Wikipedia scowiki https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.1 first-letter Media Special Collogue Uiser Uiser collogue Wikipedia Wikipedia collogue File File collogue MediaWiki MediaWiki collogue Template Template collogue Help Help collogue Category Category collogue Portal Portal talk Define Define talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk Unitit Kinrick 0 1005 925561 919972 2026-10-31T03:27:38Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 8 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 925561 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | name = {{collapsible list |titlestyle=background:transparent;font-size:9pt; |title={{resize|11.5pt|{{nowrap|Unitit Kinrick o Great}} {{nowrap|Breetain an Northren Ireland}}}} |{{Infobox |subbox=yes |bodystyle=font-size:9pt;font-weight:normal; <!--Anglo--> |rowclass1=mergedrow |label1=[[Inglis leid|Inglis]]: |data1={{lang|en|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland}} |rowclass2=mergedrow |label2=[[Ulster Scots leid|Ulster Scots]]:|data2={{lang|sco|Claught Kängrick o Docht Brätain an Norlin Airlann}} <!--Brittonic--> |rowclass3=mergedrow |label3=[[Welsh leid|Welsh]]: |data3={{lang|cy|Teyrnas Unedig Prydain Fawr a Gogledd Iwerddon}} |rowclass4=mergedrow |label4=[[Cornish leid|Cornish]]: |data4={{lang|kw|Rywvaneth Unys Breten Veur ha Kledhbarth Iwerdhon}} <!--Goidelic--> |rowclass5=mergedrow |label5=[[Scots&nbsp;Gaelic]]: |data5={{lang|gd|Rìoghachd Aonaichte Bhreatainn is Èireann a Tuath}} |rowclass6 =mergedrow |label6=[[Erse leid|Erse]]: |data6={{lang|ga|Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann}} }} }} | common_name = Unitit Kinrick | linking_name = the Unitit Kinrick <!--Note: "the" required here as this entry used to create wikilinks--> | image_flag = Flag of the United Kingdom.svg | image_coat = Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom.svg | alt_coat = Coat of arms containing shield and crown in centre, flanked by lion and unicorn | symbol_type = {{nowrap|[[Ryal coat o airms o the Unitit Kinrick|Ryal coat o airms]]{{tsp}}{{#tag:ref |The Ryal coat o airms uised in Scotland:<br /><center>[[File:Coat of arms of the United Kingdom in Scotland.svg|100px]]</center> |group="note"}}<!--(end nowrap:)-->}} | national_anthem = {{nowrap|1="[[God Save the King]]"{{#tag:ref |Thare is no authorised version o the naitional anthem as the wirds are a matter o tradeetion; anly the first verse is uisually sung.<ref>''[http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/Symbols/NationalAnthem.aspx National Anthem]'', British Monarchy official website. Retrieved 16 November 2013.</ref> No law wis passed makin "God Save the King" the offeecial anthem. In the Inglis tradeetion, such laws are nae necessary; proclamation an uisage are sufficient tae mak it the naitional anthem. "God Save the King" an aa serves as the [[Honours music|Ryal anthem]] for certain [[Commonweel realms]]. |group="note"}} <div style="padding-top:0.5em;"><center>[[File:United States Navy Band - God Save the Queen.ogg]]</center></div><!--(end nowrap:)-->}} | image_map = Europe-UK.svg | map_caption = {{map_caption |countryprefix=the |country={{nobold|Unitit&nbsp;Kinrick}} |location_color=dark green |region=Europe |region_color=dark gray |subregion= |subregion_color=green}} | languages_type = Offeecial leid<br />{{nobold|an national leid}} | languages = [[Inglis]] | languages2_type = Recognised regional<br />leids{{#tag:ref |Unner the [[Cooncil o Europe]]'s [[European Charter for Regional or Minority Leids]], Scots, Ulster-Scots, Welsh, Cornish, Erse an Scots Gaelic, are offeecially recognised as [[Regional leid|regional]] or [[Minority leid|minority]] leids bi the [[Govrenment o the Unitit Kinrick|Breetish govrenment]] for the purposes o the Charter. See an aa [[Leids o the Unitit Kinrick]].<ref name="reglang">{{cite web |url=http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?CL=ENG&NT=148&VL=1 |title=List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. 148 |publisher=[[Council of Europe]] |accessdate=12 December 2013 |archive-date=2013-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212175720/http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?CL=ENG&NT=148&VL=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |group="note"<!--(end #tag:)-->}} | languages2 = {{hlist|list_style=line-height:1.3em;|item_style=white-space; |[[Scots leid|Scots]]|[[Ulster Scots leid|Ulster‑Scots]]|[[Welsh leid|Welsh]]|[[Cornish leid|Cornish]]|[[Scots&nbsp;Gaelic]]|[[Erse leid|Erse]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{ublist|list_style=line-height:1.3em; |class=nowrap |87.1% [[White fowk|White]] |7.0% [[Breetish Asian|Asian]] |3.0% [[Black Breetish|Black]] |2.0% [[Mixed (Unitit Kinrick ethnicity category)|Mixed]] |0.9% ithers}} | ethnic_groups_year = [[Unitit Kinrick Census 2011|2011]] | demonym = {{hlist|[[Breetish fowk|Breetish]] | Briton}} | capital = [[Lunnon]] | coordinates = {{Coord|51|30|N|0|7|W|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Lunnon]] | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Pairlamentary seestem|pairlamentary]] [[constitutional monarchy]] | leader_title1 = [[Monarchy o the Unitit Kinrick|Monarch]] | leader_name1 = {{nowrap|[[Charles, King o the Unitit Kinrick|Charles III]]}} | leader_title2 = [[Prime Meenister o the Unitit Kinrick|Prime&nbsp;Meenister]] | leader_name2 = [[Andy Burnham]] | legislature = [[Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick|Pairlament]] | upper_house = {{nowrap|[[Hoose o Lairds]]}} | lower_house = {{nowrap|[[Hoose o Commons o the Unitit Kinrick|Hoose o Commons]]}} | sovereignty_type = [[History o the Unitit Kinrick|History]] | established_event1 = [[Acts o Union o Ingland an Scotland]] | established_date1 = {{nowrap|1 May 1707}} | established_event2 = [[Acts o Union o Great Breetain an Ireland]] | established_date2 = {{nowrap|1 January 1801}} | established_event3 = [[Erse Free State Constitution Act 1922|Erse Free State Constitution Act]] | established_date3 = {{nowrap|5 December 1922}} | established_date4 = {{nowrap|1 January 1973}} | area_rank = 80t | area_magnitude = 1 E11 | area_km2 = 243610 | area_sq_mi = 94,060 | percent_water = 1.34 | population_estimate = {{increase}} 67,886,004<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/Population/|title=World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations|website=population.un.org|access-date=31 March 2020|archive-date=2020-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604174948/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/Population/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | population_census = 63,182,178<ref name="pop_census">{{cite web |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/census/2011/uk-census/index.html |title=2011 UK censuses |publisher=Office for National Statistics |accessdate=17 December 2012 |archive-date=2016-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131125807/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/census/2011/uk-census/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 21st | population_census_year = 2011 | population_census_rank = 22nt | population_density_km2 = 270.7 | population_density_sq_mi = 701.2 | population_density_rank = 50t | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $3.131&nbsp;trillion<ref name="IMFWEOUK">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=14&pr.y=17&sy=2017&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=112&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |accessdate=30 October 2019}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2019 | GDP_PPP_rank = 9t | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $46,827<ref name="IMFWEOUK"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 26t | GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} $2.744&nbsp;trillion<ref name="IMFWEOUK"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2019 | GDP_nominal_rank = 6t | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $41,030<ref name="IMFWEOUK"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 20t | Gini = 33.1 | Gini_year = 2017 | Gini_change = increase | Gini_ref = <ref name="eurogini">{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tessi190&plugin=1 |title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income - EU-SILC survey |publisher=[[Eurostat]] |website=ec.europa.eu |access-date=7 March 2019}}</ref> | Gini_rank = 33rd | HDI = 0.940<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2022<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2024 |title=HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2023-24 |url=http://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf |website=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |pages=274-277 |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 15t | currency = [[Poond&nbsp;sterling]] (£) | currency_code = GBP | time_zone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] | utc_offset = &#8203;<!--NOTE: Please do not remove. This is a blank character entity so that the infobox displays "UTC" without a specified offset.--> | time_zone_DST = [[Breetish Simmer Time|BST]] | utc_offset_DST = +1 | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy&nbsp;([[Anno Domini|AD]]) | drives_on = [[Richt- an left-haund traffic|left]] | calling_code = [[Telephone nummers in the Unitit Kinrick|+44]] | cctld = [[.uk]] <!--| national_motto = | religion = | footnotes = --> }} The '''Unitit Kinrick o Great Breetain an Northren Ireland''' ({{lang-en|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland}}), commonly kent the '''Unitit Kinrick''' ({{lang-en|United Kingdom}}; '''UK''') or '''Breetain''' ({{lang-en|Britain}}), is a [[kintra]] in waster [[Europe]]. Lyin aff the north-wastren coast o the European mainlaund, the UK includes the isle o [[Great Breetain]], the north-eastren pairt o the isle o [[Ireland]] an mony smawer islands.<ref>{{cite web |title=Definition of Great Britain in English |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Great-Britain?q=Great+Britain |publisher=Oxford University Press |accessdate=29 October 2014 |quote=Great Britain is the name for the island that comprises England, Scotland and Wales, although the term is also used loosely to refer to the United Kingdom. |archive-date=2016-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814114302/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/great-britain?q=Great+Britain |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Norlin Airlan]] is the anly pairt o the Unitit Kinrick that shares a laund mairch wi anither sovereign state{{mdashb}}the [[Republic o Ireland]].<ref group="note">Awtho Northren Ireland is the anly pairt o the UK that shares a laund mairch wi anither sovereign state, twa o [[Breetish Owerseas Territories|its Owerseas Territories]] an aa share laund mairches wi ither sovereign kintras. [[Gibraltar]] shares [[Gibraltar-Spain mairch|a mairch]] wi Spain, while the [[Sovereign Base Auries o Akrotiri an Dhekelia]] share borders wit the [[Republic o Cyprus]], the [[Turkis Republic o Northren Cyprus]] an the UN [[buffer zone]] separatin the twa Cypriot polities.</ref> Apairt frae this laund mairch, the UK is surroondit bi the Atlantic Ocean, wi the [[North Sea]] tae its east, the [[Inglis Channel]] tae its sooth an the [[Celtic Sea]] tae its sooth-sooth-wast, giein it the 12t-langest coastline in the warld. The [[Erse Sea]] lies atween Great Breetain an Ireland. Wi an aurie o {{convert|242500|km2|sqmi}}, the UK is the 78t-lairgest sovereign state in the warld an the 11t-lairgest in Europe. It is the 21st-maist populous kintra an aw, wi an estimatit 67.8 million indwallers as o 2020. The UK is a [[constitutional monarchy]] wi a [[pairlamentary seestem|pairliamentar democracy]].<ref>[http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/HowtheMonarchyworks/Whatisconstitutionalmonarchy.aspx The British Monarchy, ''What is constitutional monarchy?'']. Retrieved 17 Julie 2013</ref><ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uk.html CIA, ''The World Factbook''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107065049/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uk.html |date=2019-01-07 }}. Retrieved 17 July 2013</ref> The [[Monarchy o the Unitit Kinrick|monarch]] is [[Charles III|King Charles III]], The UK's caipital an lairgest ceety is [[Lunnon]], a [[global ceety]] an [[financial centre]] wi an urban aurie population o 10.3 million, the fowert-lairgest in Europe.<ref>The 30 Largest Urban Agglomerations Ranked by Population Size at Each Point in Time, 1950-2030, [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/CD-ROM/ World Urbanization Prospects, the 2014 revision], Population Diveesion o the [[Unitit Naitions Depairtment o Economic an Social Affairs]]. Retrieved 22 February 2015.</ref> Ither major urban auries in the UK include the conurbations centred on [[West Midlands conurbation|Birmingham]], [[Wast Yorkshire Urban Aurie|Leeds]], [[Greater Glesga|Glesga]], [[Liverpuil Urban Aurie|Liverpuil]] an [[Greater Manchester Biggit-up Aurie|Manchester]]. The UK consists o fower kintras—[[Ingland]], [[Scotland]], [[Wales]] an [[Northren Ireland]].<ref name="page823">{{cite web |url=http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page823 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080909013512/http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page823 |archive-date=9 September 2008 |title=Countries within a country |publisher=Prime Minister's Office |date=10 January 2003 |accessdate=8 March 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416083521/http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page823 |date=2010-04-16 }}</ref> Aw but Ingland hae [[devolution in the Unitit Kinrick|devolved]] admeenistrations,<ref name="devoladmins">{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/devolution-of-powers-to-scotland-wales-and-northern-ireland#devolved-administrations |title=Devolution of powers to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland |publisher=United Kingdom Government |accessdate=17 April 2013 |quote=In a similar way to how the government is formed from members from the two Houses of Parliament, members of the devolved legislatures nominate ministers from among themselves to comprise executives, known as the devolved administrations...}}</ref> ilk wi varyin pouers,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/7859034.stm |title=Fall in UK university students |publisher=BBC News |date=29 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.transport-research.info/web/countryprofiles/uk.cfm |title=Country Overviews: United Kingdom |publisher=Transport Research Knowledge Centre |accessdate=28 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100404062853/http://www.transport-research.info/web/countryprofiles/uk.cfm |archivedate=4 April 2010 |df=}}</ref> based in thair caipitals [[Edinburgh]], [[Cairdiff]] an [[Belfast]], respectively. The nearbi [[Isle o Man]], [[Bailiwick o Guernsey]] an [[Bailiwick o Jersey]] are no pairt o the UK, bein [[Croun dependencies]] wi the Breetish Govrenment responsible for defence an internaitional representation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/LivingintheUK/DG_10012517 |archivedate=15 October 2012 |title=Key facts about the United Kingdom |archiveurl=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20121015000000/http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/LivingintheUK/DG_10012517 |accessdate=6 March 2015 |publisher=[[Directgov]] |quote=<blockquote style="padding-top:0; margin-top:0; padding-left:0; padding-right:0;">The full title of this country is 'the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland'. Great Britain is made up of England, Scotland and Wales. The United Kingdom (UK) is made up of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. 'Britain' is used informally, usually meaning the United Kingdom.<br /> The Channel Islands and the Isle of Man are not part of the UK.</blockquote> |df=}}</ref> Prior tae the [[History o the formation o the Unitit Kinrick|formation o the UK]], Wales haed been conquered an annexed bi the Kinrick o Ingland. This meant that the unitit kinrick creatit in 1707 bi the [[Treaty o Union]] atween Ingland an Scotland encompassed aw o Great Breetain. The Kinrick o Ireland merged wi this state in 1801 tae form the Unitit Kinrick o Great Breetain an Ireland. Five-saxts o Ireland secedit frae the UK in 1922, leavin the present formulation o the Unitit Kinrick o Great Breetain and Northren Ireland.<ref group="note">The [[Anglo-Erse Treaty]] wis signed on 6 December 1921 tae resolve the [[Erse War o Unthirldom]]. Whan it teuk effect ane year later, it established the [[Erse Free State]] as a separate [[dominion]] within the [[Commonweel o Naitions|Commonweel]]. The UK's current name wis adoptit tae reflect the cheenge.</ref> Thare are [[Breetish Owerseas Territories|fowerteen Breetish Owerseas Territories]],<ref name="overseasterrirories">{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/protecting-and-developing-the-overseas-territories |title=Supporting the Overseas Territories |publisher=[[Foreign and Commonwealth Office]] |accessdate=9 March 2015}}</ref> the remnants o the [[Breetish Empire]] that, at its hicht in the 1920s, encompassed awmaist a quarter o the warld's land mass an wis the lairgest empire in history. Breetish influence can be observed in the leid, cultur an legal seestems o mony o its umwhile colonies. The UK is a developit kintra an haes the warld's saxt-lairgest economy bi nominal GDP <ref>{{cite web|title=Britain crashes out of world's top 5 economies|url=http://money.cnn.com/2017/11/22/news/economy/uk-france-biggest-economies-in-the-world|publisher=[[CNN]]|access-date=2018-02-04|archive-date=2018-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105233524/http://money.cnn.com/2017/11/22/news/economy/uk-france-biggest-economies-in-the-world|url-status=dead}}.</ref> an ninth-lairgest economy bi [[purchasin pouer parity]]. It haes a heich-income economy an haes a "verra heich" [[Human Development Index]], rankin 16t in the warld. It wis the first industrialised kintra an the warld's foremaist pouer in the 19t an early 20t centuries.<ref>{{cite book |title=The First Industrial Nation: the Economic History of Britain, 1700–1914 |url=https://archive.org/details/firstindustrialn00unse |publisher=Routledge |location=London |author=Mathias, P. |year=2001 |isbn=0-415-26672-6}}</ref><ref name="ferguson">{{cite book |last=Ferguson |first=Niall |year=2004 |title=Empire: The rise and demise of the British world order and the lessons for global power |url=https://archive.org/details/empire00nial |publisher=Basic Books |location=New York |isbn=0-465-02328-2}}</ref> The UK remeens a great pouer wi conseederable economic, cultural, militar, scienteefic an poleetical influence internaitionally.<ref>{{cite book |author1=T. V. Paul |author2=James J. Wirtz |author3=Michel Fortmann |title=Balance of Power |publisher=State University of New York Press, 2005 |year=2005 |pages=59, 282 |isbn=0791464016 |url=https://www.google.com/books?id=9jy28vBqscQC&pg=PA59&dq="Great+power"}} ''Accordingly, the great powers after the Cold War are Britain, China, France, Germany, Japan, Russia and the United States'' p.59</ref><ref name="David M. McCourt">{{cite book |last=McCourt |first=David |title=Britain and World Power Since 1945: Constructing a Nation's Role in International Politics |publisher=University of Michigan Press |date=28 May 2014 |location=United States of America |pages= |isbn=0472072218 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=lwpOnwEACAAJ&dq=Britain+and+World+Power+Since+1945:+Constructing+a+Nation%27s+Role+in+International+Politics}}</ref> It is a recognised nuclear wappens state an is seivent in militar expenditur in the warld.<ref name="SIPRI">{{cite web |url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/Trends-world-military-expenditure-2016.pdf |title=Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2016 |publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]] |format=PDF |accessdate=26 April 2017}}</ref> It haes been a [[permanent members o the Unitit Naitions Security Cooncil|permanent member]] o the [[Unitit Naitions Security Cooncil]] syne its first session in 1946. It wis a leadin member state o the EU an its predecessor, the [[European Economic Commonty]] (EEC), frae 1973 till 2020. The UK a member o the [[Commonweel o Naitions]], the [[G7 finance meenisters]], the [[G7 forum]], the [[G-20 major economies|G20]], [[NATO]], the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation an Development]] (OECD), an the [[Warld Tred Organisation]] (WTO). == Historie o tha Unitit Kinrick == ===Early history=== Settlement bi [[Cro-Magnons|anatomically modren humans]] o whit wis tae acome the Unitit Kinrick occurred in waves beginnin bi aboot 30,000 years agae.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/south_west/7069001.stm "Ancient skeleton was 'even older']". [[BBC News]]. 30 October 2007. Retrieved 27 April 2011.</ref> Bi the end o the [[Prehistoric Breetain|region's prehistoric period]], the population is thocht tae hae belanged, in the main, tae a cultur termed [[Insular Celts|Insular Celtic]], comprisin [[Britons (historical)|Brythonic Breetain]] an [[Gaelic Ireland]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Celtic culture: A historical encyclopedia |url=https://archive.org/details/celticculturehis00koch_128 |page=[https://archive.org/details/celticculturehis00koch_128/page/n1016 973] |author=Koch, John T. |isbn=978-1-85109-440-0 |year=2006 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara, CA}}</ref> The [[Roman conquest o Breetain|Roman conquest]], beginnin in 43 AD, an the 400-year [[Roman Britain|rule o soothren Breetain]], wis follaed bi an invasion bi [[Germanic fowks|Germanic]] [[Anglo-Saxon]] settlers, reducin the Brythonic area [[Wales#Medieval Wales|mainly tae whit wis tae acome Wales]], [[Cornwall]] an the historic [[Kinrick o Strathclyde]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor1-first=John |editor1-last=Davies|editor1-link=John Davies (historian) |editor2-first=Nigel |editor2-last=Jenkins |editor2-link=Nigel Jenkins |editor3-first=Menna |editor3-last=Baines|editor4-first=Peredur I. |editor4-last=Lynch |editor4-link=Peredur Lynch |title=[[Encyclopaedia of Wales|The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales]] |year=2008 |publisher=University of Wales Press |location=Cardiff |isbn=978-0-7083-1953-6 |page=915}}</ref> Maist o the region settled bi the Anglo-Saxons becam unifee'd as the [[Kinrick o Ingland]] in the 10t century.<ref name="Short Athelstan biography on the BBC History website">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/athelstan.shtml |title=Short Athelstan biography |publisher=BBC History |accessdate=9 April 2013}}</ref> Meanwhile, [[Dál Riata|Gaelic-speakers in north-wast Britain]] (wi connections tae the north-east o Ireland an tradeetionally supposed tae hae migratit frae thare in the 5t century)<ref>{{cite book |author=Mackie, J.D. |authorlink=J.D. Mackie |title=A History of Scotland |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofscotlan00mack_0 |location=London |publisher=Penguin |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-14-013649-4 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofscotlan00mack_0/page/18 18]–19}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Campbell, Ewan |title=Saints and Sea-kings: The First Kingdom of the Scots |url=https://archive.org/details/saintsseakingsfi0000camp |publisher=Canongate |location=Edinburgh |year=1999 |isbn=0-86241-874-7 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/saintsseakingsfi0000camp/page/8 8]–15}}</ref> unitit wi the [[Picts]] tae creaut the [[Kinrick o Scotland]] in the 9t century.<ref>{{cite book |last=Haigh |first=Christopher |title=The Cambridge Historical Encyclopedia of Great Britain and Ireland |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1990 |page=30 |isbn=978-0-521-39552-6}}</ref> The [[Early Modren Breetain|early modren period]] saw releegious conflict resultin frae the [[Reformation]] an the introduction o [[Protestantism in the Unitit Kinrick|Protestant]] state kirks in ilk kintra.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/479892/Protestantism/41558/The-Reformation-in-England-and-Scotland The Reformation in England and Scotland] and [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/293754/Ireland/22978/The-Reformation-period Ireland: The Reformation Period & Ireland under Elizabth I], Encyclopædia Britannica Online.</ref> Wales wis [[Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542|fully incorporatit intae the Kinrick o Ingland]],<ref name="BBC Tudors">{{cite web |title=British History in Depth&nbsp;– Wales under the Tudors |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/wales_tudors_01.shtml |accessdate=21 September 2010 |publisher=BBC History |date=5 November 2009}}</ref> an Ireland wis constitutit as a kinrick in personal union wi the Inglis croun.<ref>{{cite book |title=A history of the modern British Isles, 1529–1603: The two kingdoms |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernb0000nich |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernb0000nich/page/171 171]–172 |first=Mark |last=Nicholls |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-631-19334-0 |publisher=Blackwell |location=Oxford}}</ref> In 1603, Elizabeth I o Ingland deed an [[Jamie VI o Scotland|Jamie the Saxt o Scotland]] becam [[James I o Ingland|James the First o Ingland]] an aa. Tha Acts o Union 1707 makkit tha [[Kinrick o Great Breetain]] an tha [[Scots Pairlament]] wis unitit wi tha Inglis pairlament in Lunnon. In the mid-17t century, aw three kinricks [[Wars o the Three Kinricks|war involved in a series o connectit wars]] (includin the [[Inglis Ceevil War]]) that led tae the temporar owerthraw o the monarchy an the establishment o the short-leeved [[unitar republic]] o the [[Commonweel o Ingland|Commonweel o Ingland, Scotland an Ireland]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/187936/English-Civil-Wars |title=English Civil Wars |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |date= |accessdate=28 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.archontology.org/nations/uk/scotland/01_laws.php |title=Scotland and the Commonwealth: 1651–1660 |publisher=Archontology.org |date=14 March 2010 |accessdate=9 March 2015}}</ref> Awtho the [[Restoration (1660)|monarchy wis restored]], the [[Interregnum (1649–1660)|Interregnum]] ensured (alang wi the [[Glorious Revolution]] o 1688 an the subsequent [[Bill of Rights 1689]], an the [[Claim of Right Act 1689]]) that, unlik muckle o the rest o Europe, [[ryal absolutism]] wad nae prevail, an a professed Catholic coud niver accede tae the thrane. The [[Breetish constitution]] wad develop on the basis o constitutional monarchy an the [[pairlamentary seestem]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Lodge |first=Richard |year=2007 |origyear=1910 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=EBSpvBxGyqcC |title=The History of England&nbsp;– From the Restoration to the Death of William III (1660–1702) |publisher=Read Books |page=8 |isbn=978-1-4067-0897-4}}</ref> ===Treaty o Union=== Tho previous attempts at unitin the twa kinricks within Great Breetain in 1606, 1667, an 1689 haed pruived unsuccessfu, the attempt initiatit in 1705 led tae the Treaty o Union o 1706 bein agreed an ratified bi baith pairlaments. On 1 Mey 1707, the unitit Kinrick o Great Breetain came intae bein, the result o Acts o Union bein passed bi the pairlaments o Ingland an Scotland tae ratify the 1706 Treaty o Union an sae unite the twa kinricks.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/citizenship/rise_parliament/docs/articles_union.htm |title=Articles of Union with Scotland 1707 |publisher=UK Parliament |accessdate=19 October 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/ |title=Acts of Union 1707 |publisher=UK Parliament |accessdate=6 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scotshistoryonline.co.uk/union.html |title=Treaty (act) of Union 1706 |publisher=Scottish History online |accessdate=3 February 2011 |archive-date=2019-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527074630/http://www.scotshistoryonline.co.uk/union.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the 18t century, cabinet govrenment developed unner [[Robert Walpole]], in practice the first prime meenister (1721–1742). A series o [[Jacobite Uprisins]] socht tae remuive the Protestant [[Hoose o Hanover]] frae the Breetish thrane an restore the Catholic [[Hoose o Stuart]]. The Jacobites war feenally defeatit at the [[Battle o Culloden]] in 1746, efter that the [[Scots Hielanders]] war brutally suppressed. The Breetish colonies in North Americae that brak awey frae Britain in the [[American Revolutionary War|American War o Unthirldom]] becam the Unitit States o Americae, recognised bi Britain in 1783. Breetish imperial ambition turned taewart Asie, pairteecularly tae [[Company rule in Indie|Indie]].<ref>Library of Congress, [https://books.google.com/?id=BQDgr_XvsHoC&pg=PA73 ''The Impact of the American Revolution Abroad''], p. 73.</ref> Efter the defeat o Fraunce at the end o the [[French Revolutionary Wars|Revolutionary]] an [[Napoleonic Wars]] (1792–1815), Great Breetain emerged as the principal naval an imperial pouer o the 19t century (wi Lunnon the lairgest ceety in the warld frae aboot 1830).<ref>Tellier, L.-N. (2009). ''Urban World History: an Economic and Geographical Perspective''. Quebec: PUQ. p. 463. {{ISBN|2-7605-1588-5}}.</ref> [[Ryal Navy#1815–1914|Unchallenged at sea]], Breetish dominance wis later descrived as ''[[Pax Britannica]]'' ("Breetish Peace"), a period o [[Internaitional relations o the Great Pouers (1814–1919)|relative peace amang the Great Pouers]] (1815–1914) in that the Breetish Empire becam the global [[hegemon]] an adoptit the role o global polisman.<ref>[[#refJohnston2008|Johnston]], pp.&nbsp;508-10.</ref><ref>[[#refOHBEv3|Porter]], p.&nbsp;332.</ref><ref>Sondhaus, L. (2004). ''Navies in Modern World History''. London: Reaktion Books. p. 9. {{ISBN|1-86189-202-0}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |first=Andrew |last=Porter |title=The Nineteenth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume III |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-924678-5 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=oo3F2X8IDeEC |ref=refOHBEv3 |page=332}}</ref> Breetain focht alangside Fraunce, Roushie an (efter 1917) the Unitit States, against Germany an its allies in the [[First Warld War]] (1914–1918).<ref>Turner, John (1988). ''Britain and the First World War''. London: Unwin Hyman. pp. 22–35. {{ISBN|978-0-04-445109-9}}.</ref> Breetish airmed forces war engaged athort muckle o the Breetish Empire an in several regions o Europe, pairteecularly on the [[Wastren Front (Warld War I)|Wastren front]].<ref name="Westwell&Cove">Westwell, I.; Cove, D. (eds) (2002). ''History of World War I, Volume 3''. Lunnon: Marshall Cavendish. pp. 698 an 705. {{ISBN|0-7614-7231-2}}.</ref> The heich fatalities o trench warfare caused the loss o muckle o a generation o men, wi lastin social effects in the naition an a great disruption in the social order. ===Erse unthirldom=== The rise o [[Erse naitionalism]], an disputes within Ireland ower the terms o [[Erse Hame Rule muivement|Erse Hame Rule]], led eventually tae the [[Pairteetion o Ireland|pairteetion o the island]] in 1921.<ref>SR&O 1921, No. 533 of 3 May 1921.</ref> The [[Erse Free State]] becam independent wi [[Dominion|Dominion status]] in 1922. Northren Ireland remeened pairt o the Unitit Kinrick.<ref name="CAIN">{{cite web |url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/politics/docs/ait1921.htm |title=The Anglo-Irish Treaty, 6&nbsp;December 1921 |publisher=CAIN |accessdate=15 May 2006 |archive-date=2012-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514145108/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/politics/docs/ait1921.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> A wave o strikes in the mid-1920s culminatit in the [[1926 Unitit Kinrick general strike|General Strike o 1926]]. Britain haed still nae recuivered frae the effects o the war whan the [[Great Depression]] (1929–1932) occurred. This led tae conseederable unemployment an haurdship in the auld industrial auries, as weel as poleetical an social unrest in the 1930s, wi risin membership in communist an socialist pairties. A coaleetion govrenment wis formed in 1931.<ref>Rubinstein, W. D. (2004). ''Capitalism, Culture, and Decline in Britain, 1750–1990''. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 11. {{ISBN|0-415-03719-0}}.</ref> Breetain entered the [[Seicont Warld War]] bi declarin war on Germany in 1939, efter Germany haed invadit Poland. [[Winston Churchill]] becam prime meenister an heid o a coaleetion govrenment in 1940. Despite the defeat o its European allies in the first year o the war, Breetain an its Empire conteena'd the ficht alane against Germany. In 1940, the [[Ryal Air Force]] defeatit the German [[Luftwaffe]] in a struggle for control o the skies in the [[Battle o Breetain]]. Urban auries suffered hivy bombin in [[the Blitz]]. Thare war an aa eventual haurd-focht veectories in the [[Battle o the Atlantic]], the [[North Africae campaign]] an the [[Burma campaign]]. Breetish forces played an important role in the [[Normandy laundins]] o 1944, achieved wi its Unitit States ally. ===Syne Warld War II=== Efter the end o the Seicont Warld War in 1945, the UK wis ane o the [[Fower Polismen|Big Fower]] pouers (alang wi the U.S., the Soviet Union, an Cheenae) that met tae plan the post-war warld;<ref>{{cite book |last1=Doenecke |first1=Justus D. |last2=Stoler |first2=Mark A. |title=Debating Franklin D. Roosevelt's foreign policies, 1933–1945 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xdMF9rX6mX8C&pg=PA62 |year=2005 |accessdate=19 March 2016 |isbn=0-8476-9416-X}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.iup.edu/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=37681 |title=The Four Policemen and. Postwar Planning, 1943-1945: The Collision of Realist and. Idealist Perspectives. |last=Kelly |first=Brian |accessdate=25 August 2015 |archive-date=2015-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022125442/https://www.iup.edu/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=37681 |url-status=dead }}</ref> it wis an oreeginal seegnatory tae the [[Declaration o the Unitit Naitions]]. The UK wis the third kintrea tae develop [[Nuclear wappen|a nuclear wappens airsenal]] (wi its [[Operation Hurricane|first atomic bomb test]] in 1952), but the new post-war leemits o Breetain's internaitional role war illustratit bi the [[Suez Creesis]] o 1956. Frae the late 1960s, Northren Ireland suffered communal an paramilitar veeolence (whiles affectin ither pairts o the UK) conventionally kent as [[the Tribbles]]. It is uisually conseedert tae hae endit wi the [[Belfast Agreement|Belfast "Guid Fryday" Agreement]] o 1998.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Politics of Northern Ireland: Beyond the Belfast Agreement |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsnorthern00augh |first=Arthur |last=Aughey |isbn=978-0-415-32788-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/politicsnorthern00augh/page/7 7] |year=2005 |location=London |publisher=Routledge}}</ref><ref name=Hope>"The troubles were over, but the killing continued. Some of the heirs to Ireland's violent traditions refused to give up their inheritance." {{cite book |author=Holland, Jack |title=Hope against History: The Course of Conflict in Northern Ireland |url=https://archive.org/details/hopeagainsthisto00holl |publisher=Henry Holt |location=New York |year=1999 |page=[https://archive.org/details/hopeagainsthisto00holl/page/221 221] |isbn=978-0-8050-6087-4}}</ref><ref>Elliot, Marianne (2007). ''The Long Road to Peace in Northern Ireland: Peace Lectures from the Institute of Irish Studies at Liverpool University.'' University of Liverpool Institute of Irish Studies, Liverpool University Press. p. 2. {{ISBN|1-84631-065-2}}.</ref> Aroond the end o the 20t century thare war major cheenges tae the govrenance o the UK wi the establishment o devolved admeenistrations for Scotland, Wales an Northren Ireland.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://publius.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/28/1/217 |title=Reforging the Union: Devolution and Constitutional Change in the United Kingdom |accessdate=4 February 2009 |journal=Publius: the Journal of Federalism |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=217–234 |last=Keating |first=Michael |date=1 January 1998 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.pubjof.a029948}}</ref> In the decade-lang process o [[European integration]], the UK wis a foondin member o the alliance cried the [[Wastren European Union]], established wi the [[Lunnon an Paris Conferences]] in 1954. In 1960 the UK wis ane o the seeven foondin members o the [[European Free Tred Association]] (EFTA), but in 1973 it left tae jyne the [[European Commonties]] (EC). Whan the EC becam the [[European Union]] (EU) in 1992, the UK wis ane o the 12 foondin members. In 2016, the Unitit Kinrick [[Unitit Kinrick European Union membership referendum, 2016|votit tae leave the European Union]].<ref name="Washington Post">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/britons-head-to-the-polls-for-historic-vote-on-eu/2016/06/23/0d466fb0-34a7-11e6-ab9d-1da2b0f24f93_story.html |title=In stunning decision, Britain votes to leave the E.U. |date=24 June 2016 |work=[[The Washington Post]] |accessdate=24 June 2016}}</ref> The legal process o leavin the EU begoud on 29 Mairch 2017, wi the [[Unitit Kinrick invocation o Airticle 50 o the Treaty on European Union|UK's invocation o Airticle 50]] o the Treaty o Lisbon, formally notifyin the EU o the UK's intention tae leave. The UK steyed a fou member o the EU till 31 January 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainers/article-50-options|title=Article 50 extension|last=Wright|first=Georgina|date=29 October 2019|website=Institute for Government|access-date=27 December 2019}}</ref> ==Geografie== [[File:Uk topo en.jpg|thumb|upright|right|The topografie o the UK]] The tot aurie o the Unitit Kinrick is approximately {{convert|243610|km2|sqmi|-1}}. The kintra occupies the major pairt o the Breetish Isles<ref>Oxford English Dictionary: "British Isles: a geographical term for the islands comprising Great Britain and Ireland with all their offshore islands including the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands."</ref> [[airchipelago]] an includes the island o Great Breetain, the north-eastren ane-saxt o the island o Ireland an some smawer surroondin islands. It lies atween the North Atlantic Ocean an the North Sea wi the sooth-east coast comin within {{convert|35|km|mi|0|order=flip}} o the coast o northren Fraunce, frae that it is separatit bi the [[Inglis Channel]].<ref name="factbook">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uk.html |title=United Kingdom |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |accessdate=23 September 2008 |archive-date=2019-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107065049/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uk.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1993 10% o the UK wis forestit, 46% uised for pastures an 25% cultivatit for agricultur.<ref name="Atlapedia">{{cite web |author=Latimer Clarke Corporation Pty Ltd |url=http://www.atlapedia.com/online/countries/unitedki.htm |title=United Kingdom&nbsp;– Atlapedia Online |publisher=Atlapedia.com |accessdate=26 October 2010}}</ref> The [[Ryal Observatory, Greenwich|Ryal Greenwich Observatory]] in Lunnon is the definin pynt o the [[Prime Meridian]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rmg.co.uk/explore/astronomy-and-time/astronomy-facts/history/the-prime-meridian-at-greenwich |title=The Prime Meridian at Greenwich |author=ROG Learning Team |date=23 August 2002 |work=Royal Museums Greenwich |publisher=Royal Museums Greenwich |accessdate=11 September 2012 |archive-date=2015-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107023957/http://www.rmg.co.uk/explore/astronomy-and-time/astronomy-facts/history/the-prime-meridian-at-greenwich |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Unitit Kinrick lies atween latitudes [[49t parallel north|49°]] tae [[61st parallel north|61° N]], an longitudes [[9t meridian wast|9° W]] tae [[2nt meridian east|2° E]]. Northren Ireland shares a {{convert|360|km|mi|0|adj=on|order=flip}} laund boondary wi the Republic o Ireland.<ref name="factbook"/> The coastline o Great Breetain is {{convert|17820|km|mi|0|order=flip}} lang.<ref name="UK coastline">{{cite web |url=http://www.cartography.org.uk/default.asp?contentID=749 |title=How long is the UK coastline? |first=Giles |last=Darkes |date=January 2008 |accessdate=24 January 2015 |publisher=The [[British Cartographic Society]] |archive-date=2012-05-27 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/67yAn3CWU?url=http://www.cartography.org.uk/default.asp?contentID=749 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is connectit tae [[continental Europe]] bi the [[Channel Tunnel]], that at {{convert|50|km|mi|0|order=flip}} ({{convert|38|km|mi|0|order=flip}} unnerwatter) is the langest unnerwatter tunnel in the warld.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurotunnel.com/ukcP3Main/ukcCorporate/ukcTunnelInfrastructure/ukcInfrastructure/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218114514/http://www.eurotunnel.com/ukcP3Main/ukcCorporate/ukcTunnelInfrastructure/ukcInfrastructure |archivedate=18 December 2010 |title=The Channel Tunnel |publisher=Eurotunnel |accessdate=8 March 2015}}</ref> [[Ingland]] accoonts for juist ower hauf o the tot aurie o the UK, cuiverin {{convert|130395|km2|sqmi|-1}}.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/7327029.stm |publisher=BBC News |title=England&nbsp;– Profile |date=11 February 2010}}</ref> Maist o the kintra consists o lawland terrain,<ref name="Atlapedia"/> wi moontainous terrain north-wast o the [[Tees-Exe line]]; includin the [[Loch Destrict|Cumbrian Moontains]] o the Loch Destrict, the [[Pennines]], [[Exmoor]] an [[Dartmoor]]. The main rivers an estuaries are the [[River Thames|Thames]], [[River Severn|Severn]] an the [[Humber]]. Ingland's heichest moontain is [[Scafell Pike]] ({{convert|978|m|ft|0}}) in the [[Loch Destrict]]. Its principal rivers are the Severn, Thames, Humber, Tees, Tyne, Tweed, Avon, Exe an Mersey.<ref name="Atlapedia"/> [[Scotland]] accoonts for juist unner a third o the tot aurie o the UK, cuiverin {{convert|78772|km2|sqmi|-1}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scotland.org/about/fact-file/index.html |title=Scotland Facts |publisher=Scotland Online Gateway |accessdate=16 July 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621045248/http://www.scotland.org/about/fact-file/index.html |archivedate=21 June 2008 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621045248/http://www.scotland.org/about/fact-file/index.html |date=2008-06-21 }}</ref> an includin nearly aicht hunder islands,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/uk/the-complete-guide-to-the--scottish-islands-633851.html |title=The complete guide to the ... Scottish Islands |work=The Independent |location=London |date=1 June 2000 |first=Jon |last=Winter |accessdate=8 March 2015}}</ref> predominantly wast an north o the mainland; notably the [[Hebrides]], [[Orkney|Orkney Islands]] an [[Shetland|Shetland Islands]]. Scotland is the maist moontainous kintra in the UK an its topografie is distinguished bi the [[Hieland Boondary Faut]]—a [[Faut (geology)|geological rock fractur]]—that traverses Scotland frae [[Isle o Arran|Arran]] in the wast tae [[Stanehyve]] in the east.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst7728.html |title=Overview of Highland Boundary Fault |work=Gazetteer for Scotland |publisher=University of Edinburgh |accessdate=27 December 2010}}</ref> The [[Faut (geology)|faut]] separates twa distinctively different regions; namely the [[Scots Hielands|Hielands]] tae the north an wast an the [[Scots Lawlands|lawlands]] tae the sooth an east. The mair rugged Hieland region conteens the majority o Scotland's moontainous laund, includin [[Ben Nevis]] that at {{convert|1343|m|ft|0}} is the heichest pynt in the Breetish Isles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bennevisweather.co.uk/index.asp |title=Ben Nevis Weather |publisher=Ben Nevis Weather |accessdate=26 October 2008 |archive-date=2012-05-27 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/67yAqrmVy?url=http://www.bennevisweather.co.uk/index.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lawland auries—especially the narrae waist o laund atween the [[Firth o Clyde]] an the [[Firth o Forth]] kent as the [[Central Lawlands|Central Belt]]—are flatter an hame tae maist o the population includin [[Glesga]], Scotland's lairgest ceety, an [[Edinburgh]], its caipital an poleetical centre, awtho upland an moontainous terrain lies within the [[Soothren Uplands]]. [[Wales]] accoonts for less nor a tent o the tot aurie o the UK, cuiverin {{convert|20779|km2|sqmi|-1}}.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/6233450.stm |title=Profile: Wales |publisher=BBC News |date=9 June 2010 |accessdate=7 November 2010}}</ref> Wales is maistly moontainous, tho [[Sooth Wales]] is less moontainous nor [[North Wales|North]] an [[mid Wales]]. The main population an industrial auries are in Sooth Wales, consistin o the coastal ceeties o [[Cairdiff]], [[Swansea]] an [[Newport, Wales|Newport]], an the [[Sooth Wales Valleys]] tae their north. The heichest moontains in Wales are in [[Snowdonie]] an include [[Snowdon]] ({{lang-cy|Yr Wyddfa}}) that, at {{convert|1085|m|ft|0}}, is the heichest peak in Wales.<ref name="Atlapedia"/> The 14, or possibly 15, Welsh moontains ower {{convert|3,000|ft|m|abbr=off}} heich are kent collectively as the [[Welsh 3000s]]. Wales haes ower {{convert|1680|mi|0|abbr=off|order=flip}} o coastline.<ref name="UK coastline" /> Several islands lie aff the Welsh mainland, the lairgest o that is [[Anglesey]] (''Ynys Môn'') in the north-wast. [[Northren Ireland]], separatit frae Great Breetain bi the [[Erse Sea]] an [[North Channel (Great Breetain an Ireland)|North Channel]], haes an aurie o {{convert|14160|km2|sqmi|-1}} an is maistly hilly. It includes [[Lough Neagh]] that, at {{convert|388|km2|sqmi|0}}, is the lairgest loch in the Breetish Isles bi aurie.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/ni/geog.htm |title=Geography of Northern Ireland |publisher=University of Ulster |accessdate=22 May 2006 |archive-date=2012-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118133131/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/ni/geog.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The heichest peak in Northren Ireland is [[Slieve Donard]] in the [[Mourne Moontains]] at {{convert|852|m|ft|0}}.<ref name="Atlapedia"/> ===Climate=== The Unitit Kinrick haes a temperate climate, wi plentifu rainfaw aw year roond.<ref name="factbook"/> The temperatur varies wi the saisons seendle drappin ablo {{convert|-11|C|lk=on}} or risin abuin {{convert|35|C}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/ |title=UK climate summaries |publisher=Met Office |accessdate=1 May 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/67yAsDB9c?url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/ |archivedate=27 May 2012 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The prevailin wind is frae the sooth-wast an beirs frequent spells o mild an wet wather frae the Atlantic Ocean,<ref name="factbook"/> awtho the eastren pairts are maistly sheltered frae this wind syne the majority o the rain faws ower the wastren regions the eastren pairts are tharefore the driest. Atlantic currents, wairmed bi the [[Gulf Stream]], bring mild winters;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ukclimateprojections.metoffice.gov.uk/23152 |title=Atlantic Ocean Circulation (Gulf Stream) |work=UK Climate Projections |publisher=Met Office |accessdate=8 March 2015 |archive-date=2018-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017162552/http://ukclimateprojections.metoffice.gov.uk/23152 |url-status=dead }}</ref> especially in the wast whaur winters are wet an iven mair sae ower heich grund. Simmers are wairmest in the sooth-east o Ingland, bein closest tae the European mainland, an cuilest in the north. Hivy snawfaw can occur in winter an early ware on heich grund, an occasionally settles tae great deepth awey frae the hills. ==Economy== The UK haes a pairtially regulatit [[mercat economy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bis.gov.uk/assets/biscore/better-regulation/docs/p/11-795-principles-for-economic-regulation |title=Principles for Economic Regulation |date=April 2011 |publisher=Department for Business, Innovation & Skills |accessdate=1 May 2011}}</ref> Based on mercat [[exchynge rate]]s, the UK is theday the fift-lairgest economy in the warld an the seicont-lairgest in Europe efter Germany. [[HM Thesaury]], led bi the [[Chancellor o the Exchequer]], is responsible for developin an executin the govrenment's public finance policy an economic policy. The [[Bank o Ingland]] is the UK's [[central bank]] an is responsible for issuin notes an cunyies in the naition's siller, the [[poond sterling]]. Banks in Scotland an Northren Ireland reteen the richt tae issue thair awn notes, subject tae reteenin eneuch Bank o Ingland notes in reserve tae cuiver their issue. The poond sterling is the warld's third-lairgest [[reserve siller]] (efter the US dollar an the euro).<ref>{{cite news |last=Chavez-Dreyfuss |first=Gertrude |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/asiaCompanyAndMarkets/idINN3141616420080331?sp=true |agency=Reuters |title=Global reserves, dollar share up at end of 2007-IMF |date=1 April 2008 |accessdate=21 December 2009 |archive-date=2009-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109210433/http://in.reuters.com/article/asiaCompanyAndMarkets/idINN3141616420080331?sp=true |url-status=dead }}</ref> Syne 1997 the Bank o Ingland's [[Monetary Policy Committee]], heidit bi the Govrenor o the Bank o Ingland, haes been responsible for settin interest rates at the level necessar tae achieve the oweraw inflation target for the economy that is set bi the Chancellor ilk year.<ref>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312060011/http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/about/more_about.htm |title=More About the Bank |date=n.d. |publisher=Bank of England |url=http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/about/more_about.htm |archivedate=12 March 2008}}</ref> The UK [[Tertiary sector o the economy|service sector]] maks up aroond 79% o GDP.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/economicoutputandproductivity/output/bulletins/indexofservices/october2017|title=UK index of services: October 2017|publisher=Office for National Statistics|date=22 December 2017|accessdate=15 January 2018}}</ref> == Demografie == === Population === In the [[Unitit Kinrick Census 2011|2011 census]] the tot population o the Unitit Kinrick wis 63,181,775.<ref name="2011census">{{cite web |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_292378.pdf |title=2011 Census: Population Estimates for the United Kingdom |publisher=Office for National Statistics |date=27 March 2011 |accessdate=18 December 2012 |archive-date=2016-01-05 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_292378.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is the fift-lairgest in the [[Commonweel o Nations]] an the 22nt lairgest in the warld. === Leids === The UK's ''de facto'' offeecial leid is Inglis.<ref name="direct.gov.uk">{{cite web |url=http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/LivingintheUK/DG_10012519 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20121015000000/http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/LivingintheUK/DG_10012519|archive-date=15 October 2012 |title=English language&nbsp;– Government, citizens and rights |work=[[Directgov]] |accessdate=23 August 2011}}</ref><ref name="thecommonwealth.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookHomeInternal/139560/ |title=Commonwealth Secretariat&nbsp;– UK |publisher=[[Commonwealth Secretariat]] |accessdate=23 August 2011}}</ref> Houiver, thar is monie leids spak in the Unitit Kinrick bi baith native an immigrant. The native leids can be spleet inti twa groups: * The [[Celtic leids]]: [[Scots Gaelic leid|Scots Gaelic]], [[Erse leid|Erse]], [[Welsh leid|Welsh]] an [[Cornish leid|Cornish]] * The [[Germanic leid]]s: [[Scots leid|Scots]] an [[Inglis leid|Inglish]] ===Releegion=== In the 2001 census 71.6% o aw respondents indicatit that thay war Christians, wi the next lairgest faiths bein Islam (2.8%), [[Hinduism]] (1.0%), [[Sikhism]] (0.6%), [[Judaism]] (0.5%), [[Buddhism]] (0.3%) an aw ither releegions (0.3%).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=293 |title=UK Census 2001 |publisher=National Office for Statistics |accessdate=22 April 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312034628/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=293 <!--Added by H3llBot--> |archivedate=12 March 2007}}</ref> 15% o respondents statit that thay haed na releegion, wi a forder 7% nae statin a releegious preference.<ref>{{cite web |title=Religious Populations |publisher=Office for National Statistics |date=11 October 2004 |url=http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2005/02/20757/53570 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5zFDlspeL?url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=954 |archivedate=6 June 2011 |df=}}</ref> ==Politics== {{multiple image | align = right | image1 = Queen Elizabeth II in March 2015.jpg | width1 = 150 | caption1 = [[Queen Elizabeth II]], Monarch syne 1952 | image2 = Boris Johnson official portrait (cropped).jpg | width2 = 141 | caption2 = [[Boris Johnson]], Prime Meenister syne 2019 }} The Unitit Kinrick is a unitar state unner a constitutional monarchy. Queen Elizabeth II haes been the monarch an heid o state o the UK, as weel as Queen o fifteen ither independent [[Commonweel realm|Commonweel kintras]]. The monarch haes "the richt tae be consultit, the richt tae encourage, an the richt tae wairn".<ref>[[Walter Bagehot|Bagehot, Walter]] (1867). ''The English Constitution''. London: Chapman and Hall. p. 103.</ref> The Constitution o the Unitit Kinrick is [[uncodified constitution|uncodified]] an consists maistly o a collection o disparate written soorces, includin [[statute]]s, juidge-made [[case law]] an internaitional treaties, thegither wi [[Breetish Constitution#Conventions|constitutional conventions]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.llrx.com/features/uk2.htm#UK%20Legal%20System |title=A Guide To the UK Legal System |publisher=[[University of Kent|University of Kent at Canterbury]] |accessdate=16 May 2006 |author=Carter, Sarah |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/67yH6Ly5h?url=http://www.llrx.com/features/uk2.htm |archivedate=27 May 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> As thare is na technical difference atween ordinar statutes an "constitutional law", the Pairlament o the UK Pairlament can perform "constitutional reform" semply bi passin [[Act o Pairlament|Acts o Pairlament]], an sicweys haes the poleetical pouer tae cheenge or abolish awmaist ony written or unwritten element o the constitution. Houiver, na Pairlament can pass laws that futur Pairlaments canna cheenge.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/laws/sovereignty.cfm |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/67yH6yA8K?url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/laws/sovereignty.cfm |archivedate=27 May 2012 |title=Parliamentary sovereignty |publisher=UK Parliament |date=n.d.}}</ref> The UK haes a pairlamentar govrenmen based on the Wastmeenster seestem that haes been emulatit aroond the warld: a legacy o the Breetish Empire. The pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick meets in the [[Palace o Wastmeenster]] an haes twa houses: an electit [[Hoose o Commons o the Unitit Kinrick|Hoose o Commons]] an appointit [[Hoose o Lairds]]. Aw bills passed are gien [[Ryal Assent]] afore acomin law. The poseetion o [[Prime Meenister o the Unitit Kinrick|prime meenister]],<ref group="note">Syne the early twentiet century the prime meenister haes held the office o [[First Laird o the Thesaury]], an in recent decades haes an aa held the office o [[Meenister for the Ceevil Service]].</ref> the UK's heid o govrenment,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Government, Prime Minister and Cabinet |work=Public services all in one place |publisher=[[Directgov]] |url=http://direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/UKgovernment/Centralgovernmentandthemonarchy/DG_073444 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921004951/http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/UKgovernment/Centralgovernmentandthemonarchy/DG_073444 |archivedate=2012-09-21 |accessdate=9 March 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> belangs tae the person maist likely tae command the confidence o the Hoose o Commons. ==Cultur== ===Airts=== The Inglis playwright an poet [[William Shakespeare]] is widely regairdit as the greatest dramatist o aw time,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/537853/William-Shakespeare |title=William Shakespeare (English author) |publisher=Britannica Online encyclopedia |accessdate=26 February 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761562101/Shakespeare.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060209154055/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761562101/Shakespeare.html |archivedate=9 February 2006 |title=MSN Encarta Encyclopedia article on Shakespeare |accessdate=26 February 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Shakespeare%2c+William |publisher=Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia |title=William Shakespeare |accessdate=26 February 2006}}</ref> [[Robert Burns]] is a weel kent an praised poet. [[The Beatles]] hae internaitional sales o ower ane billion units an are the biggest-sellin an maist influential baund in the history o popular muisic.<ref name="Beatles sales">{{cite web |url=http://www.emimusic.com/about/history/1960-1969/# |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425011032/http://www.emimusic.com/about/history/1960-1969/ |archivedate=25 April 2014 |title=1960–1969 |publisher=EMI Group |accessdate=9 March 2015 |df= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425011032/http://www.emimusic.com/about/history/1960-1969/ |date=2014-04-25 }}</ref><ref name="McCartney">{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,975715-2,00.html |title=Paul At Fifty |work=Time |location=New York |date=8 June 1992 |access-date=2018-02-04 |archive-date=2013-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518221715/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,975715-2,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Guinness">[https://books.google.com/?id=rdU1xtIWJz0C Most Successful Group] ''[[The Guinness Book of Records]]'' 1999, p. 230. Retrieved 19 March 2011.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/entertainment/music/news/beatles-a-big-hit-with-downloads-15013117.html |title=Beatles a big hit with downloads |newspaper=Belfast Telegraph |date=25 November 2010 |accessdate=16 May 2011}}</ref> Ither prominent Breetish contreibutors tae hae influenced popular muisic ower the last 50 year include [[The Rolling Stones]], [[Pink Floyd]], [[Queen (baund)|Queen]], [[Led Zeppelin]], the [[Bee Gees]], an [[Elton John]], aw o that hae warldwide record sales o 200&nbsp;million or mair.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.emimusic.com/news/2009/singstar®-queen-to-be-launched-by-sony-computer-entertainment-europe/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423012539/http://www.emimusic.com/news/2009/singstar%C2%AE-queen-to-be-launched-by-sony-computer-entertainment-europe/ |archivedate=23 April 2014 |title=British rock legends get their own music title for PlayStation3 and PlayStation2 |publisher=[[EMI]] |date=2 February 2009 |accessdate=9 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/2305273/Sir-Elton-John-honoured-in-Ben-and-Jerry-ice-cream.html |title=Sir Elton John honoured in Ben and Jerry ice cream |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date=17 July 2008 |first=Urmee |last=Khan |location=London |access-date=2018-02-04 |archive-date=2008-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080801175725/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/2305273/Sir-Elton-John-honoured-in-Ben-and-Jerry-ice-cream.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1562875/Rock-group-Led-Zeppelin-to-reunite.html |title=Rock group Led Zeppelin to reunite |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date=19 April 2008 |location=London |first=Richard |last=Alleyne |accessdate=31 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Floyd 'true to Barrett's legacy' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/5170644.stm |publisher=BBC News |date=11 July 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Kate |last=Holton |title=Rolling Stones sign Universal album deal |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/entertainmentNews/idUSL1767761020080117 |publisher=Reuters |date=17 January 2008 |accessdate=26 October 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Tim |last=Walker |title=Jive talkin': Why Robin Gibb wants more respect for the Bee Gees |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/jive-talkin-why-robin-gibb-wants-more-respect-for-the-bee-gees-826116.html |work=The Independent |location=London |date=12 May 2008 |accessdate=26 October 2008 |archive-date=2011-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013215157/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/jive-talkin-why-robin-gibb-wants-more-respect-for-the-bee-gees-826116.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Unitit Kinrick haes haed a conseederable influence on the history o the cinema. The Breetish directors [[Alfred Hitchcock]], that's film ''[[Vertigo (film)|Vertigo]]'' is conseedert bi some creetics as the [[Leet o films conseedert the best|best film o aw time]],<ref name="bbc">{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-19078948 |title=Vertigo is named 'greatest film of all time' |publisher=BBC News |date=2 August 2012 |accessdate=18 August 2012}}</ref> an [[David Lean]] are amang the maist critically acclaimed o aw-time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/topten/poll/directors-directors.html |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/67yHUco5o?url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/topten/poll/directors-directors.html |archivedate=27 May 2012 |title=The Directors' Top Ten Directors |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> ither important directors includin [[Charlie Chaplin]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/462570/index.html |title=Chaplin, Charles (1889–1977) |accessdate=25 January 2011 |publisher=British Film Institute |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808161146/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/462570/index.html |archive-date=2012-08-08 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Michael Powell]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/447167/index.html |title=Powell, Michael (1905–1990) |accessdate=25 January 2011 |publisher=British Film Institute |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016214930/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/447167/index.html |archive-date=2018-10-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Carol Reed]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/459891/index.html |title=Reed, Carol (1906–1976) |accessdate=25 January 2011 |publisher=British Film Institute |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808160709/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/459891/index.html |archive-date=2012-08-08 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Edgar Wright]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2bacc7dbca |title=Wright, Edgar (1974–) |accessdate=12 September 2017 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[Christopher Nolan]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2bbfd6e83e |title=Nolan, Christopher (1970–) |accessdate=6 May 2017 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> an [[Ridley Scott]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/462413/index.html |title=Scott, Sir Ridley (1937–) |accessdate=25 January 2011 |publisher=British Film Institute |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926203802/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/462413/index.html |archive-date=2018-09-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Mony Breetish actors hae achieved internaitional fame an creetical success, includin: [[Julie Andrews]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/446530/index.html |title=Andrews, Julie (1935–) |accessdate=11 December 2010 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[Richard Burton]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/472165/index.html |title=Burton, Richard (1925–1984) |accessdate=11 December 2010 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[Michael Caine]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/463342/index.html |title=Caine, Michael (1933–) |accessdate=11 December 2010 |publisher=British Film Institute |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916155611/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/463342/index.html |archive-date=2018-09-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Colin Firth]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/873595/index.html |title=Firth, Colin (1960–) |accessdate=12 September 2017 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[Gary Oldman]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/471018/index.html |title=Oldman, Gary (1958–) |accessdate=12 September 2017 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[Ben Kingsley]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/474377/index.html |title=Kingsley, Ben (1942–) |accessdate=12 September 2017 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[Ian McKellen]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/492416/index.html |title=McKellen, Ian (1939–) |accessdate=12 September 2017 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[Liam Neeson]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/490910/index.html |title=Neeson, Liam (1952–) |accessdate=12 September 2017 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> Charlie Chaplin,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/462570/index.html |title=Chaplin, Charles (1889–1977) |accessdate=11 December 2010 |publisher=British Film Institute |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808161146/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/462570/index.html |archive-date=2012-08-08 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Sean Connery]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/455509/index.html |title=Connery, Sean (1930–) |accessdate=11 December 2010 |publisher=British Film Institute |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018185407/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/455509/index.html |archive-date=2018-10-18 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Vivien Leigh]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/488753/index.html |title=Leigh, Vivien (1913–1967) |accessdate=11 December 2010 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[David Niven]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/458293/index.html |title=Niven, David (1910–1983) |accessdate=11 December 2010 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[Laurence Olivier]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/450224/index.html |title=Olivier, Laurence (1907–1989) |accessdate=11 December 2010 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[Peter Sellers]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/461941/index.html |title=Sellers, Peter (1925–1980) |accessdate=11 December 2010 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[Kate Winslet]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/489012/index.html |title=Winslet, Kate (1975–) |accessdate=11 December 2010 |publisher=British Film Institute |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916155611/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/489012/index.html |archive-date=2018-09-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Anthony Hopkins]],<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.theguardian.com/film/Player/Player_Page/0,,-3689,00.html |title=Anthony Hopkins |work=The Guardian |location= London |accessdate=21 January 2015}}</ref> an [[Daniel Day-Lewis]].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-21570142 |title= Daniel Day-Lewis makes Oscar history with third award |publisher=BBC News |date=25 February 2013 |accessdate=15 August 2013}}</ref> ==Sport== Major sports, includin association fitbaa, [[tennis]], [[rugby union]], [[rugby league]], [[gowf]], [[boxin]], [[netbaw]], [[rowin (sport)|rowin]] an [[cricket]], oreeginatoy or war substantially developed in the UK an the states that precedit it. Wi the rules an codes o mony modren sports inventit an codifee'd in late 19t century Victorian Breetain, in 2012, the Preses o the IOC, [[Jacques Rogge]], statit; ''"This great, sports-loving country is widely recognised as the birthplace of modern sport. It was here that the concepts of sportsmanship and fair play were first codified into clear rules and regulations. It was here that sport was included as an educational tool in the school curriculum"''.<ref>[http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Games_London_2012/London_2012_Opening_ceremony_Speech_Jacques_Rogge.pdf "Opening ceremony of the games of the XXX Olympiad"]. Olympic.org. Retrieved 30 November 2013.</ref><ref>[http://uk.reuters.com/article/2012/07/23/uk-oly-preview-ad-idUKBRE86M0I720120723 "Unparalleled Sporting History"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203031252/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2012/07/23/uk-oly-preview-ad-idUKBRE86M0I720120723 |date=2013-12-03 }}. Reuters. Retrieved 30 November 2013.</ref> ==Notes== <references group="note"/> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Commonscat|United Kingdom}} [[Category:Unitit Kinrick| ]] <!-- An article should be at the top of its own category, so please do not remove the space.--> [[Category:Breetish Islands| ]] [[Category:Constitutional monarchies]] [[Category:Kintras borderin the Atlantic Ocean]] [[Category:Kintras in Europe]] [[Category:Inglis-speakin kintras an territories]] [[Category:G8 naitions]] [[Category:G20 naitions]] [[Category:Island kintras]] [[Category:Leeberal democracies]] [[Category:Member states o NATO]] [[Category:Member states o the Commonweel o Naitions]] [[Category:Member states o the Cooncil o Europe]] [[Category:Member states o the Union for the Mediterranean]] [[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]] [[Category:Northren European kintras]] [[Category:Wastren European kintras]] qi7xqvmk88pd12f60vckbfwzfio6fxk Nicolaus Copernicus 0 1656 925533 902817 2026-10-30T22:44:37Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 925533 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist | name = Nicolaus Copernicus | image = Nikolaus Kopernikus.jpg | caption = The "Torun portrait" (anonymous, c. 1580), kept in [[Toruń]] toun haw.<ref>The auldest kent portrait o Copernicus is that on [[Strasbourg astronomical clock]], made bi [[Tobias Stimmer]] c. 1571&ndash;4. Accordin tae the inscription next tae the portrait, it wis made frae a sel-portrait bi Copernicus himsel. This has led tae speculation that the Torun portrait mey be a copy based on the same sel-portrait, but its provenance is unkent. André Goddu, ''Copernicus and the Aristotelian Tradition'' (2010), [https://books.google.ch/books?id=iEjk13-1xSYC&pg=PA436 p. 436] (note 125), citing Goddu, review of: Jerzy Gassowski,''Poszukiwanie grobu Mikolaja Kopernika'' in: ''Journal for the History of Astronomy'' 38.2 (May 2007), p. 255.</ref> | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1473|2|19}} | birth_place = {{nowrap|[[Toruń|Toruń (Thorn)]], [[Ryal Proushie]],<br/>[[Kinrick o Poland (1385–1569)|Kinrick o Poland]]}} | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1543|5|24|1473|2|19}} | death_place = {{nowrap|[[Frombork|Frombork (Frauenburg)]],<br/>[[Prince-Bishopric o Warmia]],<br/>Ryal Proushie, Kinrick o<br/>Poland}} | field = {{hlist|Astronomy |[[Canon law]] |Economics |Mathematics |Medicine |Politics}} | alma_mater = {{ublist|class=nowrap |[[Jagiellonian Varsity|Varsity o Kraków]] |[[Varsity o Bologna]] |[[Varsity o Padua]] |[[Varsity o Ferrara]]}} | known_for = [[Heliocentrism]]<br>[[Gresham's Law|Copernicus' Law]]<br>[[Copernican principle]] | signature = Autograph-MikolajKopernik.svg | influences = [[Aristarchus o Samos]], [[Martianus Capella]] | influenced = [[Johannes Kepler]] }} '''Nicolaus Copernicus''' (in [[Laitin]]; German: Niklas Koppernigk, [[Pols leid|Pols]] ''Mikołaj Kopernik''); [[19 Februar]], [[1473]] – [[24 Mey]], [[1543]]) wis a [[Poland|Pols]] [[astronomer]], [[mathematician]] an [[economist]] that cam up wi the [[heliocentrism|heliocentric]] ([[Sun]]-centred) [[theory]] o the [[solar seestem]] in a form detailt eneuch tae mak it scienteefically uisefu. Copernicus wis born in [[1473]] in the ceety o [[Torun|Thorn (Toruń)]] in [[Ryal Proushie]]. There's a story that the first pre''[[De revolutionibus (Copernicus)|s]]'' wis pitten intil Copernicus's haunds the same day he dee'd, sae that he coud say guidbye tae his ''opus vitae''. They say that he waukent frae a [[coma]], keekit at his beuk, an dee'd. == Reference == * D.C. Goodman, C.A. Russell, eds. ''The Rise of Scientific Europe 1500-1800''. Bath, UK: Hodder & Stoughton == Fremmit airtins == {{wikiquote}} * [http://www.frombork.art.pl/Ang01.htm Nicolaus Copernicus Museum in Frombork] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041009151823/http://www.frombork.art.pl/Ang01.htm |date=2004-10-09 }} * Portraits of Copernicus: [http://www-groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/PictDisplay/Copernicus.html Portrait] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927183826/http://www-groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/PictDisplay/Copernicus.html |date=2007-09-27 }}; [http://www.frombork.art.pl/Ang10.htm Nicolaus Copernicus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041013153447/http://www.frombork.art.pl/Ang10.htm |date=2004-10-13 }} * [http://www.hps.cam.ac.uk/starry/coperastrol.html Copernicus an Astrology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090121212438/http://www.hps.cam.ac.uk/starry/coperastrol.html |date=2009-01-21 }} - A reliable wabsteid frae Cambridge Varsity describin Copernicus' astrological wark. * [http://es.rice.edu/ES/humsoc/Galileo/Images/Astro/Conceptions/copernican_universe.gif The Copernican Universe frae the De Revolutionibus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020328045522/http://es.rice.edu/ES/humsoc/Galileo/Images/Astro/Conceptions/copernican_universe.gif |date=2002-03-28 }} * [http://digital.lib.lehigh.edu/planets/cop.php?num=F.1&exp=false&lang=lat&CISOPTR=0&limit=cop&view=full De Revolutionibus, 1543 first edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090314004048/http://digital.lib.lehigh.edu/planets/cop.php?num=F.1&exp=false&lang=lat&CISOPTR=0&limit=cop&view=full |date=2009-03-14 }} - Hale deegital facsimile, Lehigh Varsity. * [http://www.bj.uj.edu.pl/bjmanus/revol/titlpg_e.html De Revolutionibus, autograph manuscript] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050728153447/http://www.bj.uj.edu.pl/bjmanus/revol/titlpg_e.html |date=2005-07-28 }} - Hlae deegital facsimile, Jagiellonian Varsity. * [http://www.hao.ucar.edu/public/education/sp/images/derevolutionibus.html The front page o the De Revolutionibus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050404022509/http://www.hao.ucar.edu/public/education/sp/images/derevolutionibus.html |date=2005-04-04 }} * [http://webexhibits.org/calendars/year-text-Copernicus.html The text] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150306173547/http://www.webexhibits.org/calendars/year-text-Copernicus.html |date=2015-03-06 }} o the ''De Revolutionibus'' * [http://www.flex.com/~jai/astrology/retrograde.html A java applet aboot Retrograde Motion] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227150804/http://www.flex.com/~jai/astrology/retrograde.html |date=2009-02-27 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090124034717/http://www.bo.astro.it/dip/Museum/italiano/sto1_08.html Copernicus in Bologna] - in Italian * "''[http://www.npr.org/display_pages/features/feature_1746110.html Chasing Copernicus: The Book Nobody Read]''". - Was One of the Greatest Scientific Works Really Ignored?. All Things Considered, [[NPR]]. March 4, 2004. * [http://www.copernicusfdn.org Copernicus Foondation Chicago] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804144003/http://copernicusfdn.org/ |date=2020-08-04 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20041126092301/http://www.uni.torun.pl/en/ Nicolaus Copernicus Varsity in Toruń] * [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/copernicus/ Stanford Encyclopaedia o Philosophy entry] {{Commonscat}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Copernicus, Nicolaus}} [[Category:1473 births]] [[Category:1543 daiths]] [[Category:16t-century astronomers]] [[Category:16t-century Laitin-leid writers]] [[Category:16t-century mathematicians]] [[Category:Anglican saunts]] [[Category:Astronomers frae Ryal Prussia]] [[Category:Buirials at Frombork Cathedral]] [[Category:Canons o Warmia]] [[Category:Jagiellonian Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Nicolaus Copernicus| ]] [[Category:Fowk frae Ryal Proushie]] [[Category:Fowk frae Toruń]] [[Category:Fowk celebratit in the Lutheran leeturgical calendar]] [[Category:Fowk o the Pols–Teutonic War (1519–21)]] [[Category:Pols astronomers]] [[Category:Pols economists]] [[Category:Pols filosofers]] [[Category:Pols Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Renaissance fowk]] [[Category:Roman Catholic cleric–scientists]] [[Category:Varsity o Padua alumni]] [[Category:Varsity o Bologna alumni]] [[Category:Varsity o Ferrara alumni]] {{Stub/Europe}} {{Stub/Scieence}} {{Stub/Astronomer}} 80g6pe8nrcfdre1bihd5nobsfz678xe Galileo Galilei 0 1890 925524 902396 2026-10-30T19:26:12Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 925524 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist|name = Galileo Galilei |image = Justus Sustermans - Portrait of Galileo Galilei, 1636.jpg |caption = Portrait bi [[Giusto Sustermans]] |birth_date = {{birth date|1564|2|15|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Pisa]], [[Duchy o Florence]], Italy |residence = [[Grand Duchy o Tuscany]], Italy |nationality = [[Italians|Italian]] |death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1642|1|8|1564|2|15}} |death_place = [[Arcetri]], [[Grand Duchy o Tuscany]], Italy |field =[[Astronomy]], [[pheesics]], [[ingineerin]], [[naitural filosofie]], [[mathematics]] |work_institutions = [[Varsity o Pisa]]<br />[[Varsity o Padua]] |patrons = [[Francesco Maria del Monte|Cardinal del Monte]]<br>[[Fra Paolo Sarpi]]<br>[[Federico Cesi|Prince Federico Cesi]]<br>[[Cosimo II de Medici]]<br>[[Ferdinando II de Medici]]<br>[[Pape Urban VIII|Maffeo Barberini]] |alma_mater = [[Varsity o Pisa]] (na degree) |academic_advisors = [[Ostilio Ricci]]<ref>F. Vinci, ''Ostilio Ricci da Fermo, Maestro di Galileo Galilei'', Fermo, 1929.</ref> |notable_students = [[Benedetto Castelli]]<br>[[Mario Guiducci]]<br>[[Vincenzo Viviani]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=134975|title=The Mathematics Genealogy Project - Galileo Galilei|work=nodak.edu|access-date=2017-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708072723/http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=134975|archive-date=2015-07-08|url-status=dead}}</ref> |known_for = [[Kinematics]]<br />[[Analytical dynamics|Dynamics]]<br />[[Telescopic observational astronomy]]<br />[[Heliocentrism]] |signature = Galileo Galilei Signature 2.svg |footnotes = His faither wis the muisicker [[Vincenzo Galilei]]. Galileo Galilei's mistress [[Marina Gamba]] (1570&nbsp;– 21 August 1612?) gied him twa dauchters, ([[Maria Celeste]] (Virginia, 1600–1634) an Livia (1601–1659), that baith o thaim becam [[nun]]s), an a son, [[Vincenzo Gamba|Vincenzo]] (1606–1649), a [[lutenist]]. }} [[File:Galileo facing the Roman Inquisition.jpg|thumb|220px|left|]] '''Galileo Galilei''' ([[Pisa]], [[15 Februar]] [[1564]] – [[Arcetri]], [[8 Januar]] [[1642]]) wis a [[Tuscany|Tuscan]] [[astronomer]], [[philosopher]], an [[physicist]] that is closely associate wi the [[scienteefic revolution]]. He haed a haund in the betterment o the [[prospect]], sindry astronomical observations, the first [[Newton's laws o motion#Newton's First Law: Law o Inertia|law o motion]], an in supportin [[Nicolaus Copernicus|Copernicanism]] effectively. He haes been cried the "faither o modren [[astronomie]]," the "faither o modren [[physics]]," an the "faither of [[science]]". His experimental wark is aften conseedered complementary tae the scrievins o [[Francis Bacon]] in stablishin the modren [[scienteefic method]]. Galileo's life coincided wi that o [[Johannes Kepler]]. The wark o Galileo is conseidert tae be a signeificant brak fae that o [[Aristotle]]. Forby, his conflict wi the [[Roman Catholic Kirk]] is taen as a great aerly exemplar o the conflict o authority an [[freedom o thocht]], in parteecular wi [[science]], in [[Wastren society]]. == See an aw == * [[Galilean transform]] * [[Galilean invariance]] * [[Lorentz transform equations]] * [[Medici]] * [[Renaissance]] * [[Vincenzo Galilei]] * [[World Almanac's Ten Maist Influential Fowk o the Seicont Millennium]] ==References== {{Reflist}} == Fremmit airtins == * [http://www.galilean-library.org/hps.html The Galileo Affair] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090509101230/http://www.galilean-library.org/hps.html |date=2009-05-09 }} bi Paul Newall. * [http://www.infidels.org/library/historical/andrew_white/Chapter3.html The Warfare atween Science An Theology] * [http://galileo.rice.edu/ The Galileo Projec] at [[Rice Varsity]] * [http://wspace.danask.com/g/galileo_galilei.html Aboot Galileo Galilei] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051120044835/http://wspace.danask.com/g/galileo_galilei.html |date=2005-11-20 }} at [[danask.com]] * [http://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/Galileo_Prototype/MAIN.HTM Electronic copy o Galilei's notes anent motion (MS. 72)] * [http://www.firstthings.com/ftissues/ft0401/reviews/barr.html Frae Myth tae History an Back] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060314003354/http://www.firstthings.com/ftissues/ft0401/reviews/barr.html |date=2006-03-14 }} - Reviews o twa beuks anent Galileo * [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/galileo/ PBS Nova Online: ''Galileo's Fecht for the Hievens''] * [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/galileo/ Stanford Encyclopaedia o Philosophy entry] * [http://www.galilean-library.org The Galilean Library], an educational steid dedicate tae Galileo {{Commonscat}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Galileo Galilei}} [[Category:1564 births]] [[Category:1642 daiths]] [[Category:16t-century Italian mathematicians|Galilei]] [[Category:17t-century Italian mathematicians]] [[Category:17t-century astronomers|Galilei]] [[Category:17t-century Laitin-leid writers|Galilei]] [[Category:Ballistics experts]] [[Category:Blind academics]] [[Category:Blind fowk frae Italy]] [[Category:Christian astrologers]] [[Category:Diskiverers o muins]] [[Category:Experimental pheesicists]] [[Category:Galileo Galilei| ]] [[Category:Italian astrologers]] [[Category:Italian astronomers|Galilei]] [[Category:Italian inventors]] [[Category:Italian pheesicists]] [[Category:Italian Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Naitural filosofers]] [[Category:Fowk frae Pisa]] [[Category:Filosofers o science]] [[Category:Scientific instrument makers]] [[Category:Theoretical pheesicists]] [[Category:Varsity o Pisa alumni]] [[Category:Varsity o Pisa faculty]] {{Stub/Italy}} {{Stub/Science}} {{Stub/Astronomer}} 6u1os95t5jnyrm1zt315b58mwaeu0sy Google 0 2768 925526 891905 2026-10-30T19:44:35Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 925526 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company | name = Google LLC | logo = [[File:Google 2015 logo.svg|frameless|alt=Google Logo]] | type = Public | traded_as = | industry = Internet<br>Computer [[software]]<br>[[Telecoms equipment]] | foundation = [[Menlo Park, Californie]]<br>({{Start date|1998|09|4}})<!-- Do not change this to September 27: every year they celebrate at a different date, but the company was founded on September 4. Also, do not add that it is x years old as Google is, obviously, not a human and therefore the age is not very relevant. --><ref>{{cite web|title=Company|url=http://www.google.com/intl/en/about/corporate/company/|publisher=Google|accessdate=August 31, 2011|archive-date=2014-11-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141117163856/http://www.google.com/intl/en/about/corporate/company/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Claburn|first=Thomas|title=Google Founded By Sergey Brin, Larry Page... And Hubert Chang?!?|url=http://www.informationweek.com/news/internet/google/210603678|publisher=InformationWeek|accessdate=August 31, 2011|archive-date=2019-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107054232/https://www.informationweek.com/404.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> | founder = {{#property:p112}} | location_city = {{#property:p159}},<br> [[Mountain View, Californie]], U.S.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.google.com/about/jobs/locations/ |title=Locations - Google Jobs |publisher=Google.com |date= |accessdate=2013-09-27}}</ref> | location_country | area_served = Warldwide | key_people = [[Eric Schmidt]]<br>([[Chairman|Executive Chairman]])<br>[[Larry Page]]<br>(Co-foonder & [[CEO]])<br>[[Sergey Brin]] (Co-foonder) | products = ''See'' [[leet o Google products]] | num_employees = 44,777 <small>(Q2 2013)</small><ref name= 10K>{{cite web| url= http://investor.google.com/financial/tables.html |title=Google's Income Statement Information | publisher = Google}}</ref> | subsid = AdMob, DoubleClick,<br> Motorola Mobility,<br> On2 Technologies, Picnik,<br> YouTube, Zagat, Waze | homepage = {{URL|google.com}} | intl = yes | parent = Independent (1998–2015)<br />[[Alphabet Inc.]] (2015–present) | footnotes =<ref name="form 10-k">{{cite web |url=http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1288776/000119312511032930/d10k.htm |title=Form 10-K |publisher=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission |year=2010 |location=Washington, D.C. |at=Part II, Item 6 |accessdate=June 29, 2011}}</ref> }} '''Google LLC''' (NASDAQ: '''[[GOOG]]'''), is an [[Unitit States|American]] public corporation, first estaiblisht as a privately-haudit corporation in [[1998]], that designed an manisht the Internet Google sairch ingine.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brin|first=Sergey|author-link=Sergey Brin|last2=Page|first2=Lawrence|author-link2=Larry Page|year=1998|title=The anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual Web search engine|url=http://infolab.stanford.edu/pub/papers/google.pdf|journal=Computer Networks and ISDN Systems|volume=30|issue=1–7|pages=107–117|doi=10.1016/S0169-7552(98)00110-X|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927004511/http://infolab.stanford.edu/pub/papers/google.pdf|archive-date=2015-09-27|access-date=2019-12-17|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Barroso |first=L.A. |last2=Dean |first2=J. |last3=Holzle |first3=U. |date=April 29, 2003 |title=Web search for a planet: the google cluster architecture |journal=IEEE Micro |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=22–28 |doi=10.1109/mm.2003.1196112 |quote=We believe that the best price/performance tradeoff for our applications comes from fashioning a reliable computing infrastructure from clusters of unreliable commodity PCs.|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/8db8e53c92af2f97974707119525aa089f6ed53a }}</ref> Google is heidit at the "Googleplex" in [[Mountain View, Californie]] an haes ower 4,000 warkers in its employ. Dr. Eric Schmidt, ance CEO o [[Novell]], wis appointit the Chief Executive Officer whan co-foonder Larry Page teuk his retiral. The company's owerview wab page says "Google's mission is tae sort the warld's wittins an mak it handy fur ane an aw". Oreeginal Inglis - "Google's mission is to organize the world's information and make it universally accessible and useful". ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Stub/Internet}} [[Category:Google| ]] [[Category:1998 establishments in Californie]] [[Category:Clood computin providers]] [[Category:Companies based in Mountain View, Californie]] [[Category:Companies established in the 1990s]] [[Category:Companies leetit on NASDAQ]] [[Category:Human–computer interaction]] [[Category:Internet advertisin]] [[Category:Internet companies o the Unitit States]] [[Category:Internet properties established in 1998]] [[Category:Multinaitional companies heidquartert in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Webby Awaird winners]] [[Category:Wab service providers]] [[Category:Wabsteids bi company]] [[Category:Warld Wide Web]] [[Category:American wabsteids]] [[Category:Companies initially financed wi Venture Capital]] 780foi5m1vyai97t7a7thjg5j7rb7w1 Ulstèr-Scotch leid 0 4914 925559 922358 2026-10-31T03:18:09Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 925559 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ulster Scots}}[[File:MoatRoadBallyhalbert.jpg|thumb|A sign in baith Inglis an Scots in [[Ballyhalbert]], [[Coonty Doun]]]] '''Ulster Scots''', ca'aed '''Ulstèr-Scotch''' an '''Ullans''', ïs tha [[byleid|dialect]] o tha [[Scots leid]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Falconer|first=Gavin|date=2007-01-01|title=Public policy and Scots in Northern Ireland|url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=02640198&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA179735532&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs|journal=Scottish Language|language=English|volume=26|pages=33–52}}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> spak ïn [[Ulster]] ([[Norlin Airlan]] an tha [[Republic o Ireland|Republic o Airlan]]). Ït is maistly spak bae tha [[Ulster-Scots fowk]] yit mony wirds, lik ''glaikit'' an ''wee'', hae been borraed intae the ilkaday speak o ither fowks. Policies at forder [[Erse leid|Erse]] an Ulster-Scots is tae be promuived in Norlin Airlan syne 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=What's in the draft Stormont deal? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-51059789 |accessdate=26 June 2020 |work=BBC News |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=10 January 2020}}</ref> The leid can be pairtit intae three kynds: '''Westren Ulster Scots''' in [[Coontie Derry|Coonties Derry]] an [[Coontie Dunnygal|Dunnygal]], '''Central Ulster Scots''' in [[Coontie Antrim]], an '''Eastren Ulster Scots''' in [[Coontie Doun]] an [[The Ards]]. ==Speaker population an spreid== Estimates o the amoont o Ulster Scots spikkers chynge; fae a weel-hertit estimate o anent 100,000 tae a laich ane o aboot 30,000 in the Northren Ireland ''Life and Times'' leuk o 1999. [[Loyalists]] is mair likely tae spik it nor [[naitionalists]]{{cn}}. Ulster Scots is spak maistly in east [[Coonty Antrim]], north [[Coonty Doun]], north-east [[Coonty Lunnonderry]], the Laggan aurie o [[Coonty Donegal]] an in the fishin veelages o the Mourne coast. ==Govrenmental kennin== [[Image:Multilingual sign Department Culture Leisure Arts Northern Ireland.jpg|thumb|200px|A sign for the ''Männystrie o Fowkgates, Airts an Aisedom'' o Northren Ireland <ref>''Fowkgates'' is a [[neologism]], the tradeetional Scots wird is ''cultur'' [http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?query=culture&sset=1&fset=20&printset=20&searchtype=full&dregion=entry&dtext=dboth] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313205044/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?query=culture&sset=1&fset=20&printset=20&searchtype=full&dregion=entry&dtext=dboth|date=2007-03-13}} (Cf. ''pictur'' [http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=721&startset=29470508&query=PICTER&fhit=pictur&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313170917/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=721&startset=29470508&query=PICTER&fhit=pictur&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit|date=2007-03-13}}). The Scots for leisure is ''leisur''(''e'') [{{IPA|'li:ʒər}}], ''aisedom'' (''easedom'' [http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=994&startset=10381976&query=EASEDOM&fhit=easedom&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313205033/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=994&startset=10381976&query=EASEDOM&fhit=easedom&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit|date=2007-03-13}}) differs in meanin.</ref>.]] ===North/Sooth Co-operation Order 1999=== In the North/South Co-operation (Implementation Bodies) Northren Ireland Order 1999 Ulster Scots is defined as: ''the variety of the Scots language which has traditionally been used in parts of Northern Ireland and in Donegal in Ireland''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2003-10-04|title=2002_5e_MIN-LANG_PR_UK|url=http://www.coe.int/T/E/Legal_Affairs/Local_and_regional_Democracy/Regional_or_Minority_languages/Documentation/1_Periodical_reports/2002_5e_MIN-LANG_PR_UK.asp|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031004200549/http://www.coe.int/T/E/Legal_Affairs/Local_and_regional_Democracy/Regional_or_Minority_languages/Documentation/1_Periodical_reports/2002_5e_MIN-LANG_PR_UK.asp|archive-date=2003-10-04|access-date=2023-07-21|website=Council of Europe}}</ref> The defineetion fae the North/South Co-operation (Implementation Bodies) Northren Ireland Order 1999 abuin wis uised in the [[1 Julie]] [[2005]] ''Second Periodical Report'' bi the Unitit Kinrick tae the Secretar General o the Cooncil o Europe shawin hou the UK meets its obligations unner the European Chairter for Regional an Minoritie Leids.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Regional or Minority languages|url=http://www.coe.int/T/E/Legal_Affairs/Local_and_regional_Democracy/Regional_or_Minority_languages/2_Monitoring/2.2_States_Reports/UK_report2.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071129193507/http://www.coe.int/T/E/Legal_Affairs/Local_and_regional_Democracy/Regional_or_Minority_languages/2_Monitoring/2.2_States_Reports/UK_report2.pdf|archive-date=2007-11-29|access-date=2023-07-21|website=Council of Europe}}</ref> ===Guid Friday Agreement=== [[File:Boord o Ulster-Scotch.jpg|thumb|The logo o the Boord o Ulster Scots]] The 1998 [[Guid Friday Agreement]] awns Ulster Scots as ''"part of the cultural wealth of the island of Ireland"'', an established the [[Ulster-Scots Agency]] (Tha Boord o Ulstèr-Scotch) an aw. The Northren Ireland Asssemblie, stelt bi the Guid Friday Agreement, gies Ulster Scots speakers information in thair awn leid.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.niassembly.gov.uk/io/leaflets/YourAssemblyLeaflet_UlsterScots.htm |title=Northren Ireland Assemblie Wabsteid |access-date=2011-03-23 |archive-date=2011-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424091147/http://www.niassembly.gov.uk/io/leaflets/YourAssemblyLeaflet_UlsterScots.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===European Chairter for Regional and Minoritie Leids=== The declaration made bi the Unitit Kinrick Govrenment adae wi the [[European Chairter for Regional an Minoritie Leids]] is as follaes: <blockquote>The United Kingdom declares, in accordance with Article 2, paragraph 1 of the Charter that it recognises that Scots and Ulster Scots meet the Charter's definition of <u>a</u> regional or minority <u>language</u> for the purposes of Part II of the Charter.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?NT=148&CV=1&NA=&PO=999&CN=999&VL=1&CM=9&CL=ENG |title=Archived copy |access-date=2006-12-19 |archive-date=2011-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709023931/http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?NT=148&CV=1&NA=&PO=999&CN=999&VL=1&CM=9&CL=ENG |url-status=dead }}</ref></blockquote> ==Teachin the Ulster Scots leid== The Institute o Ulster Scots Studies wis established in 2001 bi the Ulster Varsity.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.arts.ulster.ac.uk/ulsterscots/intro.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-03-23 |archive-date=2011-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524052224/http://www.arts.ulster.ac.uk/ulsterscots/intro.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[BBC Northren Ireland]] hae a section on thair wabsteid on learnin Ulster Scots, an the Boord o Ulster Scots hae makkit a few buiks in Ulster Scots. ==A Preein o Ulser Scots== ''The Muse Dismissed'' (Hugh Porter 1780–1839) :Be hush'd my Muse, ye ken the morn :Begins the shearing o' the corn, :Whar knuckles monie a risk maun run, :An' monie a trophy's lost an' won, :Whar sturdy boys wi' might and main :Shall camp, till wrists an' thumbs they strain, :While pithless, pantin' wi' the heat, :They bathe their weazen'd pelts in sweat :To gain a sprig o' fading fame, :Before they taste the dear-bought cream— :But bide ye there, my pens an' papers, :For I maun up, an' to my scrapers— :Yet, min', my lass— ye maun return :This very night we cut the churn. :I want hom tha nite tae me ma :an shea sae up da da [[Image:Plaque poetry Writers Square Belfast Robert Huddlestone.jpg|thumb|Poetry bi Robert Huddlestone (1814-1887) inscribed in a causey stane in Writers' Square, Belfast]] ==References== <references/> ==See forby== *[[Ulster-Scots fowk]] *[[Ulster Scots Agency]] *[[Depairtment o Cultur Airts an Leisur|Depairtment o Cultur Airts an Leisur (''Männystrie o Fowkgates, Airts an Aisedom'' in Ulstèr-Scotch)]] ==Fremmit airtins== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20181224221612/https://www.ulsterscotsagency.com/%20 The Ulster-Scots Agency] * [http://www.scots-online.org/airticles/EagleFalconer2004.pdf Tha Boord o Ulstèr-Scotch: ''An English Name for a Scots Organization?'' (PDF)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709231107/http://www.scots-online.org/airticles/EagleFalconer2004.pdf |date=2010-07-09 }} *[http://www.bbc.co.uk/ulsterscots/ BBC wabsteid anent the Ulster Scots leid] [[Category:Leids o Northren Ireland]] [[Category:Leids o Ireland]] [[Category:Scots dialects]] [[Category:Ulster Scots leid|+]] [[Category:Ulster]] {{Stub/NIreland}} {{Stub/Ireland}} {{Stub/Leid}} lzikntjlm5zoc9o3oxf8tshkhxo35id Spainish leid 0 4993 925545 906411 2026-10-31T00:49:24Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 925545 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox language | altname = Castilian | name = Spainish | ethnicity = [[Spainyart]]s, [[Hispanic]]s, an [[Latino]]s | nativename = {{lang|es|español}} <br /> {{lang|es|castellano}} | pronunciation = {{IPA-es|espaˈɲol|}}, {{IPA-es |kasteˈʎano|}}, {{IPA-es |kaste'ʝano|}} | region = [[Spain]], [[Hispanic Americae]], [[Equatorial Guinea]] | speakers = {{sigfig|477|2}} million | date = 2017 | ref = <ref name=viva17>{{cite report |title=El español: una lengua viva – Informe 2017 |url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/espanol_lengua_viva/pdf/espanol_lengua_viva_2017.pdf |publisher=[[Instituto Cervantes]] |date=2017 |access-date=2018-06-15 |archive-date=2017-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721110755/http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/espanol_lengua_viva/pdf/espanol_lengua_viva_2017.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> | speakers2 = {{sigfig|572|2}} million total speakers<br />[[L2 speakers]]: {{sigfig|89.5|2}} million (na date)<ref name=EthnologueSp>{{e18|spa|Spanish}}<!--e18 is the first edition with this figure. The previous one was 59M (1991) in e14--></ref> | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Italic leids|Italic]] | fam3 = [[Romance leids|Romance]] | fam4 = [[Wastren Romance leids|Wastren]] | fam5 = [[Iberian Romance leids|Ibero-Romance]] | fam6 = [[Wast Iberie leids|Wast-Iberie]] | fam7 = [[Castilian leid]] | ancestor = [[Auld Spainish leid|Auld Spainish]] | script = [[Laitin script|Laitin]] ([[Spainish orthografie|Spainish alphabet]])<br />[[Spainish Braille]] | nation = {{Collapsible list | titlestyle = font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left; | title = [[Leet o kintras whaur Spainish is an offeecial leid|20 kintras]]| |{{flag|Argentinae}} |{{flag|Bolivie}} |{{flag|Chile}} |{{flag|Colombie}} |{{flag|Costa Rica}} |{{flag|Cuba}} |{{flag|Dominican Republic}} |{{flag|Ecuador}} |{{flag|El Salvador}} |{{flag|Equatorial Guinea}} |{{flag|Guatemala}} |{{flag|Honduras}} |{{flag|Mexico}} |{{flag|Nicaragua}} |{{flag|Panama}} |{{flag|Paraguay}} |{{flag|Peru}} |{{flag|Puerto Rico}} |{{flag|Spain}} |{{flag|Uruguay}} |{{flag|Venezuela}} }} <br />{{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=[[Leet o kintras whaur Spainish is an offeecial leid#Signeeficant minority leid|Signeeficant minority]]| |{{flag|Brazil}} |{{flag|France}} |{{flag|Israel}} |{{flag|Philippines}} |{{flag|Belize}} |{{flag|Scotland}} |{{flag|Unitit States}} }} | agency = [[Association o Spainish Leid Academies]]<br /><small>({{lang|es|[[Real Academia Española]]}} an 22 ither naitional Spainigie leid academies)</small> | iso1 = es | iso2 = spa | iso3 = spa | lingua = 51-AAA-b | map = Map-Hispanophone World.svg | mapcaption = Spainish leid in the warld | notice = IPA | sign = [[Signed Spainish]] (Mexico, Spain an presumably ensewhaur) | glotto = stan1288 | glottorefname = Staundart Spainish }} '''Spainish''' (''español'') or '''Castilian''' (''castellano'') is an [[Iberie]]n [[Romance leids|Romance leid]]. It is spak bi 580 million fowk.<ref>{{Cite web|last=dice|first=How to Learn Spanish Online: Best Options for Beginners|title=Spanish, a language spoken by 580 million people, and 483 million of them native « Blog del Instituto Cervantes de Londres|url=https://blogs.cervantes.es/londres/2019/10/15/spanish-a-language-spoken-by-580-million-people-and-only-483-million-of-them-native/|access-date=2023-01-28|language=es}}</ref> It is the maist braid spak [[Romance leids|Romance leid]]. It is the naitional leid o [[Spain]], [[Argentinae]], [[Bolivie]], [[Chile]], [[Colombie]], [[Costa Rica]], [[Cuba]], the [[Dominican Republic]], [[Ecuador]], [[El Salvador]], [[Equatorial Guinea]], [[European Union]], [[Guatemala]], [[Honduras]], [[Mexico]], [[New Mexico]] ([[Unitit States]]), [[Nicaragua]], [[Panama]], [[Paraguay]], [[Peru]], [[Puerto Rico]], [[Uruguay]], an [[Venezuela]], an an offeecial leid o the [[Unitit Nations]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat|Spanish pronunciation}} {{Stub/Spain}} {{Stub/Mexico}} {{Stub/CentrAm}} {{Stub/SoothAm}} {{Stub/Leid}} [[Category:Spainish leid| ]] [[Category:Leids o Spain]] [[Category:Leids o Andorrae]] [[Category:Leids o Argentinae]] [[Category:Leids o Belize]] [[Category:Leids o Bolivie]] [[Category:Leids o Chile]] [[Category:Leids o Colombie]] [[Category:Leids o Costa Rica]] [[Category:Leids o the Dominican Republic]] [[Category:Leids o Ecuador]] [[Category:Leids o El Salvador]] [[Category:Leids o Equatorial Guinea]] [[Category:Leids o Guatemala]] [[Category:Leids o Honduras]] [[Category:Leids o Mexico]] [[Category:Leids o Nicaragua]] [[Category:Leids o Panama]] [[Category:Leids o Paraguay]] [[Category:Leids o Peru]] [[Category:Leids o the Philippines]] [[Category:Leids o the Unitit States]] [[Category:Leids o Uruguay]] [[Category:Leids o Venezuela]] [[Category:Leids o Sooth Americae]] [[Category:SVO leids]] jt7kgb8q4tuyjluw6x1x7t199r2skvi German leid 0 4995 925525 905041 2026-10-30T19:34:12Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 925525 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = German | nativename = {{lang|de|Deutsch}} | pronunciation = {{IPA-de|dɔʏtʃ|}} | states = Primarily [[German-speakin Europe]], an aw in the warldwide [[German as a minority leid|German-speakin diaspora]] | speakers = <!-- PLEASE, DO NOT EDIT THIS SECTION BEFORE CONSULTING THE TALK PAGE! --><!--to nearest 5M-->{{sigfig|89|1}} million (2010)<ref>Mikael Parkvall, "Världens 100 största språk 2010" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2010), in ''[[Nationalencyklopedin]]''</ref> to 95 million | date = 2014 | ethnicity = [[German fowk]] (historically) | ref = <ref name="Ammon, 2014">{{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vPvmBQAAQBAJ |last = Ammon |first = Ulrich |title=Die Stellung der deutschen Sprache in der Welt |language = de |edition=1st |year=2014 |publisher=de Gruyter |location=Berlin |ISBN = 978-3-11-019298-8 |access-date=24 July 2015 }}{{Page needed|date=December 2015}}</ref> | speakers2 = [[Second language|L2 speakers]]: 10–15 million (2014)<ref name="Ammon, 2014" /><ref name="eurobarometer">{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdf |title=Special Eurobarometer 386: Europeans and their languages |type=report |date=June 2012 |publisher=European Commission |pages= |accessdate=24 July 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106183351/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdf |archivedate=6 January 2016 |df=dmy }}</ref> | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Germanic leids|Germanic]] | fam3 = [[Wast Germanic leids|Wast Germanic]] | fam4 = [[Heich German]] | ancestor = [[Auld Heich German]] | ancestor2 = [[Middle Heich German]] | ancestor3 = [[Early New Heich German]] | stand1 = [[German Staundart German]] | stand2 = [[Swiss Staundart German]] | stand3 = [[Austrick Staundart German]] | script = [[Laitin script|Latin]] ([[German alphabet]])<br />[[German Braille]] | sign = [[Signed German]], LBG<br />''({{lang|de|Lautsprachbegleitende}} / {{lang|de|Lautbegleitende Gebärden}})'' | nation = {{Collapsible list | titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left; | title=[[Leet o territorial entities whaur German is an offeecial leid|6 kintras]] |{{flag|Austrick}} |{{flag|Belgium}} |{{flag|Germany}} |{{flag|Liechtenstein}} |{{flag|Luxembourg}} |{{flag|Swisserland}} }}<br /><!--SOURCES FOR EACH COUNTRY ARE REFERENCED IN THE LINKED SUB-ARTICLE--> {{Collapsible list | titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left; | title=[[Leet o territorial entities whaur German is an offeecial leid|3 dependencies]] |[[File:Flag of South Tyrol.svg|24px]] [[Sooth Tyrol]] ([[Italy]]) |{{flagicon|Poland}} [[Bilingual communes in Poland#Pols/German|31 gminas]] in [[Poland]] <small>([[Opole Voivodeship]] and [[Silesia Voivodeship]])</small> |{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Brazilian German|9 municipalities]] in [[Brazil]] }} <br />[[Leet o territorial entities whaur German is an offeecial leid#Internaitional institutions|Several internaitional institutions]] | minority = <!--DO NOT ADD COUNTRIES/DEPENDENCIES BEFORE CONSULTING THE TALK PAGE AND CITING DEFINITE SOURCES!-->{{Collapsible list | titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left; | title=[[Leet o territorial entities whaur German is an offeecial leid#Ither legal statuses|11 kintras<br /><small>(minority/naitional leid)</small>]] |{{flag|Czech Republic}}<br />{{flag|Denmark}} <small>([[Region o Soothren Denmark|Syddanmark]])</small><br />{{flag|Hungary}}<br />{{flag|Italy}} <small>([[Sooth Tyrol]])</small><br />{{Flag|Kazakhstan}}<br />{{flag|Namibie}}<br />{{flag|Poland}}<br />{{flag|Romanie}}<br />{{flag|Roushie}} <small>([[Azovo German Naitional Destrict]])</small><br />{{flag|Slovakie}}<br />{{flag|Ukraine}} }} | agency = ''No offeecial regulation'' <br /> (German orthografie regulatit bi the [[Cooncil for German Orthografie]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rechtschreibrat.ids-mannheim.de/rat/ |title=Rat für deutsche Rechtschreibung – Über den Rat |publisher=Rechtschreibrat.ids-mannheim.de |date= |accessdate=11 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226064918/http://www.rechtschreibrat.com/ |archive-date=2018-12-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref>). | iso1 = de | iso2b = ger | iso2t = deu | lc1 = deu | ld1 = [[Staundart German|German]] | lc2 = gmh | ld2 = [[Middle Heich German]] | lc3 = goh | ld3 = [[Auld Heich German]] | lc4 = gct | ld4 = [[Colonia Tovar dialect|Colonia Tovar German]] | lc5 = bar | ld5 = [[Bavarian leid|Bavarian]] | lc6 = cim | ld6 = [[Cimbrian leid|Cimbrian]] | lc7 = geh | ld7 = [[Hutterite German]] | lc8 = ksh | ld8 = [[Colognian dialect|Kölsch]] | lc9 = nds | ld9 = [[Law German]]{{NoteTag|The status o Law German as a German variety or separate leid is subject tae discussion.<ref name="Goossens2000">Jan Goossens: {{lang|de|Niederdeutsche Sprache: Versuch einer Definition.}} In: Jan Goossens (Hrsg.): {{lang|de|Niederdeutsch: Sprache und Literatur.}} Karl Wachholtz, 2. Auflage, Neumünster 1983, S. 27; Willy Sanders: {{lang|de|Sachsensprache, Hansesprache, Plattdeutsch: sprachgeschichtliche Grundzüge des Niederdeutschen.}} Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1982, {{ISBN|3-525-01213-6}}, S. 32 f.; Dieter Stellmacher: {{lang|de|Niederdeutsche Sprache.}} 2. Auflage, Weidler, Berlin 2000, {{ISBN|3-89693-326-4}}, S. 92.</ref>}} | lc10 = sli | ld10 = [[Silesian German|Lower Silesian]] | lc11 = ltz | ld11 = [[Luxembourgish leid|Luxembourgish]]{{NoteTag|The status o Luxembourgish as a German variety or separate leid is subject tae discussion.<ref name="Ammon, 2014" />}} | lc12 = vmf | ld12 = [[Main-Franconian dialects|Mainfränkisch]] | lc13 = mhn | ld13 = [[Mòcheno leid|Mòcheno]] | lc14 = pfl | ld14 = [[Palatine German leid|Palatinate German]] | lc15 = pdc | ld15 = [[Pennsylvanie German leid|Pennsylvania German]] | lc16 = pdt | ld16 = [[Plautdietsch leid|Plautdietsch]]{{NoteTag|The status o Plautdietsch as a German variety or separate leid is subject tae discussion.<ref name="Goossens2000" />}} | lc17 = swg | ld17 = [[Swabian German]] | lc18 = gsw | ld18 = [[Swiss German]] | lc19 = uln | ld19 = [[Unserdeutsch language|Unserdeutsch]] | lc20 = sxu | ld20 = [[Upper Saxon German|Upper Saxon]] | lc21 = wae | ld21 = [[Walser German]] | lc22 = wep | ld22 = [[Westphalian leid|Westphalian]] | lc23 = hrx | ld23 = [[Riograndenser Hunsrückisch German|Riograndenser Hunsrückisch]] | lc24 = yec | ld24 = [[Yenish leid|Yenish]] | glotto = high1287 | glottoname = Heich Franconian | glotto2 = uppe1397 | glottoname2 = Upper German | glottorefname2 = Alpine Germanic | lingua = {{hidden begin|toggle=left|title=further information}}52-AC (Continental Wast Germanic)<br />&gt; 52-ACB (Deutsch & Dutch)<br />&gt; 52-ACB-d ([[Central German]] incl. 52-ACB–dl & -dm [[Staundart German|Staundart/Generalised Heich German]])<br />+ 52-ACB-e & -f ([[Upper German]] & [[Swiss German]])<br />+ 52-ACB-h ([[German diaspora|émigré German]] varieties incl. 52-ACB-hc [[Hutterite German]] & 52-ACB-he [[Pennsylvanie German leid|Pennsylvanie German]] etc.)<br />+ 52-ACB-i ([[Yeniche leid|Yenish]]);<br />Totallin 285 varieties: 52-ACB-daa to 52-ACB-i {{hidden end}} | map = Legal status of German in the world.svg | mapcaption = [[File:Legal status of German in Europe.svg|frameless|center]] {{legend|#ffcc00|(Co-)Offeecial an majority leid}} {{legend|#d98575|Co-offeecial, but not majority leid}} {{legend|#7373d9|Statutory minority/cultural leid}} {{legend|#30efe3|Non-statutory minority leid}} | notice = IPA }} '''German''' ({{lang|de|Deutsch}}, {{IPA-dedia|dɔʏtʃ|pronouncit}}) is a [[Wast Germanic leids|Wast Germanic leid]], thus relatit tae an clessifee'd alangside [[Inglis leid|Inglis]] an [[Dutch leid|Dutch]]. It is ane o the warld's [[warld leid|major leids]] an the maist widely spoken [[first leid]] in the [[European Union]]. Globally, German is spoken bi aboot 120 million [[First leid|hamespun speakers]] an aboot 80 million [[non-hamespun speakers]]. [[Standard German]] is widely lairnt in schuils, varsities an [[Goethe Institute]]s warldwide.It is a naitional leid o [[Germany]], [[Austrick]], [[Liechtenstein]], [[Swisserland|Swizzerland]], [[Luxembourg]], [[Belgium]] an the [[European Union]]. ==Notes== {{Reflist|group=note}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat|German language}} {{Germanic leids}} [[Category:German leid| ]] [[Category:Fusional leids]] [[Category:Hie German leids]] [[Category:Leids o Austrick]] [[Category:Leids o Belgium]] [[Category:Leids o Brazil]] [[Category:Leids o Denmark]] [[Category:Leids o Fraunce]] [[Category:Leids o Germany]] [[Category:Leids o Hungary]] [[Category:Leids o Kazakhstan]] [[Category:Leids o Liechtenstein]] [[Category:Leids o Luxembourg]] [[Category:Leids o Namibie]] [[Category:Leids o Romanie]] [[Category:Leids o Roushie]] [[Category:Leids o Swisserland]] [[Category:Leids o Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol]] [[Category:Stress-timed leids]] pr1saeehbcqw8nq7x6a1x8z6k66lenq Robert Beckford 0 8563 925565 694410 2026-10-31T07:44:45Z ~2026-58111-15 139544 925565 wikitext text/x-wiki {{DEFAULTSORT:Beckford, Robert}} [[Category:1965 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Black Breetish academics]] [[Category:Breetish Christian theologians]] [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Birmingham]] [[Category:Houghton College alumni]] [[Category:Academics o the Varsity o Birmingham]] {{stub}} 03d03co2045s7e95ty892b4zx7r1nvs 925566 925565 2026-10-31T07:45:30Z Pristome 132530 Undid edits bi [[Special:Contributions/~2026-58111-15|~2026-58111-15]] ([[User talk:~2026-58111-15|talk]]) tae last revision bi Pigsonthewing: unexplaint content remuival 925566 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Robert Beckford - 2019-02-12 - Andy Mabbett - 01.jpg|thumb|Beckford, in February 2019]] '''Robert Beckford''' (born 1965) is a theological academic that's weel kent for his mony recent programmes on [[Chainel 4]]. He's no sae popular amang the evangelical chiels, but the lave o the kintra seems tae like his sindry documentaries aboot the [[Bible]] an [[Auld Testament]], as they aye repeat them on Chainel 4 at [[Yuiltid]]. Maugre o creeticism frae a curn evangelical louns, thare's nae evidents o creeticiesm frae ony academics nor jurnalists o the muckle TV an written wark o the aye popular academic. {{DEFAULTSORT:Beckford, Robert}} [[Category:1965 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Black Breetish academics]] [[Category:Breetish Christian theologians]] [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Birmingham]] [[Category:Houghton College alumni]] [[Category:Academics o the Varsity o Birmingham]] {{stub}} cnwh5das60p01i2yw1jcpjfk192uasr Teletubbies 0 9058 925553 916941 2026-10-31T01:41:37Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 925553 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox television | show_name = Teletubbies | image = Teletubbies Logo.png | caption = | creator = [[Anne Wood]]<br/>[[Andrew Davenport]] | developer = [[Ragdoll Productions]]<br/>[[Darrall Macqueen Ltd]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.c21media.net/nickelodeon-takes-teletubbies-reboot/|title=Nickelodeon takes Teletubbies reboot|publisher=C21 Media|date=6 November 2015|last=Franks|first=Nico|accessdate=27 May 2016}}</ref> | starring = <small>'''Original series:'''</small><br/>[[Dave Thompson (comedian)|Dave Thompson]]<br/>[[Simon Shelton]]<br/>[[John Simmit]]<br/>[[Nikky Smedley]]<br/>[[Pui Fan Lee]]<br/><small>'''Revival series:'''</small><br/>[[Nick Kellington]]<br/>[[Rebecca Hyland]]<br/>[[Jeremiah Krage]]<br/>[[Rachelle Beinart]] | voices = <small>'''Original series:'''</small><br/>[[Toyah Willcox]]<br/>[[Eric Sykes]]<br/>Mark Heenehan<br/><small>'''Revival series:'''</small><br/>[[Jane Horrocks]]<br/>[[Jim Broadbent]]<br/>[[Fearne Cotton]]<br/>[[David Walliams]]<br/>[[Rochelle Humes]]<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapacks/teletubbies2</ref> | narrated = [[Tim Whitnall]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-32201894|title=Teletubbies voices revealed for new series|publisher=[[BBC|British Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=7 April 2015|accessdate=27 May 2016}}</ref><br/>[[Daniel Rigby]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2015-06-16/from-bt-adverts-and-teletubbies-to-undercover---the-screen-journey-of-daniel-rigby|title=From BT adverts and Teletubbies to Undercover - the screen journey of Daniel Rigby|publisher=[[Radio Times]]|date=16 June 2015|last=Fullerton|first=Huw|accessdate=27 May 2016|archive-date=2017-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170127204747/http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2015-06-16/from-bt-adverts-and-teletubbies-to-undercover---the-screen-journey-of-daniel-rigby|url-status=dead}}</ref> | opentheme = "[[Teletubbies say "Eh-oh!"|Teletubbies say 'Eh-oh!']]" | country = United Kingdom | language = English | num_episodes = 425 | list_episodes = List of Teletubbies episodes and videos | location = [[Stratford-upon-Avon]], [[Warwickshire]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/uh-oh--teletubbies-grassy-home-flooded---after-owner-becomes-sick-of-tourists-trying-to-visit-iconic-set-161625219.html#wFd1b6V|title=Uh-oh! Teletubbies grassy home flooded - after owner becomes sick of tourists trying to visit iconic set|publisher=Uk.news.yahoo.com|date=2 September 2013|accessdate=23 December 2015|archive-date=2020-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811102739/https://uk.news.yahoo.com/uh-oh--teletubbies-grassy-home-flooded---after-owner-becomes-sick-of-tourists-trying-to-visit-iconic-set-161625219.html#wFd1b6V|url-status=dead}}</ref> | executive_producer = David G. Hiller<br/>Vic Finch | runtime = 25 minutes | distributor = [[Pinewood Studios]]<ref name="InsiderMedia">{{cite news| title=Teletubbies joint venture|url=http://www.insidermedia.com/insider/southeast/47394-teletubbies-joint-venture-sale|date=14 February 2011|accessdate=4 January 2014|publisher=Insider Media}}</ref><br/>[[DHX Media]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dhxmedia.com/newsreleases/say-eh-oh-to-the-new-look-teletubbies/|title=Say 'Eh-Oh!' to the New-Look Teletubbies|publisher=[[DHX Media]]|date=3 June 2015|accessdate=28 May 2016|archive-date=2016-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816203839/http://www.dhxmedia.com/newsreleases/say-eh-oh-to-the-new-look-teletubbies/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br/>[[Viacom International]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nickpress.com/press-releases/2016/05/12/eh-oh-the-teletubbies-are-back-beloved-characters-return-in-all-new-preschool-series-on-nick-jr-channel-while-classic-original-episodes-launch-on-the-noggin-app|title=Eh-oh, the Teletubbies are back! Beloved characters return in all-new series on Nick Jr. channel|publisher=[[Viacom International|Viacom International, Inc.]]|date=12 May 2016|accessdate=28 May 2016|archive-date=2017-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506041711/http://www.nickpress.com/press-releases/2016/05/12/eh-oh-the-teletubbies-are-back-beloved-characters-return-in-all-new-preschool-series-on-nick-jr-channel-while-classic-original-episodes-launch-on-the-noggin-app|url-status=dead}}</ref> | network = [[CBeebies]] | picture_format = {{plainlist| * [[480i]] (1997–2001) * [[1080i]] (2015–present) }} | first_aired = <small>'''Original series:'''</small><br />{{Start date|1997|3|31|df=y}} – <br />{{End date|2001|2|16|df=y}}<br/> <small>'''Revival series:'''</small><br />{{Start date|2015|11|9|df=y}} – present | website = http://www.teletubbies.com }} '''''Teletubbies''''' is a Breetish [[pre-schuil]] [[bairns' televeesion series]] creatit bi [[Ragdoll Productions]]' [[Anne Wood]] an [[Andrew Davenport]] for the [[BBC]]. The programme focuses on fower multi-coloured creatures kent as "Teletubbies," named for the telly screens implanted in thair abdomens. Recognised throughout [[popular culture]] for the uniquely-shaped antenna protruding frae the heads o each character, the Teletubbies communicate throu gibberish an war designed tae bear resemblance tae young bairns.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bridging real world and toddler fantasy, Teletubbies reaches youngest audience|url=http://current.org/files/archive-site/ch/ch803t.html|accessdate=20 May 2016|work=Current.org|date=16 February 1998|last=Everhart|first=Karen|archive-date=2016-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817235434/http://current.org/files/archive-site/ch/ch803t.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Parteecularly notable for its heich production values, the series rapidly becam a commercial success in Britain an abroad. It wan multiple [[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]] awards an wis nominated for twa [[Daytime Emmy Award|Daytime Emmys]] throughout its run.<ref name="BBC News Entertainment: Tubbies toast another three years">{{cite news|title=Tubbies toast another three years|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/287940.stm|accessdate=3 June 2015|work=BBC News|date=1 March 1999}}</ref><ref name="bafta-2002">{{cite web|url=http://www.bafta.org/awards/childrens/nominations/?year=2002|title=Past Winners and Nominees&nbsp;– Children's&nbsp;– Awards&nbsp;– 2002|publisher=[[BAFTA]]|accessdate=13 January 2010}}</ref> A [[Teletubbies say "Eh-oh!"|single]] based on the shaw's theme sang reached nummer 1 in the [[UK Singles Chart]] in December 1997 an remained in the Tap 75 for 32 weeks, selling ower a million copies.<ref name="Spilsbury2012">{{cite book|author=Richard Spilsbury|title=Simon Cowell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xzHagb095xgC&pg=PA16|date=1 July 2012|publisher=Heinemann Library|isbn=978-1-4329-6434-4|pages=16–}}</ref> Tho production on the first 365 episodes haed been annoonced cancelled in 2002,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/news/multi-platform/news/cbbc-wants-first-tenders/1177573.article|title=CBBC wants first tenders &#124; News &#124; Broadcast|publisher=Broadcast now.co.uk|date=29 June 2001|accessdate=10 July 2010}}</ref> sixty new episodes war ordered in 2014.<ref name="The Guardian">{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/media/2014/jun/13/bbc-cbeebies-orders-new-teletubbies-episodes|first=Mark|last=Sweeney|title=BBC’s CBeebies orders 60 new Teletubbies episodes|date=13 June 2014|work=www.theguardian.com|publisher=The Guardian}}</ref> Thay are currently aired on [[CBeebies]] in the Unitit Kinrick an on [[Nick Jr.]] in the Unitit States.<ref>{{cite news|title=Teletubbies Reboot Coming to Nickelodeon|url=http://www.complex.com/pop-culture/2015/06/nickelodeon-gets-american-rights-for-bbc-teletubbies-reboot|date=12 June 2015|accessdate=20 May 2016|work=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]|publisher=Complex Media, Inc.|archive-date=2017-09-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914130818/http://www.complex.com/pop-culture/2015/06/nickelodeon-gets-american-rights-for-bbc-teletubbies-reboot|url-status=dead}}</ref> Re-runs o the oreeginal 1997 - 2001 series continue tae be shawn on relevant television channels worldwide, some 16 years efter the oreeginal run's conclusion. == Plot == The programme takes place in a grassy, floral landscape populated bi rabbits wi bird calls audible in the background. The main shelter o the fower Teletubbies is an [[earth house]] kent as the "Tubbytronic Superdome" implanted in the grund an accessed throu a hole at the tap or an especially lairge semicircular door at the dome's fit. The creatures co-exist wi a nummer o strange contraptions sic as the Noo-noo, the group's anthropomorphic blue [[vacuum cleaner]], an the Voice Trumpets. The shaw's colourfu, psychedelic setting wis designed specifically tae appeal to the attention spans o infants an unlock different sections o the mind whiles an aw educatin young bairns o transitions that can be expected in life. An assortment o rituals are performed throughout the course o every episode, sic as the playful interactions atween the Teletubbies an the Voice Trumpets, the mishaps caused bi the Noo-noo, the footage o live bairns displayed on the screens in the Teletubbies' stomachs, an the magical event that occurs ance per episode. The event differs each time; it is eften caused inexplicably an is frequently strange yet whimsical. Each episode is closed bi the Voice Trumpets an the narrator tae the disappointed, reluctant, but eventually obedient Teletubbies, who bids farewell tae the viewer as thay go back tae the Tubbytronic Superdome whiles the Sun baby sets. == Chairacters == ===Main chairacters=== *'''Tinky Winky''' (played bi [[Dave Thompson (comedian)|Dave Thompson]] an [[Simon Shelton]] in the oreeginal series an bi [[Jeremiah Krage]] in the revival series)<ref name=Unmasked>{{cite news|title=The Teletubbies unmasked! The people behind the iconic children's TV characters|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2366611/The-Teletubbies-unmasked-The-people-iconic-childrens-TV-characters.html|accessdate=28 May 2016|work=[[Daily Mail]]|publisher=[[Daily Mail and General Trust]]|date=17 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Showreel: Jeremiah Krage|url=http://www.jeremiahkrage.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404182836/http://www.jeremiahkrage.com/|archivedate=4 April 2016|accessdate=22 April 2016|last=Krage|first=Jeremiah}}</ref> is the first Teletubby, as well as the lairgest an auldest o the group. He is covered in purpie [[terrycloth]] an haes a [[triangle|triangular]] [[Antenna (radio)|antenna]] on his heid. He awmaist always cairies a reid bag. *'''Dipsy''' (played bi [[John Simmit]] in the oreeginal series an bi [[Nick Kellington]] in the revival series)<ref name="Zap2it Cast">{{cite web | url=http://tvlistings.zap2it.com/tv/teletubbies/cast/EP00224776?aid=zap2it|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530124458/http://tvlistings.zap2it.com/tv/teletubbies/cast/EP00224776?aid=zap2it|archivedate=30 May 2013|title=Teletubbies Cast - Zap2it|publisher=[[Zap2it]]}}</ref> is the seicont Teletubby. He is green an named efter his antenna, which resembles a [[dipstick]]. Dipsy is the maist stubborn o the Teletubbies, an will occasionally refuse to go alang wi the others' group opinion. His face is notably darker than the rest o the Teletubbies, an the creators hae stated that he is [[Race (classification of human beings)|black]].<ref name="16things">{{cite news| title=Teletubbies: 16 things you didn't know|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/10903566/Teletubbies-16-things-you-didnt-know.html|date=24 December 2014|accessdate=5 April 2016|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|publisher=[[Telegraph Media Group]]}}</ref> *'''Laa-Laa''' (played bi [[Nikky Smedley]] in the oreeginal series an bi [[Rebecca Hyland]] in the revival series)<ref name="Zap2it Cast" /> is the third Teletubby. She is yellae an haes a curly antenna. Laa-Laa is very sweet, likes tae sing an dance, an is eften shawn leukin oot for the ither Teletubbies. Her favorite toy is an orange rubber ball. *'''Po''' (played bi [[Pui Fan Lee]] in the oreeginal series an bi [[Rachelle Beinart]] in the revival series)<ref name="Zap2it Cast" /> is the fowert Teletubby, as well as the shortest an youngest. She is reid and haes an antenna shaped lik a stick uised for blowing [[soap bubble]]s. Po normally speaks in a saft vyce an haes been stated bi the shaw's creators tae be [[Cantonese people|Cantonese]].<ref name="16things" /> ===Supporting chairacters=== *The '''Noo-noo''' (operated bi Mark Dean in the oreeginal series)<ref name="Teletubbies Credits">{{cite web | url=http://www.worldcat.org/title/teletubbies-all-together-teletubbies-playful-pals-and-delightful-days/oclc/60547993#details-allauthors|archivedate=30 June 2015|title=Teletubbies Authors}}</ref> is a conscientious vacuum cleaner who acts as baith the Teletubbies' guardian and housekeeper. He hardly ever ventures ootside the Tubbytronic Superdome, instead remainin indoors and constantly cleaning wi his sucker-lik neb. He communicates throu a series of slurping and sucking noises. *The '''Voice Trumpets''' (voiced bi [[Fearne Cotton]], [[Jim Broadbent]] and [[Antonia Thomas]] in the revival series)<ref name="Teletubbies Characters">{{cite web | url=http://us.teletubbies.com/about-teletubbies/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528005723/http://us.teletubbies.com/about-teletubbies/|archivedate=28 May 2016|title=About Teletubbies: The Characters}}</ref> are several devices resembling periscopes that rise frae the grund and interact wi the Teletubbies, eften engaging in gemmes wi them and serving as supervisors. Thay are the anly residents of Teletubbyland who speak in complete sentences. *The '''Sun Baby''' (played bi Jess Smith in the oreeginal series)<ref name=TDT>{{cite news|title=The baby from Teletubbies reveals herself|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/11310883/The-baby-from-Teletubbies-reveals-herself.html|accessdate=23 December 2014|agency=Unknown|publisher=The Daily Telegraph|date=23 December 2014}}</ref> appears at the beginnin and end of each episode. She acts as a wake-up caw for the Teletubbies. *Numerous '''rabbits''' are foond throughout Teletubbyland, an are depicted bi several [[Flemish Giant]] rabbits. The Teletubbies enjoy watching them hop and play. The rabbits are the anly teep of Yird ainimal foond in the land, an tak residence in rabbit holes and bushes. *The '''Tubby Phone''' (voiced bi [[Jane Horrocks]])<ref name="Teletubbies Characters" /> is a character in the revival series, who transports the Teletubbies to the modren warld. *The '''Tiddlytubbies''' (voiced bi [[Teresa Gallagher]]) are baby Teletubbies appearin in the revival series. Thair names are Mi-Mi, Daa Daa, Baa, Ping, RuRu, Nin, Duggle Dee and Umby Pumby.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/dhx-media-announces-teletubbies-season-two-574465461.html|title=DHX Media Announces Teletubbies Season Two|publisher=[[PR Newswire]]|date=4 April 2016|accessdate=24 May 2016}}</ref> == Release == On 31 Mairch 1997, the first episode of ''Teletubbies'' aired on [[BBC2]]. It filled a timeslot previously held bi ''[[Playdays]]''. This schedule chynge initially received backlash frae parents, but the shaw wis nae moved.<ref name="Tegna">{{cite news| title=To Teletubby or not to Teletubby|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/to-teletubby-or-not-to-teletubby-1235645.html|date=12 October 1997|accessdate=27 May 2016|publisher=[[Tegna, Inc.]]|work=[[WTSP|Tegna WTSP]]}}</ref> The programme's unconventional format quickly received attention frae the media, an it wis attracting twa million viewers per episode bi August.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/teletubbies-to-get-grown-up-help-with-their-baby-talk-1247240.html|title=Teletubbies to get grown-up help with their baby talk|publisher=[[The Independent]]|date=24 August 1997|accessdate=24 May 2016|last=McCann|first=Paul|archive-date=2017-02-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226014818/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/teletubbies-to-get-grown-up-help-with-their-baby-talk-1247240.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Februar 1998, ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]'' noted that it haed "reached cult status" in less nor a year on the air.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/120712794/|title=Padded sells|publisher=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|work=Newspapers.com|date=1 February 1998|accessdate=24 May 2016}}</ref> ''Teletubbies'' haes been aired in ower 120 countries in 45 different leids.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nickelodeon snaps up broadcast and on-demand rights to new Teletubbies|url=http://www.licensing.biz/news/read/nickelodeon-snaps-up-us-broadcast-and-on-demand-rights-to-new-teletubbies/042196|date=11 June 2015|accessdate=23 May 2016|work=[[Licensing.biz]]|publisher=[[NewBay Media]]|archive-date=2017-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630142506/http://www.licensing.biz/news/read/nickelodeon-snaps-up-us-broadcast-and-on-demand-rights-to-new-teletubbies/042196|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usmagazine.com/entertainment/news/teletubbies-will-return-to-tv-after-14-years-which-actor-will-star-201584|title=Teletubbies Will Return After 14 Years: See Which British Actor Will Star in New TV Show!|work=[[Us Weekly]]|publisher=[[Wenner Media LLC]]|date=4 August 2015}}</ref> In the United States, the series airs on [[Nickelodeon]] as pairt o the [[Nick Jr. (block)|Nick Jr.]] block.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/06/11/teletubbies-reboot_n_7561434.html|title=Nickelodeon Is Rebooting The 'Teletubbies'|publisher=[[Verizon Communications]]|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|date=11 June 2015|accessdate=24 June 2015|last=Whitney|first=Erin}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dhxmedia.com/newsreleases/major-tv-deal-for-brand-new-incarnation-of-hit-preschool-series/|title=DHX Media's ''Teletubbies'' heads to the US with Nick Jr. and the Noggin app|work=DHX Media|date=11 June 2015|access-date=2017-05-30|archive-date=2017-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170127183651/http://www.dhxmedia.com/newsreleases/major-tv-deal-for-brand-new-incarnation-of-hit-preschool-series/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Episodes are an aa released throu the Nick Jr. mobile application and on-demand services.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ew.com/article/2015/06/11/bbcs-teletubbies-reboot-picked-nickelodeon|title=Teletubbies reboot picked up by Nickelodeon|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|publisher=[[Time Inc.]]|date=11 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://us.teletubbies.com/about-teletubbies/where-to-watch/|title=Teletubbies: Where to Watch|work=Teletubbies.com|publisher=[[Viacom International|Viacom International, Inc.]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160523235523/http://us.teletubbies.com/about-teletubbies/where-to-watch/|archivedate=23 May 2016|accessdate=28 May 2016}}</ref> The oreeginal series is available as pairt o the [[Noggin (app)|Noggin]] subscription service in North Americae.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.streamingmedia.com/PressRelease/Noggin-Nickelodeons-Preschool-Video-Subscription-Service-Expands-to-New-Platforms-and-Adds-Eight-Premium-Series-to-Content-Slate_40093.aspx|title=Noggin, Nickelodeon's Preschool Video Subscription Service, Expands to New Platforms and Adds Eight Premium Series to Content Slate|work=Streaming Media|publisher=[[Viacom International|Viacom International, Inc.]]|date=11 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://nutmegcreative.com/work/noggin-teletubbies/|title=Noggin's Teletubbies|work=Nutmeg Creative|accessdate=28 May 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528213348/http://nutmegcreative.com/work/noggin-teletubbies/|archivedate=28 May 2016}}</ref> It haed aired on [[PBS Kids]] until 2008. [[BBC Worldwide]] channels cairy the series in maist of Africae, Asia and Poland.<ref name="animation">{{cite web|url=http://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/dhx-inks-ten-teletubbies-broadcast-deals/|title=DHX inks ten ''Teletubbies'' broadcast deals|work=AnimationMagazine.net}}</ref> A Spaingie dub airs on [[Clan (TV channel)|Clan]] in Spain.<ref name="newswire">{{cite web|url=http://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/dhx-media-adds-10-more-broadcast-deals-for-the-new-teletubbies-573339351.html|title=DHX Media adds 10 more broadcast deals for the new ''Teletubbies''|work=Newswire.ca}}</ref> In Greece, the series airs on [[Nickelodeon (Greece)|Nickelodeon Greece]].<ref>{{cite news| title=Teletubbies - Nickelodeon Greece|url=http://www.nickelodeon.gr/seires/teletubbies|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506052613/http://www.nickelodeon.gr/seires/teletubbies|archivedate=6 May 2016|accessdate=23 May 2016|publisher=[[Viacom International|Viacom International, Inc.]]}}</ref> [[NPO Zappelin]] cairies the shaw in the Netherlands and [[MTVA (Hungary)|MTVA]] airs it in Hungary.<ref name="animation" /> In Australia and New Zealand, the series airs on CBeebies Australia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbeebies.com/australia/teletubbies|title=Teletubbies - CBeebies Australia|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation|date=|accessdate=30 June 2015|archive-date=2015-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150812093452/http://www.cbeebies.com/australia/teletubbies|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[ABC Kids (Australia)|ABC Kids]]. [[JimJam]]'s Benelux feed airs the series and [[Ultra (TV channel)|Ultra]] airs it in Serbia.<ref name="newswire" /> ''Teletubbies'' an aa airs on [[Sociedade Independente de Comunicação|SIC]] in Portugal and [[e-Junior]] in the Middle East.<ref name="animation" /> == Promotion == === Merchandising === [[File:The Teletubbies are still here 2011 (6592747791).jpg|thumb|A kiddie ride at [[Chuck E. Cheese's]] featurin the ''Teletubbies'' characters.]] [[Golden Bear Toys]] distributed the first line of ''Teletubbies'' dolls shortly efter the programme's debut.<ref>{{cite news| title=Start young, work hard and keep on trusting in success|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/yourbusiness/2876392/Start-young-work-hard-and-keep-on-trusting-in-success.html|date=9 February 2004|accessdate=14 April 2016|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|publisher=[[Telegraph Media Group]]|last=Tyler|first=Richard}}</ref> Thay war sauld internationally, wi talking toys available in multiple leids.<ref>{{cite news| title=Achtung, Teletubby is teaching baby to speak German|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1313325/Achtung-Teletubby-is-teaching-baby-to-speak-German.html|date=5 January 2001|accessdate=14 April 2016|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|publisher=[[Telegraph Media Group]]|last=Stokes|first=Paul}}</ref> [[Hasbro]] signed on to develop a new range of products in 1998.<ref>{{cite news|title=Toy store pulls Teletubby doll|url=http://lubbockonline.com/stories/102398/LA0773.shtml#.V0rlNJMrI_U|date=23 October 1998|accessdate=25 May 2016|work=[[Lubbock Avalanche-Journal]]|publisher=[[Morris Communications]]|archive-date=2016-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701095359/http://lubbockonline.com/stories/102398/LA0773.shtml#.V0rlNJMrI_U|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1999, [[Microsoft|Microsoft UK]] released a set of interactive "ActiMates" toys based on the characters.<ref>{{cite news| title=Eh-oh! What is Bill Gates doing to our Tubbies?|url=http://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/1999/jan/31/life1.lifemagazine3|date=31 January 1999|accessdate=29 May 2016|work=[[The Guardian]]|last=McClellen|first=Jim|publisher=[[Guardian Media Group]]}}</ref> The Rasta Imposta company introduced ''Teletubbies'' costumes for childer and adults in the same year.<ref name="Blythe2011">{{cite book|author=Daniel Blythe|title=Collecting Gadgets and Games from the 1950s-90s|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nLhiBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA167|date=13 December 2011|publisher=Pen and Sword|isbn=978-1-84468-105-1|pages=167–}}</ref> Twa educational [[video game]]s featurin the characters war an aa released throughout the series' run.<ref>{{cite web| title=Teletubbies 2: Favourite Games|url=http://www.museumofplay.org/online-collections/22/66/109.10907|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528205014/http://www.museumofplay.org/online-collections/22/66/109.10907|archivedate=28 May 2016|publisher=[[The National Museum of Play]]|accessdate=28 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=Play with the Teletubbies: Early Childhood Game Review|url=http://www.ign.com/games/play-with-the-teletubbies/ps-15049|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528204915/http://www.ign.com/games/play-with-the-teletubbies/ps-15049|archivedate=28 May 2016|publisher=[[IGN]]|accessdate=28 May 2016}}</ref> ''Teletubbies'' dolls war the tap-selling Christmas toy in 1997.<ref>{{cite news| title=Top-selling Christmas toy from each of the past 30 years revealed|url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/lifestyle/family/top-selling-christmas-toy-each-6940354|date=3 December 2015|accessdate=14 April 2016|work=[[Daily Mirror]]|publisher=[[Trinity Mirror]]}}</ref><ref name="Holland2004">{{cite book|author=Patricia Holland|title=Picturing Childhood: The Myth of the Child in Popular Imagery|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TEsBAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA67|date=23 January 2004|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-0-85771-564-7|pages=67–}}</ref> Demand outstripped supply at maist retailers, reportedly prompting mony shops to ration them to one per customer.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/30764.stm|title=Teletubbies bigger than Buzz|date=13 November 1997|accessdate=14 April 2016|publisher=[[BBC|British Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref> In some cases, shoppers camped ootside stores overnicht in hopes of purchasing ''Teletubbies'' merchandise.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.dailypress.com/1998-03-29/features/9803270293_1_teletubby-items-toys-plush|title=Toy Stores Preparing For The Inevitable Craze For Teletubby Items|last=Lenz|first=Kimberly|date=29 March 1998|accessdate=14 April 2016|work=[[Daily Press (Virginia)|Daily Press]]|publisher=[[Tribune Publishing]]|archive-date=2017-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170127183925/http://articles.dailypress.com/1998-03-29/features/9803270293_1_teletubby-items-toys-plush|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.tes.com/article.aspx?storycode=74716|title=Toy stories 1997|last=Ghouri|first=Nadene|date=26 December 1997|accessdate=14 April 2016|work=[[TES (magazine)|TES]]|publisher=TGP Capital}}</ref> Fights ower the toys broke oot amang parents and collectors on occasion.<ref name="Company2012">{{cite book|author=Official Charts Company|title=Million Sellers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0zQDAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT311|date=20 November 2012|publisher=Music Sales Group|isbn=978-0-85712-882-9|pages=311–}}</ref><ref name="Brewer2013">{{cite book|author=Susan Brewer|title=Famous Character Dolls|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y95laWk98uoC&pg=PA64|year=2013|publisher=Casemate Publishers|isbn=978-1-84468-094-8|pages=64–}}</ref> Ower one million dolls war sauld in Britain bi 25 December of that year, wi Golden Bear representatives estimating that sales coud hae reached three million if supplies haed been available.<ref>{{cite news| title=Teletubbies are top toy|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/news/teletubbies-are-top-toy-1.140411|date=24 December 1997|accessdate=14 April 2016|publisher=[[The Irish Times]]}}</ref> The plush toys war named "Toy of the Year" bi the [[British Association of Toy Retailers]] in 1998.<ref>{{cite web| title=Toy of the Year 1997: Eh-oh! It's the Teletubbies!|url=http://www.toyretailersassociation.co.uk/toy-year-1997|accessdate=14 April 2016|publisher=[[British Association of Toy Retailers]]}}</ref> Kids' meal tie-ins hae been released at [[fast-food restaurant]]s throughout North Americae. In Mey 1999, [[Burger King]] distributed a set of sax ''Teletubbies'' plush toys.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fries with your Teletubby? Fast food titans fight for market share with toys|url=http://money.cnn.com/1999/05/21/busunu/fast_food_pkg/|date=21 May 1999|publisher=[[CNN|CNN Money]]|access-date=2017-05-30|archive-date=2017-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517013702/http://money.cnn.com/1999/05/21/busunu/fast_food_pkg/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Thay an aa included [[chicken nugget]]s shaped lik the characters on thair menu for a brief period of time.<ref name="RubinRubin2008">{{cite book|author1=Jordan Rubin|author2=Nicki Rubin|title=Great Physician's Rx for Children's Health|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GTBoaJPAIkoC&pg=PA7|date=1 January 2008|publisher=Thomas Nelson Inc|isbn=978-1-4185-7240-2|pages=7–}}</ref> Keychains modelled efter the characters war available at [[McDonald's]] in Apryle 2000.<ref>{{cite web| title=Time for Teletubbies...at McDonald's, April 2000|url=https://www.qsrmagazine.com/news/time-teletubbiesat-mcdonalds-april-2000|date=14 April 2000|publisher=QSR|work=QSR Magazine}}</ref> Thir promotions became controversial amang adults who believed thay war intendit to attract toddlers to heich-fat food.<ref name="Schor2014">{{cite book|author=Juliet B. Schor|title=Born to Buy: The Commercialized Child and the New Consumer Cult|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5VMCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT258|date=19 August 2014|publisher=Scribner|isbn=978-1-4391-3090-2|pages=258–}}</ref> Psychiatrist [[Alvin Francis Poussaint]] considered the deals "troubling."<ref>{{cite web| title=Is advertising to kids wrong? Marketers respond|url=http://kidscreen.com/2000/11/01/30304-20001101/|date=1 November 2000|publisher=[[Playback (magazine)|Kidscreen]]}}</ref> He voiced his opinion on the matter publicly, but did nae tak action against the companies.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.br-online.de/jugend/izi/english/e-elliott.htm|title=Television and the Teletubbies: A reflection from early childhood service providers in Australia|last=Elliott|first=Roslyn|publisher=[[Bayerischer Rundfunk]]}}</ref> Twa [[kiddie ride]]s featurin the characters war manufactured bi Jolly Roger.<ref>{{cite web| title=New licensed character ride for Jolly Roger|url=http://yourguides.net/vending/companies/jolly-roger-amusement-rides-ltd/news|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619235606/http://yourguides.net/vending/companies/jolly-roger-amusement-rides-ltd/news|archivedate=19 June 2010 |publisher=YourGuides|accessdate=29 May 2016}}</ref> Thay war available at select amusement parks and arcades, sic as [[Chuck E. Cheese's]] and [[Fantasy Island (UK amusement park)|Fantasy Island]].<ref>{{cite web| title=Teletubbies Carousel Ride|url=http://www.photo-me.co.uk/retailers/kiddies-rides/carousels/teletubbies-carousel/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029125329/http://www.photo-me.co.uk/retailers/kiddies-rides/carousels/teletubbies-carousel/|archivedate=29 October 2014|publisher=Photo-Me|accessdate=29 May 2016}}</ref> Overseas ''Teletubbies'' merchandise sales throughout the 1990s delivered €136 million in profits for the BBC.<ref>{{cite news| title=Mini millionaires: Five who made their fortunes from children's cartoons|url=http://www.thejournal.ie/mini-millionaires-five-who-made-their-fortunes-from-childrens-cartoons-147125-Jun2011/|date=1 June 2011|accessdate=5 April 2016|work=[[TheJournal.ie]]|publisher=Distilled Media}}</ref> Bi the time o the programme's cancellation, ''Teletubbies'' toys haed generated ower £200 million in revenue for co-creautor Anne Wood alone.<ref>{{cite news| title=Ragdoll puts sales joint venture with BBC Worldwide on the market|url=http://www.theguardian.com/media/2013/jan/29/ragdoll-end-sales-joint-venture-bbc-worldwide|date=29 January 2013|accessdate=27 May 2016|work=[[The Guardian]]|last=Sweney|first=Mark|publisher=[[Guardian Media Group]]}}</ref> In 2005, Chris Hastings and Ben Jones of ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' cried ''Teletubbies'' "the most lucrative show in BBC television history."<ref>{{cite news| title=Teletubbies top BBC overseas sales at £120m|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1499688/Teletubbies-top-BBC-overseas-sales-at-120m.html|date=2 October 2005|accessdate=5 April 2016|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|publisher=[[Telegraph Media Group]]}}</ref> === Live events === To commemorate the tenth anniversary o the premiere of ''Teletubbies'', a series of events teuk place frae Mairch to Apryle 2007.<ref name="tenth anniversary">{{cite news | author=Rusak, Gary | date=12 March 2007 | title=Teletubbies celebrate 10th anniversary in high style | publisher=KidScreen Magazine | url=http://www.kidscreen.com/articles/daily/20070312/teletubbies.html}}</ref> The characters headlined an invitation-anly event in [[London]] on 21 Mairch 2007. Thay appeared in [[New York City]]'s [[Times Square]], [[Grand Central Terminal]], and [[Apollo Theater]]. Thay war an aa interviewed on ''[[Today (NBC program)|The Today Show]]'' in an episode that included the first televised appearance o the actors wioot thair costumes. A partnership wis formed wi [[Isaac Mizrahi]] in which Mizrahi designed Teletubbies-inspired bags tae be [[auction]]ed off to benefit charities. A new line of claedin wis launched at the Pop-Up Shop<ref name="popup shop">{{cite news | title=Teletubbies Pop-Up Shop | url=http://www.taketheteletubbiestest.com/love_it/ | access-date=2017-05-30 | archive-date=2016-01-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130042602/http://www.taketheteletubbiestest.com/love_it/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> and ither specialty stores. [[Mayor of New York City|New York City mayor]] [[Mike Bloomberg]] annoonced 28 Mairch 2007 "Teletubbies Day" and gae the [[Key to the City|key to the ceety]] to the Teletubbies. Following thair shaw in New York, the Teletubbies went on thair first live European tour, performing in London, [[Paris]], [[Bremen]], [[Darmstadt]], [[Halle (Saale)|Halle]], [[Hamburg]], [[Köln]], and [[Hannover]].<ref>{{cite news| title=Teletubbies reunite for free tour|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/6014858/Teletubbies-reunite-for-free-tour.html|date=12 August 2009|accessdate=20 May 2016|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|publisher=[[Telegraph Media Group]]}}</ref> In Januar 2016, costumed ''Teletubbies'' characters appeared at the [[American International Toy Fair]].<ref>{{cite news|title=TOY FAIR 2016: Teletubbies join Character Options for toy unveiling|url=http://www.toynews-online.biz/news/read/toy-fair-2016-teletubbies-join-character-options-for-toy-unveiling/045926|date=26 January 2016|accessdate=17 April 2016|publisher=ToyNews|archive-date=2017-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212084124/http://www.toynews-online.biz/news/read/toy-fair-2016-teletubbies-join-character-options-for-toy-unveiling/045926|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Apryle 2016, the series' premiere on the Greek Nickelodeon channel wis advertised wi a series of appearances bi the Teletubbies at malls throughout [[Athens]].<ref>{{cite news| title=Eλάτε να γνωρίσετε τα Teletubbies από κοντά το Σάββατο 16/04 στο Avenue!|url=http://www.nickelodeon.gr/nea/story/3127/elate-na-gnorisete-ta-teletubbies-apo-konta-to-savvato-16-04-sto-avenue|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529191138/http://www.nickelodeon.gr/nea/story/3127/elate-na-gnorisete-ta-teletubbies-apo-konta-to-savvato-16-04-sto-avenue|archivedate=29 May 2016|date=13 April 2016|accessdate=29 May 2016|publisher=[[Viacom International|Viacom International, Inc.]]|work=[[Nickelodeon (Greece)|Nickelodeon Greece]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title=Ραντεβού με τα Teletubbies|url=http://www.athinorama.gr/child/article/rantebou_me_ta_teletubbies__-2513592.html|date=16 April 2016|accessdate=23 May 2016|publisher=Athinorama}}</ref> This began wi a live shaw at Avenue Mall on 16 Apryle, which featurt baith the Teletubbies and a host frae the network.<ref>{{cite news|title=Τα TELETUBBIES αποκλειστικά για μια μέρα στην ΑΘήνα|url=https://pamebolta.gr/event/2016/04/14613/ta-teletubbies-apokleistika-gia-mia-mera-stin-athina|date=16 April 2016|accessdate=23 May 2016|publisher=Avenue Mall Athens|work=Pamebolta.gr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809010409/https://pamebolta.gr/event/2016/04/14613/ta-teletubbies-apokleistika-gia-mia-mera-stin-athina|archive-date=2016-08-09|url-status=dead}}</ref> Throughout Mey 2016, the characters appeared on various [[breakfast television|breakfast television programmes]] to promote the upcoming series' debut on Nickelodeon in the United States.<ref>{{cite news|title=Teletubbies Takeover Chicago's WGN Morning News|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/daily-southtown/community/chi-ugc-article-teletubbies-takeover-chicagos-wgn-morning-ne-1-2016-05-19-story.html|date=18 May 2016|accessdate=27 May 2016|publisher=[[The Chicago Tribune]]|archive-date=2016-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520113942/http://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/daily-southtown/community/chi-ugc-article-teletubbies-takeover-chicagos-wgn-morning-ne-1-2016-05-19-story.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Teletubbies return to TV|url=http://www.wtsp.com/entertainment/television/studio10/the-teletubbies-return-to-tv-1/198776346|date=18 May 2016|accessdate=27 May 2016|publisher=[[Tegna, Inc.]]|work=[[WTSP|Tegna WTSP]]}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Reception == === Critical reception === The series received mixed reviews frae critics. [[Common Sense Media]]'s Emily Ashby foond that "while the show's examples of cooperative play, wonder, and simple joys are gentle and pleasing, the creatures can still be a little grating to parents watching along."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.commonsensemedia.org/tv-reviews/teletubbies-2016|title=Teletubbies TV Review - Common Sense Media|work=[[Common Sense Media]]|last=Ashby|first=Emily|accessdate=28 May 2016}}</ref> Caryn James of ''[[The New York Times]]'' stated in her review that the episodes "offer a genuinely appealing combination: cute and slightly surreal."<ref>{{cite news| title=TELEVISION REVIEW; Teletubbies Say Eh-Oh, And Others Say Uh-Oh|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/04/06/arts/television-review-teletubbies-say-eh-oh-and-others-say-uh-oh.html|date=6 April 1998|accessdate=5 June 2014|last=James|first=Caryn|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Upon the shaw's release, some critics feared that the characters' uise of babbling in place of complete sentences wad negatively affect young viewers' ability to communicate. The ''[[Daily Mirror]]'' reportit in 1997 that mony parents objected to its "goo-goo style" and "said the show was a bad influence on their children."<ref>{{cite news|title=TELETUBBIES: Are They Harmless Fun or Bad for Our Children?|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-61096732.html|work=[[Daily Mirror]]|date=23 May 1997|access-date=2017-05-30|archive-date=2017-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201040217/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-61096732.html|url-status=dead}}{{subscription required|via=HighBeam}}</ref> Marina Krcmar, a professor of communication at the [[Wake Forest University]], told interviewers in 2007 that "toddlers learn more from an adult speaker than they do from a program such as ''Teletubbies''."<ref>{{cite news| title=Teletubbies can't beat people in teaching first words|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/us-education-toddlers-teletubbies-idUSL2889488920070701|date=1 July 2007|accessdate=27 May 2016|publisher=[[Thomson Reuters]]|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> Psychiatrist Aric Sigman haes expressed his belief that "''Teletubbies'' is as bad for your child as a violent video game."<ref>{{cite news| title=Teletubbies is as bad for your child as a violent video game, says leading psychologist|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-1311139/Teletubbiesbad-child-violent-video-games.html|date=11 September 2010|accessdate=27 May 2016|publisher=[[Daily Mail and General Trust]]|work=[[Daily Mail]]}}</ref> Houiver, Paul McCann of ''[[The Independent]]'' defended this aspect o the shaw, statin that "''Teletubbies'' upsets those who automatically assume that progressive and creative learning is trendy nonsense. Those who believe that education should be strictly disciplined and functional, even when you're 18 months old. Thankfully ''Teletubbies'' isn't for them. It's for kids."<ref name="Tegna" /> === Tinky Winky controversy === Tinky Winky stairtit a controversy in 1999 acause of his carrying a bag that looks much lik a woman's handbag<!--not "purse", which has a different meaning in UK English--> (awtho he wis first "[[outing|outed]]" bi the academic and cultural critic Andy Medhurst in a letter of Julie 1997 to ''[[The Face (magazine)|The Face]]'').<ref>{{cite news| title=The Outing of Tinky Winky|url=http://priceonomics.com/the-outing-of-tinky-winky/|accessdate=27 May 2016|publisher=Priceonomics}}</ref> He aroused the interest of [[Jerry Falwell]] in 1999 when Falwell alleged that the character wis a "[[gay]] role model". Falwell issued an attack in his ''National Liberty Journal'', citing a ''[[Washington Post]]'' "In/Out" column which stated that [[lesbian]] comedian [[Ellen DeGeneres]] wis "out" as the chief national gay representative, while trendy Tinky Winky wis "in". He warned parents that Tinky Winky coud be a covert homosexual seembol, acause "he is purple, the [[gay pride]] colour, and his antenna is shaped like a triangle: the [[LGBT symbols|gay pride symbol]]."<ref>{{cite news| title=Falwell Sees Gay in a Teletubby | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/11/us/national-news-briefs-falwell-sees-gay-in-a-teletubby.html|date=11 February 1999|accessdate=6 November 2010}}</ref> The BBC made an offeecial response, expleenin that "Tinky Winky is simply a sweet, technological baby with a magic bag."<ref name="Kraidy2007">{{cite book|author=Kraidy|title=Hybridity, OR the Cultural Logic of Globalization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7-c1qL_VMIC&pg=PA106|date=1 September 2007|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1100-2|pages=106–}}</ref> Ken Viselman of Itsy-Bitsy Entertainment commented, "He's not gay. He's not [[heterosexuality|straight]]. He's just a character in a children's series."<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Ms7azOI8UgC|pages=106–107|title=Hybridity, Or the Cultural Logic of Globalization|author=Marwan Kraidy|isbn=978-1-59213-144-0|year=2005}}</ref> In Mey 2007, Pols Ombudsman for Childer [[Ewa Sowińska]] revisited the matter, an planned to order an investigation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6698753.stm|title=Poland targets 'gay' Teletubbies|author=Adam Easton|publisher=BBC News|date=28 May 2007}}</ref> "I noticed that he has a woman's handbag, but I didn't realise he's a boy," Sowińska said in a public statement. She asked her office's [[psychologist]]s to leuk intae the allegations. Efter the research in late 2007, she stated: "The opinion of a leading [[sexologist]], who maintains that this series has no negative effects on a child's psychology, is perfectly credible. As a result I have decided that it is no longer necessary to seek the opinion of other psychologists."<ref>{{Cite news|title=Polish watchdog backs away from Teletubbies probe|publisher=CBC|date=30 May 2007|url=http://www.cbc.ca/arts/tv/story/2007/05/30/teletubby-poland-noprobe.html}}</ref> Despite the objections, the ''[[Independent on Sunday]]''{{'}}s editors included Tinky Winky as the anly fictional character in the 2008 inaugural "[[Happy List]]", alongside 99 real-life adults recognised for makin Britain a better and happier place.<ref name=list2009>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/the-ios-happy-list-2008--the-100-816335.html|title=The IoS Happy List 2008 - the 100|work=The Independent|accessdate=24 May 2015|archive-date=2015-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925180156/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/the-ios-happy-list-2008--the-100-816335.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Cult following === Awtho the programme is aimed at childer atween the ages of one and fower, it haed a substantial [[cult following]] wi aulder generations, mainly [[university]] and [[college]] [[student]]s.<ref name="Company2012"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Deconstructing Teletubbies: Differences between UK and US college students' reading of the children's television programme.|last=Gutenko|first=Gregory|publisher = College of Arts & Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City|location=Kansas City, Missouri, USA}}</ref><ref name="Brewer2010">{{cite book|author=Susan Brewer|title=Collecting Classic Girls' Toys|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J92wBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA153|date=19 July 2010|publisher=Remember When|isbn=978-1-78337-521-9|pages=153–}}</ref> The mixture of bricht colours, unusual designs, repetitive non-verbal dialogue, ritualistic format, an occasional forays intae physical comedy appealed to mony who perceived the programme as haein [[psychedelic (disambiguation)|psychedelic]] qualities.<ref>{{cite news| title=Uh-Oh! The 'Teletubbies' Are Making A Psychedelic Comeback|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/06/16/teletubbies-bbc-_n_5499988.html|date=16 June 2014|accessdate=27 May 2016|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|last=Toomer|first=Jessica|publisher=[[Verizon Communications]]}}</ref> === Awards and nominations === {| class="wikitable" style="width:99%" |- ! Year !! Presenter !! Award/Category !! Nominee !! Status !! Ref. |- | rowspan="3" | 1997 | [[Birmingham|City of Birmingham Awards]] | Best Midlands-Produced Childer's Television Production | rowspan="4" | [[Ragdoll Productions]] | rowspan="5" {{won}} | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbcworldwide.com/report/highligh/awards/page00.htm|title=BBC worldwide awards 97/98|publisher=[[BBC|British Broadcasting Corporation]]|accessdate=27 May 2016}}</ref> |- | [[Japan Prize (NHK)|NHK Japan Prize]] | Grand Prize (Pre-School Eddication) | <ref>{{cite web|title=1997 Japan Prize Winners|url=http://www.nhk.or.jp/jp-prize/english/1997/gprix.html|work=NHK.or.jp|publisher=[[NHK]]|accessdate=12 January 2015|archive-date=2017-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170127184531/http://www.nhk.or.jp/jp-prize/english/1997/gprix.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | [[Royal Television Society]] | Childer's Entertainment Award | <ref>{{cite web|title=Educational Television Award Winners 1997|url=https://rts.org.uk/award/educational-television-awards-1997|work=RTS.org.uk|publisher=[[Royal Television Society]]|accessdate=12 January 2015}}</ref> |- | rowspan="5" | 1998 | [[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]] | Best Pre-School Programme | <ref name="bafta-1998">{{cite web|url=http://www.bafta.org/awards/childrens/nominations/?year=1998|title=Past Winners and Nominees&nbsp;– Children's&nbsp;– Awards&nbsp;– 1998|publisher=[[BAFTA]]|accessdate=13 January 2010|archive-date=2012-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523180502/http://www.bafta.org/awards/childrens/nominations/?year=1998|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | [[American Marketing Association|Marketing Society Awards]] | New Product o the Year | [[Golden Bear Toys]] | <ref>{{cite news|title=Teletubbies win award|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-60918943.html|work=[[Birmingham Mail|Birmingham Evening Mail]]|date=25 April 1998|access-date=2017-05-30|archive-date=2016-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911025738/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-60918943.html|url-status=dead}}{{subscription required|via=HighBeam}}</ref> |- | [[Online Film & Television Association Award|Online Film & Television Association]] | Best Childer's Series | rowspan="10" | [[Ragdoll Productions]] | rowspan="2" {{nominated}} | <ref name="Awards-17">{{cite news|title=Ragdoll Productions Awards|url=http://www.ragdoll.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Awards-17-Nov-15.pdf|work=Ragdoll.co.uk|date=17 November 2015|accessdate=30 December 2015|archive-date=2016-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701102800/http://www.ragdoll.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Awards-17-Nov-15.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | [[Television Critics Association]] | Outstanding Achievement in Childer's Programming | <ref name="Awards-17" /> |- | UK Independent Television Productions Awards | NATS Childer's Award | {{won}} | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dhxmedia.com/newsreleases/dhx-media-announces-licensing-deals-in-china-for-teletubbies-and-in-the-night-garden/|title=DHX Media Announces Licensing Deals in China for Teletubbies and In the Night Garden...|publisher=[[DHX Media]]|date=24 April 2014|accessdate=2 December 2014|archive-date=2017-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607181251/http://www.dhxmedia.com/newsreleases/dhx-media-announces-licensing-deals-in-china-for-teletubbies-and-in-the-night-garden/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" | 1999 | [[Daytime Emmy Awards]] | Outstanding Pre-School Childer's Series | {{nominated}} | <ref>{{cite news| title=Teletubbies Nominated for Emmy Award|url=http://www.cwn.org.uk/business/a-z/r/ragdoll/1999/04/990408-emmy.htm|date=8 April 1999|accessdate=4 January 2014|publisher=Coventry & Warwickshire|last=Bates|first=Chris}}</ref> |- | [[Licensing Industry Merchandiser's Association]] | Oweraw License o the Year | rowspan="2" {{won}} | <ref>{{cite news|title=Itsy Bitsy fulfills license 'Po'-tential|url=https://business.highbeam.com/2012/article-1G1-54852759/itsy-bitsy-fulfills-license-potential|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=8 June 1999|access-date=2017-05-30|archive-date=2016-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805013513/https://business.highbeam.com/2012/article-1G1-54852759/itsy-bitsy-fulfills-license-potential|url-status=dead}}{{subscription required|via=HighBeam}}</ref> |- | Independent Television Productions Awards | Nickelodeon UK Childer's Award | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dhxmedia.com/newsreleases/agreements-signed-with-bbc-worldwide-asia-and-shanghai-v-pop-for-china/|title=Agreements signed with BBC Worldwide Asia and Shanghai V-Pop for China|publisher=[[DHX Media]]|date=24 April 2014|accessdate=2 December 2014|archive-date=2017-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712015309/http://www.dhxmedia.com/newsreleases/agreements-signed-with-bbc-worldwide-asia-and-shanghai-v-pop-for-china/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | [[Television Critics Association]] | Outstanding Achievement in Childer's Programming | {{nominated}} | <ref>{{cite news|title=TV Notes: WPXI to add anchor; where is Avedesian?|url=http://old.post-gazette.com/tv/19990615tv4.asp|work=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]|date=15 June 1999|accessdate=30 December 2015|last=Owen|first=Rob|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065930/http://old.post-gazette.com/tv/19990615tv4.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" | 2000 | Independent Television Productions Awards | Audiocall Indie Childer's Award | {{won}} | <ref name="Publications2003">{{cite book|author=Europa Publications|title=The International Who's Who 2004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sR4Ch1dMe8IC&pg=PA1830|year=2003|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-1-85743-217-6|pages=1830–}}</ref> |- | [[Daytime Emmy Awards]] | Outstanding Pre-School Childer's Series | {{nominated}} | <ref>{{cite news| title=Teletubbies shortlisted for daytime Emmy|url=http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/teletubbies-shortlisted-for-daytime-emmy/1192638.article|date=29 March 2000|accessdate=4 January 2014|publisher=[[Broadcast (magazine)|Broadcast]]}}</ref> |- | [[Royal Television Society]] | Eddication Award | rowspan="7" {{won}} | <ref>{{cite web|title=Educational Television Award Winners 2000|url=https://rts.org.uk/award/educational-television-awards-2000|work=RTS.org.uk|publisher=[[Royal Television Society]]|accessdate=12 January 2015}}</ref> |- | [[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]] | Outstanding Contreibution in Childer's Television and Film | [[Anne Wood]] | <ref>{{cite news| title=Children's favourites honoured|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1020282.stm|date=12 November 2000|accessdate=4 January 2014|publisher=[[BBC|British Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref> |- | 2002 | [[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]] | Best Pre-School Live Action Series | rowspan="5" | [[Ragdoll Productions]] | <ref name="bafta-2002" /> |- | rowspan="2" | 2014 | rowspan="2" | Prix Jeunesse | "Most Edgy" Programme o the Last 50 Years | <ref name="PJWinners">{{cite news|title=PRIX 2014 Prize Winners|url=http://prixjeunesse.de/images/PDF/PRIX_2014_PrizeWinners.pdf|date=12 November 2000|accessdate=4 January 2014|publisher=Prix Jeunesse International|archive-date=2017-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170127183415/http://prixjeunesse.de/images/PDF/PRIX_2014_PrizeWinners.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | Greatest Impact Programme o the Last 50 Years | <ref name="PJWinners" /> |} == Other media == === In popular culture === * In episode 12 of ''[[The Vicar of Dibley]]'', Laa-Laa and Po are bridesmaids. Thay haud the wedding-dress train of Alice Springs Horton (née Tinker). * In an episode of ''[[The Simpsons]]'' titled "[[Hello Gutter, Hello Fadder]]", Homer dresses up lik a Teletubby to entertain Maggie. * In the eleventh episode o the seicont series of ''[[The Chaser's War on Everything]]'', the possibility of Tinky Winky bein homosexual wis parodied when the Chaser's testit the Peel Hotel (in [[Collingwood, Victoria|Collingwood]], [[Melbourne]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]])'s gaydar wi a Tinky Winky costumed figure that acted in a stereotypical homosexual fashion. * In 2012, during a full seicont and third series of [[TVN (South Korea)|tvN]]'s ''[[Saturday Night Live Korea]]'', the programme wis referenced as ''[[Yeouido]] Teletubbies'' (여의도 텔레토비) to portray the [[South Korean presidential election, 2012|2012 presidential election campaign]]. This experimental skit caused the popularity of SNL Korea's 'Crew', [[Kim Seul-gie]] and [[Kim Min-kyo]], who acted major candidates respectably, to skyrocket.<ref>[http://english.khan.co.kr/khan_art_view.html?code=710100&artid=201211071443357 Laugh and Enjoy a Satire of the Presidential Election, "Yeouido Teletubbies"], Kyunghyang Shinmun, 7 November 2012, Retrieved on 19 January 2013.</ref> === CD single === In December 1997, [[BBC Worldwide]] released a CD single frae the series, based on the shaw's theme sang, cried "Teletubbies say 'Eh-oh!'" It is the anly single frae ''Teletubbies'', makin the characters a [[one-hit wonder]] in the United Kinrick. The sang wis written bi [[Andrew McCrorie-Shand]] and [[Andrew Davenport]], and produced bi McCrorie-Shand and Steve James. The single reached nummer 1 in the UK Singles Chart in December 1997, an remained in the Tap 75 for 32 weeks efter its release.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/37712.stm|title=Teletubbies top the charts|publisher=[[BBC|British Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=7 December 1997|accessdate=29 December 2008}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist|30em}} == Fremmit airtins == {{Sister project links|v=no|s=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|species=no|d=Q41403|n=Category:Teletubbies|b=no}} * [https://www.facebook.com/teletubbies Official Facebook page] * [https://twitter.com/teletubbieshq Official Twitter page] * [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCOk55dAgB8VnMlhaTEMeX5A Official YouTube channel] * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/cbeebies/teletubbies/ ''Teletubbies'' on CBeebies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061004150928/http://www.bbc.co.uk/cbeebies/teletubbies/ |date=2006-10-04 }} * [http://www.nickjr.com/teletubbies ''Teletubbies'' on NickJr.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529092202/http://www.nickjr.com/teletubbies/ |date=2017-05-29 }} * [http://www.nickpress.com/series/teletubbies ''Teletubbies'' on Nickelodeon Press] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616121956/http://www.nickpress.com/series/teletubbies |date=2017-06-16 }} * {{AllMovie title|161778|Teletubbies}} * {{TV.com show|teletubbies}} * {{IMDb title|0142055}} {{portal bar|BBC|Nickelodeon|Television in the United Kingdom}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:1990s Breetish bairns' televeesion series]] [[Category:1997 Breetish televeesion programme debuts]] [[Category:2000s Breetish bairns' televeesion series]] [[Category:2010s Nickelodeon shaws]] [[Category:BBC bairns' televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Inglis-leid televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Feectional species an races]] [[Category:Nick Jr. shaws]] [[Category:PBS Kids shaws]] [[Category:Preschuil eddication televeesion series]] [[Category:Teletubbies]] [[Category:Televeesion programmes featurin anthropomorphic chairacters]] [[Category:Televeesion programmes featurin puppetry]] [[Category:Televeesion series aboot freendship]] [[Category:Televeesion series bi DHX Media]] [[Category:Televeesion series produced at Pinewood Studios]] [[Category:PBS netwirk shaws]] [[Category:S4C televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Treehouse TV shaws]] [[Category:Childer's televeesion series]] [[Category:2010s Breetish televeesion series]] 1uufdb05wrjro48wrnio1av1np4ju1q Boord o Ulstèr-Scotch 0 9768 925510 874117 2026-10-30T17:08:24Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 925510 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Boord o Ulster-Scotch.jpg|thumb|The logo o the Boord o Ulster Scots.]] Tha '''Boord o Ulstèr-Scotch''' (''Ulster-Scots Agency'' in [[Inglis leid|Inglis]]) is a cross-border agency setten up in [[Ireland]] for tae uphaud the [[Ulster Scots leid]] an sib thirlt cultur. == Owerview == The Ulster Scots Agency wis setten up for tae promuive [[Ulster Scots]] on the island o [[Ireland]] alang wi [[Foras na Gaeilge]], that wis setten up for tae promuive the [[Erse leid]]. The agency is pairt o the [[The North/Sooth Leid Body]] staiblisht as a affcome o the [[Guid Friday Agreement]] o 1998. Its remit is "the promotion of greater awareness and the use of Ullans and of [[Ulster-Scots]] cultural issues, both within [[Northern Ireland]] and throughout the island". "Ullans" an "Ulster-Scots cultural issues" is defined in inter-govrenmental greement an enshrint in legislation<ref>http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si1999/99085903.htm The North/South Co-operation (Implementation Bodies) (Northern Ireland) Order 1999 (Schedule 1)</ref> as follaes: ""Ullans" is tae be understood as the variety o the Scots leid tradeetionally foond in pairts o Northern Ireland an Donegal. "Ulster-Scots cultural issues" relate tae the cultural tradeetions o the pairt o the population o Northern Ireland an the mairch counties which is o Scottish ancestry an the influence o thair cultural tradeetions on others, baith within the island o Ireland an in the rest o the warld." The meesion statement that it has adoptit is as follaes: <blockquote> "The aim of the Ulster-Scots Agency is to promote the study, conservation, development and use of Ulster-Scots as a living language; to encourage and develop the full range of its attendant culture; and to promote a wider awareness and understanding of the history of the Ulster-Scots." </blockquote> It is sillert by the [[Männystrie o Fowkgates, Airts an Aisedom|Depairtment o Cultur, Airts an Leisur]] in [[Northren Ireland]] thegither wi the [[Meenister for Community, landwart an Gaeltacht maiters]] in the [[Republic o Ireland]]. The Agency's heid office is in [[Belfast]], but a seicont office in [[Raphoe]] in east [[Coonty Donegal]] is ettelt at.{{fact|date=February 2009}}, projects bein unnertaen or ettelt at includes: a tape-recordit survey o hamelt speakers, the pittin-thegither o a twa-wey Ulster Scots/English dictionar, a text base o written Ulster Scots, an a dab-haund translation service.{{fact|date=February 2009}} == Newspaper == The agency sets furth an English langage newsletter, awbeit wi some taiken Scots, setten furth antrin times ilka year, enteetelt "[[The Ulster-Scot]]" as a eik-tae tae the [[Belfast News Letter]]. The publication is cawed aboot free o chairge whan socht. "The Ulster-Scot" haes raised some flytin. The writer an braidcaster [[Malachi O'Doherty]] reportit in the [[Belfast Telegraph]] on 2 December 2002: <blockquote> "I have just received a copy of their paper, The Ulster Scot. I showed it to a republican minded friend and was intrigued by his reaction. "Isn't it great," he said. What he liked about it is that it makes Ulster Protestants look stupid. It depicts them as chauvinistic and naive." </blockquote> == Soorces == <references/> == Fremmit airtins == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20181224221612/https://www.ulsterscotsagency.com/%20 Ulster-Scots Agency (Tha Boord o Ulstèr-Scotch)] * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/learning/history/stateapart/agreement/culture/support/cul2_c011.shtml (Language, Identity and Politics in Northern Ireland)] * [http://www.scots-online.org/airticles/EagleFalconer2004.pdf Tha Boord o Ulstèr-Scotch: ''An English Name for a Scots Organization?'' (PDF)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709231107/http://www.scots-online.org/airticles/EagleFalconer2004.pdf |date=2010-07-09 }} [[Category:Leid regulators]] [[Category:Cultur o Northren Ireland]] [[Category:Non-Departmental Public Bodies o the Northren Ireland Executive]] [[Category:Ulster Scots fowk|+Agency]] [[Category:Ulster Scots leid]] ksagrmals87o3hb25ucgosoesrwly01 James Watt 0 10555 925528 918978 2026-10-30T20:32:57Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 925528 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:James Watt - Statue - Birmingham - 2005-10-13.jpg|thumb|right|James Watt]] '''James Watt''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|FRS|FRSE}} (30 Januar 1736 <small>(19 Januar 1736 [[Auld Style an New Style dates|OS]])</small> – 25 August 1819)<ref name=deathdate>Awtho a nummer o itherwise reputable soorces gie his date o death as 19 August 1819, aw contemporar accoonts report him deein on 25 August an bein buiried on 2 September. The date 19 August oreeginates frae the biografie ''The Life of James Watt'' (1858, p. 521) bi [[James Patrick Muirhead]]. It draws its (supposed) legitimacy frae the fact that Muirhead wis a neffae o Watt an tharefore shoud hae been weel-informed. In the Muirhead papers, 25 August date is mentioned ensewhaur. The latter date is an aw gien in contemporar newspaper reports (for example, page 3 o ''[[The Times]]'' o 28 August) as weel as bi an abstract o an codicil tae Watt's last will. (In the pertinent buirial register o St. Mary's Kirk (Birmingham-Handsworth) Watt's date o daith is nae mentioned.)</ref> wis a [[Scots fowk|Scots]] [[invention|inventor]], mechanical ingineer, an [[chemist]] that improved on [[Thomas Newcomen]]'s 1712 [[Newcomen steam ingine]] wi his [[Watt steam ingine]] in 1781, that wis fundamental tae the cheenges brocht bi the [[Industrial Revolution]] in baith his native Great Breetain an the rest o the warld. While wirkin as an instrument makker at the [[Varsity o Glesga]], Watt becam interestit in the technology o [[steam ingine]]s. He realised that contemporary ingine designs wastit a great deal o energy bi repeatitly cuilin an reheatin the [[cylinder (ingine)|cylinder]]. Watt introduced a design enhancement, the separate condenser, that avoidit this waste o energy an radically impruived the pouer, efficiency, an cost-effectiveness o steam ingines. Eventually he [[rotative beam ingine|adaptit his ingine]] tae produce rotary motion, greatly braidenin its uise beyond pumpin watter. Watt attemptit tae commercialise his invention, but experienced great financial difficulties till he entered a pairtnership wi [[Matthew Boulton]] in 1775. The new firm o [[Boulton and Watt]] wis eventually heichly successfu an Watt becam a walthy man. In his reteerment, Watt conteena'd tae develop new inventions tho nane wis as signeeficant as his steam ingine wark. He dee'd in 1819 agit 83. He developit the concept o [[horsepouer]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio.html|title=Biography of James Watt|last=Lira|first=Carl|year=2001|publisher=egr.msu.edu|accessdate=5 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224014738/http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio.html|archive-date=2018-02-24|url-status=dead}}</ref> an the [[SI]] unit o pouer, the watt, wis named efter him. he ad a statue o imself ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Watt, James}} [[Category:James Watt| ]] [[Category:Scots inventors]] [[Category:Steam ingine ingineers]] [[Category:1736 births]] [[Category:1819 daiths]] [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Glesga]] [[Category:Fellaes o the Ryal Society]] [[Category:Fellaes o the Ryal Society o Edinburgh]] [[Category:Industrial Revolution in Ingland]] [[Category:Industrial Revolution in Scotland]] [[Category:Members o the Lunar Society o Birmingham]] [[Category:Fowk associatit wi Heriot-Watt Varsity]] [[Category:Fowk frae Greenock]] [[Category:Fowk o the Industrial Revolution]] [[Category:Fowk o the Scots Enlichtment]] [[Category:Fowk associatit wi energy]] [[Category:Scots business theorists]] [[Category:Scots businessfowk]] [[Category:Scots chemists]] [[Category:Scots deists]] [[Category:Scots ingineers]] [[Category:Scots mechanical ingineers]] [[Category:Scots Presbyterians]] [[Category:Scots surveyors]] [[Category:18t-century Breetish ingineers]] [[Category:18t-century Breetish scientists]] [[Category:18t-century Scots fowk]] {{Stub/Scotland}} {{Stub/Science}} 0bdy6q5souxz7s8ni1bhq3pj0e4hi9p Havana 0 10986 925462 889285 2026-10-30T13:36:24Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 Replace archive.today airtins wi Wayback Machine airtins 925462 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |name = Havana | settlement_type = City |official_name = ''La Habana'' |other_name = |native_name = |native_name_lang = es |nickname = City o Columns |motto = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_shield = Escudo de la Habana.svg |shield_size = 120px |shield_link = Seal of Havana |image = [[File:CollageHavana2.jpg|300px]] <br /><small> Clockwise: [[El Capitolio|Capitolio Nacional]], [[Great Theatre of Havana|The Great Theatre]], [[Cathedral of Havana|Havana Cathedral]], [[Museum of the Revolution (Cuba)|Museum of the Revolution]], and [[Old Havana]] skyline </small><br /> |image_size = | image_caption = | pushpin_map = Cuba | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Cuba |pushpin_mapsize = 300 |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Cuba]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces o Cuba|Province]] |subdivision_name1 = La Habana |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = <!-- Smaller parts (e.g. boroughs of a city) and seat of government --> |seat_type = |seat = |parts_type = [[#Municipios|Municipalities]] |parts_style = <!-- =list (for list), coll (for collapsed list), para (for paragraph format) Default is list if up to 5 items, coll if more than 5--> |parts = [[Municipalities o Cuba#Ciudad De La Habana|15]] |government_type = [[Mayor-cooncil govrenment|Mayor-cooncil]] |leader_title = [[Provinces o Cuba#Preses o the Fowkpouer Provincial Assemblies|Mayor]] |leader_name = [[Marta Hernández Romero|Marta Hernández]] |leader_party = [[Communist Pairty o Cuba|PCC]] |established_title = Foondit |established_date = 1515<sup>a</sup> |established_title1 = Ceety status |established_date1 = 1592 |area_magnitude = 1 E8 |area_total_km2 = 728.26 |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_km2 = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_km2 = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |population_footnotes = <small>(2009) Offeecial Census</small><ref name=Official_census>{{cite web|url=http://www.one.cu/aec2009/datos/ciudad%20habana.pdf|title=2009 Official Census|access-date=2012-03-02|archive-date=2019-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107070305/http://www.one.cu/aec2009/datos/ciudad%20habana.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |population_note = |population_total = 2,141,993 |population_density_km2 = 2932.3 |population_density_sq_mi = |population_demonym = habanero (m), habanera (f) |timezone = [[North American Eastren Staundart Time Zone|EST]] |utc_offset = -5 |timezone_DST = [[Eastren Daylicht Time|EDT]] |utc_offset_DST = -4 |coordinates = {{coord|23|08|N|082|23|W|region:CU|display=inline,title}} |elevation_m = 59 |elevation_ft = 194 |postal_code_type = Postal code |postal_code = 10xxx–19xxx |area_code = (+53) 7 |blank_name_sec1 = [[Patron saunt|Patron Saunts]] |blank_info_sec1 = [[Saunt Christopher]] |website = |footnotes =<sup>a</sup> Foondit on the present steid in '''1519'''. }} <!-- Infobox ends --> '''Havana''' ({{Audio-es|'''La Habana'''|HAV.ogg|}}, {{IPA-es|la aˈβana|}}, offeecially ''Ciudad de La Habana'',<ref>{{Sp icon}} {{Cite web|url=http://www.granma.cubaweb.cu/2007/02/10/nacional/artic03.html|title=Ciudad (con mayúscula) de La Habana, así se llama la provincia donde se encuentra ubicada la capital de Cuba.|first=Article from Granma|accessdate=2007-02-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212093501/http://www.granma.cubaweb.cu/2007/02/10/nacional/artic03.html|archivedate=2007-02-12|url-status=dead}}</ref>) is the [[Caipital ceety|caipital]] [[city]], major haven, an leadin commercial centre o [[Cuba]]. The city is ane o the 14 [[Provinces o Cuba|Cuban provinces]]. The city/province haes 2.1 million fowk, the maistmuckle in Cuba an the secont maistmuckle in the [[Caribbean|Caribbean region]], efter [[Santo Domingo]].<ref>{{in|en}} [http://www.mongabay.com/igapo/Latin_America.htm Latin America Population] - Havana city population.</ref> The city stends oot maistly wastwart an soothwart frae the bay, that enters throu a narrae inlet an splits intae three main havens: Marimelena, Guanabacoa, an Atarés. The sluggish [[Almendares River]] traverses the city frae sooth til north, enterin the [[Straits o Florida]] a few mile wast o the bay. King [[Philip II o Spain]] grantit Havana the title o City in 1592 an a ryal decree in 1634 recognised its importance bi offeecially designatin it the "Key tae the [[New Warld]] an Rampart o the [[Wast Indies]]".<ref>{{in|en}} [http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Havana Capital city] - capital of Spanish Cuba in 1552</ref> Havana's coat o airms cairies this inscription. The Spaniards began biggin fortifications, an in 1553 thay transferred the governor's residence tae Havana frae [[Santiago de Cuba]] on the eastren end o the isle, sicweys makin Havana the [[de facto]] caipital. The importance o haven fortifications wis seen early as Inglis, French, an Dutch sea marauders atteckit the city in the 16t yeirhunner.<ref>{{in|en}} [http://www.galenfrysinger.com/old_havana.htm Old Havana]</ref> The sinkin o the [[USS Maine (ACR-1)|U.S. battleship ''Maine'']] in Havana's haven in 1898 wis the immediate cause o the [[Spaingie-American War]].<ref>{{in|en}} [http://www.humboldt.edu/~jcb10/spanwar.shtml#anchor433004/ Spanish-American War] {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011117054641/http://www.humboldt.edu/~jcb10/spanwar.shtml#anchor433004/ |date=2001-11-17 }}, Effects of the Press on Spanish-American Relations in 1898</ref> Present day Havana is the centre o the [[Cuban govrenment]], an various meenistries an heidquarters o businesses are based thare. == Internaitional relations == === Twin touns — sister ceeties === Havana is [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi: {| |- |valign="top"| * {{Flagicon|Spain}} '''[[Barcelona]]''', '''[[Spain]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://w3.bcn.es/XMLServeis/XMLHomeLinkPl/0,4022,229724149_257215678_1,00.html |title=Barcelona sister cities |publisher=W3.bcn.es |date= |accessdate=2010-04-17 |archive-date=2012-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127043638/http://w3.bcn.es/XMLServeis/XMLHomeLinkPl/0,4022,229724149_257215678_1,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{Flagicon|China}} '''[[Beijing]]''', '''[[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|Cheenae]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ebeijing.gov.cn/ying/t693501.htm |title=Beijing-International Sister Cities |access-date=2007-10-12 |archive-date=2007-10-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012163601/http://ebeijing.gov.cn/ying/t693501.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{Flagicon|Serbia}} '''[[Belgrade]]''', '''[[Serbie]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.rs/Bilteni/Engleski/b290507_e.html#N10 |title=Invitation for fraternization of Havana and Belgrade |publisher=Mfa.gov.rs |date= |accessdate=2010-04-17 |archive-date=2013-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810044924/http://www.mfa.gov.rs/Bilteni/Engleski/b290507_e.html#N10 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{Flagicon|Brazil}} '''[[Belo Horizonte]]''', '''[[Brazil]]''' * {{Flagicon|Colombia}} '''[[Bogotá]]''', '''[[Colombie]]''' * {{Flagicon|Venezuela}} '''[[Caracas]]''', '''[[Venezuela]]''' * {{Flagicon|Colombia}} '''[[Cartagena, Colombie|Cartagena]]''', '''[[Colombie]]''' * {{Flagicon|Romania}} '''[[Constanţa]]''', '''[[Romanie]]''' * {{Flagicon|Peru}} '''[[Cusco]]''', '''[[Peru]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |author=http://www.e-volutionperu.com |url=http://www.municusco.gob.pe/ver.php?id=6 |title=Cusco Sister Cities |publisher=Municusco.gob.pe |date= |accessdate=2010-04-17 |archive-date=2009-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803122352/http://www.municusco.gob.pe/ver.php?id=6 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{Flagicon|Iran}} '''[[Isfahan]]''', '''[[Iran]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.isfahan.ir/VisitorPages/show.aspx?ItemID=1320 |title=City of Esfahan official website – Sister Cities |access-date=2011-02-20 |archive-date=2009-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090801045410/http://www.isfahan.ir/VisitorPages/show.aspx?ItemID=1320 |url-status=dead }}</ref> *{{Flagicon|UK}} '''[[Glesga]]''', '''[[Unitit Kinrick]]'''{{citation needed}} |width="80"|&nbsp; |valign="top"| * {{Flagicon|Turkey}} '''[[Istanbul]]''', '''[[Turkey]]'''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=94185|publisher=Radikal|language=Turkish|date=2003-11-03|quote=49 sister cities in 2003|title=İstanbul'a 49 kardeş|last=Erdem|first=Selim Efe|accessdate=2009-07-26}}</ref> * {{Flagicon|Spain}} '''[[Madrid]]''', '''[[Spain]]'''<ref name="Madrid Twinning Agreements">{{Cite news |url=http://www.munimadrid.es/portal/site/munimadrid/menuitem.5fbdbaf471a1b0aa7d245f019fc08a0c/?vgnextoid=c94731dd4d24b010VgnVCM100000d90ca8c0RCRD&vgnextchannel=4e98823d3a37a010VgnVCM100000d90ca8c0RCRD |publisher=www.munimadrid.es |title=Hermanamientos y Acuerdos |month=February | year=2008 | accessdate=2009-07-26 }}</ref> * {{Flagicon|Bolivia}} '''[[La Paz]]''', '''[[Bolivie]]''' * {{Flagicon|Philippines}} '''[[Manila]]''', '''[[Philippines]]'''<ref name="Manila.Gov">{{Cite web|url=http://www.manila.gov.ph/localgovt.htm#sistercities|title=Sister Cities of Manila|publisher=[[copyright|©]] 2008-2009 [http://www.manila.gov.ph/ City Government of Manila]|accessdate=2009-07-02|archive-date=2009-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806191943/http://www.manila.gov.ph/localgovt.htm#sistercities|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{Flagicon|USA}} '''[[Mobile, Alabama|Mobile]]''', '''[[Unitit States]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sister-cities.org/icrc/directory/Caribbean/Cuba|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115092617/http://www.sister-cities.org/icrc/directory/Caribbean/Cuba|archivedate=2008-01-15|title=Cuba Directory|author=Sister Cities International|year=2007|accessdate=2007-05-07|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{Flagicon|Russia}} '''[[Moscow]]''', '''[[Roushie]]''' * {{Flagicon|Algeria}} '''[[Oran]]''', '''[[Algerie]]''' * {{Flagicon|Mexico}} '''[[Oaxaca, Oaxaca|Oaxaca]]''', '''[[Mexico]]'''<ref>[http://www.oaxacainfo.gob.mx/index.php?mod=topic&topic=ciudades Oaxaca Sister Cities] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012222851/http://www.oaxacainfo.gob.mx/index.php?mod=topic&topic=ciudades |date=2007-10-12 }} – Relación de la ciudades hermanadas con la ciudad de Oaxaca</ref> * {{Flagicon|Brazil}} '''[[Porto Alegre]]''', '''[[Brazil]]''' * {{Flagicon|Netherlands}} '''[[Rotterdam]]''', '''[[Netherlands]]'''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090115072746/http://www.granma.cu/espanol/2008/marzo/mar11/rotterdam.html Granma – En La Habana vicealcalde de la ciudad de Rotterdam] La delegación visitante hará la entrega oficial de una donación de implementos deportivos, en momentos en que se celebra el aniversario 25 de las relaciones entre ambas urbes</ref> * {{Flagicon|Russia}} '''[[Saunt Petersburg]]''', '''[[Roushie]]'''{{citation needed}} |width="80"|&nbsp; |valign="top"| * {{Flagicon|Brazil}} '''[[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]]''', '''[[Brazil]]''' * {{Flagicon|Dominican Republic}} '''[[Santiago de los Caballeros|Santiago]]''', '''[[Dominican Republic]]''' * {{Flagicon|Dominican Republic}} '''[[Santo Domingo]]''', '''[[Dominican Republic]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.adn.gov.do/documents/memoria_adn_2002-2003.pdf |title=Memoria Anual, Agosto 2002-Agosto 2003 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2010-04-17 |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225150918/http://www.adn.gov.do/documents/memoria_adn_2002-2003.pdf%20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{Flagicon|Brazil}} '''[[Santos, São Paulo|Santos]]''', '''[[Brazil]]''' * {{Flagicon|Brazil}} '''[[São Paulo]]''', '''[[Brazil]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://portal.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/secretarias/relacoes_internacionais/ingles/descentralized_cooperation/sister_cities/0001 |title=São Paulo's 40 Sister Cities |access-date=2011-02-20 |archive-date=2009-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112020036/http://portal.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/secretarias/relacoes_internacionais/ingles/descentralized_cooperation/sister_cities/0001 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{Flagicon|Spain}} '''[[Seville]]''', '''[[Spain]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pcasevilla.wordpress.com/2008/10/15/nos-visito-el-poder-popular-de-ciudad-de-la-habana/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2009-06-30 |archive-date=2009-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090630135554/http://pcasevilla.wordpress.com/2008/10/15/nos-visito-el-poder-popular-de-ciudad-de-la-habana/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{Flagicon|Iran}} '''[[Tehran]]''', '''[[Iran]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.payvand.com/news/01/mar/1053.html |title=Tehran, Havana named sister cities |publisher=Payvand.com |date= |accessdate=2010-04-17 |archive-date=2020-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411141138/http://www.payvand.com/news/01/mar/1053.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{Flagicon|Mexico}} '''[[Tijuana]]''', '''[[Mexico]]'''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071212140843/http://www.tijuana.gob.mx/Apps/AppsPublico/Comunicados/VerComunicado.asp?ID=1026 New Monument to Tijuana's sister cities] – Inaugura el alcalde Kurt Honold monumento dedicado a ciudades hermanas de Tijuana</ref> * {{Flagicon|Spain}} '''[[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]]''', '''[[Spain]]''' * {{Flagicon|Brazil}} '''[[Vitória, Brazil|Vitória]]''', '''[[Brazil]]''' |} == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{Leet o North American caipitals}} [[Category:Havana| ]] [[Category:Caipitals in North Americae]] [[Category:Populatit places in Cuba]] [[Category:Provinces o Cuba]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1515]] {{Stub/Carib}} {{Stub/Ceity}} 06x1qg2k9exm0hzprl4dgfihwrzsgqs 925544 925462 2026-10-31T00:49:13Z Atlantic306 30244 /* Internaitional relations */ fixed reference 925544 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |name = Havana | settlement_type = City |official_name = ''La Habana'' |other_name = |native_name = |native_name_lang = es |nickname = City o Columns |motto = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_shield = Escudo de la Habana.svg |shield_size = 120px |shield_link = Seal of Havana |image = [[File:CollageHavana2.jpg|300px]] <br /><small> Clockwise: [[El Capitolio|Capitolio Nacional]], [[Great Theatre of Havana|The Great Theatre]], [[Cathedral of Havana|Havana Cathedral]], [[Museum of the Revolution (Cuba)|Museum of the Revolution]], and [[Old Havana]] skyline </small><br /> |image_size = | image_caption = | pushpin_map = Cuba | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Cuba |pushpin_mapsize = 300 |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Cuba]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces o Cuba|Province]] |subdivision_name1 = La Habana |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = <!-- Smaller parts (e.g. boroughs of a city) and seat of government --> |seat_type = |seat = |parts_type = [[#Municipios|Municipalities]] |parts_style = <!-- =list (for list), coll (for collapsed list), para (for paragraph format) Default is list if up to 5 items, coll if more than 5--> |parts = [[Municipalities o Cuba#Ciudad De La Habana|15]] |government_type = [[Mayor-cooncil govrenment|Mayor-cooncil]] |leader_title = [[Provinces o Cuba#Preses o the Fowkpouer Provincial Assemblies|Mayor]] |leader_name = [[Marta Hernández Romero|Marta Hernández]] |leader_party = [[Communist Pairty o Cuba|PCC]] |established_title = Foondit |established_date = 1515<sup>a</sup> |established_title1 = Ceety status |established_date1 = 1592 |area_magnitude = 1 E8 |area_total_km2 = 728.26 |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_km2 = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_km2 = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |population_footnotes = <small>(2009) Offeecial Census</small><ref name=Official_census>{{cite web|url=http://www.one.cu/aec2009/datos/ciudad%20habana.pdf|title=2009 Official Census|access-date=2012-03-02|archive-date=2019-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107070305/http://www.one.cu/aec2009/datos/ciudad%20habana.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |population_note = |population_total = 2,141,993 |population_density_km2 = 2932.3 |population_density_sq_mi = |population_demonym = habanero (m), habanera (f) |timezone = [[North American Eastren Staundart Time Zone|EST]] |utc_offset = -5 |timezone_DST = [[Eastren Daylicht Time|EDT]] |utc_offset_DST = -4 |coordinates = {{coord|23|08|N|082|23|W|region:CU|display=inline,title}} |elevation_m = 59 |elevation_ft = 194 |postal_code_type = Postal code |postal_code = 10xxx–19xxx |area_code = (+53) 7 |blank_name_sec1 = [[Patron saunt|Patron Saunts]] |blank_info_sec1 = [[Saunt Christopher]] |website = |footnotes =<sup>a</sup> Foondit on the present steid in '''1519'''. }} <!-- Infobox ends --> '''Havana''' ({{Audio-es|'''La Habana'''|HAV.ogg|}}, {{IPA-es|la aˈβana|}}, offeecially ''Ciudad de La Habana'',<ref>{{Sp icon}} {{Cite web|url=http://www.granma.cubaweb.cu/2007/02/10/nacional/artic03.html|title=Ciudad (con mayúscula) de La Habana, así se llama la provincia donde se encuentra ubicada la capital de Cuba.|first=Article from Granma|accessdate=2007-02-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212093501/http://www.granma.cubaweb.cu/2007/02/10/nacional/artic03.html|archivedate=2007-02-12|url-status=dead}}</ref>) is the [[Caipital ceety|caipital]] [[city]], major haven, an leadin commercial centre o [[Cuba]]. The city is ane o the 14 [[Provinces o Cuba|Cuban provinces]]. The city/province haes 2.1 million fowk, the maistmuckle in Cuba an the secont maistmuckle in the [[Caribbean|Caribbean region]], efter [[Santo Domingo]].<ref>{{in|en}} [http://www.mongabay.com/igapo/Latin_America.htm Latin America Population] - Havana city population.</ref> The city stends oot maistly wastwart an soothwart frae the bay, that enters throu a narrae inlet an splits intae three main havens: Marimelena, Guanabacoa, an Atarés. The sluggish [[Almendares River]] traverses the city frae sooth til north, enterin the [[Straits o Florida]] a few mile wast o the bay. King [[Philip II o Spain]] grantit Havana the title o City in 1592 an a ryal decree in 1634 recognised its importance bi offeecially designatin it the "Key tae the [[New Warld]] an Rampart o the [[Wast Indies]]".<ref>{{in|en}} [http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Havana Capital city] - capital of Spanish Cuba in 1552</ref> Havana's coat o airms cairies this inscription. The Spaniards began biggin fortifications, an in 1553 thay transferred the governor's residence tae Havana frae [[Santiago de Cuba]] on the eastren end o the isle, sicweys makin Havana the [[de facto]] caipital. The importance o haven fortifications wis seen early as Inglis, French, an Dutch sea marauders atteckit the city in the 16t yeirhunner.<ref>{{in|en}} [http://www.galenfrysinger.com/old_havana.htm Old Havana]</ref> The sinkin o the [[USS Maine (ACR-1)|U.S. battleship ''Maine'']] in Havana's haven in 1898 wis the immediate cause o the [[Spaingie-American War]].<ref>{{in|en}} [http://www.humboldt.edu/~jcb10/spanwar.shtml#anchor433004/ Spanish-American War] {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011117054641/http://www.humboldt.edu/~jcb10/spanwar.shtml#anchor433004/ |date=2001-11-17 }}, Effects of the Press on Spanish-American Relations in 1898</ref> Present day Havana is the centre o the [[Cuban govrenment]], an various meenistries an heidquarters o businesses are based thare. == Internaitional relations == === Twin touns — sister ceeties === Havana is [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi: {| |- |valign="top"| * {{Flagicon|Spain}} '''[[Barcelona]]''', '''[[Spain]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://w3.bcn.es/XMLServeis/XMLHomeLinkPl/0,4022,229724149_257215678_1,00.html |title=Barcelona sister cities |publisher=W3.bcn.es |date= |accessdate=2010-04-17 |archive-date=2012-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127043638/http://w3.bcn.es/XMLServeis/XMLHomeLinkPl/0,4022,229724149_257215678_1,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{Flagicon|China}} '''[[Beijing]]''', '''[[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|Cheenae]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ebeijing.gov.cn/ying/t693501.htm |title=Beijing-International Sister Cities |access-date=2007-10-12 |archive-date=2007-10-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012163601/http://ebeijing.gov.cn/ying/t693501.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{Flagicon|Serbia}} '''[[Belgrade]]''', '''[[Serbie]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.rs/Bilteni/Engleski/b290507_e.html#N10 |title=Invitation for fraternization of Havana and Belgrade |publisher=Mfa.gov.rs |date= |accessdate=2010-04-17 |archive-date=2013-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810044924/http://www.mfa.gov.rs/Bilteni/Engleski/b290507_e.html#N10 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{Flagicon|Brazil}} '''[[Belo Horizonte]]''', '''[[Brazil]]''' * {{Flagicon|Colombia}} '''[[Bogotá]]''', '''[[Colombie]]''' * {{Flagicon|Venezuela}} '''[[Caracas]]''', '''[[Venezuela]]''' * {{Flagicon|Colombia}} '''[[Cartagena, Colombie|Cartagena]]''', '''[[Colombie]]''' * {{Flagicon|Romania}} '''[[Constanţa]]''', '''[[Romanie]]''' * {{Flagicon|Peru}} '''[[Cusco]]''', '''[[Peru]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |author=http://www.e-volutionperu.com |url=http://www.municusco.gob.pe/ver.php?id=6 |title=Cusco Sister Cities |publisher=Municusco.gob.pe |date= |accessdate=2010-04-17 |archive-date=2009-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803122352/http://www.municusco.gob.pe/ver.php?id=6 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{Flagicon|Iran}} '''[[Isfahan]]''', '''[[Iran]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.isfahan.ir/VisitorPages/show.aspx?ItemID=1320 |title=City of Esfahan official website – Sister Cities |access-date=2011-02-20 |archive-date=2009-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090801045410/http://www.isfahan.ir/VisitorPages/show.aspx?ItemID=1320 |url-status=dead }}</ref> *{{Flagicon|UK}} '''[[Glesga]]''', '''[[Unitit Kinrick]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/en/AboutGlasgow/Twincities/ |title=Glasgow City Council – Twin cities of Glasgow |publisher=Glasgow.gov.uk |date=2009-08-03 |accessdate=2010-04-17 |archive-date=4 June 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040604015103/http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/en/AboutGlasgow/Twincities/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |width="80"|&nbsp; |valign="top"| * {{Flagicon|Turkey}} '''[[Istanbul]]''', '''[[Turkey]]'''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=94185|publisher=Radikal|language=Turkish|date=2003-11-03|quote=49 sister cities in 2003|title=İstanbul'a 49 kardeş|last=Erdem|first=Selim Efe|accessdate=2009-07-26}}</ref> * {{Flagicon|Spain}} '''[[Madrid]]''', '''[[Spain]]'''<ref name="Madrid Twinning Agreements">{{Cite news |url=http://www.munimadrid.es/portal/site/munimadrid/menuitem.5fbdbaf471a1b0aa7d245f019fc08a0c/?vgnextoid=c94731dd4d24b010VgnVCM100000d90ca8c0RCRD&vgnextchannel=4e98823d3a37a010VgnVCM100000d90ca8c0RCRD |publisher=www.munimadrid.es |title=Hermanamientos y Acuerdos |month=February | year=2008 | accessdate=2009-07-26 }}</ref> * {{Flagicon|Bolivia}} '''[[La Paz]]''', '''[[Bolivie]]''' * {{Flagicon|Philippines}} '''[[Manila]]''', '''[[Philippines]]'''<ref name="Manila.Gov">{{Cite web|url=http://www.manila.gov.ph/localgovt.htm#sistercities|title=Sister Cities of Manila|publisher=[[copyright|©]] 2008-2009 [http://www.manila.gov.ph/ City Government of Manila]|accessdate=2009-07-02|archive-date=2009-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806191943/http://www.manila.gov.ph/localgovt.htm#sistercities|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{Flagicon|USA}} '''[[Mobile, Alabama|Mobile]]''', '''[[Unitit States]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sister-cities.org/icrc/directory/Caribbean/Cuba|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115092617/http://www.sister-cities.org/icrc/directory/Caribbean/Cuba|archivedate=2008-01-15|title=Cuba Directory|author=Sister Cities International|year=2007|accessdate=2007-05-07|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{Flagicon|Russia}} '''[[Moscow]]''', '''[[Roushie]]''' * {{Flagicon|Algeria}} '''[[Oran]]''', '''[[Algerie]]''' * {{Flagicon|Mexico}} '''[[Oaxaca, Oaxaca|Oaxaca]]''', '''[[Mexico]]'''<ref>[http://www.oaxacainfo.gob.mx/index.php?mod=topic&topic=ciudades Oaxaca Sister Cities] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012222851/http://www.oaxacainfo.gob.mx/index.php?mod=topic&topic=ciudades |date=2007-10-12 }} – Relación de la ciudades hermanadas con la ciudad de Oaxaca</ref> * {{Flagicon|Brazil}} '''[[Porto Alegre]]''', '''[[Brazil]]''' * {{Flagicon|Netherlands}} '''[[Rotterdam]]''', '''[[Netherlands]]'''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090115072746/http://www.granma.cu/espanol/2008/marzo/mar11/rotterdam.html Granma – En La Habana vicealcalde de la ciudad de Rotterdam] La delegación visitante hará la entrega oficial de una donación de implementos deportivos, en momentos en que se celebra el aniversario 25 de las relaciones entre ambas urbes</ref> * {{Flagicon|Russia}} '''[[Saunt Petersburg]]''', '''[[Roushie]]'''{{citation needed}} |width="80"|&nbsp; |valign="top"| * {{Flagicon|Brazil}} '''[[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]]''', '''[[Brazil]]''' * {{Flagicon|Dominican Republic}} '''[[Santiago de los Caballeros|Santiago]]''', '''[[Dominican Republic]]''' * {{Flagicon|Dominican Republic}} '''[[Santo Domingo]]''', '''[[Dominican Republic]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.adn.gov.do/documents/memoria_adn_2002-2003.pdf |title=Memoria Anual, Agosto 2002-Agosto 2003 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2010-04-17 |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225150918/http://www.adn.gov.do/documents/memoria_adn_2002-2003.pdf%20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{Flagicon|Brazil}} '''[[Santos, São Paulo|Santos]]''', '''[[Brazil]]''' * {{Flagicon|Brazil}} '''[[São Paulo]]''', '''[[Brazil]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://portal.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/secretarias/relacoes_internacionais/ingles/descentralized_cooperation/sister_cities/0001 |title=São Paulo's 40 Sister Cities |access-date=2011-02-20 |archive-date=2009-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112020036/http://portal.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/secretarias/relacoes_internacionais/ingles/descentralized_cooperation/sister_cities/0001 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{Flagicon|Spain}} '''[[Seville]]''', '''[[Spain]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pcasevilla.wordpress.com/2008/10/15/nos-visito-el-poder-popular-de-ciudad-de-la-habana/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2009-06-30 |archive-date=2009-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090630135554/http://pcasevilla.wordpress.com/2008/10/15/nos-visito-el-poder-popular-de-ciudad-de-la-habana/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{Flagicon|Iran}} '''[[Tehran]]''', '''[[Iran]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.payvand.com/news/01/mar/1053.html |title=Tehran, Havana named sister cities |publisher=Payvand.com |date= |accessdate=2010-04-17 |archive-date=2020-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411141138/http://www.payvand.com/news/01/mar/1053.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{Flagicon|Mexico}} '''[[Tijuana]]''', '''[[Mexico]]'''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071212140843/http://www.tijuana.gob.mx/Apps/AppsPublico/Comunicados/VerComunicado.asp?ID=1026 New Monument to Tijuana's sister cities] – Inaugura el alcalde Kurt Honold monumento dedicado a ciudades hermanas de Tijuana</ref> * {{Flagicon|Spain}} '''[[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]]''', '''[[Spain]]''' * {{Flagicon|Brazil}} '''[[Vitória, Brazil|Vitória]]''', '''[[Brazil]]''' |} == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{Leet o North American caipitals}} [[Category:Havana| ]] [[Category:Caipitals in North Americae]] [[Category:Populatit places in Cuba]] [[Category:Provinces o Cuba]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1515]] {{Stub/Carib}} {{Stub/Ceity}} a6b5ovo9xv0jpqv14arpt2a04yidj20 Yangon 0 11046 925474 885397 2026-10-30T13:37:03Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 Replace archive.today airtins wi Wayback Machine airtins 925474 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=October 2020}} [[File:Collage_of_Yangon.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Views o Yangon]] '''Yangon''' ({{MYname|MY=ရန်ကုန်|MLCTS=rankun mrui}}, {{IPA-my|jàɴɡòuɴ mjo̰|pron}}; cried '''Rangoon''' an aa, literally: "End o Strife") is a umwhile caipital o Myanmar ([[Burma]]) an the caipital o [[Yangon Region]] (umwhilie Yangon Diveesion). Although the [[State Peace an Development Cooncil|military govrenment]] haes offeecially relocatit the caipital tae [[Naypyidaw]] syne Mairch 2006,<ref>{{Cite news| url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4848408.stm | title =Burma's new capital stages parade | publisher =BBC News | date =2006-03-27 | accessdate =2006-08-03}}</ref> Yangon, wi a population o ower fower million, continues tae be the kintra's lairgest ceety an the maist important commercial centre. ==Etymology== Yangon ({{my|ရန်ကုန်}}) is a combination o the twa wirds ''yan'' ({{my|ရန်}}) an ''koun'' ({{my|ကုန်}}), which mean "enemies" an "run oot o" respectively. It is forby translatit as "End o Strife". "Rangoon" maist likely comes frae the Breetish imitation o the pronunciation o "Yangon" in the [[Burmese dialects|Rakhine dialect]] (Arakanese) o [[Burmese leid|Burmese]], which is {{IPA|[rɔ̀ɴɡʊ́ɴ]}}. ==Sister ceeties== *{{Flagicon|China}} [[Kunming]], [[Yunnan]], [[Cheenae]] (2008) *{{Flagicon|China}} [[Nanning]], [[Guangxi]], [[Cheenae]] (2009)<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://english.nanning.gov.cn/n725531/n751804/n752331/n819950/5880844.html | title=Nanning and Yangon Become Sister Cities | date=2009-07-18 | publisher=City Government of Nanning | access-date=2010-11-16 | archive-date=2012-07-10 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227091838/http://english.nanning.gov.cn/n725531/n751804/n752331/n819950/5880844.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> *{{Flagicon|China}} [[Yangzhou]], [[Jiangsu]], [[Cheenae]] (1997)<ref>{{Cite journal | url=http://www.myanmar.gov.mm/myanmartimes/no268/MyanmarTimes14-268/n006.htm | title=Yunnan keen to boost economic, trade ties | date=2005-05-30 | author=Nwe Nwe Aye and Wai Phyo Myint | work=[[The Myanmar Times]] }}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{#invoke:coordinates|coord|display=title}} [[Category:Populatit places in Yangon Region]] {{stub/Ceety}} 3e0fujwldbzi18omi2hxvhf5n1wt42u Guatemala Ceety 0 11545 925463 921444 2026-10-30T13:36:26Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 Replace archive.today airtins wi Wayback Machine airtins 925463 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |name = Guatemala |official_name = Guatemala Ceety |native_name = La Nueva Guatemala de la Asunción |settlement_type = Ceety |motto = "Todos somos la ciudad" (We aw are the ceety) |image_skyline = Montage Guatemala City2.jpg | imagesize = 275px |pushpin_map = Guatemala |pushpin_map_caption = Location athin Guatemala |subdivision_type = [[Kintra]] |subdivision_name = [[File:Flag of Guatemala.svg|25px]] [[Guatemala]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Depairtments o Guatemala|Depairtment]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Guatemala Depairtment|Guatemala]] |subdivision_type2 = Municipality |government_type = [[Municipality]] |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = Alvaro Arzu (PU. Partido Unionista) |established_title = Established |established_date = 1773 |area_total_km2 = 692 |area_land_km2 = 1905 |area_water_km2 = 0 |population_as_of = 2011 Estimate |population_total = 1,110,100 |population_metro = 4,100,000 |timezone = Central America |utc_offset = -6 |utc_offset_DST = +14° 36' 48.00", -90° 32' 7.00" |coordinates = {{coord|14|36|48|N|90|32|7|W|region:GT|display=inline,title}} |elevation_m = 1500 |postal_code = 01001 tae 01025, excludin 20, 22, an 23 |website = [http://www.muniguate.com/ Municipalidad de Guatemala] }} '''Guatemala Ceety''' (in full, '''La Nueva Guatemala de la Asunción'''; locally kent as '''Guatemala''' or '''Guate'''), is the [[Caipital ceety|caipital]] an lairgest ceety o the Republic o [[Guatemala]]. It is an aa the caipital ceety o the local [[Guatemala Depairtment]] an the lairgest ceety in Central Americae. The ceety is locatit at {{Coord|14|38|N|90|33|W|}}, in a muntain valley cawed [[Valle de la Ermita]] in the sooth central pairt o the kintra. == History == Athin the confines o modren Guatemala Ceety is the auncient Maya ceety o [[Kaminaljuyu]]. Kaminaljuyu wis first occupied atween 1200 an 1000 BC an the ceety continued tae be inhabitit for aboot 2000 years afore it wis abandoned in the Late Classic Period o [[Mesoamerican chronology]] (600&ndash;900 AD).<ref>Sharer & Traxler 2006, pp.194-195.</ref> It is ane of Americae's maist notable archaeological steids. The centre o Kaminaljuyu wis locatit a short distance frae the auldest pairt o Guatemala Ceety. Housomeivver, in the late 20t century, the ceety grew aroond the ruins, an, in some cases, ower some o the ootlyin ruins afore thay wur protectit. Mony o the several hunder temple mounds hae been biggit ower wi freeways, shoppin centres, commerce, luxury hotels an residential auries. The central ceremonial centre o Kaminaljuyu wis housomeivver protectit bi the Guatemalan govrenment an is nou a pairk athin the ceety. Thare are an aa mony ruins still in existence, protectit bi the govrenment. [[File:Guatemala City, National Post Office Building.JPG|thumb|x250px|right|Metropolitan Cultural Centre (auld Naitional Post Office Biggin).]] In Spainyie colonial times, Guatemala Ceety wis a sma toun. It haed a monastery cawed ''El Carmen'', foondit in 1629. The caipital o the Spainyie [[Captaincy General o Guatemala]], coverin maist o modren [[Central Americae]], wis muived here efter a series o earthquakes - the [[Santa Marta earthquake]]s that stairtit on 29 Julie 1773 - destroyed the auld caipital, [[Antigua Guatemala]].<ref>{{cite web|author=José Omar Moncada Maya |url=http://www.ub.es/geocrit/b3w-444.htm |title=En torno a la destrucción de la ciudad de Guatemala, 1773. Una carta del ingeniero militar Antonio Marín |publisher=Ub.es |date= |accessdate=2009-07-08}}</ref> On 27 September 1775, [[Keeng]] [[Charles III o Spain]] officialised the muivin o the caipital. This dramatically increased the potential for expansion o the ceety. Guatemala Ceety wis the scene o the declaration o unthirldom o Central Americae frae Spain, an became the caipital o the [[Federal Republic o Central Americae]] in 1821. == The day == [[File:guatemala city aerial night b.JPG|thumb|left|300px|Forenuin view frae a plane]] Guatemala Ceety is the economic, govrenmental an cultural caipital o the Republic. The ceety an aa functions as the main port o entry intae the kintra, wi internaitional airport, [[La Aurora Internaitional Airport]] an maist major hieweys in the kintra oreeginatin or leadin tae the ceety. In addition tae a wide variety o restaurants, hotels an shops, the ceety haes a wide variety o airt galleries, theatres, sports venues an museums (includin some fine collections o [[Pre-Columbie]] airt) an continually affers an increasin amoont o cultural activities. Guatemala Ceety affers aw the modren amenities alang wi important historic steids that a warld cless ceety can be expectit tae hae rangin frae an [[IMAX Theatre]] tae the Ícaro film festival ([[Festival Ícaro]]) featurin film producit in Guatemala an Central Americae. The ceety continues tae be a pole for the attraction o immigrants frae the kintra's rural auries as well as foreign immigrants. ==Climate== Despite its location in the [[tropics]] an the mony micro climates foond athin the kintra, Guatemala Ceety’s elevation an the resultin moderating influence o the heicher altitude enable it tae enjoy a [[subtropical hieland climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Cwb''), tho dependin on location, it borders on a [[tropical savanna climate]] ([[Köppen climate clessification|Köppen]] ''Aw'') an aw. Guatemala Ceety is generally mild, amaist springlike, throuoot the course o the year. It occasionally gets wairm durin the dry saison, but no as het as ither sea-level ceeties locatit in the tropics. The hettest month is Apryle. The rainy saison extends frae Mey tae October while the dry saison covers the remainder o the year. The ceety is vera windy an aw, which mey decrease the apparent temperatur. The average annual temperatur ranges frae {{convert|22|to|28|°C|°F|abbr=on}} durin the day, an {{convert|12|to|17|°C|°F|abbr=on}} at nicht. Average fore-nuin [[relative humidity]]: 82%, fore-nuin relative humidity: 58%. Average [[dew point]] is {{convert|16|°C|°F|abbr=on|lk=on}}.<ref name="weatherbase.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=14687&refer=&units=metric |title=Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Guatemala City, Guatemala |access-date=2014-01-27 |archive-date=2011-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113054055/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=14687&refer=&units=metric |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{Weather box|location = Guatemala City (1990 - 2011) |metric first = yes |single line = yes |temperature colour= pastel |Jan record high C = 30.0 |Feb record high C = 32.1 |Mar record high C = 32.0 |Apr record high C = 33.9 |May record high C = 33.9 |Jun record high C = 31.2 |Jul record high C = 29.1 |Aug record high C = 30.2 |Sep record high C = 29.8 |Oct record high C = 28.6 |Nov record high C = 29.9 |Dec record high C = 28.8 |year record high C = 33.9 |Jan high C = 24.3 |Feb high C = 25.8 |Mar high C = 26.8 |Apr high C = 27.8 |May high C = 27.1 |Jun high C = 25.8 |Jul high C = 25.4 |Aug high C = 25.5 |Sep high C = 25.1 |Oct high C = 24.7 |Nov high C = 24.2 |Dec high C = 23.9 |year high C = 25.5 |Jan low C = 13.2 |Feb low C = 13.6 |Mar low C = 14.6 |Apr low C = 16.0 |May low C = 16.8 |Jun low C = 16.8 |Jul low C = 16.3 |Aug low C = 16.5 |Sep low C = 16.4 |Oct low C = 16.0 |Nov low C = 14.7 |Dec low C = 13.7 |year low C = 15.4 |Jan record low C = 6.0 |Feb record low C = 7.8 |Mar record low C = 8.4 |Apr record low C = 8.6 |May record low C = 12.3 |Jun record low C = 11.2 |Jul record low C = 12.1 |Aug record low C = 13.5 |Sep record low C = 13.0 |Oct record low C = 11.4 |Nov record low C = 9.4 |Dec record low C = 7.6 |year record low C = 6.0 |rain colour=green |Jan rain mm = 2.8 |Feb rain mm = 5.4 |Mar rain mm = 6.0 |Apr rain mm = 31.0 |May rain mm = 128.9 |Jun rain mm = 271.8 |Jul rain mm = 202.6 |Aug rain mm = 202.7 |Sep rain mm = 236.6 |Oct rain mm = 131.6 |Nov rain mm = 48.8 |Dec rain mm = 6.6 |year precipitation mm = 1274.7 |Jan rain days = 1.68 |Feb rain days = 1.45 |Mar rain days = 2.00 |Apr rain days = 4.73 |May rain days = 12.36 |Jun rain days = 21.14 |Jul rain days = 18.59 |Aug rain days = 19.04 |Sep rain days = 20.82 |Oct rain days = 14.59 |Nov rain days = 6.18 |Dec rain days = 2.64 |year rain days = 135.5 |Jan sun = 248.4 |Feb sun = 236.2 |Mar sun = 245.6 |Apr sun = 237.9 |May sun = 184.4 |Jun sun = 155.3 |Jul sun = 183.4 |Aug sun = 191.8 |Sep sun = 159.0 |Oct sun = 178.0 |Nov sun = 211.7 |Dec sun = 209.2 |year sun = 2441.2 |Jan humidity= 74.3 |Feb humidity= 73.4 |Mar humidity= 73.2 |Apr humidity= 74.3 |May humidity= 77.3 |Jun humidity= 82.4 |Jul humidity= 80.8 |Aug humidity= 80.9 |Sep humidity= 84.5 |Oct humidity= 82.0 |Nov humidity= 79.2 |Dec humidity= 76.0 |year humidity= 77.8 |source 1 = [[Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia, e Hidrologia]] <ref name = Insivumeh >{{cite web |url=https://www.anywhere.com/guatemala |title= guatemala |accessdate= 16 August 2018}}</ref>}} ==Structur an growthe== [[File:Guatemala City Air View2.jpg|thumb|275px|Zona Viva]] [[File:Plaza España Cd Guatemala a Noche.jpg|thumb|285px|left|Plaza España at Nicht]] Guatemala Ceety is subdividit intae 22 zones designed bi the urban ingineerin o [[Raúl Aguilar Batres]], ilka ane wi its awn streets an avenues, makkin it pretty easy tae find addresses in the ceety. Zones are nummered 1-25 wi Zones 20, 22 an 23 no existin as thay wad hae fawen in twa ither municipalities territory. Addresses are assigned accordin tae the street or avenue nummer, follaeed bi a dash an the nummer o metres it is awa frae the intersection further simplifeein address location. The zones are assigned in a spiral form stairtin in dountoun Guatemala Ceety. The ceety's metro aurie haes recently grown vera rapidly an haes absorbit maist o the neebourin municipalities o [[Villa Nueva, Guatemala|Villa Nueva]], [[San Miguel Petapa]], [[Mixco]], [[San Pedro Sacatepéquez, Guatemala|San Juan Sacatepéquez]], [[San José Pinula]], [[Santa Catarina Pinula]], [[Fraijanes]], [[San Pedro Ayampuc]], [[Amatitlán]], [[Villa Canales]], [[Palencia, Guatemala|Palencia]] an [[Chinautla]] formin wha is nou kent as the [[Guatemala Ceety metropolitan aurie]]. Zone Ane is the Historic Centre, (Centro Histórico), lyin in the vera hert o the ceety, the location o mony important historic biggins includin the Palacio Nacional de la Cultura (Naitional Palace o Cultur), the Metropolitan Cathedral, the Naitional Congress, the [https://www.anywhere.com/guatemala/travel-guide/government-and-economy Casa Presidencial] (Presidential Hoose), the Naitional Librar an Plaza de la Constitución (Constitution Plaza, auld Central Pairk). Efforts tae revitalize this important pairt o the ceety hae been unnertaken bi the municipal govrenment an hae been vera successfu sicweys far. [[File:Guatemala City - Guatemala.jpg|thumb|255px|left|Zona 14]] [[File:Ciudad Cayalá, zona 16 - 50738792521.jpg|thumb|265px|right|Ciudad Cayalá]] In an attempt tae control rapid growthe o the ceety, the municipal govrenment (Municipalidad de Guatemala) heidit bi langtime Mayor [[Álvaro Arzú]], haes implementit a plan tae control its growthe based on transects alang its important airterial roads an exhibittin [[Transit-orientit development]] (TOD) characteristics. This plan denominatit POT (Plan de Ordenamiento Territorial) aims tae allou tawer biggin structurs o mixed uisses tae be biggit next tae lairge arterial roads an gradually decline in hicht an density as you muive awa frae sic. It is wirth mentioning an aw, that due tae the Airport bein in the ceety, tae the sooth, mony Aeronautic Hicht Leemits hae been applee'd tae the construction code. This leemits the maximum hicht for a biggin, at 60 Metres in Zone 10, up tae 95 Meters in Zone 1.<ref name="pot.muniguate.com">{{cite web |url=http://pot.muniguate.com/ |title=Plan de Ordenamiento Territorial - Tú eres la Ciudad, Municipalidad de Guatemala, cumple |language=es |publisher=Pot.muniguate.com |date= |accessdate=2009-07-08 |archive-date=2009-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721165845/http://pot.muniguate.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The ceety is locatit in the Sooth-Central aurie o the kintra an haes a lot o green auries. The ceety affers a portfolio o enterteenment in the region, focused on the sae-cried Zona Viva an the Calzada Roosevelt as well as fower degrees north. The activity o Casinos is great an possesses several locatit in different pairts o the Zona Viva, awtho east mercat is still in the stage o initiation, awtho the date haes been restructurin this aurie an is becomin mair modren. Well as an endless shoppin maws an Maw's that haes the ceety, the main Maw's which we can mention are: Galerías Miraflores, Oakland Maw, Portales, Pradera Concepción, Metrocentro o Villa Nueva; Shoppin maws; Plaza Fontabella, The Village, Majadas, Los Próceres, Bonus Galleries, Via Majadas, Maw o zone 4, [[Tikal Futura]], Galerías Primma, Metronorte, Korea Center, Geminis 10, Unicentro, Plaza del Naranjo, Galerías Pradera, Pacific Center, Metrosur, Century Plaza, Los Manantiales, Peri-Roosevelt, Gran Via Roosevelt, Santander Commercial Plaza, Quinta Samayoa, Gran Via, Eskala Roosevelt, Megacentro amang ithers. Ane o the maist ootstaundin mayors wis the ingineer Martin Prado Vélez, who teuk ower in 1949, an ruled the ceety durin the reformist Preses Arevalo an Arbenz. O cobanero oreegin, marriet wi Marta Cobos, he studiet at the Varsity o San Carlos. Unner his tenur, amang ither modrenist wirks o the ceety, it wis biggit or stairtit the El Incienso brig, the construction o the Roosevelt Avenue, the main road axis frae east tae wast o the ceety, the toun haw biggin, an numerous road wirks which meant the widenin o the colonial ceety, its order in the cardinal pynts an the generation o a ring road wi the first Shamrock in the main ceety o Central Americae. In the financial destrict are the tawest biggins in the kintra includin: [[Club Premier]], Tinttorento, Atlantis biggin, Atrium, [[Tikal Futura]], Building of Finances, Touers Building Batteries, Torres Botticelli, Tadeus, building o the INTECAP, Royal Touers, Touers Geminis, Industrial Bank touers, Holiday Inn Hotel, Premier o the Americas, amang mony ithers tae be uised for offices, apairtments etc. An aw include projects sic as Zona Pradera an Interamerica´s Warld Financial Center http://www.interamericaswfc.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125094909/https://www.interamericaswfc.com/ |date=2019-01-25 }}. The location o the La Aurora internaitional airport athin the ceety leemits the construction o skyscrapers, chyngin the leemits permittit directly bi its location athin the urban aurie. {{Wide image|Skyline de la Zona 14 de la Ciudad de Guatemala..jpg|1750px|<center>Skyline o the zone 14 or residential biggins zone.</center>}} ==Population== [[File:Guatemala City Metropolitan Area Satellite view.jpg|thumb|200px|Aerial View o Guatemala Ceety]] As o the 2002 census, the metropolitan aurie haed a population o 2.3 million.{{citation needed}} Guatemalans hae a diversity o oreegins, wi Spainyie an [[Mestizo]] strynd bein the maist common. ==Places o interest bi zones== [[File:Guatemala National Palace of Culture.jpg|thumb|260px|Palacio Nacional, Guatemala City.]] [[File:Mapa en Relieve Guatemala.JPG|thumb|255px|Relief cairt o Guatemala]] [[File:Carrera nocturna ciudad de Guatemala.jpg|thumb|175px|Touer o the Reformer]] [[File:Guatemala City Buildings.JPG|thumb|260px|Biggins in Guatemala Ceety as seen frae La Aurora Int'l Airport Concourse wi the auld historic airport in the forefront.]] Guatemala Ceety is subdividit intae 22 zones designed bi the urban ingineerin o [[Raúl Aguilar Batres]], ilka ane wi its awn streets an avenues, makkin it vera easy tae find addresses in the ceety. Zones are nummered 1-25 wi Zones 20, 22 an 23 no existin.<ref name="pot.muniguate.com"/> ===Zone 1=== *Museos de Guatemala [http://www.museosdeguatemala.org/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220174735/https://museosdeguatemala.org/ |date=2021-02-20 }} *Centro Histórico [http://elcentrohistorico.com/ Site in Spainyie.] *Paseo de la Sexta Avenida [[:es:Paseo de la Sexta]] *[[National Palace (Guatemala)|Naitional Palace o Cultur]] *Metropolitan Cathedral *''Mercado Central'' (central mercat)[http://www.gofolklore.com/index.php/travel-guide/item/guatemala-city-central-market/] *''Biblioteca Nacional'' (naitional librar) *Teatro Abril [http://www.teatroabril.com/] *[[Centro Cultural Miguel Ángel Asturias]] * Hogar Rafael Ayau Orthodox Orphanage [http://www.hogarrafaelayau.org/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100828214540/http://www.hogarrafaelayau.org/ |date=2010-08-28 }} ===Zone 2=== *''Mapa en Relieve'' (giant cairt o Guatemala, unique in the warld) an surroondin pairks <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.funtec-guatemala.org/page6.html |title=Mapa en Relieve de Guatemala |publisher=Web.archive.org |date= |accessdate=2009-07-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209212714/http://www.funtec-guatemala.org/page6.html |archivedate=2008-02-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Zone 3=== *General Cemetery *[[Safe Passage (Maine)|Safe Passage/Camino Seguro]] - a nanprofit organisation that eddicates the childer frae Zone 3 ===Zone 4=== *[[Centro Cultural Miguel Ángel Asturias]] *[[Cuatro Grados Norte]] revitalisit pedestrian aurie an cultural destrict * Visa Immigration Office for aw foreigners ===Zone 5=== * [[Estadio Mateo Flores]] ===Zone 9=== * [[Torre del Reformador]] (Touer o the Reformer). * ''Parque de la Industria'', fairgrunds [http://www.coperex.com.gt/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121225458/http://www.coperex.com.gt/ |date=2021-01-21 }} *[[Avenida Reforma]] an [[Obelisco (Guatemala Ceety)|El Obelisco]], a pairklike boulevard ===Zone 10=== Zone 10, alang wi bein the financial destrict o the ceety, is amang the maist popular auries for pop cultur, shopping an entertainment. A destrict within Zone 10, kent as Zona Viva, contains mony o the ceety's maist popular an maist expensive hotels, restaurants, bars, nightclubs, an ither entertainment venues for urban dwellers. An aa, mony o the embassies are locatit in Zone 10. *''Museo Ixchel del Traje Indígena'' (Mayan dress museum) <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.museoixchel.org/ |title=Museo Ixchel |publisher=Web.archive.org |date=2008-02-02 |accessdate=2009-07-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080202120854/http://www.museoixchel.org/ |archivedate=2008-02-02 |url-status=live }}</ref> *[[Museo Popol Vuh]] *[[Zona Viva]] enterteenment destrict *Botanical gairden <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anywhere.com/guatemala/travel-guide/government-and-economy |title=guatemala government and economy |publisher=Natureserve.org |date= |accessdate=2009-07-25}}</ref> *Plaza Fontabella *Oakland Mall ===Zone 11=== * Museo Miraflores [http://www.museomiraflores.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080128160541/http://www.museomiraflores.com/ |date=2008-01-28 }}, Miraflores ane o the biggest maws in the ceety an Central Americae. ===Zone 13=== *[[Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología]] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deguate.com/infocentros/entretenimiento/arteycultura/arteycultura/museo-arque.htm |title=Museo Nacional de Arqueologia y Etnologia de Guatemala - deGUATE.com |publisher=deGUATE.com<! |date= |accessdate=2009-07-25}}</ref> *Museo de Arte Moderno (Airt Museum) *Museo de los Niños (Childer's Museum) *Museo Nacional de Historia Natural (Natural History Museum) *[[La Aurora Zoo]] <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anywhere.com/guatemala/travel-guide/people-and-culture |title=guatemala people and culture |publisher=anywhere.com |date= |accessdate=2018-06-16}}</ref> *[[La Aurora Internaitional Airport]] *Avenida de las Américas *Domo Polideportivo Indoor Sports Stadium *Mercado de Artesanías, Artscrafts an handicrafts Mercat *Reloj de Flores (Landsaped Floral Clock) *Antiguo Aqueducto (Remains o the Historical Aqueduct) *[[Justo Rufino Barrios]] Monument (Monument o ane o Guatemala's hintle acclaimit past Preses, responsible for the introduction o the railroads amang ither services tae the kintra.) *[[Tecún Úman]] Monument (Monument tae a famit Mayan leader an warrior in Guatemala's History) *Velodromo Nacional (Nacional Velodrome) == Sports == Guatemala Ceety possesses several sportsgrunds an is hame tae mony sports clubs. [[fitbaa]] is the maist popular sport, wi [[CSD Municipal]], [[Aurora FC]] an [[Comunicaciones]] bein the main clubs. The [[Estadio Mateo Flores]], locatit in the Zone 5 o the ceety, is the lairgest stadium in the kintra, follaed in capacity bi the [[Estadio Cementos Progreso]] an the [[Estadio del Ejército]]. An important multi-functional hall is the [[Domo Polideportivo de la CDAG]]. The ceety haes hostit several promotional functions an some internaitional sports events: in 1950 it hostit the [[1950 Central American an Caribbean Gemmes|VI Central American an Caribbean Gemmes]], an in 2000 the [[FIFA Futsal Warld Championship]]. On Julie 4, 2007 the [[Internaitional Olympic Committee]] githered in Guatemala Ceety an votit [[Sochi]] tae acome the host for the [[2014 Winter Olympics]] an [[2014 Winter Paralympics|Paralympics]].<ref>{{cite web |author=rga-online, Remscheid, Germany |url=http://www.rga-online.de/sport/topnews.php?publikation=2&template=phparttext_tt&ausgabe=42929&redaktion=1&artikel=108623013 |title=Topnews - Sport - Remscheid: Remscheider General-Anzeiger / rga-online ...weil wir hier zu Hause sind! |publisher=Rga-online.de |date= |language=German |accessdate=2009-07-08 |archive-date=2010-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605182717/http://www.rga-online.de/sport/topnews.php?publikation=2&template=phparttext_tt&ausgabe=42929&redaktion=1&artikel=108623013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In Apryle 2010, it hosted the XIVth Pan-American Moontain Bike Championships.<ref>http://www.guatepanamericanomtb2010.com/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100313233337/http://www.guatepanamericanomtb2010.com/ |date=2010-03-13 }} XIVth Pan-American Mountain Bike Championships</ref> Guatemala Ceety wis annoonced in November 2007 tae host the [[2008 CONCACAF Futsal Championship|2008 edition]] o the [[North an Central American Futsal Championship|CONCACAF Futsal Championship]], played at the Domo Polideportivo frae Juin 2 tae Juin 8, 2008. == Internaitional relations == {{See an aa|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Central Americae}} === Twin touns — sister ceeties === Guatemala Ceety is [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi: {| cellpadding="10" |- valign="top" | * {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Madrid]], [[Spain]] <ref name="hermanadas">{{cite web | title = Mapa Mundi de las ciudades hermanadas | publisher = Ayuntamiento de Madrid | url = http://www.munimadrid.es/portal/site/munimadrid/menuitem.dbd5147a4ba1b0aa7d245f019fc08a0c/?vgnextoid=4e84399a03003110VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=4e98823d3a37a010VgnVCM100000d90ca8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=especial1&idContenido=1da69a4192b5b010VgnVCM100000d90ca8c0RCRD Madrid city council webpage | accessdate = 2009-07-25}}</ref> *{{flagicon|Bolivia}} [[La Paz]], [[Bolivie]] *{{flagicon|Nicaragua}} [[Managua]], [[Nicaragua]] *{{flagicon|Puerto Rico}} [[San Juan, Puerto Rico]] *{{flagicon|El Salvador}} [[San Salvador]], [[El Salvador]] || *{{flagicon|Spain}} [[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]], [[Spain]] *{{flagicon|Israel}} [[Kfar Saba]], [[Israel]] *{{flagicon|Taiwan}} [[Taipei]], [[Republic o Cheenae|Taiwan (Republic o Cheenae)]] *{{flagicon|Peru}} [[Trujillo, Peru|Trujillo]], [[Peru]] || *{{flagicon|Honduras}} [[San Pedro Sula]], [[Honduras]] *{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Bogotá|Santa Fé de Bogotá]], [[Colombie]] *{{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Mexico Ceety]], [[Mexico]] *{{flagicon|Panama}} [[Panama Ceety]], [[Panama]] |} == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat|Guatemala City}} {{Guatemala Depairtment}} {{Leet o North American caipitals}} [[Category:Guatemala Ceety| ]] [[Category:Municipalities o the Guatemala Depairtment]] [[Category:Populatit places in the Guatemala Depairtment]] [[Category:Caipitals in Central Americae]] [[Category:Caipitals in North Americae]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1773]] {{Stub/CentrAm}} {{Stub/Ceety}} ggl19ux9ac9smx6bf45lsk1lm6amlnh Riga 0 12089 925468 911223 2026-10-30T13:36:45Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 Replace archive.today airtins wi Wayback Machine airtins 925468 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See the Table at Infobox settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage --> |official_name = Riga |native_name = Rīga |native_name_lang = lv |settlement_type = Ceety |image_skyline =Riga - Latvia.jpg |imagesize =280px |image_alt =A view frae [[St. Peter's Kirk, Riga|St. Peter's Kirk]] in Riga Auld Toun. |image_caption =A view frae [[St. Peter's Kirk, Riga|St. Peter's Kirk]] in Riga Auld Toun. |image_flag = Rigas Karogs.svg |image_seal = Greater Coat of Arms of Riga - for display.svg | pushpin_map_caption = Location within Latvie##Location within the Baltics##Location within Europe | pushpin_map = Latvia#Baltic states#Europe | pushpin_relief = 1 |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Latvie}} |government_footnotes = <ref name="council">{{cite web |url=http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/Riga_Municipality/Riga_City_Council/default.htm |title=Riga City Council |publisher=[[Riga City Council]] |accessdate=22 July 2009 |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225141932/https://www.riga.lv/lv |url-status=dead }}</ref> |government_type = Ceety cooncil |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = [[Nils Ušakovs]] |area_magnitude = 1 E+6 |area_footnotes = (''2002'') <ref name="figures">{{cite web |url=http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/About_Riga/Riga_in_numbers/default.htm |title=Riga in Figures |accessdate=2 August 2007 |publisher=[[Riga Ceety Cooncil]] |archive-date=2007-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810132246/http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/About_Riga/Riga_in_numbers/default.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |area_total_km2 = 307.17 |area_water_km2 = 48.50 |area_water_percent = 15.8 |area_metro_km2 = 10132 |population_as_of = ''2010'' |population_footnotes = &nbsp;{{citation needed}} |population_total = 706413 |population_density_km2 = auto |population_metro = 1,098,523 ([[Riga Region]]) |population_density_metro_km2 = 108.3 |population_blank1_title = [[Demonym]] |population_blank1 = Rīdzinieki |demographics_type1 = Ethnicity |demographics1_footnotes = (''2010'') <ref name="ethnicity">{{cite web|url=http://data.csb.gov.lv/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=04-19a&ti=4-19.+RESIDENT+POPULATION+BY+ETHNICITY+AND+BY+REGION%2C+CITY+AND+DISTRICT+AT+THE+BEGINNING+OF+THE+YEAR&path=./DATABASEEN/Iedzsoc/Annual%20statistical%20data/04.%20Population/&lang=1 |title=Resident Population by Ethnicity and by Region, Cityr and District at the Bebinning of the Year |publisher=csb.gov.lv |accessdate=22 July 2010}} {{dead link|date=September 2011}}</ref> |demographics1_title1 = [[Latvie fowk|Latvies]] |demographics1_info1 = 42.5 % |demographics1_title2 = [[Roushies]] |demographics1_info2 = 40.7 % |demographics1_title3 = [[Belaroushies]] |demographics1_info3 = 4.0 % |demographics1_title4 = [[Ukrainians]] |demographics1_info4 = 3.9 % |demographics1_title5 = [[Poles]] |demographics1_info5 = 2.0 % |demographics1_title6 = Ithers |demographics1_info6 = 6.7 % |timezone1 = EET |utc_offset1 = +2 |timezone1_DST = EEST |utc_offset1_DST = +3 |coordinates = {{coord|56|56|56|N|24|6|23|E|display=inline,title}} |area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in Latvie|Cawin codes]] |area_code = 66 & 67 |website = [http://www.riga.lv/ www.riga.lv] }} '''Riga''' ({{lang-lv|Rīga}}, {{IPA-lv|riːɡa|pron|Rigapronunc.ogg}}) is the [[caipital ceety|caipital]] an [[Demographics o Latvie|lairgest ceety]] o [[Latvie]], a major [[industry|industrial]], [[commerce|commercial]], [[cultur]]al an [[financial centre]] o the [[Baltic region|Baltics]], an an important [[port|seaport]], situatit on the mouth o the [[Daugava River|Daugava]]. Wi 706,413 inhabitants (2010), it is the lairgest ceety o the [[Baltic states]] an third-lairgest in the [[Baltic region]], ahint [[Saunt Petersburg]] an [[Stockholm]] (coontin residents athin the ceety limits). Riga's territory covers 307.17 km2 (118.60 sq mi) an lies atween 1 an 10 metres (3.3 an 33&nbsp;ft) [[abuin mean sea level|abuin sea level]], on a flat an sandy plain. [[Vecrīga|Riga's historical centre]] haes been declared a [[UNESCO]] [[Warld Heritage Steid]], an the ceety is pairticularly notable for its extensive [[Jugendstil]] (German [[Art Nouveau]]) airchitecture, which UNESCO considers tae be unparalleled onywhere in the warld.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/852.pdf |title=World Heritage List&nbsp;— Riga (Latvia); No. 852 |publisher=unesco.org |format=PDF |pages=3 (67) |accessdate=2009-07-25}}</ref> == Etymology == Ane theory for the oreegin o the name ''Riga'' is that it is a corruptit borraein frae the Liv ''ringa'' meanin luip, referrin tae the auncient natural harbour formed bi the tributary luip o the Daugava.<ref name="CEROI">{{cite web |url=http://www.ceroi.net/reports/riga/latviski/pamatlietas/teritorija.htm |title=Teritorija un administratīvās robežas vēsturiskā skatījumā |language=Latvian |accessdate=2 August 2007 |publisher=Cities Environmental Reports on the Internet |archive-date=2007-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813035658/http://ceroi.net/reports/riga/latviski/pamatlietas/teritorija.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=BCelts>[http://www.liis.lv/latval/Valoda/Teksts/1nodalja/Citati/10.htm Endzelīns, Did Celts Inhabit the Baltics (1911 Dzimtene's Vēstnesis (''Homeland Messenger'') No. 227)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209024956/http://www.liis.lv/latval/Valoda/Teksts/1nodalja/Citati/10.htm |date=2008-12-09 }}. Retrieved July 24, 2009.</ref> The ither is that ''Riga'' awes its name tae this awready-established role in commerce atween East an Wast,<ref name="EMA">Vauchez et al. Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages. Routledge, 2001</ref> as a borraein o the Latvian ''rija'', for [[threshin]] barn, the "j" becomin a "g" in German{{mdash}}notably, Riga is cried ''Rie'' bi Inglis geographer [[Richard Hakluyt]] (1589),<ref name="BilmanisLIS">Bilmanis, A. Latvia as an Independent State. Latvian Legation. 1947.</ref><ref>Pronouncing the "i" and "e" separately, REE-eh, is the best approximation tae the Latvian ''rija'', as "Ria" wad result in an "i" no "ee" soond.</ref> an German historian Dionysius Fabricius (1610) confirms the oreegin o ''Riga'' frae ''rija''.<ref name="BilmanisLIS" /><ref>Fabrius, D. Livonicae Historiae Compendiosa Series, 1610: ''Riga nomen sortita est suum ab aedificiis vel horreis quorum a litus Dunae magna fuit copia, quas livones sua lingua Rias vocare soliti.'' {{la icon}}</ref> Anither theory coud be that Riga wis named efter Riege, the German name for the River Rīdzene, a tributary o the Daugava.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/About_Riga/History_of_Riga/Stories/Udeni/Ridzina.htm |title=Rīdziņa |access-date=2011-02-20 |archive-date=2007-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070711114153/http://www.ngw.nl/int/lat/riga.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Sports == === Sports clubs === * [[Basketbaw]] ** [[Barons LMT]] — a men's basketbaw team, twa-time [[Latvijas Basketbola līga|Latvian champion]], as well as the [[EuroCup 2007–08|2008]] [[FIBA EuroCup]] winner. ** [[TTT Riga]] — a women's basketbaw team, which throughoot 1960 an 1982 wan aichteen [[FIBA EuroLeague Women]] titles. ** [[VEF Riga]] * [[Ice hockey]] ** [[Dinamo Riga]] — an ice hockey club established in 2008. It plays in the [[Kontinental Hockey League]]. Dinamo wis established as a successor tae the [[Dinamo Riga (oreeginal)|umwhile hockey team wi the same name]], which wis foondit in 1946 but ceased tae exist in 1995. * [[Fitbaa]] ** [[Skonto FC]] — a fitbaa club established in 1991. The club wan fowerteen successive [[Latvian Higher League]] titles. For a lang time it providit the core o the [[Latvian naitional fitbaa team]]. ** [[FK Jaunība]] ** [[JFK Olimps/RFS]] === Sports facilities === * [[Arena Riga]] — a multi-purpose arena biggit in 2006 as the main venue for the [[2006 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships]]. It can hauld up tae 14,500 fowk an haes hostit [[ice hockey]], [[basketbaw]] an [[volleybaw]] events, as well as [[Red Bull X-Fighters]]. * [[Skonto Stadium]] — a fitbaa stadium, biggit in 2000. It is the main stadium uised for gemmes o the [[Latvian naitional fitbaa team]]. * [[Daugava Stadium]] — a stadium biggit in 1958, uised for baith [[fitbaa]] an [[Athletics (sport)|athletics]]. * [[Latvijas Universitates Stadions]] === Sports events === * [[Eurobasket 1937]] * [[EuroBasket Women 2009]] * [[2006 IIHF World Championship|2006 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships]] * [[Riga Marathon]] == Internaitional relations == {{See an aa|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Latvie}} === Twin touns — Sister ceeties === Riga maintains [[Twin touns an sister ceeties|sister ceety]] relationships wi the follaein ceeties:<ref name='"Riga"><!-- For all cities in the table, exept for those not listed, but attributed to other sources.-->{{cite web |url=http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/Riga_Municipality/Twin_cities_of_Riga/default.htm |title=Twin cities of Riga |publisher=[[Riga City Council]] |accessdate=2009-07-27 |archive-date=2018-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226073814/https://www.riga.lv/lv |url-status=dead }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- | {{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Aalborg]], [[Denmark]]<ref name="Aalborg">{{cite web |url=http://www.aalborgkommune.dk/Borgerportal/Serviceomraader/Byen/Venskabsbyer/Towns.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114155748/http://www.aalborgkommune.dk/Borgerportal/Serviceomraader/Byen/Venskabsbyer/Towns.htm |archivedate=2007-11-14 |title=Aalborg Kommune - Venskabsbyer |publisher=Web.archive.org |date=2007-11-14 |accessdate=2009-07-26 |url-status=dead }}{{Cite web |url=http://www.aalborgkommune.dk/Borgerportal/Serviceomraader/Byen/Venskabsbyer/Towns.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-02-20 |archive-date=2007-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114155748/http://www.aalborgkommune.dk/Borgerportal/Serviceomraader/Byen/Venskabsbyer/Towns.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> | {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[Almaty]], [[Kazakhstan]] | {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Amsterdam]], [[Netherlands]] | {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[Astana]], [[Kazakhstan]] |- | {{flagicon|China}} [[Beijing]], [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|Cheenae]]<ref name="Beijing">{{cite web|url=http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/|title=Sister Cities|publisher=Beijing Municipal Government|accessdate=2009-06-23|archive-date=2010-01-17|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5mq6B2fdq?url=http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | {{flagicon|France}} [[Bordeaux]], [[Fraunce]] | {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Bremen]], [[Germany]] | {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Cairns]], [[Australie]] |- | {{flagicon|France}} [[Calais]], [[Fraunce]] | {{flagicon|USA}} [[Dallas]], [[Texas]], [[Unitit States]] | {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Florence]], [[Italy]] | {{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]] |- | {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Kobe]], [[Japan]] <ref name="Kobe">{{cite web|url=http://www.city.kobe.jp/cityoffice/17/020/en/international/worldmap.htm|title=Sister City, Friendly City, Friendship & Cooperation City|publisher=[[copyright|©]] 2007-2009 [http://www.city.kobe.jp/ City of Kobe]|language=Japanese|accessdate=2009-07-14}}</ref> | {{flagicon|Belarus}} [[Minsk]], [[Belaroushie]] | {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Moscow]], [[Roushie]] | {{flagicon|Swaden}} [[Norrköping]], [[Swaden]] |- | {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Pori]], [[Finland]] | {{flagicon|USA}} [[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]], [[Rhode Island]], [[Unitit States]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.providenceri.com/press/sister_city.html |title=Mayor Announces Sister City&nbsp;— Meeting (7/30/2003) |publisher=Providence, RI, Office of the Mayor |accessdate=2007-01-17}}</ref> | {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Rostock]], [[Germany]] | {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Saunt Petersburg]], [[Roushie]]:<ref name="Saint Petersburg">{{cite web |url=http://eng.gov.spb.ru/figures/ities |title=Saint Petersburg in figures - International and Interregional Ties |publisher=Saint Petersburg City Government |accessdate=2009-07-27 |archive-date=2009-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224073839/http://eng.gov.spb.ru:80/figures/ities |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flagicon|Chile}} [[Santiago]], [[Chile]] | {{flagicon|UK}} [[Slough]], [[Unitit Kinrick]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bccl.lv/userfiles/e_magazines/BLT_autumn-draft.pdf |title=British Latvian Trade&nbsp;– the magazine of the British Chamber of Commerce in Latvia |format=PDF |pages=10, col. 2 |accessdate=2008-02-11 |archive-date=2008-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626205046/http://www.bccl.lv/userfiles/e_magazines/BLT_autumn-draft.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Stockholm]], [[Swaden]] | {{flagicon|China}} [[Suzhou]], [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|Cheenae]] |- | {{flagicon|Taiwan}} [[Taipei]], [[Taiwan]]<ref>[http://www.edunet.taipei.gov.tw/attach/The%2045%20Sister%20Cities%20list.doc Sister city list] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410023801/http://www.edunet.taipei.gov.tw/attach/The%2045%20Sister%20Cities%20list.doc |date=2014-04-10 }} (.DOC)</ref> | {{flagicon|Estonia}} [[Tallinn]], [[Estonie]] | {{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} [[Tashkent]], [[Uzbekistan]] | {{flagicon|Estonia}} [[Tartu]], [[Estonie]] |- | {{flagicon|Georgia}} [[Tbilisi]], [[Georgie (kintra)|Georgie]] | {{flagicon|Lithuania}} [[Vilnius]], [[Lithuanie]] | {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Warsaw]], [[Poland]] <ref>{{pl icon}} {{cite web |author= |url=http://um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/new/index.php?dzial=aktualnosci&ak_id=3284&kat=11 |title=Miasta partnerskie Warszawy |work=um.warszawa.pl |publisher=Biuro Promocji Miasta |pages= |page= |date=2005-05-04 |accessdate=2008-08-29 |archive-date=2007-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011111033/http://um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/new/index.php?dzial=aktualnosci&ak_id=3284&kat=11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |} == References == {{reflist}} == Freemit airtins == {{Commons|Riga}} * [http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/About_Riga/default.htm Riga Municipality portal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828172049/http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/About_Riga/default.htm |date=2011-08-28 }} * [http://www.citariga.lv/EN/ Other riga - The hame page aboot Riga] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524141653/http://www.citariga.lv/EN/ |date=2012-05-24 }} * {{wikivoyage|Riga}} * [http://www.latviaphoto.com/rigamaps/map_greater_riga_100x2400.jpg Map o Greater Riga] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213072947/http://www.latviaphoto.com/rigamaps/map_greater_riga_100x2400.jpg |date=2010-02-13 }} * [http://www.latvians.com/en/Reading/RigaNatlEncy/riga1897.php Riga] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508165151/http://www.latvians.com/en/Reading/RigaNatlEncy/riga1897.php |date=2013-05-08 }}—entry (airticle an engravin) frae ''The National Encyclopedia: A Dictionary of Universal Knowledge'', circa 1900 * [http://www.latvians.com/en/Reading/Riga19thC/Riga-01-19thC.php "Riga/Рига" photo album] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620094852/http://www.latvians.com/en/Reading/Riga19thC/Riga-01-19thC.php |date=2013-06-20 }}, circa 1910 * [http://www.latvians.com/en/Reading/CornPorts/cornports-01-homepage.php "Foreign Corn Ports-Riga"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508174033/http://www.latvians.com/en/Reading/CornPorts/cornports-01-homepage.php |date=2013-05-08 }}—''The Illustrated London News'' * [http://riga.in Riga Daily Photos an Webcams] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506004402/http://riga.in/ |date=2009-05-06 }} * [http://www.rigamap.net Virtual Map o Riga Ceety] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729201028/http://www.rigamap.net/ |date=2018-07-29 }} * [http://www.worldinmylens.com/riga "Riga"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717224806/http://www.worldinmylens.com/riga |date=2011-07-17 }}—''pictures frae Riga'' {{Admeenistrative diveesions o Latvie}} [[Category:Riga| ]] [[Category:Caipitals in Europe]] [[Category:Populatit coastal places in Latvie]] [[Category:Port ceeties in Latvie]] [[Category:Port ceeties an touns o the Easter Seas]] [[Category:Members o the Hanseatic League]] [[Category:Warld Heritage Steids in Latvie]] [[Category:NUTS 3 statistical regions o the European Union]] [[Category:Ceeties in Latvie]] [[Category:Republican ceeties o Latvie]] {{Stub/Balt}} {{Stub/Ceety}} rcig2m43cs9pndwqn2ocp12pvv2cilm 925548 925468 2026-10-31T01:05:53Z Atlantic306 30244 updated population from the English wikipedia article on Riga 925548 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See the Table at Infobox settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage --> |official_name = Riga |native_name = Rīga |native_name_lang = lv |settlement_type = Ceety |image_skyline =Riga - Latvia.jpg |imagesize =280px |image_alt =A view frae [[St. Peter's Kirk, Riga|St. Peter's Kirk]] in Riga Auld Toun. |image_caption =A view frae [[St. Peter's Kirk, Riga|St. Peter's Kirk]] in Riga Auld Toun. |image_flag = Rigas Karogs.svg |image_seal = Greater Coat of Arms of Riga - for display.svg | pushpin_map_caption = Location within Latvie##Location within the Baltics##Location within Europe | pushpin_map = Latvia#Baltic states#Europe | pushpin_relief = 1 |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Latvie}} |government_footnotes = <ref name="council">{{cite web |url=http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/Riga_Municipality/Riga_City_Council/default.htm |title=Riga City Council |publisher=[[Riga City Council]] |accessdate=22 July 2009 |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225141932/https://www.riga.lv/lv |url-status=dead }}</ref> |government_type = Ceety cooncil |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = [[Nils Ušakovs]] |area_magnitude = 1 E+6 |area_footnotes = (''2002'') <ref name="figures">{{cite web |url=http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/About_Riga/Riga_in_numbers/default.htm |title=Riga in Figures |accessdate=2 August 2007 |publisher=[[Riga Ceety Cooncil]] |archive-date=2007-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810132246/http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/About_Riga/Riga_in_numbers/default.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |area_total_km2 = 307.17 |area_water_km2 = 48.50 |area_water_percent = 15.8 |area_metro_km2 = 10132 |population_footnotes = <ref name=2026data/> | population_total = 588911 | population_as_of = 2026 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_urban = 615,764 | population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="t978">{{cite web | title=Riga Population 2025 | website=World Population Review | date=1918-11-18 | url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/cities/latvia/riga| access-date=2025-08-08}}</ref> | population_metro = 860,142 | population_metro_footnotes = | population_density_metro_km2 = auto | population_blank1_title = [[Demonym]] | population_blank1 = Rigan (''Rīdzinieks'') |demographics_type1 = Ethnicity |demographics1_footnotes = (''2010'') <ref name="ethnicity">{{cite web|url=http://data.csb.gov.lv/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=04-19a&ti=4-19.+RESIDENT+POPULATION+BY+ETHNICITY+AND+BY+REGION%2C+CITY+AND+DISTRICT+AT+THE+BEGINNING+OF+THE+YEAR&path=./DATABASEEN/Iedzsoc/Annual%20statistical%20data/04.%20Population/&lang=1 |title=Resident Population by Ethnicity and by Region, Cityr and District at the Bebinning of the Year |publisher=csb.gov.lv |accessdate=22 July 2010}} {{dead link|date=September 2011}}</ref> |demographics1_title1 = [[Latvie fowk|Latvies]] |demographics1_info1 = 42.5 % |demographics1_title2 = [[Roushies]] |demographics1_info2 = 40.7 % |demographics1_title3 = [[Belaroushies]] |demographics1_info3 = 4.0 % |demographics1_title4 = [[Ukrainians]] |demographics1_info4 = 3.9 % |demographics1_title5 = [[Poles]] |demographics1_info5 = 2.0 % |demographics1_title6 = Ithers |demographics1_info6 = 6.7 % |timezone1 = EET |utc_offset1 = +2 |timezone1_DST = EEST |utc_offset1_DST = +3 |coordinates = {{coord|56|56|56|N|24|6|23|E|display=inline,title}} |area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in Latvie|Cawin codes]] |area_code = 66 & 67 |website = [http://www.riga.lv/ www.riga.lv] }} '''Riga''' ({{lang-lv|Rīga}}, {{IPA-lv|riːɡa|pron|Rigapronunc.ogg}}) is the [[caipital ceety|caipital]] an [[Demographics o Latvie|lairgest ceety]] o [[Latvie]], a major [[industry|industrial]], [[commerce|commercial]], [[cultur]]al an [[financial centre]] o the [[Baltic region|Baltics]], an an important [[port|seaport]], situatit on the mouth o the [[Daugava River|Daugava]]. Wi 706,413 inhabitants (2010), it is the lairgest ceety o the [[Baltic states]] an third-lairgest in the [[Baltic region]], ahint [[Saunt Petersburg]] an [[Stockholm]] (coontin residents athin the ceety limits). Riga's territory covers 307.17 km2 (118.60 sq mi) an lies atween 1 an 10 metres (3.3 an 33&nbsp;ft) [[abuin mean sea level|abuin sea level]], on a flat an sandy plain. [[Vecrīga|Riga's historical centre]] haes been declared a [[UNESCO]] [[Warld Heritage Steid]], an the ceety is pairticularly notable for its extensive [[Jugendstil]] (German [[Art Nouveau]]) airchitecture, which UNESCO considers tae be unparalleled onywhere in the warld.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/852.pdf |title=World Heritage List&nbsp;— Riga (Latvia); No. 852 |publisher=unesco.org |format=PDF |pages=3 (67) |accessdate=2009-07-25}}</ref> == Etymology == Ane theory for the oreegin o the name ''Riga'' is that it is a corruptit borraein frae the Liv ''ringa'' meanin luip, referrin tae the auncient natural harbour formed bi the tributary luip o the Daugava.<ref name="CEROI">{{cite web |url=http://www.ceroi.net/reports/riga/latviski/pamatlietas/teritorija.htm |title=Teritorija un administratīvās robežas vēsturiskā skatījumā |language=Latvian |accessdate=2 August 2007 |publisher=Cities Environmental Reports on the Internet |archive-date=2007-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813035658/http://ceroi.net/reports/riga/latviski/pamatlietas/teritorija.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=BCelts>[http://www.liis.lv/latval/Valoda/Teksts/1nodalja/Citati/10.htm Endzelīns, Did Celts Inhabit the Baltics (1911 Dzimtene's Vēstnesis (''Homeland Messenger'') No. 227)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209024956/http://www.liis.lv/latval/Valoda/Teksts/1nodalja/Citati/10.htm |date=2008-12-09 }}. Retrieved July 24, 2009.</ref> The ither is that ''Riga'' awes its name tae this awready-established role in commerce atween East an Wast,<ref name="EMA">Vauchez et al. Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages. Routledge, 2001</ref> as a borraein o the Latvian ''rija'', for [[threshin]] barn, the "j" becomin a "g" in German{{mdash}}notably, Riga is cried ''Rie'' bi Inglis geographer [[Richard Hakluyt]] (1589),<ref name="BilmanisLIS">Bilmanis, A. Latvia as an Independent State. Latvian Legation. 1947.</ref><ref>Pronouncing the "i" and "e" separately, REE-eh, is the best approximation tae the Latvian ''rija'', as "Ria" wad result in an "i" no "ee" soond.</ref> an German historian Dionysius Fabricius (1610) confirms the oreegin o ''Riga'' frae ''rija''.<ref name="BilmanisLIS" /><ref>Fabrius, D. Livonicae Historiae Compendiosa Series, 1610: ''Riga nomen sortita est suum ab aedificiis vel horreis quorum a litus Dunae magna fuit copia, quas livones sua lingua Rias vocare soliti.'' {{la icon}}</ref> Anither theory coud be that Riga wis named efter Riege, the German name for the River Rīdzene, a tributary o the Daugava.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/About_Riga/History_of_Riga/Stories/Udeni/Ridzina.htm |title=Rīdziņa |access-date=2011-02-20 |archive-date=2007-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070711114153/http://www.ngw.nl/int/lat/riga.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Sports == === Sports clubs === * [[Basketbaw]] ** [[Barons LMT]] — a men's basketbaw team, twa-time [[Latvijas Basketbola līga|Latvian champion]], as well as the [[EuroCup 2007–08|2008]] [[FIBA EuroCup]] winner. ** [[TTT Riga]] — a women's basketbaw team, which throughoot 1960 an 1982 wan aichteen [[FIBA EuroLeague Women]] titles. ** [[VEF Riga]] * [[Ice hockey]] ** [[Dinamo Riga]] — an ice hockey club established in 2008. It plays in the [[Kontinental Hockey League]]. Dinamo wis established as a successor tae the [[Dinamo Riga (oreeginal)|umwhile hockey team wi the same name]], which wis foondit in 1946 but ceased tae exist in 1995. * [[Fitbaa]] ** [[Skonto FC]] — a fitbaa club established in 1991. The club wan fowerteen successive [[Latvian Higher League]] titles. For a lang time it providit the core o the [[Latvian naitional fitbaa team]]. ** [[FK Jaunība]] ** [[JFK Olimps/RFS]] === Sports facilities === * [[Arena Riga]] — a multi-purpose arena biggit in 2006 as the main venue for the [[2006 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships]]. It can hauld up tae 14,500 fowk an haes hostit [[ice hockey]], [[basketbaw]] an [[volleybaw]] events, as well as [[Red Bull X-Fighters]]. * [[Skonto Stadium]] — a fitbaa stadium, biggit in 2000. It is the main stadium uised for gemmes o the [[Latvian naitional fitbaa team]]. * [[Daugava Stadium]] — a stadium biggit in 1958, uised for baith [[fitbaa]] an [[Athletics (sport)|athletics]]. * [[Latvijas Universitates Stadions]] === Sports events === * [[Eurobasket 1937]] * [[EuroBasket Women 2009]] * [[2006 IIHF World Championship|2006 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships]] * [[Riga Marathon]] == Internaitional relations == {{See an aa|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Latvie}} === Twin touns — Sister ceeties === Riga maintains [[Twin touns an sister ceeties|sister ceety]] relationships wi the follaein ceeties:<ref name='"Riga"><!-- For all cities in the table, exept for those not listed, but attributed to other sources.-->{{cite web |url=http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/Riga_Municipality/Twin_cities_of_Riga/default.htm |title=Twin cities of Riga |publisher=[[Riga City Council]] |accessdate=2009-07-27 |archive-date=2018-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226073814/https://www.riga.lv/lv |url-status=dead }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- | {{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Aalborg]], [[Denmark]]<ref name="Aalborg">{{cite web |url=http://www.aalborgkommune.dk/Borgerportal/Serviceomraader/Byen/Venskabsbyer/Towns.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114155748/http://www.aalborgkommune.dk/Borgerportal/Serviceomraader/Byen/Venskabsbyer/Towns.htm |archivedate=2007-11-14 |title=Aalborg Kommune - Venskabsbyer |publisher=Web.archive.org |date=2007-11-14 |accessdate=2009-07-26 |url-status=dead }}{{Cite web |url=http://www.aalborgkommune.dk/Borgerportal/Serviceomraader/Byen/Venskabsbyer/Towns.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-02-20 |archive-date=2007-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114155748/http://www.aalborgkommune.dk/Borgerportal/Serviceomraader/Byen/Venskabsbyer/Towns.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> | {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[Almaty]], [[Kazakhstan]] | {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Amsterdam]], [[Netherlands]] | {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[Astana]], [[Kazakhstan]] |- | {{flagicon|China}} [[Beijing]], [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|Cheenae]]<ref name="Beijing">{{cite web|url=http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/|title=Sister Cities|publisher=Beijing Municipal Government|accessdate=2009-06-23|archive-date=2010-01-17|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5mq6B2fdq?url=http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | {{flagicon|France}} [[Bordeaux]], [[Fraunce]] | {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Bremen]], [[Germany]] | {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Cairns]], [[Australie]] |- | {{flagicon|France}} [[Calais]], [[Fraunce]] | {{flagicon|USA}} [[Dallas]], [[Texas]], [[Unitit States]] | {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Florence]], [[Italy]] | {{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]] |- | {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Kobe]], [[Japan]] <ref name="Kobe">{{cite web|url=http://www.city.kobe.jp/cityoffice/17/020/en/international/worldmap.htm|title=Sister City, Friendly City, Friendship & Cooperation City|publisher=[[copyright|©]] 2007-2009 [http://www.city.kobe.jp/ City of Kobe]|language=Japanese|accessdate=2009-07-14}}</ref> | {{flagicon|Belarus}} [[Minsk]], [[Belaroushie]] | {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Moscow]], [[Roushie]] | {{flagicon|Swaden}} [[Norrköping]], [[Swaden]] |- | {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Pori]], [[Finland]] | {{flagicon|USA}} [[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]], [[Rhode Island]], [[Unitit States]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.providenceri.com/press/sister_city.html |title=Mayor Announces Sister City&nbsp;— Meeting (7/30/2003) |publisher=Providence, RI, Office of the Mayor |accessdate=2007-01-17}}</ref> | {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Rostock]], [[Germany]] | {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Saunt Petersburg]], [[Roushie]]:<ref name="Saint Petersburg">{{cite web |url=http://eng.gov.spb.ru/figures/ities |title=Saint Petersburg in figures - International and Interregional Ties |publisher=Saint Petersburg City Government |accessdate=2009-07-27 |archive-date=2009-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224073839/http://eng.gov.spb.ru:80/figures/ities |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flagicon|Chile}} [[Santiago]], [[Chile]] | {{flagicon|UK}} [[Slough]], [[Unitit Kinrick]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bccl.lv/userfiles/e_magazines/BLT_autumn-draft.pdf |title=British Latvian Trade&nbsp;– the magazine of the British Chamber of Commerce in Latvia |format=PDF |pages=10, col. 2 |accessdate=2008-02-11 |archive-date=2008-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626205046/http://www.bccl.lv/userfiles/e_magazines/BLT_autumn-draft.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Stockholm]], [[Swaden]] | {{flagicon|China}} [[Suzhou]], [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|Cheenae]] |- | {{flagicon|Taiwan}} [[Taipei]], [[Taiwan]]<ref>[http://www.edunet.taipei.gov.tw/attach/The%2045%20Sister%20Cities%20list.doc Sister city list] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410023801/http://www.edunet.taipei.gov.tw/attach/The%2045%20Sister%20Cities%20list.doc |date=2014-04-10 }} (.DOC)</ref> | {{flagicon|Estonia}} [[Tallinn]], [[Estonie]] | {{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} [[Tashkent]], [[Uzbekistan]] | {{flagicon|Estonia}} [[Tartu]], [[Estonie]] |- | {{flagicon|Georgia}} [[Tbilisi]], [[Georgie (kintra)|Georgie]] | {{flagicon|Lithuania}} [[Vilnius]], [[Lithuanie]] | {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Warsaw]], [[Poland]] <ref>{{pl icon}} {{cite web |author= |url=http://um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/new/index.php?dzial=aktualnosci&ak_id=3284&kat=11 |title=Miasta partnerskie Warszawy |work=um.warszawa.pl |publisher=Biuro Promocji Miasta |pages= |page= |date=2005-05-04 |accessdate=2008-08-29 |archive-date=2007-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011111033/http://um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/new/index.php?dzial=aktualnosci&ak_id=3284&kat=11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |} == References == {{reflist}} == Freemit airtins == {{Commons|Riga}} * [http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/About_Riga/default.htm Riga Municipality portal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828172049/http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/About_Riga/default.htm |date=2011-08-28 }} * [http://www.citariga.lv/EN/ Other riga - The hame page aboot Riga] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524141653/http://www.citariga.lv/EN/ |date=2012-05-24 }} * {{wikivoyage|Riga}} * [http://www.latviaphoto.com/rigamaps/map_greater_riga_100x2400.jpg Map o Greater Riga] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213072947/http://www.latviaphoto.com/rigamaps/map_greater_riga_100x2400.jpg |date=2010-02-13 }} * [http://www.latvians.com/en/Reading/RigaNatlEncy/riga1897.php Riga] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508165151/http://www.latvians.com/en/Reading/RigaNatlEncy/riga1897.php |date=2013-05-08 }}—entry (airticle an engravin) frae ''The National Encyclopedia: A Dictionary of Universal Knowledge'', circa 1900 * [http://www.latvians.com/en/Reading/Riga19thC/Riga-01-19thC.php "Riga/Рига" photo album] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620094852/http://www.latvians.com/en/Reading/Riga19thC/Riga-01-19thC.php |date=2013-06-20 }}, circa 1910 * [http://www.latvians.com/en/Reading/CornPorts/cornports-01-homepage.php "Foreign Corn Ports-Riga"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508174033/http://www.latvians.com/en/Reading/CornPorts/cornports-01-homepage.php |date=2013-05-08 }}—''The Illustrated London News'' * [http://riga.in Riga Daily Photos an Webcams] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506004402/http://riga.in/ |date=2009-05-06 }} * [http://www.rigamap.net Virtual Map o Riga Ceety] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729201028/http://www.rigamap.net/ |date=2018-07-29 }} * [http://www.worldinmylens.com/riga "Riga"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717224806/http://www.worldinmylens.com/riga |date=2011-07-17 }}—''pictures frae Riga'' {{Admeenistrative diveesions o Latvie}} [[Category:Riga| ]] [[Category:Caipitals in Europe]] [[Category:Populatit coastal places in Latvie]] [[Category:Port ceeties in Latvie]] [[Category:Port ceeties an touns o the Easter Seas]] [[Category:Members o the Hanseatic League]] [[Category:Warld Heritage Steids in Latvie]] [[Category:NUTS 3 statistical regions o the European Union]] [[Category:Ceeties in Latvie]] [[Category:Republican ceeties o Latvie]] {{Stub/Balt}} {{Stub/Ceety}} hipr5tn16lsvihaqiaaehqmnbtbi64k 925549 925548 2026-10-31T01:10:55Z Atlantic306 30244 fixed reference 925549 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See the Table at Infobox settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage --> |official_name = Riga |native_name = Rīga |native_name_lang = lv |settlement_type = Ceety |image_skyline =Riga - Latvia.jpg |imagesize =280px |image_alt =A view frae [[St. Peter's Kirk, Riga|St. Peter's Kirk]] in Riga Auld Toun. |image_caption =A view frae [[St. Peter's Kirk, Riga|St. Peter's Kirk]] in Riga Auld Toun. |image_flag = Rigas Karogs.svg |image_seal = Greater Coat of Arms of Riga - for display.svg | pushpin_map_caption = Location within Latvie##Location within the Baltics##Location within Europe | pushpin_map = Latvia#Baltic states#Europe | pushpin_relief = 1 |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Latvie}} |government_footnotes = <ref name="council">{{cite web |url=http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/Riga_Municipality/Riga_City_Council/default.htm |title=Riga City Council |publisher=[[Riga City Council]] |accessdate=22 July 2009 |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225141932/https://www.riga.lv/lv |url-status=dead }}</ref> |government_type = Ceety cooncil |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = [[Nils Ušakovs]] |area_magnitude = 1 E+6 |area_footnotes = (''2002'') <ref name="figures">{{cite web |url=http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/About_Riga/Riga_in_numbers/default.htm |title=Riga in Figures |accessdate=2 August 2007 |publisher=[[Riga Ceety Cooncil]] |archive-date=2007-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810132246/http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/About_Riga/Riga_in_numbers/default.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |area_total_km2 = 307.17 |area_water_km2 = 48.50 |area_water_percent = 15.8 |area_metro_km2 = 10132 |population_footnotes = <ref name=2026data/>Home to 588,911 inhabitants (as of 2026),<ref name=2026data>{{cite web |url=https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/en/OSP_PUB/START__POP__IR__IRE/IRE071/ |title=Population by ethnicity in regions, cities, municipalities, towns, neighbourhoods and densely populated areas at the beginning of year 2012 - 2026|website=data stat.gov.lv}}</ref> | population_total = 588911 | population_as_of = 2026 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_urban = 615,764 | population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="t978">{{cite web | title=Riga Population 2025 | website=World Population Review | date=1918-11-18 | url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/cities/latvia/riga| access-date=2025-08-08}}</ref> | population_metro = 860,142 | population_metro_footnotes = | population_density_metro_km2 = auto | population_blank1_title = [[Demonym]] | population_blank1 = Rigan (''Rīdzinieks'') |demographics_type1 = Ethnicity |demographics1_footnotes = (''2010'') <ref name="ethnicity">{{cite web|url=http://data.csb.gov.lv/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=04-19a&ti=4-19.+RESIDENT+POPULATION+BY+ETHNICITY+AND+BY+REGION%2C+CITY+AND+DISTRICT+AT+THE+BEGINNING+OF+THE+YEAR&path=./DATABASEEN/Iedzsoc/Annual%20statistical%20data/04.%20Population/&lang=1 |title=Resident Population by Ethnicity and by Region, Cityr and District at the Bebinning of the Year |publisher=csb.gov.lv |accessdate=22 July 2010}} {{dead link|date=September 2011}}</ref> |demographics1_title1 = [[Latvie fowk|Latvies]] |demographics1_info1 = 42.5 % |demographics1_title2 = [[Roushies]] |demographics1_info2 = 40.7 % |demographics1_title3 = [[Belaroushies]] |demographics1_info3 = 4.0 % |demographics1_title4 = [[Ukrainians]] |demographics1_info4 = 3.9 % |demographics1_title5 = [[Poles]] |demographics1_info5 = 2.0 % |demographics1_title6 = Ithers |demographics1_info6 = 6.7 % |timezone1 = EET |utc_offset1 = +2 |timezone1_DST = EEST |utc_offset1_DST = +3 |coordinates = {{coord|56|56|56|N|24|6|23|E|display=inline,title}} |area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in Latvie|Cawin codes]] |area_code = 66 & 67 |website = [http://www.riga.lv/ www.riga.lv] }} '''Riga''' ({{lang-lv|Rīga}}, {{IPA-lv|riːɡa|pron|Rigapronunc.ogg}}) is the [[caipital ceety|caipital]] an [[Demographics o Latvie|lairgest ceety]] o [[Latvie]], a major [[industry|industrial]], [[commerce|commercial]], [[cultur]]al an [[financial centre]] o the [[Baltic region|Baltics]], an an important [[port|seaport]], situatit on the mouth o the [[Daugava River|Daugava]]. Wi 588,911 inhabitants (2026), it is the lairgest ceety o the [[Baltic states]] an third-lairgest in the [[Baltic region]], ahint [[Saunt Petersburg]] an [[Stockholm]] (coontin residents athin the ceety limits). Riga's territory covers 307.17 km2 (118.60 sq mi) an lies atween 1 an 10 metres (3.3 an 33&nbsp;ft) [[abuin mean sea level|abuin sea level]], on a flat an sandy plain. [[Vecrīga|Riga's historical centre]] haes been declared a [[UNESCO]] [[Warld Heritage Steid]], an the ceety is pairticularly notable for its extensive [[Jugendstil]] (German [[Art Nouveau]]) airchitecture, which UNESCO considers tae be unparalleled onywhere in the warld.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/852.pdf |title=World Heritage List&nbsp;— Riga (Latvia); No. 852 |publisher=unesco.org |format=PDF |pages=3 (67) |accessdate=2009-07-25}}</ref> == Etymology == Ane theory for the oreegin o the name ''Riga'' is that it is a corruptit borraein frae the Liv ''ringa'' meanin luip, referrin tae the auncient natural harbour formed bi the tributary luip o the Daugava.<ref name="CEROI">{{cite web |url=http://www.ceroi.net/reports/riga/latviski/pamatlietas/teritorija.htm |title=Teritorija un administratīvās robežas vēsturiskā skatījumā |language=Latvian |accessdate=2 August 2007 |publisher=Cities Environmental Reports on the Internet |archive-date=2007-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813035658/http://ceroi.net/reports/riga/latviski/pamatlietas/teritorija.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=BCelts>[http://www.liis.lv/latval/Valoda/Teksts/1nodalja/Citati/10.htm Endzelīns, Did Celts Inhabit the Baltics (1911 Dzimtene's Vēstnesis (''Homeland Messenger'') No. 227)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209024956/http://www.liis.lv/latval/Valoda/Teksts/1nodalja/Citati/10.htm |date=2008-12-09 }}. Retrieved July 24, 2009.</ref> The ither is that ''Riga'' awes its name tae this awready-established role in commerce atween East an Wast,<ref name="EMA">Vauchez et al. Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages. Routledge, 2001</ref> as a borraein o the Latvian ''rija'', for [[threshin]] barn, the "j" becomin a "g" in German{{mdash}}notably, Riga is cried ''Rie'' bi Inglis geographer [[Richard Hakluyt]] (1589),<ref name="BilmanisLIS">Bilmanis, A. Latvia as an Independent State. Latvian Legation. 1947.</ref><ref>Pronouncing the "i" and "e" separately, REE-eh, is the best approximation tae the Latvian ''rija'', as "Ria" wad result in an "i" no "ee" soond.</ref> an German historian Dionysius Fabricius (1610) confirms the oreegin o ''Riga'' frae ''rija''.<ref name="BilmanisLIS" /><ref>Fabrius, D. Livonicae Historiae Compendiosa Series, 1610: ''Riga nomen sortita est suum ab aedificiis vel horreis quorum a litus Dunae magna fuit copia, quas livones sua lingua Rias vocare soliti.'' {{la icon}}</ref> Anither theory coud be that Riga wis named efter Riege, the German name for the River Rīdzene, a tributary o the Daugava.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/About_Riga/History_of_Riga/Stories/Udeni/Ridzina.htm |title=Rīdziņa |access-date=2011-02-20 |archive-date=2007-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070711114153/http://www.ngw.nl/int/lat/riga.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Sports == === Sports clubs === * [[Basketbaw]] ** [[Barons LMT]] — a men's basketbaw team, twa-time [[Latvijas Basketbola līga|Latvian champion]], as well as the [[EuroCup 2007–08|2008]] [[FIBA EuroCup]] winner. ** [[TTT Riga]] — a women's basketbaw team, which throughoot 1960 an 1982 wan aichteen [[FIBA EuroLeague Women]] titles. ** [[VEF Riga]] * [[Ice hockey]] ** [[Dinamo Riga]] — an ice hockey club established in 2008. It plays in the [[Kontinental Hockey League]]. Dinamo wis established as a successor tae the [[Dinamo Riga (oreeginal)|umwhile hockey team wi the same name]], which wis foondit in 1946 but ceased tae exist in 1995. * [[Fitbaa]] ** [[Skonto FC]] — a fitbaa club established in 1991. The club wan fowerteen successive [[Latvian Higher League]] titles. For a lang time it providit the core o the [[Latvian naitional fitbaa team]]. ** [[FK Jaunība]] ** [[JFK Olimps/RFS]] === Sports facilities === * [[Arena Riga]] — a multi-purpose arena biggit in 2006 as the main venue for the [[2006 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships]]. It can hauld up tae 14,500 fowk an haes hostit [[ice hockey]], [[basketbaw]] an [[volleybaw]] events, as well as [[Red Bull X-Fighters]]. * [[Skonto Stadium]] — a fitbaa stadium, biggit in 2000. It is the main stadium uised for gemmes o the [[Latvian naitional fitbaa team]]. * [[Daugava Stadium]] — a stadium biggit in 1958, uised for baith [[fitbaa]] an [[Athletics (sport)|athletics]]. * [[Latvijas Universitates Stadions]] === Sports events === * [[Eurobasket 1937]] * [[EuroBasket Women 2009]] * [[2006 IIHF World Championship|2006 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships]] * [[Riga Marathon]] == Internaitional relations == {{See an aa|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Latvie}} === Twin touns — Sister ceeties === Riga maintains [[Twin touns an sister ceeties|sister ceety]] relationships wi the follaein ceeties:<ref name='"Riga"><!-- For all cities in the table, exept for those not listed, but attributed to other sources.-->{{cite web |url=http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/Riga_Municipality/Twin_cities_of_Riga/default.htm |title=Twin cities of Riga |publisher=[[Riga City Council]] |accessdate=2009-07-27 |archive-date=2018-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226073814/https://www.riga.lv/lv |url-status=dead }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- | {{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Aalborg]], [[Denmark]]<ref name="Aalborg">{{cite web |url=http://www.aalborgkommune.dk/Borgerportal/Serviceomraader/Byen/Venskabsbyer/Towns.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114155748/http://www.aalborgkommune.dk/Borgerportal/Serviceomraader/Byen/Venskabsbyer/Towns.htm |archivedate=2007-11-14 |title=Aalborg Kommune - Venskabsbyer |publisher=Web.archive.org |date=2007-11-14 |accessdate=2009-07-26 |url-status=dead }}{{Cite web |url=http://www.aalborgkommune.dk/Borgerportal/Serviceomraader/Byen/Venskabsbyer/Towns.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-02-20 |archive-date=2007-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114155748/http://www.aalborgkommune.dk/Borgerportal/Serviceomraader/Byen/Venskabsbyer/Towns.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> | {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[Almaty]], [[Kazakhstan]] | {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Amsterdam]], [[Netherlands]] | {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[Astana]], [[Kazakhstan]] |- | {{flagicon|China}} [[Beijing]], [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|Cheenae]]<ref name="Beijing">{{cite web|url=http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/|title=Sister Cities|publisher=Beijing Municipal Government|accessdate=2009-06-23|archive-date=2010-01-17|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5mq6B2fdq?url=http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | {{flagicon|France}} [[Bordeaux]], [[Fraunce]] | {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Bremen]], [[Germany]] | {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Cairns]], [[Australie]] |- | {{flagicon|France}} [[Calais]], [[Fraunce]] | {{flagicon|USA}} [[Dallas]], [[Texas]], [[Unitit States]] | {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Florence]], [[Italy]] | {{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]] |- | {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Kobe]], [[Japan]] <ref name="Kobe">{{cite web|url=http://www.city.kobe.jp/cityoffice/17/020/en/international/worldmap.htm|title=Sister City, Friendly City, Friendship & Cooperation City|publisher=[[copyright|©]] 2007-2009 [http://www.city.kobe.jp/ City of Kobe]|language=Japanese|accessdate=2009-07-14}}</ref> | {{flagicon|Belarus}} [[Minsk]], [[Belaroushie]] | {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Moscow]], [[Roushie]] | {{flagicon|Swaden}} [[Norrköping]], [[Swaden]] |- | {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Pori]], [[Finland]] | {{flagicon|USA}} [[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]], [[Rhode Island]], [[Unitit States]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.providenceri.com/press/sister_city.html |title=Mayor Announces Sister City&nbsp;— Meeting (7/30/2003) |publisher=Providence, RI, Office of the Mayor |accessdate=2007-01-17}}</ref> | {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Rostock]], [[Germany]] | {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Saunt Petersburg]], [[Roushie]]:<ref name="Saint Petersburg">{{cite web |url=http://eng.gov.spb.ru/figures/ities |title=Saint Petersburg in figures - International and Interregional Ties |publisher=Saint Petersburg City Government |accessdate=2009-07-27 |archive-date=2009-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224073839/http://eng.gov.spb.ru:80/figures/ities |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flagicon|Chile}} [[Santiago]], [[Chile]] | {{flagicon|UK}} [[Slough]], [[Unitit Kinrick]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bccl.lv/userfiles/e_magazines/BLT_autumn-draft.pdf |title=British Latvian Trade&nbsp;– the magazine of the British Chamber of Commerce in Latvia |format=PDF |pages=10, col. 2 |accessdate=2008-02-11 |archive-date=2008-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626205046/http://www.bccl.lv/userfiles/e_magazines/BLT_autumn-draft.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Stockholm]], [[Swaden]] | {{flagicon|China}} [[Suzhou]], [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|Cheenae]] |- | {{flagicon|Taiwan}} [[Taipei]], [[Taiwan]]<ref>[http://www.edunet.taipei.gov.tw/attach/The%2045%20Sister%20Cities%20list.doc Sister city list] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410023801/http://www.edunet.taipei.gov.tw/attach/The%2045%20Sister%20Cities%20list.doc |date=2014-04-10 }} (.DOC)</ref> | {{flagicon|Estonia}} [[Tallinn]], [[Estonie]] | {{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} [[Tashkent]], [[Uzbekistan]] | {{flagicon|Estonia}} [[Tartu]], [[Estonie]] |- | {{flagicon|Georgia}} [[Tbilisi]], [[Georgie (kintra)|Georgie]] | {{flagicon|Lithuania}} [[Vilnius]], [[Lithuanie]] | {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Warsaw]], [[Poland]] <ref>{{pl icon}} {{cite web |author= |url=http://um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/new/index.php?dzial=aktualnosci&ak_id=3284&kat=11 |title=Miasta partnerskie Warszawy |work=um.warszawa.pl |publisher=Biuro Promocji Miasta |pages= |page= |date=2005-05-04 |accessdate=2008-08-29 |archive-date=2007-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011111033/http://um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/new/index.php?dzial=aktualnosci&ak_id=3284&kat=11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |} == References == {{reflist}} == Freemit airtins == {{Commons|Riga}} * [http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/About_Riga/default.htm Riga Municipality portal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828172049/http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/About_Riga/default.htm |date=2011-08-28 }} * [http://www.citariga.lv/EN/ Other riga - The hame page aboot Riga] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524141653/http://www.citariga.lv/EN/ |date=2012-05-24 }} * {{wikivoyage|Riga}} * [http://www.latviaphoto.com/rigamaps/map_greater_riga_100x2400.jpg Map o Greater Riga] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213072947/http://www.latviaphoto.com/rigamaps/map_greater_riga_100x2400.jpg |date=2010-02-13 }} * [http://www.latvians.com/en/Reading/RigaNatlEncy/riga1897.php Riga] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508165151/http://www.latvians.com/en/Reading/RigaNatlEncy/riga1897.php |date=2013-05-08 }}—entry (airticle an engravin) frae ''The National Encyclopedia: A Dictionary of Universal Knowledge'', circa 1900 * [http://www.latvians.com/en/Reading/Riga19thC/Riga-01-19thC.php "Riga/Рига" photo album] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620094852/http://www.latvians.com/en/Reading/Riga19thC/Riga-01-19thC.php |date=2013-06-20 }}, circa 1910 * [http://www.latvians.com/en/Reading/CornPorts/cornports-01-homepage.php "Foreign Corn Ports-Riga"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508174033/http://www.latvians.com/en/Reading/CornPorts/cornports-01-homepage.php |date=2013-05-08 }}—''The Illustrated London News'' * [http://riga.in Riga Daily Photos an Webcams] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506004402/http://riga.in/ |date=2009-05-06 }} * [http://www.rigamap.net Virtual Map o Riga Ceety] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729201028/http://www.rigamap.net/ |date=2018-07-29 }} * [http://www.worldinmylens.com/riga "Riga"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717224806/http://www.worldinmylens.com/riga |date=2011-07-17 }}—''pictures frae Riga'' {{Admeenistrative diveesions o Latvie}} [[Category:Riga| ]] [[Category:Caipitals in Europe]] [[Category:Populatit coastal places in Latvie]] [[Category:Port ceeties in Latvie]] [[Category:Port ceeties an touns o the Easter Seas]] [[Category:Members o the Hanseatic League]] [[Category:Warld Heritage Steids in Latvie]] [[Category:NUTS 3 statistical regions o the European Union]] [[Category:Ceeties in Latvie]] [[Category:Republican ceeties o Latvie]] {{Stub/Balt}} {{Stub/Ceety}} kt4fto2pxqn26yt2xjl93sm23pjwbt9 925550 925549 2026-10-31T01:12:08Z Atlantic306 30244 fixed reference 925550 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See the Table at Infobox settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage --> |official_name = Riga |native_name = Rīga |native_name_lang = lv |settlement_type = Ceety |image_skyline =Riga - Latvia.jpg |imagesize =280px |image_alt =A view frae [[St. Peter's Kirk, Riga|St. Peter's Kirk]] in Riga Auld Toun. |image_caption =A view frae [[St. Peter's Kirk, Riga|St. Peter's Kirk]] in Riga Auld Toun. |image_flag = Rigas Karogs.svg |image_seal = Greater Coat of Arms of Riga - for display.svg | pushpin_map_caption = Location within Latvie##Location within the Baltics##Location within Europe | pushpin_map = Latvia#Baltic states#Europe | pushpin_relief = 1 |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Latvie}} |government_footnotes = <ref name="council">{{cite web |url=http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/Riga_Municipality/Riga_City_Council/default.htm |title=Riga City Council |publisher=[[Riga City Council]] |accessdate=22 July 2009 |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225141932/https://www.riga.lv/lv |url-status=dead }}</ref> |government_type = Ceety cooncil |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = [[Nils Ušakovs]] |area_magnitude = 1 E+6 |area_footnotes = (''2002'') <ref name="figures">{{cite web |url=http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/About_Riga/Riga_in_numbers/default.htm |title=Riga in Figures |accessdate=2 August 2007 |publisher=[[Riga Ceety Cooncil]] |archive-date=2007-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810132246/http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/About_Riga/Riga_in_numbers/default.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |area_total_km2 = 307.17 |area_water_km2 = 48.50 |area_water_percent = 15.8 |area_metro_km2 = 10132 |population_footnotes = <ref name=2026data>{{cite web |url=https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/en/OSP_PUB/START__POP__IR__IRE/IRE071/ |title=Population by ethnicity in regions, cities, municipalities, towns, neighbourhoods and densely populated areas at the beginning of year 2012 - 2026|website=data stat.gov.lv}}</ref> | population_total = 588911 | population_as_of = 2026 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_urban = 615,764 | population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="t978">{{cite web | title=Riga Population 2025 | website=World Population Review | date=1918-11-18 | url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/cities/latvia/riga| access-date=2025-08-08}}</ref> | population_metro = 860,142 | population_metro_footnotes = | population_density_metro_km2 = auto | population_blank1_title = [[Demonym]] | population_blank1 = Rigan (''Rīdzinieks'') |demographics_type1 = Ethnicity |demographics1_footnotes = (''2010'') <ref name="ethnicity">{{cite web|url=http://data.csb.gov.lv/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=04-19a&ti=4-19.+RESIDENT+POPULATION+BY+ETHNICITY+AND+BY+REGION%2C+CITY+AND+DISTRICT+AT+THE+BEGINNING+OF+THE+YEAR&path=./DATABASEEN/Iedzsoc/Annual%20statistical%20data/04.%20Population/&lang=1 |title=Resident Population by Ethnicity and by Region, Cityr and District at the Bebinning of the Year |publisher=csb.gov.lv |accessdate=22 July 2010}} {{dead link|date=September 2011}}</ref> |demographics1_title1 = [[Latvie fowk|Latvies]] |demographics1_info1 = 42.5 % |demographics1_title2 = [[Roushies]] |demographics1_info2 = 40.7 % |demographics1_title3 = [[Belaroushies]] |demographics1_info3 = 4.0 % |demographics1_title4 = [[Ukrainians]] |demographics1_info4 = 3.9 % |demographics1_title5 = [[Poles]] |demographics1_info5 = 2.0 % |demographics1_title6 = Ithers |demographics1_info6 = 6.7 % |timezone1 = EET |utc_offset1 = +2 |timezone1_DST = EEST |utc_offset1_DST = +3 |coordinates = {{coord|56|56|56|N|24|6|23|E|display=inline,title}} |area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in Latvie|Cawin codes]] |area_code = 66 & 67 |website = [http://www.riga.lv/ www.riga.lv] }} '''Riga''' ({{lang-lv|Rīga}}, {{IPA-lv|riːɡa|pron|Rigapronunc.ogg}}) is the [[caipital ceety|caipital]] an [[Demographics o Latvie|lairgest ceety]] o [[Latvie]], a major [[industry|industrial]], [[commerce|commercial]], [[cultur]]al an [[financial centre]] o the [[Baltic region|Baltics]], an an important [[port|seaport]], situatit on the mouth o the [[Daugava River|Daugava]]. Wi 588,911 inhabitants (2026), it is the lairgest ceety o the [[Baltic states]] an third-lairgest in the [[Baltic region]], ahint [[Saunt Petersburg]] an [[Stockholm]] (coontin residents athin the ceety limits). Riga's territory covers 307.17 km2 (118.60 sq mi) an lies atween 1 an 10 metres (3.3 an 33&nbsp;ft) [[abuin mean sea level|abuin sea level]], on a flat an sandy plain. [[Vecrīga|Riga's historical centre]] haes been declared a [[UNESCO]] [[Warld Heritage Steid]], an the ceety is pairticularly notable for its extensive [[Jugendstil]] (German [[Art Nouveau]]) airchitecture, which UNESCO considers tae be unparalleled onywhere in the warld.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/852.pdf |title=World Heritage List&nbsp;— Riga (Latvia); No. 852 |publisher=unesco.org |format=PDF |pages=3 (67) |accessdate=2009-07-25}}</ref> == Etymology == Ane theory for the oreegin o the name ''Riga'' is that it is a corruptit borraein frae the Liv ''ringa'' meanin luip, referrin tae the auncient natural harbour formed bi the tributary luip o the Daugava.<ref name="CEROI">{{cite web |url=http://www.ceroi.net/reports/riga/latviski/pamatlietas/teritorija.htm |title=Teritorija un administratīvās robežas vēsturiskā skatījumā |language=Latvian |accessdate=2 August 2007 |publisher=Cities Environmental Reports on the Internet |archive-date=2007-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813035658/http://ceroi.net/reports/riga/latviski/pamatlietas/teritorija.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=BCelts>[http://www.liis.lv/latval/Valoda/Teksts/1nodalja/Citati/10.htm Endzelīns, Did Celts Inhabit the Baltics (1911 Dzimtene's Vēstnesis (''Homeland Messenger'') No. 227)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209024956/http://www.liis.lv/latval/Valoda/Teksts/1nodalja/Citati/10.htm |date=2008-12-09 }}. Retrieved July 24, 2009.</ref> The ither is that ''Riga'' awes its name tae this awready-established role in commerce atween East an Wast,<ref name="EMA">Vauchez et al. Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages. Routledge, 2001</ref> as a borraein o the Latvian ''rija'', for [[threshin]] barn, the "j" becomin a "g" in German{{mdash}}notably, Riga is cried ''Rie'' bi Inglis geographer [[Richard Hakluyt]] (1589),<ref name="BilmanisLIS">Bilmanis, A. Latvia as an Independent State. Latvian Legation. 1947.</ref><ref>Pronouncing the "i" and "e" separately, REE-eh, is the best approximation tae the Latvian ''rija'', as "Ria" wad result in an "i" no "ee" soond.</ref> an German historian Dionysius Fabricius (1610) confirms the oreegin o ''Riga'' frae ''rija''.<ref name="BilmanisLIS" /><ref>Fabrius, D. Livonicae Historiae Compendiosa Series, 1610: ''Riga nomen sortita est suum ab aedificiis vel horreis quorum a litus Dunae magna fuit copia, quas livones sua lingua Rias vocare soliti.'' {{la icon}}</ref> Anither theory coud be that Riga wis named efter Riege, the German name for the River Rīdzene, a tributary o the Daugava.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/About_Riga/History_of_Riga/Stories/Udeni/Ridzina.htm |title=Rīdziņa |access-date=2011-02-20 |archive-date=2007-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070711114153/http://www.ngw.nl/int/lat/riga.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Sports == === Sports clubs === * [[Basketbaw]] ** [[Barons LMT]] — a men's basketbaw team, twa-time [[Latvijas Basketbola līga|Latvian champion]], as well as the [[EuroCup 2007–08|2008]] [[FIBA EuroCup]] winner. ** [[TTT Riga]] — a women's basketbaw team, which throughoot 1960 an 1982 wan aichteen [[FIBA EuroLeague Women]] titles. ** [[VEF Riga]] * [[Ice hockey]] ** [[Dinamo Riga]] — an ice hockey club established in 2008. It plays in the [[Kontinental Hockey League]]. Dinamo wis established as a successor tae the [[Dinamo Riga (oreeginal)|umwhile hockey team wi the same name]], which wis foondit in 1946 but ceased tae exist in 1995. * [[Fitbaa]] ** [[Skonto FC]] — a fitbaa club established in 1991. The club wan fowerteen successive [[Latvian Higher League]] titles. For a lang time it providit the core o the [[Latvian naitional fitbaa team]]. ** [[FK Jaunība]] ** [[JFK Olimps/RFS]] === Sports facilities === * [[Arena Riga]] — a multi-purpose arena biggit in 2006 as the main venue for the [[2006 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships]]. It can hauld up tae 14,500 fowk an haes hostit [[ice hockey]], [[basketbaw]] an [[volleybaw]] events, as well as [[Red Bull X-Fighters]]. * [[Skonto Stadium]] — a fitbaa stadium, biggit in 2000. It is the main stadium uised for gemmes o the [[Latvian naitional fitbaa team]]. * [[Daugava Stadium]] — a stadium biggit in 1958, uised for baith [[fitbaa]] an [[Athletics (sport)|athletics]]. * [[Latvijas Universitates Stadions]] === Sports events === * [[Eurobasket 1937]] * [[EuroBasket Women 2009]] * [[2006 IIHF World Championship|2006 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships]] * [[Riga Marathon]] == Internaitional relations == {{See an aa|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Latvie}} === Twin touns — Sister ceeties === Riga maintains [[Twin touns an sister ceeties|sister ceety]] relationships wi the follaein ceeties:<ref name='"Riga"><!-- For all cities in the table, exept for those not listed, but attributed to other sources.-->{{cite web |url=http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/Riga_Municipality/Twin_cities_of_Riga/default.htm |title=Twin cities of Riga |publisher=[[Riga City Council]] |accessdate=2009-07-27 |archive-date=2018-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226073814/https://www.riga.lv/lv |url-status=dead }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- | {{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Aalborg]], [[Denmark]]<ref name="Aalborg">{{cite web |url=http://www.aalborgkommune.dk/Borgerportal/Serviceomraader/Byen/Venskabsbyer/Towns.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114155748/http://www.aalborgkommune.dk/Borgerportal/Serviceomraader/Byen/Venskabsbyer/Towns.htm |archivedate=2007-11-14 |title=Aalborg Kommune - Venskabsbyer |publisher=Web.archive.org |date=2007-11-14 |accessdate=2009-07-26 |url-status=dead }}{{Cite web |url=http://www.aalborgkommune.dk/Borgerportal/Serviceomraader/Byen/Venskabsbyer/Towns.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-02-20 |archive-date=2007-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114155748/http://www.aalborgkommune.dk/Borgerportal/Serviceomraader/Byen/Venskabsbyer/Towns.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> | {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[Almaty]], [[Kazakhstan]] | {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Amsterdam]], [[Netherlands]] | {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[Astana]], [[Kazakhstan]] |- | {{flagicon|China}} [[Beijing]], [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|Cheenae]]<ref name="Beijing">{{cite web|url=http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/|title=Sister Cities|publisher=Beijing Municipal Government|accessdate=2009-06-23|archive-date=2010-01-17|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5mq6B2fdq?url=http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | {{flagicon|France}} [[Bordeaux]], [[Fraunce]] | {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Bremen]], [[Germany]] | {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Cairns]], [[Australie]] |- | {{flagicon|France}} [[Calais]], [[Fraunce]] | {{flagicon|USA}} [[Dallas]], [[Texas]], [[Unitit States]] | {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Florence]], [[Italy]] | {{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]] |- | {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Kobe]], [[Japan]] <ref name="Kobe">{{cite web|url=http://www.city.kobe.jp/cityoffice/17/020/en/international/worldmap.htm|title=Sister City, Friendly City, Friendship & Cooperation City|publisher=[[copyright|©]] 2007-2009 [http://www.city.kobe.jp/ City of Kobe]|language=Japanese|accessdate=2009-07-14}}</ref> | {{flagicon|Belarus}} [[Minsk]], [[Belaroushie]] | {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Moscow]], [[Roushie]] | {{flagicon|Swaden}} [[Norrköping]], [[Swaden]] |- | {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Pori]], [[Finland]] | {{flagicon|USA}} [[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]], [[Rhode Island]], [[Unitit States]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.providenceri.com/press/sister_city.html |title=Mayor Announces Sister City&nbsp;— Meeting (7/30/2003) |publisher=Providence, RI, Office of the Mayor |accessdate=2007-01-17}}</ref> | {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Rostock]], [[Germany]] | {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Saunt Petersburg]], [[Roushie]]:<ref name="Saint Petersburg">{{cite web |url=http://eng.gov.spb.ru/figures/ities |title=Saint Petersburg in figures - International and Interregional Ties |publisher=Saint Petersburg City Government |accessdate=2009-07-27 |archive-date=2009-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224073839/http://eng.gov.spb.ru:80/figures/ities |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flagicon|Chile}} [[Santiago]], [[Chile]] | {{flagicon|UK}} [[Slough]], [[Unitit Kinrick]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bccl.lv/userfiles/e_magazines/BLT_autumn-draft.pdf |title=British Latvian Trade&nbsp;– the magazine of the British Chamber of Commerce in Latvia |format=PDF |pages=10, col. 2 |accessdate=2008-02-11 |archive-date=2008-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626205046/http://www.bccl.lv/userfiles/e_magazines/BLT_autumn-draft.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Stockholm]], [[Swaden]] | {{flagicon|China}} [[Suzhou]], [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|Cheenae]] |- | {{flagicon|Taiwan}} [[Taipei]], [[Taiwan]]<ref>[http://www.edunet.taipei.gov.tw/attach/The%2045%20Sister%20Cities%20list.doc Sister city list] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410023801/http://www.edunet.taipei.gov.tw/attach/The%2045%20Sister%20Cities%20list.doc |date=2014-04-10 }} (.DOC)</ref> | {{flagicon|Estonia}} [[Tallinn]], [[Estonie]] | {{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} [[Tashkent]], [[Uzbekistan]] | {{flagicon|Estonia}} [[Tartu]], [[Estonie]] |- | {{flagicon|Georgia}} [[Tbilisi]], [[Georgie (kintra)|Georgie]] | {{flagicon|Lithuania}} [[Vilnius]], [[Lithuanie]] | {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Warsaw]], [[Poland]] <ref>{{pl icon}} {{cite web |author= |url=http://um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/new/index.php?dzial=aktualnosci&ak_id=3284&kat=11 |title=Miasta partnerskie Warszawy |work=um.warszawa.pl |publisher=Biuro Promocji Miasta |pages= |page= |date=2005-05-04 |accessdate=2008-08-29 |archive-date=2007-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011111033/http://um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/new/index.php?dzial=aktualnosci&ak_id=3284&kat=11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |} == References == {{reflist}} == Freemit airtins == {{Commons|Riga}} * [http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/About_Riga/default.htm Riga Municipality portal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828172049/http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/About_Riga/default.htm |date=2011-08-28 }} * [http://www.citariga.lv/EN/ Other riga - The hame page aboot Riga] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524141653/http://www.citariga.lv/EN/ |date=2012-05-24 }} * {{wikivoyage|Riga}} * [http://www.latviaphoto.com/rigamaps/map_greater_riga_100x2400.jpg Map o Greater Riga] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213072947/http://www.latviaphoto.com/rigamaps/map_greater_riga_100x2400.jpg |date=2010-02-13 }} * [http://www.latvians.com/en/Reading/RigaNatlEncy/riga1897.php Riga] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508165151/http://www.latvians.com/en/Reading/RigaNatlEncy/riga1897.php |date=2013-05-08 }}—entry (airticle an engravin) frae ''The National Encyclopedia: A Dictionary of Universal Knowledge'', circa 1900 * [http://www.latvians.com/en/Reading/Riga19thC/Riga-01-19thC.php "Riga/Рига" photo album] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620094852/http://www.latvians.com/en/Reading/Riga19thC/Riga-01-19thC.php |date=2013-06-20 }}, circa 1910 * [http://www.latvians.com/en/Reading/CornPorts/cornports-01-homepage.php "Foreign Corn Ports-Riga"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508174033/http://www.latvians.com/en/Reading/CornPorts/cornports-01-homepage.php |date=2013-05-08 }}—''The Illustrated London News'' * [http://riga.in Riga Daily Photos an Webcams] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506004402/http://riga.in/ |date=2009-05-06 }} * [http://www.rigamap.net Virtual Map o Riga Ceety] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729201028/http://www.rigamap.net/ |date=2018-07-29 }} * [http://www.worldinmylens.com/riga "Riga"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717224806/http://www.worldinmylens.com/riga |date=2011-07-17 }}—''pictures frae Riga'' {{Admeenistrative diveesions o Latvie}} [[Category:Riga| ]] [[Category:Caipitals in Europe]] [[Category:Populatit coastal places in Latvie]] [[Category:Port ceeties in Latvie]] [[Category:Port ceeties an touns o the Easter Seas]] [[Category:Members o the Hanseatic League]] [[Category:Warld Heritage Steids in Latvie]] [[Category:NUTS 3 statistical regions o the European Union]] [[Category:Ceeties in Latvie]] [[Category:Republican ceeties o Latvie]] {{Stub/Balt}} {{Stub/Ceety}} l0yx9tzdhr6xyl9vrc3mxlgwu5usefo 925551 925550 2026-10-31T01:15:21Z Atlantic306 30244 updated mayor 925551 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See the Table at Infobox settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage --> |official_name = Riga |native_name = Rīga |native_name_lang = lv |settlement_type = Ceety |image_skyline =Riga - Latvia.jpg |imagesize =280px |image_alt =A view frae [[St. Peter's Kirk, Riga|St. Peter's Kirk]] in Riga Auld Toun. |image_caption =A view frae [[St. Peter's Kirk, Riga|St. Peter's Kirk]] in Riga Auld Toun. |image_flag = Rigas Karogs.svg |image_seal = Greater Coat of Arms of Riga - for display.svg | pushpin_map_caption = Location within Latvie##Location within the Baltics##Location within Europe | pushpin_map = Latvia#Baltic states#Europe | pushpin_relief = 1 |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Latvie}} |government_footnotes = <ref name="council">{{cite web |url=http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/Riga_Municipality/Riga_City_Council/default.htm |title=Riga City Council |publisher=[[Riga City Council]] |accessdate=22 July 2009 |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225141932/https://www.riga.lv/lv |url-status=dead }}</ref> |government_type = Ceety cooncil |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = [[Viesturs Kleinbergs]] |area_magnitude = 1 E+6 |area_footnotes = (''2002'') <ref name="figures">{{cite web |url=http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/About_Riga/Riga_in_numbers/default.htm |title=Riga in Figures |accessdate=2 August 2007 |publisher=[[Riga Ceety Cooncil]] |archive-date=2007-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810132246/http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/About_Riga/Riga_in_numbers/default.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |area_total_km2 = 307.17 |area_water_km2 = 48.50 |area_water_percent = 15.8 |area_metro_km2 = 10132 |population_footnotes = <ref name=2026data>{{cite web |url=https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/en/OSP_PUB/START__POP__IR__IRE/IRE071/ |title=Population by ethnicity in regions, cities, municipalities, towns, neighbourhoods and densely populated areas at the beginning of year 2012 - 2026|website=data stat.gov.lv}}</ref> | population_total = 588911 | population_as_of = 2026 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_urban = 615,764 | population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="t978">{{cite web | title=Riga Population 2025 | website=World Population Review | date=1918-11-18 | url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/cities/latvia/riga| access-date=2025-08-08}}</ref> | population_metro = 860,142 | population_metro_footnotes = | population_density_metro_km2 = auto | population_blank1_title = [[Demonym]] | population_blank1 = Rigan (''Rīdzinieks'') |demographics_type1 = Ethnicity |demographics1_footnotes = (''2010'') <ref name="ethnicity">{{cite web|url=http://data.csb.gov.lv/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=04-19a&ti=4-19.+RESIDENT+POPULATION+BY+ETHNICITY+AND+BY+REGION%2C+CITY+AND+DISTRICT+AT+THE+BEGINNING+OF+THE+YEAR&path=./DATABASEEN/Iedzsoc/Annual%20statistical%20data/04.%20Population/&lang=1 |title=Resident Population by Ethnicity and by Region, Cityr and District at the Bebinning of the Year |publisher=csb.gov.lv |accessdate=22 July 2010}} {{dead link|date=September 2011}}</ref> |demographics1_title1 = [[Latvie fowk|Latvies]] |demographics1_info1 = 42.5 % |demographics1_title2 = [[Roushies]] |demographics1_info2 = 40.7 % |demographics1_title3 = [[Belaroushies]] |demographics1_info3 = 4.0 % |demographics1_title4 = [[Ukrainians]] |demographics1_info4 = 3.9 % |demographics1_title5 = [[Poles]] |demographics1_info5 = 2.0 % |demographics1_title6 = Ithers |demographics1_info6 = 6.7 % |timezone1 = EET |utc_offset1 = +2 |timezone1_DST = EEST |utc_offset1_DST = +3 |coordinates = {{coord|56|56|56|N|24|6|23|E|display=inline,title}} |area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in Latvie|Cawin codes]] |area_code = 66 & 67 |website = [http://www.riga.lv/ www.riga.lv] }} '''Riga''' ({{lang-lv|Rīga}}, {{IPA-lv|riːɡa|pron|Rigapronunc.ogg}}) is the [[caipital ceety|caipital]] an [[Demographics o Latvie|lairgest ceety]] o [[Latvie]], a major [[industry|industrial]], [[commerce|commercial]], [[cultur]]al an [[financial centre]] o the [[Baltic region|Baltics]], an an important [[port|seaport]], situatit on the mouth o the [[Daugava River|Daugava]]. Wi 588,911 inhabitants (2026), it is the lairgest ceety o the [[Baltic states]] an third-lairgest in the [[Baltic region]], ahint [[Saunt Petersburg]] an [[Stockholm]] (coontin residents athin the ceety limits). Riga's territory covers 307.17 km2 (118.60 sq mi) an lies atween 1 an 10 metres (3.3 an 33&nbsp;ft) [[abuin mean sea level|abuin sea level]], on a flat an sandy plain. [[Vecrīga|Riga's historical centre]] haes been declared a [[UNESCO]] [[Warld Heritage Steid]], an the ceety is pairticularly notable for its extensive [[Jugendstil]] (German [[Art Nouveau]]) airchitecture, which UNESCO considers tae be unparalleled onywhere in the warld.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/852.pdf |title=World Heritage List&nbsp;— Riga (Latvia); No. 852 |publisher=unesco.org |format=PDF |pages=3 (67) |accessdate=2009-07-25}}</ref> == Etymology == Ane theory for the oreegin o the name ''Riga'' is that it is a corruptit borraein frae the Liv ''ringa'' meanin luip, referrin tae the auncient natural harbour formed bi the tributary luip o the Daugava.<ref name="CEROI">{{cite web |url=http://www.ceroi.net/reports/riga/latviski/pamatlietas/teritorija.htm |title=Teritorija un administratīvās robežas vēsturiskā skatījumā |language=Latvian |accessdate=2 August 2007 |publisher=Cities Environmental Reports on the Internet |archive-date=2007-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813035658/http://ceroi.net/reports/riga/latviski/pamatlietas/teritorija.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=BCelts>[http://www.liis.lv/latval/Valoda/Teksts/1nodalja/Citati/10.htm Endzelīns, Did Celts Inhabit the Baltics (1911 Dzimtene's Vēstnesis (''Homeland Messenger'') No. 227)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209024956/http://www.liis.lv/latval/Valoda/Teksts/1nodalja/Citati/10.htm |date=2008-12-09 }}. Retrieved July 24, 2009.</ref> The ither is that ''Riga'' awes its name tae this awready-established role in commerce atween East an Wast,<ref name="EMA">Vauchez et al. Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages. Routledge, 2001</ref> as a borraein o the Latvian ''rija'', for [[threshin]] barn, the "j" becomin a "g" in German{{mdash}}notably, Riga is cried ''Rie'' bi Inglis geographer [[Richard Hakluyt]] (1589),<ref name="BilmanisLIS">Bilmanis, A. Latvia as an Independent State. Latvian Legation. 1947.</ref><ref>Pronouncing the "i" and "e" separately, REE-eh, is the best approximation tae the Latvian ''rija'', as "Ria" wad result in an "i" no "ee" soond.</ref> an German historian Dionysius Fabricius (1610) confirms the oreegin o ''Riga'' frae ''rija''.<ref name="BilmanisLIS" /><ref>Fabrius, D. Livonicae Historiae Compendiosa Series, 1610: ''Riga nomen sortita est suum ab aedificiis vel horreis quorum a litus Dunae magna fuit copia, quas livones sua lingua Rias vocare soliti.'' {{la icon}}</ref> Anither theory coud be that Riga wis named efter Riege, the German name for the River Rīdzene, a tributary o the Daugava.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/About_Riga/History_of_Riga/Stories/Udeni/Ridzina.htm |title=Rīdziņa |access-date=2011-02-20 |archive-date=2007-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070711114153/http://www.ngw.nl/int/lat/riga.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Sports == === Sports clubs === * [[Basketbaw]] ** [[Barons LMT]] — a men's basketbaw team, twa-time [[Latvijas Basketbola līga|Latvian champion]], as well as the [[EuroCup 2007–08|2008]] [[FIBA EuroCup]] winner. ** [[TTT Riga]] — a women's basketbaw team, which throughoot 1960 an 1982 wan aichteen [[FIBA EuroLeague Women]] titles. ** [[VEF Riga]] * [[Ice hockey]] ** [[Dinamo Riga]] — an ice hockey club established in 2008. It plays in the [[Kontinental Hockey League]]. Dinamo wis established as a successor tae the [[Dinamo Riga (oreeginal)|umwhile hockey team wi the same name]], which wis foondit in 1946 but ceased tae exist in 1995. * [[Fitbaa]] ** [[Skonto FC]] — a fitbaa club established in 1991. The club wan fowerteen successive [[Latvian Higher League]] titles. For a lang time it providit the core o the [[Latvian naitional fitbaa team]]. ** [[FK Jaunība]] ** [[JFK Olimps/RFS]] === Sports facilities === * [[Arena Riga]] — a multi-purpose arena biggit in 2006 as the main venue for the [[2006 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships]]. It can hauld up tae 14,500 fowk an haes hostit [[ice hockey]], [[basketbaw]] an [[volleybaw]] events, as well as [[Red Bull X-Fighters]]. * [[Skonto Stadium]] — a fitbaa stadium, biggit in 2000. It is the main stadium uised for gemmes o the [[Latvian naitional fitbaa team]]. * [[Daugava Stadium]] — a stadium biggit in 1958, uised for baith [[fitbaa]] an [[Athletics (sport)|athletics]]. * [[Latvijas Universitates Stadions]] === Sports events === * [[Eurobasket 1937]] * [[EuroBasket Women 2009]] * [[2006 IIHF World Championship|2006 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships]] * [[Riga Marathon]] == Internaitional relations == {{See an aa|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Latvie}} === Twin touns — Sister ceeties === Riga maintains [[Twin touns an sister ceeties|sister ceety]] relationships wi the follaein ceeties:<ref name='"Riga"><!-- For all cities in the table, exept for those not listed, but attributed to other sources.-->{{cite web |url=http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/Riga_Municipality/Twin_cities_of_Riga/default.htm |title=Twin cities of Riga |publisher=[[Riga City Council]] |accessdate=2009-07-27 |archive-date=2018-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226073814/https://www.riga.lv/lv |url-status=dead }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- | {{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Aalborg]], [[Denmark]]<ref name="Aalborg">{{cite web |url=http://www.aalborgkommune.dk/Borgerportal/Serviceomraader/Byen/Venskabsbyer/Towns.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114155748/http://www.aalborgkommune.dk/Borgerportal/Serviceomraader/Byen/Venskabsbyer/Towns.htm |archivedate=2007-11-14 |title=Aalborg Kommune - Venskabsbyer |publisher=Web.archive.org |date=2007-11-14 |accessdate=2009-07-26 |url-status=dead }}{{Cite web |url=http://www.aalborgkommune.dk/Borgerportal/Serviceomraader/Byen/Venskabsbyer/Towns.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-02-20 |archive-date=2007-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114155748/http://www.aalborgkommune.dk/Borgerportal/Serviceomraader/Byen/Venskabsbyer/Towns.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> | {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[Almaty]], [[Kazakhstan]] | {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Amsterdam]], [[Netherlands]] | {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[Astana]], [[Kazakhstan]] |- | {{flagicon|China}} [[Beijing]], [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|Cheenae]]<ref name="Beijing">{{cite web|url=http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/|title=Sister Cities|publisher=Beijing Municipal Government|accessdate=2009-06-23|archive-date=2010-01-17|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5mq6B2fdq?url=http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | {{flagicon|France}} [[Bordeaux]], [[Fraunce]] | {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Bremen]], [[Germany]] | {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Cairns]], [[Australie]] |- | {{flagicon|France}} [[Calais]], [[Fraunce]] | {{flagicon|USA}} [[Dallas]], [[Texas]], [[Unitit States]] | {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Florence]], [[Italy]] | {{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]] |- | {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Kobe]], [[Japan]] <ref name="Kobe">{{cite web|url=http://www.city.kobe.jp/cityoffice/17/020/en/international/worldmap.htm|title=Sister City, Friendly City, Friendship & Cooperation City|publisher=[[copyright|©]] 2007-2009 [http://www.city.kobe.jp/ City of Kobe]|language=Japanese|accessdate=2009-07-14}}</ref> | {{flagicon|Belarus}} [[Minsk]], [[Belaroushie]] | {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Moscow]], [[Roushie]] | {{flagicon|Swaden}} [[Norrköping]], [[Swaden]] |- | {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Pori]], [[Finland]] | {{flagicon|USA}} [[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]], [[Rhode Island]], [[Unitit States]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.providenceri.com/press/sister_city.html |title=Mayor Announces Sister City&nbsp;— Meeting (7/30/2003) |publisher=Providence, RI, Office of the Mayor |accessdate=2007-01-17}}</ref> | {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Rostock]], [[Germany]] | {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Saunt Petersburg]], [[Roushie]]:<ref name="Saint Petersburg">{{cite web |url=http://eng.gov.spb.ru/figures/ities |title=Saint Petersburg in figures - International and Interregional Ties |publisher=Saint Petersburg City Government |accessdate=2009-07-27 |archive-date=2009-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224073839/http://eng.gov.spb.ru:80/figures/ities |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flagicon|Chile}} [[Santiago]], [[Chile]] | {{flagicon|UK}} [[Slough]], [[Unitit Kinrick]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bccl.lv/userfiles/e_magazines/BLT_autumn-draft.pdf |title=British Latvian Trade&nbsp;– the magazine of the British Chamber of Commerce in Latvia |format=PDF |pages=10, col. 2 |accessdate=2008-02-11 |archive-date=2008-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626205046/http://www.bccl.lv/userfiles/e_magazines/BLT_autumn-draft.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Stockholm]], [[Swaden]] | {{flagicon|China}} [[Suzhou]], [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|Cheenae]] |- | {{flagicon|Taiwan}} [[Taipei]], [[Taiwan]]<ref>[http://www.edunet.taipei.gov.tw/attach/The%2045%20Sister%20Cities%20list.doc Sister city list] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410023801/http://www.edunet.taipei.gov.tw/attach/The%2045%20Sister%20Cities%20list.doc |date=2014-04-10 }} (.DOC)</ref> | {{flagicon|Estonia}} [[Tallinn]], [[Estonie]] | {{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} [[Tashkent]], [[Uzbekistan]] | {{flagicon|Estonia}} [[Tartu]], [[Estonie]] |- | {{flagicon|Georgia}} [[Tbilisi]], [[Georgie (kintra)|Georgie]] | {{flagicon|Lithuania}} [[Vilnius]], [[Lithuanie]] | {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Warsaw]], [[Poland]] <ref>{{pl icon}} {{cite web |author= |url=http://um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/new/index.php?dzial=aktualnosci&ak_id=3284&kat=11 |title=Miasta partnerskie Warszawy |work=um.warszawa.pl |publisher=Biuro Promocji Miasta |pages= |page= |date=2005-05-04 |accessdate=2008-08-29 |archive-date=2007-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011111033/http://um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/new/index.php?dzial=aktualnosci&ak_id=3284&kat=11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |} == References == {{reflist}} == Freemit airtins == {{Commons|Riga}} * [http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/About_Riga/default.htm Riga Municipality portal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828172049/http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/About_Riga/default.htm |date=2011-08-28 }} * [http://www.citariga.lv/EN/ Other riga - The hame page aboot Riga] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524141653/http://www.citariga.lv/EN/ |date=2012-05-24 }} * {{wikivoyage|Riga}} * [http://www.latviaphoto.com/rigamaps/map_greater_riga_100x2400.jpg Map o Greater Riga] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213072947/http://www.latviaphoto.com/rigamaps/map_greater_riga_100x2400.jpg |date=2010-02-13 }} * [http://www.latvians.com/en/Reading/RigaNatlEncy/riga1897.php Riga] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508165151/http://www.latvians.com/en/Reading/RigaNatlEncy/riga1897.php |date=2013-05-08 }}—entry (airticle an engravin) frae ''The National Encyclopedia: A Dictionary of Universal Knowledge'', circa 1900 * [http://www.latvians.com/en/Reading/Riga19thC/Riga-01-19thC.php "Riga/Рига" photo album] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620094852/http://www.latvians.com/en/Reading/Riga19thC/Riga-01-19thC.php |date=2013-06-20 }}, circa 1910 * [http://www.latvians.com/en/Reading/CornPorts/cornports-01-homepage.php "Foreign Corn Ports-Riga"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508174033/http://www.latvians.com/en/Reading/CornPorts/cornports-01-homepage.php |date=2013-05-08 }}—''The Illustrated London News'' * [http://riga.in Riga Daily Photos an Webcams] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506004402/http://riga.in/ |date=2009-05-06 }} * [http://www.rigamap.net Virtual Map o Riga Ceety] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729201028/http://www.rigamap.net/ |date=2018-07-29 }} * [http://www.worldinmylens.com/riga "Riga"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717224806/http://www.worldinmylens.com/riga |date=2011-07-17 }}—''pictures frae Riga'' {{Admeenistrative diveesions o Latvie}} [[Category:Riga| ]] [[Category:Caipitals in Europe]] [[Category:Populatit coastal places in Latvie]] [[Category:Port ceeties in Latvie]] [[Category:Port ceeties an touns o the Easter Seas]] [[Category:Members o the Hanseatic League]] [[Category:Warld Heritage Steids in Latvie]] [[Category:NUTS 3 statistical regions o the European Union]] [[Category:Ceeties in Latvie]] [[Category:Republican ceeties o Latvie]] {{Stub/Balt}} {{Stub/Ceety}} 33eq23hju9iws6lcewt3mo5c4f9mbs6 Turku 0 12213 925475 918934 2026-10-30T13:37:07Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 Replace archive.today airtins wi Wayback Machine airtins 925475 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Finnish municipality |name = Turku |official_name = {{lang|fi|Turun kaupunki}}<br />{{lang|sv|Åbo stad}} |native_name = {{lang|fi|Turku}} – {{lang|sv|Åbo}} |nickname = |settlement_type = Ceety |motto = |image_skyline = Turku postcard 2009.jpg |imagesize = 250 px |image_caption = Tap:Aerial view o Turku frae Turku Cathedral, 2nt left:Statue o Per Brahe, 2nt middle:Turku Castle, 2nt richt:Turku Cathedral, 3rd left:Turku Medieval Mercat, 3rd middle:The Christmas Peace Balcony o Turku, 3rd richt:Twilicht in Aura River, Bottom left:Simmer in Aura River, Bottom richt:View o Yliopistonkatu pedestrian aurie |image_flag = Flag of turku Finland-.svg |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = Turku.vaakuna.svg |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map =Turku sijainti Suomi.svg |mapsize = |map_caption = |pushpin_map = <!-- name of a location map as per Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position = <!-- position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> |pushpin_map_caption = |pushpin_mapsize = |region = [[Finland Proper]] |subregion = [[Turku sub-region]] |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = [[{{#property:P6}}]] |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |established_title = |established_date = |established_title2 = |established_date2 = |established_title3 = |established_date3 = |extinct_title = |extinct_date = |area_urban_km2 = 252.65 |area_metro_km2 = 2331.1 |population_metro = 303,492 |population_blank1_title = |population_blank1 = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_urban = 252,468<ref name="taajamat">{{cite web |url= http://pxweb2.stat.fi/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=160_vaerak_tau_340_fi&ti=Taajamat+v%E4kiluvun+ja+v%E4est%F6ntiheyden+mukaan+31.12.2011&path=..%2FDatabase%2FStatFin%2Fvrm%2Fvaerak%2F&lang=3&multilang=fi |title= Taajamat väkiluvun ja väestöntiheyden mukaan 31.12.2011 |date= 2011-12-31 |work= Tiedote |publisher= Statistics Finland (Tilastokeskus) |language= Finnish |accessdate= 28 March 2013 |archive-date= 2013-04-12 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150223192437/http://pxweb2.stat.fi/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=160_vaerak_tau_340_fi&ti=Taajamat+v%E4kiluvun+ja+v%E4est%F6ntiheyden+mukaan+31%2E12%2E2011&path=../Database/StatFin/vrm/vaerak/&lang=3&multilang=fi |url-status= dead }}</ref> |population_density_urban_km2 = 999,3 |population_note = |finnish_official = |swedish_official = 1 |sami_official = |urbanisation = |unemployment = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |blank2_name = |blank2_info = |blank3_name = |blank3_info = |blank4_name = |blank4_info = |coordinates_type = |coordinates = {{coord|60|27|N|022|16|E|display=inline,title}} |latNS=N |longEW=E |elevation_m = |postal_code = 20000–20960 |website = [http://www.turku.fi/ www.turku.fi] |footnotes = }} '''Turku''' ({{IPA-fi|ˈturku|-|Fi-Turku.ogg}}; {{lang-sv|Åbo|italic=yes}} {{IPA-sv|ˈoːbʊ||sv-Åbo.ogg}}) is a [[Leet o touns in Finland|ceety]] on the soothwast coast o [[Finland]] at the mooth o the [[Aura River (Finland)|Aura River]],<ref name="turku_stats"/><ref>'Aluetietopankki' at the Kuntaliitto website</ref> in the region o [[Finland Proper]]. Turku, as a toun, wis settled durin the 13t century an foondit maist likely at the end o the 13t century, makin hit the auldest ceety in Finland. hit quickly became the maist important ceety in Finland, a status hit retained fir hunders o years. Efter Finland became pairt o the [[Roushie Empire]] (1809) an the caipital o the [[Grand Duchy o Finland]] wis moved til [[Helsinki]] (1812), Turku continued tae be the maist populous ceety in Finland until the end o the 1840s, an hit remains a regional caipital an an important business an cultural centre. Acause o hits lang history, hit haes been the steid o mony important events an haes extensively influenced [[History o Finland|Finnish history]]. Alang wi [[Tallinn]], the caipital ceety o [[Estonie]], Turku wis designatit the [[European Caipital o Cultur]] fir 2011. In 1996 hit wis declared the offeecial Christmas Ceety o Finland.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.turku.fi/public/default.aspx?nodeid=9289&culture=en-US&contentlan=2 |title=Christmas City » Turku, the Finnish Christmas City |publisher=www.turku.fi |accessdate=2009-05-06 |archive-date=2011-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716095158/https://www.turku.fi/public/default.aspx?nodeid=9289&culture=en-US&contentlan=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Due tae hits location, Turku is a notable commercial an passenger [[seaport]] wi ower three million passengers travellin throu the [[Port o Turku]] each year tae [[Stockholm]] an [[Mariehamn]].<ref name="turku_stats">{{cite web | title = Statistical yearbook of Turku | url = http://www.turku.fi/Public/default.aspx?nodeid=3981&culture=en-US&contentlan=2 | date = 2008-07-17 | language = Finnish | access-date = 2015-06-01 | archive-date = 2007-09-27 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927175319/https://www.turku.fi/Public/default.aspx?nodeid=3981&culture=en-US&contentlan=2 | url-status = dead }}</ref> As o 30 September 2014, the population o Turku wis 183,811,<ref>http://vrk.fi/default.aspx?docid=8639&site=3&id=0 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029190516/http://vrk.fi/default.aspx?docid=8639&site=3&id=0 |date=2014-10-29 }}</ref> makin hit the saxt lairgest ceety in Finland.<ref name="population_count"/> As o 31 August 2008 thare war 303,492 indwallers livin in the [[Turku sub-region]], rankin hit as the [[Leet o urban auries in Finland bi population|third lairgest]] urban aurie in Finland efter the [[Greater Helsinki]] aurie an [[Tampere]] sub-region. The ceety is offeecially [[bilingual]] as {{Formatnum: {{#expr: (({{Infobox Finnish Municipality/native language Swedish|Turku}}/{{Infobox Finnish Municipality/native language total|Turku}}) * 100) round 1}}}} percent o hits population identify Swadish as a [[mother-tongue|mither-tongue]].<ref name="population_by_language"/> ==History== Turku haes a lang history as [[Finland]]'s lairgest ceety an occasionally as the admeenistrative centre o the kintra, but fir the last twa hunder years haes been surpassed bi [[Helsinki]]. The ceety's identity stems frae hits status as the auldest ceety in Finland<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitfinland.com/W5/index.nsf/(pages)/Destinations |title=Destinations in Finland - Official Travel and Tourism Guide |publisher=Visitfinland.com |accessdate=2009-05-06}}</ref> an the kintra's first caipital. Oreeginally, the wird "Finland" referred anly tae the aurie aroond Turku (hence the title, "[[Finland Proper]]" fir the region). [[File:Cathedral of Turku 1814.jpg|thumb|left|Cathedral o Turku, 1814.]] Awtho airchaeological findins in the aurie date back tae the [[Stane Age]], the toun o Turku wis foondit in late 13t century.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.utu.fi/media/ajankohtaista/argumentit/AkiPihlman.html|title= Varhainen Turku rakennettiin pellolle|accessdate= 2008-05-06|author= Aki Pihlman|date= 2006-09-13|language= Finnish|archive-date= 2009-01-13|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090113003534/https://www.utu.fi/media/ajankohtaista/argumentit/AkiPihlman.html|url-status= dead}}</ref> The [[Cathedral o Turku]] wis [[consecration|consecratit]] in 1300.<ref name="Spicer2012">{{cite book|author=Andrew Spicer|title=Lutheran Churches in Early Modern Europe|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=GyErqszUsFYC&pg=PA314|year=2012|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-6583-0|page=314}}</ref> During the [[Middle Ages]], Turku wis the seat o the Bishop o Turku (a title later upgraded tae [[Airchdiocese o Turku|Airchbishop o Turku]]), coverin the then eastren hauf o the Kinrick o Swaden (maist o the present-day Finland) until the 17t century. Even gif Turku haed no offeecial caipital status, baith the short-lived institutions o [[Duke o Finland|Dukes]] an [[Govrenor-General in the Swadish Realm|Govrenors-General o Finland]] uisually haed thair Finnish residences thare. In the eftermath o the [[War against Sigismund]], the toun wis the steid o the [[Åbo bloodbath]]. In 1640, the first [[varsity]] in Finland, [[The Ryal Academy o Turku]], wis foondit in Turku. Turku wis an aa the meetin place fir the [[States o Finland]] in 1676. [[File:Turku panorama late 19th century.jpg|thumb|right|450px|Panorama o Turku, late o 19t century]] Efter the [[Finnish War]], which ended whan [[Swaden]] ceded Finland tae [[Roushien Empire|Imperial Roushie]] at the [[Treaty o Fredrikshamn]] in 1809, Turku acame briefly the offeecial caipital, but suin lost the status tae Helsinki, as [[Emperor]] [[Alexander I o Roushie|Alexander I]] felt that Turku wis too far frae Roushie an too aligned wi Swaden tae serve as the caipital o the [[Grand Duchy o Finland]]. {{Citation needed|date=June 2008}} The chynge offeecially teuk place in 1812. The govrenment offices that remained in Turku war finally moved tae the new caipital efter the [[Great Fire o Turku]], which awmaist completely destroyed the ceety in 1827. {{Citation needed|date=September 2008}} Efter the fire, a new an safer ceety plan wis drawn up bi [[Germany|German]] [[architect]] [[Carl Ludvig Engel]], who haed an aa designed the new caipital, Helsinki. Turku remained the lairgest ceety in Finland fir anither twinty years. [[File:Aurakatu 1910's.jpg|thumb|right|Aurakatu aurie in 1910s]] In 1918, a new varsity, the [[Åbo Akademi]] – the anly [[Swadish leid]] varsity in Finland – wis foondit in Turku. Twa years later, the [[Finnish leid]] [[Varsity o Turku]] wis foondit alangside hit. Thir twa varsities are the seicont an third tae be foondit in Finland, baith bi private donations. In the 20t century Turku wis cried "Finland's gateway to the West" bi historians sic as Jarmo Virmavirta. The ceety enjoyed guid connections wi ither [[Western Europe]]an countries an ceeties, especially syne the 1940s wi [[Stockholm]] across the [[Gulf o Bothnie]]. In the 1960s, Turku became the first Wastren ceety tae sign a [[toun twinnin|twinnin]] agreement wi [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]] in the [[Soviet Union]], leadin tae greater inter-cultural exchange an providin a new meanin tae the ceety's 'gateway' function. Efter the faw o [[Communism]] in [[Roushie]], mony prominent Soviets came tae Turku tae study Western business practices {{Citation needed|date=June 2008}}, amang them [[Vladimir Putin]], then Leningrad's deputy [[mayor]].<ref>Virmavirta</ref> As fir airchitectur in the ceety, baith the body o airchitectural styles as well as the prevalent wey o livin hae experienced significant changes in the 20t century. While haein survived relatively intact throughout the years o war 1939–1945, the ceety faced increasin changes in the 1950s an 1960s due tae risin demands fir apartments, the eagerness tae rebuild an maist o aw the new development o infrastructure (especially increased automobile traffeck). The widden ane- tae twa-story hooses that war the dominant mode o biggin in the ceety wur maistly demolished in the 1950s an 1960s tae baith enable mair efficient biggin an tae ease car traffeck. This resultit in the destruction o biggins that wis in later decades seen as beautiful an worth savin. Some individual biggins remain controversial tae this day whan hit comes tae thair demolition in the decades efter the war. fir example, the biggin o Hotel Phoenix that stood on corner o [[Mercat Squerr, Turku|Kauppatori]] wis torn down tae mak wey fir a lairge, multistory apartment biggin in 1959. The biggin wis significant baith fir hits location an history: havin stood on ane o the maist valuable lots in the ceety centre syne 1878 the biggin haed fir example served as the first main biggin o the Varsity o Turku. Ither biggins whose demolition wis seen as scandalous aither already at the time o action or proved tae be sae in later years include The Nobel Hoose (subject tae the very first photograph ever taken in Finland) an the biggin o Old Hotel Börs which wis biggit in jugendstil in 1909 bi Frithiof Strandel. ==Name== The Finnish name ''Turku'' oreeginates frae an [[Old East Slavic]] wird, ''tǔrgǔ'', meanin "[[market place]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.katajala.net/keskiaika/suomi/kaupungit.html |title=Keskiaika - Suomen kaupungit keskiajalla |publisher=Katajala.net |date= |accessdate=2011-09-16 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185914/http://www.katajala.net/keskiaika/suomi/kaupungit.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The wird ''turku'' still means "market place" in some idioms in Finnish. The Swedish wird fir "market place" is ''torg'', an wis probably borrowed frae Old East Slavic, an wis present already in [[Old Swedish]].<ref>''[[Svenska Akademiens ordbok]]'', "torg", column T2031 [http://g3.spraakdata.gu.se/saob/show.phtml?filenr=2/52/241.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209001917/http://g3.spraakdata.gu.se/saob/show.phtml?filenr=2/52/241.html |date=2015-02-09 }}</ref> The Swedish name ''Åbo'' mey be a semple combination o ''å'' ("river; creek; large stream") an ''bo'' ("dwellin"). As this pattern daes nae appear in ony ither Swedish place names in Finland, etymologists believe thare coud be a different explanation. Ane theory is that hit comes frae "Aabo", the Finnish rendition o the Roushie "Avram" ([[Abraham]]), which coud an aa be the origin o the name o the river [[Aura (Finland)|Aura]].<ref>[[YLE]], ''1000 km ortnamn'', 2003, http://vetamix.net/video/ortnamnet-%C3%A5bo_2273{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Retrieved 2015-</ref> Thare is houiver an auld legal term cried "[[:sv:åborätt|åborätt]]" (meanin roughly "right to live at"), which gae ceetizens (cried "åbo") the inheritable right tae live at land ained bi the croun.<ref>[[:sv:Åborätt]]</ref> In [[Finnish language|Finnish]], the [[Finnish noun cases|genitive]] o ''Turku'' is '''''Turun''''', meanin "o Turku". The Finnish names o organisations an institutes o Turku eften begin wi this wird, as in ''Turun yliopisto'' fir the [[Varsity o Turku]]. ==Geografie== [[File:Aura River Turku.jpg|thumb|right|[[Aura River (Finland)|Aura River]] seen further frae central Turku.]] Locatit at the mooth o the [[Aura River (Finland)|Aura river]] in the soothwastren corner o Finland, Turku covers an aurie o {{convert|245|km2}} o land, spread ower baith banks o the river. The eastren side, whaur the Cathedral o Turku is locatit, is popularly referred tae as ''täl pual jokke'' ("this side o the river"), while the wastren side is referred tae as ''tois pual jokke'' ("the ither side o the river"). The ceety centre is locatit close tae the river mooth, on baith sides o the river, tho development haes recently been expandin wastward. {{Citation needed|date=January 2009}} Thare are ten brigs ower the Aura river in Turku. The auldest o the current brigs is ''Auransilta'', which wis constructit in 1904. The newest brig is ''Kirjastosilta'' ('leebrar brig'), a pedestrian-anly brig biggit in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.turku.fi/public/?contentid=480599&nodeid=23 |title=Kirjastosilta avattiin tulen ja valon juhlassa |publisher=www.turku.fi |accessdate=2014-01-10 |archive-date=2014-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114100705/https://www.turku.fi/public/?contentid=480599&nodeid=23 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The ''Föri'', a smaw [[ferry]] that transports pedestrians an [[bicycle]]s across the river wioot payment, is a weel kent featur o the ceety. Wi a population o approximately 300,000 {{Citation needed|date=September 2008}}, the [[Turku sub-region|Turku Region]] ([[Local admeenistrative unit|LAU]]&nbsp;1) is the third lairgest urban region in Finland, efter [[Greater Helsinki]] an the aurie aroond [[Tampere]]. The region includes, in addition tae the ceety itsel the follaein municipalities: [[Askainen]], [[Kaarina]], [[Lemu]], [[Lieto]], [[Masku]], [[Merimasku]], [[Mynämäki]], [[Naantali]], [[Nousiainen]], [[Paimio]], [[Piikkiö]], [[Raisio]], [[Rusko]], [[Rymättylä]], [[Sauvo]], [[Vahto]] an [[Velkua]]. A mair exclusive definition fir the urban aurie is the [[Turku sub-region|ceety region o Turku]] wi a population aroond 235,000 consistin o fower major municipalities Kaarina, Raisio, Naantali an Turku. ==Admeenistrative subdiveesions== {{Main|Subdiveesions o Turku}} [[File:Stålarminkatu-Mestarinkatu.jpg|thumb|right|[[IV Destrict, Turku|IV Destrict]] or Martti is ane o the smawest but maist densely populatit destricts o Turku.]] The ceety is dividit intae 78 destricts an nine [[Ward (kintra subdiveesion)|wards]] that dae nae function as local govrenment units. Thare are, houiver, some projects that are based on the destrict diveesions, pairteecularly in the eastren pairt o the ceety, whaur unemployment is heich in certaint auries. The lairgest populatit destricts are Varissuo an Runosmäki. Bi aurie, houever, [[Kakskerta]] an [[Paattinen]], formed frae umwhile municipalities that war annexed tae the ceety proper in the mid-20t century, constitute the lairgest districts. {{citation needed|date=April 2012}} As mony o the smaa neighbourin [[municipalities o Finland|municipalities]] frae the north an sooth o the ceety wur annexed durin the mid-20t century, Turku is the day shaped lik an elongatit [[peir]]. The ceety centre an maist o the suburban auries lie in the middle, separatit frae the less densely populatit northren rural auries bi the Turku [[Bypass (road)|bypass]], that forms pairt o [[European route E18]]. Islands sic as [[Ruissalo]], [[Hirvensalo]] an [[Kakskerta]], formin the soothren pairt o the ceety, are an aa sparsely populat itan maistly contain simmer residences, wi the exception o some destricts in Hirvensalo which are currently growin intae [[upper middle class|upper-middle-class]] [[suburb]]s. ==Climate== [[File:Autumn in Turku.jpg|thumb|Aurie o [[Turku cathedral]] in hairst.]] Situatit bi the [[Baltic Sea]] an sheltered bi the islands o the [[Archipelago Sea]], Turku haes a [[humid continental]] climate. Lik much o soothren Finland, the ceety experiences warm simmers, wi [[temperatur]]s rangin up tae 30&nbsp;°C (86&nbsp;°F), an relatively cauld winters wi frequent [[snaw]]faw. The warmest month o the year is Julie, wi an average temperatur o {{convert|17.5|°C|0|abbr=on}}, whauras the cauldest month is Februar. The average year-roond temperatur is {{convert|5.5|°C|0|abbr=on}}. Winter uisually staorts in early December, an ware in late Mairch. [[Precipitation (meteorology)|Preceepitation]] in Turku averages {{convert|720|mm|1|abbr=on}} a year. The rainiest month o the year is August, whan the ceety receives on average {{convert|80|mm|1|abbr=on}} o rainfaw. In Aprile, the driest month o the year, the figur is anly {{convert|32|mm|1|abbr=on}}. The average [[air pressur]] at sea level is {{convert|101.2|kPa|inHg}}, wi little variance throughoot the year. Operational syne 1955, the ceety's [[wather station]] is locatit at an altitude o 47 metres (154&nbsp;ft) at [[Turku Airport]].<ref>'Turku' at EuroWeather</ref> {{Weather box |location = Turku |metric first = Y |single line = Y |Jan record high C = 8.5 |Feb record high C = 10.2 |Mar record high C = 15.8 |Apr record high C = 24.5 |May record high C = 30.0 |Jun record high C = 32.0 |Jul record high C = 35.9 |Aug record high C = 32.6 |Sep record high C = 27.8 |Oct record high C = 18.9 |Nov record high C = 11.2 |Dec record high C = 10.0 |Year record high C = 35.9 |Jan high C = -1.7 |Feb high C = -2.1 |Mar high C = 2.0 |Apr high C = 8.8 |May high C = 15.5 |Jun high C = 19.5 |Jul high C = 22.3 |Aug high C = 20.5 |Sep high C = 14.9 |Oct high C = 8.8 |Nov high C = 3.0 |Dec high C = -0.1 |Year high C = 9.3 |Jan mean C = -4.4 |Feb mean C = -5.2 |Mar mean C = -1.6 |Apr mean C = 4.0 |May mean C = 10.2 |Jun mean C = 14.4 |Jul mean C = 17.5 |Aug mean C = 16.0 |Sep mean C = 11.0 |Oct mean C = 5.9 |Nov mean C = 0.8 |Dec mean C = -2.6 |Year mean C = 9.3 |Jan low C = -7.3 |Feb low C = -8.3 |Mar low C = -4.9 |Apr low C = -0.2 |May low C = 4.8 |Jun low C = 9.3 |Jul low C = 12.6 |Aug low C = 11.6 |Sep low C = 7.2 |Oct low C = 3.2 |Nov low C = -1.6 |Dec low C = -5.6 |Year low C = 1.8 |Jan record low C = -35.5 |Feb record low C = -35.2 |Mar record low C = -32.8 |Apr record low C = -21.0 |May record low C = -6.6 |Jun record low C = -2.2 |Jul record low C = 1.8 |Aug record low C = 0.2 |Sep record low C = -6.9 |Oct record low C = -15.0 |Nov record low C = -22.3 |Dec record low C = -33.8 |Year record low C = -35.5 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 61 |Feb precipitation mm = 42 |Mar precipitation mm = 43 |Apr precipitation mm = 32 |May precipitation mm = 39 |Jun precipitation mm = 59 |Jul precipitation mm = 79 |Aug precipitation mm = 80 |Sep precipitation mm = 64 |Oct precipitation mm = 78 |Nov precipitation mm = 76 |Dec precipitation mm = 70 |Jan precipitation days = 11 |Feb precipitation days = 8 |Mar precipitation days = 9 |Apr precipitation days = 7 |May precipitation days = 7 |Jun precipitation days = 8 |Jul precipitation days = 9 |Aug precipitation days = 11 |Sep precipitation days = 9 |Oct precipitation days = 12 |Nov precipitation days = 13 |Dec precipitation days = 12 |Jan sun = 40 |Feb sun = 75 |Mar sun = 134 |Apr sun = 204 |May sun = 284 |Jun sun = 276 |Jul sun = 287 |Aug sun = 230 |Sep sun = 155 |Oct sun = 89 |Nov sun = 38 |Dec sun = 27 |year sun = |source 1 = Climatological statistics for the normal period 1981–2010 <ref name="fmi.fi">{{cite web|url=http://en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/normal-period-1981-2010 |title=Normal period 1981-2010 |accessdate=12 October 2012}}</ref> |date=February 2011 }} ==Govrenment an politics== [[File:Turun hovioikeus.jpg|thumb|The Coort o Appeal an Academy Hoose o Turku.]] Bein baith a [[regions o Finland|regional]] an [[provinces o Finland|provincial]] caipital, Turku is an important admeenistrative centre, hostin the seat o the [[Airchdiocese o Turku|Airchbishop o Finland]] an a [[Appellate coort|Coort o Appeal]]. [[Aleksi Randell]] haes been the mayor o Turku syne 2010. The [[ceety cooncil]] an ceety buird hae lang been dominatit bi the [[Social Democratic Pairty o Finland|Social Democratic Pairty]] (SDP) an the [[Naitional Coaleetion Pairty (Finland)|Naitional Coaleetion Pairty]] (''Kokoomus/Samlingspartiet''), wi approximately equal representation. Currently, the cooncil haes 67 members, wi 19 frae ''Kokoomus'' an 14 frae SDP. The ither major pairties in the cooncil are the [[Green League]] (10 seats), the [[Left Alliance (Finland)|Left Alliance]] (9 seats) an The Finns (6 seats). The current chair o the ceety buird is [[Minna Arve]] frae ''Kokoomus''. Results o the [[Finnish parliamentary election, 2011]] in Turku: *[[Naitional Coalition Pairty]] 23.7% *[[Social Democratic Pairty o Finland|Social Democratic Pairty]] 19.4% *[[True Finns]] 15.8% *[[Left Alliance (Finland)|Left Alliance]] 12.7% *[[Green League]] 11.4% *[[Swedish People's Party]] 5.8% *[[Centre Party (Finland)|Centre Party]] 4.7% *[[Christian Democrats (Finland)|Christian Democrats]] 3.1% ==Transport== {{See also|Turku tram}} [[File:Electric locomotives at Turku railway station..jpg|200px|thumb|left|[[Locomotive]]s at [[Turku Central railway station]].]] [[File:Turku Postcard landscape.jpg|thumb|200px|left|[[Viking Line]]'s [[MS Isabella]] on her wey in the Turku Archipelago.]] fir a ceety o hits size, Turku haes a moderate [[public transport]] network o [[bus]] routes, which is comparable tae bus network o seemilar-sized [[Tampere]]. The bus network is managed an supervised bi the ''Ceety o Turku Public Transport Office'' ({{lang-fi|Turun joukkoliikennetoimisto}}, {{lang-sv|Åbo kollektivtrafikkontor}}), an is operatit mainly bi private companies. {{Citation needed|date=June 2008}} Regional buses are operatit bi private companies, maist importantly [[TLO]], wi very frequent services especially tae the neighbourin ceeties o Naantali, Raisio, an Kaarina. Rail traffeck tae an frae Turku is handled bi the Finnish naitional carrier, [[VR (Finnish railway company)|VR]]. The nummer o services haes fallen an anly the railways towards Tampere an Helsinki are nou in uise. The railway stations currently uised fir passenger traffeck are the [[Turku Central railway station]] in [[Pohjola, Turku|Pohjola]], an twa smawer stations in [[Kupittaa]] an the [[Port o Turku]]. Thare is no local rail traffeck at the moment, as the ceety's popular [[tram]] services war discontinued in 1972, an the various local railway lines tae neighbourin towns an municipalities war aw abolished during the late 20t century. {{Citation needed|date=October 2008}} Houever, thare are plans fir a [[licht rail]] seestem in the Turku region in the near future. This seestem wad mair ably serve major suburbs o the ceety sic as Varissuo an Runosmäki, as well as the neighbourin ceeties.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.raitio.org/historia/pika/pika.htm |title=Raitiovaunulla Naantaliin, Kaarinaan, Runosmäkeen, Varissuolle? |accessdate=2008-07-11 |last=Laaksonen |first=Mikko |work=raitio.org |publisher=Finnish Tramways Society |language=Finnish |archive-date=2016-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007180424/http://www.raitio.org/historia/pika/pika.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The State o Finland haes annoonced plans tae support [[Espoo]] wi 30% o full expenses on a new metro rail, the Regional Cooncil o Soothwast Finland is gangin tae uise this as a test case fir a new licht rail network in Turku.:{{citation needed}} The Turku Bus Station an the [[Turku Central Railway Station]] are currently locatit in different places. The Ceety o Turku is plannin tae combine thir twa in a new greater station complex in the near future. This new traivel centre will conseest o a hotel an several shoppin estates. This centre will connect aw public transportation frae commuter trains tae lang distance buses. [[Turku Airport]] is locatit {{convert|8|km|0|abbr=off}} tae the north o the ceety centre, partly in the neighbourin municipality o [[Rusko]]. Thare are an aa daily ferry services frae the [[Port o Turku]] tae Swaden an the [[Åland Islands]], operatit i [[Silja Line]], [[Viking Line]] an [[SeaWind Line]]. Thir are something o a Finnish cultural tradeetion (see [[ruotsinlaiva]]), an fowk eften traivel lang distances across Finland tae Turku juist tae tak a [[cruisin (maritime)|cruise]] across the Gulf o Bothnie. The [[archipelago sea]] boat traffeck is handled bi, amang others, [[S/S Ukkopekka]], an auld [[steamship]] that cruises on the route Turku-[[Naantali]]-Turku. Turku is the anly ceety in Finland tae hae three lang-distance railway stations: [[Turku Central railway station|Turku Central]], [[Port o Turku]], an [[Kupittaa railway station|Kupittaa]]. ==Demographics== [[File:Turku Vappu 2008.jpg|thumb|Fowk celebratin [[Vappu]] in central Turku.]] At the end o 2004 the Turku region (includin the [[destricts o Finland|economic destricts]] o Turku an Åboland) haed a population o 319,632, oot o which 174,824 fowk lived in the ceety o Turku. The ceety's population density is 718 indwallers per square kilometre.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.turku.fi/Public/default.aspx?contentid=97662&nodeid=4907&culture=en-US&contentlan=2 |title=www.turku.fi » turku.fi » Turku.info » Publications and Reports |publisher=turku.fi |date=2008-06-25 |accessdate=2009-05-06 |archive-date=2011-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716095845/https://www.turku.fi/Public/default.aspx?contentid=97662&nodeid=4907&culture=en-US&contentlan=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> 89.4% o Turku's population speak Finnish as thair [[native leidile 5.2% speak Swedish. The next maist widely spoken languages are [[Roushie leid|Roushie]] (1.3%), [[Arabic leid|Arabic]] (0.6%), [[Albanie leid|Albanie]] (0.5%). 95.8% o the population are [[Finnish naitionality law|Finnish ceetizens]], an the maist sizeable minorities are frae [[Roushie]], [[Estonia]], [[Iraq]], an [[Iran]]. Lik aw ither Finnish ceeties, Turku daes nae collect information aboot the ethnic an releegious makeup o hits population.<ref>see ''Turun kaupungin tilastollinen vuosikirja, 2005/2006''</ref> ==Notable fowk== Famous fowk frae the ceety o Turku include: *[[Paavo Nurmi]], The [[Flying Finn]], a Finnish 9 time Olympic Champion in lang-distance runnin *[[Mauno Koivisto]], the 9t Preses o Finland *[[Matti Salminen]], a Finnish bass sangster *[[Johan Gadolin]], a Finnish chemist, physicist an mineralogist *[[Herman Spöring]], a Finnish explorer an botanist *[[Miikka Kiprusoff]], a Finnish umwhile professional ice hockey goalkeeper who played in [[Calgary Flames]] an [[San Jose Sharks]] during his [[NHL]] career *[[Christina Krook]] (1742-1806), educator *The brothers [[Saku Koivu|Saku]] an [[Mikko Koivu]], Finnish ice hockey players playin respectively in [[Anaheim Ducks]] an [[Minnesota Wild]] as an alternate captain an captain. *[[Darude]], a Finnish dance muisicker, airtist o the hit sang [[Sandstorm (Darude composition)|Sandstorm]] *[[Teemu Brunila]], a Finnish sangster, songwriter, muisicker an producer *[[Michael Monroe]], a Finnish rock muisicker, the vocalist o [[Hanoi Rocks]] *[[Makwan Amirkhani]], Kurdish Finnish MMA fighter in [[UFC]] *[[Jarno Saarinen]], Grand Prix motorcycle racer The Turku region haes an aa brought forth mony prominent personalities, includin the [[marshal]], [[Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim|Carl Gustaf Mannerheim]]. ==Economy== [[File:Oasis of the Seas 2009-10-18.jpg|thumb|right|[[MS Oasis o the Seas]], the world's lairgest passenger ship wis biggit in Turku.]] The business destrict in the ceety's economy is centred on the [[Port o Turku]] an ither service-orientit industries. The ceety is an aa a renowned [[high-tech]] centre – the [[Turku Science Park]] aurie in Kupittaa hosts ower 300 companies {{citation needed|date=April 2012}} frae the fields o [[biotechnology]] an [[information technology]], as well as several institutions o heicher learnin that wirk in closely wi the business sector. This cooperative element is seen as a parteecularly important factor wi regards tae the ceety's expectit future economic development, as outlined in the ''Turku Strategy'' that is published annually bi the ceety cooncil. {{citation needed|date=April 2012}} At least the follaein major Finnish companies hae thair corporate headquarters in Turku: [[HKScan]] an [[Hesburger]]. Ither major companies which hae operations in Turku include [[Bayer]], [[Fläkt Woods]], [[Meyer Werft]], [[Orion Corporation]] an [[Wärtsilä]]. As o 2007, the ceety's [[unemployment]] rate is 9.4%.<ref name="pdf">{{Cite web |url=http://www.turku.fi/Public/download.aspx?ID=59428&GUID=%7B2171A3CC-D0CC-4ACF-A894-86B962BE8B58%7D |title=Archived copy |access-date=2021-01-19 |archive-date=2015-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512120623/http://www.turku.fi/Public/download.aspx?ID=59428&GUID=%7B2171A3CC-D0CC-4ACF-A894-86B962BE8B58%7D |url-status=dead }}</ref> The problem o unemployment is houever troublesome in the destricts o [[Pansio]], [[Lauste]], an Varissuo, whaur hit hovers at aroond 16%.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.turku.fi/Public/download.aspx?ID=59731&GUID=%7B246B196C-9A7D-4975-8431-50D14A1405D8 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2021-01-19 |archive-date=2015-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511044102/http://www.turku.fi/Public/download.aspx?ID=59731&GUID=%7B246B196C-9A7D-4975-8431-50D14A1405D8 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Education== [[File:Turun yliopisto.jpg|thumb|right|The main biggin o the [[Varsity o Turku]].]] Turku haes a langer eddicational history than ony ither Finnish ceety – the first schuil in the ceety, the [[Katedralskolan i Åbo|Cathedral School]], wis foondit alang wi the Cathedral o Turku in the late 13t century. The first [[varsity]] in Finland, the "[[The Ryal Academy o Turku]]" (nou [[Varsity o Helsinki]]), wis established in the ceety in 1640. In 1820, the first school in Finland conformin tae the [[Bell-Lancaster method]] wis foondit in Turku wi the aim o makin primary eddication mair inclusive tae the lawer classes. Turku is home tae aboot 35,000 higher eddication students.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.turku.fi/Public/default.aspx?nodeid=4904&culture=en-US&contentlan=2 |title=www.turku.fi » turku.fi » Turku.info » Turku in Brief |publisher=turku.fi |accessdate=2009-05-06 |archive-date=2011-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716095212/https://www.turku.fi/Public/default.aspx?nodeid=4904&culture=en-US&contentlan=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Thare are twa varsities an several "[[Varsity o applied sciences (Finland)|polytechnics]]" in the toun. The Finnish [[Varsity o Turku]] is the seicont lairgest varsity in Finland (18,000 students), as measurt bi student enrollment, an ane o the auldest as well, havin been foondit in 1920. [[Åbo Akademi]], foondit 1918 as the seicont varsity o Finland, is Finland's anly Swedish-leid varsity. [[Turku School of Economics|Turku School o Economics]] merged wi The Varsity o Turku in 2010, an Åbo handelshögskola, hits Swedish counterpart, wi Åbo Akademi 1980. The central hospital o Turku, [[TYKS|Turku Varsity Hospital]], is affiliatit wi the Varsity an hit is uised as a teachin hospital. [[Turku Varsity o Applee'd Sciences]] is the seicont lairgest [[Institute o technology#Finland|polytechnic]] in Finland efter Metropolia Varsity o Applee'd Sciences. An aa [[Novia Varsity o Applee'd Sciences]] an [[Diaconia Varsity o Applee'd Sciences]] hae campuses in the toun. Turku is ane o anly twa ceeties in Finland tae hae an established [[international school]] (the ither ceety bein Helsinki). [[Turku International School]], locatit in the eastren destrict o [[Varissuo]], haes been operatin syne 2003. Bi an agreement signed atween the ceety o Turku an the [[Varsity o Turku]], [[Turun normaalikoulu]] takes care o the teachin in the international school.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.tnk.utu.fi/index.php?id=1389&news_id=125&archive=|title= Turku International School|publisher= [[Varsity o Turku]]|date= 15 January 2006|access-date= 2015-06-01|archive-date= 2008-12-26|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081226054046/http://www.tnk.utu.fi/index.php?id=1389&news_id=125&archive=|url-status= dead}}</ref> ==Media== [[File:Turun kaupunginkirjaston päärakennus.jpg|thumb|Main librar o Turku]] The maist widely read [[leet o Finnish newspapers|newspaper]] o Turku, an the aurie aroond hit, is the daily regional morning newspaper ''[[Turun Sanomat]]'', wi a readership o ower 70% o the population every day. ''[[Åbo Underrättelser]]'', a Swedish leid newspaper published in Turku, is the auldest newspaper in Finland, havin been published syne 1824. The free-o-charge ''Turkulainen'' newspaper is an aa amang the maist popular newspapers, thegither wi the local edeetion o ''[[Metro International]]'' an the naitional evening [[Tabloid (newspaper format)|tabloid]] ''[[Ilta-Sanomat]]''.<ref>see ''Tutkimus: Lehtien lukijapeitot''</ref> Thare are an aa a nummer o local newspapers sic as ''Kulmakunta'' (fir the eastren suburbs o Turku, includin Varissuo an Lauste), an ''Rannikkoseutu'' (fir the aurie aroond the neighbourin ceeties o Raisio an Naantali). The first Finnish newspaper ''[[Tidningar Utgifne Af et Sällskap i Åbo]]'', in Swedish, wis stairtit in Turku in 1771,<ref>Finnish Wikipedia article about Tidningar Utgifne Af et Sällskap i Åbo: http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidningar_Utgifne_Af_et_S%C3%A4llskap_i_%C3%85bo</ref> as well as the first Finnish-leid newspaper ''[[Suomenkieliset Tieto-Sanomat]]'' which wis stairtit in 1775. The newspaper, ''Turun Sanomat'', an aa operates a regional [[televeesion]] station, cried ''Turku TV''. The Finnish naitional broadcaster, ''[[Yleisradio]]'', screens local news, daily frae Monday tae Friday, fir the Soothwast Finland (includin the regions o [[Finland Proper (region)|Finland Proper]] an [[Satakunta (region)|Satakunta]]) residents. Aw [[leet o Finnish televeesion channels|Finnish naitional TV channels]] are viewable an naitional radio channels audible in the Turku aurie. In addeetion, a nummer o local [[radio]] stations, e.g. ''Auran Aallot'', ''Radio Sata'' an ''Radio Robin Hood'' are operational. Local [[public broadcastin|public service]] radio stations are ''YLE Turun Radio'' in Finnish leid (the regional version o [[YLE Radio Suomi]]) an ''YLE Radio Vega Åboland'' in Swadish leid (the regional version o [[YLE Radio Vega]]). ==Cultur== [[File:Turun tuomiokirkko.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Cathedral o Turku]], ane o the maist notable historical biggins in Finland.]] [[Cultur o Finland|Cultural venues]] in Turku include several [[theatre]]s, [[movie theater|cinemas]], an [[airt gallery|airt galleries]], an a ceety philharmonic [[orchestra]]. The ceety's cultural centre organises a nummer o regular events, maist notably the [[Medieval Mercat o Turku|Medieval Mercat]] in Julie each year. Turku is an aa the offeecial [[Christmas]] ceety o Finland, an 'Christmas Peace' in Finland is declared on every 24 December frae the Brinkkala Hall balcony. The [[Turku Music Festival]] an the [[rock festival]] [[Ruisrock]] (held on the island o [[Ruissalo]]) are amang the auldest o hits kynd in [[Scandinavie]]. The ceety an aa hosts anither rock festival, [[Down by the Laituri|Down bi the Laituri]], an ane o the lairgest electronic music festivals in Northren Europe, UMF<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uudenmusiikinfestivaali.org/ |title=www.uudenmusiikinfestivaali.org |publisher=www.uudenmusiikinfestivaali.org |date= |accessdate=2011-09-16}}</ref> (Uuden Musiikin Festivaali, "New Music Festival"), in addition tae a vibrant nightlife, centred on the Market Square. Thare are an aa numerous [[museum]]s, sic as the Turku Airt Museum an the [[Wäinö Aaltonen Museum o Airt]]. The Åbo Akademi Varsity maintains the [[Sibelius Museum]], which is the anly museum in Finland specialisin in the field o miusic. Apart frae thir, thare are an aa several historical museums that display the ceety's medieval period, sic as the [[Turku Castle]], which haes been a functional historical museum syne 1881, an the ''[[Aboa Vetus]]'' museum, biggit in the late 1990s ower the 14t century [[Archaeology|archaeological]] site. The ''[[Luostarinmäki]]'' [[handicrafts]] museum, convertit frae residential biggins that survived the [[Great Fire o Turku]] in 1827, wis the first [[Scandinavia]]n venue tae receive the "Golden Apple" tourism awaird. Turku is [[European Capital o Culture]] in 2011, an the ceety cooncil haes approved numerous projects tae boost the ceety's image in preparation fir that status. The [[Declaration o Christmas Peace]] haes been a tradeetion in Finland frae the Middle Ages every year, except in 1939 due tae the [[Winter War]]. The declaration takes place on the [[Old Great Square (Turku)|Old Great Squerr o Turku]], Finland's offeecial 'Christmas Ceety', at noon on Christmas Eve. The declaration ceremony begins wi the hymn ''Jumala ompi linnamme'' ([[Martin Luther]]'s ''[[Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott]]'') an continues wi the Declaration o Christmas Peace read frae a [[pairchment]] row in Finnish an Swadish. ==Sports== [[File:Paavo Nurmi Marathon, 2007, Aurakatu.jpg|thumb|[[Paavo Nurmi Marathon (Turku)|Paavo Nurmi Marathon]] is ran every simmer.]] The ceety haes twa fitbaa teams playin at the tap naitional level, the ''[[Veikkausliiga]]'': [[FC Inter Turku|FC Inter]] an [[Turun Palloseura|TPS]], which is playin in seicont heichest level Ykkönen, but TPS is ane o the auldest fitbaa clubs in Finland. Baith teams play thair home matches at [[Veritas Stadion]] in the destrict o [[Kupittaa]]. [[HC TPS]] o Turku is ane o the maist successfu teams in Finnish ice hockey history. hit plays in the Finnish tap league, [[SM-liiga]]. HC TPS haes won the naitional championship 11 times, the latest bein frae saison 2009-2010. [[HK Arena]], locatit in the Artukainen destrict, is uised as the venue fir HC TPS gemmes. The ''[[Paavo Nurmi Marathon (Turku)|Paavo Nurmi Marathon]]'' is an annual sportin event in Turku, named efter the warld-famous runner [[Paavo Nurmi]], who wis born an raised in the ceety. Finland's maist successfu [[tennis]] player, [[Jarkko Nieminen]], wis born an lifes in the neighbourin coonty o [[Masku]] [[Turku Titans]] is a lacrosse club based in Turku wi a relevantly successfu history wi three siller medals an ane gowd medal in the naitional lacrosse league in Finland. The Titans weemen's team haes forby haed a successfu history.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.turkutitans.fi/club.htm |title=Turku Titans history |publisher=Turku Titans |accessdate=2010-07-18 |archive-date=2011-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720194200/https://www.turkutitans.fi/club.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[FIL U19 2012 World Lacrosse Championships]] are an aa held in the ceety.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.2012worldlacrosse.com/ |title=2012 World Lacrosse |publisher=FIL U19 2012 World Lacrosse Championships |accessdate=2010-07-18 |archive-date=2010-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204114031/http://www.2012worldlacrosse.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Internaitional relations== {{See an aa|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Finland}} ===Twin touns — Sister ceeties=== Turku is [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi: {| cellpadding="10" |- style="vertical-align:top" | * [[File:Göteborg vapen.svg|25px]] [[Gothenburg]] in [[Swaden]] <small>(syne 1946)</small> * [[File:Coat of arms of Aarhus.svg|25px]] [[Aarhus]] in [[Denmark]] <small>(syne 1946)</small> * [[File:Bergen våpen.svg|25px]] [[Bergen]] in [[Norawa]] <small>(syne 1946)</small> * [[File:Coat of Arms of Saint Petersburg (2003).svg|25px]] [[Saunt Petersburg]] in [[Roushie]] <small>(at the time, Leningrad, USSR) (syne 1953)</small> * [[File:POL Gdańsk COA.svg|25px]] [[Gdańsk]] in [[Poland]] <small>(syne 1958)</small><ref name="Gdańsk">{{cite web|url=http://www.gdansk.pl/samorzad,62,733.html|title=Gdańsk Official Website: 'Miasta partnerskie'|publisher=[[copyright|©]] 2009 [http://www.gdansk.pl/ Urząd Miejski w Gdańsku]|language=Polish & English|accessdate=2009-07-11|archive-date=2013-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723091807/http://www.gdansk.pl/samorzad%2C62%2C733.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[File:Rostock Wappen.svg|25px]] [[Rostock]] in [[Germany]] <small>(at the time, [[East Germany|German Democratic Republic]]) (syne 1963)</small> * [[Varna]] in [[Bulgarie]] <small>(syne 1963)</small> * [[File:ROU CT Constanta CoA.png|25px]] [[Constanţa]] in [[Romanie]] <small>(syne 1963)</small> || || * [[File:DEU Koeln COA.svg|25px]] [[Cologne]] in [[Germany]] <small>(syne 1967)</small> * [[File:HUN Szeged Címer.svg|25px]] [[Szeged]] in [[Hungary]] <small>(syne 1971)</small> * [[File:Coat of Arms of Bratislava.svg|25px]] [[Bratislava]] in [[Slovakie]] <small>(at the time, [[Czechoslovakie]]) (syne 1976)</small><ref name="Bratislava">{{cite web|url=http://www.bratislava-city.sk/bratislava-twin-towns|title=''Bratislava City - Twin Towns''|publisher=[[copyright|©]] 2003-2008 Bratislava-City.sk|accessdate=2008-10-26}}</ref> * [[File:FlorenceCoA.svg|25px]] [[Florence]] in [[Italy]] <small>(syne 1992)</small> * [[File:中華人民共和國國徽.svg|25px]] [[Tianjin]] in [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]] <small>(syne 2000)</small> * [[File:Tartu coat of arms.svg|25px]] [[Tartu]] in [[Estonie]] <small>(syne 2008)</small> |} Turku haes co-operation greements wi the follaein ceeties: * [[File:Coat of arms of Tallinn (greater).svg|25px]] [[Tallinn]] in [[Estonie]] <small>(co-operation greement)</small> * [[File:Kuressaare coatofarms.png|25px]] [[Kuressaare]] in [[Estonie]] <small>(co-operation greement)</small> == Notes == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{FinlandProper}} [[Category:Turku| ]] [[Category:Ceeties an touns in Finland]] [[Category:Municipalities o Finland Proper]] {{Stub/Finland}} {{Stub/Ceety}} r9bzsifjpxw16su2fmd8mphrc0vstht Cape Toun 0 12576 925460 918035 2026-10-30T13:36:18Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 Replace archive.today airtins wi Wayback Machine airtins 925460 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox South African town 2011 |name = Cape Toun |native_name = {{lang|af|Kaapstad}} {{af icon}}<br /> {{lang|xh|iKapa}} {{xh icon}} |nickname = Mother City, Tavern of the Seas |motto = ''Spes Bona'' ([[Laitin]] for "Guid Haip") |image_skyline = Cape Town Montage 2015.png |imagesize = 295px |image_caption = Clockwise frae tap: Cape Toun CBD, [[Strand, Wastren Cape|Strand]], [[Clifton, Cape Toun|Clifton beach]], [[Table Moontain]], [[Port o Cape Toun]], [[Cape Toun Ceety Haw]] |image_flag = |image_shield = Capetownarms.jpg |coordinates = {{coord|33|55|31|S|18|25|26|E|region:ZA-WC_type:city(4000000)|display=inline,title}} |coor_pinpoint = [[Cape Toun Ceety Haw|Ceety Haw]] |province = Wastren Cape |district = |municipality = City of Cape Town |established_title = Founded |established_date = 1652 |established_title1 = Municipal govrenment |established_date1 = 1839 |government_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/clusters/viewarticle3.asp?conid=12705 |title=Achmat Ebrahim is the new city manager of Cape Town |accessdate=25 March 2007 |last=Pollack |first=Martin |date=31 May 2006 |publisher=City of Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070416235620/http://www.capetown.gov.za/clusters/viewarticle3.asp?conid=12705 |archivedate=16 April 2007 |df=dmy }}</ref> |government_type = [[Metropolitan municipality (Sooth Africae)|Metropolitan municipality]] |leader_party = [[Democratic Alliance (Sooth Africae)|DA]] |leader_title = [[Mayor o Cape Town|Mayor]] |leader_name = [[Patricia de Lille]] |leader_title1 = [[Cooncil]] |leader_name1 = [[Cape Town Ceety Cooncil]] |leader_title2 = [[Ceety manager]] |leader_name2 = Achmat Ebrahim |area_footnotes = <ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title = Main Place Cape Town |work = Census 2011 |url = http://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/199 |access-date = 2017-04-21 |archive-date = 2013-09-23 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130923003554/http://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/199 |url-status = dead }}</ref> |area_metro_km2 = 2444.97 |elevation_max_m = 1590.4 |elevation_min_m = 0 |elevation_m = |population_as_of = 2011 |population_footnotes = <ref name="census2011"/> |population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="City of Cape Town">{{cite web|title=City of Cape Town|url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=1021&id=city-of-cape-town-municipality|accessdate=19 February 2016}}</ref> |population_density_total_km2 = 1083 |population_metro = 3740026 |population_density_metro_km2 = 1529 |population_demonym = Capetonian <!-- demographics (section 1) --> |demographics1_footnotes = <ref name="City of Cape Town"/><ref>{{cite web|title=2011 Census|url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/en/stats/Pages/Census2011.aspx|accessdate=19 February 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130720225750/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/stats/Pages/Census2011.aspx|archivedate=20 July 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> <!-- demographics (section 2) NB these demographics values are ignored: Template:Infobox South African town 2011 shows stuff direct from the census (of Cape Town main place, not he municipality). --> |demographics2_footnotes = <ref name="City of Cape Town"/> |demographics2_title1 = [[Afrikaans]] |demographics2_info1 = 34.9% teepe anything here, it's owerridden bi the template! |demographics2_title2 = [[Xhosa leid|Xhosa]] |demographics2_info2 = 29.2% |demographics2_title3 = [[Sooth African Inglis|Inglis]] |demographics2_info3 = 27.8% |demographics2_title4 = Ither |demographics2_info4 = 8.1% |postal_code = 7400 to 8099 |area_code = +27 (0)21 |censuscode = 199041 |blank_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] |blank_info_sec1 = {{increase}} 0.74 <span style="color:#1fca23">'''High'''</span> <small>(2010)</small><ref name="wcggdp">{{cite web |url=http://www.westerncape.gov.za/assets/departments/treasury/Documents/Socio-economic-profiles/dc0_city_of_cape_town_ke_6_dec_2013.pdf |title=Regional Development Profile: City of Cape Town |publisher=Western Cape Government |date=2013 |accessdate=18 November 2014 |pages=25 |archive-date=2017-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122022655/https://www.westerncape.gov.za/assets/departments/treasury/Documents/Socio-economic-profiles/dc0_city_of_cape_town_ke_6_dec_2013.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |blank_name_sec2 = GDP |blank_info_sec2 = [[American dollar|US$]] 58.9&nbsp;billion <ref name="brookingsgdp">{{cite web|url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3 |title=Global city GDP 2011 |publisher=Brookings Institution |accessdate=18 November 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6H7Jql2A9?url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3 |archivedate=4 June 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref> |blank1_name_sec2 = GDP per capita |blank1_info_sec2 = US$15,918 <ref name="brookingsgdp"/> |website = {{URL|www.capetown.gov.za}} |footnotes = }} '''Cape Toun''' ({{lang-af|Kaapstad}}; ''{{lang-en|Cape Town}}; {{lang-xh|iKapa}}'') is the seicont-maist populous ceety in [[Sooth Africae]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=1021&id=city-of-cape-town-municipality|title=Metropolitan Municipality {{!}} Statistics South Africa|last=Africa|first=Statistics South|website=www.statssa.gov.za|access-date=2016-06-02}}</ref> an the lairgest in land aurie, formin pairt o the [[Ceety o Cape Toun]] [[metropolitan municipality (Sooth Africae)|metropolitan municipality]]. It is the provincial [[Caipital ceety|caipital]] an [[primate ceety]] o the [[Wastren Cape]], as well as the [[legislature|legislative]] caipital o Sooth Africae, whaur the [[Parliament o Sooth Africae|Naitional Parliament]] an mony govrenment offices are locatit. The ceety is famous for [[Port o Cape Toun|its harbour]] as well as its naitural settin in the [[Cape floral kinrick]], includin such well-kent laundmerks as [[Table Muntain]] an [[Cape Point]]. Cape Town is an aa Africae's maist popular tourist destination.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expatcapetown.com/why-cape-town.html|title=Why Cape Town is one of the Best Tourist and Expat Destinations}}</ref> Locatit on the shore o [[Table Bay]], Cape Toun wis oreeginally developed bi the [[Dutch East Indie Company]] as a victuallin (supply) station for [[Netherlands|Dutch]] ships sailin tae [[Eastren Africae]], [[Indie]], an the [[Far East]]. [[Jan van Riebeeck]]'s arrival on 6 Aprile 1652 established the first permanent European dounset in Sooth Africae. Cape Toun quickly ootgrew its oreeginal purpose as the first European ootpost at the [[Castle o Guid Howp]], becomin the economic an cultural hub o the [[Cape Colony]]. Till the [[Witwatersrand Gowd Rush]] an the development o [[Johannesburg]], Cape Toun wis the lairgest ceety in Sooth Africae. == Twin touns—Sister ceeties == Cape Town haes sax [[twin touns an sister ceeties]], as leetit belaw: {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kintra ! Ceety ! Established |- | {{Flagicon|Germany}} | [[Aachen]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aachen-kapstadt.de/e_start.html |title=Agenda 21 Partnership Cape Town – Aachen |accessdate=5 March 2010 |archive-date=2009-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224222014/http://www.aachen-kapstadt.de/e_start.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 2000 |- | {{Flagicon|Thailand}} | [[Bangkok]] | 2007 |- | {{Flagicon|Israel}} | [[Haifa]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.haifa.muni.il/Haifa/en-us/Pages/CAPE-TOWN.aspx |title=Cape Town |publisher=Haifa City |accessdate=5 March 2010 |archive-date=2010-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215222941/https://haifa.muni.il/Haifa/en-us/Pages/CAPE-TOWN.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 1975 |- | {{Flagicon|China}} | [[Hangzhou]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/ExternalRelations/Documents/City%20of%20Hangzhou.pdf |title=Agreement on the Establishment of Relations of Friendship between the City of Hangzhou of the People's Republic of China and the City of Cape Town of the Republic of South Africa |date=18 April 2005 |accessdate=5 March 2010 |archive-date=2011-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727103314/https://www.capetown.gov.za/en/ExternalRelations/Documents/City%20of%20Hangzhou.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 2005 |- | {{Flagicon|France}} | [[Nice]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nice.fr/Municipalite/Villes-jumelees-avec-la-Ville-de-Nice |title=Villes jumelées avec la Ville de Nice |publisher=Ville de Nice |accessdate=5 March 2010 |language=French |archive-date=2013-06-25 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6He6UzpyJ?url=http://www.nice.fr/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 1974 |- | {{Flagicon|Russia}} | [[Saunt Petersburg]]{{citation needed}} | 2001 |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Commonscat|Cape Town}} {{Leet o African caipitals}} [[Category:Cape Toun| ]] [[Category:Provincial caipitals in Sooth Africae]] [[Category:Populatit coastal places in Sooth Africae]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1652]] [[Category:Caipitals in Africae]] [[Category:Port ceeties in Sooth Africae]] [[Category:Populatit places in the Ceety o Cape Toun]] {{Stub/Africae}} {{Stub/Ceety}} fofxqdni1e1pbq4ql6kprwosjlwkycp 925541 925460 2026-10-31T00:41:36Z Atlantic306 30244 /* Twin touns—Sister ceeties */ fixed reference 925541 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox South African town 2011 |name = Cape Toun |native_name = {{lang|af|Kaapstad}} {{af icon}}<br /> {{lang|xh|iKapa}} {{xh icon}} |nickname = Mother City, Tavern of the Seas |motto = ''Spes Bona'' ([[Laitin]] for "Guid Haip") |image_skyline = Cape Town Montage 2015.png |imagesize = 295px |image_caption = Clockwise frae tap: Cape Toun CBD, [[Strand, Wastren Cape|Strand]], [[Clifton, Cape Toun|Clifton beach]], [[Table Moontain]], [[Port o Cape Toun]], [[Cape Toun Ceety Haw]] |image_flag = |image_shield = Capetownarms.jpg |coordinates = {{coord|33|55|31|S|18|25|26|E|region:ZA-WC_type:city(4000000)|display=inline,title}} |coor_pinpoint = [[Cape Toun Ceety Haw|Ceety Haw]] |province = Wastren Cape |district = |municipality = City of Cape Town |established_title = Founded |established_date = 1652 |established_title1 = Municipal govrenment |established_date1 = 1839 |government_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/clusters/viewarticle3.asp?conid=12705 |title=Achmat Ebrahim is the new city manager of Cape Town |accessdate=25 March 2007 |last=Pollack |first=Martin |date=31 May 2006 |publisher=City of Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070416235620/http://www.capetown.gov.za/clusters/viewarticle3.asp?conid=12705 |archivedate=16 April 2007 |df=dmy }}</ref> |government_type = [[Metropolitan municipality (Sooth Africae)|Metropolitan municipality]] |leader_party = [[Democratic Alliance (Sooth Africae)|DA]] |leader_title = [[Mayor o Cape Town|Mayor]] |leader_name = [[Patricia de Lille]] |leader_title1 = [[Cooncil]] |leader_name1 = [[Cape Town Ceety Cooncil]] |leader_title2 = [[Ceety manager]] |leader_name2 = Achmat Ebrahim |area_footnotes = <ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title = Main Place Cape Town |work = Census 2011 |url = http://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/199 |access-date = 2017-04-21 |archive-date = 2013-09-23 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130923003554/http://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/199 |url-status = dead }}</ref> |area_metro_km2 = 2444.97 |elevation_max_m = 1590.4 |elevation_min_m = 0 |elevation_m = |population_as_of = 2011 |population_footnotes = <ref name="census2011"/> |population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="City of Cape Town">{{cite web|title=City of Cape Town|url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=1021&id=city-of-cape-town-municipality|accessdate=19 February 2016}}</ref> |population_density_total_km2 = 1083 |population_metro = 3740026 |population_density_metro_km2 = 1529 |population_demonym = Capetonian <!-- demographics (section 1) --> |demographics1_footnotes = <ref name="City of Cape Town"/><ref>{{cite web|title=2011 Census|url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/en/stats/Pages/Census2011.aspx|accessdate=19 February 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130720225750/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/stats/Pages/Census2011.aspx|archivedate=20 July 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> <!-- demographics (section 2) NB these demographics values are ignored: Template:Infobox South African town 2011 shows stuff direct from the census (of Cape Town main place, not he municipality). --> |demographics2_footnotes = <ref name="City of Cape Town"/> |demographics2_title1 = [[Afrikaans]] |demographics2_info1 = 34.9% teepe anything here, it's owerridden bi the template! |demographics2_title2 = [[Xhosa leid|Xhosa]] |demographics2_info2 = 29.2% |demographics2_title3 = [[Sooth African Inglis|Inglis]] |demographics2_info3 = 27.8% |demographics2_title4 = Ither |demographics2_info4 = 8.1% |postal_code = 7400 to 8099 |area_code = +27 (0)21 |censuscode = 199041 |blank_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] |blank_info_sec1 = {{increase}} 0.74 <span style="color:#1fca23">'''High'''</span> <small>(2010)</small><ref name="wcggdp">{{cite web |url=http://www.westerncape.gov.za/assets/departments/treasury/Documents/Socio-economic-profiles/dc0_city_of_cape_town_ke_6_dec_2013.pdf |title=Regional Development Profile: City of Cape Town |publisher=Western Cape Government |date=2013 |accessdate=18 November 2014 |pages=25 |archive-date=2017-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122022655/https://www.westerncape.gov.za/assets/departments/treasury/Documents/Socio-economic-profiles/dc0_city_of_cape_town_ke_6_dec_2013.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |blank_name_sec2 = GDP |blank_info_sec2 = [[American dollar|US$]] 58.9&nbsp;billion <ref name="brookingsgdp">{{cite web|url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3 |title=Global city GDP 2011 |publisher=Brookings Institution |accessdate=18 November 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6H7Jql2A9?url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3 |archivedate=4 June 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref> |blank1_name_sec2 = GDP per capita |blank1_info_sec2 = US$15,918 <ref name="brookingsgdp"/> |website = {{URL|www.capetown.gov.za}} |footnotes = }} '''Cape Toun''' ({{lang-af|Kaapstad}}; ''{{lang-en|Cape Town}}; {{lang-xh|iKapa}}'') is the seicont-maist populous ceety in [[Sooth Africae]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=1021&id=city-of-cape-town-municipality|title=Metropolitan Municipality {{!}} Statistics South Africa|last=Africa|first=Statistics South|website=www.statssa.gov.za|access-date=2016-06-02}}</ref> an the lairgest in land aurie, formin pairt o the [[Ceety o Cape Toun]] [[metropolitan municipality (Sooth Africae)|metropolitan municipality]]. It is the provincial [[Caipital ceety|caipital]] an [[primate ceety]] o the [[Wastren Cape]], as well as the [[legislature|legislative]] caipital o Sooth Africae, whaur the [[Parliament o Sooth Africae|Naitional Parliament]] an mony govrenment offices are locatit. The ceety is famous for [[Port o Cape Toun|its harbour]] as well as its naitural settin in the [[Cape floral kinrick]], includin such well-kent laundmerks as [[Table Muntain]] an [[Cape Point]]. Cape Town is an aa Africae's maist popular tourist destination.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expatcapetown.com/why-cape-town.html|title=Why Cape Town is one of the Best Tourist and Expat Destinations}}</ref> Locatit on the shore o [[Table Bay]], Cape Toun wis oreeginally developed bi the [[Dutch East Indie Company]] as a victuallin (supply) station for [[Netherlands|Dutch]] ships sailin tae [[Eastren Africae]], [[Indie]], an the [[Far East]]. [[Jan van Riebeeck]]'s arrival on 6 Aprile 1652 established the first permanent European dounset in Sooth Africae. Cape Toun quickly ootgrew its oreeginal purpose as the first European ootpost at the [[Castle o Guid Howp]], becomin the economic an cultural hub o the [[Cape Colony]]. Till the [[Witwatersrand Gowd Rush]] an the development o [[Johannesburg]], Cape Toun wis the lairgest ceety in Sooth Africae. == Twin touns—Sister ceeties == Cape Town haes sax [[twin touns an sister ceeties]], as leetit belaw: {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kintra ! Ceety ! Established |- | {{Flagicon|Germany}} | [[Aachen]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aachen-kapstadt.de/e_start.html |title=Agenda 21 Partnership Cape Town – Aachen |accessdate=5 March 2010 |archive-date=2009-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224222014/http://www.aachen-kapstadt.de/e_start.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 2000 |- | {{Flagicon|Thailand}} | [[Bangkok]] | 2007 |- | {{Flagicon|Israel}} | [[Haifa]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.haifa.muni.il/Haifa/en-us/Pages/CAPE-TOWN.aspx |title=Cape Town |publisher=Haifa City |accessdate=5 March 2010 |archive-date=2010-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215222941/https://haifa.muni.il/Haifa/en-us/Pages/CAPE-TOWN.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 1975 |- | {{Flagicon|China}} | [[Hangzhou]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/ExternalRelations/Documents/City%20of%20Hangzhou.pdf |title=Agreement on the Establishment of Relations of Friendship between the City of Hangzhou of the People's Republic of China and the City of Cape Town of the Republic of South Africa |date=18 April 2005 |accessdate=5 March 2010 |archive-date=2011-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727103314/https://www.capetown.gov.za/en/ExternalRelations/Documents/City%20of%20Hangzhou.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 2005 |- | {{Flagicon|France}} | [[Nice]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nice.fr/Municipalite/Villes-jumelees-avec-la-Ville-de-Nice |title=Villes jumelées avec la Ville de Nice |publisher=Ville de Nice |accessdate=5 March 2010 |language=French |archive-date=2013-06-25 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6He6UzpyJ?url=http://www.nice.fr/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 1974 |- | {{Flagicon|Russia}} | [[Saunt Petersburg]]ref>{{cite web|url=http://eng.gov.spb.ru/figures/ities|title=Saint Petersburg in figures – International and Interregional Ties|publisher=Saint Petersburg City Government|accessdate=2008-03-23|archive-date=12 Ocober 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041012051131/http://eng.gov.spb.ru/figures/ities|url-status=dead}}</ref> | 2001 |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Commonscat|Cape Town}} {{Leet o African caipitals}} [[Category:Cape Toun| ]] [[Category:Provincial caipitals in Sooth Africae]] [[Category:Populatit coastal places in Sooth Africae]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1652]] [[Category:Caipitals in Africae]] [[Category:Port ceeties in Sooth Africae]] [[Category:Populatit places in the Ceety o Cape Toun]] {{Stub/Africae}} {{Stub/Ceety}} 2comv3hfp5jcjut9smwtns33ffggzys 925542 925541 2026-10-31T00:42:16Z Atlantic306 30244 /* Twin touns—Sister ceeties */ fixed typo 925542 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox South African town 2011 |name = Cape Toun |native_name = {{lang|af|Kaapstad}} {{af icon}}<br /> {{lang|xh|iKapa}} {{xh icon}} |nickname = Mother City, Tavern of the Seas |motto = ''Spes Bona'' ([[Laitin]] for "Guid Haip") |image_skyline = Cape Town Montage 2015.png |imagesize = 295px |image_caption = Clockwise frae tap: Cape Toun CBD, [[Strand, Wastren Cape|Strand]], [[Clifton, Cape Toun|Clifton beach]], [[Table Moontain]], [[Port o Cape Toun]], [[Cape Toun Ceety Haw]] |image_flag = |image_shield = Capetownarms.jpg |coordinates = {{coord|33|55|31|S|18|25|26|E|region:ZA-WC_type:city(4000000)|display=inline,title}} |coor_pinpoint = [[Cape Toun Ceety Haw|Ceety Haw]] |province = Wastren Cape |district = |municipality = City of Cape Town |established_title = Founded |established_date = 1652 |established_title1 = Municipal govrenment |established_date1 = 1839 |government_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/clusters/viewarticle3.asp?conid=12705 |title=Achmat Ebrahim is the new city manager of Cape Town |accessdate=25 March 2007 |last=Pollack |first=Martin |date=31 May 2006 |publisher=City of Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070416235620/http://www.capetown.gov.za/clusters/viewarticle3.asp?conid=12705 |archivedate=16 April 2007 |df=dmy }}</ref> |government_type = [[Metropolitan municipality (Sooth Africae)|Metropolitan municipality]] |leader_party = [[Democratic Alliance (Sooth Africae)|DA]] |leader_title = [[Mayor o Cape Town|Mayor]] |leader_name = [[Patricia de Lille]] |leader_title1 = [[Cooncil]] |leader_name1 = [[Cape Town Ceety Cooncil]] |leader_title2 = [[Ceety manager]] |leader_name2 = Achmat Ebrahim |area_footnotes = <ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title = Main Place Cape Town |work = Census 2011 |url = http://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/199 |access-date = 2017-04-21 |archive-date = 2013-09-23 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130923003554/http://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/199 |url-status = dead }}</ref> |area_metro_km2 = 2444.97 |elevation_max_m = 1590.4 |elevation_min_m = 0 |elevation_m = |population_as_of = 2011 |population_footnotes = <ref name="census2011"/> |population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="City of Cape Town">{{cite web|title=City of Cape Town|url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=1021&id=city-of-cape-town-municipality|accessdate=19 February 2016}}</ref> |population_density_total_km2 = 1083 |population_metro = 3740026 |population_density_metro_km2 = 1529 |population_demonym = Capetonian <!-- demographics (section 1) --> |demographics1_footnotes = <ref name="City of Cape Town"/><ref>{{cite web|title=2011 Census|url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/en/stats/Pages/Census2011.aspx|accessdate=19 February 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130720225750/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/stats/Pages/Census2011.aspx|archivedate=20 July 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> <!-- demographics (section 2) NB these demographics values are ignored: Template:Infobox South African town 2011 shows stuff direct from the census (of Cape Town main place, not he municipality). --> |demographics2_footnotes = <ref name="City of Cape Town"/> |demographics2_title1 = [[Afrikaans]] |demographics2_info1 = 34.9% teepe anything here, it's owerridden bi the template! |demographics2_title2 = [[Xhosa leid|Xhosa]] |demographics2_info2 = 29.2% |demographics2_title3 = [[Sooth African Inglis|Inglis]] |demographics2_info3 = 27.8% |demographics2_title4 = Ither |demographics2_info4 = 8.1% |postal_code = 7400 to 8099 |area_code = +27 (0)21 |censuscode = 199041 |blank_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] |blank_info_sec1 = {{increase}} 0.74 <span style="color:#1fca23">'''High'''</span> <small>(2010)</small><ref name="wcggdp">{{cite web |url=http://www.westerncape.gov.za/assets/departments/treasury/Documents/Socio-economic-profiles/dc0_city_of_cape_town_ke_6_dec_2013.pdf |title=Regional Development Profile: City of Cape Town |publisher=Western Cape Government |date=2013 |accessdate=18 November 2014 |pages=25 |archive-date=2017-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122022655/https://www.westerncape.gov.za/assets/departments/treasury/Documents/Socio-economic-profiles/dc0_city_of_cape_town_ke_6_dec_2013.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |blank_name_sec2 = GDP |blank_info_sec2 = [[American dollar|US$]] 58.9&nbsp;billion <ref name="brookingsgdp">{{cite web|url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3 |title=Global city GDP 2011 |publisher=Brookings Institution |accessdate=18 November 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6H7Jql2A9?url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3 |archivedate=4 June 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref> |blank1_name_sec2 = GDP per capita |blank1_info_sec2 = US$15,918 <ref name="brookingsgdp"/> |website = {{URL|www.capetown.gov.za}} |footnotes = }} '''Cape Toun''' ({{lang-af|Kaapstad}}; ''{{lang-en|Cape Town}}; {{lang-xh|iKapa}}'') is the seicont-maist populous ceety in [[Sooth Africae]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=1021&id=city-of-cape-town-municipality|title=Metropolitan Municipality {{!}} Statistics South Africa|last=Africa|first=Statistics South|website=www.statssa.gov.za|access-date=2016-06-02}}</ref> an the lairgest in land aurie, formin pairt o the [[Ceety o Cape Toun]] [[metropolitan municipality (Sooth Africae)|metropolitan municipality]]. It is the provincial [[Caipital ceety|caipital]] an [[primate ceety]] o the [[Wastren Cape]], as well as the [[legislature|legislative]] caipital o Sooth Africae, whaur the [[Parliament o Sooth Africae|Naitional Parliament]] an mony govrenment offices are locatit. The ceety is famous for [[Port o Cape Toun|its harbour]] as well as its naitural settin in the [[Cape floral kinrick]], includin such well-kent laundmerks as [[Table Muntain]] an [[Cape Point]]. Cape Town is an aa Africae's maist popular tourist destination.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expatcapetown.com/why-cape-town.html|title=Why Cape Town is one of the Best Tourist and Expat Destinations}}</ref> Locatit on the shore o [[Table Bay]], Cape Toun wis oreeginally developed bi the [[Dutch East Indie Company]] as a victuallin (supply) station for [[Netherlands|Dutch]] ships sailin tae [[Eastren Africae]], [[Indie]], an the [[Far East]]. [[Jan van Riebeeck]]'s arrival on 6 Aprile 1652 established the first permanent European dounset in Sooth Africae. Cape Toun quickly ootgrew its oreeginal purpose as the first European ootpost at the [[Castle o Guid Howp]], becomin the economic an cultural hub o the [[Cape Colony]]. Till the [[Witwatersrand Gowd Rush]] an the development o [[Johannesburg]], Cape Toun wis the lairgest ceety in Sooth Africae. == Twin touns—Sister ceeties == Cape Town haes sax [[twin touns an sister ceeties]], as leetit belaw: {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kintra ! Ceety ! Established |- | {{Flagicon|Germany}} | [[Aachen]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aachen-kapstadt.de/e_start.html |title=Agenda 21 Partnership Cape Town – Aachen |accessdate=5 March 2010 |archive-date=2009-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224222014/http://www.aachen-kapstadt.de/e_start.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 2000 |- | {{Flagicon|Thailand}} | [[Bangkok]] | 2007 |- | {{Flagicon|Israel}} | [[Haifa]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.haifa.muni.il/Haifa/en-us/Pages/CAPE-TOWN.aspx |title=Cape Town |publisher=Haifa City |accessdate=5 March 2010 |archive-date=2010-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215222941/https://haifa.muni.il/Haifa/en-us/Pages/CAPE-TOWN.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 1975 |- | {{Flagicon|China}} | [[Hangzhou]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/ExternalRelations/Documents/City%20of%20Hangzhou.pdf |title=Agreement on the Establishment of Relations of Friendship between the City of Hangzhou of the People's Republic of China and the City of Cape Town of the Republic of South Africa |date=18 April 2005 |accessdate=5 March 2010 |archive-date=2011-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727103314/https://www.capetown.gov.za/en/ExternalRelations/Documents/City%20of%20Hangzhou.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 2005 |- | {{Flagicon|France}} | [[Nice]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nice.fr/Municipalite/Villes-jumelees-avec-la-Ville-de-Nice |title=Villes jumelées avec la Ville de Nice |publisher=Ville de Nice |accessdate=5 March 2010 |language=French |archive-date=2013-06-25 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6He6UzpyJ?url=http://www.nice.fr/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 1974 |- | {{Flagicon|Russia}} | [[Saunt Petersburg]]ref>{{cite web|url=http://eng.gov.spb.ru/figures/ities|title=Saint Petersburg in figures – International and Interregional Ties|publisher=Saint Petersburg City Government|accessdate=2008-03-23|archive-date=12 October 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041012051131/http://eng.gov.spb.ru/figures/ities|url-status=dead}}</ref> | 2001 |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Commonscat|Cape Town}} {{Leet o African caipitals}} [[Category:Cape Toun| ]] [[Category:Provincial caipitals in Sooth Africae]] [[Category:Populatit coastal places in Sooth Africae]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1652]] [[Category:Caipitals in Africae]] [[Category:Port ceeties in Sooth Africae]] [[Category:Populatit places in the Ceety o Cape Toun]] {{Stub/Africae}} {{Stub/Ceety}} lz0oby9y50uhz49s993cwk3mrxv42hs 925543 925542 2026-10-31T00:42:54Z Atlantic306 30244 /* Twin touns—Sister ceeties */ fixed typo 925543 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox South African town 2011 |name = Cape Toun |native_name = {{lang|af|Kaapstad}} {{af icon}}<br /> {{lang|xh|iKapa}} {{xh icon}} |nickname = Mother City, Tavern of the Seas |motto = ''Spes Bona'' ([[Laitin]] for "Guid Haip") |image_skyline = Cape Town Montage 2015.png |imagesize = 295px |image_caption = Clockwise frae tap: Cape Toun CBD, [[Strand, Wastren Cape|Strand]], [[Clifton, Cape Toun|Clifton beach]], [[Table Moontain]], [[Port o Cape Toun]], [[Cape Toun Ceety Haw]] |image_flag = |image_shield = Capetownarms.jpg |coordinates = {{coord|33|55|31|S|18|25|26|E|region:ZA-WC_type:city(4000000)|display=inline,title}} |coor_pinpoint = [[Cape Toun Ceety Haw|Ceety Haw]] |province = Wastren Cape |district = |municipality = City of Cape Town |established_title = Founded |established_date = 1652 |established_title1 = Municipal govrenment |established_date1 = 1839 |government_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/clusters/viewarticle3.asp?conid=12705 |title=Achmat Ebrahim is the new city manager of Cape Town |accessdate=25 March 2007 |last=Pollack |first=Martin |date=31 May 2006 |publisher=City of Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070416235620/http://www.capetown.gov.za/clusters/viewarticle3.asp?conid=12705 |archivedate=16 April 2007 |df=dmy }}</ref> |government_type = [[Metropolitan municipality (Sooth Africae)|Metropolitan municipality]] |leader_party = [[Democratic Alliance (Sooth Africae)|DA]] |leader_title = [[Mayor o Cape Town|Mayor]] |leader_name = [[Patricia de Lille]] |leader_title1 = [[Cooncil]] |leader_name1 = [[Cape Town Ceety Cooncil]] |leader_title2 = [[Ceety manager]] |leader_name2 = Achmat Ebrahim |area_footnotes = <ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title = Main Place Cape Town |work = Census 2011 |url = http://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/199 |access-date = 2017-04-21 |archive-date = 2013-09-23 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130923003554/http://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/199 |url-status = dead }}</ref> |area_metro_km2 = 2444.97 |elevation_max_m = 1590.4 |elevation_min_m = 0 |elevation_m = |population_as_of = 2011 |population_footnotes = <ref name="census2011"/> |population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="City of Cape Town">{{cite web|title=City of Cape Town|url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=1021&id=city-of-cape-town-municipality|accessdate=19 February 2016}}</ref> |population_density_total_km2 = 1083 |population_metro = 3740026 |population_density_metro_km2 = 1529 |population_demonym = Capetonian <!-- demographics (section 1) --> |demographics1_footnotes = <ref name="City of Cape Town"/><ref>{{cite web|title=2011 Census|url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/en/stats/Pages/Census2011.aspx|accessdate=19 February 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130720225750/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/stats/Pages/Census2011.aspx|archivedate=20 July 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> <!-- demographics (section 2) NB these demographics values are ignored: Template:Infobox South African town 2011 shows stuff direct from the census (of Cape Town main place, not he municipality). --> |demographics2_footnotes = <ref name="City of Cape Town"/> |demographics2_title1 = [[Afrikaans]] |demographics2_info1 = 34.9% teepe anything here, it's owerridden bi the template! |demographics2_title2 = [[Xhosa leid|Xhosa]] |demographics2_info2 = 29.2% |demographics2_title3 = [[Sooth African Inglis|Inglis]] |demographics2_info3 = 27.8% |demographics2_title4 = Ither |demographics2_info4 = 8.1% |postal_code = 7400 to 8099 |area_code = +27 (0)21 |censuscode = 199041 |blank_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] |blank_info_sec1 = {{increase}} 0.74 <span style="color:#1fca23">'''High'''</span> <small>(2010)</small><ref name="wcggdp">{{cite web |url=http://www.westerncape.gov.za/assets/departments/treasury/Documents/Socio-economic-profiles/dc0_city_of_cape_town_ke_6_dec_2013.pdf |title=Regional Development Profile: City of Cape Town |publisher=Western Cape Government |date=2013 |accessdate=18 November 2014 |pages=25 |archive-date=2017-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122022655/https://www.westerncape.gov.za/assets/departments/treasury/Documents/Socio-economic-profiles/dc0_city_of_cape_town_ke_6_dec_2013.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |blank_name_sec2 = GDP |blank_info_sec2 = [[American dollar|US$]] 58.9&nbsp;billion <ref name="brookingsgdp">{{cite web|url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3 |title=Global city GDP 2011 |publisher=Brookings Institution |accessdate=18 November 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6H7Jql2A9?url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3 |archivedate=4 June 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref> |blank1_name_sec2 = GDP per capita |blank1_info_sec2 = US$15,918 <ref name="brookingsgdp"/> |website = {{URL|www.capetown.gov.za}} |footnotes = }} '''Cape Toun''' ({{lang-af|Kaapstad}}; ''{{lang-en|Cape Town}}; {{lang-xh|iKapa}}'') is the seicont-maist populous ceety in [[Sooth Africae]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=1021&id=city-of-cape-town-municipality|title=Metropolitan Municipality {{!}} Statistics South Africa|last=Africa|first=Statistics South|website=www.statssa.gov.za|access-date=2016-06-02}}</ref> an the lairgest in land aurie, formin pairt o the [[Ceety o Cape Toun]] [[metropolitan municipality (Sooth Africae)|metropolitan municipality]]. It is the provincial [[Caipital ceety|caipital]] an [[primate ceety]] o the [[Wastren Cape]], as well as the [[legislature|legislative]] caipital o Sooth Africae, whaur the [[Parliament o Sooth Africae|Naitional Parliament]] an mony govrenment offices are locatit. The ceety is famous for [[Port o Cape Toun|its harbour]] as well as its naitural settin in the [[Cape floral kinrick]], includin such well-kent laundmerks as [[Table Muntain]] an [[Cape Point]]. Cape Town is an aa Africae's maist popular tourist destination.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expatcapetown.com/why-cape-town.html|title=Why Cape Town is one of the Best Tourist and Expat Destinations}}</ref> Locatit on the shore o [[Table Bay]], Cape Toun wis oreeginally developed bi the [[Dutch East Indie Company]] as a victuallin (supply) station for [[Netherlands|Dutch]] ships sailin tae [[Eastren Africae]], [[Indie]], an the [[Far East]]. [[Jan van Riebeeck]]'s arrival on 6 Aprile 1652 established the first permanent European dounset in Sooth Africae. Cape Toun quickly ootgrew its oreeginal purpose as the first European ootpost at the [[Castle o Guid Howp]], becomin the economic an cultural hub o the [[Cape Colony]]. Till the [[Witwatersrand Gowd Rush]] an the development o [[Johannesburg]], Cape Toun wis the lairgest ceety in Sooth Africae. == Twin touns—Sister ceeties == Cape Town haes sax [[twin touns an sister ceeties]], as leetit belaw: {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kintra ! Ceety ! Established |- | {{Flagicon|Germany}} | [[Aachen]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aachen-kapstadt.de/e_start.html |title=Agenda 21 Partnership Cape Town – Aachen |accessdate=5 March 2010 |archive-date=2009-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224222014/http://www.aachen-kapstadt.de/e_start.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 2000 |- | {{Flagicon|Thailand}} | [[Bangkok]] | 2007 |- | {{Flagicon|Israel}} | [[Haifa]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.haifa.muni.il/Haifa/en-us/Pages/CAPE-TOWN.aspx |title=Cape Town |publisher=Haifa City |accessdate=5 March 2010 |archive-date=2010-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215222941/https://haifa.muni.il/Haifa/en-us/Pages/CAPE-TOWN.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 1975 |- | {{Flagicon|China}} | [[Hangzhou]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/ExternalRelations/Documents/City%20of%20Hangzhou.pdf |title=Agreement on the Establishment of Relations of Friendship between the City of Hangzhou of the People's Republic of China and the City of Cape Town of the Republic of South Africa |date=18 April 2005 |accessdate=5 March 2010 |archive-date=2011-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727103314/https://www.capetown.gov.za/en/ExternalRelations/Documents/City%20of%20Hangzhou.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 2005 |- | {{Flagicon|France}} | [[Nice]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nice.fr/Municipalite/Villes-jumelees-avec-la-Ville-de-Nice |title=Villes jumelées avec la Ville de Nice |publisher=Ville de Nice |accessdate=5 March 2010 |language=French |archive-date=2013-06-25 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6He6UzpyJ?url=http://www.nice.fr/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 1974 |- | {{Flagicon|Russia}} | [[Saunt Petersburg]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eng.gov.spb.ru/figures/ities|title=Saint Petersburg in figures – International and Interregional Ties|publisher=Saint Petersburg City Government|accessdate=2008-03-23|archive-date=12 October 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041012051131/http://eng.gov.spb.ru/figures/ities|url-status=dead}}</ref> | 2001 |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Commonscat|Cape Town}} {{Leet o African caipitals}} [[Category:Cape Toun| ]] [[Category:Provincial caipitals in Sooth Africae]] [[Category:Populatit coastal places in Sooth Africae]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1652]] [[Category:Caipitals in Africae]] [[Category:Port ceeties in Sooth Africae]] [[Category:Populatit places in the Ceety o Cape Toun]] {{Stub/Africae}} {{Stub/Ceety}} 7e122xgg7lorxkknr2zu3s76x1xv1fx Equatorial Guinea 0 12809 925522 918263 2026-10-30T19:00:37Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 925522 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Republic o Equatorial Guinea | native_name = {{vunblist|item_style=font-size:88%; |{{native name|es|República de Guinea Ecuatorial}} |<small>{{native name|fr|République de Guinée équatoriale}}</small> |<small>{{native name|pt|República da Guiné Equatorial}}</small>}} | |common_name = Equatorial Guinea |image_flag = Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of Equatorial Guinea.svg |symbol_type = Coat o airms |image_map = Location Equatorial Guinea AU Africa.svg |map_caption = {{map caption |countryprefix= |location_color=dark blue |region=Africa |region_color=dark grey |subregion=the [[African Union]] |subregion_color=light blue}} |national_motto = {{unbulleted list |{{native name|es|"Unidad, Paz, Justicia"|italics=off|nolink=on}} |{{small|"Unity, Peace, Justice"}}}} |national_anthem = {{native name|es|[[Caminemos pisando las sendas de nuestra inmensa felicidad]]|nolink=yes}}<br/>{{small|''Let us walk the paths of our immense happiness''}} |official_languages = [[Spaingie leid|Spaingie]] (naitional leid)<br>[[French leid|French]]<br>[[Portuguese leid|Portuguese]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=5434 |title=Equatorial Guinea, member of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries|author=Government of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea}} </ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/equatorial-guinea-adds-portuguese-as-the-countrys-third-official-language-131882808.html |title=Equatorial Guinea Adds Portuguese as the Country's Third Official Language |accessdate=July 18, 2015 |author=PRNewsWire}}</ref> |regional_languages =[[Fang language|Fang]]<br>[[Bube language|Bube]]<br>[[Igbo language|Igbo]]<br>[[West African Pidgin English|Pidgin English]]<br>[[Annobonese language|Annobonese]]<ref>{{cite web |title=World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Equatorial Guinea : Overview |publisher=[[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|UNHCR]] |date=20 May 2008 |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,MRGI,,GNQ,,4954ce2a2,0.html |accessdate=18 December 2012 |archive-date=2013-01-13 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130113125024/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,MRGI,,GNQ,,4954ce2a2,0.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><!-- --><ref>{{cite book |title=Africa 2012 |first=James Tyler |last=Dickovick |publisher=Stryker Post |year=2012|isbn= 1610488822 |page=180 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NdyYjQxd7uEC&pg=PA180 |accessdate=18 December 2012}}</ref> |ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 85.7% [[Fang fowk|Fang]] | 6.5% [[Bubi fowk|Bubi]] | 3.6% [[Demographics o Equatorial Guinea#Fowks considered as natives|Ndowe]] | 1.6% [[Annobon]] | 1.1% [[Kwasio fowk|Bujeba {{small|(Kwasio)}}]] | 1.4% ithers<sup>a</sup> }} |ethnic_groups_year = 1994<ref name=CIA>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ek.html Equatorial Guinea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831000148/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ek.html |date=2020-08-31 }}. Cia World Factbook.</ref> |demonym = {{unbulleted list |Equatorial Guinean |{{nowrap|Equatoguinean}}}} |capital = [[Malabo]]<sup>b</sup> |coordinates = {{Coord|3|45|N|8|47|E|type:city}} |lats=7.43 |longs=5.13 |largest_city = [[Bata, Equatorial Guinea|Bata]] |government_type = [[Dominant-pairty seestem|Dominant-pairty]] [[Presidential seestem|presidential republic]] |leader_title1 = [[Leet o Preses o Equatorial Guinea|President]] |leader_name1 = [[Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo]] |leader_title2 = [[Vice Preses o the Equatorial Guinea|Vice Preses]] |leader_name2 = [[Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue]] |leader_title3 = [[Leet o Prime Meenisters o Equatorial Guinea|Prime Meenister]] |leader_name3 = [[Francisco Pascual Obama Asue]] |legislature = [[Pairlament o Equatorial Guinea|Parliament]] |upper_house = [[Senate (Equatorial Guinea)|Senate]] |lower_house = [[Chamber o Deputies (Equatorial Guinea)|Chamber o Deputies]] |area_rank = 144th |area_magnitude = 1 E10 |area_km2 = 28,050 |area_sq_mi = 10,830 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |percent_water = negligible |population_estimate = 722,254<ref name="cia">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2119.html|title=The World Factbook -- Field Listing - Population - CIA|accessdate=2015-03-07|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225195601/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2119.html%20|url-status=dead}}</ref> |population_estimate_rank = 150t |population_estimate_year = 2014 <!--Do not remove http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL--> |population_census = |population_census_year = 2010 |population_density_km2 = 24.1 |population_density_sq_mi = 62.4 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = 187t |GDP_PPP_year = 2010 |GDP_PPP = $19.286 billion<ref name=weo>{{cite web|title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2013|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=49&pr.y=9&sy=2010&ey=2013&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=642&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=|publisher=IMF|accessdate=21 July 2013}}</ref> |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $25,929<ref name=weo/> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = <!--Do not edit!--> |GDP_nominal = $15.580 billion<ref name=weo/> |GDP_nominal_year = 2013 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $20,581<ref name=weo/> |sovereignty_type = Unthirldom |established_event1 = frae [[Francoist Spain|Spain]] |established_date1 = 12 October 1968 |Gini_year = |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini = <!--number only--> |Gini_ref = |Gini_rank = |HDI_year = 2014<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> |HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI = 0.587 <!--number only--> |HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr_2015_statistical_annex.pdf |title=2015 Human Development Report |date=2015 |accessdate=14 December 2015 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |}}</ref> |HDI_rank = 138th |currency = [[Central African CFA franc]] |currency_code = XAF |country_code = |time_zone = [[Wast Africae Time|WAT]] |utc_offset = +1 |time_zone_DST = nae observed |utc_offset_DST = +1 |drives_on = right |calling_code = [[+240]] |cctld = [[.gq]] |footnote_a = {{nowrap|Includin [[Equatoguinean Spainyie]] (''Español ecuatoguineano'').}} |footnote_b = [[Oyala]] (unner construction). }} '''Equatorial Guinea''', offeecially the '''Republic o Equatorial Guinea''' ({{lang-es|República de Guinea Ecuatorial}}, {{IPA-es|reˈpuβlika ðe ɣiˈne.a ekwatoˈɾjal|pron}}; {{lang-fr|République de Guinée Équatoriale}}, {{IPA-fr|ʁepyblik də gi'ne ekatɔʁjal}}; {{lang-pt|República da Guiné Equatorial}}, {{IPA-pt|ʁɛˈpublikɐ dɐ ɡiˈnɛ ikwɐtuɾiaɫ|pron}}) is a kintra locatit in [[Middle Africae]]. Wi an aurie o 28,000 square kilometres (11,000 sq mi) it is ane o the smawest kintras in continental [[Africae]]. It is an aa the maist prosperous; housomeivver, the wealth is concentratit in govrenment an elite haunds, wi 70% o the population livin unner the Unitit Naitions Poverty Threshold o $2/day. It haes a population o 1,014,999.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.republicofequatorialguinea.net/about/index.cfm?PageID=9 |title=The official website of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea |publisher=Republicofequatorialguinea.net |date= |accessdate=2010-05-03 |archive-date=2010-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428062653/http://www.republicofequatorialguinea.net/About/index.cfm?PageID=9 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It comprises twa pairts: a Continental Region ([[Río Muni]]), includin several smaw affshore islands lik [[Corisco]], [[Elobey Grande]] an [[Elobey Chico]]; an an [[Islands o Equatorial Guinea|insular region]] containin [[Annobón Province|Annobón]] island an [[Bioko]] island (umwhilie ''Fernando Po'') whaur the caipital [[Malabo]] is situatit. Annobón is the sootherenmaist island o Equatorial Guinea an is situatit juist sooth o the [[equator]]. Bioko island is the northrenmaist pynt o Equatorial Guinea. Atween the twa islands an tae the east is the mainland region. Equatorial Guinea is bordered bi [[Cameroon]] on the north, [[Gabon]] on the sooth an east, an the [[Gulf o Guinea]] on the wast, whaur the island naition o [[São Tomé an Príncipe]] is locatit atween Bioko an Annobón. Umwhilie the [[colony]] o [[Spainyie Guinea]], its post-unthirldom name is suggestive o its location near baith the equator an the Gulf o Guinea. It is ane o the few territories in mainland Africae whaur [[Spaingie leid|Spaingie]] is an offeecial leid, besides the [[Spain]]gie ceeties o [[Ceuta]] an [[Melilla]]. Equatorial Guinea is the third smawest kintra in continental Africae in terms o population.<ref>[[Seychelles]], [[Gambie|The Gambia]], [[Djibouti]], [[Rwanda]], [[Burundi]], [[Cape Verde]], [[Comoros]], [[Swaziland]], an [[São Tomé an Príncipe]] are smawer in terms o aurie, an [[Djibouti]] an the [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]] hae smawer populations, although the population o the latter is disputit</ref> It is an aa the seicont smawest [[Unitit Naitions]] (UN) member frae continental Africae. The discovery o sizeable [[petroleum]] reserves in recent years is alterin the economic an poleetical status o the kintra. Equatorial Guinea haes been citit as an example o the ''[[natural resource curse]]'' {{Citation needed|date=February 2010}}; its gross domestic product ([[GDP]]) per capita ranks 31st in the world;<ref>'''[[The World Factbook|CIA World Factbook]]''': [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html GDP - per capita (PPP)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424075526/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html |date=2013-04-24 }}, [[The World Factbook]], [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. Data last updatit on April 23, 2009. Retrieved Aprile 24, 2009.</ref> housomeivver, maist o the kintra's considerable ile wealth actually lies in the haunds o ae a few fowk. Equatorial Guinea haes ane o the worst human rights records in the warld, consistently rankin amon the "worst o the worst" in [[Freedom House]]'s annual survey o poleetical an civil rights<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://freedomhouse.org/uploads/special_report/88.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-10-23 |archive-date=2010-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122180016/http://freedomhouse.org/uploads/special_report/88.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> an [[Reporters Without Borders]] ranks Preses [[Teodoro Obiang]] amang its "predators" o press freedom.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://en.rsf.org/equatorial-guinea.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-10-23 |archive-date=2010-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101015033438/http://en.rsf.org/equatorial-guinea.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Oot o 44 sub-Saharan kintras, Equatorial Guinea ranks 9t in terms o the [[Human Development Index]] (HDI) an 115th oweraw, which is amang the “medium” HDI kintras. === Administrative Divisions === {{Main|Provinces o Equatorial Guinea}} [[File:Equatorial Guinea provinces numbered.png|right|thumb|250px|Provinces o Equatorial Guinea]] Equatorial Guinea is dividit intae seiven [[province]]s (caipitals appear in parentheses): # [[Annobón Province]] ([[San Antonio de Palé]]) # [[Bioko Norte Province]] ([[Malabo]]) # [[Bioko Sur Province]] ([[Luba, Equatorial Guinea|Luba]]) # [[Centro Sur Province]] ([[Evinayong]]) # [[Kié-Ntem Province]] ([[Ebebiyín]]) # [[Litoral Province (Equatorial Guinea)|Litoral Province]] ([[Bata, Equatorial Guinea|Bata]]) # [[Wele-Nzas Province]] ([[Mongomo]]) The provinces are further dividit intae districts. == Notes == {{reflist}} == Freemit airtins == ; General information * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1023151.stm Country Profile] frae [[BBC News]] * {{CIA World Factbook link|ek|Equatorial Guinea}} * [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/equatorialguinea.htm Equatorial Guinea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607084803/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/equatorialguinea.htm |date=2008-06-07 }} frae ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{dmoz|Regional/Africa/Equatorial_Guinea}} * {{wikiatlas|Equatorial Guinea}} * [http://www.iradier.org/colaboracion5.htm Topographical map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911170006/http://www.iradier.org/colaboracion5.htm |date=2007-09-11 }} (Spaingie) * {{Wikivoyage|Equatorial Guinea}} <!-- * [http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/eqg.html Stanford University - Africa South of the Sahara: ''Equatorial Guinea''] directory category * [http://www.afrika.no/index/Countries/Equatorial_Guinea/ The Index on Africa - ''Equatorial Guinea''] * [http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Country_Specific/Eq_Guinea.html University of Pennsylvania - African Studies Center: ''Equatorial Guinea''] directory category * [http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107493.html Equatorial Guinea History Geography and Culture] * [http://dir.yahoo.com/Regional/Countries/Equatorial_Guinea/ Yahoo! - ''Equatorial Guinea''] directory category --> ; News media * [http://allafrica.com/equatorialguinea/ Equatorial Guinea news headline links] frae [[AllAfrica.com]] * [http://www.guinea-ecuatorial.net/ms/main.asp Guinea-Ecuatorial.net] (Spainyie, some French) ; Languages * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110511204730/http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/thesaurus/pdf/39/TH_39_123_190_0.pdf Las lenguas de Guinea Ecuatorial: Materiales bibliográficos para su estudio] (in Spaingie) ; Cultural * [http://www.thebubis.com/ The Bubis of Fernando Po] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202112211/http://thebubis.com/ |date=2011-02-02 }} history o first indwallers o Bioko Island, nou an endangered fowl * [http://www.culturabubi.org/ Cultura Bubi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725212400/http://www.culturabubi.org/ |date=2011-07-25 }} * [http://www.thebubis.com/ Cultures de Mon: Los Bubis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202112211/http://thebubis.com/ |date=2011-02-02 }} * [http://www.pygmies.org/ African Pygmies] cultur an muisic o the first indwallers o Equatorial Guinea, wi photos an ethnographic notes ; Ither * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120803103219/http://www.maec.es/es/Home/Paginas/planafrica2006_08.aspx Spanish Ministry's Plan for Africa 2006-2008] - (Spaingie), Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores y de Cooperación de España. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121101170323/http://www.maec.es/es/Home/Paginas/planafrica2009_12.aspx Spanish Ministry's Plan for Africa 2009-2012] - (Spaingie), Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores y de Cooperación de España. * [http://www.icex.es/staticFiles/GuineaEcuatorial_6814_.pdf "Guia Pais: Guinea Ecuatorial"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121124094752/http://www.icex.es/staticFiles/GuineaEcuatorial_6814_.pdf |date=2012-11-24 }} - (Spaingie), bi The Office for Economic an Commercial Affairs, Embassy o Spain in [[Lagos]], [[Nigerie]], Mairch 2004 * [http://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/episodes/once-upon-a-coup/history-of-equatorial-guinea/5475/ History of Equatorial Guinea] PBS WIDE ANGLE interactive timeline * [http://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/episodes/once-upon-a-coup/introduction/5309/ Once Upon a Coup] PBS WIDE ANGLE documentary aboot the 2004 coup attempt {{Template group |title = Geographic locale |list = {{Countries of Africa}} }} {{Template group |title = Internaitional membership |list = {{Member states o the African Union}} {{Sooth Atlantic Peace an Cooperation Zone}} {{La Francophonie}} {{Niger-Congo-speakin}} {{Community o Portuguese Leid Kintras (CPLP)}} }} {{Coord|1|55|29.34|N|10|06|41.94|E|type:country|display=title}} {{Commonscat}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Equatorial Guinea| ]] [[Category:Kintras in Africae]] [[Category:African Union member states]] [[Category:Kintras borderin the Atlantic Ocean]] [[Category:Member states o La Francophonie]] [[Category:Spaingie-speakin kintras an territories]] [[Category:French-speakin kintras]] [[Category:Least Developed Kintras]] [[Category:Umwhile Spaingie colonies]] [[Category:Umwhile Portuguese colonies]] [[Category:1968 establishments]] [[Category:States an territories established in the 1960s]] [[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]] <!--Other languages--> ffod2l8i3h4dztupy0awtyitk9enii8 Pyongyang 0 13251 925469 865694 2026-10-30T13:36:48Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 Replace archive.today airtins wi Wayback Machine airtins 925469 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=October 2020}} {{Infobox settlement <!-- modelled after [[Seoul]] and [[Daegu]] --> | name = Pyongyang | native_name = {{lang|ko|평양}} | native_name_lang = ko | settlement_type = [[Direct-controlled municipality#Democratic Fowkrepublic o Korea|Directly Govrened Ceety]] | official_name = Pyongyang Directly Govrened Ceety | translit_lang1 = &nbsp; | translit_lang1_type1 = [[Hangul|Chosŏn'gŭl]] | translit_lang1_info1 = {{linktext|평|양|직|할|시}} | translit_lang1_type2 = [[Hanja|Hancha]] | translit_lang1_info2 = {{linktext|平|壤|直轄市}} | translit_lang1_type3 = {{nowrap|[[McCune-Reischauer]]}} | translit_lang1_info3 = P'yŏngyang Chikhalsi | translit_lang1_type4 = {{nowrap|[[Revised Romanization o Korean|Revised Romanization]]}} | translit_lang1_info4 = Pyeongyang Jikhalsi | Slogan = <span style="line-height:1.5em;"> (류경/柳京){{nbsp|2}}<small>([[Korean leid|Korean]])<br/>"Dynamic Labors "</span> <!-- images and maps -----------></small> | image_skyline = Pyongyang montage.png | imagesize = 300px | image_caption = Frae tap left: Pyongyang's Skyline, [[Juche Touer]], [[Kumsusan Memorial Palace]], [[Airch o Triumph (Pyongyang)|Airch o Triumph]], [[Airch o Reunification]], Tomb o [[Keeng Dongmyeong o Goguryeo|Keeng Dongmyeong]] & Puhŭng Station, [[Pyongyang Metro]] | image_map = Pyongyang North Korea.png | image_seal = | nickname = "Jerusalem o the East" {{small|(archaic)}}<ref name=AsiaTimesNick>{{cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Korea/GC16Dg03.html|last=Lankov|first=Andrei|title=North Korea's missionary position|work=Asia Times Online|publisher=Asia Times Online Ltd.|date=March 16, 2005|quote=By the early 1940s Pyongyang was by far the most Protestant of all major cities of Korea, with some 25-30% of its adult population being church-going Christians. In missionary circles this earned the city the nickname "Jerusalem of the East".|accessdate=January 25, 2013|archive-date=2018-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202232508/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Korea/GC16Dg03.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=DailyBeastNick>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2007/09/15/prayer-in-pyongyang.html|last=Caryl|first=Christian|title=Prayer In Pyongyang|work=The Daily Beast|publisher=The Newsweek/Daily Beast Company LLC|date=September 15, 2007|quote=It's hard to say how many covert Christians the North has; estimates range from the low tens of thousands to 100,000. Christianity came to the peninsula in the late 19th century. Pyongyang, in fact, was once known as the "Jerusalem of the East."|accessdate=January 25, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523004545/http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2007/09/15/prayer-in-pyongyang.html|archivedate=2013-02-16|url-status=live}}</ref> | mapsize = | map_caption =Cairt o North Korea wi Pyongyang heichlichtit | image_map1 = | mapsize1 = | map_caption1 = | image_dot_map = | dot_mapsize = | dot_map_caption = | dot_x =|dot_y = | pushpin_map = <!-- name of a location map as per Template:Location_map --> | pushpin_label_position = <!-- position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_mapsize = <!-- Location ------------------> | subdivision_type = [[Leet o sovereign states|Kintra]] | subdivision_name = [[North Korea]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Regions o Korea|Region]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Pyongan|P'yŏngan]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = <!-- Smaller parts (e.g. boroughs of a city) and seat of government --> | seat_type = | seat = | parts_type =[[Admeenistrative diveesions o North Korea#Seicont-level diveesions|Destricts]] | parts_style = <!-- =list (for list), coll (for collapsed list), para (for paragraph format) Default is list if up to 5 items, coll if more than 5--> | parts = 18 destricts, 1 coonty | p1=[[Chung-guyok]] | p2=[[Pyongchon-guyok]] | p3=[[Potonggang-guyok]] | p4=[[Moranbong-guyok]] | p5=[[Sosong-guyok]] | p6=[[Songyo-guyok]] | p7=[[Tongdaewon-guyok]] | p8=[[Taedonggang-guyok]] | p9=[[Sadong-guyok]] | p10=[[Taesong-guyok]] | p11=[[Mangyongdae-guyok]] | p12=[[Hyongjesan-guyok]] | p13=[[Ryongsong-guyok]] | p14=[[Samsok-guyok]] | p15=[[Ryokpo-guyok]] | p16=[[Nakrang-guyok]] | p17=[[Sunan-guyok]] | p18=[[Unjong-guyok]] | p19=[[Kangdong-gun]] <!-- Politics -----------------> | government_footnotes = | government_type = | leader_title = | leader_name = <!--add (no-break space) to leader names to disable automatic links--> | leader_title1 = Chairman o Pyongyang Municipal Fowk's Committee | leader_name1 = Ryang Man Kil | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = | established_title = Foondit | established_date = 1122 BC | established_title1 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> | established_date1 = | established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> | established_date2 = | established_title3 = | established_date3 = | founder = | named_for = <!-- Area ---------------------> | area_magnitude = <!-- use only to set a special wikilink --> | unit_pref = <!--Enter: Imperial, to display imperial before metric--> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 3194 <!-- ALL fields with measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> | area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on unit conversion--> | area_water_km2 = | area_total_dunam = <!--Used in Middle East articles only--> | area_total_sq_mi = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_km2 = | area_urban_sq_mi = | area_metro_km2 = | area_metro_sq_mi = | area_blank1_title = | area_blank1_km2 = | area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Elevation --------------------------> | elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref>tags--> | elevation_m = 27 | elevation_ft = | elevation_max_m = | elevation_max_ft = | elevation_min_m = | elevation_min_ft = <!-- Population -----------------------> | population_as_of = 2008 | population_footnotes = | population_note = | population_total = 2,581,076<ref>http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=city+population&d=POP&f=tableCode%3a240</ref> | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_metro = | population_density_metro_km2 = | population_density_metro_sq_mi = | population_urban = | population_density_urban_km2 = | population_density_urban_sq_mi = | population_blank1_title = Dialect | population_blank1 = [[Pyongan dialect|P'yŏngan]] | population_density_blank1_km2 = | population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> | timezone = | utc_offset = | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | coor_pinpoint = <!-- can be used to specify exactly where/what the coordinates refer to --> | coordinates = {{coord|39|1|10|N|125|44|17|E|type:city_region:KP|display=inline,title}} | postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> | postal_code = | area_code = | twin1 = | twin1_country = | twin2 = | twin2_country = | twin3 = | twin3_country = | twin4 = | twin4_country = | twin5 = | twin5_country = | twin6 = | twin6_country = | twin7 = | twin7_country = | blank_name = | blank_info = | blank1_name = | blank1_info = | blank2_name = | blank2_info = | blank3_name = | blank3_info = | blank4_name = | blank4_info = | blank5_name = | blank5_info = | blank6_name = | blank6_info = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Pyongyang''' ({{IPA-ko|pçɔɲaŋ}}, literally: "Flat Land") is the [[Caipital ceety|caipital]] an lairgest ceety o [[North Korea]] ('''Democratic Fowkrepublic o Korea'''), locatit on the [[Taedong River]]. == Etymology == Ane o its mony historic names is ''Ryugyŏng'' (<span lang="ko" lang="ko">류경; 柳京</span>), or "caipital o willaes", as [[willae|willae trees]] hae aaways been numerous throughoot the ceety's history, an mony poems hae been written aboot thir willaes. Even the day, Pyongyang haes numerous willae trees, wi mony buildings an places haein "''Ryugyŏng''" in thair names. The maist notable o thir is the uncompleted [[Ryugyong Hotel|Ryugyŏng Hotel]]. Its ither historic names include ''Kisŏng'', ''Hwangsŏng'', ''[[Lelang Commandery|Rakrang]]'', ''Sŏgyŏng'', ''Sŏdo'', ''Hogyŏng'', an ''Changan''. Durin the Japanese rule it wis kent as '''Heijō''', which is simply the Japanese readin o the Cheenese characters {{lang|ko-Hant|平壌}} which comprise the name Pyongyang. == Sister ceeties == * {{Flagicon|Nepal}} [[Kathmandu]], [[Nepal]] * {{Flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesie]] * {{Flagicon|Russia}} [[Moscow]], [[Roushie]] * {{Flagicon|Thailand}} [[Chiang Mai Province]], [[Thailand]] * {{Flagicon|China}} [[Tianjin]], [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]] ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Pyongyang| ]] [[Category:Populatit places in North Korea]] [[Category:Caipitals in Asie]] [[Category:Directly Govrened Ceeties an Special Admeenistrative Regions o North Korea]] {{Stub/Asie}} {{Stub/Ceety}} mjoyg8nsdrlouw40zuxeeguq2rdltur Steve Jobs 0 13565 925477 916940 2026-10-30T13:38:37Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 Replace archive.today airtins wi Wayback Machine airtins 925477 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Steve Jobs.jpg|thumb|Steve Jobs holdin a MacBook Air at the Macworld Conference & Expo 2008.]] '''Steven Paul Jobs''' ([[24 Februar]] [[1955]] − [[5 October]] [[2011]]) wis an [[Unitit States|American]] [[business magnate]] an [[inventor]]. He is weel kent for being the [[co-foonder]] an [[chief executive officer]] o [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]. Jobs an aa previously served as chief executive o [[Pixar Animation Studios]]; he became a member o the [[Board o Directors|board]] o [[The Walt Disney Company]] in 2006, follaein the acquisition o Pixar bi Disney. In the late 1970s, Jobs, wi Apple co-foonder [[Steve Wozniak]], [[Mike Markkula]],<ref name="Markkula1997">{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/01/business/an-unknown-co-founder-leaves-after-20-years-of-glory-and-turmoil.html|title=An 'Unknown' Co-Founder Leaves After 20 Years of Glory and Turmoil|date=September 1, 1997|work=New York Times | first=John | last=Markoff}}</ref> an ithers, designed, developed, an marketit ane o the first commercially successful lines o personal computers, the [[Apple II series]]. In the early 1980s, Jobs wis amang the first tae see the [[commerce|commercial]] potential o the [[computer moose|moose]]-driven [[graphical uiser interface]] which led tae the creation o the [[Macintosh]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.wired.com/gadgets/mac/news/2004/01/61730|title=Wired News: We're All Mac Users Now|work=Wired News|accessdate=September 20, 2006|last=Kahney|first=Leander|date=January 6, 2004|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620003410/http://www.wired.com:80/gadgets/mac/news/2004/01/61730|archivedate=2012-06-29|url-status=live}}</ref>{{citation needed}} Efter losin a pouer struggle wi the board o directors in 1985,<ref name="DNA200905">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report_what-steve-jobs-did-when-he-was-fired-from-apple_1254757|title=What Steve Jobs did when he was fired from Apple|work=[[DNA (newspaper)]]|author=Vivek Kaul|date=May 11, 2009}}</ref> Jobs resigned frae Apple an foondit [[NeXT]], a [[computer platform]] development company specializin in the heicher education an business markets. Apple's subsequent 1996 [[buyoot]] o NeXT brocht Jobs back tae the company he co-foondit, an he served as its [[chief executive officer|CEO]] frae 1997 tae 2011. In 1986, he acquired the computer graphics diveesion o [[Lucasfilm|Lucasfilm Ltd]] which wis spun aff as [[Pixar|Pixar Animation Studios]].<ref name="Pixar History 1986">{{cite web|url=http://www.pixar.com/companyinfo/history/1986.html|title=Pixar History&nbsp;– 1986|publisher=[[Pixar]]|accessdate=April 25, 2008|archive-date=2012-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528202345/http://www.pixar.com/companyinfo/history/1986.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> He remained CEO an majority sharehaulder at 50.1&nbsp;percent till its acquisition by [[The Walt Disney Company]] in 2006.<ref name="Apple 2006">{{cite web|url=http://www.apple.com/pr/bios/jobs.html|title=Apple&nbsp;— Press Info&nbsp;— Bios&nbsp;— Steve Jobs|publisher=[[Apple Inc.]]|accessdate=September 20, 2006|year=2006|month=May}}</ref> Consequently Jobs became Disney's lairgest individual shareholder at 7&nbsp;percent an a member o Disney's Board o Directors.<ref name="DisneyBuysPixar">January 25, 2006 {{cite web |url=http://inhome.rediff.com/money/2006/jan/25disney.htm |title= Disney buys Pixar for $7.4 bn | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20131109012018/http://inhome.rediff.com/money/2006/jan/25disney.htm | archivedate = November 9, 2013| deadurl=no}}, rediff.com</ref><ref name="Disney">{{cite web|url=http://corporate.disney.go.com/corporate/bios/steve_jobs.html|title=The Walt Disney Company&nbsp;— Steve Jobs Biography}}<br /> {{cite news|accessdate=January 17, 2010|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/25/business/25disney.html|title=Disney Agrees to Acquire Pixar in a $7.4&nbsp;Billion Deal |work=The New York Times | first=Laura M. | last=Holson | date=January 25, 2006}}<br /> {{cite news|accessdate=January 17, 2010|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/06/business/media/06pixar.html|title=Pixar Becomes Unit of Disney|work=The New York Times | agency = Associated Press | date=May 6, 2006}}</ref> On August 24, 2011, Jobs annoonced his resignation frae his role as Apple's CEO. On October 5, 2011, Jobs dee'd<ref name="apple remembering">{{cite web|url=http://www.apple.com/stevejobs/|title=Remembering Steve Jobs|date=October 5, 2011|publisher=Apple Inc.|location=Cupertino, California|accessdate=October 5, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ktla-apple-steve-jobs-dies,0,7477308.story|title=Steve Jobs: Apple Announces Former CEO Steve Jobs Has Died|work=Chicago Tribune|date=October 5, 2011|accessdate=October 5, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007155643/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ktla-apple-steve-jobs-dies,0,7477308.story|archivedate=2011-10-07|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/oct/06/steve-jobs-apple-cofounder-dies|publisher=[[The Guardian|www.guardian.co.uk]] |title=Steve Jobs, Apple co-founder, dies at 56|date=6 October 2011|first=Dominic |last=Rushe}}</ref> in [[Palo Alto, Californie]] at age 56 o [[pancreatic cancer]].<ref name="Rare Pancreatic Cancer Caused Steve Jobs' Death">{{cite press release|publisher=Voice of America| title=Rare Pancreatic Cancer Caused Steve Jobs' Death| accessdate=October 7, 2011|date=October 7, 2011|url=http://www.voanews.com/english/news/Rare-Pancreatic-Cancer-Caused-Steve-Jobs-Death--131317684.html | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120124162555/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/Rare-Pancreatic-Cancer-Caused-Steve-Jobs-Death--131317684.html | archivedate = January 24, 2012| deadurl=no}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jobs, Steve}} [[Category:Steve Jobs| ]] [[Category:1955 births]] [[Category:2011 daiths]] [[Category:20t-century American businessfowk]] [[Category:21st-century American businessfowk]] [[Category:American adoptees]] [[Category:American billionaires]] [[Category:American computer businessfowk]] [[Category:American film studio executives]] [[Category:American financiers]] [[Category:American industrial designers]] [[Category:American fowk o Sirie strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o German strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Swiss strynd]] [[Category:American technology chief executives]] [[Category:American technology company foonders]] [[Category:American Zen Buddhists]] [[Category:Apple Inc.]] [[Category:Apple Inc. executives]] [[Category:Atari fowk]] [[Category:Buirials in Californie]] [[Category:Businessfowk frae Californie]] [[Category:Businessfowk frae San Francisco]] [[Category:Businessfowk in saftware]] [[Category:Computer designers]] [[Category:Daiths frae cancer in Californie]] [[Category:Daiths frae pancreatic cancer]] [[Category:Disney executives]] [[Category:Internet pioneers]] [[Category:Liver transplant recipients]] [[Category:Naitional Medal o Technology recipients]] [[Category:NeXT]] [[Category:Personal computin]] [[Category:Psychedelic drog advocates]] [[Category:Fowk frae San Francisco]] [[Category:Fowk frae Palo Alto, Californie]] [[Category:Fowk frae Cupertino, Californie]] [[Category:Fowk frae Los Altos, Californie]] [[Category:Fowk frae Mountain View, Californie]] [[Category:Pixar]] [[Category:Pixar fowk]] [[Category:Directors o Apple Inc.]] {{Stub/USA}} gaxcyvstn6aevasvs3wy2jvrjtzxrsk Jordan 0 13976 925529 925417 2026-10-30T20:40:56Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 925529 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Hashemite Kinrick o Jordan |common_name = Jordan |native_name = {{lower|0.1em|{{nobold|{{lang|ar|المملكة الأردنية الهاشمية}}}}}} ([[Modren Staundart Arabic|Arabic]])<br/><small>''{{transl|ar|ALA|Al-Mamlakah Al-Urdunnīyah Al-Ḥāshimīyah}}''</small> |image_flag = Flag of Jordan.svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of Jordan.svg |national_motto = {{small|"God, Kintra, Keeng"}}<br/>{{native phrase|ar|{{lower|0.1em|{{big|الله، الوطن، الملك}}}}|italics=off}}<br/>''{{transl|ar|ALA|Allah, Al-Waṭan, Al-Malik}}''<ref name="king">{{cite book|last=Temperman|first=Jeroen|title=State-Religion Relationships and Human Rights Law: Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Governance|accessdate=20 March 2016|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Khag6tbsIn4C&pg=PA87|year=2010|publisher=Brill|isbn=90-04-18148-2|page=87}}</ref> |national_anthem = {{small|({{lang-sco|[[The Ryal Anthem o Jordan]]}})}}<br/>{{lang|ar|{{big|السلام الملكي الأردني}}}}<br/>{{lower|0.1em|''{{transl|ar|ALA|Al-Salam Al-Malaki Al-Urdunni}}''}}<br/><br/><center>[[File:National anthem of Jordan instrumental.ogg]]</center> |image_map = Jordan (orthographic projection).svg |map_caption = |image_map2 = Jordan - Location Map (2013) - JOR - UNOCHA.svg |map_caption2 = Map of Jordan showing influential governorate centers |capital = [[Amman]] |coordinates = {{Coord|31|57|N|35|56|E|type:city}} |largest_city = caipital |official_languages = [[Modren Standard Arabic|Arabic]] |ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list |98% [[Arab fowk|Arab]] |1% [[Circassians]] |1% [[Armenies]]}} |demonym = Jordanian |government_type = [[Unitar state|Unitar]] [[Pairlamentar seestem|pairlamentar]] [[constitutional monarchy]] |leader_title1 = [[Leet o keengs o Jordan|Keeng]] |leader_name1 = [[Abdullah II o Jordan|Abdullah II]] |leader_title2 = [[Prime Meenister o Jordan|Prime Meenister]] |leader_name2 = [[Bisher Al-Khasawneh]] |legislature = [[Pairlament o Jordan|Pairlament]] |upper_house = [[Jordanian Senate|Senate]] |lower_house = [[Jordanian Hoose o Representatives|Hoose o Representatives]] |sovereignty_type = [[Unthirldom]] |sovereignty_note = frae [[Unitit Kinrick|Breetain]] |established_event1 = {{nowrap|[[The Emirate o Transjordan]]}} |established_date1 = 11 Apryle 1921 |established_event2 = [[League o Naitions mandate|The Hashemite Kinrick o Jordan]] |established_date2 = 25 May 1946 |area_km2 = 89,341 |area_rank = 112t |area_sq_mi = 35,637 |percent_water = |population_estimate = 9,952,293<ref>{{cite web|title=Population clock|accessdate=25 June 2017|publisher=Jordan Department of Statistics|url=http://web.dos.gov.jo/?lang=en|archive-date=2016-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306132107/http://web.dos.gov.jo/?lang=en|url-status=dead}}</ref> | population_estimate = 10,171,480<ref>{{cite web|title=Population clock|accessdate=12 June 2018|work=Jordan Department of Statistics|url=http://dosweb.dos.gov.jo/|archive-date=2019-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818112822/http://dosweb.dos.gov.jo/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2018 | population_estimate_rank = 88t | population_census = 9,531,712<ref name="census">{{cite web|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/population-stands-around-95-million-including-29-million-guests|title=Population stands at around 9.5 million, including 2.9 million guests|accessdate=12 June 2018|publisher=The Jordan Times|last=Ghazal|first=Mohammad|date=22 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208092804/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/population-stands-around-95-million-including-29-million-guests|archive-date=2018-02-08|url-status=dead}}</ref> | population_census_year = 2015 | population_density_km2 = 114 | population_density_sq_mi = 295 | population_density_rank = 106t | GDP_PPP = $93.159 billion<ref name=GDP>{{cite web|title=Jordan|work=IMF|accessdate=24 November 2018|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=77&pr.y=14&sy=2018&ey=2023&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C546%2C213%2C962%2C911%2C674%2C314%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C836%2C918%2C558%2C748%2C138%2C618%2C196%2C624%2C278%2C522%2C692%2C622%2C694%2C156%2C142%2C626%2C449%2C628%2C564%2C228%2C565%2C924%2C283%2C233%2C853%2C632%2C288%2C636%2C293%2C634%2C566%2C238%2C964%2C662%2C182%2C960%2C359%2C423%2C453%2C935%2C968%2C128%2C922%2C611%2C714%2C321%2C862%2C243%2C135%2C248%2C716%2C469%2C456%2C253%2C722%2C642%2C942%2C643%2C718%2C939%2C724%2C734%2C576%2C644%2C936%2C819%2C961%2C172%2C813%2C132%2C726%2C646%2C199%2C648%2C733%2C915%2C184%2C134%2C524%2C652%2C361%2C174%2C362%2C328%2C364%2C258%2C732%2C656%2C366%2C654%2C144%2C336%2C146%2C263%2C463%2C268%2C528%2C532%2C923%2C944%2C738%2C176%2C578%2C534%2C537%2C536%2C742%2C429%2C866%2C433%2C369%2C178%2C744%2C436%2C186%2C136%2C925%2C343%2C869%2C158%2C746%2C439%2C926%2C916%2C466%2C664%2C112%2C826%2C111%2C542%2C298%2C967%2C927%2C443%2C846%2C917%2C299%2C544%2C582%2C941%2C474%2C446%2C754%2C666%2C698&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2018 | GDP_PPP_rank = 87t | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $9,406<ref name=GDP/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 86t | GDP_nominal = $41.869 billion<ref name=GDP/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2018 | GDP_nominal_rank = 92nt | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $4,228<ref name=GDP/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 95th | Gini = 35.4 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2011 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI|title=Gini index|work=World Bank|accessdate=12 June 2018}}</ref> | Gini_rank = 79t | HDI = 0.735 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2017<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = steady<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2017_human_development_report.pdf|title=2017 Human Development Report Summary|date=14 September 2018|accessdate=14 September 2018|publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | HDI_rank = 95t |currency = [[Jordanian dinar|Dinar]] |currency_code = JOD |time_zone = [[Eastren European Time|EET]] |utc_offset = +2 |utc_offset_DST = +3 |time_zone_DST = [[Eastren European Simmer Time|EEST]] |drives_on = ri ht |calling_code = [[Telephone nummers in Jordan|+962]] |cctld = [[.jo]]<br/>{{rtl-lang|ar|[[.الاردن]]}} |area_magnitude = }} '''Jordan''' (/ˈdʒɔrdən/), offeecially the '''Hashemite Kinrick o Jordan''', an forby kent as the '''JK''' (short for The Jordanian Kinrick), is a kinrick on the East Bank o the [[River Jordan]] in [[Wastren Asie]]. It haes mairches wi [[Saudi Arabie]] sooth-eastlins, [[Iraq]] eastlins, [[Sirie]] norlins an [[Israel]] an [[State o Palestine|Palestine]] tae the wast, sharin control o the [[Dead Sea]]. Jordan's anerlie port is at its soothren tip, at the [[Gulf o Aqaba]], whilk is skared wi Israel, [[Egyp]], an Saudi Arabie. Hantle o Jordan is kivered bi the [[Arabian Desert]]. Housomeivver, the north-wastren pairt o Jordan is pairt o the [[Fertile Crescent]]. The caipital ceety is [[Amman]]. Throu its [[History o Jordan|history]], Jordan haes seen a thrang o ceevilizations, includin sic auncient near eastren anes as the [[Canaan]]ites an later ither [[Semitic]] fowks lik the [[Edomite]]s, an the [[Moab]]ites. Ither ceevilizations possessin poleetical sovereignty an influence in Jordan wur: [[Akkadian Empire|Akkadian]], [[Assyrie|Assyrian]], [[Israelite]]/[[Judean]], [[Babylonian]], an [[Persian Empire|Persian]] empires. The lands o Jordan wur for a time unner the rule o [[Pharaonic Egyp]], componed pairt o the greater [[Kinrick o Israel (unitit monarchy)|Kinrick o Israel]] (includin the later [[Kinrick o Judah|Judaean Kinrick]], [[Hasmonean|Hasmonaen Kinrick o Israel]] an [[Herodian Dynasty]]), an notably, the region o Jordan gied birth tae the [[Nabataean]] ceevilisation an aw, whilk left rich airchaeological remains at [[Petra]], ane o the [[New Seiven Wonders o the Warld]] locatit in the [[Ma'an Govrenorate]]. Cultur faurer wast left their mark an aa, like the [[Alexander the Great|Macedonian]]/[[Greece|Greek]]/[[Hellenistic]], [[Roman Empire|Roman]], [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]], an [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Turkis]] empires. Syne the seivent century C.E., the area haes been unner the primary rule o [[Muslim]] an [[Arab]] cultur, wi the exceptions briefly for the area in wastren Jordan that wis pairt o the [[Crusades|Crusader]] [[Kinrick o Jerusalem]], an for the hale region in the early-mid twintiet century C.E. unner [[Breetish Empire|Breetish rule]] whilk led tae Jordan's establishment as an autonomous state. The [[Hashemite]] Kinrick o Jordan is a constitutional monarchy wi representative govrenment. The reignin monarch is the chief executive an the commander-in-chief o the airmed forces. The king exercises his executive authority through the prime meenisters an the Cooncil o Meenisters, or cabinet. The cabinet, atween hauns, is responsible afore the democratically elect Hoose o Deputies whilk, alang wi the Hoose o Notables (Senate), constitutes the legislative branch o the govrenment. The judicial branch is an independent branch o the govrenment. == Etymology == Jordan taks its name frae the [[Jordan River]] that forms muckle o the kintra's northwastren mairch.<ref name="CIA factbook">{{cite web|url= https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/jo.html|title= The World Fact book – Jordan|publisher= CIA World Factbook|accessdate= 15 June 2018|archive-date= 2019-09-12|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190912232305/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/jo.html|url-status= dead}}</ref> While several theories for the oreegin o the river's name hae been proponed, it is maist plausible that it derives frae the [[Semitic leids|Semitic]] wird ''Yarad'', meanin "the descender", reflectin the river's declivity.<ref name="etm1">{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC|title= Mercer Dictionary of the Bible|accessdate= 15 June 2018|year= 1990|pages= 466–467, 928|first1= Watson E.|last1= Mills|first2= Roger Aubrey|last2= Bullard|publisher= Mercer University Press|isbn= 9780865543737}}</ref> == History == {{Main|History o Jordan}} ===Auncient period=== The auldest evidence o [[hominid]] habitation in Jordan dates back at least 200,000 year.<ref name="KOJ">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-jfWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA23|accessdate=16 June 2018|date=8 December 2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|first=Raphael|last=Patai|title=Kingdom of Jordan|pages=23, 32|isbn=9781400877997}}</ref> Jordan is rich in [[Paleolithic]] (up tae 20,000 year agae) remeens due tae its location within the [[Levant]] whaur expansions o hominids oot o Africae converged.<ref name="chap-paleolithic">{{cite book|url=http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4877|title=Atlas of Jordan|accessdate=16 June 2018|editor-first=Myriam|editor-last=Ababsa|chapter=The First Traces of Man. The Palaeolithic Period (<1.5 million – ca 20,000 years ago)|first=Maysoun|last=al-Nahar|date=11 June 2014|pages=94–99}}</ref> Past lakeshore environments attracted different hominids, and several remains of tools have been found from this period.<ref name="chap-paleolithic"/> The warld's auldest evidence o breid-makin wis foond in a 14,500 year auld [[Natufian cultur|Natufian]] steid in Jordan's northeastren desert.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-44846874|title=Prehistoric bake-off: Scientists discover oldest evidence of bread|work=BBC|date=17 July 2018|accessdate=17 July 2018}}</ref> The transeetion frae [[hunter-gaitherer]] tae establishin populous agricultural veelages occurred in the [[Neolithic]] period (10,000–4,500 BC).<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4879|title=Atlas of Jordan|accessdate=16 June 2018|editor-first=Myriam|editor-last=Ababsa|chapter=The Refining of Tools. The Epipalaeolithic Period (c 23,000 - 11,600 years ago)|first=Maysoun|last=al-Nahar|date=11 June 2014|pages=100–105}}</ref> [['Ain Ghazal]], ane sic veelage locatit in the day's eastren [[Amman]], is ane o the lairgest kent prehistoric settlements in the [[Near East]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Betts|first1=Alison|title=The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Levant|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199212972.013.012|date=March 2014|chapter=The Southern Levant (Transjordan) During the Neolithic Period|isbn=9780199212972}}</ref> Fortifee'd touns an urban centres first emerged in the soothren Levant early on in the [[Bronze Age]] (3600–1200 BC).<ref name="atlas11">{{cite book|url=http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4885|title=Atlas of Jordan|accessdate=2 July 2018|editor-first=Myriam|editor-last=Ababsa|chapter=The First Cities in Early Bronze Age (3600-2000 BC)|first=Maysoun|last=al-Nahar|date=11 June 2014|pages=117–118}}</ref> [[Wadi Feynan]] becam a regional centre for capper extraction, that wis exploitit on a lairge-scale tae produce bronze.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pure.qub.ac.uk/portal/files/798584/158410_1_En_8_Chapter_ProofPDF[1].pdf|title=Human activity in the ancient metal-smelting and farming complex in the Wadi Faynan, SW Jordan, at the desert margin in the Middle East|publisher=Queen's University Belfast|year=2010|accessdate=4 July 2018|page=2|quote=It was a key Middle Eastern industrial centre from the early 3rd millennium BC to the Byzantine period|archive-date=2019-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924194946/https://pure.qub.ac.uk/portal/files/798584/158410_1_En_8_Chapter_ProofPDF|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tred an muivement o fowk in the Middle East peaked, spreidin an refinin ceevilisations.<ref name="atlas12"/> Veelages in Transjordan expandit fest in areas wi reliable watter resoorces an agricultural laund.<ref name="atlas12">{{cite book|url=https://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4890|title=Atlas of Jordan|accessdate=2 July 2018|editor-first=Myriam|editor-last=Ababsa|chapter=The Period of Small Cities. The Middle Bronze Age (ca 2000-1500 BC)|first=Maysoun|last=al-Nahar|date=11 June 2014|pages=122–123}}</ref> [[Auncient Egyp]]tians expandit taewart the Levant an controlled baith banks o the Jordan River.<ref name="atlas13">{{cite book|url=https://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4892|title=Atlas of Jordan|accessdate=2 July 2018|editor-first=Myriam|editor-last=Ababsa|chapter=The Influence of Egypt. The Late Bronze Age (1500-1200 BC)|first=Maysoun|last=al-Nahar|date=11 June 2014|pages=124–125}}</ref> In the [[Airn Age]] (1200–332 BC) efter the widrawal o the Egyptians, Transjordan wis hame tae [[Ammon]], [[Edom]] an [[Moab]].<ref name="AEM"/> Thay spaik Semitic leids o the [[Canaanite leids|Canaanite group]], an are conseedert tae be tribal kinricks raither nor states.<ref name="AEM"/> Ammon wis locatit in the Amman plateau; Moab in the hielands east o the Deid Sea; an Edom in the aera aroond [[Wadi Araba]] doun sooth.<ref name="AEM">{{cite conference|first1=Oystein S.|last1=LaBianca|first2=Randall W.|last2=Younker|author-link=|title=The Kingdoms of Ammon, Moab, and Edom: The Archaeology of Society in Late Bronze/Iron Age Transjordan (ca. 1400–500 BCE)|book-title=The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land|editor=Thomas Levy|page=114|publisher=Leicester University Press|date=1995|location=|url=https://www.academia.edu/744029/The_Kingdoms_of_Ammon_Moab_and_Edom_The_Archaeology_of_Society_in_Late_Bronze_Iron_Age_Transjordan_Ca._1400-500_BCE_|doi=|id =|access-date=16 June 2018}}</ref> Thir Transjordanian kinricks war in continuous conflict wi the neebourin Ebreu kinricks o [[Kinrick o Israel (Samarie)|Israel]] an [[Kinrick o Judah|Judah]], centred wast o the Jordan River–tho the umwhile wis kent tae hae at times controlled smaw pairts east o the river.<ref name="harrison">{{Citation|last1=Harrison|first1=Timothy P.|contribution=`The land of Medeba' and Early Iron Age Mādabā|pages=27–45|url=http://sites.utoronto.ca/tmap/Harrison.2009.pdf|accessdate=16 June 2018|year=2009|title=Studies on Iron Age Moab and Neighbouring Areas: In Honour of Michèle Daviau|editor-last=Bienkowski|editor-first=Piotr|place=Leuven|publisher=Peeters}} </ref> Ane record o this is the [[Mesha Stele]] erectit bi the Moabite king [[Mesha]] in 840 BC on that he lauds himsel for the biggin projects that he initiatit in Moab an commemorates his glory an veectory against the [[Israelites]].<ref name="rollston">{{cite book|page=54|title=Writing and Literacy in the World of Ancient Israel: Epigraphic Evidence from the Iron Age|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kx9Uke_IfloC&pg=PA54|accessdate=16 June 2018|first=Chris A.|last=Rollston|year=2010|publisher=Society of Biblical Lit|isbn=9781589831070}}</ref> The stele constitutes ane o the maist important direct accoonts o Biblical history.<ref name="mesha-louvre">{{cite web|url=http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/mesha-stele|title=The Mesha Stele|accessdate=16 June 2018|work=Department of Near Eastern Antiquities: Levant|publisher=Louvre Museum|archive-date=2018-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616103247/https://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/mesha-stele|url-status=dead}}</ref> Aroond 700 BC, the kinricks benefitit frae tred atween Sirie an Arabie whan the [[Neo-Assirian Empire|Assirian Empire]] controlled the Levant.<ref name="chap-iron">{{cite book|url=http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/5075|title=Atlas of Jordan|accessdate=16 June 2018|editor-first=Myriam|editor-last=Ababsa|chapter=The Iron Age and the Persian Period (1200-332 BC)|first=Maysoun|last=al-Nahar|date=11 June 2014|pages=126–130}}</ref> [[Neo-Babylonian Empire|Babylonians]] teuk ower the empire efter its disintegration in 627 BC.<ref name="chap-iron"/> Awtho the kinricks supportit the Babylonians against Judah in the 597 BC [[Siege o Jerusalem (597 BC)|sack o Jerusalem]], they rebelled against them a decade later.<ref name="chap-iron"/> The kinricks war reduced tae vassals, an thay remeened tae be sae unner the [[Achaemenid Empire|Persian]] an [[Macedonia (auncient kinrick)|Hellenic]] Empires.<ref name="chap-iron"/> Houiver, bi the time o [[Roman Empire|Roman rule]] aroond 63 BC, Ammon, Edom an Moab haed lost thair distinct identities, an war assimilatit intae Roman cultur.<ref name="AEM"/> ===Clessical period=== [[File:Al Khazneh Petra edit 2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Al-Khazneh]] in [[Petra]] (c. 1st century AD), is believed tae be the mausoleum o the Arab [[Nabataean]] Keeng [[Aretas IV Philopatris|Aretas IV]].]] [[Alexander the Great]]'s [[Wars o Alexander the Great|conquest]] o the Persie Empire in 332 BC introduced [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic]] cultur tae the Middle East.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=10}} Efter Alexander's daith in 323 BC, the empire split amang his generals, an in the end muckle o Transjordan wis disputit atween the [[Ptolemaic kinrick|Ptolemies]] based in Egyp an the [[Seleucids]] based in Sirie.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=10}} The [[Nabataeans]], nomadic Arabs based sooth o Edom, managed tae establish an independent kinrick in 169 BC bi exploitin the struggle atween the twa Greek pouers.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=10}} The [[Nabataean Kinrick]] controlled muckle o the tred routes o the region, an it stretched sooth alang the [[Reid Sea]] coast intae the [[Hejaz]] desert, up tae as faur north as [[Damascus]], that it controlled for a short period (85–71) BC.{{sfn|Taylor|2001|p=51}} The Nabataeans massed a fortune from their control of the trade routes, often drawing the envy of their neighbors.{{sfn|Taylor|2001|p=30}} [[Petra]], Nabataea's barren caipital, floorished in the 1st century AD, driven bi its extensive watter irrigation sestems an agricultur.{{sfn|Taylor|2001|p=70}} The Nabataeans war an aw talentit [[stane cairvin|stane cairvers]], biggin thair maist elaborate structur, [[Al-Khazneh]], in the first century AD.<ref name="petra"/> It is believed tae be the [[mausoleum]] o the Arab Nabataean King [[Aretas IV Philopatris|Aretas IV]].<ref name="petra">{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/archaeology-and-history/magazine/2016/01-02/petra/|title=Petra Lost and Found|work=National Geographic|date=2 January 2016|accessdate=8 April 2018|archive-date=2018-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408210210/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/archaeology-and-history/magazine/2016/01-02/petra/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Roman legions unner [[Pompey]] conquered muckle o the [[Levant]] in 63 BC, inauguratin a period o Roman rule that lastit fower centuries.<ref name="roman">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PVZfx3Y6o5IC&pg=PA573|page=573|title=The Roman Frontier in Central Jordan: Final Report on the Limes Arabicus Project|year=2006|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks|first1=Samuel|last1=Parker|first2=John|last2=Betlyon|accessdate=3 July 2018|isbn=9780884022985}}</ref> In 106 AD, Emperor [[Trajan]] annexed Nabataea unopponed, an rebiggit the [[Keeng's Heichwey (auncient)|Keeng's Heichwey]] that becam kent as the [[Via Traiana Nova]] road.<ref name="roman"/> The Romans gae the Greek ceeties o Transjordan–Philadelphia (Amman), [[Jerash|Gerasa]] (Jerash), [[Umm Qays|Gedara]] (Umm Qays), [[Pella]] (Tabaqat Fahl) an [[Irbid|Arbila]] (Irbid)–an ither Hellenistic ceeties in Palestine an soothren Sirie, a level o autonomy bi formin the ''[[Decapolis]]'', a ten-ceety league.<ref name="atlas15">{{cite book|url=https://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4903|title=Atlas of Jordan|accessdate=2 July 2018|editor-first=Myriam|editor-last=Ababsa|chapter=Roman Arabia|first=Maysoun|last=al-Nahar|date=11 June 2014|pages=155–161}}</ref> Jerash is ane o the best preserved Roman ceeties in the East; it wis even veesitit bi Emperor [[Hadrian]] in his jurney tae Palestine.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=--x-3W2R_QwC&pg=PA393|title=Ancient Cities: The Archaeology of Urban Life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece and Rome|accessdate=9 April 2016|date=15 April 2013|first1=Charles|last1=Gates|publisher=Routledge|pages=392–393|isbn=9781134676620}}</ref> [[File:Jerash 01 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|The Oval Forum o [[Jerash]] (c. 1st century AD), then pairt o the ten-ceety Roman league, the ''[[Decapolis]]''.]] In 324 AD, the [[Roman Empire]] split, an the Eastren Roman Empire–later kent as the [[Byzantine Empire]]–conteena'd to control or influence the region till 636 AD.<ref name="byzantine">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vSwi2TYabS4C&pg=PA43|page=43|title=Government Leaders, Military Rulers, and Political Activists|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2001|first1=Florence|last1=Lemoine|first2=John|last2=Strickland|accessdate=4 July 2018|isbn=9781573561532}}</ref> Christianity haed become legal within the empire in 313 AD an the offeecial state releegion in 390 AD, efter Emperor [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]] convertit tae Christianity.<ref name="byzantine"/> Transjordan prospered in the Byzantine era, an Christian kirks war biggit iverywhaur.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=14}} The [[Aqaba Kirk]] in [[Aqaba|Ayla]] wis biggit in this era, it is conseedert tae be the [[Leet o auldest kirk biggins|warld's first purpose biggit Christian kirk]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/first-purpose-built-church|title=First purpose-built church|accessdate=4 July 2018|publisher=Guinness World Records}}</ref> [[Umm ar-Rasas]] in soothren Amman conteens at least 16 Byzantine kirks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1093|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=4 July 2018|title=Um er-Rasas (Kastrom Mefa'a)|date=1 January 2004}}</ref> Meanwhile, Petra's importance declined as sea tred routes emerged, an efter a [[Galilee yirdquauk o 363|363 yirdquauk]] destroyed mony structurs, till it becam an abandoned place.<ref name="petra"/> The [[Sassanian Empire]] in the east becam the Byzantines' rivals, an [[Byzantine–Sasanian wars|frequent confrontations]] whiles led tae the Sassanids controllin some pairts o the region, includin Transjordan.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2aTFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA302|title=The Byzantine-Islamic Transition in Palestine: An Archaeological Approach|accessdate=4 July 2018|date=30 January 2014|first=Gideon|last=Avni|publisher=OUP Oxford|page=302|isbn=9780191507342}}</ref> ===Islamic era=== In 629 AD, in the [[Battle o Mu'tah]] in whit is the day [[Al-Karak]], the Byzantines an thair Arab Christian clients, the [[Ghassanids]], staved aff an attack bi a Muslim [[Rashidun]] force that mairched northwart taewart the Levant frae the Hejaz (in modren-day Saudi Arabie).<ref name="Bowersock">{{cite book|last=Bowersock|first=G. W.|last2=Brown|first2=Peter|last3=Grabar|first3=Oleg|title=Late Antiquity: A guide to the Postclassical World|publisher=Harvard University Press|accessdate=17 June 2018|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c788wWR_bLwC&pg=PA468|isbn=9780674511736|year=1999|pages=468–469}}</ref> The Byzantines houiver war defeatit bi the Muslims in 636 AD at the decisive [[Battle o Yarmouk]] juist north o Transjordan.<ref name="Bowersock"/> Transjordan wis an essential territory for the conquest o Damascus.<ref name="mus"/> The first, or Rashidun, [[caliphate]] wis follaed bi that o the [[Ummayad Caliphate|Ummayads]] (661–750).<ref name="mus"/> Unner the Umayyad Caliphate, several [[desert castles]] war constructit in Transjordan, includin: [[Qasr Al-Mshatta]] an [[Qasr Al-Hallabat]].<ref name="mus">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-_OBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT54|title=Near Eastern Tribal Societies During the Nineteenth Century: Economy, Society and Politics Between Tent and Town|page=54|date=14 October 2014|publisher=Routledge|first=Eveline|last=van der Steen|accessdate=18 June 2018|isbn=9781317543473}}</ref> The [[Abbasid Caliphate]]'s campaign tae tak ower the Umayyad's begoud in Transjordan.<ref name="atlas">{{cite book|url=http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4913|title=Atlas of Jordan|accessdate=16 June 2018|editor-first=Myriam|editor-last=Ababsa|chapter=The Abbasid Caliphate|first=Maysoun|last=al-Nahar|date=11 June 2014|pages=178–179}}</ref> A pouerfu 747 AD yirdquauk is thocht tae have contreibutit tae the Umayyads defeat tae the Abbasids, that muived the caliphate's caipital frae Damascus tae Baghdad.<ref name="atlas"/> In Abbasid rule (750–969), several Arab tribes muived northwart an settled in the Levant.<ref name="mus"/> Concurrently, growthe o maritime tred diminished Transjordan's central poseetion, an the area becam increasinly povereesed.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=21}} Efter the decline o the Abbasids, Transjordan wis ruled bi the [[Fatimid Caliphate]] (969–1070), then bi the [[Crusades|Crusader]] [[Kinrick o Jerusalem]] (1115–1187).{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=22}} [[File:Kerak BW 1 (cropped).JPG|thumb|right|The [[Kerak Castle|Karak Castle]] (c. 12t century AD) biggit bi the [[Kinrick o Jerusalem|Crusaders]], an later expandit unner the Muslim [[Ayyubids]] an [[Mamluks]].]] The Crusaders constructit several Crusader castles as pairt o the [[Lairdship o Oultrejordain]], includin thae o [[Montreal (Crusader castle)|Montreal]] an Al-Karak.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.jo/books?id=-_NbE5obqRMC|title=Secular Buildings in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: An Archaeological Gazetteer|page=2|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=11 December 1997|accessdate=18 June 2018|first1=Denys|last1=Pringle|first2=Denys|last2=Pringle|isbn=9780521460101}}</ref> The Ayyubids biggit the [[Ajloun Castle]] an rebiggit aulder castles, tae be uised as militar ootposts against the Crusaders.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=23}} In the [[Battle o Hattin]] (1187) near [[Loch Tiberias]] juist north o Transjordan, the Crusaders lost tae [[Saladin]], the foonder o the [[Ayyubid dynasty]] (1187–1260).{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=23}} Veelages in Transjordan unner the Ayyubids becam important staps for Muslim pilgrims gaein tae [[Mecca]] that traivelled alang the route that connected Sirie tae the Hejaz.<ref name="atlas1">{{cite book|url=http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4998|title=Atlas of Jordan|accessdate=16 June 2018|editor-first=Myriam|editor-last=Ababsa|chapter=Ayyubid and Mamluk Jordan|first=Maysoun|last=al-Nahar|date=11 June 2014|pages=184–187}}</ref> Several o the Ayyubid castles war uised an expandit bi the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluks]] (1260–1516), that dividit Transjordan atween the provinces o Karak an Damascus.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=25}} In the next century Transjordan experienced Mongol attacks, but the Mongols war ultimately repelled bi the Mamluks efter the [[Battle o Ain Jalut]] (1260).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-OmCfNI_SxAC&pg=PA11|title=Trade, Travel, and Exploration in the Middle Ages: An Encyclopedia|first1=John|last1=Friedman|first2=Kristen|last2=Figg|publisher=Routledge|date=4 July 2013|accessdate=18 June 2018|page=11|isbn=9781135590949}}</ref> In 1516, the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Caliphate]]'s forces [[Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–17)|conquered Mamluk territory]].{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=26}} Agricultural veelages in Transjordan witnessed a period o relative prosperity in the 16t century, but war later abandoned.<ref name="VSS">{{cite book|pages=37, 47|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lh1_ernmsnwC|title=Village, Steppe and State: The Social Origins of Modern Jordan|first=Eugene|last=Rogan|first2=Tariq|last2=Tell|publisher=British Academic Press|year=1994|accessdate=8 June 2016|isbn=9781850438298}}</ref> Transjordan wis o mairginal importance tae the Ottoman authorities.<ref name="atlas10">{{cite book|url=https://books.openedition.org/ifpo/5002|title=The Impact of Ottoman Reforms|accessdate=19 June 2018|editor-first=Myriam|editor-last=Ababsa|chapter=The Abbasid Caliphate|first=Maysoun|last=al-Nahar|date=11 June 2014|pages=198–201}}</ref> As a result, Ottoman presence wis virtually absent an reduced tae annual tax collection veesits.<ref name="VSS"/> Mair Arab bedouin tribes muived intae Transjordan frae Sirie an the Hejaz in the first three centuries o Ottoman rule, includin the [[Adwan]], the [[Bani Sakhr]] an the [[Howeitat]].{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=26, 27}} Thir tribes laid claims tae different pairts o the region, an wi the absence o a meaninfu Ottoman authority, Transjordan slid intae a state o anarchy that conteena'd till the 19t century.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=27}} This led tae a short-leeved occupation bi the [[Wahhabi]] forces (1803–1812), an ultra-orthodox Islamic muivement that emerged in [[Emirate o Diriyah|Najd]] (in modren-day Saudi Arabie).{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=30}} [[Ibrahim Pasha o Egyp|Ibrahim Pasha]], son o the [[Muhammad Ali o Egyp|govrenor]] o the [[Egyp Eyalet]] unner the request o the Ottoman sultan, [[Ottoman–Wahhabi War|ruitit oot the Wahhabis]] bi 1818.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=31}} In 1833 Ibrahim Pasha turned on the Ottomans an established his rule ower the Levant.<ref name="cup"/> His oppressive policies led tae the unsuccessfu [[peasants' revolt in Palestine]] in 1834.<ref name="cup"/> Transjordanian ceeties o [[Al-Salt]] an Al-Karak war [[Siege o Al-Karak (1834)|destroyed]] bi Ibrahim Pasha's forces for herbourin a [[Qasim al-Ahmad|paisants' revolt leader]].<ref name="cup"/> Egyptian rule wis [[Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–41)|forcibly endit]] in 1841, wi Ottoman rule restored.<ref name="cup">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AMAbXGQDmDYC&pg=PA31|page=31|title=Frontiers of the State in the Late Ottoman Empire: Transjordan, 1850–1921|accessdate=8 June 2016|date=11 April 2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|first=Eugene|last=Rogan|isbn=9780521892230}}</ref> [[File:Ajloun Castle 1.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Ajloun Castle]] (c. 12t century AD) biggit bi the Ayyubid leader [[Saladin]] for uise against the [[Crusades]].]] Anerly after Ibrahim Pasha's campaign did the Ottoman Empire try tae solitifee its presence in the [[Syria Vilayet]], that Transjordan wis pairt o.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=37}} A series o tax an laund reforms (''[[Tanzimat]]'') in 1864 brocht some prosperity back tae agricultur an tae abandoned veelages, while it provoked a backlash in ither areas o Transjordan.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=37}} Muslim [[Circassians]] an [[Chechens]], fleein Roushie [[Ethnic cleansin o Circassians|persecution]], socht refuge in the Levant.<ref name="leg"/> In Transjordan an wi Ottoman support, Circassians first settled in the lang-abandoned vicinity o Amman in 1867, an later in the surroondin veelages.<ref name="leg">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HRV9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14|page=14−15|accessdate=7 June 2016|title=Jordan: A Hashemite Legacy|first=Beverley|last=Milton-Edwards|first2=Peter|last2=Hinchcliffe|publisher=Routledge|date=5 June 2009|isbn=9781134105465}}</ref> Efter haein established its admeenistration, conscription an hivy taxation policies bi the Ottoman authorities, led tae revolts in the areas it controlled.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=38}} Transjordan's tribes in pairteecular revoltit in the [[Shoubak Revolt|Shoubak]] (1905) an the [[Karak Revolt]]s (1910), that war brutally suppressed.<ref name="leg"/> The construction o the [[Hejaz Railwey]] in 1908–stretchin athort the lenth o Transjordan an airtin Mecca wi [[Istanbul]]–helped the population economically as Transjordan becam a stapower for pilgrimers.<ref name="leg"/> Houiver, increasin policies o Turkification an centralisation adoptit bi the Ottoman Empire disenchantit the Arabs o the Levant.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=33}} ===Modren era=== {{Main|Emirate of Transjordan}} [[File:030Arab.jpg|thumb|left|Sodgers o the Hashemite-led [[Arab Airmy]] haudin the [[Banner o the Arab Revolt|banner]] o the [[Arab Revolt|Great Arab Revolt]] in 1916.]] Fower centuries o stagnation in Ottoman rule cam tae an end in [[World War I]] bi the 1916 [[Arab Revolt]]; driven bi lang-term resentment taewart the Ottoman authorities, an growin [[Arab naitionalism]].<ref name="leg"/> The revolt wis led bi [[Sharif o Mecca|Sharif]] [[Hussein bin Ali, Sharif o Mecca|Hussein]] o [[Mecca]], an his sons [[Abdullah I o Jordan|Abdullah]], [[Faisal I o Iraq|Faisal]] an [[Ali o Hejaz|Ali]], members o the [[Hashemites|Hashemite dynasty]] o the [[Hejaz]], descendants o the Prophet [[Muhammad]].<ref name="leg"/> Locally, the revolt gained the support o the Transjordanian tribes, includin Bedouins, Circassians an [[Jordanian Christians|Christians]].{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=41}} The [[Allies o World War&nbsp;I]], includin Breetain an Fraunce, that's imperial interests converged wi the Arabist cause, offered support.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=40}} The revolt stairtit on 5 Juin 1916 frae [[Medina]] an pushed northwart till the fechting reached Transjordan in the [[Battle o Aqaba]] on 6 Julie 1917.<ref name="revolt">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&pg=PA117|page=117|title=World War I: Encyclopedia, Volume 1|publisher=ABC-CLIO|first=Spencer|last=Tucker|year=2005|accessdate=5 July 2018|isbn=9781851094202}}</ref> The revolt reached its climax whan Faisal entered [[Damascus]] in October 1918, an established the [[Arab Kinrick o Sirie]], that Transjordan wis pairt o.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=41}} The nascent Hashemite Kinrick wis forced tae surrender tae French truips on 24 Julie 1920 in the [[Battle o Maysalun]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6I7FBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT396|title=The Making of the Modern Near East 1792-1923|first=Malcolm|last=Yapp|publisher=Routledge|date=9 January 2014|accessdate=23 July 2018|page=396|isbn=9781317871064}}</ref> Arab aspirations failed tae gain internaitional recogneetion, due mainly tae the saicret 1916 [[Sykes–Picot Greement]], that dividit the region intae French an Breetish spheres o influence, an the 1917 [[Balfour Declaration]], that promised Palestine tae Jews.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=34}} This wis seen bi the Hashemites an the Arabs as a betrayal o thair previous greements wi the Breetish,{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=71}} includin the 1915 [[McMahon–Hussein Correspondence]], in that the Breetish stated thair willinness tae recognise the unthirldom of a unifee'd Arab state stretchin frae [[Aleppo]] tae [[Aden]] unner the rule o the Hashemites.<ref name="tell2013">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XR56Jup9hwwC&pg=PT55|title=The Social and Economic Origins of Monarchy in Jordan|publisher=Springer|first=Tariq Moraiwed|last=Tell|doi=10.1057/9781137015655|accessdate=23 July 2018|date=7 January 2013|isbn=978-1-349-29089-5}}</ref>{{rp|55}} Abdullah, the seicont son o Sharif Hussein, arrived frae Hejaz bi train in [[Ma'an]] in soothren Transjordan on 21 November 1920 tae redeem the Kinrick his brither haed lost.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=82}} Transjordan then wis in disarray; widely conseedert tae be ungovrenable wi its dysfunctional local govrenments.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=91}} Abdullah then moved tae Amman an established the [[Emirate o Transjordan]] on 11 Apryle 1921.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=93}} [[File:The high commissioner's first visit to Transjordan, in Es-Salt..jpg|thumb|left|[[Al-Salt]] residents gaither on 20 August 1920 in the [[Breetish Mandate for Palestine (legal instrument)|Breetish]] [[Heich Commissioners for Palestine an Transjordan|Heich Commissioner]]'s veesit tae Transjordan.]] The Breetish reluctantly acceptit Abdullah as ruler o Transjordan.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=96}} Abdullah gained the trust o Tansjordan's tribal leaders afore scrammlin tae convince them o the benefits o an organised govrenment.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=100}} Abdullah's successes drew the envy o the Breetish, even whan it wis in thair interest.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=101}} In September 1922, the Cooncil o the [[League o Naitions]] recognised Transjordan as a state unner the [[Breetish Mandate for Palestine (legal instrument)|Breetish Mandate for Palestine]] an the [[Transjordan memorandum]], an excludit the territories east o the Jordan River frae the provisions o the mandate dealin wi Jewish settlement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historynet.com/creating-chaos-lawrence-of-arabia-and-the-1916-arab-revolt.htm|title=Creating Chaos: Lawrence of Arabia and the 1916 Arab Revolt|accessdate=15 October 2015|date=10 August 2010|first=O'Brien|last=Browne|publisher=HistoryNet, LLC.}}</ref><ref>''League of Nations Official Journal'', Nov. 1922, pp. 1188–1189, 1390–1391.</ref> Transjordan remeened a Breetish mandate till 1946, but it haed been grantit a greater level o autonomy nor the region wast o the Jordan River.<ref name="protectorate">Marjorie M. Whiteman, Digest of International Law, vol. 1, U.S. State Department (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1963) pp 636, 650–652</ref> The first organised airmy in Jordan wis established on 22 October 1920, an wis named the "[[Arab Legion]]".<ref name="modernjordan"/> The Legion grew frae 150 men in 1920 tae 8,000 in 1946.<ref name="encmew">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U05OvsOPeKMC&pg=PA662|title=The Encyclopedia of Middle East Wars: The United States in the Persian Gulf|publisher=ABC-CLIO|date=10 August 2010|first=Spencer|last=Tucker|accessdate=13 March 2016|page=662}}</ref> Multiple difficulties emerged upon the assumption o pouer in the region bi the Hashemite leadership.<ref name="modernjordan"/> In Transjordan, smaw local rebellions at [[Kura Rebellion|Kura]] in 1921 an 1923 war suppressed bi [[Emir]] Abdullah wi the help o Breetish forces.<ref name="modernjordan"/> Wahhabis frae Najd regained strenth an [[Ikhwan raids on Transjordan|repeatitly raidit]] the soothren pairts o his territory in (1922–1924), seriously threitenin the Emir's poseetion.<ref name="modernjordan">{{cite book|last=Salibi|first=Kamal|accessdate=20 March 2016|title=The Modern History of Jordan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7zdi2sCuIh8C&pg=PA104 |date=1998 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=978-1-86064-331-6 |pages=10, 30, 31, 49, 104}}</ref> The Emir wis unable tae repel thae raids withoot the aid o the local Bedouin tribes an the Breetish, that mainteened a militar base wi a smaw [[Ryal Air Force|RAF]] detachment close tae Amman.<ref name="modernjordan"/> ===Post-unthirldom=== [[File:King Abdullah I of Jordan declaring independence, 25 May 1946.jpg|thumb|right|[[Abdullah I o Jordan|Keeng Abdullah I]] on 25 Mey 1946 readin the declaration o unthirldom.]] The [[Treaty o London (1946)|Treaty o London]], signed bi the Breetish Govrenment an the Emir o Transjordan on 22 Mairch 1946, recognised the unthirldom o Transjordan upon ratification bi baith kintras' pairlaments.<ref name="FRUS1946">{{cite book|title=Foreign relations of the United States, 1946. The Near East and Africa, Vol. 7|date=1946|publisher=United States Department of State|pages=794–800|url=http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1946v07|accessdate=13 March 2016}}</ref> On 25 Mey 1946, the day that the treaty wis ratifee'd bi the Transjordan pairlament, Transjordan wis raised tae the status o a kinrick unner the name o the ''Hashemite Kinrick o Transjordan'', wi Abdullah as its first king.<ref>{{cite book|first=N.H.|last=Aruri|title=Jordan: a study in political development (1921–1965)|accessdate=20 March 2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GVaG4WGKj9MC&pg=PA90|year=1972|publisher=Springer Netherlands|isbn=978-90-247-1217-5|page=90}}</ref> The name wis shortened tae the ''Hashemite Kinrick o Jordan'' on 26 Apryle 1949.<ref name="HKJ"/> Jordan becam a member o the Unitit Naitions on 14 December 1955.<ref name="HKJ">{{cite book|last=Khalil|first=Muhammad|year=1962|publisher=Khayats|place=Beirut|pages=[https://archive.org/details/arabstatesandthe012664mbp/page/n96 53]–54|title=The Arab States and the Arab League: a Documentary Record|url=https://archive.org/details/arabstatesandthe012664mbp}}</ref> On 15 Mey 1948, as pairt o the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]], Jordan invadit [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] thegither wi ither Arab states.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CC7381HrLqcC|title=A History of the First Arab-Israeli War|first=Benny|last=Morris|publisher=Yale University Press|date=1 October 2008|pages=214, 215|accessdate=15 June 2016}}</ref> Follaein the war, Jordan controlled the Wast Bank an on 24 Apryle 1950 Jordan formally [[Jordanian annexation o the Wast Bank|annexed thir territories]] efter the [[Jericho conference]].<ref name=autogenerated2/><ref>{{cite book|last=Sicker|first=Martin|title=The Middle East in the Twentieth Century|accessdate=20 March 2016|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gHfw0Mv_uFUC&pg=PA187|year=2001|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-96893-9|page=187}}</ref> In response, some Arab kintras demandit Jordan's expulsion frae the [[Arab League]].<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite book|last=Aruri|first=Naseer Hasan |title=Jordan: a study in political development (1921–1965) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GVaG4WGKj9MC&pg=PA90 |year=1972 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-90-247-1217-5|page=90|accessdate=20 March 2016}}</ref> On 12 Juin 1950, the Arab League declared that the annexation wis a temporary, practical meisur an that Jordan wis haudin the territory as a "trustee" pendin a futur settlement.<ref>{{cite book|last=El-Hasan|first= Hasan Afif|title=Israel Or Palestine? Is the Two-state Solution Already Dead?: A Political and Military History of the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CjuzDY-WBr8C&pg=PA64|year=2010 |publisher=Algora Publishing|accessdate=20 March 2016|isbn=978-0-87586-793-9|page=64}}</ref> King Abdullah wis assassinatit at the [[Al-Aqsa Mosque]] in 1951 bi a Palestinian militant, amid rumours he intendit tae sign a peace treaty wi Israel.<ref name="kaiofh"/> Abdullah wis succeedit bi his son [[Talal o Jordan|Talal]], that wad suin abdicate due tae illness in favour o his eldest son [[Hussein o Jordan|Hussein]].<ref name="kojt">{{cite web|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-remembers-king-talal|title=Jordan remembers King Talal|publisher=The Jordan Times|accessdate=1 June 2017|date=6 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803133637/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-remembers-king-talal|archive-date=2017-08-03|url-status=dead}}</ref> Talal established the [[Constitution o Jordan|kintra's modren constitution]] in 1952.<ref name="kojt"/> Hussein ascendit tae the throne in 1953 at the age o 17.<ref name="kaiofh">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/1951/jul/21/fromthearchive|title=Assassination of King Abdullah|publisher=The Guardian|accessdate=15 October 2015|date=21 July 1951}}</ref> Jordan witnessed great poleetical uncertainty in the follaeingperiod.<ref name="poinjk"/> The 1950s war a period o poleetical upheaval, as [[Nasserism]] an [[Pan-Arabism]] swept the Arab Warld.<ref name="poinjk">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RI0o-bfRAvIC&pg=PA90|title=The Mirage of Peace: Understanding the Never-Ending Conflict in the Middle East|page=90|first=David|last=Aikman|accessdate=1 June 2017|date=14 August 2009|publisher=Gospel Light Publications}}</ref> On 1 Mairch 1956, King Hussein [[Arabisation o the Jordanian Army command|Arabised the command o the Airmy]] bi dismissin a nummer o senior Breetish officers, an act made tae remuive remeenin furrin influence in the kintra.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UhJBhHhpcBUC&pg=PA91|page=91|title=Democracy in the Arab World: Explaining the Deficit|accessdate=15 October 2015|year=2011|first1=Samir|last1=Makdisi |first2=Ibrahim|last2=Elbadawi|publisher=IDRC}}</ref> In 1958, Jordan and neighbouring Hashemite [[Kinrick o Iraq|Iraq]] formed the [[Arab Federation]] as a response tae the formation o the rival [[Unitit Arab Republic]] atween Nasser's Egyp an Sirie.<ref name="jejok"/> The union lastit anerly sax month, bein dissolved efter Iraqi [[Faisal II o Iraq|Keeng Faisal II]] (Hussein's cuisin) wis deponed bi a bluidy [[14 Julie Revolution|militar coup]] on 14 July 1958.<ref name="jejok">{{cite book|first=Bruce|last=Maddy-Weitzman|chapter=Jordan and Iraq: Efforts at Intra-Hashimite Unity|title=Middle Eastern Studies|pages=65–75|date=3 January 1990|jstor=4283349|publisher= Taylor & Francis, Ltd}}</ref> [[File:Karama aftermath 1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hussein o Jordan|Keeng Hussein]] on 21 Mairch 1968 checkin an abandoned [[Israel]]i tank in the eftermath o the [[Battle o Karameh]].]] Jordan signed a militar pact wi Egyp juist afore [[Israel]] launched a [[Preemptive war|preemptive strike]] on Egyp tae begin the [[Sax-Day War]] in Juin 1967, whaur Jordan an Sirie jynt the war.<ref name="jowars"/> The Arab states war defeatit an Jordan lost control o the [[Wast Bank]] tae Israel.<ref name="jowars"/> The [[War o Attrition]] wi Israel follaed, that includit the 1968 [[Battle of Karameh]] whaur he combined forces o the [[Jordanian Airmed Forces]] an the [[Palestine Liberation Organisation]] (PLO) repelled an Israeli attack on the [[Karameh]] camp on the Jordanian mairch wi the Wast Bank.<ref name="jowars">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-bXMBQAAQBAJ|title=Aviation and Airport Security: Terrorism and Safety Concerns, Second Edition|accessdate=27 October 2015|first=Kathleen|last=Sweet|publisher=CRC Press|date=23 December 2008|page=79}}</ref> Despite the fact that the Palestinians haed leemitit involvement against the Israeli forces, the events at Karameh gained wide recogneetion an acclaim in the Arab warld.<ref name="Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani"/> As a result, the time period follain the battle witnessed an upsurge o support for Palestinian paramilitar elements (the [[Palestinian fedayeen|fedayeen]]) within Jordan frae ither Arab kintras.<ref name="Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani"/> The fedayeen activities soon became a threit tae Jordan's rule o law.<ref name="Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani"/> In September 1970, the Jordanian airmy targetit the ''fedayeen'' an the resultant fechtin led tae the expulsion o Palestinian fechters frae various PLO groups intae [[Lebanon]], in a conflict that becam kent as [[Black September]].<ref name="Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eACqCQAAQBAJ|title=Concise History of Islam|accessdate=15 October 2015|date=24 September 2011|first=Muzaffar Husain|last=Syed|first2=Syed Saud|last2=Akhtar|first3=B D|last3=Usmani |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd|page=378}}</ref> In 1973, Egyp an Sirie waged the [[Yom Kippur War]] on Israel, an fechtin occurred alang the 1967 [[Jordan River]] cease-fire line.<ref name="Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani"/> Jordan sent a brigade tae Sirie tae attack Israeli units on Sirie territory but did nae engage Israeli forces frae Jordanian territory.<ref name="Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani"/> At the [[Rabat summit conference]] in 1974, Jordan greed, alang wi the rest o the Arab League, that the PLO wis the "sole legitimate representative o the Palestinian fowk".<ref name="Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani"/> Subsequently, Jordan [[Jordanian disengagement frae the Wast Bank|renoonced]] its claims tae the Wast Bank in 1988.<ref name="Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani"/> At the 1991 [[Madrid Conference]], Jordan greed tae negotiate a peace treaty sponsored bi the US an the Soviet Union.<ref name="Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani"/> The [[Israel-Jordan Treaty o Peace]] wis signed on 26 October 1994.<ref name="Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani"/> In 1997, Israeli agents entered Jordan uisin [[Canadian passport]]s an pushioned [[Khaled Meshal]], a senior [[Hamas]] leader.<ref name="Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani"/> Israel providit an antidote tae the pushion an released dizens o poleetical prisoners, includin [[Sheikh Ahmed Yassin]] efter [[Hussein o Jordan|Keng Hussein]] threitened tae annul the peace treaty.<ref name="Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani"/> [[File:HabisAlMajali&WasfiAlTall.jpg|thumb|right|Airmy Chief [[Habis Majali]] an Prime Meenister [[Wasfi Tal]] in a militar parade in 1970, twa widely acclaimed naitional feegurs.]] On 7 Februar 1999, [[Abdullah II o Jordan|Abdullah II]] ascendit the throne upon the daith o his faither Hussein.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kingabdullah.jo/index.php/en_US/pages/view/id/148.html|title=His majesty King Abdullah II ibn Al-Hussein|publisher=King Abdullah II Official Website|accessdate=15 June 2016}}</ref> Abdullah embaurked on economic leeberalisation whan he assumed the throne, an his reforms led tae an economic buim that conteena'd till 2008.<ref name="IMFjohk"/> Abdullah II haes been creditit wi increasin furrin investment, impruivin public-preevat pairtnerships an providin the foondation for [[Aqaba]]'s free-trede zone an Jordan's floorishin [[information an communication technology]] (ICT) sector.<ref name="IMFjohk"/> He an aw set up five ither special economic zones.<ref name="IMFjohk">{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/np/ms/2006/112806.htm |title=Jordan—Concluding Statement for the 2006 Article IV Consultation and Fourth Post-Program Monitoring Discussions |publisher=International Monetary Fund |date=28 November 2006|accessdate=15 June 2016}}</ref> Houiver, in the follaein years Jordan's economy experienced haurdship as it dealt wi the effects o the [[Great Recession]] an spillower frae the [[Arab Ware]].<ref name="instability1">{{cite web|url=http://carnegieendowment.org/sada/?fa=63061|title=Jordan is Sliding Toward Insolvency|accessdate=20 March 2016|date=18 March 2016|first=Kirk|last=Sowell|publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace}}</ref> [[Al-Qaeda]] unner [[Abu Musab al-Zarqawi]]'s leadership launched [[2005 Amman bombins|coordinatit explosions]] in three hotel labbies in Amman on 9 November 2005, resultin in 60 daiths an 115 injured.<ref name="acbsya"/> The bombins, that tairgetit ceevilians, caused widespreid ootrage amang Jordanians.<ref name="acbsya">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3eZK7cm6pjoC&pg=PA228|title=Arab-Israeli Military Forces in an Era of Asymmetric Wars|first=Anthony|last=Cordesman|accessdate=23 September 2015|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |date=1 January 2006|page=228}}</ref> The attack is conseedert tae be a rare event in the kintra, an Jordan's internal siccarity wis dramatically impruived efterwart.<ref name="acbsya"/> Na major terrorist attacks hae occurred syne then.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/jordan/2016-02-17/isis-meets-its-match|accessdate=16 March 2016|date=17 February 2016|title=ISIS Meets Its Match? How Jordan Has Prevented Large-Scale Attacks|work=Foreign Affairs|first=Aaron|last=Magid|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations}}</ref> Abdullah an Jordan are viewed wi contempt bi Islamic extremists for the kintra's peace treaty wi Israel an its relationship wi the Wast.<ref name="ahbbnyt">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/10/world/middleeast/3-hotels-bombed-in-jordan-at-least-57-die.html|title=3 Hotels Bombed in Jordan; At Least 57 Die|first1=Hassan|last1=Fattah|first2=Michael|last2=Slackmannov|date=10 November 2005|accessdate=13 February 2017|work=The New York Times}}</ref> The Arab Ware war lairge-scale protests that eruptit in the [[Arab Warld]] in 2011, demandin economic an poleetical reforms.<ref name="jkfchh"/> Mony o these protests tore doun regimes in some Arab naitions, leadin tae instability that endit wi veeolent ceevil wars.<ref name="jkfchh"/> In Jordan, in response tae [[2011–12 Jordanian protests|domestic unrest]], Abdullah replaced his prime meenister an introduced a nummer o reforms includin: reformin the Constitution, an laws govrenin public freedoms an elections.<ref name="jkfchh">{{cite news|title=Jordan's king fires Cabinet amid protests|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2011-02-02-jordan-cabinet_N.htm|accessdate=13 March 2016|agency=The Associated Press|publisher=USA Today|date=2 February 2011}}</ref> Proportional representation wis re-introduced tae the Jordanian pairlament in the [[Jordanian general election, 2016|2016 general election]], a muive that he said wad eventually lead tae establishin [[Pairlamentar seestem|pairlamentar govrenments]].<ref name="hhjdrp">{{cite web|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/new-elections-bill-sheds-one-vote-system|title=New elections bill sheds one-vote system|date=31 August 2015|publisher=The Jordan Times|accessdate=13 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423030020/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/new-elections-bill-sheds-one-vote-system|archive-date=2016-04-23|url-status=dead}}</ref> Jordan wks left lakrgely unscathed frae the veeolence that swept the region despite an influx o 1.4 million Sirie refugees intae the naitural resoorces-lackin kintra an the emergence o the [[Islamic State o Iraq an the Levant]] (ISIL).<ref name="hhjdrp"/> == Geografie == [[File:Mountain in Wadi Rum, Jordan.jpg|thumb|left|[[Wadi Rum]]'s resemblance tae the surface o [[Maurs]] haes made it a popular filmin an tourist attraction.]] Jordan sits strategically at the crossroads o the continents o Asie, Africae an Europe,<ref name="mattel">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tI9L9gepYAUC|pages=173, 408|title=Jordan|first=Matthew|last=Teller|publisher=Rough Guides|year=2002|accessdate=9 April 2016|isbn=9781858287409}}</ref> in the [[Levant]] area o the [[Fertile Crescent]], a [[cradle o ceevilisation]].<ref name="geo"/> It is {{convert|89341|sqkm|sqmi}} lairge, an {{convert|400|km|mi}} lang atween its northrenmaist an soothrenmaist points; [[Umm Qais]] an [[Aqaba]] respectively.<ref name="CIA factbook"/> The kinrick lies atween [[29t parallel north|29°]] an [[34t parallel north|34° N]], an [[34t meridian east|34°]] an [[40t meridian east|40° E]]. The east is an arid plateau irrigatit bi [[oasis|oases]] an saisonal watter streams.<ref name="CIA factbook"/> Major ceeties are owerwhelminly locatit on the north-wastren pairt o the kinrick due tae its fertile siles an relatively abundant rainfaw.<ref name="gbdss"/> Thir include Irbid, Jerash an [[Zarqa]] in the northwast, the caipital [[Amman]] an [[Al-Salt]] in the central wast, an Madaba, [[Al-Karak]] an Aqaba in the soothwast.<ref name="gbdss">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Hw_XY6VPm0C&pg=PA1|page=1|title=Diplomacy on Springer Science & Business Media|accessdate=14 June 2016|year=2002|first=Munther J.|last=Haddadin|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media}}</ref> Major touns in the eastren pairt o the kintra are the oasis touns o [[Azraq]] an [[Ruwaished]].<ref name="geo">{{cite book|title=Geo-data: The World Geographical Encyclopedia|pages=281–283|accessdate=10 March 2016|publisher=Gale Research Company|year=2003|first=John|last=McCoy|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Geo_data.html?id=tVIRAQAAMAAJ|isbn=9780787655815}}</ref> ===Climate=== {{Main|Climate o Jordan}} The climate in Jordan varies greatly. Generally, the faur inland frae the Mediterranean, greater contrasts in temperatur occur an the less rainfaw thare is.<ref name="CIA factbook"/> The kintra's average elevation is {{convert|812|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} (SL).<ref name="CIA factbook"/> The heichlands abuin the Jordan Valley, muntains o the Deid Sea an Wadi Araba an as faur sooth as Ras Al-Naqab are dominatit bi a [[Mediterranean climate]], while the eastren an northeastren areas o the kintra are arid desert.<ref name="majocw"/> Awtho the desert pairts o the kinrick reach heich temperaturs, the heat is uisually moderatit bi law humidity an a daytime breeze, while the nichts are cuil.<ref name="obgjo">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lmPVOL9_r7MC&pg=PA11|title=The Report: Jordan 2011|page=11|publisher=Oxford|author=Oxford Business Group|accessdate=18 June 2016|year=2011|isbn=9781907065439}}</ref> Simmers, lastin frae Mey tae September, are het an dry, wi temperaturs averagin aroond {{convert|32|°C|0|abbr=on}} an whiles exceedin {{convert|40|°C|0|abbr=on}} atween Julie an August.<ref name="obgjo"/> The winter, lastin frae November tae Mairch, is relatively cuil, wi temperaturs averagin aroond {{convert|13|°C|°F|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="majocw"/> Winter an aw sees frequent shouers an occasional snawfaw in some wastren elevatit areas.<ref name="majocw">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LbdAnZft2F4C&pg=PA404|page=404|accessdate=14 June 2016|date=21 April 2011|title=Water, Life and Civilisation: Climate, Environment and Society in the Jordan Valley|publisher=Cambridge University Press|first1=Emily|last1=Black|first2=Steven|last2=Mithen|isbn=9781139496674}}</ref> ===Ecology=== {{Main|Wildlife o Jordan}} [[File:Ajlun Green.jpg|thumb|A forest in [[Ajloun]], northren Jordan.]] Ower 2,000 plant species hae been recordit in Jordan.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cordova|first=Carlos E.|title=Millennial Landscape Change in Jordan: Geoarchaeology and Cultural Ecology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1eWaveyEIlcC&pg=PA47 |year=2007 |publisher=University of Arizona Press |isbn=978-0-8165-2554-6 |pages=47–55|accessdate=15 June 2016}}</ref> Mony o the flouerin plants bluim in the ware efter the winter rains an the teepe o vegetation depends lairgely on the levels o precipitation. The muntainous regions in the northwast are claithed in forests, while faur sooth an east the vegetation becomes mair scrubby an transeetions tae steppe-teep vegetation.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Mallon, David P.|author2=Kingswood, Steven Charles|title=Antelopes: North Africa, the Middle East, and Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uFo03Nd2oj8C&pg=PA103 |year=2001 |publisher=IUCN |isbn=978-2-8317-0594-1 |pages=103–104 |accessdate=31 August 2016}}</ref> Forests kiver 1.5 million [[dunam|dunums]] ({{convert|1500000|dunam|km2|disp=out}}), less nor 2% o Jordan, makkin Jordan amang the warld's least forestit kintras, the internaitional average bein 15%.<ref>{{cite news|last=Namrouqa|first=Hana|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/green-cover-increases-15000-dunums-three-years#sthash.lGaoiX1k.aMrxTrjE.dpuf|title='Green cover increases by 15,000 dunums in three years'|accessdate=11 January 2016|date=10 January 2016|publisher=The Jordan Times}}</ref> Plant species include, [[Pinus halepensis|Aleppo pine]], [[Sarcopoterium]], [[Salvia dominica]], [[black iris]], [[Tamarix]], ''[[Anabasis (plant)|Anabasis]]'', [[Artemisia (genus)|Artemisia]], [[Acacia]], [[Cupressus sempervirens|Mediterranean cypress]] an [[Juniperus phoenicea|Phoenecian juniper]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Cordova, Carlos E. |title=Millennial Landscape Change in Jordan: Geoarchaeology and Cultural Ecology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1eWaveyEIlcC&pg=PA47 |year=2007 |publisher=University of Arizona Press |isbn=978-0-8165-2554-6 |pages=47–55}}</ref> The muntainous regions in the northwast are claithed in naitural forests o [[pine]], [[Deciduous|deciduous aik]], [[Quercus ilex|evergreen aik]], [[pistachio]] an wild [[olive]].<ref name=Jordan>{{cite web |url=http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/geo_env2.html |title=Wildlife and vegetation |publisher=Jordan: Geography and Environment |accessdate=18 December 2015 |archive-date=2018-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020095858/http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/geo_env2.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mammal an reptile species include, the [[lang-eared hedgehog]], [[Nubian ibex]], [[wild boar]], [[fallae deer]], [[Arabie wouf]], [[desert monitor]], [[hinnie badger]], [[gless snake]], [[caracal]], [[gowden jackal]] an the [[roe deer]], amang ithers.<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.jtb.com.jo/brochures/eco_shumari.html |title= Shaumari Wildlife Reserve |publisher= Jordan Tourism Board |deadurl= yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223038/http://www.jtb.com.jo/brochures/eco_shumari.html |archivedate= 3 March 2016 |df= dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Mallon, David P.|author2=Kingswood, Steven Charles|title=Antelopes: North Africa, the Middle East, and Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uFo03Nd2oj8C&pg=PA103 |year=2001 |publisher=IUCN |isbn=978-2-8317-0594-1 |pages=103–104}}</ref><ref name=Qumsiyeh>{{cite book|author=Mazin B. Qumsiyeh|title=Mammals of the Holy Land|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Amr2oLxnR10C&pg=PA332 |year=1996|publisher=Texas Tech University Press|isbn=978-0-89672-364-1 }}</ref> Bird include the [[huidit craw]], [[Eurasian jay]], [[lappet-faced vultur]], [[barbary faucon]], [[hoopoe]], [[pharaoh eagle-oul]], [[common cuckoo]], [[Tristram's starling]], [[Palestine sunbird]], [[Sinai rosefinch]], [[lesser kestrel]], [[hoose craw]] an the [[white-spectacled bulbul]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rscn.org.jo/content/mujib-biosphere-reserve-1 |title=Mujib Biosphere Reserve |publisher=Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature |accessdate=19 December 2015 |archive-date=2018-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020155345/http://www.rscn.org.jo/content/mujib-biosphere-reserve-1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Politics an government== {{Main|Politics of Jordan}} Jordan is a [[unitar state]] unner a [[constitutional monarchy]]. Jordan's [[Constitution o Jordan|constitution]], adoptit in 1952 an amendit a nummer o times syne, is the legal framewirk that govrens the monarch, govrenment, bicameral legislatur an judiciary.<ref name="const">{{cite web|url=http://www.constitutionnet.org/country/constitutional-history-jordan|title=Constitutional history of Jordan|work=Constitutionnet|accessdate=5 October 2017|date=28 April 2016}}</ref> The king retains wide executive an legislative pouers frae the [[Govrenment o Jordan|govrenment]] an [[Pairlament o Jordan|pairlament]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2016/jordan|title=Jordan|work=Freedom House|date=1 January 2016|accessdate=5 October 2017|archive-date=2017-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221010223/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2016/jordan|url-status=dead}}</ref> The king exercises his pouers throu the govrenment that he appynts for a fower-year term, that is responsible afore the pairlament that is made up o twa chaumers: the [[Senate (Jordan)|Senate]] an the [[Hoose o Representatives (Jordan)|Hoose o Representatives]]. The judiciar is independent accordin tae the constitution.<ref name="const"/> The king is the [[heid o state]] an [[commander-in-chief]] o the [[Jordanian Airmed Forces|airmy]]. He can declare war an peace, ratifee laws an treaties, convene an close legislative sessions, caw an postpone elections, dismiss the govrenment an dissolve the pairlament.<ref name="const"/> The appyntit govrenment can an aw be dismissed throu a [[Majority rule|majority]] [[vote o na confidence]] bi the electit Hoose o Representatives. Efter a bill is proponed bi the govrenment, it maun be appruived bi the Hoose o Representatives then the Senate, an becomes law efter bein ratifee'd bi the king. A ryal veto on legislation can be owerridden bu a [[Supermajority#Twa-thirds vote|twa-thirds vote]] in a jynt session o baith hooses. The pairlament an aw haes the richt o [[Interpellation (politics)|interpellation]].<ref name="const"/> ===Lairgest ceeties=== {{Lairgest ceeties o Jordan}} ===Admeenistrative diveesions=== The first level subdiveesion in Jordan is the ''[[muhafazah]]'' or [[Govrenorates o Jordan|govrenorate]]. The govrenorates are dividit intae [[Liwa (Arabic)|''liwa'']] or destricts, that are eften faur subdividit intae [[Kaza|''qda'']] or sub-destricts.<ref name="Muni">{{Cite web|title=Annex B: Analysis of the municipal sector |work=Third Tourism Development Project, Secondary Cities Revitalization Study |date=24 May 2005 |page=4 |publisher=Ministry of Antiquities and Tourism, Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan |url=http://www.mota.gov.jo/Documents/Municipal_sector.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419052114/http://mota.gov.jo/Documents/Municipal_sector.pdf |archive-date=19 April 2016 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> Control for ilk admeenistrative unit is in a "chief toun" ([[administrative centre]]) kent as a [[Nahias o Jordan|''nahia'']].<ref name="Muni" /> <div class="left"> {|class="wikitable" |- !Map !! !! Govrenorate !! Caipital !! Population |- |rowspan="15"|{{Jordan Labelled Map}} !colspan="5"|Northren region |- |1 ||[[Irbid Govrenorate|Irbid]] ||[[Irbid]] ||1,770,158 |- |2 ||[[Ajloun Govrenorate|Ajloun]] ||[[Ajloun]] ||176,080 |- |3 ||[[Jerash Govrenorate|Jerash]] ||[[Jerash]] ||237,059 |- |4 ||[[Mafraq Govrenorate|Mafraq]] ||[[Mafraq]] ||549,948 |- !colspan="5"|Central region |- |5 ||[[Balqa Govrenorate|Balqa]] ||[[Al-Salt]] ||491,709 |- |6 ||[[Madaba Govrenorate|Madaba]] ||[[Madaba]] ||189,192 |- |7 ||[[Amman Govrenorate|Amman]] ||[[Amman]] ||4,007,256 |- |8 ||[[Zarqa Govrenorate|Zarqa]] ||[[Zarqa]] ||1,364,878 |- !colspan="5"|Soothren region |- |9 ||[[Karak Govrenorate|Karak]] ||[[Al-Karak]] ||316,629 |- |10 ||[[Tafilah Govrenorate|Tafila]] ||[[Tafila]] ||96,291 |- |11 ||[[Ma'an Govrenorate|Ma'an]] ||[[Ma'an]] ||144,083 |- |12 ||[[Aqaba Govrenorate|Aqaba]] ||[[Aqaba]] ||188,160 |} </div> ==Demografics== {{Historical populations |title = Historical populations |source = Department of Statistics<ref name="census report">{{cite web|title=2015 census report|publisher=Department of statistics|work=Government of Jordan|accessdate=15 June 2016|date=1 January 2016|url=http://census.dos.gov.jo/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/02/Census_results_2016.pdf|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328114309/http://census.dos.gov.jo/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/02/Census_results_2016.pdf|archivedate=28 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> |percentages = pagr |1920 |200000 |1922 |225000 |1948 |400000 |1952 |586200 |1961 |900800 |1979 |2133000 |1994 |4139500 |2004 |5100000 |2015 |9531712 |2018 |10171480 }}The 2015 census shawed Jordan's population tae be 9,531,712 (Female: 47%; Males: 53%). Aroond 2.9 million (30%) war non-ceetizens, a feegur includin refugees, an illegal immigrants.<ref name="census"/> Thare war 1,977,534 hoosehauds in Jordan in 2015, wi an average o 4.8 persons per hoosehaud (compared tae 6.7 persons per hoosehaud for the census o 1979).<ref name="census" /> The caipital an lairgest ceety o Jordan is [[Amman]], that is ane o the warld's auldest conteenuously inhabitit ceeties an ane o the maist modren in the Arab warld.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/jordan-population/|title=Jordan Population 2017 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs)|website=worldpopulationreview.com|access-date=7 December 2017|archive-date=2019-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305145442/http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/jordan-population/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The population o Amman wis 65,754 in 1946, but exceedit 4 million bi 2015. [[Arabs]] mak up aboot 98% o the population. The remeenin 2% consist lairgely o [[Circassians]] an [[Armenians]], alang wi smawer minority groups.<ref name="CIA factbook"/> Aboot 84.1% o the population live in urban areas.<ref name="CIA factbook"/> [[Sunni Islam]] is the dominant releegion in Jordan. Muslims mak up aboot 95% o the kintra's population; in turn, 93% o thae sel-identifee as Sunnis.<ref name="pewforum">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |work=The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity|date=9 August 2012|accessdate=26 October 2015}}</ref> Thare are an aw a smaw nummer o [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadi]] Muslims,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.alislam.org/library/history/ahmadiyya/56.html|title=Propagation of Islam|publisher=Al Islam|first=Ahmad|last=Kurshid|accessdate=16 June 2016|archive-date=2016-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513024917/https://www.alislam.org/library/history/ahmadiyya/56.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> an some [[Shiite]]s. Mony Shia are Iraqi an Lebanese refugees.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jewishjournal.com/live_from_the_arab_spring/article/shiites_in_jordan_maintained_low_profile_while_marking_ashura_observance|title=Shiites in Jordan maintained low profile while marking Ashura observance|accessdate=16 March 2016|date=27 November 2012|publisher=The Jewish Journal|first=Adam|last=Nicky|work=The Media Line|archive-date=2012-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128220658/http://www.jewishjournal.com/live_from_the_arab_spring/article/shiites_in_jordan_maintained_low_profile_while_marking_ashura_observance|url-status=dead}}</ref> Muslims that convert tae anither releegion as weel as missionaries frae ither releegions face societal an legal discrimination.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/238674.pdf|publisher=U.S. Department of State|title=Jordan 2014 International Religious Freedom Report|date=1 January 2014|accessdate=16 June 2016}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} == Faur readin == * {{cite book |last1=Salibi |first1=Kamal S. |title=The Modern History of Jordan |date=1993 |publisher=I B Tauris |location=London |isbn=978-1860643316}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Jordan| ]] [[Category:Wastren Asie kintras]] [[Category:Middle Eastren kintras]] [[Category:Eastren Mediterranean kintras]] [[Category:Member states o the Arab League]] [[Category:Arabic-speakin kintras]] [[Category:Fertile Crescent]] [[Category:Levant]] [[Category:Near Eastren kintras]] [[Category:Kintras borderin the Red Sea]] [[Category:Member states o the Organisation o the Islamic Conference]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1946]] ags7g95gbr7ifd60m2prt1klj7rk7km Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 0 14256 925538 878921 2026-10-31T00:03:29Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 925538 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic | native_name = {{unbulleted list | {{native name|es|República Árabe Saharaui Democrática}} |{{native name|ar|الجمهورية العربية الصحراوية الديمقراطية|italics=off}} }} | common_name = Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic | image_flag = Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg | image_map = Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (orthographic projection).svg | map_width = 220px | map_caption = Auries controlled bi the SADR in daurk green, claimed but [[Soothren Provinces|uncontrolled]] auries in licht green | national_motto = {{lang|ar|الحرية والديمقراطية والوحدة}}<br/>{{small|"Libertad, Democracia, Unidad" (Spanish)}}<br/>{{small|"Leeberty, Democracy, Unity"}} | national_anthem = ''[[Yā Banīy As-Saharā]]''<br/>{{small|''¡Oh hijos del Sáhara!'' (Spanish)}}<br/>{{small|''Oh Sons o the Sahara''}} | official_languages = [[Arabic leid|Arabic]]<br> [[Spaingie leid|Spaingie]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/santiago/2008/03/04/0003_6622703.htm |title=Como saharauis queremos conservar el español |publisher=Lavozdegalicia.es |date=2008-03-13 |accessdate=2015-01-28}}</ref> | languages_type = Spoken<br/>languages<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/paises_3.pdf |format=PDF |title=EL ESPAñOL EN LOS CAMPAMENTOS DE REFUGIADOS SAHARAUIS (TINDUF, ARGELIA) |publisher=Cvc.cervantes.es |accessdate=2015-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226150735/http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/paises_3.pdf |archive-date=2016-12-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | languages = [[Hassaniya Arabic]]<br>[[Spaingie leid|Spanish]] | demonym = {{hlist |[[Sahrawi fowk|Sahrawi]] |[[Demografics o Wastren Sahara|Wastren Saharan]]}} | capital = {{unbulleted list | [[El-Aaiún]]<sup>a</sup> {{small|(claimed)}} | {{nowrap|[[Tifariti]] {{small|(''de facto'')}}}} }} | largest_city = [[El-Aaiún]] {{small|(claimed)}} | government_type = [[Ane-pairty state|Ane-pairty]] [[Semi-presidential seestem|semi-presidential]] [[republic]]<ref>Until complete independence. Article 32 of the SADR constitution states: ''The [[Polisario]] is the sole political formation allowed for Sahrawis to exercise politics until complete independence'' {{cite web |last=SADR |title=Constitution of the SADR |url=http://www.rasd-state.ws/babtani.htm |accessdate=19 October 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071111161544/http://www.rasd-state.ws/babtani.htm |archivedate=11 November 2007}}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[Preses o the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic|Preses]] | leader_name1 = [[Brahim Ghali]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Meenister o the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic|Prime Meenister]] | leader_name2 = [[Mohamed Wali Akeik]] | legislature = [[Sahrawi Naitional Cooncil]] | area_rank = 83rd | area_magnitude = 1 E11 | area_km2 = 266,000 | area_sq_mi = 102,703 | percent_water = negligible | population_estimate = 100,000 or 502,585<sup>c</sup> | population_estimate_year = September 2010 | population_estimate_rank = 182nd | population_census = | population_census_year = | population_density_km2 = 1.9 | population_density_sq_mi = 4.9 | population_density_rank = 236th | currency = {{unbulleted list | [[Sahrawi&nbsp;peseta]], [[Moroccan&nbsp;dirham]] {{small|(''de&nbsp;jure'')}} | [[Algerie&nbsp;dinar]], [[Mauritanian&nbsp;ouguiya]] {{small|(''de&nbsp;facto'')}} }} | GDP_PPP_year = | GDP_PPP = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = unknown | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = <!--number only--> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI_year = | HDI_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI = <!--number only--> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = | sovereignty_type = Sovereignty disputit {{nobold|wi [[Morocco]]}} | established_event1 = [[Wastren Sahara]] relinquished bi [[Spain]] | established_date1 = November 14, 1975 | established_event2 = Republic declared | established_date2 = Februar 27, 1976 | time_zone = [[UTC±00:00|UTC]] | cctld = Nane<sup>e</sup> | footnote_a = Airticle 4 o the Sahrawi constitution. The SADR govrenment is based in the [[Tindouf]] refugee camps in [[Algerie]]. It controls the aurie east o the [[Moroccan Waw]] in Wastren Sahara that it labels the "[[Free Zone (region)|Free Zone]]". | footnote_b = Aurie o the hale territory o [[Western Sahara]] claimed by SADR. | footnote_c = 500,000 is the estimate gien for the population o Wastren Sahara based on comparative study o population growthe syne 1975, the date whan the last census teuk place in Wastren Sahara. 100,000 is the estimated nummer o fowk leevin in the [[Tindouf province|Tindouf]] refugee camps in [[Algerie]] whaur the SADR is headquartered. | footnote_d = 75% tae 80% of the claimed territory is de facto [[Southern Provinces|unner Moroccan admeenistration]]. | footnote_e = TLD o [[.eh]] is reserved for Western Sahara but nae yet grantit tae ony claimant.{{larger|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icann.org/minutes/prelim-report-16oct07.htm |title=Resources |publisher=ICANN.org |date= |accessdate=2015-05-20}}</ref>}} }} The '''Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic''' ('''SADR''') ({{lang-ar|'''الجمهورية العربية الصحراوية الديمقراطية'''}}, {{lang-es|República Árabe Saharaui Democrática (RASD)}}) is a [[Leet o unrecognizit kintras|pairtially recognised state]] that claims sovereignty ower the entire territory o [[Wastren Sahara]], a umwhile [[Spain]]gie colony. SADR wis proclaimit bi the [[Polisario Front]] on Februar 27, 1976 in [[Bir Lehlu]], Wastren Sahara. The SADR govrenment currently controls aboot 20-25% o the [[territory (kintra subdiveesion)|territory]] it claims.<ref>[http://suevia2008.googlepages.com/CUADROZONASDIVISINDELSHARAOCCIDENTAL.pdf Cuadro de zonas de división del Sáhara Occidental] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407173125/https://ccc24f5d-a-62cb3a1a-s-sites.googlegroups.com/site/suevia2008/CUADROZONASDIVISINDELSHARAOCCIDENTAL.pdf?attachauth=ANoY7cpRY52nN7JujiSFykJ47rEME350nsYIT9G9bC0zqR8oGDkSQ5vhMsoZRkH2RkakwlJedlPwUKsAv5gGK2TN09VcpQvRfe8t7YmrlfFQTckpO_XtZFqz9CQxYTjmPQUzo8YCkL_R_4DJaJaCdMlzuN4a8S56H-LI1sKUGsQoztQY2H2jOgY7qP6vh5HBSWfTrJwda-jVZwrUkP7MMq3gTHyvTrc2iD8Ykpz90SfXyULFge3r3XbaJHRsDF-cny2u9Zu3bUwo&attredirects=0 |date=2020-04-07 }} {{es icon}}</ref> It caws the territories unner its control the Liberatit Territories or the [[Free Zone (Wastren Sahara region)|Free Zone]]. [[Morocco]] controls an administers the rest o the disputit territory an caws thir lands its [[Soothren Provinces]]. The SADR govrenment considers the Moroccan-held territory occupee'd territory, while Morocco considers the muckle smawer SADR held territory tae be a [[buffer zone]]. == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat|Western Sahara}} [[Category:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic| ]] [[Category:Member states o the African Union]] [[Category:Govrenments in exile]] [[Category:Umwhile Spaingie colonies]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1976]] [[Category:Disputit territories in Africae]] [[it:Sahara Occidentale]] 8t1ztb86ktv1taqxg96d4riffihvpbl Hanoi 0 14752 925464 921143 2026-10-30T13:36:27Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 Replace archive.today airtins wi Wayback Machine airtins 925464 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |name = Hanoi |native_name = ''Thành phố Hà Nội'' |type = [[Municipalities o Vietnam|Municipality]] |image_skyline = Hanoi Montage.jpg |image_caption = (frae left) tap: [[Long Bien Brig]], river naur [[Perfume Pagoda]]; middle: [[Turtle Touer]], bottom: Temple o Leeteratur, [[Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum]], [[Hanoi Opera Hoose]] |imagesize = 250px |blank_emblem_type = Emblem o Hanoi |blank_emblem_size = 100px |image_map = LocationVietnamHaNoi3.png |map_caption = Provincial location in Vietnam |coordinates = {{coord|21|2|0|N|105|51|00|E|region:VN|display=inline,title}} |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Vietnam}} |subdivision_type1 = Central ceety |subdivision_name1 = Hanoi |parts_type = [[Destricts o Vietnam|Destricts]] |parts_style= para |p1 = 29 |leader_title1 = Pairty's Secretary (Bí thư Thành ủy) |leader_name1 = [[Phạm Quang Nghị]] |leader_title2 = Fowkcooncil's Preses (Chủ tịch Hội đồng Nhân Dân) |leader_name2 = [[Ngô Thị Doãn Thanh]] |leader_title3 = Fowkcommittee's Preses (Chủ tịch Ủy ban Nhân Dân) |leader_name3 = [[Nguyễn Thế Thảo]] |established_title = Foondit, Caipital o the [[Đại Việt]] |established_date = 1010 |established_title2 = Caipital o Vietnam |established_date2 = 1 September 1945 |area_total_km2 = 3344.7 |area_urban_km2 = 186.22 |parts_type = [[Demonym]] |parts_style= para |p1 = Hanoians |population_as_of = 2014 |population_total = 7,087,700 |population_rank = [[Leet o ceeties in Vietnam|2nt in Vietnam]] |population_footnotes =<ref name="Statistic office Hanoi">[http://www.gso.gov.vn/default.aspx?tabid=512&idmid=5&ItemID=14277 Statistical Handbook of Vietnam 2014], General Statistics Office Of Vietnam</ref> |population_density_km2 = auto |timezone = ICT |utc_offset = +7 |postal_code = 10000 |website = [http://www.english.hanoi.gov.vn hanoi.gov.vn] }} '''Hanoi''' ({{lang-vi|Hà Nội}}) {{audio|Ha_noi.ogg|pronunciation}}, estimatit population nearly 6.5 million (2009),<ref name="balita.ph">{{cite web|url = http://balita.ph/2009/08/15/vietnams-population-soars-to-85-8-million/|title = Vietnam's Population Soars|publisher = balita.ph|access-date = 2011-01-02|archive-date = 2013-07-03|archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/6HqNmjoUB?url=http://balita.ph/2009/08/15/vietnams-population-soars-to-85-8-million/|url-status = dead}}</ref> is the [[Caipital ceety|caipital]] an seicont-lairgest ceety o [[Vietnam]]. Frae 1010 till 1802, it wis the maist important poleetical centre o Vietnam. It wis eclipsed bi [[Huế]] durin the [[Nguyễn Dynasty]] as the caipital o Vietnam, but Hanoi servit as the caipital o [[French Indocheenae]] frae 1902 tae 1954. Frae 1954 tae 1976, it wis the caipital o [[North Vietnam]]. The ceety is locatit on the richt bank o the [[Red River (Vietnam)|Red River]]. Hanoi is locatit at 1,760&nbsp;km (1,090&nbsp;mi) north o [[Ho Chi Minh Ceety]]. ==History== === Pre-history === Hanoi haes been inhabitit syne at least 3000 BC. Ane o the first kent permanent dounsets is the [[Co Loa Citadel|Co Loa citadel]] foondit aroond 200 BC. Hanoi haes haed mony names throughoot history, aw o thaim o Sino-Vietnamese oreegin. Durin the Cheenese domination o Vietnam, it wis kent first as '''Long Biên''', than '''Tống Bình''' ({{zh|c={{linktext|宋|平}}}}, ''Sòngpíng'', "[[Liu Song Dynasty|Song]] Peace") an '''Long Đỗ''' ({{zh|c={{linktext|龍|肚}}}}, ''Lóngdù'', "Dragonbelly"). In 866, it wis turned intae a citadel an namit '''Đại La''' ({{zh|c={{linktext|大|羅}}}}, ''Dàluó'', "Big Net"). === Thăng Long, Đông Đô, Đông Quan, Đông Kinh === In 1010, [[Ly Thai To]], the first ruler o the [[Lý Dynasty]], muivit the caipital o [[Đại Việt]] tae the steid o the Đại La Citadel. Claimin tae hae seen a draigon ascendin the Reid River, he renamit the site '''Thăng Long''' ({{linktext|昇|龍}}, "Risin Dragon") - a name still uised poetically tae this day. Thăng Long remained the caipital o Đại Việt till 1397, when it wis muivit tae [[Thanh Hóa]], than kent as Tây Đô ({{linktext|西|都}}), the "Wastren Caipital". Thăng Long than became '''Đông Đô''' ({{linktext|東|都}}), the "Eastren Caipital." In 1408, the Cheenese [[Ming Dynasty]] attackit an occupee'd Vietnam, chyngin Đông Đô's name tae "Eastren Gatewa" ({{zh|c={{linktext|東|關}}}}, ''Dōngguān''), '''Đông Quan''' in Vietnamese. In 1428, the Vietnamese owerthrew the Cheenese unner the leadership o [[Lê Lợi]], whae later foondit the [[Lê Dynasty]] an renamed Đông Quan '''Đông Kinh''' ({{linktext|東|京}}, "Eastren Caipital") or [[Tonkin]]. Richt efter the end o the [[Tây Sơn Dynasty]], it wis namit '''Bắc Thành''' ({{linktext|北|城}}, "Northren Citadel"). === Durin Nguyễn Dynasty an French colonial era === In 1802, when the [[Nguyễn Dynasty]] wis established an muivit the caipital tae [[Huế]], the auld name Thăng Long wis modifee'd tae acome '''Thăng Long''' ({{linktext|昇|'''隆'''}}, "Ascendin & Flourishin"). In 1831, the Nguyễn emperor [[Minh Mạng]] renamit it Hà Nội ({{linktext|河|内}}, "Atween Rivers" or "River Interior"). Hanoi wis occupee'd bi the [[French Third Republic|French]] in 1873 an passed tae thaim ten year later. As '''Hanoï''', it became the caipital o [[French Indocheenae]] efter 1887. === Durin twa wars === The ceety wis occupee'd bi the Japanese in 1940 an leeberatit in 1945, whan it briefly became the seat o the [[Viet Minh]] govrenment efter [[Ho Chi Minh]] proclaimit the unthirldom o Vietnam. Housomeivver, the French returned an reoccupee'd the ceety in 1946. Efter nine year o fechtin atween the French an Viet Minh forces, Hanoi became the caipital o an unthirlt [[North Vietnam]] in 1954. Durin the [[Vietnam War]], Hanoi's transportation facilities wur disruptit bi the bombin o brigs an railweys. Thir wur aw, housomeivver, promptly repaired. Follaein the end o the war, Hanoi became the caipital o a reunifee'd Vietnam whan North an [[Sooth Vietnam]] wur reunitit on 2 Julie 1976. === Modren Hanoi === On 29 Mey 2008, it wis decidit that [[Ha Tay Province]], [[Vĩnh Phúc Province|Vĩnh Phúc]]'s [[Mê Linh]] destrict an 4 communes o [[Lương Sơn Destrict]], [[Hoa Binh]] be mergit intae the metropolitan aurie o Hanoi frae 1 August 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/cntry_files.html |work=National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency |title=Country files (GNS) |accessdate=2007-04-06 |archive-date=2012-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823004343/http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/cntry_files.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hanoi's tot aurie than increased tae 334,470 hectares in 29 subdiveesions<ref name="dantri.com.vn">{{cite web | url=http://dantri.com.vn/Sukien/Hon-90-dai-bieu-Quoc-hoi-tan-thanh-mo-rong-Ha-oi/2008/5/234655.vip | title=Hơn 90% đại biểu Quốc hội tán thành mở rộng Hà Nội | work=Dantri | accessdate=2008-05-29 }}</ref> wi the new population bein 6,232,940.,<ref name="dantri.com.vn"/> effectively triplin its size. The [[Hanoi Caipital Region]] ({{lang|vi|''Vùng Thủ đô Hà Nội''}}), a metropolitan aurie coverin Hanoi an 6 surroondin provinces unner its admeenistration, will hae a aurie o 13,436 square kilometres wi a population o 15 million bi 2020. ==Destricts== Hanoi is dividit intae 10 inner destricts, 1 toun an 18 ooter destricts.<ref name="hanoi.gov.vn">{{cite web |url=http://www.hanoi.gov.vn/ |title=Cổng giao tiếp điện tử Thành Phố Hà Nội |publisher=Hanoi.gov.vn |date=2009-06-26 |accessdate=2010-06-18 |archive-date=2009-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221120439/http://www.hanoi.gov.vn/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ( [[Hà Đông]] haes been transform tae an inner destrict, an [[Sơn Tây]] haes been degradit tae a toun) [[File:Bản đồ Hà Nội.png|thumb]] {| class="wikitable" |- style="font-size:120%;" !colspan=5| Subdiveesions o Hanoi |- ! Provincial Ceeties/Destricts<ref name="hanoi.gov.vn"/> !! Wairds<ref name="hanoi.gov.vn"/> !! Aurie (km<sup>2</sup>)<ref name="hanoi.gov.vn"/> !! Population<ref name="hanoi.gov.vn"/> |- | colspan=5 | ''1 toun'' |- | [[Sơn Tây]] || 15 || 113.474 || 181,831 |- | colspan=5 | ''10 Urban Destricts (Quận)'' |- | [[Ba Dinh Destrict|Ba Đình]]|| 14 || 9.224 || 228,352 |- | [[Cau Giay|Cầu Giấy]] || 8 || 12.04 || 147,000 |- | [[Dong Da|Đống Đa]] || 21 || 9.96 || 352,000 |- | [[Hai Ba Trung destrict|Hai Bà Trưng]] || 20 || 14.6 || 378,000 |- | [[Hà Đông]] || 17 || 47.917 || 198,687 |- | [[Hoan Kiem|Hoàn Kiếm]] || 18 || 5.29 || 178,073 |- | [[Hoang Mai, Hanoi|Hoàng Mai]] || 14 || 41.04 || 216,277 |- | [[Long Bien|Long Biên]] || 14 || 60.38 || 170,706 |- | [[Tay Ho|Tây Hồ]] (West Lake) || 8 || 24 || 115,163 |- | [[Thanh Xuan|Thanh Xuân]] || 11 || 9.11 || 185,000 |- | '''Subtotal''' || '''145''' || '''233.56''' || '''2,178,258''' |- | colspan=5 | ''18 Rural Destricts (Huyện)'' |- | [[Ba Vi|Ba Vì]] || 31 + 1 toun || 428.0 || 242,600 (1999) |- | [[Chuong My|Chương Mỹ]] || 30 + 2 touns || 232.9 || 261,000 (1999) |- | [[Dan Phuong|Đan Phượng]] || 15 + 1 toun || 76.8 || 124,900 |- | [[Dong Anh|Đông Anh]] || 23 + 1 toun || 182.3 || 276,750 |- | [[Gia Lam|Gia Lâm]] || 20 + 2 touns || 114.0 || 205,275 |- | [[Hoai Duc|Hoài Đức]] || 19 + 1 toun || 95.3 || 188,800 |- | [[Mê Linh]] || 16 + 2 touns || 141.26 || 187,536 (2008) |- | [[My Duc|Mỹ Đức]] || 21 + 1 toun || 230.0 || 167,700 (1999) |- | [[Phu Xuyen|Phú Xuyên]] || 26 + 2 touns || 171.1 || 181,500 |- | [[Phuc Tho|Phúc Thọ]] || 25 + 1 toun || 113.2 || 154,800 (2001) |- | [[Quoc Oai|Quốc Oai]] || 20 + 1 toun || 136.0 (2001) || 146,700 (2001) |- | [[Soc Son|Sóc Sơn]] || 25 + 1 toun || 306.51 || 254,000 |- | [[Thach That|Thạch Thất]] || 22 + 1 toun || 128.1 || 149,000 (2003) |- | [[Thanh Oai]] || 20 + 1 toun || 129.6 || 142,600 (1999) |- | [[Thanh Tri|Thanh Trì]] (Green Ponds) || 15 + 1 toun || 98.22 || 241,000 |- | [[Thuong Tin|Thường Tín]] || 28 + 1 toun || 127.7 || 208,000 |- | [[Tu Liem|Từ Liêm]] || 15 + 1 toun || 75.32 || 240,000 |- | [[Ung Hoa|Ứng Hòa]] || 28 + 1 toun || 183.72 || 193,731 (2005) |- | '''Subtotal''' || '''399 + 22 touns''' || '''3,266.186''' || '''3,872,851''' |- | '''Tot''' || '''559 + 22 touns''' || '''3,344.47''' || '''6,232,940''' |} == Internaitional relations == === Twin touns — Sister ceeties === Hanoi is [[Twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi: {{colbegin||18em}} *{{flagicon|PRC}} [[Beijing]], [[Cheenae]] *{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Astana]], [[Kazakhstan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kazpravda.softdeco.net/c/1253012746 |author=Ilia Lobster |title=Astana-Hanoi: horizons of cooperation |publisher=KazPravda.kz |date=9 September 2009 |accessdate=9 October 2014 }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *{{flagicon|HKG}} [[Hong Kong]], [[Hong Kong]] *{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Ankara]], Turkey<ref name="Ankara twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.ankara-bel.gov.tr/AbbSayfalari/hizmet_birimleri/dis_dairesi_baskanligi/avrupa_gunu_kutlamasi.aspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114033014/http://www.ankara-bel.gov.tr/AbbSayfalari/hizmet_birimleri/dis_dairesi_baskanligi/avrupa_gunu_kutlamasi.aspx|title=Kardeş Kentleri Listesi ve 5 Mayıs Avrupa Günü Kutlaması ''[via WaybackMachine.com]''|publisher= Ankara Büyükşehir Belediyesi – Tüm Hakları Saklıdır|archivedate=14 January 2009|accessdate=21 July 2013|language=Turkish}}</ref> *{{flagicon|POL}} [[Warsaw]], Poland<ref name="Warsaw">{{cite web|url=http://www.um.warszawa.pl/node/2920?page=0,3 |title=Miasta partnerskie Warszawy – Strona 4 |work=um.warszawa.pl |publisher=Biuro Promocji Miasta |date=4 May 2005 |accessdate=17 June 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927094318/http://www.um.warszawa.pl/node/2920?page=0%2C3 |archivedate=27 September 2011 |df= }}</ref> *{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Toulouse]], Fraunce *{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Fukuoka Prefectur]], Japan *{{flagicon|THA}} [[Bangkok]], Thailand *{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Moscow]], Roushie<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vnbusinessnews.com/2008/07/hanoi-days-in-moscow-helps-sister.html |title=Hanoi Days in Moscow help sister cities |publisher=Vbusinessnews.com |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113203758/https://www.vnbusinessnews.com/2008/07/hanoi-days-in-moscow-helps-sister.html |archivedate=13 January 2009 |df= }}</ref> *{{flagicon|PHI}} [[Manila]], Philippines *{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Angoulême]], Fraunce<ref name="Angoulême twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.cncd.fr/frontoffice/bdd-region.asp?action=getRegion&id=21#tabs3 |title=National Commission for Decentralised cooperation |accessdate=26 December 2013 |work=Délégation pour l'Action Extérieure des Collectivités Territoriales (Ministère des Affaires étrangères) |language=French }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Seoul]], Sooth Korea<ref name="Seoul twinnings2">{{cite web |url=http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html|title=International Cooperation: Sister Cities |accessdate=26 January 2008 |work=Seoul Metropolitan Government|publisher=www.seoul.go.kr|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210175055/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html |archivedate=10 December 2007}}</ref>{{citation needed}} *{{flagicon|CAM}} [[Phnom Penh]], [[Cambodia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.phnompenh.gov.kh/sister-cities.php |title=Sister Cities |publisher=Phnompenh.gov.kh |date= |accessdate=26 March 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823113543/http://www.phnompenh.gov.kh/sister-cities.php |archivedate=23 August 2013 |df= }}</ref> *{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Jakarta]], Indonesie *{{flagicon|IRN}} [[Isfahan]], Iran *{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Montreal|Montreal, Quebec]], Canadae *{{flagicon|SEY}} [[Victoria, Seychelles|Victoria]], Seychelles<ref>{{cite web|url=http://baodientu.chinhphu.vn/Tin-noi-bat/Thu-tuong-Nguyen-Tan-Dung-hoi-kien-Tong-thong-Seychelles/179774.vgp |title=Thủ tướng Nguyễn Tấn Dũng hội kiến Tổng thống Seychelles |accessdate=29 August 2013 |publisher=BÁO ĐIỆN TỬ CỦA CHÍNH PHỦ NƯỚC CỘNG HÒA XÃ HỘI CHỦ NGHĨA VIỆT NAM |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831142830/http://baodientu.chinhphu.vn/Tin-noi-bat/Thu-tuong-Nguyen-Tan-Dung-hoi-kien-Tong-thong-Seychelles/179774.vgp |archivedate=31 August 2013 |df= }}</ref> {{colend}} == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Caipitals in Asie]] [[Category:Destrict caipitals in Vietnam]] [[Category:Hanoi| ]] [[Category:Red River Delta]] [[Category:Provinces o Vietnam]] [[Category:1010 establishments]] [[Category:Populatit places established in the 11t century]] [[Category:Port ceeties in Vietnam]] [[Category:Ceeties in Vietnam]] [[Category:1010s establishments in Asie]] {{Stub/Asie}} {{Stub/Ceety}} 51ajb2dcsapgftigv4eil127s0t3bor 925546 925464 2026-10-31T00:55:40Z Atlantic306 30244 no need for extra reference as already verified 925546 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |name = Hanoi |native_name = ''Thành phố Hà Nội'' |type = [[Municipalities o Vietnam|Municipality]] |image_skyline = Hanoi Montage.jpg |image_caption = (frae left) tap: [[Long Bien Brig]], river naur [[Perfume Pagoda]]; middle: [[Turtle Touer]], bottom: Temple o Leeteratur, [[Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum]], [[Hanoi Opera Hoose]] |imagesize = 250px |blank_emblem_type = Emblem o Hanoi |blank_emblem_size = 100px |image_map = LocationVietnamHaNoi3.png |map_caption = Provincial location in Vietnam |coordinates = {{coord|21|2|0|N|105|51|00|E|region:VN|display=inline,title}} |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Vietnam}} |subdivision_type1 = Central ceety |subdivision_name1 = Hanoi |parts_type = [[Destricts o Vietnam|Destricts]] |parts_style= para |p1 = 29 |leader_title1 = Pairty's Secretary (Bí thư Thành ủy) |leader_name1 = [[Phạm Quang Nghị]] |leader_title2 = Fowkcooncil's Preses (Chủ tịch Hội đồng Nhân Dân) |leader_name2 = [[Ngô Thị Doãn Thanh]] |leader_title3 = Fowkcommittee's Preses (Chủ tịch Ủy ban Nhân Dân) |leader_name3 = [[Nguyễn Thế Thảo]] |established_title = Foondit, Caipital o the [[Đại Việt]] |established_date = 1010 |established_title2 = Caipital o Vietnam |established_date2 = 1 September 1945 |area_total_km2 = 3344.7 |area_urban_km2 = 186.22 |parts_type = [[Demonym]] |parts_style= para |p1 = Hanoians |population_as_of = 2014 |population_total = 7,087,700 |population_rank = [[Leet o ceeties in Vietnam|2nt in Vietnam]] |population_footnotes =<ref name="Statistic office Hanoi">[http://www.gso.gov.vn/default.aspx?tabid=512&idmid=5&ItemID=14277 Statistical Handbook of Vietnam 2014], General Statistics Office Of Vietnam</ref> |population_density_km2 = auto |timezone = ICT |utc_offset = +7 |postal_code = 10000 |website = [http://www.english.hanoi.gov.vn hanoi.gov.vn] }} '''Hanoi''' ({{lang-vi|Hà Nội}}) {{audio|Ha_noi.ogg|pronunciation}}, estimatit population nearly 6.5 million (2009),<ref name="balita.ph">{{cite web|url = http://balita.ph/2009/08/15/vietnams-population-soars-to-85-8-million/|title = Vietnam's Population Soars|publisher = balita.ph|access-date = 2011-01-02|archive-date = 2013-07-03|archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/6HqNmjoUB?url=http://balita.ph/2009/08/15/vietnams-population-soars-to-85-8-million/|url-status = dead}}</ref> is the [[Caipital ceety|caipital]] an seicont-lairgest ceety o [[Vietnam]]. Frae 1010 till 1802, it wis the maist important poleetical centre o Vietnam. It wis eclipsed bi [[Huế]] durin the [[Nguyễn Dynasty]] as the caipital o Vietnam, but Hanoi servit as the caipital o [[French Indocheenae]] frae 1902 tae 1954. Frae 1954 tae 1976, it wis the caipital o [[North Vietnam]]. The ceety is locatit on the richt bank o the [[Red River (Vietnam)|Red River]]. Hanoi is locatit at 1,760&nbsp;km (1,090&nbsp;mi) north o [[Ho Chi Minh Ceety]]. ==History== === Pre-history === Hanoi haes been inhabitit syne at least 3000 BC. Ane o the first kent permanent dounsets is the [[Co Loa Citadel|Co Loa citadel]] foondit aroond 200 BC. Hanoi haes haed mony names throughoot history, aw o thaim o Sino-Vietnamese oreegin. Durin the Cheenese domination o Vietnam, it wis kent first as '''Long Biên''', than '''Tống Bình''' ({{zh|c={{linktext|宋|平}}}}, ''Sòngpíng'', "[[Liu Song Dynasty|Song]] Peace") an '''Long Đỗ''' ({{zh|c={{linktext|龍|肚}}}}, ''Lóngdù'', "Dragonbelly"). In 866, it wis turned intae a citadel an namit '''Đại La''' ({{zh|c={{linktext|大|羅}}}}, ''Dàluó'', "Big Net"). === Thăng Long, Đông Đô, Đông Quan, Đông Kinh === In 1010, [[Ly Thai To]], the first ruler o the [[Lý Dynasty]], muivit the caipital o [[Đại Việt]] tae the steid o the Đại La Citadel. Claimin tae hae seen a draigon ascendin the Reid River, he renamit the site '''Thăng Long''' ({{linktext|昇|龍}}, "Risin Dragon") - a name still uised poetically tae this day. Thăng Long remained the caipital o Đại Việt till 1397, when it wis muivit tae [[Thanh Hóa]], than kent as Tây Đô ({{linktext|西|都}}), the "Wastren Caipital". Thăng Long than became '''Đông Đô''' ({{linktext|東|都}}), the "Eastren Caipital." In 1408, the Cheenese [[Ming Dynasty]] attackit an occupee'd Vietnam, chyngin Đông Đô's name tae "Eastren Gatewa" ({{zh|c={{linktext|東|關}}}}, ''Dōngguān''), '''Đông Quan''' in Vietnamese. In 1428, the Vietnamese owerthrew the Cheenese unner the leadership o [[Lê Lợi]], whae later foondit the [[Lê Dynasty]] an renamed Đông Quan '''Đông Kinh''' ({{linktext|東|京}}, "Eastren Caipital") or [[Tonkin]]. Richt efter the end o the [[Tây Sơn Dynasty]], it wis namit '''Bắc Thành''' ({{linktext|北|城}}, "Northren Citadel"). === Durin Nguyễn Dynasty an French colonial era === In 1802, when the [[Nguyễn Dynasty]] wis established an muivit the caipital tae [[Huế]], the auld name Thăng Long wis modifee'd tae acome '''Thăng Long''' ({{linktext|昇|'''隆'''}}, "Ascendin & Flourishin"). In 1831, the Nguyễn emperor [[Minh Mạng]] renamit it Hà Nội ({{linktext|河|内}}, "Atween Rivers" or "River Interior"). Hanoi wis occupee'd bi the [[French Third Republic|French]] in 1873 an passed tae thaim ten year later. As '''Hanoï''', it became the caipital o [[French Indocheenae]] efter 1887. === Durin twa wars === The ceety wis occupee'd bi the Japanese in 1940 an leeberatit in 1945, whan it briefly became the seat o the [[Viet Minh]] govrenment efter [[Ho Chi Minh]] proclaimit the unthirldom o Vietnam. Housomeivver, the French returned an reoccupee'd the ceety in 1946. Efter nine year o fechtin atween the French an Viet Minh forces, Hanoi became the caipital o an unthirlt [[North Vietnam]] in 1954. Durin the [[Vietnam War]], Hanoi's transportation facilities wur disruptit bi the bombin o brigs an railweys. Thir wur aw, housomeivver, promptly repaired. Follaein the end o the war, Hanoi became the caipital o a reunifee'd Vietnam whan North an [[Sooth Vietnam]] wur reunitit on 2 Julie 1976. === Modren Hanoi === On 29 Mey 2008, it wis decidit that [[Ha Tay Province]], [[Vĩnh Phúc Province|Vĩnh Phúc]]'s [[Mê Linh]] destrict an 4 communes o [[Lương Sơn Destrict]], [[Hoa Binh]] be mergit intae the metropolitan aurie o Hanoi frae 1 August 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/cntry_files.html |work=National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency |title=Country files (GNS) |accessdate=2007-04-06 |archive-date=2012-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823004343/http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/cntry_files.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hanoi's tot aurie than increased tae 334,470 hectares in 29 subdiveesions<ref name="dantri.com.vn">{{cite web | url=http://dantri.com.vn/Sukien/Hon-90-dai-bieu-Quoc-hoi-tan-thanh-mo-rong-Ha-oi/2008/5/234655.vip | title=Hơn 90% đại biểu Quốc hội tán thành mở rộng Hà Nội | work=Dantri | accessdate=2008-05-29 }}</ref> wi the new population bein 6,232,940.,<ref name="dantri.com.vn"/> effectively triplin its size. The [[Hanoi Caipital Region]] ({{lang|vi|''Vùng Thủ đô Hà Nội''}}), a metropolitan aurie coverin Hanoi an 6 surroondin provinces unner its admeenistration, will hae a aurie o 13,436 square kilometres wi a population o 15 million bi 2020. ==Destricts== Hanoi is dividit intae 10 inner destricts, 1 toun an 18 ooter destricts.<ref name="hanoi.gov.vn">{{cite web |url=http://www.hanoi.gov.vn/ |title=Cổng giao tiếp điện tử Thành Phố Hà Nội |publisher=Hanoi.gov.vn |date=2009-06-26 |accessdate=2010-06-18 |archive-date=2009-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221120439/http://www.hanoi.gov.vn/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ( [[Hà Đông]] haes been transform tae an inner destrict, an [[Sơn Tây]] haes been degradit tae a toun) [[File:Bản đồ Hà Nội.png|thumb]] {| class="wikitable" |- style="font-size:120%;" !colspan=5| Subdiveesions o Hanoi |- ! Provincial Ceeties/Destricts<ref name="hanoi.gov.vn"/> !! Wairds<ref name="hanoi.gov.vn"/> !! Aurie (km<sup>2</sup>)<ref name="hanoi.gov.vn"/> !! Population<ref name="hanoi.gov.vn"/> |- | colspan=5 | ''1 toun'' |- | [[Sơn Tây]] || 15 || 113.474 || 181,831 |- | colspan=5 | ''10 Urban Destricts (Quận)'' |- | [[Ba Dinh Destrict|Ba Đình]]|| 14 || 9.224 || 228,352 |- | [[Cau Giay|Cầu Giấy]] || 8 || 12.04 || 147,000 |- | [[Dong Da|Đống Đa]] || 21 || 9.96 || 352,000 |- | [[Hai Ba Trung destrict|Hai Bà Trưng]] || 20 || 14.6 || 378,000 |- | [[Hà Đông]] || 17 || 47.917 || 198,687 |- | [[Hoan Kiem|Hoàn Kiếm]] || 18 || 5.29 || 178,073 |- | [[Hoang Mai, Hanoi|Hoàng Mai]] || 14 || 41.04 || 216,277 |- | [[Long Bien|Long Biên]] || 14 || 60.38 || 170,706 |- | [[Tay Ho|Tây Hồ]] (West Lake) || 8 || 24 || 115,163 |- | [[Thanh Xuan|Thanh Xuân]] || 11 || 9.11 || 185,000 |- | '''Subtotal''' || '''145''' || '''233.56''' || '''2,178,258''' |- | colspan=5 | ''18 Rural Destricts (Huyện)'' |- | [[Ba Vi|Ba Vì]] || 31 + 1 toun || 428.0 || 242,600 (1999) |- | [[Chuong My|Chương Mỹ]] || 30 + 2 touns || 232.9 || 261,000 (1999) |- | [[Dan Phuong|Đan Phượng]] || 15 + 1 toun || 76.8 || 124,900 |- | [[Dong Anh|Đông Anh]] || 23 + 1 toun || 182.3 || 276,750 |- | [[Gia Lam|Gia Lâm]] || 20 + 2 touns || 114.0 || 205,275 |- | [[Hoai Duc|Hoài Đức]] || 19 + 1 toun || 95.3 || 188,800 |- | [[Mê Linh]] || 16 + 2 touns || 141.26 || 187,536 (2008) |- | [[My Duc|Mỹ Đức]] || 21 + 1 toun || 230.0 || 167,700 (1999) |- | [[Phu Xuyen|Phú Xuyên]] || 26 + 2 touns || 171.1 || 181,500 |- | [[Phuc Tho|Phúc Thọ]] || 25 + 1 toun || 113.2 || 154,800 (2001) |- | [[Quoc Oai|Quốc Oai]] || 20 + 1 toun || 136.0 (2001) || 146,700 (2001) |- | [[Soc Son|Sóc Sơn]] || 25 + 1 toun || 306.51 || 254,000 |- | [[Thach That|Thạch Thất]] || 22 + 1 toun || 128.1 || 149,000 (2003) |- | [[Thanh Oai]] || 20 + 1 toun || 129.6 || 142,600 (1999) |- | [[Thanh Tri|Thanh Trì]] (Green Ponds) || 15 + 1 toun || 98.22 || 241,000 |- | [[Thuong Tin|Thường Tín]] || 28 + 1 toun || 127.7 || 208,000 |- | [[Tu Liem|Từ Liêm]] || 15 + 1 toun || 75.32 || 240,000 |- | [[Ung Hoa|Ứng Hòa]] || 28 + 1 toun || 183.72 || 193,731 (2005) |- | '''Subtotal''' || '''399 + 22 touns''' || '''3,266.186''' || '''3,872,851''' |- | '''Tot''' || '''559 + 22 touns''' || '''3,344.47''' || '''6,232,940''' |} == Internaitional relations == === Twin touns — Sister ceeties === Hanoi is [[Twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi: {{colbegin||18em}} *{{flagicon|PRC}} [[Beijing]], [[Cheenae]] *{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Astana]], [[Kazakhstan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kazpravda.softdeco.net/c/1253012746 |author=Ilia Lobster |title=Astana-Hanoi: horizons of cooperation |publisher=KazPravda.kz |date=9 September 2009 |accessdate=9 October 2014 }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *{{flagicon|HKG}} [[Hong Kong]], [[Hong Kong]] *{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Ankara]], Turkey<ref name="Ankara twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.ankara-bel.gov.tr/AbbSayfalari/hizmet_birimleri/dis_dairesi_baskanligi/avrupa_gunu_kutlamasi.aspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114033014/http://www.ankara-bel.gov.tr/AbbSayfalari/hizmet_birimleri/dis_dairesi_baskanligi/avrupa_gunu_kutlamasi.aspx|title=Kardeş Kentleri Listesi ve 5 Mayıs Avrupa Günü Kutlaması ''[via WaybackMachine.com]''|publisher= Ankara Büyükşehir Belediyesi – Tüm Hakları Saklıdır|archivedate=14 January 2009|accessdate=21 July 2013|language=Turkish}}</ref> *{{flagicon|POL}} [[Warsaw]], Poland<ref name="Warsaw">{{cite web|url=http://www.um.warszawa.pl/node/2920?page=0,3 |title=Miasta partnerskie Warszawy – Strona 4 |work=um.warszawa.pl |publisher=Biuro Promocji Miasta |date=4 May 2005 |accessdate=17 June 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927094318/http://www.um.warszawa.pl/node/2920?page=0%2C3 |archivedate=27 September 2011 |df= }}</ref> *{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Toulouse]], Fraunce *{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Fukuoka Prefectur]], Japan *{{flagicon|THA}} [[Bangkok]], Thailand *{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Moscow]], Roushie<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vnbusinessnews.com/2008/07/hanoi-days-in-moscow-helps-sister.html |title=Hanoi Days in Moscow help sister cities |publisher=Vbusinessnews.com |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113203758/https://www.vnbusinessnews.com/2008/07/hanoi-days-in-moscow-helps-sister.html |archivedate=13 January 2009 |df= }}</ref> *{{flagicon|PHI}} [[Manila]], Philippines *{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Angoulême]], Fraunce<ref name="Angoulême twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.cncd.fr/frontoffice/bdd-region.asp?action=getRegion&id=21#tabs3 |title=National Commission for Decentralised cooperation |accessdate=26 December 2013 |work=Délégation pour l'Action Extérieure des Collectivités Territoriales (Ministère des Affaires étrangères) |language=French }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Seoul]], Sooth Korea<ref name="Seoul twinnings2">{{cite web |url=http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html|title=International Cooperation: Sister Cities |accessdate=26 January 2008 |work=Seoul Metropolitan Government|publisher=www.seoul.go.kr|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210175055/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html |archivedate=10 December 2007}}</ref> *{{flagicon|CAM}} [[Phnom Penh]], [[Cambodia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.phnompenh.gov.kh/sister-cities.php |title=Sister Cities |publisher=Phnompenh.gov.kh |date= |accessdate=26 March 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823113543/http://www.phnompenh.gov.kh/sister-cities.php |archivedate=23 August 2013 |df= }}</ref> *{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Jakarta]], Indonesie *{{flagicon|IRN}} [[Isfahan]], Iran *{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Montreal|Montreal, Quebec]], Canadae *{{flagicon|SEY}} [[Victoria, Seychelles|Victoria]], Seychelles<ref>{{cite web|url=http://baodientu.chinhphu.vn/Tin-noi-bat/Thu-tuong-Nguyen-Tan-Dung-hoi-kien-Tong-thong-Seychelles/179774.vgp |title=Thủ tướng Nguyễn Tấn Dũng hội kiến Tổng thống Seychelles |accessdate=29 August 2013 |publisher=BÁO ĐIỆN TỬ CỦA CHÍNH PHỦ NƯỚC CỘNG HÒA XÃ HỘI CHỦ NGHĨA VIỆT NAM |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831142830/http://baodientu.chinhphu.vn/Tin-noi-bat/Thu-tuong-Nguyen-Tan-Dung-hoi-kien-Tong-thong-Seychelles/179774.vgp |archivedate=31 August 2013 |df= }}</ref> {{colend}} == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Caipitals in Asie]] [[Category:Destrict caipitals in Vietnam]] [[Category:Hanoi| ]] [[Category:Red River Delta]] [[Category:Provinces o Vietnam]] [[Category:1010 establishments]] [[Category:Populatit places established in the 11t century]] [[Category:Port ceeties in Vietnam]] [[Category:Ceeties in Vietnam]] [[Category:1010s establishments in Asie]] {{Stub/Asie}} {{Stub/Ceety}} 5v2sokonphxrio3evt4zwog59och51x 925547 925546 2026-10-31T00:58:08Z Atlantic306 30244 /* Twin touns — Sister ceeties */ removed deprecated parameter 925547 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |name = Hanoi |native_name = ''Thành phố Hà Nội'' |type = [[Municipalities o Vietnam|Municipality]] |image_skyline = Hanoi Montage.jpg |image_caption = (frae left) tap: [[Long Bien Brig]], river naur [[Perfume Pagoda]]; middle: [[Turtle Touer]], bottom: Temple o Leeteratur, [[Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum]], [[Hanoi Opera Hoose]] |imagesize = 250px |blank_emblem_type = Emblem o Hanoi |blank_emblem_size = 100px |image_map = LocationVietnamHaNoi3.png |map_caption = Provincial location in Vietnam |coordinates = {{coord|21|2|0|N|105|51|00|E|region:VN|display=inline,title}} |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Vietnam}} |subdivision_type1 = Central ceety |subdivision_name1 = Hanoi |parts_type = [[Destricts o Vietnam|Destricts]] |parts_style= para |p1 = 29 |leader_title1 = Pairty's Secretary (Bí thư Thành ủy) |leader_name1 = [[Phạm Quang Nghị]] |leader_title2 = Fowkcooncil's Preses (Chủ tịch Hội đồng Nhân Dân) |leader_name2 = [[Ngô Thị Doãn Thanh]] |leader_title3 = Fowkcommittee's Preses (Chủ tịch Ủy ban Nhân Dân) |leader_name3 = [[Nguyễn Thế Thảo]] |established_title = Foondit, Caipital o the [[Đại Việt]] |established_date = 1010 |established_title2 = Caipital o Vietnam |established_date2 = 1 September 1945 |area_total_km2 = 3344.7 |area_urban_km2 = 186.22 |parts_type = [[Demonym]] |parts_style= para |p1 = Hanoians |population_as_of = 2014 |population_total = 7,087,700 |population_rank = [[Leet o ceeties in Vietnam|2nt in Vietnam]] |population_footnotes =<ref name="Statistic office Hanoi">[http://www.gso.gov.vn/default.aspx?tabid=512&idmid=5&ItemID=14277 Statistical Handbook of Vietnam 2014], General Statistics Office Of Vietnam</ref> |population_density_km2 = auto |timezone = ICT |utc_offset = +7 |postal_code = 10000 |website = [http://www.english.hanoi.gov.vn hanoi.gov.vn] }} '''Hanoi''' ({{lang-vi|Hà Nội}}) {{audio|Ha_noi.ogg|pronunciation}}, estimatit population nearly 6.5 million (2009),<ref name="balita.ph">{{cite web|url = http://balita.ph/2009/08/15/vietnams-population-soars-to-85-8-million/|title = Vietnam's Population Soars|publisher = balita.ph|access-date = 2011-01-02|archive-date = 2013-07-03|archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/6HqNmjoUB?url=http://balita.ph/2009/08/15/vietnams-population-soars-to-85-8-million/|url-status = dead}}</ref> is the [[Caipital ceety|caipital]] an seicont-lairgest ceety o [[Vietnam]]. Frae 1010 till 1802, it wis the maist important poleetical centre o Vietnam. It wis eclipsed bi [[Huế]] durin the [[Nguyễn Dynasty]] as the caipital o Vietnam, but Hanoi servit as the caipital o [[French Indocheenae]] frae 1902 tae 1954. Frae 1954 tae 1976, it wis the caipital o [[North Vietnam]]. The ceety is locatit on the richt bank o the [[Red River (Vietnam)|Red River]]. Hanoi is locatit at 1,760&nbsp;km (1,090&nbsp;mi) north o [[Ho Chi Minh Ceety]]. ==History== === Pre-history === Hanoi haes been inhabitit syne at least 3000 BC. Ane o the first kent permanent dounsets is the [[Co Loa Citadel|Co Loa citadel]] foondit aroond 200 BC. Hanoi haes haed mony names throughoot history, aw o thaim o Sino-Vietnamese oreegin. Durin the Cheenese domination o Vietnam, it wis kent first as '''Long Biên''', than '''Tống Bình''' ({{zh|c={{linktext|宋|平}}}}, ''Sòngpíng'', "[[Liu Song Dynasty|Song]] Peace") an '''Long Đỗ''' ({{zh|c={{linktext|龍|肚}}}}, ''Lóngdù'', "Dragonbelly"). In 866, it wis turned intae a citadel an namit '''Đại La''' ({{zh|c={{linktext|大|羅}}}}, ''Dàluó'', "Big Net"). === Thăng Long, Đông Đô, Đông Quan, Đông Kinh === In 1010, [[Ly Thai To]], the first ruler o the [[Lý Dynasty]], muivit the caipital o [[Đại Việt]] tae the steid o the Đại La Citadel. Claimin tae hae seen a draigon ascendin the Reid River, he renamit the site '''Thăng Long''' ({{linktext|昇|龍}}, "Risin Dragon") - a name still uised poetically tae this day. Thăng Long remained the caipital o Đại Việt till 1397, when it wis muivit tae [[Thanh Hóa]], than kent as Tây Đô ({{linktext|西|都}}), the "Wastren Caipital". Thăng Long than became '''Đông Đô''' ({{linktext|東|都}}), the "Eastren Caipital." In 1408, the Cheenese [[Ming Dynasty]] attackit an occupee'd Vietnam, chyngin Đông Đô's name tae "Eastren Gatewa" ({{zh|c={{linktext|東|關}}}}, ''Dōngguān''), '''Đông Quan''' in Vietnamese. In 1428, the Vietnamese owerthrew the Cheenese unner the leadership o [[Lê Lợi]], whae later foondit the [[Lê Dynasty]] an renamed Đông Quan '''Đông Kinh''' ({{linktext|東|京}}, "Eastren Caipital") or [[Tonkin]]. Richt efter the end o the [[Tây Sơn Dynasty]], it wis namit '''Bắc Thành''' ({{linktext|北|城}}, "Northren Citadel"). === Durin Nguyễn Dynasty an French colonial era === In 1802, when the [[Nguyễn Dynasty]] wis established an muivit the caipital tae [[Huế]], the auld name Thăng Long wis modifee'd tae acome '''Thăng Long''' ({{linktext|昇|'''隆'''}}, "Ascendin & Flourishin"). In 1831, the Nguyễn emperor [[Minh Mạng]] renamit it Hà Nội ({{linktext|河|内}}, "Atween Rivers" or "River Interior"). Hanoi wis occupee'd bi the [[French Third Republic|French]] in 1873 an passed tae thaim ten year later. As '''Hanoï''', it became the caipital o [[French Indocheenae]] efter 1887. === Durin twa wars === The ceety wis occupee'd bi the Japanese in 1940 an leeberatit in 1945, whan it briefly became the seat o the [[Viet Minh]] govrenment efter [[Ho Chi Minh]] proclaimit the unthirldom o Vietnam. Housomeivver, the French returned an reoccupee'd the ceety in 1946. Efter nine year o fechtin atween the French an Viet Minh forces, Hanoi became the caipital o an unthirlt [[North Vietnam]] in 1954. Durin the [[Vietnam War]], Hanoi's transportation facilities wur disruptit bi the bombin o brigs an railweys. Thir wur aw, housomeivver, promptly repaired. Follaein the end o the war, Hanoi became the caipital o a reunifee'd Vietnam whan North an [[Sooth Vietnam]] wur reunitit on 2 Julie 1976. === Modren Hanoi === On 29 Mey 2008, it wis decidit that [[Ha Tay Province]], [[Vĩnh Phúc Province|Vĩnh Phúc]]'s [[Mê Linh]] destrict an 4 communes o [[Lương Sơn Destrict]], [[Hoa Binh]] be mergit intae the metropolitan aurie o Hanoi frae 1 August 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/cntry_files.html |work=National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency |title=Country files (GNS) |accessdate=2007-04-06 |archive-date=2012-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823004343/http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/cntry_files.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hanoi's tot aurie than increased tae 334,470 hectares in 29 subdiveesions<ref name="dantri.com.vn">{{cite web | url=http://dantri.com.vn/Sukien/Hon-90-dai-bieu-Quoc-hoi-tan-thanh-mo-rong-Ha-oi/2008/5/234655.vip | title=Hơn 90% đại biểu Quốc hội tán thành mở rộng Hà Nội | work=Dantri | accessdate=2008-05-29 }}</ref> wi the new population bein 6,232,940.,<ref name="dantri.com.vn"/> effectively triplin its size. The [[Hanoi Caipital Region]] ({{lang|vi|''Vùng Thủ đô Hà Nội''}}), a metropolitan aurie coverin Hanoi an 6 surroondin provinces unner its admeenistration, will hae a aurie o 13,436 square kilometres wi a population o 15 million bi 2020. ==Destricts== Hanoi is dividit intae 10 inner destricts, 1 toun an 18 ooter destricts.<ref name="hanoi.gov.vn">{{cite web |url=http://www.hanoi.gov.vn/ |title=Cổng giao tiếp điện tử Thành Phố Hà Nội |publisher=Hanoi.gov.vn |date=2009-06-26 |accessdate=2010-06-18 |archive-date=2009-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221120439/http://www.hanoi.gov.vn/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ( [[Hà Đông]] haes been transform tae an inner destrict, an [[Sơn Tây]] haes been degradit tae a toun) [[File:Bản đồ Hà Nội.png|thumb]] {| class="wikitable" |- style="font-size:120%;" !colspan=5| Subdiveesions o Hanoi |- ! Provincial Ceeties/Destricts<ref name="hanoi.gov.vn"/> !! Wairds<ref name="hanoi.gov.vn"/> !! Aurie (km<sup>2</sup>)<ref name="hanoi.gov.vn"/> !! Population<ref name="hanoi.gov.vn"/> |- | colspan=5 | ''1 toun'' |- | [[Sơn Tây]] || 15 || 113.474 || 181,831 |- | colspan=5 | ''10 Urban Destricts (Quận)'' |- | [[Ba Dinh Destrict|Ba Đình]]|| 14 || 9.224 || 228,352 |- | [[Cau Giay|Cầu Giấy]] || 8 || 12.04 || 147,000 |- | [[Dong Da|Đống Đa]] || 21 || 9.96 || 352,000 |- | [[Hai Ba Trung destrict|Hai Bà Trưng]] || 20 || 14.6 || 378,000 |- | [[Hà Đông]] || 17 || 47.917 || 198,687 |- | [[Hoan Kiem|Hoàn Kiếm]] || 18 || 5.29 || 178,073 |- | [[Hoang Mai, Hanoi|Hoàng Mai]] || 14 || 41.04 || 216,277 |- | [[Long Bien|Long Biên]] || 14 || 60.38 || 170,706 |- | [[Tay Ho|Tây Hồ]] (West Lake) || 8 || 24 || 115,163 |- | [[Thanh Xuan|Thanh Xuân]] || 11 || 9.11 || 185,000 |- | '''Subtotal''' || '''145''' || '''233.56''' || '''2,178,258''' |- | colspan=5 | ''18 Rural Destricts (Huyện)'' |- | [[Ba Vi|Ba Vì]] || 31 + 1 toun || 428.0 || 242,600 (1999) |- | [[Chuong My|Chương Mỹ]] || 30 + 2 touns || 232.9 || 261,000 (1999) |- | [[Dan Phuong|Đan Phượng]] || 15 + 1 toun || 76.8 || 124,900 |- | [[Dong Anh|Đông Anh]] || 23 + 1 toun || 182.3 || 276,750 |- | [[Gia Lam|Gia Lâm]] || 20 + 2 touns || 114.0 || 205,275 |- | [[Hoai Duc|Hoài Đức]] || 19 + 1 toun || 95.3 || 188,800 |- | [[Mê Linh]] || 16 + 2 touns || 141.26 || 187,536 (2008) |- | [[My Duc|Mỹ Đức]] || 21 + 1 toun || 230.0 || 167,700 (1999) |- | [[Phu Xuyen|Phú Xuyên]] || 26 + 2 touns || 171.1 || 181,500 |- | [[Phuc Tho|Phúc Thọ]] || 25 + 1 toun || 113.2 || 154,800 (2001) |- | [[Quoc Oai|Quốc Oai]] || 20 + 1 toun || 136.0 (2001) || 146,700 (2001) |- | [[Soc Son|Sóc Sơn]] || 25 + 1 toun || 306.51 || 254,000 |- | [[Thach That|Thạch Thất]] || 22 + 1 toun || 128.1 || 149,000 (2003) |- | [[Thanh Oai]] || 20 + 1 toun || 129.6 || 142,600 (1999) |- | [[Thanh Tri|Thanh Trì]] (Green Ponds) || 15 + 1 toun || 98.22 || 241,000 |- | [[Thuong Tin|Thường Tín]] || 28 + 1 toun || 127.7 || 208,000 |- | [[Tu Liem|Từ Liêm]] || 15 + 1 toun || 75.32 || 240,000 |- | [[Ung Hoa|Ứng Hòa]] || 28 + 1 toun || 183.72 || 193,731 (2005) |- | '''Subtotal''' || '''399 + 22 touns''' || '''3,266.186''' || '''3,872,851''' |- | '''Tot''' || '''559 + 22 touns''' || '''3,344.47''' || '''6,232,940''' |} == Internaitional relations == === Twin touns — Sister ceeties === Hanoi is [[Twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi: {{colbegin||18em}} *{{flagicon|PRC}} [[Beijing]], [[Cheenae]] *{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Astana]], [[Kazakhstan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kazpravda.softdeco.net/c/1253012746 |author=Ilia Lobster |title=Astana-Hanoi: horizons of cooperation |publisher=KazPravda.kz |date=9 September 2009 |accessdate=9 October 2014 }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *{{flagicon|HKG}} [[Hong Kong]], [[Hong Kong]] *{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Ankara]], Turkey<ref name="Ankara twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.ankara-bel.gov.tr/AbbSayfalari/hizmet_birimleri/dis_dairesi_baskanligi/avrupa_gunu_kutlamasi.aspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114033014/http://www.ankara-bel.gov.tr/AbbSayfalari/hizmet_birimleri/dis_dairesi_baskanligi/avrupa_gunu_kutlamasi.aspx|title=Kardeş Kentleri Listesi ve 5 Mayıs Avrupa Günü Kutlaması ''[via WaybackMachine.com]''|publisher= Ankara Büyükşehir Belediyesi – Tüm Hakları Saklıdır|archivedate=14 January 2009|accessdate=21 July 2013|language=Turkish}}</ref> *{{flagicon|POL}} [[Warsaw]], Poland<ref name="Warsaw">{{cite web|url=http://www.um.warszawa.pl/node/2920?page=0,3 |title=Miasta partnerskie Warszawy – Strona 4 |work=um.warszawa.pl |publisher=Biuro Promocji Miasta |date=4 May 2005 |accessdate=17 June 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927094318/http://www.um.warszawa.pl/node/2920?page=0%2C3 |archivedate=27 September 2011 |df= }}</ref> *{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Toulouse]], Fraunce *{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Fukuoka Prefectur]], Japan *{{flagicon|THA}} [[Bangkok]], Thailand *{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Moscow]], Roushie<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vnbusinessnews.com/2008/07/hanoi-days-in-moscow-helps-sister.html |title=Hanoi Days in Moscow help sister cities |publisher=Vbusinessnews.com |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113203758/https://www.vnbusinessnews.com/2008/07/hanoi-days-in-moscow-helps-sister.html |archivedate=13 January 2009 |df= }}</ref> *{{flagicon|PHI}} [[Manila]], Philippines *{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Angoulême]], Fraunce<ref name="Angoulême twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.cncd.fr/frontoffice/bdd-region.asp?action=getRegion&id=21#tabs3 |title=National Commission for Decentralised cooperation |accessdate=26 December 2013 |work=Délégation pour l'Action Extérieure des Collectivités Territoriales (Ministère des Affaires étrangères) |language=French }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Seoul]], Sooth Korea<ref name="Seoul twinnings2">{{cite web |url=http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html|title=International Cooperation: Sister Cities |accessdate=26 January 2008 |work=Seoul Metropolitan Government|publisher=www.seoul.go.kr|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210175055/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html |archivedate=10 December 2007}}</ref> *{{flagicon|CAM}} [[Phnom Penh]], [[Cambodia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.phnompenh.gov.kh/sister-cities.php |title=Sister Cities |publisher=Phnompenh.gov.kh |date= |accessdate=26 March 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823113543/http://www.phnompenh.gov.kh/sister-cities.php |archivedate=23 August 2013 |df= }}</ref> *{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Jakarta]], Indonesie *{{flagicon|IRN}} [[Isfahan]], Iran *{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Montreal|Montreal, Quebec]], Canadae *{{flagicon|SEY}} [[Victoria, Seychelles|Victoria]], Seychelles<ref>{{cite web|url=http://baodientu.chinhphu.vn/Tin-noi-bat/Thu-tuong-Nguyen-Tan-Dung-hoi-kien-Tong-thong-Seychelles/179774.vgp |title=Thủ tướng Nguyễn Tấn Dũng hội kiến Tổng thống Seychelles |accessdate=29 August 2013 |publisher=BÁO ĐIỆN TỬ CỦA CHÍNH PHỦ NƯỚC CỘNG HÒA XÃ HỘI CHỦ NGHĨA VIỆT NAM |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831142830/http://baodientu.chinhphu.vn/Tin-noi-bat/Thu-tuong-Nguyen-Tan-Dung-hoi-kien-Tong-thong-Seychelles/179774.vgp |archivedate=31 August 2013 |df= }}</ref> {{colend}} == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Caipitals in Asie]] [[Category:Destrict caipitals in Vietnam]] [[Category:Hanoi| ]] [[Category:Red River Delta]] [[Category:Provinces o Vietnam]] [[Category:1010 establishments]] [[Category:Populatit places established in the 11t century]] [[Category:Port ceeties in Vietnam]] [[Category:Ceeties in Vietnam]] [[Category:1010s establishments in Asie]] {{Stub/Asie}} {{Stub/Ceety}} 9e7q3voi5r2n63a2xms65g5x0lvr17q Thimphu 0 15025 925470 885467 2026-10-30T13:36:51Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 Replace archive.today airtins wi Wayback Machine airtins 925470 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Thimphu |native_name = [[File:Thimphu-dz.svg|50px]] | settlement_type = [[Metropolitan aurie|Metropolitan ceety]] |motto = |image_skyline = {{Photomontage |photo1e = Tashichödzong Thimphu-2008-01-23.jpg |photo2a = National Library-Thimphu-Bhutan-2008 01 23.jpg |photo2b = Thimphu view 080907.JPG |photo3e = Clock Tower Square Thimphu 2010-12-19.jpg |size = 250 |space = 2 }} |image_caption='''Frae upper left:''' [[Tashichho Dzong]], [[Naitional Leebrar o Bhutan]], an aerial view o Thimphu, View o Clock Tour Square |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |pushpin_map = Bhutan |pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> |pushpin_map_caption = Location o Thimphu in [[Bhutan]] |pushpin_mapsize = |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Bhutan}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Destricts o Bhutan|Destrict]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Thimphu Destrict]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Gewogs o Bhutan|Gewog]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Chang Gewog]] |subdivision_type3 = [[Thromde]] |subdivision_name3 = Thimphu |leader_title = [[Druk Gyalpo]] |leader_name = [[Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck]] |leader_title1 = Thrompon |leader_name1 = Kinlay Dorjee |established_title = Established as caipital |established_date = 1955 |established_title2 = Tounship |established_date2 = 1961 |established_title3 = [[Local Govrenment Act o Bhutan 2009|Municipality]] |established_date3 = 2009 |area_magnitude ={{convert|830|ha|acre}} |unit_pref = <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = 26.1 |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |population_as_of = 2015 |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = 104,000 |population_density_km2 = 4000 |population_density_sq_mi = |timezone = [[Bhutan Time|BTT]] |utc_offset = +6 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|27|28|20|N|89|38|10|E|region:BT|display=inline,title}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = 2320 |elevation_ft = 7656 |blank_name_sec1 = [[Köppen climate clessification|Climate]] |blank_info_sec1 = [[Subtropical hieland climate|Cwb]] |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = [[+975]]-2 |website = [http://www.thimphucity.bt/ thimphucity.bt] |footnotes = }} '''Thimphu''' ({{bo|t=ཐིམ་ཕུག།|script=yes}}, [[Dzongkha]]: ཐིམ་ཕུ), spelt Thimpu an aw, is the [[Caipital ceety|caipital]] an lairgest ceety o [[Bhutan]].<ref name=brit>{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/592110/Thimphu|title=Thimphu|accessdate=2010-06-05|work=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IDYDGrjqL1cC&pg=PA67&dq=Thimphu+capital+of+Bhutan&hl=en&ei=K1ASTKmDL4We_Abdq4D_Aw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Thimphu%20capital%20of%20Bhutan&f=false|author=Parekh, N|title=Himalayan memoirs|publisher=Popular Prakashan|year=1986|page=67}}</ref> It is situatit in the wastren central pairt o Bhutan an the name o the surroondin valley is ''[[dzongkhag]]'', the [[Thimphu Destrict]]. The ceety became the caipital o Bhutan in 1961. In 2005 it haed a population o 79,185,<ref name=brit/> wi 98,676 fowk livin in the entire Thimphu destrict. The ceety is spread oot longitudinally in a north-sooth direction on the wast bank o the valley formed bi the [[Raidak River|Wang Chuu]], kent as the Thimphu Chuu River an aw. Thimphu is locatit at {{Coord|27|28|00|N|89|38|30|E|type:city|display=inline}} an is spread ower an altitudinal range atween 2,248 metres (7,375&nbsp;ft) an metres (8,688&nbsp;ft).<ref name=Dzongkhag>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thimphu.gov.bt/profile.php|title=Thimpu Dzongkhag|accessdate=2010-06-08|publisher=Government of Bhutan|archive-date=2010-09-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100908110431/http://www.thimphu.gov.bt/profile.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Buddhism>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tourism.gov.bt/about-bhutan|title=Bhutan|accessdate=2010-06-07|publisher=Tourism Council of Bhutan:Government of Bhutan|archive-date=2018-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409061821/http://www.tourism.gov.bt/about-bhutan|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Natural>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dudh.gov.bt/Thimphustructural/partthree/3.3.html|title=Introduction: Understanding Natural Systems|accessdate=2010-06-07|publisher=Government of Bhutan|archive-date=2012-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325051626/http://www.dudh.gov.bt/Thimphustructural/partthree/3.3.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Brown, p. 97">Brown, p. 97</ref><ref name="Palin, p. 245">Palin, p. 245</ref> Unuisually for a caipital ceety, Thimphu is no served bi an airport, but relies on the [[Paro Airport|airport]] at [[Paro]], connectit bi road some 54 kilometres (34&nbsp;mi) away. Thimphu, as the poleetical an economic centre o Bhutan, haes a dominant agricultural an livestock base, which contributes tae 45% o the kintra's GNP.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tourism.gov.bt/about-bhutan/economy|title=Economy|publisher=Tourism Government of Bhutan|access-date=2011-01-15|archive-date=2014-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140614122913/http://www.tourism.gov.bt/about-bhutan/Economy|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tourism, tho a contributor tae the economy, is strictly regulatit, maintainin a balance atween the traditional an development an modrenization. Thimphu contains maist o the important poleetical biggins in Bhutan, includin the Naitional Assembly o the newly formed parliamentary democracy an [[Dechencholing Palace]], the offeecial residence o the Keeng, locatit tae the north o the ceety. As a metroplis an caipital ceety, Thimphu is coordinatit bi the "Thimphu Structure Plan", an Urban Development Plan which evolved in 1998 wi the objective o protectin the fragile ecology o the valley. This development is ongoin wi financial assistance frae the [[World Bank]] an [[Asian Development Bank]]. The cultur o Bhutan is fully reflectit in Thimphu in respect o literature, releegion, customs, an naitional dress code, the monastic practices o the monasteries, muisic, dance, literature an in the media. [[Tsechu|Tsechu festival]] is an important festival when mask dances, popularly kent as [[Cham Dance|Cham dances]], are performed in the courtyards o the [[Tashichoedzong, Bhutan|Tashichhoe Dzong]] in Thimphu. It is a fower day festival held ivery year durin Hairst (September/October), on dates correspondin tae the Bhutanese calendar. == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Thimphu]] [[Category:Populatit places in Bhutan]] [[Category:Caipitals in Asie]] {{Stub/Asie}} {{Stub/Ceety}} l4og4rzbekpdeops8ruyhl0q70zbo4y Safed 0 15165 925517 856328 2026-10-30T17:38:13Z Rijikk 11173 update 925517 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=October 2020}} {{Infobox Israel municipality |name=Safed |image_skyline=Safed 2009.jpg |image_caption= |emblem=Coat of arms of Safed.svg |emblem_type= |hebname={{Hebrew|צְפַת}} |ISO=Çpat |arname=صفد |pushpin_map=Israel | coordinates = {{coord|32|57|57|N|35|29|54|E|region:IL|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |founded=[[Canaan]]ite age |type=city |typefrom= |stdHeb=Tz'fat |altOffSp=Tsfat, Tzefat, Zfat, {{unicode|Ẕefat}} |district=north |elevation_m=900 | popyear = {{Israel populations|Year}} | population = {{Israel populations|Zefat}} | population_footnotes = {{Israel populations|reference}} |mayor=Yosi Kakun<ref name="Local_elections2024_marker">{{cite web |author = |url = https://www.themarker.com/news/2024-02-28/ty-article-static/0000018d-bb60-dd5e-a59d-fff234410000 |title = תוצאות הבחירות המקומיות 2024 |lang = he |website = www.themarker.com |date = 2024-03-03 |access-date = 2024-05-07 |archive-date = 2024-05-02 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240502102139/https://www.themarker.com/news/2024-02-28/ty-article-static/0000018d-bb60-dd5e-a59d-fff234410000 |url-status = live }}</ref> }} '''Safed''' ({{lang-he-n|צְפַת}}, ''Tzfat''; {{lang-ar|صفد}}, ''Ṣafad'', [[Ashkenazi Ebreu pronunciation|Ashkenazi]]: ''Tzfas''; [[Biblical Ebreu|Biblical]]: ''Ṣ'fath''), is a ceety in the [[North Destrict (Israel)|Northren Destrict]] o [[Israel]]. Locatit at an elevation o 900 metres (2,953&nbsp;ft), Safed is the heichest ceety in the [[Galilee]] an o Israel.<ref>[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vie/Safed.html Jewish Virtual Library Article: Safed]</ref> Due tae its heich elevation, Safed experiences warm simmers an cauld, often snowy, winters.<ref name="vilnai">{{cite book|title=A Guide to Israel|author=Vilnay, Zev|authorlink=Zev Vilnay|publisher=HaMakor Press|location=[[Jerusalem]], Israel|year=1972|chapter=Tsefat|pages=522–532}}</ref> Since the sixteenth century, Safed haes been considered ane o [[Judaism]]'s [[Fower Holy Ceeties]], alang wi [[Jerusalem]], [[Hebron]] an [[Tiberias]];<ref>[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=32&letter=P#176#ixzz0RkYTWcVv Jewish Encyclopedia: Tiberias]</ref> syne that time, the ceety haes remained a centre of [[Kabbalah]] (forby kent as Jewish mysticism). Due tae its bonnie settin surroondit bi [[pine]] forests an its mild mid-year temperatures, Safed haes become a simmer holiday resort frequentit bi Israelis an foreign visitors alike.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.planetware.com/israel/safed-isr-nr-sf.htm |title=Planetware Safed Tourism |access-date=2011-01-20 |archive-date=2011-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812094811/http://www.planetware.com/israel/Safed-isr-nr-sf.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Safed| ]] [[Category:History o Israel]] [[Category:Haly ceeties]] [[Category:Ceeties in Northren Destrict (Israel)]] [[Category:Jewish pilgrimage steids]] [[Category:Castles an fortifications o the Kinrick o Jerusalem]] [[Category:Auncient Jewish settlements o Galilee]] [[Category:Fower Haly Ceeties]] [[Category:Castles an fortifications o the Knichts Templar]] {{Stub/Asie}} f8u6qu6fm5jha3p11rd7oltavd7koef Concepción, Chile 0 15237 925518 914589 2026-10-30T18:18:21Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 925518 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Concepción | other_name = La Concepción de María Purísima<br />del Nuevo Extremo (oreeginal name) | image_flag = Flag of Concepcion, Chile.svg | flag_size = 130px | flag_alt = Flag of Concepcion | image_seal = Coat of arms of Concepcion, Chile.svg | seal_size = 70px | seal_alt = Coat of arms | image_skyline = |imagesize = 300px |image_caption = Collage frae Concepción, Tap: Skyline; Upper left: Varsity o Concepción; Upper richt: Store in downtown; Middle left: Ecuador Pairk; Middle centre: Bonilla/Alonso de Ribera Highway; Middle richt: Varsity o Concepción clock touer; Lawer left: Lautaro statue; Lawer centre: San Sebastián Varsity; Bottom centre: Coort o Appeals; Bottom richt: Biotrén. | motto = ''La Capital del Sur de Chile''<br />The Caipital o the Sooth o Chile | settlement_type = [[Leet o ceeties in Chile|Ceety]] an [[Communes o Chile|Commune]] | nickname = Biobío's Pearl | image_map = Montajeconce.png | map_alt = Comuna de Concepción | mapsize = 300px | map_caption = Location o Concepción commune in the Biobío Region | image_map = Txu-oclc-224571178-sj18-04.jpg | mapsize = 175px | map_alt = Location in the Biobío Region | map_caption = Location in the Biobío Region | coor_pinpoint = alcalde's office | coordinates_footnotes = | pushpin_map = Chile | pushpin_mapsize = 175<!--omit "px"--> | pushpin_label_position = bottom | pushpin_map_alt = Location in Chile | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Chile | coordinates = {{coord|36|49|41.50|S|73|03|04.93|W|region:CL-BI|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]] | subdivision_name = [[Chile]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Regions o Chile|Region]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Biobío Region|Biobío]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Provinces o Chile|Province]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Concepción Province, Chile|Concepción]] | area_total_km2 = 222 | area_metro_footnotes = Ceety proper | population_total = 292,589 | population_as_of = 2006 | population_density_km2 = 1318 | population_metro = 1,322,581 | population_demonym = ''Penquista'' | government_footnotes = <ref name="Official">{{es}} {{Cite web|url=http://www.concepcion.cl/|title=Municipality of Concepción|accessdate=3 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211124604/http://www.concepcion.cl/|archive-date=2010-02-11|url-status=dead}}</ref> | leader_party = [[Unión Demócrata Independiente|UDI]] | government_type = [[Municipality]] | leader_title = [[Alcalde]] | leader_name = Patricio Kuhn |timezone = [[Time in Chile|CLT]] | utc_offset = −4 |timezone_DST = [[Time in Chile|CLST]] | utc_offset_DST = −3 | area_code_type = Telephone prefix | area_code = 56 + 41 | postal_code_type = Post code | postal_code = 3349001 | established_title = Foondit | established_date = 5 October 1550 | founder = [[Pedro de Valdivia]] | website = [http://www.concepcion.cl Municipality o Concepción] }} '''Concepción''' is a ceety an commune o [[Chile]]. The ceety is the seicont-lairgest conurbation (''[[Greater Concepción]]''), wi a population o aroond 889,725 an aurie o 222 km2. Its the maist populous ceety an metropolitan aurie in the sooth o Chile, an is the caipital o the Concepción Province an the Region o Bio-Bío. Inhabitants o Concepción are referred tae as '' "Penquista" ''. The ceety is nicknamed bi Concepción's inhabitants the '' "La Perla del Bio-Bío" ''. == Gallery == <gallery perrow=4> File:Arco de Medicina UdeC.jpg| File:Moderno Edificio en Concepción.jpg| File:Desembocadura del Biobío.jpg| File:Ex Catedral de Concepción.jpg| File:Biobus01.jpg| File:Hotel El Araucano.JPG| File:Plaza de Armas Concepción.jpg| </gallery> == Twin touns — Sister Ceeties == ''Concepción'' is twinned wi the follaein ceeties: * {{Flagicon|Bolivia}} [[Sucre]], [[Bolivie]] * {{Flagicon|Venezuela}} [[Caracas]], [[Venezuela]] * {{Flagicon|Argentina}} [[La Plata]], [[Argentinae]] * {{Flagicon|Brazil}} [[Cascavel]], [[Brazil]] * {{Flagicon|Argentina}} [[Rosario]], [[Argentinae]] * {{Flagicon|Ecuador}} [[Guayaquil]], [[Ecuador]] * {{Flagicon|Palestine}} [[Bethlehem]], [[State o Palestine|Palestine]] * {{Flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Auckland]], [[New Zealand]] == See forby == * [[Greater Concepción]] == External links == {{Commons|Concepcion, Chile}} {{Wiktionary|Concepción}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100211124604/http://www.concepcion.cl/ Concepción municipality] (Spaingie) * [http://www.elsur.cl ''El Sur'', newspaper of Concepción] (Spaingie) * [http://www.viveconce.cl ''Viveconce'', Event schedule of Concepción] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218153635/http://viveconce.cl/ |date=2014-12-18 }} (Spaingie) * [http://www.8va.cl ''Octava'', Website directory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122030023/http://www.8va.cl/ |date=2022-01-22 }} (Spaingie) * [http://www.hello-chile.com ''HelloChile - Spanish tutoring and tourism in and around the city of Concepción'', Information in English about the Chilean life and places to visit] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624134449/http://hello-chile.com/ |date=2019-06-24 }} (Inglis) {{Commonscat|Concepcion, Chile}} == References == <references/> [[Category:Concepción, Chile]] [[Category:Populatit places in Concepción Province]] [[Category:Populatit coastal places in Chile]] [[Category:Communes o Chile]] [[Category:Port ceeties in Chile]] [[Category:Caipitals o Chilean regions]] [[Category:Caipitals o Chilean provinces]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1550]] b98li2slgri549nvjmip7hr8c2kyd1e El Aaiún 0 15244 925465 921464 2026-10-30T13:36:29Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 Replace archive.today airtins wi Wayback Machine airtins 925465 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = El Aaiún |other_name = Laâyoune, Laayoune |native_name = العيون (''al-ˁūyūn''), ⵍⵄⵢⵓⵏ |image_skyline = Street view from Laayoune 2011.jpg |image_caption = Avenue Makkah al-Mukarramah in El-Aaiún |pushpin_map = Western Sahara |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Wastren Sahara |subdivision_type = Non-Sel-Govrenin Territory |subdivision_name = [[Wastren Sahara]] |subdivision_type1 = Region |subdivision_name1 = [[Laâyoune-Boujdour-Sakia El Hamra|Laayoune-Boujdour-Sakia El Hamra]] |subdivision_type2 = Province |subdivision_name2 = [[Laâyoune Province|Laayoune Province]] |population_as_of=2010 |population_total = 196,331 |coordinates = {{coord|27|9|13|N|13|12|12|W|region:EH|display=inline,title}} }} '''El-Aaiún''' ([[French leid|French]]: '''Laâyoune'''; [[Arabic]]: العيون, [[romanisation o Arabic|romanisit]] ''al-ʾAyūn'', leeterally ''"The Springs"''), is a ceety in [[Wastren Sahara]] foondit bi the [[Spain]]gie in 1928. Administered bi [[Morocco]] syne 1976<ref>UN General Assembly Resolution 34/37 and UN General Assembly Resolution 35/19.</ref>, El-Aaiún is the caipital o wha the Moroccan government cawed the region o ''[[Laâyoune-Boujdour-Sakia El Hamra]]'', an [[POLISARIO]] cawed ''[[Occupied territory|Occupied Territories]]''. It is an aa claimed bi the [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]] as thair caipital. == Demographics == The ceety haes a population o 194,668<ref name="Population">{{cite web | url = http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&lng=de&dat=32&geo=-70&srt=npan&col=aohdq&men=gcis&lng=en | title = Morocco - largest cities (per geographical entity) | accessdate = 2009-03-25 | author = Stefan Helders | year = 2009 | publisher = World Gazetteer | language = [[Inglis leid|Inglis]] | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071001090358/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&lng=de&dat=32&geo=-70&srt=npan&col=aohdq&men=gcis&lng=en | archivedate = 2007-10-01 | url-status = live }}</ref> an is the lairgest ceety in Wastren Sahara. It is a growin economic hub in wha Morocco sees as its [[Soothren Provinces]]. Its population is a mixture o Moroccans frae the North as well as [[Sahrawis]] frae Soothren Saharan Morocco an natives o [[Wastren Sahara]] (who mak up a fift o the population).<ref>"Diplomacy over Western Sahara: Morocco v Algeria", ''[[The Economist]]'', 4th November, 2010.</ref> == Etymology == "El Aaiún" is the transliteration o the Arabic name uised as the Spainyie name for the ceety. "Laâyoune" is a French transliteration even uised in Moroccan literature. The Arabic name means "the springs". == Status == The [[United Naitions]] mission for the referendum, turned tae simply waitin for a poleetical solution, instead o a referendum which wis obsolete efter the UN votit for resolution 1813. [[MINURSO]], which administers the ceasefire dounset o 1991 atween [[Morocco]] an the [[Polisario Front]], haes its heidquarters in the ceety. == Climate == {{Weather box |location = Laâyoune" an aa "El Ayun" |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan high C = 20 |Feb high C = 20 |Mar high C = 22 |Apr high C = 22 |May high C = 22 |Jun high C = 24 |Jul high C = 26 |Aug high C = 28 |Sep high C = 27 |Oct high C = 25 |Nov high C = 24 |Dec high C = 20 |year high C = 23 |Jan mean C = 16 |Feb mean C = 17 |Mar mean C = 19 |Apr mean C = 18 |May mean C = 20 |Jun mean C = 21 |Jul mean C = 23 |Aug mean C = 25 |Sep mean C = 24 |Oct mean C = 22 |Nov mean C = 20 |Dec mean C = 17 |year mean C = 20 |Jan low C = 12 |Feb low C = 13 |Mar low C = 16 |Apr low C = 15 |May low C = 16 |Jun low C = 18 |Jul low C = 20 |Aug low C = 21 |Sep low C = 20 |Oct low C = 18 |Nov low C = 16 |Dec low C = 13 |year low C = 17 |Jan precipitation mm = 17.97 |Feb precipitation mm = 18.51 |Mar precipitation mm = 6.74 |Apr precipitation mm = 2.54 |May precipitation mm = 3.21 |Jun precipitation mm = 0.31 |Jul precipitation mm = 0.0 |Aug precipitation mm = 0.0 |Sep precipitation mm = 1.21 |Oct precipitation mm = 7.47 |Nov precipitation mm = 16.90 |Dec precipitation mm = 18.60 |year precipitation mm = 93.46 |Jan precipitation days = 3 |Feb precipitation days = 3 |Mar precipitation days = 1 |Apr precipitation days = 1 |May precipitation days = 1 |Jun precipitation days = 1 |Jul precipitation days = 1 |Aug precipitation days = 1 |Sep precipitation days = 0 |Oct precipitation days = 2 |Nov precipitation days = 1 |Dec precipitation days = 3 |year precipitation days = 18 |source 1 = Weatherbase<ref name="Weatherbase">{{cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=33006&refer=&units=metric |title=Weatherbase: Historical Weather for El Aaiún |accessdate= |archive-date=2018-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224221737/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=33006&refer=&units=metric%20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |date=August 2010 }} == Sport == The ceety's main fitbaa club in El Aaiun is [[Jeunesse Massira]]. The club played in the [[Botola]]/GNF 1. Jeunesse Massira uise [[Mohamed Laghdaf stadium]] in trainin an gemmes. == Transport == El-Aaiún is served bi [[Hassan I Airport]]. == Twin touns an sister ceeties == {{Portal|Wastren Sahara|Africae|Geografie}} * {{flagicon|Algeria}} [[Algiers]], [[Algerie]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Renewing the twining agreement between Central Algiers and Wilaya of El Aaiun|url=http://www.spsrasd.info/en/content/renewing-twining-agreement-between-central-algiers-and-wilaya-el-aaiun|publisher=[[Sahara Press Service]]|date=30-10-2011|accessdate=02-11-2011|archive-date=2012-05-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501181500/http://www.spsrasd.info/en/content/renewing-twining-agreement-between-central-algiers-and-wilaya-el-aaiun|url-status=dead}}</ref> (''Syne 2001'') * {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Almería]], [[Andalucía]], [[Spain]]<ref name="hermanadas">{{cite web |url = http://www.aytoalmeria.es/ciudadano/nav/ayuntamiento/concejalias/alcaldia/ciudadesHermanadas/index.jsp |title = Ciudades Hermanadas |editor = Ayuntamiento de Almería |accessdate = 2008-04-12 |archive-date = 2008-01-28 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080128165312/http://www.aytoalmeria.es/ciudadano/nav/ayuntamiento/concejalias/alcaldia/ciudadesHermanadas/index.jsp |url-status = dead }}</ref> * {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Avilés]], [[Asturias]], Spain{{citation needed}} * {{flagicon|Venezuela}} [[Caracas]], [[Venezuela]] (''Syne 12 August 2005'') * {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Málaga]], Andalucía, Spain<ref name="Málaga2016">{{cite web|url = http://www.malaga2016.es/es|title = Official website for Malaga's candidature for European capital of culture in 2016|editor = [[Ayuntamiento de Málaga]]|accessdate = 2008-04-02|archive-date = 2009-03-22|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090322110144/http://www.malaga2016.es/es|url-status = dead}}</ref> * {{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Montevideo]], [[Uruguay]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.montevideo.gub.uy/institucional/relaciones-internacionales/documentos/hermanamiento-entre-el-aaiun-y-montevideo |title=Hermanamiento de Montevideo y El Aaiún |publisher=Montevideo.gub.uy |date=2009-12-13 |accessdate=2011-09-04 |archive-date=2012-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202161652/http://www.montevideo.gub.uy/institucional/relaciones-internacionales/documentos/hermanamiento-entre-el-aaiun-y-montevideo |url-status=dead }}</ref> (''Syne 13 December 2009'') * {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Lorca]], [[Murcia]], Spain<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.murcia.com/lorca/noticias/2010/11/12-ayuntamiento-lorca-denuncia-agresion-marruecos.asp|title=El Ayuntamiento de Lorca denuncia la agresión de Marruecos contra el Pueblo Saharaui|publisher=Murcia.es|date=12-11-2010|accessdate=11-02-2013}} {{es icon}}</ref> * {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Sorrento]], [[Campanie]], [[Italy]] (''Syne 18 April 2009'') == References == {{Portal box|Wastren Sahara|Geografie}} {{Reflist}} == Freemit airtins == {{Commonscat}} * {{fr}} [http://www.laayouneinvest.ma Investir dans la région de Laâyoune "Invest in the region of Laâyoune"]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://lexicorient.com/morocco/laayoune.htm Entry in Lexicorient] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507120112/http://lexicorient.com/morocco/laayoune.htm |date=2012-05-07 }} * [http://www.travel-images.com/el-aaiun.html Entry in Travel-Images] {{Leet o African caipitals}} {{Stub/NAfricae}} {{Stub/Ceety}} {{DEFAULTSORT:El Aaiun}} [[Category:Populatit places in Wastren Sahara]] [[Category:Populatit places in the Laâyoune-Boujdour-Sakia El Hamra Region]] q7v5exr9r3jfxjceld8njxpo4j9msk6 Cochabamba 0 15848 925461 885909 2026-10-30T13:36:21Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 Replace archive.today airtins wi Wayback Machine airtins 925461 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=September 2020}} {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Cochabamba |nickname = "Ceety o Eternal Spring"<br>"The Garden Ceey"<br>"La Llajta" |motto = |image_skyline = |imagesize = 280px |image_caption = |image_flag = Flag of Cochabamba.svg |image_seal = |pushpin_map = Bolivia |pushpin_label_position = bottom |pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bolivie |coordinates = {{coord|17|23|S|66|10|W|region:BO|display=inline,title}} |pushpin_mapsize = 280 |map_caption = Location o Cochabamba in [[Bolivie]] |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Bolivie}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Depairtments o Bolivie|Depairtment]] |subdivision_name1 =[[Cochabamba Depairtment|Cochabamba]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Provinces o Bolivie|Province]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Cercado Province, Cochabamba|Cercado Province]] |subdivision_type3 = [[Municipalities o Bolivie|Municipality]] |subdivision_name3 = Cochabamba Municipality |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = |leader_title = |leader_name = |established_title = |established_title2 = |established_date = 2 August |established_date2 = 1571 |area_magnitude = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_total_km2 = 348|area_land_sq_mi = |area_land_km2 = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_urban_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |population_as_of = 2008 |population_note = |population_total = |population_metro = |population_urban = 608,276 |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_footnotes = |timezone = |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |elevation_m = 2825 |elevation_ft = |website = http://www.cochabamba.bo/ |footnotes = }} '''Cochabamba''' is a ceety in central [[Bolivie]], locatit in a [[valley]] bearin the same name in the [[Andes]] [[muntain range]]. It is the [[Caipital ceety|caipital]] o the [[Cochabamba Depairtment]] an is the [[leet o ceeties in Bolivie|fowert lairgest ceety in Bolivie]] wi an urban population o 608,276 (2008){{citation needed}} an a metropolitan population o mair nor 1,000,000 fowk. The name derives frae a compund o the [[Quechua leids|Quechua]] words ''qucha'', meanin "[[lake]]", an ''[[pampa]]'', "open [[plain]]".<ref>[http://futatraw.ourproject.org/descargas/DicQuechuaBolivia.pdf Diccionario Bilingüe Iskay simipi yuyayk'ancha] pdf</ref> Residents o the ceety an surroondin auries are commonly referred tae as ''Cochabambinos''. Cochabamba is kent as the "Ceety o Eternal Spring" an "The Garden Ceety" due tae its spring-like temperatures year roond. It is forby kent as "La Llajta", "toun" in Quechua. The ceety is forby host tae the first [[World People's Conference on Climate Change]] an the Richts o Mither Earth. == Sister ceeties == *{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Córdoba, Argentinae|Córdoba]], [[Argentinae]] * {{flagicon|China}} [[Kunming|Kunming, Yunnan, China]] * {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Bergamo|Bergamo, Italy]] * {{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Cabuyao|Cabuyao, Philippines]] * {{flagicon|USA}} [[San Francisco|San Francisco, USA]] * {{flagicon|USA}} [[Miami|Miami, USA]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{Cochabamba Depairtment}} [[Category:Cochabamba| ]] [[Category:Populatit places in Cochabamba Depairtment]] [[Category:1571 establishments]] [[Category:Populatit places established in the 1570s]] {{stub/Ceety}} i31otca9vp2iey7muvk9w5k52olw8sw Medellín 0 15868 925467 885606 2026-10-30T13:36:33Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 Replace archive.today airtins wi Wayback Machine airtins 925467 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |name=Medellín |settlement_type = Ceety |official_name = Municipio de Medellín |motto = |image_skyline = {{Photomontage | photo1a = Metro de Medellín, Colombia.jpg{{!}} | photo2a = Panoramica Centro De Medellin.jpg{{!}} | photo2b = Parque de los Deseos(2)-Medellin.JPG{{!}} | photo3a = Orchiderium - panoramio.jpg{{!}}Eje Ambiental{{!}} | photo3b = Pueblito Paisa-Medellin.JPG{{!}} | photo4a = Edificio Carré - Medellín.JPG{{!}} | photo4b = Parque Explora. from Metrostation Universidad, Medellín.jpg{{!}} | spacing = 3 | position = center | color_border = white | color = white | size = 266 | foot_montage = }} | image_caption= Frae the tap: [[Rafael Uribe Uribe Pailace o Cultur]]; Centre o Medellín; Parque de Los Deseos, Pueblito Paisa; [[Botanical Gairden o Medellín]]; Carré Biggin; Parque Explora |image_flag = Flag of Medellín.svg |image_seal = Escudo de Medellin.svg |image_map = Colombia - Antioquia - Medellín.svg |mapsize = 250px |map_caption = Location o the ceety (in daurk gray) an municipality (reid) o Medellín in Antioquia Depairtment. |pushpin_map=Colombia |pushpin_map_caption=Location in Colombie |pushpin_mapsize=300 |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Colombie]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Depairtments o Colombie|Depairtment]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Antioquia]] |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = Aníbal Gaviria, 2012−2015 |established_title = Foondit |established_date = 1616 |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = 380 |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_km2 = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_km2 = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = 1152 |area_metro_sq_mi = |population_as_of = 2012 |population_note = |population_total = 2 743 049 hab ([[Leet o Colombie municipalities bi population|rankit 2nt]]) |population_density_km2 = 6.925 |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro =3 592 100 hab |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |timezone = |utc_offset = -5 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|6|14|9.33|N|75|34|30.49|W|region:CO|display=inline}} |elevation_m = 1495 |elevation_ft = |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = '''[[Human Development Index|HDI]]''' (2010) |blank_info = 0.886 - <font color="#009900">'''Very High'''</font>.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.veeduriamedellin.org.co/img_upload/9eab3531de2c5b3c94fe5391c9495b98/IDH_InversionPerCapitaMedellin2001_2004.xls|title = Veeduría Ciudadana al Plan de Desarrollo de Medellín IDH 2004-2007|author = Veeduria de Medellín|language = spanish}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |website = [http://www.medellin.gov.co/ Govrenment o Medellín offeecial wabsteid] |footnotes = }} '''Medellín''' ({{IPA-es|meðeˈʎin}}), offeecially the ''Municipio de Medellín'' (Spaingie) or ''Municipality o Medellín'', is the [[Leet o lairgest ceeties an seicont lairgest ceeties bi kintra|seicont lairgest ceety]] in [[Colombie]]. It is in the [[Aburrá Valley]], ane o the mair northerly o the [[Andes]] in [[Sooth Americae]]. It haes a population o 2.4 million.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Helders|first=Stefan|url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=32&geo=-55&srt=npan&col=aohdq&pt=c&va=&srt=pnan|title=World Gazetteer: Colombia: largest cities: calc 2006|accessdate=2006-06-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001063527/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=32&geo=-55&srt=npan&col=aohdq&pt=c&va=&srt=pnan|archivedate=2007-10-01|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Butler|first=Rhett|year=2003|url=http://www.mongabay.com/igapo/Colombia.htm|title=Largest cities in Colombia (2002)|accessdate=2006-06-15}}</ref> Wi its surroondin aurie, the [[Metropolitan Aurie o Medellín|metropolitan aurie o Medellín]] (''Aurie Metropolitana de Medellín''), it is the seicont lairgest ceety in Colombie in terms o population an economy, wi mair nor 3.5 million fowk, an ranks in population as the 91st o the [[warld's lairgest urban agglomerations]]. Medellín wis foondit in 1616 bi the [[Spain|Spaniard]] Francisco Herrera y Campuzano as ''Poblado de San Lorenzo'' ([[Lawrence o Rome|Saunt Lawrence]] Toun) in praisent-day [[El Poblado (Medellín)|''El Poblado'']]. In 1675 the [[queen consort]] [[Mariana o Austrick]] creatit the ''Villa de Nuestra Señora de la [[Candelaria]]'' (Toun o [[Blessed Virgin Mary (Roman Catholic)|Oor Lady]] at Candelarie). In 1826 the ceety wis named the caipital o the Depairtment o [[Antioquia]] bi the Naitional Congress o the young Republic o Greater Colombie, comprised bi praisent day Colombie, Venezuela, Ecuador an Panama. In 1803 the [[University o Antioquia]], ane o the maist prestigious in Colombie, wis foondit. Efter Colombie wan its unthirldom frae [[Spain]], Medellín becam the caipital o the Federal State o Antioquie till 1888, wi the proclamation o the [[Colombie Constitution o 1886]]. Durin the 19t century, Medellín wis a dynamic commercial centre, first exportin [[gowd]], than producin an exportin [[coffee]]. Efter the [[Thoosan Days War]] (1899 &mdash; 1902), Medellín wis the first Colombie ceety tae tak pairt in the [[Industrial Revolution]] wi the openin o textile companies, an transport projects sic as [[railwey]]s that alloued its export business tae develop. Forby, its fowk foondit several varsities an vocational trainin institutions. At the stairt o the 21st century, the ceety haes regained industrial dynamism, wi the construction o the [[Metro de Medellín]] [[Commuter rail|railwey]], an leeberalized development policies, improved security, an improved education. The ceety is promotit internaitionally as a [[tourist destination]]. The Medellín Metropolitan Aurie produces 67% o the [[Depairtment o Antioquie]]'s [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] an 11% o the [[economy o Colombie]].<ref name="ProExport16">{{Cite web|publisher = Proexport Colombia|url = http://www.proexport.com.co/VBeContent/NewsDetail.asp?ID=7658&IDCompany=16|title = Report on Medellín's Economy by 2005|quote = participation of the cities GDP by countries provided by the International Cooperation Agency of Medellín|accessdate = May 8, 2008}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Medellín is important tae the region for its varsities, academies, commerce, industry, science, heal services, flouer-growin, festivals an nichtlife. ==Etymology o the name Medellín== [[File:Diego Velázquez 032.jpg|right|thumb|100px|[[Mariana o Austrick]].]] The oreeginal Spanish settlement haed five names afore the current ane: Aburrá de los Yamesíes, San Lorenzo de Aburrá, San Lorenzo de Aná, Valle de San Bartolomé, an Villa de la Candelaria de Medellín. The ceety is named efter [[Medellín, Spain]], whilk is naur [[Badajoz]] in [[Extremadura]]. The Spainyie Medellín wis foondit as Metellinum in 75 BC bi [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius]].<ref name="origin">{{Cite web |url = http://www.medellin.es/psituacion.htm |title = Ayuntamiento de Medellín (España). Toponímicos de Medellín |language = Spanish |access-date = 2011-02-22 |archive-date = 2008-06-09 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080609234020/http://www.medellin.es/psituacion.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref> Some o the [[Conquistadors]], sic as [[Gaspar de Rodas]], the first govrenor o Antioquia, cam frae the region o [[Badajoz (province)|Badajoz]]. [[Coont Pedro Portocarrero y Luna]], Preses o the Cooncil for the Wast Indies (''Consejo de Indias''), asked the [[Monarchy|Spainyie monarchy]] tae gie the name o his toun, Medellín in Extremadura, tae the new settlement in Americae. His request wis acceptit on 22 November 1674, whan the [[Regent]] Mariana o Austrick proclaimed the ceety's name tae be ''Villa de Nuestra Señora de Medellín''. Miguel Aguinaga y Mendiogoitia, Govrenor, makkit the name offeecial on 2 November 1675. The Crown grantit a coat o airms tae the ceety on 24 Juin 1676.<ref name="origin"/> ==Internaitional relations== ===Twin touns — Sister ceeties=== Medellín is [[Twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi: * {{Flagicon|Spain}} [[Barcelona]], [[Spain]] <ref>{{Cite web|url= http://w3.bcn.es/XMLServeis/XMLHomeLinkPl/0,4022,229724149_257217612_2,00.html|title= Acuerdos de colaboración según la web del Ayuntamiento de Barcelona|accessdate= April 21, 2008|archive-date= 2009-02-12|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090212223512/http://w3.bcn.es/XMLServeis/XMLHomeLinkPl/0,4022,229724149_257217612_2,00.html|url-status= dead}}</ref> * {{Flagicon|Spain}} [[Bilbao]], [[Spain]] * {{Flagicon|Colombia}} [[Bogotá|Bogotá D.C]], [[Colombie]] * {{Flagicon|Argentina}} [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentinae]] * {{Flagicon|Colombia}} [[Cali]], [[Colombie]] * {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Fort Lauderdale]], [[Unitit States]] <ref>{{Cite web|url= http://www.sister-cities.org/icrc/directory/Americas|title= Sister cities|publisher= Online directory: the Americas (the member directory for sister cities in the Americas|accessdate= April 2, 2008|archive-date= 2008-03-03|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080303111913/http://www.sister-cities.org/icrc/directory/Americas|url-status= dead}}</ref> * {{Flagicon|Italy}} [[Milan]], [[Italy]] * {{Flagicon|India}} [[Hyderabad, Indie|Hyderabad]], [[Indie]] * {{Flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Varna]], [[Bulgarie]] * {{Flagicon|Mexico}} [[Monterrey]], [[Mexico]] * {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Miami]], [[Unitit States]] * {{Flagicon|Canada}} [[Toronto]], [[Canadae]] * {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Los Angeles]], [[Unitit States]] * {{Flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Tacuarembó]], [[Uruguay]] <ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.lanacion.com.ar/herramientas/printfriendly/printfriendly.asp?nota_id=580269|title = Hermandad entre ciudades|publisher = La Nación,|date = March 14, 2004|access-date = 2011-02-22|archive-date = 2008-06-04|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080604125833/http://www.lanacion.com.ar:80/herramientas/printfriendly/printfriendly.asp?nota_id=580269|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>[http://www.radiogardel.com/html/tacuarembo2.html Gardel en Tacuarembó] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723221742/http://www.radiogardel.com/html/tacuarembo2.html |date=2008-07-23 }}, Radio Gardel</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtin== {{Commons|Medellín}} * {{Wikivoyage|Medellín}} * [http://www.medellin.gov.co/irj/portal/medellinIngles?NavigationTarget=navurl://a3efff5124ede98238fc02b291da81a9 The ceety's offeecial govrenment wabsteid] {{en}} * [http://www.medellin.gov.co/ The ceety's offeecial govrenment wabsteid] {{es}} * [http://off2colombia.com/regions/the-coffee-route/medellin.html Off2Colombia Travellin tae Medellín] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204130507/http://off2colombia.com/regions/the-coffee-route/medellin.html |date=2010-12-04 }} * [http://colombiareports.com/ Colombie News in Inglis] {{en}} * [http://www.metrodemedellin.org.co Metro] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724032846/http://www.metrodemedellin.org.co/ |date=2008-07-24 }} {{es}} * [http://www.lovemedellin.com Medellín Cultur] {{en}} * [http://www.medellintraveler.com/ The Transformation o Medellin] {{en}} * [http://www.themedellinmap.com/ Map o Medellin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308020024/http://themedellinmap.com/ |date=2010-03-08 }} {{en}} * [http://www.rightlivelihood.org/recip/2006/festival.htm 2006 Right Livelihood Award winner La Festival Internacional de Poesía de Medellín] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070527174242/http://www.rightlivelihood.org/recip/2006/festival.htm |date=2007-05-27 }} * [http://www.newsweek.com/id/69552 Colombie’s Ceety On A Hill, ''Newsweek''] * [http://www.ffwdweekly.com/article/life-style/travel/paramilitaries-and-rebels-in-rehab-4005/ Paramilitaries and Rebels in Rehab] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111215142628/http://www.ffwdweekly.com/article/life-style/travel/paramilitaries-and-rebels-in-rehab-4005/ |date=2011-12-15 }} by Ashifa Kassam, ''Fast Forward Weekly'', 25 Juin 2009 * [http://www.dailymotion.com/user/Yann333/video/xa59d9_le-metro-de-medellin-colombie_travel Metro o Medellin (video)] {{Antioquia}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Medellin}} [[Category:Medellín]] [[Category:Municipalities o Antioquia]] [[Category:Populatit places in Antioquia]] [[Category:Metropolitan Aurie o Medellín]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1616]] [[Category:Caipitals o Colombie depairtments]] {{Stub/SoothAm}} {{Stub/Ceety}} hjkspcauqavkzjwieuagta6pihupdh7 Dubrovnik 0 15987 925466 885489 2026-10-30T13:36:31Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 Replace archive.today airtins wi Wayback Machine airtins 925466 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=December 2020}} {{Infobox settlement |name =Dubrovnik |official_name = Ceety o Dubrovnik<br />''Grad Dubrovnik'' |nickname = "Pearl o the Adriatic", "Thesaurum mundi" |settlement_type =Ceety |motto = |image_skyline =Dubrovnik crop.jpg |imagesize = |image_caption =The [[:en:Walls of Dubrovnik|wawed ceety]] o Dubrovnik |image_flag =St. Blaise - National Flag of the Ragusan Republic.png |flag_size =180px |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield =Dubrovnik grb.svg |shield_size =70px |city_logo = |citylogo_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption =1 |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x=|dot_y= |pushpin_map =Croatia |pushpin_label_position= |pushpin_map_caption=The location o Dubrovnik athin Croatie |pushpin_mapsize = |subdivision_type =Kintra |subdivision_name =[[Croatie]] |subdivision_type1 =Coonty |subdivision_name1 =[[Dubrovnik-Neretva Coonty]] |subdivision_language1=[[Croatie leid]] |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = |government_footnotes= |government_type = |leader_title =Mayor |leader_name =[[Andro Vlahušić]] ([[Croatian Fowkpairty – Leeberal Democrats|CPP]]) |leader_title1 =<!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title=<!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2=<!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3=<!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =<!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 =21.35 |area_land_km2 =<!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |population_as_of =2011 |population_footnotes =<ref name="census2011">{{Croatian Census 2011 First Results |accessdate=2011-09-15 |format=HTML |url=http://www.dzs.hr/Eng/censuses/census2011/htm/E11_Zup37_0981.html}}</ref> |population_total =42641 |population_density_km2 = |population_urban =28113 |population_density_urban_km2= |timezone =[[Central European Time|CET]] |utc_offset =+1 |timezone_DST =[[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]] |utc_offset_DST =+2 |coordinates = {{coord|42|38|25|N|18|06|30|E|region:HR|display=inline,title}} |elevation_footnotes= <!--for references: use tags--> |elevation_m = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type =Postal code |postal_code =20000 |area_code =020 |registration_plate=[[Vehicle registration plates o Croatie|DU]] |footnotes = }} '''Dubrovnik''' ({{IPA-sh|ˈdǔbroːʋniːk|hr}}) ([[Italian leid|Italian]]: ''Ragusa''), is a [[Croatie|Croatian]] ceety on the [[Adriatic Sea]] coast poseetioned at the terminal end o the [[Isthmus o Dubrovnik]]. It is ane o the maist prominent [[tourism|tourist]] destinations on the Adriatic, a [[Port|seaport]] an the centre o [[Dubrovnik-Neretva Coonty|Dubrovnik-Neretva coonty]]. Its population wis 43,770 in 2001,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dzs.hr/Eng/censuses/Census2001/Popis/E01_02_02/E01_02_02_zup19.html |title=Population by ethnicity, by towns/municipalities, census 2001 |year=2001 |publisher=Crostat - Croatia Central Bureau of Statistics |archiveurl=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110223162054/http://www.dzs.hr/Eng/censuses/Census2001/Popis/E01_02_02/E01_02_02_zup19.html |archivedate=2011-02-23 |accessdate=2010-02-15 |url-status=live }}</ref> doun frae 49,728 in 1991.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/encyclopedia.do?articleId=207947 |title=Encyclopedia, Dubrovnik |work=A&E Television Networks, History.com |publisher=Funk & Wagnalls' New Encyclopedia. World Almanac Education Group |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5nX41WakL?url=http://www.history.com/encyclopedia.do?articleId=207947 |archivedate=2010-02-14 |accessdate=2010-02-14 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1979, the ceety o Dubrovnik jyned the [[UNESCO]] leet o [[Warld Heritage Steid]]s. The prosperity o the ceety o Dubrovnik haes aaways been based on [[trade|maritime trade]]. In the [[Middle Ages]], as the [[Republic o Ragusa]], forby kent as [[Maritime Republics|Maritime Republic]] (thegither wi [[Amalfi]], [[Pisa]], [[Genoa]], [[Venice]] an ither ceeties), it becam the anerlie eastren Adriatic [[ceety-state]] tae rival Venice. Supportit bi its walth an skilled [[diplomacy]], the ceety achieved a remarkable level o development, parteecularly durin the 15t an 16t centuries. Awbeit demilitarised in the 1970s wi the intent o foriver protectin it frae war devastation, in 1991, efter the breakup o Yugoslavie, it wis [[Siege o Dubrovnik|besieged bi Serb-Montenegrin forces]] for 7 month an hivily damaged bi shellin. == Name == In [[Croatie leid|Croatian]], the ceety is kent as ''Dubrovnik''; in [[Italian leid|Italian]] as ''Ragusa'', an its historical name in [[Greek leid|Greek]] is ''Raiyia'' (Ραυγια) or ''Ragousa'' (Ραγουσα). The current Croatian name wis offeecially adoptit in 1918 efter the faw o [[Austrick–Hungary]]. It is referred tae as Dubrovnik in the first offeecial document o the treaty wi the Bosnian [[Ban Kulin]] an aa. ==Internaitional relations== {{See an aa|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Croatie}} ===Twin touns - sister ceeties=== Dubrovnik is [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi:<ref name="Dubrovnik">{{cite web|url=http://www.dubrovnik.hr/dubrovnik_info.php|title=Gradovi prijatelji Grada Dubrovnika|publisher=Grad Dubrovnik|language=Croatian|accessdate=2009-08-26|archive-date=2012-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814094159/http://www.dubrovnik.hr:80/dubrovnik_info.php?|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{Col-start}} {{Col-3}} *{{Flagicon|Italy}} [[Ravenna]], [[Italy]] <small>''(syne 1967)''<ref name="Dubrovnik"/></small> *{{Flagicon|Croatia}} [[Vukovar]], Croatie <small>''(syne 1993)''<ref name="Dubrovnik"/></small> *{{Flagicon|Austria}} [[Graz]], [[Austrick]] <small>''(syne 1994)''<ref name="Dubrovnik"/><ref name="Graz">{{cite web |url=http://www.graz.at/cms/beitrag/10045157/606819/ |title=Twin Towns - Graz Online - English Version |publisher=www.graz.at |accessdate=2010-01-05 |archive-date=2009-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091108153010/http://www.graz.at/cms/beitrag/10045157/606819/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> </small> {{Col-3}} *{{Flagicon|Sweden}} [[Helsingborg]], [[Swaden]] <small>''(syne 1996)''<ref name="Dubrovnik"/></small> *{{Flagicon|Italy}} [[Ragusa, Italy|Ragusa]], [[Italy]] <small>''(syne 2000)''<ref name="Dubrovnik"/></small> *{{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Bad Homburg vor der Höhe|Bad Homburg]], [[Germany]] <small>''(syne 2002)''<ref name="Dubrovnik"/></small> {{Col-3}} *{{Flagicon|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} [[Sarajevo]], [[Bosnie an Herzegovinae]] <small>''(syne 2007)''<ref name="Dubrovnik"/></small> *{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Monterey, Californie|Monterey]], [[Californie]], [[Unitit States]] <small>''(syne 2007)''<ref name="Dubrovnik"/></small> *{{Flagicon|France}} [[Rueil-Malmaison]], [[Fraunce]] <small>''(syne 2011)''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dubrovacki.hr/clanak/25962/dubrovnik-se-pobratimio-s-francuskim-rueil-malmaisonom |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-03-01 |archive-date=2011-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721100409/http://www.dubrovacki.hr/clanak/25962/dubrovnik-se-pobratimio-s-francuskim-rueil-malmaisonom |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{Col-end}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Dubrovnik| ]] [[Category:Ceeties an touns in Croatie]] [[Category:Populatit coastal places in Croatie]] [[Category:Populatit places in Dubrovnik-Neretva Coonty]] [[Category:Maritime Republics]] [[Category:Warld Heritage Steids in Croatie]] [[Category:Medieval defences]] [[Category:Port ceeties an touns o the Adriatic Sea]] {{Stub/Balk}} {{Stub/Ceety}} ipg03q5bwpczctk1hckg3lmcbisaoxc Ulster-Scots fowk 0 16274 925558 898273 2026-10-31T03:18:03Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 925558 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Ulster-Scots fowk''' are an ethnic group in Ireland, douned frae Lawland Scots and Inglis fowk, mony o thaim frae the [[Scots Borders|Borders]]. Thay're the first fowk tae occupee Ireland in the Plantation o Ulster. Nouadays, maist still bide in Ulster, but some bide in [[Scotland]] and the [[Unitit States]]. [[Image:Flag of Ulster.svg|thumbnail|right|The Provincial flag o Ulster]] [[Image:Ulster scots.JPG|thumbnail|right|An Ulster-Scots banner (unofeecial) in Northren Ireland.]] ==Cultur== Interminglin wi ither Irish fowk hae made it difficult tae tell whit are sindry pairts of the Ulster-Scots cultur. ===Leid=== [[Ulster Scots leid|Ulster-Scots]] is the main leid o the Ulster-Scots folk. Ulster-Scots is a [[Scots#Hamelt_leids|hamelt leid]] o the Scots leid, but eneuch sindry frae the 'staundart' leid. It's kent as ''Ullans'' an aw, a combination o the wurds ''Ulster'' and ''Lallans''. ===Releegion=== As wi [[Scots fowk]], the main releegion o the Ulster-Scots fowk is the [[Kirk o Scotland]] or ither forms o [[Presbyterianism]], but a curn folk are members o the Kirk o Ireland. ==Demographics== The're estimated tae be aboot 6.53 million Ulster Scots folk in the warld (includin yon o Ulster Scots strynd), 350,000-450,000 o thaim in Ulster the sel o it. ==See as weel== * [[Ulster Scots Agency]] ==Fremit Airtins== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20181224221612/https://www.ulsterscotsagency.com/%20 The Boord o the Ulster-Scots leid, ''The Boord o Ulstèr-Scotch''] * [http://www.arts.ulster.ac.uk/ulsterscots Varsity o Ulster Ulster-Scots Institute] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524045522/http://www.arts.ulster.ac.uk/ulsterscots/ |date=2011-05-24 }} * [http://www.artscouncil-ni.org Airts Cooncil o Northren Ireland] {{DEFAULTSORT:Ulster Scots Fowk}} [[Category:Ulster Scots fowk| ]] [[Category:Scots diaspora]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Ireland]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in the Unitit Kinrick]] djog64emfjwjp3i0ocypd3btkt61bbd The North/Sooth Leid Body 0 16284 925554 852420 2026-10-31T01:57:36Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 925554 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''North/Sooth Leid Body''' ([[Ulster Scots leid|Ulster Scots]]: ''Tha Boord o Leid'', [[Erse leid|Erse]]: ''An Foras Teanga'') is an implementation cooncil, stairtit by the Belfast Greement, that implements policies regairdin the Ulster Scots an Erse leids. It is a single group, but splitten intae twa agencies; [[Foras na Gaelige]], the Erse body, an the [[Ulster Scots Agency]]. ==Fremmit airtins== *[http://www.northsouthministerialcouncil.org/index/north-south-bodies/language_body.htm Leid Body - North-Sooth Ministerial Cooncil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629155525/http://www.northsouthministerialcouncil.org/index/north-south-bodies/language_body.htm |date=2007-06-29 }} *[http://www.gaeilge.ie Foras na Gaeilge] - offeecial wabsteid *[https://web.archive.org/web/20181224221612/https://www.ulsterscotsagency.com/%20 Tha Boord o Ulstèr-Scotch] - offeecial wabsteid {{DEFAULTSORT:North Sooth Leid Body, The}} [[Category:Leid regulators]] [[Category:Leids o Ireland]] [[Category:Leids o Northren Ireland]] [[Category:Northren Ireland peace process]] [[Category:Aw-Ireland organisations]] 3yk1ed8k7qo6l167ypd6bvpr0dlwswh Rotterdam 0 16319 925471 918622 2026-10-30T13:36:54Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 Replace archive.today airtins wi Wayback Machine airtins 925471 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> <!-- Name and transliteration --> | name = Rotterdam | settlement_type = [[Ceeties o the Netherlands|Ceety]] an [[Leet o municipalities o the Netherlands|Municipality]] <!-- Images, nickname, motto --> | image_skyline = Erasmusbrug seen from Euromast.jpg | image_alt = | image_caption = Rotterdam skyline bi nicht wi the [[Erasmus Brig]] (left) athort the [[Nieuwe Maas]] in 2012 | image_flag =Flag_of_Rotterdam.svg | flag_size = 100x67px | flag_alt = | image_shield = Rotterdam wapen.svg | shield_size = 100x80px | shield_alt = | nickname = Rotown, Roffa, Rotjeknor | motto = Sterker door strijd ''(Stranger through struggle)'' <!-- Maps, coordinates --> | image_map = LocatieRotterdam-2010.png | map_alt = Heichlichtit poseetion o Rotterdam in a municipal cairt o Sooth Holland | map_caption = Location in Sooth Holland | coordinates = {{coord|51|55|N|4|30|E|region:NL|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = [[Leet o sovereign states|Kintra]] | subdivision_name = [[Netherlands]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces o the Netherlands|Province]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Sooth Holland]] | parts_type = <!-- defaults to: Boroughs --> | parts_style = coll | parts = 14 [[Govrenment o Rotterdam#Boroughs|Destricts]] |p1=[[Rotterdam Centrum|Centrum]] |p2=[[Charlois]] |p3=[[Delfshaven]] |p4=[[Feijenoord district|Feijenoord]] |p5=[[Hillegersberg-Schiebroek]] |p6=[[Hoogvliet]] |p7=[[Huik o Holland]] |p8=[[IJsselmonde, Rotterdam|IJsselmonde]] |p9=[[Kralingen-Crooswijk]] |p10=[[Noord, Rotterdam|Noord]] |p11=[[Overschie]] |p12=[[Pernis, Netherlands|Pernis]] |p13=[[Prins Alexander]] |p14=[[Rozenburg]] | government_footnotes = <ref name="mayor_now">{{cite web |url = http://www.rotterdam.nl/collegebenw |title = College van b en w |trans_title = Board of mayor and aldermen |language = Dutch |author = |date = |work = |publisher = Gemeente Rotterdam |accessdate = 21 August 2013 |archive-date = 2015-01-01 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150101172852/http://www.rotterdam.nl/collegebenw |url-status = dead }}</ref> | governing_body = [[Municipal council (Netherlands)|Municipal council]] | leader_party = [[Labour Pairty (Netherlands)|PvdA]] | leader_title = [[Burgemeester|Mayor]] | leader_name = [[Ahmed Aboutaleb]] | leader_title1 = [[Wethouder|Aldermen]] | leader_name1 = {{Collapsible list |title=List of aldermen |1= [[Jeannette Baljeu]] |2= [[Alexandra van Huffelen]] |3= [[Hugo de Jonge]] |4= [[Antoinette Laan]] |5= [[Korrie Louwes]] |6= [[Marco Florijn]] |7= [[Hamit Karakus]] |8= [[Richard Moti]] }} <!-- Geographic information --> | total_type = Municipality<!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> | unit_pref = Metric <!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --> <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | area_footnotes = <ref>{{Dutch municipality total area|dataref}}</ref><ref name="tno_randstad">{{cite techreport |author1=Anita Bouman–Eijs |author2=Thijmen van Bree |author3=Wouter Jonkhoff |author4=Olaf Koops |author5=Walter Manshanden |author6=Elmer Rietveld |url=http://www.zuidvleugel.nl/sites/www.zuidvleugel.nl/files/article/downloads/top_20_europese_grootstedelijke_regios_1995_2011_tno_2012_r11155.pdf |title=De Top 20 van Europese grootstedelijke regio's 1995–2011; Randstad Holland in internationaal perspectief |language=Dutch |trans_title=Top 20 of European metropolitan regions 1995–2011; Randstad Holland compared internationally |date=17 December 2012 |publisher=[[Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research|TNO]] |place=Delft |accessdate=25 July 2013 |archive-date=2014-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303212054/http://www.zuidvleugel.nl/sites/www.zuidvleugel.nl/files/article/downloads/top_20_europese_grootstedelijke_regios_1995_2011_tno_2012_r11155.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> <!-- square kilometers --> | area_total_km2 = {{Dutch municipality total area|Rotterdam}} | area_land_km2 = {{Dutch municipality land area|Rotterdam}} | area_water_km2 = {{Dutch municipality water area|Rotterdam}} | area_blank1_title = [[Randstad]] | area_blank1_km2 = 3043 | elevation_footnotes = <ref name="AHN">{{cite web |url = http://www.ahn.nl/postcodetool |title = Postcodetool for 3011AD |trans_title = |language = Dutch |author = <!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date = |work = Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland |publisher = Het Waterschapshuis |accessdate = 20 August 2013 |archive-date = 2013-09-21 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053543/http://www.ahn.nl/postcodetool |url-status = dead }}</ref> | elevation_m = 0 | elevation_max_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | elevation_max_m = | elevation_min_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | elevation_min_m = <!-- Population, demographics --> | population_footnotes = <ref name="tno_randstad"/><ref>{{Dutch municipality population|dataref}}</ref><ref>{{Dutch municipality population urbanmetro|dataref}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Over de Metropoolregio Rotterdam Den Haag|url=http://mrdh.nl/over-mrdh|publisher=MRDH.nl|quote=De Metropoolregio Rotterdam Den Haag is het gebied dat nu de huidige stadregio’s Rotterdam en Haaglanden omvat. Binnen dat gebied gaan de 24 gemeenten hun krachten bundelen in het samenwerkingsverband Metropoolregio Rotterdam Den Haag om de internationale concurrentiepositie van de regio te versterken. De Metropoolregio regio heeft 2,2 miljoen inwoners.|date=2014|accessdate=7 October 2014}}</ref> | population_total = {{Dutch municipality population|Rotterdam}} | population_as_of = Municipality, {{MONTHNAME|{{Dutch municipality population|popbasemonth}}}} {{YEAR|{{Dutch municipality population|popbaseyear}}}}; Urban an Metro, {{MONTHNAME|{{Dutch municipality population urbanmetro|popbasemonth}}}} {{YEAR|{{Dutch municipality population urbanmetro|popbaseyear}}}}; Randstad, 2011 | population_density_km2 = {{Dutch municipality population density|Rotterdam}} <!-- For automatic calculation: auto--> | population_urban = {{Dutch municipality population urbanmetro|Rotterdam Urban}} | population_metro = {{Dutch municipality population urbanmetro|Rotterdam Metro}} | population_blank1_title = {{nobreak|[[:nl:Metropoolregio Rotterdam-Den Haag|Metropolitan region]]}} | population_blank1 = 2261844 | population_blank2_title = [[Randstad]] | population_blank2 = 6979500 | population_demonym = Rotterdammer <!-- Other information --> | timezone1 = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset1 = +1 | timezone1_DST = [[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]] | utc_offset1_DST = +2 | postal_code_type = [[Postal codes in the Netherlands|Postcode]] | postal_code = 3000–3099 | area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in the Netherlands|Aurie code]] | area_code = 010 | website = {{URL|1=http://www.rotterdam.nl}} | footnotes = }} '''Rotterdam''' ({{pron-en|ˈrɒtərdæm}}; Dutch {{IPA-nl|ˌrɔtərˈdɑm||Nl-Rotterdam.ogg}}) is the [[Leet o ceeties in the Netherlands wi ower 100,000 fowk|seicont-lairgest]] ceety in the [[Netherlands]] an the lairgest port in [[Europe]]. Stairtin as a [[dam]] on the [[Rotte (river)|Rotte]] river, Rotterdam haes grown intae a major internaitional commercial centre. Its strategic location at the [[Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta]] on the [[North Sea]] an at the hert o a massive rail, road, air an inland watterwey distribution seestem extendin throughoot Europe means that Rotterdam can richtly be cried the gatewey tae Europe. == Internaitional relations == Rotterdam haes the follaein ceety an port connections throughoot the warld: * 14 sister ceeties * 13 pairtner ceeties * 4 sister ports The [[Unitit Kinrick|Breetish]] baund [[The Beautiful South]] recordit a sang named efter this region. === Twin touns – sister ceeties === Rotterdam is [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi: {| cellpadding="10" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | * {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Cologne]], [[Germany]] 1958 * {{flagicon|Luxembourg}} [[Esch-sur-Alzette]], [[Luxembourg]] 1958 * {{flagicon|France}} [[Lille]], [[Fraunce]] 1958{{citation needed}} * {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Turin]], [[Italy]] 1958 <ref name="ct-tc">[http://www.comune.torino.it/relint/inglese/index.shtml Turin City Hall – International Affairs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226083647/http://www.comune.torino.it/relint/inglese/index.shtml |date=2009-02-26 }} {{en icon}} Retrieved on 2008-01-26.</ref> || * {{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Liège]], [[Belgium]] 1958 * {{flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Burgas]], [[Bulgarie]] 1976 * {{flagicon|Romania}} [[Constanţa|Constanta]], [[Romanie]] 1976 * {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Gdańsk]], [[Poland]] 1977<ref name="Gdańsk">{{cite web|url=http://www.gdansk.pl/samorzad,62,733.html|title=Gdańsk Official Website: 'Miasta partnerskie'|publisher=[[copyright|©]] 2009 [http://www.gdansk.pl/ Urząd Miejski w Gdańsku]|language=Polish & English|accessdate=2009-07-11|archive-date=2013-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723091807/http://www.gdansk.pl/samorzad%2C62%2C733.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> || * {{flagicon|China}} [[Shanghai]], [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|Cheenae]] 1979 * {{flagicon|Cuba}} [[Havana]], [[Cuba]] 1983<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090115072746/http://www.granma.cu/espanol/2008/marzo/mar11/rotterdam.html Granma – En La Habana vicealcalde de la ciudad de Rotterdam] -La delegación visitante hará la entrega oficial de una donación de implementos deportivos, en momentos en que se celebra el aniversario 25 de las relaciones entre ambas urbes</ref> * {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Saunt Petersburg]], [[Roushie]] 1966<ref name="saint_petersburg">{{cite web |url=http://eng.gov.spb.ru/figures/ities |title=Saint Petersburg in figures – International and Interregional Ties |publisher=Saint Petersburg City Government |accessdate=2008-03-23 |archive-date=2009-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224073839/http://eng.gov.spb.ru:80/figures/ities |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{flagicon|USA}} [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]] [[Unitit States|USA]] 1985<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.baltimorecity.gov/government/intl/sistercities.php|title=Baltimore City Mayor's Office of International and Immigrant Affairs – Sister Cities Program|accessdate=2008-10-16|archive-date=2008-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080807173931/http://www.baltimorecity.gov/government/intl/sistercities.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> || * {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]], [[Spain]] * {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Dresden]], [[Germany]] 1988 <ref name="Dresden">{{cite web|url=http://www.dresden.de/en/02/11/c_03.php|title=''Dresden – Partner Cities''|publisher=[[copyright|©]] 2008 Landeshauptstadt Dresden|accessdate=2008-12-29|archive-date=2008-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081016001550/http://www.dresden.de/en/02/11/c_03.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]] 2005<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greatistanbul.com/sister_cities.htm|title=Sister Cities of Istanbul|accessdate=2007-09-08|archive-date=2010-01-17|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5mq0Igk9U?url=http://www.greatistanbul.com/sister_cities.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=94185|publisher=Radikal|language=Turkish|date=2003-11-03|quote=49 sister cities in 2003|title=İstanbul'a 49 kardeş|last=Erdem|first=Selim Efe}}</ref> * {{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Surabaya]], [[Indonesie]] * {{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Szeged]], [[Hungary]] * {{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Kuching]], [[Malaysie]] |} === Pairtner ceeties === {| cellpadding="10" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | * {{flagicon|UK}} [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]], [[Unitit Kinrick]] 1936<ref name="Hull">{{cite web|url = http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/hullinprint/archive/dec2006/christmas_around_the_world.php|title = Christmas around the world|work = Hull in print|accessdate = 2007-09-30|year = 2003|publisher = Kingston upon Hull City Council|archive-date = 2008-05-16|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080516112628/http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/hullinprint/archive/dec2006/christmas_around_the_world.php|url-status = dead}}</ref> * {{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Antwerp]], [[Belgium]] 1940 * {{flagicon|Switzerland}} [[Basel]], [[Swisserland]] 1945 * {{flagicon|Norway}} [[Oslo]], [[Norawa]] 1945<ref name="int_coop">[http://www.oslo.kommune.no/the_city_of_oslo/international_cooperation/ Partners – Oslo kommune] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090102135652/http://www.oslo.kommune.no/the_city_of_oslo/international_cooperation/ |date=2009-01-02 }}</ref> || * {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Duisburg]], [[Germany]] 1950 * {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Nuremberg]], [[Germany]] 1961 * {{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesie]] 1983 * {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Osaka]], [[Japan]] 1984 || * {{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Budapest]], [[Hungary]] 1991 * {{flagicon|Slovakia}} [[Bratislava]], [[Slovakie]] 1991 <ref name="Bratislava">{{cite web|url=http://www.bratislava-city.sk/bratislava-twin-towns|title=''Bratislava City – Twin Towns''|publisher=[[copyright|©]] 2003–2008 Bratislava-City.sk|accessdate=2008-10-26}}</ref> * {{flagicon|South Africa}} [[Durban]], [[Sooth Africae]] 1991 * {{flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Prague]], [[Czech Republic]] 1991<ref name="Prague">{{cite web| author =www.praha-mesto.cz| title =Partner cities| url =http://magistrat.praha-mesto.cz/72647_Partnerska-mesta| accessdate = 2008-10-09}}</ref> || * {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentinae]] 1990 |} === Sister ports === {| cellpadding="10" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | * {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Kobe]], [[Japan]] 1967<ref>[http://www.city.kobe.jp/cityoffice/17/020/en/international/worldmap.htm City of Kobe] – "Sister City, Friendly City, Friendship & Cooperation City". Retrieved February 15, 2007.</ref> * {{flagicon|USA}} [[Seattle]], [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]] [[Unitit States|USA]] 1969 <sup>[[Leet o Seattle sister ceeties#Sister Ports|Seattle Leet]]</sup> * {{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Busan]], [[Republic o Korea|Sooth Korea]] 1987<ref>[http://www.busanport.com/service?id=en_sister_01 Port of Busan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203230001/http://www.busanport.com/service?id=en_sister_01 |date=2010-12-03 }}, Sister Ports, Busan</ref> * {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]] 1989 |} == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Rotterdam| ]] [[Category:Ceeties in the Netherlands]] [[Category:Municipalities o Sooth Holland]] [[Category:Populatit places in Sooth Holland]] [[Category:Port ceeties an touns in the Netherlands]] [[Category:Port ceeties an touns o the North Sea]] {{Stub/LawK}} {{Stub/Ceety}} j11ayyfrf9j9cxrps1jwoheq3j3mr1z Ouagadougou 0 18261 925472 923493 2026-10-30T13:36:56Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 Replace archive.today airtins wi Wayback Machine airtins 925472 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Ouagadougou |other_name = |native_name = |settlement_type = Caipital o Burkina Faso |nickname = Ouaga |settlement_type = Ceety |motto = |image_skyline = |imagesize = 300px |image_caption = ''Place des cineastes'' |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_map = <!-- BurkinaFaso-Ouagadougou.png --> |mapsize = 150px |map_caption = <!-- Location of Ouagadougou in Burkina Faso --> |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Burkina Faso |pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> |pushpin_map_caption = Location within Burkina Faso |pushpin_mapsize = 300 |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = {{flag|Burkina Faso}} |subdivision_type1 = Region |subdivision_name1 = [[Centre Region (Burkina Faso)|Centre Region]] |subdivision_type2 = Province |subdivision_name2 = [[Kadiogo]] |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = [[Casimir Marin Ilboudo]] (syne 2013) |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = metric <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = 219.3 |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = 2805 |area_metro_sq_mi = |population_as_of = 2012 |population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&srt=pnan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&sbj=pg&geo=-31|title=World Gazetteer|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518200604/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&srt=pnan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&sbj=pg&geo=-31|archivedate=2013-01-11|access-date=2014-07-29|url-status=live}}</ref> |population_note = |population_total = 1626950 |population_density_km2 = 6727 |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = 1727390 |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title = |population_blank1 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = |timezone = |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|12|21|26|N|1|32|7|W|region:BF|display=inline,title}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use<ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = 305 |elevation_ft = |postal_code_type = |postal_code = |area_code = +226 50 |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website =[http://www.mairie-ouaga.bf Official website] |footnotes = }} '''Ouagadougou''' ({{IPAc-en|icon|ˌ|w|ɑː|ɡ|ə|ˈ|d|uː|ɡ|uː}}; [[Mòoré language|Mossi]]: {{IPA-mos|ˈwaɡᵊdᵊɡᵊ|}}) is the [[Caipital ceety|caipital]] o [[Burkina Faso]] an the admeenistrative, communications, cultural an economic centre o the naition. It is an aa the kintra's lairgest ceety, wi a population o 1,475,223 (2006).<ref name="c2006">[http://www.insd.bf/Documents/Publications/INSD/Publications/Resultats_enquetes/Autres%20enq/Rapport_preliminaire_RGPH06.pdf National 2006 census final results] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721185435/http://www.insd.bf/Documents/Publications/INSD/Publications/Resultats_enquetes/Autres%20enq/Rapport_preliminaire_RGPH06.pdf |date=2015-07-21 }}</ref> The ceety's name is aften shortened tae ''Ouaga''. The indwallers are cried ''ouagalais''. The spellin o the name ''Ouagadougou'' is derived frae the [[French leid|French]] orthography common in umwhile French African colonies. If Inglis orthography wur uised (as in Ghana or Nigerie), the spellin wad be ''Wagadugu''.<ref name="Com">Commune Ouagadougou (2005). Mairie de Ouagadougou. Retrieved March 19, 2006 from [http://www.mairie-Ouaga.bf Mairie de Ouagadougou] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028013056/https://mairie-ouaga.bf/ |date=2021-10-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629001118/http://www.mairie-ouaga.bf/ |date=2011-06-29 }} {{fr icon}}</ref> Ouagadougou's primary industries are [[fuid processin]] an [[textiles]]. It is served bi an [[Ouagadougou Airport|internaitional airport]], rail links tae [[Abidjan]] in [[Côte d'Ivoire]] an tae [[Kaya, Burkina Faso|Kaya]] in the north o Burkina, an a heich-gate tae [[Niamey]], [[Niger]]. Ouagadougou wis the steid o Ouagadougou grand mercat, ane o the lairgest mercats in [[Wast Africae]], which burned in 2003 an remains closed. Ither attractions include the Naitional Museum o Burkina Faso, the Moro-Naba Palace (steid o the [[Moro-Naba Ceremony]]), the [[Naitional Museum o Muisic]], an several [[craft]] mercats. ==History== [[File:NE 1200ad.jpg|right|500px|thumb|Near East in 1200 CE, showin the Kinrick o Wagadugu an its neighbors.]] The name ''Ouagadougou'' dates back tae the 15t century when the Ninsi tribes inhabitit the aurie. They wur in constant conflict till 1441 when Wubri, a Yonyonse hero an an important figur in [[Burkina Faso]]’s history, led his tribe tae victory. He then renamed the aurie frae “Kumbee-Tenga,” as the Ninsi haed cried it, tae “Wogodogo,” meanin "where fowk get honor an respect." ''Ouagadougou'' is a [[Francophone]] o Wogodogo. The ceety became the caipital o the [[Mossi Empire]] in 1441 an wis the permanent residence o the Mossi emperors (Moro-Naba) frae 1681.<ref name="wikifr">{{cite web | url=http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouagadougou | title=French Wikipedia page | accessdate=2010-07-13}}</ref> The [[Moro-Naba Ceremony]] is still performed ivery Friday bi the Moro-Naba an his court. The French made Ouagadougou the caipital o the [[Upper Volta]] territory (basically the same aurie as contemporary independent Burkina Faso) in 1919. In 1954 the railwey line frae [[Côte d'Ivoire]] reached the ceety. The population o Ouagadougou doubled frae 1954 tae 1960 an haes been doublin syne aboot ivery ten years.<ref name="wikifr"/> ==Geography== Ouagadougou, situatit on the central plateau (12.4° N 1.5° W), grew aroond the imperial palace o the [[Mogho Naaba]]. Being an admeenistrative centre o colonial rule, it became an important urban centre in the post-colonial era. First the caipital o the [[Mossi Kinricks]] an later o Upper Volta an Burkina Faso, Ouagadougou became a veritable communal centre in 1995. ==Government== The first municipal elections wur held in 1956. Ouagadougou is govrened bi a mayor, who is electit for a five-year term, twa senior councillors, an 90 cooncillors. The ceety is dividit intae five arrondissements, consistin o 30 sectors, which are subdividit intae destricts. Destricts o Ouagadougou include Gounghin, Kamsaoghin, Koulouba, Moemmin, Niogsin, Paspanga, Peuloghin, Bilbalogho, an Tiendpalogo. Seiventeen veelages comprise the Ouagadougou metropolitan aurie, which is aboot 219.3&nbsp;km². The population o this aurie is estimatit tae be 1,475,000 indwallers, 48% o which are men an 52% weemen. The rural population is aboot 5% an the urban population aboot 95% o the total, an the density is 6,727 indwallers per square kilometer, accordin tae 2006 census. Concernin ceety management, the communes o Ouagadougou hae made the decision tae invest in huge projects. This is lairgely acause Ouagadougou constitutes a 'cultural centre' bi merit o hauldin the [[SIAO]] (Internaitional Airts an Crafts fair) an the [[FESPACO]] (Panafrican Film an Telly Festival o Ouagadougou). Mairower, the growin affluence o the veelages allou for such investment, an the fact that the population is growin rapidly necessitates it.<ref name="Com" /> {| class="wikitable" |- |+ The Arrondissements o Ouagadougou |- ! {{highlight1}} | Arrondissement ! {{highlight1}} | Population (Census 2006)<ref name="c2006" /> |- | Baskuy || 180,512 |- | Bogodogo || 374,473 |- | Boulmiougou || 366,182 |- | Nongremassom|| 188,329 |- | Sig-Noghin|| 163,859 |} ==Climate== The [[Burkina Faso#Geography an climate|climate o Ouagadougou]] is hot. Unner the [[Köppen climate classification]] the ceety featurs a [[tropical savanna climate]]. The ceety is pairt o the Soudano-Sahelian aurie, wi a rainfaw o aboot 900&nbsp;mm (35&nbsp;in) per year. The rainy saison stretches frae Mey tae October, wi an average temperatur o 30&nbsp;°C (86&nbsp;°F). The cauld saison runs frae December tae Januar, wi a minimum temperatur o 19&nbsp;°C (66&nbsp;°F). The maximum temperatur durin the hot saison, which runs frae Mairch tae Mey, can reach 45&nbsp;°C (113&nbsp;°F). The [[harmattan]] (a dry wind) an the [[monsuin]] are the twa main factors that determine Ouagadougou's climate." {{Weather box |location = Ouagadougou |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan record high C = 45 |Feb record high C = 45 |Mar record high C = 45 |Apr record high C = 47 |May record high C = 48 |Jun record high C = 44 |Jul record high C = 41 |Aug record high C = 38 |Sep record high C = 39 |Oct record high C = 41 |Nov record high C = 42 |Dec record high C = 45 |Jan high C=32.2 |Feb high C=36.3 |Mar high C=38.4 |Apr high C=39.1 |May high C=37.3 |Jun high C=34.3 |Jul high C=31.8 |Aug high C=30.9 |Sep high C=32 |Oct high C=35.4 |Nov high C=35.9 |Dec high C=33.6 |Jan mean C=24.6 |Feb mean C=27.7 |Mar mean C=30.7 |Apr mean C=32.4 |May mean C=31.4 |Jun mean C=29.1 |Jul mean C=27.1 |Aug mean C=26.4 |Sep mean C=26.9 |Oct mean C=28.9 |Nov mean C=27.5 |Dec mean C=25.1 |Jan low C=16.1 |Feb low C=19.1 |Mar low C=23 |Apr low C=25.7 |May low C=25.5 |Jun low C=23.9 |Jul low C=22.4 |Aug low C=21.9 |Sep low C=21.9 |Oct low C=22.5 |Nov low C=19.2 |Dec low C=16.7 |Jan record low C = 9 |Feb record low C = 12 |Mar record low C = 15 |Apr record low C = 15 |May record low C = 19 |Jun record low C = 17 |Jul record low C = 18 |Aug record low C = 14 |Sep record low C = 19 |Oct record low C = 18 |Nov record low C = 16 |Dec record low C = 11 |precipitation colour=green |Jan precipitation mm=0 |Feb precipitation mm=2 |Mar precipitation mm=5 |Apr precipitation mm=23 |May precipitation mm=71 |Jun precipitation mm=110 |Jul precipitation mm=176 |Aug precipitation mm=227 |Sep precipitation mm=139 |Oct precipitation mm=33 |Nov precipitation mm=1 |Dec precipitation mm=1 |unit precipitation days= 0.1 mm |Jan precipitation days=0 |Feb precipitation days=0.1 |Mar precipitation days=0.5 |Apr precipitation days=0.6 |May precipitation days=3.3 |Jun precipitation days=4.8 |Jul precipitation days=8 |Aug precipitation days=10.9 |Sep precipitation days=5.7 |Oct precipitation days=1.3 |Nov precipitation days=0 |Dec precipitation days=0 |Jan humidity=30.5 |Feb humidity=28.5 |Mar humidity=29.5 |Apr humidity=39.5 |May humidity=52.5 |Jun humidity=61 |Jul humidity=70 |Aug humidity=74 |Sep humidity=69.5 |Oct humidity=58 |Nov humidity=44 |Dec humidity=34.5 |Jand sun=9 |Febd sun=9 |Mard sun=9 |Aprd sun=8 |Mayd sun=9 |Jund sun=8 |Juld sun=7 |Augd sun=6 |Sepd sun=7 |Octd sun=9 |Novd sun=9 |Decd sun=8 | source 1 = ''Climate-Data.org'', altitude: 298m<ref>{{cite web|title=Climate: Ouagadougou - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table|url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/512/|publisher=Climate-Data.org|accessdate=10 October 2013}}</ref> | source 2 = ''BBC Weather'' for humididty, sunshine, precipitation days and records<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/2357048 | title =Average Conditions Ouagadougou | publisher =BBC Weather | accessdate =10 October 2013}}</ref> }} ==Tourism== ===Parks=== The Bangr-Weoogo urban pairk (aurie: 2.63 km2 (1 sq mi)), afore colonialism, belanged tae the Mosse chiefs. Considerin it a sacred forest, mony went there for traditional initiations or for refuge. The French colonists, disregardin its local significance an history, established it as a pairk in the 1930s. In 1985, renovations wur done in the pairk. In January 2001, the pairk wis renamed “Parc Urbain Bangr-Weoogo,” meanin "the urban pairk o the forest o knowledge." Anither notable pairk in Ouagadougou is the “L’Unité Pédagogique”, which shelters animals in a semi-free state. This botanic gairden/biosphere seestem stretches ower 8 hectares (20 acres) an an aw serves as a museum for the kintra’s history. “Jardin de l’amitié Ouaga-Loudun” (Garden o Ouaga-Loudun Friendship), wi a green space that wis renovatit in 1996, is a seembol o the twin-ceety relationship atween Ouagadougou an Loudun in Fraunce. It is situatit in the centre o the ceety, near the “Naition Unies’ crossroads.” ===Ither steids=== “Naba Koom” is a statue depictin a wumman handlin a [[calabash]] tae pour watter. The 6-metre (20&nbsp;ft) heich statue faces the railway station, walcomin travellers intae Ouaga. The place bears the name o an important chief in Burkina Faso’s history. “Laongo”, 30&nbsp;km (19&nbsp;mi) east o the ceety, features enormous granite slabs that wur designed bi various sculptors. The exhibit displays wirks o airt frae five continents.<ref name="Com" /> “La Place du Grand Lyon” is a monument that reflects the relationship atween Burkina Faso’s caipital an Lyon in Fraunce. It is locatit near the French cultural Centre [[Georges Méliès]] an featurs an imposin lion. A zoo cried “Parc Animalier de Ziniaré” is locatit 30&nbsp;km (19&nbsp;mi) east o the ceety in the hametoun o the preses. * [[Naitional Museum o Music]]: exhibits aw the muisical instruments o Burkina Faso. * [[Musée de Manega]]: an aa exhibits musical instruments o Burkina Faso, Mossi rifles an ither cultural items. Located 55&nbsp;km (34&nbsp;mi) northwast o the ceety === Sichts o Ouagadougou === {| | [[File:ouagadougou place nations unies.JPG|thumb|The Place des Nations Unies in the centre o the ceety.]] | [[File:Burkina Faso - transport of chickens.jpg|thumb|upright|A [[Burkinabé]] man transportin chickens]] | [[File:Ouagadougou house.jpg|upright|thumb|Hoosin in Ouagadougou]] | [[File:Strasse ouaga001 2007-02.JPG|thumb|A side street.]] |} {| | [[File:Cathedrale-Ouagadougou.JPG|thumb|[[Ouagadougou Cathedral]]]] | | [[File:Mittelholzer-ouagadougou.jpg|thumb|Ouagadougou in late December 1930 or early Januar 1931. Air photo taken bi Swiss pilot an photographer [[Walter Mittelholzer]].]] |} {| | [[File:Ouagadougou SPOT 1087.jpg|thumb|Ouagadougou seen frae [[SPOT (satellites)|SPOT Satellite]].]] |} ==Social life an education== ===Education=== Though literacy in Ouagadougou is no heich, thare are ten universities in the ceety. The lairgest college is the state [[University o Ouagadougou]] which wis foondit in 1974. The offeecial leid in the ceety is French an the principal local leids are [[More leid|More]], [[Dioula leid|Dyula]] an [[Fula leid|Fulfulde]]. The bilingual program in schuils (French plus ane o the local leids) wis established in 1994.<ref name="Com" /> ===Sport, cultur, an leisur=== A wide array o sports, includin [[association fitbaw]], [[basketbaw]], an [[volleybaw]], is played bi Ouagadougou indwallers. Thare are sports tournaments an activities organized bi the local authorities. Thare are a nummer o cultural an airt venues, such as the Maison du Peuple an Salle des Banquets, in addition tae performances o mony genres o muisic, includin traditional fowk muisic, modren muisic, an [[Hip hop muisic|rap]].<ref name="Com" /> ===Airt an crafts=== Several internaitional festivals an activities are organized athin the municipality, such as [[FESPACO]] (Panafrican Film an Television Festival o Ouagadougou), which is Africae's lairgest festival o this type, [[SIAO]] (Internaitional Airt an Craft Fair), FESPAM (Pan-African Muisic Festival), FITMO (Internaitional Theatre an Marionnette Festival) an FESTIVO.<ref name="Com" /><ref name="G">La Girafe (2004). Ouaga-ca-bouge. Retrieved March 19, 2006 from [http://www.Ouaga-ca-bouge.net Ouagadougou au Burkina Faso] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820153523/http://www.ouaga-ca-bouge.net/ |date=2010-08-20 }} {{fr icon}}</ref> ==Health== Ouagadougou haes baith state an private hospitals. The twa state hospitals in the ceety are the Centre hospitalier naitional Yalgado Ouedraogo (CHNYO) an the Centre hospitalier naitional pédiatrique Charles de Gaulle (CHNP-CDG), but thare are an aa private hospitals. Despite that, the local population still lairgely trusts traditional local medicine an the “pharmacopée.”<ref name="Com"/> ==Transport== Mony residents travel on motorcycles an mopeds. The lairge private vendor o motorcycles JC Megamonde sells 50,000 motorbikes an mopeds ivery year.<ref name="wikifr"/> Ouagadougou's citizens an aa travel in green [[taxicab|cabs]], which take their passengers anywhere in toun for 200 tae 400 [[CFA Franc|CFA]], but the price is heicher efter 10:00 p.m. an can then reach 1000[[CFA Franc|CFA]]. [[Ouagadougou Airport]] (code OUA) serves the aurie wi flichts tae Wast Africae an Europe. [[Air Burkina]] haes its heid office in the Air Burkina Storey Building ({{lang-fr|Immeuble Air Burkina}}) in Ouagadougou.<ref>"[http://www.air-burkina.com/pages/en/contattaci/contattaci.aspx?language=en Contact-us] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091205110111/http://www.air-burkina.com/pages/en/contattaci/contattaci.aspx?language=en |date=2009-12-05 }}." [[Air Burkina]]. Retrieved on 19 October 2009.</ref><ref>"[http://www.air-burkina.com/pages/fr/contattaci/contattaci.aspx?language=fr Contactez-nous] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016024741/http://www.air-burkina.com/pages/fr/contattaci/contattaci.aspx?language=fr |date=2009-10-16 }}." [[Air Burkina]]. Retrieved on 19 October 2009.</ref> Ouagadougou is connectit bi rail tae Côte d'Ivoire an tae [[Kaya, Burkina Faso|Kaya]] in the north o Burkina Faso. See [[Rail transport in Burkina Faso]]. ==Internaitional relations== ===Twin touns — Sister ceeties=== {| class="wikitable" |- valign="top" | *{{flagicon|Canada}} [[Quebec Ceety]], [[Canadae]] *{{flagicon|France}} [[Lyon]], [[Fraunce]]<ref name="Lyon">{{cite web|url=http://www.lyon.fr/vdl/sections/en/villes_partenaires/villes_partenaires_2/?aIndex=1|title=''Partner Cities of Lyon and Greater Lyon''|publisher=[[copyright|©]] 2008 Mairie de Lyon|accessdate=2009-07-17|archive-date=2009-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719003816/http://www.lyon.fr/vdl/sections/en/villes_partenaires/villes_partenaires_2/?aIndex=1|url-status=dead}}</ref> *{{flagicon|France}} [[Grenoble]], [[Fraunce]] *{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Turin]], [[Italy]] *{{flagicon|Ghana}} [[Kumasi]], [[Ghana]] || *{{flagicon|Italy}} [[San Miniato]], [[Italy]] *{{flagicon|Wales}} [[Briton Ferry]], [[Wales]] *{{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Leuze-en-Hainaut]], [[Belgium]] *{{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait Ceety]], [[Kuwait]] *{{flagicon|Taiwan}} [[Taipei]], [[Republic o Cheenae]] ([[Taiwan]]) |} ==References== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commonscat}} *[http://www.mairie-ouaga.bf/ Ouagadougou] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629001118/http://www.mairie-ouaga.bf/ |date=2011-06-29 }} Offeecial steid o the govrenment o Ouagadougou *[http://www.izf.net/izf/Documentation/Cartes/CentreVille/Ouagadougou.htm The plan o Ouagdougou] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427024915/http://www.izf.net/izf/documentation/cartes/centreVille/ouagadougou.htm |date=2006-04-27 }} *[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/UV/53/Ouagadougou.html Falling Rain Genomics: Warld Index, an ither pages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208174819/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/UV/53/Ouagadougou.html |date=2021-02-08 }} * {{wikivoyage|Ouagadougou}} *[http://www.izf.net/documentation/cartes/centreville/Ouagadougou Burkina-Faso: Le plan de Ouagadougou.(2004). Le plan de Ouagadougou(Burkina-Faso)] {{Leet o African caipitals}} [[Category:Ouagadougou| ]] [[Category:Caipitals in Africae]] [[Category:French Wast Africae]] [[Category:Populatit places in the Centre Region]] {{Stub/Africae}} {{Stub/Ceity}} 7nee5k2q66eihqroajihk9kcj81yz4u Easter Kirkpatrick 0 18577 925520 892285 2026-10-30T18:45:21Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 925520 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox UK place | country = Scotland | official_name = Bearsden | gaelic_name = Cille Phàdraig Ùr | scots_name = Easter Kirkpatrick, Eister Kilpatrick | static_image = [[File:Coat of Arms of the Burgh of Bearsden, 1959-1975.svg|alt1=Bearsden|Bearsden Burgh Coat of Arms|120px]] | static_image_caption = The Coat o Airms o Bearsden Burgh, 1959-75. | os_grid_reference = NS542720 |coordinates = {{coord|55.9195|-4.3337|display=inline,title}} | population = 27,967 | unitary_scotland = [[East Dunbartonshire]] | lieutenancy_scotland = [[Dunbartonshire]] | post_town= GLASGOW<ref>{{cite web |author=Evox Facilities |url=http://www.evoxfacilities.co.uk/evoxptn.html |title=List of UK post towns |publisher=Evox Facilities |date= |accessdate=22 February 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219123813/http://www.evoxfacilities.co.uk/evoxptn.html |archivedate=2012-02-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | postcode_district = G61 | postcode_area = G | dial_code = 0141 | constituency_westminster= [[East Dunbartonshire (UK Pairlament constituency)|East Dunbartonshire]] | constituency_scottish_parliament= [[Strathkelvin and Bearsden (Scots Pairlament constituency)|Strathkelvin an Bearsden]] | london_distance = | edinburgh_distance = }} '''Easter Kirkpatrick''' is a toun in [[East Dunbartonshire]], [[Scotland]]. A suburb on the northwastern fringe ay [[Glesga]], aboot sex myle (9.7&nbsp;km) frae the ceety centur, wi mony o the hooses bildit efter 1863. The [[Roman Empire|Roman]] [[Antonine Waw]] runs throu the toun an remains ay a military bath hoose lie near the centur. In 1649 the first kirk wis buildit, an the heid men o the parochine trystit thaur. The toun's offeecial gaelic nam ''Cille Phàdraig Ùr'' reflects the nam o the parochine. Bi the earlie twentiet century, a toun hud groon up wi muckle toun-hooses, maistly abided in bi rich fowk. Mair affordable hoosin haes eikit the fowk o the toun tae aboot 28,000 an it is aye affluent the nou. Aince a burgh, East Dunbartonshire Cooncil is nou burdin-taker fur the govirnance o the toun, an haes offices at Boclair Hoose. The Scots motto on the Bearsden coat o airms is ''Bear the Gree''. ==History== The Roman Antonine Waw runs throu the toun an the remains o its military bath hoose lie near Bearsden Cross. Mony years efter the Romans went Sooth tae [[Hadrian's waw]], lairds lik the Douglases o Mains usit the lain for ferms (''mains'' means the ferm lains aboot a mansioun hoose). In 1649, Kilpatrick parochine wis dividit in twa an the ainst New (Eister) Kilpatrick parochine kirk wis buildit (an a richt barnie kickt aff that haed tae be sortit bi the pairliament).<ref>[http://www.rps.ac.uk/mss/1649/1/140 The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707, K.M. Brown et al (St Andrews University)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128194438/https://www.rps.ac.uk/mss/1649/1/140 |date=2020-11-28 }} ''Date accessed: 13 Sept 2011''</ref><ref>[http://www.rps.ac.uk/ms/1649/5/247 The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707, K.M. Brown et al (St Andrews University)] ''Date accessed: 7 Sept 2011''</ref> The heid yins o the parochine (meenister an heritors) trystit thaur,<ref name="McCardel-54">{{cite book | title =The Parish of New Kilpatrick | first = J | last = McCardel | publisher = University Press Glasgow | year = 1949 | pages = 54–55}}</ref> an in 1672 a faire for buying and selling hors, nolt, sheepe, meall, malt, cloath, linning, wooll an such lyke comodities wis foundit an thence kept twice yeirly.<ref>[http://www.rps.ac.uk/ms/A1672/6/14 The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707, K.M. Brown et al (St Andrews University)] ''Date accessed: 7 Sept 2011.''</ref> The toun's offeecial gaelic nam ''Cille Phàdraig Ùr'' reflects the nam ay the parochine. Bi the nineteent centurie, the ryches o Glesga merchants haed eikit the value o the lain ayont the toun fur hooses. The layin doun o the railwey in 1863 meant the lyk culd abide in Bearsden an conduct thir comerce in Glesga. Bi the earlie twentiet century, a toun hud groon up wi muckle toun-hooses aboot the railwey station, maistly abided in bi rych fowk. Bearsden station wis sae namit (efter a wee hoose near tae it) sae passengers wudnae git intae a guddle twixt New Kilpatrick an [[Auld Kilpatrick]]; this then becam the nam fowk usit fur the new toun.<ref name="McCardel-57">{{cite book | title =The Parish of New Kilpatrick | first = J | last = McCardel | publisher = University Press Glasgow | year = 1949 | pages = }}</ref> In 1958, Bearsden toun wis made a Burgh, then in 1975, it wis made pairt o Bearsden & Milngavie Destrict Cooncil. Syn 1996, it is yin o the five touns o East Dunbartonshire Cooncil. ==Govirnance== [[Image:BoclairHouseBearsden.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Boclair House, umwhile Buchanan Retreat, Bearsden, bildit 1890. It is usit the nou bi East Dunbartonshire Cooncil's Eddication Department]] Bearsden maks twa East Dunbartonshire Cooncil wards (thaur are eicht in aw), callit Bearsden North an Bearsden South. Each ward ellects three cooncillors bi a single transferable vote seestem. Bearsden North is pairt o the [[Clydebank and Milngavie (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Clydebank and Milngavie]] constituency in the [[Scots Pairlament]]. The Memmer o the Scots Parilament (MSP) is [[Gil Paterson]] (SNP);<ref name="They Work For You website MSPs">[http://www.theyworkforyou.com/msps/ They Work For You website (MSPs)]</ref> ellectit on 5t Mey 2011. Bearsden South is pairt o the [[Strathkelvin and Bearsden (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Strathkelvin and Bearsden]] constituency in the Scots Pairlament. The MSP is [[Fiona McLeod]] (SNP);<ref name="They Work For You website MSPs"/> ellectit on 5t Mey 2011. Baith consituencies mak pairt o the West o Scotland regional leet in the Scots Pairlament. The toun is an aw pairt o the East Dunbartonshire constituency o the Pairlament o [[Great Breetain]] in [[Lunnon]]. The MP is [[Jo Swinson]] (Liberal Democrat) the nou.<ref>[http://www.theyworkforyou.com/mps/ They Work For You website (MPs)]</ref> ==Airts o the toun== Airts o Bearsden, lik thay in mony ither touns, dinnae haw clear boundaries; whaur aince, places lik Kessington wis a few hooses thegither surroundit bi fairm land, thay noo merge wi ither airts, lik Killermont. Generalie, the airts o Bearsden can be describet as follows: *'''Bearsden Cross''' lies at the gey centur o the toun, at the joining o Roman Road an Drymen Road, an umwhile kent as New Kirk, as kin be seen oan postcards frae the earlie twentiet century.<ref name="McKinlay">{{cite book | title = Old Bearsden | url = https://archive.org/details/oldbearsden0000bill | first = W | last = McKinlay | publisher = Stenlake Publishing | year = 1997 | ISBN=1840330112}}</ref> *'''Old Bearsden''' describes the aurie whaur big kintra hooses huv lang syn bin demolishit an rebildit (afore 1930) intae some o the maist desirable auries o the land wi muckle sandstone villas. The term generally includes Bearsden Cross. *'''Westerton''' is tae the Soothwast o th toun, an is maistly the conservation aurie o 1920s buildings, shaps, a leebrar an kirk aroond Maxwell Avenue, huvin clear boundaries wi Glesca. *'''Castlehill''' an '''Baljaffray''' lie tae the Nor’wast o the toun, an maistly compone o post-1970 developments, bit the names ur muckle aulder. *'''Mosshead''' lies tae the North o the toun, haein a border wi [[Milngavie]]. *'''Hillfoot''' lies tae the Eist o the toun centur, an wis wance a muckle hoose, demolishit and bildit oan in the foremaist hauf o the 20t century. *'''Kessington''' an '''Killermont''' cover the remainder o the Eist o Bearsden. *'''Chapelton''' is shawn on some o the auldest maps o the aurie tae the Sooth o the toun centur. Wance juist a few hooses oan Drymen Road, the aurie noo extends atween Milngavie Road, Drymen Road an Roman Road. *Tae the Sooth an Wast o Chapelton is '''Canniesburn''', aince the site o a tollhoose an smithy, nou a muckle great roondaboot. Canniesburn Hospital wis demolishit in 2007 an fancy hooses staun in its steid. ==Leeshure== ===Scoutin an Girlguidin=== Thaur ur twa Scout Groups in Bearsden. The 24t Glesga (Bearsden) Scout Group, wis foundit in Januar 1908.<ref name="ReferenceA">Alec J. Spalding, The 24th 1908&ndash;1988: a history of the 24th Glasgow (Bearsden) Scout Group,, ISBN 0-9513439-0-4.</ref> an is yin o the mucklest Groups in the UK wi fower Beaver Colonies, fower Cub Packs, twa Scout Troops an an Explorer Unit, as weel as providin a meetin steid fur Scout Network.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.24thglasgow.org.uk/cms/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=45:about-us&catid=31:general&Itemid=69 |title=24th Glasgow (Bearsden) Scout Group (Early History) |access-date=2011-09-06 |archive-date=2012-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307012433/http://www.24thglasgow.org.uk/cms/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=45%3Aabout-us&catid=31%3Ageneral&Itemid=69 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.24thglasgow.org.uk/cms/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=46:aboutus2&catid=31:general&Itemid=69 |title=24th Glasgow (Bearsden) Scout Group (Sections) |access-date=2011-09-06 |archive-date=2012-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307012519/http://www.24thglasgow.org.uk/cms/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=46%3Aaboutus2&catid=31%3Ageneral&Itemid=69 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The 183rd Glesga Scout Group, wis foundit in 1947 bi the Hame Guard an haes twa Beaver Colonies, twa Cub Packs, yin Scout Troop an an Explorer Unit. It haes ower 130 members the nou.<ref>[http://www.183rdglasgow.co.uk/ 183rd Glasgow Scout Group]</ref>. Baith groups ur pairt o the Clyde Region o [[the Scout Association]] Girlguidin is an aw active in Bearsden, wi units based at Killermont parochine kirk an at the Guide Hut oan Pendicle Road. Baith ur members o Girlguiding Dunbartonshire. ===Boys' Brigade=== Bearsden haes three [[Boys' Brigade]] Companies. The 1st Bearsden Company wis foundit in 1898. The 2nt Bearsden Company, attachit tae the Westerton parochin kirk wis foundit in 1957. The 3rd Bearsden Company is attachit tae the Killermont parochine kirk.<ref>[http://www.1stbearsdenbb.org/ 1st Bearsden Company of the Boys' Brigade]</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commons category}} [[Category:Touns in Scotland]] 3fh9q8wpucedgj082e4izgqvbgnmg16 Auld Kilpaitrick 0 18631 925502 897807 2026-10-30T16:22:19Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 925502 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Old Kilpatrick 1109.jpg|thumb|300px|Auld Kilpatrick an the Kilpatrick Hills frae the ither syd o the Forth an Clyde Canal]] '''Auld Kilpatrick''' ({{lang-gd|Cill Phàdraig}}, meinin "Patrick's kirk") is a veilage in [[Wast Dunbartonshire]], [[Scotland]]. It ligs oan the north bank o the [[River Clyde]] juist til the north o the [[Forth an Clyde Canal]], thrie mile frae [[Clydebank]] oan the road ti [[Dumbairton]]. Til the Wast is [[Bowlin, Scotland|Bowlin]], til the North is the [[Kilpatrick Hills]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scottish-places.info/towns/townfirst377.html|title=Old Kilpatrick|last=|first=|date=|website=Scottish Places|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=13 Dec 2020}}</ref> The veilage's Gaelic name cums frae a fowktale that [[Saunt Patrick]] wis born thar an Saunt Patrick's Wall is in the aurie. The "Auld" pairt o the name cums frae 1649, whan Kilpatrick parochine wis sindert in twa; New (Eister) Kilpatrick parochine kirk wis biggit in [[Bearsden]] an the kirk o Kilpatrick becam the "Auld" kirk.<ref>[http://www.rps.ac.uk/mss/1649/1/140 The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707, K.M. Brown et al (St Andrews University)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128194438/https://www.rps.ac.uk/mss/1649/1/140 |date=2020-11-28 }} ''Date accessed: 13 Sept 2011''</ref> ==Roman fort== The wastren end o the [[Antonine Waw]] wis at Auld Kilpatrick (the eistren end, 59&nbsp;km awa, wis at Brigness on the [[Firth o Forth]]). The waw itsel haed been dichtit but the gate wis scanced durin the 18t yeirhunder an follaed til the Chaipil Hill whaur sindrie Roman airtifaks war foond.<ref>[http://stat-acc-scot.edina.ac.uk/link/1834-45/Dumbarton/Kilpatrick-Old/8/21/ Statistical Accounts of Scotland 1834-45 vol 8 p21]{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Whan the Forth an Clyde Canal wis bein howkit in 1790 the wrak o a Roman bathhouss wis foond. In 1913 the larach o a fort wis foond anaw. Houaniver it wis no till 1923 that mukkil airkeologie wis unnertaen, whilk estaiblisht the girst an kynd o the fort. Biggit aboot 81 CE, it ocupee'd an aurie o aboot fower akers wi an ooter defensive waw. Biggins inower the waw included a [[praetorium]] (heidsteid), barraks an a grange.<ref>Miller, S.N. (1924) ''The Roman Fort at Old Kilpatrick'', Glasgow Archaeological Society.</ref> Mukkil development stappit forder howkin, an nocht o the wraks can be seen the-day. Thay lig anaith the houses o Gavinburn Gairdins til the eist, a mukkil commercial biggin til the wast an the A814 road til the north. ==References== <references/> {{#invoke:coordinates|coord|display=title}} [[Category:Veelages in Wast Dunbartonshire]] [[Category:Places o Scotland]] {{Stub/Places o Scotland}} fgp2jq92mhit5sailmmzfr30bdjdcnr Ķīšezers, Riga 0 19680 925564 435037 2026-10-31T06:08:55Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 925564 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox lake | lake_name = Ķīšezers | image_lake = Kisezers zoo.jpg | alt_lake = | caption_lake = Ķīšezers at [[Mežaparks]] | image_bathymetry = | alt_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = [[Riga]] | coords = {{coord|57|1|21|N|24|10|27|E|region:LV-RIX_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = | inflow = [[Jugla River]] | outflow = | catchment = [[Daugava River]] | basin_countries = [[Latvie]] | length = 8,4 km | width = | area = {{convert|1,730|ha|abbr=on}} ''(1998)''<ref name="ezeri" /> | depth = {{convert|2.4|m}} ''(1972)''<ref name="ezeri" /> | max-depth = {{convert|4.2|m}} ''(1972)''<ref name="ezeri" /> | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = 0,1 m | frozen = | islands = 3 | cities = [[Riga]] | reference = <ref name="ezeri">{{cite web |url=http://www.ezeri.lv/database/2024/ |title=Ķīšezers |publisher=ezeri.lv |accessdate=2010-11-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310184900/http://www.ezeri.lv/database/2024/ |archive-date=2012-03-10 |url-status=dead}}</ref> }} '''Ķīšezers''' is a lake in [[Riga]], [[Latvie]], wi primary inflow o the [[Jugla River]]. The lake is 1,730 ha (4,300 acres) lairge,<ref name="ezeri" /> it haes 2.4 metres (7 ft 10 in) o average depth an reaches 4.2 metres (14 ft) at the deepest point.<ref name="ezeri" /> == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kisezers}} [[Category:Riga]] [[Category:Lochs o Latvie]] dfnfzk77tq9wk2m6nlfzx6ret2lm88x Batman Province 0 20191 925504 909221 2026-10-30T16:51:40Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 925504 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Province TR |name=Batman |map=Batman in Turkey.svg |region=Sootheastren Anatolie |licence = 72 |total population = 510,200 |tpop_as_of = 2010 |area_code= 488 |area= 4649 |seat=[[Batman, Turkey|Batman]] |urban population=335.400 |turkname=Batman ili |}} '''Batman Province''' ({{lang-tr|Batman ili }}) is a [[Provinces o Turkey|Turkis province]] sootheast o [[Anatolie]]. The province's population exceedit 500,000 in 2010. The province is important acause o its reserves an production o ile which wis stairtit in the 1940s. There is a 494-km lang ile pipeline frae Batman tae the Turkis port o [[İskenderun]]. [[Cotton]] is the main agricultural product. A railway line connects Batman wi the nearbi provinces o [[Diyarbakır Province|Diyarbakır]] an [[Elazığ Province|Elazığ]] an wi the caipital [[Istanbul]]. The [[Batman River]] flows though the aurie. [[Batman, Turkey|Batman]]({{lang-ku|Êlih}}, {{lang-ar|باتمان Bātmān‎ }}) wi 246,700 inhabitants, is the provincial caipital. The province is an aw o interest frae an aircheological point o view. Sichts include the Imam Abdullah Dervish monastery, [[Malabadi Brig]] an the brigs o Camiü‘r Rızk an [[Hasankeyf]]. ==Basic information== The province occupees an aurie o 4,649&nbsp;km² (4,659 accordin tae ither source<ref>[http://www.europa-auf-einen-blick.de/tuerkei/regionen.php Türkei] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106210048/http://www.europa-auf-einen-blick.de/tuerkei/regionen.php |date=2011-11-06 }}, Europa auf einen Blick</ref>) an is dividit intae sax destricts: [[Batman, Turkey|Batman]] (caipital, population 324,402 in 2008), [[Beşiri]] (32,282), [[Gercüş]] (26,111), [[Hasankeyf]] (7,412), [[Kozluk]] (62,114) an [[Sason]] (33,295).<ref name=r1/><ref>[http://report.tuik.gov.tr/reports/rwservlet?adnksdb2=&report=idari_yapi_2008.RDF&p_il1=72&p_yil=2008&desformat=html&ENVID=adnksdb2Env Population Statistics]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Turkish Statistical Institute</ref> There are 270 veelages in the province.<ref>Balaban, Meltem Şenol [http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12610533/index.pdf Risk society and planning: the case of flood disaster management in turkish cities] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927215722/http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12610533/index.pdf |date=2011-09-27 }}. PhD Thesis. Graduate School of Natural and Applied sciences, Middle East Technical University 2009, p. 21</ref> ==References== {{Reflist|2}} {{Destricts o Turkey|provname=Batman|}} {{Provinces o Turkey}} {{coord|38|04|55|N|41|24|26|E|region:TR-72_type:adm1st|display=title}} [[Category:Provinces o Turkey]] [[Category:Batman Province| ]] [[Category:Sootheastren Anatolie Region]] [[Category:Kurdish inhabitit regions]] [[Category:Assirie settlements]] iq6pbzt7nuxf4mevogah4qiv7vgidji Libie Ceevil War (2011) 0 20537 925531 912656 2026-10-30T21:47:11Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 925531 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cloning error}} {{Infobox military conflict |conflict = 2011 Libie ceevil war |partof = the [[Arab Ware]] |image = |caption = '''Clockwise frae top-left:''' The [[Naitional Transitional Cooncil]] banner is flown bi [[Anti-Gaddafi forces|anti-Gaddafi fechters]] in [[First Battle o Brega|Brega]] on 10 Mairch 2011; protesters in [[Al Bayda, Libie|Al Bayda]]; protesters an defectors clash wi Libie sodgers in Al Bayda on 17 Februar 2011; a French rescue helicopter lands on {{ship|USS|Mount Whitney}}, at the beginnin o the [[2011 military intervention in Libie|military intervention]]; remains o twa Palmaria heavy howitzers o the [[Libie Airmy]], destroyed bi French warplanes near [[Benghazi]]; {{ship|USS|Barry|DDG-52|6}} launches ane o its [[Tomahawk missiles]] durin [[Operation Unified Protector]]. |date = 15 Februar&nbsp;– 23 October 2011 (8 months, 8 days) |place = [[Libie]] |result = Overthrow o [[History o Libie unner Muammar Gaddafi|Gaddafi govrenment]] * [[Anti-Gaddafi forces]] take control o aw Libie ceeties.<ref>http://twitter.com/#!/AP</ref> * [[Muammar Gaddafi]] is [[:en:Death of Muammar Gaddafi|killed]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.aljazeera.net/liveblog/libya-oct-20-2011-1646-0 |title=AJE Live Blog |publisher=Blogs.aljazeera.net |date=2011-10-20 |accessdate=2011-10-28 |archive-date=2011-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022223046/http://blogs.aljazeera.net/liveblog/libya-oct-20-2011-1646-0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * The [[Naitional Transitional Cooncil]] assumes interim control o Libie. * 102 kintras, [[Unitit Naitions|UN]], [[European Union|EU]] an [[African Union|AU]] [[:en:International recognition of the National Transitional Council|diplomatically recognise]] the Naitional Transitional Cooncil as the sole govrenin authority for Libie. * Sporadic law-level fechtin continued as o late November<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/11/12/us-libya-clashes-idUSTRE7AB0HU20111112 |title=Fighters clash again near Tripoli, several dead |access-date=2011-12-09 |archive-date=2011-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217015218/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/11/12/us-libya-clashes-idUSTRE7AB0HU20111112 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/11/23/178863.html Fresh clashes in Libya’s Bani Walid; U.N. says 7,000 held in militia prisons]</ref> |combatant1 ={{flagicon|Libya|1951}} [[National Transitional Council]]<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.news.com.au/breaking-news/ferocious-battles-in-libya-as-national-council-meets-for-first-time/story-e6frfku0-1226016536676 | title=Ferocious Battles in Libya as National Council Meets for First Time | work=News Limited | date=6 March 2011 | accessdate=27 March 2011 | archive-date=2019-08-22 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822083631/https://www.news.com.au/world/ferocious-battles-in-libya-as-national-council-meets-for-first-time/news-story/77a9c3d6f7ffdb00ee111056a8447ac8 | url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Naitional Leeberation Airmy (Libie)|Naitional Leeberation Airmy]] ** [[Free Libie Air Force]] * Anti-Gaddafi tribes<ref name="tribewsj">{{cite news|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304887904576395143328336026.html|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=21 June 2011|title=Libya City Torn by Tribal Feud|accessdate=26 July 2011|first=Sam|last=Dagher}}</ref><ref name="tribespiegel">{{cite news|date=26 July 2011|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,776695,00.html|work=Der Spiegel |accessdate=26 July 2011|title=Tribal Rivalries Complicate Libyan War| last=Von Rohr|first=Mathieu}}</ref><ref name="live5-3">{{cite web|url=http://blogs.aljazeera.net/live/africa/libya-live-blog-march-5|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=5 March 2011|accessdate=26 July 2011|title=Libya Live Blog&nbsp;– 5 March|archive-date=2011-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817010129/http://blogs.aljazeera.net/live/africa/libya-live-blog-march-5|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{flag|Qatar}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/10/2011102693420436507.html|agency=Al Jazeera English|date=26 October 2011|accessdate=26 October 2011|title=NTC asks NATO to extend Libya presence}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15459473|agency=BBC News|date=26 October 2011|accessdate=4 November 2011|title=Libya's Mustafa Abdul Jalil asks Nato to stay longer}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Qatar admits sending hundreds of troops to support Libya rebels|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/oct/26/qatar-troops-libya-rebels-support|publisher=[[The Guardian]]|date=26-10-2011|accessdate=20-11-2011|first=Ian|last=Black}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=5 000 Forces spéciales du Qatar avaient été déployées en Libye|url=http://blog.lefigaro.fr/malbrunot/2011/11/5-000-forces-speciales-du-qata.html|author=[[George Malbrunot]]|publisher=[[Le Figaro]]|date=06-11-2011|accessdate=20-11-2011}} {{fr icon}}</ref> ---- [[Member states o the Unitit Nations|UN member states]] enforcin [[:en:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973|UNSC Resolution 1973]]: * {{Flag|NATO}} {{Collapsible list |bullets =yes |title = [[2011 military intervention in Libie#Forces committed|full leet]] |{{Flag|Albanie}} |{{Flag|Bulgarie}} |{{Flag|Belgium}} |{{Flag|Canadae}} |{{Flag|Denmark}} |{{Flag|Fraunce}} |{{Flag|Greece}} |{{Flag|Italy}} |{{Flag|Netherlands}} |{{Flag|Norawa}}<ref>Staff (29 July 2011). [http://www.agi.it/english-version/world/elenco-notizie/201107291140-pol-ren1034-last_libyan_mission_for_norway_s_f16s_to_fly_tomorrow "Last Libyan Mission for Norway's F16S To Fly Tomorrow"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121123033546/http://www.agi.it/english-version/world/elenco-notizie/201107291140-pol-ren1034-last_libyan_mission_for_norway_s_f16s_to_fly_tomorrow |date=2012-11-23 }}. [[Agenzia Giornalistica Italia]]. Retrieved 11 August 2011.</ref> |{{Flag|Romanie}} |{{Flag|Spain}} |{{Flag|Turkey}} |{{Flag|Unitit Kinrick}} |{{Flag|Unitit States}} * {{Flag|Jordan}}<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.jordantimes.com/?news=36218 | title=Jordanian Fighters Protecting Aid Mission | work=The Jordan Times | date=6 April 2011 | accessdate=6 April 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019224607/http://www.jordantimes.com/?news=36218 | archive-date=2017-10-19 | url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{Flag|Qatar}} * {{Flag|Swaden}} * {{Flag|UAE}}<ref>{{cite news|author=Staff|url=http://www.wam.org.ae/servlet/Satellite?c=WamLocEnews&cid=1300255413630&p=1135099400124&pagename=WAM%2FWamLocEnews%2FW-T-LEN-FullNews |title=UAE Updates Support to UN Resolution 1973|publisher=WAM ([[Emirates News Agency]])|date=25 March 2011| accessdate =26 March 2011}}</ref> }} ---- Spillower conflict:<br /> {{flag|Tunisie}} ([[Battle o Wazzin|minor border clashes]]) |combatant2 ={{Flag|Libie|1977}} [[History o Libie unner Muammar Gaddafi#Great Socialist Fowk Libie Arab Jamahiriya|Libie Arab Jamahiriya]] * [[Libie Airmit Forces]] ** [[Libie Airmy]] ** [[Libie Air Force]] ** [[Libie Navy]] * [[Military o Libie#Paramilitary forces|Paramilitary forces]] * Pro-Gaddafi tribes<ref name="tribewsj"/><ref name="tribespiegel"/><ref name="stabroek">{{cite news|url=http://www.stabroeknews.com/2011/news/world/02/23/libya%E2%80%99s-tribal-politics-key-to-gaddafi%E2%80%99s-fate/| work=[[Stabroek News]] |date=23 February 2011|accessdate=26 July 2011|title=Libya's Tribal Politics Key to Gaddafi's Fate}}</ref> * Foreign mercenaries <ref>{{cite news |url=http://af.reuters.com/article/drcNews/idAFLDE71N11N20110224 |title=Is Libya's Gaddafi Turning to Foreign Mercenaries? |agency=Reuters |date=24 February 2011 |accessdate=6 June 2011 |archive-date=2011-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130075253/http://af.reuters.com/article/drcNews/idAFLDE71N11N20110224 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Mali-fears-as-Tuaregs-return-from-Libya-20111016 |title=Mali fears as Tuaregs return from Libya |date=16 October 2011 |publisher=[[News24]] |location=Cape Town, South Africa |accessdate=5 November 2011 |archive-date=2018-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913112851/https://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Mali-fears-as-Tuaregs-return-from-Libya-20111016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2011/03/03/134223827/gadhafi-using-foreign-children-as-mercenaries-in-libya| title=Gadhafi Using Foreign Children As Mercenaries In Libya| publisher=[[NPR]]| date=3 March 2011}}</ref><ref name="chadian">{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8349414/African-mercenaries-in-Libya-nervously-await-their-fate.html |title=African Mercenaries in Libya Nervously Await Their Fate |date=27 February 2011 |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |author=Meo, Nick }}</ref><ref name="tuaregs1"/><ref name="tuaregs2"/><ref name="tuaregs3">{{cite web |url=http://www.afrik-news.com/article19172.html |title=Libya: Gaddafi and His Mali-Chad Tuareg Mercenaries |publisher=[[Afrik News]] |date=24 March 2011}}</ref><br /><ref name="tuaregs4"/><ref>Staff (19 February 2011) [http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/02/19/138351.html "Scores Die in Third Day of Libya's Anti-Gaddafi Protests – Gaddafi Recruits 'African Mercenaries' To Quell Protests"]. [[Al Arabiya]]. Retrieved 26 March 2011.</ref><ref>Swaine, Jon (27 February 2011). [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8350968/Libya-African-mercenaries-immune-from-prosecution-for-war-crimes.html "Libya: African Mercenaries 'Immune from Prosecution for War Crimes' – African Mercenaries Hired by the Gaddafi Regime To Kill Libyan Protesters Would Be Immune from Prosecution for War Crimes Due to a Clause in This Weekend's UN Resolution That Was Demanded by the United States"]. ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''. Retrieved 26 March 2011.</ref> |commander1= {{flag|Libie|1951}} [[Mustafa Abdul Jalil]]<br /><small>(Chairman o the [[Naitional Transeetional Cooncil|NTC]])</small><ref>{{cite news |url=http://live.reuters.com/Event/Middle_East_Protests |title=Middle East Unrest – Live Blog |agency=Reuters |accessdate=6 June 2011 |archive-date=2019-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822083627/http://live.reuters.com/Event/Middle_East_Protests?Page=44 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br /> {{flag|Libie|1951}} [[Abdul Hafiz Ghoga]]<br /><small>(Vice-Chairman o the [[Naitional Transeetional Cooncil|NTC]])</small><br /> {{flag|Libie|1951}} [[Mahmoud Jibril]]<br /><small>(Interim [[Leet o heids o govrenment o Libie|Libie Prime Meenister]])</small><br /> {{flag|Libie|1951}} [[Jalal al-Digheily]]<br /> {{flag|Libie|1951}} [[Omar El-Hariri]]<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff|url= http://www.businessinsider.com/libyas-opposition-leadership-national-libyan-council-2011-3?page=1 | title = Libya's Opposition Leadership Comes into Focus| publisher=[[Stratfor]] (via [[Business Insider]])| date= 8 March 2011| accessdate =26 March 2011}}</ref><br /> {{flag|Libie|1951}} [[Suleiman Mahmoud]]<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff|url=http://www.economist.com/node/18338840?story_id=18338840|title=The Battle for Libya: The Colonel Fights Back – Colonel Muammar Qaddafi Is Trying To Tighten His Grip on the West, While the Rebels' Inexperience Leaves Them Vulnerable in the East |work=The Economist|date=10 March 2011|accessdate=26 March 2011}}</ref><br /> {{flag|Libie|1951}} [[Abdul Fatah Younis]]{{KIA}}<br /><small>''([[Abdul Fatah Younis#Daith|assassinatit]] 28 Julie in Benghazi)''</small><br /> {{flag|Libie|1951}} [[Khalifa Belqasim Haftar]] <br /> {{flag|Libie|1951}} [[Mahdi al-Harati]]<br /> {{flag|Libie|1951}} [[Abu Oweis]]<br /> {{flag|Libie|1951}} [[Abdul Hassan]] <br /> {{flag|Libie|1951}} [[Khalid Shahmah]]<br /> {{flag|Qatar}} [[Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani]]<br /> {{flag|Qatar}} [[Qatar Airmit Forces|Hamad bin Ali al-Attiyah]]<br /> ---- [[File:Flag of NATO.svg|20px]] [[Anders Fogh Rasmussen]]<br /><small>([[Secretar General o NATO|Secretar General]])</small><br /> [[File:Flag of NATO.svg|20px]] [[James G. Stavridis]]<br /><small>([[Supreme Allied Commander Europe|SACEUR]])</small><br /> [[File:Flag of NATO.svg|20px]] [[Charles Bouchard]]<br /><small>(Operational Commander)</small><ref>{{cite news|author=Staff|url= http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/03/25/libya-nato-mission.html|title= Canadian To Lead NATO's Libya Mission|publisher=[[CBC News]]|date=25 March 2011|accessdate=26 March 2011}}</ref><br /> [[File:Flag of NATO.svg|20px]] [[Ralph Jodice]]<br /><small>(Air Commander)</small><br /> [[File:Flag of NATO.svg|20px]] [[Rinaldo Veri]]<br /><small>(Maritime Commander)</small><br /> [[File:Flag of NATO.svg|20px]] [[Carter Ham]] ---- [[File:Flag of Canada.svg|20px]] [[Stephen Harper]]<br /><small>([[Prime Meenister o Canadae]])</small><br /> [[File:Flag of Canada.svg|20px]] [[Marc Lessard]]<br /> [[File:Flag of Denmark.svg|20px]] [[Lars Løkke Rasmussen]]<br /><small>([[Prime Meenister o Denmark]] ''tae 3 Oct'')</small><br /> [[File:Flag of Denmark.svg|20px]] [[Helle Thorning-Schmidt]]<br /><small>([[Prime Meenister o Denmark]] ''frae 3 Oct'')</small><br /> [[File:Flag of Denmark.svg|20px]] [[Knud Bartels]]<br /> [[File:Flag of France.svg|20px]] [[Nicolas Sarkozy]]<br /><small>([[Presse o Fraunce]])</small><br /> [[File:Flag of France.svg|20px]] [[Édouard Guillaud]] <br /> [[File:Flag of Italy.svg|20px]] [[Silvio Berlusconi]]<br /> <small>([[Prime Meenister o Italy]])</small><br /> [[File:Flag of Italy.svg|20px]] [[Rinaldo Veri]]<br /> [[File:Flag of Norway.svg|20px]] [[Jens Stoltenberg]]<br /> <small>([[Prime Meenister o Norawa]])</small><br /> [[File:Flag of Norway.svg|20px]] [[Harald Sunde (general)|Harald Sunde]]<br /> [[File:Flag of Romania.svg|20px]] [[Traian Băsescu]] <br /><small>([[Preses o Romanie]])</small><br /> [[File:Flag of Romania.svg|20px]] [[Ștefan Dănilă]]<br /> {{flag|Unitit Kinrick}} [[David Cameron]]<br /><small>([[Prime Meenister o the Unitit Kinrick]])</small><br /> {{flag|Unitit Kinrick}} Sir [[Stuart Peach]]<br /><small>([[Chief o Jynt Operations (United Kinrick)|Chief o Jynt Operations]])</small><br /> {{flag|United States}} [[Barack Obama]] <br /><small>([[Preses o the Unitit States]])</small><br /> {{flag|Unitit States}} [[Carter Ham]]<br /> {{flag|Unitit States}} [[Samuel J. Locklear|Sam Locklear]]<br /> {{flag|Jordan}} [[Abdullah II of Jordan|Abdullah II]]<br /><small>([[Keeng o Jordan]])</small><br /> {{flag|Swaden}} [[Sverker Göranson]]<br /> {{flag|UAE}} [[Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan]]<br /><small>([[Preses o the United Arab Emirates]])</small> |commander2 = {{flag|Libie Arab|1977}} [[Muammar Gaddafi]]{{KIA}}<br /> '''Muammar Gaddafi's sons''':<br /> {{flag|Libie|1977}} [[Saif al-Islam Gaddafi]]<br /><small>(Capturt efter war's end)</small><!-- Captured AFTER the war. Please don't add POW tag. --><br /> {{flag|Libya|1977}} [[Khamis Gaddafi]]{{KIA}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15329119 |title=Libya: Bulldozers raze Gaddafi Bab al-Aziziya compound |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=2011-10-16 |accessdate=2011-10-28}}</ref> <br /> {{flag|Libie|1977}} [[Mutassim Gaddafi]]{{KIA}}<br /> {{flag|Libie|1977}} [[Saif al-Arab Gaddafi]]{{KIA}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/04/2011430224755721620.html |title=Nato strike 'kills Gaddafi's youngest son' - Africa |publisher=Al Jazeera English |date= |accessdate=2011-10-28}}</ref> <br /> {{flag|Libie|1977}} [[Al-Saadi Gaddafi]]<br /> '''Military leaders''':<br /> {{flag|Libie|1977}} [[Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr]]{{KIA}}<br /><small>(Meenister o Defence)</small><br /> [[File:Flag of Libya (1977-2011).svg|20px]] [[Abdullah Senussi]]<br /><small>(Captured efter war's end)</small><br /> [[File:Flag of Libya (1977-2011).svg|20px]] [[Massoud Abdelhafid]]<br /><small>(Heid o the secret polis)</small><br /> [[File:Flag of Libya (1977-2011).svg|20px]] [[Baghdadi Mahmudi]]{{POW}}<br /><small>([[Leet o heids o govrenment o Libie|Libie Prime Meenister]])</small><br /> [[File:Flag of Libya (1977-2011).svg|20px]] [[Mahdi al-Arabi]]{{POW}}<br /><small>(Deputy chief o staff o the airmy an commander o special forces)</small><br /> [[File:Flag of Libya (1977-2011).svg|20px]] [[Mohamed Abu Al-Quasim al-Zwai]]{{POW}}<br /><small>(Secretary-General o the [[General Fowkcongress (Libie)|General Fowkcongress]])</small><br /> [[File:Flag of Libya (1977-2011).svg|20px]] [[Abuzed Omar Dorda]]{{POW}}<br /><small>(Heid o [[Mukhabarat el-Jamahiriya|Naitional Intelligence]])</small><br /> {{flag|Libie|1977}} [[Khouildi Hamidi]]{{POW}}<br /><small>(Deputy heid o the secret polis)</small><br /> {{flag|Libie|1977}} [[Khaled Kaim]]{{POW}}<br /><small>(Deputy foreign meenister)</small><br /> {{flag|Libie|1977}} [[Abdul Ati al-Obeidi]]{{POW}}<br /><small>(Foreign Meenister)</small><br /> {{flag|Libie|1977}} [[Ahmad Ramdan]]{{POW}}<br /><small>(Meenister o Information)</small><br /> {{flag|Libie|1977}} [[Salih Rajab al-Mismari]]<br /><small>(Meenister o Public Security)</small><br /> {{flag|Libie|1977}} [[Moussa Ibrahim]]<br /><small>(Gaddafi Spokesman)</small><br /> {{flag|Libie|1977}} [[Hasan al-Kabir al-Gaddafi]]<br /><small>(Heid o [[Revolutionary Guard Corps]])</small><br /> {{flag|Libie|1977}} [[Rafi al-Sharif]]<br /><small>(Head of the Navy)</small><br /> {{flag|Libie|1977}} [[Ali Sharif al-Rifi]]<br /><small>(General and Head of the Air Force)</small><br /> {{flag|Libie|1977}} [[Ali Kana]]<br /><small>(General and commander of southern forces)</small><br /> {{flag|Libie|1977}} [[Awad Hamza]]<br /><small>(Infantry leader)</small><br /> {{flag|Libie|1977}} [[Bashir Hawadi]]<br /><small>(General and field commander)</small><br /> {{flag|Libie|1977}} [[Mustafa al-Kharoubi]]<br /><small>(General and military strategist)</small><br /> {{flag|Libya|1977}} [[Nasr al-Mabrouk]]<br /><small>(General and primary police commander)</small><br /> {{flag|Libie|1977}} [[Ahmed al-Gaddafi al-Qahsi]]{{KIA}}<br /><small>(Airmy colonel an Gaddafi's cousin)</small><br /> {{flag|Libie|1977}} [[Mansour Dhao]]{{POW}}<br /><small>(Heid o Gaddafi's personal guards)</small><br /> {{flag|Libie|1977}} [[Muftah Anaqrat]]{{KIA}}<br /><small>(Brigadier General)</small> | strength1 = 17,000 defectin sodgers an volunteers<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defencenews.com.au/defence-today-feature-report.cfm |title=Feature Report - Long summer of civil war in Libya |publisher=Defencenews.com.au |date= |accessdate=2011-10-28 |archive-date=2006-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820170903/http://defencenews.com.au/defence-today-feature-report.cfm |url-status=dead }}</ref> 125,000-150,000 volunteers bi war's end<br /><small>(NTC estimate)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://feb17.info/news/armed-militia-members-havent-been-integrated-into-new-libya/#more-38922 |title=Armed militia members haven’t been integrated into new Libya |publisher=www.feb17.info |date= |accessdate=2011-11-30}}</small></ref> ---- International Forces: Numerous air and maritime forces ([[Coalition intervention in Libie#Forces committit|see here]]) | strength2 = 20,000<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.ctv.ca/CTVNews/TopStories/20110406/libya-rebels-and-pro-gadhafi-forces-matched-110406/| title=Gadhafi Asks Obama To Call Off NATO Military Campaign| publisher=via [[CTV News]]| date=6 April 2011| accessdate=14 August 2011| archive-date=2012-01-19| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119045921/http://www.ctv.ca/CTVNews/TopStories/20110406/libya-rebels-and-pro-gadhafi-forces-matched-110406/| url-status=dead}}</ref>–40,000<ref>{{cite news | author=Staff | url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12692068 | title = Libya: How the Opposing Sides Are Armed |publisher=BBC News | date= 10 March 2011 | accessdate =14 August 2011}}</ref> sodgers an militia |casualties1 = 5,667–7,059 opposition fechters an supporters killed, 2,886–3,005 missin (see [[Casualties o the Libie ceevil war|here]]) ---- {{flag|Unitit Kinrick}} 1 airman killed in traffic accident in Italy<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-14240965 "Airman Killed in Road Accident in Italy"]. [[BBC]] ''(retrieved 26 Oct 2011)''.</ref> <br /> {{flag|Netherlands}} 3 [[Netherlands Marine Corps|Dutch Marines]] captured (later released)<ref name="Dutch marines captured">{{cite news | author=Staff | title = Three Dutch Marines Captured During Rescue in Libya| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-12633415|publisher=BBC News |date= 3 March 2011| accessdate=14 August 2011}}</ref> |casualties2 = 2,580–3,231 soldiers killed (see [[Casualties of the 2011 Libyan civil war|here]]),<br />7,000 captured*<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/prisoners-in-libya-languish-without-charge/2011/10/22/gIQAz0EZ7L_story.html |title=Prisoners in Libya languish without charge |publisher=Washingtonpost.com |date=23 October 2011 |accessdate=2011-10-28 |first=William |last=Wan |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20121216134022/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/prisoners-in-libya-languish-without-charge/2011/10/22/gIQAz0EZ7L_story.html |archivedate=2012-12-16 |url-status=live }}</ref> |casualties3= Estimated total casualties on both sides, including civilians:<br />25,000<ref name=autogenerated12>{{cite news|url=http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-world/residents-flee-gaddafi-hometown-20111003-1l49x.html |title=Residents flee Gaddafi hometown |publisher=News.smh.com.au |date=2011-10-03 |accessdate=2011-10-28}}</ref>–30,000 killed, 4,000 missing<ref name=ap-20110908 /> |notes='''*'''Large number of loyalist or immigrant civilians, not military personnel, among those captured by rebels,<ref>{{cite news|title=Libyan Rebels Accused of Arbitrary Arrests, Torture |url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/06/05/libya.war/index.html?iref=allsearch|date= June 5, 2011 | publisher = CNN}}</ref> only an estimated minimum of 1,542+ confirmed as soldiers<ref>300 preesoners in Benghazi,[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/41960775] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812035932/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/41960775/ |date=2011-08-12 }} 230 preesoners in Misrata,[http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/18/world/africa/18cemetery.html?_r=1] 52 preesoners in Nalut,[http://www.aljazeera.com/video/africa/2011/05/201152451012814342.html] 13 preesoners in Yafran,[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hVIZDIKxFSA&feature=related] 50 preesoners in al-Galaa,[http://www.ottawacitizen.com/story_print.html?id=4993607&sponsor=]{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 147 preesoners in Zintan [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jul/14/libya-gaddafi-troops-demoralised-prisoners-of-war] 600 preesoners in Tripoli [http://www.newshoursbd.com/english/2011/08/24/400-dead-2000-wounded-in-battle-for-tripoli-rebel-leader/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330072328/http://www.newshoursbd.com/english/2011/08/24/400-dead-2000-wounded-in-battle-for-tripoli-rebel-leader/ |date=2012-03-30 }} 150 [Battle of Sirte (2011)|prisoners in Sirte] minimum of 1,542 reported captured</ref> }} The '''Libie ceevil war'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/spotlight/libya/ |title=Libya |publisher=Al Jazeera English |date= |accessdate=2011-10-28}}</ref> (an aw referred tae as the '''Libie revolution'''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/multimedia/libya_9months/index.html |title=A Visual Look Back at the Libyan Revolution |publisher=PBS |date=2011-10-20 |accessdate=2011-10-28 |archive-date=2011-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021172948/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/multimedia/libya_9months/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>) wis an airmit conflict in the [[North Africae|North African]] state o [[Libie]], focht atween forces lyal tae Colonel [[Muammar Gaddafi]] an those seeking tae oust [[Libie Arab Jamahiriya|his govrenment]].<ref name = "vision" /><ref name = "vision2" /> The war wis precedit bi protests in [[Benghazi]] beginnin on 15 Februar 2011, which led tae clashes wi security forces that fired on the croud.<ref name="AmnestyRape"/> The protests escalatit intae a rebellion that spread athort the kintra,<ref name="abc.net.au">{{cite web |last=Barker|first=Anne|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-02-24/time-running-out-for-cornered-gaddafi/1955842 |title=Time Running Out for Cornered Gaddafi |date=24 February 2011 |work=ABC News|accessdate=12 September 2011}}</ref> wi the forces opposin Gaddafi establishin an interim govrenin body, the [[Naitional Transitional Cooncil]]. The [[Unitit Naitions Security Cooncil]] passed an [[:en:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1970|initial resolution]] on 26 Februar, freezin the assets o Gaddafi an his inner circle an restrictin thair traivel, an referrit the matter tae the [[Internaitional Creeminal Court]] for investigation.<ref name=autogenerated13>{{Cite news|last=Wyatt|first=Edward|title = Security Council Calls for War Crimes Inquiry in Libya |url = http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/27/world/africa/27nations.html?hp|accessdate=27 February 2011 |work=The New York Times|date=26 February 2011}}</ref> In early Mairch, Gaddafi's forces ralliet, pushed eastwards an re-teuk several coastal ceeties afore attackin [[Benghazi]]. A further [[Unitit Naitions Security Cooncil Resolution 1973|U.N. resolution]] authorised member states tae establish an enforce a [[2011 military intervention in Libie|nae-flee zone ower Libie]].<ref name="UN News Centre">{{cite web |url= http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=37808&Cr=libya&Cr1 |title=Security Council Authorizes 'All Necessary Measures' To Protect Civilians in Libya|date=17 March 2011|publisher=[[UN News Centre]] |accessdate=14 August 2011}}</ref> The Gaddafi government then annoonced a ceasefire, but failed tae uphauld it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/42164455/ns/world_news-mideastn_africa/?gt1=43001|title=Gadhafi Blasts 'Crusader' Aggression After Strikes&nbsp;– American and European Forces Attack Libya's Air Defenses|work=MSNBC|date=19 March 2011|accessdate=14 August 2011|archive-date=2011-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812060231/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/42164455/ns/world_news-mideastn_africa/?gt1=43001|url-status=dead}}</ref> In August, rebel forces [[2011 Libie rebel coastal offensive|engaged in a coastal offensive]] an teuk maist o thair lost territory, an [[Battle o Tripoli (2011)|capturit the caipital ceety o Tripoli]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/08/21/libya.saif.gadhafi.profile/index.html?hpt=hp_t1|title=Who is Saif al-Islam Gadhafi?|work=CNN|date=21 August 2011|accessdate=12 September 2011|archive-date=2016-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306141459/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/08/21/libya.saif.gadhafi.profile/index.html?hpt=hp_t1|url-status=dead}}</ref> while Gaddafi evadit captur an lyalists engagit in a rearguard campaign.<ref name="guardian-2011-08-24"/> On 16 September 2011, the Naitional Transitional Cooncil wis recognised bi the [[Unitit Naitions]] as the legal representative o Libie, replacin the [[Libie Arab Jamahiriya|Gaddafi govrenment]]. Muammar Gaddafi remained at lairge till 20 October 2011, when he wis [[:en:Death of Muammar Gaddafi|capturit an killed]] attemptin tae escape frae [[Sirt]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE79J09O20111020 |title=Gaddafi killed as Libya's revolt claims hometown |publisher=Reuters |date=2011-10-20 |accessdate=2011-10-28 |archive-date=2011-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022172715/http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE79J09O20111020 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Naitional Transitional Cooncil declarit the leeberation o Libie an the offeecial end o the war on 23 October 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/10/201110235316778897.html|agency=Al Jazeera English|date=23 October 2011|accessdate=23 October 2011|title=NTC declares 'Liberation of Libya'}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Libie ceevil war| ]] [[Category:Arab Ware]] [[Category:Ceevil wars involvin the states an fowks o Africae]] [[Category:Coonter-terrorism in Libie]] [[Category:Guerrilla wars]] [[Category:History o Libie]] [[Category:Libie society]] [[Category:Militar history o Libie]] [[Category:Politics o Libie]] [[Category:Rebellions in Africae]] [[Category:Riots an ceevil disorder in Libie]] [[Category:War creemes in Libie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Belgium]] [[Category:Wars involvin Fraunce]] [[Category:Wars involvin Jordan]] [[Category:Wars involvin Libie]] [[Category:Wars involvin NATO]] [[Category:Wars involvin the Netherlands]] [[Category:Wars involvin Qatar]] [[Category:Wars involvin Spain]] [[Category:Wars involvin Swaden]] [[Category:Wars involvin the Unitit States]] [[Category:Wars involvin the Unitit Kinrick]] {{Stub/Libie}} [[gl:Libia - ليبيا#Protestas en contra do Goberno en 2011]] e8vdigrg44w4zik6le2lk1vd4lmxl5c 2010 Kyrgyzstani revolution 0 20891 925499 915823 2026-10-30T15:07:19Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 925499 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox historical event |Event_Name = 2010 Kyrgyz revolution |Image_Name = |Image_Caption = Lootin o the [[White Hoose (Kyrgyzstan)|White Hoose]] in [[Bishkek]], 7 Aprile 2010 |Participants = |Location = [[Kyrgyzstan]] |Date = 6 Aprile 2010 - 14 December 2010 |Result = Remuival an exile o [[Preses o Kyrgyzstan|preses]] [[Kurmanbek Bakiyev]]. <br> Chynge o govrenmental seestem frae <br>[[presidential republic]] tae [[pairlament]].<br> [[Kyrgyzstani pairlamentary election, 2010]] }} The '''2010 Kyrgyz revolution''' began in Aprile 2010 wi the [[2010 Kyrgyzstani uprisin|oostin]] o [[Kyrgyzstan|Kyrgyz]] [[Preses o Kyrgyzstan|preses]] [[Kurmanbek Bakiyev]] in the caipital [[Bishkek]]. It wis follaed bi increased ethnic tension involvin the [[Kyrgyz fowk|Kyrgyz]] an [[Uzbeks]] in the sooth o the kintra, which [[2010 Sooth Kyrgyzstan riots|escalatit]] in Juin 2010. The violence ultimately led tae the consolidation o a new pairlamentary seestem in Kyrgyzstan, an accordin tae mony, internaitional observers the first truly free elections tae be held in the kintra, an in greater Central Asie. The killins o Uzbeks in the riots hae been cried "[[genocide]]" an "[[ethnic cleansin]]" bi the [[Unitit Naitions|UN]] an internaitional media.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2010/0614/1224272439803.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-12-06 |archive-date=2011-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208175932/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2010/0614/1224272439803.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/news/329315,ethnic-cleansing-kyrgyzstan-conflict.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-12-06 |archive-date=2012-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921005324/http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/news/329315,ethnic-cleansing-kyrgyzstan-conflict.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Uzbeks|Uzbek]] [[minority]] wis targetit bi assailants o the Kyrgyz ethnicity, as evidencit bi survivors an field reports o the media. Approximately 100,000 Uzbeks an Tajiks – mainly weemen, elder fowk an childer fleein the violence – foond refuge in [[Uzbekistan]] an some 400,000 became internally displacit.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/jun/17/kyrgyzstan-uzbek-pogrom-refugees | location=London | work=The Guardian | title=Uzbek refugees from Kyrgyzstan pogrom vow to return | first=Luke | last=Harding | date=2010-06-17}}</ref> Victims interviewed bi media an aid wirkers testify tae [[mass killin]], [[gang rape]] an [[tortur]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/06/17/kyrgyzstan.victims/index.html?section=cnn_latest | work=CNN | title=Victims recount horrors of ethnic violence in Kyrgyzstan | date=June 17, 2010}}</ref> Then-heid o the Interim govrenment [[Roza Otunbayeva]] indicatit that the daith toll is tenfauld heicher than wis previously reportit, which brings the nummer o the deid tae 2,000 fowk. == Backgrund == == Uprisin in Bishkek == {{main|2010 Kyrgyzstani uprisin}} [[File:Burning truck bishkek protests.jpg|thumb|An opposition-captured vehicle burns near the caipital biggin durin ceetywide protests an riots in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan on 7 Aprile 2010. Guards can be seen tae the left o the smoke.]] On 6 Aprile 2010, a demonstration in [[Talas, Kyrgyzstan|Talas]] bi opposition leaders protestit against govrenment corruption an increased livin expenses. The protests turned violent an spread naitionwide. On 7 Aprile 2010, Kyrgyzstani Preses Kurmanbek Bakiyev imposed a state o emergency. Polis an special services arrestit mony opposition leaders. In response protesters teuk control ower the internal security heidquarters (umwhile [[KGB]] heidquarters) an a state TV channel in the caipital, Bishkek. Reports bi Kyrgyzstani govrenment offeecials indicatit that 88 fowk wur killed an 458 hospitalized in bloody clashes wi polis in the caipital.<ref>{{cite news|author=From Maxim Tkachenko, CNN |url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/04/08/kyrgyzstan.violence/index.html?iref=allsearch |title=Kyrgyz president says he won't resign |publisher=CNN.com |date= April 9, 2010|accessdate=2010-04-17}}</ref> Bakiyev resigned on 15 Aprile an left the kintra for Belarus. {{anchor|April–May events}} == Aprile–Mey events == Bi Aprile 18, Bakiyev supporters seized a regional govrenment office in the sooth o the kintra, efter appointin thair awn govrenor, Paizullabek Rahmanov. Some 1,000 fowk gathered in the soothwastren toun's main square on 19 Aprile denooncin the interim govrenment an chantin pro-Bakiyev slogans. Some o them gae oot flyers cawin for the umwhile preses' return tae the kintra. Different rallies an aw teuk place on that day in neighborin Osh an Batken provinces. In addition, the interim govrenment's appointment o a new mayor o [[Kyzyl-Kiya]] in [[Batken Province]] spairkt protests in the toun. The protesters preventit an offeecial frae enterin her office on 19 Aprile.<ref>{{cite news |title=At Least Two Dead In Bishkek Clashes, Bakiev's Whereabouts Remain Unknown |url=http://www.rferl.org/content/Clashes_In_Bishkek_As_Bakiev_Supporters_Rally_In_South_Kyrgyzstan/2017658.html |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |date=2010-04-19 |accessdate=2010-06-13}}</ref> In Bishkek, upwards o a thoosan stane-throwin men riotit in Bishkek suburbs tae try tae seize land frae ethnic [[Roushies]] an [[Meskhetian Turks]] on 19 Aprile. As a result at least five fowk wur killed an thirty mair injured.<ref>{{Cite web | title = At least 5 killed, 30 injured in riots outside Kyrgyz capital | publisher = RIA Novosti | date = 20 April 2010 | url = http://en.rian.ru/world/20100420/158662785.html | accessdate = 13 June 2010 | archive-date = 2012-10-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121020140054/http://en.rian.ru/world/20100420/158662785.html | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title = Fresh violence challenges Kyrgyzstan's leaders | publisher = Reuters AlertNet | date = 19 April 2010 | url = http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/LDE63I0PW.htm | accessdate = 13 June 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100426003733/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/LDE63I0PW.htm | archive-date = 2010-04-26 | url-status = dead}}</ref> On Apryle 19, a crowd o youths treed tae seize land in [[Mayevka]] an clashed wi the local residents. In the ensuin riot, several hooses wur lootit an set on fire, while gunfire wis exchyngit atween the veellagers. Mony residents wur forcit tae flee the veelage. Otunbayeva said the govrenment wad be "resolute in crackin doun on lootin, mayhem an airson an mete oot severe punishment for those breachin the law."<ref>{{Cite web | title = Overnight Kyrgyz riot leaves 3 dead, 28 injured | publisher = China Daily | date = 20 April 2010 | url = http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2010-04/20/content_9753816.htm | accessdate = 13 June 2010}}</ref> She haed reportedly gien orders for security officers tae uise "deadly force" on rioters that threatened her fledglin govrenment's grip on pouer.<ref>{{cite news |first=Fred |last=Weir |title=Kyrgyzstan authorizes deadly force on wave of riots, looting |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-South-Central/2010/0421/Kyrgyzstan-authorizes-deadly-force-on-wave-of-riots-looting |publisher=[[Christian Science Monitor]] |date=2010-04-21 |accessdate=2010-06-13}}</ref> On 22 Aprile, it wis annooncit that a [[Kyrgyzstani constitutional referendum, 2010|constitutional referendum]], in order tae reduce presidential pouers an "strengthen democracy," wad be held on 27 Juin 2010; a [[Kyrgyzstani general election, 2010|general elections]] wad then follae on 10 October 2010.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kyrgyzstan's new leaders set October election date |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8636577.stm |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=2010-04-22 |accessdate=2010-06-21}}</ref> On 13 Mey 2010, numerous govrenment biggins wur stormit bi supporters o the ex-preses in Jalal-Abad, Batken an Osh, forcin the interim govrenor o Jalal-Abad tae flee.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ex-Kyrgyz president supporters seize regional administration offices |url=http://rianovosti.com/exsoviet/20100513/159005985.html |publisher=[[RIA Novosti]] |date=2010-05-13 |accessdate=2010-06-13}}</ref> On 14 Mey conflictin reports emergit o daiths o pro-Bakiev supporters efter a conflict wi interim govrenment forces in Jalal-Abad, wi pro-Bakiev groups reportin 8 deid, whilst the Kyrgyz Health Meenistry reportin 65 injured, 15 o them creetically wi ane o the creetically injured dyin the next day.<ref>{{cite news |title=OSCE Trans-Asian Parliamentary Forum to discuss Kyrgyzstan on Saturday |url=http://rianovosti.com/exsoviet/20100515/159026963.html |publisher=[[RIA Novosti]] |date=2010-05-15 |accessdate=2010-06-13}}</ref> On 19 Mey, pro-Bakiev supporters clashed wi supporters oflocal [[Uzbeks|Uzbek]] leader [[Kadyzhan Batyrov]] in the soothren ceety o Jalal-Abad, accusin him o allouin his follaers tae uise guns on pro-Bakiev protestors on 13 Mey. Fechtin intensifeed near the [[University of Peoples' Friendship]] resultin in the daith o at least twa fowk an 16 further injuries. Later that day [[Roza Otunbayeva]] became the temporary preses o Kyrgyzstan.<ref name="rianovosti.com">[http://rianovosti.com/exsoviet/20100519/159075645.html]</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title = Kyrgyzstan's Otunbayeva handed pesidential authority | publisher = RIA Novosti | date = 19 May 2010 | url = http://rianovosti.com/world/20100519/159079849.html | accessdate = 13 June 2010}}</ref> On 31 Mey, Uzbekistani muivit troops tae its mairch wi Kyrgyzstan due tae increasin mairch tensions as clashes atween twa veelages on opposite sides o the mairch occurred an veelagers rampaged destroyin roads an watter pipes. Uzbek assault troops an armoured vehicles arrivit on the mairch tae prevent further clashes.<ref>{{Cite web | last = Fitzpatrick | first = Catherine A. | title = Uzbekistan Sends Troops to the Kyrgyz Border | publisher = EurasiaNet | date = 31 May 2010 | url = http://www.eurasianet.org/node/61187 | accessdate = 13 June 2010}}</ref> == June pogroms an constitutional referendum == {{Main 2|Juin pogroms|Kyrgyzstani constitutional referendum, 2010}} On Juin 9 violence eruptit in the soothren ceety o [[Osh]] wi ethnic Kyrgyz riotin, attackin minority [[Uzbeks]] an lichtin thair property ablaze. Bi 12 Juin the violence haed spread tae the ceety o [[Jalal-Abad]]. The violence haes resultit in the daiths o 97 fowk, injured ower a thoosan an displacit nearly 75,000 fowk. == October Election an Eftermath == {{Main|Kyrgyzstani pairlamentary election, 2010}} == Legacy == == References == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/dbc.nsf/doc104?OpenForm&rc=3&cc=kgz Humanitarian information coverage on ReliefWeb] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128111914/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/dbc.nsf/doc104?OpenForm&rc=3&cc=kgz |date=2011-01-28 }} *[http://www.nbr.org/publications/element.aspx?id=514 Exploring Regime Instability and Ethnic Violence in Kyrgyzstan] bi Eric McGlinchey (Asia Policy, Julie 2011) *[http://www.nbr.org/research/activity.aspx?id=154 One Year After Ethnic Riots in Kyrgyzstan: What Has Changed?], Q&A wi Eric McGlinchey ([[National Bureau of Asian Research]], Juin 2011) * [http://www.democracynow.org/2010/6/14/at_least_117_people_killed_in At Least 117 People Killed in Kyrgyzstan; An Estimated 80,000 Uzbeks Have Fled] - video report bi ''[[Democracy Now!]]'' * [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=127887781 Calm Returns, Fear Remains, In Kyrgyzstan's South] - Audio report bi ''[[NPR]]'', Juin 18, 2010 * [http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/44471/crisis-in-kyrgyzstan Crisis in Kyrgyzstan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219235230/http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/44471/crisis-in-kyrgyzstan |date=2010-12-19 }} - slideshow bi ''[[Life magazine]]'' [[Category:2010 Kyrgyzstani revolution|*]] [[Category:Revolutions]] fsmc50v9m50grc9ueudx7hqnvav25zp Toyota Corolla 0 22182 925557 903823 2026-10-31T02:38:58Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 925557 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fixscots}}{{Infobox automobile |name = Toyota Corolla |image = Toyota Corolla Limousine Hybrid Genf 2019 1Y7A5576.jpg |caption = 2019 Toyota Corolla |manufacturer = [[Toyota]]<br/>[[Kanto Auto Wirks]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kanto-aw.co.jp/en/history/ |title=History of KANTO AUTO WORKS |publisher=Kanto-aw.co.jp |date= |accessdate=2010-12-14 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623065904/http://www.kanto-aw.co.jp/en/history/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><br/>[[NUMMI]]<br/>[[Unitit Australian Automobile Industries|UAAI]]<br/>[[Toyota Motor Manufacturin Canadae|TMMC]]<br>[[Toyota Motor Manufacturin Mississippi|TMMMS]] |production = 1966–present |class = [[Subcompact]] (1966–1987)<br />[[Compact car|Compact]] (1988–present) |predecessor = [[Toyota Publica]] }} The '''Toyota Corolla''' is a line of [[subcompact carr|subcompact]] an [[compact car|compact caur]]s makkit bi the [[Japan]]ese [[automaker|caurbigger]] [[Toyota]] that haes acome verra popular ootthrou the warld syne the nameplate wis first introduced in 1966. In 1997, the Corolla becam the best sellin nameplate in the warld, wi mair as 40 million selt by 2007, sellin mair nor the [[Volkswagen Beetle]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.toyota.com/vehicles/2006/corolla/key_features/history.html|title=History of the Corolla|access-date=2012-02-11|archive-date=2006-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060620034142/http://www.toyota.com/vehicles/2006/corolla/key_features/history.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the bygane 40 year, a Corolla caur haes been selt aboot ilka 40 seiconts on average.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldcarfans.com/5061114.001/first-ever-exported-toyota-corolla-anniversary|title=First Ever Exported Toyota Corolla Anniversary|access-date=2012-02-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108200602/http://www.worldcarfans.com/5061114.001/first-ever-exported-toyota-corolla-anniversary|archive-date=2009-01-08|url-status=dead}}</ref> The series haes gane throu a wheen major redesigns. The name ''[[Corolla (chaplet)|Corolla]]'' is pairt o Toyota's namin tradítion o uisin the name ''[[Toyota Crown|Crown]]'' for the heid models: the [[Toyota Corona|Corona]], for ensaumple, gets its name aff the [[Latin|Laitin]] wird for ''croun''; ''Corolla'' is Laitin for wee ''croun''; an ''[[Toyota Camry|Camry]]'' is an Englifee'd pronunciation o the Japanese for ''croun'', ''kanmuri''. Corollas is makkit in [[Japan]] and in [[Brazil]] ([[Indaiatuba]], [[São Paulo]]), [[Canada]] ([[Cambridge, Ontario]]), [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|Cheenae]] ([[Tianjin]]), [[India]] ([[Bangalore]]), [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Pakistan]], [[Philippines]], [[Sooth Africa]] ([[Durban]]), [[Taiwan]], [[Thailand]], [[Turkey]] an [[Venezuela]]. Corollas uised tae be makkit in [[Australia]] ([[Victorie (Australie)|Victoria]]) an the [[Unitit Kinrick]] ([[Derbyshire]]). Thay wis makkit in [[Unitit States]] ([[Fremont, Californie|Fremont]], [[Californie]]) up till Mairch 2010.<ref name="Bloomberg20090828">{{cite web |url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=aJlxuxndoOsM |title=Toyota Will Shut California Plant in First Closure |accessdate=2009-08-29 |date=2009-08-28 |author=Alan Ohnsman and Kae Inoue |work=Bloomberg.com }}</ref> The Corolla's chassis designation code is "E", as described in Toyota's chassis an ingine code. Early models wis for ordinar [[rear-wheel drive]], later models is for ordinar [[front-wheel drive]] an a twa-three models wis [[four-wheel drive]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.corolland.com/ Corolland (all years)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118165110/http://www.corolland.com/ |date=2012-01-18 }} [[Category:1960s automobiles]] [[Category:1970s automobiles]] [[Category:1980s automobiles]] [[Category:1990s automobiles]] [[Category:2000s automobiles]] [[Category:2010s automobiles]] [[Category:Caurs o Turkey]] [[Category:Compact caurs]] [[Category:Coupes]] [[Category:Front-wheel-drive vehicles]] [[Category:Guids manufactured in Canadae]] [[Category:Hatchbacks]] [[Category:Liftbacks]] [[Category:Rally caurs]] [[Category:Rear-wheel-drive vehicles]] [[Category:Road vehicles manufactured in the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Sedans]] [[Category:Sport compact caurs]] [[Category:Toyota vehicles|Corolla]] [[Category:Vehicles introducit in 1966]] ku1kjvx0xesxrdidbw8x5lve3lq9idh Mass murther 0 34000 925532 858353 2026-10-30T22:17:28Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 925532 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mass murther''' (in militar contexts, whiles interchyngeable wi "[[mass destruction]]") is the act o [[murther]]in a muckle hantle o fowk (fower or mair), teepically at the same time or ower a relatively short period o time.<ref name="aggrawal">Aggrawal A. (2005) ''Mass Murder''. In: Payne-James JJ, Byard RW, Corey TS, Henderson C (Eds.) ''Encyclopedia of Forensic and Legal Medicine'', Vol. 3, Pp. 216-223. Elsevier Academic Press, London</ref> Accordin tae the [[FBI]], mass murther is defined as fower or mair murthers occurrin in a pairticular event wi nae ''ceulin-aff period'' atween the murthers. A mass murther teepically occurs in a single location whaur a nummer o victims are killt bi a single body or a group o bodies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fbi.gov/publications/serial_murder.htm#two |title=Serial Murder - Federal Bureau of Investigation |publisher=Fbi.gov |date= |accessdate=2012-03-07 |archive-date=2010-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007204834/http://www.fbi.gov/publications/serial_murder.htm#two |url-status=dead }}</ref> Maist acts o mass murther end wi the daith o the perpetrator(s), whether bi direct suicide, [[suicide bi cop]] or bein killed bi law enforcement. Mass murder mey be committit bi indiwallers or organisations. Mass murther mey be definit as the intentional an indiscriminate murther o a fair hantle o fowk bi govrenment agents an aw. Examples are the shuitin o unairmit protestors, the [[carpet bombin]] o ceeties, the lobbin o grenades intae preeson cells an the random execution o civilians.<ref name=H>R. J. Rummel, Irving Louis Horowitz, ''Death by Government'', Page 35, ISBN 1-56000-927-6</ref> Mass murtherers are different fae [[spree killer]]s, wha kill at twa or mair locations wi amaist nae time break atween murthers an are no defined bi the nummer o victims, an [[serial killer]]s, wha mey kill a fair hantle o fowk ower lang periods o time. The mucklemaist mass killins in history hae been attempts tae exterminate hale groups or commonties o fowk, aften on the basis o ethnicity or releegion. Some o thir mass murthers hae been foond tae be [[genocide]]s an ithers tae be [[creemes agin humanity]], but aften siclike creemes hae led tae few or nae convictions o ony type. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=2872452&page=1 What makes a Mass Killer?] *[http://www.fullspectrumottawa.com/exposure/exposure_mass_murder.php Mass Murder: A Small Person's Way to Immortality] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510134208/http://www.fullspectrumottawa.com/exposure/exposure_mass_murder.php |date=2008-05-10 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110307083040/http://www.massviolence.org/ Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence] [[Category:Mass murtherers| ]] [[Category:Mass murther| ]] [[Category:Murther]] kbv8jo6pt7vyd0rzjo72sfo2nj20j4k Province o Arezzo 0 34819 925534 640887 2026-10-30T23:36:46Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 925534 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox province <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Province o Arezzo | native_name = | native_name_lang = it<!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "it" for Italian --> | settlement_type = [[Provinces o Italy|Province]] | image_skyline = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | image_map = Map Province of Arezzo.svg | map_alt = | map_caption = Map heichlichtin the location o the province o Arezzo in Italy | coordinates = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = {{flag|Italy}} | subdivision_type1 = Region | subdivision_name1 = [[Tuscany]] | established_title = | established_date = | seat_type = Caipital(s) | seat = [[Arezzo]] | parts_type = [[Comune|Comuni]] | parts_style = para | p1 = 39 | government_footnotes = | leader_party = [[Democratic Pairty (Italy)|PD]] | leader_title = Preses | leader_name = Vincenzo Ceccarelli | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 3232 | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = | population_total = 323288 | population_as_of = 2004 | population_density_km2 = auto | timezone1 = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset1 = +1 | timezone1_DST = [[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]] | utc_offset1_DST = +2 | postal_code_type = Postal code | postal_code = n/a | area_code_type = Telephone prefix | area_code = n/a | iso_code = | registration_plate = [[Italian caur number plates|AR]] | blank_name_sec1 = [[Istituto Nazionale di Statistica|ISTAT]] | blank_info_sec1 = 051 | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | footnotes = }} The '''Province o Arezzo''' or '''Arretium''' ({{lang-it|Provincia di Arezzo}}) is the eastmaist [[Provinces o Italy|province]] in the [[Tuscany]] region o [[Italy]]. Its caipital is the ceety o [[Arezzo]]. It haes an aurie o 3,232 km², an a total population o 323,288 (2001) in 39 ''[[comune|comuni]]'' (singular: ''comune''). At 30 Juin 2005, the main ''comuni'' bi population are: {| class="wikitable sortable" !''Comune'' !Population |- |[[Arezzo]] | align="right" |95,082 |- |[[Montevarchi]] | align="right" |22,800 |- |[[Cortona]] | align="right" |22,537 |- |[[San Giovanni Valdarno]] | align="right" |17,103 |- |[[Sansepolcro]] | align="right" |15,858 |- |[[Castiglion Fiorentino]] | align="right" |12,502 |- |[[Bibbiena]] | align="right" |12,104 |- |[[Terranuova Bracciolini]] | align="right" |11,814 |- |[[Bucine]] | align="right" |9,760 |- |[[Civitella in Val di Chiana]] | align="right" |8,919 |- |[[Foiano della Chiana]] | align="right" |8,795 |- |[[Cavriglia]] | align="right" |8,764 |- |[[Monte San Savino]] | align="right" |8,456 |- |} == Freemit airtins == *{{it icon}}[https://web.archive.org/web/20110226081219/http://provincia.arezzo.it/ Province hamepage] {{Tuscany}} {{Province o Arezzo|nocat=yes}} {{coord missing|Italy}} [[Category:Province o Arezzo| ]] [[Category:Provinces o Italy|Arezzo]] fsrtvjyluv4mzj3fc7bq1bug5eopiay Province o Genoa 0 36934 925536 858474 2026-10-30T23:37:06Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 925536 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox province <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Province o Genoa | native_name = | native_name_lang = it<!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "it" for Italian --> | settlement_type = [[Provinces o Italy|Province]] | image_skyline = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | image_map = Map Province of Genova.svg | map_alt = | map_caption = Map heichlichtin the location o the province o Genoa in Italy | coordinates = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = {{flag|Italy}} | subdivision_type1 = Region | subdivision_name1 = [[Ligurie]] | established_title = | established_date = | seat_type = Caipital(s) | seat = [[Genoa]] | parts_type = [[Comune|Comuni]] | parts_style = para | p1 = 67 | government_footnotes = | leader_party = | leader_title = President | leader_name = Alessandro Repetto | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 1838 | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = | population_total = 884251 | population_as_of = 2009-04-30 | population_density_km2 = auto | timezone1 = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset1 = +1 | timezone1_DST = [[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]] | utc_offset1_DST = +2 | postal_code_type = Postal code | postal_code = 16010 - 16049, 16100 | area_code_type = Telephone prefix | area_code = 010, 0185 | iso_code = | registration_plate = [[Italian caur number plates|GE]] | blank_name_sec1 = [[Istituto Nazionale di Statistica|ISTAT]] | blank_info_sec1 = 010 | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | footnotes = }} [[File:Genova mappa.png|thumb|left|Map o the Province o Genoa.]] The '''Province o Genoa''' (It. ''Provincia di Genova'') is a [[Provinces o Italy|province]] in the [[Ligurie]] region o [[Italy]]. Its caipital is the ceety o [[Genoa]]. It haes an aurie o 1,838&nbsp;km², an a total population o aboot 900,000 (2009). There are 67 ''communes'' in the province (source: Italian institute o statistics ''Istat'', see [http://www.upinet.it/indicatore.asp?id_statistiche=6 this link] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807094512/http://www.upinet.it/indicatore.asp?id_statistiche=6 |date=2007-08-07 }}). Namit efter a meethical twa-heidit Greek God, Janus, protector o ships. The name derives frae a Ligurian tribal wird, for "knee" (genu), or the Laitin name for gate, "janua". The ceety is set at the fuit o muntains in the Guwf o Genoa at the maist northerly end o the Tyrrhenian Sea, whare at ane time it ruled the maritime warld. [[Genoa]] haes fine examples o Baroque Kirk an Palace airchitectur. ==Common mair populous== Belaw is a leet o the ten municipalities o the province sortit bi number o inhabitants at 31 December 2010:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://demo.istat.it/bil2010/index.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-08-27 |archive-date=2012-03-22 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/66LtFis1g?url=http://demo.istat.it/bil2010/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%" class="wikitable sortable" !style="background:#CCCCFF"|Pos. !style="background:#CCCCFF"|Ceety !style="background:#CCCCFF"|Population<br /> (ab) |- |'''1º''' |[[Genoa]] |607.906 |- |'''2º''' |[[Rapallo]] |30.785 |- |'''3º''' |[[Chiavari]] |27.815 |- |'''4º''' |[[Sestri Levante]] |18.794 |- |'''5º''' |[[Lavagna]] |13.013 |- |'''6º''' |[[Arenzano]] |11.724 |- |'''7º''' |[[Recco]] |10.178 |- |'''8º''' |[[Santa Margherita Ligure]] |9.915 |- |'''9º''' |[[Cogoleto]] |9.209 |- |'''10º''' |[[Serra Riccò]] |7.994 |- |} ==See an aw== *[[Aveto Natural Regional Pairk]] == References == <references /> ==Freemit airtins== * [http://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page ->Wikipedia in Ligurian language] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060825034601/http://www.provincia.genova.it/ Official website] {{Ligurie}} {{Province o Genoa|nocat=yes}} [[Category:Province o Genoa| ]] c78zewslwrs6e9110seh75rsce2bw9e Roushies 0 37067 925495 916246 2026-10-30T14:41:19Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 Replace archive.today airtins wi Wayback Machine airtins 925495 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group |group = '''Roushies''' <br />русские <br />''russkiye'' |poptime = '''130–150 million'''<ref>Estimates range atween 130 an 150 million. 111 million in the [[Roushie Federation]] ([[Roushie Census (2010)|2010 census]]), aboot 16 million [[ethnic Roushies in post-Soviet states]] (8 M in Ukraine, 4.5 M in Kazakhstan, 1 M in Belaroushie, 0.6 M Latvie, 0.6 M in Uzbekistan, 0.6 M in Kyrgyzstan. Up tae 10 million [[Roushie diaspora]] elsewhaur (maistly Americaes an Wastren Europe).</ref>|popplace={{flag|Roushie}}: 111,016,896<ref name=gks>[http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/per-itog/tab5.xls Ethnic groups in Russia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223052305/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/per-itog/tab5.xls |date=2021-12-23 }}, 2010 census, Rosstat. Retrieved 15 February 2012 {{ru icon}}</ref><br /><small>(census, 2010)</small> |region1 = {{flag|Ukraine}} |pop1 = 8,334,141 (census, 2001)<ref name="Національний склад населення">[http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/general/nationality/ Про кількість та склад населення України за підсумками Всеукраїнського перепису населення 2001 року] {{uk icon}}</ref> |region2 = {{flag|Kazakhstan}} |pop2 = 3,793,764 (census, 2009)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stat.kz/p_perepis/Documents/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5%20%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8.rar |title=(2009 census) |date= |accessdate=2012-07-22 |archive-date=2011-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723084412/http://www.stat.kz/p_perepis/Documents/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5%20%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8.rar |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region3 = {{flag|Germany}}<br /><small>(including Russian Jews and Russian Germans)</small> |pop3 = 3,500,000 (estimate, 2013)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid.ru/bdomp/brp_4.nsf/e78a48070f128a7b43256999005bcbb3/55cec39404735aadc32572ea005b9953!OpenDocument |title=Regarding Upcoming Conference on Status of Russian Language Abroad |publisher=Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs |date= |accessdate=2014-06-24}}</ref> |region4 = {{flag|Unitit States}}<br /><small>(including Russian Jews and Russian Germans)</small> |pop4 = 3,072,756 (census, 2009)<ref name=census1>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_5YR_B04003&prodType=table|title=American FactFinder - Results &nbsp;|author=Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS)|publisher=}}</ref> |region5 = {{flag|Uzbekistan}} |pop5 = 1,199,015 (estimate, 2000)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.library.cjes.ru/online/?a=con&b_id=416 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-06-09 |archive-date=2012-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805002401/http://library.cjes.ru/online/?a=con&b_id=416 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region6 = {{flag|Belarus}} |pop6 = 785,084 (census, 2009)<ref>[http://belstat.gov.by/homep/en/census/2009/main.php (2009 census)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091103071942/http://belstat.gov.by/homep/en/census/2009/main.php |date=2009-11-03 }}</ref> |region7 = {{flag|Canadae}}<br /><small>(Russian ancestry)</small> |pop7 = 550,520 (census, 2011)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=105396&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF|title=2011 National Household Survey: Data tables|publisher=}}</ref> |region8 = {{flag|Latvie}} |pop8 = 520,136 (census, 2014)<ref>[http://data.csb.gov.lv/Table.aspx?layout=tableViewLayout1&px_tableid=IS0070.px&px_path=Sociala__Ikgad%C4%93jie%20statistikas%20dati__Iedz%C4%ABvot%C4%81ji__Iedz%C4%ABvot%C4%81ji%20skaits%20un%20t%C4%81%20izmai%C5%86as&px_language=lv&px_db=Sociala&rxid=992a0682-2c7d-4148-b242-7b48ff9fe0c2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714231420/http://data.csb.gov.lv/Table.aspx?layout=tableViewLayout1&px_tableid=IS0070.px&px_path=Sociala__Ikgad%C4%93jie%20statistikas%20dati__Iedz%C4%ABvot%C4%81ji__Iedz%C4%ABvot%C4%81ji%20skaits%20un%20t%C4%81%20izmai%C5%86as&px_language=lv&px_db=Sociala&rxid=992a0682-2c7d-4148-b242-7b48ff9fe0c2 |date=2014-07-14 }}</ref> |region9 = {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}} |pop9 = 419,600 (census, 2009)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.kg/stat.files/tematika/%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%20%D0%B2%20%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85/%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE6.pdf|title=Ethnic groups in Kyrgyzstan (2009 census)|work=Kyrgyz Statistical Agency|year=2009|accessdate=2011-03-31|publisher=Kyrgyz Statistical Agency|archive-date=2012-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308134750/http://www.stat.kg/stat.files/tematika/%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%20%D0%B2%20%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85/%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE6.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |region10 = {{flag|Moldovae}} |pop10 = 369,488 (census, 2004)<ref>2004 [http://www.statistica.md/pageview.php?l=en&idc=295&id=2234 Moldovan Census] and [http://pridnestrovie.net/2004census.html Transnistrian Census]data. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318044749/http://pridnestrovie.net/2004census.html |date=2009-03-18 }}</ref> |region11 = {{flag| Estonie}} |pop11 = 324,431 (2013)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.ee/34278|title=Population by ethnic nationality, 1 January, years|publisher=[[Statistics Estonia]]|year=2013|accessdate=11 October 2013|archive-date=2019-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107090524/https://www.stat.ee/34278|url-status=dead}}</ref> |region12 = {{flag|Turkmenistan}} |pop12 = 297,319 (census, 2000)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tx.html |title=CIA – The World Factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |date= |accessdate=2012-07-22 |archive-date=2007-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612214157/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tx.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region13= {{flag|Fraunce}}<br /><small>(Country of birth)</small> |pop13 = 200,000<ref name="russieinfo.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.russieinfo.com/la-communaute-russe-en-france-est-eclectique-2014-10-30 |title=La communauté russe en France est "éclectique". |access-date=2015-06-09 |archive-date=2019-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191122143216/http://www.russieinfo.com/la-communaute-russe-en-france-est-eclectique-2014-10-30 |url-status=dead }}</ref> to 500,000<ref name="russieinfo.com"/> |region14 = {{flag|Brazil}}<br /><small>(Russian ancestry)</small> |pop14 = 200,000<ref name="Câmara de Comércio Brasil-Rússia">{{cite web |url=http://www.brasil-russia.com.br/comunidade.htm |title=Câmara de Comércio Brasil-Rússia |publisher=Brasil-russia.com.br |date= |accessdate=2012-07-22 |archive-date=2020-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200525144021/https://brasil-russia.com.br/comunidade.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region15 = {{flag|Lithuanie}} |pop15 = 174,900 (census, 2009)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://db1.stat.gov.lt/statbank/selectvarval/saveselections.asp?MainTable=M3010215&PLanguage=0&TableStyle=&Buttons=&PXSId=3236&IQY=&TC=&ST=ST&rvar0=&rvar1=&rvar2=&rvar3=&rvar4=&rvar5=&rvar6=&rvar7=&rvar8=&rvar9=&rvar10=&rvar11=&rvar12=&rvar13=&rvar14= |title=Gyventojų skaičius metų pradžioje. Požymiai: tautybė – Rodiklių duomenų bazėje |publisher=Db1.stat.gov.lt |date= |accessdate=2012-07-22 |archive-date=2012-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120906042802/http://db1.stat.gov.lt/statbank/selectvarval/saveselections.asp?MainTable=M3010215&PLanguage=0&TableStyle=&Buttons=&PXSId=3236&IQY=&TC=&ST=ST&rvar0=&rvar1=&rvar2=&rvar3=&rvar4=&rvar5=&rvar6=&rvar7=&rvar8=&rvar9=&rvar10=&rvar11=&rvar12=&rvar13=&rvar14= |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region16 = {{flag|Azerbaijan}} |pop16 = 119,300 (census, 2009)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.azstat.org/statinfo/demoqraphic/en/AP_/AP_1.shtml |title=Population by ethnic groups (2009 census) |access-date=2015-06-09 |archive-date=2012-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207012257/http://www.azstat.org/statinfo/demoqraphic/en/AP_/AP_1.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region17 = {{flag|Argentinae}}<br /><small>(immigrants between 1895 and 1946 )</small> |pop17 = 114,303<ref>[http://www.argentina.gob.ar/advf/descargas/acerca_espanol.pdf Cuadro de proyección Inmigratoria periodo 1895–1946] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714193441/http://www.argentina.gob.ar/advf/descargas/acerca_espanol.pdf |date=2015-07-14 }} {{es icon}}</ref> |region18 = {{flag|Georgia}} |pop18 = 91,091 (census, 2002)<ref>[http://www.statistics.ge/main.php?pform=14&plang=1 (2002 census)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006125019/http://www.statistics.ge/main.php?pform=14&plang=1 |date=2007-10-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru/abhazia.html|title=The ethnic composition of the population of Abkhazia|work=2003 Census|publisher=Управление Государственной Статистики Республики Абхазия «Абхазия в цифрах», г. Сухум, 2005|date=|accessdate=| language=Russian}}</ref> |region19 = {{flag|Colombie}} |pop19 = 88,000 {{citation needed|date=November 2012}} |region20 = {{flag|Tajikistan}} |pop20 = 68,200 (census, 2000)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2005/0191/analit05.php |title=(2000 census) |publisher=Demoscope.ru |date=2000-01-20 |accessdate=2012-07-22}}</ref> |region21 = {{flag|Australie}} |pop21 = 67,055 (census, 2006)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ |title=Australian Bureau of Statistics |publisher=Abs.gov.au |date= |accessdate=2012-07-22}}</ref> |region22 = {{flag|Cuba}} |pop22 = 50,200 (census, 2002)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cubagob.cu/otras_info/censo/index.htm|title=Официальная статистика Кубы за 2002 г.|publisher=|access-date=2015-06-09|archive-date=2007-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203182631/http://www.cubagob.cu/otras_info/censo/index.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> |region23 = {{flag|Turkey}}<br /><small>(Russian ancestry)</small> |pop23 = 50,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid.ru/ns_publ.nsf/cb8e241d18a8904ec3256fc7002ddc0e/a26c797ba51042d2c32576800031670a?OpenDocument |title=МИД России &#124; 12/02/2009 &#124; Интервью Посла России в Турции В.Е.Ивановского, опубликованное в журнале "Консул" № 4 /19/, декабрь 2009 года |publisher=Mid.ru |date= |accessdate=2012-07-22}}</ref> |region24 = {{flag|Spain}}<br /><small>(Russian citizens)</small> |pop24 = 42,585 (census, 2005)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ine.es/prodyser/pubweb/anuario06/anu06_02demog.pdf |title=(2005 census) |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2012-07-22 |archive-date=2008-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080726044741/http://www.ine.es/prodyser/pubweb/anuario06/anu06_02demog.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region25 = {{flag|Unitit Kinrick}}<br /><small>(Russian citizens)</small> |pop25 = 35,172 (2011)<ref>{{cite web|title=Nationality and country of birth by age, sex and qualifications Jan - Dec 2013 (Excel sheet 60Kb)|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/about-ons/business-transparency/freedom-of-information/what-can-i-request/published-ad-hoc-data/labour/april-2014/nationality-and-country-of-birth-by-age--sex-and-qualifications-jan---dec-2013.xls|website=www.ons.gov.uk|publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]]|accessdate=11 June 2014|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924060723/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/about-ons/business-transparency/freedom-of-information/what-can-i-request/published-ad-hoc-data/labour/april-2014/nationality-and-country-of-birth-by-age--sex-and-qualifications-jan---dec-2013.xls|url-status=dead}}</ref> |region26 = {{flag|Venezuela}} |pop26 = 34,600<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.joshuaproject.net/countries.php?rog3=VE|title=Country - Venezuela :: Joshua Project Joshua Project|author=Joshua Project|publisher=}}</ref> |region27 = {{flag|Romanie}}<br /><small> ([[Lipovans]])</small> |pop27 = 36,397 (census, 2002)<ref>[http://mimmc.ro/info_util/formulare_1294/ Informatii utile | Agentia Nationala pentru Intreprinderi Mici si Mijlocii] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070513211550/http://mimmc.ro/info_util/formulare_1294/ |date=2007-05-13 }} (2002 census) {{ro icon}}</ref> |region28 = {{flag|Finland}}<br /><small>(Russian speakers)</small> |pop28 = 66,379 (estimate, 2013){{citation needed}} |region29 = {{flag|Czech Republic}} |pop29 = 32,828 (statistical data, 2013)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.czso.cz/csu/cizinci.nsf/t/7800512362/$File/c01t01.pdf |title=(number of foreigners in the Czech Republic) |format=PDF |language=cs |date= |accessdate=2015-01-16 |archive-date=2015-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903213530/http://www.czso.cz/csu/cizinci.nsf/t/7800512362/$File/c01t01.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region30 = {{flag|Italy}}<br /><small>(Russian citizens)</small> |pop30 = 39.314 (2014)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.istat.it/it/archivio/129854 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-06-09 |archive-date=2020-04-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425193119/https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/129854 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region31= {{flag|Greece}}<br /><small>(Russian citizens)</small> |pop31 = 18,219 (census, 2001)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/BUCKET/A1604/Other/A1604_SAP03_TB_DC_00_2001_09_F_GR.pdf |title=(2001 census) |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2012-07-22 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924120743/http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/BUCKET/A1604/Other/A1604_SAP03_TB_DC_00_2001_09_F_GR.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region32 = {{flag|Unitit Arab Emirates}} |pop32 = 18,000 |region33 = {{flag|Fowkrepublic o Cheenae}} |pop33 = 15,609 (census, 2000)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/renkoupucha/2000pucha/html/t0106.htm |title=(2000 census) |publisher=Stats.gov.cn |date= |accessdate=2012-07-22 |archive-date=2018-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826143557/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/renkoupucha/2000pucha/html/t0106.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region34 = {{flag|Bulgarie}} |pop34 = 15,595 (census, 2002)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nsi.bg/Census/Ethnos.htm |title=(2002 census) |publisher=Nsi.bg |date= |accessdate=2012-07-22}}</ref> |region35 = {{flag|Armenie}} |pop35 = 14,660 (census, 2002)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://docs.armstat.am/census/pdfs/51.pdf |title=(2002 census) |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2012-07-22 |archive-date=2010-01-30 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5nAoWfeZT?url=http://docs.armstat.am/census/pdfs/51.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region36 = {{flag|Venezuela}} |pop36 = 10,000 {{citation needed|date=November 2012}} |region37 = {{flag|New Zealand}} |pop37 = 5,000{{citation needed|date=February 2012}} |region38 = {{flag|Slovakie}} |pop38 = 1,997{{citation needed|date=May 2011}} |region39 = 946<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.monstat.org/userfiles/file/popis2011/saopstenje/saopstenje(1).pdf|publisher=monstat.org|accessdate=27 November 2013}}</ref> |pop39 = {{flag|Montenegro}} |langs=[[Roushie leid|Roushie]] |rels= Predominantly '''†''' [[Eastren Orthodox Kirk|Eastren Orthodox Christianity]] <br />([[Roushie Orthodox Kirk]])<br /> Signeeficant [[irreleegion|non-releegious]] population. Minorities o [[Auld Believers]] |related=Ither [[East Slavs]] ([[Belaroushies]] an [[Ukrainians]])<ref name="2008ydna">{{cite journal|pmc=2253976 | pmid=18179905 | doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.09.019 | volume=82 | issue=1 | title=Two sources of the Russian patrilineal heritage in their Eurasian context |date=January 2008 | journal=American Journal of Human Genetics | pages=236–50}}</ref> }} The '''Roushie''' ({{lang-ru|русские}}, ''russkiye'') are an [[East Slavs|East Slavic]] [[ethnic group]] native tae [[Roushie]],<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548156/Slav "Slav."] Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 30 July 2011.</ref> speakin the [[Roushie leid]] an primarily livin in [[Roushie]] an neebourin kintras. Accordin tae the [[Roushie Census (2010)|2010 census]], ethnic Roushies mak up aboot 81% o the population o Roushie.<ref name=gks>[http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/per-itog/tab5.xls Ethnic groups in Russia], 2010 census, Rosstat. Retrieved 15 February 2012 {{ru icon}}</ref> ==Terminologie== Thare are twa Roushie wirds which are commonly translatit intae Scots as "Roushies": "русские" (''russkiye''), which means "ethnic Roushie" an "россияне" (''rossiyane''), which means "citizens o Roushie". The first wird refers tae aw ethnic Roushie, indifferently o wha kintra they live in (Roushie, Ukraine, Latvie etc.), an does no include memmers o Roushie's ethnic minorities. The seicont wird refers tae aw fowk hauldin citizenship o Roushie, indifferently o their ethnicity, an does no include ethnic Roushies livin ootside o Roushie. Scots translations dae no aaways distinguish these twa wirds. ==References an notes== {{Reflist|2}} [[Category:Ethnic groups in Asie]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Azerbaijan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Ukraine]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Crimea]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Dagestan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Europe]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Georgie (kintra)]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Kazakhstan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Kyrgyzstan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Latvie]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Roushie]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Turkmenistan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Tajikistan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Uzbekistan]] [[Category:Slavic ethnic groups]] [[Category:Roushie fowk| ]] {{Stub/Roushie}} 9is8whygzxae5tl45kj93md6tiynf3e 925498 925495 2026-10-30T14:48:33Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 {{fixscots}} 925498 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group |group = '''Roushies''' <br />русские <br />''russkiye'' |poptime = '''130–150 million'''<ref>Estimates range atween 130 an 150 million. 111 million in the [[Roushie Federation]] ([[Roushie Census (2010)|2010 census]]), aboot 16 million [[ethnic Roushies in post-Soviet states]] (8 M in Ukraine, 4.5 M in Kazakhstan, 1 M in Belaroushie, 0.6 M Latvie, 0.6 M in Uzbekistan, 0.6 M in Kyrgyzstan. Up tae 10 million [[Roushie diaspora]] elsewhaur (maistly Americaes an Wastren Europe).</ref>|popplace={{flag|Roushie}}: 111,016,896<ref name=gks>[http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/per-itog/tab5.xls Ethnic groups in Russia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223052305/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/per-itog/tab5.xls |date=2021-12-23 }}, 2010 census, Rosstat. Retrieved 15 February 2012 {{ru icon}}</ref><br /><small>(census, 2010)</small> |region1 = {{flag|Ukraine}} |pop1 = 8,334,141 (census, 2001)<ref name="Національний склад населення">[http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/general/nationality/ Про кількість та склад населення України за підсумками Всеукраїнського перепису населення 2001 року] {{uk icon}}</ref> |region2 = {{flag|Kazakhstan}} |pop2 = 3,793,764 (census, 2009)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stat.kz/p_perepis/Documents/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5%20%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8.rar |title=(2009 census) |date= |accessdate=2012-07-22 |archive-date=2011-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723084412/http://www.stat.kz/p_perepis/Documents/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5%20%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8.rar |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region3 = {{flag|Germany}}<br /><small>(including Russian Jews and Russian Germans)</small> |pop3 = 3,500,000 (estimate, 2013)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid.ru/bdomp/brp_4.nsf/e78a48070f128a7b43256999005bcbb3/55cec39404735aadc32572ea005b9953!OpenDocument |title=Regarding Upcoming Conference on Status of Russian Language Abroad |publisher=Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs |date= |accessdate=2014-06-24}}</ref> |region4 = {{flag|Unitit States}}<br /><small>(including Russian Jews and Russian Germans)</small> |pop4 = 3,072,756 (census, 2009)<ref name=census1>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_5YR_B04003&prodType=table|title=American FactFinder - Results &nbsp;|author=Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS)|publisher=}}</ref> |region5 = {{flag|Uzbekistan}} |pop5 = 1,199,015 (estimate, 2000)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.library.cjes.ru/online/?a=con&b_id=416 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-06-09 |archive-date=2012-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805002401/http://library.cjes.ru/online/?a=con&b_id=416 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region6 = {{flag|Belarus}} |pop6 = 785,084 (census, 2009)<ref>[http://belstat.gov.by/homep/en/census/2009/main.php (2009 census)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091103071942/http://belstat.gov.by/homep/en/census/2009/main.php |date=2009-11-03 }}</ref> |region7 = {{flag|Canadae}}<br /><small>(Russian ancestry)</small> |pop7 = 550,520 (census, 2011)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=105396&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF|title=2011 National Household Survey: Data tables|publisher=}}</ref> |region8 = {{flag|Latvie}} |pop8 = 520,136 (census, 2014)<ref>[http://data.csb.gov.lv/Table.aspx?layout=tableViewLayout1&px_tableid=IS0070.px&px_path=Sociala__Ikgad%C4%93jie%20statistikas%20dati__Iedz%C4%ABvot%C4%81ji__Iedz%C4%ABvot%C4%81ji%20skaits%20un%20t%C4%81%20izmai%C5%86as&px_language=lv&px_db=Sociala&rxid=992a0682-2c7d-4148-b242-7b48ff9fe0c2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714231420/http://data.csb.gov.lv/Table.aspx?layout=tableViewLayout1&px_tableid=IS0070.px&px_path=Sociala__Ikgad%C4%93jie%20statistikas%20dati__Iedz%C4%ABvot%C4%81ji__Iedz%C4%ABvot%C4%81ji%20skaits%20un%20t%C4%81%20izmai%C5%86as&px_language=lv&px_db=Sociala&rxid=992a0682-2c7d-4148-b242-7b48ff9fe0c2 |date=2014-07-14 }}</ref> |region9 = {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}} |pop9 = 419,600 (census, 2009)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.kg/stat.files/tematika/%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%20%D0%B2%20%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85/%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE6.pdf|title=Ethnic groups in Kyrgyzstan (2009 census)|work=Kyrgyz Statistical Agency|year=2009|accessdate=2011-03-31|publisher=Kyrgyz Statistical Agency|archive-date=2012-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308134750/http://www.stat.kg/stat.files/tematika/%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%20%D0%B2%20%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85/%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE6.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |region10 = {{flag|Moldovae}} |pop10 = 369,488 (census, 2004)<ref>2004 [http://www.statistica.md/pageview.php?l=en&idc=295&id=2234 Moldovan Census] and [http://pridnestrovie.net/2004census.html Transnistrian Census]data. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318044749/http://pridnestrovie.net/2004census.html |date=2009-03-18 }}</ref> |region11 = {{flag| Estonie}} |pop11 = 324,431 (2013)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.ee/34278|title=Population by ethnic nationality, 1 January, years|publisher=[[Statistics Estonia]]|year=2013|accessdate=11 October 2013|archive-date=2019-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107090524/https://www.stat.ee/34278|url-status=dead}}</ref> |region12 = {{flag|Turkmenistan}} |pop12 = 297,319 (census, 2000)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tx.html |title=CIA – The World Factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |date= |accessdate=2012-07-22 |archive-date=2007-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612214157/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tx.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region13= {{flag|Fraunce}}<br /><small>(Country of birth)</small> |pop13 = 200,000<ref name="russieinfo.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.russieinfo.com/la-communaute-russe-en-france-est-eclectique-2014-10-30 |title=La communauté russe en France est "éclectique". |access-date=2015-06-09 |archive-date=2019-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191122143216/http://www.russieinfo.com/la-communaute-russe-en-france-est-eclectique-2014-10-30 |url-status=dead }}</ref> to 500,000<ref name="russieinfo.com"/> |region14 = {{flag|Brazil}}<br /><small>(Russian ancestry)</small> |pop14 = 200,000<ref name="Câmara de Comércio Brasil-Rússia">{{cite web |url=http://www.brasil-russia.com.br/comunidade.htm |title=Câmara de Comércio Brasil-Rússia |publisher=Brasil-russia.com.br |date= |accessdate=2012-07-22 |archive-date=2020-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200525144021/https://brasil-russia.com.br/comunidade.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region15 = {{flag|Lithuanie}} |pop15 = 174,900 (census, 2009)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://db1.stat.gov.lt/statbank/selectvarval/saveselections.asp?MainTable=M3010215&PLanguage=0&TableStyle=&Buttons=&PXSId=3236&IQY=&TC=&ST=ST&rvar0=&rvar1=&rvar2=&rvar3=&rvar4=&rvar5=&rvar6=&rvar7=&rvar8=&rvar9=&rvar10=&rvar11=&rvar12=&rvar13=&rvar14= |title=Gyventojų skaičius metų pradžioje. Požymiai: tautybė – Rodiklių duomenų bazėje |publisher=Db1.stat.gov.lt |date= |accessdate=2012-07-22 |archive-date=2012-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120906042802/http://db1.stat.gov.lt/statbank/selectvarval/saveselections.asp?MainTable=M3010215&PLanguage=0&TableStyle=&Buttons=&PXSId=3236&IQY=&TC=&ST=ST&rvar0=&rvar1=&rvar2=&rvar3=&rvar4=&rvar5=&rvar6=&rvar7=&rvar8=&rvar9=&rvar10=&rvar11=&rvar12=&rvar13=&rvar14= |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region16 = {{flag|Azerbaijan}} |pop16 = 119,300 (census, 2009)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.azstat.org/statinfo/demoqraphic/en/AP_/AP_1.shtml |title=Population by ethnic groups (2009 census) |access-date=2015-06-09 |archive-date=2012-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207012257/http://www.azstat.org/statinfo/demoqraphic/en/AP_/AP_1.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region17 = {{flag|Argentinae}}<br /><small>(immigrants between 1895 and 1946 )</small> |pop17 = 114,303<ref>[http://www.argentina.gob.ar/advf/descargas/acerca_espanol.pdf Cuadro de proyección Inmigratoria periodo 1895–1946] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714193441/http://www.argentina.gob.ar/advf/descargas/acerca_espanol.pdf |date=2015-07-14 }} {{es icon}}</ref> |region18 = {{flag|Georgia}} |pop18 = 91,091 (census, 2002)<ref>[http://www.statistics.ge/main.php?pform=14&plang=1 (2002 census)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006125019/http://www.statistics.ge/main.php?pform=14&plang=1 |date=2007-10-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru/abhazia.html|title=The ethnic composition of the population of Abkhazia|work=2003 Census|publisher=Управление Государственной Статистики Республики Абхазия «Абхазия в цифрах», г. Сухум, 2005|date=|accessdate=| language=Russian}}</ref> |region19 = {{flag|Colombie}} |pop19 = 88,000 {{citation needed|date=November 2012}} |region20 = {{flag|Tajikistan}} |pop20 = 68,200 (census, 2000)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2005/0191/analit05.php |title=(2000 census) |publisher=Demoscope.ru |date=2000-01-20 |accessdate=2012-07-22}}</ref> |region21 = {{flag|Australie}} |pop21 = 67,055 (census, 2006)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ |title=Australian Bureau of Statistics |publisher=Abs.gov.au |date= |accessdate=2012-07-22}}</ref> |region22 = {{flag|Cuba}} |pop22 = 50,200 (census, 2002)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cubagob.cu/otras_info/censo/index.htm|title=Официальная статистика Кубы за 2002 г.|publisher=|access-date=2015-06-09|archive-date=2007-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203182631/http://www.cubagob.cu/otras_info/censo/index.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> |region23 = {{flag|Turkey}}<br /><small>(Russian ancestry)</small> |pop23 = 50,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid.ru/ns_publ.nsf/cb8e241d18a8904ec3256fc7002ddc0e/a26c797ba51042d2c32576800031670a?OpenDocument |title=МИД России &#124; 12/02/2009 &#124; Интервью Посла России в Турции В.Е.Ивановского, опубликованное в журнале "Консул" № 4 /19/, декабрь 2009 года |publisher=Mid.ru |date= |accessdate=2012-07-22}}</ref> |region24 = {{flag|Spain}}<br /><small>(Russian citizens)</small> |pop24 = 42,585 (census, 2005)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ine.es/prodyser/pubweb/anuario06/anu06_02demog.pdf |title=(2005 census) |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2012-07-22 |archive-date=2008-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080726044741/http://www.ine.es/prodyser/pubweb/anuario06/anu06_02demog.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region25 = {{flag|Unitit Kinrick}}<br /><small>(Russian citizens)</small> |pop25 = 35,172 (2011)<ref>{{cite web|title=Nationality and country of birth by age, sex and qualifications Jan - Dec 2013 (Excel sheet 60Kb)|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/about-ons/business-transparency/freedom-of-information/what-can-i-request/published-ad-hoc-data/labour/april-2014/nationality-and-country-of-birth-by-age--sex-and-qualifications-jan---dec-2013.xls|website=www.ons.gov.uk|publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]]|accessdate=11 June 2014|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924060723/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/about-ons/business-transparency/freedom-of-information/what-can-i-request/published-ad-hoc-data/labour/april-2014/nationality-and-country-of-birth-by-age--sex-and-qualifications-jan---dec-2013.xls|url-status=dead}}</ref> |region26 = {{flag|Venezuela}} |pop26 = 34,600<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.joshuaproject.net/countries.php?rog3=VE|title=Country - Venezuela :: Joshua Project Joshua Project|author=Joshua Project|publisher=}}</ref> |region27 = {{flag|Romanie}}<br /><small> ([[Lipovans]])</small> |pop27 = 36,397 (census, 2002)<ref>[http://mimmc.ro/info_util/formulare_1294/ Informatii utile | Agentia Nationala pentru Intreprinderi Mici si Mijlocii] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070513211550/http://mimmc.ro/info_util/formulare_1294/ |date=2007-05-13 }} (2002 census) {{ro icon}}</ref> |region28 = {{flag|Finland}}<br /><small>(Russian speakers)</small> |pop28 = 66,379 (estimate, 2013){{citation needed}} |region29 = {{flag|Czech Republic}} |pop29 = 32,828 (statistical data, 2013)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.czso.cz/csu/cizinci.nsf/t/7800512362/$File/c01t01.pdf |title=(number of foreigners in the Czech Republic) |format=PDF |language=cs |date= |accessdate=2015-01-16 |archive-date=2015-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903213530/http://www.czso.cz/csu/cizinci.nsf/t/7800512362/$File/c01t01.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region30 = {{flag|Italy}}<br /><small>(Russian citizens)</small> |pop30 = 39.314 (2014)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.istat.it/it/archivio/129854 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-06-09 |archive-date=2020-04-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425193119/https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/129854 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region31= {{flag|Greece}}<br /><small>(Russian citizens)</small> |pop31 = 18,219 (census, 2001)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/BUCKET/A1604/Other/A1604_SAP03_TB_DC_00_2001_09_F_GR.pdf |title=(2001 census) |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2012-07-22 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924120743/http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/BUCKET/A1604/Other/A1604_SAP03_TB_DC_00_2001_09_F_GR.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region32 = {{flag|Unitit Arab Emirates}} |pop32 = 18,000 |region33 = {{flag|Fowkrepublic o Cheenae}} |pop33 = 15,609 (census, 2000)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/renkoupucha/2000pucha/html/t0106.htm |title=(2000 census) |publisher=Stats.gov.cn |date= |accessdate=2012-07-22 |archive-date=2018-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826143557/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/renkoupucha/2000pucha/html/t0106.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region34 = {{flag|Bulgarie}} |pop34 = 15,595 (census, 2002)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nsi.bg/Census/Ethnos.htm |title=(2002 census) |publisher=Nsi.bg |date= |accessdate=2012-07-22}}</ref> |region35 = {{flag|Armenie}} |pop35 = 14,660 (census, 2002)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://docs.armstat.am/census/pdfs/51.pdf |title=(2002 census) |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2012-07-22 |archive-date=2010-01-30 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5nAoWfeZT?url=http://docs.armstat.am/census/pdfs/51.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region36 = {{flag|Venezuela}} |pop36 = 10,000 {{citation needed|date=November 2012}} |region37 = {{flag|New Zealand}} |pop37 = 5,000{{citation needed|date=February 2012}} |region38 = {{flag|Slovakie}} |pop38 = 1,997{{citation needed|date=May 2011}} |region39 = 946<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.monstat.org/userfiles/file/popis2011/saopstenje/saopstenje(1).pdf|publisher=monstat.org|accessdate=27 November 2013}}</ref> |pop39 = {{flag|Montenegro}} |langs=[[Roushie leid|Roushie]] |rels= Predominantly '''†''' [[Eastren Orthodox Kirk|Eastren Orthodox Christianity]] <br />([[Roushie Orthodox Kirk]])<br /> Signeeficant [[irreleegion|non-releegious]] population. Minorities o [[Auld Believers]] |related=Ither [[East Slavs]] ([[Belaroushies]] an [[Ukrainians]])<ref name="2008ydna">{{cite journal|pmc=2253976 | pmid=18179905 | doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.09.019 | volume=82 | issue=1 | title=Two sources of the Russian patrilineal heritage in their Eurasian context |date=January 2008 | journal=American Journal of Human Genetics | pages=236–50}}</ref> }}{{Fixscots|date=October 2026}} The '''Roushie''' ({{lang-ru|русские}}, ''russkiye'') are an [[East Slavs|East Slavic]] [[ethnic group]] native tae [[Roushie]],<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548156/Slav "Slav."] Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 30 July 2011.</ref> speakin the [[Roushie leid]] an primarily livin in [[Roushie]] an neebourin kintras. Accordin tae the [[Roushie Census (2010)|2010 census]], ethnic Roushies mak up aboot 81% o the population o Roushie.<ref name=gks>[http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/per-itog/tab5.xls Ethnic groups in Russia], 2010 census, Rosstat. Retrieved 15 February 2012 {{ru icon}}</ref> ==Terminologie== Thare are twa Roushie wirds which are commonly translatit intae Scots as "Roushies": "русские" (''russkiye''), which means "ethnic Roushie" an "россияне" (''rossiyane''), which means "citizens o Roushie". The first wird refers tae aw ethnic Roushie, indifferently o wha kintra they live in (Roushie, Ukraine, Latvie etc.), an does no include memmers o Roushie's ethnic minorities. The seicont wird refers tae aw fowk hauldin citizenship o Roushie, indifferently o their ethnicity, an does no include ethnic Roushies livin ootside o Roushie. Scots translations dae no aaways distinguish these twa wirds. ==References an notes== {{Reflist|2}} [[Category:Ethnic groups in Asie]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Azerbaijan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Ukraine]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Crimea]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Dagestan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Europe]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Georgie (kintra)]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Kazakhstan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Kyrgyzstan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Latvie]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Roushie]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Turkmenistan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Tajikistan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Uzbekistan]] [[Category:Slavic ethnic groups]] [[Category:Roushie fowk| ]] {{Stub/Roushie}} qsu0uuiq5g6i0absonmbh78jsziwxf7 New Hampshire 0 37977 925478 903274 2026-10-30T13:38:41Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 Replace archive.today airtins wi Wayback Machine airtins 925478 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox U.S. state |Name = New Hampshire |Fullname = State o New Hampshire |Flag = Flag of New Hampshire.svg |Flaglink = [[Banner o New Hampshire|Banner]] |StateAnthem = [[Auld New Hampshire]]<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.nh.gov/nhinfo/song.html| website=NH.gov| title=New Hampshire Almanac: State Official and Honorary State Song| publisher=New Hampshire State Library| date=2012| accessdate=December 22, 2014}}</ref> |Seal = Seal of New Hampshire.svg |Map = New Hampshire in United States.svg |Nickname = The Granite State<ref name=FNHF>{{cite web| url=http://www.nh.gov/nhinfo/fastfact.html| website=NH.gov| title=New Hampshire Almanac: Fast New Hampshire Facts| publisher=New Hampshire State Library| date=2011| accessdate=December 22, 2014}}</ref> |Motto = [[Live Free or Die]] |Former = Province o New Hampshire |Capital = [[Concord, New Hampshire|Concord]] |LargestCity = [[Manchester, New Hampshire|Manchester]] |LargestMetro = [[Manchester, New Hampshire|Greater Manchester]] |Demonym = Granite&nbsp;Stater, New&nbsp;Hampshirite |Governor = [[Chris Sununu]] ([[New Hampshire Republican State Committee|R]]) |Lieutenant Governor = [[Donna Soucy]] ([[New Hampshire Democratic State Committee|D]])<ref>In the event of a vacancy in the office of Governor, the President of the [[New Hampshire Senate|State Senate]] is first in line to assume the gubernatorial powers and duties as Acting Governor.</ref> |Lieutenant Governor_alt = Preses o the Senate |Legislature = [[New Hampshire General Coort|General Coort]] |Upperhouse = [[New Hampshire Senate|Senate]] |Lowerhouse = [[New Hampshire Hoose o Representatives|Hoose o Representatives]] |Senators = [[Jeanne Shaheen]] ([[Democratic Pairty (Unitit States)|D]])<br />[[Maggie Hassan]] (D) |Representative = [[New Hampshire's 1st congressional district|1]]: [[Chris Pappas]] (D) <br /> [[New Hampshire's 2nd congressional district|2]]: [[Ann McLane Kuster]] (D) |PostalAbbreviation = NH |TradAbbreviation = N.H. |OfficialLang = Inglis<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/I/3-C/3-C-1.htm| title=New Hampshire Revised Statutes, Title 1, Chapter 3-C:1 — Official State Language| date=1995| publisher=State of New Hampshire| access-date=December 9, 2016}}</ref><br><small>(French allowed for official business with Quebec)<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/I/3-C/3-C-2.htm| title=New Hampshire Revised Statutes, Title 1, Chapter 3-C:2 — Exceptions| publisher=State of New Hampshire| date=1995| access-date=December 9, 2016}}</ref></small> |AreaRank = 46t |TotalAreaUS = 9,349 |TotalArea = 24,214{{citation needed}} |PCWater = 4.2 |PopRank = 41st |2010Pop = 1,330,608 (2015 est)<ref name="PopEstUS">{{cite web| url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/state/totals/2015/tables/NST-EST2015-01.csv| format=CSV| title=Table 1. Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2015| date=December 26, 2015| publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]| accessdate=December 26, 2015}}</ref> |DensityRank = 21st |2000DensityUS = 147 |2000Density = 56.8 |MedianHouseholdIncome = $75,675<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kff.org/other/state-indicator/median-annual-income/?currentTimeframe=0|work=The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation|title=Median Annual Household Income|accessdate=December 9, 2016}}</ref> |IncomeRank = 1st |AdmittanceOrder = 9t |AdmittanceDate = Juin 21, 1788 |TimeZone = [[Eastren Time Zone (North Americae)|Eastren]]: [[Coordinatit Universal Time|UTC]] [[Eastren Time Zone|-5]]/[[Eastren Daylicht Time|-4]] |Longitude = 70° 36′ W to 72° 33′ W |Latitude = 42° 42′ N to 45° 18′ N |WidthUS = 68 |Width = 110 |LengthUS = 190 |Length = 305 |HighestPoint = [[Moont Washington (New Hampshire)|Moont Washington]]<ref>{{cite ngs |id=PF0951 |designation=Mt Wash |accessdate=October 20, 2011}}</ref><ref name=USGS>{{cite web| url=http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |title=Elevations and Distances in the United States |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |year=2001 |accessdate=October 24, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015012701/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |archivedate=October 15, 2011 }}</ref><ref name=NAVD88>Elevation adjusted to [[North American Vertical Datum of 1988]].</ref><ref>The summit of [[Mount Washington (New Hampshire)|Mount Washington]] is the highest point on the northeastern [[North America|Northern American Continent]].</ref> |HighestElevUS = 6,288 |HighestElev = 1916.66 |MeanElevUS = 1,000 |MeanElev = 300 |LowestPoint = Atlantic Ocean<ref name=USGS/> |LowestElevUS = 0 |LowestElev = 0 |ISOCode = US-NH |Website = www.nh.gov }} '''New Hampshire''' is a [[state o the Unitit States|state]] in the [[New Ingland]] region o the [[northeastren Unitit States|northeastren]] [[Unitit States|Unitit States o Americae]]. It is mairchit bi [[Massachusetts]] tae the sooth, [[Vermont]] tae the wast, [[Maine]] an the [[Atlantic Ocean]] tae the east, an the [[Provinces o Canadae|Canadian province]] o [[Quebec]] tae the north. New Hampshire is the [[Leet o U.S. states an territories bi aurie|5t smawest]] bi laund aurie an the [[Leet o U.S. states an territories bi population|10t least populous]] o the 50 states. In Januar 1776, it becam the first o the Breetish North American [[European colonisation o the Americas|colonies]] tae establish a govrenment independent o the [[Kinrick o Great Breetain]]'s authority, an it wis the first tae establish its awn state constitution. Sax month later, it becam ane o the oreeginal [[Thirteen Colonies|13 states]] that [[Unitit States Declaration o Unthirldom|foondit]] the [[Unitit States|Unitit States o Americae]], an in Juin 1788 it wis the nint state tae ratifee the [[Unitit States Constitution|Constitution]], bringin that document intae effect. [[Concord, New Hampshire|Concord]] is the state caipital, while [[Manchester, New Hampshire|Manchester]] is the lairgest ceety in the state. It haes na general [[Sales taxes in the Unitit States|sales tax]], nor is personal income (ither than interest an dividends) [[income tax|taxed]] at aither the state or local level. The [[New Hampshire primar]] is the first [[U.S. presidential primar|primar]] in the U.S. presidential election cycle. Its nummer plates cairy the [[Leet o U.S. state mottos|state motto]], "[[Live Free or Die]]". The state's [[state nickname|nickname]], "The [[Granite]] State", refers tae its extensive granite formations an [[Quarrel (minin)|quarrels]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Visit NH: State Facts |publisher=NH Department of Resources and Economic Development |accessdate=August 30, 2010 |url=http://www.visitnh.gov/welcome-to-nh/state-facts.aspx |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014112959/http://www.visitnh.gov/welcome-to-nh/state-facts.aspx |archivedate=October 14, 2010 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014112959/http://www.visitnh.gov/welcome-to-nh/state-facts.aspx |date=2010-10-14 }}</ref> Amang [[Leet o fowk frae New Hampshire|prominent individuals frae New Hampshire]] are [[Foondin Faithers o the Unitit States|foondin faither]] [[Nicholas Gilman]], Senator [[Daniel Webster]], [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]] hero [[John Stark]], editor [[Horace Greeley]], foonder o the [[Christian Science]] releegion [[Mary Baker Eddy]], poet [[Robert Frost]], astronaut [[Alan Shepard]], rock muisicker [[Ronnie James Dio]], author [[Dan Brown]], actor [[Adam Sandler]], inventor [[Dean Kamen]], comedians [[Sarah Silverman]] an [[Seth Meyers]], restaurateurs [[Richard an Maurice McDonald]], an Preses o the Unitit States [[Franklin Pierce]]. Wi some o the [[Leet o New Ingland ski auries bi vertical drap|lairgest ski muntains on the East Coast]], New Hampshire's major recreational attractions include [[skiin]], snawmobilin, an ither winter sports, hikin an muntaineerin, observin the faw fulyerie, simmer cottages alang mony lochs an the seacoast, motor sports at the [[New Hampshire Motor Speedway]], an [[Laconia Motorcycle Week|Motorcycle Week]], a popular motorcycle rally held in [[Weirs Beach, New Hampshire|Weirs Beach]] near [[Laconia, New Hampshire|Laconia]] in Juin. The [[White Moontain Naitional Forest]] airts the Vermont an Maine portions o the [[Appalachian Trail]], an haes the [[Moont Washington Auto Road]], whaur veesitors mey drive tae the tap o {{convert|6288|ft|m|adj=on}} [[Moont Washington (New Hampshire)|Mount Washington]]. ==References== {{reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== ;State govrenment * [http://www.nh.gov/ New Hampshire state govrenment wabsteid] {{Navboxes |title= [[File:Nuvola apps kpdf2.png|25px]] Topics relatit tae {{PAGENAME}} |state=off |list1=</span> {{{{PAGENAME}}|expanded}} {{Unitit States poleetical diveesions}} {{Unitit States topics}} }} {{Coord|44|N|71.5|W|region:US-NH_type:adm1st_scale:3000000|display=title}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:New Hampshire| ]] [[Category:States o the Unitit States]] [[Category:New Ingland]] [[Category:Northeastren Unitit States]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1788]] [[Category:States o the East Coast o the Unitit States]] [[Category:1788 establishments in the Unitit States]] {{Stub/USA}} 4a6q8oztih4a6ow1ck2j79dkppzvruz Massachusetts 0 37979 925479 923149 2026-10-30T13:38:46Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 Replace archive.today airtins wi Wayback Machine airtins 925479 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox U.S. state | Name = Massachusetts | Fullname = Commonweel o Massachusetts | Flag = Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg | Flaglink = [[Banner o Massachusetts|Banner]] | Seal = Seal_of_Massachusetts.svg | Map = Massachusetts in United States (zoom).svg | Nickname = The Bay State | Motto = [[Ense petit placidam sub libertate quietem]] ''([[Latin]])''<br /><small>By the sword we seek peace, but peace anely unner leeberty</small> | MottoEnglish = By the sword she seeks peace unner leeberty | Former = Province o Massachusetts Bay | StateAnthem = [[All Hail tae Massachusetts]] | Demonym = Bay Stater (offeecial)<ref>{{cite web|title=Massachusetts General Laws, Chapter 2, Section 35: Designation of citizens of commonwealth|url=http://www.mass.gov/legis/laws/mgl/2-35.htm|publisher=The Commonwealth of Massachusetts|accessdate=February 29, 2008|archive-date=2008-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123060507/http://www.mass.gov/legis/laws/mgl/2-35.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Massachusite (tradeetional)<ref>{{Cite journal|page=435|title=Collections|publisher=[[Massachusetts Historical Society]]|place=Boston|year=1877|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rdbnCkXB2RwC|accessdate=June 10, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Jones|first=Thomas|page=465|title=History of New York During the Revolutionary War|publisher=[[New York Historical Society]]|editor-first=Edward Floyd|editor-last=DeLancey|place=New York|year=1879|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pbuXATAHXMEC|accessdate=June 10, 2015}}</ref> Massachusettsian (archaic)<ref>[[wiktionary:Massachusettsian]].</ref> | Capital = [[Boston]] | LargestCity = capital | LargestMetro = [[Greater Boston]] | Governor = [[Charlie Baker]] (R) | Lieutenant Governor = [[Karyn Polito]] (R) | Legislature = General Court | Upperhouse = Senate | Lowerhouse = Hoose o Representatives | Senators = [[Elizabeth Warren]] (D)<br />[[Ed Markey]] (D) | Representative = 9 Democrats | PostalAbbreviation = MA | TradAbbreviation = Mass. | OfficialLang = Inglis<ref name="WaPo English">{{cite news|last1=Schwarz|first1=Hunter|title=States where English is the official language|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/govbeat/wp/2014/08/12/states-where-english-is-the-official-language/|accessdate=December 29, 2014|work=The Washington Post|date=August 12, 2014}}</ref> | AreaRank = 44t | TotalAreaUS = 10,555<ref name="2010 Census">{{cite web|title=Massachusetts|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/25000.html|website=quickfacts.census.gov|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=June 10, 2015|archive-date=2015-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821061951/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/25000.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><!-- To nearest sqmi., from USCensus web page --> | TotalArea = 27,336 <!-- conversion to nearest km² --> | LandAreaUS = 7,840 | LandArea = 20,306 | WaterAreaUS = 2,715 | WaterArea = 22,031 | PCWater = 25.7 <!-- calculation: Water area over Total area --> | PopRank = 15t<ref name="worldAtlus">{{cite web|title=U. S. States by size|url=http://www.worldatlas.com/aatlas/infopage/usabysiz.htm|website=WorldAtlus.com|accessdate=April 21, 2015}}</ref> | 2010Pop = 6,794,422 (2015 est) <ref name="qcensus">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/state/totals/2015/tables/NST-EST2015-01.csv|format=CSV|title=Table 1. Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2015|date=December 23, 2015|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]|accessdate=January 24, 2016}}</ref> | DensityRank = 3rd <ref name="worldAtlus" /> | 2000DensityUS = 840 | 2000Density = 324 | MedianHouseholdIncome = $65,401 (2008) | IncomeRank = 7t | AdmittanceOrder = 6t | AdmittanceDate = 6 Februar 1788 | TimeZone = [[Eastren Time Zone|Eastren]]: [[Coordinatit Universal Time|UTC]] [[Eastren Time Zone|-5]]/[[Eastren Daylicht Time|-4]] | Latitude = 41° 14′ N tae 42° 53′ N | Longitude = 69° 56′ W tae 73° 30′ W | LengthUS = 113 | Length = 182 | WidthUS = 183 | Width = 295 | HighestPoint = [[Moont Greylock]]<ref>{{cite ngs|name=Greylock RM 1 Reset|id=MZ1957}}</ref><ref name="NAVD88">Elevation adjusted to [[North American Vertical Datum of 1988]].</ref> | HighestElevUS = 3,489 | HighestElev = 1063.4 | MeanElevUS = 500 | MeanElev = 150 | LowestPoint = Atlantic Ocean | LowestElevUS = 0 | LowestElev = 0 | ISOCode = US-MA | Website = http://www.mass.gov/ }} {{Infobox U.S. state symbols | Name = Massachusetts | Bird = [[Black-cappit chickadee]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Black-Capped Chickadee:Massachusetts State Bird|url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-bird/black-capped-chickadee|website=StateSymbolsUSA.org|accessdate=April 17, 2015}}</ref> [[wild turkey]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Wild Turkey:Massachusetts State Game Bird|url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-bird/wild-turkey|website=StateSymbolsUSA.org|accessdate=April 17, 2015}}</ref><ref name="MassFacts">{{cite web|title=Massachusetts Facts|url=http://www.sec.state.ma.us/cis/cismaf/mf1a.htm|website=Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts|accessdate=April 21, 2015}}</ref> | Fish = [[Atlantic cod|Cod]]<ref name="MassFacts" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Cod: Massachusetts State Fish|url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-fish-aquatic-life/cod|website=StateSymbolsUSA.org|accessdate=April 18, 2015}}</ref> | Flower = [[Epigaea repens|Mayflower]]<ref name="MassFacts" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Mayflower: Massachusetts State Flower|url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-flower/mayflower|website=StateSymbolsUSA.org|accessdate=April 18, 2015}}</ref> | Insect = [[Clock leddy]]<ref name="MassFacts" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Ladybug: Massachusetts State Insect|url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-insect/ladybug|website=StateSymbolsUSA.org|accessdate=April 18, 2015}}</ref> | Mammal = [[Richt whaul]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Right Whale: Massachusetts State Marine Mammal|url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-fish-aquatic-life-state-mammal/right-whale|website=StateSymbolsUSA.org|accessdate=April 18, 2015}}</ref> [[Morgan horse]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Morgan Horse: Massachusetts State Horse|url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-horse-state-mammal/morgan-horse|website=StateSymbolsUSA.org|accessdate=April 18, 2015}}</ref> [[Tabby cat]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Tabby Cat: Massachusetts State Cat|url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-dog-cat-state-mammal/tabby-cat|website=StateSymbolsUSA.org|accessdate=April 18, 2015}}</ref> [[Boston Terrier]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Boston Terrier: Massachusetts State Dog|url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-dog-cat-state-mammal/boston-terrier|website=StateSymbolsUSA.org|accessdate=April 18, 2015}}</ref> | Reptile = [[Garter snake]]<ref name="MassFacts" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Garter Snake: Massachusetts State Reptile|url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-reptile/garter-snake|website=StateSymbolsUSA.org|accessdate=April 18, 2015}}</ref> | Tree = [[American elm]]<ref name="MassFacts" /><ref>{{cite web|title=American Elm: Massachusetts State Tree|url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-tree/american-elm|website=StateSymbolsUSA.org|accessdate=April 18, 2015}}</ref> | Beverage = [[Cranberry juice]]<ref name="MassFacts" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Cranberry Juice: Massachusetts State Beverage|url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-food-agriculture-symbol/cranberry-juice|website=StateSymbolsUSA.org|accessdate=April 18, 2015}}</ref> | Colors = Blue, green, cranberry<ref name="MassFacts" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Blue – Green – Cranberry: Massachusetts State Colors|url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-colors/blue-green-cranberry|website=StateSymbolsUSA.org|accessdate=April 18, 2015}}</ref> | Dance = [[Square dance]]<ref name="MassFacts" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Square Dance: Massachusetts State Folk Dance|url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-dance-music-symbol/square-dance|website=StateSymbolsUSA.org|accessdate=April 18, 2015}}</ref> | Food = [[Cranberry]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Cranberry: Massachusetts State Berry|url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-food-agriculture-symbol/cranberry|website=StateSymbolsUSA.org|accessdate=April 18, 2015}}</ref> corn [[muffin]],<ref name="MassFacts" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Corn Muffin: Massachusetts State Muffin|url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-food-agriculture-symbol/corn-muffin|website=StateSymbolsUSA.org|accessdate=April 20, 2015}}</ref> [[navy bean]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Baked Navy Bean: Massachusetts State Bean|url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-food-agriculture-symbol/baked-navy-bean|website=StateSymbolsUSA.org|accessdate=April 20, 2015}}</ref> [[Boston cream pie]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Boston Creme Pie: Massachusetts State Dessert|url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-food-agriculture-symbol/boston-cream-pie|website=StateSymbolsUSA.org|accessdate=April 20, 2015}}</ref> [[chocolate chip cookie]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Chocolate Chip Cookie: Massachusetts State Cookie|url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-food-agriculture-symbol/chocolate-chip-cookie|website=StateSymbolsUSA.org|accessdate=April 20, 2015}}</ref> [[Boston cream doughnut]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Boston Cream Donut: Massachusetts State Donut|url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-food-agriculture-symbol/boston-cream-donut|website=StateSymbolsUSA.org|accessdate=April 18, 2015}}</ref> | Fossil = [[Dinosaur Footprints|Dinosaur Tracks]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Dinosaur Tracks: Massachusetts State Fossil|url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-dinosaur-fossil/dinosaur-tracks|website=StateSymbolsUSA.org|accessdate=April 20, 2015}}</ref> | Gemstone = [[Rhodonite]]<ref name="MassFacts" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Rhodonite: Massachusetts State Gem|url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-gem-gemstone/rhodonite|website=StateSymbolsUSA.org|accessdate=April 20, 2015}}</ref> | Mineral = [[Babingtonite]]<ref name="MassFacts" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Babingtonite: Massachusetts State Mineral|url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-mineral-rock/babingtonite|website=StateSymbolsUSA.org|accessdate=April 20, 2015}}</ref> | Poem = [http://www.masshome.com/mapoem.html "Blue Hills of Massachusetts"]<ref name="MassFacts" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Blue Hills of Massachusetts: Massachusetts State Poem|url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-language-poetry/blue-hills-massachusetts|website=StateSymbolsUSA.org|accessdate=April 20, 2015}}</ref> | Rock = Rolling Rock<ref name="MassFacts" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Rolling Rock: Massachusetts State Glacial Rock |url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-fish-aquatic-life/new-england-neptune|website=StateSymbolsUSA.org|accessdate=April 20, 2015}}</ref> | Shell = [[Neptunea lyrata|New Ingland Neptune]], ''Neptunea lyrata decemcostata''<ref name="MassFacts" /><ref>{{cite web|title=New England Neptune: Massachusetts State Shell |url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-fish-aquatic-life/new-england-neptune|website=StateSymbolsUSA.org|accessdate=April 23, 2015}}</ref> | Ships = ''[[Schooner Ernestina]]'' <ref name="MassFacts" /> | Slogan = ''Make It Yours'',<br />''The Spirit of America'' <ref>{{cite web|title=State Slogans|url=http://www.ereferencedesk.com/resources/state-slogans/|website=Ereferencedesk.com|accessdate=April 21, 2015|archive-date=2015-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502074314/http://www.ereferencedesk.com/resources/state-slogans/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | Soil = [[Paxton (soil)|Paxton]]<ref name="MassFacts" /> | Song = "[[All Hail tae Massachusetts]]"<ref name="MassFacts" /> | Sport = Basketball<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2006/08/09/can_you_guess_the_state_sport_of_massachusetts/|title=Can you guess the state sport of Massachusetts?|first=Michael|last=Levenson|date=August 9, 2006|work=Boston Globe|accessdate=February 14, 2012|archive-date=2012-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216041222/http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2006/08/09/can_you_guess_the_state_sport_of_massachusetts/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | Route Marker = MA Route 28.svg | Quarter = 2000 MA Proof.png | QuarterReleaseDate = 2000<ref>{{cite web|title=The Official Massachusetts State Quarter|url=http://www.theus50.com/massachusetts/quarter.php|website=theus50.com|accessdate=April 21, 2015|archive-date=2015-04-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427143527/http://www.theus50.com/massachusetts/quarter.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> }} '''Massachusetts''' is the maist populous [[U.S. state|state]] in the [[New Ingland]] region o the [[northeastren Unitit States]]. It is mairchit bi the [[Atlantic Ocean]] tae the east, the states o [[Connecticut]] an [[Rhode Island]] tae the sooth, [[New Hampshire]] an [[Vermont]] tae the north, an [[New York (state)|New York]] tae the wast. The state is named efter the [[Massachusett]] tribe, that ance inhabitit the east side o the aurie, an is ane o the original thirteen states. The caipital o Massachusetts is [[Boston]], that is an aw the maist populous ceety in New Ingland. Ower 80% o Massachusetts's population leeves in the [[Greater Boston]] metropolitan aurie, a region influential upon American [[History o the Unitit States|history]], [[academia]], an [[Economy o the Unitit States|industry]].<ref name=GreaterBoston>{{cite web |last1=Douglas |first1=Craig |title=Greater Boston gains population, remains 10th-largest region in U.S |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/boston/stories/2010/03/22/daily22.html?page=all |publisher=bizjournals.com |accessdate=April 21, 2015}}</ref> Oreeginally dependent on [[agricultur]], [[fishin]] an [[tred]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Maritime Commerce |url=http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/maritime/commerce.htm |publisher=National Park Service |accessdate=April 21, 2015 |archive-date=2015-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509055129/http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/maritime/commerce.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> Massachusetts wis transformed intae a manufacturin centre in the [[Industrial Revolution]].<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Lowell, Massachusetts |url=http://www.lowell.com/city-of-lowell/lowell-history/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100405013026/http://lowell.com/city-of-lowell/lowell-history/ |dead-url=yes |archive-date=April 5, 2010 |publisher=City of Lowell |accessdate=April 21, 2015 }}</ref> In the 20t century, Massachusetts's economy shiftit frae manufacturin tae services.<ref>{{cite web |title=Staying Power: The Future of Manufacturing in Massachusetts |url=http://masstech.org/sites/mtc/files/documents/Staying_Power.pdf |publisher=The Center for Urban and Regional Policy School of Social Science, Urban Affairs, and Public Policy Northeastern University |accessdate=April 21, 2015 |format=PDF |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071505/http://masstech.org/sites/mtc/files/documents/Staying_Power.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Modren Massachusetts is a global leader in [[biotechnology]], [[ingineerin]], [[Leet o colleges an varsities in Massachusetts|heicher eddication]], [[finance]], an [[maritime tred]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Housing and Economic Development:Key Industries |url=http://www.mass.gov/hed/economic/industries/ |website=mass.gov |accessdate=April 21, 2015 |archive-date=2015-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150422015358/http://www.mass.gov/hed/economic/industries/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Plymouth, Massachusetts|Plymouth]] wis the steid o the first colony in New Ingland, foondit in 1620 bi the [[Pilgrim Faithers|Pilgrims]], passengers o the ''[[Mayflower]]''. In 1692, the toun o [[Salem, Massachusetts|Salem]] an surroondin auries experienced ane o Americae's maist infamous cases o [[mass hysteria]], the [[Salem witch trials]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The 1692 Salem Witch Trials |url=http://www.salemwitchmuseum.com/education |publisher=Salem Witch Trials Museum |accessdate=April 21, 2015}}</ref> In 1777, General [[Henry Knox]] foondit the [[Springfield Armory]], that in the [[Industrial Revolution]] catalysed numerous important technological advances, includin [[interchyngeable pairts]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Springfield Armory: Technology in Transition |url=http://www.nps.gov/spar/learn/education/upload/Springfield%20Technology%20Lesson.pdf |publisher=[[National Park Service]] [[United States Department of the Interior]] |accessdate=April 21, 2015 |archive-date=2015-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505040629/http://www.nps.gov/spar/learn/education/upload/Springfield%20Technology%20Lesson.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1786, [[Shays' Rebellion]], a populist revolt led bi disaffectit [[American Revolutionary War]] veterans, influenced the [[Constitutional Convention (Unitit States)|Unitit States Constitutional Convention]].<ref name=shay>{{cite web |title=Shays' Rebellion |url=http://www.ushistory.org/us/15a.asp |publisher=ushistory.org |accessdate=April 21, 2015}}</ref> In the 18t century, the Protestant [[First Great Awakenin]], that soopit the [[Atlantic World]], oreeginatit frae the poupit o [[Northampton, Massachusetts|Northampton]] preacher [[Jonathan Edwards (theologian)|Jonathan Edwards]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The First Great Awakening – Jonathan Edwards |url=http://www.revival-library.org/pensketches/revivals/1st_edwards.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430003448/http://www.revival-library.org:80/pensketches/revivals/1st_edwards.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=April 22, 2015 |publisher=revival-library.org |accessdate=April 21, 2015 }}</ref> In the late 18t century, Boston becam kent as the "Cradle of Leeberty"<ref>{{cite web |title=Faneuil Hall |url=http://www.celebrateboston.com/sites/faneuil-hall.htm |publisher=Celebrateboston.com |accessdate=April 21, 2015}}</ref> for the agitation thare that led tae the [[American Revolution]]. The entire Commonweel o Massachusetts haes played a pouerfu commercial an cultural role in the history o the [[Unitit States]]. Afore the [[American Ceevil War]], Massachusetts wis a centre for the [[aboleetionism in the Unitit States|abolitionist]], [[temperance muivement|temperance]],<ref>{{cite web |title=The Temperance Issue in the Election of 1840: Massachusetts |url=http://www.teachushistory.org/second-great-awakening-age-reform/articles/temperance-issue-election-1840-massachusetts |publisher=Teachushistory.org |accessdate=April 21, 2015}}</ref> an [[transcendentalist]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Packer |first1=Barbara |title=The Transcendentalists |url=https://archive.org/details/transcendentalis0000pack |publisher=University of Georgia Press; First edition (April 25, 2007) |isbn=978-0820329581|year=2007 }}</ref> movements.<ref>{{cite web |title=Images of the Antislavery Movement in Massachusetts |url=http://www.masshist.org/online/abolition/index.php |publisher=Masshist.org |accessdate=April 21, 2015}}</ref> In the late 19t century, the sports o [[basketbaw]] an [[volleybaw]] war inventit in the wastren Massachusetts ceeties o [[Springfield, Massachusetts|Springfield]] an [[Holyoke, Massachusetts|Holyoke]], respectively.<ref name=basketball>{{cite web |title=Springfield College: The Birthplace of Basketball |url=http://www.springfieldcollege.edu/welcome/birthplace-of-basketball/#.VTa-7CFVhBc |publisher=Springfieldcollege.edu |accessdate=April 21, 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504211534/http://www.springfieldcollege.edu/welcome/birthplace-of-basketball/#.VTa-7CFVhBc |archivedate=May 4, 2015 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref name=volleyball>{{cite web |title=The International Volleyball Hall of Fame |url=http://www.volleyhall.org/about-us.html |publisher=Volleyball.org |accessdate=April 21, 2015}}</ref> In 2004, Massachusetts becam the first U.S. state tae legally recognise [[same-sex mairiage in Massachusetts|same-sex mairiage]] as a result o the deceesion in ''[[Goodridge v. Department o Public Health]]'' bi the [[Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Coort]].<ref name=CNNmarriage>{{cite news |title=Massachusetts court strikes down ban on same-sex marriage |url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/LAW/11/18/gay.marriage.reut/ |accessdate=April 21, 2015 |agency=Reuters |date=November 18, 2003}}</ref> Mony prominent American poleetical dynasties hae hailed frae the state, includin the [[Adams poleetical faimily|Adams]] an [[Kennedy faimily|Kennedy]] faimilies. [[Harvard Varsity]] in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] is the auldest institution o [[colonial colleges|heicher learnin in the Unitit States]],<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Harvard University |url=http://www.harvard.edu/history |publisher=[[Harvard University]] |accessdate=April 21, 2015}}</ref> wi the lairgest [[financial endoument]] o ony varsity,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/29/us/harvards-endowment-remains-biggest-of-all.html?_r=0 |title=Harvard's Endowment Remains Biggest of All |author=Tamar Lewin |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=January 28, 2015 |accessdate=March 6, 2015}}</ref> an [[Harvard Law School]] haes eddicatit a contemporaneous majority o Juistices o the [[Supreme Coort o the Unitit States]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2016/03/16/merrick-garland-supreme-court-obama-nominee/81529760/ |title=Meet Merrick Garland, Obama's Supreme Court nominee |author=Richard Wolf |newspaper=[[USA Today]] |date=March 16, 2016 |accessdate=March 16, 2016}}</ref> [[Kendall Square]] in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] haes been cried "the maist innovative squerr mile on the planet", in reference to the heich concentration o [[entrepreneurship|entrepreneurial]] [[stairtup company|stairt-ups]] an quality o innovation that hae emerged in the vicinity o the squerr syne 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kendallsquare.mit.edu/|title=Kendall Square Initiative|publisher=MIT|accessdate=December 1, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.boston.com/business/innovation/blogs/inside-the-hive/2013/05/02/when-neighborhood-crowned-the-most-innovative-square-mile-the-world-how-you-keep-that-way/B1QxCjswQZZuG21WBdyBWK/blog.html|title=When a neighborhood is crowned the most innovative square mile in the world, how do you keep it that way?|author=Lelund Cheung|website=Boston Globe|accessdate=December 3, 2016|archive-date=2016-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202165650/http://archive.boston.com/business/innovation/blogs/inside-the-hive/2013/05/02/when-neighborhood-crowned-the-most-innovative-square-mile-the-world-how-you-keep-that-way/B1QxCjswQZZuG21WBdyBWK/blog.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Baith Harvard Varsity an the [[Massachusetts Institute o Technology]], an aw in Cambridge, hae been ranked amang the maist heichly regairdit [[academic institution]]s in the warld.<ref name="AcademicRanking2">[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2016/reputation-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank_label/sort_order/asc/cols/rank_only] Times Higher Education. Accessed December 3, 2016.</ref> Massachusetts' public schuil students place amang the tap naitions in the warld in academic performance,<ref name="AcademicRanking3">[http://www.doe.mass.edu/news/news.aspx?id=24050] Accessed 27 Januar 2017.</ref> an the state haes been ranked as ane o the tap states in the naition for ceetizens tae leeve, as weel as ane o the maist expensive.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/rankings|title=Best States Overall Ranking|publisher=U.S. News & World Report|accessdate=December 29, 2017}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== ;State govrenment * [http://www.mass.gov/ {{PAGENAME}} state govrenment wabsteid] ==Relatit information== <gallery perrow="5"> Image:Nobska Lighthouse - Cape Cod, MA.jpg|<center>Woods Hole</center> Image:USA 09562 Boston Luca Galuzzi 2007.jpg|<center>Boston</center> Image:Hartwell Tavern in October, Lincoln MA.jpg|<center>Lincoln</center> </gallery> {{Navboxes |title= [[File:Nuvola apps kpdf2.png|25px]] Topics relatit tae {{PAGENAME}} |state=off |list1=</span> {{{{PAGENAME}}|expanded}} {{Unitit States poleetical diveesions}} {{Unitit States topics}} }} [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}| ]] [[Category:States o the Unitit States]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1788]] {{Stub/USA}} fttrc8hy3jj21ix0okbky8qvrg1msbj Franco-Provençal leid 0 43315 925523 898557 2026-10-30T19:17:09Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 925523 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Distinguish2|[[Provençal byleid|Provençal]], ane o the byleids o the [[Occitan leid]]}} {{Infobox language |name=Franco-Provençal |altname=Arpitan |nativename=''patouès, arpetan'' |pronunciation={{IPA-frp|patuˈe], [patuˈɑ|}} |states=[[Italy]], [[Fraunce]], [[Swisserland]] |region=[[Aosta Valley]], [[Piemont]], [[Province o Foggia|Foggia]],<br> [[Franche-Comté]], [[Savoie]], [[Bresse]],<br> [[Bugey]], [[Dombes]], [[Beaujolais (province)|Beaujolais]],<br> [[Dauphiné]], [[Lyonnais]],<br> [[Forez]], [[Romandie]] |speakers=(est.) 113,400 |familycolor=Indo-European |fam2=[[Italic leids|Italic]] |fam3=[[Romance leids|Romance]] |fam4=[[Wastren Romance leids|Wastren]] |fam5=[[Gallo-Iberie leids|Gallo-Iberie]] |fam6=[[Gallo-Romance leids|Gallo-Romance]] |script=[[Laitin script|Laitin]] |nation=protectit bi statute in [[Italy]] an <br>[[Aosta Valley|Aosta Valley Autonomous Region]]. |iso3=frp |lingua=51-AAA-j |map=FRP-Map4.png |mapcaption=Cairt o the Franco-Provençal Leid Aurie:<br>Daurk Blue: Protectit. — Medium Blue: General regions.<br>Licht Blue: Historical transition zone. |notice=IPA}} '''Franco-Provençal''' ('''Francoprovençal'''), '''Arpitan''', or '''Romand''' (in Swisserland) ([[Vernaculary]]: ''{{lang|frp|francoprovençâl, arpetan, patoué}}''; {{lang-it|francoprovenzale, arpitano}}; {{lang-fr|francoprovençal, arpitan, patois}}) is a [[Gallo-Romance leids|Gallo-Romance leid]] spoken in east-central [[Fraunce]], wastren [[Swisserland]], an the Italian [[Aosta Valley]] (Valle d'Aosta). Franco-Provençal haes mony [[dialect|byleids]] an is different frae but closely relatit tae naurby [[Romance leids]]: [[Oïl leids]], [[Occitan leid|Occitan]], [[Gallo-Italian leid|Gallo-Italian]], an [[Romansh leid|Romansh]]. The name ''Franco-Provençal'' wis gien tae the leid bi [[Graziadio Isaia Ascoli|G.I. Ascoli]] in the 19t century acause it shared featurs wi ''[[French leid|French]]'' an ''[[Provençal dialect|Provençal]]'' athoot belangin tae either. ''Arpitan'', a [[neologism]], is becomin a popular name for the leid an the fowk that speak hit.<ref>[http://www.arpitania.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=47&Itemid=34 Arpitania.eu, ''Did you say « Arpitan » ?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153207/http://www.arpitania.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=47&Itemid=34 |date=2011-07-20 }} {{en}}</ref> == See forby == * [[Leid policy in Fraunce]] * [[Leids o Italy]] * [[Leids o Fraunce]] * [[Leids o Swisserland]] * [[Vergonha]] ==References== === Notes === {{Reflist|2}} ===Sources=== {{Refbegin|2}} * Abry, Christian et al. "Groupe de Conflans" (1994). ''Découvrir les parlers de Savoie''. Conflans (Savoie): Centre de la Culture Savoyarde. This wark presents ane o the commonly uised orthographic staundarts. * Aebischer, Paul (1950). ''Chrestomathie franco-provençale''. Berne: Éditions A. Francke S.A. * Agard, Frederick B. (1984). ''A Course in Romance Linguistics: A Diachronic View''. (Vol. 2). Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press. ISBN 0-87840-089-3 * Ascoli, Graziadio Isaia (1878). Schizzi franco-provenzali. ''Archivio glottologico italiano'', III, pp.&nbsp;61–120. Airticle written aboot 1873. * Bec, Pierre (1971). ''Manuel pratique de philologie romane''. (Tome 2, pp.&nbsp;357 et seq.). Paris: Éditions Picard. ISBN 2-7084-0288-9 A philological analysis o Franco-Provençal; the Alpine byleids hae been particularly studee'd. * Bessat, Hubert & Germi, Claudette (1991). ''Les mots de la montagne autour du Mont-Blanc''. Grenoble: Ellug. ISBN 2-902709-68-4 * Bjerrome, Gunnar (1959). ''Le patois de Bagnes (Valais)''. Stockholm: Almkvist and Wiksell. * Brocherel, Jules (1952). ''Le patois et la langue francaise en Vallée d’Aoste''. Neuchâtel: V. Attinger. * Centre de la Culture Savoyard, Conflans (1995). ''Écrire le patois: La Graphie de Conflans pour le Savoyard''. Taninges: Éditions P.A.O. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060110094804/http://members.aol.com/conflans1/GR_CONF.pdf ''.pdf''] <small>(in French)</small> * Cerlogne, Jean-Baptiste (1971). ''Dictionnaire du patois valdôtain, précédé de la petite grammaire''. Geneva: Slatkine Reprints. (Original work published, Aosta: Imprimérie Catholique, 1907) * Chenal, Aimé (1986). ''Le franco-provençal valdôtain: Morphologie et syntaxe''. Quart: Musumeci. ISBN 88-7032-232-7 * Chenal, Aimé & Vautherin, Raymond (1967–1982). ''Nouveau dictionnaire de patois valdôtain''. (12 vol.). Aosta: Éditions Marguerettaz. * Chenal, Aimé & Vautherin, Raymond (1984). ''Nouveau dictionnaire de patois valdôtain; Dictionnaire français-patois''. Quart: Musumeci. ISBN 88-7032-534-2 * Constantin, Aimé & Désormaux, Joseph (1982). ''Dictionnaire savoyard''. Marseille: Éditions Jeanne Laffitte. (Originally published, Annecy: Société florimontane, 1902). ISBN 2-7348-0137-X * Cuaz-Châtelair, René (1989). ''Le Franco-provençal, mythe ou réalité'''. Paris, la Pensée universelle, p.&nbsp;70. ISBN 2-214-07979-3 * Cuisenier, Jean (Dir.) (1979). ''Les sources régionales de la Savoie: une approche ethnologique. Alimentation, habitat, élevage, agriculture....'' (re: Abry, Christian: Le paysage dialectal.) Paris: Éditions Fayard. * Dalby, David (1999/2000). ''The Linguasphere Register of the World's Languages and Speech Communities.'' (Vol. 2). (Breton, Roland, Pref.). Hebron, Wales, UK: Linguasphere Press. ISBN 0-9532919-2-8 See p.&nbsp;402 for the complete leet o 6 groups an 41 idioms o Franco-Provençal byleids. * Dauzat, Albert & Rostaing, Charles (1984). ''Dictionnaire étymologique des noms de lieux en France.'' (2nd ed.). Paris: Librairie Guénégaud. ISBN 2-85023-076-6 * Devaux, André; Duraffour, A.; Dussert, A.-S.; Gardette, P.; & Lavallée, F. (1935). ''Les patois du Dauphiné''. (2 vols.). Lyon: Bibliothèque de la Faculté catholique des lettres. Dictionar, grammar, an linguistic atlas o the Terres-Froides region. * Duch, Célestin & Bejean, Henri (1998). ''Le patois de Tignes''. Grenoble: Ellug. ISBN 2-84310-011-9 * Duraffour, Antonin; Gardette, P.; Malapert, L. & Gonon, M. (1969). ''Glossaire des patois francoprovençaux''. Paris: CNRS Éditions. ISBN 2-222-01226-0 * Elsass, Annie (Ed.) (1985). ''Jean Chapelon 1647-1694, Œuvres complètes''. Saint-Étienne: Université de Saint-Étienne. * Escoffier, Simone (1958). La rencontre de la langue d'Oïl, de la lange d'Oc, et de francoprovençal entre Loire et Allier. ''Publications de l'Institut linguistique romane de Lyon, XI, 1958''. * Escoffier, Simone & Vurpas, Anne-Marie (1981). ''Textes littéraires en dialecte lyonnais''. Paris: CNRS Éditions. ISBN 2-222-02857-4 * EUROPA (European Commission) (2005). [http://europa.eu.int/comm/education/policies/lang/languages/langmin/euromosaic/it6_en.html Francoprovençal in Italy, ''The Euromosaic Study''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060213220151/http://europa.eu.int/comm/education/policies/lang/languages/langmin/euromosaic/it6_en.html |date=2006-02-13 }} Last update: 4 February 2005. * Favre, Christophe & Balet, Zacharie (1960). Lexique du Parler de Savièse. ''Romanica Helvetica, Vol. 71, 1960''. Berne: Éditions A. Francke S.A. * Gardette, l'Abbé Pierre, (1941). ''Études de géographie morphologique sur les patois du Forez''. Mâcon: Imprimerie Protat frères. * Gex, Amélie (1986). ''Contes et chansons populaires de Savoie''. (Terreaux, Louis, Intro.). Aubenas: Curandera. ISBN 2-86677-036-6 * Gex, Amélie (1999). ''Vieilles gens et vieilles choses: Histoires de ma rue et de mon village''. (Bordeaux, Henry, Pref.). Marseille: Éditions Jeanne Laffitte. (Original wark publisht, Chambéry: Dardel, 1924). ISBN 2-7348-0399-2 * Gossen, Charles Théodore (1970). ''La scripta para-francoprovençale'', Revue de linguistique romane 34, p.&nbsp;326-348. * Grasset, Pierre & Viret, Roger (2006). ''Joseph Béard, dit l'Eclair : Médecin des pauvres, Poète patoisant, Chansonnier savoyard''. (Terreaux, Louis, Pref.). Montmelian: La Fontaine de Siloé. ISBN 2-84206-338-4 * Grillet, Jean-Louis (1807). ''Dictionnaire historique, littéraire et statistique des départements du Mont-Blanc et du Léman''. Chambéry: Librairie J.F. Puthod. * Héran, François; Filhon, Alexandra; & Deprez, Christine (2002). Language transmission in France in the course of the 20th century. ''Population & Sociétés. No. 376, February 2002''. Paris: INED-Institut national d’études démographiques. ISSN 0184-77-83. Monthly wittins letter in Inglis, frae [http://www.ined.fr INED] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100522063805/http://www.ined.fr/ |date=2010-05-22 }} * Hoyer, Gunhild & Tuaillon, Gaston (2002). ''Blanc-La-Goutte, poète de Grenoble: Œuvres complètes''. Grenoble: Centre alpin et rhodanien d'ethnologie. * Humbert, Jean (1983). ''Nouveau glossaire genevois.'' Genève: Slatkine Reprints. (Original work published, Geneva: 1852). ISBN 2-8321-0172-0 * Jochnowitz, George (1973). ''Dialect Boundaries and the Question of Franco-Provençal''. Paris & The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter & Co. ISBN 90-279-2480-5 * Kattenbusch, Dieter (1982), ''Das Frankoprovenzalische in Süditalien: Studien zur synchronischen und diachronischen Dialektologie'' (Tübinger Beiträge zur Linguistik), Tübingen, Germany: Gunter Narr Verlag. ISBN 3-87808-997-X * Lewis, M. Paul (ed.), 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Online version: [http://www.ethnologue.com/ ethnologue.com] [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=frp Online page for Franco-Provençal]. * Martin, Jean-Baptiste & Tuaillon, Gaston (1999). ''Atlas linguistique et ethnographique du Jura et des Alpes du nord (Francoprovençal Central) : La maison, l'homme, la morphologie''. (Vol. 3). Paris: CNRS Éditions. ISBN 2-222-02192-8 (cf. [[Savoyard]]). * Martin, Jean-Baptiste (2005). ''Le Francoprovençal de poche''. Chennevières-sur-Marne: Assimil. ISBN 2-7005-0351-1 * Martinet, André (1956). ''La Description phonologique avec application au parler franco-provençal d'Hauteville (Savoie)''. Genève: Librairie Droz / M.J. Minard. * Marzys, Zygmunt (Ed.) (1971). ''Colloque de dialectologie francoprovençale. Actes''. Neuchâtel & Genève: Faculté des Lettres, Droz. * Melillo, Michele (1974), ''Donde e quando vennero i francoprovenzali di Capitanata'', "Lingua e storia in Puglia"; Siponto, Italy: Centro di Studi pugliesi. pp.&nbsp;80–95 * Meune, Manuel (2007). ''Le franco(-)provençal entre morcellement et quête d’unité : histoire et état des lieux''. Québec: Laval University. Article in French from [http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/AXL/monde/franco-provencal.htm TLFQ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607062922/http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/monde/franco-provencal.htm |date=2012-06-07 }} * Minichelli, Vincenzo (1994). ''Dizionario francoprovenzale di Celle di San Vito e Faeto''. (2nd ed.). (Telmon, Tullio, Intro.). Alessandria: Edizioni dell'Orso. ISBN 88-7694-166-5 * Morosi, Giacomo (1890–92), ''Il dialetto franco-provenzale di Faeto e Celle, nell'Italia meridionale'', "Archivio Glottologico Italiano", XII. pp.&nbsp;33–75 * Nagy, Naomi (2000). ''Faetar''. Munich: Lincom Europa. ISBN 3-89586-548-6 * Nelde, Peter H. (1996). ''Euromosaic: The production and reproduction of the minority language groups in the European Union''. Luxembourg: European Commission. ISBN 92-827-5512-6 See: EUROPA, 2005. * Nizier du Puitspelu (pen name of Tisseur, Clair) (2008). ''Le Littré de la Grand'Côte : à l'usage de ceux qui veulent parler et écrire correctement''. Lyon: Éditions Lyonnaises d'Art et d'Histoire. ISBN 2-84147-196-9 (Original work published, Lyon: Juré de l'Académie/Académie du Gourguillon, 1894, reprint 1903). Lyonnaise dialect dictionar an encyclopedia o anecdotes an idiomatic expressions, pp.&nbsp;353. * Pierrehumbert, William (1926). ''Dictionnaire historique du parler neuchâtelois et suisse romand''. Neuchâtel: Éditions Victor Attinger. * Price, Glanville (1998). ''Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe''. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-19286-7 * Ruhlen, Merritt (1987). ''A Guide to the World's Languages''. (Vol. 1: ''Classification''). Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-1250-6 Author of numerous articles on language and linguistics; Language Universals Project, Stanford University. * Schüle, Ernest (1978), ''Histoire et évolution des parler francoprovençaux d'Italie'', in: AA. VV, "Lingue e dialetti nell'arco alpino occidentale; Atti del Convegno Internazionale di Torino", Torino, Italy: Centro Studi Piemontesi. * Stich, Dominique (2003). ''Dictionnaire francoprovençal / français, français / francoprovençal : Dictionnaire des mots de base du francoprovençal : Orthographe ORB supradialectale standardisée''. (Walter, Henriette, Preface). Thonon-les-Bains: Éditions Le Carré. ISBN 2-908150-15-8 This wark includes the current orthographic staundart for the leid. * Stich, Dominique (1998). ''Parlons francoprovençal: Une langue méconnue''. Paris: Éditions l'Harmattan. ISBN 2-7384-7203-6 This work includes the former orthographic standard, ''Orthographe de référence A (ORA)''. * Tuaillon, Gaston (1988). Le franco-provençal, Langue oubliée. in: Vermes, Geneviève (Dir.). ''Vingt-cinq communautés linguistiques de la France''. (Vol. 1: ''Langues régionales et langues non territorialisées''). Paris: Éditions l’Harmattan. pp.&nbsp;188–207. * Tuallion, Gaston (2002). ''La littérature en francoprovençal avant 1700''. Grenoble: Ellug. ISBN 2-84310-029-1 * Villefranche, Jacques Melchior (1891). ''Essai de grammaire du patois Lyonnais''. Bourg: Imprimerie J. M. Villefranche. * Viret, Roger (2001). ''Patois du pays de l'Albanais: Dictionnaire savoyarde-français''. (2nd ed.). Cran-Gévrier: L'Echevé du Val-de-Fier. ISBN 2-9512146-2-6 Dictionar an grammar for the byleid in the Albanais region, whilk includes Annecy an Aix-les-Bains. * Vurpas, Anne-Marie (1993). ''Le Parler lyonnais''. (Martin, Jean-Baptiste, Intro.) Paris: Éditions Payot & Rivages. ISBN 2-86930-701-2 * Wartburg, Walter von (1928–2003). ''[[Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch]]. ("FEW")''. (25 vol.). Bonn, Basel & Nancy: Klopp, Helbing & Lichtenhahn, INaLF/ATILF. Etymological dictionar o Gallo-Roman leids an byleids. {{Refend}} ==Fremmit airtins== {{interwiki|code=frp}} * [http://lengoua.arpitana.googlepages.com/loslimsarpitans On-line directory regularly updatit]{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?hl=en&ie=UTF8&oe=UTF8&msa=0&msid=115570914925694292683.00047f42f7c6fad6365ff Google Maps], precise cairt o Arpitania * [http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?hl=en&ie=UTF8&oe=UTF8&msa=0&msid=115570914925694292683.00047ce9d35f29abcf6f0 Precise cairt o Arpitania an Occitania in Italy an Swisserland] {{Romance leids}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Franco-Provencal Leid}} [[Category:Franco-Provençal leid| ]] [[Category:Endangered Romance leids]] [[Category:Leids o Aosta Valley]] [[Category:Leids o Swisserland]] [[Category:Leids o Fraunce]] [[Category:Synthetic leids]] {{Stub/Fraunce}} {{Stub/Italy}} {{Stub/Leid}} knbq7cpe5ic2h35q2khhfo0ovumy121 Arkhangelsk 0 44108 925501 906779 2026-10-30T16:11:37Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 925501 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Russian city |en_name=Arkhangelsk |ru_name=Архангельск |image_skyline=Arkhangelsk view from Vysotka.jpg |image_caption=View o Arkhangelsk at nicht |coordinates = {{coord|64|32|N|40|32|E|display=inline,title}} |map_label_position=right |image_coa=Coat of Arms of Arkhangelsk.svg |coa_caption= |image_flag= |flag_caption= |anthem= |anthem_ref= |holiday=Last Sunday o Juin |holiday_ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arhcity.ru/?page=275/0|title=www.arhcity.ru|publisher=Мэрия Архангельска|language=Russian|accessdate=May 31, 2012}}</ref> |federal_subject=[[Arkhangelsk Oblast]] |federal_subject_ref=<ref name="OKATO1">{{OKATO reference|11 401}}</ref> |adm_data_as_of=Mey 2010 |adm_city_jur=[[ceety o federal subject significance|ceety o oblast significance]] o Arkhangelsk |adm_city_jur_ref=<ref name="ArkhangelskO_adm" /> |adm_ctr_of1=[[Arkhangelsk Oblast]] |adm_ctr_of1_ref=<ref name="ArkhangelskO_adm" /> |adm_ctr_of2=city of oblast significance of Arkhangelsk |adm_ctr_of2_ref=<ref name="ArkhangelskO_adm" /> |adm_ctr_of3=[[Primorsky Destrict, Arkhangelsk Oblast|Primorsky Destrict]] |adm_ctr_of3_ref=<ref name="OKATO2">{{OKATO reference|11 252}}</ref> |inhabloc_cat=City |inhabloc_cat_ref=<ref name="OKATO1" /> |inhabloc_type= |inhabloc_type_ref= |mun_data_as_of=March 2012 |urban_okrug_jur=Arkhangelsk Urban Okrug |urban_okrug_jur_ref=<ref name="ArkhangelskO_mun" /> |mun_admctr_of1=Arkhangelsk Urban Okrug |mun_admctr_of1_ref=<ref name="ArkhangelskO_mun" /> |mun_admctr_of2=Primorsky Municipal Destrict |mun_admctr_of2_ref=<ref name="ArkhangelskO_mun" /> |leader_title=Mayor |leader_title_ref=<ref name="arhcity">{{cite web|url=http://www.arhcity.ru/?page=3/1|title=Информация о мэре города|publisher=Мэрия Архангельска|language=Russian|accessdate=May 31, 2012}}</ref> |leader_name=[[Viktor Pavlenko]] |leader_name_ref=<ref name="arhcity" /> |representative_body=[[Arkhangelsk City Council of Deputies|City Council of Deputies]] |representative_body_ref= |area_of_what= |area_as_of= |area_km2=294.42 |area_km2_ref=<ref name="passport">{{cite web|url=http://www.arhcity.ru/?page=1/1|title=Паспорт города|publisher=Мэрия Архангельска|language=Russian|accessdate=May 31, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511085628/http://www.arhcity.ru/?page=1%2F1|archive-date=2012-05-11|url-status=dead}}</ref> |pop_2010census=348783 |pop_2010census_rank=50t |pop_2010census_ref=<ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}}</ref> |pop_density= |pop_density_as_of= |pop_density_ref= |established_date=1584 |established_title= |established_date_ref=<ref name="gr">{{cite book|title=Энциклопедия Города России|year=2003|publisher=Большая Российская Энциклопедия|location=Moscow|isbn=5-7107-7399-9|page=25}}</ref> |current_cat_date= |current_cat_date_ref= |postal_codes=163000-163071 |postal_codes_ref=<ref name="PostCode">{{cite web|url=http://info.russianpost.ru/database/ops.html|title=List of postal codes|publisher=[[Russian Post]]|language=Russian|accessdate=July 23, 2011|archive-date=2006-12-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061212001823/http://info.russianpost.ru/database/ops.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |dialing_codes=8182 |dialing_codes_ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mobile.beeline.ru/media/Abonents/Geography/For_guests/City%20codes%20%28rus%29.pdf|title=Коды областных центров|publisher=Beeline|language=Russian|accessdate=August 26, 2011|archive-date=2011-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123142255/http://mobile.beeline.ru/media/Abonents/Geography/For_guests/City%20codes%20%28rus%29.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |website=http://www.arhcity.ru/ |website_ref= |commonscat=Arkhangelsk |date=August 2011 }} '''Arkhangelsk''' ({{lang-rus|Архангельск|p=ɐrˈxanɡʲɪlʲsk}}), whiles '''Archangel''', is a [[teeps o inhabitit localities in Roushie|ceety]] an the [[admeenistrative centre]] o [[Arkhangelsk Oblast]], [[Roushie]]. It lees on baith banks o the [[Northren Dvina River]] near its exit intae the [[White Sea]], in the north o [[European Roushie]]. The ceety spreads for ower {{convert|40|km|sp=us}} alang the banks o the river an numerous islands o its [[river delta|delta]]. Arkhangelsk wis the chief seaport o medieval Roushie, till 1703. It is servit bi the [[Talagi Airport]] an a smawer [[Vaskovo Airport]]. The ceety is locatit at the northren end o [[:en:Northern Railway (Russia)|a {{convert|1133|km|sp=us|adj=on}} lang railwey]], connectin it tae [[Moscow]] via [[Vologda]] an [[Yaroslavl]]. Population: {{ru-census|p2010=348,783|p2002=356,051|p1989=415,921}} ==Internaitional relations== {{See an aw|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Roushie}} ===Twin touns an sister ceeties=== Arkhangelsk is [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arhcity.ru/?page=232/0 |title=Информация о городах-побратимах |language={{ru icon}}|publisher=arhcity.ru|date=October 26, 2007|accessdate=September 17, 2009}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- valign="top" | *{{Flagicon|United States}} '''[[Portland, Maine|Portland]]''', [[Maine]], [[Unitit States]] (syne 1988) *{{Flagicon|Norway}} '''[[Vardø]]''', [[Norawa]] (syne 1989) *{{Flagicon|Poland}} '''[[Słupsk]]''', [[Poland]] (syne 1989) *{{Flagicon|Germany}} '''[[Emden]]''', [[Germany]] (syne 1989) || *{{Flagicon|France}} '''[[Mulhouse]]''', [[Fraunce]] (syne 1992) *{{Flagicon|Finland}} '''[[Oulu]]''', [[Finland]] (syne 1993)<ref name="Oulu">{{cite web |url=http://www.ouka.fi/kansainvalisyys/english/ystavyyskaupungit.html |title=Twin towns |publisher=ouka.fi |accessdate=November 7, 2009 |archive-date=2012-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226084217/http://www.ouka.fi/kansainvalisyys/english/ystavyyskaupungit.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> *{{Flagicon|Greece}} '''[[Piraeus]]''', [[Greece]] (syne 1995) *{{Flagicon|Sweden}} '''[[Kiruna]]''', [[Swaden]] (syne 1999) || *{{Flagicon|Sweden}} '''[[Ljusdal]]''', Swaden (syne 2004) *{{Flagicon|Georgia}} '''[[Sukhumi]]''', [[Abkhazie]], [[Georgie (kintra)|Georgie]] (syne 2011) *{{Flagicon|Norway}} '''[[Tromsø]]''', Norawa (syne 2011) *{{Flagicon|Russia}} '''[[Naryan-Mar]]''', Roushie |} ==References== ===Notes=== {{Reflist}} ===Sources=== *{{RussiaAdmMunRef|ark|adm|law}} *{{RussiaAdmMunRef|ark|mun|list}} ==Freemit airtins== *{{Ru icon}} [http://www.arhcity.ru/ Offeecial wabsteid o Arkhangelsk] *{{Ru icon}} [http://www.aokm.ru/ The Regional Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004142111/http://www.aokm.ru/ |date=2008-10-04 }} *{{Ru icon}} [http://www.arhmuseum.ru/ Arkhangelsk Oblast Museum o Fine Airts] {{Arkhangelsk Oblast}} {{Roushie North}} {{Ceeties o Militar Glory}} [[Category:Arkhangelsk| ]] [[Category:Populatit coastal places in Roushie]] [[Category:Port ceeties an touns in Roushie]] [[Category:White Sea]] [[Category:Airctic convoys o Warld War II]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1584]] [[Category:Ceeties o Militar Glory]] 0i408ybciaihauzpq3n9oi3xgv9r0cn Tilsahri 0 46355 925555 642888 2026-10-31T02:07:39Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 925555 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Tilsahri | native_name = | native_name_lang = | other_name = | nickname = | settlement_type = Toun | image_skyline = | image_alt = | image_caption = | pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, Indie | coordinates = {{coord|26|20|0|N|80|25|0|E|display=inline}} | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = {{flag|Indie}} | subdivision_type1 = [[States an territories o Indie|State]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Leet o destricts o Indie|Destrict]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Kanpur destrict|Kanpur]] | established_title = <!-- Established --> | established_date = | founder = | named_for = | government_type = | governing_body = | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_rank = | area_total_km2 = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 122 | population_total = | population_as_of = | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_footnotes = | demographics_type1 = Leids | demographics1_title1 = Offeecial | demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]] | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset1 = +5:30 | postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --> | postal_code = | registration_plate = UP- | blank1_name_sec1 = Coastline | blank1_info_sec1 = {{Convert|0|km|mi}} | website = | footnotes = }} '''Tilsahri''' is a toun in [[Kanpur destrict]] in the state o [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Indie]]. Nearbi touns include [[Narwal, Kanpur|Narwal]] an [[Maharajpur]], 10&nbsp;km north an 7&nbsp;km wast respectively. ==Geografie== Tilsahri haes an average elevation o 122 metres (403&nbsp;feet). ==Mass transit== The airport servicin the aurie is C A Kanpur Airport. Rail connection is suppleed bi Kanpur Central Railwey Station. ==Sources== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120805154023/http://www.india9.com/i9show/Tilsahri-75082.htm Tilsahri], india9.com [[Category:Ceeties an touns in Kanpur destrict]] ow6voa2mao4ecaq32q31trtda9dlpwu Camille (sangster) 0 48608 925512 893999 2026-10-30T17:28:11Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 925512 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist | name = Camille | image = Camille 20090121 Melbourne 1.jpg | caption = Camille performin live in Melbourne, Australie 2009 | background = solo_singer | birth_name = Camille Dalmais | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1978|03|10}} | origin = Paris, Fraunce | genre = [[Chanson]] | occupation = Sangster, sangwriter, actress | years_active = 2001–present | label = [[Virgin Records]], [[EMI]] | associated_acts = [[Nouvelle Vague (baund)|Nouvelle Vague]], [[MaJiKer]] | website = [http://www.camille-music.com/?ectrans=1 http://www.camille-music.com] }} '''Camille Dalmais''', better kent bi her mononym '''Camille''' (born in 1978 in Paris), is a French sangster, sangwriter an occasional actress. ==Early life== Camille wis born an raised in Paris, Fraunce. As a teenager she studiet ballet an developit an interest in [[bossa nova]] muisic an American stage muisicals.<ref name="allmusic">Jason Ankeny. [{{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p702086/biography|pure_url=yes}} Biography]. [[Allmusic]]. Retrieved 21 September 2007.</ref> She attendit the prestigious [[Lycée International de Saint Germain-en-Laye]] whaur she obtained her baccalaureate in leeteratur. Thanks tae her mither bein an Inglis teacher, she grew up learnin tae speak Inglis fluently. She performit her first oreeginal sang "Un Homme Déserté" at the age o saxteen while attendin a weddin.<ref name="allmusic"/> In the early 2000s, while performin at [[jazz]] clubs in Paris, Camille made her actin ''début'' in the film ''Les Morsures de l'Aube'' (bi [[Antoine de Caunes]]; wi [[Asia Argento]] an [[Guillaume Canet]]). She contributit tae the sang "La Vie la Nuit" in its soondtrack.<ref name="allmusic"/> She attendit [[Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris|Paris Institute o Political Studies]] "Sciences Po" juist afore beginnin her muisic career.<ref name="profile">[http://news.independent.co.uk/people/profiles/article623345.ece The state of the Union rests on the state of Chad - Americas, World - The Independent] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071104121120/http://news.independent.co.uk/people/profiles/article623345.ece |date=2007-11-04 }}</ref> ==Muisic career== In early 2002, Camille signed a recordin contract wi [[Virgin Records]]. She released her first studio album ''[[Le Sac des Filles]]''. In 2004, she began wirkin wi Marc Collin an his baund ''[[Nouvelle Vague (baund)|Nouvelle Vague]]'', which incorporates [[New Wave muisic|new wave]] an bossa nova muisic.<ref name="allmusic"/> She contributit vocals tae the sangs "[[Too Drunk to Fuck]]", "In a Manner of Speaking", "[[The Guns of Brixton]]", an "[[Drums and Wires|Making Plans for Nigel]]" on thair [[Nouvelle Vague (album)|first album]].<ref>http://www.discogs.com/artist/Camille</ref> In 2005 she released the album ''[[Le Fil]]'', which wis producit in collaboration wi Inglis producer [[MaJiKer]]. This album incorporatit an [[avant-garde]] concept – a string, or thread ("le&nbsp;fil"), which wis a drone that persistit throuoot the entire course o the album. Aw o the sangs in this album are based on the sploration o the vyce, wi anerlie a [[double bass]], bass guitar, guitar, trombone, percussion or keybuird as accompanyin instruments. ''Le&nbsp;fil'' quickly became a [[gowd album]]. The sang "Pâle Septembre" seems tae be a reference tae the [[11t September attacks|attacks on the Warld Tred Center]] o 11 September 2001. The lines "''Mais qui est cet homme qui tombe de la tour? Mais qui est cet homme qui tombe des cieux? Mais qui est cet homme qui tombe amoureux?''" (But who is this man fawin frae the touer? But who is this man fawin frae the skies? But who is this man fawin in love?) suggest guilt accompanyin luve in a time o mournin. The sang "Ta&nbsp;Douleur" wis votit 26t in Australie's [[Triple J Hottest 100, 2006]]. In Juin 2007 Camille performit [[Benjamin Britten]]'s ''[[A Ceremony of Carols]]'' an a new [[a cappella]] work ''God is sound (The 12 World Prayers)'' at [[Église Saint-Eustache, Paris|L'église Saint-Eustache, Paris]]. Camille's sang "''1, 2, 3''" frae ''[[Le Sac des Filles]]'' wis uised in the telly ad for [[Cacharel]]'s ''Promesse'' perfume starrin [[Laetitia Casta]] an [[Matthew Avedon]]. Her sang "Waves" wis uised in [[Perrier]]'s "Melting" telly ad. An aw in 2007, she contributit tae the soondtrack o [[Pixar]]'s ''[[Ratatouille (film)|Ratatouille]]'' in the sang entitled "Le&nbsp;Festin". This style o muisic, which mey be termit "teepical ''[[Name of Paris and its inhabitants|Parigot]]'' street singing", is foond in the movie ''[[Porco Rosso]]'' in the sang "Le&nbsp;Temps des Cerises" an aw. Additionally, she provides the European French dub vyce o Collette in ''Ratatouille''. A new album entitled ''[[Music Hole]]'' wis released on 7 Aprile 2008, again producit in collaboration wi [[MaJiKer]]. ''[[Music Hole]]'' wis recordit an mixed bi [[Valgeir Sigurdsson]]. The first single frae the album entitled "Gospel With No Lord" wis released for online dounload on 11 Februar 2008, alang wi anither new sang frae the album entitled "Money Note".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lesacdesfans.net/ |title=Le sac des fans |access-date=2013-04-03 |archive-date=2013-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604100757/http://lesacdesfans.net/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.camille-lefil.com/CAMILLE/html/frameset.htm |title=Camille |access-date=2013-04-03 |archive-date=2007-10-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012030829/http://www.camille-lefil.com/CAMILLE/html/frameset.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Her sang, "Ta douleur" wis featurt in the American telly program [[Saturday Night Live]]. The oreeginal sketch aired in October 2010 titled "Les jeunes de Paris" hostit bi actress [[Emma Stone]]. In Mairch 2011, sangster [[Miley Cyrus]] showcased this sang in a seemilar sketch. The skit which seemit inspired bi Jean-Luc Godard's [[Band of Outsiders]] wis entirely in French an involvit a dance aff tae the sang. She contributit tae the track "Putain putain" on ''Nouvelle Vague'''s 2010 album [[Couleurs Sur Paris]] for whom she haed previously done wirk for on thair [[Nouvelle Vague (album)|first album]]. Recently she appeared on [[Jérôme Van Den Hole]]'s sel-titled album on the track, "Debout". Her sang "Pour que l'amour me quitte" frae her 2005 album [[Le Fil]] wis covered in Italian superstarn [[Elisa (Italian sangster)|Elisa]]'s 2010 acoustic album ''[[Ivy (Elisa album)|Ivy]]'' in collaboration wi her colleague [[Giorgia (sangster)|Giorgia]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.elisatoffoli.com/main/eng/discography/ivy.html |title=Elisa Official Website |access-date=2013-04-03 |archive-date=2012-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905204951/http://www.elisatoffoli.com/main/eng/discography/ivy.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Her maist recent album, titled ''[[Ilo Veyou]]'', came oot in October o 2011.<ref>[http://www.facebook.com/camilleofficial Camille &#124; Facebook]</ref> == Personal life == On 18 November 2010, she gae birth tae a son namit Marius, whose faither is muisicker an percussionist Clément Ducol.<ref>[http://www.voici.fr/potins-people/les-potins-du-jour/la-chanteuse-camille-est-maman-381989 La chanteuse Camille est maman - Voici] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101121205103/http://www.voici.fr/potins-people/les-potins-du-jour/la-chanteuse-camille-est-maman-381989 |date=2010-11-21 }}</ref> She is an atheist.<ref name=cornwell>{{cite news|last=Cornwell|first=Jane|title=Acrobat on a sound trampoline|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/arts/acrobat-on-a-sound-trampoline/story-e6frg8n6-1226163292117|accessdate=9 November 2011|newspaper=The Australian|date=11 Oct 2011|location=Sydney|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012075518/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/arts/acrobat-on-a-sound-trampoline/story-e6frg8n6-1226163292117|archive-date=2011-10-12|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Discografie == ===Albums=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;" |- !rowspan="2"| Year !rowspan="2" style="width:225px;"| Album details !colspan="6"| Peak Chairt Poseetions !rowspan="2"| [[Certification]] |- !style="width:4em;font-size:75%"| [[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|FR]]<br><small><ref>[http://lescharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Camille LesCharts.com Camille discography]</small></ref> !style="width:4em;font-size:75%"| [[Australie|AUS]] !style="width:4em;font-size:75%"| [[Ultratop 50|BEL<br />(Vl)<br />]] !style="width:4em;font-size:75%"| [[Ultratop 50|BEL<br />(Wa)<br />]] !style="width:4em;font-size:75%"| [[Swiss Music Charts|CH]] !style="width:4em;font-size:75%"| [[ARIA Charts|AUS]] |- | 2002 | ''[[Le Sac des Filles]]'' * Released: September 23, 2002 * Label: [[Virgin Records|Virgin]]/[[EMI]] | style="text-align:center;"| 90 | style="text-align:center;"| – | style="text-align:center;"| – | style="text-align:center;"| – | style="text-align:center;"| – | style="text-align:center;"| – | |- | 2005 | ''[[Le Fil]]'' * Released: Februar 14, 2005 * Label: [[Virgin Records|Virgin]] | style="text-align:center;"| 4 | style="text-align:center;"| 27 | style="text-align:center;"| – | style="text-align:center;"| 22 | style="text-align:center;"| 48 | style="text-align:center;"| 27 | * [[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|FR]]: 2× Platinum<ref name="infodisc.fr">[http://www.infodisc.fr/CD_Certif.php InfoDisc : Les Certifications (Albums) du SNEP (Bilan par Artiste)]</ref> |- | 2006 | ''[[Live au Trianon]]'' * Released: Mairch 13, 2006 * Label: [[Virgin Records|Virgin]] | style="text-align:center;"| 22 | style="text-align:center;"| – | style="text-align:center;"| – | style="text-align:center;"| 47 | style="text-align:center;"| 62 | style="text-align:center;"| – | |- | 2008 | ''[[Music Hole]]'' * Released: Apryle 7, 2008 * Label: [[Virgin Records|Virgin]] | style="text-align:center;"| 5 | style="text-align:center;"| – | style="text-align:center;"| – | style="text-align:center;"| 7 | style="text-align:center;"| 25 | style="text-align:center;"| | * [[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|FR]]: Platinum<ref name="infodisc.fr"/> |- | 2011 | ''[[Ilo Veyou]]'' * Released: October 3, 2011 * Label: [[Virgin Records|Virgin]]/[[EMI]] | style="text-align:center;"| 3 | style="text-align:center;"| – | style="text-align:center;"| 66 | style="text-align:center;"| 9 | style="text-align:center;"| 24 | style="text-align:center;"| – | |- | 2013 | ''Ilo Lympia'' * Released: Februar 2013 * Label: [[Virgin Records|Virgin]]/[[EMI]] | style="text-align:center;"| 54 | style="text-align:center;"| – | style="text-align:center;"| – | style="text-align:center;"| – | style="text-align:center;"| – | style="text-align:center;"| – | |- |} ===Guest appearances=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;" |- ! scope="col" style="width:10px;"| Year ! scope="col" style="width:225px;" | Sang ! scope="col" style="width:225px;"| Album/Single |- | 2004 |"In a Manner of Speaking" |rowspan=4|''[[Nouvelle Vague (album)|Nouvelle Vague]]'' |- | 2004 |"Guns of Brixton" |- | 2004 |"Too Drunk to Fuck" |- | 2004 |"Making Plans for Nigel" |- | 2005 |"Dumb VF" |''Le Pop En Duo'' |- | 2005 |"Someone Like You" |''Fast Track (Vocal Mix)'' |- | 2005 |"Si j'avais su" |''Hold-up'' |- | 2007 |"Le Festin" |''[[Ratatouille (soundtrack)#Music|Ratatouille]]'' (soundtrack) |- | 2009 |"Alliance" |''Around Robert Wyatt'' |- | 2009 |"The Pink Piano" |''Body-Piano-Machine'' |- | 2009 |"Metropolitain" |''Metropolitain'' |- | 2010 |"Pretty Face" |''[[Here Lies Love]]'' |- | 2010 |"Putain, Putain" |''Couleurs Sur Paris'' |- | 2011 |"Nicole"<br><small>(Les Petroleuses feat. Camille)</small> |''The Singers'' |- | 2011 |"Debout" |''Jérôme Van Den Hole'' |- | 2013 |"L'amie d'un italien (Rainbows)"<br><small>(Raphael Gualazzi feat. Camille)</small> |''Happy Mistake'' |} ==Awairds== * 2005 – [[Prix Constantin]] for ''[[Le Fil]]''. * 2006 – Group or airtist stage révélation o the year for ''[[Le Fil|Le fil]]'' at the [[Victoires de la musique]]. * 2006 – Album révélation o the year for ''[[Le Fil|Le fil]]'' at the [[Victoires de la musique]]. * 2007 – [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/worldmusic/a4wm2007/2007_camille.shtml BBC Radio 3 Awards for World Music (Winner, Europe).] * 2009 : Victoires de la Musique – Female group or airtist o the year ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * {{commonscat-inline|Camille}} * [http://www.camille-music.com/?ectrans=1 Offeecial Steid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412201145/http://www.camille-music.com/?ectrans=1 |date=2013-04-12 }} {{fr icon}} / {{en icon}} * [http://www.lesacdesfans.net Le sac des fans] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604100757/http://lesacdesfans.net/ |date=2013-06-04 }} * [http://www.musicomh.com/interviews/camille_0408.htm Camille interview at musicOMH.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024134000/http://www.musicomh.com/interviews/camille_0408.htm |date=2008-10-24 }} {{en icon}} * [http://www21.sbs.com.au/alchemy/index.php?pg=ct&ct=1&sc=2&id=620 Camille Audio Interview with Alchemy SBS Radio 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706111746/http://www21.sbs.com.au/alchemy/index.php?pg=ct&ct=1&sc=2&id=620 |date=2011-07-06 }} * [http://www.kidam.tv/supports/music.php?idvecteur=11 Video from Camille live at Bercy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809142129/http://www.kidam.tv/supports/music.php?idvecteur=11 |date=2011-08-09 }} (November 2008) * [http://www.kidam.tv/supports/music.php?idvecteur=39 Camille's Take-away shows] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809142213/http://www.kidam.tv/supports/music.php?idvecteur=39 |date=2011-08-09 }} wi Piers Faccini {{DEFAULTSORT:Camille}} [[Category:Sangsters frae Paris]] [[Category:French female sangsters]] [[Category:French atheists]] [[Category:1978 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Lycée Henri-IV alumni]] [[Category:Inglis-leid sangsters o Fraunce]] ag3bw64ih05bh5j16ay7qt0f8qth9hl Larry Page 0 54693 925530 864963 2026-10-30T21:30:14Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 925530 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Larry Page | image = Larry Page in the European Parliament, 17.06.2009.jpg | image_size = | caption = Larry Page speakin at the [[European Parliament]] on Juin 17, 2009. | birth_name = Lawrence Page | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1973|03|26|mf=yes}} | birth_place = [[East Lansing, Michigan|East Lansing]], [[Michigan]], U.S. | residence = [[Muntain View, Californie|Muntain View]], [[Californie]], U.S. | nationality = American | alma_mater = [[Varsity o Michigan]] ([[Bachelor o Science|B.S.]])<br>[[Stanford Varsity]] ([[Master o Science|M.S.]]) | occupation = [[Computer scientist]], [[Leet o Internet entrepreneurs|Internet entrepreneur]] | known_for = Co-foonder an CEO o Google Inc. | networth = [[US$]]63.3 billion (Mey 2020)<ref name="forbes">{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/larry-page/?list=rtb|title=Larry Page|date=January 18, 2020|work=Forbes|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029202054/https://www.forbes.com/profile/larry-page/?list=rtb|archive-date=October 29, 2018|access-date=January 18, 2020}}</ref> | title = CEO o [[Google]] | spouse = {{Marriage|Lucinda Southworth|2007}} | children = 2<ref>{{cite web|title=Larry Page Fast Facts|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/04/08/us/larry-page-fast-facts|publisher=cnn.com|accessdate=23 June 2013}}</ref> | signature = Larry Page google signature.svg | signature_alt = Larry Page | website = {{URL|https://www.google.com/about/company/facts/management/#larry|Google.com&nbsp;— Larry Page}} }} '''Lawrence "Larry" Page'''<ref name=homepage>{{cite web|url=http://infolab.stanford.edu/~page/|title=Lawrence or Larry Page's Page|author=Larry Page|publisher=Stanford Web Site|year=1999|accessdate=May 18, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061030081028/http://infolab.stanford.edu/~page/|archive-date=2006-10-30|url-status=dead}}</ref> (born March 26, 1973) is an American [[computer scientist]] an [[Leet o Internet entrepreneurs|Internet entrepreneur]] who is the co-foonder o [[Google]], alangside [[Sergey Brin]]. On Aprile 4, 2011, Page acame the [[chief executive officer]] o Google an [[Eric Schmidt]] is his predecessor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://investor.google.com/earnings/2010/Q4_google_earnings.html|title=Google Announces Fourth Quarter and Fiscal Year 2010 Results and Management Changes|author=Google, Inc.|publisher=Google Investor Relations|date=January 20, 2011|accessdate=May 28, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=An update from the Chairman|url=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2011/01/update-from-chairman.html|work=Google Official Blog|publisher=Google, Inc|accessdate=15 May 2013|author=Eric Schmidt|date=20|month=January|year=2011}}</ref> Page is the inventor o [[PageRank]], the foondation o Google's search rankin algorithm,<ref>{{cite web|title=Larry Page and Sergey Brin Biography|url=http://www.notablebiographies.com/news/Ow-Sh/Page-Larry-and-Brin-Sergey.html#b|work=Encyclopedia of World Biography|publisher=Advameg, Inc|accessdate=15 May 2013|year=2013}}</ref> an he an [[Sergey Brin|Brin]] awn approximately 16 percent o Google's stock.<ref>{{cite web|title=Google co-founders each hold nearly 16% stakes|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/techinvestor/techstocknews/2004-05-24-google-founders-stakes_x.htm|publisher=usatoday.com|accessdate=18 June 2013}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Sister project links|wikt=no |commons=Larry Page |b=no |n=no |q=Larry Page |s=no |v=no |species=no |voy=no|display=Larry Page}} * {{Google+|id=106189723444098348646}} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3666241.stm Profile] at ''[[BBC News]]'' * [http://www.engin.umich.edu/alumni/engineer/04SS/achievements/advances.html Larry Page's Alumni Profile Composite] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041011215011/http://www.engin.umich.edu/alumni/engineer/04SS/achievements/advances.html |date=2004-10-11 }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Page, Larry}} [[Category:1973 births]] [[Category:American billionaires]] [[Category:American computer businessfowk]] [[Category:American computer scientists]] [[Category:American corporate directors]] [[Category:American fowk o Jewish strynd]] [[Category:American technology chief executives]] [[Category:American technology company foonders]] [[Category:Businessfowk frae Michigan]] [[Category:Businessfowk in information technology]] [[Category:Businessfowk in saftware]] [[Category:Directors o Google]] [[Category:Fellaes o the American Academy o Airts an Sciences]] [[Category:Google employees]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Palo Alto, Californie]] [[Category:Members o the Unitit States Naitional Academy o Ingineerin]] [[Category:Fowk frae East Lansing, Michigan]] [[Category:Stanford Varsity alumni]] [[Category:TR35 winners]] [[Category:Varsity o Michigan alumni]] [[Category:Webby Awaird winners]] [[Category:WEF YGL honorees]] [[Category:Life extensionists]] [[Category:Alphabet Inc. fowk]] 5vra9dr0lcp3zaeetncdcrx43aq557u Province o Badajoz 0 63284 925535 536246 2026-10-30T23:36:48Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 925535 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Badajoz in Spain.svg|thumb|right|250px|Province o Badajoz]] [[File:Comarcas de Badajoz.svg|thumb|Comarcas in the province o Badajoz]] The '''province o Badajoz''' ({{IPA-es|baðaˈxoθ|pron}}) is a [[provinces o Spain|province]] o wastren [[Spain]] locatit in the [[autonomous commonties o Spain|autonomous commonty]] o [[Extremadura]]. It wis formit in 1833. It is bordered bi the provinces o [[Province o Cáceres|Cáceres]], [[Province o Toledo|Toledo]], [[Province o Ciudad Real|Ciudad Real]], [[Province o Córdoba (Spain)|Córdoba]], [[Province o Seville|Seville]], an [[Province o Huelva|Huelva]], an bi [[Portugal]]. Wi its aurie o 21,766&nbsp;km², it is the [[leet o Spainyie provinces bi aurie|lairgest province in Spain]]. The ither province o Extremadura, Cáceres, is the seicont lairgest. {{as of|2010}}, the province haes a population o 692,137. Its caipital is the ceety o [[Badajoz]]. See an aw [[Leet o municipalities in Badajoz]]. ==See an aw== *[[Extremadura]] == Freemit airtins == {{commons category|Province of Badajoz}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120221082303/http://www.dip-badajoz.es/ Diputación de Badajoz] <br> {{Provinces o Spain}} {{Municipalities in Badajoz}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Badajoz, Province o}} [[Category:Province o Badajoz| ]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1833]] j0cik68e5ztar99k0jz7vfes5bjro12 Televisa 0 66684 925487 918482 2026-10-30T14:10:09Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 Replace archive.today airtins wi Wayback Machine airtins 925487 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company | name = Televisa | logo = Logotipo de Televisa.svg | caption = The 2016-present logo | type = [[S.A. (corporation)|Sociedad Anónima Bursátil]] | traded_as = {{BMV|TLEVISA}}<br>{{nyse|TV}} | genre = | fate = | predecessor = [[Telesistema Mexicano]] | successor = | foundation = 1955 (as '''Telesistema Mexicano''')<br/>January 1st, 1973 (as '''Televisa''') | founder = [[Emilio Azcárraga Vidaurreta]] | defunct = | location_city = | location_country = | location = [[Mexico Ceety]], [[Mexico]] | locations = | area_served = | key_people = [[Emilio Azcárraga Jean]],<br>[[Bernardo Gómez Martínez]],<br>[[Alfonso de Angoitia]],<br>[[José Bastón Patiño]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.televisa.com/ejecutivos/index.php|title=Televisa: Corporativo: Ejecutivos |accessdate=August 30, 2013}}</ref> | industry = [[Mass media]] | products = Broadcastin, cable TV, radio, publishin, Internet | services = | revenue = {{increase}} [[Unitit States dollar|US$]] 5.3 billion <small>(2012)</small> | operating_income = | net_income = {{increase}} [[US$]] 672.7 million <small>(2012)</small> | aum = | assets = | equity = | owner = Grupo Televisa, S.A.B. | num_employees = 24,362 | parent = Grupo Televisa, S.A.B. | divisions = | subsid = | homepage = {{URL|http://www.televisa.com}} http://www.maktv.gr/ | footnotes = | intl = yes }} [[File:Logotipo de Televisa (1973-1980).png|thumbnail]] [[File:TELEVISA CHAPULTEPEC.jpg|thumbnail]] [[File:TelevisaBldgDF.JPG|thumbnail]] '''Grupo Televisa, S.A.B.''' is a [[Mexico|Mexican]] multimedia [[mass media]] company, efter [[Organizações Globo]] is the lairgest in [[Laitin Americae]]{{citation needed}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.maned.com/news/pressreleases/120309 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-01-17 |archive-date=2020-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721140457/https://maned.com/news/pressreleases/120309 |url-status=dead }}</ref> an the first o Spaingie-speakin warld.<ref>[http://www.snellwilcox.com/news_events/press_releases/203 Putting Pictures to Work] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214054201/http://www.snellwilcox.com/news_events/press_releases/203 |date=2007-12-14 }} &ndash; [[Snell & Wilcox]]</ref> It is a major internaitional enterteenment business, wi hintle o its programmin airin in the Unitit States on [[Univision]], wi which it haes a exclusive contract. ==References== {{reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons category|Grupo Televisa}} * {{es icon}} [http://www.televisa.com Televisa wabsteid] * {{es icon}} [http://www2.esmas.com/ Esmas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150603050010/http://www2.esmas.com/ |date=2015-06-03 }}, Televisa's Internet portal * {{es icon}} [http://www.novelalounge.com/ NovelaLounge], News on upcomin Televisa telenovelas [[Category:Televisa| ]] [[Category:Companies established in 1955]] [[Category:Companies based in Mexico Ceety]] [[Category:Companies leetit on the Bolsa Mexicana de Valores]] [[Category:Companies leetit on the New York Stock Exchynge]] [[Category:Televeesion broadcastin companies o Mexico]] [[Category:Conglomerate companies o Mexico]] f39uelikgphc9vpa37es15e27qeprvu 925540 925487 2026-10-31T00:33:41Z Atlantic306 30244 fixed reference 925540 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company | name = Televisa | logo = Logotipo de Televisa.svg | caption = The 2016-present logo | type = [[S.A. (corporation)|Sociedad Anónima Bursátil]] | traded_as = {{BMV|TLEVISA}}<br>{{nyse|TV}} | genre = | fate = | predecessor = [[Telesistema Mexicano]] | successor = | foundation = 1955 (as '''Telesistema Mexicano''')<br/>January 1st, 1973 (as '''Televisa''') | founder = [[Emilio Azcárraga Vidaurreta]] | defunct = | location_city = | location_country = | location = [[Mexico Ceety]], [[Mexico]] | locations = | area_served = | key_people = [[Emilio Azcárraga Jean]],<br>[[Bernardo Gómez Martínez]],<br>[[Alfonso de Angoitia]],<br>[[José Bastón Patiño]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.televisa.com/ejecutivos/index.php|title=Televisa: Corporativo: Ejecutivos |accessdate=August 30, 2013}}</ref> | industry = [[Mass media]] | products = Broadcastin, cable TV, radio, publishin, Internet | services = | revenue = {{increase}} [[Unitit States dollar|US$]] 5.3 billion <small>(2012)</small> | operating_income = | net_income = {{increase}} [[US$]] 672.7 million <small>(2012)</small> | aum = | assets = | equity = | owner = Grupo Televisa, S.A.B. | num_employees = 24,362 | parent = Grupo Televisa, S.A.B. | divisions = | subsid = | homepage = {{URL|http://www.televisa.com}} http://www.maktv.gr/ | footnotes = | intl = yes }} [[File:Logotipo de Televisa (1973-1980).png|thumbnail]] [[File:TELEVISA CHAPULTEPEC.jpg|thumbnail]] [[File:TelevisaBldgDF.JPG|thumbnail]] '''Grupo Televisa, S.A.B.''' is a [[Mexico|Mexican]] multimedia [[mass media]] company, efter [[Organizações Globo]] is the lairgest in [[Laitin Americae]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://latercera.com/noticia/negocios/2011/04/655-358540-9-televisa-bajo-41-sus-ganancias-en-el-primer-trimestre-de-2011.shtml |title=Televisa bajó 4,1% sus ganancias en el primer trimestre de 2011 |publisher=Latercera.com|archive-date=1 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201112556/http://latercera.com/noticia/negocios/2011/04/655-358540-9-televisa-bajo-41-sus-ganancias-en-el-primer-trimestre-de-2011.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.maned.com/news/pressreleases/120309 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-01-17 |archive-date=2020-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721140457/https://maned.com/news/pressreleases/120309 |url-status=dead }}</ref> an the first o Spaingie-speakin warld.<ref>[http://www.snellwilcox.com/news_events/press_releases/203 Putting Pictures to Work] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214054201/http://www.snellwilcox.com/news_events/press_releases/203 |date=2007-12-14 }} &ndash; [[Snell & Wilcox]]</ref> It is a major internaitional enterteenment business, wi hintle o its programmin airin in the Unitit States on [[Univision]], wi which it haes a exclusive contract. ==References== {{reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons category|Grupo Televisa}} * {{es icon}} [http://www.televisa.com Televisa wabsteid] * {{es icon}} [http://www2.esmas.com/ Esmas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150603050010/http://www2.esmas.com/ |date=2015-06-03 }}, Televisa's Internet portal * {{es icon}} [http://www.novelalounge.com/ NovelaLounge], News on upcomin Televisa telenovelas [[Category:Televisa| ]] [[Category:Companies established in 1955]] [[Category:Companies based in Mexico Ceety]] [[Category:Companies leetit on the Bolsa Mexicana de Valores]] [[Category:Companies leetit on the New York Stock Exchynge]] [[Category:Televeesion broadcastin companies o Mexico]] [[Category:Conglomerate companies o Mexico]] 2m9uf36xdcrtcmweei4c9ltm5z0tho4 War in Darfur 0 71760 925563 913958 2026-10-31T04:59:00Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 925563 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = War in Darfur | partof = the [[Sudanese Ceevil War]]s | image = [[File:Government Militia in Darfur.PNG|280px]] | caption = A group o pro-govrenment militia in Darfur | place = [[Darfur]] in [[Sudan]] | date = 26 Februar 2003 – 31 August 2020<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/27/us-sudan-rebels-idUSBRE93Q03920130427 | title=Sudan rebels attack city, push closer to capital | work=Reuters | date=27 April 2013 | access-date=2014-04-07 | archive-date=2014-04-19 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419133121/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/27/us-sudan-rebels-idUSBRE93Q03920130427 | url-status=dead }}</ref> | result = | combatant1 ='''Rebels'''<br/>{{Flagicon|Sudan}} [[Justice an Equality Movement|JEM]] factions <!-- <br />{{Flag icon|Sudan}} [[Naitional Redemption Front|NRF]] alliance --><br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Darfur Liberation Front.svg}} [[Sudan Liberation Movement|SLM]] (Minnawi faction)<br />{{Flagicon|Sudan}} [[Liberation an Justice Movement|LJM]] <br />'''Allegedly supportit bi''':<br />{{flag|Chad}}<br />{{flag|Eritrea}}<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.afrol.com/printable_article/13898 |title = Eritrea, Chad accused of aiding Sudan rebels |publisher = Afrol.com |accessdate = 24 March 2010 |archive-date = 2012-06-29 |archive-url = https://archive.today/20120629064002/http://www.afrol.com/printable_article/13898 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2007/05/31/idUSB364117 |title=Eritrean president hopes to unite Darfur rebels |publisher=Reuters |date=31 May 2007 |accessdate=12 January 2014 |archive-date=2014-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112091425/http://www.reuters.com/article/2007/05/31/idUSB364117 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afrol.com/printable_article/22834 |title=Eritrea's mediation in Darfur controversial |publisher=Afrol.com |accessdate=24 March 2010 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.darfurwatch.com/2007/10/eritreas_big_footprint_in_east.html |title=Eritrea's Big Footprint in East Africa |access-date=2008-08-20 |archive-date=2008-08-20 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080820113218/http://www.darfurwatch.com/2007/10/eritreas_big_footprint_in_east.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | combatant2 ='''Pro-govrenment forces'''<br />{{Flagicon|Sudan}} [[Janjaweed]]<br />{{Flagicon|Sudan}} [[Sudan Fowk's Airmed Forces|Sudanese airmy]] & mercenaries<br />{{Flagicon|Sudan}} [[Law enforcement in Sudan|Sudanese Police]] | combatant3 = [[African Union]]<br />{{flag|United Nations}} | commander1 = {{Flagicon|Sudan}} [[Khalil Ibrahim]]{{KIA}}<br />{{Flagicon|Sudan}} [[Ahmed Diraige]] <br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Darfur Liberation Front.svg}} [[Minni Minnawi]]<br /> {{Flagicon|Sudan}} [[Abdul Wahid al Nur]] | commander2 = {{Flagicon|Sudan}} [[Omar al-Bashir]]<br />{{Flagicon|Sudan}} [[Musa Hilal]]<br />{{Flagicon|Sudan}} [[Hamid Dawai]]<br />{{Flagicon|Sudan}} [[Ali Kushayb]]<br />{{Flagicon|Sudan}} [[Ahmed Haroun]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/IOR10/002/2007/en |title=Sudan: Application for summonses for two war crimes suspects a small but significant step towards justice in Darfur &#124; Amnesty International |publisher=Amnesty.org |date=27 February 2007 |accessdate = 24 March 2010}}</ref> | commander3 = [[Rodolphe Adada]]<br />{{flagicon|United Nations}} [[Martin Luther Agwai]] | strength1 = '''NRF/JEM:''' Unkent | strength2 = N/A | strength3 = 9,065 | casualties1 = Unkent | casualties2 = Unkent * 107 Sudanese sauldiers an polis an 1 Roushie mercenary killed in the [[2008 attack on Omdurman an Khartoum|raid on Omdurman an Khartoum]]<ref name="dead">[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3542991,00.html At least 200 dead in rebel assault on Sudanese capital], [[Ynetnews]], 13 May 2008</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Radio station says Russian pilot killed in Sudan during rebel assault|author=Wasil Ali|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article27319|newspaper=Sudan Tribune|date=28 May 2008|accessdate=11 January 2011|archive-date=2019-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220041230/https://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article27319|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Russian Mercenaries Over Africa|author=James Dunnigan|url=http://www.strategypage.com/dls/articles/200862112816.asp|newspaper=StrategyWorld.com|date=21 June 2008|accessdate=11 January 2011|archive-date=2023-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306121157/https://www.strategypage.com/dls/articles/200862112816.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[[Al Jazeera English]]—[[Frost Over The World]]—President Omar al-Bashir (20 June 2008)</ref> | casualties3 = 51 peacekeepers killed | notes = <center><big>178,258–461,520 [[Mortality displacement|excess daiths]],<ref name = "thelancet1">{{cite web|url=http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2809%2961967-X/abstract |title=Thelancet.com |publisher=Thelancet.com }}</ref> 2,850,000 displaced (UN estimate), 450,000 displaced (Sudanese estimate)</big></center> }} The '''War in Darfur'''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3496731.stm |title=Q&A: Sudan's Darfur conflict |publisher=BBC News |date=8 February 2010 |accessdate=24 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alertnet.org/db/crisisprofiles/SD_DAR.htm |title=Reuters AlertNet – Darfur conflict |publisher=Alertnet.org |accessdate=24 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100501160059/http://www.alertnet.org/db/crisisprofiles/SD_DAR.htm |archive-date=2010-05-01 |url-status=dead}}</ref> wis a major airmed onslaught in the [[Darfur]] region o [[Sudan]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Darfur War}} [[Category:Ceevil wars post-1945]] [[Category:Ethnicity-based ceevil wars]] [[Category:Responsibility tae protect]] [[Category:War in Darfur| ]] eb4vh0jmlmrmwzqkwgrye6xkx2p7pf5 Google Search 0 72531 925527 868511 2026-10-30T19:44:45Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 925527 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox website | logo = [[File:Google 2015 logo.svg|220px]] | url = {{URL|https://www.google.com/|Google.com}} | commercial = Yes | type = [[Wab rake ingine]] | language = Multilingual (123) | ipv6 = Yes, bi arrangement<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.google.com/intl/en/ipv6/|title=Google over IPv6|accessdate=December 8, 2010}}</ref> or [http://ipv6.google.com/ ipv6.google.com] | registration = Optional | programming language = [[JavaScript]], [[Python (programmin leid)|Python]], [[C (programmin leid)|C]], [[C++]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://infolab.stanford.edu/~backrub/google.html | title=The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine | publisher=Computer Science Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA | accessdate=January 27, 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425160729/http://infolab.stanford.edu/~backrub/google.html | archive-date=2009-04-25 | url-status=dead}}</ref> | owner = [[Google]] | launch date = {{start date|1997|9|15}}<ref>{{cite web| url=http://reports.internic.net/cgi/whois?whois_nic=google.com&type=domain | title=WHOIS | accessdate=January 27, 2009}}</ref> | current status = Active | revenue = Frae [[AdWords]] | slogan = | alexa = {{steady}} 1 ({{as of|2017|Februar|1|alt= Februar 2017}})<ref name="alexa">{{cite web |url = http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/google.com |title = Google.com Site Info |publisher = [[Alexa Internet]] |accessdate = February 1, 2017 |archive-date = 2015-12-26 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151226074120/http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/google.com |url-status = dead }}</ref> }} '''Google Search''' (or '''Google Web Search''') is a [[wab rake ingine]] ained bi [[Google|Google Inc.]] '''Google Search''' is the maist-uised rake ingine on the [[World Wide Web]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alexa.com/topsites/category/Computers/Internet/Searching/Search_Engines |title=Alexa Top Sites By Category - Search Engine Ranking |accessdate=May 16, 2013 |archive-date=2013-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507063628/http://www.alexa.com/topsites/category/Computers/Internet/Searching/Search_Engines |url-status=dead }}</ref> haundlin mair nor three billion sairches ilka day.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-23866614 Digital Indians: Ben Gomes]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://searchenginewatch.com/showPage.html?page=3630718 |title=Almost 12 Billion U.S. Searches Conducted in July |publisher=SearchEngineWatch |date=September 2, 2008 |access-date=2014-04-12 |archive-date=2008-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080912104253/http://searchenginewatch.com/showPage.html?page=3630718 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Google services|Search]] [[Category:1997 introductions]] [[Category:American wabsteids]] [[Category:Internet rake ingines]] [[Category:Multilingual wabsteids]] tunl8zicn7z94wkb82uwzsxd252upyj Leo Tolstoy 0 84365 925496 872127 2026-10-30T14:41:22Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 Replace archive.today airtins wi Wayback Machine airtins 925496 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=Dizember 2020}} {{Infobox writer<!--For more information see [[:Template:Infobox Writer/doc]].--> |name = Leo Tolstoy |image = L.N.Tolstoy Prokudin-Gorsky.jpg |imagesize = 225px |alt = |caption = Tolstoy photographed at his [[Yasnaya Polyana]] estate in Mey 1908 bi [[Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky]]. |pseudonym = |birth_name = Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy |birth_date = {{birth date|1828|9|9}} |birth_place = [[Yasnaya Polyana]], [[Roushie Empire]] |death_date = {{death date and age|1910|11|20|1828|8|28}} |death_place = [[Lev Tolstoy (rural locality)|Astapovo]], [[Roushie Empire]] |occupation = Novelist, short story writer, playwricht, essayist |language = Roushie, French |nationality = [[Roushies|Roushie]] |period = 1852–1910 |genre = |subject = |movement = |notableworks = ''[[War and Peace]]''<br>''[[Anna Karenina]]''<br>''[[A Confession]]''<br>''[[The Kingdom of God Is Within You]]''<br>''[[Resurrection (novelle)|Resurrection]]'' |spouse = [[Sophia Tolstaya]] |partner = |children = 14 |signature = Leo Tolstoy signature.svg |module = {{ Listen| embed=yes |filename= Tolstoy Vremya prishlo.ogg |title= Leo Tolstoy's voice |type= speech |description= recordit 1908 }} }} Count '''Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy''' ({{lang-ru|link=no|Лев Никола́евич Толсто́й}}, {{IPA-ru|lʲef nʲɪkɐˈlaɪvʲɪt͡ɕ tɐlˈstoj|pron|Ru-Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy.ogg}}; {{OldStyleDate|9 September|1828|28 August}} – {{OldStyleDate|20 November|1910|7 November}}), kent as '''Leo Tolstoy''' an aw, wis a [[Roushies|Roushie]] writer that is regairdit as ane o the greatest authors o aw time.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leo-Tolstoy |title=Leo Tolstoy |work=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] |accessdate=4 September 2018}}</ref> He received multiple nominations for [[Nobel Prize in Leeteratur]] ivery year frae 1902 tae 1906, an nominations for [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in 1901, 1902 an 1910, an his miss o the prize is a major [[Nobel Prize controversies|Nobel prize controversy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://old.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=9303|title=Nomination Database|website=old.nobelprize.org|access-date=2019-03-08|archive-date=2019-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200911133357/https://old.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=9303|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/ceremonies/proclamation-sent-to-leo-tolstoy-after-the-1901-years-presentation-of-nobel-prizes/|title=Proclamation sent to Leo Tolstoy after the 1901 year's presentation of Nobel Prizes|website=NobelPrize.org|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1950/10/winning-the-nobel-prize/305480/|title=Winning the Nobel Prize|last=Hedin|first=Naboth|date=1950-10-01|website=The Atlantic|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/10/07/nobel-prize-in-literature_1_n_752826.html|title=Nobel Prize Snubs In Literature: 9 Famous Writers Who Should Have Won (Photos)|date=2010-10-07|work=Huffington Post|access-date=2019-03-08|language=en-US}}</ref> Born tae an aristocratic Roushie faimily in 1828,<ref name="Britannica" /> he is best kent for the novelles ''[[War an Peace]]'' (1869) an ''[[Anna Karenina]]'' (1877),<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/facing-death-with-tolstoy |title=Facing death with Tolstoy |work=[[The New Yorker]] |last=Beard |first=Mary |date=5 November 2013}}</ref> eften citit as pinnacles o [[Leeterar realism|realist]] feection.<ref name="Britannica" /> He first achieved leeterar acclaim in his twenties wi his semi-autobiografical trilogy, ''[[Bairnheid (Tolstoy novelle)|Bairnheid]]'', ''[[Ladheid (novelle)|Ladheid]]'', an ''[[Youth (Leo Tolstoy novelle)|Youth]]'' (1852–1856), an ''[[Sevastopol Sketches]]'' (1855), based upon his experiences in the [[Crimean War]]. Tolstoy's feection includes dizens o short stories an several [[novella]]s sic as ''[[The Daith o Ivan Ilyich]]'' (1886), ''[[Family Happiness]]'' (1859), and ''[[Hadji Murat (novelle)|Hadji Murad]]'' (1912). He an aw wrote [[play (theatre)|plays]] an numerous filosofical essays. In the 1870s Tolstoy experienced a profoond moral creesis, follaed bi whit he regairdit as an equally profoond speeritual awaukenin, as ootlined in his non-feection wark ''[[A Confession]]'' (1882). His leeteral interpretation o the ethical teachins o Jesus, centrein on the [[Sermon on the Munt]], caused him tae acome a fervent [[Christian anarchism|Christian anarchist]] an [[anarcho-pacifist|pacifist]].<ref name="Britannica" /> Tolstoy's ideas on [[nonveeolent reseestance]], expressed in sic warks as ''[[The Kinrick o God Is Within Ye]]'' (1894), war tae hae a profoond impact on sic pivotal 20t-century feegurs as [[Mahatma Gandhi]]<ref name="ResistNotEvil">[http://www-ee.stanford.edu/~hellman/opinion/Resist_Not.html Martin E. Hellman, ''Resist Not Evil'' in ''World Without Violence'' (Arun Gandhi ed.), M.K. Gandhi Institute, 1994], retrieved on 14 December 2006</ref> an [[Martin Luther King Jr.]]<ref>{{cite book | last = King, Jr. | first = Martin Luther |author2=Clayborne Carson | title = The Papers of Martin Luther King, Jr., Volume V: Threshold of a New Decade, January 1959&nbsp;– December 1960 | publisher = University of California Press | year = 2005 | pages = 149, 269, 248 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TU_HozbJSC8C&pg=PA269 | isbn = 978-0-520-24239-5 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> Tolstoy an aw becam a dedicatit advocate o [[Georgism]], the economic filosofie o [[Henry George]], that he incorporatit intae his writin, pairteecularly ''[[Resurrection (novelle)|Resurrection]]'' (1899). ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tolstoy, Leo}} [[Category:Leo Tolstoy| ]] [[Category:1828 births]] [[Category:1910 daiths]] [[Category:Christian anarchists]] [[Category:Christian writers]] [[Category:Georgists]] [[Category:Fowk excommunicatit bi the Roushie Orthodox Kirk]] [[Category:Imperial Roushie Christians]] [[Category:Christian pacifists]] [[Category:19t-century Roushie writers]] [[Category:20t-century Roushie writers]] [[Category:19t-century novelists]] [[Category:20t-century novelists]] [[Category:Imperial Roushie essayists]] [[Category:Anarcho-pacifists]] [[Category:Imperial Roushie novelists]] [[Category:Imperial Roushie short story writers]] [[Category:Tolstoy faimily|Leo Tolstoy]] [[Category:Converts tae Christianity frae atheism or agnosticism]] [[Category:Correspondin Members o the St Petersburg Academy o Sciences]] [[Category:Honorary Members o the St Petersburg Academy o Sciences]] [[Category:Members o the Serbie Academy o Sciences an Airts]] [[Category:19t-century theatre]] [[Category:Imperial Roushie dramatists an playwrichts]] [[Category:Imperial Roushie eddicators]] [[Category:Roushie militar personnel o the Caucasian War]] [[Category:Roushie Esperantists]] {{stub/Roushie}} 6ehg4xpd7428o92wu9zj1grvh2rqkez Tlacolulita Zapotec 0 86985 925556 432519 2026-10-31T02:18:14Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 925556 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name= Tlacolulita Zapotec |altname= (Asunción Tlacolulita) |nativename= |state=[[Mexico]] |region=[[Oaxaca]] |speakers=140 |date=1990 census |ref=e17 |familycolor=American |fam1=[[Oto-Manguean]] |fam2=[[Zapotecan leids|Zapotecan]] |fam3=[[Zapotec leids|Zapotec]] |fam4=Sierra Sur |fam5=Yautepec |iso3=zpk |glotto=tlac1240 |glottorefname=Tlacolulita Zapotec }} '''Tlacolulita Zapotec''' (Sootheastren Yautepec Zapotec) is a [[Zapotec leids|Zapotec leid]] o [[Oaxaca]], [[Mexico]]. It is no closely relatit tae ither leids. In Mey 2014, students frae [[Swarthmore College]] visitit [[Tlacolula de Matamoros]] tae present their online [http://talkingdictionary.swarthmore.edu/zapotec/ Tlacolula Valley Zapotec] {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} talkin dictionar tae local leaders. It wis estimatit that aboot 100 elderly speakers remain.<ref>{{Cite web | last = Doughtery | first = Ryan | title = Linguistics Students Help Revitalize Critically Endangered Language in Mexico | work = News & Events, Swarthmore College | accessdate = 2014-07-18 | date = 2014-05-27 | url = http://www.swarthmore.edu/news-events/linguistics-students-help-revitalize-critically-endangered-language-mexico }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} == Freemit airtins == *[https://web.archive.org/web/20150115090519/http://talkingdictionary.swarthmore.edu/zapotec/ Tlacolula Valley Zapotec] talkin dictionar [[Category:Zapotec leids]] dn5cdydl35i5zbojlpgrnu5cgra2god Porto-Novo 0 123974 925473 864949 2026-10-30T13:37:01Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 Replace archive.today airtins wi Wayback Machine airtins 925473 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=October 2020}} {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Porto-Novo |other_name = Hogbonu, Ajase |nickname = |settlement_type = Ceety an [[Communes o Benin|commune]] |motto = |image_skyline = Marche ouando porto-novo.jpg |imagesize = |image_caption = Ouando Market, Porto-Novo |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |city_logo = |citylogo_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = Location o Porto-Novo in Benin |pushpin_map = Benin<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> |pushpin_map_caption = |pushpin_mapsize = |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Benin}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Depairtments o Benin|Depairtment]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Ouémé Department|Ouémé]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = [[Mayor]] |leader_name = Moukaram Océni |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |established_title = Established |established_date = 16t century |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 =110 <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_metro_km2 = 110 |population_as_of =2009 |population_footnotes =<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&geo=-35&srt=pnan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&pt=c&va=&srt=pnan|title=World Gazetteer|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515145729/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&geo=-35&srt=pnan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&pt=c&va=&srt=pnan|archivedate=2013-02-09|access-date=2015-07-29|url-status=dead}}</ref> |population_note = |population_total = 267191 |population_density_km2 = auto |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |timezone = |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|6|29|50|N|2|36|18|E|region:BJ|display=inline,title}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> tags--> |elevation_m = 38 |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |website = {{Official website|www.villedeportonovo.com}} |footnotes = }} '''Porto-Novo''' (cried '''Hogbonou''' an '''Adjacé''' an aa) is the offeecial [[Caipital (poleetical)|caipital]] o the [[Wast Africae|Wast Africa]]n naition o [[Benin]], an wis the caipital o [[French Dahomey]]. ==References== {{reflist}} {{List of African capitals}} [[Category:Porto-Novo| ]] [[Category:Caipitals in Africae]] [[Category:Communes o Benin]] [[Category:French Wast Africae]] [[Category:Populatit coastal places in Benin]] [[Category:Populatit places in the Ouémé Depairtment]] [[Category:Ceeties in Yorubaland]] {{stub/Ceety}} 5f76ki4a4n1x23dp9mjdwfnb0z3m7d0 Islamic Gowden Age 0 126234 925500 900635 2026-10-30T15:07:54Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 impruivin citations 925500 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Maqamat hariri.jpg|thumb|300px|Scholars at an Abbasid library. Maqamat o al-Hariri Illustration bi Yahyá al-Wasiti, [[Baghdad]] 1237]] The '''Islamic Gowden Age''' refers tae the period in Islam's history during the Middle Ages when much o the heestorically Arabic speakin warld wis ruled bi various [[caliphate]]s, experiencin a [[science in the medieval Islamic warld|scienteefic]], economic, an cultural flourishin.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Saliba|first=George|title=A history of Arabic astronomy: planetary theories during the golden age of Islam|date=1994|publisher=[[New York University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8147-8023-7|series=New York University studies in Near Eastern civilization|location=[[New York]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name="King">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1086/353360 | last1 = King | first1 = David A. | year = 1983 | title = The Astronomy of the Mamluks | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_isis_1983-12_74_274/page/531| journal = Isis | volume = 74 | issue = | pages = 531–555 | ref = harv |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Hassan-Decline">[[Ahmad Y Hassan]], [http://www.history-science-technology.com/Articles/articles%208.html Factors Behind the Decline of Islamic Science After the Sixteenth Century] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402150434/http://www.history-science-technology.com/articles/articles%208.html |date=2015-04-02 }} ([https://web.archive.org/web/20180119225948/http://www.history-science-technology.com/articles/articles%208.html cached])</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Islamic Gowden Age| ]] [[Category:History o Islamic science]] etff64wyj2y24awpm84kx1p0dcq22zc LinkedIn 0 129074 925488 917891 2026-10-30T14:10:13Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 Replace archive.today airtins wi Wayback Machine airtins 925488 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dot-com company | name = LinkedIn Corporation | company_slogan = Relationships Matter{{citation needed}} | logo = [[File:LinkedIn Logo 2013.svg|200px|Logo of LinkedIn]] | company_type = Public | traded_as = {{NYSE|LNKD}} | foundation = {{start date and age|2003|5|5}}<br>[[Mountain View, Californie|Mountain View]], [[Californie]], U.S. | location_city = Mountain View, Californie | location_country = U.S. | area_served = Warldwide | founder = [[Reid Hoffman]]<br />Allen Blue<br />Konstantin Guericke<br />Eric Ly<br />Jean-Luc Vaillant | key_people = | url = {{URL|https://www.linkedin.com}} | programming_language = [[Java (programmin leid)|Java]]<ref name="LinkedIn Technology">{{cite web |url=http://engineering.linkedin.com/technology |title=LinkedIn Technology |publisher=LinkedIn.com |accessdate=2015-04-10 |archive-date=2015-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423230220/https://engineering.linkedin.com/technology |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{citation needed}} | registration = Required | launch_date = {{start date and age|2003|5|5}} | current_status = Active | industry = [[Internet]] | language = [[Multilingual]] | screenshot = | caption = LinkedIn homepage as of 28th July 2014 | advertising = [[Google]], [[AdSense]] | website_type = [[Social network service]] | alexa = {{Decrease}} 14 ({{as of|2015|08|13|alt=August 2015}})<ref name="alexa">{{cite web |url= http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/linkedIn.com |title= Linkedin.com Site Info |publisher= [[Alexa Internet]] |accessdate= 2015-08-13 |archive-date= 2017-01-29 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170129231753/http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/LinkedIn.com |url-status= dead }}</ref> | revenue = {{gain}}$2.21 billion (2014)<ref name=fy>{{cite web |url=http://www.google.com/finance?q=NYSE:LNKD&fstype=ii |title=Financial Statements for LinkedIn Corp |publisher=[[Google]] |website=[[Google Finance]] |accessdate=Mar 5, 2015 |year=2014 |deadurl=no <!--the link to annual data does not work; stuck on quarterly data-->}}</ref> | net_income = {{loss}}$15 million (2014){{citation needed}} | num_users = Over 380 million<ref name="num_users">{{cite web |url= https://press.linkedin.com/about-linkedin |title= About LinkedIn |publisher= LinkedIn.com |accessdate= 2015-03-05 |archive-date= 2015-02-04 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150204055540/https://press.linkedin.com/about-linkedin |url-status= dead }}</ref> |CEO = [[Jeff Weiner]]|chairman = [[Reid Hoffman]]}} '''LinkedIn''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|l|ɪ|ŋ|k|t|.|ˈ|ɪ|n}}) is a business-orientit [[social networkin service]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Linkedin}} [[Category:Companies leetit on the New York Stock Exchynge]] [[Category:Community wabsteids]] [[Category:Companies based in Mountain View, Californie]] [[Category:Internet properties established in 2003]] [[Category:Professional networks]] [[Category:Social netwarkin services]] [[Category:American buists]] [[Category:American wabsteids]] d7digapndc1jrxfrnxaj9o6c060lo51 Elon Musk 0 135675 925459 925441 2026-10-30T13:16:07Z PurpleDinosaur585 129975 925459 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox bodie |name = Elon Musk |image = Elon Musk - 54820081119 (3x4 cropped, Rule of thirds).jpg |caption = Musk in 2025 |birth_name=Elon Reeve Musk |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1971|6|28}} |birth_place = [[Pretoria]], [[Transvaal Province|Transvaal]], Sooth Africa |nationality = South African, Canadian, American |residence = [[Bel Air, Los Angeles|Bel Air]], Los Angeles, California, Unitit States<ref name=forbesbuyshome.com>{{cite news|title=Billionaire Tesla CEO Elon Musk Buys Neighbor's Home in Bel Air For $6.75 Million|work=[[Forbes]]|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/trulia/2013/11/01/billionaire-tesla-ceo-elon-musk-buys-home/|accessdate=November 1, 2013}}</ref><ref name=bloombergbuyshome>{{cite news|title=Inside Elon Musk's $17M Bel Air Mansion|work=[[Bloomberg News]]|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/videos/b/6e27fcba-309d-494e-b87d-c73fb8bb1750|accessdate=August 21, 2013}}</ref> |known_for = [[SpaceX]], [[PayPal]], [[Tesla Motors]], [[Hyperloop]], [[SolarCity]], [[OpenAI]] |education = [[Waterkloof House Preparatory School]]<br/> [[Pretoria Boys High School]] |alma mater = [[Queen's University]]<br/>[[The University o Pennsylvania]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_25541448/timeline-elon-musk-accomplishments|title=Timeline: Elon Musk's accomplishments|last=Hull|first=Dana|date=April 11, 2014|accessdate=June 11, 2015|via=[[Mercury News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.csq.com/2013/01/elon-musk-patriarchs-and-prodigies/#|title=Elon Musk: Patriarchs and Prodigies|year=2013|accessdate=June 11, 2015|website=CSQ|publisher=C-Suite Quarterly|last=Zanerhaft|first=Jaron}}http://www.csq.com/2013/01/elon-musk-patriarchs-and-prodigies/</ref> |occupation = Entrepreneur, ingineer, inventor, investor |title = CEO an [[Chief technology officer|CTO]] o [[SpaceX]]<br/> CEO an Product airchitect o [[Tesla Motors]]<br/> Preses o [[SolarCity]]<br/> Co-preses o [[OpenAI]] |salary = '''Tesla Motors'''<ref name=bloomberg140424>{{Cite news|url = http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-04-24/musk-s-tesla-income-plummets-99-9-to-less-than-70-000|title=Tesla Pays CEO Musk $70,000 Following $78 Million Year|date=April 25, 2014|accessdate=June 11, 2015|website=Bloomberg Business|publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]|last=Ohnsman|first=Alan}}</ref><br/>$78.2 million (2012)<br/>$69,989 (2013)<br/> [[Ane-dollar salary|$1]] (2014) |networth = US$12.2&nbsp;billion (December 2015)<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/profile/elon-r-musk|title=Profile: Elon Musk|accessdate=December 11, 2015|website = Bloomberg Billionaires|publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]}}</ref> |spouse = {{Plainlist| * {{Marriage|[[Justine Musk]]|2000|2008|reason=divorced}} * {{Marriage|[[Talulah Riley]]|2010|2012|reason=divorced}} * {{Marriage|Talulah Riley|2013|}}{{citation needit}} }} |children = 6 sons (1 deceased)<ref name=Starter>{{cite journal|last=Musk|first=Justine|date=September 10, 2010|title='I Was a Starter Wife': Inside America's Messiest Divorce|magazine=[[Marie Claire]]|url=http://www.marieclaire.com/sex-love/relationship-issues/millionaire-starter-wife|accessdate=November 28, 2012}}</ref> |signature = Elon Musk Signature.svg |signature_alt = Elon Musk |parents = Maye Musk <small>(mither)</small><br/>Errol Musk <small>(faither)</small> |relatives = [[Tosca Musk]] <small>(sister)</small><br/>[[Kimbal Musk]] <small>(brither)</small> }} '''Elon Reeve Musk''' ({{IPA-en|ˈiːlɒn ɹiːv ˈmʌsk}}; born 28 Juin 1971) is a Sooth African-born Canadian-American magnate,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/11220326/Elon-Musk-to-launch-fleet-of-internet-satellites.html|title=Elon Musk 'to launch fleet of internet satellites'|date=November 10, 2014|accessdate=June 23, 2015|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|last=Curtis|first=Sophie|quote="Elon Musk, inventor and business magnate"|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/71590-elon-musk-the-21st-century-industrialist|title=Elon Musk, the 21st Century Industrialist|date=September 13, 2012|accessdate=June 23, 2015|website=Bloomberg BusinessWeek|last=Vance|first=Ashlee}}</ref> ingineer,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asme.org/career-education/early-career-engineers/me-today/engineer-in-focus-elon-musk|title=Early Career Engineers, Conferences and Careers|publisher=asme.org|accessdate=2015-11-04}}</ref> inventor<ref>{{cite web|url=http://inventors.about.com/od/mstartinventions/p/Elon-Musk.htm|title=Biography of Elon Musk|accessdate=June 10, 2015|website=inventors.about.com|publisher=About.com|last=Bellis|first=Mary}}{{Dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> an investor.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.forbes.com/video/3391084854001|title=The Top 10 Venture Capitalists on 2014's Midas List|accessdate=June 10, 2015|work=Forbes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2014/03/21/zuckerberg-musk-invest-in-artificial-intelligence-company-vicarious|title=Zuckerberg, Musk Invest in Artificial Intelligence Company|date=March 21, 2014|accessdate=June 10, 2015|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|last=Albergotti|first=Reed}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-mark-zuckerberg-invest-in-vicarious-2014-3?IR=T|title=Elon Musk And Mark Zuckerberg Have Invested $40 Million in a Mysterious Artificial Intelligence Company|date=March 21, 2014|accessdate=June 10, 2015|website=Business Insider|publisher=[[Business Insider]]|last=Love|first=Dylan}}</ref> He is the CEO an CTO o [[SpaceX]], CEO an product airchitect o [[Tesla Motors]], an preses o [[SolarCity]] as weel as co-preses o [[OpenAI]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Musk, Elon}} [[Category:Elon Musk| ]] [[Category:1971 births]] [[Category:20t-century American businessfowk]] [[Category:21st-century American businessfowk]] [[Category:American billionaires]] [[Category:American chairmen o corporations]] [[Category:American computer businessfowk]] [[Category:American computer programmers]] [[Category:American inventors]] [[Category:American investors]] [[Category:American libertarians]] [[Category:American fowk o Breetish strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Canadian strynd]] [[Category:American technology chief executives]] [[Category:American technology company foonders]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Pretoria]] [[Category:Pioneers o rail transport]] [[Category:Sooth African fowk o Breetish strynd]] [[Category:Sooth African fowk o German strynd]] [[Category:Space advocates]] [[Category:Wharton School o the Varsity o Pennsylvanie alumni]] [[Category:White Sooth African fowk]] 2gmipdpzvyzutty0qyc0zkwhcdrl9a8 Emmanuelle Béart 0 139688 925521 789322 2026-10-30T18:56:48Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 925521 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Emmanuelle Béart | image = Emmanuelle Béart Cannes 2015.jpg | caption = Emmanuelle Béart in 2015 | birth_name = Emmanuelle Béhart-Hasson | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1963|8|14}} | birth_place = [[Gassin]], Fraunce | other_names = Emmanuelle Est | years_active = 1972–present | spouse = {{marriage|[[Daniel Auteuil]]|1993|1995}}<br>{{marriage|Michaël Cohen|2008||}} | children = 2 | occupation = Actress | website = }} '''Emmanuelle Béart''' (born 14 August 1963)<ref name="Fiche">Emmanuelle Béart Fiche de la personne [http://cinema.jeuxactu.com/personne-emmanuelle-beart-13011.htm Emmanuelle Béart Fiche de la personne] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710063913/http://cinema.jeuxactu.com/personne-emmanuelle-beart-13011.htm |date=2012-07-10 }} Retrieved 11 March 2012</ref> is a French film actress, wha haes appeared in ower 60 film an telly productions syne 1972. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Beart, Emmanuelle}} [[Category:1963 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Var (depairtment)]] [[Category:European Film Awaird for Best Actress winners]] [[Category:French film actresses]] [[Category:French televeesion actresses]] [[Category:Jewish French actresses]] [[Category:Nannies]] [[Category:Best Supportin Actress César Awaird winners]] [[Category:20t-century French actresses]] [[Category:21st-century French actresses]] [[Category:French stage actresses]] [[Category:Officiers o the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]] [[Category:Chevaliers o the Légion d'honneur]] 5yb3824lgjj2g9wuibwl7f2y32qzngy Tallaght 0 155293 925552 833144 2026-10-31T01:25:29Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 925552 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |settlement_type = Toun |name = Tallaght |other_name = {{Pad top italic|Tamhlacht}} |motto = Fulaingt<br>({{lang-ga|Endurance}}) |image_skyline = Tallaght Centre, South Dublin, 2007.jpg |image_caption = Central Tallaght |pushpin_map = Ireland |pushpin_label_position = left |pushpin_map_caption = Location in Ireland |coordinates_display = inline,title |coordinates_type = dim:100000_region:IE |coordinates = {{coord|53.2886|-6.3572|dim:100000_region:IE|display=inline,title}} |blank_name_sec1 = Irish Grid Reference |blank_info_sec1 = {{iem4ibx|O093265}} |unit_pref = Metric |elevation_m = 90 |subdivision_type = [[Leet o sovereign states|Kintra]] |subdivision_name = [[Republic o Ireland|Ireland]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces o Ireland|Province]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Leinster]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Local govrenment in the Republic o Ireland|Coonty]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Sooth Dublin]] |subdivision_type3 = Dáil Éireann |subdivision_name3 = [[Dublin South-West (Dáil Éireann constituency)|Dublin South-West]] |population_urban = 101,055 |population_as_of = 2015 |website = {{URL|www.tallaghtcity.ie}} }} '''Tallaght''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|æ|l|ə}} {{respell|TAL|ə}}; {{lang-ga|Tamhlacht}}, {{IPA-ga|ˈt̪ˠəul̪ˠəxt̪ˠ|IPA}}) is the lairgest toun, an [[coonty toun|coonty seat]], o [[Sooth Dublin]], [[Republic o Ireland|Ireland]]. The veelage aurie, datin frae at least the 17t century, held ane o the earliest dounsets kent in the soothren pairt o the island, an ane o medieval Ireland's mair important monastic centres.<ref name="Handcock">History and Antiquities of Tallaght in the County of Dublin, 2nd edition, 1889; Handcock, William Domville</ref> == References == {{reflist}} == Freemit airtins == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030759/http://www.gzhaiyun.com.cn/post/1486.html Editing Tallaght SEA] * [http://www.TYTYouthDrama.bebo.com/ Tallaght Youth Theatre]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.tallaghtexpress.com/ Tallaght Express Local Newspaper] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225104833/http://tallaghtexpress.com/ |date=2011-02-25 }} * [http://www.tallaght.net/ Tallaght Directory Online for Business and Services] {{Commons category|Tallaght}} {{Coonty Dublin}} {{Dublin residential auries}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Tallaght| ]] [[Category:Coonty touns in the Republic o Ireland]] [[Category:Touns an veelages in Sooth Dublin]] [[Category:Luas Red Line stops in Sooth Dublin]] hv837yfd9t80g3x2y2t6rz8236xipa3 Unitit States Declaration o Unthirldom 0 161151 925562 799959 2026-10-31T03:30:00Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 925562 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox document |document_name=Unitit States Declaration o Unthirldom |image=United_States_Declaration_of_Independence.jpg |image_width=230px |image_caption=1823 facsimile o the engrossed copy |date_created=Juin–Julie 1776 |date_ratified=Julie 4, 1776 |location_of_document={{nowrap|Engrossed copy: [[National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives]]}}<br />Rough draft: [[Librar o Congress]] |writer=[[Thomas Jefferson]] ''et al.'' (Engrosser: Probably [[Timothy Matlack]]) |signers=56 delegates tae the [[Seicont Continental Congress|Continental Congress]] |purpose=Tae announce an explain separation frae [[Kinrick o Great Breetain|Great Breetain]]<ref>Becker, ''Declaration of Independence'', 5.</ref> }} The '''Declaration o Unthirldom''' ({{lang-en|Declaration of Independence}}) is the statement adoptit bi the [[Seicont Continental Congress]] meetin at the [[Pennsylvanie State Capitol#History|Pennsylvanie State Hoose]] ([[Unthirldom Haw]]) in [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvanie|Philadelphia]] on Julie 4, 1776, which annoonced that the [[Thirteen Colonies|thirteen American colonies]],<ref>The thirteen colonies war: [[Delaware Colony|Delaware]], [[Province o Pennsylvanie|Pennsylvanie]], [[Province o New Jersey|New Jersey]], [[Province o Georgie|Georgie]], [[Connecticut Colony|Connecticut]], [[Province o Massachusetts Bay|Massachusetts Bay]], [[Province o Maryland|Maryland]], [[Province o Sooth Carolina|Sooth Carolina]], [[Province o New Hampshire|New Hampshire]], [[Colony o Virginie|Virginie]], [[Province o New York|New York]], [[Province o North Carolina|North Carolina]], an [[Colony o Rhode Island an Providence Plantations|Rhode Island an Providence Plantations]]. Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut an New Jersey war formed bi mergers o previous colonies.</ref> then at war wi the [[Kinrick o Great Breetain]], regairdit themsels as thirteen newly independent [[sovereign state]]s, an na langer unner Breetish rule. Instead thay formed a new naition—the [[Unitit States|Unitit States o Americae]]. [[John Adams]] wis a leader in pushin for unthirldom, which wis passed on Julie 2 wi na opposin vote cast. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==See an aw== *[[Declaration o the Richts o Man an o the Ceetizen]] *[[Declaration o Arbroath]] == Fremmit airtins == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20201112021634/https://www.ulsterscotsagency.com/fs/doc/new_range_of_ulster-scots_booklets/US_and_Dec_of_Ind_BK4_AW_4.pdf Ulster-Scots and the Declaration of Independence] (PDF; in Inglis) frae the [[Boord o Ulstèr-Scotch]] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Unitit States Declaration O Unthirldom}} [[Category:Unitit States Declaration o Unthirldom| ]] [[Category:1776 in law]] [[Category:1776 in the Unitit States|Declaration o Unthirldom]] [[Category:1776 wirks]] [[Category:American Enlichtenment]] [[Category:American poleetical filosofie leeteratur]] [[Category:American Revolution|Declaration o Unthirldom]] [[Category:Continental Congress|Declaration o Unthirldom]] [[Category:History o the Unitit States (1776–89)|Declaration o Unthirldom]] [[Category:Unthirldom Day (Unitit States)|Declaration o Unthirldom]] [[Category:Naitional human richts instruments]] [[Category:Offeecial documents o the Unitit States|Declaration o Unthirldom]] [[Category:Thomas Jefferson|Declaration o Unthirldom]] [[Category:Unitit States historical documents|Declaration o Unthirldom]] [[Category:1776 in internaitional relations]] [[Category:Julie 1776 events]] raerkhh76p8n0vwwhhr69q3g1upzi9q Roushie Air Force 0 177533 925537 736378 2026-10-30T23:58:23Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 925537 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military unit |unit_name = Roushie Air Force<br/>Военно-воздушные силы России<br>''Voyenno-vozdushnye sily Rossii'' |image = Medium emblem of the Военно-воздушные силы Российской Федерации.svg |caption = Roushie Air Force emblem | dates = |country= {{flag|Russia|size=23px}} |branch = [[File:Flag of Russian Aerospace Forces.svg|border|23px]] [[Roushie Aerospace Forces]] |type = [[Air force]] |size = 148,000 personnel (2017)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://info.publicintelligence.net/DIA-RussiaMilitaryPower2017.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729094504/https://info.publicintelligence.net/DIA-RussiaMilitaryPower2017.pdf |archive-date=2017-07-29 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br> |command_structure = |garrison=[[Moscow]], Roushie Federation |garrison_label=Heidquarters |motto = |colors = |march = {{nowrap|"[[:ru:Авиамарш|Air Mairch]]" ({{lang-ru|Авиамарш|italic=yes}})<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jo142lQQbNw|title=Russian Federation (1991-****) Military March "Авиамарш"|first=|last=Norwegian Baron|date=25 July 2016|publisher=|via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H-sDqFv8I34|title=【ロシア軍歌】 航空行進曲 Авиамарш 【歌詞付き】|first=|last=Sizuoka1987|date=29 May 2016|publisher=|via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BXkqpe-z15A|title=Авиамарш (Марш Авиаторов) 2|first=|last=La Banda Militare: Italian and International Military Music|date=22 September 2013|publisher=|via=YouTube}}</ref>}} |mascot = |battles = [[First Chechen War]]<br>[[War o Dagestan]]<br>[[Seicont Chechen War]]<br>[[Russo-Georgie War]]<br>[[Roushie militar intervention in the Sirian Ceevil War|Sirian Ceevil War]]<ref>[http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/us-confirms-russian-airstrikes-syria/story?id=34146198 "US Confirms Russian Airstrikes in Syria"], September 2015.</ref> |anniversaries = 12 August |notable_commanders = |identification_symbol=[[File:Flag of the Russian Air Force.svg|border|120px]] |identification_symbol_label= Flag |identification_symbol_2= [[File:Roundel of Russia.svg|90px]] |identification_symbol_3= [[File:Roundel of Russia (1991–2010).svg|90px]] |identification_symbol_2_label= [[Militar aircraft insignia|Roundel]] |identification_symbol_3_label= Roundel (1991–2010) |start_date={{start date and age|1992|05}} |current_commander = Colonel General [[Viktor Bondarev]] }} The '''Roushie Air Force''' ({{lang-rus|Военно-воздушные силы России|r='''V'''oyenno-'''V'''ozdushnye '''S'''ily Rossii}}, leeterally "militar air forces o Roushie") is a brainch o the [[Roushie Aerospace Forces]], the latter bein formed on the 1 August 2015 wi the merger o the Roushie Air Force an the [[Roushie Aerospace Defence Forces]].<ref name="Janes2015">[http://www.janes.com/article/53416/russia-creates-new-aerospace-force-service-branch Russia creates new Aerospace Force service branch], janes.com, 4 August 2015</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Roushie Air Force| ]] [[Category:Militar o Roushie]] [[Category:Roushie militar aviation]] eccufr52dqa78uyg7kwc0pmpvvkje9e Mohammad bin Salman 0 178721 925513 899249 2026-10-30T17:29:42Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 Replace archive.today airtins wi Wayback Machine airtins 925513 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=Januar 2021}} {{Infobox royalty | title = [[Croun Prince o Saudi Arabie]]<br/>[[Defense Meenister o Saudi Arabie]] | image = Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman Al Saud - 2017.jpg | caption = Mohammad bin Salman in 2017 | succession = [[Croun Prince o Saudi Arabie]] <br><small>First Deputy Prime Meenister</small> | reign = 21 Juin 2017–present | reign-type = In office | predecessor = [[Muhammad bin Nayef]] | regent = [[Salman o Saudi Arabie|Salman]] | reg-type = Monarch | successor = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1985|8|31|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Jeddah]], Saudi Arabie | spouse = Leticia bint Ribeiro bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud| | full name = Mohammad bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud | house = [[Hoose o Saud]] | father = [[Salman o Saudi Arabie|Salman]] | mother = Fahda bint Falah bin Sultan bin Hathleen al-Ajmi | religion = [[Sunni Islam]] {{Infobox minister | embed=yes | education = <small>Bachelor's degree in law</small> <br>[[Keeng Saud Varsity]] }} | styles = | regent-type = Monarch | succession1 = [[Croun Prince o Saudi Arabie|Deputy Croun Prince o Saudi Arabie]] <br><small>Seicont Deputy [[Prime Meenister]]</small> | reign1 = 29 Apryle 2015 – 21 Juin 2017 | reign-type1 = In office | predecessor1 = [[Muhammad bin Nayef]] | successor1 = Nane | regent1 = [[Salman o Saudi Arabie|Salman]] | succession2 = [[Meenister o Defense (Saudi Arabie)|Defense Meenister o Saudi Arabie]] | reign2 = 23 Januar 2015–present | regent2 = [[Salman o Saudi Arabie|Salman]] | predecessor2 = [[Salman o Saudi Arabie|Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud]] | module = |signature=Mohammed bin Salman Signature.svg}} '''Mohammad bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud''' ({{lang-ar|محمد بن سلمان بن عبد العزيز آل سعود}}; born 31 August 1985), kent as '''MBS''' forby,<ref>{{cite news|author=|title=Muhammad bin Salman cracks down on his perceived opponents|url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21729460-police-have-arrested-dozens-public-figures-who-were-critical-crown|work=[[The Economist]]|date=21 September 2017}}</ref> is the [[Croun Prince o Saudi Arabie]], First Depute Prime Meenister o Saudi Arabie{{citation needed}} an the youngest meenister o defence in the warld.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mohammed bin Nayef kingpin in new Saudi Arabia: country experts|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/mohammed-bin-nayef-kingpin-new-saudi-arabia-country-experts-1500997678|accessdate=1 February 2015|work=Middle East Eye|date=1 February 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203221027/http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/mohammed-bin-nayef-kingpin-new-saudi-arabia-country-experts-1500997678|archivedate=3 February 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ==Notes an references== ===Notes=== {{Reflist|group=note}} ===References=== {{Reflist|30em}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Saud, Mohammad bin Salman Al}} [[Category:1985 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Grandsons o Abdulaziz ibn Saud|Salman, Mohammad bin]] [[Category:Keeng Saud Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Govrenment meenisters o Saudi Arabie]] [[Category:Saudi Arabie anti-communists]] [[Category:Croun Princes o Saudi Arabie]] [[Category:Heirs apparent]] {{stub/SaudiArabie}} {{stub/Ryal}} 78cgtmxjiotctl3a77rsvqc7u3vbpda Mastodon 0 207420 925457 909704 2026-10-30T12:32:30Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 Replace archive.today airtins wi Wayback Machine airtins 925457 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | name = Mastodon | fossil_range = [[Late Miocene]] - [[Late Pleistocene]], {{Fossil range|5.3|0.011}} | image = Mammut americanum.jpg | image_caption = Muntit ''M. americanum'' skelet (the "Warren mastodon"), [[AMNH]] | taxon = Mammut | authority = [[Johann Friedrich Blumenbach|Blumenbach]], 1799 | type_species = {{extinct}}'''''[[Elephas]] americanum''''' | type_species_authority = [[Robert Kerr (writer)|Kerr]], 1792 | subdivision_ranks = [[Species]] | subdivision = {{bold species list | {{extinct}}M. americanum|(Kerr, 1792) | {{extinct}}M. cosoensis|[[Leonard Peter Schultz|Schultz]], 1937 | {{extinct}}M. matthewi|[[Henry Fairfield Osborn|Osborn]], 1921 | {{extinct}}M. pacificus|Dooley et al., 2019 | {{extinct}}M. raki|Frick, 1933 }} | range_map = Mammut distribution.svg | range_map_caption = The inferred range o ''Mammut'' (Eurasie range includes that o ''[[Zygolophodon]] borsoni'', that's genus assignment is uncertaint, an ''M. matthewi'') | synonyms = {{bold species list | Mastodon|[[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1817 | Tetracaulodon|[[Frederick DuCane Godman|Godman]], 1830 | Missourium|Koch, 1840 | Leviathan|Koch, 1841 (Emend. Koch, 1843) | Pliomastodon|Osborn, 1926 }}}} '''Mastodons''' ([[Greek leid|Greek]]: μαστός "breast" an ὀδούς, "tuith") are ony species o extinct proboscideans in the genus '''''Mammut''''' (faimily Mammutidae), distantly relatit tae [[elephant]]s, that inhabitit [[North Americae|North]] an [[Central Americae]] in the late Miocene or late Pliocene ap tae thair extinction at the end o the [[Pleistocene]] 10,000 tae 11,000 yeir back.{{citation needed}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q192272}} [[Category:Mastodons| ]] [[Category:Messinian first appearances]] [[Category:Miocene proboscideans]] [[Category:Pleistocene extinctions]] [[Category:Pleistocene proboscideans]] [[Category:Pliocene proboscideans]] [[Category:Miocene mammals o North Americae]] [[Category:Prehistoric mammals o North Americae]] [[Category:Seembols o Michigan]] [[Category:Extinct ainimals o Canadae]] [[Category:Palaeontology in Michigan]] [[Category:Taxa named bi Johann Friedrich Blumenbach]] {{Stub/Ainimal}} i5kdr9mw7eac2p6spaioq9zs86jaw0r 925481 925457 2026-10-30T13:39:51Z Atlantic306 30244 found an internet archive link for this - the script needs to wait when there is a redirection at internet archive 925481 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | name = Mastodon | fossil_range = [[Late Miocene]] - [[Late Pleistocene]], {{Fossil range|5.3|0.011}} | image = Mammut americanum.jpg | image_caption = Muntit ''M. americanum'' skelet (the "Warren mastodon"), [[AMNH]] | taxon = Mammut | authority = [[Johann Friedrich Blumenbach|Blumenbach]], 1799 | type_species = {{extinct}}'''''[[Elephas]] americanum''''' | type_species_authority = [[Robert Kerr (writer)|Kerr]], 1792 | subdivision_ranks = [[Species]] | subdivision = {{bold species list | {{extinct}}M. americanum|(Kerr, 1792) | {{extinct}}M. cosoensis|[[Leonard Peter Schultz|Schultz]], 1937 | {{extinct}}M. matthewi|[[Henry Fairfield Osborn|Osborn]], 1921 | {{extinct}}M. pacificus|Dooley et al., 2019 | {{extinct}}M. raki|Frick, 1933 }} | range_map = Mammut distribution.svg | range_map_caption = The inferred range o ''Mammut'' (Eurasie range includes that o ''[[Zygolophodon]] borsoni'', that's genus assignment is uncertaint, an ''M. matthewi'') | synonyms = {{bold species list | Mastodon|[[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1817 | Tetracaulodon|[[Frederick DuCane Godman|Godman]], 1830 | Missourium|Koch, 1840 | Leviathan|Koch, 1841 (Emend. Koch, 1843) | Pliomastodon|Osborn, 1926 }}}} '''Mastodons''' ([[Greek leid|Greek]]: μαστός "breast" an ὀδούς, "tuith") are ony species o extinct proboscideans in the genus '''''Mammut''''' (faimily Mammutidae), distantly relatit tae [[elephant]]s, that inhabitit [[North Americae|North]] an [[Central Americae]] in the late Miocene or late Pliocene ap tae thair extinction at the end o the [[Pleistocene]] 10,000 tae 11,000 yeir back.<ref name = "Fiedal">{{Cite book | first = Stuart | last = Fiedal | editor-last = Haynes | editor-first = Gary | contribution = Sudden Deaths: The Chronology of Terminal Pleistocene Megafaunal Extinction | contribution-url = http://www.springerlink.com/content/l225628681672725/?p=5af1eb7387d443a2b514b284c646efa7&pi=1 | title = American Megafaunal Extinctions at the End of the Pleistocene | year = 2009 | pages = 21–37 | place = | publisher = [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] | url = http://www.springerlink.com/content/978-1-4020-8792-9 | doi = 10.1007/978-1-4020-8793-6_2 | isbn = 978-1-4020-8792-9 | id = | access-date = 2019-07-08 | archive-date = 2012-12-05 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140322091622/http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-8793-6_2 | url-status = dead }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q192272}} [[Category:Mastodons| ]] [[Category:Messinian first appearances]] [[Category:Miocene proboscideans]] [[Category:Pleistocene extinctions]] [[Category:Pleistocene proboscideans]] [[Category:Pliocene proboscideans]] [[Category:Miocene mammals o North Americae]] [[Category:Prehistoric mammals o North Americae]] [[Category:Seembols o Michigan]] [[Category:Extinct ainimals o Canadae]] [[Category:Palaeontology in Michigan]] [[Category:Taxa named bi Johann Friedrich Blumenbach]] {{Stub/Ainimal}} kx0flw9n27g58807taqa7dg27m0lt63 925482 925481 2026-10-30T13:40:54Z Atlantic306 30244 archive date 925482 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | name = Mastodon | fossil_range = [[Late Miocene]] - [[Late Pleistocene]], {{Fossil range|5.3|0.011}} | image = Mammut americanum.jpg | image_caption = Muntit ''M. americanum'' skelet (the "Warren mastodon"), [[AMNH]] | taxon = Mammut | authority = [[Johann Friedrich Blumenbach|Blumenbach]], 1799 | type_species = {{extinct}}'''''[[Elephas]] americanum''''' | type_species_authority = [[Robert Kerr (writer)|Kerr]], 1792 | subdivision_ranks = [[Species]] | subdivision = {{bold species list | {{extinct}}M. americanum|(Kerr, 1792) | {{extinct}}M. cosoensis|[[Leonard Peter Schultz|Schultz]], 1937 | {{extinct}}M. matthewi|[[Henry Fairfield Osborn|Osborn]], 1921 | {{extinct}}M. pacificus|Dooley et al., 2019 | {{extinct}}M. raki|Frick, 1933 }} | range_map = Mammut distribution.svg | range_map_caption = The inferred range o ''Mammut'' (Eurasie range includes that o ''[[Zygolophodon]] borsoni'', that's genus assignment is uncertaint, an ''M. matthewi'') | synonyms = {{bold species list | Mastodon|[[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1817 | Tetracaulodon|[[Frederick DuCane Godman|Godman]], 1830 | Missourium|Koch, 1840 | Leviathan|Koch, 1841 (Emend. Koch, 1843) | Pliomastodon|Osborn, 1926 }}}} '''Mastodons''' ([[Greek leid|Greek]]: μαστός "breast" an ὀδούς, "tuith") are ony species o extinct proboscideans in the genus '''''Mammut''''' (faimily Mammutidae), distantly relatit tae [[elephant]]s, that inhabitit [[North Americae|North]] an [[Central Americae]] in the late Miocene or late Pliocene ap tae thair extinction at the end o the [[Pleistocene]] 10,000 tae 11,000 yeir back.<ref name = "Fiedal">{{Cite book | first = Stuart | last = Fiedal | editor-last = Haynes | editor-first = Gary | contribution = Sudden Deaths: The Chronology of Terminal Pleistocene Megafaunal Extinction | contribution-url = http://www.springerlink.com/content/l225628681672725/?p=5af1eb7387d443a2b514b284c646efa7&pi=1 | title = American Megafaunal Extinctions at the End of the Pleistocene | year = 2009 | pages = 21–37 | place = | publisher = [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] | url = http://www.springerlink.com/content/978-1-4020-8792-9 | doi = 10.1007/978-1-4020-8793-6_2 | isbn = 978-1-4020-8792-9 | id = | access-date = 2019-07-08 | archive-date = 22 Mairch 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140322091622/http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-8793-6_2 | url-status = dead }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q192272}} [[Category:Mastodons| ]] [[Category:Messinian first appearances]] [[Category:Miocene proboscideans]] [[Category:Pleistocene extinctions]] [[Category:Pleistocene proboscideans]] [[Category:Pliocene proboscideans]] [[Category:Miocene mammals o North Americae]] [[Category:Prehistoric mammals o North Americae]] [[Category:Seembols o Michigan]] [[Category:Extinct ainimals o Canadae]] [[Category:Palaeontology in Michigan]] [[Category:Taxa named bi Johann Friedrich Blumenbach]] {{Stub/Ainimal}} dosxnp0dy19wnt9pfmkzb6943y2y2lz 2012 Warld Snooker Championship 0 219573 925505 889748 2026-10-30T16:56:34Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 Replace archive.today airtins wi Wayback Machine airtins 925505 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Professional snooker Warld championship tournament, April–May 2012}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}} {{Infobox Individual Snooker Toornament | tournament_name = 2012 Betfred [[Warld Snooker Championship]] | logo = | dates = 21 April – 7 May 2012 | venue = [[Crucible Theatre]] | location = [[Sheffield]] | country = England | organisation = [[Warld Professional Billiards and Snooker Association|WPBSA]] | format = [[Snooker Warld rankins|rankin]] event | Total prize fund = [[Pound sterling|£]]1,152,500 | winners_share = £250,000 | highest_break = {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Stephen Hendry]] ([[maximum break|147]]) | winner = {{nowrap|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Ronnie O'Sullivan]]}} | runner_up = {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Ali Carter]] | score = 18–11 | previous = [[2011 Warld Snooker Championship|2011]] | next = [[2013 Warld Snooker Championship|2013]] }} The '''2012 Warld Snooker Championship''' (an aw referred tae as the '''2012 Betfred.com Warld Snooker Championship''' for the purposes of sponsorship) wis a professional [[Snooker Warld rankins|rankin]] [[snooker]] toornament that teuk place frae 21 Apryle tae 7 May 2012 at the [[Crucible Theatre]] in [[Sheffield]], England. It wis the 36th consecutive year that the Warld Snooker Championship haed been held at the Crucible<ref>{{cite web |last=Turner |first=Chris |title=Warld Professional Championship |url=http://www.cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/Warld.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416080933/http://www.cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/Warld.html |archivedate=16 April 2013 |work=cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk |publisher=Chris Turner's Snooker Archive |accessdate=11 May 2012}}</ref> an the last rankin event o the [[Snooker season 2011/2012|2011/2012 season]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://snooker.org/res/index.asp?template=2&season=2011 |title=Tournament Calendar 2011/2012 |publisher=Snooker.org |accessdate=13 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504174609/http://snooker.org/res/index.asp?template=2&season=2011 |archive-date=4 May 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Ronnie O'Sullivan]] won his fowert Warld title bi defeatin [[Ali Carter]] 18–11 in the final. Aged 36, an juist 55 days aulder than [[Dennis Taylor]] when winnin the title in [[1985 Warld Snooker Championship|1985]], O'Sullivan became the auldest Warld champion syne 45-year-auld [[Ray Reardon]] in [[1978 Warld Snooker Championship|1978]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Downer |first=Chris |title=Crucible Almanac |year=2012 |page=133}}</ref> [[John Higgins]], the defendin champion,<ref>{{cite news |last=Ashenden |first=Mark |title=Higgins beats Trump to win fourth title |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/snooker/13261459.stm |publisher=BBC Sport |accessdate=2 May 2011 |date=2 May 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503041622/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/snooker/13261459.stm |archivedate=3 May 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> lost 4–13 tae [[Stephen Hendry]] in the seicont roond.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www1.skysports.com/snooker/news/12243/7711514/Hendry-finishes-off-Higgins |title=Hendry finishes off Higgins |publisher=[[Sky Sports]] |date=28 April 2012 |accessdate=28 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430204950/http://www1.skysports.com/snooker/news/12243/7711514/Hendry-finishes-off-Higgins |archive-date=30 April 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> On the openin day o the televised stage Hendry made the 88th offeecial [[maximum break]], his third at the Crucible an the 11t of his career.<ref name="Hendry maximum break">{{cite web |title=Sensational Hendry Scores 147 |url=http://www.Worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0,,13165~2743663,00.html |work=Worldsnooker.com |publisher=[[Warld Professional Billiards and Snooker Association]] |accessdate=21 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423174044/http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0%2C%2C13165~2743663%2C00.html |archivedate=2012-04-23 }}</ref> He annoonced his retirement frae professional snooker follaein his defeat bi [[Stephen Maguire]] in the quarter-finals.<ref name="Hendry retires">{{cite web |url=http://www.Worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0,,13165~2756991,00.html |title=The Greatest |publisher=[[Warld Professional Billiards and Snooker Association]] |date=2 May 2012 |accessdate=19 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510171559/http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0%2C%2C13165~2756991%2C00.html |archivedate=2012-05-10 }}</ref> The toornament wis sponsored bi online casino [[Betfred|Betfred.com]]. ==Tournament summary== ===First round=== *Debutants at the [[Crucible Theatre|Crucible]] war [[Jamie Jones (snooker player)|Jamie Jones]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Brilliant Jones Shocks Walden |url=http://www.Worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0,,13165~2735790,00.html |work=Worldsnooker.com |publisher=[[Warld Professional Billiards and Snooker Association]] |accessdate=15 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417213545/http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0%2C%2C13165~2735790%2C00.html |archivedate=2012-04-17 }}</ref> [[Cao Yupeng]],<ref name="Cao debut">{{cite web |title=Chinese Duo Take Crucible Spots |url=http://www.Worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0,,13165~2735888,00.html |work=Worldsnooker.com |publisher=[[Warld Professional Billiards and Snooker Association]] |accessdate=15 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417213207/http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0%2C%2C13165~2735888%2C00.html |archivedate=2012-04-17 }}</ref> and [[Luca Brecel]].<ref name="Brecel debut">{{cite web |title=A Star Is Born – Brecel Qualifies |url=http://www.Worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0,,13165~2736522,00.html |work=Worldsnooker.com |publisher=[[Warld Professional Billiards and Snooker Association]] |accessdate=15 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417213614/http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0%2C%2C13165~2736522%2C00.html |archivedate=2012-04-17 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Goulding |first=Neil |title=Judd Trump: 'I love fast cars but please don't call me a playboy' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/judd-trump-i-love-fast-cars-but-please-dont-call-me-a-playboy-7661623.html |work=The Independent |accessdate=21 April 2012 |location=London |date=20 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422045027/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/judd-trump-i-love-fast-cars-but-please-dont-call-me-a-playboy-7661623.html |archive-date=22 April 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Downer 2012 132">{{cite book |last=Downer |first=Chris |title=Crucible Almanac |year=2012 |pages=132}}</ref> It wis an aw the first time that Cao and Brecel qualified for the televised stage o a rankin event.<ref name="Cao debut"/><ref name="Brecel debut"/> Cao and Jones advanced tae the seicont roond bi defeatin [[Mark Allen (snooker player)|Mark Allen]] 10–6 and [[Shaun Murphy]] 10–8 respectively,<ref>{{cite web |title=Allen dumped out by Cao |url=http://www.thurrockgazette.co.uk/sport/national/sport/9663523.Allen_dumped_out_by_Cao/ |publisher=Thurrock Gazette |accessdate=22 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052442/http://www.thurrockgazette.co.uk/sport/national/sport/9663523.Allen_dumped_out_by_Cao/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> whilst Brecel lost 5–10 against [[Stephen Maguire]].<ref name="Maguire defeats Brecel">{{cite web |title=Maguire ends teenager's Warld Championship hopes |url=http://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/sport/maguire-ends-teenagers-Warld-championship-hopes-548659.html |publisher=[[Irish Examiner]] |accessdate=23 April 2012}}</ref> *Brecel became the youngest player ever tae compete at the Crucible, at the age of 17 years and 45 days.<ref name="Downer 2012 132"/><ref name="Maguire defeats Brecel"/><ref name="Snooker-Boss">{{cite web |title=Snooker-Boss hails record number of Asians in Warld championship |url=http://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/21042012/2/snooker-boss-hails-record-number-asians-Warld-championship.html |publisher=[[Eurosport|Eurosport UK]] |accessdate=21 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421103236/https://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/21042012/2/snooker-boss-hails-record-number-asians-Warld-championship.html |archive-date=21 April 2014 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> He wis an aw the first [[Belgian people|Belgian]] tae play at the Crucible.<ref name="Brecel debut"/> *Five Asian players competit in the first roond, which is a Crucible record.<ref name="Snooker-Boss"/> Four war frae Cheenae and ane frae Hong Kong.<ref>{{cite web |title=Liang Survives Campbell Fight-Back |url=http://www.Worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0,,13165~2736795,00.html |work=Worldsnooker.com |publisher=[[Warld Professional Billiards and Snooker Association]] |accessdate=21 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418222429/http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0%2C%2C13165~2736795%2C00.html |archivedate=2012-04-18 }}</ref> *[[Mark Williams (snooker player)|Mark Williams]] stated on Twitter afore the championship, that he hated the Crucible and wished that the toornament wis played in Cheenae.<ref>{{cite web |title=Warld Snooker Championship 2012: Williams 'hates' Crucible |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/snooker/17786195 |publisher=BBC Sport |accessdate=25 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426095105/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/snooker/17786195 |archive-date=26 April 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Williams wis subsequently booed as he wis annoonced tae the crowd afore his openin match.<ref name="Ding"/> For this comment he wis later fined a tot of £4,000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.Worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0,,13165~2794168,00.html |title=WPBSA Statement – Mark Williams |publisher=[[Warld Professional Billiards and Snooker Association|Warld Snooker]] |accessdate=14 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604072840/http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0%2C%2C13165~2794168%2C00.html |archivedate=2012-06-04 }}</ref> *[[Stephen Hendry]] made the 10t maximum brak at the Crucible during his first roond match wi [[Stuart Bingham]] and tae date, the last ane made in the televised stages o the toornament (twa maximums hae been made in qualifying roonds syne then). This wis the 88th offeecial maximum brak. Wi this he equalled twa records of O'Sullivan: the maist offeecial maximum braks in professional snooker wi eleven, an the maist at the venue wi three.{{citation needed}} Hendry won the match 10–4 in a rematch of ane of his greatest upset defeats, in the first roond o the [[2000 Warld Snooker Championship]] when Hendry wis defendin champion and Bingham wis makin his televeesion debut.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stephen Hendry sets up John Higgins meeting |url=http://www.scotsman.com/sport/snooker/snooker-stephen-hendry-sets-up-john-higgins-meeting-1-2250211 |work=The Scotsman |accessdate=25 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425143815/http://www.scotsman.com/sport/snooker/snooker-stephen-hendry-sets-up-john-higgins-meeting-1-2250211 |archive-date=25 April 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> *Zhu Ying became the first Cheenese person tae referee a match at the Crucible bi officiating the match atween Hendry and Bingham.<ref name="Vintage Hendry"/> *In his match against [[Ken Doherty]], [[Neil Robertson]] became the fowert player tae mak three consecutive [[century break]]s at the Warld Championship, efter O'Sullivan, [[John Higgins]] and [[Mark Selby]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Gábor |first=Buzás |title=Villámrajt |url=http://tv.eurosport.hu/snooker/story_sto3243415.shtml |publisher=[[Eurosport|Eurosport Hu]] |accessdate=22 April 2012 |language=Hungarian |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421051552/http://tv.eurosport.hu/snooker/story_sto3243415.shtml |archivedate=21 April 2014}}</ref> *Mark Allen, follaein his first-roond defeat bi Cao Yupeng, accused his opponent of cheating. Allen claimed that Cao haed nae admitted tae a {{cuegloss|push shot}} at 5–4. Houiver, he an aw conceded that the Cheenese player haed outplayed him during the match.<ref>{{cite web |title=Warld Snooker Championship 2012: Mark Allen accuses Cao Yupeng of dishonesty |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/snooker/17808787 |publisher=BBC Sport |accessdate=25 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425001441/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/snooker/17808787 |archive-date=25 April 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Warld Snooker decidit tae stairt disciplinary action against Allen,<ref>{{cite web |title=WPBSA Statement – Mark Allen |url=http://www.Worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0,,13165~2745938,00.html |work=Worldsnooker.com |publisher=[[Warld Professional Billiards and Snooker Association]] |accessdate=25 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425011603/http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0%2C%2C13165~2745938%2C00.html |archivedate=2012-04-25 }}</ref> who later admitted haein gone too far.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mark Allen Statement |url=http://www.Worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0,,13165~2747883,00.html |work=Worldsnooker.com |publisher=[[Warld Professional Billiards and Snooker Association]] |accessdate=25 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426120928/http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0%2C%2C13165~2747883%2C00.html |archivedate=2012-04-26 }}</ref> He wis later fined a tot of £11,000, an warned he wad be suspended frae the tour for three month if he breached the rules again in the next sax month. Allen wis an aw ordered tae unnergang media training.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.Worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0,,13165~2809316,00.html |title=WPBSA Statement – Mark Allen |publisher=[[Warld Professional Billiards and Snooker Association|Warld Snooker]] |accessdate=14 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616003500/http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0%2C%2C13165~2809316%2C00.html |archivedate=2012-06-16 }}</ref> *[[Ding Junhui]] creatit mair controversy efter his defeat tae [[Ryan Day (snooker player)|Ryan Day]]. Ding said that the [[Billiard table#Snooker and English billiards tables|table]] conditions war nae right and complained aboot spectators bein disruptive during the match.<ref name="Ding">{{cite web |title=Warld Snooker Championship 2012: Crowd angers beaten Ding |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/snooker/17845543 |publisher=BBC Sport |accessdate=25 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425200539/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/snooker/17845543 |archive-date=25 April 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> He wis later fined £250, an warned bi the chairman o the Disciplinary Committee for swearing during the live press conference.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.Worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0,,13165~2798851,00.html |title=WPBSA Statement – Ding Junhui |publisher=[[Warld Professional Billiards and Snooker Association|Warld Snooker]] |accessdate=14 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610025717/http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0%2C%2C13165~2798851%2C00.html |archivedate=2012-06-10 }}</ref> *[[Andrew Higginson]] and [[David Gilbert (snooker player)|David Gilbert]] reached the seicont roond o the Warld Championship for the first time in thair respective careers. Higginson defeatit [[Stephen Lee (snooker player)|Stephen Lee]] 10–6, an Gilbert defeatit [[Martin Gould]] 10–8.<ref>{{cite web |title=Handy Andy Makes Crucible Breakthrough |url=http://www.Worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0,,13165~2748003,00.html |work=Worldsnooker.com |publisher=[[Warld Professional Billiards and Snooker Association]] |accessdate=25 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427001344/http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0%2C%2C13165~2748003%2C00.html |archivedate=2012-04-27 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gilbert Holds On To Beat Gould |url=http://www.Worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0,,13165~2744548,00.html |work=Worldsnooker.com |publisher=[[Warld Professional Billiards and Snooker Association]] |accessdate=25 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501021657/http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0%2C%2C13165~2744548%2C00.html |archivedate=2012-05-01 }}</ref> *Aicht oot o the sixteen seedit players war beaten in the first roond. Bingham, [[Graeme Dott]], Murphy, Lee, Gould, Ding Junhui, Allen and Selby aw lost thair places in the toornament. This merked the maist tap 16 players tae suffer defeat in the first roond syne [[1992 Warld Snooker Championship|1992]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/snooker/17849758 |title=Warld Snooker Championship 2012: Ken Doherty Q&A |publisher=BBC Sport |date=26 April 2012 |accessdate=27 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426114729/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/snooker/17849758 |archive-date=26 April 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> ===Second round=== *Awtho [[John Higgins]] and [[Stephen Hendry]] haed made 45 appearances atween them at the Crucible and baith haed played in every toornament syne 1995, this wis the anly time thay ever met at the Crucible.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/snooker/17869318 |title=Warld Snooker Championship 2012: Hendry crushes Higgins |publisher=BBC Sport |date=28 April 2012 |accessdate=12 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804191731/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/snooker/17869318 |archive-date=4 August 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> * Higgins made the 500th century brak of his career in his match against Hendry. Twa frames later Hendry made his 775th.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bikerman.co.uk/index.php/reference/news-archive-bbc/archived-news-bbc/11919-bbc-sport-Warld-snooker-championship-2012-hendry-leads-higgins-12-4 |title=Warld Snooker Championship 2012: Hendry leads Higgins 12–4 |publisher=BBC Sport |date=27 April 2012 |accessdate=28 April 2012 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *Hendry defeatit defendin champion Higgins 13–4, an reached his 19t Crucible quarter-final, sicweys beatin his ain record of 18 quarter-finals. At that time anly aicht players haed played at the Crucible 19 times or mair: Hendry, [[Steve Davis]], [[Jimmy White]], [[Terry Griffiths]], [[John Parrott]], [[Peter Ebdon]], [[Willie Thorne]] and [[Ronnie O'Sullivan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/snooker/17869318 |title=Warld Snooker Championship 2012: Hendry crushes Higgins |publisher=BBC Sport |date=28 April 2012 |accessdate=30 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430031308/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/snooker/17869318 |archive-date=30 April 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> *[[Ali Carter]] defeatit [[Judd Trump]] 13–12, despite haein trailed 9–12. In the deciding frame Trump needed fower {{cuegloss|snooker|snookers}} and got three, afore Carter finally potted the last remainin reid.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.Worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0,,13165~2755313,00.html |title=Captain Carter Leaves Trump Grounded |publisher=[[Warld Professional Billiards and Snooker Association]] |date=30 April 2012 |accessdate=30 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502000411/http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0%2C%2C13165~2755313%2C00.html |archivedate=2012-05-02 }}</ref> *Crucible debutant [[Jamie Jones (snooker player)|Jamie Jones]] reached his first rankin event quarter-final bi defeatin [[Andrew Higginson]] 13–10. Efter the seicont session Jones led 10–6. Higginson then won the fower openin frames o the last session tae mak it 10–10, afore Jones teuk the next three frames tae win the match.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.Worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0,,13165~2755431,00.html |title=Jones Keeps Superb Run Going |publisher=[[Warld Professional Billiards and Snooker Association]] |date=30 April 2012 |accessdate=30 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502033622/http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0%2C%2C13165~2755431%2C00.html |archivedate=2012-05-02 }}</ref> Jones wis an aw the lowest ranked player tae win a seicont roond match. The Warld nummer 36 became the third [[Welsh people|Welshman]] intae this year's quarter-finals, follaein [[Ryan Day (snooker player)|Ryan Day]] and [[Matthew Stevens]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asia.eurosport.com/snooker/jones-ousts-higginson_sto3252383/story.shtml |title=Jones holds nerve to oust Higginson |publisher=[[Eurosport]] |date=30 April 2012 |accessdate=30 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002359/http://asia.eurosport.com/snooker/jones-ousts-higginson_sto3252383/story.shtml |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> ===Quarter-finals=== *[[Stephen Hendry]] fell 2–13 tae [[Stephen Maguire]] wi a {{cuegloss|session to spare}}. Efter the match Hendry annoonced his immediate retirement frae professional snooker, citing dissatisfaction wi his standard of play in recent years and difficulty balancing competitive, commercial and personal commitments.<ref name="Hendry retires"/> *[[Matthew Stevens]] won 11 frames in a row tae beat fellae Welshman [[Ryan Day (snooker player)|Ryan Day]] 13–5 frae 2–5 doun,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/snooker/17918430 |title=Warld Snooker 2012: Matthew Stevens crushes Ryan Day |publisher=BBC Sport |date=2 May 2012 |access-date=12 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625143447/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/snooker/17918430 |archive-date=25 June 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and reached his first Warld Championship semi-final syne [[2005 Warld Snooker Championship|2005]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Ronnie O’Sullivan benefits in his Warld Championship semi-final from Matthew Stevens' sportsmanship |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/snooker/9244904/Ronnie-OSullivan-benefits-in-his-Warld-Championship-semi-final-from-Matthew-Stevens-sportsmanship.html |publisher=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |accessdate=20 September 2012 |location=London |date=4 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013201058/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/snooker/9244904/Ronnie-OSullivan-benefits-in-his-Warld-Championship-semi-final-from-Matthew-Stevens-sportsmanship.html |archive-date=13 October 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> ===Semi-finals=== *[[Ali Carter]] won his semi-final five month efter threatening tae retire frae the gemme due tae heal problems and a loss of form.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/snooker/16494226 |title=Ali Carter considering retirement after Warld Snooker Championship |publisher=BBC Sport |date=11 January 2012 |accessdate=5 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403041408/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/snooker/16494226 |archive-date=3 April 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Carter, who haes [[Crohn's disease]], beat [[Stephen Maguire]] 17–12 tae reach his seicont Warld Championship final.<ref name="Carter">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/snooker/17941717 |title=Warld Snooker Championship 2012: Ali Carter beats Maguire |publisher=BBC Sport |date=5 May 2012 |accessdate=5 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505055650/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/snooker/17941717 |archive-date=5 May 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> ===Final=== *The final wis a repeat o the [[2008 Warld Snooker Championship#Final|2008 final]], in which O'Sullivan beat Carter 18–8.<ref name="Carter"/> *O'Sullivan haed played in three Warld Championship finals prior tae this, an won them aw.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content.betfred.com/snooker/players/ronnie-osullivan/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707090103/http://content.betfred.com:80/snooker/players/ronnie-osullivan/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-07-09 |title=Ronnie O'Sullivan |publisher=[[Betfred]] |accessdate=5 May 2012 }}</ref> Carter's anly previous final wis the aforementioned 2008 toornament.<ref name="Carter"/> *Carter haed never beaten O'Sullivan in 11 previous attempts in rankin events afore this match.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/snooker/17944229 |title=Warld Snooker 2012: Ronnie O'Sullivan beats Matthew Stevens |publisher=BBC Sport |date=5 May 2012 |accessdate=5 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504235848/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/snooker/17944229 |archive-date=4 May 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> *O'Sullivan made a 141 brak in the aicht frame, the heichest ever in a Crucible final.<ref>{{cite web |title=Superb O'Sullivan claims fourth Warld title |url=http://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/07052012/58/superb-o-sullivan-claims-fourth-Warld-title.html |publisher=Eurosport |date=7 May 2012 |accessdate=8 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509080845/http://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/07052012/58/superb-o-sullivan-claims-fourth-Warld-title.html |archive-date=9 May 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The previous record wis 139 made bi O'Sullivan in the [[2001 Warld Snooker Championship|2001]] final.<ref>{{cite book |last=Downer |first=Chris |title=Crucible Almanac |year=2012 |pages=161}}</ref> ==Prize fund== The prize fund for the championship wis dividit as follows:<ref>{{cite web |title=Prize Money |url=http://www.Worldsnooker.com/page/BetfredcomWarldChampionshipTournamentsArticle/0,,13165~2721594,00.html |work=Worldsnooker.com |publisher=[[Warld Professional Billiards and Snooker Association]] |accessdate=4 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406060619/http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/BetfredcomWarldChampionshipTournamentsArticle/0%2C%2C13165~2721594%2C00.html |archivedate=2012-04-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Downer |first=Chris |title=Crucible Almanac |year=2012 |pages=130}}</ref> {{Col-begin|width=70%}} {{Col-break|width=50%}} *Winner: [[Pound sterling|£]]250,000 *Runner-up: £125,000 *Semi-final: £52,000 *Quarter-final: £24,050 *Last 16: £16,000 *Last 32: £12,000 *Last 48: £8,200 *Last 64: £4,600 {{Col-break|width=50%}} *Stage ane heichest brak: £1,000 *Stage twa heichest brak: £10,000 *Stage ane maximum brak: £1,500<ref name="Milkins' maximum break"/> *Stage twa maximum brak: £40,000<ref name="Hendry maximum break"/> *Tot: £1,152,500 {{Col-end}} ==Main draw== Shawn ablo are the results for each roond. The nummers in parentheses beside some o the players are thair seeding ranks (each championship haes 16 seeds and 16 qualifiers).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.Worldsnooker.com/page/Drawspage/0,,13165~2741487,00.html |title=2012 Betfred.com Warld Championship Draw |publisher=Warld Snooker |accessdate=20 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423162435/http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/Drawspage/0%2C%2C13165~2741487%2C00.html |archivedate=2012-04-23 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.Worldsnooker.com/page/BetfredcomWarldChampionshipTournamentsArticle/0,,13165~2765750,00.html |title=2012 Betfred.com Warld Championship Results and Report |publisher=Warld Snooker |accessdate=10 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120520151545/http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/BetfredcomWarldChampionshipTournamentsArticle/0%2C%2C13165~2765750%2C00.html |archivedate=2012-05-20 }}</ref><ref name="Snooker.org">{{cite web |title=Betfred.com Warld Championship (2012) |url=http://snooker.org/res/index.asp?event=102 |publisher=Snooker.org |accessdate=23 February 2012 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/67DZqEhdH?url=http://snooker.org/res/index.asp?event=102 |archive-date=26 April 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Warld Snooker Championship 2012: scores and schedule |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/snooker/17678310 |publisher=BBC Sport |accessdate=21 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420181358/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/snooker/17678310 |archive-date=20 April 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Downer |first=Chris |title=Crucible Almanac |year=2012 |pages=74–75}}</ref> The draw for the first roond teuk place on 16 Apryle 2012, ane day efter the qualifying, an wis broadcast live bi [[Talksport]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.Worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0,,13165~2698448,00.html |title=TalkSPORT to Broadcast Warld Draw |publisher=Warld Snooker |accessdate=28 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404134230/http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0%2C%2C13165~2698448%2C00.html |archivedate=2012-04-04 }}</ref> {{Warld Snooker Championship Rounds <!--Date-Place/Player 1/Score 1/Player 2/Score 2 --> <!-- LAST 32 --> <!--Match1 --> |21 April |{{flagicon|SCO}} '''[[John Higgins]] (1)'''|'''10'''|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liang Wenbo]] |9 <!--Match2 --> |21 & 22 April |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Stuart Bingham]] (16) |4|{{flagicon|SCO}} '''[[Stephen Hendry]]''' |'''10''' <!--Match3 --> |24 & 25 April |{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Graeme Dott]] (9) |1|{{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Joe Perry (snooker player)|Joe Perry]]''' |'''10''' <!--Match4 --> |22 & 23 April |{{flagicon|SCO}} '''[[Stephen Maguire]] (8)'''|'''10'''|{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Luca Brecel]] |5 <!--Match5 --> |22 & 23 April |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Shaun Murphy]] (5) |8|{{flagicon|WAL}} '''[[Jamie Jones (snooker player)|Jamie Jones]]''' |'''10''' <!--Match6 --> |23 & 24 April |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Stephen Lee (snooker player)|Stephen Lee]] (12) |6|{{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Andrew Higginson]]''' |'''10''' <!--Match7 --> |25 & 26 April |{{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Ali Carter]] (13)'''|'''10''' |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Mark Davis (snooker player)|Mark Davis]] |2 <!--Match8 --> |24 & 25 April |{{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Judd Trump]] (4)'''|'''10'''|{{flagicon|WAL}} [[Dominic Dale]] |7 <!--Match9 --> |25 & 26 April |{{flagicon|WAL}} '''[[Mark Williams (snooker player)|Mark Williams]] (3)'''|'''10'''|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liu Chuang (snooker player)|Liu Chuang]] |6 <!--Match10 --> |23 & 24 April |{{nowrap|{{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Ronnie O'Sullivan]] (14)'''}} |'''10'''|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Peter Ebdon]] |4 <!--Match11 --> |21 & 22 April |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Martin Gould]] (11) |8|{{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[David Gilbert (snooker player)|David Gilbert]]''' |'''10''' <!--Match12 --> |21 & 22 April |{{flagicon|AUS}} '''[[Neil Robertson]] (6)''' |'''10'''|{{flagicon|IRL}} [[Ken Doherty]] |4 <!--Match13 --> |24 & 25 April |{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Ding Junhui]] (7) |9|{{flagicon|WAL}} '''[[Ryan Day (snooker player)|Ryan Day]]''' |'''10''' <!--Match14 --> |21 & 22 April |{{flagicon|NIR}} [[Mark Allen (snooker player)|Mark Allen]] (10) |6|{{flagicon|CHN}} '''[[Cao Yupeng]]''' |'''10''' <!--Match15 --> |23 April |{{flagicon|WAL}} '''[[Matthew Stevens]] (15)''' |'''10'''|{{flagicon|HKG}} [[Marco Fu]] |3 <!--Match16 --> |24 & 25 April |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Mark Selby]] (2) |3|{{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Barry Hawkins]]''' |'''10''' <!-- LAST 16 --> <!--Match1 --> |27 & 28 April |{{flagicon|SCO}} [[John Higgins]] (1) |4 |{{flagicon|SCO}} '''[[Stephen Hendry]]''' |'''13''' <!--Match2 --> |26, 27 & 28 April |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Joe Perry (snooker player)|Joe Perry]] |7|{{flagicon|SCO}} '''[[Stephen Maguire]] (8)''' |'''13''' <!--Match3 --> |29 & 30 April |{{flagicon|WAL}} '''[[Jamie Jones (snooker player)|Jamie Jones]]''' |'''13''' |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Andrew Higginson]] |10 <!--Match4 --> |28, 29 & 30 April |{{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Ali Carter]] (13)''' |'''13''' |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Judd Trump]] (4) |12 <!--Match5 --> |28, 29 & 30 April |{{flagicon|WAL}} [[Mark Williams (snooker player)|Mark Williams]] (3) |6 |{{nowrap|{{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Ronnie O'Sullivan]] (14)'''}} |'''13''' <!--Match6 --> |26 & 27 April |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[David Gilbert (snooker player)|David Gilbert]] |9|{{flagicon|AUS}} '''[[Neil Robertson]] (6)''' |'''13''' <!--Match7 --> |27 & 28 April |{{flagicon|WAL}} '''[[Ryan Day (snooker player)|Ryan Day]]''' |'''13''' |{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Cao Yupeng]] |7 <!--Match8 --> |29 & 30 April |{{flagicon|WAL}} '''[[Matthew Stevens]] (15)''' |'''13''' |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Barry Hawkins]] |11 <!-- QUARTER-FINALS --> <!--Match1 --> |1 May |{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Stephen Hendry]] |2 |{{flagicon|SCO}} '''[[Stephen Maguire]] (8)''' |'''13''' <!--Match2 --> |1 & 2 May |{{flagicon|WAL}} [[Jamie Jones (snooker player)|Jamie Jones]] |11 |{{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Ali Carter]] (13)''' |'''13''' <!--Match3 --> |1 & 2 May |{{nowrap|{{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Ronnie O'Sullivan]] (14)'''}} |'''13''' |{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Neil Robertson]] (6) |10 <!--Match4 --> |1 & 2 May |{{flagicon|WAL}} [[Ryan Day (snooker player)|Ryan Day]] |5 |{{flagicon|WAL}} '''[[Matthew Stevens]] (15)''' |'''13''' <!-- SEMI-FINALS --> <!--Match1 --> |3, 4 & 5 May |{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Stephen Maguire]] (8) |12 |{{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Ali Carter]] (13)'''|'''17''' <!--Match2 --> |3, 4 & 5 May |{{nowrap|{{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Ronnie O'Sullivan]] (14)'''}} |'''17''' |{{flagicon|WAL}} [[Matthew Stevens]] (15) |10 <!-- FINAL --> |(Best of 35 frames) [[Crucible Theatre]], [[Sheffield]], 6 & 7 May 2012. Referee: [[Michaela Tabb]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Downer |first=Chris |title=Crucible Almanac |year=2012 |pages=143}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Betfred.com Warld Championship: Final - Match 31: Allister Carter v Ronnie O'Sullivan |url=http://livescores.Worldsnookerdata.com/Matches/Result/12972?matchId=153467 |work=Worldsnookerdata.com |publisher=[[Warld Professional Billiards and Snooker Association]] |accessdate=9 March 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6F05N0EsS?url=http://livescores.worldsnookerdata.com/Matches/Result/12972?matchId=153467 |archivedate=2013-03-09 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> | [[Ali Carter]] (13)<br>{{ENG}} | 11–'''18''' | '''[[Ronnie O'Sullivan]] (14)'''<br>{{ENG}} | 37–77, 1–121, '''85'''–0, '''58'''–24, 42–86, '''55'''–2, 0–108, 0–141, '''84'''–8, 21–73, 14–69, '''62'''–30, 8–73, 13–60, '''83'''–1, 34–74, '''52'''–3, 0–101, 12–73, 48–62, 41–81, '''59'''–9, '''105'''–34, '''62'''–5, 4–129, 0–92, '''78'''–17, 0–76, 0–82 |Match time: 9:08:04 (H:MM:SS)<br />Average frame time: 18:54 (MM:SS) Century breaks: 4<br />(Carter 1, O'Sullivan 3)<!--Not every score, that is higher than 100 is a century break, see reference for centuries.--><br>Highest break by Carter: 105<br>Highest break by O'Sullivan: 141 | 37–'''77''', 1–'''121''', 85–0, 58–24, 42–'''86''', 55–2, 0–'''108''', 0–'''141''', 84–8, 21–'''73''', 14–'''69''', 62–30, 8–'''73''', 13–'''60''', 83–1, 34–'''74''', 52–3, 0–'''101''', 12–'''73''', 48–'''62''', 41–'''81''', 59–9, 105–34, 62–5, 4–'''129''', 0–'''92''', 78–17, 0–'''76''', 0–'''82''' |{{flagicon|ENG}} '''Ronnie O'Sullivan''' wins the 2012 [[Betfred|Betfred.com]] [[Warld Snooker Championship]] <!-- Frame header info --> |Best of 19 frames |Best of 25 frames |Best of 25 frames |Best of 33 frames }} ==Preliminary qualifying== The preliminary qualifying roonds for the toornament war for [[Warld Professional Billiards and Snooker Association|WPBSA]] members nae on the [[Warld Snooker Tour#Main Tour|Main Tour]] and teuk place on 5 Apryle 2012 at the [[English Institute of Sport – Sheffield|Warld Snooker Academy]] in [[Sheffield]].<ref name="WS quali">{{cite web |url=http://www.Worldsnooker.com/staticFiles/86/9e/0,,13165~171654,00.pdf |title=2012 Betfred Warld Snooker Championship Qualifying Draw |publisher=[[Warld Professional Billiards and Snooker Association]] |work=Worldsnooker.com |accessdate=23 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324004139/http://www.worldsnooker.com/staticFiles/86/9e/0%2C%2C13165~171654%2C00.pdf |archivedate=2012-03-24 }}</ref><ref name="WS results">{{cite web |url=http://www.Worldsnooker.com/page/BetfredcomWarldChampionshipQArticle/0,,13165~2741442,00.html |title=2012 Betfred Warld Qualifiers Results |publisher=[[Warld Professional Billiards and Snooker Association]] |work=Worldsnooker.com |accessdate=20 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426215921/http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/BetfredcomWarldChampionshipQArticle/0%2C%2C13165~2741442%2C00.html |archivedate=2012-04-26 }}</ref><ref name="Snooker.org Qualifiers">{{cite web |title=Betfred.com Warld Championship Qualifiers (2012) |url=http://snooker.org/res/index.asp?event=95 |publisher=Snooker.org |accessdate=15 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120416041340/http://www.snooker.org/res/index.asp?event=95 |archive-date=16 April 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> '''Roond 1''' {|width="50%" cellspacing="1" |- !width=45%| !width=10%| !width=45%| |- | {{flagicon|ENG}} [[John Parrott]] || align="center"| 0–'''5''' || {{flagicon|NIR}} '''[[Patrick Wallace]]''' |- | {{flagicon|IRL}} '''[[Joe Delaney (snooker player)|Joe Delaney]]''' || align="center"| '''5'''–4 || {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Stephen Rowlings]] |- | {{flagicon|ENG}} Philip Minchin || align="center"| 3–'''5''' || {{flagicon|ENG}} '''Barry Stark''' |- | {{flagicon|ENG}} Ali Bassiri || align="center"| 0–'''5''' || {{flagicon|IND}} '''David Singh''' |- | {{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Jamie O'Neill (snooker player)|Jamie O'Neill]]''' || align="center"| '''5'''–4 || {{flagicon|ENG}} [[David Gray (snooker player)|David Gray]] |- | {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Les Dodd]] || align="center"| 0–'''5''' || {{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Justin Astley]]''' |} '''Roond 2''' {|width="50%" cellspacing="1" |- !width=45%| !width=10%| !width=45%| |- | {{flagicon|NIR}} '''[[Patrick Wallace]]''' || align="center"| '''5'''–2 || {{flagicon|IRL}} [[Joe Delaney (snooker player)|Joe Delaney]] |- | {{flagicon|ENG}} Barry Stark || align="center"| 1–'''5''' || {{flagicon|IND}} '''David Singh''' |- | {{flagicon|ENG}} Stephen Ormerod || align="center"| 0–'''5''' || {{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Jamie O'Neill (snooker player)|Jamie O'Neill]]''' |- | {{flagicon|ENG}} Del Smith || align="center"| 2–'''5''' || {{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Justin Astley]]''' |} ==Qualifying== The qualifying roonds 1–4 for the toornament that teuk place atween 6 and 12 Apryle 2012 at the [[English Institute of Sport – Sheffield|English Institute of Sport]] in [[Sheffield]]. The final roond of qualifying teuk place atween 14 and 15 Apryle 2012 at the same venue.<ref name="WS quali"/><ref name="WS results"/><ref name="Snooker.org Qualifiers"/> [[Robert Milkins]] made the 87th offeecial [[maximum break]] during his roond fower qualifying match against [[Xiao Guodong]] on 11 Apryle 2012. This wis the seicont maximum brak of Milkins' career.<ref name="Milkins' maximum break">{{cite web |title=Maximum Glory For Milkins |url=http://www.Worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0,,13165~2731327,00.html |work=Worldsnooker.com |publisher=[[Warld Professional Billiards and Snooker Association]] |accessdate=11 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413225644/http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0%2C%2C13165~2731327%2C00.html |archivedate=2012-04-13 }}</ref> '''Roond 1''' {|width="50%" cellspacing="1" |- !width=45%| !width=10%| !width=45%| |- | {{flagicon|BRA}} '''[[Igor Figueiredo]]''' || align="center"| '''10'''–5 || {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Jamie O'Neill (snooker player)|Jamie O'Neill]] |} '''Roonds 2–5''' {{32TeamX4RoundBracket | RD1 = Round 2<br />Best of 19 frames | RD2 = Round 3<br />Best of 19 frames | RD3 = Round 4<br />Best of 19 frames | RD4 = Round 5<br />Best of 19 frames | RD1-seed01 ={{flagicon|CHN}} | RD1-team01 =[[Tian Pengfei]] | RD1-score01 =5 | RD1-seed02 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD1-team02 ='''[[Adam Wicheard]]''' | RD1-score02 ='''10''' | RD1-seed03 ={{flagicon|NIR}} | RD1-team03 =[[Joe Swail]] | RD1-score03 =5 | RD1-seed04 ={{flagicon|WAL}} | RD1-team04 ='''[[Daniel Wells (snooker player)|Daniel Wells]]''' | RD1-score04 ='''10''' | RD1-seed05 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD1-team05 ='''[[Liam Highfield]]''' | RD1-score05 ='''10''' | RD1-seed06 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD1-team06 =[[Matthew Couch]] | RD1-score06 =5 | RD1-seed07 ={{flagicon|WAL}} | RD1-team07 =[[Andrew Pagett]] | RD1-score07 =8 | RD1-seed08 ={{flagicon|IND}} | RD1-team08 ='''[[Aditya Mehta]]''' | RD1-score08 ='''10''' | RD1-seed09 ={{flagicon|CHN}} | RD1-team09 ='''[[Li Yan (snooker player)|Li Yan]]''' | RD1-score09 ='''10''' | RD1-seed10 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD1-team10 =[[Paul Davison]] | RD1-score10 =4 | RD1-seed11 ={{flagicon|CHN}} | RD1-team11 ='''[[Yu Delu]]''' | RD1-score11 ='''10''' | RD1-seed12 ={{flagicon|NIR}} | RD1-team12 =[[Patrick Wallace]] | RD1-score12 =9 | RD1-seed13 ={{flagicon|NOR}} | RD1-team13 =[[Kurt Maflin]] | RD1-score13 =2 | RD1-seed14 ={{flagicon|CHN}} | RD1-team14 ='''[[Cao Yupeng]]''' | RD1-score14 ='''10''' | RD1-seed15 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD1-team15 =[[Andrew Norman (snooker player)|Andrew Norman]] | RD1-score15 =8 | RD1-seed16 ={{flagicon|BRA}} | RD1-team16 ='''[[Igor Figueiredo]]''' | RD1-score16 ='''10''' | RD1-seed17 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD1-team17 =[[Ian McCulloch (snooker player)|Ian McCulloch]] | RD1-score17 =2 | RD1-seed18 ={{flagicon|BEL}} | RD1-team18 ='''[[Luca Brecel]]''' | RD1-score18 ='''10''' | RD1-seed19 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD1-team19 =[[Sam Craigie]] | RD1-score19 =9 | RD1-seed20 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD1-team20 ='''[[Justin Astley]]''' | RD1-score20 ='''10''' | RD1-seed21 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD1-team21 ='''[[David Gilbert (snooker player)|David Gilbert]]''' | RD1-score21 ='''10''' | RD1-seed22 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD1-team22 =[[Stuart Carrington]] | RD1-score22 =7 | RD1-seed23 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD1-team23 ='''[[Rod Lawler]]''' | RD1-score23 ='''10''' | RD1-seed24 ={{flagicon|THA}} | RD1-team24 =[[Dechawat Poomjaeng]] | RD1-score24 =8 | RD1-seed25 ={{flagicon|IRL}} | RD1-team25 ='''[[David Morris (snooker player)|David Morris]]''' | RD1-score25 ='''10''' | RD1-seed26 ={{flagicon|POL}} | RD1-team26 =[[Kacper Filipiak]] | RD1-score26 =2 | RD1-seed27 ={{flagicon|THA}} | RD1-team27 ={{nowrap|'''[[Passakorn Suwannawat]]'''}} | RD1-score27 ='''10''' | RD1-seed28 ={{flagicon|IND}} | RD1-team28 =David Singh | RD1-score28 =5 | RD1-seed29 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD1-team29 =[[Sam Baird]] | RD1-score29 =8 | RD1-seed30 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD1-team30 ='''[[David Grace (snooker player)|David Grace]]''' | RD1-score30 ='''10''' | RD1-seed31 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD1-team31 ='''[[Adam Duffy]]''' | RD1-score31 ='''10''' | RD1-seed32 ={{flagicon|IND}} | RD1-team32 =[[Lucky Vatnani]] | RD1-score32 =2 | RD2-seed01 ={{flagicon|SCO}} | RD2-team01 ='''[[Anthony McGill (snooker player)|Anthony McGill]]''' | RD2-score01 ='''10''' | RD2-seed02 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD2-team02 =[[Adam Wicheard]] | RD2-score02 =0 | RD2-seed03 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD2-team03 ='''[[Ben Woollaston]]''' | RD2-score03 ='''10''' | RD2-seed04 ={{flagicon|WAL}} | RD2-team04 =[[Daniel Wells (snooker player)|Daniel Wells]] | RD2-score04 =4 | RD2-seed05 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD2-team05 ='''[[Andy Hicks]]''' | RD2-score05 ='''10''' | RD2-seed06 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD2-team06 =[[Liam Highfield]] | RD2-score06 =3 | RD2-seed07 ={{flagicon|CHN}} | RD2-team07 ='''[[Xiao Guodong]]''' | RD2-score07 ='''10''' | RD2-seed08 ={{flagicon|IND}} | RD2-team08 =[[Aditya Mehta]] | RD2-score08 =4 | RD2-seed09 ={{flagicon|THA}} | RD2-team09 ='''[[James Wattana]]''' | RD2-score09 ='''10''' | RD2-seed10 ={{flagicon|CHN}} | RD2-team10 =[[Li Yan (snooker player)|Li Yan]] | RD2-score10 =6 | RD2-seed11 ={{flagicon|WAL}} | RD2-team11 =[[Michael White (snooker player)|Michael White]] | RD2-score11 =2 | RD2-seed12 ={{flagicon|CHN}} | RD2-team12 ='''[[Yu Delu]]''' | RD2-score12 ='''10''' | RD2-seed13 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD2-team13 =[[Dave Harold]] | RD2-score13 =9 | RD2-seed14 ={{flagicon|CHN}} | RD2-team14 ='''[[Cao Yupeng]]''' | RD2-score14 ='''10''' | RD2-seed15 ={{flagicon|CHN}} | RD2-team15 =[[Liu Song (snooker player)|Liu Song]] | RD2-score15 =9 | RD2-seed16 ={{flagicon|BRA}} | RD2-team16 ='''[[Igor Figueiredo]]''' | RD2-score16 ='''10''' | RD2-seed17 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD2-team17 =[[Barry Pinches]] | RD2-score17 =3 | RD2-seed18 ={{flagicon|BEL}} | RD2-team18 ='''[[Luca Brecel]]''' | RD2-score18 ='''10''' | RD2-seed19 ={{flagicon|MLT}} | RD2-team19 =[[Tony Drago]] | RD2-score19 =7 | RD2-seed20 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD2-team20 ='''[[Justin Astley]]''' | RD2-score20 ='''10''' | RD2-seed21 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD2-team21 =[[Jimmy Robertson (snooker player)|Jimmy Robertson]] | RD2-score21 =9 | RD2-seed22 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD2-team22 ='''[[David Gilbert (snooker player)|David Gilbert]]''' | RD2-score22 ='''10''' | RD2-seed23 ={{flagicon|CHN}} | RD2-team23 ='''[[Liu Chuang (snooker player)|Liu Chuang]]''' | RD2-score23 ='''10''' | RD2-seed24 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD2-team24 =[[Rod Lawler]] | RD2-score24 =7 | RD2-seed25 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD2-team25 =[[Mark Joyce]] | RD2-score25 =4 | RD2-seed26 ={{flagicon|IRL}} | RD2-team26 ='''[[David Morris (snooker player)|David Morris]]''' | RD2-score26 ='''10''' | RD2-seed27 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD2-team27 ='''[[Peter Lines]]''' | RD2-score27 ='''10''' | RD2-seed28 ={{flagicon|THA}} | RD2-team28 ={{nowrap|[[Passakorn Suwannawat]]}} | RD2-score28 =4 | RD2-seed29 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD2-team29 ='''[[Alfred Burden|Alfie Burden]]''' | RD2-score29 ='''10''' | RD2-seed30 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD2-team30 =[[David Grace (snooker player)|David Grace]] | RD2-score30 =5 | RD2-seed31 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD2-team31 =[[Adrian Gunnell]] | RD2-score31 =8 | RD2-seed32 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD2-team32 ='''[[Adam Duffy]]''' | RD2-score32 ='''10''' | RD3-seed01 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD3-team01 ='''[[Anthony Hamilton (snooker player)|Anthony Hamilton]]''' | RD3-score01 ='''10''' | RD3-seed02 ={{flagicon|SCO}} | RD3-team02 =[[Anthony McGill (snooker player)|Anthony McGill]] | RD3-score02 =8 | RD3-seed03 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD3-team03 =[[Steve Davis]] | RD3-score03 =7 | RD3-seed04 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD3-team04 ='''[[Ben Woollaston]]''' | RD3-score04 ='''10''' | RD3-seed05 ={{flagicon|WAL}} | RD3-team05 ='''[[Jamie Jones (snooker player)|Jamie Jones]]''' | RD3-score05 ='''10''' | RD3-seed06 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD3-team06 =[[Andy Hicks]] | RD3-score06 =9 | RD3-seed07 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD3-team07 ='''[[Robert Milkins]]''' | RD3-score07 ='''10''' | RD3-seed08 ={{flagicon|CHN}} | RD3-team08 =[[Xiao Guodong]] | RD3-score08 =4 | RD3-seed09 ={{flagicon|NIR}} | RD3-team09 ='''[[Gerard Greene]]''' | RD3-score09 ='''10''' | RD3-seed10 ={{flagicon|THA}} | RD3-team10 =[[James Wattana]] | RD3-score10 =9 | RD3-seed11 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD3-team11 =[[Matthew Selt]] | RD3-score11 =5 | RD3-seed12 ={{flagicon|CHN}} | RD3-team12 ='''[[Yu Delu]]''' | RD3-score12 ='''10''' | RD3-seed13 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD3-team13 =[[Nigel Bond]] | RD3-score13 =7 | RD3-seed14 ={{flagicon|CHN}} | RD3-team14 ='''[[Cao Yupeng]]''' | RD3-score14 ='''10''' | RD3-seed15 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD3-team15 ='''[[Shailesh Jogia|Joe Jogia]]''' | RD3-score15 ='''10''' | RD3-seed16 ={{flagicon|BRA}} | RD3-team16 =[[Igor Figueiredo]] | RD3-score16 =7 | RD3-seed17 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD3-team17 =[[Michael Holt (snooker player)|Michael Holt]] | RD3-score17 =9 | RD3-seed18 ={{flagicon|BEL}} | RD3-team18 ='''[[Luca Brecel]]''' | RD3-score18 ='''10''' | RD3-seed19 ={{flagicon|CHN}} | RD3-team19 ='''[[Liang Wenbo]]''' | RD3-score19 ='''10''' | RD3-seed20 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD3-team20 =[[Justin Astley]] | RD3-score20 =3 | RD3-seed21 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD3-team21 =[[Mike Dunn (snooker player)|Mike Dunn]] | RD3-score21 =6 | RD3-seed22 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD3-team22 ='''[[David Gilbert (snooker player)|David Gilbert]]''' | RD3-score22 ='''10''' | RD3-seed23 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD3-team23 =[[Jimmy White]] | RD3-score23 =8 | RD3-seed24 ={{flagicon|CHN}} | RD3-team24 ='''[[Liu Chuang (snooker player)|Liu Chuang]]''' | RD3-score24 ='''10''' | RD3-seed25 ={{flagicon|SCO}} | RD3-team25 =[[Alan McManus]] | RD3-score25 =7 | RD3-seed26 ={{flagicon|IRL}} | RD3-team26 ='''[[David Morris (snooker player)|David Morris]]''' | RD3-score26 ='''10''' | RD3-seed27 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD3-team27 =[[Rory McLeod (snooker player)|Rory McLeod]] | RD3-score27 =5 | RD3-seed28 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD3-team28 ='''[[Peter Lines]]''' | RD3-score28 ='''10''' | RD3-seed29 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD3-team29 =[[Jack Lisowski]] | RD3-score29 =3 | RD3-seed30 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD3-team30 ='''[[Alfred Burden|Alfie Burden]]''' | RD3-score30 ='''10''' | RD3-seed31 ={{flagicon|SCO}} | RD3-team31 ='''[[Jamie Burnett]]''' | RD3-score31 ='''10''' | RD3-seed32 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD3-team32 =[[Adam Duffy]] | RD3-score32 =7 | RD4-seed01 ={{flagicon|IRL}} | RD4-team01 ='''[[Ken Doherty]]''' | RD4-score01 ='''10''' | RD4-seed02 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD4-team02 =[[Anthony Hamilton (snooker player)|Anthony Hamilton]] | RD4-score02 =9 | RD4-seed03 ={{flagicon|WAL}} | RD4-team03 ='''[[Dominic Dale]]''' | RD4-score03 ='''10''' | RD4-seed04 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD4-team04 =[[Ben Woollaston]] | RD4-score04 =3 | RD4-seed05 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD4-team05 =[[Ricky Walden]] | RD4-score05 =2 | RD4-seed06 ={{flagicon|WAL}} | RD4-team06 ='''[[Jamie Jones (snooker player)|Jamie Jones]]''' | RD4-score06 ='''10''' | RD4-seed07 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD4-team07 ='''[[Mark Davis (snooker player)|Mark Davis]]''' | RD4-score07 ='''10''' | RD4-seed08 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD4-team08 =[[Robert Milkins]] | RD4-score08 =5 | RD4-seed09 ={{flagicon|WAL}} | RD4-team09 ='''[[Ryan Day (snooker player)|Ryan Day]]''' | RD4-score09 ='''10''' | RD4-seed10 ={{flagicon|NIR}} | RD4-team10 =[[Gerard Greene]] | RD4-score10 =8 | RD4-seed11 ={{flagicon|SCO}} | RD4-team11 ='''[[Stephen Hendry]]''' | RD4-score11 ='''10''' | RD4-seed12 ={{flagicon|CHN}} | RD4-team12 =[[Yu Delu]] | RD4-score12 =6 | RD4-seed13 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD4-team13 =[[Tom Ford (snooker player)|Tom Ford]] | RD4-score13 =9 | RD4-seed14 ={{flagicon|CHN}} | RD4-team14 ='''[[Cao Yupeng]]''' | RD4-score14 ='''10''' | RD4-seed15 ={{flagicon|HKG}} | RD4-team15 ='''[[Marco Fu]]''' | RD4-score15 ='''10''' | RD4-seed16 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD4-team16 =[[Shailesh Jogia|Joe Jogia]] | RD4-score16 =4 | RD4-seed17 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD4-team17 =[[Mark King (snooker player)|Mark King]] | RD4-score17 =8 | RD4-seed18 ={{flagicon|BEL}} | RD4-team18 ='''[[Luca Brecel]]''' | RD4-score18 ='''10''' | RD4-seed19 ={{flagicon|SCO}} | RD4-team19 =[[Marcus Campbell]] | RD4-score19 =9 | RD4-seed20 ={{flagicon|CHN}} | RD4-team20 ='''[[Liang Wenbo]]''' | RD4-score20 ='''10''' | RD4-seed21 ={{flagicon|IRL}} | RD4-team21 =[[Fergal O'Brien]] | RD4-score21 =4 | RD4-seed22 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD4-team22 ='''[[David Gilbert (snooker player)|David Gilbert]]''' | RD4-score22 ='''10''' | RD4-seed23 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD4-team23 =[[Jamie Cope]] | RD4-score23 =7 | RD4-seed24 ={{flagicon|CHN}} | RD4-team24 ='''[[Liu Chuang (snooker player)|Liu Chuang]]''' | RD4-score24 ='''10''' | RD4-seed25 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD4-team25 ='''[[Barry Hawkins]]''' | RD4-score25 ='''10''' | RD4-seed26 ={{flagicon|IRL}} | RD4-team26 =[[David Morris (snooker player)|David Morris]] | RD4-score26 =4 | RD4-seed27 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD4-team27 ='''[[Andrew Higginson]]''' | RD4-score27 ='''10''' | RD4-seed28 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD4-team28 =[[Peter Lines]] | RD4-score28 =4 | RD4-seed29 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD4-team29 ='''[[Peter Ebdon]]''' | RD4-score29 ='''10''' | RD4-seed30 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD4-team30 =[[Alfred Burden|Alfie Burden]] | RD4-score30 =0 | RD4-seed31 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD4-team31 ='''[[Joe Perry (snooker player)|Joe Perry]]''' | RD4-score31 ='''10''' | RD4-seed32 ={{flagicon|SCO}} | RD4-team32 =[[Jamie Burnett]] | RD4-score32 =8 }} ==Century breaks == ===Televised stage centuries === Thare war 71 century braks in the televised stage o the Warld Championship.<ref>{{cite web |title=Televised century breaks |url=http://livescores.Worldsnookerdata.com/Centuries.aspx?t=12972 |work=Worldsnookerdata.com |publisher=[[Warld Professional Billiards and Snooker Association]] |accessdate=20 April 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/67Ukhy8h6?url=http://livescores.worldsnookerdata.com/Centuries.aspx?t=12972 |archivedate=2012-05-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://asia.eurosport.com/snooker/crucible-century-breaks_sto3242649/story.shtml |title=Crucible century breaks |publisher=[[Eurosport|Eurosport Asia]] |accessdate=22 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430051756/http://asia.eurosport.com/snooker/crucible-century-breaks_sto3242649/story.shtml |archive-date=30 April 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Downer |first=Chris |title=Crucible Almanac |year=2012 |pages=154}}</ref> For every century brak that wis made during the 17-day championship in Sheffield, the title sponsor, [[Betfred]], donated [[Pound sterling|£]]200 tae Warld Snooker's offeecial charity for the 2011/2012 season, Haven House Childer's Hospice, wi the promise of topping it up tae £25,000 if 75 centuries war made. Houiver, Betfred boss Fred Done donated the full £25,000, despite bein fower centuries short o the target.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.Worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0,,13165~2764638,00.html |title=Betfred Donate To Haven House |work=Worldsnooker.com |publisher=[[Warld Professional Billiards and Snooker Association]] |accessdate=12 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511124223/http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0%2C%2C13165~2764638%2C00.html |archivedate=2012-05-11 }}</ref> {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} * [[Maximum break|147]], 123, 100 {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Stephen Hendry]] * 142, 125, 117, 101, 101, 101 {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Stephen Maguire]] * 141, 130, 128, 117, 113, 110, 107, 104, 103, 101, 100, 100 {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Ronnie O'Sullivan]] * 138, 136, 135, 134, 132, 127, 101 {{flagicon|WAL}} [[Jamie Jones (snooker player)|Jamie Jones]] * 136, 109 {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Martin Gould]] * 134, 132, 118, 112, 105, 101 {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Ali Carter]] * 133, 124 {{flagicon|SCO}} [[John Higgins]] * 131, 108, 106, 106, 100, 100 {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Neil Robertson]] * 125, 113, 108 {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Cao Yupeng]] * 123, 122, 116, 101 {{flagicon|WAL}} [[Matthew Stevens]] * 121 {{flagicon|ENG}} [[David Gilbert (snooker player)|David Gilbert]] {{col-2}} * 120, 114 {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Judd Trump]] * 119, 113, 112, 110, 100 {{flagicon|WAL}} [[Ryan Day (snooker player)|Ryan Day]] * 116 {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Luca Brecel]] * 115, 103 {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Joe Perry (snooker player)|Joe Perry]] * 111 {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Andrew Higginson]] * 111 {{flagicon|WAL}} [[Mark Williams (snooker player)|Mark Williams]] * 110, 102 {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Stephen Lee (snooker player)|Stephen Lee]] * 104 {{flagicon|IRL}} [[Ken Doherty]] * 102, 101 {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Shaun Murphy]] * 101 {{flagicon|NIR}} [[Mark Allen (snooker player)|Mark Allen]] * 100 {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Ding Junhui]] {{col-end}} ===Qualifying stage centuries === Thare war 60 century braks in the qualifying stage o the Warld Championship.<ref>{{cite web |title=Preliminary qualifying century breaks |url=http://livescores.Worldsnookerdata.com/Centuries.aspx?t=12971 |work=Worldsnookerdata.com |publisher=[[Warld Professional Billiards and Snooker Association]] |accessdate=5 April 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/66ho7qNaV?url=http://livescores.worldsnookerdata.com/Centuries.aspx?t=12971 |archivedate=2012-04-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Qualifying century breaks |url=http://livescores.Worldsnookerdata.com/Centuries.aspx?t=12970 |work=Worldsnookerdata.com |publisher=[[Warld Professional Billiards and Snooker Association]] |accessdate=15 April 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/66x4HClra?url=http://livescores.worldsnookerdata.com/Centuries.aspx?t=12970 |archivedate=2012-04-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} * [[Maximum break|147]] {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Robert Milkins]] * 145, 128 {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Ben Woollaston]] * 142, 125 {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Jamie Burnett]] * 140, 134 {{flagicon|WAL}} [[Jamie Jones (snooker player)|Jamie Jones]] * 140, 103 {{flagicon|IND}} [[Aditya Mehta]] * 140 {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Xiao Guodong]] * 139, 138, 103 {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liu Chuang (snooker player)|Liu Chuang]] * 136, 107 {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liang Wenbo]] * 135, 124, 100 {{flagicon|ENG}} [[David Gilbert (snooker player)|David Gilbert]] * 134, 112, 110 {{flagicon|IRL}} [[Ken Doherty]] * 134 {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Sam Baird]] * 129, 107 {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Stephen Hendry]] * 128, 102 {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Anthony Hamilton (snooker player)|Anthony Hamilton]] * 127, 125 {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Barry Hawkins]] * 123 {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Adam Duffy]] * 122 {{flagicon|THA}} [[Passakorn Suwannawat]] * 120 {{flagicon|WAL}} [[Daniel Wells (snooker player)|Daniel Wells]] * 117 {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Nigel Bond]] * 116 {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Andy Hicks]] * 113, 102 {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Jimmy Robertson (snooker player)|Jimmy Robertson]] {{col-2}} * 112, 101 {{flagicon|WAL}} [[Ryan Day (snooker player)|Ryan Day]] * 110, 100 {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Marco Fu]] * 110 {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Peter Lines]] * 108 {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Luca Brecel]] * 108 {{flagicon|IRL}} [[Fergal O'Brien]] * 107, 103 {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Jamie Cope]] * 107, 102 {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Tom Ford (snooker player)|Tom Ford]] * 106 {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Anthony McGill (snooker player)|Anthony McGill]] * 105 {{flagicon|IRL}} [[David Morris (snooker player)|David Morris]] * 105 {{flagicon|ENG}} [[David Grace]] * 105 {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Michael Holt (snooker player)|Michael Holt]] * 103 {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Justin Astley]] * 103 {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Rod Lawler]] * 102 {{flagicon|WAL}} [[Andrew Pagett]] * 102 {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Peter Ebdon]] * 101 {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Liam Highfield]] * 101 {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Adrian Gunnell]] * 101 {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Cao Yupeng]] * 100 {{flagicon|ENG}} [[David Gray (snooker player)|David Gray]] {{col-end}} ==References== {{reflist|30em}} ==External links== *{{Official website|1=http://www.Worldsnooker.com/page/BetfredcomWarldChampionship}} *{{YouTube|id=kGgjLsgdtZ4|title=Robert Milkins 147 v Xiao Guodong WSC Qualifiers R 4 (April 11, 2012)}} *[http://s556.photobucket.com/albums/ss7/MoniqueLimbos/Crucible%202012/ Crucible 2012 pictures by MoniqueLimbos]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} at [[Photobucket]] {{Warld Snooker Championship}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Warld Snooker Championship, 2012}} [[Category:Warld Snooker Championship|2012]] cd9k5j0b1i82ouqkdern53ydv6a9zd2 925507 925505 2026-10-30T17:02:05Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 found a web archive link 925507 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Professional snooker Warld championship tournament, April–May 2012}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}} {{Infobox Individual Snooker Toornament | tournament_name = 2012 Betfred [[Warld Snooker Championship]] | logo = | dates = 21 April – 7 May 2012 | venue = [[Crucible Theatre]] | location = [[Sheffield]] | country = England | organisation = [[Warld Professional Billiards and Snooker Association|WPBSA]] | format = [[Snooker Warld rankins|rankin]] event | Total prize fund = [[Pound sterling|£]]1,152,500 | winners_share = £250,000 | highest_break = {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Stephen Hendry]] ([[maximum break|147]]) | winner = {{nowrap|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Ronnie O'Sullivan]]}} | runner_up = {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Ali Carter]] | score = 18–11 | previous = [[2011 Warld Snooker Championship|2011]] | next = [[2013 Warld Snooker Championship|2013]] }} The '''2012 Warld Snooker Championship''' (an aw referred tae as the '''2012 Betfred.com Warld Snooker Championship''' for the purposes of sponsorship) wis a professional [[Snooker Warld rankins|rankin]] [[snooker]] toornament that teuk place frae 21 Apryle tae 7 May 2012 at the [[Crucible Theatre]] in [[Sheffield]], England. It wis the 36th consecutive year that the Warld Snooker Championship haed been held at the Crucible<ref>{{cite web |last=Turner |first=Chris |title=Warld Professional Championship |url=http://www.cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/Warld.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416080933/http://www.cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/Warld.html |archivedate=16 April 2013 |work=cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk |publisher=Chris Turner's Snooker Archive |accessdate=11 May 2012}}</ref> an the last rankin event o the [[Snooker season 2011/2012|2011/2012 season]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://snooker.org/res/index.asp?template=2&season=2011 |title=Tournament Calendar 2011/2012 |publisher=Snooker.org |accessdate=13 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504174609/http://snooker.org/res/index.asp?template=2&season=2011 |archive-date=4 May 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Ronnie O'Sullivan]] won his fowert Warld title bi defeatin [[Ali Carter]] 18–11 in the final. Aged 36, an juist 55 days aulder than [[Dennis Taylor]] when winnin the title in [[1985 Warld Snooker Championship|1985]], O'Sullivan became the auldest Warld champion syne 45-year-auld [[Ray Reardon]] in [[1978 Warld Snooker Championship|1978]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Downer |first=Chris |title=Crucible Almanac |year=2012 |page=133}}</ref> [[John Higgins]], the defendin champion,<ref>{{cite news |last=Ashenden |first=Mark |title=Higgins beats Trump to win fourth title |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/snooker/13261459.stm |publisher=BBC Sport |accessdate=2 May 2011 |date=2 May 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503041622/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/snooker/13261459.stm |archivedate=3 May 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> lost 4–13 tae [[Stephen Hendry]] in the seicont roond.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www1.skysports.com/snooker/news/12243/7711514/Hendry-finishes-off-Higgins |title=Hendry finishes off Higgins |publisher=[[Sky Sports]] |date=28 April 2012 |accessdate=28 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430204950/http://www1.skysports.com/snooker/news/12243/7711514/Hendry-finishes-off-Higgins |archive-date=30 April 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> On the openin day o the televised stage Hendry made the 88th offeecial [[maximum break]], his third at the Crucible an the 11t of his career.<ref name="Hendry maximum break">{{cite web |title=Sensational Hendry Scores 147 |url=http://www.Worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0,,13165~2743663,00.html |work=Worldsnooker.com |publisher=[[Warld Professional Billiards and Snooker Association]] |accessdate=21 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423174044/http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0%2C%2C13165~2743663%2C00.html |archivedate=2012-04-23 }}</ref> He annoonced his retirement frae professional snooker follaein his defeat bi [[Stephen Maguire]] in the quarter-finals.<ref name="Hendry retires">{{cite web |url=http://www.Worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0,,13165~2756991,00.html |title=The Greatest |publisher=[[Warld Professional Billiards and Snooker Association]] |date=2 May 2012 |accessdate=19 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510171559/http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0%2C%2C13165~2756991%2C00.html |archivedate=2012-05-10 }}</ref> The toornament wis sponsored bi online casino [[Betfred|Betfred.com]]. ==Tournament summary== ===First round=== *Debutants at the [[Crucible Theatre|Crucible]] war [[Jamie Jones (snooker player)|Jamie Jones]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Brilliant Jones Shocks Walden |url=http://www.Worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0,,13165~2735790,00.html |work=Worldsnooker.com |publisher=[[Warld Professional Billiards and Snooker Association]] |accessdate=15 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417213545/http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0%2C%2C13165~2735790%2C00.html |archivedate=2012-04-17 }}</ref> [[Cao Yupeng]],<ref name="Cao debut">{{cite web |title=Chinese Duo Take Crucible Spots |url=http://www.Worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0,,13165~2735888,00.html |work=Worldsnooker.com |publisher=[[Warld Professional Billiards and Snooker Association]] |accessdate=15 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417213207/http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0%2C%2C13165~2735888%2C00.html |archivedate=2012-04-17 }}</ref> and [[Luca Brecel]].<ref name="Brecel debut">{{cite web |title=A Star Is Born – Brecel Qualifies |url=http://www.Worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0,,13165~2736522,00.html |work=Worldsnooker.com |publisher=[[Warld Professional Billiards and Snooker Association]] |accessdate=15 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417213614/http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0%2C%2C13165~2736522%2C00.html |archivedate=2012-04-17 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Goulding |first=Neil |title=Judd Trump: 'I love fast cars but please don't call me a playboy' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/judd-trump-i-love-fast-cars-but-please-dont-call-me-a-playboy-7661623.html |work=The Independent |accessdate=21 April 2012 |location=London |date=20 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422045027/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/judd-trump-i-love-fast-cars-but-please-dont-call-me-a-playboy-7661623.html |archive-date=22 April 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Downer 2012 132">{{cite book |last=Downer |first=Chris |title=Crucible Almanac |year=2012 |pages=132}}</ref> It wis an aw the first time that Cao and Brecel qualified for the televised stage o a rankin event.<ref name="Cao debut"/><ref name="Brecel debut"/> Cao and Jones advanced tae the seicont roond bi defeatin [[Mark Allen (snooker player)|Mark Allen]] 10–6 and [[Shaun Murphy]] 10–8 respectively,<ref>{{cite web |title=Allen dumped out by Cao |url=http://www.thurrockgazette.co.uk/sport/national/sport/9663523.Allen_dumped_out_by_Cao/ |publisher=Thurrock Gazette |accessdate=22 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052442/http://www.thurrockgazette.co.uk/sport/national/sport/9663523.Allen_dumped_out_by_Cao/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> whilst Brecel lost 5–10 against [[Stephen Maguire]].<ref name="Maguire defeats Brecel">{{cite web |title=Maguire ends teenager's Warld Championship hopes |url=http://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/sport/maguire-ends-teenagers-Warld-championship-hopes-548659.html |publisher=[[Irish Examiner]] |accessdate=23 April 2012}}</ref> *Brecel became the youngest player ever tae compete at the Crucible, at the age of 17 years and 45 days.<ref name="Downer 2012 132"/><ref name="Maguire defeats Brecel"/><ref name="Snooker-Boss">{{cite web |title=Snooker-Boss hails record number of Asians in Warld championship |url=http://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/21042012/2/snooker-boss-hails-record-number-asians-Warld-championship.html |publisher=[[Eurosport|Eurosport UK]] |accessdate=21 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421103236/https://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/21042012/2/snooker-boss-hails-record-number-asians-Warld-championship.html |archive-date=21 April 2014 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> He wis an aw the first [[Belgian people|Belgian]] tae play at the Crucible.<ref name="Brecel debut"/> *Five Asian players competit in the first roond, which is a Crucible record.<ref name="Snooker-Boss"/> Four war frae Cheenae and ane frae Hong Kong.<ref>{{cite web |title=Liang Survives Campbell Fight-Back |url=http://www.Worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0,,13165~2736795,00.html |work=Worldsnooker.com |publisher=[[Warld Professional Billiards and Snooker Association]] |accessdate=21 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418222429/http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0%2C%2C13165~2736795%2C00.html |archivedate=2012-04-18 }}</ref> *[[Mark Williams (snooker player)|Mark Williams]] stated on Twitter afore the championship, that he hated the Crucible and wished that the toornament wis played in Cheenae.<ref>{{cite web |title=Warld Snooker Championship 2012: Williams 'hates' Crucible |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/snooker/17786195 |publisher=BBC Sport |accessdate=25 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426095105/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/snooker/17786195 |archive-date=26 April 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Williams wis subsequently booed as he wis annoonced tae the crowd afore his openin match.<ref name="Ding"/> For this comment he wis later fined a tot of £4,000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.Worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0,,13165~2794168,00.html |title=WPBSA Statement – Mark Williams |publisher=[[Warld Professional Billiards and Snooker Association|Warld Snooker]] |accessdate=14 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604072840/http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0%2C%2C13165~2794168%2C00.html |archivedate=2012-06-04 }}</ref> *[[Stephen Hendry]] made the 10t maximum brak at the Crucible during his first roond match wi [[Stuart Bingham]] and tae date, the last ane made in the televised stages o the toornament (twa maximums hae been made in qualifying roonds syne then). This wis the 88th offeecial maximum brak. Wi this he equalled twa records of O'Sullivan: the maist offeecial maximum braks in professional snooker wi eleven, an the maist at the venue wi three.<ref name="Hendry maximum break"/><ref name="Vintage Hendry">{{cite web |title=Vintage Hendry makes third Crucible 147 |url=http://eurosport.yahoo.com/21042012/58/vintage-hendry-makes-third-crucible-147.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707090103/http://content.betfred.com/snooker/players/ronnie-osullivan/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 January 2013 |publisher=[[Eurosport|Eurosport UK]] |accessdate=21 April 2012 }}</ref> Hendry won the match 10–4 in a rematch of ane of his greatest upset defeats, in the first roond o the [[2000 Warld Snooker Championship]] when Hendry wis defendin champion and Bingham wis makin his televeesion debut.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stephen Hendry sets up John Higgins meeting |url=http://www.scotsman.com/sport/snooker/snooker-stephen-hendry-sets-up-john-higgins-meeting-1-2250211 |work=The Scotsman |accessdate=25 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425143815/http://www.scotsman.com/sport/snooker/snooker-stephen-hendry-sets-up-john-higgins-meeting-1-2250211 |archive-date=25 April 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> *Zhu Ying became the first Cheenese person tae referee a match at the Crucible bi officiating the match atween Hendry and Bingham.<ref name="Vintage Hendry"/> *In his match against [[Ken Doherty]], [[Neil Robertson]] became the fowert player tae mak three consecutive [[century break]]s at the Warld Championship, efter O'Sullivan, [[John Higgins]] and [[Mark Selby]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Gábor |first=Buzás |title=Villámrajt |url=http://tv.eurosport.hu/snooker/story_sto3243415.shtml |publisher=[[Eurosport|Eurosport Hu]] |accessdate=22 April 2012 |language=Hungarian |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421051552/http://tv.eurosport.hu/snooker/story_sto3243415.shtml |archivedate=21 April 2014}}</ref> *Mark Allen, follaein his first-roond defeat bi Cao Yupeng, accused his opponent of cheating. Allen claimed that Cao haed nae admitted tae a {{cuegloss|push shot}} at 5–4. Houiver, he an aw conceded that the Cheenese player haed outplayed him during the match.<ref>{{cite web |title=Warld Snooker Championship 2012: Mark Allen accuses Cao Yupeng of dishonesty |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/snooker/17808787 |publisher=BBC Sport |accessdate=25 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425001441/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/snooker/17808787 |archive-date=25 April 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Warld Snooker decidit tae stairt disciplinary action against Allen,<ref>{{cite web |title=WPBSA Statement – Mark Allen |url=http://www.Worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0,,13165~2745938,00.html |work=Worldsnooker.com |publisher=[[Warld Professional Billiards and Snooker Association]] |accessdate=25 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425011603/http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0%2C%2C13165~2745938%2C00.html |archivedate=2012-04-25 }}</ref> who later admitted haein gone too far.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mark Allen Statement |url=http://www.Worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0,,13165~2747883,00.html |work=Worldsnooker.com |publisher=[[Warld Professional Billiards and Snooker Association]] |accessdate=25 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426120928/http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0%2C%2C13165~2747883%2C00.html |archivedate=2012-04-26 }}</ref> He wis later fined a tot of £11,000, an warned he wad be suspended frae the tour for three month if he breached the rules again in the next sax month. Allen wis an aw ordered tae unnergang media training.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.Worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0,,13165~2809316,00.html |title=WPBSA Statement – Mark Allen |publisher=[[Warld Professional Billiards and Snooker Association|Warld Snooker]] |accessdate=14 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616003500/http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0%2C%2C13165~2809316%2C00.html |archivedate=2012-06-16 }}</ref> *[[Ding Junhui]] creatit mair controversy efter his defeat tae [[Ryan Day (snooker player)|Ryan Day]]. Ding said that the [[Billiard table#Snooker and English billiards tables|table]] conditions war nae right and complained aboot spectators bein disruptive during the match.<ref name="Ding">{{cite web |title=Warld Snooker Championship 2012: Crowd angers beaten Ding |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/snooker/17845543 |publisher=BBC Sport |accessdate=25 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425200539/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/snooker/17845543 |archive-date=25 April 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> He wis later fined £250, an warned bi the chairman o the Disciplinary Committee for swearing during the live press conference.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.Worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0,,13165~2798851,00.html |title=WPBSA Statement – Ding Junhui |publisher=[[Warld Professional Billiards and Snooker Association|Warld Snooker]] |accessdate=14 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610025717/http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0%2C%2C13165~2798851%2C00.html |archivedate=2012-06-10 }}</ref> *[[Andrew Higginson]] and [[David Gilbert (snooker player)|David Gilbert]] reached the seicont roond o the Warld Championship for the first time in thair respective careers. Higginson defeatit [[Stephen Lee (snooker player)|Stephen Lee]] 10–6, an Gilbert defeatit [[Martin Gould]] 10–8.<ref>{{cite web |title=Handy Andy Makes Crucible Breakthrough |url=http://www.Worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0,,13165~2748003,00.html |work=Worldsnooker.com |publisher=[[Warld Professional Billiards and Snooker Association]] |accessdate=25 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427001344/http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0%2C%2C13165~2748003%2C00.html |archivedate=2012-04-27 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gilbert Holds On To Beat Gould |url=http://www.Worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0,,13165~2744548,00.html |work=Worldsnooker.com |publisher=[[Warld Professional Billiards and Snooker Association]] |accessdate=25 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501021657/http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0%2C%2C13165~2744548%2C00.html |archivedate=2012-05-01 }}</ref> *Aicht oot o the sixteen seedit players war beaten in the first roond. Bingham, [[Graeme Dott]], Murphy, Lee, Gould, Ding Junhui, Allen and Selby aw lost thair places in the toornament. This merked the maist tap 16 players tae suffer defeat in the first roond syne [[1992 Warld Snooker Championship|1992]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/snooker/17849758 |title=Warld Snooker Championship 2012: Ken Doherty Q&A |publisher=BBC Sport |date=26 April 2012 |accessdate=27 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426114729/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/snooker/17849758 |archive-date=26 April 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> ===Second round=== *Awtho [[John Higgins]] and [[Stephen Hendry]] haed made 45 appearances atween them at the Crucible and baith haed played in every toornament syne 1995, this wis the anly time thay ever met at the Crucible.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/snooker/17869318 |title=Warld Snooker Championship 2012: Hendry crushes Higgins |publisher=BBC Sport |date=28 April 2012 |accessdate=12 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804191731/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/snooker/17869318 |archive-date=4 August 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> * Higgins made the 500th century brak of his career in his match against Hendry. Twa frames later Hendry made his 775th.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bikerman.co.uk/index.php/reference/news-archive-bbc/archived-news-bbc/11919-bbc-sport-Warld-snooker-championship-2012-hendry-leads-higgins-12-4 |title=Warld Snooker Championship 2012: Hendry leads Higgins 12–4 |publisher=BBC Sport |date=27 April 2012 |accessdate=28 April 2012 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *Hendry defeatit defendin champion Higgins 13–4, an reached his 19t Crucible quarter-final, sicweys beatin his ain record of 18 quarter-finals. At that time anly aicht players haed played at the Crucible 19 times or mair: Hendry, [[Steve Davis]], [[Jimmy White]], [[Terry Griffiths]], [[John Parrott]], [[Peter Ebdon]], [[Willie Thorne]] and [[Ronnie O'Sullivan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/snooker/17869318 |title=Warld Snooker Championship 2012: Hendry crushes Higgins |publisher=BBC Sport |date=28 April 2012 |accessdate=30 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430031308/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/snooker/17869318 |archive-date=30 April 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> *[[Ali Carter]] defeatit [[Judd Trump]] 13–12, despite haein trailed 9–12. In the deciding frame Trump needed fower {{cuegloss|snooker|snookers}} and got three, afore Carter finally potted the last remainin reid.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.Worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0,,13165~2755313,00.html |title=Captain Carter Leaves Trump Grounded |publisher=[[Warld Professional Billiards and Snooker Association]] |date=30 April 2012 |accessdate=30 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502000411/http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0%2C%2C13165~2755313%2C00.html |archivedate=2012-05-02 }}</ref> *Crucible debutant [[Jamie Jones (snooker player)|Jamie Jones]] reached his first rankin event quarter-final bi defeatin [[Andrew Higginson]] 13–10. Efter the seicont session Jones led 10–6. Higginson then won the fower openin frames o the last session tae mak it 10–10, afore Jones teuk the next three frames tae win the match.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.Worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0,,13165~2755431,00.html |title=Jones Keeps Superb Run Going |publisher=[[Warld Professional Billiards and Snooker Association]] |date=30 April 2012 |accessdate=30 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502033622/http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0%2C%2C13165~2755431%2C00.html |archivedate=2012-05-02 }}</ref> Jones wis an aw the lowest ranked player tae win a seicont roond match. The Warld nummer 36 became the third [[Welsh people|Welshman]] intae this year's quarter-finals, follaein [[Ryan Day (snooker player)|Ryan Day]] and [[Matthew Stevens]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asia.eurosport.com/snooker/jones-ousts-higginson_sto3252383/story.shtml |title=Jones holds nerve to oust Higginson |publisher=[[Eurosport]] |date=30 April 2012 |accessdate=30 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002359/http://asia.eurosport.com/snooker/jones-ousts-higginson_sto3252383/story.shtml |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> ===Quarter-finals=== *[[Stephen Hendry]] fell 2–13 tae [[Stephen Maguire]] wi a {{cuegloss|session to spare}}. Efter the match Hendry annoonced his immediate retirement frae professional snooker, citing dissatisfaction wi his standard of play in recent years and difficulty balancing competitive, commercial and personal commitments.<ref name="Hendry retires"/> *[[Matthew Stevens]] won 11 frames in a row tae beat fellae Welshman [[Ryan Day (snooker player)|Ryan Day]] 13–5 frae 2–5 doun,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/snooker/17918430 |title=Warld Snooker 2012: Matthew Stevens crushes Ryan Day |publisher=BBC Sport |date=2 May 2012 |access-date=12 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625143447/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/snooker/17918430 |archive-date=25 June 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and reached his first Warld Championship semi-final syne [[2005 Warld Snooker Championship|2005]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Ronnie O’Sullivan benefits in his Warld Championship semi-final from Matthew Stevens' sportsmanship |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/snooker/9244904/Ronnie-OSullivan-benefits-in-his-Warld-Championship-semi-final-from-Matthew-Stevens-sportsmanship.html |publisher=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |accessdate=20 September 2012 |location=London |date=4 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013201058/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/snooker/9244904/Ronnie-OSullivan-benefits-in-his-Warld-Championship-semi-final-from-Matthew-Stevens-sportsmanship.html |archive-date=13 October 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> ===Semi-finals=== *[[Ali Carter]] won his semi-final five month efter threatening tae retire frae the gemme due tae heal problems and a loss of form.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/snooker/16494226 |title=Ali Carter considering retirement after Warld Snooker Championship |publisher=BBC Sport |date=11 January 2012 |accessdate=5 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403041408/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/snooker/16494226 |archive-date=3 April 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Carter, who haes [[Crohn's disease]], beat [[Stephen Maguire]] 17–12 tae reach his seicont Warld Championship final.<ref name="Carter">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/snooker/17941717 |title=Warld Snooker Championship 2012: Ali Carter beats Maguire |publisher=BBC Sport |date=5 May 2012 |accessdate=5 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505055650/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/snooker/17941717 |archive-date=5 May 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> ===Final=== *The final wis a repeat o the [[2008 Warld Snooker Championship#Final|2008 final]], in which O'Sullivan beat Carter 18–8.<ref name="Carter"/> *O'Sullivan haed played in three Warld Championship finals prior tae this, an won them aw.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content.betfred.com/snooker/players/ronnie-osullivan/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707090103/http://content.betfred.com:80/snooker/players/ronnie-osullivan/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-07-09 |title=Ronnie O'Sullivan |publisher=[[Betfred]] |accessdate=5 May 2012 }}</ref> Carter's anly previous final wis the aforementioned 2008 toornament.<ref name="Carter"/> *Carter haed never beaten O'Sullivan in 11 previous attempts in rankin events afore this match.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/snooker/17944229 |title=Warld Snooker 2012: Ronnie O'Sullivan beats Matthew Stevens |publisher=BBC Sport |date=5 May 2012 |accessdate=5 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504235848/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/snooker/17944229 |archive-date=4 May 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> *O'Sullivan made a 141 brak in the aicht frame, the heichest ever in a Crucible final.<ref>{{cite web |title=Superb O'Sullivan claims fourth Warld title |url=http://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/07052012/58/superb-o-sullivan-claims-fourth-Warld-title.html |publisher=Eurosport |date=7 May 2012 |accessdate=8 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509080845/http://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/07052012/58/superb-o-sullivan-claims-fourth-Warld-title.html |archive-date=9 May 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The previous record wis 139 made bi O'Sullivan in the [[2001 Warld Snooker Championship|2001]] final.<ref>{{cite book |last=Downer |first=Chris |title=Crucible Almanac |year=2012 |pages=161}}</ref> ==Prize fund== The prize fund for the championship wis dividit as follows:<ref>{{cite web |title=Prize Money |url=http://www.Worldsnooker.com/page/BetfredcomWarldChampionshipTournamentsArticle/0,,13165~2721594,00.html |work=Worldsnooker.com |publisher=[[Warld Professional Billiards and Snooker Association]] |accessdate=4 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406060619/http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/BetfredcomWarldChampionshipTournamentsArticle/0%2C%2C13165~2721594%2C00.html |archivedate=2012-04-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Downer |first=Chris |title=Crucible Almanac |year=2012 |pages=130}}</ref> {{Col-begin|width=70%}} {{Col-break|width=50%}} *Winner: [[Pound sterling|£]]250,000 *Runner-up: £125,000 *Semi-final: £52,000 *Quarter-final: £24,050 *Last 16: £16,000 *Last 32: £12,000 *Last 48: £8,200 *Last 64: £4,600 {{Col-break|width=50%}} *Stage ane heichest brak: £1,000 *Stage twa heichest brak: £10,000 *Stage ane maximum brak: £1,500<ref name="Milkins' maximum break"/> *Stage twa maximum brak: £40,000<ref name="Hendry maximum break"/> *Tot: £1,152,500 {{Col-end}} ==Main draw== Shawn ablo are the results for each roond. The nummers in parentheses beside some o the players are thair seeding ranks (each championship haes 16 seeds and 16 qualifiers).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.Worldsnooker.com/page/Drawspage/0,,13165~2741487,00.html |title=2012 Betfred.com Warld Championship Draw |publisher=Warld Snooker |accessdate=20 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423162435/http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/Drawspage/0%2C%2C13165~2741487%2C00.html |archivedate=2012-04-23 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.Worldsnooker.com/page/BetfredcomWarldChampionshipTournamentsArticle/0,,13165~2765750,00.html |title=2012 Betfred.com Warld Championship Results and Report |publisher=Warld Snooker |accessdate=10 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120520151545/http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/BetfredcomWarldChampionshipTournamentsArticle/0%2C%2C13165~2765750%2C00.html |archivedate=2012-05-20 }}</ref><ref name="Snooker.org">{{cite web |title=Betfred.com Warld Championship (2012) |url=http://snooker.org/res/index.asp?event=102 |publisher=Snooker.org |accessdate=23 February 2012 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/67DZqEhdH?url=http://snooker.org/res/index.asp?event=102 |archive-date=26 April 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Warld Snooker Championship 2012: scores and schedule |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/snooker/17678310 |publisher=BBC Sport |accessdate=21 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420181358/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/snooker/17678310 |archive-date=20 April 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Downer |first=Chris |title=Crucible Almanac |year=2012 |pages=74–75}}</ref> The draw for the first roond teuk place on 16 Apryle 2012, ane day efter the qualifying, an wis broadcast live bi [[Talksport]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.Worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0,,13165~2698448,00.html |title=TalkSPORT to Broadcast Warld Draw |publisher=Warld Snooker |accessdate=28 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404134230/http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0%2C%2C13165~2698448%2C00.html |archivedate=2012-04-04 }}</ref> {{Warld Snooker Championship Rounds <!--Date-Place/Player 1/Score 1/Player 2/Score 2 --> <!-- LAST 32 --> <!--Match1 --> |21 April |{{flagicon|SCO}} '''[[John Higgins]] (1)'''|'''10'''|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liang Wenbo]] |9 <!--Match2 --> |21 & 22 April |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Stuart Bingham]] (16) |4|{{flagicon|SCO}} '''[[Stephen Hendry]]''' |'''10''' <!--Match3 --> |24 & 25 April |{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Graeme Dott]] (9) |1|{{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Joe Perry (snooker player)|Joe Perry]]''' |'''10''' <!--Match4 --> |22 & 23 April |{{flagicon|SCO}} '''[[Stephen Maguire]] (8)'''|'''10'''|{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Luca Brecel]] |5 <!--Match5 --> |22 & 23 April |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Shaun Murphy]] (5) |8|{{flagicon|WAL}} '''[[Jamie Jones (snooker player)|Jamie Jones]]''' |'''10''' <!--Match6 --> |23 & 24 April |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Stephen Lee (snooker player)|Stephen Lee]] (12) |6|{{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Andrew Higginson]]''' |'''10''' <!--Match7 --> |25 & 26 April |{{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Ali Carter]] (13)'''|'''10''' |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Mark Davis (snooker player)|Mark Davis]] |2 <!--Match8 --> |24 & 25 April |{{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Judd Trump]] (4)'''|'''10'''|{{flagicon|WAL}} [[Dominic Dale]] |7 <!--Match9 --> |25 & 26 April |{{flagicon|WAL}} '''[[Mark Williams (snooker player)|Mark Williams]] (3)'''|'''10'''|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liu Chuang (snooker player)|Liu Chuang]] |6 <!--Match10 --> |23 & 24 April |{{nowrap|{{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Ronnie O'Sullivan]] (14)'''}} |'''10'''|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Peter Ebdon]] |4 <!--Match11 --> |21 & 22 April |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Martin Gould]] (11) |8|{{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[David Gilbert (snooker player)|David Gilbert]]''' |'''10''' <!--Match12 --> |21 & 22 April |{{flagicon|AUS}} '''[[Neil Robertson]] (6)''' |'''10'''|{{flagicon|IRL}} [[Ken Doherty]] |4 <!--Match13 --> |24 & 25 April |{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Ding Junhui]] (7) |9|{{flagicon|WAL}} '''[[Ryan Day (snooker player)|Ryan Day]]''' |'''10''' <!--Match14 --> |21 & 22 April |{{flagicon|NIR}} [[Mark Allen (snooker player)|Mark Allen]] (10) |6|{{flagicon|CHN}} '''[[Cao Yupeng]]''' |'''10''' <!--Match15 --> |23 April |{{flagicon|WAL}} '''[[Matthew Stevens]] (15)''' |'''10'''|{{flagicon|HKG}} [[Marco Fu]] |3 <!--Match16 --> |24 & 25 April |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Mark Selby]] (2) |3|{{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Barry Hawkins]]''' |'''10''' <!-- LAST 16 --> <!--Match1 --> |27 & 28 April |{{flagicon|SCO}} [[John Higgins]] (1) |4 |{{flagicon|SCO}} '''[[Stephen Hendry]]''' |'''13''' <!--Match2 --> |26, 27 & 28 April |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Joe Perry (snooker player)|Joe Perry]] |7|{{flagicon|SCO}} '''[[Stephen Maguire]] (8)''' |'''13''' <!--Match3 --> |29 & 30 April |{{flagicon|WAL}} '''[[Jamie Jones (snooker player)|Jamie Jones]]''' |'''13''' |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Andrew Higginson]] |10 <!--Match4 --> |28, 29 & 30 April |{{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Ali Carter]] (13)''' |'''13''' |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Judd Trump]] (4) |12 <!--Match5 --> |28, 29 & 30 April |{{flagicon|WAL}} [[Mark Williams (snooker player)|Mark Williams]] (3) |6 |{{nowrap|{{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Ronnie O'Sullivan]] (14)'''}} |'''13''' <!--Match6 --> |26 & 27 April |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[David Gilbert (snooker player)|David Gilbert]] |9|{{flagicon|AUS}} '''[[Neil Robertson]] (6)''' |'''13''' <!--Match7 --> |27 & 28 April |{{flagicon|WAL}} '''[[Ryan Day (snooker player)|Ryan Day]]''' |'''13''' |{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Cao Yupeng]] |7 <!--Match8 --> |29 & 30 April |{{flagicon|WAL}} '''[[Matthew Stevens]] (15)''' |'''13''' |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Barry Hawkins]] |11 <!-- QUARTER-FINALS --> <!--Match1 --> |1 May |{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Stephen Hendry]] |2 |{{flagicon|SCO}} '''[[Stephen Maguire]] (8)''' |'''13''' <!--Match2 --> |1 & 2 May |{{flagicon|WAL}} [[Jamie Jones (snooker player)|Jamie Jones]] |11 |{{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Ali Carter]] (13)''' |'''13''' <!--Match3 --> |1 & 2 May |{{nowrap|{{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Ronnie O'Sullivan]] (14)'''}} |'''13''' |{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Neil Robertson]] (6) |10 <!--Match4 --> |1 & 2 May |{{flagicon|WAL}} [[Ryan Day (snooker player)|Ryan Day]] |5 |{{flagicon|WAL}} '''[[Matthew Stevens]] (15)''' |'''13''' <!-- SEMI-FINALS --> <!--Match1 --> |3, 4 & 5 May |{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Stephen Maguire]] (8) |12 |{{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Ali Carter]] (13)'''|'''17''' <!--Match2 --> |3, 4 & 5 May |{{nowrap|{{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Ronnie O'Sullivan]] (14)'''}} |'''17''' |{{flagicon|WAL}} [[Matthew Stevens]] (15) |10 <!-- FINAL --> |(Best of 35 frames) [[Crucible Theatre]], [[Sheffield]], 6 & 7 May 2012. Referee: [[Michaela Tabb]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Downer |first=Chris |title=Crucible Almanac |year=2012 |pages=143}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Betfred.com Warld Championship: Final - Match 31: Allister Carter v Ronnie O'Sullivan |url=http://livescores.Worldsnookerdata.com/Matches/Result/12972?matchId=153467 |work=Worldsnookerdata.com |publisher=[[Warld Professional Billiards and Snooker Association]] |accessdate=9 March 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6F05N0EsS?url=http://livescores.worldsnookerdata.com/Matches/Result/12972?matchId=153467 |archivedate=2013-03-09 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> | [[Ali Carter]] (13)<br>{{ENG}} | 11–'''18''' | '''[[Ronnie O'Sullivan]] (14)'''<br>{{ENG}} | 37–77, 1–121, '''85'''–0, '''58'''–24, 42–86, '''55'''–2, 0–108, 0–141, '''84'''–8, 21–73, 14–69, '''62'''–30, 8–73, 13–60, '''83'''–1, 34–74, '''52'''–3, 0–101, 12–73, 48–62, 41–81, '''59'''–9, '''105'''–34, '''62'''–5, 4–129, 0–92, '''78'''–17, 0–76, 0–82 |Match time: 9:08:04 (H:MM:SS)<br />Average frame time: 18:54 (MM:SS) Century breaks: 4<br />(Carter 1, O'Sullivan 3)<!--Not every score, that is higher than 100 is a century break, see reference for centuries.--><br>Highest break by Carter: 105<br>Highest break by O'Sullivan: 141 | 37–'''77''', 1–'''121''', 85–0, 58–24, 42–'''86''', 55–2, 0–'''108''', 0–'''141''', 84–8, 21–'''73''', 14–'''69''', 62–30, 8–'''73''', 13–'''60''', 83–1, 34–'''74''', 52–3, 0–'''101''', 12–'''73''', 48–'''62''', 41–'''81''', 59–9, 105–34, 62–5, 4–'''129''', 0–'''92''', 78–17, 0–'''76''', 0–'''82''' |{{flagicon|ENG}} '''Ronnie O'Sullivan''' wins the 2012 [[Betfred|Betfred.com]] [[Warld Snooker Championship]] <!-- Frame header info --> |Best of 19 frames |Best of 25 frames |Best of 25 frames |Best of 33 frames }} ==Preliminary qualifying== The preliminary qualifying roonds for the toornament war for [[Warld Professional Billiards and Snooker Association|WPBSA]] members nae on the [[Warld Snooker Tour#Main Tour|Main Tour]] and teuk place on 5 Apryle 2012 at the [[English Institute of Sport – Sheffield|Warld Snooker Academy]] in [[Sheffield]].<ref name="WS quali">{{cite web |url=http://www.Worldsnooker.com/staticFiles/86/9e/0,,13165~171654,00.pdf |title=2012 Betfred Warld Snooker Championship Qualifying Draw |publisher=[[Warld Professional Billiards and Snooker Association]] |work=Worldsnooker.com |accessdate=23 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324004139/http://www.worldsnooker.com/staticFiles/86/9e/0%2C%2C13165~171654%2C00.pdf |archivedate=2012-03-24 }}</ref><ref name="WS results">{{cite web |url=http://www.Worldsnooker.com/page/BetfredcomWarldChampionshipQArticle/0,,13165~2741442,00.html |title=2012 Betfred Warld Qualifiers Results |publisher=[[Warld Professional Billiards and Snooker Association]] |work=Worldsnooker.com |accessdate=20 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426215921/http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/BetfredcomWarldChampionshipQArticle/0%2C%2C13165~2741442%2C00.html |archivedate=2012-04-26 }}</ref><ref name="Snooker.org Qualifiers">{{cite web |title=Betfred.com Warld Championship Qualifiers (2012) |url=http://snooker.org/res/index.asp?event=95 |publisher=Snooker.org |accessdate=15 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120416041340/http://www.snooker.org/res/index.asp?event=95 |archive-date=16 April 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> '''Roond 1''' {|width="50%" cellspacing="1" |- !width=45%| !width=10%| !width=45%| |- | {{flagicon|ENG}} [[John Parrott]] || align="center"| 0–'''5''' || {{flagicon|NIR}} '''[[Patrick Wallace]]''' |- | {{flagicon|IRL}} '''[[Joe Delaney (snooker player)|Joe Delaney]]''' || align="center"| '''5'''–4 || {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Stephen Rowlings]] |- | {{flagicon|ENG}} Philip Minchin || align="center"| 3–'''5''' || {{flagicon|ENG}} '''Barry Stark''' |- | {{flagicon|ENG}} Ali Bassiri || align="center"| 0–'''5''' || {{flagicon|IND}} '''David Singh''' |- | {{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Jamie O'Neill (snooker player)|Jamie O'Neill]]''' || align="center"| '''5'''–4 || {{flagicon|ENG}} [[David Gray (snooker player)|David Gray]] |- | {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Les Dodd]] || align="center"| 0–'''5''' || {{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Justin Astley]]''' |} '''Roond 2''' {|width="50%" cellspacing="1" |- !width=45%| !width=10%| !width=45%| |- | {{flagicon|NIR}} '''[[Patrick Wallace]]''' || align="center"| '''5'''–2 || {{flagicon|IRL}} [[Joe Delaney (snooker player)|Joe Delaney]] |- | {{flagicon|ENG}} Barry Stark || align="center"| 1–'''5''' || {{flagicon|IND}} '''David Singh''' |- | {{flagicon|ENG}} Stephen Ormerod || align="center"| 0–'''5''' || {{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Jamie O'Neill (snooker player)|Jamie O'Neill]]''' |- | {{flagicon|ENG}} Del Smith || align="center"| 2–'''5''' || {{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Justin Astley]]''' |} ==Qualifying== The qualifying roonds 1–4 for the toornament that teuk place atween 6 and 12 Apryle 2012 at the [[English Institute of Sport – Sheffield|English Institute of Sport]] in [[Sheffield]]. The final roond of qualifying teuk place atween 14 and 15 Apryle 2012 at the same venue.<ref name="WS quali"/><ref name="WS results"/><ref name="Snooker.org Qualifiers"/> [[Robert Milkins]] made the 87th offeecial [[maximum break]] during his roond fower qualifying match against [[Xiao Guodong]] on 11 Apryle 2012. This wis the seicont maximum brak of Milkins' career.<ref name="Milkins' maximum break">{{cite web |title=Maximum Glory For Milkins |url=http://www.Worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0,,13165~2731327,00.html |work=Worldsnooker.com |publisher=[[Warld Professional Billiards and Snooker Association]] |accessdate=11 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413225644/http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0%2C%2C13165~2731327%2C00.html |archivedate=2012-04-13 }}</ref> '''Roond 1''' {|width="50%" cellspacing="1" |- !width=45%| !width=10%| !width=45%| |- | {{flagicon|BRA}} '''[[Igor Figueiredo]]''' || align="center"| '''10'''–5 || {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Jamie O'Neill (snooker player)|Jamie O'Neill]] |} '''Roonds 2–5''' {{32TeamX4RoundBracket | RD1 = Round 2<br />Best of 19 frames | RD2 = Round 3<br />Best of 19 frames | RD3 = Round 4<br />Best of 19 frames | RD4 = Round 5<br />Best of 19 frames | RD1-seed01 ={{flagicon|CHN}} | RD1-team01 =[[Tian Pengfei]] | RD1-score01 =5 | RD1-seed02 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD1-team02 ='''[[Adam Wicheard]]''' | RD1-score02 ='''10''' | RD1-seed03 ={{flagicon|NIR}} | RD1-team03 =[[Joe Swail]] | RD1-score03 =5 | RD1-seed04 ={{flagicon|WAL}} | RD1-team04 ='''[[Daniel Wells (snooker player)|Daniel Wells]]''' | RD1-score04 ='''10''' | RD1-seed05 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD1-team05 ='''[[Liam Highfield]]''' | RD1-score05 ='''10''' | RD1-seed06 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD1-team06 =[[Matthew Couch]] | RD1-score06 =5 | RD1-seed07 ={{flagicon|WAL}} | RD1-team07 =[[Andrew Pagett]] | RD1-score07 =8 | RD1-seed08 ={{flagicon|IND}} | RD1-team08 ='''[[Aditya Mehta]]''' | RD1-score08 ='''10''' | RD1-seed09 ={{flagicon|CHN}} | RD1-team09 ='''[[Li Yan (snooker player)|Li Yan]]''' | RD1-score09 ='''10''' | RD1-seed10 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD1-team10 =[[Paul Davison]] | RD1-score10 =4 | RD1-seed11 ={{flagicon|CHN}} | RD1-team11 ='''[[Yu Delu]]''' | RD1-score11 ='''10''' | RD1-seed12 ={{flagicon|NIR}} | RD1-team12 =[[Patrick Wallace]] | RD1-score12 =9 | RD1-seed13 ={{flagicon|NOR}} | RD1-team13 =[[Kurt Maflin]] | RD1-score13 =2 | RD1-seed14 ={{flagicon|CHN}} | RD1-team14 ='''[[Cao Yupeng]]''' | RD1-score14 ='''10''' | RD1-seed15 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD1-team15 =[[Andrew Norman (snooker player)|Andrew Norman]] | RD1-score15 =8 | RD1-seed16 ={{flagicon|BRA}} | RD1-team16 ='''[[Igor Figueiredo]]''' | RD1-score16 ='''10''' | RD1-seed17 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD1-team17 =[[Ian McCulloch (snooker player)|Ian McCulloch]] | RD1-score17 =2 | RD1-seed18 ={{flagicon|BEL}} | RD1-team18 ='''[[Luca Brecel]]''' | RD1-score18 ='''10''' | RD1-seed19 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD1-team19 =[[Sam Craigie]] | RD1-score19 =9 | RD1-seed20 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD1-team20 ='''[[Justin Astley]]''' | RD1-score20 ='''10''' | RD1-seed21 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD1-team21 ='''[[David Gilbert (snooker player)|David Gilbert]]''' | RD1-score21 ='''10''' | RD1-seed22 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD1-team22 =[[Stuart Carrington]] | RD1-score22 =7 | RD1-seed23 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD1-team23 ='''[[Rod Lawler]]''' | RD1-score23 ='''10''' | RD1-seed24 ={{flagicon|THA}} | RD1-team24 =[[Dechawat Poomjaeng]] | RD1-score24 =8 | RD1-seed25 ={{flagicon|IRL}} | RD1-team25 ='''[[David Morris (snooker player)|David Morris]]''' | RD1-score25 ='''10''' | RD1-seed26 ={{flagicon|POL}} | RD1-team26 =[[Kacper Filipiak]] | RD1-score26 =2 | RD1-seed27 ={{flagicon|THA}} | RD1-team27 ={{nowrap|'''[[Passakorn Suwannawat]]'''}} | RD1-score27 ='''10''' | RD1-seed28 ={{flagicon|IND}} | RD1-team28 =David Singh | RD1-score28 =5 | RD1-seed29 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD1-team29 =[[Sam Baird]] | RD1-score29 =8 | RD1-seed30 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD1-team30 ='''[[David Grace (snooker player)|David Grace]]''' | RD1-score30 ='''10''' | RD1-seed31 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD1-team31 ='''[[Adam Duffy]]''' | RD1-score31 ='''10''' | RD1-seed32 ={{flagicon|IND}} | RD1-team32 =[[Lucky Vatnani]] | RD1-score32 =2 | RD2-seed01 ={{flagicon|SCO}} | RD2-team01 ='''[[Anthony McGill (snooker player)|Anthony McGill]]''' | RD2-score01 ='''10''' | RD2-seed02 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD2-team02 =[[Adam Wicheard]] | RD2-score02 =0 | RD2-seed03 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD2-team03 ='''[[Ben Woollaston]]''' | RD2-score03 ='''10''' | RD2-seed04 ={{flagicon|WAL}} | RD2-team04 =[[Daniel Wells (snooker player)|Daniel Wells]] | RD2-score04 =4 | RD2-seed05 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD2-team05 ='''[[Andy Hicks]]''' | RD2-score05 ='''10''' | RD2-seed06 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD2-team06 =[[Liam Highfield]] | RD2-score06 =3 | RD2-seed07 ={{flagicon|CHN}} | RD2-team07 ='''[[Xiao Guodong]]''' | RD2-score07 ='''10''' | RD2-seed08 ={{flagicon|IND}} | RD2-team08 =[[Aditya Mehta]] | RD2-score08 =4 | RD2-seed09 ={{flagicon|THA}} | RD2-team09 ='''[[James Wattana]]''' | RD2-score09 ='''10''' | RD2-seed10 ={{flagicon|CHN}} | RD2-team10 =[[Li Yan (snooker player)|Li Yan]] | RD2-score10 =6 | RD2-seed11 ={{flagicon|WAL}} | RD2-team11 =[[Michael White (snooker player)|Michael White]] | RD2-score11 =2 | RD2-seed12 ={{flagicon|CHN}} | RD2-team12 ='''[[Yu Delu]]''' | RD2-score12 ='''10''' | RD2-seed13 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD2-team13 =[[Dave Harold]] | RD2-score13 =9 | RD2-seed14 ={{flagicon|CHN}} | RD2-team14 ='''[[Cao Yupeng]]''' | RD2-score14 ='''10''' | RD2-seed15 ={{flagicon|CHN}} | RD2-team15 =[[Liu Song (snooker player)|Liu Song]] | RD2-score15 =9 | RD2-seed16 ={{flagicon|BRA}} | RD2-team16 ='''[[Igor Figueiredo]]''' | RD2-score16 ='''10''' | RD2-seed17 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD2-team17 =[[Barry Pinches]] | RD2-score17 =3 | RD2-seed18 ={{flagicon|BEL}} | RD2-team18 ='''[[Luca Brecel]]''' | RD2-score18 ='''10''' | RD2-seed19 ={{flagicon|MLT}} | RD2-team19 =[[Tony Drago]] | RD2-score19 =7 | RD2-seed20 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD2-team20 ='''[[Justin Astley]]''' | RD2-score20 ='''10''' | RD2-seed21 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD2-team21 =[[Jimmy Robertson (snooker player)|Jimmy Robertson]] | RD2-score21 =9 | RD2-seed22 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD2-team22 ='''[[David Gilbert (snooker player)|David Gilbert]]''' | RD2-score22 ='''10''' | RD2-seed23 ={{flagicon|CHN}} | RD2-team23 ='''[[Liu Chuang (snooker player)|Liu Chuang]]''' | RD2-score23 ='''10''' | RD2-seed24 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD2-team24 =[[Rod Lawler]] | RD2-score24 =7 | RD2-seed25 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD2-team25 =[[Mark Joyce]] | RD2-score25 =4 | RD2-seed26 ={{flagicon|IRL}} | RD2-team26 ='''[[David Morris (snooker player)|David Morris]]''' | RD2-score26 ='''10''' | RD2-seed27 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD2-team27 ='''[[Peter Lines]]''' | RD2-score27 ='''10''' | RD2-seed28 ={{flagicon|THA}} | RD2-team28 ={{nowrap|[[Passakorn Suwannawat]]}} | RD2-score28 =4 | RD2-seed29 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD2-team29 ='''[[Alfred Burden|Alfie Burden]]''' | RD2-score29 ='''10''' | RD2-seed30 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD2-team30 =[[David Grace (snooker player)|David Grace]] | RD2-score30 =5 | RD2-seed31 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD2-team31 =[[Adrian Gunnell]] | RD2-score31 =8 | RD2-seed32 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD2-team32 ='''[[Adam Duffy]]''' | RD2-score32 ='''10''' | RD3-seed01 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD3-team01 ='''[[Anthony Hamilton (snooker player)|Anthony Hamilton]]''' | RD3-score01 ='''10''' | RD3-seed02 ={{flagicon|SCO}} | RD3-team02 =[[Anthony McGill (snooker player)|Anthony McGill]] | RD3-score02 =8 | RD3-seed03 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD3-team03 =[[Steve Davis]] | RD3-score03 =7 | RD3-seed04 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD3-team04 ='''[[Ben Woollaston]]''' | RD3-score04 ='''10''' | RD3-seed05 ={{flagicon|WAL}} | RD3-team05 ='''[[Jamie Jones (snooker player)|Jamie Jones]]''' | RD3-score05 ='''10''' | RD3-seed06 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD3-team06 =[[Andy Hicks]] | RD3-score06 =9 | RD3-seed07 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD3-team07 ='''[[Robert Milkins]]''' | RD3-score07 ='''10''' | RD3-seed08 ={{flagicon|CHN}} | RD3-team08 =[[Xiao Guodong]] | RD3-score08 =4 | RD3-seed09 ={{flagicon|NIR}} | RD3-team09 ='''[[Gerard Greene]]''' | RD3-score09 ='''10''' | RD3-seed10 ={{flagicon|THA}} | RD3-team10 =[[James Wattana]] | RD3-score10 =9 | RD3-seed11 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD3-team11 =[[Matthew Selt]] | RD3-score11 =5 | RD3-seed12 ={{flagicon|CHN}} | RD3-team12 ='''[[Yu Delu]]''' | RD3-score12 ='''10''' | RD3-seed13 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD3-team13 =[[Nigel Bond]] | RD3-score13 =7 | RD3-seed14 ={{flagicon|CHN}} | RD3-team14 ='''[[Cao Yupeng]]''' | RD3-score14 ='''10''' | RD3-seed15 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD3-team15 ='''[[Shailesh Jogia|Joe Jogia]]''' | RD3-score15 ='''10''' | RD3-seed16 ={{flagicon|BRA}} | RD3-team16 =[[Igor Figueiredo]] | RD3-score16 =7 | RD3-seed17 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD3-team17 =[[Michael Holt (snooker player)|Michael Holt]] | RD3-score17 =9 | RD3-seed18 ={{flagicon|BEL}} | RD3-team18 ='''[[Luca Brecel]]''' | RD3-score18 ='''10''' | RD3-seed19 ={{flagicon|CHN}} | RD3-team19 ='''[[Liang Wenbo]]''' | RD3-score19 ='''10''' | RD3-seed20 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD3-team20 =[[Justin Astley]] | RD3-score20 =3 | RD3-seed21 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD3-team21 =[[Mike Dunn (snooker player)|Mike Dunn]] | RD3-score21 =6 | RD3-seed22 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD3-team22 ='''[[David Gilbert (snooker player)|David Gilbert]]''' | RD3-score22 ='''10''' | RD3-seed23 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD3-team23 =[[Jimmy White]] | RD3-score23 =8 | RD3-seed24 ={{flagicon|CHN}} | RD3-team24 ='''[[Liu Chuang (snooker player)|Liu Chuang]]''' | RD3-score24 ='''10''' | RD3-seed25 ={{flagicon|SCO}} | RD3-team25 =[[Alan McManus]] | RD3-score25 =7 | RD3-seed26 ={{flagicon|IRL}} | RD3-team26 ='''[[David Morris (snooker player)|David Morris]]''' | RD3-score26 ='''10''' | RD3-seed27 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD3-team27 =[[Rory McLeod (snooker player)|Rory McLeod]] | RD3-score27 =5 | RD3-seed28 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD3-team28 ='''[[Peter Lines]]''' | RD3-score28 ='''10''' | RD3-seed29 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD3-team29 =[[Jack Lisowski]] | RD3-score29 =3 | RD3-seed30 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD3-team30 ='''[[Alfred Burden|Alfie Burden]]''' | RD3-score30 ='''10''' | RD3-seed31 ={{flagicon|SCO}} | RD3-team31 ='''[[Jamie Burnett]]''' | RD3-score31 ='''10''' | RD3-seed32 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD3-team32 =[[Adam Duffy]] | RD3-score32 =7 | RD4-seed01 ={{flagicon|IRL}} | RD4-team01 ='''[[Ken Doherty]]''' | RD4-score01 ='''10''' | RD4-seed02 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD4-team02 =[[Anthony Hamilton (snooker player)|Anthony Hamilton]] | RD4-score02 =9 | RD4-seed03 ={{flagicon|WAL}} | RD4-team03 ='''[[Dominic Dale]]''' | RD4-score03 ='''10''' | RD4-seed04 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD4-team04 =[[Ben Woollaston]] | RD4-score04 =3 | RD4-seed05 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD4-team05 =[[Ricky Walden]] | RD4-score05 =2 | RD4-seed06 ={{flagicon|WAL}} | RD4-team06 ='''[[Jamie Jones (snooker player)|Jamie Jones]]''' | RD4-score06 ='''10''' | RD4-seed07 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD4-team07 ='''[[Mark Davis (snooker player)|Mark Davis]]''' | RD4-score07 ='''10''' | RD4-seed08 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD4-team08 =[[Robert Milkins]] | RD4-score08 =5 | RD4-seed09 ={{flagicon|WAL}} | RD4-team09 ='''[[Ryan Day (snooker player)|Ryan Day]]''' | RD4-score09 ='''10''' | RD4-seed10 ={{flagicon|NIR}} | RD4-team10 =[[Gerard Greene]] | RD4-score10 =8 | RD4-seed11 ={{flagicon|SCO}} | RD4-team11 ='''[[Stephen Hendry]]''' | RD4-score11 ='''10''' | RD4-seed12 ={{flagicon|CHN}} | RD4-team12 =[[Yu Delu]] | RD4-score12 =6 | RD4-seed13 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD4-team13 =[[Tom Ford (snooker player)|Tom Ford]] | RD4-score13 =9 | RD4-seed14 ={{flagicon|CHN}} | RD4-team14 ='''[[Cao Yupeng]]''' | RD4-score14 ='''10''' | RD4-seed15 ={{flagicon|HKG}} | RD4-team15 ='''[[Marco Fu]]''' | RD4-score15 ='''10''' | RD4-seed16 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD4-team16 =[[Shailesh Jogia|Joe Jogia]] | RD4-score16 =4 | RD4-seed17 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD4-team17 =[[Mark King (snooker player)|Mark King]] | RD4-score17 =8 | RD4-seed18 ={{flagicon|BEL}} | RD4-team18 ='''[[Luca Brecel]]''' | RD4-score18 ='''10''' | RD4-seed19 ={{flagicon|SCO}} | RD4-team19 =[[Marcus Campbell]] | RD4-score19 =9 | RD4-seed20 ={{flagicon|CHN}} | RD4-team20 ='''[[Liang Wenbo]]''' | RD4-score20 ='''10''' | RD4-seed21 ={{flagicon|IRL}} | RD4-team21 =[[Fergal O'Brien]] | RD4-score21 =4 | RD4-seed22 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD4-team22 ='''[[David Gilbert (snooker player)|David Gilbert]]''' | RD4-score22 ='''10''' | RD4-seed23 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD4-team23 =[[Jamie Cope]] | RD4-score23 =7 | RD4-seed24 ={{flagicon|CHN}} | RD4-team24 ='''[[Liu Chuang (snooker player)|Liu Chuang]]''' | RD4-score24 ='''10''' | RD4-seed25 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD4-team25 ='''[[Barry Hawkins]]''' | RD4-score25 ='''10''' | RD4-seed26 ={{flagicon|IRL}} | RD4-team26 =[[David Morris (snooker player)|David Morris]] | RD4-score26 =4 | RD4-seed27 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD4-team27 ='''[[Andrew Higginson]]''' | RD4-score27 ='''10''' | RD4-seed28 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD4-team28 =[[Peter Lines]] | RD4-score28 =4 | RD4-seed29 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD4-team29 ='''[[Peter Ebdon]]''' | RD4-score29 ='''10''' | RD4-seed30 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD4-team30 =[[Alfred Burden|Alfie Burden]] | RD4-score30 =0 | RD4-seed31 ={{flagicon|ENG}} | RD4-team31 ='''[[Joe Perry (snooker player)|Joe Perry]]''' | RD4-score31 ='''10''' | RD4-seed32 ={{flagicon|SCO}} | RD4-team32 =[[Jamie Burnett]] | RD4-score32 =8 }} ==Century breaks == ===Televised stage centuries === Thare war 71 century braks in the televised stage o the Warld Championship.<ref>{{cite web |title=Televised century breaks |url=http://livescores.Worldsnookerdata.com/Centuries.aspx?t=12972 |work=Worldsnookerdata.com |publisher=[[Warld Professional Billiards and Snooker Association]] |accessdate=20 April 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/67Ukhy8h6?url=http://livescores.worldsnookerdata.com/Centuries.aspx?t=12972 |archivedate=2012-05-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://asia.eurosport.com/snooker/crucible-century-breaks_sto3242649/story.shtml |title=Crucible century breaks |publisher=[[Eurosport|Eurosport Asia]] |accessdate=22 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430051756/http://asia.eurosport.com/snooker/crucible-century-breaks_sto3242649/story.shtml |archive-date=30 April 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Downer |first=Chris |title=Crucible Almanac |year=2012 |pages=154}}</ref> For every century brak that wis made during the 17-day championship in Sheffield, the title sponsor, [[Betfred]], donated [[Pound sterling|£]]200 tae Warld Snooker's offeecial charity for the 2011/2012 season, Haven House Childer's Hospice, wi the promise of topping it up tae £25,000 if 75 centuries war made. Houiver, Betfred boss Fred Done donated the full £25,000, despite bein fower centuries short o the target.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.Worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0,,13165~2764638,00.html |title=Betfred Donate To Haven House |work=Worldsnooker.com |publisher=[[Warld Professional Billiards and Snooker Association]] |accessdate=12 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511124223/http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0%2C%2C13165~2764638%2C00.html |archivedate=2012-05-11 }}</ref> {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} * [[Maximum break|147]], 123, 100 {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Stephen Hendry]] * 142, 125, 117, 101, 101, 101 {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Stephen Maguire]] * 141, 130, 128, 117, 113, 110, 107, 104, 103, 101, 100, 100 {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Ronnie O'Sullivan]] * 138, 136, 135, 134, 132, 127, 101 {{flagicon|WAL}} [[Jamie Jones (snooker player)|Jamie Jones]] * 136, 109 {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Martin Gould]] * 134, 132, 118, 112, 105, 101 {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Ali Carter]] * 133, 124 {{flagicon|SCO}} [[John Higgins]] * 131, 108, 106, 106, 100, 100 {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Neil Robertson]] * 125, 113, 108 {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Cao Yupeng]] * 123, 122, 116, 101 {{flagicon|WAL}} [[Matthew Stevens]] * 121 {{flagicon|ENG}} [[David Gilbert (snooker player)|David Gilbert]] {{col-2}} * 120, 114 {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Judd Trump]] * 119, 113, 112, 110, 100 {{flagicon|WAL}} [[Ryan Day (snooker player)|Ryan Day]] * 116 {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Luca Brecel]] * 115, 103 {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Joe Perry (snooker player)|Joe Perry]] * 111 {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Andrew Higginson]] * 111 {{flagicon|WAL}} [[Mark Williams (snooker player)|Mark Williams]] * 110, 102 {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Stephen Lee (snooker player)|Stephen Lee]] * 104 {{flagicon|IRL}} [[Ken Doherty]] * 102, 101 {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Shaun Murphy]] * 101 {{flagicon|NIR}} [[Mark Allen (snooker player)|Mark Allen]] * 100 {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Ding Junhui]] {{col-end}} ===Qualifying stage centuries === Thare war 60 century braks in the qualifying stage o the Warld Championship.<ref>{{cite web |title=Preliminary qualifying century breaks |url=http://livescores.Worldsnookerdata.com/Centuries.aspx?t=12971 |work=Worldsnookerdata.com |publisher=[[Warld Professional Billiards and Snooker Association]] |accessdate=5 April 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/66ho7qNaV?url=http://livescores.worldsnookerdata.com/Centuries.aspx?t=12971 |archivedate=2012-04-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Qualifying century breaks |url=http://livescores.Worldsnookerdata.com/Centuries.aspx?t=12970 |work=Worldsnookerdata.com |publisher=[[Warld Professional Billiards and Snooker Association]] |accessdate=15 April 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/66x4HClra?url=http://livescores.worldsnookerdata.com/Centuries.aspx?t=12970 |archivedate=2012-04-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} * [[Maximum break|147]] {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Robert Milkins]] * 145, 128 {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Ben Woollaston]] * 142, 125 {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Jamie Burnett]] * 140, 134 {{flagicon|WAL}} [[Jamie Jones (snooker player)|Jamie Jones]] * 140, 103 {{flagicon|IND}} [[Aditya Mehta]] * 140 {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Xiao Guodong]] * 139, 138, 103 {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liu Chuang (snooker player)|Liu Chuang]] * 136, 107 {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liang Wenbo]] * 135, 124, 100 {{flagicon|ENG}} [[David Gilbert (snooker player)|David Gilbert]] * 134, 112, 110 {{flagicon|IRL}} [[Ken Doherty]] * 134 {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Sam Baird]] * 129, 107 {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Stephen Hendry]] * 128, 102 {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Anthony Hamilton (snooker player)|Anthony Hamilton]] * 127, 125 {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Barry Hawkins]] * 123 {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Adam Duffy]] * 122 {{flagicon|THA}} [[Passakorn Suwannawat]] * 120 {{flagicon|WAL}} [[Daniel Wells (snooker player)|Daniel Wells]] * 117 {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Nigel Bond]] * 116 {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Andy Hicks]] * 113, 102 {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Jimmy Robertson (snooker player)|Jimmy Robertson]] {{col-2}} * 112, 101 {{flagicon|WAL}} [[Ryan Day (snooker player)|Ryan Day]] * 110, 100 {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Marco Fu]] * 110 {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Peter Lines]] * 108 {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Luca Brecel]] * 108 {{flagicon|IRL}} [[Fergal O'Brien]] * 107, 103 {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Jamie Cope]] * 107, 102 {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Tom Ford (snooker player)|Tom Ford]] * 106 {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Anthony McGill (snooker player)|Anthony McGill]] * 105 {{flagicon|IRL}} [[David Morris (snooker player)|David Morris]] * 105 {{flagicon|ENG}} [[David Grace]] * 105 {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Michael Holt (snooker player)|Michael Holt]] * 103 {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Justin Astley]] * 103 {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Rod Lawler]] * 102 {{flagicon|WAL}} [[Andrew Pagett]] * 102 {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Peter Ebdon]] * 101 {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Liam Highfield]] * 101 {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Adrian Gunnell]] * 101 {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Cao Yupeng]] * 100 {{flagicon|ENG}} [[David Gray (snooker player)|David Gray]] {{col-end}} ==References== {{reflist|30em}} ==External links== *{{Official website|1=http://www.Worldsnooker.com/page/BetfredcomWarldChampionship}} *{{YouTube|id=kGgjLsgdtZ4|title=Robert Milkins 147 v Xiao Guodong WSC Qualifiers R 4 (April 11, 2012)}} *[http://s556.photobucket.com/albums/ss7/MoniqueLimbos/Crucible%202012/ Crucible 2012 pictures by MoniqueLimbos]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} at [[Photobucket]] {{Warld Snooker Championship}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Warld Snooker Championship, 2012}} [[Category:Warld Snooker Championship|2012]] nivc7eahulnjrbce2fubicjcvq107qm Union o Arab Fitbaa Associations 0 221867 925560 781243 2026-10-31T03:21:45Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 925560 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization | name = Union o Arab Fitbaw Associations<br />{{lang|ar|الإتــحــاد الــعــربــي لــكــرة الــقــدم}} | image = | size = | map = UAFA Members.png | msize = 300px | mcaption = {{legend|#346733|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]] members}}{{legend|#5555ff|[[Confederation o African Fitbaw|CAF]] members}} | formation = 1974 | type = Sports organisation | headquarters = [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabie]] | membership = {{Collapsible list | title = [[#Current members|22 members]] |{{flagicon|DZA}} [[Algerie Fitbaa Federation|Algerie]] |{{flagicon|BHR}} [[Bahrain Fitbaw Association|Bahrain]] |{{flagicon|COM}} [[Comoros Fitbaw Federation|Comoros]] |{{flagicon|DJI}} [[Djiboutian Fitbaw Federation|Djibouti]] |{{flagicon|EGY}} [[Egyptian Fitbaa Association|Egyp]] |{{flagicon|IRQ}} [[Iraq Fitbaw Association|Iraq]] |{{flagicon|JOR}} [[Jordan Fitbaw Association|Jordan]] |{{flagicon|KWT}} [[Kuwait Fitbaw Association|Kuwait]] |{{flagicon|LBN}} [[Lebanon Fitbaw Association|Lebanon]] |{{flagicon|LBY}} [[Libie Fitbaw Federation|Libie]] |{{flagicon|MRT}} [[Fitbaw Federation o the Islamic Republic o Mauritanie|Mauritanie]] |{{flagicon|MAR}} [[Ryal Moroccan Fitbaw Federation|Morocco]] |{{flagicon|OMN}} [[Oman Fitbaw Association|Oman]] |{{flagicon|PSE}} [[Palestinian Fitbaw Federation|Palestine]] |{{flagicon|QAT}} [[Qatar Fitbaw Association|Qatar]] |{{flagicon|SAU}} [[Saudi Arabie Fitbaw Federation|Saudi&nbsp;Arabie]] |{{flagicon|SOM}} [[Somali Fitbaw Federation|Somalie]] |{{flagicon|SDN}} [[Sudan Fitbaw Association|Sudan]] |{{flagicon|SYR}} [[Sirian Arab Federation for Fitbaw|Sirie]] |{{flagicon|TUN}} [[Tunisie Fitbaw Federation|Tunisie]] |{{flagicon|ARE}} [[Unitit Arab Emirates Fitbaw Association|Unitit&nbsp;Arab&nbsp;Emirates]] |{{flagicon|YEM}} [[Yemen Fitbaw Association|Yemen]] }} | language = [[Arabic]], [[Inglis leid|Inglis]] an [[French leid|French]] | leader_title = Preses | leader_name = {{flagicon|KSA}} [[Abdulaziz bin Turki Al-Faisal]] | leader_title2 = Vice-preses | leader_name2 = | website = [http://www.uafaonline.com/ UAFAOnline.com] }} The '''Union o Arab Fitbaa Associations''' ('''UAFA'''; {{lang-ar|الاتحاد العربي لكرة القدم}}; {{lang-fr|Union des associations de football arabe}}) is the govrenin body o [[Association fitbaw|fitbaw]] in the [[Arab League]]. ==History== The Union o Arab Fitbaa Associations (UAFA) wis established in 1974 in [[Tripoli]], [[Libie]]. In 1976, a general assembly wis held in [[Damascus]], [[Sirie]], an the fitbaw association heidquarters wur transferred tae thair present seat in [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabie]]. ==Preses== Mohamed Raouraoua is annoonced a new preses o UAFA.<ref>{{cite web |title=Raouraoua nouveau président de l’UAFA |url=http://www.lebuteur.com/article/detail?id=9360&titre=raouraoua-nouveau-president-de-luafa |work=Le Buteur |publisher= |date=July 2, 2014 |accessdate= }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" valign="top" |- !Duration !Name |- |- |1974 – 1999 |{{flagicon|KSA}} [[Faisal bin Fahd]] |- |1999 – 2011 |{{flagicon|KSA}} [[Sultan bin Fahd]] |- |2011 – 2014 |{{flagicon|KSA}} [[Nawaf bin Faisal]] |- |2014 – 2017 |{{flagicon|KSA}} [[Turki bin Khalid]] |- |2017 – 2019 |{{flagicon|KSA}} [[Turki Al-Sheikh]] |- |2019–Present |{{flagicon|KSA}} [[Abdulaziz bin Turki Al-Faisal]] |} ==Current members== Aw UAFA members frae the [[Asian Football Confederation]] are an aw members o the [[Wast Asie Fitbaw Federation]] (WAFF). Aw WAFF an [[Union o North African Fitbaw Federations]] (UNAF) members are UAFA members. {| class="wikitable sortable" valign="top" |- ! Kintra ! Confederation ! Sub-confederation ! {{Tooltip|Year|Year o membership}} |- |- | {{fb|ALG}} | [[Confederation o African Fitbaw|CAF]] | [[Union o North African Fitbaa Federations|UNAF]] | 1974 |- | {{fb|BHR}} | [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]] | [[Wast Asie Fitbaa Federation|WAFF]] | 1976 |- | {{fb|COM}} | [[Confederation o African Fitbaw|CAF]] | [[Cooncil o Soothren Africae Fitbaa Associations|COSAFA]] | 2003 |- | {{fb|DJI}} | [[Confederation o African Fitbaw|CAF]] | [[Cooncil for East an Central Africae Fitbaa Associations|CECAFA]] | 1998 |- | {{fb|EGY}} | [[Confederation o African Fitbaw|CAF]] | [[Union o North African Fitbaa Federations|UNAF]] | 1974 |- | {{fb|IRQ}} | [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]] | [[Wast Asie Fitbaa Federation|WAFF]] | 1974 |- | {{fb|JOR}} | [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]] | [[Wast Asie Fitbaa Federation|WAFF]] | 1974 |- | {{fb|KUW}} | [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]] | [[Wast Asiae Fitbaa Federation|WAFF]] | 1976 |- | {{fb|LIB}} | [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]] | [[Wast Asie Fitbaa Federation|WAFF]] | 1978 |- | {{fb|LBY}} | [[Confederation o African Fitbaw|CAF]] | [[Union o North African Fitbaa Federations|UNAF]] | 1974 |- | {{fb|MTN}} | [[Confederation o African Fitbaw|CAF]] | [[Wast African Fitbaa Union|WAFU]] | 1989 |- | {{fb|MAR}} | [[Confederation o African Fitbaw|CAF]] | [[Union o North African Fitbaa Federations|UNAF]] | 1976 |- | {{fb|OMA}} | [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]] | [[Wast Asie Fitbaa Federation|WAFF]] | 1978 |- | {{fb|PLE}} | [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]] | [[Wast Asie Fitbaa Federation|WAFF]] | 1974 |- | {{fb|QAT}} | [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]] | [[Wast Asie Fitbaa Federation|WAFF]] | 1976 |- | {{fb|KSA}} | [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]] | [[Wast Asie Fitbaa Federation|WAFF]] | 1974 |- | {{fb|SOM}} | [[Confederation o African Fitbaw|CAF]] | [[Cooncil for East an Central Africae Fitbaa Associations|CECAFA]] | 1974 |- | {{fb|SDN}} | [[Confederation o African Fitbaw|CAF]] | [[Cooncil for East an Central Africae Fitbaa Associations|CECAFA]] | 1978 |- | {{fb|SYR}} | [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]] | [[Wast Aske Football Federation|WAFF]] | 1974 |- | {{fb|TUN}} | [[Confederation o African Fitbaw|CAF]] | [[Unioo o North African Fitbaa Federations|UNAF]] | 1976 |- | {{fb|UAE}} | [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]] | [[Wast Asie Fitbaa Federation|WAFF]] | 1974 |- | {{fb|YEM}} | [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]] | [[Wast Asie Fitbaa Federation|WAFF]] | 1978 |} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20180906205857/http://uafaac.com/ uafaac.com] - ''UAFA offeecial wabsteid'' *[https://web.archive.org/web/20150930192500/http://www.uafaonline.com/ uafaonline.com] - ''Umwhile offeecial wabsteid'' [[Category:Union o Arab Fitbaa Associations]] 0i51tor6oydjlx6p7hjh3m3722uuw5f Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane 3 222217 925483 925456 2026-10-30T14:00:07Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 /* Archive Today bot */ Replie 925483 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, CiphriusKane, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye faer [[Special:Contributions/CiphriusKane|yer werks]]. Some gibbles ye'll fynd uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isnae. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|How tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> &#8211;<span style="font-family:CG Times">[[User:MJL|<span style="color:black">MJL</span>]]&thinsp;[[User talk:MJL|‐'''Tauk'''‐]]<sup>[[Special:CentralAuth/MJL|☖]]</sup></span> 10:00, 26 August 2020 (UTC) ==Scots skills== Hullo an walcome. A recommend makin a Uiser page fir yersel, an uisin the 'Babel Uiser Interface' infobox on it to share yer skills in Scots. (https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Babel#sco_-_Scots_(Scots)) [[Uiser:Soothrhins|Soothrhins]] ([[Uiser collogue:Soothrhins|tauk]]) 22:09, 26 August 2020 (UTC) == Thank you == Thank you for doing that. --[[Uiser:LokaloSkotso|LokaloSkotso]] ([[Uiser collogue:LokaloSkotso|tauk]]) 01:22, 30 August 2020 (UTC) == +rollbacker +autopatroller == I have granted you new powers due to your obvious and present need for them. With rollback, you can revert vandalism in a single click. With autopatroller, all pages you create will no longer need to be reviewed by an admin. Use these tools wisely! &#8211;<span style="font-family:CG Times">[[User:MJL|<span style="color:black">MJL</span>]]&thinsp;[[User talk:MJL|‐'''Tauk'''‐]]<sup>[[Special:CentralAuth/MJL|☖]]</sup></span> 05:07, 3 September 2020 (UTC) == Just an idea... == Hi CiphriusKane, I really like your list of Scottish topics. If you're looking for suggestions, how about indigenous plants and animals, indigenous races and breeds (kettle, sheep, goats, dogs?), indigenous fruit varieties (apples, maybe?), produce and derived products (cheese?). Also, separate lists of animals, plants etc. would be interesting and maybe even useful for the upcoming edit-a-thon. Just an idea I had when I saw your list. --[[Uiser:Andreas|Andreas]] ([[Uiser collogue:Andreas|tauk]]) 18:41, 24 September 2020 (UTC) :{{Ping|Andreas}} Aye, I'd thought to add a "Nature" section at some point. I'm also happy with adding sublists if it's deemed necessary/neater. All are free to edit the list as necessary (should put that at the top of the page come to think of it) [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 19:18, 24 September 2020 (UTC) ::Glad you don't hate the idea. I was gonna say the "sublists" can go straight into the article namespace but then I checked and found [[Scots plants|this]]. Maybe somebody could turn this into something more useful (for reading folks), along the lines of [[:als:Alemannischi Tiernäme (noch de zoologische Syschtematik)|that]] (Alemannic) or [[:gd:Liosta nam beathach|that]] (Scottish Gaelic) or even [[:rm:Glista da mammals da la Svizra|that]] (Romansh). I would offer a hand but I don't speak ''ae wird o Scots''. --[[Uiser:Andreas|Andreas]] ([[Uiser collogue:Andreas|tauk]]) 20:24, 24 September 2020 (UTC) :::{{Ping|Andreas}} Hmm, I could add a "See forby/Main" on my list for that type of list, but the list I'm making is meant to include specific articles closely associated with Scotland to focus on. Like if there was a list of birds, I'd probably only be listing the golden eagle and osprey (Scotland has a sizeable European golden eagle population I believe, and there's a famous osprey who bred in Scotland until 2014). That said, if ye've any thoughts on flora and fauna that match that criteria go ahead and add them (or list them here if ye're unsure) [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 21:10, 24 September 2020 (UTC) ::::Sure, I get the idea of your list. I was just commenting on the "sublist" thing ;D Maybe the [[Teuchit|shochads]] of [[Caithness]] are worth mentioning? They kept cropping up in quick google. ::::By the way, ''did ye ken'' that several other small and mid-size Wikipedias keep similar lists and cross-link them via [[:d:Q12950581]]? Maybe you want to add yours once it reaches your (first) goal of 100 topics. --[[Uiser:Andreas|Andreas]] ([[Uiser collogue:Andreas|tauk]]) 21:40, 24 September 2020 (UTC) :::::{{Ping|Andreas}} Ah, now I see, sorry for the confusion. I've mentioned the wikidata idea to the others in the Scots Leid server, but it seems like a plan. Ye've given me a few things to think about, so thanks. Also I realised I never addressed the editathon point. The one happening in a few days already has a theme of places, but I can easily add nature to the list of potential themes (if I can find where we stuck the theme list...) [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 23:37, 24 September 2020 (UTC) ::::::Glad I could do something useful. By the way, would you guys mind a lurker in the discord server? ;D --[[Uiser:Andreas|Andreas]] ([[Uiser collogue:Andreas|tauk]]) 01:06, 25 September 2020 (UTC) Oh, and may I be curious and ask what dialect of Scots you speak? I noticed you use "ae" for English "of", which I haven't seen before. :::::::{{Ping|Andreas}} Sure, all are welcome in the server long as they respect the language and the rules, and it's primarily Doric but I think it's kinda been influenced by Glaswegian a bit by now. Need an invite link for the Discord server? [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 01:11, 25 September 2020 (UTC) ::::::::Aye, please. --[[Uiser:Andreas|Andreas]] ([[Uiser collogue:Andreas|tauk]]) 01:21, 25 September 2020 (UTC) :::::::::{{Ping|Andreas}} https://discord.gg/RA4tyaN This should hopefully work [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 01:23, 25 September 2020 (UTC) == A barnstar for you! == {| style="border: 1.5px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7; padding-right: 5px" |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Dark Blue Scottish Barnstar.png|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Scots Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Have I ever told you that you are the best anti-vandalism fighter and copy editor on this entire site? Well, you are!<br />I know you said you weren't interested, but you seriously would make a great admin. I sincerely look forward to your future contributions keeping up your great track record!! &#8211;<span style="font-family:CG Times">[[User:MJL|<span style="color:black">MJL</span>]]&thinsp;[[User talk:MJL|‐'''Tauk'''‐]]<sup>[[Special:CentralAuth/MJL|☖]]</sup></span> 06:08, 13 October 2020 (UTC) |} == Ratko Janev == Thanks for adding him.[[Special:Contributions/178.148.109.252|178.148.109.252]] ([[User talk:178.148.109.252|talk]]) 22:25, 1 November 2020 (UTC) =={{en}} Next Scots Wiki editathon - 14 & 15 November== Hey there, as you attended one of our previous editathons, thought you might like to know about the next one! 14 & 15 November, details [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon November 2020|on the event page]], the theme is '''Weemin an Minorities fae Scotland an Ulster.''' :) [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 12:41, 10 November 2020 (UTC) == Sub categories == (en) I suggested at the editathon that People (Fowk) could be divided intae a group fir STEM ( Science Technology Engineering Medicine) an Nurses. And a subcategory for Scottish suffragettes /suffragists who are notable weemen who suffered fir tae give weemen votes. [[Uiser:Kaybeesquared|Kaybeesquared]] ([[Uiser collogue:Kaybeesquared|tauk]]) 19:09, 15 November 2020 (UTC) =={{en}} Next editathon== Hey there, as a previous attendee of a Scots Wiki editathon, I thought you might like to know about the [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon Dizember 2020|December event, Sat 12 & Sun 13th.]] In addition to the usual wiki support, this month I'm really excited to say that we'll have '''language support in place from the Scots Language Centre''', who'll be online between 12-3 on Zoom on Saturday with us to help with any of your queries. * [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-december-2020-tickets-131613729207 Eventbrite link to sign up to Saturday Zoom session] * [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon Dizember 2020|On-wiki event page]] Hope to see you there! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 13:49, 8 Dizember 2020 (UTC) == {{en}} Sunday 13th December - extra zoom session with the Scots Language Centre! == We've added another session for the [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon Dizember 2020|editathon this weekend,]] with the folks from the SLC. Join us on Zoom for editing 12-3 on Sunday now too; we can help with wiki and language queries :) [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-december-2020-sunday-13th-tickets-132517919665 Book your place on Eventbrite here.] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 16:34, 11 Dizember 2020 (UTC) == Hello, == I'll try to back off now to be honest. I don't want to cause ''any'' trouble at all. Thank you and sorry. Signed Tom AKA ([[Special:Contributions/51.6.94.254|51.6.94.254]] ([[User talk:51.6.94.254|talk]]) 12:34, 17 Dizember 2020 (UTC)) == [[Princess Marie Auguste o Thurn an Taxis]] -> Princess Maria Augusta o Thurn an Taxis == Hello, sorry to bother you. Would you be able to move the above link to Princess Maria Augusta o Thurn an Taxis at all? Thank you, sorry again but Happy New Year too. Signed Tom. [[Special:Contributions/51.6.94.254|51.6.94.254]] ([[User talk:51.6.94.254|talk]]) 20:36, 1 Januar 2021 (UTC) == Cleanup == Hi, I'm continuing with my cleanup of the misuse of Scots words, and now I'm onto ''lairge''. The way I understand it, "lairge" only refers to large numbers/plentifulness, while "muckle" is about physical size. Am I right? --[[User:Corsicanwarrah|Корсикэн-Уара]] ([[Uiser collogue:Corsicanwarrah|That's how you do fake Cyrillic properly and phonetically]]) 10:17, 8 Januar 2021 (UTC) :{{ping|Corsicanwarrah}} I believe either or can be used, but muckle/muckler/mucklest is preferred for size, that is correct. If this is about me removing the Fixscots template on [[eagle]], it's because I fixed the Scots back in October [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 14:29, 8 Januar 2021 (UTC) == re: == Hi, tha mi troimh-chèile, duilich. An urrainn dhut a cheartachadh?--[[Uiser:Tom Ravensburger|Tom Ravensburger]] ([[Uiser collogue:Tom Ravensburger|tauk]]) 14:47, 8 Januar 2021 (UTC) == re: == I have already created the page in Scottish Gaelic, the first one remains to be corrected (do it in Scottish)--[[Uiser:Tom Ravensburger|Tom Ravensburger]] ([[Uiser collogue:Tom Ravensburger|tauk]]) 15:08, 8 Januar 2021 (UTC) == Clubaichean de churaidhean saoghal ball-coise FIFA == Hi, the content is now ok, but i can't change the title, should be put: List FIFA of football clubs world champions. But in scots I do not know how to write it, you can do it? :-) --[[Uiser:Tom Ravensburger|Tom Ravensburger]] ([[Uiser collogue:Tom Ravensburger|tauk]]) 19:07, 9 Januar 2021 (UTC) == Leet o warld champion fitba clubs == hello, ok, i add. See forby, this article in other wiki is annex o ''FIFA club warld cup'' an ''Intercontinental Cup''. In my opinion it has notability as it is the sum o tha teetles officially recognized bi FIFA--[[Uiser:Tom Ravensburger|Tom Ravensburger]] ([[Uiser collogue:Tom Ravensburger|tauk]]) 06:08, 10 Januar 2021 (UTC) == Intercontinental Cup == I created this page, it was necessary, I can't link it to other languages, can you do it?--[[Uiser:Tom Ravensburger|Tom Ravensburger]] ([[Uiser collogue:Tom Ravensburger|tauk]]) 08:35, 10 Januar 2021 (UTC) == Sorry about the edits I make == Hi, sorry to bother you but I’m sorry for the edits I make in English because I’m an English person. I enjoy writing articles to build the encyclopedia. [[Uiser:RedhotRod4|RedhotRod4]] ([[Uiser collogue:RedhotRod4|tauk]]) 10:44, 16 Januar 2021 (UTC) :{{ping|RedhotRod4}} Hey, in that case I'd encourage ye to make articles in yer personal userspace then ask for them to be translated. If ye're interested in learning to write Scots, we've got a [https://discord.gg/RA4tyaN Scots language Discord server] where we'd be happy to help. The other issue with the articles is the lack of substance to them. While there is some minor substance to [[Damageplan]], it'd still be good to have more content with references. The [[Frankenstrat]] article as it stands could easily be merged with [[Eddie Van Halen]] as per our [[Wikipedia:Notability|notability policy]] regarding broad articles before specific articles (thanks for expanding that article by the way. It's a better start but still could do with a bit of polish) [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 12:15, 16 Januar 2021 (UTC) Uh...ok. [[Uiser:RedhotRod4|RedhotRod4]] ([[Uiser collogue:RedhotRod4|tauk]]) 12:21, 16 Januar 2021 (UTC) == New uiser warnin template for Notability == Hullo, a hae pit thegither a new uiser warnin template whan airticle's [[Wikipedia:Notability|notability]] is bein speirt. A hae noted hou ti uise it (as thair is some customisation) [[Wikipedia:Redd_Up#Notability_Speirt|here]]. [[Uiser:Soothrhins|soothrhins]] ([[Uiser collogue:Soothrhins|tauk]]) 21:52, 19 Januar 2021 (UTC) :{{ping|Soothrhins}} The extra text pairt o the template micht need a bit o wirk as it dupes the text an maks reid airtins (see [https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uiser_collogue:124.169.246.158&oldid=833961 iss edit] fur an ensaumple) [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 04:57, 22 Januar 2021 (UTC) ::<code><nowiki>{{{2|}}}</nowiki></code> was used twice: In the <code>if</code> for multiple violations(?) and for the "Extra text". I changed the first one to <code><nowiki>{{{3|}}}</nowiki></code> for now because the second one ("Extra text") is used in the documentation. --[[Uiser:Andreas|<span style="color:#cb005f">Lacey</span>]] <sup>([[Uiser collogue:Andreas|<span style="color:#cb005f">tauk</span>]])</sup> 20:19, 22 Januar 2021 (UTC) :::{{ping|Andreas}} {{ping|CiphriusKane}} Thanks! [[Uiser:Soothrhins|soothrhins]] ([[Uiser collogue:Soothrhins|tauk]]) 14:11, 24 Januar 2021 (UTC) == Leet o warld champion fitba clubs == I don't know who made this mess: the page in question has been merged with the page of the FIFA world federation, they are two things that have nothing to do with each other, one is the world federation, the other is the list of world champions clubs released by FIFA, you can correct?--[[Uiser:Kanoawi|Kanoawi]] ([[Uiser collogue:Kanoawi|tauk]]) 11:44, 23 Januar 2021 (UTC) : {{ping|Kanoawi}} Hey, I was the one who merged the articles. The list was tagged as a violation of our [[Wikipedia:Notability|notability policy]] in relation to article quality (zero context about the list, lack of sufficient sources) and was left untouched for over the stated improvement duration (1 week) so I merged it into FIFA, as it's basically just a list of clubs recognised by FIFA and the FIFA article itself is lacking. The alternate was I delete the list article outright, and we favour merging over deletion where possible. Should the list page be brought up to scratch, then it needn't be merged. Also, saying that the list of clubs '''recognised by FIFA''' is unrelated to FIFA seems contradictory [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 12:04, 23 Januar 2021 (UTC) =={{en}} January editathon== Just a wee reminder that the next scots wiki editathon takes place this weekend, Sat 30 & Sun 31 January. If you'd like help improving your written scots skills, then folks from the Scots Language Centre will be on Zoom on [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-january-2021-saturday-30th-tickets-137925028473 Saturday (15:00-17:00 GMT)] and [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-january-2021-sunday-31st-tickets-137925646321 Sunday (12:00-14:00 GMT)] to do some collaborative editing, and I'll be around to help with any wiki queries. Feedback last time was that the language support was really helpful (and fun!), and we'd love to see you. We're looking mainly at improving articles to do with politics, particularly articles about politicians. More info, article lists, and sign up details on the event page: [[wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Januar 2021|Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Januar 2021.]] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 09:57, 27 Januar 2021 (UTC) == Frog article == Hi — I see you've been involved with the 'Frog' page on the Scots Wikipedia. I thought I might bring it to your attention that the page has been vandalised (overwritten with text from the Middle English Wikipedia) — I'm not savvy enough to fix the change myself but I hope flagging it is enough. [[Uiser:Æolus|Æolus]] ([[Uiser collogue:Æolus|tauk]]) 21:41, 31 Januar 2021 (UTC) =={{en}} Thanks for taking part in the January editathon!== Just as it says above - thanks for taking part. You can see [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/E_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Editathon_30-31_Januar_(30-31_Januar_2021) the results of January's event here], I reckon we did pretty well. Hope to see you at the next one! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 18:07, 3 Februar 2021 (UTC) == Hello, == This is Tom, I nopticed that my block has since been removed (I think it was for 3 months, THINK) and I was wondering IF I could contribute A BIT now? I mrean in terms of correcting spellings and small points like that not creating 900 articles an hour I mean so fear not [lol] But yes that was my question. I asked you as I think you were the user who blocked me (as I said I THINK it was you) Signed Tom. [[Special:Contributions/51.6.94.254|51.6.94.254]] ([[User talk:51.6.94.254|talk]]) 16:07, 13 Februar 2021 (UTC) : Hey Tom, the block was actually only one month which expired a few days ago. The concern I have is that even outside of mass creation of pages, yer Scots ability is still lacking, such as [https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gloria,_Princess_o_Thurn_an_Taxis&diff=prev&oldid=817654 this edit] which somehow turned English into incorrect English, let alone into Scots. Probably the best idea is to make suggestions for changes on relevant talk pages so that experienced Scots speakers can make the changes properly. This was one of the proposals on the AN thread which saw support. I'd suggest focusing on proving that existing articles are notable by themselves, rather than on making more genealogy pages. : If ye agree with this, I can inform the AN discussion and get consensus for the deal, with a possible stipulation that ye get an article namespace block to ensure enforcement, along with a single reminder per new IP, to account for yer memory problems and IP changes. This deal will also entail that ye stop maligning other editors, including accusing them of being spiteful. : I get ye want to help which is why I'm nae reblocking ye, but yer actions have had an adverse effect on other editors. If I may borrow yer words, keep in mind that we're human. How does this sound? [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 05:28, 14 Februar 2021 (UTC) ::Yo, just saw this. I didn't accuse anyone on scowiki being spieful, that was some of the enwiki users. I can honestky say that everyone I 've encountered on scowiki have/has been lovely to be honest so I can't fault that a all. And ok, that makes sense as in bettering the pages that already exist I agree because as ye said my scots is lacking *blushes* but yes ok thank you for the swift reply too and happy Valentine's Day [lol] signed Tom [[Special:Contributions/51.6.94.254|51.6.94.254]] ([[User talk:51.6.94.254|talk]]) 18:08, 14 Februar 2021 (UTC) :::"that was some of the enwiki users" This is what I mean by maligning other users. Slandering them here is part of the reason why I blocked ye, because it indicates to me that ye think it's fine to disparage them because it was a different wiki. I dinnae care where it happened, or why, or whether or nae they've edited here or even ken this wiki exists, calling other users spiteful is out of line [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 07:00, 15 Februar 2021 (UTC) ::::It's purely frustration on my part, I'm not excusing it and I totally see your point but it is just sheer frustration and disappointment. Sorry :( [[Special:Contributions/51.6.94.254|51.6.94.254]] ([[User talk:51.6.94.254|talk]]) 14:18, 16 Februar 2021 (UTC) :::::Tom, this'll be yer reminder to keep to talk pages rather than editing articles directly. Also, I need ye to explicitly state that ye agree with the terms of the deal before I present it to the AN [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 17:38, 16 Februar 2021 (UTC) == [[Friedrich, Duke o Mecklenburg-Grabow]] -> Duke Friedrich o Mecklenburg, Prince o Grabow == Hello, would you be able to move the above to the latter at all? I did some research and his title is wrong (my fault ''entirely'' having made it in the first place) Prince of/o Grabow was/wis in fact his title/teetle, not/nae Duke o Mecklenburg-Grabow. I also added a reference to his article too. Hope you're well, I must admit I'm quite proud of the addition of a reference to be honest [lol] forever in your debt signed Tom. [[Special:Contributions/51.6.94.254|51.6.94.254]] ([[User talk:51.6.94.254|talk]]) 14:15, 16 Februar 2021 (UTC) :'''Nae done''' - The source ye linked says Duke of Mecklenburg-Grabow. Provide a reliable source saying otherwise or it remains as is [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 17:38, 16 Februar 2021 (UTC) ::However, rywiki says Grabow wis an appanage an dewiki says he wis styled *Prince* [o Grabow] plus, ruwiki has his page as *Frederick of Mecklenburg, Prince of Grabowsk(i)* the reference I added wis more to do with where he wis buried (I wis going create a ''Category:Buirials at the Schelfkirche, Schwerin'', in the very distant future, that's all that was for) [[Special:Contributions/51.6.94.254|51.6.94.254]] ([[User talk:51.6.94.254|talk]]) 19:45, 17 Februar 2021 (UTC) The main point is he wasn't the Duke of/o *MG but the Prince of/o G. :::Wikipedia isnae a valid source, and neither of those pages list him as Duke and Prince in the title. The de wiki lists neither. Also, ye've technically broken the terms of the deal I proposed now, only reason I've nae blocked is because the deal wisnae ratified by the community [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 07:21, 18 Februar 2021 (UTC) ::::Ok, so I have located a source that does mention his title being an appanage BUT it reads prety much exactly the same as dewiki so I'm a bit confused right now. [https://wollongongmemorialgardens.com.au/history/search-our-records/deceased-search?sq_content_src=%2BdXJsPWh0dHBzJTNBJTJGJTJGZGUud2lraXBlZGlhLm9yZyUyRndpa2klMkZGcmllZHJpY2hfenVfTWVja2xlbmJ1cmcmYWxsPTE%3D ''Friedrich , Duke of Mecklenburg [-Schwerin], sometimes wrongly: Friedrich I , called Prince von Grabow (born February 13, 1638 in Schwerin , † April 28, 1688 in Grabow ) was an apanaged prince in Grabow.'' ] [[Special:Contributions/51.6.94.254|51.6.94.254]] ([[User talk:51.6.94.254|talk]]) 18:32, 18 Februar 2021 (UTC) what terms? :::::It's likely a mirror site then, and all this is saying to me is that the page should maybe be called "Freidrich o Mecklenburg" without any titles. As for the terms, scroll up [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 19:39, 18 Februar 2021 (UTC) ==Mairch editathon== {{en}}Just a wee reminder that the next scots wiki editathon takes place this weekend, Sat 20 & Sun 11 march, we'll be looking at Scots & Irish media & art. If you'd like to come and edit socially, then myself and folks from the Scots Language Centre will be on Zoom on [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-march-2021-saturday-20th-tickets-145533926893 Saturday (12:00-14:00 GMT)] and [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-march-2021-sunday-21st-tickets-145534247853 Sunday (12:00-14:00 GMT)] to do some collaborative editing, and I'll be around to help with any wiki queries. More info, article lists, and dashboard sign up details on the event page: [[Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Mairch 2021]] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 15:29, 19 Mairch 2021 (UTC) == RedhotRod4 == Hullo, CiphriusKane. I’m NinjaRobotPirate, an I can confirm that [[Uiser:RedhotRod4]] is a sockpuppet of PoliceOfficer124, an eeditor on enwiki. Thanks foar blockin the account. I speak a bit of French, but I do have an understanding of Scots as well. {{unsigned|89.168.3.43}} 00:46, 19 Mairch 2021 (UTC) :The abeen message wisna sent bi NinjaRobotPirate, but prolly bi PoliceOfficer124, impersonation wis confirmt [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 17:08, 20 Mairch 2021 (UTC) == Greetings fellow earthling. == Hope all is well on your end, I wanted to ask your permission to create a small page about María Francisca Fernanda Fitz-James Stuart y Stolberg-Gedern (to correspond with the sister article on eswiki) and wanted to ask your permission before jumping the gun and creating it and then going a bit mad and making 10 others then being labelled god only knows what. So am I ok to do this? (I have also found a few online references to include in to the creation of said article. It may interest you to know, that I've emailed the stewards but am still awaiting a response, I even emailed User:Jimbo Wales but again am awaiting a response and am still praying desperately. I'll check this later signed Tom. [[Special:Contributions/31.125.215.135|31.125.215.135]] ([[User talk:31.125.215.135|talk]]) 13:27, 12 Mey 2021 (UTC) :Tom, you've got a community block. This means that you will only be allowed to edit if you can convince the community to unblock you, both on here and on enwiki. So no, you're not making any more pages, especially not badly translated genealogy pages. Rightfully I should be blocking this IP as well, but I'm not going to yet, not unless you give me a reason to [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 20:53, 12 Mey 2021 (UTC) ::Hello, thank you for giving me the chance to reply too, as I said I have emailed the stewards seeking assistance but don't hold out much hope that anyone will be overly helpful plus I'm not convinced Jimbo will even acknowledge me, plus I'm far to scared to write on his en talkpage for fear of being blocked or generally moaned at. How can I actually get any help from people via email though, it's easy for people to dismiss others via email, I doubt these people would be as dismissive in person but then we'll never know. I honestly don't know what else or whom else to contact (I also contacted an en admin via email and she ignored me, then I found her on Twitter and she blocked me. :| prior to me saying I just need your help I don't want your bank details. Also, I initially started making pages on here to try to make people aware that several pagenames on enwiki are in fact wrong, for example #en wiki : Maria Theresa of Spain vs sco [[Marie Thérèse o Austrick]] (She was a Habsburg of Spain, but an Archduchess of Austria, thus Spain is incorrect, even her grave says M T of A in French obviously) #en wiki : Charles of Mecklenburg-Güstrow vs sco [[Karl, Hereditary Prince o Mecklenburg-Güstrow]] (heir to the throne and thus styled Hereditary Prince) #en wiki : María Josefa Pimentel, Duchess of Osuna vs sco : [[María Josefa Pimentel y Téllez-Girón, Duchess o Osuna]] (Spanish nobility uses paternal names first followed by maternal maiden names thus en is incorrect and misleading) #en wiki Ángela Téllez-Girón, 16th Duchess of Osuna vs sco [[Ángela Téllez-Girón y Duque de Estrada, 16t Duchess o Osuna]] (same situation as above) I honestly don't know what to do. This is all so frustrating and unfair, as I said I doubt I'd be ignored in person. Pleaseeeeeeeeee help me. :( signed Tom [[Special:Contributions/31.125.215.135|31.125.215.135]] ([[User talk:31.125.215.135|talk]]) 13:56, 13 Mey 2021 (UTC) :::Frankly all these pages should be VfD'd. This wiki is not your playpen [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 15:16, 13 Mey 2021 (UTC) :::Also Tom, let me make myself clear: it is the communities that you have to ask to be unblocked. The COMMUNITIES. Not the stewards, not Jimbo Wales, not me, the communities. Evading your block just because you don't like it is why you keep being blocked [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 15:23, 13 Mey 2021 (UTC) ::::I was unaware that I had to contact the communities to be fair. How do I go about doing so, as I've not even heard of this (thank you for informing me of this though) :::::[[:en:Wikipedia:Unblock_Ticket_Request_System]] Use this for enwiki, and for here, post [[Template:Unblock]] with your appeal on your IP talk page. Make it clear that you understand why you were blocked and what you will do differently, and most importantly do not make negative aspersions about anybody in your appeal. Calling others bullies and claiming vendettas is a surefire way to having an instant decline [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 19:19, 13 Mey 2021 (UTC) ::::::OH I SEE, so just to be clear, I'm putting the unblock template on SeaSnail's talk page yes? I'm a tiny bit scared to do so for fear of just immeadiately being blocked to be honest =[ signed Tom. [[Special:Contributions/31.125.215.135|31.125.215.135]] ([[User talk:31.125.215.135|talk]]) 10:09, 14 Mey 2021 (UTC) :::::::Naw, on your IP talk page. There is no way we can unblock the SeaSnail account [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 01:16, 15 Mey 2021 (UTC) ::::::::Oh you mean the talk page for ''' 31.125.215.135'''? Because I haven't edited enwiki on this IP address though so surely it'd make more sense to do it on SeaSnails as that's the one that's blocked? Signed Tom [[Special:Contributions/31.125.215.135|31.125.215.135]] ([[User talk:31.125.215.135|talk]]) 13:08, 15 Mey 2021 (UTC) Tom, I'm going to level with you here. Any unblock appeal you make is probably going to fail. In your last appeal, you immediately resorted to personal attacks, and that was six weeks ago. The standard offer on enwiki has six months minimum good behaviour from what I understand, and this includes no block evasion or personal attacks. If I help you with the appeals any further, I'm just setting you up for failure [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 21:16, 15 Mey 2021 (UTC) :::::::: hello, sorry for the late reply, I saw you had replied when I was on my phone but the screen is too small for me to see what I was actually typing (I'm 75% blind as a result of the previously mentioned brain injury I had in 2012 so I'm writing this on my laptop. Anyway, I do genuinely feel that the way I have been treated has been totally fair, I highly doubt people would have treated me like this if if was in person but because this is the internet it's ok to treat other human beings like dirt, apart from the fact I have made hundreds on articles (on scowiki alone) ''some'' of which I ''think'' have been deleted presumably due to the poor linguistics so fine but I also though Wikipedia was for everyone? Not just a lucky few. I set up SeaSnail using an email address for a faceboik account I have (email address is lmadebourbon@gmail.com look it up IF you don't believe me) and my ip address at that point was not blocked so thought it would be ok but MY email was blocked (tom.june13@gmail.com) so it does sort of feel like I can never win :| as I have said to you countless times (and probably other) I'm a hguman being, with feelings I don't deserve to be treated like a bad person when I'm not, plus I've never vandalised Wikipedia corrected yes, but not vandalised. Signed Tom [[Special:Contributions/31.125.215.135|31.125.215.135]] ([[User talk:31.125.215.135|talk]]) 16:12, 17 Mey 2021 (UTC) : Six months Tom. That is the minimum I expect you to wait before making any further appeals. I'll also be blocking this IP because you were on thin ice as it was, but resorting to casting aspersions again cracked it [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 08:11, 20 Mey 2021 (UTC) :: Tom, I have advised CK to not unblock you under any circumstances without my approval. My talk page is [[uiser collogue:MJL|here]] to discuss your next appeal in 6 months.<br />Please consider editing [https://familypedia.wikia.org/wiki/Family_History_and_Genealogy_Wiki the Family History and Genealogy Wiki]; it's more attuned to your interests anyways.<br />In the meantime, please stop bothering CiphriusKane about this. &#8211;<span style="font-family:CG Times, times">[[User:MJL|<span style="color:black">MJL</span>]]&thinsp;[[User talk:MJL|‐'''Tauk'''‐]]<sup>[[Special:CentralAuth/MJL|☖]]</sup></span> 18:32, 21 Mey 2021 (UTC) == {{en}} Next Editathon == Heya, heads up that the next Editathon will take place this weekend (5 & 6 June), we're looking at Scots in STEM as a starting point. More info on the event page [[Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Juin 2021|here.]] Hope to see ou at the Zoom sessions! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 13:09, 3 Juin 2021 (UTC) == Invitation for Functionary consultation 2021 == Greetings, Admins of the emerging community, I'm letting you know in advance about a meeting I'd like to invite you to regarding the [[:m:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] and the community's ownership of its future enforcement. I'm still in the process of putting together the details, but I wanted to share the date with you: 10/11 July, 2021. I do not have a time on this date yet, but I will let you soon. We have created a [[:m:Universal Code of Conduct/Functionary consultations/June and July 2021|meta page]] with basic information. Please take a look at the meta page and sign up your name under the appropriate section. Thank you for your time.--[[User:BAnand (WMF)|BAnand (WMF)]] 15:14, 10 June 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:BAnand (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=MassMessage/Lists/UCoC_Group&oldid=21568660 --> == Translation request == Hello. Can you translate and upload the articles [[:en:Flag of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic]], [[:en:Emblem of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic]] and [[:en:Anthem of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic]] in Scots Wikipedia? They should not be long. Yours sincerely, [[Uiser:Multituberculata|Multituberculata]] ([[Uiser collogue:Multituberculata|tauk]]) 15:16, 1 Julie 2021 (UTC) == [[Lycalopex]] == How is my Scots on the article [[Lycalopex]]? Also, due to my passion in righting the Scots Wikipedia, I've been rewriting increasingly large sections of articles (about animals, for the time being) in what I think is correct Scots. Am I at risk of becoming the new AG? --[[User:Corsicanwarrah|Корсикэн-Уара]] ([[Uiser collogue:Corsicanwarrah|юзер толк]]) 17:56, 18 Julie 2021 (UTC) == Honda 70== Dear I have corrected from Honda 70 to Honda CD70 and you had deleted the link, kindly note that Honda CD70 is the brand and it is the largest selling motorcycle in Pakistan. Please revert your changes... :It's unnecessary external airtins in the body ae the airticle. We'r nae here tae be an advertisn platform fur the bike [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 10:20, 19 Julie 2021 (UTC) == Hello == Hello, please save the [[Qaem Shahr]] article and link it to the wiki data item. Thanks [[Uiser:Viera iran|Viera iran]] ([[Uiser collogue:Viera iran|tauk]]) 13:56, 25 Julie 2021 (UTC) == Restore Charlotte's Web == The page [[Charlotte's Web]] wis delytit, but had useful content. Can ye restore it? Thank ye. [[Special:Contributions/104.58.147.208|104.58.147.208]] ([[User talk:104.58.147.208|talk]]) 02:20, 1 November 2021 (UTC) :Please note: that page had been taen fae [[:en:Charlotte's Web]]. [[Special:Contributions/104.58.147.208|104.58.147.208]] ([[User talk:104.58.147.208|talk]]) 02:22, 1 November 2021 (UTC) ::A'v undeletit the airticle as requestit. Deletion raisonin leuked shaky ti me onyweys [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 05:14, 1 November 2021 (UTC) :::The page still needs tae be translated some more. Can ye work on it? Also, can ye restore [[Descendants 3]]? It too seemed tae be a shaky deletion bi a non-Scots global admin. [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:53F0:AD70:7455:930:5B0D:E8DF|2600:1700:53F0:AD70:7455:930:5B0D:E8DF]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:53F0:AD70:7455:930:5B0D:E8DF|talk]]) 20:57, 25 November 2021 (UTC) ::::Also, Charlotte's Web needs tae be connected tae Wikidata. [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:53F0:AD70:7455:930:5B0D:E8DF|2600:1700:53F0:AD70:7455:930:5B0D:E8DF]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:53F0:AD70:7455:930:5B0D:E8DF|talk]]) 20:59, 25 November 2021 (UTC) == DRV == I suggest you block 2601:43:0:3970:0:0:0:0/64 instead. IP users on this particular ISP can hop IP's in a /64 range pretty easily (switching from devices, opening a new browser window) [[Uiser:Wizzito|Wizzito]] ([[Uiser collogue:Wizzito|tauk]]) 20:46, 19 December 2021 (UTC) == How we will see unregistered users == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin=content/> Hi! You get this message because you are an admin on a Wikimedia wiki. When someone edits a Wikimedia wiki without being logged in today, we show their IP address. As you may already know, we will not be able to do this in the future. This is a decision by the Wikimedia Foundation Legal department, because norms and regulations for privacy online have changed. Instead of the IP we will show a masked identity. You as an admin '''will still be able to access the IP'''. There will also be a new user right for those who need to see the full IPs of unregistered users to fight vandalism, harassment and spam without being admins. Patrollers will also see part of the IP even without this user right. We are also working on [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Improving tools|better tools]] to help. If you have not seen it before, you can [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|read more on Meta]]. If you want to make sure you don’t miss technical changes on the Wikimedia wikis, you can [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|subscribe]] to [[m:Tech/News|the weekly technical newsletter]]. We have [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#IP Masking Implementation Approaches (FAQ)|two suggested ways]] this identity could work. '''We would appreciate your feedback''' on which way you think would work best for you and your wiki, now and in the future. You can [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|let us know on the talk page]]. You can write in your language. The suggestions were posted in October and we will decide after 17 January. Thank you. /[[m:User:Johan (WMF)|Johan (WMF)]]<section end=content/> </div> 18:19, 4 Januar 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Target_lists/Admins2022(6)&oldid=22532666 --> == (en) Zoom editing session & guest speaker - Thursday 20th January == Hey there! Just a wee reminder that we've got a social editing session this evening as part of the January writing drive, 7-9, featuring guest speaker Dr Michael Dempster from the Scots Language Centre! [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/245743775247 You can sign up on Eventbrite here]. Be great to see you! [[Uiser:Lirazelf|Lirazelf]] ([[Uiser collogue:Lirazelf|tauk]]) 11:02, 20 Januar 2022 (UTC) == Barnstar! == {| style="border: 1.5px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7; padding-right: 5px" |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Dark Blue Scottish Barnstar.png|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Scots Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | <var>This barnstar is bein gien as an awaird tae ken yer contreebution tae the Scots wiki bi gien a haun in the Januar 2022 Writin Drive</var> [[Uiser:Lirazelf|Lirazelf]] ([[Uiser collogue:Lirazelf|tauk]]) 17:40, 26 Januar 2022 (UTC) |} [[Uiser:Lirazelf|Lirazelf]] ([[Uiser collogue:Lirazelf|tauk]]) 17:40, 26 Januar 2022 (UTC) ==Whauriver ye be...== ...lang may yer lum reek! == Scots question. == Is it true that in the Scots language, "in" means the same thing in both English & Scots? I am still not the best at Scots at the moment, especially with the Scottish equivalent of "sight words". Could you redirect me to some resources for learning Scots? It would be greatly helpful and appreciated as I am having some difficulty finding nice resources. Best Regards, [[Uiser:L&#39;Mainerque|L&#39;Mainerque]] ([[Uiser collogue:L&#39;Mainerque|tauk]]) 00:57, 8 October 2022 (UTC) :(en) {{ping|L'Mainerque}} Yep, though some people spell it as i and drop the n. "an" would mean either "an" or "and" in English. As for resources, Michael Dempster has a 10-hour course on Scots [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLmk3hiyUEgWl7Qa9pBGN3r94ahQiSXJ2U here] and there's a Scots language Discord server [https://discord.gg/sMceZgcd here] [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 01:04, 8 October 2022 (UTC) ::(en) @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] I figured, I thought "an" meant both "and" & "in" from something I read, but I wasn't 100% sure. I will take a look onto that 10hr course & I have joined the Discord. ::Thank you so much, ::[[Uiser:L&#39;Mainerque|L&#39;Mainerque]] ([[Uiser collogue:L&#39;Mainerque|tauk]]) 01:14, 8 October 2022 (UTC) == CrossWiki spam == Hello, [[NateNet]] article is a CrossWiki spam created by the same user on all Wikis. Thanks. [[Uiser:Wooze|Wooze]] ([[Uiser collogue:Wooze|tauk]]) 20:24, 24 October 2022 (UTC) :(en) I'm aware and am addressing the situation, but thanks for the heads up [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 20:33, 24 October 2022 (UTC) == WE NEED YOU BACK == Can you please come back to editing and change xxxtenacion’s picture from the mugshot to something better!!!! 🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏 [[Special:Contributions/24.121.43.130|24.121.43.130]] ([[User talk:24.121.43.130|talk]]) 06:48, 6 December 2022 (UTC) == Quick question / main page == Hi there. I'm [[Uiser:Alison]] - bureaucrat and admin on the [[:ga:Príomhleathanach|Irish]] and [[:gv:Ard-ghuillag|Manx Wikipedias]]. I just happened to stop by and saw that the mainpage here could use a little makeover. I did this successfully for both the Irish and Manx wikis, including setting up daily rolling content, updating the CSS and Modules, etc. I don't speak Scots, I have to say, so would need a little bit of your help on a few things - but I can easily handle all the technical stuff. Let me know what you think - [[Uiser:Alison|Alison]] ([[Uiser collogue:Alison|tauk]]) 21:40, 27 December 2022 (UTC) :(en) {{ping|Alison}} Hey, I appreciate the offer. The main page is something that's not been touched since Leidgate, so could probably do with a fresh coat of paint, so to speak. If you're willing, we can talk more in the E Scots Leid discord server ([https://discord.gg/YfgwV4He invite]), as while I try and keep discussions onwiki I feel like this could benefit from real time chat, plus there's other editors on there that prefer Discord over onwiki discussions [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 14:31, 28 December 2022 (UTC) == River Duin == See [[Collogue:River Doon|Collogue]] [[Uiser:Nogger|Nogger]] ([[Uiser collogue:Nogger|tauk]]) 22:23, 23 Januar 2023 (UTC) :A aareidy replied there, an a still sey it's conjectur [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 22:25, 23 Januar 2023 (UTC) == Discouraged == Hello Ciphrius. I can see that according to your userpage you're feeling a bit discouraged at the moment. Keep up the good work here. I always enjoy chatting with you on Discord, it actually helps me learn more about different cultures without having to travel to them! (no I'm not going to rewrite this in Scots, I can read it but not speak it. If I did I would probably sound like someone trying to sound like [[Shrek]]) [[Uiser:Blaze Wolf|Blaze Wolf]] ([[Uiser collogue:Blaze Wolf|tauk]]) 14:10, 30 Januar 2023 (UTC) == Non-free use rationale == How dae ye uplaid ''non-free'' files? It airts tae a Wikimedia commons link.[[Uiser:That Northern Irish Historian|That Northern Irish Historian]] ([[Uiser collogue:That Northern Irish Historian|tauk]]) 00:45, 5 Mey 2023 (UTC) :Try [[Special:Upload]] [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 00:58, 5 Mey 2023 (UTC) ::'The action that ye hae requestit is leemitit til uisers in the groop: [[Wikipedia:Admeenistraters|Admeenistraters]].' [[Uiser:That Northern Irish Historian|That Northern Irish Historian]] ([[Uiser collogue:That Northern Irish Historian|tauk]]) 17:05, 29 Mey 2023 (UTC) == Uill feumaidh mi cuideachadh. == Uill feumaidh mi cuideachadh. Carson a tha thu ag aontachadh. Chan eil fios agam ciamar a dh 'fheumas mi a'raf a th' ann. Dè an seòrsa dùilean a tha thu ag iarraidh? [[Special:Contributions/172.103.168.17|172.103.168.17]] ([[User talk:172.103.168.17|talk]]) 01:51, 2 Juin 2023 (UTC) == Hey == Feumaidh mi cuideachadh le Scot cànan. An urrainn dhut innse dhomh dè an riatanas a th 'ann airson Wikipedia? [[Uiser:Gracewan2012|Gracewan2012]] ([[Uiser collogue:Gracewan2012|tauk]]) 01:59, 2 Juin 2023 (UTC) :Ye kin stairt bi pittin yer messages in the [[Scots leid]], fit is the leid o iss projeck, insteid ae Scottish Gaelic, an stappin wi editin fae yer IP. A cannna actual spik Scottish Gaelic [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 02:05, 2 Juin 2023 (UTC) == Recreation of some deleted pages for Car manufacturers == @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] Hi Ciphrius! Please can you recreate some deleted pages about Car manufacturers which you deleted them on Scots Wikipedia: * Aston Martin * Audi * Bentley * Chevrolet * Jeep * Nissan * Porsche * Škoda Auto * Volvo Cars In addition, can you create a new page for the newborn German Car manufacturer Borgward: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgward and also for Cadillac: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac and VinFast: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/VinFast which are missing on Scots Wikipedia. Thanks [[Uiser:EDASHI|EDASHI]] ([[Uiser collogue:EDASHI|tauk]]) 05:36, 11 September 2023 (UTC) :(en) Those articles were all deleted for being [[Scotched English|Scotched]], and checking over the deleted revisions they were also extremely threadbare and quantity-over-quality creations (i.e. 1-2 unsourced sentences). Given how much of this wiki is still like that, I'm disinclined to recreate those pages myself but I'll not stop anybody that wishes to (re)create the pages while addressing the issues I listed [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 11:20, 11 September 2023 (UTC) == Hertenin an speirin == Aye aye! Gaun yersel! Keep on giein it laldie! Cud ye please gies a haun wi the wirds that's misscotched in the airticles, kettegories an templates? Dae ye ken hou tae modifee mony kettegories at aince? Fur ensaumple, chyngin 'establishment' tae 'estaiblishment' as i [[:Category:1997 establishments]]? [[Uiser:Munci|Munci]] ([[Uiser collogue:Munci|tauk]]) 18:01, 16 October 2023 (UTC) :{{ping|Munci}} Hiv ye gien HotCat ae twirl? Ye cin pit it up bi gangin ti [[Special:Preferences]], dabbin the "Gadgets" heider an tickin the HotCat box? An sairie fur the lang reply, internet wis oot the past week [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 17:03, 23 October 2023 (UTC) ::Thank ye, A'd haurd o HotCat bit A didnae ken hou tae wirk it ir whit it daes. A'll gie hit a shot! Nae bather! [[Uiser:Munci|Munci]] ([[Uiser collogue:Munci|tauk]]) 15:30, 5 November 2023 (UTC) :::A'd advise uisin "mak" ower "creaut". Whiles there is hits fur creaut in Gilmour's Corpus, it's rare sae a'v been in the wey ae changin aa the "creaut"/"ceaut"/"craeft" on the wiki ti "mak", bit it's yer walin [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 17:38, 5 November 2023 (UTC) == Hebrew == Thanks a lot for your edit to [[Template:lang-he]]. Still "lang-he-n" and "lang-he-a" to go, pretty please... -[[User:Corsicanwarrah|Корсикэн-Уара]] ([[Uiser collogue:Corsicanwarrah|юзер толк]]) 18:08, 29 October 2023 (UTC) :Deen, still some airtins til Ebreu left bit sud aa jist be airticle-level insteid ae template level [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 18:45, 29 October 2023 (UTC) == TNA == Im anly copypastin A want tae rename the page tae total nonstop action, the uiser wha eeditit put it wrong, the company is namit Total Nonstop Action no TNA Wrestling that's why a did whita did juist correctin uiser mistak. [[Uiser:TNAFan55|TNAFan55]] ([[Uiser collogue:TNAFan55|tauk]]) 13:28, 5 Februar 2024 (UTC) :{{ping|TNAFan55}} An in daein sae, ye essentially erased the airticle's edit history. The CC-BY-SA license requires attreibution ti be gien/keppit up, hence foo come ye flit pages ti preserv the edit history, ye dinna jist copypaste it acause aat remuives the edit history an gies ye credit fur edits ye didna mak insteid ae the actual awthor [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 13:38, 5 Februar 2024 (UTC) ::Lorg mi an cànan Albannach. Faodaidh tu na h-artaigilean ùra a leantainn. ::([[Uiser:Ahmed brens|Ahmed brens]] ([[Uiser collogue:Ahmed brens|tauk]]) 20:34, 16 Februar 2024 (UTC)) == Is this page in Scots, or phonetically spelled English == [[Electronic cigarette]] [[Special:Contributions/2601:644:907E:A450:159E:4B95:CCA0:7C0|2601:644:907E:A450:159E:4B95:CCA0:7C0]] ([[User talk:2601:644:907E:A450:159E:4B95:CCA0:7C0|talk]]) 17:36, 14 Mairch 2024 (UTC) This too: [[Ford Vedette]] [[Special:Contributions/2601:644:907E:A450:159E:4B95:CCA0:7C0|2601:644:907E:A450:159E:4B95:CCA0:7C0]] ([[User talk:2601:644:907E:A450:159E:4B95:CCA0:7C0|talk]]) 17:40, 14 Mairch 2024 (UTC) == The Missin Links == There's a lot o missin links in many Scots airticles. They arenae doin any guid tae the airticles, so should I remove them? [[Uiser:EVTOfficial|EVTOfficial]] ([[Uiser collogue:EVTOfficial|tauk]]) 00:31, 5 Juin 2024 (UTC) :{{ping|EVTOfficial}} Ay, remuiv reid airtins an categories. Thay wis pit ower athoot thocht anent foo appropriate thay war fur iss wiki [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 09:18, 6 Juin 2024 (UTC) == Thank you for your hard work == Thank you. Can you tell if [[Special:Contributions/Crotot|User:Crotot]] is a Scots speaker? They wrote almost all the pages in [[:Category:Ceeties in North Dakota]], such as [[Ashley, North Dakota]]. [[Uiser:Foxes die!|Foxes die!]] ([[Uiser collogue:Foxes die!|tauk]]) 18:38, 21 Juin 2024 (UTC) :(en) Looks like they just did a heap of copypasting and managed to make the lairge/muckle mistake, so there's a high chance that they were just copying out of the same faulty dictionary as the others, but they're nae X1-eligible on that grounds [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 18:46, 21 Juin 2024 (UTC) ::Does X1 only apply to the users here? https://quarry.wmcloud.org/query/49315 [[Uiser:Foxes die!|Foxes die!]] ([[Uiser collogue:Foxes die!|tauk]]) 21:17, 21 Juin 2024 (UTC) :::(en) It applies to a specific subset of 11 users ay, those targeted in the Massive Kirkyaird cleanup. It acts as an extension intending to catch articles that were invalid either due to other edits (e.g. file moves, vandalism) or, in one user's case, due to using alts that were excluded. I'd also rather avoid naming said users in edit summaries because most of them never meant any harm, some of them just got carried away [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 21:38, 21 Juin 2024 (UTC) == Translate == Hello. Unfortunately, I don’t know Scots language, but I can help. I began to rework articles about Ukrainian administrative units, since in 2020 an administrative-territorial reform was carried out in Ukraine, according to which new districts and a new administrative unit were created - the hromadas (громади) instead of city, town and village councils. Do you know how the word ''громада'' is translated into Scots? [[Uiser:VolnyiLev|VolnyiLev]] ([[Uiser collogue:VolnyiLev|tauk]]) 06:04, 25 Juin 2024 (UTC) :(en) Literally it'd be "territorial commonity" if the enwiki article is accurate [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 17:48, 25 Juin 2024 (UTC) == Novi Sad railway station windae-canapy coup == Please sort oot the airticle wi spellin mistaks. I'm awfy grateful. [[Special:Contributions/188.255.145.157|188.255.145.157]] ([[User talk:188.255.145.157|talk]]) 22:58, 2 November 2024 (UTC) == Thank you for being a medical contributors! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;" |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Wiki Project Med Foundation logo.svg|130px]] |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" |'''The 2024 Cure Award''' |- | style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" |In 2024 you '''[[mdwiki:WikiProjectMed:WikiProject_Medicine/Stats/Top_medical_editors_2024_(all)|were one of the top medical editors in your language]]'''. Thank you from [[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med]] for helping bring free, complete, accurate, up-to-date health information to the public. We really appreciate you and the vital work you do! Wiki Project Med Foundation is a [[meta:Wikimedia_thematic_organizations|thematic organization]] whose mission is to improve our health content. '''[[meta:Wiki_Project_Med#People_interested|Consider joining for 2025]]''', there are no associated costs. Additionally one of our primary efforts revolves around translating health content. We invite you to '''[https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/index.php try our new workflow]''' if you have not already. Our dashboard automatically [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/leaderboard.php collects statistics] of your efforts and we are working on [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/fixwikirefs.php tools to automatically improve formating]. |} Thanks again :-) -- [[mdwiki:User:Doc_James|<span style="color:#0000f1">'''Doc James'''</span>]] along with the rest of the team at '''[[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med Foundation]]''' 06:24, 26 Januar 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Doc James@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Top_Other_Language_Editors_2024&oldid=28172893 --> == Notable films == Hi, I disagree with deleting film articles on the basis of notability when they are obviously notable, just not properly referenced, regards [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 19:30, 30 Apryle 2025 (UTC) :{{ping|Atlantic306}} then impruiv them! Or is iss wiki meant ti hae nae form ae quality control an ivery airticle aat's ae sentence lang athoot references be allooed ti staan? [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 19:32, 30 Apryle 2025 (UTC) :: It's just as much your responsibility to improve the articles before deleting them. On the english wiki articles are kept if they are notable topics not based on their current appearance, [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 19:36, 30 Apryle 2025 (UTC) :::{{ping|Atlantic306}} Iss isna enwiki tho, an enwiki didna hae ae bunch ae lairners rinnin aroon wi fauty dictionairs puttin fuck aa effort inti thair airticle churn spam [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 19:38, 30 Apryle 2025 (UTC) ::::From the Scots notability page: "If ye jalous that a topic or airticle isnae 'notable', ye shuid leuk for soorces yersel." this provision is being ignored. Maybe they should be deleted on low quality grounds and not Scottish rather than notability, [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 19:53, 30 Apryle 2025 (UTC) :::::{{ping|Atlantic306}} There's iss as weel: "Seiven days ar than gien ti mak impruivments that kythe 'notability'. The tag shuidna be taen awa in that week. Syne, action maun be taen tae mell wi anither airticle or delete it if nae impruivments war made." Maist o the film pages dinna hae ony page aat thay kin be mellt inti. It gets treatit as a enwiki PROD essentially. An it's ironic aat ye gie bein law quality as bein ae raeson fan ye wis remuivin tags fur aat exac raeson [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 04:09, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC) :As asked [[#Restore Charlotte's Web|before]], can ye restore [[Descendants 3]]? [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|talk]]) 17:22, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC) ::Gin ye wint it remak it fine, bit leukin ower it a didna restore it back then acause a didna dispute the raeson fur the deletion [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 17:53, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC) :::I need help with the translation. Same for [[Descendants (2015 film)]] and [[Descendants 2]]. There are also many missing articles in [[Template:Disney theatrical animatit featurs]]. [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|talk]]) 18:57, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC) ::::Template's pit up fur deletion. Yet anither ridiculous "enwiki has it so scowiki needs it too" case [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 19:13, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC) :Could you help with the translation on the Descendants pages? I personally think that these Disney animated films deserve pages. If I start some, could you help me? [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|talk]]) 19:22, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC) ::Also, another template: [[Template:Walt Disney Animation Studios]]. [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|talk]]) 19:27, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC) :::Another thing, [[robbery]] and [[God]] are really short articles, should they be deleted? [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|talk]]) 20:29, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC) ::::Bein short is in itsel nae ae threipin fur deletion, an a hae ti speir at ye, seein as it's clear aat yer lackin the Scots skills, fit tuils is ye uisin fur yer owersettins? [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 21:18, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC) ::::An ti be frank a'd raither fowk focus on reddin up fit we hae insteid ae eikin ti the pile, an navboxen aat's 95% reid airtins is uissless, as the pint ae the navbox is ti navigate atween relatit pages, nae gie ae list ae suggestit pages [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 21:21, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC) :OK, I have to be clear. I wasn't actually using a machine translation, but now I see the problem, I was "scotching" basically. That's what I was asking about with the two Descendants pages, do they need fixing? I had written these before the big controversy happened. Since then, I've tried to get low quality pages deleted. Even that was for a petty reason, because of [[Bambi]] being deleted for this reason. I actually would like a proper page about Bambi. {{ping|Atlantic306}}, do you know if you could bring Bambi into scowiki? I've seen you edit the English version. Speaking of which, there is an error on it. The section "sequel" should be "follow-up", because Bambi II isn't a sequel, but a midquel. As for robbery and God, could they be expanded? The former is also unreferenced. I've also looked in the film categories and found more pages that might be X1, AmaryllisGardener created several. {{ping|Cobra 3000}}, would you be interested in creating any Disney pages in sco or gdwiki? Gdwiki had some stubs that were deleted for being low quality. They include a few that still exist in sco, which are [[The Fox and the Hound]], [[The Lion King]], [[Lady and the Tramp]], [[Oliver & Company]], [[Finding Nemo]], and [[The Princess and the Frog]]. These were like the X1 deleted articles, even if they weren't "scotcher" pages, but really short and unreferenced pages. Finally, shouldn't Template:Walt Disney Animation Studios be put up for deletion? [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|talk]]) 21:53, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC) ::I mean I can help out if you want! It would be a good opportunity to provide Scots versions of the stories in the form of plot synopses! [[Uiser:Cobra 3000|Cobra!]] ([[Uiser collogue:Cobra 3000|tauk]]) 00:24, 2 Mey 2025 (UTC) ::Actually, it might a good idea for an editathon topic. I’ll speak to Wikimedia aboot it! [[Uiser:Cobra 3000|Cobra!]] ([[Uiser collogue:Cobra 3000|tauk]]) 00:25, 2 Mey 2025 (UTC) == Notable films == Hi, these film articles have notability proving references [[Avatar (2009 film)]] and [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]] yet have been tagged for notability anyway. I think this ip editor is going too fast with his nominations, [https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:988C:F8D7:BDCB:9475 shown here] imv [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 19:57, 6 Mey 2025 (UTC) :The feck ae the references is in the infobox an baith films is twa sentences lang aat near eneuch jist seys "This film exists"; infoboxes shid complement airticles, nae be the hale o thaim, fit is happenin there. Stick the text fae ROTK ontil [[The Lord of the Rings]] an there's nae quality lost (an aat's prolly fit a'll dae), aat's the issue here. The film pages exist acause sumbidy decidit aat machine owersettins an airticle quantity maittert mair nor actual airticle quality [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 18:23, 8 Mey 2025 (UTC) ::Doesn't Avatar qualify as an X1 article? [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:9DB:4232:8292:CA26|2600:1700:C910:2960:9DB:4232:8292:CA26]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:9DB:4232:8292:CA26|talk]]) 18:37, 16 Mey 2025 (UTC) :::Normally ay bit gien aa iss collogue anent it a'm haudin aff on actin on it jist yet [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 07:55, 17 Mey 2025 (UTC) == Useless templates == There are more useless templates linked at [[The Princess and the Frog]]. Shouldn't they be put up for deletion? [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:29E3:3D04:1789:D81|2600:1700:C910:2960:29E3:3D04:1789:D81]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:29E3:3D04:1789:D81|talk]]) 23:43, 15 Mey 2025 (UTC) :Gie me a list ae aa the templates then. Aat wey a kin jist dae a batch nomination raither nor takkin potshots at the templates [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 08:45, 16 Mey 2025 (UTC) ::Walt Disney Animation Studios, Ron Clements an John Musker, John Lasseter, an Randy Newman. Also found [[Template:GoldenGlobeBestMotionPictureMusicalComedy 1981-2000]] linked at [[Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)]]. Also, what to do about pages nominated for deletion like [[The Dark Knight (film)]]? [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:9DB:4232:8292:CA26|2600:1700:C910:2960:9DB:4232:8292:CA26]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:9DB:4232:8292:CA26|talk]]) 18:36, 16 Mey 2025 (UTC) :::The other pages nominated for deletion: [[The Dark Knight Rises]], [[Local Hero]], [[Gregory's Girl]], and [[Gandhi (film)]]. [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:A473:DF3C:6B58:544F|2600:1700:C910:2960:A473:DF3C:6B58:544F]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:A473:DF3C:6B58:544F|talk]]) 00:56, 17 Mey 2025 (UTC) ::::A'm able ti chack the category masel, a dinna need ti be telt fit ti dae [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 07:49, 17 Mey 2025 (UTC) :::::When will the templates be put up for deletion? And for the nominated pages, when will they be deleted? [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:5C9E:745B:E1C3:14A9|2600:1700:C910:2960:5C9E:745B:E1C3:14A9]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:5C9E:745B:E1C3:14A9|talk]]) 19:44, 17 Mey 2025 (UTC) ::::::A'm seein gin there's alternates acause despite fit it micht seem lik a'm nae wintin ti tak ae axe ti aahing a see, an the wiki's nae gaun disappear acause it's a bit delayed noo is it? [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 21:45, 17 Mey 2025 (UTC) == Jock Stein == Hi, this diff [https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jock_Stein&diff=prev&oldid=904946 here] may need suppressing, regards [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 19:35, 16 Mey 2025 (UTC) :Dealt wi't afore a leukit at iss message, bit ta fur reportin it [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 08:00, 17 Mey 2025 (UTC) == Category:Cleanup tagged airticles withoot a raison field == What to do about these pages? I tried replacing them with the fixscots template, but was warned that that was wrong. Also, what to do about the deletion candidates and those useless templates linked at [[The Princess and the Frog]]? [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:9D8F:B7C1:BDBA:E2B4|2600:1700:C910:2960:9D8F:B7C1:BDBA:E2B4]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:9D8F:B7C1:BDBA:E2B4|talk]]) 18:47, 2 Juin 2025 (UTC) == Notice of expiration of your sysop right == <div dir="ltr">Hi, as part of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]], this is an automated reminder to let you know that your permission "sysop" (Administrators) will expire on 2025-06-30 01:22:50. Please renew this right if you would like to continue using it. <i>In other languages: [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot/Messages/default|click here]]</i> [[Uiser:Leaderbot|Leaderbot]] ([[Uiser collogue:Leaderbot|tauk]]) 19:45, 23 Juin 2025 (UTC)</div> == Monthly cleanup categories == To change "from" to "fae" ([[Special:Redirect/logid/409338]]), edit line 370 in [[Module:Message box]] to say <blockquote>local preposition = 'fae'</blockquote> You can see examples on [[:pt:Módulo:Message box|Portuguese Wikipedia]], [[:vi:Mô đun:Message box|Vietnamese Wikipedia]], [[:ru:Модуль:Message box|Russian Wikipedia]]. This will change all pages in categories of this form ([https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=intitle%3Afrom&title=Special%3ASearch&profile=advanced&fulltext=1&ns14=1]). Eventually those categories will become empty but the pages may need to be purged first - I am not sure. [[Special:Contributions/96.79.100.209|96.79.100.209]] ([[User talk:96.79.100.209|talk]]) 17:32, 14 Julie 2025 (UTC) :Okay seems aat wirked, ta [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 02:55, 15 Julie 2025 (UTC) == JJS == Hello CiphriusKane, Help me rather than threatening me, thank you--[[Uiser:Jean700|Jean700]] ([[Uiser collogue:Jean700|tauk]]) 14:20, 23 Julie 2025 (UTC) :Excep there wisna ony threit. Ye postit ae setence-lang "airticle" aat makkit a vague claim wi nae claim thewarts notability, sae a taggit as sic. Gin iss wis enwiki aat airticle wid hae been deletit aareidies [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 14:27, 23 Julie 2025 (UTC) help me be useful--[[Uiser:Jean700|Jean700]] ([[Uiser collogue:Jean700|tauk]]) 06:53, 24 Julie 2025 (UTC) :Ye kin help yersel bi stendin oot the airticle insteid ae churnin oot fit leuks lik x-wiki spam. Turn it inti summat aat isna a sentence lang an claims aat French airt stairtit in the 1950s an we'll see anent the notability tag [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 19:32, 24 Julie 2025 (UTC) == Thanks for that == Thanks for accepting the changes [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2025-63184-6|&#126;2025-63184-6]] ([[Uiser collogue:&#126;2025-63184-6|talk]]) 16:32, 16 September 2025 (UTC) == Update request == Hello, CiphriusKane. Can you rename [[Prince Andrew, Duke o York]] into the Scots version of [[Andra Mountbatten Windsor]]? After all his titles, honours and styles were stripped of him on 30 October 2025, he became plain (Mr.) Andrew Mountbatten Windsor. Here is the official statement from Buckingham Palace: https://www.royal.uk/news-and-activity/2025-10-30/a-statement-from-buckingham-palace Yours sincerely, [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2025-30714-02|&#126;2025-30714-02]] ([[Uiser collogue:&#126;2025-30714-02|talk]]) 17:31, 1 November 2025 (UTC) == Clarification == A think there's been a misunderstanding here, so let me separate things clearly. ==== ScotsCheck (Uiser:BZPN/ScotsCheck/…) ==== The Translations, Dictionary-en, an Dictionary-sco pages belong tae '''ma personal on-wiki script'''. They are user-space working leets used only by that gadget in ma ain browser. They are '''nae a bot whitelist'''. They are '''nae''' community-approved standards. They are '''nae''' applied automatically by ony account. They are simply ma '''private working notes''', adjusted as A analyse scowiki airticles. If a translation entry is wrang (e.g. "ay" or "basit"), that juist means ma working leet needs corrected - it disnae affect the bot at aw. ==== The bot ([[Uiser:ScotsBot]]) ==== (EN for clarity) The bot executes only the tasks listed at '''[[Uiser:ScotsBot/Tasks]]'''. It does '''not''' read or use the on-wiki ScotsCheck dictionaries. It does not use the Translations page. It does not perform automatic oversettins. At present, the bot is inactive an waitin on the flag. There is currently '''no''' active, community-approved whitelist in operation (located by default at [[Uiser:BZPN/Whitelist.json]]). The bot is '''not''' applying translation replacements (and ''never'' was). If anything looked like oversetting in recent changes, that was my manual edit via my own script interface - not a bot action. ====enwiki block==== A received a community block in October 2025 related tae a content dispute an conduct issues on that project. It wis nae connected tae ony bots, automation, technical misuse, etc. There has been nae cross-wiki abuse, nae undisclosed bot activity, an nae sanctions related tae automation. A'm registered on ScoWiki for about a year, though A only started contributing recently. Scowiki is a separate project, an ma work here has been transparent an open tae scrutiny. A'm a trusted editor on other Wikimedia projects, including simplewiki, plwiki, mediawiki and others. If there are concerns about oversight or safeguards, A'm entirely willing tae operate under supervision. Best regards, [[Uiser:BZPN|BZPN]] ([[Uiser collogue:BZPN|tauk]]) 00:25, 14 Februar 2026 (UTC) :Bot eesers need ti be trowstit members o the commonity. Ye stairtit editin twa weeks back an clearly dinna hae the leid skills ti edit, sae fit wye is it aat yer daein the same sort o botlik edits aat got heaps o bad press? Ye didna ask ti rin the script an e'en gied the impression aat ye'd nae dae iss sort o hing. E'en leukin inti simplewiki an plwiki a'm seein mair reid flags, lik the Discord ban an a hefty block log on plwiki, an fit's iss anent a UCOC case? [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 00:39, 14 Februar 2026 (UTC) ::I am responding in English because of your previous comment stating that ''"it's pretty obvious that they're not a Scots speaker"'' was personally humiliating. As I am learning Scots, I won't understand everything perfectly, but that does not justify personal attacks. Writing a full article on scowiki requires careful attention, just as composing text in Scots requires time and effort. The fact that I am learning Scots does not make me less capable or less committed to producing good quality contributions. Back to the point: I have several points to avoid further misunderstandings. First: user scripts. As stated on [[:en:WP:JAVASCRIPT]]: ''"You take full responsibility for any actions taken using any user script. You must read and abide by all relevant Wikipedia policies when using this tool; failure to do so may result in being blocked from editing.''" My script runs on-wiki, requires manual interaction, and does not perform any automatic edits. At no point have I violated any scowiki rules or policies. My edits are fully auditable in page histories. Also, your comments regarding my alleged "bot-like" (suspected "automatic") edits, supposed inexperience, and prior conduct on other wikis constitute a serious personal attack. I am not a vandal, nor have I violated local community norms. Targeting actions from other Wikimedia projects, including blocks or Discord issues, is inappropriate. This approach lacks [[:en:WP:AGF|AGF]] and creates an unfair, hostile environment. Your messages, especially drawing attention to prior blocks and suggesting misconduct, may fall under UCoC 3.1, which includes behaviour intended to outrage or intimidate a person, e.g. by hounding, i.e., repeated critique or questioning across projects, intended to discourage or upset. I encourage you to read and follow the global standards under UCoC and to evaluate my edits and actions on their merits within scowiki. Mischaracterizing my contributions based on assumptions or other projects is discriminatory and contrary to the standards. I am fully willing to discuss any ''legitimate'' concerns about edits on scowiki, and pause certain changes if the community requests. It is late here, so I will be signing off for now. Good night. [[Uiser:BZPN|BZPN]] ([[Uiser collogue:BZPN|tauk]]) 01:15, 14 Februar 2026 (UTC) :::Did ye tell that ti the fowks aat opponed yer simplewiki RfA based on yer UCOC case, Discord ban an ban on plwiki? Acause iss message leuks gey seemlir ti the kind o hing aat wis raised in ither places. A wis giein ye a chance ti explain in yer ain wirds, an it seems yer walin ti come oot fur a fecht. :::As fur "learning Scots", pairt o the raeson aat the wiki's in sic a mess is acause o fowks "learning Scots", fowks aat wi aa gweed intentions managed ti cause sic a mess wi bad owersettins aat there wis discussion anent shuttin the hale projeck doon, an fae fit a'm seein ye wis daein the same hing. We hae tasks fur learners, an it disna incluid rinnin gadgets based on clearly fauty lists. A wis daein spotchecks on seyed lists, nae fu analysis, an a'd wager a'd fin mair wrang wi thaim. An the mix o Scots an Inglis in yer messages disna gie mense ti the idea aat ye hae the needit skills fur editin. :::As fur me bringin ap reid flags, a need ti ken aat a kin trowst the bot operator, an crosswiki behaviour kin be a gweed indcator o sumbidy's reliability. Gin yer bein baured fur battlegrund behaviour an wikilawyerin an shawin aat same behaviour here, then fit wye shid a conclude differently fae enwiki an sey ye kin be trowstit? [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 02:15, 14 Februar 2026 (UTC) ::::Either ye want the ScotsBot for whit it actually daes, as clearly set oot in the documentation, or me an the bot will step awa fae this wiki tae save ye ony mair bother, hostility, or accusations. The choice is yours. [[Uiser:BZPN|BZPN]] ([[Uiser collogue:BZPN|tauk]]) 08:28, 14 Februar 2026 (UTC) :::::Bye then [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 17:55, 14 Februar 2026 (UTC) == Request tae upload an eemage == Hullo @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]], coud ye please dounload [[:fi:Tiedosto:13_Reasons_Why_tv-series_poster.jpg|this poster]] fur this series here fur local uise in the airticle, in accordance wi copyricht law ? Thank ye. [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 03:49, 25 Mairch 2026 (UTC) :{{ping|Mr.Murdoch78}} Deen. As a'm nae shuir fit ye intend fur ti mak eese o't a'v left aat field in the license blank, sae please fill it in [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 06:36, 25 Mairch 2026 (UTC) == Request tae upload eemages == Hullo @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]], A'll need tae upload some eemages tae the wiki. Is thare a role A can uise tae avoid haein tae gae throu ye ilka time an baitherin ye? A woud lik tae hae Rowback richts tae undae unwantit chynges an aa. Coud ye upload the eemages here? A'll tak care o eikin the information. * [[:en:File:The_Night_We_Met.jpg|The Night We Met airtwirk]] * [[:en:File:Katherine_Langford_as_Hannah_Baker.jpg|Pictur o Katherine Langford as Hannah Baker]] * [[:en:File:Clay_Jensen.png|Pictur o Dylan Minnette as Clay Jensen]] * [[:en:File:A_Star_is_Born.png|''A Star Is Born'' film poster]] * ''[[:en:File:From_title_card.jpg|From]]'' * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lewis_Capaldi_-_Someone_You_Loved.png ''Someone You Loved'' airtwirk] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lewis_Capaldi_-_Wish_You_the_Best.png Wish You the Best airtwirk] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SurvivebyLewisCapaldi.webp Survive airtwirk] *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ed_Sheeran_Perfect_Single_cover.jpg Perfect airtwirk] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shape_Of_You_(Official_Single_Cover)_by_Ed_Sheeran.png Shape of You airtwirk] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Photograph_(Ed_Sheeran_song)_cover.png Photograph airtwirk] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_Notice_-_film_promotional_image.jpg ''Red Notice'' film poster] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:YOU_Tv_Series_LOGO.png Logo o the telly series ''YOU''] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Up_(2009_film).jpg ''Up ''film poster] Thank ye ! [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 01:33, 16 Apryle 2026 (UTC) :A'm nae shuir anent the image uploadin richt, bit gien foo yer still failin ti gie proper attreibution fur yer owersettins an violatin Wikipaedia's CC-BY-SA licence a'd be temptit ti decline aat request [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 06:21, 16 Apryle 2026 (UTC) ::Aw credits an information regardin copyricht on eemages sic as films/series posters an sang/album airtwirks can be foond wi the eemage in ilka link. Whan owersettin airticles frae the Inglis Wikipaedia, hou dae A comply wi the Wikipaedia's CC-BY-SA licence? Dae A need tae eik a template tae the airticle's collogue page? Coud ye shaw me an ensaumple frae an airticle sae A can correct ma mistak an avoid repeatin it? [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 11:08, 16 Apryle 2026 (UTC) :::[[:en:Wikipedia:Translation#Attribution_requirements]]. A'll leuk at the images in a bit [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 11:12, 16 Apryle 2026 (UTC) ::::A juist mak the chynge tae comply wi Wikipaedia's CC-BY-SA license on the airticle [[History o Fraunce]], is that correct? [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 22:43, 16 Apryle 2026 (UTC) :::::Ay, bit dinna eese "eedit[s]". The Scots wird is "edit[s]" an a'v jist nae gotten roon ti gettin rid o the fake spellin [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 22:45, 16 Apryle 2026 (UTC) ::::::A'v jist edited the Lord Huron airtin, is it correct nou? [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 22:53, 16 Apryle 2026 (UTC) :::::::Ay, ye dinna need ti speir at me aifter ivery een. Fit yer daein is fine noo [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 22:54, 16 Apryle 2026 (UTC) ::::::::Thank ye fur yer help! :) [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 23:04, 16 Apryle 2026 (UTC) :Okay leukin ower the requests... :From/A Star Is Born/Someone You Loved/Wish You the Best/Survive/Perfect/Shape of You/Red Notice dinna hae airticles sae we canna hae the images :YOU is ap fur deletion sae naw. There's a file on Commons :Langford/Minnette dinna need images o thair chairacters, an a'd really raither ye nae mak chairacter pages fur thaim. There's better places ti pit yer efforts nor inti makkin airticles fur fictional chairacters :Up a'll get roon ti at sum pint iss week [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 14:47, 22 Apryle 2026 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 20:11, 28 Apryle 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30472482 --> == Scots == Hello. I'm looking for translation of descriptions "studio album by Basshunter", "song by Käärijä and Basshunter" and "single by Käärijä and Basshunter" for Wikidata items. I think "studio album" and "single" are the same as English and there is "sang" for "song" and "an" for "and". I curious if there should be "by" or "bi" (there is "by" in infoboxes). Would you help? [[Uiser:Eurohunter|Eurohunter]] ([[Uiser collogue:Eurohunter|tauk]]) 18:09, 30 Apryle 2026 (UTC) :A hink aither or is fine bit we'd gang fur bi here. As fur the infobox stuff, aat's mair lik ti be shite owersettins missin hauf the wirds [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 20:04, 30 Apryle 2026 (UTC) :: Thanks [[Uiser:Eurohunter|Eurohunter]] ([[Uiser collogue:Eurohunter|tauk]]) 06:59, 1 Mey 2026 (UTC) == Translate button == Can ye translate the actin page on here an add the button for the original ane [[Uiser:Themeramisin|Themeramisin]] ([[Uiser collogue:Themeramisin|tauk]]) 19:53, 4 Mey 2026 (UTC) == Hey there == You are worth a lot, you're a Wikipedia editor! The most beautiful people on earth are Wikipedia editors and the Saints of God, your contributions will not go unnoticed, I will remember you kind Wikipedia editor. [[Uiser:Henry Casper Miron|Henry Casper Miron]] ([[Uiser collogue:Henry Casper Miron|tauk]]) 04:21, 8 Mey 2026 (UTC) == Mai Vu Minh == Hi, on the English wiki it has been recreated as Mai Vu Minh (diplomat) on 6 March 2026 probably to avoid it's deletion history being linked. I've moved it to Mai Vu Minh as there is no proper reason for the disambguation. It hasn't been reviewed yet so it could be deleted, regards [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 22:39, 14 Mey 2026 (UTC) :{{ping|Atlantic306}} Shid aat no hae been "Mai Vũ Minh" wi the accent then? [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 02:54, 15 Mey 2026 (UTC) ::Have now moved it to that and it now links to Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mai Vũ Minh where it was deleted with strong suspicions of fraud, imv [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 22:37, 15 Mey 2026 (UTC) == Event Coordinator rights == {{en}} hey hey - hope you're well. Looking to use the Invitation List feature of the Campaign Events tool for the August Writing Drive, but I'd need Event Coordinator rights - couldn't see the right place to request it, can you advise? :) [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 09:52, 20 Mey 2026 (UTC) :Ye shid hae the richt noo [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 20:39, 20 Mey 2026 (UTC) == (EN) Improving citations == I'm focusing on improving citations right now, as it doesn't require fluency in Scots to do. For edit summaries, what's "improved citation" in Scots? Right now, I'm just leaving it blank which is technically fine under policy but not ideal. [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 19:55, 4 August 2026 (UTC) :Impruived citation [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 23:01, 4 August 2026 (UTC) == (In Inglis) Possible mistake == Hello, I made a stub translation of [[:en:15.ai]] but it was deleted for promotional content even though it was a direct translation of the first sentence of the English Wikipedia article. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-47340-15|&#126;2026-47340-15]] ([[Uiser collogue:&#126;2026-47340-15|talk]]) 13:03, 1 September 2026 (UTC) :Sentence lang airticle anent a company aat disna mak ony attempt ti sey foo it's notable? A'm gey shuir it'd be deletit on enwiki as weel [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 13:59, 1 September 2026 (UTC) ::(en) I understand, I will make a longer translation. Plus the subject is not a company, it is a research project [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-47744-05|&#126;2026-47744-05]] ([[Uiser collogue:&#126;2026-47744-05|talk]]) 15:32, 1 September 2026 (UTC) == Archive today links == Hi, am a bit concerned that the archive today links are no longer being blocked. The links now go to archive.ph which is one of its mirror sites and straight to a captcha page which is where the malicious code is transferred. According to Google AI archive.ph is supposed to be globally blocked on Wikipedia along with archive today and other mirror sites it uses but that doesnt seem to be working now, regards [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 00:57, 2 October 2026 (UTC) :(en) I've contacted somebody at WMUK about getting local filters set up for this but I think they're out until Monday. If the global filter is broken, it'd be best to post a message at [[:m:Talk:Spam blacklist]] (and checking the list archive.today et al is on there) [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 01:57, 2 October 2026 (UTC) :: will do [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 11:45, 2 October 2026 (UTC) :::(en) {{ping|Atlantic306}} Just to confirm, when you say they're "no longer being blocked", are you meaning it's possible to save pages with archive today links still within them? Because I just tested a couple of pages ([[Madeleine Albright]] and [[Homs Destrict]]) and both got through with the link still intact, but I'm unsure if that's because I'm an admin. As for the filters, I'll have to contact metawiki as my WMUK contact is away for a bit, so I'll do that in the morn [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 20:07, 2 October 2026 (UTC) ::::Okay [[Andy Holden (athlete)]] also let an archive today link through when edited by a non-admin [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 22:23, 2 October 2026 (UTC) :::::I hadn't tried to edit a page with archive today links but the list of links are no longer blocked. I raised this at the spam blacklist talk page but they don't understand the problem and said the blacklist only blocks new links not old ones and when I told them the old ones were blocked by Regix up to a a couple of days ago they couldn't understand it. I tested adding an archive today link to my talk page and that edit was blocked so it seems to be only blocking newly added links.[[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 23:08, 2 October 2026 (UTC) == Vader == I was a bit disappointed you deleted this after I worked on it. There were only a couple of lines which you could have rewritten. They are definitely notable according to their Wikipedia article they have sold 500,000 records worldwide. [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 23:26, 11 October 2026 (UTC) :"There were only a couple of lines" and I see that as an issue. The article was 99% red linked albums and stank of quantity over quality. Plus it gives off the appearance that having a track list is all that's required for an article here (see e.g. [[Basshunter]], that until it was split was basically the discography). Plus I've always said that if somebody wanted to work on an X1 or quarried article I'd restore the original version, so feel free to actually improve the prose [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 08:16, 12 October 2026 (UTC) == Translation real quick == While the technical log will be in English, the edit summary should be in Scots. What's the translation of "Replace archive.today links with Wayback Machine snapshot"? [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 14:48, 14 October 2026 (UTC) :"Replace archive.today airtins wi Wayback Machine airtins". Nae sure how to translate "snapshot" so changing it to airtin meaning link or direction. I doubt anybody's going to complain though [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 16:19, 14 October 2026 (UTC) == Review my draft == To practice the Scots I've learned and to make an article dedicated solely to the ''current'' war in Gaza, I've created [[Draft:Israel-Hamas_War]]. I have no idea how good the Scots I wrote is, probably not very good, but I tried. I also added a couple references. I'd like you to review it and give me feedback on my Scots. [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 13:55, 15 October 2026 (UTC) :It's twa sentences lang, sae aat's a reid flag aareidy, an there's nae draftspace sae a pit it in yer eeserspace. A'd raither nae be nitpickin summat iss cutty [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 14:04, 15 October 2026 (UTC) ::I've added another paragraph. I do NOT instead to publish it yet; I just have started it and want you to review it so far. [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 14:44, 15 October 2026 (UTC) ::Can you delete [[Peter Propagandalf]]? It's blanked but it still exists. [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 14:25, 21 October 2026 (UTC) :::<nowiki>{{delete}}</nowiki> exists [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 14:34, 21 October 2026 (UTC) ::::IS there a speedy delete template? or do we just always use <nowiki>{{delete}}</nowiki>? [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 14:38, 21 October 2026 (UTC) :::::That is the speedy delete template [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 14:46, 21 October 2026 (UTC) ::::::OK, thanks. [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 14:48, 21 October 2026 (UTC) == Archive Today bot == Hi, is it going to be approved? If it helps i'll commit to checking its edits. Although if it does 100s of edits in one day then it will take 2 or 3 days to check properly, regards [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 00:51, 30 October 2026 (UTC) :It's up to {{ping|grilledcheeseisgreat}} to run it. I only asked them to stop with the translation script, nae the archive today bot [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 03:08, 30 October 2026 (UTC) ::You never gave the green light to run the script (not a bot, which requires formal approval rather than informal consensus here), as I was being careful. As you've implied I can run it, I'll make one last change (with how it logs things) before running it hopefully tonight. Until then, I might be running it on categories to speed up the process for the full run. [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 11:36, 30 October 2026 (UTC) ::Oh never mind, Atlantic pointed out something I can do to make it more reliable. I'll have to implement that too. [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 14:00, 30 October 2026 (UTC) hwugi1dze7dldymrs2mp8t5m4xkp3k5 Declaration o Arbroath/Leet o signanters 0 224629 925519 853455 2026-10-30T18:31:11Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 925519 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fixscots|date=September 2020}}[[File:Declaration of Arbroath translation 1.JPG|thumb]] Ablo are fowk wha adhibit their name tae the [[Declaration o Arbroath|Scrieve o Arbroath]] in 1320.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rps.ac.uk/trans/1320/4/1|title=The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707|last1=Brown|first1=Keith|website=Records of the Parliaments of Scotland|publisher=National Archives of Scotland|accessdate=3 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025221608/https://www.rps.ac.uk/trans/1320/4/1|archive-date=2020-10-25|url-status=dead}}</ref> The leet is a queeriorum; it haes a fair muckle fowk wha wis aye leal tae [[Robert the Bruce|the Bruce]], but forby haes muckle ithers wha'd opponed him, or wham Bruce hud tried fur ploatin again him twa-three muins efter, an some uncanny fowk o wham wee is kent. * [[Donnchadh IV, Yerl o Fife]] (chynged sides in 1332) * [[Thomas Randolph, 1st Yerl o Moray]] (heid Bruce promuiver altho focht fae the Inglis a wee speel in the bygane) * Patrick Dunbar, Yerl o March (chynged sides a few times) * Malise, Yerl o Strathearn (Bruce loyalist) * Maol Choluim (Malcolm) II, Yerl o Lennox (Bruce loyalist) * Uilleam (William) II, Yerl o Ross (afore betrais Bruce's kinswomen tae the Inglis) * Magnús Jónsson, Jarl (Yerl) o Orkney * William de Moravia, 3rd Yerl o Sutherland * [[Walter Stewart, 6t Heich Stewart o Scotland]] (Bruce loyalist) * William II de Soules, Butler o Scotland (efterwairds imprisoned fae ploatin again Bruce) * [[James Douglas, Laird o Douglas]] (leading Bruce loyalist) * Roger de Mowbray, Laird o Barnbougle an Dalmeny (efterwairds imprisoned fae ploatin again King Robert) * David, Laird o Brechin (efterwairds executed fae ploatin again Bruce) * David de Graham o Kincardine * [[Ingram de Umfraville]] (focht on the Inglis side at Bannockburn) * [[John de Menteith]], Guardian o the Yarldom o Menteith (earlier betrais [[William Wallace]] tae the Inglis) * Alexander Fraser o Touchfraser an Cowie * Gilbert II de la Hay, Constable o Scotland (Bruce loyalist) * [[Robert II Keith, Marischal o Scotland]] (Bruce loyalist) * Henry Sinclair (St. Clair) * John de Graham * David Lindsay o Crawford * William Oliphant, Laird o Aberdalgie (focht fae the Inglis fae a wee speel) * Patrick de Graham o Lovat * John de Fenton * William de Abernethy, 2nd Baron o Saltoun * David Wemyss * William Mushet * Fergus o [[Ardrussan]] * Eustace de Maxwell, Laird o Caerlaverock * William Ramsay * Alan Murray * Domhnall mac Cailein (Donald Campbell) * John Cameron * Reginald Cheyne (Reginald le Chen) * Alexander de Seton * Andrew de Leslie * Alexander Straiton Forby, the names o the follaein daena appear in the document's text, bit thair names ur written on seal tags an thair seals ur present:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nas.gov.uk/about/declarationArbroathSeals.asp|title=Declaration of Arbroath - Seals|publisher=[[National Archives of Scotland]]|access-date=2020-09-23|archive-date=2017-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106033713/http://www.nas.gov.uk/about/declarationArbroathSeals.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Alexander de Lamberton (becam a promuiver o [[Edward Balliol]] efter the [[Battle o Dupplin Moor]], 1332) * Edward Keith (subsequently [[Yerl Marischal]]; d. 1346) * Arthur Campbell (Clan Arthur) (Bruce loyalist) * Thomas de Menzies (Bruce loyalist) * John de Inchmartin (becam a promuiver o [[Edward Balliol]] efter the [[Battle o Dupplin Moor]], 1332; d. efter 1334) * John Duraunt * Thomas de Morham == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Declaration o Arbroath]] [[Category:Declaration o Arbroath signaters]] [[Category:1320 in Scotland]] [[Category:Leets o Scots politicians]] [[Category:History o Angus]] [[Category:Internaitional law]] [[Category:Naitional leeberation muivements]] [[Category:Poleetical history o Scotland]] [[Category:14t century in Scotland]] [[Category:Wars o Scots Unthirldom|Arbroath, Declaration o]] [[Category:Scots unthirldom movement]] [[Category:Avignon Papacy]] [[Category:Declaration o Arbroath]] {{Stub/Scotland}} b3p34w4ibcyau1uzaahvn0cqtsixzo7 Black bun 0 226755 925509 889400 2026-10-30T17:04:46Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 925509 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox prepared food | name = Black bun | image = Black bun cut open.jpg | image_size = 300px | imagesize = | caption = A black bun cut appen, shawin fruit cake interior | alternate_name = Scotch bun, Scotch Christmas bun | country = [[Scotland]] | creator = | type = [[Fruit cake]] | served = | main_ingredient = pastry, [[raisin]]s, [[Zante curran|currans]], [[almond]]s, [[citrus peel]], [[allspice]], [[ginger]], [[cinnamon]] and [[Black pepper|pepper]] | variations = | calories = | other = }} '''Black bun''', sometimes kent as '''Scotch bun''', is a kin o [[fruit cake]] haillie kivered wi fouky-meat. It is o Scots springheid, originally etten on the [[Uphaly Nicht]] but thir days tastit at [[Hogmanay]]. The cake mixtur teepically contains [[raisin]]s, [[Zante currant|currants]], [[aumond]]s, [[citrus peel]], [[allspice]], [[ginger]], [[cinnamon]] an [[black pepper]]. It haed originally been introduced efter the back-come o [[Mary, Queen of Scots]] frae France, but its original uiss at the Uphaly Nicht endit wi the [[Scottish Reformation]]. It wis uised for [[first-foot]]ing ower Hogmanay. ==Description== Black bun is a [[fruit cake]] wrappit in fouky-meat. The cake itsel is seimlar tae a traditional [[Christmas cake]] or [[Christmas puddin]] mixtur, includin ingredients lik [[raisin]]s an [[Ribes|currants]] alang wi spices lik [[cinnamon]], [[black pepper]] an [[allspice]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Hollywood|first=Paul|title=Black bun|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/recipes/black_bun_66755|publisher=BBC Food|accessdate=21 December 2013}}</ref><ref name=delicious>{{cite web|title=Scottish black bun recipe|url=http://www.deliciousmagazine.co.uk/recipes/scottish-black-bun|publisher=Delicious|accessdate=21 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224122237/http://www.deliciousmagazine.co.uk/recipes/scottish-black-bun|archive-date=2013-12-24|url-status=dead}}</ref> It haes been cawed a feck bit muckler version o a [[Garibaldi biscuit]], an it haes been suggestit that the origin o that biscuit may hae been influenced by the black bun acause the inventor of the biscuit, John Carr, wis Scottish.<ref>{{cite book|last=McGinn|first=Clark|title=The Ultimate Guide To Being Scottish|year=2008|publisher=Luath|location=Edinburgh|isbn=9781906307813|page=44|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e7JD-WoRojoC&q=%22black+bun%22&pg=PA44}}</ref> Ootwi Scotland, the black bun is forby etten in the [[Appalachia]] region o the Unitit States.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sohn|first=Mark F.|title=Appalachian Home Cooking|year=2005|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|location=Lexington, Ky.|isbn=9780813191539|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pnt2W4KY94IC&q=%22black+bun%22&pg=PT192}}</ref> In 2013, a receipt wis demonstrate by [[Paul Hollywood]] on a Christmas special o ''[[The_Great_British_Bake_Off_(series_4)#Christmas_Masterclass|The Great British Bake Off]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last=O'Donovan|first=Gerard|title=Great British Bake Off Christmas Special, BBC Two, review|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/tv-and-radio-reviews/10520489/Great-British-Bake-Off-Christmas-Special-BBC-Two-review.html|accessdate=21 December 2013|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|date=17 December 2013}}</ref> ==Origins== The cake cam aboot as a Scottish [[King cake]] fur uiss on Uphaly Nicht on 5 January – the een o [[Uphaly day]], an the end o the [[Daft days]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Crump|first=William D.|title=The Christmas Encyclopedia|year=2013|publisher=McFarland & Company, Inc.|location=Jefferson, North Carolina|isbn=9780786468270|page=211|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MdGoAAAAQBAJ&q=%22black+bun%22+twelfth+night&pg=PA211}}</ref> It wis introduced follaein the back-come o [[Mary, Queen of Scots]] frae France, an the tradition haes it that a bean wis hidden in the cake – whaiver foond it became the King for the een. It haes been recordit that Mary hersel participate in siclike games, an in 1563 she cleidit her bairnheid fere [[Mary Fleming]] in ryal robes an jewellery efter Fleming became Queen for the evening. This shockit the English Ambassador, wha writ "The Queen of the Bean was that day in a gown of cloth of silver, her head, her neck, her shoulders, the rest of her whole body, so beset with stones, that more in our whole jewel house was not to be found."<ref name=hogcompanion>{{cite book|last=Douglas|first=Hugh|title=The Hogmanay Companion|year=1999|publisher=Neil Wilson|location=Glasgow|isbn=9781897784938|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u7ynDvIQQ1EC&q=%22black+bun%22+twelfth+night+bean&pg=PT21}}</ref> Following the [[Scottish Reformation]] in 1560, the celebration of Christmas was outlawed in Scotland and the use of a King cake at that time ended.<ref name=hogcompanion/> The black bun kin o cake in its modern uissage dates frae the early nineteenth century, umwhile cried Scotch bun an Scotch Christmas bun. The term "black bun" wis first recordit in 1898, an may hae been a eftercast o [[Robert Louis Stevenson]] referrin tae the cake as "a black substance inimical to life".<ref>{{cite book|last=Ayto|first=John|title=The Diner's Dictionary|year=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=9780199640249|page=[https://archive.org/details/dinersdictionary0000ayto/page/33 33]|edition=2nd|url=https://archive.org/details/dinersdictionary0000ayto|url-access=registration|quote=black bun.}}</ref> The cake is nou commonly uised as a [[Hogmanay]] custom, whaur fowk veesit their neebours efter midnicht fur tae celebrate the New Year. This is cried [[first-fit]], an the gift o a black bun wis meant tae symbolise that the receivin faimly wadnae be hungry in the forthcomin year.<ref name=delicious/> It wis forby uised as a traditional cake tae ser tae thaim that's veesitin hames as pairt o Hogmanay, tae be consumed wi [[whisky]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Smith|first=Patricia|title=Hogmanay organizers promise bigger, better Scottish New Year's party|url=https://ottawacitizen.com/life/Hogmanay+organizers+promise+bigger+better+Scottish+Year+party/9279442/story.html|accessdate=21 December 2013|newspaper=Ottawa Citizen|date=12 December 2013|archive-date=2016-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212063952/http://www.ottawacitizen.com/life/Hogmanay+organizers+promise+bigger+better+Scottish+Year+party/9279442/story.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==See an aw== * [[List of pies, tarts and flans]] * {{portal-inline|Food}} * {{portal-inline|Scotland}} ==Soorces== {{reflist|30em}} {{Cakes}} {{British pies}} {{Scottish cuisine}} [[Category:Scottish desserts]] [[Category:Scots pies]] [[Category:Cakes]] [[Category:Sweet pies]] [[Category:Hogmanay]] [[Category:Fruit dishes]] [[Category:Uphaly nicht]] joeb8ni0vb0p88xhwelu54juyxvydyx Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat 3 233808 925484 920258 2026-10-30T14:03:31Z Atlantic306 30244 /* Archive Today */ new section 925484 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, Grilledcheeseisgreat, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/Grilledcheeseisgreat|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 19:09, 30 Julie 2026 (UTC) == Archive Today == Hi, at [[Cape Town]], [[Havana]], [[Hanoi]] and [[Riga]] there were replacements at internet archive that weren't added, imv [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 14:03, 30 October 2026 (UTC) m70yhvgst949lvo8deipaejolry1scl 925486 925484 2026-10-30T14:09:09Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 /* Archive Today */ Replie 925486 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, Grilledcheeseisgreat, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/Grilledcheeseisgreat|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 19:09, 30 Julie 2026 (UTC) == Archive Today == Hi, at [[Cape Town]], [[Havana]], [[Hanoi]] and [[Riga]] there were replacements at internet archive that weren't added, imv [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 14:03, 30 October 2026 (UTC) :I mentioned that on CiphriusKane's talkpage. Updating script to handle redirects right now. [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 14:09, 30 October 2026 (UTC) pzgml6hx0ccyaofuzy4av550fspw69k 925490 925486 2026-10-30T14:11:28Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 /* Archive Today */ Replie 925490 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, Grilledcheeseisgreat, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/Grilledcheeseisgreat|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 19:09, 30 Julie 2026 (UTC) == Archive Today == Hi, at [[Cape Town]], [[Havana]], [[Hanoi]] and [[Riga]] there were replacements at internet archive that weren't added, imv [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 14:03, 30 October 2026 (UTC) :I mentioned that on CiphriusKane's talkpage. Updating script to handle redirects right now. [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 14:09, 30 October 2026 (UTC) :Just tested changes at [[LinkedIn]] and [[Televisa]]. You can review those if you want. [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 14:11, 30 October 2026 (UTC) cpromm5tl1a16tj9hl0nelod0bbmowj 925491 925490 2026-10-30T14:18:54Z Atlantic306 30244 /* Archive Today */ r 925491 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, Grilledcheeseisgreat, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/Grilledcheeseisgreat|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 19:09, 30 Julie 2026 (UTC) == Archive Today == Hi, at [[Cape Town]], [[Havana]], [[Hanoi]] and [[Riga]] there were replacements at internet archive that weren't added, imv [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 14:03, 30 October 2026 (UTC) :I mentioned that on CiphriusKane's talkpage. Updating script to handle redirects right now. [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 14:09, 30 October 2026 (UTC) :Just tested changes at [[LinkedIn]] and [[Televisa]]. You can review those if you want. [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 14:11, 30 October 2026 (UTC) :: There is an internet archive replacement for Televisa and the four I mentioned arent redirects so there is a different problem unfortunately, [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 14:18, 30 October 2026 (UTC) dbegvjt5zgpd0un68vm8cn9djr06mbn 925492 925491 2026-10-30T14:19:36Z Atlantic306 30244 /* Archive Today */ ce 925492 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, Grilledcheeseisgreat, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/Grilledcheeseisgreat|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 19:09, 30 Julie 2026 (UTC) == Archive Today == Hi, at [[Cape Town]], [[Havana]], [[Hanoi]] and [[Riga]] there were replacements at internet archive that weren't added, imv [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 14:03, 30 October 2026 (UTC) :I mentioned that on CiphriusKane's talkpage. Updating script to handle redirects right now. [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 14:09, 30 October 2026 (UTC) :Just tested changes at [[LinkedIn]] and [[Televisa]]. You can review those if you want. [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 14:11, 30 October 2026 (UTC) :: There is a direct internet archive replacement for Televisa and the four I mentioned arent redirects so there is a different problem unfortunately, [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 14:18, 30 October 2026 (UTC) sx86pj35vqgq4ivf1dm97lokz968s2c 925493 925492 2026-10-30T14:29:47Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 /* Archive Today */ Replie 925493 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, Grilledcheeseisgreat, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/Grilledcheeseisgreat|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 19:09, 30 Julie 2026 (UTC) == Archive Today == Hi, at [[Cape Town]], [[Havana]], [[Hanoi]] and [[Riga]] there were replacements at internet archive that weren't added, imv [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 14:03, 30 October 2026 (UTC) :I mentioned that on CiphriusKane's talkpage. Updating script to handle redirects right now. [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 14:09, 30 October 2026 (UTC) :Just tested changes at [[LinkedIn]] and [[Televisa]]. You can review those if you want. [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 14:11, 30 October 2026 (UTC) :: There is a direct internet archive replacement for Televisa and the four I mentioned arent redirects so there is a different problem unfortunately, [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 14:18, 30 October 2026 (UTC) :::Hmm, gonna revert the changes I made to the script as I think there's a better API endpoint to use that might solve at least some of this. [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 14:29, 30 October 2026 (UTC) mlh6995bp8w9if1hjo7rr9fjo0ja29y Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat/archivefix.js 2 234131 925485 924712 2026-10-30T14:08:34Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 hope this fix will work 925485 javascript text/javascript // Add toolbar button mw.util.addPortletLink( "p-cactions", "#", "Fix archive.today", "fix-archive-btn", "Replace archive.today links with Wayback Machine" ); /******************************* * Logging *******************************/ async function appendToPage(pageTitle, textArray, summary) { return mw.loader.using('mediawiki.api').then(function () { const api = new mw.Api(); return api.postWithToken('csrf', { action: 'edit', title: pageTitle, appendtext: '\n\n' + textArray.join("\n\n"), summary: summary, format: 'json' }); }); } async function addToLog(entries) { if (!Array.isArray(entries)) { await appendToPage( "Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat/archivelog", [`Error: non-array argument passed to addToLog(): ${entries}`], "loggin" ); return; } // Filter out useless entries const filtered = entries.filter(entry => { const updated = /Updated\s+(\d+)/i.exec(entry); const deleted = /deleted:\s+(\d+)/i.exec(entry); const unreliable = /Unreliable sources:\s+(\d+)/i.exec(entry); const u = updated ? parseInt(updated[1], 10) : 0; const d = deleted ? parseInt(deleted[1], 10) : 0; const un = unreliable ? parseInt(unreliable[1], 10) : 0; return u !== 0 || d !== 0 || un !== 0; }); if (filtered.length === 0) return; // Add timestamp for reliability const timestamp = new Date().toISOString(); const finalEntries = filtered.map(e => `[${timestamp}] ${e}`); await appendToPage( "Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat/archivelog", finalEntries, "loggin" ); } /******************************* * Utility functions *******************************/ function countUnreliableSources(wikitext) { if (!wikitext) return 0; const regex = /\b(?:daily[-_]?mail|infowars|thesun|national[-_]?enquirer)(?:\.co\.uk|\.com)?\b/gi; const matches = wikitext.match(regex); return matches ? matches.length : 0; } function parseArchiveTimestamp(ts) { return new Date(Date.UTC( ts.slice(0,4), ts.slice(4,6) - 1, ts.slice(6,8), ts.slice(8,10), ts.slice(10,12), ts.slice(12,14) )); } /******************************* * Batch processing *******************************/ async function processInBatches(api, titles, logEntries) { const batchSize = 50; for (let i = 0; i < titles.length; i += batchSize) { const batch = titles.slice(i, i + batchSize); const data = await api.get({ action: "query", prop: "revisions", rvprop: "content", titles: batch.join("|"), formatversion: 2 }); for (const page of data.query.pages) { try { const result = await fixPage(api, page.title, page.revisions?.[0]?.content || null); if (result) logEntries.push(result); } catch (e) { logEntries.push(`Error processing ${page.title}: ${e}`); } } } } /******************************* * Fetch helpers *******************************/ async function fetchCategoryPages(api, category) { let results = []; let cont = {}; do { const data = await api.get({ action: "query", list: "categorymembers", cmtitle: category, cmlimit: "500", ...cont, formatversion: 2 }); results = results.concat(data.query.categorymembers || []); cont = data.continue || null; } while (cont); return results; } async function fetchAllExtUrlUsage(api, query, namespace) { let results = []; let cont = {}; do { const data = await api.get({ action: "query", list: "exturlusage", euquery: query, eunamespace: namespace, eulimit: "500", ...cont, formatversion: 2 }); results = results.concat(data.query.exturlusage || []); cont = data.continue || null; } while (cont); return results; } /******************************* * Main page fixer *******************************/ async function fixPage(api, title, contentOverride = null) { let content = contentOverride; if (!content) { const pageData = await api.get({ action: "query", prop: "revisions", rvprop: "content", titles: title, formatversion: 2 }); const page = pageData.query.pages[0]; if (!page.revisions || !page.revisions[0].content) { return `No content for: ${title}`; } content = page.revisions[0].content; } if (content.length > 2000000) { return `Skipped ${title}: page too large.`; } const regex = /https?:\/\/archive\.(?:today|is|li|md|ph|ec|vn)\/(?:\w+\/)?(\d{14})\/([^ \]\}\|"']+)/g; const allMatches = [...content.matchAll(regex)]; const totalLinks = allMatches.length; if (totalLinks === 0) { return `No archive.today links on ${title}.`; } let replacements = []; let match; while ((match = regex.exec(content)) !== null) { const timestamp = match[1]; const originalUrl = match[2]; const archiveDate = parseArchiveTimestamp(timestamp); const wbUrl = `https://archive.org/wayback/available?url=${encodeURIComponent(originalUrl)}&timestamp=${timestamp}`; let json; try { const res = await fetch(wbUrl); json = await res.json(); const closest = json?.archived_snapshots?.closest; if (!closest || !closest.available) { continue; // No snapshot found } const snapshotRes = await fetch(closest.url, { method: 'HEAD' }); const finalArchivedUrl = snapshotRes.url; console.log("Final resolved snapshot URL:", finalArchivedUrl); } catch (error) { continue; } const closest = json?.archived_snapshots?.closest; if (!closest || !closest.available) continue; const waybackDate = new Date(Date.UTC( closest.timestamp.slice(0,4), closest.timestamp.slice(4,6)-1, closest.timestamp.slice(6,8) )); const diffDays = Math.abs((waybackDate - archiveDate) / (1000 * 60 * 60 * 24)); if (diffDays > 100000) continue; if (!/^https?:\/\/web\.archive\.org\/web\//i.test(closest.url)) continue; replacements.push({ start: match.index, end: match.index + match[0].length, replacement: closest.url.replace(/^http:\/\//i, 'https://') }); } const replacedLinks = replacements.length; const deletedLinks = totalLinks - replacedLinks; let newContent = ""; let lastIndex = 0; for (const r of replacements) { newContent += content.slice(lastIndex, r.start); newContent += r.replacement; lastIndex = r.end; } newContent += content.slice(lastIndex); const archiveRefRegex = /<ref\b[^>]*>(?:(?!<\/ref>)[\s\S])*archive\.(?:today|is|li|fo|ph|vn|md)[\s\S]*?<\/ref>/gi; newContent = newContent.replace(archiveRefRegex, '{{citation needed}}'); try { await api.postWithToken('csrf', { action: "edit", title: title, text: newContent, summary: "Replace archive.today airtins wi Wayback Machine airtins" }); } catch (e) { return `Edit failed for ${title}: ${e}`; } const unreliableSources = countUnreliableSources(newContent); return `Updated ${replacedLinks} link(s) on ${title}. deleted: ${deletedLinks}. Unreliable sources: ${unreliableSources}.`; } /******************************* * Main click handler *******************************/ document.getElementById("fix-archive-btn").addEventListener("click", async () => { const api = new mw.Api(); const mode = prompt( "Choose mode:\n\n" + "1 = Fix only this page\n" + "2 = Fix all pages in a category\n" + "3 = Fix all pages in article space (namespace 0)\n\n" + "Enter 1, 2, or 3:" ); if (!mode) return; let logEntries = []; if (mode === "1") { const result = await fixPage(api, mw.config.get("wgPageName")); logEntries.push(result); await addToLog(logEntries); return; } if (mode === "2") { const category = prompt("Enter category name:"); if (!category) return; const pages = await fetchCategoryPages(api, category); await processInBatches(api, pages.map(p => p.title), logEntries); alert("Done fixing category."); await addToLog(logEntries); return; } if (mode === "3") { const pages = await fetchAllExtUrlUsage(api, "archive.today", 0); await processInBatches(api, pages.map(p => p.title), logEntries); alert("Done fixing article space."); await addToLog(logEntries); return; } alert("Invalid choice."); }); 9a8z43g5eg6cfj1otwvj4exleq29iml 925494 925485 2026-10-30T14:30:53Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 Undae revision [[Special:Diff/925485|925485]] bi [[Special:Contributions/Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[User talk:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Tauk]]) nae correct fix 925494 javascript text/javascript // Add toolbar button mw.util.addPortletLink( "p-cactions", "#", "Fix archive.today", "fix-archive-btn", "Replace archive.today links with Wayback Machine" ); /******************************* * Logging *******************************/ async function appendToPage(pageTitle, textArray, summary) { return mw.loader.using('mediawiki.api').then(function () { const api = new mw.Api(); return api.postWithToken('csrf', { action: 'edit', title: pageTitle, appendtext: '\n\n' + textArray.join("\n\n"), summary: summary, format: 'json' }); }); } async function addToLog(entries) { if (!Array.isArray(entries)) { await appendToPage( "Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat/archivelog", [`Error: non-array argument passed to addToLog(): ${entries}`], "loggin" ); return; } // Filter out useless entries const filtered = entries.filter(entry => { const updated = /Updated\s+(\d+)/i.exec(entry); const deleted = /deleted:\s+(\d+)/i.exec(entry); const unreliable = /Unreliable sources:\s+(\d+)/i.exec(entry); const u = updated ? parseInt(updated[1], 10) : 0; const d = deleted ? parseInt(deleted[1], 10) : 0; const un = unreliable ? parseInt(unreliable[1], 10) : 0; return u !== 0 || d !== 0 || un !== 0; }); if (filtered.length === 0) return; // Add timestamp for reliability const timestamp = new Date().toISOString(); const finalEntries = filtered.map(e => `[${timestamp}] ${e}`); await appendToPage( "Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat/archivelog", finalEntries, "loggin" ); } /******************************* * Utility functions *******************************/ function countUnreliableSources(wikitext) { if (!wikitext) return 0; const regex = /\b(?:daily[-_]?mail|infowars|thesun|national[-_]?enquirer)(?:\.co\.uk|\.com)?\b/gi; const matches = wikitext.match(regex); return matches ? matches.length : 0; } function parseArchiveTimestamp(ts) { return new Date(Date.UTC( ts.slice(0,4), ts.slice(4,6) - 1, ts.slice(6,8), ts.slice(8,10), ts.slice(10,12), ts.slice(12,14) )); } /******************************* * Batch processing *******************************/ async function processInBatches(api, titles, logEntries) { const batchSize = 50; for (let i = 0; i < titles.length; i += batchSize) { const batch = titles.slice(i, i + batchSize); const data = await api.get({ action: "query", prop: "revisions", rvprop: "content", titles: batch.join("|"), formatversion: 2 }); for (const page of data.query.pages) { try { const result = await fixPage(api, page.title, page.revisions?.[0]?.content || null); if (result) logEntries.push(result); } catch (e) { logEntries.push(`Error processing ${page.title}: ${e}`); } } } } /******************************* * Fetch helpers *******************************/ async function fetchCategoryPages(api, category) { let results = []; let cont = {}; do { const data = await api.get({ action: "query", list: "categorymembers", cmtitle: category, cmlimit: "500", ...cont, formatversion: 2 }); results = results.concat(data.query.categorymembers || []); cont = data.continue || null; } while (cont); return results; } async function fetchAllExtUrlUsage(api, query, namespace) { let results = []; let cont = {}; do { const data = await api.get({ action: "query", list: "exturlusage", euquery: query, eunamespace: namespace, eulimit: "500", ...cont, formatversion: 2 }); results = results.concat(data.query.exturlusage || []); cont = data.continue || null; } while (cont); return results; } /******************************* * Main page fixer *******************************/ async function fixPage(api, title, contentOverride = null) { let content = contentOverride; if (!content) { const pageData = await api.get({ action: "query", prop: "revisions", rvprop: "content", titles: title, formatversion: 2 }); const page = pageData.query.pages[0]; if (!page.revisions || !page.revisions[0].content) { return `No content for: ${title}`; } content = page.revisions[0].content; } if (content.length > 2000000) { return `Skipped ${title}: page too large.`; } const regex = /https?:\/\/archive\.(?:today|is|li|md|ph|ec|vn)\/(?:\w+\/)?(\d{14})\/([^ \]\}\|"']+)/g; const allMatches = [...content.matchAll(regex)]; const totalLinks = allMatches.length; if (totalLinks === 0) { return `No archive.today links on ${title}.`; } let replacements = []; let match; while ((match = regex.exec(content)) !== null) { const timestamp = match[1]; const originalUrl = match[2]; const archiveDate = parseArchiveTimestamp(timestamp); const wbUrl = `https://archive.org/wayback/available?url=${encodeURIComponent(originalUrl)}&timestamp=${timestamp}`; let json; try { const res = await fetch(wbUrl); json = await res.json(); } catch { continue; } const closest = json?.archived_snapshots?.closest; if (!closest || !closest.available) continue; const waybackDate = new Date(Date.UTC( closest.timestamp.slice(0,4), closest.timestamp.slice(4,6)-1, closest.timestamp.slice(6,8) )); const diffDays = Math.abs((waybackDate - archiveDate) / (1000 * 60 * 60 * 24)); if (diffDays > 100000) continue; if (!/^https?:\/\/web\.archive\.org\/web\//i.test(closest.url)) continue; replacements.push({ start: match.index, end: match.index + match[0].length, replacement: closest.url.replace(/^http:\/\//i, 'https://') }); } const replacedLinks = replacements.length; const deletedLinks = totalLinks - replacedLinks; let newContent = ""; let lastIndex = 0; for (const r of replacements) { newContent += content.slice(lastIndex, r.start); newContent += r.replacement; lastIndex = r.end; } newContent += content.slice(lastIndex); const archiveRefRegex = /<ref\b[^>]*>(?:(?!<\/ref>)[\s\S])*archive\.(?:today|is|li|fo|ph|vn|md)[\s\S]*?<\/ref>/gi; newContent = newContent.replace(archiveRefRegex, '{{citation needed}}'); try { await api.postWithToken('csrf', { action: "edit", title: title, text: newContent, summary: "Replace archive.today airtins wi Wayback Machine airtins" }); } catch (e) { return `Edit failed for ${title}: ${e}`; } const unreliableSources = countUnreliableSources(newContent); return `Updated ${replacedLinks} link(s) on ${title}. deleted: ${deletedLinks}. Unreliable sources: ${unreliableSources}.`; } /******************************* * Main click handler *******************************/ document.getElementById("fix-archive-btn").addEventListener("click", async () => { const api = new mw.Api(); const mode = prompt( "Choose mode:\n\n" + "1 = Fix only this page\n" + "2 = Fix all pages in a category\n" + "3 = Fix all pages in article space (namespace 0)\n\n" + "Enter 1, 2, or 3:" ); if (!mode) return; let logEntries = []; if (mode === "1") { const result = await fixPage(api, mw.config.get("wgPageName")); logEntries.push(result); await addToLog(logEntries); return; } if (mode === "2") { const category = prompt("Enter category name:"); if (!category) return; const pages = await fetchCategoryPages(api, category); await processInBatches(api, pages.map(p => p.title), logEntries); alert("Done fixing category."); await addToLog(logEntries); return; } if (mode === "3") { const pages = await fetchAllExtUrlUsage(api, "archive.today", 0); await processInBatches(api, pages.map(p => p.title), logEntries); alert("Done fixing article space."); await addToLog(logEntries); return; } alert("Invalid choice."); }); s9kc413gkzo7qnfufepeq7ldou4um5u 925516 925494 2026-10-30T17:32:53Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 adding TASS to unreliable sources scanner 925516 javascript text/javascript // Add toolbar button mw.util.addPortletLink( "p-cactions", "#", "Fix archive.today", "fix-archive-btn", "Replace archive.today links with Wayback Machine" ); /******************************* * Logging *******************************/ async function appendToPage(pageTitle, textArray, summary) { return mw.loader.using('mediawiki.api').then(function () { const api = new mw.Api(); return api.postWithToken('csrf', { action: 'edit', title: pageTitle, appendtext: '\n\n' + textArray.join("\n\n"), summary: summary, format: 'json' }); }); } async function addToLog(entries) { if (!Array.isArray(entries)) { await appendToPage( "Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat/archivelog", [`Error: non-array argument passed to addToLog(): ${entries}`], "loggin" ); return; } // Filter out useless entries const filtered = entries.filter(entry => { const updated = /Updated\s+(\d+)/i.exec(entry); const deleted = /deleted:\s+(\d+)/i.exec(entry); const unreliable = /Unreliable sources:\s+(\d+)/i.exec(entry); const u = updated ? parseInt(updated[1], 10) : 0; const d = deleted ? parseInt(deleted[1], 10) : 0; const un = unreliable ? parseInt(unreliable[1], 10) : 0; return u !== 0 || d !== 0 || un !== 0; }); if (filtered.length === 0) return; // Add timestamp for reliability const timestamp = new Date().toISOString(); const finalEntries = filtered.map(e => `[${timestamp}] ${e}`); await appendToPage( "Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat/archivelog", finalEntries, "loggin" ); } /******************************* * Utility functions *******************************/ function countUnreliableSources(wikitext) { if (!wikitext) return 0; const regex = /\b(?:daily[-_]?mail|infowars|thesun|national[-_]?enquirer|tass)(?:\.co\.uk|\.com)?\b/gi; const matches = wikitext.match(regex); return matches ? matches.length : 0; } function parseArchiveTimestamp(ts) { return new Date(Date.UTC( ts.slice(0,4), ts.slice(4,6) - 1, ts.slice(6,8), ts.slice(8,10), ts.slice(10,12), ts.slice(12,14) )); } /******************************* * Batch processing *******************************/ async function processInBatches(api, titles, logEntries) { const batchSize = 50; for (let i = 0; i < titles.length; i += batchSize) { const batch = titles.slice(i, i + batchSize); const data = await api.get({ action: "query", prop: "revisions", rvprop: "content", titles: batch.join("|"), formatversion: 2 }); for (const page of data.query.pages) { try { const result = await fixPage(api, page.title, page.revisions?.[0]?.content || null); if (result) logEntries.push(result); } catch (e) { logEntries.push(`Error processing ${page.title}: ${e}`); } } } } /******************************* * Fetch helpers *******************************/ async function fetchCategoryPages(api, category) { let results = []; let cont = {}; do { const data = await api.get({ action: "query", list: "categorymembers", cmtitle: category, cmlimit: "500", ...cont, formatversion: 2 }); results = results.concat(data.query.categorymembers || []); cont = data.continue || null; } while (cont); return results; } async function fetchAllExtUrlUsage(api, query, namespace) { let results = []; let cont = {}; do { const data = await api.get({ action: "query", list: "exturlusage", euquery: query, eunamespace: namespace, eulimit: "500", ...cont, formatversion: 2 }); results = results.concat(data.query.exturlusage || []); cont = data.continue || null; } while (cont); return results; } /******************************* * Main page fixer *******************************/ async function fixPage(api, title, contentOverride = null) { let content = contentOverride; if (!content) { const pageData = await api.get({ action: "query", prop: "revisions", rvprop: "content", titles: title, formatversion: 2 }); const page = pageData.query.pages[0]; if (!page.revisions || !page.revisions[0].content) { return `No content for: ${title}`; } content = page.revisions[0].content; } if (content.length > 2000000) { return `Skipped ${title}: page too large.`; } const regex = /https?:\/\/archive\.(?:today|is|li|md|ph|ec|vn)\/(?:\w+\/)?(\d{14})\/([^ \]\}\|"']+)/g; const allMatches = [...content.matchAll(regex)]; const totalLinks = allMatches.length; if (totalLinks === 0) { return `No archive.today links on ${title}.`; } let replacements = []; let match; while ((match = regex.exec(content)) !== null) { const timestamp = match[1]; const originalUrl = match[2]; const archiveDate = parseArchiveTimestamp(timestamp); const wbUrl = `https://archive.org/wayback/available?url=${encodeURIComponent(originalUrl)}&timestamp=${timestamp}`; let json; try { const res = await fetch(wbUrl); json = await res.json(); } catch { continue; } const closest = json?.archived_snapshots?.closest; if (!closest || !closest.available) continue; const waybackDate = new Date(Date.UTC( closest.timestamp.slice(0,4), closest.timestamp.slice(4,6)-1, closest.timestamp.slice(6,8) )); const diffDays = Math.abs((waybackDate - archiveDate) / (1000 * 60 * 60 * 24)); if (diffDays > 100000) continue; if (!/^https?:\/\/web\.archive\.org\/web\//i.test(closest.url)) continue; replacements.push({ start: match.index, end: match.index + match[0].length, replacement: closest.url.replace(/^http:\/\//i, 'https://') }); } const replacedLinks = replacements.length; const deletedLinks = totalLinks - replacedLinks; let newContent = ""; let lastIndex = 0; for (const r of replacements) { newContent += content.slice(lastIndex, r.start); newContent += r.replacement; lastIndex = r.end; } newContent += content.slice(lastIndex); const archiveRefRegex = /<ref\b[^>]*>(?:(?!<\/ref>)[\s\4S])*archive\.(?:today|is|li|fo|ph|vn|md)[\s\S]*?<\/ref>/gi; newContent = newContent.replace(archiveRefRegex, '{{citation needed}}'); try { await api.postWithToken('csrf', { action: "edit", title: title, text: newContent, summary: "Replace archive.today airtins wi Wayback Machine airtins" }); } catch (e) { return `Edit failed for ${title}: ${e}`; } const unreliableSources = countUnreliableSources(newContent); return `Updated ${replacedLinks} link(s) on ${title}. deleted: ${deletedLinks}. Unreliable sources: ${unreliableSources}.`; } /******************************* * Main click handler *******************************/ document.getElementById("fix-archive-btn").addEventListener("click", async () => { const api = new mw.Api(); const mode = prompt( "Choose mode:\n\n" + "1 = Fix only this page\n" + "2 = Fix all pages in a category\n" + "3 = Fix all pages in article space (namespace 0)\n\n" + "Enter 1, 2, or 3:" ); if (!mode) return; let logEntries = []; if (mode === "1") { const result = await fixPage(api, mw.config.get("wgPageName")); logEntries.push(result); await addToLog(logEntries); return; } if (mode === "2") { const category = prompt("Enter category name:"); if (!category) return; const pages = await fetchCategoryPages(api, category); await processInBatches(api, pages.map(p => p.title), logEntries); alert("Done fixing category."); await addToLog(logEntries); return; } if (mode === "3") { const pages = await fetchAllExtUrlUsage(api, "archive.today", 0); await processInBatches(api, pages.map(p => p.title), logEntries); alert("Done fixing article space."); await addToLog(logEntries); return; } alert("Invalid choice."); }); n8t1vlukshppimx7d6xdvkpeiljebxf Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat/archivelog 2 234133 925458 924737 2026-10-30T12:32:34Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 loggin 925458 wikitext text/x-wiki == Log: ==<!-- --> Updated 1 link(s) on Auld_Lang_Syne. Deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0.<!-- --> Updated 0 link(s) on Eddie_Izzard. Deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0.<!-- --> Updated 0 link(s) on E. Deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. NOTE: I thought it was a bug when I didn't add my updated articles in the Inglis-leid films category to here, but it was because I closed out too fast, which I won't do again. So here's the diffs: [https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lion_King&diff=prev&oldid=924675 1][https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinderella_(1950_film)&diff=prev&oldid=924674 2][https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brave_(2012_film)&diff=prev&oldid=924673 3] [2026-10-16T22:20:15.803Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Iain Stirling. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-17T21:09:04.788Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Portugal. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T12:32:34.071Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Mastodon. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. 012a1lw8yobte2hyl2linjg03dlirix 925476 925458 2026-10-30T13:37:11Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 loggin 925476 wikitext text/x-wiki == Log: ==<!-- --> Updated 1 link(s) on Auld_Lang_Syne. Deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0.<!-- --> Updated 0 link(s) on Eddie_Izzard. Deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0.<!-- --> Updated 0 link(s) on E. Deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. NOTE: I thought it was a bug when I didn't add my updated articles in the Inglis-leid films category to here, but it was because I closed out too fast, which I won't do again. So here's the diffs: [https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lion_King&diff=prev&oldid=924675 1][https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinderella_(1950_film)&diff=prev&oldid=924674 2][https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brave_(2012_film)&diff=prev&oldid=924673 3] [2026-10-16T22:20:15.803Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Iain Stirling. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-17T21:09:04.788Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Portugal. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T12:32:34.071Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Mastodon. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Cape Toun. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Cochabamba. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Havana. deleted: 2. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Guatemala Ceety. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Hanoi. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 0 link(s) on El Aaiún. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Dubrovnik. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Medellín. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Riga. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Pyongyang. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Thimphu. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Rotterdam. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Ouagadougou. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Porto-Novo. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Yangon. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Turku. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. dblm9v67fyfl7inoemzyhtoddji6lt1 925480 925476 2026-10-30T13:38:50Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 loggin 925480 wikitext text/x-wiki == Log: ==<!-- --> Updated 1 link(s) on Auld_Lang_Syne. Deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0.<!-- --> Updated 0 link(s) on Eddie_Izzard. Deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0.<!-- --> Updated 0 link(s) on E. Deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. NOTE: I thought it was a bug when I didn't add my updated articles in the Inglis-leid films category to here, but it was because I closed out too fast, which I won't do again. So here's the diffs: [https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lion_King&diff=prev&oldid=924675 1][https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinderella_(1950_film)&diff=prev&oldid=924674 2][https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brave_(2012_film)&diff=prev&oldid=924673 3] [2026-10-16T22:20:15.803Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Iain Stirling. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-17T21:09:04.788Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Portugal. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T12:32:34.071Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Mastodon. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Cape Toun. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Cochabamba. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Havana. deleted: 2. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Guatemala Ceety. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Hanoi. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 0 link(s) on El Aaiún. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Dubrovnik. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Medellín. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Riga. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Pyongyang. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Thimphu. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Rotterdam. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Ouagadougou. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Porto-Novo. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Yangon. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Turku. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:38:49.344Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Steve Jobs. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:38:49.344Z] Updated 0 link(s) on New Hampshire. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:38:49.344Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Massachusetts. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. ifh0okoh79vygauaf3t0x3u6rdjk827 925489 925480 2026-10-30T14:10:14Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 loggin 925489 wikitext text/x-wiki == Log: ==<!-- --> Updated 1 link(s) on Auld_Lang_Syne. Deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0.<!-- --> Updated 0 link(s) on Eddie_Izzard. Deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0.<!-- --> Updated 0 link(s) on E. Deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. NOTE: I thought it was a bug when I didn't add my updated articles in the Inglis-leid films category to here, but it was because I closed out too fast, which I won't do again. So here's the diffs: [https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lion_King&diff=prev&oldid=924675 1][https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinderella_(1950_film)&diff=prev&oldid=924674 2][https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brave_(2012_film)&diff=prev&oldid=924673 3] [2026-10-16T22:20:15.803Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Iain Stirling. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-17T21:09:04.788Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Portugal. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T12:32:34.071Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Mastodon. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Cape Toun. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Cochabamba. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Havana. deleted: 2. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Guatemala Ceety. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Hanoi. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 0 link(s) on El Aaiún. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Dubrovnik. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Medellín. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Riga. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Pyongyang. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Thimphu. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Rotterdam. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Ouagadougou. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Porto-Novo. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Yangon. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Turku. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:38:49.344Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Steve Jobs. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:38:49.344Z] Updated 0 link(s) on New Hampshire. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:38:49.344Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Massachusetts. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T14:10:13.159Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Televisa. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T14:10:13.159Z] Updated 0 link(s) on LinkedIn. deleted: 3. Unreliable sources: 0. b5u5lmb4jcyj0zb4pagcsr2serq9xqj 925497 925489 2026-10-30T14:41:25Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 loggin 925497 wikitext text/x-wiki == Log: ==<!-- --> Updated 1 link(s) on Auld_Lang_Syne. Deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0.<!-- --> Updated 0 link(s) on Eddie_Izzard. Deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0.<!-- --> Updated 0 link(s) on E. Deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. NOTE: I thought it was a bug when I didn't add my updated articles in the Inglis-leid films category to here, but it was because I closed out too fast, which I won't do again. So here's the diffs: [https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lion_King&diff=prev&oldid=924675 1][https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinderella_(1950_film)&diff=prev&oldid=924674 2][https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brave_(2012_film)&diff=prev&oldid=924673 3] [2026-10-16T22:20:15.803Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Iain Stirling. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-17T21:09:04.788Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Portugal. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T12:32:34.071Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Mastodon. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Cape Toun. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Cochabamba. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Havana. deleted: 2. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Guatemala Ceety. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Hanoi. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 0 link(s) on El Aaiún. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Dubrovnik. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Medellín. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Riga. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Pyongyang. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Thimphu. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Rotterdam. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Ouagadougou. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Porto-Novo. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Yangon. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Turku. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:38:49.344Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Steve Jobs. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:38:49.344Z] Updated 0 link(s) on New Hampshire. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:38:49.344Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Massachusetts. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T14:10:13.159Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Televisa. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T14:10:13.159Z] Updated 0 link(s) on LinkedIn. deleted: 3. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T14:41:24.131Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Roushies. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T14:41:24.131Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Leo Tolstoy. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. 1jzhzft7dbnes7msdxwe65r20y93ak9 925506 925497 2026-10-30T16:56:37Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 loggin 925506 wikitext text/x-wiki == Log: ==<!-- --> Updated 1 link(s) on Auld_Lang_Syne. Deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0.<!-- --> Updated 0 link(s) on Eddie_Izzard. Deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0.<!-- --> Updated 0 link(s) on E. Deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. NOTE: I thought it was a bug when I didn't add my updated articles in the Inglis-leid films category to here, but it was because I closed out too fast, which I won't do again. So here's the diffs: [https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lion_King&diff=prev&oldid=924675 1][https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinderella_(1950_film)&diff=prev&oldid=924674 2][https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brave_(2012_film)&diff=prev&oldid=924673 3] [2026-10-16T22:20:15.803Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Iain Stirling. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-17T21:09:04.788Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Portugal. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T12:32:34.071Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Mastodon. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Cape Toun. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Cochabamba. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Havana. deleted: 2. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Guatemala Ceety. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Hanoi. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 0 link(s) on El Aaiún. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Dubrovnik. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Medellín. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Riga. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Pyongyang. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Thimphu. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Rotterdam. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Ouagadougou. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Porto-Novo. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Yangon. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Turku. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:38:49.344Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Steve Jobs. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:38:49.344Z] Updated 0 link(s) on New Hampshire. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:38:49.344Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Massachusetts. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T14:10:13.159Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Televisa. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T14:10:13.159Z] Updated 0 link(s) on LinkedIn. deleted: 3. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T14:41:24.131Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Roushies. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T14:41:24.131Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Leo Tolstoy. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T16:56:36.730Z] Updated 1 link(s) on 2012 Warld Snooker Championship. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. eb233wrsifgqep6mry8rxghqqqi9p3t 925508 925506 2026-10-30T17:03:06Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 removing log entry that has been inspected and checked 925508 wikitext text/x-wiki == Log: ==<!-- --> Updated 1 link(s) on Auld_Lang_Syne. Deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0.<!-- --> Updated 0 link(s) on Eddie_Izzard. Deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0.<!-- --> Updated 0 link(s) on E. Deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. NOTE: I thought it was a bug when I didn't add my updated articles in the Inglis-leid films category to here, but it was because I closed out too fast, which I won't do again. So here's the diffs: [https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lion_King&diff=prev&oldid=924675 1][https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinderella_(1950_film)&diff=prev&oldid=924674 2][https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brave_(2012_film)&diff=prev&oldid=924673 3] [2026-10-16T22:20:15.803Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Iain Stirling. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-17T21:09:04.788Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Portugal. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T12:32:34.071Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Mastodon. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Cape Toun. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Cochabamba. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Havana. deleted: 2. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Guatemala Ceety. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Hanoi. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 0 link(s) on El Aaiún. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Dubrovnik. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Medellín. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Riga. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Pyongyang. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Thimphu. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Rotterdam. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Ouagadougou. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Porto-Novo. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Yangon. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Turku. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:38:49.344Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Steve Jobs. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:38:49.344Z] Updated 0 link(s) on New Hampshire. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:38:49.344Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Massachusetts. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T14:10:13.159Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Televisa. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T14:10:13.159Z] Updated 0 link(s) on LinkedIn. deleted: 3. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T14:41:24.131Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Roushies. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T14:41:24.131Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Leo Tolstoy. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. 1jzhzft7dbnes7msdxwe65r20y93ak9 925514 925508 2026-10-30T17:29:44Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 loggin 925514 wikitext text/x-wiki == Log: ==<!-- --> Updated 1 link(s) on Auld_Lang_Syne. Deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0.<!-- --> Updated 0 link(s) on Eddie_Izzard. Deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0.<!-- --> Updated 0 link(s) on E. Deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. NOTE: I thought it was a bug when I didn't add my updated articles in the Inglis-leid films category to here, but it was because I closed out too fast, which I won't do again. So here's the diffs: [https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lion_King&diff=prev&oldid=924675 1][https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinderella_(1950_film)&diff=prev&oldid=924674 2][https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brave_(2012_film)&diff=prev&oldid=924673 3] [2026-10-16T22:20:15.803Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Iain Stirling. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-17T21:09:04.788Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Portugal. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T12:32:34.071Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Mastodon. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Cape Toun. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Cochabamba. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Havana. deleted: 2. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Guatemala Ceety. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Hanoi. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 0 link(s) on El Aaiún. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Dubrovnik. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Medellín. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Riga. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Pyongyang. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Thimphu. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Rotterdam. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Ouagadougou. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Porto-Novo. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Yangon. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Turku. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:38:49.344Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Steve Jobs. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:38:49.344Z] Updated 0 link(s) on New Hampshire. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:38:49.344Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Massachusetts. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T14:10:13.159Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Televisa. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T14:10:13.159Z] Updated 0 link(s) on LinkedIn. deleted: 3. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T14:41:24.131Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Roushies. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T14:41:24.131Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Leo Tolstoy. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T17:29:43.905Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Mohammad bin Salman. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. 3gwi8xmh2ck8yp9lbo45e8z61m5lo2c 925515 925514 2026-10-30T17:31:33Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 reviewed edit, it's good. There actually are web archive links available, but it's a trash Russian propaganda source so I don't care. Might as well add TASS to the script too. 925515 wikitext text/x-wiki == Log: ==<!-- --> Updated 1 link(s) on Auld_Lang_Syne. Deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0.<!-- --> Updated 0 link(s) on Eddie_Izzard. Deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0.<!-- --> Updated 0 link(s) on E. Deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. NOTE: I thought it was a bug when I didn't add my updated articles in the Inglis-leid films category to here, but it was because I closed out too fast, which I won't do again. So here's the diffs: [https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lion_King&diff=prev&oldid=924675 1][https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinderella_(1950_film)&diff=prev&oldid=924674 2][https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brave_(2012_film)&diff=prev&oldid=924673 3] [2026-10-16T22:20:15.803Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Iain Stirling. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-17T21:09:04.788Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Portugal. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T12:32:34.071Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Mastodon. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Cape Toun. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Cochabamba. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Havana. deleted: 2. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Guatemala Ceety. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Hanoi. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 0 link(s) on El Aaiún. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Dubrovnik. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Medellín. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Riga. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Pyongyang. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Thimphu. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Rotterdam. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Ouagadougou. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Porto-Novo. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Yangon. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:37:11.188Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Turku. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:38:49.344Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Steve Jobs. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:38:49.344Z] Updated 0 link(s) on New Hampshire. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T13:38:49.344Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Massachusetts. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T14:10:13.159Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Televisa. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T14:10:13.159Z] Updated 0 link(s) on LinkedIn. deleted: 3. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T14:41:24.131Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Roushies. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0. [2026-10-30T14:41:24.131Z] Updated 1 link(s) on Leo Tolstoy. deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0. 1jzhzft7dbnes7msdxwe65r20y93ak9 Uiser collogue:Rijikk 3 234218 925539 2026-10-31T00:23:40Z Atlantic306 30244 welcome 925539 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Welcome}} [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 00:23, 31 October 2026 (UTC) 9ho2rg8kgcnwgip25opmcy0y0onfic7 Uiser collogue:~2026-58111-15 3 234219 925567 2026-10-31T07:45:33Z Pristome 132530 sendin wairnin (level 1) 925567 wikitext text/x-wiki == Wairnin == [[Image:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, a'm [[User:Pristome|Pristome]]. A noticed that ye recently remuived some content frae [[:Robert Beckford]]&nbsp;wioot giein a raison whit wye. In the futur, it wid be helpfu tae ithers gin ye descrieve yer chynges tae Wikipaedia wi an [[Help:Edit summary|edit summary]]. Gin this wis a mistak, dinnae fash: A pit the remuived content back in. Gin ye wid lik tae experiment, ye can uise the [[WP:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Gin ye hink a made a mistak, or gin ye hae ony quaisten, ye can lea me a message on [[User_talk:Pristome|ma talk page]]. Thanks!<!-- Template:uw-delete1 --> [[Uiser:Pristome|Pristome]] ([[Uiser collogue:Pristome|tauk]]) 07:45, 31 October 2026 (UTC) al5c5gytjumau9ictk3mxew4x52qr4x 925568 925567 2026-10-31T07:49:54Z ~2026-58111-15 139544 /* Wairnin */ Replie 925568 wikitext text/x-wiki == Wairnin == [[Image:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, a'm [[User:Pristome|Pristome]]. A noticed that ye recently remuived some content frae [[:Robert Beckford]]&nbsp;wioot giein a raison whit wye. In the futur, it wid be helpfu tae ithers gin ye descrieve yer chynges tae Wikipaedia wi an [[Help:Edit summary|edit summary]]. Gin this wis a mistak, dinnae fash: A pit the remuived content back in. Gin ye wid lik tae experiment, ye can uise the [[WP:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Gin ye hink a made a mistak, or gin ye hae ony quaisten, ye can lea me a message on [[User_talk:Pristome|ma talk page]]. Thanks!<!-- Template:uw-delete1 --> [[Uiser:Pristome|Pristome]] ([[Uiser collogue:Pristome|tauk]]) 07:45, 31 October 2026 (UTC) :The page was not in English. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-58111-15|~2026-58111-15]] ([[Uiser collogue:~2026-58111-15|talk]]) 07:49, 31 October 2026 (UTC) 4fa50kx25ioe0u28zw4k14j9j90vufj 925569 925568 2026-10-31T08:12:30Z CiphriusKane 74958 925569 wikitext text/x-wiki == Wairnin == [[Image:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, a'm [[User:Pristome|Pristome]]. A noticed that ye recently remuived some content frae [[:Robert Beckford]]&nbsp;wioot giein a raison whit wye. In the futur, it wid be helpfu tae ithers gin ye descrieve yer chynges tae Wikipaedia wi an [[Help:Edit summary|edit summary]]. Gin this wis a mistak, dinnae fash: A pit the remuived content back in. Gin ye wid lik tae experiment, ye can uise the [[WP:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Gin ye hink a made a mistak, or gin ye hae ony quaisten, ye can lea me a message on [[User_talk:Pristome|ma talk page]]. Thanks!<!-- Template:uw-delete1 --> [[Uiser:Pristome|Pristome]] ([[Uiser collogue:Pristome|tauk]]) 07:45, 31 October 2026 (UTC) :The page was not in English. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-58111-15|~2026-58111-15]] ([[Uiser collogue:~2026-58111-15|talk]]) 07:49, 31 October 2026 (UTC) [[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]]. I wanted to let you know that I undid one or more of [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-58111-15|your recent contributions]] because you changed [[:en:Scots language|Scots]] material to the [[:en:English language|English language]] or added English material to articles. This is the Scots Wikipedia, not the [[:en:Main Page|English one]], and the language of this project is [[Scots leid|Scots]]. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on [[User_talk:CiphriusKane|my talk page]]. Thanks! [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 08:12, 31 October 2026 (UTC) q2btlbujs6xhhs60fm3tk9ujz9irojo