist 90% o the coat, insulates again cauld wather an is componed o {{convert|2|to|3|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} lang hairs.<ref name="z60" /> [[File:Raccoonpenisbone.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Baculum]] or "penis bone"]] The raccoon, whase method o [[Terrestrial locomotion|locomotion]] is uisually considered tae be [[plantigrade]], can staund on its hind legs tae exaimine objects wi its front paws.<ref>Hohmann, p. 57; Zeveloff, p. 71–72</ref> As raccoons hae short legs compared tae thair compact torso, thay uisually can naither rin swith nor lowp muckle distances.<ref>Hohmann, p. 93; Zeveloff, p. 72</ref> Thair tap speed over short distances is {{convert|16|to|24|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>MacClintock, p. 28</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Saunders|first=Andrew D.|title=Adirondack Mammals|publisher=Syracuse University Press|location=Syracuse, New York|date=March 1989|isbn=978-0-8156-8115-1|page=256|chapter=Raccoon|chapterurl=http://www.esf.edu/aec/adks/mammals/raccoon.htm|access-date=2015-06-03|archive-date=2021-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730162539/https://www.esf.edu/aec/adks/mammals/raccoon.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Raccoons can soum wi an average speed o aboot {{convert|5|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} an can stay in the watter for several oors.<ref>MacClintock, p. 33; Zeveloff, p. 72</ref> For climmin doun a tree heidfirst — an unuisual ability for a mammal o its size — a raccoon rotates its hint feet sae thay are pynt backwart.<ref>MacClintock, p. 30; Zeveloff, p. 72</ref> Raccoons hae a dual cooling system tae [[Thermoregulation|regulate thair temperature]]; that is, thay can baith sweit an pech for heat dissipation.<ref>MacClintock, p. 29; Zeveloff, p. 73</ref> Raccoon skulls hae a short an wide facial region an a voluminous [[braincase]]. The [[Facial skelet|facial]] lenth o the skull is less nor the [[Neurocranium|cranial]], an thair [[nasal bane]]s is short an quite braid. The [[auditory bulla]]e is inflate in form, an the [[sagittal crest]] is waik developit.<ref name="s1375">{{Harvnb|Heptner|Sludskii|2002|pp=1375–1376}}</ref> The [[dentition]] — 40 teeth wi the [[dental formula]]:{{DentalFormula|upper=3.1.4.2|lower=3.1.4.2}} — is adapted tae thair [[omnivore|omnivorous]] diet: the [[carnassial]]s arenae as shairp an pyntit as thaim that a fou-time [[carnivore]] haes, but the [[molar (tooth)|molars]] arenae as wide as thaim that a [[herbivory|herbivore]] haes.<ref>Zeveloff, p. 64</ref> The [[baculum|penis bane]] o males is aboot {{convert|10|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} lang an strangly bent at the front end.<ref>Hohmann, p. 27; MacClintock, p. 84</ref> Seiven o the thirteen identified vocal calls is uised in [[Animal communication|communication]] atween the mither an her kits, ane o them bein the birdlike twitterin o newborns.<ref>Hohmann, p. 66; MacClintock, p. 92; Zeveloff, p. 73</ref> [[File:Mm Hand.jpg|thumb|left|Bottom side o the front paw wi visible [[vibrissae]] on the tips o the deegits]] ===Senses=== The maist important sense for the raccoon is its [[Somatosensory system|sense o touch]].<ref>Bartussek, p. 13; Hohmann, p. 55; Zeveloff, p. 70</ref> The "hyper sensitive"<ref>Hohmann, p. 55</ref> front paws is pertect bi a thin [[Stratum corneum|horny layer]] that becomes pliable whan weet.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 56–59; MacClintock, p. 15</ref> The five deegits o the paws hae no wabbin atween them, whilk is unuisual for a [[carnivoran]].<ref>Zeveloff, p. 69</ref> Awmaist twa-thirds o the aurie responsible for [[perception|sensory perception]] in the raccoon's [[cerebral cortex]] is specialised for the interpretation o tactile impulses, mair nor in ony ither studied animal.<ref>Hohmann, p. 56</ref> Thay can identify objects afore touchin them wi [[vibrissa]]e locatit abuin thair shairp, nonretractable [[claw]]s.<ref>Hohmann, p. 57; Zeveloff, p. 70</ref> The raccoon's paws lack an opposable [[thumb]]; it disnae hae the agility o the haunds o [[primate]]s.<ref>MacClintock, p. 15; Zeveloff, p. 70</ref> Thare is nae observed negative effect on tactile perception whan a raccoon staunds in watter ablo 10&nbsp;°C (50&nbsp;°F) for oors.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 60–62</ref> Raccoons is thocht tae be [[color blindness|color blind]] or at least that thay can puirly distinguish colour, tho thair een is weel-adapt for sensin green licht.<ref>Hohmann, p. 63; MacClintock, p. 18; Zeveloff, p. 66</ref> Awtho thair [[accommodation (eye)|accommodation]] o 11 [[dioptre]] is comparable tae that o humans an thay see weel in the gloamin acause o the [[tapetum lucidum]] ahint the [[retina]], [[visual perception]] is o subordinate importance tae raccoons acause o thair poor lang-distance vision.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 63–65; MacClintock, pp. 18–21; Zeveloff, pp. 66–67</ref> In addition tae bein uisefu for orientation in the dark, thair [[olfaction|sense o smell]] is important for intraspecific communication. Glandular [[secretion]]s (uisually frae thair [[anal glands]]), urine an feces is uised for merkin.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 67–70; MacClintock, p. 17; Zeveloff, pp. 68–69</ref> Wi thair braid [[hearin (sense)|auditory range]], thay can perceive tones up tae 50–85&nbsp;[[Hertz|kHz]] as weel as quiet noises, lik thaim produced bi [[earthworm]]s unner the grund.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 66, 72; Zeveloff, p. 68</ref> ===Intelligence=== Zoologist [[Clinton Hart Merriam]] descrivit raccoons as "cliver beists", an that "in certain directions their cunnin surpasses that o the tod." The animal's intelligence provokit the epithet "sleekit coon".<ref name="merriam1884">Merriam, C. H. (1884), ''[https://archive.org/stream/mammalsofadirond00merr#page/90/mode/2up The mammals o the Adirondack region, northeastern New York : with an introductory chapter treating o the location an boondaries o the region, its geological history, topography, climate, general features, botany, an faunal position]'', New York : Published by the author, pp. 91-95</ref> Anly a few studies hae been taen on haun tae determine the mental abilities o raccoons, maist o them based on the ainimal's sense o touch. In a study bi the [[ethology|ethologist]] H. B. Davis in 1908, raccoons coud open 11 o 13 complex locks in fewer than 10 ettles an haed nae problems repeatin the action whan the locks wis rereddit or wis pit tapsalteerie. Davis concludit thay unnerstuid the [[abstraction|abstract]] principles o the lockin mechanisms an thair [[learnin speed]] wis equivalent tae that o [[rhesus macaque]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Davis|first=H. B.|date=October 1907|title=The Raccoon: A Study in Animal Intelligence|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-psychology_1907-10_18_4/page/447|journal=The American Journal of Psychology|volume=18|issue=4|pages=447–489|publisher=University of Illinois Press|location=Champaign, Illinois|doi=10.2307/1412576|jstor=1412576}}</ref> Studies in 1963, 1973, 1975 an 1992 concentrated on raccoon [[memory]] shawed thay can mind the solutions tae tasks for up tae three year.<ref name="h7172">Hohmann, pp. 71–72</ref> In a study bi B. Pohl in 1992, raccoons coud instantly differentiate atween identical an different seembols three year efter the short initial learin phase.<ref name="h7172"/> [[Stanislas Dehaene]] reports in his beuk ''The Number Sense'' raccoons can distinguish boxes conteenin twa or fower grapes frae thaim conteenin three.<ref>{{cite book|last= Dehaene|first= Stanislas|title= The number sense|url= https://archive.org/details/numbersensehowmi00deha_813|year=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=0-19-511004-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/numbersensehowmi00deha_813/page/n24 12]}}</ref> ==Behaviour== ===Social behaviour=== [[File:Three raccoons in a tree.jpg|thumb|Eastern raccoons (''P. l. lotor'') in a tree: The raccoon's social structur is grouped intae whit [[Ulf Hohmann]] caws a "three class society".]] Studies in the 1990s bi the ethologists Stanley D. Gehrt an [[Ulf Hohmann]] indicate raccoons engage in gender-specific [[social behaviour]]s an arenae teepically solitary, as wis thocht aforehaun.<ref name="gehrt">{{cite journal|last=Gehrt|first=Stanley D.|title=Raccoon social organization in South Texas|year= 1994}} (Dissertation at the University of Missouri-Columbia)</ref><ref>Hohmann, pp. 133–155</ref> Related females eften live in a sae-cried "[[fission-fusion society]]", that is, thay share a common aurie an occasionally meet at feedin or restin grunds.<ref>Bartussek, pp. 10–12; Hohmann, pp. 141–142</ref> Males that isnae sib tae ilkane ither eften form loose male social groups tae mainteen thair poseetion again foreign males in the [[matein saison]] — or again ither potential invaders.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 152–154</ref> Sic a group disnae uisually conseest o mair nor fower individuals.<ref>Bartussek, p. 12; Hohmann, p. 140</ref> Syne some males shaw aggressive behaviour towart wansib kits, mithers will isolate themsels frae ither raccoons til thair kits is muckle eneuch tae defend thairsels.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 124–126, 155</ref> Wi respect tae thir three different modes o life prevalent amang raccoons, Hohmann cried thair [[social structur]] a "three class society".<ref>Hohmann, p. 133</ref> Samuel I. Zeveloff, professor o [[zoology]] at [[Weber State University]] an author o the beuk ''Raccoons: A Natural History'', is mair cautious in his interpretation an concludes at least the females is solitary maist o the time an, accordin tae Erik K. Fritzell's study in [[North Dakota]] in 1978, males in auries wi law population densities is solitary as weel.<ref>Zeveloff, pp. 137–139</ref> The shape an size o a raccoon's [[hame range]] varies dependin on age, sex, an habitat, wi adults claimin auries mair nor twice as lairge as juveniles.<ref>MacClintock, p. 61</ref> While the size o hame ranges in the inhospitable habitat o North Dakota's [[prairie]]s lee atween {{convert|7|and|50|km2|sqmi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}} for males an atween {{convert|2|and|16|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} for females, the average size in a [[marsh]] at [[Lake Erie]] wis {{convert|0.5|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref>MacClintock, pp. 60–61</ref> Irrespective o whether the hame ranges o adjacent groups owerlap, thay are likest eneuch nae actively defendit ootwi the matein saison gif fuid supplies is sufficient.<ref>Zeveloff, pp. 137–138</ref> Odor marks on prominent spots is assumed tae establish hame ranges an identify individuals.<ref>Zeveloff, pp. 68–69</ref> Urine an feces left at shared [[raccoon latrine]]s mey provide additional information aboot feedin grunds, syne raccoons war observed tae meet thare later for collective eatin, sleepin an playin.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 142–147</ref> Concernin the general behaviour patterns o raccoons, Gehrt pynts oot that "teeepically ye'll find 10 tae 15 percent that will dae the opposite"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chicagowildernessmag.org/issues/summer2002/raccoons.html|title=The City Raccoon and the Country Raccoon|accessdate=December 7, 2008|last=Riddell|first=Jill|year=2002|work=Chicago Wilderness Magazine|publisher=Chicago Wilderness Magazine}}</ref> o whot is expectit. [[File:Mm im Apfelbaum.jpg|left|thumb|On an [[aipple tree]]]] ===Diet=== Tho uisually nocturnal, the raccoon is whiles active in daylicht tae tak advantage o available food soorces.<ref name="b10z99">Bartussek, p. 10; Zeveloff, p. 99</ref> Its diet consists o aboot 40% [[invertebrate]]s, 33% [[plant]] material an 27% [[vertebrate]]s.<ref>Hohmann, p. 82</ref> Syne its diet consists o sic a variety o different fuids, Zeveloff argues the raccoon "mey weel be ane o the warld's maist omnivorous ainimals".<ref>Zeveloff, p. 102</ref> While its diet in ware an early simmer consists maistly o insects, worms, an ither ainimals awready available air in the year, it prefers fruits an nits, lik [[acorn]]s an wawnits, whilk emerge in late simmer an hairst, an represent a rich calorie soorce for buildin up fat needit for winter.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 85–88; MacClintock, pp. 44–45</ref> Contrar tae popular belief, raccoons eat active or lairge prey, lik [[bird]]s an [[mammal]]s, anly occasionally, acause thay prefer prey that is easier tae catch, specifically [[fish]], [[amphibian]]s an bird eggs.<ref>Hohmann, p. 83</ref> Whan fuid is plentifu, raccoons can develop strang individual preferences for specific foods.<ref>MacClintock, p. 44</ref> In the northren pairts o thair range, raccoons gang intae a [[winter rest]], reducin thair activity drastically as lang as a permanent snaw civer maks sairchin for fuid impossible.<ref>MacClintock, pp. 108–113</ref> ===Slockin=== [[File:Procyon lotor 7 - am Wasser.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Captive raccoons aften slock thair food afore eatin.]] Ane aspect o raccoon behaviour is sae weel kent that it gies the animal pairt o its scienteefic name, ''Procyon lotor''; "lotor" is neo-Latin for "washer". In the wild, raccoons aften daible for unnerwatter fuid naur the shore-line. Thay then aften pick up the fuid item wi thair front paws tae exaimine it an screenge the item, whiles tae remuive unwantit pairts. This gies the appearance o the raccoon "washin" the fuid. The tactile sensitivity o raccoons' paws is increased gif this screengin action is performed unnerwatter, for the watter softens the haurd layer kiverin the paws.<ref>Hohmann, p. 55; Zeveloff, p. 7</ref> Housomiver, the behaviour observed in captive raccoons in whilk thay cairy thair food tae watter tae "wash" or slock it afore eatin haes nae been observed in the wild.<ref>Lagoni-Hansen, p. 41; MacClintock, pp. 56–57</ref> [[Natural history|Naturalist]] [[Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon]], believed that raccoons disnae hae adequate [[salivary gland|saliva production]] tae moisten fuid tharebi necessitatin slockin, but this hypothesis is nou considert tae be incorrect.<ref>Holmgren, p. 70; Lagoni-Hansen, p. 41; MacClintock, p. 57; Zeveloff, p. 7</ref> Captive raccoons slock thair food mair aften whan a watterin hole wi a layout seemilar tae a burn isnae farther awa than {{convert|3|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="mc57">MacClintock, p. 57</ref> The widely acceptit theory is that slockin in captive raccoons is a [[fixed action pattern]] frae the daiblin behaviour performed whan foragin at shores for aquatic foods.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 44–45; Lagoni-Hansen, pp. 41–42; MacClintock, p. 57; Zeveloff, p. 7</ref> This is support bi the observation that aquatic fuids is slockit mair aften. Cleanin clarty fuid disnae seem tae be a raison for "washin".<ref name="mc57" /> Experts haes cast dout on the veracity o observations o wild raccoons slockin fuid.<ref>Holmgren, p. 22 (pro); Lagoni-Hansen, p. 41 (contra); MacClintock, p. 57 (contra)</ref> ===Reproduction=== Raccoons uisually [[mateing|mate]] in a period triggered bi increasin daylicht atween late Januar an mid-Mairch.<ref>Hohmann, p. 150; MacClintock, p. 81; Zeveloff, p. 122</ref> Housomiver, thare lairge regional differences whilk isnae completely explicable bi solar conditions. For insaumple, while raccoons in soothren states teepically mate later than average, the matein saison in [[Manitoba]] peaks later than uisual in Mairch an stends till Juin.<ref>Zeveloff, p. 122</ref> In the matein saison, males restlessly roam thair hame ranges in rake o females in an attempt tae coort them throu the three- tae fower- day period whan conception is possible. Thir encounters will aften occur at central meetin places.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 148–150; Lagoni-Hansen, p. 47; MacClintock, pp. 81–82</ref> [[Sexual intercourse|Copulation]], includin foreplay, can last over an oor an is repeated over several nights.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 150–151</ref> The waiker members o a ''male social group'' is assumed tae get the opportunity tae mate an aa, syne the stranger ones canna mate wi aw available females.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 153–154</ref> In a study in soothren Texas in the matein saisons frae 1990 tae 1992, aboot ae third o aw females matit wi mair nor ae male.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Gehrt|first=Stanley|author2=Fritzell, Erik K. |date=March 1999|title=Behavioural aspects o the raccoon matein seestem: determinants o consortship success|journal=Animal behaviour|volume=57|issue=3|pages=593–601|publisher=Elsevier|location=Amsterdam|issn=0003-3472|doi=10.1006/anbe.1998.1037|pmid=10196048}}</ref> Gif a female disnae acome [[pregnancy|pregnant]] or gif she loses her kits air, she will whiles acome fertile again 80 till 140&nbsp;day later.<ref>Hohmann, p. 125; Lagoni-Hansen, p. 45; Zeveloff, p. 125</ref> [[File:Common Raccoon (Procyon lotor) in Northwest Indiana.jpg|left|thumb|An Eastern raccoon (''P. l. lotor'') kit]] Efter uisually 63 till 65&nbsp;day o [[gestation]] (tho onywhaur frae 54 till 70&nbsp;day is possible), a [[bruid (ainimal)|bruid]] o teepically twa till five young is born.<ref>Hohmann, p. 131; Zeveloff, pp. 121, 126</ref> The average bruid size varies widely wi habitat, rangin frae 2.5 in [[Alabama]] tae 4.8 in [[North Dakota]].<ref>Lagoni-Hansen, p. 50; Zeveloff, p. 126</ref> Lairger bruids is mair common in auries wi a heich mortality rate, due, for insaumple, tae [[hunting]] or severe winters.<ref>Bartussek, p. 32; Zeveloff, p. 126</ref> While male yearlins uisually reak thair sexual maturity anly efter the main matein saison, female yearlins can compensate for heich mortality rates an mey be responsible for aboot 50% o aw young born in a year.<ref>Hohmann, p. 163; MacClintock, p. 82; Zeveloff, pp. 123–127</ref> Males hae nae pairt in raisin young.<ref>Bartussek, p. 12; Hohmann, p. 111; MacClintock, p. 83</ref> The kits (cried "cubs" an aa) is blin an deif at birth, but thair mask is awready visible again thair licht fur.<ref name="zp127">Hohmann, pp. 114, 117; Zeveloff, p. 127</ref> The birth wecht o the aboot {{convert|10|cm|in|0|abbr=on}}-lang kits is atween {{convert|60|and|75|g|oz|1|abbr=on}}.<ref>Zeveloff, p. 127</ref> Thair lug canals open efter aroond 18 tae 23&nbsp;days, a few days afore thair een open for the first time.<ref>Hohmann, p. 117</ref> Ance the kits wecht aboot {{convert|1|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}, thay begin tae explore ootwi the den, consumin solit food for the first time efter sax tae nine&nbsp;week.<ref>Hohmann, p. 119; MacClintock, pp. 94–95</ref> Efter this pyntin, thair mither [[Lactation|suckles]] them wi decreasing frequency; thay are uisually weaned bi 16&nbsp;weeks.<ref>Zeveloff, p. 129</ref> In the faw, efter thair mither haes shawn them dens an feedin grunds, the juvenile group splits up.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 126–127. Zeveloff, p. 130</ref> While mony females will stay close tae the home range o thair mither, males can whiles muive mair nor {{convert|20|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} away.<ref>Hohmann, p. 130; Zeveloff, pp. 132–133</ref> This is considered an [[instinct]]ive behaviour, preventin [[inbreedin]].<ref>Hohmann, p. 128; Zeveloff, p. 133</ref> Houiver, mither an affspring mey share a den in the first winter in cauld auries.<ref>Zeveloff, p. 130</ref> ===Life expectancy=== [[File:Racoon crossing road.JPG|right|thumb|Young Florida raccoon (''P. l. elucus'') crossing a road]] Captive raccoons haes been kent tae live for mair nor 20&nbsp;year.<ref>Bartussek, p. 6</ref> Housomiver, the species' life expectancy in the wild is anly 1.8 till 3.1&nbsp;year, dependin on the local conditions in terms o traffeck volume, huntin, an wather severity.<ref>Zeveloff, pp. 118–119</ref> It isnae unuisual for anly hauf o the young born in ae year tae survive a fou year.<ref>Hohmann, p. 163; Zeveloff, p. 119</ref> Efter this pyntin, the annual mortality rate drops tae atween 10% an 30%.<ref>Hohmann, p. 163</ref> Young raccoons is vulnerable tae losin thair mither tae starvation, parteecularly in lang an cauld winters.<ref>MacClintock, p. 73</ref> The maist frequent naitural cause o daith in the North American raccoon population is [[Canine distemper|distemper]], whilk can reak [[epidemic]] proportions an kill maist o a local raccoon population.<ref name="ergebnisse">{{cite web|url=http://www.projekt-waschbaer.de/erste-ergebnisse/|title=Erste Ergebnisse|accessdate=December 7, 2008|last=Michler|first=Frank-Uwe|author2=Köhnemann, Berit A.|date=June 2008|work="Projekt Waschbär"|language=German|archive-date=2009-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214202619/http://www.projekt-waschbaer.de/erste-ergebnisse|url-status=dead}}</ref> In auries wi hivy vehicular traffeck an extensive huntin, thir factors can accoont for up tae 90% o aw daiths o adult raccoons.<ref>Hohmann, p. 162</ref> The maist important naitural [[predation|predators]] o the raccoon is [[bobcat]]s, [[coyote]]s, an [[great hornit houlet]]s, the latter mainly preyin on young raccoons. In thair introduced range in the umwhile Soviet Union, thair main predators is [[wouf]]s, [[Eurasian lynx|lynxes]] an [[catogle]]s.<ref name="s1390">{{Harvnb|Heptner|Sludskii|2002|p=1390}}</ref> Housomiver, predation isnae a significant cause o daith, inspecially acause lairger predators haes been [[Holocene extinction event|exterminated]] in mony auries whaur raccoons is indwellin.<ref>Zeveloff, pp. 111–112</ref> ==Range== [[File:Raccoon in bayou.jpg|left|thumb|Mississippi Delta raccoon (''P. l. megaloudus'') searching for food on a lake shore]] ===Habitat=== Tho thay hae thrived in sparsely widit auries in the last decades, raccoons depend on vertical structures tae clim whan thay feel threatened.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 93–94; Zeveloff, p. 93</ref> Therefore, thay evit open terrain an auries wi heich concentrations o [[beech]] trees, as beech [[baurk]] is ower smooth tae clim.<ref>Hohmann, p. 94</ref> [[Tree howe]]s in auld [[aik]]s or ither trees an rock clifts is preferred bi raccoons as sleepin, winter an bruid bouries. Gif sic dens is unavailable or accessing them is inconvenient, raccoons uise [[burrow]]s dug bi ither mammals, dense [[undergrowth]] or tree crotches.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 97–101; Zeveloff, pp. 95–96</ref> In a study in the [[Solling]] range o hills in Germany, mair nor 60% o aw sleepin places war uised anly ance, but thaim uised at least ten times accountit for aboot 70% o aw uises.<ref>Hohmann, p. 98</ref> For amphibians, [[crustacean]]s, an ither ainimals foond aroond the shore o lochs an rivers is an important pairt o the raccoon's diet, lawland [[deciduous]] or [[Temperate broadleaf an mixed wids|mixed wids]] abundant wi watter an marshes susteen the heichest population densities.<ref>Hohmann, p. 160; Zeveloff, p. 98</ref> While population densities range frae 0.5 tae 3.2 ainimals per square kilometer (1.3 tae 8.3 ainimals per square mile) in prairies an dae nae uisually exceed 6 ainimals per square kilometer (15.5 ainimals per square mile) in upland haurdwid wids, mair nor 20 raccoons per square kilometer (51.8 ainimals per square mile) can live in lawland wids an marshes.<ref>Hohmann, p. 160; Zeveloff, p. 97</ref> ===Distribution in North America=== [[File:Albino raccoon.png|thumb|An [[albino]] Florida raccoon (''P. l. elucus'') in [[Virginia Key]], Florida]] Raccoons is common atouer North Americae frae Canadae tae [[Panama]], whaur the subspecies ''Procyon lotor pumilus'' coexists wi the [[crab-eatin Raccoon]] (''Procyon cancrivorus'').<ref>Hohmann, pp. 12, 46; Zeveloff, pp. 75, 88</ref> The population on [[Hispaniola]] wis sterminate as air as 1513 bi Spainyie colonists wha huntit them for thair meat.<ref>Holmgren, p. 58</ref> Raccoons wis exterminate in [[Cuba]] an [[Jamaica]] an aa, whaur the last sichtins wis reportit in 1687.<ref>Holmgren, pp. 58–59</ref> Whan thay war still considered separate species, the Bahamas raccoon, Guadeloupe raccoon an Tres Marias raccoon wis classifee'd as [[Endangered species|endangered]] bi the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature|IUCN]] in 1996.<ref>Zeveloff, pp. 42–45</ref> Thare is evidence that in [[pre-Columbian]] times raccoons wis numerous anly alang rivers an in the widlands o the [[Sootheastren Unitit States]].<ref>Zeveloff, p. 77</ref> As raccoons wisnae mentioned in earlier reports o [[American pioneer|pioneers]] explorin the central an north-central pairts o the Unitit States,<ref>Zeveloff, p. 78</ref> thair initial spread mey hae begun a few decades afore the 20t century. Syne the 1950s, raccoons hae spandit thair range frae [[Vancouver Island]]—umwhile the northernmost leemit o thair range—far intae the northren portions o the fower sooth-central Canadian provinces.<ref>Zeveloff, p. 75</ref> New habitats whilk hae recently been occupied bi raccoons (apart frae urban auries) include moontain ranges, lik the [[Western Rocky Mountains]], prairies an [[Salt marsh|coastal marshes]].<ref>Zeveloff, p. 76</ref> Efter a population explosion stairtin in the 1940s, the estimate nummer o raccoons in North Americae in the late 1980s wis 15 tae 20&nbsp;times heicher than in the 1930s, whan raccoons wis comparatively rare.<ref>Zeveloff, pp. 75–76</ref> [[Urbanisation]], the waxin o [[agricultur]], deliberate introductions, an the stermination o naitural predators o the raccoon haes likely caused this increase in abundance an distribution.<ref>Zeveloff, pp. 76–78</ref> ===Distribution outside North America=== As a result o escapes an deliberate [[introduced species|introductions]] in the mid-20t century, the raccoon is nou distribute in several European an Asian countries. Sichtins haes occurred in aw the countries bund Germany, whilk hosts the lairgest population ootwi North Americae.<ref>Lagoni-Hansen, pp. 89–90</ref> Anither stable population exists in northren Fraunce, whaur several pet raccoons wis released bi members o the [[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]] near the [[Laon-Couvron Air Base]] in 1966.<ref>Hohmann, p. 13</ref> Mair atouer, raccoons haes been reportit in the aurie aroond [[Madrid]] syne the early 1970s. In 2013 the ceety authorised "the capture an daith o ony specimen" foond.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/22/madrid-raccoon-parrot-plague|title = Madrid declares war on plague of raccoon an parrot invaders|last = Burger|first = Stephen|date = July 22, 2013|work = |access-date = May 4, 2015|via = |newspaper = The Guardian}}</ref> Aboot 1,240 ainimals wis released in nine regions o the umwhile [[Soviet Union]] atween 1936 an 1958 for the purpose o establishin a population tae be huntit for thair fur. Twa o thir introductions wis sonsie — ane in the sooth o [[Belaroushie]] atween 1954 an 1958, an anither in [[Azerbaijan]] atween 1941 an 1957. Wi a seasonal hairst o atween 1,000 an 1,500&nbsp;ainimals, in 1974 the estimate size o the population distributit in the [[Caucasus]] region wis aroond 20,000&nbsp;ainimals an the density wis fower ainimals per square kilometer (10&nbsp;ainimals per square mile).<ref>Lagoni-Hansen, pp. 90–92</ref> ====Distribution in Japan==== In Japan, up tae 1,500&nbsp;raccoons wis importit as pets ilka year efter the success o the [[anime]] series ''[[Rascal the Raccoon]]'' (1977). In 2004, the descendants o discardit or escaped ainimals lived in 42 o 47&nbsp;[[Prefecturs o Japan|prefecturs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20040916f1.html|title=Raccoons – new foreign menace?|accessdate=December 7, 2008|last=Yoshida|first=Reiji|date=September 16, 2004|work=The Japan Times Online|publisher=The Japan Times Ltd.|archive-date=2012-04-19|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6738lej3L?url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20040916f1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20080219a5.html|title=Raccoons take big bite out of crops|accessdate=December 7, 2008|date=February 19, 2008|work=The Japan Times Online|publisher=The Japan Times Ltd.|archive-date=2012-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307055356/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20080219a5.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Tohru>{{cite journal|last=Ikeda|first=Tohru|last2=Asano|first2=Makoto|last3=Matoba|first3=Yohei, Abe, Go|year=2004|title=Present Status of Invasive Alien Raccoon and its Impact in Japan|journal=Global Environmental Research|volume=8|issue=2|pages=125–131|publisher=Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies|location=Tsukuba, Japan|issn=1343-8808|url=http://www.airies.or.jp/publication/ger/pdf/08-02-03.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=December 7, 2008|archive-date=2009-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326112531/http://www.airies.or.jp/publication/ger/pdf/08-02-03.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The population o raccoons in Japan grew frae 17 prefectures in 2000 tae aw 47 prefectures in 2008.<ref name="Ribaraki">{{Cite journal|author=山﨑晃司・佐伯緑・竹内正彦・及川ひろみ|year=2009|title=茨城県でのアライグマの生息動向と今後の管理課題について|journal=県自然博物館研究報告|volume=12|url=http://www.nat.pref.ibaraki.jp/publish/documents/study_report/kenkyu12_light.pdf|format=PDF|pages=41–49|accessdate=July 3, 2011|archive-date=2011-05-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110529201015/http://www.nat.pref.ibaraki.jp/publish/documents/study_report/kenkyu12_light.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Waschbaer-verbreitung.png|left|thumb|Distribution in Germany: Raccoons killed or foond dead bi hunters in the huntin years 2000-2001, 2001-2002 an 2002-2003 in the admeenistrative destricts o Germany]] ====Distribution in Germany==== In Germany — whaur the racoon is cried the ''Waschbär'' (literally, "wash-beir" or "washin beir") due tae its habit o "slockin" fuid in watter—twa pairs o pet raccoons wis released intae the German countryside at the [[Edersee]] reservoir in the north o [[Hesse]] in Aprile 1934 bi a forester upon request o thair ainer, a poutrie farmer.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 9–10</ref> He released them twa week afore receivin permission frae the [[Prussia]]n huntin office tae "enrich the [[fauna]]." <ref>Hohmann, p. 10</ref> Several prior attempts tae introduce raccoons in Germany wisnae sonsie.<ref>Hohmann, p. 11; Lagoni-Hansen, p. 84</ref> A seicont population wis established in eastren Germany in 1945 whan 25 raccoons escaped frae a [[fur fermin|fur ferm]] at Wolfshagen, east o Berlin, efter an air strike. The twa populations is parasitologically distinguishable: 70% o the raccoons o the Hessian population is infectit wi the [[Nematode|roundworm]] ''[[Baylisascaris procyonis]]'', but nane o the [[Brandenburg]]ian population haes the parasite.<ref name=autogenerated1>Hohmann, p. 182</ref> The estimatit nummer o raccoons wis 285 ainimals in the Hessian region in 1956, ower 20,000 ainimals in the Hessian region in 1970 an atween 200,000 an 400,000&nbsp;ainimals in the hale o Germany in 2008.<ref name="ergebnisse" /><ref>Hohmann, p. 11</ref> Bi 2012 it wis estimate that Germany nou haed mair nor a million raccoons.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/germany-overrun-by-raccoon-invasion-a-847847.html|title = Raccoon Invasion: Germany Overrun by Hordes of Masked Omnivores|last = Schulz|first = Matthias|date = August 3, 2012|work = |access-date = May 4, 2015|via = }}</ref> The raccoon wis a pertected species in Germany, but haes been declared a [[game (food)|game animal]] in 14 [[States o Germany|states]] syne 1954.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 18, 21</ref> Hunters an [[environmentalism|environmentalists]] argue the raccoon spreads uncontrollably, threatens pertectit bird species an supersedes domestic [[carnivora]]ns.<ref name="stellungnahme" /> This view is opposed bi the zoologist Frank-Uwe Michler, wha fins nae evidence a heich population density o raccoons haes negative effects on the [[biodiversity]] o an aurie.<ref name="stellungnahme" /> Hohmann argues that extensive huntin canna be juistifee'd bi the absence o naitural predators, acause predation isnae a significant cause o daith in the North American raccoon population.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 14–16</ref> ====Distribution in the former USSR==== Experiments in acclimatising raccoons intae the USSR began in 1936, an wis repeatit a faur 25 times til 1962. Oweraw, 1,222 individuals war released, 64 o whilk came frae zoos an fur farms (38 o them haein been imports frae wastren Europe). The remainder originatit frae a population established aforehaun in [[Transcaucasia]]. The range o Soviet raccoons wis never single or continuous, as thay war aften introduced tae different locations far frae ilkane ither. Aw introductions intae the [[Roushie Far East]] failed; melanistic raccoons wis released on Petrov Island near [[Vladivostok]] an some auries o soothren [[Primorsky Krai]], but dee'd. In [[Middle Asia]], raccoons wis released in [[Kyrgyzstan]]'s [[Jalal-Abad Province]], tho thay war later recorded as "practically absent" thare in Januar 1963. A lairge an stable raccoon population (yieldin 1000–1500 catches a year) wis established in [[Azerbaijan]] efter an introduction tae the area in 1937. Raccoons apparently survived an introduction near [[Terek River|Terek]], alang the [[Sulak River]] intae the [[Dagestan]]i lowlands. Attempts tae settle raccoons on the [[Kuban River]]'s left tributary an [[Kabardino-Balkarie]] wis wansonsie. A sonsie acclimatisation occurred in [[Belarus]], whaur three introductions (consistin o 52, 37 an 38 individuals in 1954 an 1958) teuk place. Bi Januar 1, 1963, 700 individuals wis recordit in the kintra.<ref name="s1380">{{Harvnb|Heptner|Sludskii|2002|pp=1380–1383}}</ref> ===Urban raccoons=== [[File:Waschbaer auf dem Dach.jpg|thumb|On the ruif o a hoose in Albertshausen, Germany]] Due tae its adaptability, the raccoon haes can uise [[urban area]]s as a habitat. The first sichtins wis recorded in a [[suburb]] o [[Cincinnati]] in the 1920s. Syne the 1950s, raccoons hae been present in [[metropolitan area]]s lik [[Washington, DC]], [[Chicago]], an [[Toronto]].<ref name="untersuchungen">{{cite journal|first=Frank-Uwe|last=Michler|title=Untersuchungen zur Raumnutzung des Waschbären (''Procyon lotor'', L. 1758) im urbanen Lebensraum am Beispiel der Stadt Kassel (Nordhessen)|page=7|date=June 25, 2003|url=http://www.projekt-waschbaer.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Diplomarbeit-Waschbaer-Michler.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=December 7, 2008 |language=German}} (Diploma thesis at the University of Halle-Wittenberg)</ref> Syne the 1960s, [[Kassel]] haes hosted Europe's first an densest population in a lairge urban area, wi aboot 50 tae 150&nbsp;ainimals per square kilometer (130 tae 390&nbsp;ainimals per square mile), a figure comparable tae thae o urban habitats in North Americae.<ref name="untersuchungen" /><ref>Hohmann, p. 108</ref> Hame range sizes o urban raccoons is anly 3 tae 40&nbsp;hectare (7.5 tae 100&nbsp;acre) for females an 8 tae 80&nbsp;hectare (20 tae 200&nbsp;acre) for males.<ref name="Stand der Wissenschaft">{{cite web|url=http://www.projekt-waschbaer.de/stand-der-wissenschaft/|title=Stand der Wissenschaft|accessdate=December 7, 2008|last=Michler|first=Frank-Uwe|author2=Köhnemann, Berit A.|work="Projekt Waschbär"|publisher=Gesellschaft für Wildökologie und Naturschutz e.V.|language=German|archive-date=2009-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216055807/http://www.projekt-waschbaer.de/stand-der-wissenschaft/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In smaw touns an suburbs, mony raccoons sleep in a naurhaun wid efter foragin in the dounset aurie.<ref name="untersuchungen" /><ref>Bartussek, p. 20</ref> Fruit an insects in gairdens an leftowers in municipal waste is easy available fuid soorces.<ref>Bartussek, p. 21</ref> Mair atouer, a lairge nummer o addeetional sleepin auries exist in thir auries, likesuc as howes in auld gairden trees, cots, garages, abandoned houses, an attics. The percentage o urban raccoons sleepin in abandoned or occupied houses varies frae 15% in Washington, DC (1991) tae 43% in Kassel (2003).<ref>Bartussek, p. 20; Hohmann, p. 108</ref> ==Health== [[File:Baylisascaris larvae.jpg|left|upright|thumb|Raccoon roundworm ''[[Baylisascaris procyonis]]'' larvae]] Raccoons can cairry [[rabies]], a lethal disease caused bi the [[neurotropic virus|neurotropic]] rabies [[virus]] cairried in the [[slaver]] an transmittit bi bites. Its spread began in Florida an [[Georgie (U.S. state)|Georgie]] in the 1950s an wis facilitated bi the introduction o infectit individuals tae [[Virginie]] an North Dakota in the late 1970s.<ref name="z113">Zeveloff, p. 113</ref> O the 6,940&nbsp;documentit rabies cases reportit in the United States in 2006, 2,615 (37.7%) wis in raccoons.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Blanton|first=Jesse D.|author2=Hanlon, Cathleen A. |author3=Rupprecht, Charles E. |date=August 15, 2007|title=Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2006|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-veterinary-medical-association-journal_2007-08-15_231_4/page/540|journal=Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association|volume=231|issue=4|pages=540–556|publisher=American Veterinary Medical Association|location=Schaumburg, Illinois|issn=0003-1488|doi=10.2460/javma.231.4.540|pmid=17696853}}</ref> The [[Unitit States Depairtment o Agricultur|U.S. Depairtment o Agricultur]], as weel as local authorities in several U.S. states an Canadian provinces, haes developit oral [[vaccination]] programs tae fecht the spread o the disease in endangered populations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aphis.usda.gov/wildlife_damage/oral_rabies/index.shtml|title=National Rabies Management Program Overview|accessdate=December 28, 2010|date=September 25, 2009|work=Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture|archive-date=2011-01-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110110043024/http://www.aphis.usda.gov/wildlife_damage/oral_rabies/index.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://health.state.tn.us/FactSheets/raccoon.htm|title=Raccoons and Rabies|accessdate=December 7, 2008|work=Official website of the State of Tennessee|publisher=Tennessee Department of Health|archive-date=2009-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115182910/https://health.state.tn.us/FactSheets/raccoon.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mrnf.gouv.qc.ca/english/press/press-release-detail.jsp?id=7091|publisher=Gouvernement du Québec|title=Major operation related to raccoon rabies – Close to one million vaccinated baits will be spread in the Estrie and Montérégie regions from August 18 to 23, 2008|accessdate=December 28, 2010|date=August 18, 2008|archive-date=2012-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324115342/http://www.mrnf.gouv.qc.ca/english/press/press-release-detail.jsp?id=7091|url-status=dead}}</ref> Anly ae human fatality haes been reportit efter transmission o the rabies virus strain commonly kent as "raccoon rabies".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Silverstein|first=M. A.|author2=Salgado, C. D. |author3=Bassin, S. |author4=Bleck, T. P. |author5=Lopes, M. B. |author6=Farr, B. M. |author7=Jenkins, S. R. |author8=Sockwell, D. C. |author9=Marr, J. S. |author10= Miller, G. B. |date=November 14, 2003|title=First Human Death Associated with Raccoon Rabies|journal=Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report|volume=52|issue=45|pages=1102–1103|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|location=Atlanta, Georgia|url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5245a4.htm|accessdate=December 7, 2008|pmid=14614408}}</ref> Amang the main symptoms for rabies in raccoons are a generally sickly appearance, impaired mobility, abnormal vocalisation, an [[aggression|aggressiveness]].<ref name="rabies">{{cite journal|last=Rosatte|first=Rick|last2=Sobey|first2=Kirk|last3=Donovan|first3=Dennis|last4=Bruce|first4=Laura|last5=Allan|first5=Mike|last6=Silver|first6=Andrew|last7=Bennett|first7=Kim|last8=Gibson|first8=Mark|last9=Simpson|first9=Holly|last10=; Davies|first10=Chris|last11=Wandeler|first11=Alex|last12=Muldoon|first12=Frances|date=July 1, 2006|title=Behavior, Movements, and Demographics of Rabid Raccoons in Ontario, Canada: Management Implications|journal=Journal of Wildlife Diseases|volume=42|issue=3|pages=589–605|publisher=The Wildlife Disease Association|location=USA|issn=0090-3558|url=http://www.jwildlifedis.org/cgi/content/full/42/3/589|accessdate=December 7, 2008|pmid=17092890|doi=10.7589/0090-3558-42.3.589|archive-date=2012-12-09|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121209072424/http://www.jwildlifedis.org/cgi/content/full/42/3/589|url-status=dead}}</ref> Thare mey be nae visible signs ava, housomiver, an maist individuals disnae shaw the aggressive behaviour seen in infectit canids; rabid raccoons will aften retire tae thair dens insteid.<ref name="stellungnahme" /><ref name=autogenerated1 /><ref name="rabies" /> Organisations lik the [[United States Forest Service|U.S. Forest Service]] encourage fowk tae stey awa frae ainimals wi unuisual behaviour or appearance, an tae notify the proper authorities, lik an [[animal control officer]] frae the local [[health department]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/misc/raccoon/raccoon.htm|title=The Raccoon—Friend or Foe?|accessdate=December 7, 2008|work=Northeastern Area State & Private Forestry – USDA Forest Service}}</ref><ref name="wdfw">{{cite web|url=http://wdfw.wa.gov/wlm/living/raccoons.htm|title=Raccoons|accessdate=December 7, 2008|last=Link|first=Russell|work=Living with Wildlife|publisher=Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080324192751/http://wdfw.wa.gov/wlm/living/raccoons.htm|archivedate=2008-03-24|url-status=dead}}{{Cite web |url=http://wdfw.wa.gov/wlm/living/raccoons.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-06-03 |archive-date=2008-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080324192751/http://wdfw.wa.gov/wlm/living/raccoons.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Syne healthy ainimals, especially nouricin mothers, will occasionally forage in the daytime, daylicht activity isnae a reliable indicator o ailin in raccoons.<ref name="b10z99" /> Unalik rabies an at least a dozen ither [[pathogen]]s cairried bi raccoons, [[Canine distemper|distemper]], an [[epizootic]] virus, disnae affect humans.<ref>MacClintock, p. 72; Zeveloff, p. 114</ref> This disease is the maist frequent naitural cause o daith in the North American raccoon population an affects individuals o aw age groups.<ref name="ergebnisse" /> For insaumple, 94 o 145 raccoons dee'd in an outbreak in [[Clifton, Ohio]], in 1968.<ref>Zeveloff, p. 112</ref> It mey occur alang wi a follaein inflammation o the harn ([[encephalitis]]), causin the ainimal tae display rabies-lik symptoms.<ref name="z113" /> In Germany, the first aicht cases o distemper war reportit in 2007.<ref name="ergebnisse" /> Some o the maist important [[bacteria]]l diseases whilk affect raccoons is [[leptospirosis]], [[listeriosis]], [[tetanus]], an [[tularemia]]. Tho internal [[parasitism|parasites]] waiken thair [[immune system]]s, weel-fed individuals can cairry a fair feck o roundworms in thair [[Gastrointestinal tract|digestive tracts]] wioot shawin symptoms.<ref>MacClintock, pp. 73–74; Zeveloff, p. 114</ref> The larvae o the ''[[Baylisascaris procyonis]]'' roundworm, whilk can be conteened in the feces an seldom causes a severe ailin in humans, can be ingestit whan cleanin [[raccoon latrine]]s wioot wearing breathing pertection.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 169, 182</ref> While nae endemic, the [[Trichinella]] worm daes infect racoons,<ref>[http://jwildlifedis.org/doi/pdf/10.7589/0090-3558-2.3.81 Winslow, Price, Heafie, Herman, "Trichinosis in Marayland Racoons," Bulletin Wildlife Disease Assn, Vol 2 July 1966 ]</ref> an unnercuiked racoon meat haes caused [[trichinosis]] in humans.<ref>[http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/trichinellosis/hunters.html CDC, Parasites--Trichinellosis (also known as Trichinosis)]</ref> ==Raccoons and humans== ===Conflicts=== [[File:Urban raccoon and skunk.JPG|thumb|A [[Striped skunk|skunk]] an a Californie raccoon (''P. s. psora'') share cat food morsels in a [[Hollywood]], [[Californie]], back yard]] The increasin nummer o raccoons in urban auries haes resultit in diverse reactions in humans, rangin frae outrage at thair presence tae deliberate feedin.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 103–106</ref> Some wildlife experts an maist public authorities caution against feedin wild ainimals acause thay micht acome increasingly obtrusive an dependent on humans as a fuid soorce.<ref>Bartussek, p. 34</ref> Ither experts challenge sic arguments an gie advice on feedin raccoons an ither wildlife in thair beuks.<ref>Holmgren, pp. 117–121</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Harris|first=Stephen|author2=Baker, Phil |title=Urban Foxes|publisher=Whittet Books|location=Suffolk|year=2001|isbn=978-1-873580-51-6|pages=78–79}}</ref> Raccoons wioot a fear o humans is a concern tae thaim that attribute this trait tae rabies, but scientists pyntin oot this behaviour is hantle liker eneuch tae be a behavioural adjustment tae steyin in habitats wi regular contact wi humans for mony generations.<ref>Bartussek, p. 24; Hohmann, p. 182</ref> Raccoons uisually disnae prey on domestic cats an dugs, but individual cases o killins haes been reportit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seattlepi.com/local/282218_racoons23.html|title=Raccoons rampaging Olympia|accessdate=December 7, 2008|date=August 23, 2006| work=seattlepi.com|publisher=Seattle Post-Intelligencer}}</ref> [[File:Curious Raccoon.jpg|thumb|left|A Florida raccoon (''P. l. elucus'') in the [[Florida]] Everglades approaches a group o humans, hopin tae be fed.]] While owerturned waste conteeners an raided fruit trees is juist a nuisance tae hameawners, it can cost several thoosand dollars tae repair damage caused bi the uise o attic space as dens.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Michler|first=Frank-Uwe|title=Untersuchungen zur Raumnutzung des Waschbären (''Procyon lotor'', L. 1758) im urbanen Lebensraum am Beispiel der Stadt Kassel (Nordhessen) |page=108 |date=June 25, 2003 |url=http://www.projekt-waschbaer.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Diplomarbeit-Waschbaer-Michler.pdf |format=PDF|accessdate=December 7, 2008 |language=German}} (Diploma thesis at the University of Halle-Wittenberg)</ref> Relocatin or killin raccoons wioot a permit is forbidden in mony urban auries on grunds o [[animal welfare]]. Thir methods uisually anly solve problems wi parteecularly wild or aggressive individuals, acause adequate dens is aither kent tae several raccoons or will swith be rediskivert.<ref name="wdfw" /><ref>Bartussek, p. 32; Hohmann, pp. 142–144, 169</ref> Loud noises, flashin lichts an unpleasant odors haes pruiven parteecularly effective in drivin awa a mither an her kits afore thay wad normally leave the nestin place (whan the kits is aboot aicht week auld).<ref name="wdfw" /><ref>Bartussek, p. 40</ref> teepically, tho, anly precautionary measures tae restrict access tae fuid waste an den sites is effective in the lang term.<ref name="wdfw" /><ref>Bartussek, pp. 36–40; Hohmann, p. 169</ref> Amang aw fruits an craps cultivate in agricultural auries, [[sweet corn]] in its milk stage is parteecularly popular amang raccoons.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 87–88; MacClintock, p 49–50</ref> In a twa-year study bi [[Purdue University]] researchers, published in 2004, raccoons wis responsible for 87% o the damage tae corn plants.<ref>{{cite journal |last=MacGowan |first=Brian J. |author2=Humberg, Lee A. |author3=Beasley, James C. |author4=DeVault, Travis L. |author5=Retamosa, Monica I. |author6=Rhodes, Jr., Olin E. |title=Corn and Soybean Crop Depredation by Wildlife |page=6 |publisher=Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University |date=June 2006 |url=http://www.ces.purdue.edu/extmedia/FNR/FNR-265-W.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=December 17, 2008 |journal= |archive-date=2008-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216115857/http://www.ces.purdue.edu/extmedia/FNR/FNR-265-W.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lik ither predators, raccoons sairchin for fuid can break intae [[poutrie]] houses tae feed on chickens, ducks, thair eggs, or feed.<ref name="wdfw" /><ref>Hohmann, p. 82; MacClintock, pp. 47–48</ref> Acause raccoons in heich mortality auries hae a heicher rate o reproduction, extensive huntin mey nae solve problems wi raccoon populations. Aulder males claim lairger hame ranges nor younger ones an aa, resultin in a lawer population density. ===Meethology, airts, an entertainment=== [[File:S.E.C.C. hero twins 3 HRoe 2007.jpg|thumb|Stylised raccoon skin as depictit on the ''Raccoon Priests Gorget'' foond at [[Spiro Mounds]]]] {{See also|Leet o feectional raccoons}} In the [[meethology]] o the indigenous fowks o the Americas, the raccoon wis the subject o [[Folklore|folk tales]].<ref>Holmgren, pp. 25–46</ref> Stories lik "Hou raccoons catch sae mony [[crayfish]]" frae the [[Tuscarora (tribe)|Tuscarora]] centered on its skills at foragin.<ref>Holmgren, pp. 41–43</ref> In ither tales, the raccoon played the role o the [[trickster]] whilk outsmarts ither ainimals, lik coyotes an woufs.<ref>Holmgren, pp. 26–29, 38–40</ref> Amang ithers, the [[Dakota Sioux]] believe the raccoon haes naitural [[spirit pouer]]s, acause its mask resembled the facial pentins, twa-fingered swashes o black an white, uised in [[ritual]]s tae connect tae spirit beins.<ref>Holmgren, pp. 15–17</ref> The Aztecs linkit supernaitural abilities inspecially tae females, whase commitment tae thair young wis associate wi the role o wise weemen in thair society.<ref>Holmgren, pp. 17–18</ref> The raccoon appears in Native American airt athort a wide geographic range an aa. [[Petroglyph]]s wi engraved raccoon tracks wis foond in [[Lewis Canyon, Texas]];<ref>Pamela LeBlanc {{Wayback |date=20090321230011 |url=http://www.austin360.com/recreation/content/recreation/stories/2008/12/1214rockart.html |title=Pictographs, petroglyphs on rocks record beliefs o earliest Texans }}. American Statesman. December 13, 2008</ref> at the Crow Hollow petroglyph site in [[Grayson County, Kentucky]];<ref>Rock Art of Kentucky. Fred E. Coy, Thomas C. Fuller, Larry G. Meadows, James L. Swauger University Press of Kentucky, 2003 p. 60 and Fig. 65A</ref> an in river drainages near [[Tularosa]], New Mexico an [[San Francisco]], Californie.<ref>Schaafsma, P. Indian Rock Art of the Southwest Albuq., U.NM, 1992</ref> A true-tae-detail [[figurine]] made o [[quartz]], the ''Ohio Mound Builders' Stone Pipe'', wis foond near the [[Scioto River]]. The meanin an signeeficance o the ''Raccoon Priests Gorget'', whilk features a stylized cairvin o a raccoon an wis foond at the [[Spiro Mounds]], Oklahoma, remains unkent.<ref name="spiro mounds">{{cite book|url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=TxYyscZlOXoC |page=123 }} |title=The Arts of the North American |publisher= |date= September 25, 1986|accessdate=March 19, 2010|isbn=978-0-933920-56-9|author1=Wade, Edwin L}}</ref><ref>Holmgren, p. 45</ref> In Western cultur, several [[autobiography|autobiographical]] [[novel]]s aboot livin wi a raccoon hae been written, maistly for [[Children's literature|children]]. The best-kent is [[Sterling North]]'s ''[[Rascal (beuk)|Rascal]]'', whilk recounts hou he raised a kit in [[Warld War I]]. In recent years, [[anthropomorphism|anthropomorphic]] raccoons played main roles in the animatit televeesion series ''[[The Raccoons]]'', the computer-animatit film ''[[Over the Hedge (film)|Over the Hedge]]'', the live action film ''[[Guardians of the Galaxy (film)|Guardians of the Galaxy]]'' an the video gemme series ''[[Sly Cooper (series)|Sly Cooper]]''. [[File:Cap of American opossum with a raccoon tail (Davy Crockett style).jpg|thumb|upright|left|Coonskin cap]] ===Huntin an fur trade=== The fur o raccoons is uised for claedin, inspecially for [[Raccoon coat|coats]] an [[coonskin cap]]s. At present, it is the material uised for the inaccurately named "sealskin" cap worn bi the [[Royal Fusiliers]] o [[Great Breetain]].<ref>A Dictionary of Military Uniform: W.Y.Carman ISBN 0-684-15130-8</ref> Historically, [[Indigenous people of the Americas|Native American]] tribes nae anly uised the fur for winter claedin, but uised the tails for ornament an aa.<ref>Holmgren, p. 18</ref> The famous Sioux leader [[Spotted Tail]] teuk his name frae a raccoon skin hat wi the tail attached he acquired frae a fur trader. Syne the late 18t century, various teeps o [[scent hoond]]s, cried "[[coonhound]]s", whilk can chase ainimals up trees haes been bred in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.akc.org/breeds/black_tan_coonhound/history.cfm |title=Black and Tan Coonhound History|accessdate=December 11, 2008|work=American Kennel Club|publisher=American Kennel Club}}</ref> In the 19t century, whan coonskins occasionally even sert as means o payment, several thoosand raccoon wis killt ilka year in the United States.<ref>Holmgren, p. 74; Zeveloff, p. 160</ref> This nummer rose quick whan caur jaikets became popular efter the turn o the 20t century. In the 1920s, wearing a [[raccoon coat]] wis regarded as [[status symbol]] amang [[college student]]s.<ref>Holmgren, p. 77</ref> Attempts tae breed raccoons in fur farms in the 1920s an 1930s in North Americae an Europe turned oot nae tae be profitable, an fermin wis abandoned efter prices for lang-haired pelts drappit in the 1940s.<ref>Zeveloff, p. 161</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Schmidt|first=Fritz|title=Das Buch von den Pelztieren und Pelzen|year=1970|publisher=F. C. Mayer Verlag|location=Munich|language=German|pages=311–315}}</ref> Awtho raccoons haed acome rare in the 1930s, at least 388,000 war killed during the [[huntin saison]] o 1934/35.<ref>Holmgren, p. 77; Zeveloff, pp. 75, 160, 173</ref> [[File:Lanpher Furs Auto Coat Raccoon S71.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Automobile coat made oot o raccoon fur (1906, U.S.)]] Efter persistent population increases began in the 1940s, the seasonal hunt reached aboot ane million ainimals in 1946/47 an twa million in 1962/63.<ref>Zeveloff, pp. 75, 160</ref> The broadcast o three televeesion episode aboot the [[Frontier#American frontier|frontiersman]] [[Davy Crockett]] an the film ''[[Davy Crockett, King of the Wild Frontier]]'' in 1954 an 1955 led tae a heich demand for [[coonskin cap]]s in the United States, tho it isnae lik eneuch aither Crockett or the actor wha played him, [[Fess Parker]], actually wore a cap made frae raccoon fur.<ref>Zeveloff, p. 170</ref> The seasonal hunt reached an aw-time heich wi 5.2&nbsp;million ainimals in 1976/77 an ranged atween 3.2 an 4.7&nbsp;million for maist o the 1980s. In 1982, the average pelt price wis $20.<ref>The Red Panda, Olingos, Coatis, Raccoons, and Their Relatives: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan for Procyonids and Ailurids By A. R. Glatston, IUCN/SSC Mustelid, Viverrid & Procyonid Specialist Group Edition: illustrated Published by IUCN, 1994, p. 9 ISBN 2-8317-0046-9, ISBN 978-2-8317-0046-5</ref> As o 1987, the raccoon wis identified as the maist important wild furbearer in North Americae in terms o revenue.<ref>The Red Panda, Olingos, Coatis, Raccoons, and Their Relatives: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan for Procyonids and Ailurids By A. R. Glatston, IUCN/SSC Mustelid, Viverrid & Procyonid Specialist Group Published by IUCN, 1994, p. 9</ref> In the first hauf o the 1990s, the seasonal hunt dropped tae 0.9 frae 1.9&nbsp;million due tae decreasing pelt prices.<ref>Zeveloff, pp. 160–161</ref> While primarily huntit for thair fur, raccoons wis a soorce o fuid for Native Americans an early American settlers an aa.<ref>Holmgren, pp. 18–19, Zeveloff, p. 165</ref> Accordin tae [[Ernest Thompson Seton]], young specimens killt wioot a fecht is palatable, whauras auld raccoons caught efter a lenthy battle is inedible.<ref name="seton1028">{{Harvnb|Seton|1909|pp=1028}}</ref> Raccoon meat wis extensively etten in the early years o Californie, whaur it wis sellt in the San Francisco mercat for $1–3 apiece.<ref name="g14">{{Harvnb|Goldman|Jackson|1950|pp=14–17}}</ref> [[Slavery in the United States|American slaves]] occasionally ett raccoon at [[Christmas]], but it wisnae necessar a dish o the puir or rural. The first edition o ''[[The Joy of Cooking]]'', released in 1931, conteened a recipe for preparin raccoon, an US Preses [[Calvin Coolidge]]'s pet raccoon Rebecca wis oreeginally sent tae be sert at the [[White House]] [[Thanksgiving dinner|Thanksgiving Dinner]].<ref>Harriet Jacobs, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Digireads.com Publishing, 2005, p.72.</ref><ref>San Diego's Hilarious History By Herbert Lockwood, William Carroll Published by Coda Publications, 2004, p. 46.</ref><ref>Jen O'Neill. [http://www.findingdulcinea.com/features/feature-articles/2008/november/Filling-the-Position-of-First-Pet.html White House Life: Filling the Position of First Pet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830010512/http://www.findingdulcinea.com/features/feature-articles/2008/november/Filling-the-Position-of-First-Pet.html |date=2017-08-30 }}. findingdulcinea.com. November 12, 2008. .</ref> Awtho the idea o eatin raccoons seems repulsive tae maist mainstream consumers acause thay see them as endearin, cute, an/or [[varmints]], several thoosand raccoon is still etten ilka year in the Unitit States.<ref>{{cite news|last=Twohey |first=Megan |url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/2008/jan/18/food/chi-raccoon_18_jan18 |title=Raccoon dinner: Who's game? Illinois, it turns out, has bountiful supply of the critters – and fans and foodies are gobbling them up – Chicago Tribune |publisher=Archives.chicagotribune.com |date=January 18, 2008 |accessdate=March 19, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Hill |first=Lee |url=http://www.mcclatchydc.com/251/story/59566.html |title=The other dark meat: Raccoon is making it to the table &#124; McClatchy |publisher=Mcclatchydc.com |date=January 13, 2009 |accessdate=March 19, 2010 |archive-date=2009-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090801233722/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/251/story/59566.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://mdc.mo.gov/nathis/mammals/raccoon/ |title=Mammals: Raccoon – (Procyon lotor) |publisher=Mdc.mo.gov |accessdate=March 19, 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080622145257/http://mdc.mo.gov/nathis/mammals/raccoon/ |archivedate=2008-06-22 |url-status=dead }}{{Cite web |url=http://mdc.mo.gov/nathis/mammals/raccoon/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-06-03 |archive-date=2008-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080622145257/http://mdc.mo.gov/nathis/mammals/raccoon/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ngpc.state.ne.us/wildlife/raccoon.asp|title=Raccoon|accessdate=December 7, 2008|work=Nebraska Wildlife Species Guide|publisher=Nebraska Game and Parks Commission|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023082129/http://www.ngpc.state.ne.us/wildlife/raccoon.asp|archivedate=2008-10-23|url-status=dead}}{{Cite web |url=http://www.ngpc.state.ne.us/wildlife/raccoon.asp |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-06-03 |archive-date=2008-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023082129/http://www.ngpc.state.ne.us/wildlife/raccoon.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[File:Mm Gehege 02.jpg|left|thumb|Pen wi climbin facilities, hidin places an a watterin hole (on the lawer left side)]] ===Pet raccoons=== Raccoons are whiles kept as [[pet]]s, whilk is discouraged bi mony experts acause the raccoon isnae a [[domestication|domesticatit]] species. Raccoons mey act unpredictable an aggressive an it is uisually impossible tae teach them tae obey commaunds.<ref>Bartussek, p. 44; Hohmann, pp. 173–174</ref> In places whaur keepin raccoons as pets isnae forbidden, lik in Wisconsin an ither U.S. states, an [[exotic pet]] permit mey be required.<ref>MacClintock, p. 129</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Bluett|first=Robert|author2=Craven, Scott|title=The Raccoon (''Procyon lotor'')|page=2|publisher=Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System|year=1999|url=http://learningstore.uwex.edu/pdf/G3304.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=December 7, 2008|journal=|archive-date=2008-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031124153/http://learningstore.uwex.edu/pdf/G3304.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Thair propensity for unruly behaviour exceeds that o [[Skunks as pets|captive skunks]], an is even less trustworthy whan alloued tae roam free. Acause o thair intelligence an nimble forelimbs, even inexperienced raccoons can easy unscrew jaurs, uncork bottles an open door latches, wi mair experienced specimens haein been recordit tae open duir knobs.<ref name="merriam1884"/> Sexually mature raccoons aften shaw aggressive naitural behaviours lik bitin in the matein saison.<ref>Bartussek, p. 44; Hohmann, pp. 185–186</ref> [[Neutering]] them at aroond five or sax month o age decreases the chances o aggressive behaviour developin.<ref>Hohmann, p. 186</ref> Raccoons can acome [[obesity|obese]] an suffer frae ither disorders due tae puir diet an lack o exercise.<ref>Hohmann, p. 185</ref> Whan fed wi [[cat food]] ower a lang time period, raccoons can develop [[goot]].<ref>Hohmann, p. 180</ref> Wi respect tae the research results regardin thair social behaviour, it is nou required bi law in Austria an Germany tae keep at least twa individuals tae prevent laneliness.<ref name="gutachten">{{cite book|title=Gutachten über Mindestanforderungen an die Haltung von Säugetieren|url=http://www.lotor.de/download/haltung_saeugetiere.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=January 31, 2009|date=June 10, 1996|publisher=Bundesministerium für Verbraucherschutz, Ernährung und Landwirtschaft|location=Bonn, Germany|language=German|pages=42–43|archive-date=2009-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225123327/http://www.lotor.de/download/haltung_saeugetiere.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="mindestanforderungen">{{cite book|title=Mindestanforderungen an die Haltung von Säugetieren |url=http://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokumente/BgblAuth/BGBLA_2004_II_486/COO_2026_100_2_155421.pdf |format=PDF|accessdate=August 21, 2010|date=December 17, 2004 |publisher=Bundesministerium für Gesundheit und Frauen|language=German|page=23}}</ref> Raccoons is uisually kept in a [[pen (enclosure)|pen]] (indoor or outdoor), a legal requirement in Austria an Germany an aa, raither than in the flat whaur thair naitural [[curiosity]] mey result in damage tae property.<ref name="gutachten" /><ref name="mindestanforderungen" /><ref>Bartussek, p. 44; Hohmann, pp. 184, 187; MacClintock, p. 130–131</ref> Whan orphant, kits can be [[wildlife rehabilitation|rehabilitate]] an [[Reintroduction|reintroduced]] intae the wild. Housomiver, it is uncertain whether thay readapt weel tae life in the wild.<ref>MacClintock, p. 130</ref> Feedin unweaned kits wi [[cou's milk]] raither than a kitten replacement milk or a seemilar product can be dangerous tae thair health.<ref>Bartussek, p. 44; Hohmann, pp. 175–176</ref> {{-}} ==Notes== {{Reflist|colwidth=25em}} ==References== * {{EB1911|wstitle=Raccoon}} * {{cite book|last=Bartussek|first=Ingo|title=Die Waschbären kommen|publisher=Cognitio|location=Niedenstein, Germany|year=2004|isbn=978-3-932583-10-0|language=de}} * {{Cite book|last1=Goldman|first1=Edward A.|last2=Jackson|first2=Hartley H. T.|url=https://archive.org/details/raccoonsofnorthm60gold|title=Raccoons of North and Middle America|publisher=North American Fauna: Number 60|year=1950|isbn=|ref=harv|postscript=<!--None-->}} * {{Cite book|last1=Heptner|first1=V. G.|last2=Sludskii|first2=A. A.|url=https://archive.org/stream/mammalsofsov212001gept#page/1372/mode/2up|title=Mammals of the Soviet Union. Vol. II, part 1b, Carnivores(Mustelidae & Procyonidae)|publisher=Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Libraries and National Science Foundation|year=2002|isbn=90-04-08876-8|ref=harv|postscript=<!--None-->}} * {{cite book|last=Hohmann|first=Ulf|author2=Bartussek, Ingo |author3=Böer, Bernhard |title=Der Waschbär|publisher=Oertel+Spörer|location=Reutlingen, Germany|year=2001|isbn=978-3-88627-301-0|language=de}} * {{cite book|last=Holmgren|first=Virginia C.|title=Raccoons in Folklore, History and Today's Backyards|url=https://archive.org/details/raccoonsinfolklo0000holm|publisher=Capra Press|location=Santa Barbara, California|year=1990|isbn=978-0-88496-312-7}} * {{cite book|last=Lagoni-Hansen|first=Anke|title=Der Waschbär|publisher=Verlag Dieter Hoffmann|location=Mainz, Germany|year=1981|isbn=3-87341-037-0|language=de}} * {{cite book|last=MacClintock|first=Dorcas|title=A Natural History of Raccoons|url=https://archive.org/details/naturalhistoryof0000macc_m2o2|publisher=The Blackburn Press|location=Caldwell, New Jersey|year=1981|isbn=978-1-930665-67-5}} * {{Cite book|last1=Seton|first1=Ernest Thompson|url=https://archive.org/stream/lifehistoriesofn02seto#page/1010/mode/2up|title=Life-histories of northern animals : an account of the mammals of Manitoba|publisher=New York City : Scribner|year=1909|isbn=|ref=harv|postscript=<!--None-->}} * {{cite book|last=Zeveloff|first=Samuel I.|title=Raccoons: A Natural History|url=https://archive.org/details/raccoonsnaturalh0000zeve|publisher=Smithsonian Books|location=Washington, D.C.|year=2002|isbn=978-1-58834-033-7}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Sister project links|commons=Procyon lotor|species=Procyon lotor|wikt=raccoon|b=no|q=no|s=no|n=no|v=no}} * [http://fohn.net/raccoon-pictures-facts/ Raccoon Tracks]—general information aboot raccoons * [http://wdfw.wa.gov/living/raccoons.html Raccoons - Living with Wildlife]—information aboot dealing wi urban raccoons frae the Washington Department o Fish an Wildlife * {{cite web| url= http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/episodes/raccoon-nation/introduction/7518/| title= Raccoon Nation | work= [[Nature (TV series)|''Nature'' (TV series)]] | publisher= [[PBS]] | year=2012}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q121439}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Ainimals descrived in 1758]] [[Category:Invasive mammal species]] [[Category:Mammals o Asie]] [[Category:Mammals o Central Americae]] [[Category:Mammals o Costa Rica]] [[Category:Mammals o Europe]] [[Category:Mammals o Guatemala]] [[Category:Mammals o North Americae]] [[Category:Procyonidae]] [[Category:Scaffengers]] [[Category:Urban ainimals]] 9jmtj9e8f1wqzdt9gktr2h07w5tzkcl 0 135675 925409 903873 2026-10-28T17:14:15Z ~2026-57436-95 139412 South was misspelled 925409 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox person |name = Elon Musk |image = Elon Musk 2015.jpg |caption = Musk at the 2015 Tesla Motors Annual Sharehaulder Meetin | size = |birth_name=Elon Reeve Musk |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1971|6|28}} |birth_place = [[Pretoria]], [[Transvaal Province|Transvaal]], Sooth Africae |nationality = South African, Canadian, American |residence = [[Bel Air, Los Angeles|Bel Air]], Los Angeles, Californie, Unitit States<ref name=forbesbuyshome.com>{{cite news|title=Billionaire Tesla CEO Elon Musk Buys Neighbor's Home in Bel Air For $6.75 Million|work=[[Forbes]]|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/trulia/2013/11/01/billionaire-tesla-ceo-elon-musk-buys-home/|accessdate=November 1, 2013}}</ref><ref name=bloombergbuyshome>{{cite news|title=Inside Elon Musk's $17M Bel Air Mansion|work=[[Bloomberg News]]|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/videos/b/6e27fcba-309d-494e-b87d-c73fb8bb1750|accessdate=August 21, 2013}}</ref> |known_for = [[SpaceX]], [[PayPal]], [[Tesla Motors]], [[Hyperloop]], [[SolarCity]], [[OpenAI]] |education = [[Waterkloof House Preparatory School]]<br/> [[Pretoria Boys Heich Schuil]] |alma mater = [[Queen's Varsity]]<br/>[[Varsity o Pennsylvanie]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_25541448/timeline-elon-musk-accomplishments|title=Timeline: Elon Musk's accomplishments|last=Hull|first=Dana|date=April 11, 2014|accessdate=June 11, 2015|via=[[Mercury News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.csq.com/2013/01/elon-musk-patriarchs-and-prodigies/#|title=Elon Musk: Patriarchs and Prodigies|year=2013|accessdate=June 11, 2015|website=CSQ|publisher=C-Suite Quarterly|last=Zanerhaft|first=Jaron}}http://www.csq.com/2013/01/elon-musk-patriarchs-and-prodigies/</ref> |occupation = Entrepreneur, ingineer, inventor, investor |title = CEO an [[Chief technology officer|CTO]] o [[SpaceX]]<br/> CEO an Product airchitect o [[Tesla Motors]]<br/> Chairman o [[SolarCity]]<br/> Co-chairman o [[OpenAI]] |salary = '''Tesla Motors'''<ref name=bloomberg140424>{{Cite news|url = http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-04-24/musk-s-tesla-income-plummets-99-9-to-less-than-70-000|title=Tesla Pays CEO Musk $70,000 Following $78 Million Year|date=April 25, 2014|accessdate=June 11, 2015|website=Bloomberg Business|publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]|last=Ohnsman|first=Alan}}</ref><br/>$78.2 million (2012)<br/>$69,989 (2013)<br/> [[Ane-dollar salary|$1]] (2014) |networth = US$12.2&nbsp;billion (December 2015)<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/profile/elon-r-musk|title=Profile: Elon Musk|accessdate=December 11, 2015|website = Bloomberg Billionaires|publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]}}</ref> |spouse = {{Plainlist| * {{Marriage|[[Justine Musk]]|2000|2008|reason=divorced}} * {{Marriage|[[Talulah Riley]]|2010|2012|reason=divorced}} * {{Marriage|Talulah Riley|2013|}}{{citation needit}} }} |children = 6 sons (1 deceased)<ref name=Starter>{{cite journal|last=Musk|first=Justine|date=September 10, 2010|title='I Was a Starter Wife': Inside America's Messiest Divorce|magazine=[[Marie Claire]]|url=http://www.marieclaire.com/sex-love/relationship-issues/millionaire-starter-wife|accessdate=November 28, 2012}}</ref> |signature = Elon Musk Signature.svg |signature_alt = Elon Musk |website = {{official website}} |parents = Maye Musk <small>(mither)</small><br/>Errol Musk <small>(faither)</small> |relatives = [[Tosca Musk]] <small>(sister)</small><br/>[[Kimbal Musk]] <small>(brither)</small> }} '''Elon Reeve Musk''' ({{IPA-en|ˈiːlɒn ɹiːv ˈmʌsk}}; born 28 Juin 1971) is a South African-born Canadian-American [[business magnet|magnet]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/11220326/Elon-Musk-to-launch-fleet-of-internet-satellites.html|title=Elon Musk 'to launch fleet of internet satellites'|date=November 10, 2014|accessdate=June 23, 2015|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|last=Curtis|first=Sophie|quote="Elon Musk, inventor and business magnate"|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/71590-elon-musk-the-21st-century-industrialist|title=Elon Musk, the 21st Century Industrialist|date=September 13, 2012|accessdate=June 23, 2015|website=Bloomberg BusinessWeek|last=Vance|first=Ashlee}}</ref> ingineer,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asme.org/career-education/early-career-engineers/me-today/engineer-in-focus-elon-musk|title=Early Career Engineers, Conferences and Careers|publisher=asme.org|accessdate=2015-11-04}}</ref> inventor<ref>{{cite web|url=http://inventors.about.com/od/mstartinventions/p/Elon-Musk.htm|title=Biography of Elon Musk|accessdate=June 10, 2015|website=inventors.about.com|publisher=About.com|last=Bellis|first=Mary}}{{Dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> an investor.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.forbes.com/video/3391084854001|title=The Top 10 Venture Capitalists on 2014's Midas List|accessdate=June 10, 2015|work=Forbes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2014/03/21/zuckerberg-musk-invest-in-artificial-intelligence-company-vicarious|title=Zuckerberg, Musk Invest in Artificial Intelligence Company|date=March 21, 2014|accessdate=June 10, 2015|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|last=Albergotti|first=Reed}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-mark-zuckerberg-invest-in-vicarious-2014-3?IR=T|title=Elon Musk And Mark Zuckerberg Have Invested $40 Million in a Mysterious Artificial Intelligence Company|date=March 21, 2014|accessdate=June 10, 2015|website=Business Insider|publisher=[[Business Insider]]|last=Love|first=Dylan}}</ref> He is the CEO an CTO o [[SpaceX]], CEO an product airchitect o [[Tesla Motors]], an chairman o [[SolarCity]] as well as co-chairman o [[OpenAI]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Musk, Elon}} [[Category:Elon Musk| ]] [[Category:1971 births]] [[Category:20t-century American businessfowk]] [[Category:21st-century American businessfowk]] [[Category:Alumni o Pretoria Boys Heich Schuil]] [[Category:American aerospace businessfowk]] [[Category:American aerospace designers]] [[Category:American aerospace ingineers]] [[Category:American billionaires]] [[Category:American chairmen o corporations]] [[Category:American computer businessfowk]] [[Category:American computer programmers]] [[Category:American foonders o automobile manufacturers]] [[Category:American inventors]] [[Category:American investors]] [[Category:American libertarians]] [[Category:American nonprofit executives]] [[Category:American fowk o Breetish strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Canadian strynd]] [[Category:American filanthropists]] [[Category:American saftware ingineers]] [[Category:American technology chief executives]] [[Category:American technology company foonders]] [[Category:Automotive pioneers]] [[Category:Businessfowk frae Los Angeles, Californie]] [[Category:Businessfowk in information technology]] [[Category:Californie Institute o Technology trustees]] [[Category:Chief technology officers]] [[Category:Ingineers frae Californie]] [[Category:Foonders o companies o the Unitit States]] [[Category:Givin Pledgers]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:PayPal fowk]] [[Category:Pennsylvanie Dutch fowk]] [[Category:Fowk associatit wi solar pouer]] [[Category:Fowk frae Pretoria]] [[Category:Fowk wi acquired Canadian ceetizenship]] [[Category:Pioneers o rail transport]] [[Category:Royal Aeronautical Society Gowd Medal winners]] [[Category:Sooth African emigrants tae the Unitit States]] [[Category:Sooth African fowk o Canadian strynd]] [[Category:Sooth African fowk o Breetish strynd]] [[Category:Sooth African fowk o German strynd]] [[Category:Space advocates]] [[Category:SpaceX fowk]] [[Category:Stanford Varsity fowk]] [[Category:Sustainable transport pioneers]] [[Category:Tesla Motors fowk]] [[Category:Wharton School o the Varsity o Pennsylvanie alumni]] [[Category:White Sooth African fowk]] qb2soliuv5q50oqttyj4jv4v01s36ja 925412 925409 2026-10-29T00:36:38Z Atlantic306 30244 Sooth is correct in Scots Undae revision [[Special:Diff/925409|925409]] bi [[Special:Contributions/~2026-57436-95|~2026-57436-95]] ([[User talk:~2026-57436-95|Tauk]]) 925412 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox person |name = Elon Musk |image = Elon Musk 2015.jpg |caption = Musk at the 2015 Tesla Motors Annual Sharehaulder Meetin | size = |birth_name=Elon Reeve Musk |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1971|6|28}} |birth_place = [[Pretoria]], [[Transvaal Province|Transvaal]], Sooth Africae |nationality = South African, Canadian, American |residence = [[Bel Air, Los Angeles|Bel Air]], Los Angeles, Californie, Unitit States<ref name=forbesbuyshome.com>{{cite news|title=Billionaire Tesla CEO Elon Musk Buys Neighbor's Home in Bel Air For $6.75 Million|work=[[Forbes]]|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/trulia/2013/11/01/billionaire-tesla-ceo-elon-musk-buys-home/|accessdate=November 1, 2013}}</ref><ref name=bloombergbuyshome>{{cite news|title=Inside Elon Musk's $17M Bel Air Mansion|work=[[Bloomberg News]]|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/videos/b/6e27fcba-309d-494e-b87d-c73fb8bb1750|accessdate=August 21, 2013}}</ref> |known_for = [[SpaceX]], [[PayPal]], [[Tesla Motors]], [[Hyperloop]], [[SolarCity]], [[OpenAI]] |education = [[Waterkloof House Preparatory School]]<br/> [[Pretoria Boys Heich Schuil]] |alma mater = [[Queen's Varsity]]<br/>[[Varsity o Pennsylvanie]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_25541448/timeline-elon-musk-accomplishments|title=Timeline: Elon Musk's accomplishments|last=Hull|first=Dana|date=April 11, 2014|accessdate=June 11, 2015|via=[[Mercury News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.csq.com/2013/01/elon-musk-patriarchs-and-prodigies/#|title=Elon Musk: Patriarchs and Prodigies|year=2013|accessdate=June 11, 2015|website=CSQ|publisher=C-Suite Quarterly|last=Zanerhaft|first=Jaron}}http://www.csq.com/2013/01/elon-musk-patriarchs-and-prodigies/</ref> |occupation = Entrepreneur, ingineer, inventor, investor |title = CEO an [[Chief technology officer|CTO]] o [[SpaceX]]<br/> CEO an Product airchitect o [[Tesla Motors]]<br/> Chairman o [[SolarCity]]<br/> Co-chairman o [[OpenAI]] |salary = '''Tesla Motors'''<ref name=bloomberg140424>{{Cite news|url = http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-04-24/musk-s-tesla-income-plummets-99-9-to-less-than-70-000|title=Tesla Pays CEO Musk $70,000 Following $78 Million Year|date=April 25, 2014|accessdate=June 11, 2015|website=Bloomberg Business|publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]|last=Ohnsman|first=Alan}}</ref><br/>$78.2 million (2012)<br/>$69,989 (2013)<br/> [[Ane-dollar salary|$1]] (2014) |networth = US$12.2&nbsp;billion (December 2015)<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/profile/elon-r-musk|title=Profile: Elon Musk|accessdate=December 11, 2015|website = Bloomberg Billionaires|publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]}}</ref> |spouse = {{Plainlist| * {{Marriage|[[Justine Musk]]|2000|2008|reason=divorced}} * {{Marriage|[[Talulah Riley]]|2010|2012|reason=divorced}} * {{Marriage|Talulah Riley|2013|}}{{citation needit}} }} |children = 6 sons (1 deceased)<ref name=Starter>{{cite journal|last=Musk|first=Justine|date=September 10, 2010|title='I Was a Starter Wife': Inside America's Messiest Divorce|magazine=[[Marie Claire]]|url=http://www.marieclaire.com/sex-love/relationship-issues/millionaire-starter-wife|accessdate=November 28, 2012}}</ref> |signature = Elon Musk Signature.svg |signature_alt = Elon Musk |website = {{official website}} |parents = Maye Musk <small>(mither)</small><br/>Errol Musk <small>(faither)</small> |relatives = [[Tosca Musk]] <small>(sister)</small><br/>[[Kimbal Musk]] <small>(brither)</small> }} '''Elon Reeve Musk''' ({{IPA-en|ˈiːlɒn ɹiːv ˈmʌsk}}; born 28 Juin 1971) is a Sooth African-born Canadian-American [[business magnet|magnet]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/11220326/Elon-Musk-to-launch-fleet-of-internet-satellites.html|title=Elon Musk 'to launch fleet of internet satellites'|date=November 10, 2014|accessdate=June 23, 2015|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|last=Curtis|first=Sophie|quote="Elon Musk, inventor and business magnate"|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/71590-elon-musk-the-21st-century-industrialist|title=Elon Musk, the 21st Century Industrialist|date=September 13, 2012|accessdate=June 23, 2015|website=Bloomberg BusinessWeek|last=Vance|first=Ashlee}}</ref> ingineer,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asme.org/career-education/early-career-engineers/me-today/engineer-in-focus-elon-musk|title=Early Career Engineers, Conferences and Careers|publisher=asme.org|accessdate=2015-11-04}}</ref> inventor<ref>{{cite web|url=http://inventors.about.com/od/mstartinventions/p/Elon-Musk.htm|title=Biography of Elon Musk|accessdate=June 10, 2015|website=inventors.about.com|publisher=About.com|last=Bellis|first=Mary}}{{Dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> an investor.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.forbes.com/video/3391084854001|title=The Top 10 Venture Capitalists on 2014's Midas List|accessdate=June 10, 2015|work=Forbes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2014/03/21/zuckerberg-musk-invest-in-artificial-intelligence-company-vicarious|title=Zuckerberg, Musk Invest in Artificial Intelligence Company|date=March 21, 2014|accessdate=June 10, 2015|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|last=Albergotti|first=Reed}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-mark-zuckerberg-invest-in-vicarious-2014-3?IR=T|title=Elon Musk And Mark Zuckerberg Have Invested $40 Million in a Mysterious Artificial Intelligence Company|date=March 21, 2014|accessdate=June 10, 2015|website=Business Insider|publisher=[[Business Insider]]|last=Love|first=Dylan}}</ref> He is the CEO an CTO o [[SpaceX]], CEO an product airchitect o [[Tesla Motors]], an chairman o [[SolarCity]] as well as co-chairman o [[OpenAI]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Musk, Elon}} [[Category:Elon Musk| ]] [[Category:1971 births]] [[Category:20t-century American businessfowk]] [[Category:21st-century American businessfowk]] [[Category:Alumni o Pretoria Boys Heich Schuil]] [[Category:American aerospace businessfowk]] [[Category:American aerospace designers]] [[Category:American aerospace ingineers]] [[Category:American billionaires]] [[Category:American chairmen o corporations]] [[Category:American computer businessfowk]] [[Category:American computer programmers]] [[Category:American foonders o automobile manufacturers]] [[Category:American inventors]] [[Category:American investors]] [[Category:American libertarians]] [[Category:American nonprofit executives]] [[Category:American fowk o Breetish strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Canadian strynd]] [[Category:American filanthropists]] [[Category:American saftware ingineers]] [[Category:American technology chief executives]] [[Category:American technology company foonders]] [[Category:Automotive pioneers]] [[Category:Businessfowk frae Los Angeles, Californie]] [[Category:Businessfowk in information technology]] [[Category:Californie Institute o Technology trustees]] [[Category:Chief technology officers]] [[Category:Ingineers frae Californie]] [[Category:Foonders o companies o the Unitit States]] [[Category:Givin Pledgers]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:PayPal fowk]] [[Category:Pennsylvanie Dutch fowk]] [[Category:Fowk associatit wi solar pouer]] [[Category:Fowk frae Pretoria]] [[Category:Fowk wi acquired Canadian ceetizenship]] [[Category:Pioneers o rail transport]] [[Category:Royal Aeronautical Society Gowd Medal winners]] [[Category:Sooth African emigrants tae the Unitit States]] [[Category:Sooth African fowk o Canadian strynd]] [[Category:Sooth African fowk o Breetish strynd]] [[Category:Sooth African fowk o German strynd]] [[Category:Space advocates]] [[Category:SpaceX fowk]] [[Category:Stanford Varsity fowk]] [[Category:Sustainable transport pioneers]] [[Category:Tesla Motors fowk]] [[Category:Wharton School o the Varsity o Pennsylvanie alumni]] [[Category:White Sooth African fowk]] karjowtn4nml6dqbgzrv7f1hst3erc4 925413 925412 2026-10-29T00:39:04Z Atlantic306 30244 updated image 925413 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox person |name = Elon Musk |image = Elon Musk - 54820081119 (3x4 cropped, Rule of thirds).jpg |caption = Musk in 2025 | size = |birth_name=Elon Reeve Musk |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1971|6|28}} |birth_place = [[Pretoria]], [[Transvaal Province|Transvaal]], Sooth Africae |nationality = South African, Canadian, American |residence = [[Bel Air, Los Angeles|Bel Air]], Los Angeles, Californie, Unitit States<ref name=forbesbuyshome.com>{{cite news|title=Billionaire Tesla CEO Elon Musk Buys Neighbor's Home in Bel Air For $6.75 Million|work=[[Forbes]]|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/trulia/2013/11/01/billionaire-tesla-ceo-elon-musk-buys-home/|accessdate=November 1, 2013}}</ref><ref name=bloombergbuyshome>{{cite news|title=Inside Elon Musk's $17M Bel Air Mansion|work=[[Bloomberg News]]|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/videos/b/6e27fcba-309d-494e-b87d-c73fb8bb1750|accessdate=August 21, 2013}}</ref> |known_for = [[SpaceX]], [[PayPal]], [[Tesla Motors]], [[Hyperloop]], [[SolarCity]], [[OpenAI]] |education = [[Waterkloof House Preparatory School]]<br/> [[Pretoria Boys Heich Schuil]] |alma mater = [[Queen's Varsity]]<br/>[[Varsity o Pennsylvanie]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_25541448/timeline-elon-musk-accomplishments|title=Timeline: Elon Musk's accomplishments|last=Hull|first=Dana|date=April 11, 2014|accessdate=June 11, 2015|via=[[Mercury News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.csq.com/2013/01/elon-musk-patriarchs-and-prodigies/#|title=Elon Musk: Patriarchs and Prodigies|year=2013|accessdate=June 11, 2015|website=CSQ|publisher=C-Suite Quarterly|last=Zanerhaft|first=Jaron}}http://www.csq.com/2013/01/elon-musk-patriarchs-and-prodigies/</ref> |occupation = Entrepreneur, ingineer, inventor, investor |title = CEO an [[Chief technology officer|CTO]] o [[SpaceX]]<br/> CEO an Product airchitect o [[Tesla Motors]]<br/> Chairman o [[SolarCity]]<br/> Co-chairman o [[OpenAI]] |salary = '''Tesla Motors'''<ref name=bloomberg140424>{{Cite news|url = http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-04-24/musk-s-tesla-income-plummets-99-9-to-less-than-70-000|title=Tesla Pays CEO Musk $70,000 Following $78 Million Year|date=April 25, 2014|accessdate=June 11, 2015|website=Bloomberg Business|publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]|last=Ohnsman|first=Alan}}</ref><br/>$78.2 million (2012)<br/>$69,989 (2013)<br/> [[Ane-dollar salary|$1]] (2014) |networth = US$12.2&nbsp;billion (December 2015)<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/profile/elon-r-musk|title=Profile: Elon Musk|accessdate=December 11, 2015|website = Bloomberg Billionaires|publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]}}</ref> |spouse = {{Plainlist| * {{Marriage|[[Justine Musk]]|2000|2008|reason=divorced}} * {{Marriage|[[Talulah Riley]]|2010|2012|reason=divorced}} * {{Marriage|Talulah Riley|2013|}}{{citation needit}} }} |children = 6 sons (1 deceased)<ref name=Starter>{{cite journal|last=Musk|first=Justine|date=September 10, 2010|title='I Was a Starter Wife': Inside America's Messiest Divorce|magazine=[[Marie Claire]]|url=http://www.marieclaire.com/sex-love/relationship-issues/millionaire-starter-wife|accessdate=November 28, 2012}}</ref> |signature = Elon Musk Signature.svg |signature_alt = Elon Musk |website = {{official website}} |parents = Maye Musk <small>(mither)</small><br/>Errol Musk <small>(faither)</small> |relatives = [[Tosca Musk]] <small>(sister)</small><br/>[[Kimbal Musk]] <small>(brither)</small> }} '''Elon Reeve Musk''' ({{IPA-en|ˈiːlɒn ɹiːv ˈmʌsk}}; born 28 Juin 1971) is a Sooth African-born Canadian-American [[business magnet|magnet]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/11220326/Elon-Musk-to-launch-fleet-of-internet-satellites.html|title=Elon Musk 'to launch fleet of internet satellites'|date=November 10, 2014|accessdate=June 23, 2015|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|last=Curtis|first=Sophie|quote="Elon Musk, inventor and business magnate"|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/71590-elon-musk-the-21st-century-industrialist|title=Elon Musk, the 21st Century Industrialist|date=September 13, 2012|accessdate=June 23, 2015|website=Bloomberg BusinessWeek|last=Vance|first=Ashlee}}</ref> ingineer,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asme.org/career-education/early-career-engineers/me-today/engineer-in-focus-elon-musk|title=Early Career Engineers, Conferences and Careers|publisher=asme.org|accessdate=2015-11-04}}</ref> inventor<ref>{{cite web|url=http://inventors.about.com/od/mstartinventions/p/Elon-Musk.htm|title=Biography of Elon Musk|accessdate=June 10, 2015|website=inventors.about.com|publisher=About.com|last=Bellis|first=Mary}}{{Dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> an investor.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.forbes.com/video/3391084854001|title=The Top 10 Venture Capitalists on 2014's Midas List|accessdate=June 10, 2015|work=Forbes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2014/03/21/zuckerberg-musk-invest-in-artificial-intelligence-company-vicarious|title=Zuckerberg, Musk Invest in Artificial Intelligence Company|date=March 21, 2014|accessdate=June 10, 2015|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|last=Albergotti|first=Reed}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-mark-zuckerberg-invest-in-vicarious-2014-3?IR=T|title=Elon Musk And Mark Zuckerberg Have Invested $40 Million in a Mysterious Artificial Intelligence Company|date=March 21, 2014|accessdate=June 10, 2015|website=Business Insider|publisher=[[Business Insider]]|last=Love|first=Dylan}}</ref> He is the CEO an CTO o [[SpaceX]], CEO an product airchitect o [[Tesla Motors]], an chairman o [[SolarCity]] as well as co-chairman o [[OpenAI]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Musk, Elon}} [[Category:Elon Musk| ]] [[Category:1971 births]] [[Category:20t-century American businessfowk]] [[Category:21st-century American businessfowk]] [[Category:Alumni o Pretoria Boys Heich Schuil]] [[Category:American aerospace businessfowk]] [[Category:American aerospace designers]] [[Category:American aerospace ingineers]] [[Category:American billionaires]] [[Category:American chairmen o corporations]] [[Category:American computer businessfowk]] [[Category:American computer programmers]] [[Category:American foonders o automobile manufacturers]] [[Category:American inventors]] [[Category:American investors]] [[Category:American libertarians]] [[Category:American nonprofit executives]] [[Category:American fowk o Breetish strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Canadian strynd]] [[Category:American filanthropists]] [[Category:American saftware ingineers]] [[Category:American technology chief executives]] [[Category:American technology company foonders]] [[Category:Automotive pioneers]] [[Category:Businessfowk frae Los Angeles, Californie]] [[Category:Businessfowk in information technology]] [[Category:Californie Institute o Technology trustees]] [[Category:Chief technology officers]] [[Category:Ingineers frae Californie]] [[Category:Foonders o companies o the Unitit States]] [[Category:Givin Pledgers]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:PayPal fowk]] [[Category:Pennsylvanie Dutch fowk]] [[Category:Fowk associatit wi solar pouer]] [[Category:Fowk frae Pretoria]] [[Category:Fowk wi acquired Canadian ceetizenship]] [[Category:Pioneers o rail transport]] [[Category:Royal Aeronautical Society Gowd Medal winners]] [[Category:Sooth African emigrants tae the Unitit States]] [[Category:Sooth African fowk o Canadian strynd]] [[Category:Sooth African fowk o Breetish strynd]] [[Category:Sooth African fowk o German strynd]] [[Category:Space advocates]] [[Category:SpaceX fowk]] [[Category:Stanford Varsity fowk]] [[Category:Sustainable transport pioneers]] [[Category:Tesla Motors fowk]] [[Category:Wharton School o the Varsity o Pennsylvanie alumni]] [[Category:White Sooth African fowk]] 26gtj0f4k3nw5uqmht2hr0hdni6cnxc 4 223455 925411 925128 2026-10-28T19:47:37Z ListeriaBot 30924 Wikidata list updated [V2] 925411 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT DISTINCT ?item WHERE { ?position wdt:P279 wd:Q1711695 . ?item p:P39 ?ps . ?ps ps:P39 ?position . ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q5 . } |links=red_only |thumb=100 |columns=number,label:Name,,P18,P569,P570,P19 }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! number ! Name ! ! eemage ! date o birth ! date o daith ! place o birth |- | style='text-align:right'| 1 | [[Margaret Curran]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Baroness Curran crop 2, 2025.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958-11-24 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 2 | [[Elaine Smith]] | | [[File:ElaineSmithMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-05-07 | | [[Coatbrig]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 3 | [[Nicol Stephen]] | | [[File:Nicol Stephen.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-03-23 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 4 | [[James Douglas-Hamilton, Baron Selkirk of Douglas]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Lord Selkirk of Douglas crop 2.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-07-31 | data-sort-value="2023" | 2023-11-28 | [[Sooth Lanrikshire]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 5 | [[Phil Gallie]] | | | data-sort-value="1939" | 1939-06-03 | data-sort-value="2011" | 2011-01-24 | [[Portsmouth]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 6 | [[Jim Wallace, Baron Wallace of Tankerness]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Lord Wallace of Tankerness crop 2, 2019.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-08-25 | data-sort-value="2026" | 2026-01-29 | [[Annan, Dumfries an Gallowa|Annan]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 7 | [[Andrew Welsh]] | | | data-sort-value="1944" | 1944-04-19 | data-sort-value="2021" | 2021-06-17 | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 8 | [[Donald Gorrie]] | | | data-sort-value="1933" | 1933-04-02 | data-sort-value="2012" | 2012-08-25 | [[Breetish Raj]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 9 | [[George Reid]] | | [[File:George Reid MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1939" | 1939-06-04 | data-sort-value="2025" | 2025-08-12 | [[Tullibody]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 10 | [[Andrew Arbuckle]] | | | data-sort-value="1944" | 1944-04-12 | data-sort-value="2025" | 2025-12-25 | [[Fife]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 11 | [[Wendy Alexander]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Baroness Alexander of Cleveden crop 2, 2025.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-06-27 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 12 | [[Andy Kerr]] | | [[File:Andy Kerr.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-03-17 | | [[East Kilbride]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 13 | [[Tommy Sheridan]] | | [[File:TommySheridan2007.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-03-07 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 14 | [[Rhona Brankin]] | | [[File:Rhona Brankin.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-01-19 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 15 | [[Sarah Boyack]] | | [[File:Sarah Boyack MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961-05-16 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 16 | [[Eleanor Scott]] | | [[File:Eleanor scott (13338173734).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1951" | 1951-07-23 | | [[Innerness]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 17 | [[Johann Lamont]] | | [[File:Johann Lamont 2019.png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-07-11 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 18 | [[Cathie Craigie]] | | [[File:Cathy Craigie.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-04-14 | data-sort-value="2026" | 2026-09-10 | [[Stirlin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 19 | [[Jackie Baillie]] | | [[File:Official Portrait of Jackie Baillie (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-01-15 | | [[Hong Kong]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 20 | [[Annabel Goldie]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Baroness Goldie crop 2, 2024.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-02-27 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 21 | [[Susan Deacon]] | | [[File:Susan Deacon.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-02-02 | | [[Musselburrae]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 22 | [[Fergus Ewing]] | | [[File:Cabinet Secretary for the Rural Economy and Connectivity, Fergus Ewing.png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-09-23 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 23 | [[Alex Fergusson]] | | [[File:AlexFergussonMSP20110511.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-04-08 | data-sort-value="2018" | 2018-07-31 | [[Leswalt]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 24 | [[Stewart Stevenson]] | | [[File:StewartStevensonMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-10-15 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 25 | [[Rob Gibson]] | | [[File:RobGibsonMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-10-10 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 26 | [[John Swinburne]] | | | data-sort-value="1930" | 1930-07-04 | data-sort-value="2017" | 2017-10-01 | [[Pennsylvanie|Pennsylvania]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 27 | [[Alasdair Morgan]] | | | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-04-21 | | [[Aiberfeldy]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 28 | [[Cathy Jamieson]] | | [[File:Cathy Jamieson.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-11-03 | | [[Kilmaurnock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 29 | [[Janis Hughes]] | | | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958-05-01 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 30 | [[Bill Butler]] | | [[File:Bb3-billbutler.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-03-30 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 31 | [[Scott Barrie]] | | | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-03-10 | | [[St Aundraes]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 32 | [[Brian Monteith]] | | [[File:Brian Monteith MEP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958-01-08 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 33 | [[Bristow Muldoon]] | | [[File:Bristow Muldoon - 2014-10-30 - Andy Mabbett.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-03-19 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 34 | [[George Lyon]] | | [[File:George Lyon MEP at Bournemouth 2009.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-07-16 | | [[Rossay]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 35 | [[Bruce McFee]] | | | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961-05-18 | data-sort-value="2021" | 2021-09-09 | [[Johnstoun]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 36 | [[Cathy Peattie]] | | [[File:Cathey Peattie (Scottish politician).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1951" | 1951-11-24 | | [[Grangemooth]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 37 | [[Charlie Gordon]] | | | data-sort-value="1951" | 1951-10-28 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 38 | [[Christopher Harvie]] | | | data-sort-value="1944" | 1944-09-21 | | [[Motherwal]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 39 | [[David McLetchie]] | | [[File:DavidMcLetchieMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-08-06 | data-sort-value="2013" | 2013-08-12 | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 40 | [[David Stewart]] | | [[File:DaveStewartMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-05-05 | | [[Innerness]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 41 | [[Dave Thompson]] | | [[File:DaveThompsonMSP20120629.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-09-20 | | [[Lossiemooth]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 42 | [[David Whitton]] | | | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-04-22 | | [[Farfar]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 43 | [[Derek Brownlee]] | | | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974-08-10 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 44 | [[Des McNulty]] | | [[File:Des McNulty.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-07-28 | | [[Stockport]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 45 | [[John Farquhar Munro]] | | [[File:Iain Fearchar Rothach aig SMO.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1934" | 1934-08-26 | data-sort-value="2014" | 2014-01-26 | [[Glen Shiel]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 46 | [[Jim Tolson]] | | [[File:Jim Tolson.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-05-26 | | [[Kirkcaldy|Kircaudy]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 47 | [[Duncan McNeil]] | | [[File:DuncanMcNeilMSP20110511.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-09-07 | | [[Greenock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 48 | [[Mary Mulligan]] | | [[File:MaryMulligan.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-02-12 | | [[Liverpuil]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 49 | [[Marilyn Livingstone]] | | | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-09-30 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 50 | [[Marlyn Glen]] | | [[File:Marlyn-Glen.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1951" | 1951-09-30 | | [[Dundee]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 51 | [[Elaine Murray]] | | [[File:ElaineMurrayMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-12-22 | | [[Hitchin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 52 | [[Tavish Scott]] | | [[File:Tavish Scott MSP at Bournemouth.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1966" | 1966-05-06 | | [[Innerness]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 53 | [[Karen Whitefield]] | | [[File:KarenWhitefield.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970-01-08 | | [[Bellshill]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 54 | [[Nora Radcliffe]] | | | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-03-04 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 55 | [[Patricia Ferguson]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Patricia Ferguson MP crop 2.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958-09-24 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 56 | [[Trish Godman]] | | | data-sort-value="1939" | 1939-10-31 | data-sort-value="2019" | 2019-07-21 | [[Gouan]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 57 | [[Paul Martin]] | | [[File:PaulMartinMSP20110511.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967-03-17 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 58 | [[Pauline McNeill]] | | [[File:Pauline McNeill.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-09-12 | | [[Paisley]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 59 | [[Peter Peacock]] | | [[File:Peter Peacock.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-05-27 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 60 | [[Richard Baker]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Richard Baker MP crop 2.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974-05-29 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 61 | [[Robert Brown]] | | [[File:Robert Brown (Scottish Government).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1947" | 1947-12-25 | | [[Newcastle upon Tyne]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 62 | [[Ross Finnie]] | | [[File:Ross Finnie.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1947" | 1947-02-11 | | [[Greenock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 63 | [[Sylvia Jackson]] | | | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-12-03 | data-sort-value="2022" | 2022-07-27 | [[Lincolnshire]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 64 | [[Ted Brocklebank]] | | | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-09-24 | | [[St Aundraes]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 65 | [[Michael McMahon]] | | [[File:MichaelMcMahon5715448629 0404153e04 o.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961-09-18 | | [[Bellshill]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 66 | [[Alex Johnstone]] | | [[File:AlexJohnstoneMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961-07-31 | data-sort-value="2016" | 2016-12-07 | [[Steenhive|Stanehyve]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 67 | [[Allan Wilson]] | | [[File:Allan Wilson.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-08-05 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 68 | [[Hugh Henry]] | | [[File:HughHenryMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-02-12 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 69 | [[Nanette Milne]] | | [[File:NanetteMilneMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-27 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 70 | [[Tom McCabe]] | | [[File:Tom McCabe.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-04-28 | data-sort-value="2015" | 2015-04-19 | [[Hamiltoun]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 71 | [[Angus MacKay]] | | [[File:Angus MacKay.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-01 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 72 | [[Ian Jenkins]] | | | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-03-18 | data-sort-value="2025" | 2025-07-29 | [[Rossay]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 73 | [[Rhoda Grant]] | | [[File:RhodaGrantMSP20110511.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-06-26 | | [[Stornowa]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 74 | [[Brian Fitzpatrick]] | | | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 75 | [[John Young]] | | | data-sort-value="1930" | 1930-12-21 | data-sort-value="2011" | 2011-11-03 | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 76 | [[Campbell Martin]] | | | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-03-10 | | [[Irvin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 77 | [[Chris Ballance]] | | [[File:Chris Ballance (13338189044).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-07-07 | | [[Worcester]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 78 | [[Christine May]] | | | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-03-23 | | [[Dublin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 79 | [[Shiona Baird]] | | | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-09-14 | | [[Hereford]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 80 | [[David Davidson]] | | | data-sort-value="1943" | 1943-01-25 | data-sort-value="2024" | 2024-06-14 | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 81 | [[Dave Petrie]] | | | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-12-10 | data-sort-value="2011" | 2011-08-31 | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 82 | [[Dennis Canavan]] | | [[File:EET Scotland’s Economic Future Post-2014.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-08-08 | | [[Coudenbeith]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 83 | [[Maureen Macmillan]] | | | data-sort-value="1943" | 1943-02-09 | | [[Oban]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 84 | [[Euan Robson]] | | [[File:Euan Robson.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-02-17 | | [[Northren Ingland]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 85 | [[Helen Eadie]] | | [[File:HelenEadieMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1947" | 1947-03-07 | data-sort-value="2013" | 2013-11-09 | [[Stanehoosemuir|Stennie]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 86 | [[Mike Rumbles]] | | [[File:Mike Rumbles.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-06-10 | | [[South Shields]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 87 | [[Gordon Jackson]] | | [[File:GJ losing.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-08-05 | | [[Ardrussan]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 88 | [[Rosemary Byrne]] | | | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-03-03 | | [[Irvin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 89 | [[Frank McAveety]] | | [[File:Frank McAveety MSP (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-07-27 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 90 | [[Mark Ballard]] | | [[File:Mark B smart smile.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1971" | 1971-06-27 | | [[Leeds]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 91 | [[Iain Smith]] | | [[File:Iain smith.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-05-01 | | [[Gateside]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 92 | [[Alasdair Morrison]] | | | data-sort-value="1968" | 1968-11-18 | | [[Stornowa]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 93 | [[Irene Oldfather]] | | [[File:Irene Oldfather 2016 (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-08-06 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 94 | [[Jamie McGrigor]] | | [[File:JamieMcGrigorMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-10-19 | data-sort-value="2025" | 2025-07-20 | [[Lunnon]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 95 | [[Jean Turner]] | | | data-sort-value="1939" | 1939-12-23 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 96 | [[Jeremy Purvis]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Lord Purvis of Tweed crop 2.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974-01-15 | | [[Berrick|Berik]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 97 | [[John Home Robertson]] | | [[File:Johnhomerobertson.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-12-05 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 98 | [[John Scott]] | | [[File:JohnScottMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1951" | 1951-06-07 | | [[Ayr]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 99 | [[Karen Gillon]] | | [[File:KarenGillon.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967-08-18 | | [[Jethart]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 100 | [[Kate Maclean]] | | | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958-02-16 | | [[Dundee]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 101 | [[Keith Raffan]] | | | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-06-21 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 102 | [[Lewis Macdonald]] | | [[File:LewisMacdonaldMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-01-01 | | [[Stornowa]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 103 | [[Malcolm Chisholm]] | | [[File:Malcolm Chisholm.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-03-07 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 104 | [[Margaret Jamieson]] | | | data-sort-value="1953" | 1953 | | [[Kilmaurnock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 105 | [[Margaret Mitchell]] | | [[File:MargaretMitchellMSP20120529.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-11-15 | | [[Coatbrig]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 106 | [[Margaret Smith]] | | [[File:Margaret-SmithMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961-02-18 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 107 | [[Mark Ruskell]] | | [[File:MarkRuskellMSP-May2016.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972-05-14 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 108 | [[Mary Scanlon]] | | [[File:MaryScanlonMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1947" | 1947-05-25 | | [[Dundee]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 109 | [[Mike Watson, Baron Watson of Invergowrie]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Lord Watson of Invergowrie crop 2, 2020.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-05-01 | | [[Cammuslang]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 110 | [[Mike Pringle]] | | | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-12-25 | | [[Northern Rhodesia]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 111 | [[Murdo Fraser]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Murdo Fraser MSP (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-09-05 | | [[Innerness]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 112 | [[Murray Tosh]] | | | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-09-01 | | [[Ayr]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 113 | [[Ben Wallace]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Rt Hon Ben Wallace MP crop 2.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970-05-15 | | [[Farnborough]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 114 | [[Henry McLeish]] | | [[File:Official Portrait of Henry McLeish, 2000.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-06-15 | | [[Methul]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 115 | [[Colin Campbell]] | | | data-sort-value="1938" | 1938-08-31 | | [[Paisley]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 116 | [[Dorothy-Grace Elder]] | | | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-08-11 | | [[Dundee]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 117 | [[Duncan Hamilton]] | | | data-sort-value="1973" | 1973 | | [[Irvin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 118 | [[Elaine Thomson]] | | | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957 | | [[Innerness]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 119 | [[John McAllion]] | | | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-02-13 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 120 | [[Lyndsay McIntosh]] | | | data-sort-value="1955" | 1955 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 121 | [[Fiona McLeod]] | | [[File:FionaMcLeodMSP20110507.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-12-03 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 122 | [[Iain Gray]] | | [[File:IainGrayMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-06-07 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 123 | [[Ian Welsh]] | | | data-sort-value="1953" | 1953-11-23 | | [[Preswick]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 124 | [[Lloyd Quinan]] | | | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-04-29 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 125 | [[Irene McGugan]] | | | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952 | | [[Angus]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 126 | [[Kay Ullrich]] | | [[File:Kay Ullrich.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1943" | 1943-05-05 | data-sort-value="2021" | 2021-01-04 | [[Preswick]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 127 | [[Keith Harding]] | | | data-sort-value="1938" | 1938-11-21 | data-sort-value="2021" | 2021-11-15 | [[Chipping Norton]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 128 | [[Michael Russell]] | | [[File:Mike Russell SNP Conference.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1953" | 1953-08-09 | | [[Bromley]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 129 | [[Nick Johnston]] | | | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-01-05 | | [[Filey]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 130 | [[Richard Simpson]] | | [[File:RichardSimpsonMSP20110511.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-10-22 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 131 | [[Sam Galbraith]] | | [[File:Sam Galbraith MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-10-18 | data-sort-value="2014" | 2014-08-18 | [[Clitheroe]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 132 | [[Andrew Wilson]] | | | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970 | | [[Lanrik]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 133 | [[Nigel Don]] | | [[File:NigelDonMSP20110507.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-04-16 | | [[London Borough of Sutton]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 134 | [[Ian McKee]] | | | data-sort-value="1940" | 1940-04-02 | | [[South Shields]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 135 | [[Liz Smith]] | | [[File:ElizabethSmithMSP20110508.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-02-27 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 136 | [[Claire Baker]] | | [[File:ClaireBakerMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1971" | 1971-03-04 | | [[Dunfaurlin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 137 | [[Gavin Brown]] | | [[File:Gavin Brown.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975-06-04 | | [[Kirkcaldy|Kircaudy]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 138 | [[George Foulkes, Baron Foulkes of Cumnock]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Lord Foulkes of Cumnock crop 2, 2019.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-21 | | [[Oswestry]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 139 | [[James Kelly]] | | [[File:James Kelly MSP, May 2016.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-10-23 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 140 | [[Hugh O'Donnell]] | | | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-05-01 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 141 | [[Jim Hume]] | | [[File:JimHumeMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-11-04 | | [[Peebles]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 142 | [[John Lamont]] | | [[File:Official portrait of John Lamont MP crop 2, 2024.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1976" | 1976-04-15 | | [[Kilwinnin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 143 | [[John Park]] | | [[File:John-Park-MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1973" | 1973-09-14 | | [[Dunfaurlin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 144 | [[John Wilson]] | | [[File:JohnWilsonMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-11-28 | | [[Fawkirk]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 145 | [[Stefan Tymkewycz]] | | | data-sort-value="1959" | 1959-09-18 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 146 | [[Alison McInnes]] | | [[File:AlisonMcInnesMSP20110511.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-07-17 | | [[Irvin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 147 | [[Bashir Ahmad]] | | | data-sort-value="1940" | 1940-02-12 | data-sort-value="2009" | 2009-02-06 | [[Amritsar]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 148 | [[Bill Kidd]] | | [[File:BillKiddMSP20070509.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-07-24 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 149 | [[Bill Wilson]] | | | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-12-11 | | [[Paisley]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 150 | [[Bob Doris]] | | [[File:BobDorisMSP20110507.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1973" | 1973-05-11 | | [[Vale of Leven]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 151 | [[Chic Brodie]] | | [[File:Chic Brodie.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1944" | 1944-05-08 | data-sort-value="2022" | 2022-09-24 | [[Dundee]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 152 | [[Claudia Beamish]] | | [[File:ClaudiaBeamishMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-08-09 | | [[Lunnon]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 153 | [[Colin Beattie]] | | [[File:Colin Beattie.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1951" | 1951-10-17 | | [[Farfar]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 154 | [[Dennis Robertson]] | | [[File:DennisRobertson20120627.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-08-14 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 155 | [[Drew Smith]] | | [[File:Drew Smith MSP Portrait (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 20th century | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 156 | [[Graeme Dey]] | | [[File:GraemeDeyMSP20110507.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-10-29 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 157 | [[Gordon MacDonald]] | | [[File:GordonMacDonaldMSP20120529.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-01-02 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 158 | [[Graeme Pearson]] | | [[File:GraemePearsonMSP20110508.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-04-01 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 159 | [[Neil Bibby]] | | [[File:Neil Bibby.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1983" | 1983-09-06 | | [[Paisley]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 160 | [[Hanzala Malik]] | | [[File:HanzalaMalikMSP20110601.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-11-26 | data-sort-value="2023" | 2023-12-14 | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 161 | [[Margaret McCulloch]] | | [[File:Margaret McCulloch.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-05-09 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 162 | [[Jean Urquhart]] | | [[File:JeanUrquhartMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-05-17 | | [[Wast Lowden]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 163 | [[Jenny Marra]] | | [[File:Jenny Marra MSP.png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1977" | 1977-11-06 | | [[Dundee]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 164 | [[Jim Eadie]] | | [[File:JimEadieMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1968" | 1968-02-10 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 165 | [[John Pentland]] | | [[File:JohnPentlandMSP20110508.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-12-24 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 166 | [[Siobhan McMahon]] | | [[File:SiobhanMcMahonMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1984" | 1984-07-04 | | [[Bellshill]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 167 | [[Marco Biagi]] | | [[File:Marco Biagi.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1982" | 1982-07-31 | | [[The Vale]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 168 | [[Margaret McDougall]] | | [[File:MargaretMcDougallMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-01-23 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 169 | [[Mark Griffin]] | | [[File:Mark-Griffin-MSP-closeup.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1985" | 1985-10-19 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 170 | [[Mary Fee]] | | [[File:MaryFeeMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-03-23 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 171 | [[Mike MacKenzie]] | | [[File:MikeMacKenzieMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958-11-18 | | [[Oban]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 172 | [[Paul Wheelhouse]] | | [[File:PaulWheelhouseMSP20110507.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970-06-22 | | [[Bilfawst|Belfast]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 173 | [[Alison Johnstone]] | | [[File:Alison Johnstone 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-10-11 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 174 | [[Cara Hilton]] | | [[File:Cara Hilton.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975 | | [[Grangemooth]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 175 | [[Cameron Buchanan]] | | [[File:CameronBuchananMSP20140129.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-09 | data-sort-value="2023" | 2023-06-24 | [[Woking]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 176 | [[Alex Rowley]] | | [[File:AlexRowleyMSP.png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-11-30 | | [[Dunfaurlin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 177 | [[Lesley Brennan]] | | [[File:Lesley Brennan.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 178 | [[Margaret Burgess]] | | [[File:Margaret Burgess.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-12-07 | | [[Ayrshire]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 179 | [[James Dornan]] | | [[File:JamesDornanMSP20110507.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1953" | 1953-03-17 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 180 | [[Joan McAlpine]] | | [[File:JoanMcAlpineMSP20120529.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-01-28 | | [[Gourock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 181 | [[Angus MacDonald]] | | [[File:AngusMacDonaldMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-10-11 | | [[Stornowa]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 182 | [[Anne McTaggart]] | | [[File:AnneMcTaggartMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970-01-30 | | [[Coatbrig]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 183 | [[Bill Walker]] | | [[File:BillWalkerMSP20110720.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-03-31 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 184 | [[Neil Findlay]] | | [[File:NeilFindlayMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1969" | 1969-03-06 | | [[Brocksburn]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 185 | [[Roderick Campbell]] | | [[File:RoderickCampbellMSP20110511.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1953" | 1953-06-15 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 186 | [[Colin Keir]] | | [[File:ColinKeirMSP20110507.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1959" | 1959-12-09 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 187 | [[Jayne Baxter]] | | [[File:JayneBaxterMSP20121211.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1955" | 1955-11-05 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 188 | [[Brian Whittle]] | | [[File:BrianWhittleMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-04-26 | | [[Ayr]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 189 | [[Rachael Hamilton]] | | [[File:Rachel Hamilton MSP.png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970-09 | | [[Herefordshire]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 190 | [[Oliver Mundell]] | | [[File:Oliver Mundell 2016.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1989" | 1989-12-01 | | [[Irvin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 191 | [[Finlay Carson]] | | [[File:FinlayCarsonMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967-10-18 | | [[Twynham, Dumfries an Gallowa|Twynham]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 192 | [[Gordon Lindhurst]] | | [[File:Gordon Lindhurst MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967-07-02 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 193 | [[Ross Greer]] | | [[File:Ross Greer, October 2022.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1994" | 1994-06-01 | | [[Easter Kirkpatrick|Bearsden]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 194 | [[Alexander Burnett]] | | [[File:Alexander Burnett.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1973" | 1973-07-30 | | [[Banchry]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 195 | [[Ross Thomson]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Ross Thomson crop 2.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1987" | 1987-09-21 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 196 | [[Colin Smyth]] | | [[File:Colin Smyth MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 197 | [[Kate Forbes]] | | [[File:Deputy First Minister - designate and Cabinet Secretary for Economy and Gaelic - designate, Kate Forbes (53707856301) (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1990" | 1990-04-06 | | [[Dingwal]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 198 | [[Edward Mountain]] | | [[File:Official Portrait of Edward Mountain MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961-03-19 | | [[Moray]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 199 | [[Jamie Greene]] | | [[File:JamieGreeneMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1980" | 1980-03-19 | | [[Greenock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 200 | [[Maurice Golden]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Maurice Golden MSP (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1980" | 1980-01-12 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 201 | [[Maurice Corry]] | | [[File:MauriceCorryMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-06 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 202 | [[Monica Lennon]] | | [[File:Monica Lennon MSP 2026.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1981" | 1981-01 | | [[Bellshill]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 203 | [[Alison Harris]] | | [[File:AlisonHarrisMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-07-23 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 204 | [[Graham Simpson]] | | [[File:Harry Cavanagh meeting Graham Simpson MSP, 2025 (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972-05 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 205 | [[Alex Cole-Hamilton]] | | [[File:AlexCole-HamiltonMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1977" | 1977-07-22 | | [[Hertfordshire]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 206 | [[Ash Regan]] | | [[File:Ash Denham MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974-03-08 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 207 | [[Ben Macpherson]] | | [[File:BenMacphersonMSP-May2016.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1985" | 1980s | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 208 | [[Ivan McKee]] | | [[File:Ivan McKee MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-09 | | [[Milligs Mill]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 209 | [[Annie Wells]] | | [[File:AnnieWellsMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972-02-24 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 210 | [[Daniel Johnson]] | | [[File:David Johnson MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1977" | 1977-09-03 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 211 | [[Peter Chapman]] | | [[File:Peter Chapman.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-05-13 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 212 | [[Miles Briggs]] | | [[File:Miles Briggs.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1983" | 1983-03-30 | | [[Preston]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 213 | [[Donald Cameron]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Lord Cameron of Lochiel crop 2, 2024.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1976" | 1976-11-26 | | [[St Mary's Hospital]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 214 | [[Liam Kerr]] | | [[File:Liam Kerr MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975-01-23 | | [[Chester]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 215 | [[Jeremy Balfour]] | | [[File:Jeremy Balfour MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967-03-11 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 216 | [[Bill Bowman]] | | | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-05-30 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 217 | [[Michelle Ballantyne]] | | [[File:MichelleBallantyneMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-11-28 | | [[Ashton-under-Lyne]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 218 | [[Jamie Halcro Johnston]] | | [[File:JamieHalcroJohnstonMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975-10-08 | | [[Oxford]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 219 | [[Tom Mason]] | | [[File:Tom Mason MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-12-31 | | [[Bishop's Stortford]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 220 | [[Beatrice Wishart]] | | [[File:Beatrice Wishart MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1955" | 1955 | | [[Lerook]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 221 | [[Jackie Dunbar]] | | [[File:Jackie Dunbar MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | | | [[Peterheid]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 222 | [[Marie McNair]] | | [[File:Marie McNair 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975<br/>1976 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 223 | [[Paul McLennan]] | | [[File:Minister for Housing Paul McLennan (52781732883) (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1966" | 1966 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 224 | [[Collette Stevenson]] | | [[File:Collette Stevenson 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1969" | 1969-03-15 | | [[East Kilbride]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 225 | [[Evelyn Tweed]] | | [[File:Official Portrait of Evelyn Tweed MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967 | | [[Ayr]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 226 | [[Natalie Don]] | | [[File:Natalie Don MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1989" | 1989-02-12 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 227 | [[Katy Clark]] | | [[File:Katy Clark MP.jpeg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967-07-03 | | [[Kilwinnin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 228 | [[Foysol Choudhury]] | | [[File:Foysol Choudhury MBE.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1969" | 1969-01-05 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 229 | [[Michelle Thomson]] | | [[File:Michelle Thomson 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-03-11 | | [[Easter Kirkpatrick|Bearsden]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 230 | [[Martin Whitfield]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Martin Whitfield crop 2.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965 | | [[Newcastle upon Tyne]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 231 | [[Jenni Minto]] | | [[File:Jenni Minto 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1968" | 1968-11 | | [[Elgin, Moray|Elgin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 232 | [[Audrey Nicoll]] | | [[File:Audrey Nicoll MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 233 | [[Jim Fairlie]] | | [[File:Minister for Agriculture and Connectivity - Jim Fairlie.jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 234 | [[Stephanie Callaghan]] | | [[File:Stephanie Callaghan MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1971" | 1971 | | [[Hamiltoun]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 235 | [[Elena Whitham]] | | [[File:Official 2023 government portrait of Elena Whitham.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974 | | [[Kilmaurnock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 236 | [[Kaukab Stewart]] | | [[File:Kaukab Stewart 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967<br/>1968 | | [[Pakistan]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 237 | [[Emma Roddick]] | | [[File:Emma Roddick 2021 (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1997" | 1997-07-30 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 238 | [[Sandesh Gulhane]] | | | data-sort-value="1982" | 1982-01-22 | | [[Lunnon]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 239 | [[Mercedes Villalba]] | | [[File:Mercedes Villalba 2026 (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1989" | 1989 | | [[Bristol]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 240 | [[Sue Webber]] | | [[File:Sue Webber 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 241 | [[Michael Marra]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Michael Marra (cropped).png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1979" | 1979 | | [[Dundee]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 242 | [[Paul O'Kane]] | | [[File:Paul O'Kane 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1988" | 1988-03-21 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 243 | [[Karen Adam]] | | [[File:Karen Adam MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975-06-07 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 244 | [[Sharon Dowey]] | | [[File:Sharon Dowey MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1969" | 1969<br/>1970 | | [[Girvan]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 245 | [[Davy Russell]] | | [[File:Davy Russell at the Scottish Parliament (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960s<br/>1962 | | [[Quarter]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 246 | [[Alex Kerr]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 247 | [[Gillian Mackay]] | | [[File:Gillian Mackay 2026 (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1991" | 1991 | | [[Fawkirk]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 248 | [[Laura Mitchell]] | | | data-sort-value="1982" | 1982-05 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 249 | [[Ariane Burgess]] | | [[File:Ariane Burgess MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-11-20 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 250 | [[Kate Nevens]] | | [[File:Kate Nevens, Official MSP Portrait.png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1982" | 1982 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 251 | [[Meghan Gallacher]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Meghan Gallacher MSP (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1992" | 1992-01-17 | | [[Bellshill]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 252 | [[Roz McCall]] | | [[File:Roz Mccall In Dunfermline.jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 253 | [[Pam Duncan-Glancy]] | | [[File:Pam Duncan-Glancy MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1981" | 1981-11-02 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 254 | [[Craig Hoy]] | | [[File:Craig Hoy 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 255 | [[Douglas Lumsden]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Douglas Lumsden MP (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1971" | 1971-08 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 256 | [[Pam Gosal]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Pam Gosal MSP (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 257 | [[Tess White]] | | [[File:Tess White 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-02-18 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 258 | [[Thomas Kerr]] | | [[File:Thomas Kerr Official MSP portrait 2026 (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 259 | [[Carol Mochan]] | | [[File:Carol Mochan MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 260 | [[Màiri McAllan]] | | [[File:Official portrait of net zero secretary Màiri McAllan (cropped 1).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1993" | 1993-02-14 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 261 | [[Mark Simpson]] | | | data-sort-value="1988" | 1988-11-30 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 262 | [[Laura Moodie]] | | | data-sort-value="1978" | 1978 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 263 | [[Colm Merrick]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 264 | [[Julie MacDougall]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 265 | [[Katherine Sangster]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 266 | [[Tim Eagle]] | | [[File:Tim eagle 24.jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 267 | [[David Kirkwood]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 268 | [[Holly Bruce]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 269 | [[Irshad Ahmed]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Irshad Ahmed MSP (cropped).png|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 270 | [[Michelle Campbell]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Michelle Campbell (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 271 | [[Adam Harley]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 272 | [[Simita Kumar]] | | [[File:Equalities & International Development Minister - 55282125442.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1987" | 1987 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 273 | [[Iris Duane]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Iris Duane MSP (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 274 | [[Duncan Dunlop]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 275 | [[Cara McKee]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 276 | [[Helen McDade]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 277 | [[David Smith]] | | | | | [[Cardiff–South Wales Valleys metropolitan area]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 278 | [[Q Manivannan]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Q Manivannan MSP (cropped).png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996<br/>1997 | | [[Tamil Nadu]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 279 | [[Katie Hagmann]] | | [[File:Katie Hagmann, Official MSP Portrait (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1979" | 1979-04 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 280 | [[Jack Middleton]] | | [[File:Jack Middleton, Official MSP Portrait (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 281 | [[Zen Ghani]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 282 | [[Sanne Dijkstra-Downie]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Sanne Dijkstra-Downie (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 283 | [[Duncan Massey]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 284 | [[Yi-pei Chou Turvey]] | | | data-sort-value="1981" | 1981 | | [[Taiwan (kintra)|Taiwan]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 285 | [[Kayleigh Kinross-O'Neill]] | | [[File:Kayleigh Kinross-O'Neill, Official MSP Portrait.png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1999" | 1999-03-01 | | [[Motherwal]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 286 | [[Angela Ross]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Angela Ross MSP (cropped).png|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 287 | [[Amanda Bland]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Amanda Bland (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 288 | [[Hannah Mary Goodlad]] | | [[File:Hannah Mary Goodlad Scottish Parliament Portrait 2026.jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 289 | [[Jamie Langan]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 290 | [[Kim Schmulian]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 291 | [[Lloyd Melville]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 292 | [[Senga Beresford]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Senga Beresford (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 293 | [[Mandy Lindsay]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 294 | [[Max Bannerman]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Max Bannerman MSP (cropped).png|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 295 | [[Kristopher Leask]] | | [[File:Kristopher Leask, Official MSP Portrait.png|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 296 | [[Vic Currie]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 297 | [[Morven-May MacCallum]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 298 | [[Dawn Black]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 299 | [[Kate Campbell]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 300 | [[David Barratt]] | | [[File:Official portrait of David Barratt MSP 2026 (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 301 | [[Gary Bouse]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 302 | [[Andrew Baxter]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 303 | [[Donald MacKinnon]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 304 | [[Joe Fagan]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Joe Fagan (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1987" | 1987 | | [[Lanrikshire]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 305 | [[David Green]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 306 | [[Joe Long]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 307 | [[Pauline Stafford]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 308 | [[Jenny Young]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 309 | [[Calum Kerr]] | | [[File:Calum Kerr, Official MSP Portrait (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972-04-05 | | [[Gallae]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 310 | [[Heather Anderson]] | | [[File:Heather Anderson official portrait as an MEP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1959" | 1959-01-31 | | [[Dundee]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 311 | [[Malcolm Offord]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Lord Offord of Garvel crop 2, 2025.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-09-05 | | [[Greenock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 312 | [[James Adams]] | | [[File:Official portrait of James Adams MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1992" | 1992 | | [[Fraserburgh]] |} {{Wikidata list end}} po903rzjxvtlo9iiy5xiwz9ouwytpod