Depute First Meenister o Scotland

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    <title>Depute First Meenister o Scotland</title>
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      <text bytes="4774" sha1="kdzsemfjyjxzc2ppxi4id4qev3ku5wo" xml:space="preserve">{{PoliticsScotland}}
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The '''Depute First Meenister o Scotland''' ([[Scots Gaelic]]: Leas-Phrìomh Mhinistear) is the Depute tae the [[First Meinister o Scotland|First Meenister o Scotland]]. The post is hauden bi [[John Swinney]] syne 2014.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Syne the May 2021 election, he is baith Deputy First Meenister an [[Cabinet Secretar fir Covid Recovery]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2021-05-18|title=John Swinney to be minister for Covid recovery|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-57161751|access-date=2022-05-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The post isna recogneesed in statute (as agin the post o First Meenister, estaiblisht bi the [[Scotland Act 1998]]), an its hauder is juist an ordinar member o the [[Scots Executive]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-08-23|title=Scotland Act|url=https://archive2021.parliament.scot/visitandlearn/Education/21139.aspx|access-date=2022-05-09|website=archive2021.parliament.scot|archive-date=2022-07-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722201909/https://archive2021.parliament.scot/visitandlearn/Education/21139.aspx|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; but the post haes existit in practice syne the estaiblishment o the [[Scots Pairlament]] an Scots Executive in 1999.  

The [[Addeetional Member Seestem]] uised for tae wale [[Memmers o the Scots Pairlament]] maks it haurd for an aesome pairty tae hae an absolute majority.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Explained: Is the Scottish Parliament designed to return a majority and what do results mean for Indyref2?|url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/19291640.scottish-parliament-designed-return-majority/|access-date=2022-05-09|website=HeraldScotland|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Frae 1999 tae 2007 the Scots Executive wis pitten thegither bi a [[Scots Labour Pairty|Labour]] an [[Scots Leiberal Democrats|Leeberal Democrat]] coalition. The First Meenister wis appyntit frae the majority coalition pairtner (Labour) an the Depute First Meenister frae the minority pairtner (Leeberal Democrats).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=1999-05-14|title=Wallace: We did not sell out for office|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/wallace-we-did-not-sell-out-for-office-1093608.html|access-date=2022-05-09|website=The Independent|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Syne 2007, the Scots Executive haes been a [[Scots National Pairty]] minority administration; the First Meenister [[Alex Salmond]] appyntit the depute convenor o the SNP, Nicola Sturgeon, as Depute First Meenister.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2007-05-16|title=Salmond announces his new cabinet|language=en-GB|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/6663031.stm|access-date=2022-05-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; And syne the 20t November 2014, Sturgeon wis hersel the First Meenister, an she appyntit John Swinney as her depute, and baith were re-electit in May 2021. 

The responsibilities o the Depute First Meenister are set bi the First Meenister o Scotland.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Deputy First Minister|url=https://www.gov.scot/about/who-runs-government/cabinet-and-ministers/deputy-first-minister/|access-date=2022-05-09|website=www.gov.scot|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

While the first First Meenister, [[Donald Dewar]], wis seek, the then Depute First Meenister [[Jim Wallace]] teuk ower the rinnin o the Executive.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2000-05-08|title=Wallace in charge after Dewar's heart surgery|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/wallace-in-charge-after-dewar-s-heart-surgery-279124.html|access-date=2022-05-09|website=The Independent|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Depute First Meenisters o Scotland==
*[[Jim Wallace]] (1999-2005) [[Scots Leeberal Democrats|Leeberal Democrat]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Jim Wallace|url=https://www.parliament.scot/msps/current-and-previous-msps/jim-wallace?qry=Jim%20Wallace|access-date=2022-05-09|website=www.parliament.scot|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Nicol Stephen]] (2005-2007) [[Scots Leeberal Democrats|Leeberal Democrat]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nicol Stephen|url=https://www.libdems.org.uk/nicol_stephen|access-date=2022-03-23|website=Liberal Democrats|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Nicola Sturgeon]] (2007-2014) [[Scots National Pairty]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nicola Sturgeon {{!}} Biography, Facts, &amp; Scottish Independence {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nicola-Sturgeon|access-date=2022-03-23|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[John Swinney]] (2014-present) [[Scots National Pairty]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Biography {{!}} John Swinney MSP|url=https://www.johnswinney.scot/biography/|access-date=2022-03-23|website=www.johnswinney.scot|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818020254/https://www.johnswinney.scot/biography/|archive-date=2022-08-18|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Scots Pairlament]]

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      <text bytes="17993" sha1="6jtcri58lg7apih3tyvpf9zx0n4i3ab" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
|name      =Kyiv
|native_name   =Київ&lt;br&gt;Kyiv
|image_skyline  =Kiew Zentrum.jpg
|imagesize    =250px
|image_caption 
|image_flag   =Flag of Kyiv Kurovskyi.svg
|image_shield  =COA of Kyiv Kurovskyi.svg
|image_blank_emblem  = Logo of Kyiv, Ukraine (English).svg
|shield_size   =75px
|pushpin_map_caption= Map o Ukraine wi Kiev heichlichtit
|pushpin_map    =Ukraine
|pushpin_map1   =Ukraine Kiev Oblast
|subdivision_type=Kintra
|subdivision_name={{flag|Ukraine}}
|subdivision_type1= [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Ukraine|Municipality]]
|subdivision_name1= Kiev Ceety Municipality
|established_title= Foondit
|established_date=5t century
|seat_type    =
|seat       =
|parts_type   =[[#Subdiveesions|Raions]]
|parts_style   =&lt;!-- Use &quot;list&quot; (for list), &quot;coll&quot; (for collapsed list), &quot;para&quot; (for paragraph format). Default is &quot;list&quot; if up to 5 items, then--&gt;
|parts      =Leet o 10
|p1       =[[Darnytsia|Darnytskyi Raion]]
|p2       =[[Desna Raion|Desnianskyi Raion]]
|p3       =[[Dnipro Raion|Dniprovskyi Raion]]
|p4       =[[Holosiiv Raion|Holosiivskyi Raion]]
|p5       =[[Obolon Raion|Obolonskyi Raion]]
|p6       =[[Pechersk Raion|Pecherskyi Raion]]
|p7       =[[Podil|Podilskyi Raion]]
|p8       =[[Shevchenko Raion|Shevchenkivskyi Raion]]
|p9       =[[Solomyansk Raion|Solomianskyi Raion]]
|p10       =[[Sviatoshyn|Sviatoshynskyi Raion]]
|leader_title  =Mayor
|leader_name   =[[Vitali Klitschko]]
|leader_title2 =Heid o Ceety State Admeenistration
|leader_name2 =[[Vitali Klitschko]]
|unit_pref    =Metric
|area_total_km2 =839
|population_as_of=15 Julie 2013
|population_total={{nts|2,847,200 }}&lt;ref name=&quot;Kiev statistical report&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://gorstat.kiev.ua/Docs/2820.doc | title=Соціально-економічне становище м.Києва: Січень–липень 2013 року | publisher=Department of Statistics, Kiev City State Administration | date=July 2013 | accessdate=1 September 2013 | archive-date=2013-12-19 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219034328/http://gorstat.kiev.ua/Docs/2820.doc | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|population_metro={{nts|3,375,000}}&lt;ref name=&quot;citypopulation.de&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html | title=Major Agglomerations of the World | publisher=Citypopulation.de | date=1 April 2013 | accessdate=1 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;o the [[Kiev metropolitan aurie]]&lt;/small&gt;
|population_density_km2= 3299
|timezone    =EET
|utc_offset   =+2
|timezone_DST  =EEST
|utc_offset_DST =+3
|coordinates   = {{coord|50|27|00|N|30|31|24|E|region:UA|display=inline,title}}
|elevation_m   =179
|postal_code_type=Postal code
|postal_code   =01xxx-04xxx
|area_code    =+380 44
|blank_name   =[[Vehicle registration plate|License plate]]
|blank_info   =AA (before 2004: КА, КВ, КЕ, КН, КІ, KT)
|website     =[http://www.kmv.gov.ua www.kmv.gov.ua]
}}

'''Kyiv''' ({{lang-uk|Київ|link=no}}) or '''Kiev''', is the [[Caipital ceety|caipital]] an the lairgest ceety o [[Ukraine]], locatit in the north central pairt o the kintra on the [[Dnieper River]].

Kyiv is an important [[industry|industrial]], [[science|scienteefic]], [[education]]al an [[cultur]]al centre o [[Eastren Europe]]. It is hame tae mony [[Hie tech|hie-tech]] industries, [[heichher education]] institutions an warld-famous historical laundmerks. The ceety haes an extensive infrastructure an heichlie developed seestem o [[public transport]], includin the [[Kiev Metro]]. Kyiv wis clessifee'd as a [[Global ceety|Beta global ceety]] as o 2004.

The name Kyiv is said tae derive frae the name o [[Kyi, Schek an Khoryv|Kyi]], ane o fower legendary foonders o the ceety (brithers Kyi, Shchek, Khoryv, an sister Lybid). Durin [[History o Kyiv|its history]], Kyiv, ane o the auldest ceeties in [[Eastren Europe]], passed throu several stages o great prominence an relative obscurity. The ceety mey hae been foondit in the 5t century as a [[tradin post]], aiblins pairt o the land o the early [[Slavic fowks|Slavs]]. It gradually acquired eminence as the centre o the [[Rus' (fowk)|East Slavic civilization]], becomin in the tent tae twalt centuries a poleetical an cultural caipital o [[Kievan Rus'|Rus']], a [[Middle Ages|medieval]] East Slavic state. Completely destroyed durin the [[Mongol invasion o Rus'|Mongol invasion]] in 1240, the ceety lost maist o its influence for the centuries tae come. It wis a provincial caipital o marginal importance in the ootskirts o the territories controlled bi its pouerful neighbours; first the [[Grand Duchy o Lithuanie]], follaed bi [[Croun o the Kinrick o Poland|Poland]] an [[Roushie Empire|Roushie]].

The ceety prospered again durin the [[Roushie Empire]]'s [[Industrial Revolution|industrial revolution]] in the late 19t century. Efter the [[Ukraine efter the Roushie Revolution|turbulent period]] follaein the [[Roushie Revolution (1917)|Roushie Revolution o 1917]], frae 1921 onwards Kyiv wis an important ceety o the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]], an, frae 1934, its caipital. Durin [[Eastren Front (Warld War II)|Warld War II]], the ceety again suffered significant damage, but quickly recovered in the post-war years remainin the third lairgest ceety o the [[Soviet Union]]. Follaein the [[Collapse o the Soviet Union (1985–1991)|collapse o the Soviet Union]] an the [[History o Ukraine|Ukrainian unthirldom]] o 1991, Kyiv remained the caipital o [[Ukraine]].

== Internaitional relations ==
{{See an aa|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Ukraine}}

=== Twin touns — Sister ceeties ===

Kyiv is [[Twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi:
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|-
| style=&quot;width:33.3%;&quot;|
* {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Leipzig]], [[Germany]] &lt;small&gt;''(syne 1961)''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Leipzig&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.leipzig.de/int/en/int_messen/partnerstaedte/|title=Leipzig – International Relations|publisher=©  2009 Leipzig City Council, Office for European and International Affairs|accessdate=2009-07-17|archive-date=2009-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629111247/http://www.leipzig.de/int/en/int_messen/partnerstaedte/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Ankara]], [[Turkey]] &lt;small&gt;''(syne 1993)'' &lt;ref name=&quot;Ankara&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ankara-bel.gov.tr/AbbSayfalari/hizmet_birimleri/dis_dairesi_baskanligi/avrupa_gunu_kutlamasi.aspx|title=''Ankara Metropolitan Municipality: Sister Cities of Ankara''|publisher=[[copyright|©]] 2007 Ankara Büyükşehir Belediyesi – Tüm Hakları Saklıdır. Kullanım Koşulları &amp; Gizlilik.|accessdate=2008-12-08|archive-date=2013-06-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601145452/http://www.ankara-bel.gov.tr/AbbSayfalari/hizmet_birimleri/dis_dairesi_baskanligi/avrupa_gunu_kutlamasi.aspx|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|Greece}} [[Athens]], [[Greece]].
* {{flagicon|Azerbaijan}} [[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bakucity.az/main/index_en.html|title=The main directions of foreign relations of the executive authorities of Baku|author=|accessdate=2007-07-15|archive-date=2007-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714191259/http://www.bakucity.az/main/index_en.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ru icon}}{{cite web|url=http://www.azerbaijan.az/_GeneralInfo/_Capital/capital_02_r.html|title=Executive Power of the Baku City|publisher=Azerbaijan.az|author= |accessdate=2008-04-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flagicon|China}} [[Beijing]], [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|Cheenae]] &lt;small&gt;''(since 1993)''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/|title=Sister Cities|publisher=Beijing Municipal Government|accessdate=2008-09-23|archive-date=2010-01-17|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5mq6B2fdq?url=http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|Serbia}} [[Belgrade]], [[Serbie]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=1225698|title=International Cooperation|publisher=Official website|accessdate=2007-07-10|archive-date=2012-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828072526/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=1225698|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.skgo.org/php/opstine/detalji.php?Id=12&amp;IdSvojstva=MO |title=Beograd: Međunarodni odnosi |publisher=Stalna konferencija gradova i opština Srbije |accessdate=2007-06-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927021427/http://www.skgo.org/php/opstine/detalji.php?Id=12&amp;IdSvojstva=MO |archivedate=2007-09-27 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://thepost.com.pk/Arc_CityNews.aspx?dtlid=79932&amp;catid=3&amp;date=01/28/2007&amp;fcatid=14|title=Council okays peace committees: Lahore and Chicago to be declared twin cities.|publisher=[[The Post (Pakistani newspaper)|The Post]]|date=2007-01-28|accessdate=2007-05-16|archive-date=2007-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928030458/http://thepost.com.pk/Arc_CityNews.aspx?dtlid=79932&amp;catid=3&amp;date=01%2F28%2F2007&amp;fcatid=14|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flagicon|Slovakia}} [[Bratislava]], [[Slovakie]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Bratislava&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bratislava-city.sk/bratislava-twin-towns|title=''Bratislava City – Twin Towns''|publisher=[[copyright|©]] 2003–2009 Bratislava-City.sk|accessdate=2009-07-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Brussels]], [[Belgium]].
* {{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Budapest]], [[Hungary]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Sister City – Budapest|publisher=Official website of [[New York City]]|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/unccp/scp/html/sc/budapest_main.shtml|accessdate=2008-05-14|archive-date=2011-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525001751/http://www.nyc.gov/html/unccp/scp/html/sc/budapest_main.shtml|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Sister cities of Budapest|language=Hungarian|publisher=Official Website of Budapest|url=http://www.budapest.hu/engine.aspx?page=20030224-cikk-testvervarosok|accessdate=2008-01-31|archive-date=2005-03-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050309070457/http://www.budapest.hu/engine.aspx?page=20030224-cikk-testvervarosok|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Who knows less about Budapest? A quiz with mayor candidates|language=Hungarian|publisher=Index|url=http://index.hu/politika/belfold/budapest/kvizkerdes74/|accessdate=2008-01-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], [[Unitit States]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Chicago&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Chicago Sister Cities|url=http://www.chicagosistercities.com/|year=2009|work=|publisher=Chicago Sister Cities International|accessdate=22 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105104454/http://www.chicagosistercities.com/|archive-date=2019-11-05|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Celia|last=Berdes|last2=Levin|first2=Andrew|work=Annual Report 2008|pages=5–7|publisher=Buehler Center on Aging, Health &amp; Society|title=Director Emeritus James Webster Looks Backward, Forward}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flagicon|Moldova}} [[Chişinău|Chisinau]], [[Moldovae]].
* {{flagicon|UK}} [[Edinburgh]], [[Unitit Kinrick]] &lt;small&gt;''(syne 1989)'' &lt;ref name=&quot;Edinburgh&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/internet/city_living/CEC_twin_and_partner_cities |title=''Edinburgh – Twin and Partner Cities'' |accessdate=2008-12-21 |publisher=[[copyright|©]] 2008 The City of Edinburgh Council, City Chambers, High Street, Edinburgh, EH1 1YJ Scotland |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070811224256/http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/internet/city_living/CEC_twin_and_partner_cities |archivedate=2007-08-11 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;width:33.3%;&quot;|
* {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Kraków]], [[Poland]] &lt;small&gt;''(syne 1993)''&lt;ref name=&quot;Kraków&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/?LANG=UK&amp;MENU=l&amp;TYPE=ART&amp;ART_ID=16|title=Kraków otwarty na świat|publisher=www.krakow.pl|accessdate=2009-07-19|last=|first=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Kyoto]], [[Japan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Kyoto&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.city.kyoto.jp/koho/eng/databox/sister.html |title=Kyoto City Web / Data Box / Sister Cities |publisher=www.city.kyoto.jp |accessdate=2010-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728154629/http://www.city.kyoto.jp/koho/eng/databox/sister.html |archive-date=2013-07-28 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flagicon|Belarus}} [[Minsk]], [[Belaroushie]] &lt;ref name=&quot;Minsk&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://minsk.gov.by/cgi-bin/org_ps.pl?k_org=3604&amp;mode=doc&amp;doc=3604_2_a&amp;lang=eng|title=''Twin towns of Minsk''|publisher=[[copyright|©]] 2008 The department of protocol and international relations of Minsk City Executive Committee|accessdate=2008-12-08|archive-date=2009-08-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830121424/http://minsk.gov.by/cgi-bin/org_ps.pl?k_org=3604&amp;mode=doc&amp;doc=3604_2_a&amp;lang=eng|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Munich]], [[Germany]].
* {{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Odense]], [[Denmark]].
* {{flagicon|France}} [[Paris]], [[Fraunce]].&lt;ref name=&quot;partners1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&amp;document_type_id=5&amp;document_id=16468&amp;portlet_id=14974|work=Mairie de Paris|title=Les pactes d'amitié et de coopération|accessdate=2007-10-14|archive-date=2010-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100122093109/http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;partners2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.paris.fr/en/city_government/international/special_partners.asp|work=Mairie de Paris|title=International relations : special partners|accessdate=2007-10-14|archive-date=2008-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225090448/http://www.v1.paris.fr/EN/city_government/international/special_partners.asp|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flagicon|South Africa}} [[Pretoria]], [[Sooth Africae]].
* {{flagicon|Latvia}} [[Riga]], [[Latvie]].&lt;ref name='&quot;Riga&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/Riga_Municipality/Twin_cities_of_Riga/default.htm |title=Twin cities of Riga |publisher=[[Riga City Council]] |accessdate=2009-07-27 |archive-date=2008-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204021323/http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/Riga_Municipality/Twin_cities_of_Riga/default.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]].
* {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Roum]], [[Italy]].
* {{flagicon|Chile}} [[Santiago]], [[Chile]].
* {{flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Sofia]], [[Bulgarie]].
* {{flagicon|Albania}} [[Tirana]], [[Albanie]].&lt;ref name=&quot;International relations&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.tirana.gov.al/common/images/International%20Relations.pdf |title=Twinning Cities: International Relations |accessdate=2009-06-23 |work=Municipality of Tirana |publisher=www.tirana.gov.al |format=PDF |archive-date=2008-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216035358/http://www.tirana.gov.al/common/images/International%20Relations.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;width:33.3%;&quot;|
* {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Florence]], [[Italy]].
* {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Helsinki]], [[Finland]].
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Stockholm]], [[Swaden]].
* {{flagicon|Estonia}} [[Tallinn]], [[Estonie]].
* {{flagicon|Georgia}} [[Tbilisi]], [[Georgie (kintra)|Georgie]].&lt;small&gt;''(since 1999)''&lt;ref name=&quot;Tbilisi Sister Cities&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tbilisi.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG&amp;sec_id=4571|title=Tbilisi Municipal Portal – Sister Cities|publisher=© 2009 – Tbilisi City Hall|accessdate=2009-06-16|archive-date=2013-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724120155/http://www.tbilisi.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG&amp;sec_id=4571|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|Canada}} [[Toronto]], [[Canadae]].
* {{flagicon|France}} [[Toulouse]], [[Fraunce]].
* {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Warsaw]], [[Poland]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Warsaw&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author= |url=http://um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/new/index.php?dzial=aktualnosci&amp;ak_id=3284&amp;kat=11 |title=Miasta partnerskie Warszawy |work=um.warszawa.pl |publisher=Biuro Promocji Miasta |pages= |page= |date=2005-05-04 |accessdate=2008-08-29 |archive-date=2007-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011111033/http://um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/new/index.php?dzial=aktualnosci&amp;ak_id=3284&amp;kat=11 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flagicon|China}} [[Wuhan]], [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|Cheenae]].
* {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Vienna]], [[Austrick]].
* {{flagicon|Lithuania}} [[Vilnius]], [[Lithuanie]].
* {{flagicon|Armenia}} [[Yerevan]], [[Armenie]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Yerevan Sister Cities&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.yerevan.am/main.php?page_id=194&amp;lang=3|title=Yerevan Municipality – Sister Cities|publisher=yerevan.am|accessdate=2009-11-30|archive-date=2013-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105103536/http://www.yerevan.am/main.php?lang=3&amp;page_id=194|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Yerevan Partner Cities&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.yerevan.am/main.php?lang=3&amp;page_id=233|title=Yerevan Municipality – Partner Cities|publisher=www.yerevan.am|accessdate=2009-11-30|archive-date=2013-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105231457/http://www.yerevan.am/main.php?lang=3&amp;page_id=233|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Honour ==

[[Kiev Peninsula]] in [[Graham Land]], [[Antarctica]] is named efter the ceety o Kiev.&lt;ref&gt;[http://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=137099 Kiev Peninsula.] SCAR Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gallery ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Ukraine Kiev StMichael.jpg|St. Michael's Kirk
Image:Kiev Golden Gate.jpg|Gowden Yett
Image:Kiew Hoehlenkloster Turm.jpg|Pechersk Lavra
Image:Kiew Höhlenkloster Eingang.jpg|Pechersk Lavra
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Commonscat}}

{{Cities in Ukraine}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Kyiv| ]]
[[Category:Caipitals in Europe]]
[[Category:Ceeties wi special status in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Haly ceeties]]
[[Category:Kyiv Govrenorate]]
[[Category:Cossack Hetmanate]]
[[Category:Kyiv Voivodeship]]
[[Category:Populatit places established in the 5t century]]
[[Category:Rus' settlements]]
[[Category:Magdeburg richts]]
[[Category:Places o the Euromaidan]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jamie VI, King o Scots</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="5282" sha1="aogb8hi92yyns8vz6fgovqzhgr15ivz" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox ryalty
| name            = James VI an I
| image           = James I of England by Daniel Mytens.jpg|
| imgw            = 235px
| caption         = Portrait bi [[Daniel Mytens]], 1621
| succession      = [[Leet o Scots monarchs|King o Scots]]
| moretext        = ([[Styles o Scots sovereigns|mair...]])
| reign           = {{nowrap|24 Julie 1567&amp;nbsp;– 27 Mairch 1625}}
| coronation      = 29 July 1567
| predecessor     = [[Mary, Queen o Scots]]
| regent          = {{List collapsed|title=''See leet''|1=[[James Stewart, 1st Earl o Moray|James Stewart, Earl o Moray]]&lt;br /&gt;''(1567–1570)''&lt;br/&gt;[[Matthew Stewart, 4t Earl o Lennox|Matthew Stewart, Earl o Lennox]]&lt;br /&gt;''(1570–1571)''&lt;br/&gt;[[John Erskine, 17t Earl o Mar|John Erskine, Earl o Mar]]&lt;br /&gt;''(1571–1572)''&lt;br/&gt;[[James Douglas, 4t Earl o Morton|James Douglas, Earl o Morton]]&lt;br/&gt;''(1572–1581)''}}
| reg-type        = Regents
| successor       = [[Charles I o Ingland|Charles I]]
| succession1     = [[Leet o Inglis monarchs|King o Ingland]] an [[King o Ireland|Ireland]]
| moretext1       = ([[Styles o Inglish an Scots sovereigns|mair...]])
| reign1          = {{nowrap|24 Mairch 1603&amp;nbsp;– 27 Mairch 1625}}
| coronation1     = 25 Julie 1603
| predecessor1    = [[Elizabeth I o Ingland|Elizabeth I]]
| successor1      = [[Charles I o Ingland|Charles I]]
| spouse          = [[Anne o Denmark]]
| issue           = [[Henry Frederick, Prince o Wales]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Elizabeth Stuart, Queen o Bohemie]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Charles I o Ingland|Charles I o Ingland, Scotland an Ireland]]
| issue-link      = #Issue
| issue-pipe      = mair...
| house           = [[Hoose o Stuart]]
| father          = [[Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley]]
| mother          = [[Mary, Queen o Scots]]
| birth_date      = {{Birth date|1566|6|19|df=yes}}
| birth_place     = [[Edinburgh Castle]], Scotland
| death_date      = {{Death date and age|1625|3|27|1566|6|19|df=yes}}&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Auld Style an New Style dates|N.S.]]: 6 Aprile 1625)&lt;/small&gt;
| death_place     = [[Theobalds Hoose]], Ingland
| date of burial  = 7 May 1625
| place of burial = [[Westminster Abbey]]
| religion        = [[Kirk o Scotland]]; [[Kirk o Ingland]]
| signature       = James I of England signature.svg
||full name=Jamie Chairles Stuart
| native_lang1 = Scots Gaelic
| native_lang2 = Inglis
| native_lang1_name1 = Seumas Teàrlach Stiùbhart
| native_lang2_name1 = James Charles Stuart
}}

'''Jamie VI an I''' (19 Juin 1566 – 27 Mairch 1625) wis [[Scots monarchs|King o Scots]] as '''Jamie VI''' or kent as '''Seumas VI''' in Scots Gaelic leid, an [[Keeng o Ingland|King o Ingland]] an [[King o Ireland|Ireland]] as '''James I''' or '''Séamas''' '''I''' in Erse leid forby. He ringit in [[Scotland]] as '''Jamie the Saxt''' frae 24 Julie 1567, whan he wis anerly ane year auld, takkin ower frae his mither [[Mary, Queen o Scots]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=BBC - Scotland's History - James VI, King of Scots, King of England and Ireland|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/history/articles/james_vi/|access-date=2026-01-08|website=www.bbc.co.uk|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 24 Mairch 1603, as James I, he succeedit the pokeshakkins o the [[Tudor dynasty|Tudor]] faimly o [[Ingland]] an [[Ireland]], [[Elizabeth I o Ingland|Elizabeth I]], that dee'd athoot ony bairns.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=James VI and I (r. 1567-1625)|url=https://www.royal.uk/james-vi-and-i-r-1567-1625|access-date=2026-01-08|website=www.royal.uk|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Efter the [[Union o the Crouns|personal union]] o the three crouns, James wis the first tae [[style (manner of address)|style]] hissel &quot;[[Kinrick o Great Breetain|King o Great Britain]]&quot;, but the teetle wis rejectit bi the [[Inglish Pairlament]] an haedna ony foond in law. The [[Pairlament o Scotland]] cawed agin it an aw.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=James VI and I: A life and reign in 10 parties|url=https://www.nls.uk/collections/stories/scottish-history/james-vi-and-i-a-life-and-reign-in-10-parties/|access-date=2026-01-08|website=National Library of Scotland|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Soorces==
{{Reflist}}

{{Commonscat|James I of England}}

{{Makars}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:James 06 O Scotland}}
[[Category:James VI an I| ]]
[[Category:Scots fowk o French strynd]]
[[Category:1566 births|James 01]]
[[Category:1625 daiths|James 01]]
[[Category:Buirials at Wastmeenster Aibey|James 01]]
[[Category:Castalian Baund]]
[[Category:Dukes o Albany]]
[[Category:Dukes o Rothsay]]
[[Category:Inglis monarchs|James 01]]
[[Category:Inglis pretenders tae the French throne|James 01]]
[[Category:Foonders o Inglis schuils an colleges|James 01]]
[[Category:Hoose o Stuart|James 01]]
[[Category:Knichts o the Gairten|James 01]]
[[Category:Modren bairn rulers]]
[[Category:Patrons o leeteratur|James 01]]
[[Category:Fowk associatit wi the Gunpouder Plot|James 01]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Protestant monarchs|James 01]]
[[Category:Scots monarchs]]
[[Category:Scots non-feection writers]]
[[Category:Scots princes]]
[[Category:Scots scholarts an academics]]
[[Category:16t-century monarchs in Europe]]
[[Category:17t-century monarchs in Europe]]
[[Category:16t-century Scots writers]]
[[Category:17t-century Scots writers]]
[[Category:16t-century poets]]
[[Category:Fowk o the Anglo-Spaingie War (1585–1604)]]
[[Category:Scots poets]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Itchy Coo</title>
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'''Itchy Coo''' is a [[furth setter]] an eddicational project for tae reintroduce schuilbairns tae the [[Scots leid]]. It wis estaiblished in 2002 by [[Matthew Fitt]], Susan Rennie an [[James Robertson]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/books/mindin-mither-tongue-2453034 | date=17 August 2002 |title=Mindin' the Mother Tongue | website=The Scotsman}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://app.dundee.ac.uk/pressoffice/contact/2002/October/scotslanguage.html | date=October 2002 | title=Scots language for schools | website=Contact Magazine | access-date=2021-12-04 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303211421/http://app.dundee.ac.uk/pressoffice/contact/2002/October/scotslanguage.html | archive-date=2021-03-03 | url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In pairtnerie wi [[Black &amp; White Publishing]], wi initial fondin frae the [[National Lottery]], an syne yearly fondin frae the [[Scots Airts Cooncil]].

Itchy Coo wirks wi pupils, staff, teacher trainin institutes, leebrars, local authorities an naitional organisations for tae promuive Scots athin eddication. Wi fondin frae the Scots Airts Cooncil an local authority eddication depairtments, Itchy Coo haes made naur aboots  1000 veesits tae schuils an leebrars an haes delivered ower 200 in-service trainin sessions in awmaist ivery area o Scotland. 

Matthew Fitt an James Robertson hae representit Itchy Coo at the [[Unitit Nations]] an [[Tartan Week]] in [[New York]]. Thay hae providit advisement an information on the Scots leid tae the [[Scots Govrenment]], [[Council of Europe]], [[British Council]], [[Learning &amp; Teaching Scotland]], [[Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Education]], [[General Teaching Council]], [[Literature Forum for Scotland]] an at naitional an internaitional conferences.

==Beuks==
Itchy Coo haes setten furth mony [[beuk]]s, some new warks an some owersettens o warks frae the [[Inglish leid|Inglish]]. Thir include:

*[[Roald Dahl]] novelles:
**''[[Sleekit Mr Tod]]''
**''[[The Eejits]]''
**''[[Geordie's Mingin Medicine]]''

*Baby beuks
**''[[Katie's Coo]]''
**''[[Katie's Moose]]''
**''[[Katie's Ferm]]''

*''[[Kidnappit]]''

==References==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Category:Scots leid]]

{{Stub/Scotland}}
{{Stub/Leid}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Honda Juno</title>
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      <comment>/* Juno M80/M85 */</comment>
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      <text bytes="5107" sha1="fgyofy658gy1lk6uxdbgzwdm1ec943x" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:HONDA JUNO M85 1962.jpg|thumb|248px|Honda Juno M85, wi a Juno KA ahind]]
The '''Honda Juno''' is a [[Scooter (motorcycle)|scooter]]. Twa versions wur produced, the K-series o 1954 (K, KA, KB), an the M-series o 1962 (M80, M85).

== Juno K ==

The Juno K wis a deliberately elaborate bike in 1954. It wis Honda's first scooter an wad be competin wi the well establisht [[Fuji Rabbit]] an [[Mitsubishi Silver Pigeon]]. It featurt the first electric stairt, a full windscreen wi a tilt-back sun-shade, an biggit-in signal lamps. It an aa introduced [[Fibre-reinforced plastic|Fibre-Reinforced Plastic]] body construction tae Japan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://world.honda.com/history/limitlessdreams/manttraces/text/01.html|title=Innovations|publisher=Honda|accessdate=2008-02-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ae 5,980 wur produced in a year an a hauf. Kihachiro Kawashima, who retired as executive vice-preses in 1979, remembered the bike as a &quot;splendid failure&quot;: it wis too expensive, the ingine owerheatit, the FRP body wis hivier than expectit an made the bike unnerpouered an clumsy, the new cantilevered suspension wis problematic, an customers did no lik the motorcycle-style clutch operation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://world.honda.com/history/limitlessdreams/friendship/text/03.html|title=Production|publisher=Honda|accessdate=2008-02-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://world.honda.com/history/limitlessdreams/friendship/text/01.html|title=Failure|publisher=Honda|accessdate=2008-02-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The final Juno KB model can be distinguisht bi enlairged rear vents an new vents addit tae the windscreen.

Technology developt for the Juno K wad be applee'd tae later bikes. The electric stairt wis re-introduced wi the [[Honda C71, C76, C72, C77 Dream|C71 Dream]] in 1957, an the new Plastics department unner Shozo Tsuchida developt polyethylene components that wad distinguish the [[Honda Super Cub|Super Cub]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://world.honda.com/history/limitlessdreams/originality/text/02.html|title=Electric Start|publisher=Honda|accessdate=2008-02-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://world.honda.com/history/limitlessdreams/qualityproducts/text/03.html|title=Plastics|publisher=Honda|accessdate=2008-02-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{-}}
== Juno M80/M85 ==
The Juno M80/M85 wis a different approach introduced in November 1961. Unlik the K-series, thare is nae upper windscreen, the ingine is an exposed horizontal-twin rather than an enclosed fan-cooled unit, an the body construction is conventional monocoque steel rather than FRP panels ower tube. The M80/M85 an aa introduced a clutchless Badalini-teep hydraulic-mechanical transmission which wad provide the basis for the later [[Hondamatic#Motorcycle|Hondamatic]] motorcycle transmissions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://world.honda.com/history/challenge/1968hondamatic/text/02.html |title=Transmission |publisher=Honda |accessdate=2008-02-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The principle is that of a continuously variable transmission. There is a common notion that this transmission gave rise to the &quot;Hondamatic&quot;—the automatic gearbox found on the brand’s motorcycles in the 1970s. However, the account published by Honda itself tells a different story. The mechanism was not an in-house invention; rather, Honda purchased the patent rights from the Italian inventor Giovanni Badalini—who had filed a patent for his continuously variable system in 1957—and subsequently refined it for use in the M80 and M85 models.

The M80 an M85 are essentially the same vehicle, wi the M85 designation indicatin a mid-year ingine enlairgement. The Juno wis discontinued bi year-end wi ae 5,880 produced.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Production |publisher=Honda |url=http://www.honda.co.jp/factbook/motor/SCOOTER/19810707/005.html |accessdate=2008-02-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{-}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* Juno K-series specifications frae thir Honda pages on 2008-02-22: 
**[http://www.honda.co.jp/factbook/motor/SCOOTER/19810707/005.html http://www.honda.co.jp/factbook/motor/SCOOTER/19810707/005.html]
**[http://www.honda.co.jp/factbook/motor/SCOOTER/19810707/008.html http://www.honda.co.jp/factbook/motor/SCOOTER/19810707/008.html]
**[http://world.honda.com/collection-hall/2r/junok_1954.html http://world.honda.com/collection-hall/2r/junok_1954.html]
* Juno M-series specifications frae thir Honda pages on 2008-02-22: 
**[http://www.honda.co.jp/factbook/motor/SCOOTER/19810707/005.html http://www.honda.co.jp/factbook/motor/SCOOTER/19810707/005.html]
**[http://www.honda.co.jp/factbook/motor/SCOOTER/19810707/008.html http://www.honda.co.jp/factbook/motor/SCOOTER/19810707/008.html]
**[http://world.honda.com/collection-hall/2r/junom85_1962.html http://world.honda.com/collection-hall/2r/junom85_1962.html]
&lt;/div&gt;

==External links==
* {{jp icon}} [http://hm85.fc2web.com/meny/list1.html Gallery detailing the restoration of a Juno M85] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306031010/http://hm85.fc2web.com/meny/list1.html |date=2008-03-06 }}

{{Honda}}

[[Category:Honda motorcycles|Juno]]
[[Category:Motor scooters]]
[[Category:Vehicles wi boxer ingines]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4546" sha1="0jitjo2726t1m49uce1t1oanohisr8o" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:HONDA JUNO M85 1962.jpg|thumb|248px|Honda Juno M85, wi a Juno KA ahind]]
The '''Honda Juno''' is a [[Scooter (motorcycle)|scooter]]. Twa versions wur produced, the K-series o 1954 (K, KA, KB), an the M-series o 1962 (M80, M85).

== Juno K ==

The Juno K wis a deliberately elaborate bike in 1954. It wis Honda's first scooter an wad be competin wi the well establisht [[Fuji Rabbit]] an [[Mitsubishi Silver Pigeon]]. It featurt the first electric stairt, a full windscreen wi a tilt-back sun-shade, an biggit-in signal lamps. It an aa introduced [[Fibre-reinforced plastic|Fibre-Reinforced Plastic]] body construction tae Japan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://world.honda.com/history/limitlessdreams/manttraces/text/01.html|title=Innovations|publisher=Honda|accessdate=2008-02-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ae 5,980 wur produced in a year an a hauf. Kihachiro Kawashima, who retired as executive vice-preses in 1979, remembered the bike as a &quot;splendid failure&quot;: it wis too expensive, the ingine owerheatit, the FRP body wis hivier than expectit an made the bike unnerpouered an clumsy, the new cantilevered suspension wis problematic, an customers did no lik the motorcycle-style clutch operation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://world.honda.com/history/limitlessdreams/friendship/text/03.html|title=Production|publisher=Honda|accessdate=2008-02-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://world.honda.com/history/limitlessdreams/friendship/text/01.html|title=Failure|publisher=Honda|accessdate=2008-02-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The final Juno KB model can be distinguisht bi enlairged rear vents an new vents addit tae the windscreen.

Technology developt for the Juno K wad be applee'd tae later bikes. The electric stairt wis re-introduced wi the [[Honda C71, C76, C72, C77 Dream|C71 Dream]] in 1957, an the new Plastics department unner Shozo Tsuchida developt polyethylene components that wad distinguish the [[Honda Super Cub|Super Cub]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://world.honda.com/history/limitlessdreams/originality/text/02.html|title=Electric Start|publisher=Honda|accessdate=2008-02-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://world.honda.com/history/limitlessdreams/qualityproducts/text/03.html|title=Plastics|publisher=Honda|accessdate=2008-02-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{-}}
== Juno M80/M85 ==

The Juno M80/M85 wis a different approach introduced in November 1961. Unlik the K-series, thare is nae upper windscreen, the ingine is an exposed horizontal-twin rather than an enclosed fan-cooled unit, an the body construction is conventional monocoque steel rather than FRP panels ower tube. The M80/M85 an aa introduced a clutchless Badalini-teep hydraulic-mechanical transmission which wad provide the basis for the later [[Hondamatic#Motorcycle|Hondamatic]] motorcycle transmissions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://world.honda.com/history/challenge/1968hondamatic/text/02.html|title=Transmission|publisher=Honda|accessdate=2008-02-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The M80 an M85 are essentially the same vehicle, wi the M85 designation indicatin a mid-year ingine enlairgement. The Juno wis discontinued bi year-end wi ae 5,880 produced.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.honda.co.jp/factbook/motor/SCOOTER/19810707/005.html|title=Production|publisher=Honda|accessdate=2008-02-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{-}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* Juno K-series specifications frae thir Honda pages on 2008-02-22: 
**[http://www.honda.co.jp/factbook/motor/SCOOTER/19810707/005.html http://www.honda.co.jp/factbook/motor/SCOOTER/19810707/005.html]
**[http://www.honda.co.jp/factbook/motor/SCOOTER/19810707/008.html http://www.honda.co.jp/factbook/motor/SCOOTER/19810707/008.html]
**[http://world.honda.com/collection-hall/2r/junok_1954.html http://world.honda.com/collection-hall/2r/junok_1954.html]
* Juno M-series specifications frae thir Honda pages on 2008-02-22: 
**[http://www.honda.co.jp/factbook/motor/SCOOTER/19810707/005.html http://www.honda.co.jp/factbook/motor/SCOOTER/19810707/005.html]
**[http://www.honda.co.jp/factbook/motor/SCOOTER/19810707/008.html http://www.honda.co.jp/factbook/motor/SCOOTER/19810707/008.html]
**[http://world.honda.com/collection-hall/2r/junom85_1962.html http://world.honda.com/collection-hall/2r/junom85_1962.html]
&lt;/div&gt;

==External links==
* {{jp icon}} [http://hm85.fc2web.com/meny/list1.html Gallery detailing the restoration of a Juno M85] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306031010/http://hm85.fc2web.com/meny/list1.html |date=2008-03-06 }}

{{Honda}}

[[Category:Honda motorcycles|Juno]]
[[Category:Motor scooters]]
[[Category:Vehicles wi boxer ingines]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mercury Monarch</title>
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      <text bytes="4035" sha1="tjg3qof6ctw7sggl153hhgw6liicljt" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox automobile
| name = Mercury Monarch
| image = 1978 Mercury Monarch sedan.jpg
| caption=1978 Mercury Monarch
| manufacturer = [[Ford Motor Company]]
| production = 1975–1980&lt;br&gt;575,567 produced
|successor=[[Mercury Cougar#Fifth generation (1980–1982)|Mercury Cougar (1980)]]

| class = [[Luxury vehicle#Entry-level luxury/compact executive caurs|Compact near-luxury caur]]
| body_style = 4-door [[sedan (caur)|sedan]]&lt;br /&gt;2-door [[sedan (caur)|sedan]]
| layout = [[FR layoot]]
| related = [[Ford Granada (North Americae)]]&lt;br&gt;[[Lincoln Versailles]]
| assembly = [[Mahwah, New Jersey]]&lt;br&gt;[[Wayne, Michigan]]
| engine = {{convert|200|cuin|L|1|abbr=on}} [[Straight-six engine|I6]]&lt;br&gt;{{convert|250|cuin|L|1|abbr=on}} I6&lt;br&gt;{{convert|302|cuin|L|1|abbr=on}} [[Ford Windsor engine#302|Windsor]] [[V8 engine|V8]]&lt;br&gt;{{convert|351|cuin|L|1|abbr=on}} [[Ford Windsor engine#351|Windsor]] V8
}}

The '''Mercury Monarch''' wis a [[mid-size]]d sedan manufactured bi the [[Ford Motor Company]] frae 1975 throu 1980. The Monarch wis released in 1975 alongside the [[Ford Granada (North Americae)|Ford Granada]], which wis identical save for the grille, taillights and some interior and exterior trim. The base engine wis Ford's 200&amp;nbsp;cid inline six cylinder engine, wi a 250&amp;nbsp;cid [[Straight-6|inline six]] optional. [[V8]] power came frae twa engines: the 302&amp;nbsp;cid and 351&amp;nbsp;cid [[Ford Windsor ingine|Windsor]]. For 1981, the Granada wis replaced wi a smawer version on Ford's Fox platform, an the Mercury version teuk the Cougar name.

A tot o 575,567 war produced.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.gmv-registry.com/21869.html |title=Production &amp; Registry Totals |work=The Granada-Monarch-Versailles Registry |accessdate=2008-05-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Mercury Grand Monarch Ghia==
The '''Mercury Grand Monarch Ghia''' wis an upscale version o the Monarch biggit in 1975 and 1976. Grand Monarch Ghia haed fower-wheel disc brakes wi a sophisticated central hydraulic power system as standard equipment.

Standard luxury features include:

* [[Laither]] trim
* [[Vinyl roof]]
* [[Liquid crystal display]] [[clock]]
* Laither-wrapped [[steerin wheel|steering wheel]]
* [[Power steerin]]g
* Dual cairt lichts
* Illuminated visor vanity mirror (passenger side)
* 14&amp;nbsp;inch, [[Alloy wheels|cast-aluminum spoke wheels]]
* [[Ignition system#Electronic ignition|Solit-state ignition]]
* [[Whitewall]] [[Radial tire|steel-belted radial tires]]
* Reclining [[bucket seats]] wi matching cairt pockets
* Plusher carpeting and soundproofing

Accordin tae the Mey 1976 edition o [[Car and Driver]], [[Henry Ford II]] and three oot o five o Ford’s tap executives uised the Mercury Grand Monarch Ghia as thair personal car.

==Lincoln Versailles==
In the ware o 1977, [[Lincoln (automobile)|Lincoln]] introduced  the [[Lincoln Versailles|Versailles]], based on the Granada/Monarch platform. The Versailles haed mony o the same luxury features as the Mercury Grand Monarch Ghia but it wis nae successfu.  Lincoln's identity suffered when thay began selling a Granada-clone rather than a product that significantly differentiated itself frae aither Ford or Mercury products.

==See an aa==
*[[Ford Granada (North Americae)]]
*[[Lincoln Versailles]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat}}
*[http://www3.sympatico.ca/bkeevil/mercurymonarch/ Mercury Monarch] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605023930/http://www3.sympatico.ca/bkeevil/mercurymonarch/ |date=2011-06-05 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080820023516/http://www.monarchsource.com/ Monarch Source - History an Information resource for the Ford Monarch frae 1946 - 1953]
*[http://www.gmv-registry.com American Granada, Monarch &amp; Versailles Registry &amp; Forums]

{{Mercury historic timeline}}
{{Mercury Vehicles}}

[[Category:Mercury vehicles]]
[[Category:Rear wheel drive vehicles]]
[[Category:1970s automobiles]]
[[Category:1980s automobiles]]
[[Category:Vehicles introduced in 1975]]
[[Category:Motor vehicles manufactured in the Unitit States]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mitsubishi</title>
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{{Infobox company
|name     = Mitsubishi Group
|logo     = [[Image:Mitsubishi logo.svg|200px]]
|type     = [[Privately held company|Private]]
|industry         = [[Conglomerate (company)]]
|foundation       = 1870
|founder          = [[Iwasaki Yatarō]]
|location         =  [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]]
|locations        = &lt;!-- Number of locations the company has physical properties, expressed as a number, with the applicable year in parentheses.  Example: 800 stores (2004) --&gt;
|area_served      = Warldwide
|key_people       = CEO, [[Ken Kobayashi]]
|industry         = [[Conglomerate (company)|Conglomerate]]
|products         = [[Minin]], [[shipbiggin]], [[Telecommunication|telecom]], [[financial services]], [[insurance]], [[electronics]], [[Automotive industry|automotive]], construction, [[heavy industries]], [[ile an gas]], [[real estate]], fuids an beverages, [[chemicals]], steel, aviation an ithers
|services         =
|market cap       =
|revenue          = {{profit}} [[Unitit States dollar|US$]] 248.6 Billion (2010)
|operating_income =
|net_income       = {{profit}} US$ 7.2 Billion (2010)
|divisions        =
|equity           =
|num_employees    = 350,000 (2010)
|assets           =
|subsid           = [[Mitsubishi#Mitsubishi companies|Leet o subsidiars]]
|homepage         = {{URL|http://www.mitsubishi.com/|Mitsubishi.com}}
|footnotes        =
|intl             = yes
}}

The '''Mitsubishi Group'''; 三菱グループ, Mitsubishi Gurūpu, '''Mitsubishi Group o Companies''', or '''Mitsubishi Companies''' is a [[Japan]]ese [[Conglomerate (company)|conglomerate]] consistin o a range o autonomous businesses that share the Mitsubishi name, trademark an legacy. The Mitsubishi group o companies form a loose entity, the ''Mitsubishi [[Keiretsu]]'', that is aften referenced in Japanese an US media an offeecial reports; in general these companies aw descend frae the [[zaibatsu]] o the same name. The top 25 companies are memmers o the ''Mitsubishi Kin'yōkai'', or &quot;Friday Club&quot;, an meet monthly. The Mitsubishi.com Committee is meant tae facilitate communication an access o the brand throu a portal wab steid.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.mitsubishi.com/e/mitsubishihp |title=Mitsubishi.com Committee |access-date=2010-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101109123313/http://www.mitsubishi.com/e/mitsubishihp/ |archive-date=2010-11-09 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Commonscat}}

[[Category:Mitsubishi| ]]
[[Category:Conglomerate companies based in Tokyo]]
[[Category:Aircraft manufacturers o Japan]]
[[Category:Display technology companies]]
[[Category:Manufacturin companies based in Tokyo]]
[[Category:Pulp an paper companies o Japan]]
[[Category:Rowin stock manufacturers o Japan]]
[[Category:Keiretsu]]
[[Category:Zaibatsu]]
[[Category:Multinaitional companies heidquartert in Japan]]
[[Category:Companies based in Osaka Prefectur]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1870]]
[[Category:1870 establishments in Japan]]

{{Stub/Asie}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cologne</title>
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{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox German location
|Name              = Cologne
|German_name       = Köln
|Art               = City
|image_photo       = Koelnehrenfeld.jpg
|imagesize         = 300px
|image_caption     = View of Cologne from the Helios Lighthouse
|Wappen            =DEU Koeln COA.svg
|image_flag = Flagge Köln.svg
|Lageplan = North rhine w K.svg
|Lageplanbeschreibung = Cologne athin North Rhine-Westphalie
|coordinates       = {{coord|50|56|33|N|06|57|32|E|format=dms|display=inline}}
|Bundesland        = Nordrhein-Westfalen
|Regierungsbezirk  = [[Cologne (region)|Cologne]]
|Kreis             = Urban district
|Höhe              = 37
|Fläche            = 405.15
|Einwohner         = 1010269 &lt;!--Technical, do not add dots, references or other, the table is automatically updated--&gt;
|Stand             = 2010-12-17
|PLZ               = 50441–51149
|Vorwahl           = 0221, 02203 ([[Porz]])
|Kfz               = K
|Gemeindeschlüssel = 05 3 15 000
|Bürgermeister     = Torsten Burmester&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.wahlergebnisse.nrw/kommunalwahlen/2025/aktuell/b315000kw2500.shtml |title=Kommunalwahlen 2025 – Endgültiges Ergebnis für: Krfr. Stadt Köln |website=Wahlergebnisse in NRW |language=de |access-date=2 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Bürgermeistertitel = [[Laird Mayor]]
|Partei            = SPD
|Website           = [https://www.stadt-koeln.de www.stadt-koeln.de]
|year              = 38 BC
}}

'''Cologne''' ({{lang-de|Köln}}, {{IPA-de|kœln|pron|De-Köln.ogg}}; [[Kölsch dialect]]: ''Kölle'' {{IPA-dedia|ˈkœɫə|}}) is Germany's [[Leet o ceeties in Germany wi mair nor 100,000 inhabitants|fowert-lairgest ceety]] (efter [[Berlin]], [[Hamburg]] an [[Munich]]), an is the lairgest ceety baith in the German Federal State o [[North Rhine-Westphalie]] an athin the [[Rhine-Ruhr|Rhine-Ruhr Metropolitan Aurie]], ane o the major European metropolitan areas wi mair nor ane million inhabitants. It is ane o the auldest ceeties in Germany, haein been foondit bi the Ubii in the year 38 BC. The name is derived frae that o the Roman dounset, ''[[Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium]]''.

Cologne lies on the [[Rhine|River Rhine]]. The ceety's famous [[Cologne Cathedral]] (''Kölner Dom'') is the seat o the [[Catholic Kirk|Catholic]] Archbishop o Cologne. The [[University o Cologne]] (''Universität zu Köln'') is ane o Europe's auldest varsities.

Cologne is a major cultural centre o the [[Rhineland]] an haes a vibrant airts scene. Cologne is hame tae mair nor 30 museums an hunders o galleries. Exhibitions range frae local auncient Roman archeological sites tae contemporary graphics an sculpture. The [[Cologne Trade Fair]] hosts a nummer o trade shows such as Airt Cologne, imm Cologne (Internaitional Furniture Fair) an the [[Photokina]]. Cologne is an aa well-kent for its celebration o [[Cologne Carnival]], the annual reggae [[summerjam]], an [[Cologne Gay Pride]].

Athin Germany, Cologne is kent as an important media center. Several radio an television stations, includin [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk]] (WDR), [[RTL Television|RTL]] an [[VOX (TV channel)|VOX]], hae thair heidquarters in the ceety. Baith [[Pro7]] an [[Sat.1]] produce TV shows in Cologne as well. Further, the ceety hosts the [[Cologne Comedy Festival]], which is considered tae be the lairgest comedy festival in mainland Europe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.koeln-comedy.de/koelncomedy/index_en.html/ |title=Cologne Comedy Festival website |publisher=Koeln-comedy.de |date=2007-10-21 |accessdate=2009-07-24 |archive-date=2011-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719052807/http://www.koeln-comedy.de/koelncomedy/index_en.html/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Twin touns — sister ceeties ==
&lt;!--- {{Main|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Germany}} ---&gt;
Cologne is &quot;[[toun twinnin|twinned]]&quot; wi the follaein ceeties:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.stadt-koeln.de/politik-und-verwaltung/internationales/staedtepartnerschaften |title=Städtepartnerschaften – Town twinning |language=de, en, fr, es |accessdate=2025-11-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{|
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* {{flagicon|UK}} [[Liverpuil]], Unitit Kinrick, syne 1952
* {{flagicon|Luxembourg}} [[Esch-sur-Alzette]], Luxembourg, syne 1958
* {{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Liège]], Belgium, syne 1958
* {{flagicon|France}} [[Lille]], Fraunce, syne 1958 &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.lille.fr/Votre-Mairie/Les-relations-internationales/Un-reseau-de-villes-partenaires-en-Europe-et-dans-le-monde |title=Un réseau de villes partenaires en Europe et dans le monde |work=lille.fr |language=fr |accessdate=2025-11-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Rotterdam]], Netherlands, syne 1958
* {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Turin]], Italy, syne 1958
* {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Kyoto]], Japan, syne 1963&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.city.kyoto.jp/koho/eng/databox/sister.html |title=Kyoto City Web / Data Box / Sister Cities |publisher=www.city.kyoto.jp |accessdate=2010-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728154629/http://www.city.kyoto.jp/koho/eng/databox/sister.html |archive-date=2013-07-28 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flagicon|Tunisia}} [[Tunis]], Tunisie, syne 1964
* {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Turku]], Finland, syne 1967
* {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Neukölln]], Germany, syne 1967
* {{flagicon|Romanie}} [[Cluj-Napoca]], Roumainie, syne 1976
* {{flagicon|Israel}} [[Tel Aviv]], Israel, syne 1979
* {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Barcelona]], Spain, syne 1984&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://w3.bcn.es/XMLServeis/XMLHomeLinkPl/0,4022,229724149_257215678_1,00.html |title=Barcelona internacional - Ciutats agermanades |publisher=Ajuntament de Barcelona |language=es |accessdate=2009-07-13 |archive-date=2012-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127043638/http://w3.bcn.es/XMLServeis/XMLHomeLinkPl/0,4022,229724149_257215678_1,00.html |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
||
* {{flagicon|China}} [[Beijing]], [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|Cheenae]], syne 1987&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/ |title=Sister Cities |publisher=Beijing Municipal Government |accessdate=2008-09-23 |archive-date=2010-01-17 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5mq6B2fdq?url=http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/ |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flagicon|Nicaragua}} [[Corinto, Nicaragua|Corinto]]/[[El Realejo]], Nicaragua, syne 1988
* {{flagicon|Ireland}} [[Cork (ceety)|Cork]], Ireland, syne 1988
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Indianapolis]], Unitit States, syne 1988
* {{flagicon|Greece}} [[Thessaloniki]], Greece, syne 1988&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.thessalonikicity.gr/English/twinning-cities.htm |title=Twinning Cities |work=City of Thessaloniki |accessdate=2009-07-07 |archive-date=2009-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331054219/http://www.thessalonikicity.gr/English/twinning-cities.htm |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Volgograd]], Roushie, syne 1988
* {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Treptow-Köpenick]], Germany, syne 1990
* {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Katowice]], Poland, syne 1991
* {{flagicon|Palestine}} [[Bethlehem]], [[State o Palestine|Palestine]], syne 1996&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bethlehem-city.org/Twining.php |title=Bethlehem Municipality |publisher=www.bethlehem-city.org |accessdate=2009-10-10 |archive-date=2019-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107051824/http://www.bethlehem-city.org/Twining.php%20 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]], Turkey, syne 1997
* {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil, sync 2011
* {{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Dnipro]], Ukraine, syne 2024
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Commonscat}}

[[Category:Cologne| ]]
[[Category:Populatit places established in the 1st century BC]]
[[Category:Populatit places on the Rhine]]
[[Category:Catholic pilgrimage steids]]
[[Category:German ceeties wi licht rail seestems]]
[[Category:Members o the Hanseatic League]]
[[Category:Roman legions' camps in Germany]]
[[Category:Carnival ceeties an touns]]
[[Category:Roman colonies]]
[[Category:Roman touns an ceeties in Germany]]
[[Category:Imperial free ceeties]]
[[Category:Turkis commonties in Germany]]


{{Stub/Germany}}
{{Stub/Ceety}}</text>
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    <title>Bathorë</title>
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      <text bytes="1337" sha1="gx28i01aujxow80ucetd1ej8paatdpp" xml:space="preserve">'''Bathorë''' is an aurie juist ootside [[Tirana]], the caipital ceety o [[Albanie]] in [[Eastren Europe]]. Muckle o the aurie is essentially a [[shanty toun]], although local an internaitional [[Charitable organization|charitable organisations]] are involved in layin drainage an water supply pipes, an in recent years a hospital (built bi [[Merlin (charity)|Merlin]]) an schuil (pairt-fundit bi [[UNICEF]]) hae been constructit.

The aurie, comprisin approximately 2 square miles, wis oreeginally a state-run farm, an mony o the estimatit 20,000 residents live in convertit cattle sheds wi vera little space, an aften nae windaes. Sanitation is poor an there is nae legal supply o electricity, although haphazard supplies dae exist.

==Freemit airtins==
*[http://www.aidconvoy.net/ Aid Convoy] &amp;ndash; Ane o the organisations wirkin in Bathorë
*[http://www.amurt.net/albania/photogallery.htm Photographs o Bathorë] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100426174406/http://www.amurt.net/albania/photogallery.htm |date=2010-04-26 }}
*[http://nona.net/features/map/placedetail.867199/Bathore/ Map showin Bathorë] {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{coord|41|17|N|19|50|E|display=title|region:AL_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Populatit places in Tirana Coonty|Bathore]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jordan</title>
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      <text bytes="72694" sha1="pdct8idl3dgnyzebimr3pw2ipooiqhq" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Hashemite Kinrick o Jordan
|common_name         = Jordan
|native_name         = {{lower|0.1em|{{nobold|{{lang|ar|المملكة الأردنية الهاشمية}}}}}}  ([[Modren Staundart Arabic|Arabic]])&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;''{{transl|ar|ALA|Al-Mamlakah Al-Urdunnīyah Al-Ḥāshimīyah}}''&lt;/small&gt;
|image_flag          = Flag of Jordan.svg
|image_coat          = Coat of arms of Jordan.svg
|national_motto      = {{small|&quot;God, Kintra, Keeng&quot;}}&lt;br/&gt;{{native phrase|ar|{{lower|0.1em|{{big|الله، الوطن، الملك}}}}|italics=off}}&lt;br/&gt;''{{transl|ar|ALA|Allah, Al-Waṭan, Al-Malik}}''&lt;ref name=&quot;king&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Temperman|first=Jeroen|title=State-Religion Relationships and Human Rights Law: Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Governance|accessdate=20 March 2016|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Khag6tbsIn4C&amp;pg=PA87|year=2010|publisher=Brill|isbn=90-04-18148-2|page=87}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|national_anthem     = {{small|({{lang-sco|[[The Ryal Anthem o Jordan]]}})}}&lt;br/&gt;{{lang|ar|{{big|السلام الملكي الأردني}}}}&lt;br/&gt;{{lower|0.1em|''{{transl|ar|ALA|Al-Salam Al-Malaki Al-Urdunni}}''}}&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;center&gt;[[File:National anthem of Jordan instrumental.ogg]]&lt;/center&gt;
|image_map           = Jordan (orthographic projection).svg
|map_caption         =
|image_map2          = Jordan - Location Map (2013) - JOR - UNOCHA.svg
|map_caption2        = Map of Jordan showing influential governorate centers
|capital             = [[Amman]]
|coordinates         = {{Coord|31|57|N|35|56|E|type:city}}
|largest_city        = caipital
|official_languages  = [[Modren Standard Arabic|Arabic]]
|ethnic_groups       =  {{unbulleted list |98% [[Arab fowk|Arab]] |1% [[Circassians]] |1% [[Armenies]]}}
|demonym             = Jordanian
|government_type     = [[Unitar state|Unitar]] [[Pairlamentar seestem|pairlamentar]] [[constitutional monarchy]]
|leader_title1       = [[Leet o keengs o Jordan|Keeng]]
|leader_name1        = [[Abdullah II o Jordan|Abdullah II]]
|leader_title2       = [[Prime Meenister o Jordan|Prime Meenister]]
|leader_name2        = [[Bisher Al-Khasawneh]]
|legislature         = [[Pairlament o Jordan|Pairlament]]
|upper_house         = [[Jordanian Senate|Senate]]
|lower_house         = [[Jordanian Hoose o Representatives|Hoose o Representatives]]
|sovereignty_type    = [[Unthirldom]]
|sovereignty_note = frae [[Unitit Kinrick|Breetain]]
|established_event1  = {{nowrap|[[The Emirate o Transjordan]]}}
|established_date1   = 11 Apryle 1921
|established_event2  = [[League o Naitions mandate|The Hashemite Kinrick o Jordan]]
|established_date2   = 25 May 1946
|area_km2            = 89,341
|area_rank           = 112t
|area_sq_mi          = 35,637
|percent_water       =
|population_estimate          = 9,952,293&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Population clock|accessdate=25 June 2017|publisher=Jordan Department of Statistics|url=http://web.dos.gov.jo/?lang=en|archive-date=2016-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306132107/http://web.dos.gov.jo/?lang=en|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_estimate = 10,171,480&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Population clock|accessdate=12 June 2018|work=Jordan Department of Statistics|url=http://dosweb.dos.gov.jo/|archive-date=2019-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818112822/http://dosweb.dos.gov.jo/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_estimate_year = 2018
| population_estimate_rank = 88t
| population_census = 9,531,712&lt;ref name=&quot;census&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/population-stands-around-95-million-including-29-million-guests|title=Population stands at around 9.5 million, including 2.9 million guests|accessdate=12 June 2018|publisher=The Jordan Times|last=Ghazal|first=Mohammad|date=22 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208092804/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/population-stands-around-95-million-including-29-million-guests|archive-date=2018-02-08|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_census_year = 2015
| population_density_km2 = 114
| population_density_sq_mi = 295
| population_density_rank = 106t
| GDP_PPP = $93.159 billion&lt;ref name=GDP&gt;{{cite web|title=Jordan|work=IMF|accessdate=24 November 2018|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=77&amp;pr.y=14&amp;sy=2018&amp;ey=2023&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C546%2C213%2C962%2C911%2C674%2C314%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C836%2C918%2C558%2C748%2C138%2C618%2C196%2C624%2C278%2C522%2C692%2C622%2C694%2C156%2C142%2C626%2C449%2C628%2C564%2C228%2C565%2C924%2C283%2C233%2C853%2C632%2C288%2C636%2C293%2C634%2C566%2C238%2C964%2C662%2C182%2C960%2C359%2C423%2C453%2C935%2C968%2C128%2C922%2C611%2C714%2C321%2C862%2C243%2C135%2C248%2C716%2C469%2C456%2C253%2C722%2C642%2C942%2C643%2C718%2C939%2C724%2C734%2C576%2C644%2C936%2C819%2C961%2C172%2C813%2C132%2C726%2C646%2C199%2C648%2C733%2C915%2C184%2C134%2C524%2C652%2C361%2C174%2C362%2C328%2C364%2C258%2C732%2C656%2C366%2C654%2C144%2C336%2C146%2C263%2C463%2C268%2C528%2C532%2C923%2C944%2C738%2C176%2C578%2C534%2C537%2C536%2C742%2C429%2C866%2C433%2C369%2C178%2C744%2C436%2C186%2C136%2C925%2C343%2C869%2C158%2C746%2C439%2C926%2C916%2C466%2C664%2C112%2C826%2C111%2C542%2C298%2C967%2C927%2C443%2C846%2C917%2C299%2C544%2C582%2C941%2C474%2C446%2C754%2C666%2C698&amp;s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&amp;grp=0&amp;a=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| GDP_PPP_year = 2018
| GDP_PPP_rank = 87t
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = $9,406&lt;ref name=GDP/&gt;
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 86t
| GDP_nominal = $41.869 billion&lt;ref name=GDP/&gt;
| GDP_nominal_year = 2018
| GDP_nominal_rank = 92nt
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = $4,228&lt;ref name=GDP/&gt;
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 95th
| Gini = 35.4 &lt;!--number only--&gt;
| Gini_year = 2011
| Gini_change = &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| Gini_ref = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI|title=Gini index|work=World Bank|accessdate=12 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Gini_rank = 79t
| HDI = 0.735 &lt;!--number only--&gt;
| HDI_year = 2017&lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--&gt;
| HDI_change = steady&lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| HDI_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;HDI&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2017_human_development_report.pdf|title=2017 Human Development Report Summary|date=14 September 2018|accessdate=14 September 2018|publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank = 95t
|currency            = [[Jordanian dinar|Dinar]]
|currency_code       = JOD
|time_zone           = [[Eastren European Time|EET]]
|utc_offset          = +2
|utc_offset_DST      = +3
|time_zone_DST       = [[Eastren European Simmer Time|EEST]]
|drives_on           = ri ht
|calling_code        = [[Telephone nummers in Jordan|+962]]
|cctld               = [[.jo]]&lt;br/&gt;{{rtl-lang|ar|[[.الاردن]]}}
|area_magnitude      =
}}
'''Jordan''' (/ˈdʒɔrdən/), offeecially the '''Hashemite Kinrick o Jordan''', an forby kent as the '''JK''' (short for The Jordanian Kinrick), is a kinrick on the East Bank o the [[River Jordan]] in [[Wastren Asie]]. It haes mairches wi [[Saudi Arabie]] sooth-eastlins, [[Iraq]] eastlins, [[Sirie]] norlins an [[Israel]] an [[State o Palestine|Palestine]] tae the wast, sharin control o the [[Dead Sea]]. Jordan's anerlie port is at its soothren tip, at the [[Gulf o Aqaba]], whilk is skared wi Israel, [[Egyp]], an Saudi Arabie. Hantle o Jordan is kivered bi the [[Arabian Desert]]. Housomeivver, the north-wastren pairt o Jordan is pairt o the [[Fertile Crescent]]. The caipital ceety is [[Amman]].

Throu its [[History o Jordan|history]], Jordan haes seen a thrang o ceevilizations, includin sic auncient near eastren anes as the [[Canaan]]ites an later ither [[Semitic]] fowks lik the [[Edomite]]s, an the [[Moab]]ites. Ither ceevilizations possessin poleetical sovereignty an influence in Jordan wur: [[Akkadian Empire|Akkadian]], [[Assyrie|Assyrian]], [[Israelite]]/[[Judean]], [[Babylonian]], an [[Persian Empire|Persian]] empires. The lands o Jordan wur for a time unner the rule o [[Pharaonic Egyp]], componed pairt o the greater [[Kinrick o Israel (unitit monarchy)|Kinrick o Israel]] (includin the later [[Kinrick o Judah|Judaean Kinrick]], [[Hasmonean|Hasmonaen Kinrick o Israel]] an [[Herodian Dynasty]]), an notably, the region o Jordan gied birth tae the [[Nabataean]] ceevilisation an aw, whilk left rich airchaeological remains at [[Petra]], ane o the [[New Seiven Wonders o the Warld]] locatit in the [[Ma'an Govrenorate]]. Cultur faurer wast left their mark an aa, like the [[Alexander the Great|Macedonian]]/[[Greece|Greek]]/[[Hellenistic]], [[Roman Empire|Roman]], [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]], an [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Turkis]] empires. Syne the seivent century C.E., the area haes been unner the primary rule o [[Muslim]] an [[Arab]] cultur, wi the exceptions briefly for the area in wastren Jordan that wis pairt o the [[Crusades|Crusader]] [[Kinrick o Jerusalem]], an for the hale region in the early-mid twintiet century C.E. unner [[Breetish Empire|Breetish rule]] whilk led tae Jordan's establishment as an autonomous state.

The [[Hashemite]] Kinrick o Jordan is a constitutional monarchy wi representative govrenment. The reignin monarch is the chief executive an the commander-in-chief o the airmed forces. The king exercises his executive authority through the prime meenisters an the Cooncil o Meenisters, or cabinet. The cabinet, atween hauns, is responsible afore the democratically elect Hoose o Deputies whilk, alang wi the Hoose o Notables (Senate), constitutes the legislative branch o the govrenment. The judicial branch is an independent branch o the govrenment.

== Etymology ==
Jordan taks its name frae the [[Jordan River]] that forms muckle o the kintra's northwastren mairch.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA factbook&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url= https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/jo.html|title= The World Fact book – Jordan|publisher= CIA World Factbook|accessdate= 15 June 2018|archive-date= 2019-09-12|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190912232305/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/jo.html|url-status= dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;  While several theories for the oreegin o the river's name hae been proponed, it is maist plausible that it derives frae the [[Semitic leids|Semitic]] wird ''Yarad'', meanin &quot;the descender&quot;, reflectin the river's declivity.&lt;ref name=&quot;etm1&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC|title= Mercer Dictionary of the Bible|accessdate= 15 June 2018|year= 1990|pages= 466–467, 928|first1= Watson E.|last1= Mills|first2= Roger Aubrey|last2= Bullard|publisher= Mercer University Press|isbn= 9780865543737}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
{{Main|History o Jordan}}

===Auncient period===

The auldest evidence o [[hominid]] habitation in Jordan dates back at least 200,000 year.&lt;ref name=&quot;KOJ&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-jfWCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA23|accessdate=16 June 2018|date=8 December 2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|first=Raphael|last=Patai|title=Kingdom of Jordan|pages=23, 32|isbn=9781400877997}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jordan is rich in [[Paleolithic]] (up tae 20,000 year agae) remeens due tae its location within the [[Levant]] whaur expansions o hominids oot o Africae converged.&lt;ref name=&quot;chap-paleolithic&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4877|title=Atlas of Jordan|accessdate=16 June 2018|editor-first=Myriam|editor-last=Ababsa|chapter=The First Traces of Man. The Palaeolithic Period (&lt;1.5 million – ca 20,000 years ago)|first=Maysoun|last=al-Nahar|date=11 June 2014|pages=94–99}}&lt;/ref&gt; Past lakeshore environments attracted different hominids, and several remains of tools have been found from this period.&lt;ref name=&quot;chap-paleolithic&quot;/&gt; The warld's auldest evidence o breid-makin wis foond in a 14,500 year auld [[Natufian cultur|Natufian]] steid in Jordan's northeastren desert.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-44846874|title=Prehistoric bake-off: Scientists discover oldest evidence of bread|work=BBC|date=17 July 2018|accessdate=17 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; The transeetion frae [[hunter-gaitherer]] tae establishin populous agricultural veelages occurred in the [[Neolithic]] period (10,000–4,500 BC).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4879|title=Atlas of Jordan|accessdate=16 June 2018|editor-first=Myriam|editor-last=Ababsa|chapter=The Refining of Tools. The Epipalaeolithic Period (c 23,000 - 11,600 years ago)|first=Maysoun|last=al-Nahar|date=11 June 2014|pages=100–105}}&lt;/ref&gt; [['Ain Ghazal]], ane sic veelage locatit in the day's eastren [[Amman]], is ane o the lairgest kent prehistoric settlements in the [[Near East]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Betts|first1=Alison|title=The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Levant|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199212972.013.012|date=March 2014|chapter=The Southern Levant (Transjordan) During the Neolithic Period|isbn=9780199212972}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fortifee'd touns an urban centres first emerged in the soothren Levant early on in the [[Bronze Age]] (3600–1200 BC).&lt;ref name=&quot;atlas11&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4885|title=Atlas of Jordan|accessdate=2 July 2018|editor-first=Myriam|editor-last=Ababsa|chapter=The First Cities in Early Bronze Age (3600-2000 BC)|first=Maysoun|last=al-Nahar|date=11 June 2014|pages=117–118}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Wadi Feynan]] becam a regional centre for capper extraction, that wis exploitit on a lairge-scale tae produce bronze.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://pure.qub.ac.uk/portal/files/798584/158410_1_En_8_Chapter_ProofPDF[1].pdf|title=Human activity in the ancient metal-smelting and farming complex in the Wadi Faynan, SW Jordan, at the desert margin in the Middle East|publisher=Queen's University Belfast|year=2010|accessdate=4 July 2018|page=2|quote=It was a key Middle Eastern industrial centre from the early 3rd millennium BC to the Byzantine period|archive-date=2019-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924194946/https://pure.qub.ac.uk/portal/files/798584/158410_1_En_8_Chapter_ProofPDF|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tred an muivement o fowk in the Middle East peaked, spreidin an refinin ceevilisations.&lt;ref name=&quot;atlas12&quot;/&gt; Veelages in Transjordan expandit fest in areas wi reliable watter resoorces an agricultural laund.&lt;ref name=&quot;atlas12&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4890|title=Atlas of Jordan|accessdate=2 July 2018|editor-first=Myriam|editor-last=Ababsa|chapter=The Period of Small Cities. The Middle Bronze Age (ca 2000-1500 BC)|first=Maysoun|last=al-Nahar|date=11 June 2014|pages=122–123}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Auncient Egyp]]tians expandit taewart the Levant an controlled baith banks o the Jordan River.&lt;ref name=&quot;atlas13&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4892|title=Atlas of Jordan|accessdate=2 July 2018|editor-first=Myriam|editor-last=Ababsa|chapter=The Influence of Egypt. The Late Bronze Age (1500-1200 BC)|first=Maysoun|last=al-Nahar|date=11 June 2014|pages=124–125}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the [[Airn Age]] (1200–332 BC) efter the widrawal o the Egyptians, Transjordan wis hame tae [[Ammon]], [[Edom]] an [[Moab]].&lt;ref name=&quot;AEM&quot;/&gt; Thay spaik Semitic leids o the [[Canaanite leids|Canaanite group]], an are conseedert tae be tribal kinricks raither nor states.&lt;ref name=&quot;AEM&quot;/&gt; Ammon wis locatit in the Amman plateau; Moab in the hielands east o the Deid Sea; an Edom in the aera aroond [[Wadi Araba]] doun sooth.&lt;ref name=&quot;AEM&quot;&gt;{{cite conference|first1=Oystein S.|last1=LaBianca|first2=Randall W.|last2=Younker|author-link=|title=The Kingdoms of Ammon, Moab, and Edom: The Archaeology of Society in Late Bronze/Iron Age Transjordan (ca. 1400–500 BCE)|book-title=The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land|editor=Thomas Levy|page=114|publisher=Leicester University Press|date=1995|location=|url=https://www.academia.edu/744029/The_Kingdoms_of_Ammon_Moab_and_Edom_The_Archaeology_of_Society_in_Late_Bronze_Iron_Age_Transjordan_Ca._1400-500_BCE_|doi=|id =|access-date=16 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Thir Transjordanian kinricks war in continuous conflict wi the neebourin Ebreu kinricks o [[Kinrick o Israel (Samarie)|Israel]] an [[Kinrick o Judah|Judah]], centred wast o the Jordan River–tho the umwhile wis kent tae hae at times controlled smaw pairts east o the river.&lt;ref name=&quot;harrison&quot;&gt;{{Citation|last1=Harrison|first1=Timothy P.|contribution=`The land of Medeba' and Early Iron Age Mādabā|pages=27–45|url=http://sites.utoronto.ca/tmap/Harrison.2009.pdf|accessdate=16 June 2018|year=2009|title=Studies on Iron Age Moab and Neighbouring Areas: In Honour of Michèle Daviau|editor-last=Bienkowski|editor-first=Piotr|place=Leuven|publisher=Peeters}}
&lt;/ref&gt; Ane record o this is the [[Mesha Stele]] erectit bi the Moabite king [[Mesha]] in 840 BC on that he lauds himsel for the biggin projects that he initiatit in Moab an commemorates his glory an veectory against the [[Israelites]].&lt;ref name=&quot;rollston&quot;&gt;{{cite book|page=54|title=Writing and Literacy in the World of Ancient Israel: Epigraphic Evidence from the Iron Age|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kx9Uke_IfloC&amp;pg=PA54|accessdate=16 June 2018|first=Chris A.|last=Rollston|year=2010|publisher=Society of Biblical Lit|isbn=9781589831070}}&lt;/ref&gt; The stele constitutes ane o the maist important direct accoonts o Biblical history.&lt;ref name=&quot;mesha-louvre&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/mesha-stele|title=The Mesha Stele|accessdate=16 June 2018|work=Department of Near Eastern Antiquities: Levant|publisher=Louvre Museum|archive-date=2018-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616103247/https://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/mesha-stele|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aroond 700 BC, the kinricks benefitit frae tred atween Sirie an Arabie whan the [[Neo-Assirian Empire|Assirian Empire]] controlled the Levant.&lt;ref name=&quot;chap-iron&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/5075|title=Atlas of Jordan|accessdate=16 June 2018|editor-first=Myriam|editor-last=Ababsa|chapter=The Iron Age and the Persian Period (1200-332 BC)|first=Maysoun|last=al-Nahar|date=11 June 2014|pages=126–130}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Neo-Babylonian Empire|Babylonians]] teuk ower the empire efter its disintegration in 627 BC.&lt;ref name=&quot;chap-iron&quot;/&gt; Awtho the kinricks supportit the Babylonians against Judah in the 597 BC [[Siege o Jerusalem (597 BC)|sack o Jerusalem]], they rebelled against them a decade later.&lt;ref name=&quot;chap-iron&quot;/&gt; The kinricks war reduced tae vassals, an thay remeened tae be sae unner the [[Achaemenid Empire|Persian]] an [[Macedonia (auncient kinrick)|Hellenic]] Empires.&lt;ref name=&quot;chap-iron&quot;/&gt; Houiver, bi the time o [[Roman Empire|Roman rule]] aroond 63 BC, Ammon, Edom an Moab haed lost thair distinct identities, an war assimilatit intae Roman cultur.&lt;ref name=&quot;AEM&quot;/&gt;

===Clessical period===
[[File:Al Khazneh Petra edit 2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Al-Khazneh]] in [[Petra]] (c. 1st century AD), is believed tae be the mausoleum o the Arab [[Nabataean]] Keeng [[Aretas IV Philopatris|Aretas IV]].]]

[[Alexander the Great]]'s [[Wars o Alexander the Great|conquest]] o the Persie Empire in 332 BC introduced [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic]] cultur tae the Middle East.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=10}} Efter Alexander's daith in 323 BC, the empire split amang his generals, an in the end muckle o Transjordan wis disputit atween the [[Ptolemaic kinrick|Ptolemies]] based in Egyp an the [[Seleucids]] based in Sirie.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=10}} The [[Nabataeans]], nomadic Arabs based sooth o Edom, managed tae establish an independent kinrick in 169 BC bi exploitin the struggle atween the twa Greek pouers.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=10}} The [[Nabataean Kinrick]] controlled muckle o the tred routes o the region, an it stretched sooth alang the [[Reid Sea]] coast intae the [[Hejaz]] desert, up tae as faur north as [[Damascus]], that it controlled for a short period (85–71) BC.{{sfn|Taylor|2001|p=51}} The Nabataeans massed a fortune from their control of the trade routes, often drawing the envy of their neighbors.{{sfn|Taylor|2001|p=30}} [[Petra]], Nabataea's barren caipital, floorished in the 1st century AD, driven bi its extensive watter irrigation sestems an agricultur.{{sfn|Taylor|2001|p=70}} The Nabataeans war an aw talentit [[stane cairvin|stane cairvers]], biggin thair maist elaborate structur, [[Al-Khazneh]], in the first century AD.&lt;ref name=&quot;petra&quot;/&gt; It is believed tae be the [[mausoleum]] o the Arab Nabataean King [[Aretas IV Philopatris|Aretas IV]].&lt;ref name=&quot;petra&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/archaeology-and-history/magazine/2016/01-02/petra/|title=Petra Lost and Found|work=National Geographic|date=2 January 2016|accessdate=8 April 2018|archive-date=2018-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408210210/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/archaeology-and-history/magazine/2016/01-02/petra/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Roman legions unner [[Pompey]] conquered muckle o the [[Levant]] in 63 BC, inauguratin a period o Roman rule that lastit fower centuries.&lt;ref name=&quot;roman&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PVZfx3Y6o5IC&amp;pg=PA573|page=573|title=The Roman Frontier in Central Jordan: Final Report on the Limes Arabicus Project|year=2006|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks|first1=Samuel|last1=Parker|first2=John|last2=Betlyon|accessdate=3 July 2018|isbn=9780884022985}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 106 AD, Emperor [[Trajan]] annexed Nabataea unopponed, an rebiggit the [[Keeng's Heichwey (auncient)|Keeng's Heichwey]] that becam kent as the [[Via Traiana Nova]] road.&lt;ref name=&quot;roman&quot;/&gt; The Romans gae the Greek ceeties o Transjordan–Philadelphia (Amman), [[Jerash|Gerasa]] (Jerash), [[Umm Qays|Gedara]] (Umm Qays), [[Pella]] (Tabaqat Fahl) an [[Irbid|Arbila]] (Irbid)–an ither Hellenistic ceeties in Palestine an soothren Sirie, a level o autonomy bi formin the ''[[Decapolis]]'', a ten-ceety league.&lt;ref name=&quot;atlas15&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4903|title=Atlas of Jordan|accessdate=2 July 2018|editor-first=Myriam|editor-last=Ababsa|chapter=Roman Arabia|first=Maysoun|last=al-Nahar|date=11 June 2014|pages=155–161}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jerash is ane o the best preserved Roman ceeties in the East; it wis even veesitit bi Emperor [[Hadrian]] in his jurney tae Palestine.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=--x-3W2R_QwC&amp;pg=PA393|title=Ancient Cities: The Archaeology of Urban Life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece and Rome|accessdate=9 April 2016|date=15 April 2013|first1=Charles|last1=Gates|publisher=Routledge|pages=392–393|isbn=9781134676620}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Jerash 01 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|The Oval Forum o [[Jerash]] (c. 1st century AD), then pairt o the ten-ceety Roman league, the ''[[Decapolis]]''.]]

In 324 AD, the [[Roman Empire]] split, an the Eastren Roman Empire–later kent as the [[Byzantine Empire]]–conteena'd to control or influence the region till 636 AD.&lt;ref name=&quot;byzantine&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vSwi2TYabS4C&amp;pg=PA43|page=43|title=Government Leaders, Military Rulers, and Political Activists|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2001|first1=Florence|last1=Lemoine|first2=John|last2=Strickland|accessdate=4 July 2018|isbn=9781573561532}}&lt;/ref&gt; Christianity haed become legal within the empire in 313 AD an the offeecial state releegion in 390 AD, efter Emperor [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]] convertit tae Christianity.&lt;ref name=&quot;byzantine&quot;/&gt; Transjordan prospered in the Byzantine era, an Christian kirks war biggit iverywhaur.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=14}} The [[Aqaba Kirk]] in [[Aqaba|Ayla]] wis biggit in this era, it is conseedert tae be the [[Leet o auldest kirk biggins|warld's first purpose biggit Christian kirk]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/first-purpose-built-church|title=First purpose-built church|accessdate=4 July 2018|publisher=Guinness World Records}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Umm ar-Rasas]] in soothren Amman conteens at least 16 Byzantine kirks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1093|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=4 July 2018|title=Um er-Rasas (Kastrom Mefa'a)|date=1 January 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt; Meanwhile, Petra's importance declined as sea tred routes emerged, an efter a [[Galilee yirdquauk o 363|363 yirdquauk]] destroyed mony structurs, till it becam an abandoned place.&lt;ref name=&quot;petra&quot;/&gt; The [[Sassanian Empire]] in the east becam the Byzantines' rivals, an [[Byzantine–Sasanian wars|frequent confrontations]] whiles led tae the Sassanids controllin some pairts o the region, includin Transjordan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2aTFAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA302|title=The Byzantine-Islamic Transition in Palestine: An Archaeological Approach|accessdate=4 July 2018|date=30 January 2014|first=Gideon|last=Avni|publisher=OUP Oxford|page=302|isbn=9780191507342}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Islamic era===
In 629 AD, in the [[Battle o Mu'tah]] in whit is the day [[Al-Karak]], the Byzantines an thair Arab Christian clients, the [[Ghassanids]], staved aff an attack bi a Muslim [[Rashidun]] force that mairched northwart taewart the Levant frae the Hejaz (in modren-day Saudi Arabie).&lt;ref name=&quot;Bowersock&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Bowersock|first=G. W.|last2=Brown|first2=Peter|last3=Grabar|first3=Oleg|title=Late Antiquity: A guide to the Postclassical World|publisher=Harvard University Press|accessdate=17 June 2018|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c788wWR_bLwC&amp;pg=PA468|isbn=9780674511736|year=1999|pages=468–469}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Byzantines houiver war defeatit bi the Muslims in 636 AD at the decisive [[Battle o Yarmouk]] juist north o Transjordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bowersock&quot;/&gt; Transjordan wis an essential territory for the conquest o Damascus.&lt;ref name=&quot;mus&quot;/&gt; The first, or Rashidun, [[caliphate]] wis follaed bi that o the [[Ummayad Caliphate|Ummayads]] (661–750).&lt;ref name=&quot;mus&quot;/&gt; Unner the Umayyad Caliphate, several [[desert castles]] war constructit in Transjordan, includin: [[Qasr Al-Mshatta]] an [[Qasr Al-Hallabat]].&lt;ref name=&quot;mus&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-_OBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT54|title=Near Eastern Tribal Societies During the Nineteenth Century: Economy, Society and Politics Between Tent and Town|page=54|date=14 October 2014|publisher=Routledge|first=Eveline|last=van der Steen|accessdate=18 June 2018|isbn=9781317543473}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Abbasid Caliphate]]'s campaign tae tak ower the Umayyad's begoud in Transjordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;atlas&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4913|title=Atlas of Jordan|accessdate=16 June 2018|editor-first=Myriam|editor-last=Ababsa|chapter=The Abbasid Caliphate|first=Maysoun|last=al-Nahar|date=11 June 2014|pages=178–179}}&lt;/ref&gt; A pouerfu 747 AD yirdquauk is thocht tae have contreibutit tae the Umayyads defeat tae the Abbasids, that muived the caliphate's caipital frae Damascus tae Baghdad.&lt;ref name=&quot;atlas&quot;/&gt; In Abbasid rule (750–969), several Arab tribes muived northwart an settled in the Levant.&lt;ref name=&quot;mus&quot;/&gt; Concurrently, growthe o maritime tred diminished Transjordan's central poseetion, an the area becam increasinly povereesed.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=21}} Efter the decline o the Abbasids, Transjordan wis ruled bi the [[Fatimid Caliphate]] (969–1070), then bi the [[Crusades|Crusader]] [[Kinrick o Jerusalem]] (1115–1187).{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=22}}

[[File:Kerak BW 1 (cropped).JPG|thumb|right|The [[Kerak Castle|Karak Castle]] (c. 12t century AD) biggit bi the [[Kinrick o Jerusalem|Crusaders]], an later expandit unner the Muslim [[Ayyubids]] an [[Mamluks]].]]

The Crusaders constructit several Crusader castles as pairt o the [[Lairdship o Oultrejordain]], includin thae o [[Montreal (Crusader castle)|Montreal]] an Al-Karak.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.jo/books?id=-_NbE5obqRMC|title=Secular Buildings in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: An Archaeological Gazetteer|page=2|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=11 December 1997|accessdate=18 June 2018|first1=Denys|last1=Pringle|first2=Denys|last2=Pringle|isbn=9780521460101}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Ayyubids biggit the [[Ajloun Castle]] an rebiggit aulder castles, tae be uised as militar ootposts against the Crusaders.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=23}} In the [[Battle o Hattin]] (1187) near [[Loch Tiberias]] juist north o Transjordan, the Crusaders lost tae [[Saladin]], the foonder o the [[Ayyubid dynasty]] (1187–1260).{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=23}} Veelages in Transjordan unner the Ayyubids becam important staps for Muslim pilgrims gaein tae [[Mecca]] that traivelled alang the route that connected Sirie tae the Hejaz.&lt;ref name=&quot;atlas1&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4998|title=Atlas of Jordan|accessdate=16 June 2018|editor-first=Myriam|editor-last=Ababsa|chapter=Ayyubid and Mamluk Jordan|first=Maysoun|last=al-Nahar|date=11 June 2014|pages=184–187}}&lt;/ref&gt; Several o the Ayyubid castles war uised an expandit bi the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluks]] (1260–1516), that dividit Transjordan atween the provinces o Karak an Damascus.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=25}} In the next century Transjordan experienced Mongol attacks, but the Mongols war ultimately repelled bi the Mamluks efter the [[Battle o Ain Jalut]] (1260).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-OmCfNI_SxAC&amp;pg=PA11|title=Trade, Travel, and Exploration in the Middle Ages: An Encyclopedia|first1=John|last1=Friedman|first2=Kristen|last2=Figg|publisher=Routledge|date=4 July 2013|accessdate=18 June 2018|page=11|isbn=9781135590949}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1516, the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Caliphate]]'s forces [[Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–17)|conquered Mamluk territory]].{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=26}} Agricultural veelages in Transjordan witnessed a period o relative prosperity in the 16t century, but war later abandoned.&lt;ref name=&quot;VSS&quot;&gt;{{cite book|pages=37, 47|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lh1_ernmsnwC|title=Village, Steppe and State: The Social Origins of Modern Jordan|first=Eugene|last=Rogan|first2=Tariq|last2=Tell|publisher=British Academic Press|year=1994|accessdate=8 June 2016|isbn=9781850438298}}&lt;/ref&gt; Transjordan wis o mairginal importance tae the Ottoman authorities.&lt;ref name=&quot;atlas10&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.openedition.org/ifpo/5002|title=The Impact of Ottoman Reforms|accessdate=19 June 2018|editor-first=Myriam|editor-last=Ababsa|chapter=The Abbasid Caliphate|first=Maysoun|last=al-Nahar|date=11 June 2014|pages=198–201}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, Ottoman presence wis virtually absent an reduced tae annual tax collection veesits.&lt;ref name=&quot;VSS&quot;/&gt; Mair Arab bedouin tribes muived intae Transjordan frae Sirie an the Hejaz in the first three centuries o Ottoman rule, includin the [[Adwan]], the [[Bani Sakhr]] an the [[Howeitat]].{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=26, 27}} Thir tribes laid claims tae different pairts o the region, an wi the absence o a meaninfu Ottoman authority, Transjordan slid intae a state o anarchy that conteena'd till the 19t century.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=27}} This led tae a short-leeved occupation bi the [[Wahhabi]] forces (1803–1812), an ultra-orthodox Islamic muivement that emerged in [[Emirate o Diriyah|Najd]] (in modren-day Saudi Arabie).{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=30}} [[Ibrahim Pasha o Egyp|Ibrahim Pasha]], son o the [[Muhammad Ali o Egyp|govrenor]] o the [[Egyp Eyalet]] unner the request o the Ottoman sultan, [[Ottoman–Wahhabi War|ruitit oot the Wahhabis]] bi 1818.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=31}} In 1833 Ibrahim Pasha turned on the Ottomans an established his rule ower the Levant.&lt;ref name=&quot;cup&quot;/&gt; His oppressive policies led tae the unsuccessfu [[peasants' revolt in Palestine]] in 1834.&lt;ref name=&quot;cup&quot;/&gt; Transjordanian ceeties o [[Al-Salt]] an Al-Karak war [[Siege o Al-Karak (1834)|destroyed]] bi Ibrahim Pasha's forces for herbourin a [[Qasim al-Ahmad|paisants' revolt leader]].&lt;ref name=&quot;cup&quot;/&gt; Egyptian rule wis [[Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–41)|forcibly endit]] in 1841, wi Ottoman rule restored.&lt;ref name=&quot;cup&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AMAbXGQDmDYC&amp;pg=PA31|page=31|title=Frontiers of the State in the Late Ottoman Empire: Transjordan, 1850–1921|accessdate=8 June 2016|date=11 April 2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|first=Eugene|last=Rogan|isbn=9780521892230}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Ajloun Castle 1.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Ajloun Castle]] (c. 12t century AD) biggit bi the Ayyubid leader [[Saladin]] for uise against the [[Crusades]].]]

Anerly after Ibrahim Pasha's campaign did the Ottoman Empire try tae solitifee its presence in the [[Syria Vilayet]], that Transjordan wis pairt o.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=37}} A series o tax an laund reforms (''[[Tanzimat]]'') in 1864 brocht some prosperity back tae agricultur an tae abandoned veelages, while it provoked a backlash in ither areas o Transjordan.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=37}} Muslim [[Circassians]] an [[Chechens]], fleein Roushie [[Ethnic cleansin o Circassians|persecution]], socht refuge in the Levant.&lt;ref name=&quot;leg&quot;/&gt; In Transjordan an wi Ottoman support, Circassians first settled in the lang-abandoned vicinity o Amman in 1867, an later in the surroondin veelages.&lt;ref name=&quot;leg&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HRV9AgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA14|page=14−15|accessdate=7 June 2016|title=Jordan: A Hashemite Legacy|first=Beverley|last=Milton-Edwards|first2=Peter|last2=Hinchcliffe|publisher=Routledge|date=5 June 2009|isbn=9781134105465}}&lt;/ref&gt; Efter haein established its admeenistration, conscription an hivy taxation policies bi the Ottoman authorities, led tae revolts in the areas it controlled.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=38}} Transjordan's tribes in pairteecular revoltit in the [[Shoubak Revolt|Shoubak]] (1905) an the [[Karak Revolt]]s (1910), that war brutally suppressed.&lt;ref name=&quot;leg&quot;/&gt; The construction o the [[Hejaz Railwey]] in 1908–stretchin athort the lenth o Transjordan an airtin Mecca wi [[Istanbul]]–helped the population economically as Transjordan becam a stapower for pilgrimers.&lt;ref name=&quot;leg&quot;/&gt; Houiver, increasin policies o Turkification an centralisation adoptit bi the Ottoman Empire disenchantit the Arabs o the Levant.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=33}}

===Modren era===
{{Main|Emirate of Transjordan}}
[[File:030Arab.jpg|thumb|left|Sodgers o the Hashemite-led [[Arab Airmy]] haudin the [[Banner o the Arab Revolt|banner]] o the [[Arab Revolt|Great Arab Revolt]] in 1916.]]

Fower centuries o stagnation in Ottoman rule cam tae an end in [[World War I]] bi the 1916 [[Arab Revolt]]; driven bi lang-term resentment taewart the Ottoman authorities, an growin [[Arab naitionalism]].&lt;ref name=&quot;leg&quot;/&gt; The revolt wis led bi [[Sharif o Mecca|Sharif]] [[Hussein bin Ali, Sharif o Mecca|Hussein]] o [[Mecca]], an his sons [[Abdullah I o Jordan|Abdullah]], [[Faisal I o Iraq|Faisal]] an [[Ali o Hejaz|Ali]], members o the [[Hashemites|Hashemite dynasty]] o the [[Hejaz]], descendants o the Prophet [[Muhammad]].&lt;ref name=&quot;leg&quot;/&gt; Locally, the revolt gained the support o the Transjordanian tribes, includin Bedouins, Circassians an [[Jordanian Christians|Christians]].{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=41}} The [[Allies o World War&amp;nbsp;I]], includin Breetain an Fraunce, that's imperial interests converged wi the Arabist cause, offered support.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=40}} The revolt stairtit on 5 Juin 1916 frae [[Medina]] an pushed northwart till the fechting reached Transjordan in the [[Battle o Aqaba]] on 6 Julie 1917.&lt;ref name=&quot;revolt&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&amp;pg=PA117|page=117|title=World War I: Encyclopedia, Volume 1|publisher=ABC-CLIO|first=Spencer|last=Tucker|year=2005|accessdate=5 July 2018|isbn=9781851094202}}&lt;/ref&gt; The revolt reached its climax whan Faisal entered [[Damascus]] in October 1918, an established the [[Arab Kinrick o Sirie]], that Transjordan wis pairt o.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=41}}

The nascent Hashemite Kinrick wis forced tae surrender tae French truips on 24 Julie 1920 in the [[Battle o Maysalun]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6I7FBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT396|title=The Making of the Modern Near East 1792-1923|first=Malcolm|last=Yapp|publisher=Routledge|date=9 January 2014|accessdate=23 July 2018|page=396|isbn=9781317871064}}&lt;/ref&gt; Arab aspirations failed tae gain internaitional recogneetion, due mainly tae the saicret 1916 [[Sykes–Picot Greement]], that dividit the region intae French an Breetish spheres o influence, an the 1917 [[Balfour Declaration]], that promised Palestine tae Jews.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=34}} This wis seen bi the Hashemites an the Arabs as a betrayal o thair previous greements wi the Breetish,{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=71}} includin the 1915 [[McMahon–Hussein Correspondence]], in that the Breetish stated thair willinness tae recognise the unthirldom of a unifee'd Arab state stretchin frae [[Aleppo]] tae [[Aden]] unner the rule o the Hashemites.&lt;ref name=&quot;tell2013&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XR56Jup9hwwC&amp;pg=PT55|title=The Social and Economic Origins of Monarchy in Jordan|publisher=Springer|first=Tariq Moraiwed|last=Tell|doi=10.1057/9781137015655|accessdate=23 July 2018|date=7 January 2013|isbn=978-1-349-29089-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|55}} Abdullah, the seicont son o Sharif Hussein, arrived frae Hejaz bi train in [[Ma'an]] in soothren Transjordan on 21 November 1920 tae redeem the Kinrick his brither haed lost.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=82}} Transjordan then wis in disarray; widely conseedert tae be ungovrenable wi its dysfunctional local govrenments.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=91}} Abdullah then moved tae Amman an established the [[Emirate o Transjordan]] on 11 Apryle 1921.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=93}}

[[File:The high commissioner's first visit to Transjordan, in Es-Salt..jpg|thumb|left|[[Al-Salt]] residents gaither on 20 August 1920 in the [[Breetish Mandate for Palestine (legal instrument)|Breetish]] [[Heich Commissioners for Palestine an Transjordan|Heich Commissioner]]'s veesit tae Transjordan.]]

The Breetish reluctantly acceptit Abdullah as ruler o Transjordan.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=96}} Abdullah gained the trust o Tansjordan's tribal leaders afore scrammlin tae convince them o the benefits o an organised govrenment.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=100}} Abdullah's successes drew the envy o the Breetish, even whan it wis in thair interest.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=101}} In September 1922, the Cooncil o the [[League o Naitions]] recognised Transjordan as a state unner the [[Breetish Mandate for Palestine (legal instrument)|Breetish Mandate for Palestine]] an the [[Transjordan memorandum]], an excludit the territories east o the Jordan River frae the provisions o the mandate dealin wi Jewish settlement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.historynet.com/creating-chaos-lawrence-of-arabia-and-the-1916-arab-revolt.htm|title=Creating Chaos: Lawrence of Arabia and the 1916 Arab Revolt|accessdate=15 October 2015|date=10 August 2010|first=O'Brien|last=Browne|publisher=HistoryNet, LLC.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''League of Nations Official Journal'', Nov. 1922, pp. 1188–1189, 1390–1391.&lt;/ref&gt; Transjordan remeened a Breetish mandate till 1946, but it haed been grantit a greater level o autonomy nor the region wast o the Jordan River.&lt;ref name=&quot;protectorate&quot;&gt;Marjorie M. Whiteman, Digest of International Law, vol. 1, U.S. State Department (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1963) pp 636, 650–652&lt;/ref&gt;

The first organised airmy in Jordan wis established on 22 October 1920, an wis named the &quot;[[Arab Legion]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;modernjordan&quot;/&gt; The Legion grew frae 150 men in 1920 tae 8,000 in 1946.&lt;ref name=&quot;encmew&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U05OvsOPeKMC&amp;pg=PA662|title=The Encyclopedia of Middle East Wars: The United States in the Persian Gulf|publisher=ABC-CLIO|date=10 August 2010|first=Spencer|last=Tucker|accessdate=13 March 2016|page=662}}&lt;/ref&gt; Multiple difficulties emerged upon the assumption o pouer in the region bi the Hashemite leadership.&lt;ref name=&quot;modernjordan&quot;/&gt; In Transjordan, smaw local rebellions at [[Kura Rebellion|Kura]] in 1921 an 1923 war suppressed bi [[Emir]] Abdullah wi the help o Breetish forces.&lt;ref name=&quot;modernjordan&quot;/&gt; Wahhabis frae Najd regained strenth an [[Ikhwan raids on Transjordan|repeatitly raidit]] the soothren pairts o his territory in (1922–1924), seriously threitenin the Emir's poseetion.&lt;ref name=&quot;modernjordan&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Salibi|first=Kamal|accessdate=20 March 2016|title=The Modern History of Jordan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7zdi2sCuIh8C&amp;pg=PA104 |date=1998 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=978-1-86064-331-6 |pages=10, 30, 31, 49, 104}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Emir wis unable tae repel thae raids withoot the aid o the local Bedouin tribes an the Breetish, that mainteened a militar base wi a smaw [[Ryal Air Force|RAF]] detachment close tae Amman.&lt;ref name=&quot;modernjordan&quot;/&gt;

===Post-unthirldom===
[[File:King Abdullah I of Jordan declaring independence, 25 May 1946.jpg|thumb|right|[[Abdullah I o Jordan|Keeng Abdullah I]] on 25 Mey 1946 readin the declaration o unthirldom.]]

The [[Treaty o London (1946)|Treaty o London]], signed bi the Breetish Govrenment an the Emir o Transjordan on 22 Mairch 1946, recognised the unthirldom o Transjordan upon ratification bi baith kintras' pairlaments.&lt;ref name=&quot;FRUS1946&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Foreign relations of the United States, 1946. The Near East and Africa, Vol. 7|date=1946|publisher=United States Department of State|pages=794–800|url=http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1946v07|accessdate=13 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 25 Mey 1946, the day that the treaty wis ratifee'd bi the Transjordan pairlament, Transjordan wis raised tae the status o a kinrick unner the name o the ''Hashemite Kinrick o Transjordan'', wi Abdullah as its first king.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=N.H.|last=Aruri|title=Jordan: a study in political development (1921–1965)|accessdate=20 March 2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GVaG4WGKj9MC&amp;pg=PA90|year=1972|publisher=Springer Netherlands|isbn=978-90-247-1217-5|page=90}}&lt;/ref&gt; The name wis shortened tae the ''Hashemite Kinrick o Jordan'' on 26 Apryle 1949.&lt;ref name=&quot;HKJ&quot;/&gt; Jordan becam a member o the Unitit Naitions on 14 December 1955.&lt;ref name=&quot;HKJ&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Khalil|first=Muhammad|year=1962|publisher=Khayats|place=Beirut|pages=[https://archive.org/details/arabstatesandthe012664mbp/page/n96 53]–54|title=The Arab States and the Arab League: a Documentary Record|url=https://archive.org/details/arabstatesandthe012664mbp}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 15 Mey 1948, as pairt o the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]], Jordan invadit [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] thegither wi ither Arab states.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CC7381HrLqcC|title=A History of the First Arab-Israeli War|first=Benny|last=Morris|publisher=Yale University Press|date=1 October 2008|pages=214, 215|accessdate=15 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Follaein the war, Jordan controlled the Wast Bank an on 24 Apryle 1950 Jordan formally [[Jordanian annexation o the Wast Bank|annexed thir territories]] efter the [[Jericho conference]].&lt;ref name=autogenerated2/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Sicker|first=Martin|title=The Middle East in the Twentieth Century|accessdate=20 March 2016|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gHfw0Mv_uFUC&amp;pg=PA187|year=2001|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-96893-9|page=187}}&lt;/ref&gt; In response, some Arab kintras demandit Jordan's expulsion frae the [[Arab League]].&lt;ref name=autogenerated2&gt;{{cite book|last=Aruri|first=Naseer Hasan  |title=Jordan: a study in political development (1921–1965) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GVaG4WGKj9MC&amp;pg=PA90 |year=1972 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-90-247-1217-5|page=90|accessdate=20 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 12 Juin 1950, the Arab League declared that the annexation wis a temporary, practical meisur an that Jordan wis haudin the territory as a &quot;trustee&quot; pendin a futur settlement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=El-Hasan|first= Hasan Afif|title=Israel Or Palestine? Is the Two-state Solution Already Dead?: A Political and Military History of the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CjuzDY-WBr8C&amp;pg=PA64|year=2010 |publisher=Algora Publishing|accessdate=20 March 2016|isbn=978-0-87586-793-9|page=64}}&lt;/ref&gt; King Abdullah wis assassinatit at the [[Al-Aqsa Mosque]] in 1951 bi a Palestinian militant, amid rumours he intendit tae sign a peace treaty wi Israel.&lt;ref name=&quot;kaiofh&quot;/&gt;

Abdullah wis succeedit bi his son [[Talal o Jordan|Talal]], that wad suin abdicate due tae illness in favour o his eldest son [[Hussein o Jordan|Hussein]].&lt;ref name=&quot;kojt&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-remembers-king-talal|title=Jordan remembers King Talal|publisher=The Jordan Times|accessdate=1 June 2017|date=6 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803133637/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-remembers-king-talal|archive-date=2017-08-03|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Talal established the [[Constitution o Jordan|kintra's modren constitution]] in 1952.&lt;ref name=&quot;kojt&quot;/&gt; Hussein ascendit tae the throne in 1953 at the age o 17.&lt;ref name=&quot;kaiofh&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/1951/jul/21/fromthearchive|title=Assassination of King Abdullah|publisher=The Guardian|accessdate=15 October 2015|date=21 July 1951}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jordan witnessed great poleetical uncertainty in the follaeingperiod.&lt;ref name=&quot;poinjk&quot;/&gt; The 1950s war a period o poleetical upheaval, as [[Nasserism]] an [[Pan-Arabism]] swept the Arab Warld.&lt;ref name=&quot;poinjk&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RI0o-bfRAvIC&amp;pg=PA90|title=The Mirage of Peace: Understanding the Never-Ending Conflict in the Middle East|page=90|first=David|last=Aikman|accessdate=1 June 2017|date=14 August 2009|publisher=Gospel Light Publications}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 1 Mairch 1956, King Hussein [[Arabisation o the Jordanian Army command|Arabised the command o the Airmy]] bi dismissin a nummer o senior Breetish officers, an act made tae remuive remeenin furrin influence in the kintra.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UhJBhHhpcBUC&amp;pg=PA91|page=91|title=Democracy in the Arab World: Explaining the Deficit|accessdate=15 October 2015|year=2011|first1=Samir|last1=Makdisi |first2=Ibrahim|last2=Elbadawi|publisher=IDRC}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1958, Jordan and neighbouring Hashemite [[Kinrick o Iraq|Iraq]] formed the [[Arab Federation]] as a response tae the formation o the rival [[Unitit Arab Republic]] atween Nasser's Egyp an Sirie.&lt;ref name=&quot;jejok&quot;/&gt; The union lastit anerly sax month, bein dissolved efter Iraqi [[Faisal II o Iraq|Keeng Faisal II]] (Hussein's cuisin) wis deponed bi a bluidy [[14 Julie Revolution|militar coup]] on 14 July 1958.&lt;ref name=&quot;jejok&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=Bruce|last=Maddy-Weitzman|chapter=Jordan and Iraq: Efforts at Intra-Hashimite Unity|title=Middle Eastern Studies|pages=65–75|date=3 January 1990|jstor=4283349|publisher= Taylor &amp; Francis, Ltd}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Karama aftermath 1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hussein o Jordan|Keeng Hussein]] on 21 Mairch 1968 checkin an abandoned [[Israel]]i tank in the eftermath o the [[Battle o Karameh]].]]

Jordan signed a militar pact wi Egyp juist afore [[Israel]] launched a [[Preemptive war|preemptive strike]] on Egyp tae begin the [[Sax-Day War]] in Juin 1967, whaur Jordan an Sirie jynt the war.&lt;ref name=&quot;jowars&quot;/&gt; The Arab states war defeatit an Jordan lost control o the [[Wast Bank]] tae Israel.&lt;ref name=&quot;jowars&quot;/&gt; The [[War o Attrition]] wi Israel follaed, that includit the 1968 [[Battle of Karameh]] whaur he combined forces o the [[Jordanian Airmed Forces]] an the [[Palestine Liberation Organisation]] (PLO) repelled an Israeli attack on the [[Karameh]] camp on the Jordanian mairch wi the Wast Bank.&lt;ref name=&quot;jowars&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-bXMBQAAQBAJ|title=Aviation and Airport Security: Terrorism and Safety Concerns, Second Edition|accessdate=27 October 2015|first=Kathleen|last=Sweet|publisher=CRC Press|date=23 December 2008|page=79}}&lt;/ref&gt; Despite the fact that the Palestinians haed leemitit involvement against the Israeli forces, the events at Karameh gained wide recogneetion an acclaim in the Arab warld.&lt;ref name=&quot;Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani&quot;/&gt; As a result, the time period follain the battle witnessed an upsurge o support for Palestinian paramilitar elements (the [[Palestinian fedayeen|fedayeen]]) within Jordan frae ither Arab kintras.&lt;ref name=&quot;Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani&quot;/&gt; The fedayeen activities soon became a threit tae Jordan's rule o law.&lt;ref name=&quot;Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani&quot;/&gt; In September 1970, the Jordanian airmy targetit the ''fedayeen'' an the resultant fechtin led tae the expulsion o Palestinian fechters frae various PLO groups intae [[Lebanon]], in a conflict that becam kent as [[Black September]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eACqCQAAQBAJ|title=Concise History of Islam|accessdate=15 October 2015|date=24 September 2011|first=Muzaffar Husain|last=Syed|first2=Syed Saud|last2=Akhtar|first3=B D|last3=Usmani |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd|page=378}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1973, Egyp an Sirie waged the [[Yom Kippur War]] on Israel, an fechtin occurred alang the 1967 [[Jordan River]] cease-fire line.&lt;ref name=&quot;Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani&quot;/&gt; Jordan sent a brigade tae Sirie tae attack Israeli units on Sirie territory but did nae engage Israeli forces frae Jordanian territory.&lt;ref name=&quot;Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani&quot;/&gt; At the [[Rabat summit conference]] in 1974, Jordan greed, alang wi the rest o the Arab League, that the PLO wis the &quot;sole legitimate representative o the Palestinian fowk&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani&quot;/&gt; Subsequently, Jordan [[Jordanian disengagement frae the Wast Bank|renoonced]] its claims tae the Wast Bank in 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani&quot;/&gt;

At the 1991 [[Madrid Conference]], Jordan greed tae negotiate a peace treaty sponsored bi the US an the Soviet Union.&lt;ref name=&quot;Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani&quot;/&gt; The [[Israel-Jordan Treaty o Peace]] wis signed on 26 October 1994.&lt;ref name=&quot;Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani&quot;/&gt; In 1997, Israeli agents entered Jordan uisin [[Canadian passport]]s an pushioned [[Khaled Meshal]], a senior [[Hamas]] leader.&lt;ref name=&quot;Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani&quot;/&gt; Israel providit an antidote tae the pushion an released dizens o poleetical prisoners, includin [[Sheikh Ahmed Yassin]] efter [[Hussein o Jordan|Keng Hussein]] threitened tae annul the peace treaty.&lt;ref name=&quot;Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani&quot;/&gt;

[[File:HabisAlMajali&amp;WasfiAlTall.jpg|thumb|right|Airmy Chief [[Habis Majali]] an Prime Meenister [[Wasfi Tal]] in a militar parade in 1970, twa widely acclaimed naitional feegurs.]]

On 7 Februar 1999, [[Abdullah II o Jordan|Abdullah II]] ascendit the throne upon the daith o his faither Hussein.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.kingabdullah.jo/index.php/en_US/pages/view/id/148.html|title=His majesty King Abdullah II ibn Al-Hussein|publisher=King Abdullah II Official Website|accessdate=15 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abdullah embaurked on economic leeberalisation whan he assumed the throne, an his reforms led tae an economic buim that conteena'd till 2008.&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFjohk&quot;/&gt; Abdullah II haes been creditit wi increasin furrin investment, impruivin public-preevat pairtnerships an providin the foondation for [[Aqaba]]'s free-trede zone an Jordan's floorishin [[information an communication technology]] (ICT) sector.&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFjohk&quot;/&gt; He an aw set up five ither special economic zones.&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFjohk&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/np/ms/2006/112806.htm |title=Jordan—Concluding Statement for the 2006 Article IV Consultation and Fourth Post-Program Monitoring Discussions |publisher=International Monetary Fund |date=28 November 2006|accessdate=15 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Houiver, in the follaein years Jordan's economy experienced haurdship as it dealt wi the effects o the [[Great Recession]] an spillower frae the [[Arab Ware]].&lt;ref name=&quot;instability1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://carnegieendowment.org/sada/?fa=63061|title=Jordan is Sliding Toward Insolvency|accessdate=20 March 2016|date=18 March 2016|first=Kirk|last=Sowell|publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Al-Qaeda]] unner [[Abu Musab al-Zarqawi]]'s leadership launched [[2005 Amman bombins|coordinatit explosions]] in three hotel labbies in Amman on 9 November 2005, resultin in 60 daiths an 115 injured.&lt;ref name=&quot;acbsya&quot;/&gt; The bombins, that tairgetit ceevilians, caused widespreid ootrage amang Jordanians.&lt;ref name=&quot;acbsya&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3eZK7cm6pjoC&amp;pg=PA228|title=Arab-Israeli Military Forces in an Era of Asymmetric Wars|first=Anthony|last=Cordesman|accessdate=23 September 2015|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |date=1 January 2006|page=228}}&lt;/ref&gt; The attack is conseedert tae be a rare event in the kintra, an Jordan's internal siccarity wis dramatically impruived efterwart.&lt;ref name=&quot;acbsya&quot;/&gt; Na major terrorist attacks hae occurred syne then.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/jordan/2016-02-17/isis-meets-its-match|accessdate=16 March 2016|date=17 February 2016|title=ISIS Meets Its Match? How Jordan Has Prevented Large-Scale Attacks|work=Foreign Affairs|first=Aaron|last=Magid|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abdullah an Jordan are viewed wi contempt bi Islamic extremists for the kintra's peace treaty wi Israel an its relationship wi the Wast.&lt;ref name=&quot;ahbbnyt&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/10/world/middleeast/3-hotels-bombed-in-jordan-at-least-57-die.html|title=3 Hotels Bombed in Jordan; At Least 57 Die|first1=Hassan|last1=Fattah|first2=Michael|last2=Slackmannov|date=10 November 2005|accessdate=13 February 2017|work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Arab Ware war lairge-scale protests that eruptit in the [[Arab Warld]] in 2011, demandin economic an poleetical reforms.&lt;ref name=&quot;jkfchh&quot;/&gt; Mony o these protests tore doun regimes in some Arab naitions, leadin tae instability that endit wi veeolent ceevil wars.&lt;ref name=&quot;jkfchh&quot;/&gt; In Jordan, in response tae [[2011–12 Jordanian protests|domestic unrest]], Abdullah replaced his prime meenister an introduced a nummer o reforms includin: reformin the Constitution, an laws govrenin public freedoms an elections.&lt;ref name=&quot;jkfchh&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Jordan's king fires Cabinet amid protests|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2011-02-02-jordan-cabinet_N.htm|accessdate=13 March 2016|agency=The Associated Press|publisher=USA Today|date=2 February 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Proportional representation wis re-introduced tae the Jordanian pairlament in the [[Jordanian general election, 2016|2016 general election]], a muive that he said wad eventually lead tae establishin [[Pairlamentar seestem|pairlamentar govrenments]].&lt;ref name=&quot;hhjdrp&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/new-elections-bill-sheds-one-vote-system|title=New elections bill sheds one-vote system|date=31 August 2015|publisher=The Jordan Times|accessdate=13 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423030020/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/new-elections-bill-sheds-one-vote-system|archive-date=2016-04-23|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jordan wks left lakrgely unscathed frae the veeolence that swept the region despite an influx o 1.4 million Sirie refugees intae the naitural resoorces-lackin kintra an the emergence o the [[Islamic State o Iraq an the Levant]] (ISIL).&lt;ref name=&quot;hhjdrp&quot;/&gt;

== Geografie ==
[[File:Mountain in Wadi Rum, Jordan.jpg|thumb|left|[[Wadi Rum]]'s resemblance tae the surface o [[Maurs]] haes made it a popular filmin an tourist attraction.]]
Jordan sits strategically at the crossroads o the continents o Asie, Africae an Europe,&lt;ref name=&quot;mattel&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tI9L9gepYAUC|pages=173, 408|title=Jordan|first=Matthew|last=Teller|publisher=Rough Guides|year=2002|accessdate=9 April 2016|isbn=9781858287409}}&lt;/ref&gt; in the [[Levant]] area o the [[Fertile Crescent]], a [[cradle o ceevilisation]].&lt;ref name=&quot;geo&quot;/&gt; It is {{convert|89341|sqkm|sqmi}} lairge, an {{convert|400|km|mi}} lang atween its northrenmaist an soothrenmaist points; [[Umm Qais]] an [[Aqaba]] respectively.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA factbook&quot;/&gt; The kinrick lies atween [[29t parallel north|29°]] an [[34t parallel north|34° N]], an [[34t meridian east|34°]] an [[40t meridian east|40° E]]. The east is an arid plateau irrigatit bi [[oasis|oases]] an saisonal watter streams.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA factbook&quot;/&gt; Major ceeties are owerwhelminly locatit on the north-wastren pairt o the kinrick due tae its fertile siles an relatively abundant rainfaw.&lt;ref name=&quot;gbdss&quot;/&gt; Thir include Irbid, Jerash an [[Zarqa]] in the northwast, the caipital [[Amman]] an [[Al-Salt]] in the central wast, an Madaba, [[Al-Karak]] an Aqaba in the soothwast.&lt;ref name=&quot;gbdss&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Hw_XY6VPm0C&amp;pg=PA1|page=1|title=Diplomacy on Springer Science &amp; Business Media|accessdate=14 June 2016|year=2002|first=Munther J.|last=Haddadin|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media}}&lt;/ref&gt; Major touns in the eastren pairt o the kintra are the oasis touns o [[Azraq]] an [[Ruwaished]].&lt;ref name=&quot;geo&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Geo-data: The World Geographical Encyclopedia|pages=281–283|accessdate=10 March 2016|publisher=Gale Research Company|year=2003|first=John|last=McCoy|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Geo_data.html?id=tVIRAQAAMAAJ|isbn=9780787655815}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Climate===
{{Main|Climate o Jordan}}
The climate in Jordan varies greatly. Generally, the faur inland frae the Mediterranean, greater contrasts in temperatur occur an the less rainfaw thare is.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA factbook&quot;/&gt; The kintra's average elevation is {{convert|812|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} (SL).&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA factbook&quot;/&gt; The heichlands abuin the Jordan Valley, muntains o the Deid Sea an Wadi Araba an as faur sooth as Ras Al-Naqab are dominatit bi a [[Mediterranean climate]], while the eastren an northeastren areas o the kintra are arid desert.&lt;ref name=&quot;majocw&quot;/&gt; Awtho the desert pairts o the kinrick reach heich temperaturs, the heat is uisually moderatit bi law humidity an a daytime breeze, while the nichts are cuil.&lt;ref name=&quot;obgjo&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lmPVOL9_r7MC&amp;pg=PA11|title=The Report: Jordan 2011|page=11|publisher=Oxford|author=Oxford Business Group|accessdate=18 June 2016|year=2011|isbn=9781907065439}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Simmers, lastin frae Mey tae September, are het an dry, wi temperaturs averagin aroond {{convert|32|°C|0|abbr=on}} an whiles exceedin {{convert|40|°C|0|abbr=on}} atween Julie an August.&lt;ref name=&quot;obgjo&quot;/&gt; The winter, lastin frae November tae Mairch, is relatively cuil, wi temperaturs averagin aroond {{convert|13|°C|°F|0|abbr=on}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;majocw&quot;/&gt; Winter an aw sees frequent shouers an occasional snawfaw in some wastren elevatit areas.&lt;ref name=&quot;majocw&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LbdAnZft2F4C&amp;pg=PA404|page=404|accessdate=14 June 2016|date=21 April 2011|title=Water, Life and Civilisation: Climate, Environment and Society in the Jordan Valley|publisher=Cambridge University Press|first1=Emily|last1=Black|first2=Steven|last2=Mithen|isbn=9781139496674}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Ecology===
{{Main|Wildlife o Jordan}}
[[File:Ajlun Green.jpg|thumb|A forest in [[Ajloun]], northren Jordan.]]
Ower 2,000 plant species hae been recordit in Jordan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Cordova|first=Carlos E.|title=Millennial Landscape Change in Jordan: Geoarchaeology and Cultural Ecology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1eWaveyEIlcC&amp;pg=PA47 |year=2007 |publisher=University of Arizona Press |isbn=978-0-8165-2554-6 |pages=47–55|accessdate=15 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mony o the flouerin plants bluim in the ware efter the winter rains an the teepe o vegetation depends lairgely on the levels o precipitation. The muntainous regions in the northwast are claithed in forests, while faur sooth an east the vegetation becomes mair scrubby an transeetions tae steppe-teep vegetation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author1=Mallon, David P.|author2=Kingswood, Steven Charles|title=Antelopes: North Africa, the Middle East, and Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uFo03Nd2oj8C&amp;pg=PA103 |year=2001 |publisher=IUCN |isbn=978-2-8317-0594-1 |pages=103–104 |accessdate=31 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Forests kiver 1.5 million [[dunam|dunums]] ({{convert|1500000|dunam|km2|disp=out}}), less nor 2% o Jordan, makkin Jordan amang the warld's least forestit kintras, the internaitional average bein 15%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Namrouqa|first=Hana|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/green-cover-increases-15000-dunums-three-years#sthash.lGaoiX1k.aMrxTrjE.dpuf|title='Green cover increases by 15,000 dunums in three years'|accessdate=11 January 2016|date=10 January 2016|publisher=The Jordan Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111131522/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/green-cover-increases-15000-dunums-three-years#sthash.lGaoiX1k.aMrxTrjE.dpuf|archive-date=2016-01-11|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Plant species include, [[Pinus halepensis|Aleppo pine]], [[Sarcopoterium]], [[Salvia dominica]], [[black iris]], [[Tamarix]], ''[[Anabasis (plant)|Anabasis]]'', [[Artemisia (genus)|Artemisia]], [[Acacia]], [[Cupressus sempervirens|Mediterranean cypress]] an [[Juniperus phoenicea|Phoenecian juniper]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Cordova, Carlos E. |title=Millennial Landscape Change in Jordan: Geoarchaeology and Cultural Ecology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1eWaveyEIlcC&amp;pg=PA47 |year=2007 |publisher=University of Arizona Press |isbn=978-0-8165-2554-6 |pages=47–55}}&lt;/ref&gt; The muntainous regions in the northwast are claithed in naitural forests o [[pine]], [[Deciduous|deciduous aik]], [[Quercus ilex|evergreen aik]], [[pistachio]] an wild [[olive]].&lt;ref name=Jordan&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/geo_env2.html |title=Wildlife and vegetation |publisher=Jordan: Geography and Environment |accessdate=18 December 2015 |archive-date=2018-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020095858/http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/geo_env2.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mammal an reptile species include, the [[lang-eared hedgehog]], [[Nubian ibex]], [[wild boar]], [[fallae deer]], [[Arabie wouf]],  [[desert monitor]], [[hinnie badger]], [[gless snake]], [[caracal]], [[gowden jackal]] an the [[roe deer]], amang ithers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url= http://www.jtb.com.jo/brochures/eco_shumari.html |title= Shaumari Wildlife Reserve |publisher= Jordan Tourism Board |deadurl= yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223038/http://www.jtb.com.jo/brochures/eco_shumari.html |archivedate= 3 March 2016 |df= dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author1=Mallon, David P.|author2=Kingswood, Steven Charles|title=Antelopes: North Africa, the Middle East, and Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uFo03Nd2oj8C&amp;pg=PA103 |year=2001 |publisher=IUCN |isbn=978-2-8317-0594-1 |pages=103–104}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Qumsiyeh&gt;{{cite book|author=Mazin B. Qumsiyeh|title=Mammals of the Holy Land|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Amr2oLxnR10C&amp;pg=PA332 |year=1996|publisher=Texas Tech University Press|isbn=978-0-89672-364-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bird include the [[huidit craw]], [[Eurasian jay]], [[lappet-faced vultur]], [[barbary faucon]], [[hoopoe]], [[pharaoh eagle-oul]], [[common cuckoo]], [[Tristram's starling]], [[Palestine sunbird]],  [[Sinai rosefinch]], [[lesser kestrel]], [[hoose craw]] an the [[white-spectacled bulbul]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.rscn.org.jo/content/mujib-biosphere-reserve-1 |title=Mujib Biosphere Reserve |publisher=Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature |accessdate=19 December 2015 |archive-date=2018-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020155345/http://www.rscn.org.jo/content/mujib-biosphere-reserve-1 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Politics an government==
{{Main|Politics of Jordan}}

Jordan is a [[unitar state]] unner a [[constitutional monarchy]]. Jordan's [[Constitution o Jordan|constitution]], adoptit in 1952 an amendit a nummer o times syne, is the legal framewirk that govrens the monarch, govrenment, bicameral legislatur an judiciary.&lt;ref name=&quot;const&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.constitutionnet.org/country/constitutional-history-jordan|title=Constitutional history of Jordan|work=Constitutionnet|accessdate=5 October 2017|date=28 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; The king retains wide executive an legislative pouers frae the [[Govrenment o Jordan|govrenment]] an [[Pairlament o Jordan|pairlament]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2016/jordan|title=Jordan|work=Freedom House|date=1 January 2016|accessdate=5 October 2017|archive-date=2017-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221010223/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2016/jordan|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The king exercises his pouers throu the govrenment that he appynts for a fower-year term, that is responsible afore the pairlament that is made up o twa chaumers: the [[Senate (Jordan)|Senate]] an the [[Hoose o Representatives (Jordan)|Hoose o Representatives]]. The judiciar is independent accordin tae the constitution.&lt;ref name=&quot;const&quot;/&gt;

The king is the [[heid o state]] an [[commander-in-chief]] o the [[Jordanian Airmed Forces|airmy]]. He can declare war an peace, ratifee laws an treaties, convene an close legislative sessions, caw an postpone elections, dismiss the govrenment an dissolve the pairlament.&lt;ref name=&quot;const&quot;/&gt; The appyntit govrenment can an aw be dismissed throu a [[Majority rule|majority]] [[vote o na confidence]] bi the electit Hoose o Representatives. Efter a bill is proponed bi the govrenment, it maun be appruived bi the Hoose o Representatives then the Senate, an becomes law efter bein ratifee'd bi the king. A ryal veto on legislation can be owerridden bu a [[Supermajority#Twa-thirds vote|twa-thirds vote]] in a jynt session o baith hooses. The pairlament an aw haes the richt o [[Interpellation (politics)|interpellation]].&lt;ref name=&quot;const&quot;/&gt;

===Lairgest ceeties===
{{Lairgest ceeties o Jordan}}

===Admeenistrative diveesions===
The first level subdiveesion in Jordan is the ''[[muhafazah]]'' or [[Govrenorates o Jordan|govrenorate]]. The govrenorates are dividit intae [[Liwa (Arabic)|''liwa'']] or destricts, that are eften faur subdividit intae [[Kaza|''qda'']] or sub-destricts.&lt;ref name=&quot;Muni&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Annex B: Analysis of the municipal sector |work=Third Tourism Development Project, Secondary Cities Revitalization Study |date=24 May 2005 |page=4 |publisher=Ministry of Antiquities and Tourism, Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan |url=http://www.mota.gov.jo/Documents/Municipal_sector.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419052114/http://mota.gov.jo/Documents/Municipal_sector.pdf |archive-date=19 April 2016 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}&lt;/ref&gt; Control for ilk admeenistrative unit is in a &quot;chief toun&quot; ([[administrative centre]]) kent as a [[Nahias o Jordan|''nahia'']].&lt;ref name=&quot;Muni&quot; /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!Map !! !! Govrenorate !! Caipital !! Population
|-
|rowspan=&quot;15&quot;|{{Jordan Labelled Map}}
!colspan=&quot;5&quot;|Northren region
|-
|1 ||[[Irbid Govrenorate|Irbid]] ||[[Irbid]] ||1,770,158
|-
|2 ||[[Ajloun Govrenorate|Ajloun]] ||[[Ajloun]] ||176,080
|-
|3 ||[[Jerash Govrenorate|Jerash]] ||[[Jerash]] ||237,059
|-
|4 ||[[Mafraq Govrenorate|Mafraq]] ||[[Mafraq]] ||549,948
|-
!colspan=&quot;5&quot;|Central region
|-
|5 ||[[Balqa Govrenorate|Balqa]] ||[[Al-Salt]] ||491,709
|-
|6 ||[[Madaba Govrenorate|Madaba]] ||[[Madaba]] ||189,192
|-
|7 ||[[Amman Govrenorate|Amman]] ||[[Amman]] ||4,007,256
|-
|8 ||[[Zarqa Govrenorate|Zarqa]] ||[[Zarqa]] ||1,364,878
|-
!colspan=&quot;5&quot;|Soothren region
|-
|9 ||[[Karak Govrenorate|Karak]] ||[[Al-Karak]] ||316,629
|-
|10 ||[[Tafilah Govrenorate|Tafila]] ||[[Tafila]] ||96,291
|-
|11 ||[[Ma'an Govrenorate|Ma'an]] ||[[Ma'an]] ||144,083
|-
|12 ||[[Aqaba Govrenorate|Aqaba]] ||[[Aqaba]] ||188,160
|}
&lt;/div&gt;

==Demografics==
{{Historical populations
|title = Historical populations
|source = Department of Statistics&lt;ref name=&quot;census report&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=2015 census report|publisher=Department of statistics|work=Government of Jordan|accessdate=15 June 2016|date=1 January 2016|url=http://census.dos.gov.jo/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/02/Census_results_2016.pdf|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328114309/http://census.dos.gov.jo/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/02/Census_results_2016.pdf|archivedate=28 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|percentages = pagr
|1920 |200000
|1922 |225000
|1948 |400000
|1952 |586200
|1961 |900800
|1979 |2133000
|1994 |4139500
|2004 |5100000
|2015 |9531712
|2018 |10171480
}}The 2015 census shawed Jordan's population tae be 9,531,712 (Female: 47%; Males: 53%). Aroond 2.9 million (30%) war non-ceetizens, a feegur includin refugees, an illegal immigrants.&lt;ref name=&quot;census&quot;/&gt; Thare war 1,977,534 hoosehauds in Jordan in 2015, wi an average o 4.8 persons per hoosehaud (compared tae 6.7 persons per hoosehaud for the census o 1979).&lt;ref name=&quot;census&quot; /&gt; The caipital an lairgest ceety o Jordan is [[Amman]], that is ane o the warld's auldest conteenuously inhabitit ceeties an ane o the maist modren in the Arab warld.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/jordan-population/|title=Jordan Population 2017 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs)|website=worldpopulationreview.com|access-date=7 December 2017|archive-date=2019-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305145442/http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/jordan-population/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The population o Amman wis 65,754 in 1946, but exceedit 4 million bi 2015.

[[Arabs]] mak up aboot 98% o the population. The remeenin 2% consist lairgely o [[Circassians]] an [[Armenians]], alang wi smawer minority groups.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA factbook&quot;/&gt; Aboot 84.1% o the population live in urban areas.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA factbook&quot;/&gt;

[[Sunni Islam]] is the dominant releegion in Jordan. Muslims mak up aboot 95% o the kintra's population; in turn, 93% o thae sel-identifee as Sunnis.&lt;ref name=&quot;pewforum&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |work=The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity|date=9 August 2012|accessdate=26 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thare are an aw a smaw nummer o [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadi]] Muslims,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.alislam.org/library/history/ahmadiyya/56.html|title=Propagation of Islam|publisher=Al Islam|first=Ahmad|last=Kurshid|accessdate=16 June 2016|archive-date=2016-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513024917/https://www.alislam.org/library/history/ahmadiyya/56.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; an some [[Shiite]]s. Mony Shia are Iraqi an Lebanese refugees.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.jewishjournal.com/live_from_the_arab_spring/article/shiites_in_jordan_maintained_low_profile_while_marking_ashura_observance|title=Shiites in Jordan maintained low profile while marking Ashura observance|accessdate=16 March 2016|date=27 November 2012|publisher=The Jewish Journal|first=Adam|last=Nicky|work=The Media Line|archive-date=2012-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128220658/http://www.jewishjournal.com/live_from_the_arab_spring/article/shiites_in_jordan_maintained_low_profile_while_marking_ashura_observance|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muslims that convert tae anither releegion as weel as missionaries frae ither releegions face societal an legal discrimination.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/238674.pdf|publisher=U.S. Department of State|title=Jordan 2014 International Religious Freedom Report|date=1 January 2014|accessdate=16 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Faur readin ==
* {{cite book |last1=Salibi |first1=Kamal S. |title=The Modern History of Jordan |date=1993 |publisher=I B Tauris |location=London |isbn=978-1860643316}}

{{Commonscat}}

[[Category:Jordan| ]]
[[Category:Wastren Asie kintras]]
[[Category:Middle Eastren kintras]]
[[Category:Eastren Mediterranean kintras]]
[[Category:Member states o the Arab League]]
[[Category:Arabic-speakin kintras]]
[[Category:Fertile Crescent]]
[[Category:Levant]]
[[Category:Near Eastren kintras]]
[[Category:Kintras borderin the Red Sea]]
[[Category:Member states o the Organisation o the Islamic Conference]]
[[Category:States an territories established in 1946]]</text>
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    <title>Bucharest</title>
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      <text bytes="16136" sha1="7ow6xaxui2en3etcekn6jtm02xlzc7b" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| official_name                   = Bucharest
| native_name                     = ''Bucureşti''
| nickname                        = Paris o the East, Little Paris&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/travel/2009/0523/1224247169837.html |title=Paris of the east |work=The Irish Times |date=5 May 2009 |access-date=2011-04-14 |archive-date=2012-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604164302/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/travel/2009/0523/1224247169837.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| image_skyline                   = {{nowrap|[[File:Bucharest - Spitalul Clinic Coltea - pano 01-equalized.jpg|300px]]&lt;br /&gt;[[File:Ateneul Român 1.jpg|x93px]][[File:Hotel Continental - Calea Victoriei.jpg|x93px]]&lt;br /&gt;[[File:Flickr - fusion-of-horizons - Stavropoleos (254).jpg|x108px]][[File:Palace of Justice, Bucharest - outdoor night photo.JPG|x108px]]&lt;br /&gt;[[File:CEC Palace - 20140702 Bucureşti 124.jpg|x96px]][[File:RO B - Banca Națională a României, corp vechi.jpg|x96px]]&lt;br /&gt;[[File:Parcul Floreasca - panorama.jpg|300px]]}}
| image_caption                   = Frae top, left tae richt: Colțea Hospital panorama • [[Romanian Athenaeum]] • [[Calea Victoriei|Victory Avenue]] • [[Lipscani]] destrict, view taewart [[Caru' cu bere]] an [[Stavropoleos Monastery]] • [[Palace o Juistice, Bucharest|Palace o Juistice]] • [[CEC Palace]] • [[Naitional Bank o Romanie]] • Floreasca pairk
| image_flag                      = ROU Bucharest Flag.svg
| image_shield                    = ROU Bucharest CoA.svg
| pushpin_map                     = Romania
| map_caption                     = Location in Romanie
| subdivision_type                = Kintra
| subdivision_name                = [[Romanie]]
| subdivision_type1               = [[Adenistrative diveesions o Romanie|Coonty]]
| subdivision_name1               = Nane&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;
| leader_title                    = [[Mayor o Bucharest|Mayor]]
| leader_name                     = [[Nicușor Dan]] ([[Independent (politeecian)|Independent]])
| established_title               = First attestit
| established_date                = 1459
| area_footnotes                  = &lt;ref name=&quot;bucharest_pop_censuses&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/pdf/ro/cap2.pdf |title=Romanian Statistical Yearbook |last=[[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|INS]] |format=PDF |access-date=12 February 2009 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;urban&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |title=Demographia World Urban Areas &amp; Population Projections |format=PDF |access-date=14 April 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| area_magnitude                  = 
| area_total_km2                  = 228
| area_metro_km2                  = 
| area_land_km2                   = 
| area_water_km2                  = 
| area_urban_km2                  = 285
| population_as_of                = 2011 census
| population_footnotes            = &lt;ref name=&quot;INSSE&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/sR_TAB_1.xls |title=Official data for 2011 census |date=4 July 2013 |access-date=4 July 2013 |publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|INSSE]] |language=Romanian |archive-date=2013-07-06 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HuYqEpaY?url=http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/sR_TAB_1.xls |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;metro&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.urbanaudit.org/DownloadPDF.ashx?CityCode=RO001C |title=Urban Audit: Bucharest Profile |access-date=2011-04-14 |archive-date=2011-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108223430/http://www.urbanaudit.org/DownloadPDF.ashx?CityCode=RO001C |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_note                 = 
| settlement_type                 = Municipality
| population_total                = 1,677,985 &lt;!--Do not replace with estimates numbers as they are the most recent official statistics data--&gt;
| population_rank                 = [[Leet o Romanie coonties bi population|1st in Romanie]]
| population_urban                = 1,930,000
| population_metro                = 
| population_density_km2          = 8518.6
| timezone                        = [[Eastren European Time|EET]]
| utc_offset                      = +2
| timezone_DST                    = [[Eastren European Simmer Time|EEST]]
| utc_offset_DST                  = +3
| coordinates                     = {{coord|44|25|57|N|26|6|14|E|region:RO|display=inline,title}}
| elevation_m                     = 55.8–91.5
| elevation_ft                    = 183.1–300.2
| postal_code_type                = Postal Code
| postal_code                     = 0xxxxx
| area_code                       = +40 x1
| blank_name_sec1                 = [[Romanie caur number plates|Caur plate]]
| blank_info_sec1                 = B
| website                         = [http://www.pmb.ro/ Offeecial steid]
| footnotes                       = &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;Romanie law stipulates that Bucharest haes a [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Romanie|special admeenistrative status]] which is equal tae that o a coonty.
}}

'''Bucharest''' ({{lang-ro|București}}, {{IPA-ro|bukuˈreʃtʲ||Ro-Bucureşti.ogg}}) is the [[Caipital ceety|caipital]] [[ceety]], cultural, industrial, an financial centre o [[Romanie]]. It is the lairgest ceety in Romanie, locatit in the sootheast o the kintra, at {{Coord|44|25|57|N|26|06|14|E|scale:100000}}, an lies on the banks o the [[Dâmbovița River]].

Bucharest wis first mentioned in documents as early as 1459. Syne then it haes gane through a variety o chynges, becomin the state caipital o Romanie in 1862 an steadily consolidatin its position as the centre o the Romanian mass media, cultur an airts. Its eclectic architectur is a mix o historical ([[neoclassical airchitectur|neo-classical]]), [[interbellum]] ([[Bauhaus]] an [[Art Deco]]), Communist-era an modren. In the period atween the twa Warld Wars, the ceety's elegant airchitectur an the sophistication o its elite earned Bucharest the nickname o the &quot;Little Paris o the East&quot; (''Micul Paris'').&lt;ref&gt;[http://museum.ici.ro/mbucur/english/micparis.htm Bucharest, the small Paris of the East] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060221002454/http://museum.ici.ro/mbucur/english/micparis.htm |date=2006-02-21 }}, on the Museums from Romania web site.&lt;/ref&gt; Although mony biggins an destricts in the historic centre wur damaged or destroyed bi war, earthquakes an [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]]'s program o [[seestematization (Romanie)|seestematization]], mony survived. In recent years, the ceety haes been experiencin an economic an cultural boom.&lt;ref&gt;Bucica, 2000, p.6.&lt;/ref&gt;

According tae [[Demographic history o Romanie|2011 census]], 1,883,425 indwallers live within the ceety leemits,&lt;ref name=&quot;INSSE&quot; /&gt; a decrease frae the figure recordit at the 2002 census.&lt;ref name=&quot;bucharest_pop_censuses&quot; /&gt; The [[Lairgest urban auries o the European Union|urban aurie]] extends beyond the leemits o Bucharest proper an haes a population o 1.93&amp;nbsp;million fowk.&lt;ref name=&quot;urban&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bucharest pop urban metro&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.metropolregion.nuernberg.de/download/Bukarest_ME.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226224134/http://www.metropolregion.nuernberg.de/download/Bukarest_ME.pdf |archive-date=2008-02-26 |title=&quot;Bucharest: Few expectations for urban development&quot;, page 29 |author=XIX Meeting of METREX Network, Nürnberg, 15–18 June 2005 |format=PDF |access-date=7 March 2007 |language=en |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Addin the satellite touns aroond the urban aurie, the proponed [[Bucharest metropolitan aurie|metropolitan aurie]] o Bucharest would hae a population o 2.27&amp;nbsp;million fowk.&lt;ref name=&quot;Adevarul&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.adevarul.ro/locale/bucuresti/ZONA_METROPOLITANA_BUCURESTI_IN_CIFRE_Capitala_ar_castiga_peste_430-000_de_locuitori_0_498550306.html# |title=Adevarul: The BMZ in numbers |access-date=29 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Accordin tae [[Eurostat]], Bucharest haes a [[Lairger Urban Zones|Lairger Urban Zone]] o 2,151,880 residents.&lt;ref name=&quot;metro&quot; /&gt; Accordin tae unoffeecial data, the population is mair nor 3 million.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.evz.ro/articole/detalii-articol/834536/Un-chin-ce-nu-se-mai-sfarseste-Bucurestiul-nu-ne-mai-incape |title=EVZ |access-date=1 June 2009 |archive-date=2009-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090321081952/http://www.evz.ro/articole/detalii-articol/834536/Un-chin-ce-nu-se-mai-sfarseste-Bucurestiul-nu-ne-mai-incape/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bucharest is the 6t [[Lairgest ceeties o the European Union bi population within ceety limits|lairgest ceety]] in the [[European Union]] bi population within ceety leemits, efter [[Lunnon]], [[Berlin]], [[Madrid]], [[Roum]], an [[Paris]].

Economically, Bucharest is the maist prosperous ceety in Romanie&lt;ref&gt;PriceWaterhouseCoopers Global [http://www.pwcglobal.com/ro/eng/ins-sol/spec-int/Regional%20Attractiveness%20Index.pdf Regional Attractiveness Report Romania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060313160507/http://www.pwcglobal.com/ro/eng/ins-sol/spec-int/Regional%20Attractiveness%20Index.pdf |date=2006-03-13 }}&lt;/ref&gt; an is ane o the main industrial centres an transportation hubs o [[Eastren Europe]]. The ceety haes a broad range o convention facilities, educational facilities, cultural venues, shoppin arcades an recreational auries.

The ceety proper is admeenistratively kent as the Municipality o Bucharest (''Municipiul București''), an haes the same admrrnistrative level as a [[coonties o Romanie|coonty]], being further subdividit intae sax [[Sectors o Bucharest|sectors]].

== Etymology ==
The name o [[Bucur]] haes an uncertain oreegin: tradition connects the foondin o Bucharest wi the name o Bucur who wis either a prince, an ootlaw, a fisherman, a shepherd, or a hunter, accordin tae different legends.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://dexonline.ro/search.php?cuv=bucur |title=DEX online – Cautare: bucur |publisher=Dexonline.ro |date= |access-date=2009-07-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;
In Romanian the wird stem ''bucur'' means 'glad', 'joy'.

The offeecial ceety name in full is '''The Municipality o Bucharest''' ({{lang-ro|Municipiul București}}).

A native or resident o Bucharest is cried ''Bucharester'' ({{lang-ro|bucureștean}}).

The name is relatit wi Romanian bucurie (&quot;joy&quot;), haein a cognate in Albanian, bukur (&quot;bonnie&quot;)  an aa Bukuresht ( It's bonnie ).

== Internaitional relations ==
{{See an aa|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Romanie}}

=== Twin touns—Sister ceeties ===
The [[twin touns an sister cities]] o Bucharest are leetit ablo:
{|width=&quot;70%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|
|  style=&quot;width:50%; vertical-align:top;&quot;|
*{{flagicon|ALB}} [[Tirana]], [[Albanie]] (2007)&lt;ref name=&quot;International relations&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.tirana.gov.al/common/images/International%20Relations.pdf |title=Twinning Cities: International Relations |access-date=23 June 2009 |work=Municipality of Tirana |publisher=tirana.gov.al |format=PDF |archive-date=2008-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216035358/http://www.tirana.gov.al/common/images/International%20Relations.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]] (2002)&lt;ref&gt;[http://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/Lei_Municipal_do_Rio_de_Janeiro_3467_de_2002 Wikisource.org] {{pt icon}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[São Paulo]], Brazil (2000)&lt;ref name=&quot;São Paulo twinnings&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www3.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cadlem/secretarias/negocios_juridicos/cadlem/integra.asp?alt=11072007L%20144710000 |title=Pesquisa de Legislação Municipal – No 14471 |access-date=2013-08-23 |work=Prefeitura da Cidade de São Paulo [Municipality of the City of São Paulo] |language=Portuguese |trans_title=Research Municipal Legislation – No 14471 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018123138/http://www3.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cadlem/secretarias/negocios_juridicos/cadlem/integra.asp?alt=11072007L%20144710000 |archive-date=2011-10-18 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/Lei_Municipal_de_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_14471_de_2007 Lei Municipal de São Paulo 14471 de 2007]  WikiSource {{pt icon}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;São Paulo2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cidade/secretarias/relacoes_internacionais/cidadesirmas/index.php?p=1066 |title=International Relations – São Paulo City Hall – Official Sister Cities |publisher=Prefeitura.sp.gov.br |access-date=14 April 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Montreal]], [[Canadae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bucharest&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ase.edu.ro/engleza/life_bucharest/history.asp |title=Academy of Economic Studies – Short History of Bucharest |publisher=Ase.edu.ro |access-date=31 January 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511034235/http://www.ase.edu.ro/engleza/life_bucharest/history.asp |archive-date=2008-05-11 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*{{flagicon|PRC}} [[Beijing]], [[China]] (2005)&lt;ref name=&quot;Bucharest&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/ |title=Sister Cities |publisher=Beijing Municipal Government |access-date=23 June 2009 |archive-date=2010-01-17 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5mq6B2fdq?url=http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*{{flagicon|CYP}} [[Nicosia]], [[Cyprus]] (2004)&lt;ref name=&quot;Bucharest&quot; /&gt;
*{{flagicon|GRE}} [[Athens]], [[Greece]] (1993)&lt;ref name=&quot;Bucharest&quot; /&gt;
|  style=&quot;width:50%; vertical-align:top;&quot;|
*{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Budapest]], [[Hungary]] (1991)
*{{flagicon|JOR}} [[Amman]], [[Jordan]] (1999)&lt;ref name=&quot;Bucharest&quot; /&gt;
*{{flagicon|MDA}} [[Chișinău]], [[Moldova]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bucharest&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Chișinău twinnings&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.chisinau.md/tabview.php?l=ro&amp;idc=526 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120903122220/http://www.chisinau.md/tabview.php?l=ro&amp;idc=526 |title=Oraşe înfrăţite (Twin cities of Minsk) ''[via WaybackMachine.com]'' |publisher=Primăria Municipiului Chişinău |archive-date=2012-09-03 |access-date=2013-07-21 |language=Romanian |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*{{flagicon|PHI}} [[Manila]], [[Philippines]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Manila.Gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.manila.gov.ph/localgovt.htm#sistercities |title=Sister Cities of Manila |publisher=2008–2009 City Government of Manila |access-date=2 July 2009 |archive-date=2009-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806191943/http://www.manila.gov.ph/localgovt.htm#sistercities |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Ankara]], [[Turkey]] (1998)&lt;ref name=&quot;Bucharest&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ankara twinnings&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ankara-bel.gov.tr/AbbSayfalari/hizmet_birimleri/dis_dairesi_baskanligi/avrupa_gunu_kutlamasi.aspx |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114033014/http://www.ankara-bel.gov.tr/AbbSayfalari/hizmet_birimleri/dis_dairesi_baskanligi/avrupa_gunu_kutlamasi.aspx |title=Kardeş Kentleri Listesi ve 5 Mayıs Avrupa Günü Kutlaması ''[via WaybackMachine.com]'' |publisher=Ankara Büyükşehir Belediyesi – Tüm Hakları Saklıdır |archive-date=2009-01-14 |access-date=2013-07-21 |language=Turkish |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]] (2006)&lt;ref name=sistercities&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ibb.gov.tr/tr-TR/kurumsal/Birimler/DisIliskilerMd/Documents/guncelleme08032010/kardes_sehir_isbirligi_ve_iyi_niyet_anlasmasi_imzalanan_seh.pdf |title=Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality: Cities which signed Sistership, Cooperation and Goodwill treaties with Istanbul |format=PDF |date= |access-date=2012-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161015224753/http://www.ibb.gov.tr/tr-TR/kurumsal/Birimler/DisIliskilerMd/Documents/guncelleme08032010/kardes_sehir_isbirligi_ve_iyi_niyet_anlasmasi_imzalanan_seh.pdf |archive-date=2016-10-15 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Atlanta]], [[Unitit States]] (1994)&lt;ref name=&quot;Bucharest&quot; /&gt;
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Commons category}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Bucharest| ]]
[[Category:Caipitals in Europe]]
[[Category:Ceeties o Romanie served bi tramway seestems]]
[[Category:Ceeties in Romanie]]
[[Category:Coonties o Romanie]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Boston</title>
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      <text bytes="15410" sha1="gqu3yu3jknv1zsvfyhb24b4i0f9z7ef" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
|name = Boston
|official_name = City of Boston
|settlement_type = City
|image_skyline = St._Paul_Street_MBTA_station,_Boston_MA.jpg
|imagesize = 250px
|image_caption = 
|image_flag = Flag of Boston.svg
|image_seal = Seal of Boston, Massachusetts.svg
|nickname = Beantown,&lt;ref name=&quot;Nicknames1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.boston.com/travel/boston/boston_nicknames/ |title=What's in a nickname? |accessdate=2009-04-08 |last=Dalager |first=Norman |work=The Boston Globe |date=2006-08-10 |archive-date=2008-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907082325/http://www.boston.com/travel/boston/boston_nicknames/ |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Hub,&lt;ref name=&quot;Nicknames1&quot;/&gt; The Cradle of Liberty,{{sfn|Wechter|2009|p=14}} The Cradle of Modern America,&lt;ref name=&quot;Nicknames1&quot;/&gt; The Athens of America,{{sfn|Wechter|2009|p=14}} The Walking City&lt;ref name=&quot;Nicknames1&quot;/&gt;
|motto = ''Sicut patribus sit Deus nobis'' ([[Latin]] &quot;As God wis wi oor faithers, so mey He be wi us&quot;)
|image_map = Boston ma highlight.png
|map_caption = Location in [[Massachusetts]] heichlichtit in reid. The remainder o [[Suffolk Coonty, Massachusetts|Suffolk Coonty]] is heichlichtit in pink.
|coordinates = {{coord|42|21|29|N|71|03|49|W|region:US-MA|display=inline,title}}
|pushpin_map = USA2
|pushpin_label_position = left
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in the Unitit States
|subdivision_type = Kintra
|subdivision_name = {{flag|Unitit States}}
|subdivision_type1 = Historic Kintras
|subdivision_name1 = [[Kinrick o Ingland]], [[Kinrick o Great Breetain]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[U.S. state|State]]
|subdivision_name2 = {{flag|Massachusetts}}
|subdivision_type3 = [[Colony|Historic Colony]]
|subdivision_name3 = [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]]
|subdivision_name3 = [[Province o Massachusetts Bay]]
|subdivision_type4 = [[Leet o counties in Massachusetts|Coonty]]
|subdivision_name4 = [[Suffolk Coonty, Massachusetts|Suffolk]]
|established_title = Settled (toun)
|established_date = 7 September 1630 (date o namin, [[Auld Style an New Style dates|O.S.]])
|established_title2 = Incorporatit (ceety)
|established_date2 = 4 Mairch 1822
|government_type = [[Mayor–cooncil govrenment|Strang mayor – cooncil]]
|leader_title = [[Leet o mayors o Boston|Mayor]]
|leader_name = [[Thomas Menino|Thomas M. Menino]] ([[Democratic Pairty (Unitit States)|D]]), tae be succeedit bi [[Marty Walsh (politeecian)|Marty Walsh]] ([[Democratic Pairty (Unitit States)|D]])
|leader_title1 = [[Ceety cooncil|Cooncil]]
|leader_name1 = [[Boston City Council]]
|area_footnotes =
|unit_pref = US
|area_magnitude = 1 E+8|area_total_sq_mi = 90|area_total_km2 = 232
|area_land_sq_mi = 48|area_land_km2 = 125
|area_water_sq_mi = 41|area_water_km2 = 107
|area_urban_sq_mi = 1770|area_urban_km2 = 4600
|area_metro_sq_mi = 4500|area_metro_km2 = 11700
|area_blank1_title = [[Combined statistical aurie|CSA]]
|area_blank1_sq_mi = 10600|area_blank1_km2 = 27600
|elevation_ft = 141
|population_as_of = 2012 &lt;!-- Given separately to each figure because of differences --&gt;
|population_footnotes =&lt;ref name=&quot;2010census&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_PL_GCTPL2.ST16&amp;prodType=table |title=Population and Housing Occupancy Status: 2010 – State – County Subdivision, 2010 Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=March 23, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;quickfacts&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/25/2507000.html |title=State &amp; County QuickFacts – Boston (city), Massachusetts |date=January 10, 2013 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |accessdate=February 5, 2013 |archive-date=2012-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203013517/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/25/2507000.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Urban population&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.census.gov/geo/www/ua/ua2k.txt |title=Alphabetically sorted list of Census 2000 Urbanized Areas |accessdate=2009-04-11|publisher=United States Census Bureau, Geography Division |format=TXT}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Metro population&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CSA population&quot;/&gt;
|population_total = 636,479 (US: [[Leet o Unitit States ceeties bi population|21st]])
|population_density_sq_mi = 12,900|population_density_km2 = 4980
|population_urban = 4,180,000 (US: [[Leet o United States urban areas|10th]])
|population_metro = 4,590,000 (US: [[Leet o Metropolitan Statistical Auries|10t]])
|population_blank1_title = [[Combined statistical aurie|CSA]]
|population_blank1 = 7,600,000 (US: [[Leet o Combined Statistical Auries|6t]])
|population_blank2_title = [[Demonym]]
|population_blank2 = Bostonian
|timezone = [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]]|utc_offset = -5
|timezone_DST = [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]]|utc_offset_DST = -4
|postal_code_type = [[ZIP code|ZIP code(s)]]|postal_code = {{Collapsible list |title=53 total ZIP codes:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://zip4.usps.com/zip4/citytown.jsp |title=ZIP Code Lookup – Search By City |accessdate=2009-04-20|publisher=United States Postal Service}}&lt;/ref&gt; |02108–02137, 02163, 02196, 02199, 02201, 02203, 02204, 02205, 02206, 02210, 02211, 02212, 02215, 02217, 02222, 02228, 02241, 02266, 02283, 02284, 02293, 02295, 02297, 02298, 02467
(02467 also includes parts of Newton and Brookline)}}
|area_code = [[Area codes 617 and 857|617 and 857]]
|blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]|blank_info = 25-07000
|blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID|blank1_info = 0617565
|website = [http://www.cityofboston.gov/ cityofboston.gov]
}}

'''Boston''' (pronooncit {{IPA-en|ˈbɒstən||en-us-Boston.ogg}}) is the [[caipital]] o an maistmuckle city in [[Massachusetts]], an is ane o the auldest cities in the [[Unitit States]]. The maistmuckle city in [[New Ingland]], Boston is regardit as the unoffeecial &quot;Caipital o New Ingland&quot; for its economic an cultural impact on the hale o the New Ingland airt.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=50 one day adventures—Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Vermont, Maine, and New Hampshire. |url=https://archive.org/details/daytripsnewengla0000stei |author=Steinbicker, Earl |year=2000 |publisher=Hastings House/Daytrips Publishers |isbn=0-8038-2008-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/daytripsnewengla0000stei/page/7 7]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The city proper haed a 2009 estimatit population o 645,169 fowk, makin it the twintiet maistmuckle city in the kintra.&lt;ref name=&quot;2010census&quot;/&gt; Boston is the anchor o a substantially bigger metropolitan area cried [[Greater Boston]] as weel, hame tae 4.5 million fowk an the tent-maistmuckle metropolitan area in the kintra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Metro population&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.census.gov/popest/metro/files/2008/CBSA-EST2008-alldata.csv |title=Metropolitan and micropolitan statistical area population and estimated components of change: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2008 (CBSA-EST2008-alldata) |accessdate=2009-04-11 |publisher=United States Census Bureau, Population Division |format=CSV}}&lt;/ref&gt; Greater Boston as a commutin region includes sax Massachusetts coonties: Essex, Middlesex, Norfolk, Suffolk, Plymouth, Worcester,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.fta.dot.gov/documents/Boston_Worchester_Manchester_DemographicProfile19.doc |title=Boston Worcester Manchester Demographic Profile: Region 19 |publisher=[[Federal Transit Administration]] |date=2007-01-31 |accessdate=2010-08-30 |archive-date=2013-06-23 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HaHOhS2s?url=http://www.fta.dot.gov/documents/Boston_Worchester_Manchester_DemographicProfile19.doc |url-status=dead }} 21 pp.&lt;/ref&gt; northren Bristol Coonty, aw o [[Rhode Island]] an pairts o [[New Hampshire]]; it is hame tae 7.6 million fowk, makkin it the fift-maistmuckle Combined Statistical Area in the Unitit States.&lt;ref name=&quot;CSA population&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.census.gov/popest/metro/files/2008/CSA-EST2008-alldata.csv |title=Combined statistical area population and estimated components of change: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2008 (CSA-EST2008-alldata) |accessdate=2009-04-11 |publisher=United States Census Bureau, Population Division |format=CSV}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CSA PDF map&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/econ/census07/pdf/maps/ma/metro/33000us148m.pdf|title=Boston-Worcester-Manchester, MA-RI-NH Combined Statistical Area|year=2007|publisher=U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Economics and Statistics Administration  U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=2009-06-20}} Included in the CSA: MA counties: Bristol, Essex, Middlesex, Norfolk, Plymouth, Suffolk and Worcester; NH counties: Belknap, Hillsborough, Merrimack, Rockingham and Strafford; RI counties (entire state): Bristol, Kent, Newport, Providence and Washington (South County)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sister cities ==

Boston haes aicht offeecial [[sister ceeties]] as recognised bi [[Sister Cities International]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Sister city&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cityofboston.gov/arts/sistercity.asp |title=Boston Sister Cities |accessdate=2009-04-05 |publisher=The City of Boston |archive-date=2009-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208224246/http://www.cityofboston.gov/arts/sistercity.asp |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The date column indicates the year in which the relationship wis established. [[Kyoto]] wis Boston's first sister ceety.

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Ceety
! Kintra
! Date
! References
|-
| [[Kyoto]]
| {{Flagicon|Japan}} [[Japan]]
| align=center | 1959
| align=center |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.city.kyoto.jp/koho/eng/databox/sister.html |title=Sister and Other Associated Cities |accessdate=2009-04-05 |work=Kyoto City Web |publisher=City of Kyoto |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728154629/http://www.city.kyoto.jp/koho/eng/databox/sister.html |archive-date=2013-07-28 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Strasbourg]]
| {{Flagicon|France}} [[Fraunce]]
| align=center | 1960
| align=center |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.strasbourg.eu/international/jumelage/accueil?ItemID=3719129003 |title=Twinning, cooperation and international solidarity |accessdate=2009-04-05 |publisher=Strasbourg.eu |language=French |archive-date=2012-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611064058/http://www.strasbourg.eu/international/jumelage/accueil?ItemID=3719129003 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.boston-strasbourg.com/ |title=Boston Strasbourg Sister City Association |accessdate=2009-04-05 |publisher=Boston-Strasbourg Sister City Association (BSSCA) |archive-date=2009-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111011740/http://www.boston-strasbourg.com/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Barcelona]]
| {{Flagicon|Spain}} [[Spain]]
| align=center | 1980
| align=center |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://w3.bcn.es/XMLServeis/XMLHomeLinkPl/0,4022,229724149_257218473_3,00.html |title=Twinning agreements – Boston |accessdate=2009-04-05 |publisher=Barcelona City Council |archive-date=2008-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512195313/http://w3.bcn.es/XMLServeis/XMLHomeLinkPl/0%2C4022%2C229724149_257218473_3%2C00.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Barcelona&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://w3.bcn.es/XMLServeis/XMLHomeLinkPl/0,4022,229724149_257215678_1,00.html|title=Barcelona internacional - Ciutats agermanades|publisher=© 2006–2009 [http://www.bcn.es/catala/copyright/welcome2.htm Ajuntament de Barcelona]|language=Spanish|accessdate=2009-07-13|archive-date=2012-11-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127043638/http://w3.bcn.es/XMLServeis/XMLHomeLinkPl/0,4022,229724149_257215678_1,00.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Hangzhou]]
| {{Flagicon|China}} [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]]
| align=center | 1982
| align=center | &lt;ref name=&quot;Sister city&quot;/&gt;
|-
| [[Padua]]
| {{Flagicon|Italy}} [[Italy]]
| align=center | 1983
| align=center |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.padovanet.it/dettaglio.jsp?id=2867 |title=The twin cities of Padua |accessdate=2009-04-05 |date=2008-06-04 |work=Padovanet |publisher=Comune di Padova|language=Italian}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Melbourne]]
| {{Flagicon|Australia}} [[Australie]]
| align=center | 1985
| align=center |
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=161&amp;pa=2979&amp;pg=1646 |title=Sister cities – Boston |accessdate=2009-04-05 |publisher=City of Melbourne |archive-date=2009-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090921174607/http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=161&amp;pa=2979&amp;pg=1646 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Taipei]]
| {{Flagicon|Taiwan}} [[Republic o Cheenae]] ([[Taiwan]])
| align=center | 1996
| align=center |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.tcc.gov.tw/eng/sister_cities.htm |title=International Sister Cities |accessdate=2009-04-05 |publisher=Taipei City Council |archive-date=2011-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520154141/http://www.tcc.gov.tw/eng/sister_cities.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Sekondi-Takoradi]]
| {{Flagicon|Ghana}} [[Ghana]]
| align=center | 2001
| align=center | &lt;ref name=&quot;Sister city&quot;/&gt;
|}

Boston an aa haes less formal friendship or pairtnership relationships wi a additional three ceeties.

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Ceety
! Kintra
! Date
! References
|-
| [[Boston, Lincolnshire]]
| {{Flagicon|UK}} [[Unitit Kinrick]]
| align=center | 1999
| align=center |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.boston.gov.uk/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=361&amp;Itemid=3531 |title=Town twinning |accessdate=2009-04-05 |publisher=Boston Borough Council |archive-date=2011-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520160801/http://www.boston.gov.uk/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=361&amp;Itemid=3531 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.historicbostons.com/ |title=Partnership of the Historic Bostons |accessdate=2009-04-05 |publisher=Partnership of the Historic Bostons}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Haifa]]
| {{Flagicon|Israel}} [[Israel]]
| align=center | 1999
| align=center |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.haifa.muni.il/haifa/pages/boston.aspx |title=Boston |accessdate=2009-04-05 |publisher=Haifa Municipality |language=Hebrew |archive-date=2015-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016092232/http://www.haifa.muni.il/haifa/pages/boston.aspx |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Valladolid]]
| {{Flagicon|Spain}} [[Spain]]
| align=center | 2007
| align=center |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ava.es/modules.php?name=News&amp;file=article&amp;sid=1136 |title=Valladolid and Boston have signed a protocol of friendship between the two cities |accessdate=2009-04-05 |date=2007-09-18 |author=Press Office of the Municipality of Valladolid |publisher=Ayuntamiento de Valladolid |language=Spanish |archive-date=2010-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328064628/http://www.ava.es/modules.php?name=News&amp;file=article&amp;sid=1136 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Commonscat}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Boston| ]]
[[Category:Ceeties in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Coonty seats in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Erse American history]]
[[Category:Erse-American cultur]]
[[Category:Populatit coastal places in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Populatit places established in 1630]]
[[Category:Populatit places in Suffolk Coonty, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Port ceeties an touns o the Unitit States Atlantic coast]]
[[Category:Varsity touns in the Unitit States]]
[[Category:State caipitals in the Unitit States]]

{{Stub/USA}}
{{Stub/Ceety}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Florence</title>
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      <text bytes="8990" sha1="g64hgynt620g9aiyy2gov9hix94jt4b" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Italian comune
|name   =Florence
|official_name =''Comune di Firenze''
|native_name  =''Firenze''
|image_skyline =Collage Firenze.jpg
|imagesize  =270px
|image_alt  =
|image_caption =A collage o Florence showin the [[Uffizi]] (top left), follaeed bi the [[Palazzo Pitti|Pitti Palace]], a sunset view o the ceety an the Fontana del Nettuno in the [[Piazza della Signoria]]
|image_shield =FlorenceCoA.svg
|shield_alt  =
|image_map  =
|map_alt   =
|map_caption  =
|pushpin_label_position=
|pushpin_map_alt =
|coordinates  = {{coord|43|47|N|11|15|E|display=inline,title}}
|coordinates_footnotes=
|region   =[[Tuscany]]
|province  =[[Province o Florence|Florence]] (FI)
|frazioni   =
|mayor_party  =
|mayor   =[[Dario Nardella]] &lt;br&gt; ([[Democratic Pairty (Italy)|Democratic Pairty]])
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 =102.41
|population_footnotes=&lt;ref&gt;'Ceety' population (i.e., that o the ''[[comune]]'' or municipality) frae [http://demo.istat.it/bilmens2009gen/index.html=Monthly demographic balance: January–April 2009]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, [[Istituto Nazionale di Statistica|ISTAT]].&lt;/ref&gt;
|population_total=370702
|population_as_of=31 October 2010
|pop_density_footnotes=
|population_demonym=Fiorentini
|elevation_footnotes=
|elevation_m  =50
|twin1   =
|twin1_country =
|saint   =[[John the Baptist]]
|day    =24 June
|postal_code  =50121-50145
|area_code  =055
|website   ={{Official website|http://www.comune.firenze.it}}
|footnotes  =
}}

'''Florence''' ({{lang-it|'''Firenze'''}} {{IPA-it|fiˈrɛntse||It-Firenze.ogg}}, alternate obsolete spellin: '''''Fiorenza'''''; [[Laitin leid|Laitin]]: '''''Florentia''''') is the [[caipital ceety]] o the Italian [[Regions o Italy|region]] o [[Tuscany]] an o the [[provinces o Italy|province]] o [[Province o Florence|Florence]]. It is the maist populous ceety in Tuscany, wi 367,569 inhabitants (1,500,000 in the metropolitan aurie).&lt;ref&gt;Bilancio demografico anno 2008, dati [http://demo.istat.it/ ISTAT] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709154623/http://demo.istat.it/ |date=2011-07-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Internaitional relations==
{{See an aa|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Italy}}

===Twin touns—Sister ceeties===
Florence is [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi:
{| cellpadding=&quot;10&quot;
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|
* {{Flagicon|Peru}} [[Arequipa]], Peru&lt;ref&gt;Patto di amicizia tra la città di Arequipa e la città di Firenze [Firenze – Arequipa]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.viaggiavventurenelmondo.it/nuovosito/eventi/cdoc/entry.php?id=107 |title=Avventure nel Mondo – Centro di Documentazione&lt;!--Título generado por Muro Bot--&gt; |access-date=2011-03-26 |archive-date=2011-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722065707/http://www.viaggiavventurenelmondo.it/nuovosito/eventi/cdoc/entry.php?id=107 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Flagicon|Israel}} [[Nazareth]], Israel
* {{Flagicon|Palestine}} [[Bethlehem]], Palestine &lt;ref name=&quot;BethlehemTwinning&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bethlehem-city.org/Twining.php |title=Bethlehem Municipality |publisher=www.bethlehem-city.org |accessdate=10 October 2009 |archive-date=2010-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724140854/http://www.bethlehem-city.org/Twining.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Flagicon|Algeria}} [[Tlemcen]], Algerie &lt;ref name=&quot;Coopération et Partenariat &quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.interieur.gov.dz/Cooperation/frmItem.aspx?html=6 |title=Accords ou jumelages entre Tlemcen et Florence |publisher=http://www.interieur.gov.dz |accessdate= }}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Flagicon|Hungary}} [[Budapest]], Hungary
* {{Flagicon|Australia}} [[Sydney]], Australie
* {{Flagicon|Eritrea}} [[Asmara]], Eritrea
* {{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Dresden]], Germany&lt;ref name=&quot;Dresden&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dresden.de/en/02/11/c_03.php|title=''Dresden – Partner Cities''|publisher=Landeshauptstadt Dresden|accessdate=29 December 2008|archive-date=2007-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023054628/http://www.dresden.de/en/02/11/c_03.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Flagicon|Morocco}} [[Fes]], Morocco
* {{flagicon|Armenia}} [[Yerevan]], Armenie
||
* {{Flagicon|Iran}} [[Isfahan]], Iran
* {{Flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]], Turkey
* {{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Kassel]], Germany
* {{Flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Kiev]], Ukraine
* {{Flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait Ceety]], Kuwait
* {{Flagicon|Japan}} [[Kyoto]], Japan&lt;ref name=&quot;Kyoto&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.city.kyoto.jp/koho/eng/databox/sister.html |title=Kyoto City Web / Data Box / Sister Cities |publisher=www.city.kyoto.jp |accessdate=14 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728154629/http://www.city.kyoto.jp/koho/eng/databox/sister.html |archive-date=2013-07-28 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Flagicon|Sweden}} [[Malmö]], Swaden&lt;ref name=&quot;Malmö twinning&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.malmo.se/faktaommalmopolitik/internationelltsamarbete/vanortssamarbetet.4.33aee30d103b8f15916800032874.html|title=Malmö stads vänortssamarbete|publisher=© 2004–2009 [http://www.malmo.se/ Malmö stad], 205 80 Malmö,  Organisationsnummer: 212000-1124|language=Swadish|accessdate=27 June 2009|archive-date=2007-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928003810/http://www.malmo.se/faktaommalmopolitik/internationelltsamarbete/vanortssamarbetet.4.33aee30d103b8f15916800032874.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Flagicon|Palestine}} [[Nablus]], Palestine
* {{Flagicon|China}} [[Nanjing]], Cheenae
* {{Flagicon|United States}} [[Philadelphia]], Unitit States&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ivc.org/florence__italy |title=Florence, Italy |publisher=Ivc.org |date= |accessdate=26 June 2009 |archive-date=2012-09-05 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120905180345/http://www.ivc.org/florence__italy |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
||
* {{Flagicon|United States}} [[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]], Unitit States
* {{Flagicon|France}} [[Reims]], Fraunce
* {{Flagicon|Latvia}} [[Riga]], Latvie&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/Riga_Municipality/Twin_cities_of_Riga/default.htm |title=Twin cities of Riga |publisher=[[Riga City Council]] |accessdate=27 July 2009 |archive-date=2008-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204021323/http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/Riga_Municipality/Twin_cities_of_Riga/default.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Flagicon|Scotland}} [[Edinburgh]], Scotland, UK&lt;ref name=&quot;Edinburgh&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/internet/city_living/CEC_twin_and_partner_cities |title=''Edinburgh – Twin and Partner Cities'' |accessdate=21 December 2008 |publisher=The City of Edinburgh Council, City Chambers, High Street, Edinburgh, EH1 1YJ Scotland |archive-date=2008-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328001653/http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/internet/city_living/CEC_twin_and_partner_cities |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Flagicon|Brazil}} [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]], Brazil
* {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]], Unitit States&lt;ref name=&quot;dept&quot;&gt;[http://www.cambridgema.gov/deptann.cfm?story_id=1597 &quot;A Message from the Peace Commission: Information on Cambridge's Sister Cities,&quot;] 15 February 2008. Retrieved 12 October 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;thompson&quot;&gt;Richard Thompson. [http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2008/10/12/looking_to_strengthen_family_ties_with_sister_cities/?page=full &quot;Looking to strengthen family ties with 'sister cities',&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213617/http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2008/10/12/looking_to_strengthen_family_ties_with_sister_cities/?page=full |date=2016-03-03 }} ''Boston Globe'', 12 October 2008. Retrieved 12 October 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Flagicon|Albania}} [[Tirana]], Albanie&lt;ref name=&quot;International relations&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.tirana.gov.al/common/images/International%20Relations.pdf |title=Twinning Cities: International Relations (NB Florence is listed as 'Firenze') |accessdate=23 June 2009 |work=Municipality of Tirana |publisher=www.tirana.gov.al |format=PDF |archive-date=2008-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216035358/http://www.tirana.gov.al/common/images/International%20Relations.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Flagicon|Finland}} [[Turku]], Finland
* {{Flagicon|Spain}} [[Valladolid]], Spain
* {{Flagicon|Serbia}} [[Voždovac]], Serbie
|}

===Pairtnerships===

* {{Flagicon|Poland}} [[Kraków]] in Poland&lt;ref name=&quot;Kraków&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/?LANG=UK&amp;MENU=l&amp;TYPE=ART&amp;ART_ID=16|title=Kraków otwarty na świat|publisher=www.krakow.pl|accessdate=19 July 2009|last=|first=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Commonscat}}

{{Province o Florence}}

[[Category:Ceeties an touns in Tuscany]]
[[Category:Communes o the Province o Florence]]
[[Category:Florence| ]]
[[Category:Umwhile naitional caipitals]]
[[Category:European Caipitals o Cultur]]

&lt;!--Other languages--&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kyoto</title>
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      <text bytes="11287" sha1="1xo41090zrwan8grmqhobpu7tcyhkpe" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
&lt;!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --&gt;
| name                    = Kyoto
| native_name             = {{nobold|{{lang|ja|京都市}}}}
| native_name_lang        = ja
| official_name           = Kyoto Ceety
| settlement_type         = [[Ceeties designatit bi govrenment ordinance o Japan|Designatit ceety]]
&lt;!-- images, nickname, motto ---&gt;
| image_skyline           = Kyoto montage.jpg
| imagesize               = 
| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = Frae tap left: [[Tō-ji]], [[Gion Matsuri]] in modren Kyoto, [[Fushimi Inari-taisha]], [[Kyoto Imperial Palace]], [[Kiyomizu-dera]], [[Kinkaku-ji]], [[Ponto-chō]] and [[Maiko]], [[Ginkaku-ji]], Ceetyscape frae Higashiyama an [[Kyoto Touer]]
| image_flag              = Flag of Kyoto City.svg{{!}}border
| flag_alt                = 
| image_seal              = 
| seal_alt                = 
| image_shield            = 
| shield_alt              = 
| image_blank_emblem      = Emblem of Kyoto, Kyoto.svg
| nickname                = 
| motto                   = 
&lt;!-- maps and coordinates ------&gt;
| image_map               = Kyoto in Kyoto Prefecture Ja.svg
| map_alt                 = 
| map_caption             = Location o Kyoto in [[Kyoto Prefectur]]
| image_dot_map           = 
| pushpin_map             = Japan
| pushpin_label_position  = &lt;!-- position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --&gt;
| pushpin_map_alt         = 
| pushpin_map_caption     = &amp;nbsp;
| coordinates             = {{coord|35|0|42|N|135|46|6|E|region:JP|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint           = &lt;!-- to specify exact location of coordinates (was coor_type) --&gt;
| coordinates_footnotes   = &lt;!-- for references: use &lt;ref&gt; tags --&gt;
&lt;!-- location ------------------&gt;
| subdivision_type        = [[Leet o sovereign states|Kintra]]
| subdivision_name        = Japan
| subdivision_type1       = [[Leet o regions o Japan|Region]]
| subdivision_name1       = [[Kansai region|Kansai]]
| subdivision_type2       = [[Prefecturs o Japan|Prefectur]]
| subdivision_name2       = [[Kyoto Prefectur]]
| subdivision_type3       = 
| subdivision_name3       = 
&lt;!-- established ---------------&gt;
| established_title       = &lt;!-- Settled --&gt;
| established_date        = 
| founder                 = 
| named_for               = 
&lt;!-- seat, smaller parts -------&gt;
| seat_type               = &lt;!-- defaults to: Seat --&gt;
| seat                    = 
&lt;!-- government type, leaders --&gt;
| government_footnotes    = &lt;!-- for references: use &lt;ref&gt; tags --&gt;
| leader_party            = 
| leader_title            = Mayor
| leader_name             = [[Daisaku Kadokawa]]
| leader_title1           = 
| leader_name1            = &lt;!-- etc., up to leader_title4 / leader_name4 --&gt;
&lt;!-- display settings  ---------&gt;
| total_type              = &lt;!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --&gt;
| unit_pref               = &lt;!-- enter: Imperial, to display imperial before metric --&gt;
&lt;!-- area ----------------------&gt;
| area_magnitude          = &lt;!-- use only to set a special wikilink --&gt;
| area_footnotes          = &lt;!-- for references: use &lt;ref&gt; tags --&gt;
| area_total_km2          = 827.83
| area_total_sq_mi        = &lt;!-- see table @ Template:Infobox settlement for details --&gt;
| area_land_km2           = 
| area_land_sq_mi         = 
| area_water_km2          = 
| area_water_sq_mi        = 
| area_water_percent      = 
| area_note               = 
&lt;!-- elevation -----------------&gt;
| elevation_footnotes     = &lt;!-- for references: use &lt;ref&gt; tags --&gt;
| elevation_m             = 
| elevation_ft            = 
&lt;!-- population ----------------&gt;
| population_footnotes    = &lt;!-- for references: use &lt;ref&gt; tags --&gt;
| population_total        =  1,474,570
| population_as_of        = October 1, 2015
| population_density_km2  = auto
| population_est          = 
| pop_est_as_of           = 
| population_demonym      = &lt;!-- demonym, ie. Liverpudlian for someone from Liverpool --&gt;
| population_note         = 
&lt;!-- time zone(s) --------------&gt;
| timezone1               = [[Japan Staundart Time]]
| utc_offset1             = +9
&lt;!-- postal codes, area code ---&gt;
| postal_code_type        = &lt;!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --&gt;
| postal_code             = 
| area_code_type          = &lt;!-- defaults to: Area code(s) --&gt;
| area_code               = 
&lt;!-- blank fields (section 1) --&gt;
| blank_name_sec1         = Ceety Seembols
| blank1_name_sec1        = - Tree
| blank1_info_sec1        = [[Salix babylonica#Horticultural selections an relatit hybrids|Weeping Willow]], [[Acer palmatum|Japanese Maple]] an [[Cercidiphyllum japonicum|Katsura]]
| blank2_name_sec1        = - Flouer
| blank2_info_sec1        = [[Camellia]], [[Azalea]] an Succar [[Cherry]]
&lt;!-- blank fields (section 2) --&gt;
| blank_name_sec2         = Phone nummer
| blank_info_sec2         = 075-222-3111
| blank1_name_sec2        = Address
| blank1_info_sec2        = 488 Teramachi-Oike, Nakagyō-ku, Kyōto-shi, Kyōto-fu&lt;br&gt;604-8571
&lt;!-- website, footnotes --------&gt;
| website                 = {{plainlist|
*{{URL|www2.city.kyoto.lg.jp/koho/eng/index.html}}
*{{URL|kyoto.travel}}
}}
| footnotes               = 
}}
{{nihongo|'''Kyoto'''|{{linktext|京都}}|''Kyōto''|&quot;Caipital ceety&quot;}} ({{IPA-ja|kʲoːto|-|Ja-Kyoto-shi.oga}}) is a [[Ceeties o Japan|ceety]] locatit in the central pairt o the island o [[Honshu]], Japan. It haes a population close tae 1.5 million. Umwhile the Imperial [[caipital o Japan]] for mair nor ane thoosan years, it is nou the caipital ceety o [[Kyoto Prefectur]] locatit in the [[Kansai region]], as well as a major pairt o the [[Keihanshin|Kyoto-Osaka-Kobe]] metropolitan aurie. Kyoto is kent as the ''thoosan-year caipital'' an aw.

== Name ==
In Japanese, the ceety haes been cried '''Kyō''' (京), '''Miyako''' (都) or '''Kyō no Miyako''' (京の都). In the 11t century, the ceety wis renamed Kyoto (&quot;caipital ceety&quot;), efter the Cheenese wird for caipital ceety, ''jingdu'' (京都).&lt;ref&gt;Lowe, John. (2000). ''Old Kyoto: A short Social History,'' p. x.&lt;/ref&gt;  Efter [[Edo]] wis renamed [[Tokyo]] (meanin &quot;Eastren Caipital&quot;) in 1868, Kyoto wis kent for a short time as '''Saikyō''' (西京, meanin &quot;Wastren Capital&quot;).

An obsolete spellin for the ceety's name is '''Kioto'''; it wis umwhile kent tae the Wast as '''Meaco''' or '''Miako''' ({{lang-ja|都}}; miyako, meanin &quot;the seat of Imperial palace&quot; or &quot;capital&quot;.). Anither term commonly uised tae refer tae the ceety in the pre-modren period wis '''Keishi''' ({{linktext|京師}}), meanin &quot;metropolis&quot; or &quot;caipital&quot;.

== Geografie ==
[[File:KyotoAutumn.jpg|thumb|left|Hairst in Kyoto attracts throngs o tourists tae temples lik this.]]
Kyoto is locatit in a valley, pairt o the Yamashiro (or Kyoto) Basin, in the eastren pairt o the muntainous region kent as the Tamba hielands. The Yamashiro Basin is surroondit on three sides bi muntains kent as Higashiyama, Kitayama an Nishiyama, wi a heicht juist abuin 1,000 metres (3,281&amp;nbsp;ft) [[abuin mean sea level|abuin sea level]]. This interior positionin results in het simmers an cauld winters. Thare are three rivers in the basin, the [[Uji River|Ujigawa]] tae the sooth, the [[Katsura River|Katsuragawa]] tae the wast, an the [[Kamo River|Kamogawa]] tae the east. Kyoto Ceety takes up 17.9% o the land in the prefecture wi an aurie o 827.9&amp;nbsp;km²

The oreeginal ceety wis arranged in accordance wi traditional [[Cheenae|Cheenese]] [[feng shui]] follaein the model o the auncient Cheenese caipital o [[Chang'an]] (present-day [[Xi'an]]). The [[Heian Palace|Imperial Palace]] faced sooth, resultin in Ukyō (the richt sector o the caipital) bein on the wast while Sakyō (the left sector) is on the east. The streets in the modren-day wards o [[Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto|Nakagyō]], [[Shimogyo-ku, Kyoto|Shimogyō]], an [[Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto|Kamigyō]] still follae a grid pattern.

The day, the main business destrict is locatit tae the sooth o the auld [[Kyoto Gosho|Imperial Palace]], wi the less-populatit northren aurie retainin a far greener feel. Surroondin auries dae no follae the same grid pattern as the centre o the ceety, tho streets throughoot Kyoto share the distinction o haein names.

Kyoto sits atop a muckle naitural watter table that provides the ceety wi ample freshwater wells. Due tae muckle scale urbanization, the amunt o rain drainin intae the table is dwindlin an wells athort the aurie are dryin at an increasin rate.

== Internaitional relations ==
{{See an aa|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Japan}}

=== Twin touns — Sister ceeties ===
The ceety o Kyoto haes a [[Twin touns an sister ceeties|sister ceety]] relationship wi:&lt;ref name=&quot;Kyoto&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.city.kyoto.jp/koho/eng/databox/sister.html|title=Kyoto City Web / Data Box / Sister Cities|publisher=www.city.kyoto.jp|accessdate=2010-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728154629/http://www.city.kyoto.jp/koho/eng/databox/sister.html|archive-date=2013-07-28|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- Note tae editors: This leet is for sister ceeties o the ceety o Kyoto. The places listed below have a sister relationship with the prefecture of Kyoto and are already listed on the article &quot;Kyoto Prefecture&quot;.

* Shaanxi Province, Fowkrepublic o Cheenae
* Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesie
* State o Oklahoma, USA
* Leningrad Oblast, Roushie
* Edinburgh, Scotland
* Tuscany, Italy

Please do not add any of them to this list. --&gt;

* {{flagicon|United States}} [[Boston]], [[Unitit States]]
* {{flagicon|France}} [[Paris]], [[Fraunce]] (Friendship Pledge ceety)
* {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Cologne]], [[Germany]]
* {{flagicon|Peru}} [[Cuzco]], [[Peru]]
* {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Konya]], [[Turkey]]
* {{flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Prague]], [[Czech Republic]]
* {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Florence]], [[Italy]]
* {{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]]
* {{flagicon|China}} [[Xi'an]], [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]] (Friendship ceety)
* {{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Guadalajara, Jalisco|Guadalajara]], [[Mexico]]
* {{flagicon|Croatia}} [[Zagreb]], [[Croatie]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Freemit airtins ==
&lt;!-- Ask in the discussion section before you add a link here, otherwise it is likely to be deleted 
NOTE: Official sites always go first --&gt;
{{Commonscat|Kyoto prefecture|Kyoto}}
* [http://www.kyoto.travel/ Kyoto Travel Guide] — Ceety o Kyoto an Kyoto Tourism Cooncil
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040713000559/http://www.city.kyoto.jp/koho/index_e.html Kyoto Ceety] Local Govrenment {{En icon}}
* [http://www.japaneselifestyle.com.au/travel/kyoto.htm Kyoto] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050716013200/http://www.japaneselifestyle.com.au/travel/kyoto.htm |date=2005-07-16 }} Guide includin interactive cairt &amp; ower 1,300 pictures.
* [http://www.artofjpn.com/kyoto/index.html Kyoto's temples &amp; shrines] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110913144708/http://www.artofjpn.com/kyoto/index.html |date=2011-09-13 }}— Information on 26 temples an shrines.
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Populatit places established in the 8t century]]
[[Category:794 establishments]]
[[Category:Buddhist pilgrimages]]
[[Category:Kyoto| ]]
[[Category:Umwhile caipitals o Japan]]
[[Category:Environmental model ceeties]]</text>
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    <title>Derbent</title>
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      <text bytes="12395" sha1="3bcfrw8tjfyt8b4t2vi1ovfbizn82tn" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Russian inhabited locality
|en_name=Derbent
|ru_name=Дербент
|image_skyline=Dagestan naryn-kala.jpg
|coordinates = {{coord|42|04|N|48|17|E|display=inline,title}}
|map_label_position=top
|federal_subject=[[Dagestan]]
|federal_subject_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;Ref294&quot; /&gt;
|adm_data_as_of=April 2006
|adm_city_jur=[[Ceety o federal subject significance|Ceety]] o Derbent
|adm_city_jur_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;Ref294&quot; /&gt;
|capital_of=Republic o Dagestan
|capital_of_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;Ref294&quot; /&gt;
|adm_ctr_of1=Ceety o Derbent
|adm_ctr_of1_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;Ref294&quot; /&gt;
|adm_ctr_of2=[[Derbentsky Destrict]]
|adm_ctr_of2_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;Ref294&quot; /&gt;
|inhabloc_cat=City
|inhabloc_cat_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;Ref294&quot; /&gt;
|mun_data_as_of=November 2006
|urban_okrug_jur=Derbent Urban Okrug
|urban_okrug_jur_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;Ref416&quot; /&gt;
|mun_admctr_of1=Derbent Urban Okrug
|mun_admctr_of1_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;Ref416&quot; /&gt;
|mun_admctr_of2=Derbentsky Municipal Destrict
|pop_2010census=119961
|pop_2010census_rank=136t
|pop_2010census_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;2010Census&quot; /&gt;
|pop_2002census=101031
|pop_2002census_rank=163rd
|pop_2002census_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;PopCensus&quot; /&gt;
|commonscat=Derbent
|date=August 2011
}}
{{Infobox World Heritage Site
|WHS=Citadel, Auncient Ceety an Fortress Biggins o Derbent
|Image=[[File:Derbent wall.jpg|250px|Wall of the Derbent citadel&amp;nbsp;— the only Sassanid fortification in existence]]
|State Party=[[File:Flag of Russia.svg|22px]] [[Roushie]]
|Type=Cultural
|Criteria=iii, iv
|ID=1070
|Region=Europe
|Year=2003
|Session=27th
|Link=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1070
}}
'''Derbent''' ({{lang-ru|Дербе́нт}}; {{lang-az|Dərbənd}}; [[Lezgian leid|Lezgian]]: Кьвевар; [[Avar language|Avar]]: Дербенд; [[Lak fowk (Dagestan)|Lak]]: Чурул / Churul; [[Persie leid|Persian]]: دربند; [[Juhuri leid|Judæo-Tat]]: דארבּאנד / Дэрбэнд / ''Dərbənd'') is a [[teeps o inhabitit localities in Roushie|ceety]] in the Republic o [[Dagestan]], [[Roushie]], close tae the [[Azerbaijan]]i border. It is the soothmaist ceety in Roushie, an it is the seicont maist important ceety o Dagestan. Population: 101,031 ([[Roushie Census (2002)|2002 Census]]); 78,371 ([[Soviet Census (1989)|1989 Census]]). The main ethnic groups are: [[Lezgins]], [[Azeris]] an [[Tabasaran fowk|Tabasarans]].

Aften identifee'd wi the legendar [[Gates o Alexander]], Derbent claims tae be the auldest ceety in Roushie. Syne antiquity the value o the aurie as the gate tae the Caucasus haes been unnerstuid an Derbent haes airchaeological structurs ower 5,000 year auld. As a result o this geografic pairticularity the ceety developed atween twa walls, stretchin frae the muntains tae the sea. These fortifications wur continuously employed for a millennium an a hauf, langer than ony ither extant fortress in the warld. Ower the years different naitions gave the ceety different names, but aw connectit tae the wird 'gate'.

==Etymologie==
Its etymology derives frae the Persian ''Darband'' (&quot;closed gate&quot;); it wis kent tae the Arabs as ''Bāb al Abwab'' (&quot;Gate o Gates&quot;) an to the Turks as ''Demirkapı'' (&quot;Iron Gate&quot;).

==Geografie==
The modren ceety is built near the wastren shores o the [[Caspian Sea]], sooth o the Rubas River, on the slopes of the [[Tabasaransky Destrict|Tabasaran Muntains]] (pairt o the Bigger [[Caucasus muntains|Caucasus]] range). Derbent is well served bi public transport, wi its awn harbour, a railway goin sooth tae [[Baku]], an the Baku tae [[Rostov-on-Don]] road.

Tae the north o the ceety is the monument o the Kirk-lar, or fowerty heroes, who fell defendin Dagestan against the Arabs in 728. Tae the sooth lies the seaward extremity o the [[Caucasian wall]] (fifty metres lang), itherwise kent as [[Alexander's Waw]], blockin the narrae pass o the Iron Gate or [[Caspian Gates]] (''Portae Athanae'' or ''Portae Caspiae''). This, when entire, haed a heicht o 29&amp;nbsp;ft (9&amp;nbsp;m) an a thickness o aboot 10&amp;nbsp;ft (3&amp;nbsp;m), an wi its iron gates and numerous watch-touers formed a valuable defence o the [[Iran|Persian]] frontier.

==History==
[[File:Derband.jpg|thumb|right|300px|View o the ceety frae Naryn-Kala, 1910s.]]
Derbent haes an important strategic location in the Caucasus: the ceety is situatit on a narrae, 3-kilometre strip o land atween the Caspian Sea an the Caucasus muntains. Historically, this position alloued the rulers o Derbent tae control land traffec atween the [[Eurasie Steppe]] an the [[Middle East]]. The anerlie ither practicable crossin o the Caucasus ridge wis ower the [[Darial Gorge]].

The first intensive dounset in the Derbent aurie dates frae the [[8t century BC]]; the steid wis intermittently controlled bi the Persie monarchs, stairtin frae the 6t century BC. Till the 4t century&amp;nbsp;CE it wis pairt o [[Caucasie Albanie]], an is tradeetionally identifee'd wi '''Albana''', the caipital. The modren name is a [[Persie leid|Persie]] wird (دربند ''Darband'') meanin &quot;closed gates&quot;, which came intae uise in the end o the 5t or the beginnin o the 6t century AD, when the ceety wis refoondit bi [[Kavadh I o Persie|Kavadh I]] o the [[Sassanid]] dynasty o [[Persie Empire|Persie]].

The twinty-metre-heich waws wi thirty north-leukin touers are believit tae belang tae the time o Kavadh's son, [[Khosrau I o Persie]]. The chronicler [[Movses Kagankatvatsi]] wrote aboot &quot;the wondrous waws, for whose construction the Persie keengs exhaustit oor kintra, recruitin airchitects an collectin biggin materials wi a view o constructin a great edifice stretchin atween the Caucasus Muntains an the Great Eastren Sea.&quot; Derbent became a strang militar ootpost an harbour o the [[Sassanid empire]]. Durin the 5t an 6t centuries Derbent becomes an important centre for spreadin the [[Christianity|Christian]] faith in the Caucasus an aw.

Movses Kagankatvatsi left a graphic description o the [[Third Perso-Turkic War|sack o Derbent]] bi the hordes o [[Tong Yabghu]] o the [[Wastren Turkic Khaganate]] in 627. His successor, [[Böri Shad]], pruivit unable tae consolidate Tong Yabghu's conquests, an the ceety wis retaken bi the Persians. In 654 Derbent wis captured bi the Arabs, who transformit it in an important admeenistrative centre an introducit [[Islam]] tae the aurie. Acause o its strategic position on the northren branch o the [[Silk Route]], the fortress wis contestit bi the [[Khazars]] in the course o the [[Khazar-Arab Wars]]. The Sassanids haed brocht Armenies frae [[Syunik]]' tae help protect the pass frae invaders an aw; as Arab rule weakened in the region at the end o the nint century, the Armenies livin thare wur able tae establish a kinrick o their awn, which lastit till the early years o the thirteent century.&lt;ref&gt;See {{hy icon}} Sedrak Barkhudaryan, “Դերբենդի հայ-աղվանական թագավորությունը” (“The Armenian-Caucasian Albanian Kingdom of Derbend”). ''[[Patma-Banasirakan Handes]] ''. № 3, 1969, pp. 125-147.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{hy icon}} [[Matthew of Edessa]]. ''Ժամանակնագրություն'' (''Chronicle''). Translated by [[Hrach Bartikyan]]. Yerevan: Hayastan Publishing, 1973, pp. 151-152, 332, note 132a.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Derbent winter.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Sassanian fortress in Derbent.]]
The recent excavations on the eastren side o the Caspian Sea opposite tae Derbent, hae revealed the eastren coonterpairt tae the waw an fortifications o the ceety in the [[Great Waw o Gorgan]]. Similar [[Sasanian]] defensive fortifications—massive forts, garrison touns, lang walls—are seen on the eastren shores o the Caspian extendin literally intae the sea as they are witness emergin frae the risin waters o the Caspian in the wast at Derbent.

The Caliph [[Harun al-Rashid]] spent time livin in Derbent, an brocht it intae great repute as a seat o the airts an commerce. Accordin tae Arab historians, Derbent, wi population exceedin 50,000, wis the lairgest ceety o the 9t century Caucasus. In the 10t century, wi the collapse o the Arab Caliphate, Derbent became the caipital o an emirate. This emirate aften focht losin wars wi the neebourin Christian state o [[Sarir]], allouin Sarir tae occasionally manipulate Derbent politics. Despite that, the emirate ootlived its rival an continued tae flourish at the time o the [[Mongol]] invasion in 1239.

In the 14t century  Derbent wis occupee'd bi [[Timur]]'s airmies. In 1437 it fell unner the control o the [[Shirvanshahs]] o [[Azerbaijan]]. Durin the 16t century Derbent wis the arena for wars atween [[Turkey]] an [[Persie]] ruled bi the Iranian [[Safavid]] dynasty. [[Ottoman Empire]] gained control o the ceety follaein the Battle o the Torches in 1583 an Ottoman awnership was secured wi the [[Constantinople]] Treaty ([[Treaty o Ferhat Pasha]]) in 1590.

Bi the 1735 Ganja treaty Derbent fell athin the Persie state. In 1722 durin the [[Rousho-Persie War, 1722–1723|Rousho-Persie War]], [[Peter the Great]] o [[Roushie]] wrestit the toun frae the Persians, but in 1736 the supremacy o [[Nadir Shah]] wis again recognisit. In 1747 Derbent became the caipital o the khanate o the same name.

Durin the [[Persie Expedition o 1796]] Derbent wis stormit bi Roushie forces unner [[Valerian Zubov]]. As a consequence o the [[Treaty o Gulistan]] o 1813—atween Roushie an Persie—Derbent became pairt o the [[Roushie Empire]]. [[File:Derbent summer.jpg|thumb|275px|The Caspian Gates.]]

A lairge portion o the waws an several watchtouers hae been preservit in reasonable shape. The waws, reachin tae the sea, date frae the 6t century, [[Sassanid dynasty]] period. The ceety haes a well preservit citadel (Narin-kala), comprisin an aurie o 45,000&amp;nbsp;m², enclosed bi strang waws. Historical attractions include the baths, the cisterns, the auld cemeteries, the caravanserai, the 18t century Khan's mausoleum, as well as several mosques. The auldest mosque is the Juma Mosque, built ower a 6t century Christian basilica; it haes a 15t century [[madrassa]]. Ither shrines include the 17t century Kyrhlyar mosque, the Bala mosque an the 18t century Chertebe mosque.

==Economy an cultur==
The ceety is hame tae machine biggin, fuid, textile, fishin an fishery supplies, construction materials an wood industries. It is the production centre o Roushie [[brandy]]. The education infrastructure is fairly extensive; there is a university as well as several technical schuils. On the cultural front, there is a Lezgin drama theatre (S. Stalsky theatre). Aboot twa kilometres frae the ceety is the vacation colony o ''Chayka'' (Seagull).

Derbent bein in practice a huge museum an wi magnificent muntains an shore nearbi, a great potential for development o the tourism industry exists, further increased bi [[UNESCO]]'s classification o the Citadel, Auncient Ceety an Fortress as a [[Warld Heritage Steid]] in 2003; housomeivver, instability in the region haes no alloued further development.

&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Coat of Arms of Derbent (Dagestan) (1843).png|Coat o airms o Derbent (1843).
Image:Derbent gate.jpg|A gate in the auld ceety o Derbent.
Image:derbent gate2.jpg|A gate o the citadel.
Image:Derbent sea.jpg|View on the Caspian Sea.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Internaitional relations==
{{Main|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Roushie}}

===Twin touns — Sister ceeties===
Derbent is twinned wi:
*{{flagicon|Azerbaijan}} [[Ganja, Azerbaijan]].
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Yakima, Washington]], [[USA]].
*{{flagicon|Israel}} [[Hadera]], [[Israel]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Freemit airtins==
{{commons|Derbent}}
*[http://www.derbent.ru/photo/thumbnails.php?album=5&amp;page=2 Photographs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927212843/http://www.derbent.ru/photo/thumbnails.php?album=5&amp;page=2 |date=2007-09-27 }}
*[http://www.derbent.ru/photo/displayimage.php?album=6&amp;pos=10 Photographs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927212906/http://www.derbent.ru/photo/displayimage.php?album=6&amp;pos=10 |date=2007-09-27 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071028081842/http://www.towns.ru/towns/derbent_en.html History an attractions o Derbent]
{{Commonscat}}

[[Category:Ceeties an touns in Dagestan]]
[[Category:Airchaeological steids in Roushie]]
[[Category:Populatit coastal places in Roushie]]
[[Category:Forts in Roushie]]
[[Category:Sassanid castles]]
[[Category:Caucasus]]
[[Category:Warld Heritage Steids in Roushie]]
[[Category:Wine regions o Roushie]]
[[Category:Populatit places on the Caspian Sea]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Canelones Depairtment</title>
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      <text bytes="8998" sha1="sb5tphz8ayufqa75pr16mzm16bl3d2p" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Uruguayan Depairtment
| department_name = Canelones
| image_flag      =Flag of Canelones Department.svg
| image_coat      = Coat of arms of Canelones Department.svg
| department_map  = 
| capital_name    = [[Canelones]]
| deg_S = 34 | min_S = 31
| deg_W = 56 | min_W = 17
| demonym         = Canario
| intendant_name  = Marcos Carámbula
| ruling_party    = [[Broad Front (Uruguay)|Frente Amplio]]
| area_km2        = 4,536
| population      = 520187
| year_of_census  = 2011
| ISO_3166-2      = UY-CA
| website         = {{URL|http://www.imcanelones.gub.uy}}
}}

The '''Canelones Depairtment''' ({{lang-es|Departamento de Canelones}}), wi an aurie o 4,536&amp;nbsp;km² (1,752 square miles) an 485,240 indwallers, is locatit tae the sooth o [[Uruguay]]. Its caipital is [[Canelones]].

==Geografie an climate==
Neebourin depairtments are [[Maldonado Depairtment|Maldonado]] an [[Lavalleja Depairtment|Lavalleja]] tae the east, [[Flores Depairtment|Flores]] tae the north, [[San José Depairtment|San José]] tae the wast, an [[Montevideo Depairtment|Montevideo]] tae the sooth. Pairt o the soothren mairch is formed bi the [[Río de la Plata]]. It is the seicont smawest depairtment o the kintra efter that o Montevideo, but the seicont lairgest in population.

Locatit in the humid templatit region, the average temperatur is law compared tae that o the rest o the kintra (aroond 15&amp;nbsp;°C), as are the levels o precipitation (up tae 2,000&amp;nbsp;mm yearly, on average).

Bi aurie Canelones Depairtment is the seicont smawest o [[Uruguay]]'s 19 depairtments.

=== Topografie an hydrografie ===
[[File:Río santa lucía.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Santa Lucía River, at [[San Ramón, Uruguay|San Ramón]].]]
Canelones Depairtment, is characterized bi flat lands an absence o relief (as maist pairts o Uruguay), wi smaw coastal saund dunes at the sooth, an wi meadaes an woods in the center, north an wast.&lt;ref name=&quot;montevideo&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.montevideo.com.uy/enciclopedia/canelone.htm|title=Geografía política - CANELONES|accessdate=22 April 2011|work=Enciclopedia Geográfica del Uruguay|author=Montevideo COMM|date=|language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The depairtment is rich in waterways, wi mony rivers an streams. Housomeivver, thare are twa rivers that staund oot for thair importance: the [[Santa Lucía River]] an the [[Río de la Plata]], which is actually a sea o salt watter. On the coastline formed bi the Río de la Plata, thare are mony spa touns an thair respective beaches.

Santa Lucia River, meanwhile, forms the northren bundary wi Florida, which is separatit bi a brig kent as the ''Paso Pache''.

=== Regions ===
Despite bein a sma depairtment, Canelones haes a population o ower 500,000 indwallers an ane o the heichest densities in the kintra wi 107 indwallers per square kilometer.&lt;ref name=&quot;ine&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ine.gub.uy/fase1new/Canelones/divulgacion_Canelones.asp |title=Censo 2004 Canelones |author=Instituto Nacional de Estadística del Uruguay (INE) |date=2004 |language=Spanish |access-date=2011-08-25 |archive-date=2009-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091113170952/http://www.ine.gub.uy/fase1new/Canelones/divulgacion_Canelones.asp |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The depairtment is dividit intae aprox. 20 sections. Athin thir, thare are significant populations centers, some o which hae the status o municipality, ithers are pairt o recently formed ceeties bi decree, an then thare are an aa those that dae no hae enough indwallers an are therefore aften considered semple population entities wi nae mayor or govrenment, remainin unner the direct jurisdiction o the Municipality o Canelones (in Spainyie, ''Intendencia Municipal Canelones'' or ''Comuna Canaria''), which is based in the depairtmental caipital, [[Canelones]].

==History==
Canelones wis ane o the nine oreeginal depairtments creatit in 1830. Ower the years its bundaries hae chyngit little.

==Economy==
Agricultur is ane o the principal contributors tae the economy o Canelones. The cultivation o [[grapevine]]s is widespread, an the aurie is a major contributor tae Uruguay's burgeonin wine industry. In addition cereal crops, principally [[maize]] are produced, as are a wide variety o fruits an vegetables. Tourism, in the eastren coastal aurie, is an aw a major soorce o income for the depairtment, an haes enabled the development o important urban centres, sic as [[Atlántida, Uruguay|Atlántida]].

==Population an Demographics==
As o the census o 2004, thare wur 485,240 fowk&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ine.gub.uy/fase1new/Canelones/Cuadro7_03.XLS |title=2004 Census of Canelones department - table 7 |access-date=2011-08-25 |archive-date=2011-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721211604/http://www.ine.gub.uy/fase1new/Canelones/Cuadro7_03.XLS |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; an 153,931 households in the department. The average household size wis 3.2. For every 100 females, thare war 96.3 males.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ine.gub.uy/fase1new/Canelones/Cuadro9_03.XLS2004 Census of Canelones department - table 9]&lt;/ref&gt;
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
*Population growthe rate: 1.862% (2004)
*Birth Rate: 15.27 births/1,000 fowk (2004)
*Daith Rate: 8.10 daiths/1,000 fowk
*Average age: 31.6 (30.6 Males, 32.7 Females)
*Life Expectancy at Birth (2004)
**Tot population: 75.82 years
**Male: 72.17 years
**Female: 79.63 years
*Average Faimily Size: 2.04 childer/wumman
*Urban per caipita income (ceeties o 5,000 indwallers or maire): 10,295.2 pesos/month

===Main Urban Centres===
Population statit as per 2004 census.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ine.gub.uy/fase1new/canelones/canelones_pres.pdf INE Censo Fase I - 2004 (see p. 36 of 63)]&lt;/ref&gt;
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; 
! Ceety / Toun || Population
|- 
| [[Ciudad de la Costa]] || 83,888
|- 
| [[Las Piedras, Uruguay|Las Piedras]] || 69,222
|- 
| [[Pando, Uruguay|Pando]] || 24,004
|- 
| [[La Paz, Uruguay|La Paz]] || 19,832
|- 
| [[Canelones]] || 19,631
|- 
| [[Santa Lucía, Uruguay|Santa Lucía]] || 16,475
|- 
| [[Progreso, Uruguay|Progreso]] || 15,775
|- 
| [[Fracc. Camino Maldonado]] || 15,057
|- 
| [[Paso Carrasco]] || 15,028
|- 
| [[Barros Blancos]] || 13,553
|- 
| [[Colonia Nicolich]] || 8,811
|- 
| [[Villa Crespo y San Andrés]] || 8,756 
|- 
| [[Fraccionamiento Camino del Andaluz y Ruta 84]] || 7,145
|- 
| [[San Ramón, Uruguay|San Ramón]] || 6,992
|- 
| [[Salinas, Uruguay|Salinas]] * || 6,574
|- 
| [[Joaquín Suárez (toun)|Joaquín Suárez]] || 6,124
|- 
| [[Parque del Plata]] * || 5,900
|- 
| [[Sauce, Uruguay|Sauce]] || 5,797
|- 
| [[Tala, Uruguay|Tala]] || 4,939
|- 
| [[Atlántida, Uruguay|Atlántida]] * || 4,580
|- 
| [[Villa Aeroparque]] || 4,434
|- 
| [[Toledo, Uruguay|Toledo]] || 4,028
|}
{{col-2}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; 
! Ceety / Toun || Population
|- 
| [[Empalme Olmos]] || 3,978
|- 
| [[San Jacinto, Uruguay|San Jacinto]] || 3,909
|- 
| [[Santa Rosa, Uruguay|Santa Rosa]] || 3,660
|- 
| [[Pinamar - Pinepark]] * || 3,608
|- 
| [[Neptunia, Uruguay|Neptunia]] * || 3,554
|- 
| [[Marindia]] * || 2,586
|- 
| [[Estación Atlántida]] * || 2,358
|- 
| [[Las Toscas, Canelones|Las Toscas]] * || 2,222
|- 
| [[Migues]] || 2,180
|- 
| [[Cerrillos, Uruguay|Cerrillos]] || 2,080
|- 
| [[San Bautista]] || 1,880
|- 
| [[Dr. Francisco Soca]] || 1,742
|- 
| [[Montes, Uruguay|Montes]] || 1,713
|- 
| [[San Antonio, Canelones|San Antonio]] || 1,434
|- 
| [[Fraccionamiento Camino Maldonado]] || 1,414
|- 
| [[Villa San José]] || 1,407
|- 
| [[Juanicó]] || 1,256
|- 
| [[Villa Felicidad]] || 1,238
|- 
| [[San Luis, Uruguay|San Luis]] * || 1,224
|- 
| [[Estación La Floresta]] * || 1,222
|- 
| [[La Floresta, Uruguay|La Floresta]] * || 1,109
|- 
| [[Aguas Corrientes]] || 1,095
|}
{{col-end}}
(* Resorts o the [[Costa de Oro]])

=== Ither touns an veelages ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; 
! Toun / Veelage || Population
|- 
| [[City Golf]] || 8354
|- 
| [[Costa Azul]] || 826
|- 
| [[Barrio Cópola]] || 780
|- 
| [[Totoral del Sauce]] || 745
|- 
| [[Jardines de Pando]] || 673
|- 
| [[Estanque de Pando]] || 641
|- 
| [[Castellanos]] || 579
|- 
| [[Costa y Guillamón]] || 566
|- 
| [[Seis Hermanos]] || 553
|- 
| [[Villa Argentina]] || 552
|- 
| [[Barrio La Lucha]] || 537
|- 
| [[Villa El Tato]] || 508
|}

===Rural population===
Accordin tae the 2004 census, Canelones depairtment haes an additional rural poulation o 55,128.

==See an aa==
* [[Leet o populatit places in Uruguay#Canelones Depairtment]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Freemit airtins==
{{commonscat|Canelones Department}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160314012435/http://imcanelones.gub.uy/ Offeecial wabsteid]
*[http://www.montevideo.com.uy/enciclopedia/canelone.htm Enciclopedia Geografica del Uruguay - Canelones (Spainyie)]
*[http://www.ine.gub.uy/mapas/departamental/a0h_canelones.pdf INE map o Canelones]

{{Canelones Depairtment}}
{{Costa de Oro}}
{{Depairtments o Uruguay}}

[[Category:Canelones Depairtment| ]]
[[Category:Depairtments o Uruguay]]
[[Category:States an territories established in 1816]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ikaalinen</title>
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      <text bytes="3229" sha1="88lv1l519mndjvwko8j2l4sso0cup0d" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Ikaalinen sijainti Suomi.svg|150px|right]]

'''Ikaalinen''' ({{lang-sv|Ikalis}}) is a [[Leet o ceeties an touns in Finland|toun]] an [[municipalities o Finland|municipality]] o [[Finland]].

It is locatit in the [[Pirkanmaa]] [[regions o Finland|region]]. The toun haes a population o 6,850 (31.12.2023)&lt;ref name=&quot;population_count&quot; /&gt; an covers an aurie o 843.46 square kilometres (325.66 sq mi) o which 93.16 km2 (35.97 sq mi) is watter.&lt;ref name=&quot;total_area&quot; /&gt; The [[population density]] is 9.13 indwallers per square kilometre (25.6 /sq mi).

The municipality is unilingually [[Finnish leid|Finnish]].

==History==
Ikaalinen became an independent municipality in 1641. The associatit mercat toun wis foondit in 1858. The mercat toun an the municipality wur unitit in 1972 an Ikaalinen became a toun in 1977.

The centre o Ikaalinen is on the bonnie lake Kyrösjärvi nearbi the [[Finnish naitional road 3|heich-gate 3]] ([[European route E12|E12]]).

==Main sichts==
The [[Seitseminen Naitional Pairk|Seitseminen]] [[Naitional pairks o Finland|naitional pairk]] is pairtly locatit in the municipality.

Ikaalinen is an auld tourist attraction in Finland. Its spa tradeetion dates back tae the last century an fowk muisic, especially accordion muisic is ane o its tradeetions. Its bonnie landscape haes aaways fascinatit visitors.

==Economy==
Durin the last decades Ikaalinen developed intae a versatile service centre wi guid business, educational an recreational facilities. The day aboot 55% o the population earns its livin frae the service sector an 15% frae agricultur, which haes aaways providit an important soorce o income.

The biggest industrial plants are Finlayson, Upofloor, Georgia Pacific Paper, Amerplast, Honkarakenne, Keskus-Sähkö, H&amp;H Siporex an Katsa.

The Bike Station is locatit in Ikaalinen. Thay import Rohloff (manufacturer o the Speedhub), Schmidt (manufacturer o the legendary SON dynamo hub) an Weber (manufacturer o the heich quality bicycle trailers).

==Notable fowk==
[[:en:S. Albert Kivinen|S. Albert Kivinen]], the associate professor o philosophy o the [[University o Helsinki]], is the maist famous livin native o Ikaalinen, due tae his tongue-in-the-cheek horror stories written in [[H.P. Lovecraft|Lovecraftian]] style. His maist famous fictional work, ''Keskiyön Mato Ikaalisissa'' (&quot;The Midnicht Wirm in Ikaalinen&quot;), is a Lovecraftian story set in his childhuid surroondins in Ikaalinen.
==References==
{{reflist}}

==Freemit airtins==
{{commonscat-inline|Ikaalinen}}
* [http://www.ikaalinen.fi/english/ Toun o Ikaalinen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207051445/http://www.ikaalinen.fi/english/ |date=2009-02-07 }} – Offeecial wabsteid
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110910143216/http://www.bikestation.fi/ Bike Station] – Importer an Distributor o Rohloff, Weber an Schmidt bicycle products
* [http://www.bananaboys.fi/index_en.html Banana Boys] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110909235122/http://www.bananaboys.fi/index_en.html |date=2011-09-09 }} Fun durin your holiday in Ikaalinen

{{Pirkanmaa}}

[[Category:Ceeties an touns in Finland]]
[[Category:Municipalities o Pirkanmaa]]
[[Category:Populatit places established in 1858]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>M1117 Armored Security Vehicle</title>
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      <text bytes="5334" sha1="bp49cwgt888fhltx90rw97642ai7sro" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Weapon
|         name=M1117 Armored Security Vehicle
|        image=[[Image:Bulgarian m1117.JPG|300px]]
|      caption= M1117 Armored Security Vehicle in Bulgarie
|origin={{USA}}
|type= [[Internal security vehicle]]
|is_vehicle=yes
|manufacturer= [[Textron Marine &amp; Land Systems]]
|developer = [[Textron Marine &amp; Land Systems|Cadillac Gage]]
|wars = [[Operation Enduring Freedom]]&lt;br&gt;[[Operation Iraqi Freedom]] 
|service= 1999 - Present
|used_by= See ''[[M1117 Armored Security Vehicle#Operators|Operators]]''
|         crew= 3/1 passenger
|       length= 237 in (6.07 m)
|        width= 101 in (2.56 m)
|       height= 102 in (2.59 m)
|       weight= 29,560 lb (13,408 kg)
|       armour= IBD [[MEXAS|Modular Expandable Armor System]]
|      primary_armament= 40 mm [[Mk 19 grenade launcher]], .50 calibre [[M2 Browning machine gun#M2 variants|M2HB]]
|    secondary_armament= [[M240 machine gun#M240E5.2FM240H|M240H Medium Machine Gun]]
|       engine= Cummins 6CTA8.3
| Transmission=
| engine_power= 260 hp
|   suspension= 4×4 wheeled, fully independent
|   speed= 63 mph (100 km/h)
|     pw_ratio=
|        vehicle_range= 440 miles @ 40 mph
}}
The '''M1117 Guardian Armored Security Vehicle''', or ASV, is an [[internal security vehicle]] manufactured bi [[Textron Marine &amp; Land Systems|Cadillac Gage]] o [[Textron]] for uise bi the U.S. Airmy's [[Military Police Corps (Unitit States)|Military Police Corps]]. Its armament consists o an [[Mk 19 grenade launcher]] an [[M2 Browning Machine Gun]], muntit in a turret seemilar tae that uised on the [[US Marine Corp]]s' [[Amphibious Assault Vehicle]]; an a [[M240|M240H Medium Machine Gun]] muntit ootside the gunner's hatch. The vehicle haes acome vera popular wi U.S. Military Police Units an Convoy Security Units in [[Iraq]]. It is a mair hivily protectit an hivily airmit alternative tae the airmort [[Humvee]] which wis no oreeginally designed tae be a protectit fechtin vehicle.

==Variants==
The follaein variants are kent tae be in production/service:&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.gizmag.com/go/4277/ Armoured Security Vehicle (ASV) in demand in Iraq.]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Command &amp; Control
* Recovery Vehicle (Each ASV can flat tow anither ASV or [[HMMWV]])
* Reconnaissance Surveillance &amp; Target Acquisition (RSTA)
* [[Ambulance]]
* Infantry Carrier Vehicle (ICV, fancy name for an Armored Personnel Carrier (APC))
* [[M1200 Armored Knight|M1200 Armored Knight FiST-V]]

===Export variants===
Bulgarie uises a variant o the M1117 APC fittit wi a [[NSV machine gun|NSVT]] hivy machine gun insteid o the M2. No aw vehicles hae been convertit this wey.

The Iraqi Armored Personnel Carrier ASV variant is configured for transport.

==Operators==
* {{BUL}} - 7 (6 wi the troops in Afghanistan), mair tae be delivered. General Defence Staff o Bulgarie haes put a requirement for additional 30 units tae the Parliament.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.textronmarineandland.com/news/2008/01_14_08.htm |title=Textron Marine &amp; Land Completes ASV M1117 Sale to Bulgaria. |access-date=2011-12-14 |archive-date=2010-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116064448/http://www.textronmarineandland.com/news/2008/01_14_08.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{COL}} - 39, Uised bi the Airmy, it is expectit the acquisition o a batch o the same amunt. Thir vehicles are the Infantry Carrier Vehicle version, purchased tae supplement Colombie's recently acquired fleet o BTR-80's, anither 39 wur expectit tae came in operational service in 2012&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://maquina-de-combate.com/blog/archives/14822 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-12-14 |archive-date=2011-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025220031/http://maquina-de-combate.com/blog/archives/14822 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;. 
* {{IRQ}} - 184, uised bi [[Iraqi Polis|Iraqi Naitional Polis]] units. 80 mair tae be delivered.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2008/08/potential_iraqi_army.php Iraqi Army beefs up airmoured forces.]&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{USA}} - 1,836. The vehicle is primarily uised bi U.S. Military Police Units an Convoy Security Units in Iraq.

==See an aw==
*[[Infantry fechtin vehicle]]
*[[Leet o AFVs]]
*[[BRDM]] Soviet designed airmoured caur series
*[[Bravia Chaimite]]

==References==
*Doyle, David. ''Cadillac Gage V-100 Commando.'' 2008, Squadron Signal Publications. ISBN 978-0-89747-574-7.

{{reflist}}

==Freemit airtins==
*[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/asv.htm GlobalSecurity.org site on ASV]
*[http://www.textronmarineandland.com/pdfs/datasheets/asv_datasheet.pdf Armored Security Vehicle Data Sheet (PDF)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229065828/http://www.textronmarineandland.com/pdfs/datasheets/asv_datasheet.pdf |date=2009-12-29 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20201127203034/http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=c86_1198955250 Video o ASV]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L-shd3kn_8M M1117 in Iraq video]
*[http://www.army-technology.com/projects/m1117/ Army Technology article]

{{Modern IFV and APC}}
{{Commonscat|M1117 Guardian Armored Security Vehicle}}

[[Category:Textron]]
[[Category:Internal security vehicles]]
[[Category:Airmored personnel carriers o the Unitit States]]
[[Category:Airmoured fichtin vehicles o the post–Cauld War period]]
[[Category:Airmored fichtin vehicles o the Unitit States]]


{{Stub/Caur}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kabukichō</title>
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      <text bytes="6223" sha1="2dhbzwhd3m65mr2lug2xafr5ovprjr5" xml:space="preserve">'''Kabukichō''' ({{lang-ja|歌舞伎町|Kabuki-chō}}, {{IPA-ja|ka̠bɯ̟ᵝkʲi t͡ɕo̞ː|}}) is an enterteenment an [[reid-licht destrict]] in [[Shinjuku, Tokyo|Shinjuku]], [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]]. Kabukichō is the location o mony [[host an hostess clubs|hostess bar]]s, [[host an hostess clubs|host bar]]s, [[love hotel]]s, shops, restaurants, an nichtclubs, an is aften cried the &quot;Sleepless Toun&quot; (眠らない街). The destrict's name comes frae late-1940s plans tae build a [[kabuki]] theater. Awtho the theater wis niver built, the name stuck.

The aurie haes mony movie theaters, an is locatit near [[Shinjuku Station]], [[Seibu Shinjuku Station]], an several ither major railway an subway stations.

==History==
Oreeginally, the aurie wis kent as {{nihongo|'''Tsunohazu'''|角筈}} an wis a swamp. Efter the [[Meiji Period]], the aurie became a duck sanctuar. As the Yodobashi Purification Plant wis built in 1893, the ponds were filled in. In 1920, a girl's schuil wis built there, and the surroundings wur developit intae a residential aurie. Durin [[Warld War II]], the [[Bombin o Tokyo in World War II|bombin o Tokyo]] in 1945 razit the aurie tae the grund. Efter the war, a kabuki theatre wis planned tae be built thare an the toun changit its name tae Kabukichō. Though the theatre wis cancelled due tae financial problems, the name remained. Kabukichō wis quickly redevelopit efter the war, mainly due tae the efforts o the [[Cheenese fowk in Japan|owerseas Cheenese in Japan]] who bocht laund left unuised efter the expos an greatly developit them. Examples o such fowk include the foonder o [[Humax]], [[Lin Yiwen]], wha stairtit his business wi a [[cabaret]].

At present, Kabukichō haes transformit frae a residential aurie tae a warld famous red-licht destrict hoosin ower three thoosan bars, nichtclubs, love hotels, massage parlours, hostess clubs an the like. Awtho referred here as a &quot;reid licht destrict&quot;, thare are nae red lichts in the literal sense wi prostitutes in the windaes as in Amsterdam. Recently, tourism frae Cheenae an Korea are on the rise, an so, mony tourists can be seen in Kabukichō even durin daytime.

==Creeme==
[[File:Kabukicho ichibangai.jpg|thumb|Entrance o Kabukichō at daytime.]]
Accordin tae a spokesperson o Metropolitan Tokyo in 2004, there are mair nor 1,000 [[yakuza]] members in Kabukichō, an 120 different enterprises unner their control.&lt;ref name=&quot;yakuza&quot;&gt;2004年1月19日竹花東京都副知事発言・歌舞伎町住民との懇談会&lt;/ref&gt;

Enterin the new millennium, laws wur mair strictly enforcit an patrols became mair frequent. These, addin tae the installation o fifty [[closed-circuit camera]]s in Mey 2002, reducit creeminal activities in Kabukichō, amidst controversy.

In 2004, the polis unnerteuk an operation clampin doun on illegal clubs an [[bordel]]s, causin mony tae go oot o business. An aw, thare is a muivement tae rid Kabukichō o the yakuza (&quot;bad haund&quot; gangs), kent as the Kabukichō Renaissance.

==In cultur==
Kabukichō is featurt in a nummer o media:
*''[[Shinjuku Incident]]'', a 2009 [[Jackie Chan]] movie set in the early '90s aboot Cheenese immigrants in Japan
*''[[Fuyajo]]'', novel bi [[Hase Seishu]]. An aw, a movie based on the novel that wis filmit in Kabukichō&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://imdb.com/title/tt0169929/|title=IMDB entry on the movie &quot;Fuyajō&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*''[[Enter the Void]]'', a film bi [[Gaspar Noé]], wis pairtly filmit an set in Kabukichō&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.avclub.com/articles/gaspar-noe,45554/|title=Interview with Gaspar Noé for the A.V. club|access-date=2012-03-07|archive-date=2012-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119040351/http://www.avclub.com/articles/gaspar-noe,45554/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*''A Guide of the Sleepless Town'', novel bi [[Lee Xiaomu]]
*''[http://tokyorealtime.com TOKYO REALTIME: Kabukicho] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521222139/https://tokyorealtime.com/ |date=2022-05-21 }}'', an audio guidit tour o Kabukicho producit bi Max Hodges
*''[[In the Miso Soup]]'', novel bi [[Ryu Murakami]]
*''Dreaming Pachinko'', novel bi [[Isaac Adamson]]
*&quot;Kabukichō No Joō&quot;, sang bi [[Shiina Ringo]]
*''[[The School of Water Business]]'', novel bi [[Hikaru Murozumi]]
*''[[Shin Megami Tensei: Nocturne]]'', a [[role-playin video game]] bi [[Atlus]]
*[[Yakuza (series)|''Yakuza'' series]], an [[Action-adventur gemme]] bi [[Sega]] featurs a fictionalizit Kabukichō as ''Kamurocho''
*''Ugly Americans'', novel bi [[Ben Mezrich]]
*''[[Pattern Recognition (novelle)|Pattern Recognition]]'', novel bi [[William Gibson]]
*&quot;[[Shin Pet Shop of Horrors]]&quot;, manga bi Matsuri Akino
*The manga ''[[Gintama]]'' by [[Hideaki Sorachi]] is mostly focused around a fictional version of Kabukichou in the late 19th century
*''[[Tokyo Vice]]'', beuk bi [[Jake Adelstein]]

&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Kabukicho Gate at night.jpg|Ane o the entrances tae Kabukichō
File:Kabu001.png|Bricht lichts o Kabukichō
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==See an aw==
* [[Kyabakura Union]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Freemit airtins==
* [http://www.d-kabukicho.com/en/ Kabukicho Renaissance offeecial wabsteid - Kabukicho toun information -] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100804074445/http://www.d-kabukicho.com/en/ |date=2010-08-04 }} {{en icon}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060610075712/http://www.kabukicho.or.jp/ KABUKI町 Kabukicho ptal site] {{ja icon}}
* [http://kabukicho-commune.jp/ Kabukicho Commune] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091012040720/http://kabukicho-commune.jp/ |date=2009-10-12 }} {{ja icon}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060610075712/http://www.kabukicho.or.jp/ @GEHA Kabukicho Renewal Alliance] {{ja icon}}
* [http://kabuki-cho.blog.so-net.ne.jp/  Kabukicho Renaissance blog,Koichi Teratani, a documentary maker and authority on Kabukicho] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320115837/http://kabuki-cho.blog.so-net.ne.jp/ |date=2012-03-20 }} {{ja icon}}

{{Neebourheids o Tokyo}}

{{Coord|35.69388|N|139.703422|E|source:dewiki_region:JP-13_type:city|format=dms|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kabukicho, Tokyo}}
[[Category:Shinjuku]]
[[Category:Reid-licht destricts in Japan]]
[[Category:Neebourheids o Tokyo]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Castile an León</title>
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      <text bytes="5571" sha1="7mjfcc3jpryrs9r6jf7yk9jgmcz7kv6" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = Castilla an León
| native_name             = {{lang|es|''Castilla y León''}} {{es icon}}
| official_name           = 
| settlement_type         = [[Autonomous commonties o Spain|Autonomous Commonty]]
| image_skyline           = 
| imagesize               = 
| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = 
| image_flag              = Bandera de Castilla y León.svg
| flag_size               = 150x100px
| flag_alt                = Banner o Castile an León
| image_shield            = Coat of Arms of Castile and Leon.svg
| shield_size             = 100x100px
| shield_alt              = Coat o airms o Castile an León
| motto                   = 
| image_map               = Localización_de_Castilla_y_León.svg
| mapsize                 = 
| map_alt                 =
| map_caption             = Map o Castile an León
| coordinates             = {{coord|41|23|N|4|27|W|region:ES-CL_type:adm1st|display=inline}}
| coor_pinpoint           =
| subdivision_type = [[Kintra]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Spain}} 
| seat_type               = Caipital
| seat                    = [[Valladolid]] (de facto&lt;ref&gt;{{es icon}} [http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2010/02/01/castillayleon/1265053518.html &quot;El PP renuncia a solicitar la capitalidad para evitar conflictos entre provincias&quot;] ''[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]]''. Retrieved 10 October 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;)
| area_total_km2          = 94222
| area_footnotes          = (18.6% o Spain; [[Leet o Spaingie autonomous commonties bi aurie|Rankit 1st]])
| population_as_of        = 2005
| population_footnotes    = 
| population_total        = 2510849
| population_note         =  
| population_blank1_title = [[Leet o Spaingie autonomous commonties bi population|Pop. rank]]
| population_blank1       = 6t
| population_blank2_title = Percent
| population_blank2       = 5.7% o Spain
| population_density_km2  = auto
| demographics1_name1     = [[Ethnic groups]]
| demographics1_info1     = 
| demographics_type2      = [[Demonym]]
| demographics2_name1     = English
| demographics2_info1     = Castilian-Leonese,&lt;br /&gt; Castilian an Leonese
| demographics2_name2     = [[Spaingie leid|Spanish=Castilian, Leonese]]
| demographics2_info2     = ''castellanoleonés'',&lt;br /&gt;''castellano'' an ''leonés''
| demographics2_name3     = 
| demographics2_info3     = 
| blank1_name_sec1        = [[Offeecial leid]]s
| blank1_info_sec1        = [[Spaingie leid|Spaingie]] ([[Leonese leid|Leonese]] an [[Galicie leid|Galicie]] hae special status)
| blank2_name_sec1        = Statute o Autonomy
| blank2_info_sec1        = 2 Mairch 1983
| blank_name_sec2         = Parliament
| blank_info_sec2         = [[Cortes Generales]]
| blank1_name_sec2        = [[Congress o Deputies (Spain)|Congress seats]]
| blank1_info_sec2        = 33 (o 350)
| blank2_name_sec2        = [[Spainyie Senate|Senate seats]]
| blank2_info_sec2        = 30 (o 264)
| postal_code_type        = [[ISO 3166-2:ES|ISO 3166-2]]
| postal_code             = CL
| leader_title            = Preses
| leader_name             = [[Juan Vicente Herrera]] ([[Fowkpairty (Spain)|PP]])
| leader_party            = 
| website                 = [http://www.jcyl.es Junta de Castilla y León]
| footnotes               = 
}}
'''Castile and León''' ({{IPAc-en|lang|k|æ|ˈ|s|t||iː|l|_|ən|_|l|eɪ|ˈ|oʊ|n|}}; {{lang-es|Castilla y León}} {{IPA-es|kasˈtiʎa i leˈon||Es-es_castilla-y-leon_001.ogg}}; [[Leonese language|Leonese]]: ''Castiella y Llión'' {{IPA-ast|kasˈtjeʎa i ʎiˈoŋ|}}; {{lang-gl|Castela e León}} {{IPA-gl|kasˈtɛla e leˈoŋ|}}) is an [[Autonomous commonties o Spain|autonomous commonty]] in northwastrern [[Spain]]. It wis sae constitutit in 1983 an it comprises the [[naitionalities an regions o Spain|historical regions]] o [[León (historical region)|León]] an [[Auld Castile]] (Spaingie: ''Castilla la Vieja''). It is the lairgest autonomous commonty in Spain, coverin an aurie o {{convert|94223|km2|sqmi}} wi an offícial population o aroond 2.5 million (2005).

The organic law o Castile an León, unner the [[Spaingie Constitution o 1978]], is the region's [[Statute o Autonomy]]. The statute lays oot the basic laws o the region an defines a series o essential values an sýmbols o the inhabitants o Castile an León, sic as their linguistic patrimony (the Castilian leid, that Scots speakers commonly refer tae simply as Spaingie, an [[Leonese leid|Leonese]] an [[Galicie leid|Galicie]] forby), an their historic, airtistic, an natural patrimony an aa. Ither sýmbols alludit tae are the coat o airms, flag, an banner; there is allusion tae a regional [[anthem]] an aa, tho as o 2009 nane haes been adoptit. Aprile 23 is designatit [[Castile an León Day]], commemoratin the defeat o the ''comuneros'' at the [[Battle o Villalar]] durin the [[Revolt o the Comuneros]], in 1521.

== See an aa ==
* [[Castilian-Leonese cuisine]]
* [[Kinrick o Castile]]
* [[Kinrick o León]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Freemit airtins ==
* [http://www.ccyl.es/ Cortes de Castilla y León (Regional Pairlament)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/19981212023626/http://www.ccyl.es/ |date=1998-12-12 }} {{es icon}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110224050907/http://www.jcyl.es/ Junta de Castilla y León (Regional Govrenment)] (Maistly in Spaingie)

{{Admeenistrative diveesions o Spain}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Castile An Leon}}
[[Category:Castile an León| ]]
[[Category:Castile]]
[[Category:NUTS 2 statistical regions o the European Union]]
[[Category:States an territories established in 1983]]</text>
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    <title>Pas-de-Calais</title>
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      <text bytes="7425" sha1="n0flo90bpxq6ju79eoztszr4lwre7t2" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox department
| name                    = Pas-de-Calais
| native_name_lang        = fr
| type                    = [[Depairtments o Fraunce|Depairtment]]
| image_shield            = Blason département fr Pas-de-Calais.svg
| image_map               = Pas-de-Calais-Position.svg 
| map_caption             = Location o Pas-de-Calais in Fraunce
| coordinates             = {{coord|50|57|N|1|51|E|region:FR_type:adm2nd|display=inline}}
| subdivision_type        = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]]
| subdivision_name        = [[Fraunce]]
| subdivision_type1       = [[Regions o Fraunce|Region]]
| subdivision_name1       = [[Nord-Pas-de-Calais]]
| seat_type               = [[Prefecturs in Fraunce|Prefectur]]
| seat                    = [[Arras]]
| parts_type              = [[Subprefecturs in Fraunce|Subprefecturs]]
| parts_style             = para
| p1                      = [[Béthune]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Boulogne-sur-Mer]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Calais]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Lens, Pas-de-Calais|Lens]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Montreuil, Pas-de-Calais|Montreuil]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Saint-OmerSaint-Omer]]
| leader_title            = [[Preses o the General Cooncil]]
| leader_name             = Dominique Dupilet
| unit_pref               = Metric
| area_footnotes          = {{ref|area|1}}
| area_total_km2          = 6671
| population_total        = 1453387
| population_as_of        = 2006
| population_rank         = [[Leet o French depairtments bi population|7t]]
| population_density_km2  = auto
| blank_name_sec1         = [[Depairtments o Fraunce|Depairtment number]]
| blank_info_sec1         = 62
| blank_name_sec2         = [[Arrondissements o Fraunce|Arrondissements]]
| blank_info_sec2         = [[arrondissements o the Pas-de-Calais depairtment|7]]
| blank1_name_sec2        = [[Cantons in Fraunce|Cantons]]
| blank1_info_sec2        = [[cantons o the Pas-de-Calais depairtment|77]]
| blank2_name_sec2        = [[Communes in Fraunce|Communes]]
| blank2_info_sec2        = [[communes o the Pas-de-Calais depairtment|894]]
| timezone1               = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset1             = +1
| timezone1_DST           = [[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset1_DST         = +2
| footnotes               = {{note|area|1}} French Land Register data, which exclude [[estuary|estuaries]], an lakes, ponds, an glaciers lairger than 1 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
}}
'''Pas-de-Calais''' ({{IPA-fr|pɑ d(ə) kalɛ}}) is a [[Depairtments o Fraunce|depairtment]] in northren [[Fraunce]]. Its name is the [[French leid|French]] equivalent o the [[Strait o Dover]], which it borders.

==History==
Inhabitit syne prehistoric times, the Pas-de-Calais region wis populatit in turn by the Celtic [[Belgae]], the [[Auncient Roum|Romans]], the [[Germanic fowks|Germanic]] [[Franks]] an the [[Alemanni]]. Durin the fowert an fift centuries, the Roman practice o cooptin Germanic tribes tae provide militar an defense services alang the route frae [[Boulogne-sur-Mer|Boulogne]] tae [[Cologne]] creatit a Germanic-Romance linguistic border in the region that persistit till the aicht century.

[[Saxons|Saxon]] colonization intae the region frae the fift tae the aicht centuries likely extendit the linguistic border somewha sooth an wast so that bi the nint century maist inhabitants north o the line atween [[Béthune]] an [[Berck]] spoke a dialect o [[Middle Dutch]], while the inhabitants tae the sooth spoke [[Picard leid|Picard]], a variety o [[Romance leids|Romance dialects]]. 

This linguistic border is still evident the day in the [[toponyms]] an [[patronyms]] o the region. Beginnin in the nint century, the linguistic border began a steady muive tae north an the east, an bi the end o the 15t century Romance dialects haed completely displacit those o [[Dutch leid|Dutch]]. 

Pas-de-Calais is ane o the oreeginal 83 depairtments creatit durin the [[French Revolution]] on March 4, 1790. It was created from parts of the [[provinces o Fraunce|umwhile provinces]] o [[Calaisis]], umwhile Inglis, [[Boulonnais (land aurie)|Boulonnais]], [[Ponthieu]] an [[Artois]], this last umwhile pairt o the [[Spainyie Netherlands]].

Some o the costliest battles o [[Warld War I]] wur focht in the region. The [[Vimy Memorial]] commemorates the [[Battle o Vimy Ridge]] an is [[Canadae]]'s maist important memorial tae its fallen sodgers. 

Pas-de-Calais wis the target o [[Operation Fortitude]] an aw durin [[Warld War II]], which wis an [[Allied]] plan tae deceive [[Oberkommando der Wehrmacht|the Germans]] that the [[Operation Overlord|invasion o Europe]] at D-Day wis tae occur here, rather than in [[Normandy]].

==Geografie==
[[Image:Pas de Calais.png|325px|thumb|Ceeties &gt; 10,000 inhabitants]]
Pas-de-Calais is in the current [[Regions o Fraunce|region]] o [[Nord-Pas de Calais]] an is surroondit bi the depairtments o [[Nord (French depairtment)|Nord]] an [[Somme]], the [[Inglis Channel]], an the [[North Sea]].

Its principal touns are, on the coast, [[Calais]] an [[Boulogne-sur-Mer]], an in Artois, [[Lens, Pas-de-Calais|Lens]], [[Liévin]], [[Arras]], an [[Saint-Omer]].

The principal rivers are the follaein:
*[[Authie River|Authie]]
*[[Canche]]
*[[Ternoise]]
*[[Liane]]
*[[Sensée]]
*[[Scarpe (river)|Scarpe]]
*[[Deûle]]
*[[Lys River|Lys]]
*[[Aa River, Fraunce|Aa]]

==Economy==
The economy o the department wis lang dependent on [[minin]], primarily the [[Coal minin|coal mine]]s. Housomeivver, syne [[Warld War II]], the economy haes become mair diversifee'd.

==Demographics==
The inhabitants o the depairtment are cried ''Pas-de-Calaisiens''.

Pas-de-Calais is ane o the maist hivily populatit depairtments o Fraunce, an yet it haes nae lairge ceeties. [[Calais]] haes anerlie aboot 80,000 inhabitants, follaeed closely bi [[Arras]], [[Boulogne-sur-Mer]], [[Lens, Pas-de-Calais|Lens]] an [[Liévin]]. The remainin population is primarily concentratit alang the border wi the depairtment o Nord in the minin destrict, whare a string o sma touns constitutes an urban aurie wi a population o aboot 1.2 million. The center an sooth o the depairtment are mair rural, but still quite hivily populatit, wi mony veelages an sma touns.

Although the depairtment saw some o the hiviest fechtin o [[Warld War I]], its population reboondit quickly efter baith warld wars. Housomeivver, many of the mining towns have seen dramatic decreases in population, some up to half of their population.

==Cultur==
Although Pas-de-Calais is ane o the maist populous depairtments o Fraunce, it did no contain a university till 1992.

==See an aw==
*[[Cantons o the Pas-de-Calais depairtment]]
*[[Communes o the Pas-de-Calais depairtment]]
*[[Arrondissements o the Pas-de-Calais depairtment]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Freemit airtins==
* {{fr icon}} [http://www.pas-de-calais.pref.gouv.fr/ Prefectur wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023053723/http://www.pas-de-calais.pref.gouv.fr/ |date=2013-10-23 }} 
{{Geographic Location
|title = '''Neebourin Inglis coonties an French depairtments'''
|Centre    = Pas-de-Calais
|North     = [[Nord (French depairtment)|Nord]]
|Northeast = [[Nord (French depairtment)|Nord]]
|East      = [[Nord (French depairtment)|Nord]]
|Southeast = [[Somme]] &lt;br&gt;
|South     = [[Somme]]
|Southwest = [[Somme]]
|West      = ''[[Inglis Channel]]''
|Northwest = ''[[North Sea]]''&lt;br&gt; [[Kent]], [[Unitit Kinrick]]
}}

{{Arrondissements o Pas-de-Calais}}
{{Depairtments o Fraunce}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pas-De-Calais}}
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    <title>Ian Rankin</title>
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{{Infobox writer
 | name        = Ian Rankin
 | honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|OBE|DL|FRSE|FRSL}}
 | image       = IanRankin.jpg
 | imagesize   =
 | caption     = Ian Rankin in August 2007
 | pseudonym   = Jack Harvey
 | birth_name  = Ian James Rankin
 | birth_date  = {{Birth date and age|1960|04|28|df=y}}
 | birth_place = [[Cardenden]], [[Fife]], Scotland
 | death_date  =
 | death_place =
 | occupation  = Crime Writer
 | nationality =  Scots
 | period      = 1984–present
 | genre       = [[Crime Fiction]]
 | subject     =
 | notableworks = DI John Rebus novels&lt;br/&gt;Malcolm Fox novels&lt;br/&gt;''Dark Entries''
 | signature   =
 | website     = {{URL|http://www.ianrankin.net}}
 | spouse   = {{marriage|Miranda Harvey|1986}}
 | children = 2
 | module = {{Listen |embed= yes |filename= Ian_Rankin_BBC_Radio4_Desert_Island_Discs_6_Nov_2011_b016vh1b.flac |title= Ian Rankin's voice |type= speech |description= frae the BBC programme ''[[Desert Island Discs]]'', 6 November 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite episode |title= Ian Rankin |series= Desert Island Discs |serieslink= Desert Island Discs |url= http://bbc.co.uk/programmes/b016vh1b |station= [[BBC Radio 4]] |date= 6 November 2011 |accessdate= 18 January 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; }}
}}
'''Ian James Rankin''' OBE DL FRSE FRSL (born 28 Aprile 1960) is a Scots crime writer that is maist weel-kent fur his Inspector Rebus novelles. He haes written several pieces o literar criticism as weel.

==Early life==
Rankin wis born in Cardenen, [[Fife]]. His faither awnt a grocery shop an his maither wirked in a schuil canteen.&lt;ref name = Sturgis&gt;{{cite news|last1=Sturgis|first1=India|title=If I Could See Me Now... What Your Younger Self Would Make of you Today – Ian Rankin|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|issue = Weekend supplement |date=26 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; He wis scuiled at Beath Hie Schuil, [[Coudenbeith]]. His fowks wis scunnert whan he waled tae study literatur, as thay'd expectit him tae study fur a trade.&lt;ref name = Sturgis /&gt; Heezed up bi his Inglis teacher, he huild at it an graduatit in 1982 fae the [[Varsity o Edinburgh]], whaur he wirked on a doctorate on [[Murial Spark]] forby, but didnae fienish it.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCProfile&quot; /&gt; He haes taucht at the varsity an retains a active pairt wi the James Tate Memorial Prize.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Pauli |first1=Michelle |title=McEwan's Saturday wins UK's oldest literary prize |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2006/jun/07/jamestaitblackprize.awardsandprizes |access-date=28 February 2021 |work=the Guardian |publisher=Guardian News &amp; Media Limited |date=7 June 2006 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

He bade in Tottenham, Lunnon, fur fower year than rural Fraunce fur sax year while he fordert his career as a novelist.&lt;ref&gt;Rankin, I. (1998) ''Tooth &amp; Nail''. London: Orion. p. vii.&lt;/ref&gt; Afore becomin a fou-time novelist, he wirked as a grape picker, swineherd, taxman, alcohol resaircher, jurnalist, college secretar an punk muisicker in a baund cried the Dancing Pigs.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.januarymagazine.com/profiles/ianrankin.html &quot;Profile: Ian Rankin&quot;], ''January Magazine''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bookslut.com/features/2005_04_005009.php &quot;Ian Rankin&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302101046/http://www.bookslut.com/features/2005_04_005009.php |date=2011-03-02 }}, Bookslut, April 2005.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name = Sturgis/&gt;

==Career==
Rankin set oot tae be a mainstream scriever an thocht his furst novelles, ''Knots and Crosses'' an ''Hide and Seek'' wis mainstream beuks, in keepin wi the traditions o [[Robert Louis Stevenson]] an e'en Murial Spark. He wis discomfitit bi thaim bein cried genre fiction. [[Alan Massie]], the Scots writer that tutort Rankin while Massie wis writer-in-residence, telt him &quot;Div ye think John Buchan iver wirrit aboot whether he wis writin literatur or no?&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Barnett&quot;&gt;{{cite news|author=Barnett, Laura|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/dec/11/ian-rankin-portrait|newspaper=The Guardian|title=Ian Rankin, Author—Portrait of the Artist|date=11 December 2012|accessdate= 8 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rankin's Inspector Rebus novelles is set mainly in [[Edinburgh]]. Thay ur thocht tae be major contributions tae the tairtan noir genre.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=MacBride |first1=Stuart |title=Tartan Noir: A very strange beast |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/1khlNTRKjnchr1WqG1K7tNV/tartan-noir-a-very-strange-beast |access-date=16 January 2021 |work=www.bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC |date=12 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ten o the novelles wis adaptit as a telly series on ITV featurin John Hannah as Rebus in series 1 an 2 wi Ken Stott as Rebus in series 3-5.

In 2009, Rankin donatit the short story &quot;Fieldwork&quot; tae Oxfam's ''Ox-Tales'' project, fower quairs o UK stories scrieved bi 38 authors. His story wis furthset in the &quot;Earth&quot; quair.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ox&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oxfam.org.uk/shop/content/books/books_oxtales.html |title=Ox-Tales |publisher=Oxfam.org.uk |date= |access-date=4 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090520182004/http://www.oxfam.org.uk/shop/content/books/books_oxtales.html |archive-date=20 May 2009 |df= }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Ian Rankin signing Dark Entries in Forbidden Planet Edinburgh 06.jpg|thumb|Rankin pittin his name tae copies o his debut graphic novelle, ''Dark Entries'', in the Edinburgh [[Forbidden Planet]] International store in December 2009.]]

In 2009, Rankin said on Radio Five Live that he wid stairt wirk on a five- or sax-issue rin o the comic beuk ''Hellblazer'', tho he micht turn the story intae a staund-alane graphic novelle insteid. The Vertigo Comics panel at Wondercon 2009 confirmt the story wid be a graphic novelle, ''Dark Entries'', the seicont release frae the company's Vertigo Crime imprint.&lt;ref name=&quot;DarkEntries&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=WC: Vertigo - Innovative and Provocative |date=1 March 2009 |url=http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&amp;id=20252 |publisher=[[Comic Book Resources]] |accessdate=2 March 2009 |archive-date=2009-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304114037/http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&amp;id=20252 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.newsarama.com/comics/030925-Vertigo-Rankin.html |title=Starting Vertigo's Crime Line: Ian Rankin on Dark Entries |publisher=[[Newsarama]] |date=25 March 2009 |access-date=2020-09-17 |archive-date=2009-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090328003345/http://www.newsarama.com/comics/030925-Vertigo-Rankin.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first=Steve |last=Duin |url=http://www.oregonlive.com/books/index.ssf/2009/04/ian_rankin_vs_brian_azzarello.html |title=Ian Rankin vs. Brian Azzarello |newspaper=[[The Oregonian]] |date=7 April 2009 |access-date=2020-09-17 |archive-date=2009-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411105013/http://www.oregonlive.com/books/index.ssf/2009/04/ian_rankin_vs_brian_azzarello.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2011, ten [[Scots beuk sculptures|sculptures]] makit o beuks wis anonymously left in places in Edinburgh. Three o the sculptures uised Rankin's beuks as bases, bein ''Exit Music'',&lt;ref name=CS&gt;{{cite news|title=Mysterious paper sculptures|url=http://thisiscentralstation.com/featured/mysterious-paper-sculptures/|work=Central Stn|first=Chris|last=Scott|accessdate=16 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213175102/http://thisiscentralstation.com/featured/mysterious-paper-sculptures/|archive-date=2019-12-13|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Knots and Crosses'',&lt;ref name=Scotland&gt;{{cite news|title=Edinburgh’s mysterious book sculptures to go on display|url=http://www.scotland.org/features/edinburghs-mysterious-book-sculptures-to-go-on-display|work=Scotland|date=August 2012|accessdate=16 December 2012|archive-date=2015-11-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127123858/http://www.scotland.org/features/edinburghs-mysterious-book-sculptures-to-go-on-display/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; an ''Hide and Seek''.&lt;ref name=CS /&gt;&lt;ref name=EC&gt;{{cite news|title=Final chapter in book sculpture mystery revealed|url=http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/news/article/723/final_chapter_in_book_sculpture_mystery_revealed|work=Edinburgh Council|date=25 November 2011|accessdate=16 December 2012|archive-date=2016-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508085713/http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/news/article/723/final_chapter_in_book_sculpture_mystery_revealed|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ainither ane o the sculptures depictit a cinema audience, wi ane o the audience memmers bearin Rankin's face.&lt;ref name=CS/&gt; A final eleveint sculpture, makit frae a copy o Rankin's novelle ''The Impossible Dead'', wis gien tae him on the 25 November 2011.&lt;ref name=CS/&gt;

In 2013, Rankin co-wrate the play ''Dark Road'' wi Mark Thomson, the artistic director o the [[Royal Lyceum Theatre]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.list.co.uk/article/54887-edinburgh-lyceums-mark-thomson-discusses-dark-road-the-first-play-by-ian-rankin/ | title=Mark Thomson Discusses Dark Road, the First Play by Ian Rankin | publisher=[[The List (magazine)|The List]] | work=list.co.uk | date=17 September 2013 | accessdate=19 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/liam-rudden-lyceum-aims-for-top-rankin-with-dark-road-1-2915455 | title=Lyceum Aims for Top Rankin with Dark Road | publisher=[[The Scotsman]] | work=scotsman.com | date=1 May 2013 | accessdate=19 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The play, that wis Rankin's furst time scrievin a play,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/home-news/ian-rankin-turns-his-pen-from-rebus-to-stage-play.20959653 | title=Ian Rankin Turns His Pen from Rebus to Stage Play | publisher=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]] | work=heraldscotland.com | date=1 May 2013 | accessdate=19 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; furst shawed at the Lyceum Theatre, Edinburgh, in September 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://news.stv.tv/east-central/223477-rebus-author-ian-rankin-debuts-first-play-as-part-of-lyceum-new-season/ | title=The Lyceum to Host Ian Rankin's Debut Play as Part of New Season | publisher=[[Scottish Television|STV]] | work=news.stv.tv | date=30 April 2013 | accessdate=19 October 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233201/http://news.stv.tv/east-central/223477-rebus-author-ian-rankin-debuts-first-play-as-part-of-lyceum-new-season/ | archive-date=3 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2005, Ian Rankin wis pit forrit as the tent best sellin writer in Britain, accoontin fur 10% o aw crime fiction selt.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Wroe |first1=Nicholas |title=Profile: Ian Rankin |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2005/may/28/crime.ianrankin |access-date=3 March 2021 |work=the Guardian |date=27 May 2005 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He writes unner the name Jack Harvey as weel.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCProfile&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=BBC Two - Writing Scotland - Ian Rankin |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/profiles/50K0MJNnc2wpqh68Vp4TllY/ian-rankin |website=BBC |access-date=3 March 2021 |date=5 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129012815/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/profiles/50K0MJNnc2wpqh68Vp4TllY/ian-rankin |archive-date=2020-11-29 |url-status=bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Documentaries==
Rankin aften contributes tae the BBC Two arts programme ''Newsnight Review''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Lawson |first1=Mark |title=Why mixing art and news adds drama |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/newsnight/newsnight25/4212087.stm |access-date=28 February 2021 |work=BBC |agency=BBC |publisher=BBC |date=28 January 2005 |lang=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; His three-pairt documentary series on the subjeck o ill wis braidcast on Channel 4 in December 2002. In 2005 he kytht in a 30-mintie documentary on BBC Four cried ''Rankin on the Staircase'', whaur he speirt oot the relationship atween real-life cases an crime fiction. It wis lowsely based on the Michael Peterson murther case, as kivert bi Jean-Xavier Lestrade's documentary series Death on the Staircase. The same year he jynt wi fowk muisicker [[Jackie Leven]] on the album ''Jackie Leven Said''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Bourke |first1=Kevin |title=Ian Rankin: accidental crime |url=https://www.bigissuenorth.com/features/2020/10/ian-rankin-accidental-crime/ |access-date=28 February 2021 |work=Big Issue North |date=16 October 2020 |lang=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2007, Rankin kytht in twa programmes fur BBC Four titled &quot;Ian Rankin's Hidden Edinburgh&quot; and &quot;Ian Rankin Investigates Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde&quot;, explorin the oreegin o his chairacter John Rebus an the events o his creation.

He kytht in the telly shaw ''Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations'', takin a trip throu Edinburgh wi writer/ceuk Anthony Bourdain.

==Muisic==
Rankin is the singer o the sax-piece baund Best Picture, foondit bi jurnalists Kenny Farquharson (''[[The Times]]'') an Euan McColl (''[[The Scotsman]]'') in 2017, and featurin [[The Bluebells|Bobby Bluebell]] on guitar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Farquharson |first1=Kenny |title=The six dads about to rock salute you |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/the-six-dads-about-to-rock-salute-you-t3x52wf5j |accessdate=28 July 2018 |newspaper=The Times |date=24 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thay released a single &quot;Isabelle&quot; on [[Oriel Records]] in October 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Ross |first1=Peter |title=Rebus and roll: Ian Rankin’s new gig as a ‘dad rock’ singer |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/shortcuts/2017/oct/15/rebus-and-roll-ian-rankin-new-gig-as-a-dad-rock-singer |accessdate=28 July 2018 |newspaper=The Guardian |date=15 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thay makit their live furst shaw at the [[Kendal Calling]] muisic fest on 28 July 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Best Picture - Kendal Calling |url=https://www.kendalcalling.co.uk/artists/best-picture |website=Kendal Calling |accessdate=28 July 2018 |archive-date=2020-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028085340/https://www.kendalcalling.co.uk/artists/best-picture |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Personal life==
He bides in Edinburgh wi his wife Miranda, that he met at varsity and waddit in 1986, an thair twa loons John Morgan &quot;Jack&quot; Harvey-Rankin (born 1992) an Christopher Connor &quot;Kit&quot; Harvey-Rankin (born 1994). Thay bade in the [[Merchiston]]/[[Morningside, Edinburgh|Morningside]] area fur a curn years,&lt;ref name=&quot;Williams-Akoto&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Williams-Akoto |first1=Tessa |title=My Home: Ian Rankin, crime writer |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/property/house-and-home/property/my-home-ian-rankin-crime-writer-317152.html |accessdate=29 November 2019 |work=The Independent |date=5 October 2005 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; near aboots the authors [[JK Rowling]], [[Alexander McCall Smith]] and [[Kate Atkinson]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Mitchell |first1=Hilary |title=Welcome to the 'Writer's Block' - spotlight on exclusive Edinburgh area after Ian Rankin sells house |url=https://www.edinburghlive.co.uk/news/edinburgh-news/welcome-writers-block-spotlight-exclusive-16257774 |accessdate=29 November 2019 |work=Edinburgh Live |date=10 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; afore flittin tae a penthouse flat in the umwhile [[Edinburgh Royal Infirmary]] biggin in [[Quartermile]] in [[Lauriston]].&lt;ref name=&quot;MacDonald&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=MacDonald |first1=Stuart |title=Author Ian Rankin cashes in on Edinburgh mansion after £2.1 million sale |url=https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/lifestyle/author-ian-rankin-cashes-edinburgh-mansion-after-ps21-million-sale-546995 |accessdate=29 November 2019 |work=Edinburgh Evening News |date=10 May 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; The couple awns a hoose in [[Cromarty]] in the [[Scots Hielands]] forby.&lt;ref name=&quot;Reece&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Reece |first1=Alex |title=My Coast: Ian Rankin |url=https://www.coastmagazine.co.uk/content/my-coast-ian-rankin |accessdate=19 November 2019 |work=Coast Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rankin appears as a chairacter in McCall Smith's 2004 novel, ''[[44 Scotland Street]]''.

In 2019, Rankin gied his personal archive tae the National Librar o Scotland efter flittin tae his flat in the Quartermile. The Library is plannin a shawin fur 2021 o hielichts frae the archives, that includes resairch jottins, newspaper clippins, an manuscripts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ferguson |first1=Brian |title=National Library lifts lid on vast archive donated by Ian Rankin |journal=Edinburgh Evening News |date=10 May 2020 |url=https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/whats-on/arts-and-entertainment/national-library-lifts-lid-vast-archive-donated-ian-rankin-2848101 |accessdate=12 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Awairds an honours==
*1988 Elected [[Hawthornden Castle|Hawthornden]] Fellow&lt;ref name=&quot;bfs&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.booksfromscotland.com/Authors/Ian-Rankin|publisher=BooksfromScotland.com |title=Ian Rankin |date=|accessdate= 7 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*1991 Chandler-[[Fulbright Program|Fulbright]] Award&lt;ref name=&quot;BC&quot;/&gt;
*1994 [[Crime Writers Association|CWA]] Short Story Dagger for ''A Deep Hole''&lt;ref name=&quot;BC&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://literature.britishcouncil.org/ian-rankin |publisher=The British Council |title=Ian Rankin |date= |accessdate=7 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605221310/http://literature.britishcouncil.org/ian-rankin |archive-date=5 June 2015 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*1996 [[Crime Writers Association|CWA]] Short Story Dagger for ''Herbert in Motion'' in ''Perfectly Criminal''&lt;ref name=&quot;CWA&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thecwa.co.uk/daggers/short.html|publisher=Crime Writers Association|title=The CWA Short Story Dagger|date=5 July 2012|access-date=7 January 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119201149/http://www.thecwa.co.uk/daggers/short.html|archive-date=19 January 2013|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*1997 [[Crime Writers Association|CWA]] Gold Dagger for Fiction for ''Black and Blue''&lt;ref name=&quot;CWA4&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thecwa.co.uk/daggers/gold.html|publisher=Crime Writers Association|title=The CWA Gold Dagger|date=5 July 2012|access-date=8 January 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114091850/http://www.thecwa.co.uk/daggers/gold.html|archive-date=14 January 2012|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*1997 [[Edgar Award]] for best novel, shortlist, ''Black and Blue''
*1999 [[University of Abertay Dundee]] honorary doctorate &lt;ref name=&quot;Dundee&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=THES Editorial|work=The Times Higher Education Supplement|date=26 November 1999|title=Glittering Prizes|accessdate=7 January 2013|url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=148995&amp;sectioncode=26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*2000 [[University of St Andrews]] honorary doctorate&lt;ref name=&quot;Andrews&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/news/archive/2000/title,42233,en.php|publisher=University of St Andrews|title=University honour for award winning author|date=3 February 2000|access-date=7 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923131232/http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/news/archive/2000/title,42233,en.php|archive-date=23 September 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*2000 Palle Rosencrantz Prize (Denmark)&lt;ref name=&quot;BC&quot;/&gt;
*2002 Officer of the [[Order of the British Empire]] fur services tae literatur
*2003 [[University of Edinburgh]] honorary doctorate&lt;ref name=&quot;Edinburgh&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.ed.ac.uk/about/people/honorary-degrees/2002-3|publisher=University of Edinburgh|title=University of Edinburgh Honorary Degrees 2002/03|date=28 August 2003|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901213216/http://www.ed.ac.uk/about/people/honorary-degrees/2002-3|archive-date=1 September 2012|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*2003 Whodunnit Prize (Finland)&lt;ref name=&quot;BC&quot;/&gt;
*2003 [[Festival du Film Policier de Cognac|Grand Prix du Roman Noir]] (France)&lt;ref name=&quot;BC&quot;/&gt;
*2004 [[Edgar Award]] for ''Resurrection Men''
*2005 [[Crime Writers Association|CWA]] Lifetime Achievement Award (Cartier [[Diamond Dagger]])''&lt;ref name=&quot;CWA2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thecwa.co.uk/daggers/cartier.html|publisher=Crime Writers Association|title=The Cartier Diamond Dagger|date=5 July 2012|access-date=7 January 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203195758/http://www.thecwa.co.uk/daggers/cartier.html|archive-date=3 December 2012|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*2005 [[Open University]] honorary doctorate &lt;ref name=&quot;OU&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url = http://www.open.ac.uk/students/ceremonies/files/ceremonies/file/Doctor%20of%20the%20University%201973-2011.pdf |publisher = The Open University |title = Doctor of the University 1973-2011 |access-date = 9 January 2013 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131213042428/http://www.open.ac.uk/students/ceremonies/files/ceremonies/file/Doctor%20of%20the%20University%201973-2011.pdf |archive-date = 13 December 2013 |df = dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*2005 [[Grand Prix de Littérature Policière]] (France) fur ''Set in Darkness''&lt;ref name=&quot;BC&quot;/&gt;''&lt;ref name=&quot;rayonpolarGuidePrix&quot;&gt;{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.rayonpolar.com/Guides/Prix/Prix_pdf.php Guide des Prix littéraires], online ed. ''Le Rayon du Polar''. Synopsis of French prizes rewarding French and international crime literature, with lists of laureates for each Prize. Grand Prix de littérature policière: pp. 18-36.&lt;/ref&gt;
*2005 Deutsche Krimi Prize (Germany), fur ''Resurrection Men''&lt;ref name=&quot;BC&quot;/&gt;
*2006 [[University of Hull]] honorary doctorate&lt;ref name=&quot;Hull&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www2.hull.ac.uk/old_news_pages/news_archive/2006_news_archive/january/honorary_degrees.aspx?theme=textonly|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130419171459/http://www2.hull.ac.uk/old_news_pages/news_archive/2006_news_archive/january/honorary_degrees.aspx?theme=textonly|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 April 2013|publisher=University of Hull|title=The University of Hull awards Honorary Degrees for Inspirational Achievements|date=27 January 2006|access-date=8 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*2007 The Edinburgh Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12456608.Rankin_gives_hand_to_Edinburgh_Award/|title=Rankin gives hand to Edinburgh Award|last=|first=|date=2008-02-19|website=The Herald|language=en|access-date=2017-08-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*2008 [[ITV3]] Crime Thriller Award for Author of the Year, fur ''Exit Music''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Allen, Katie |title=Rankin and P D James pick up ITV3 awards |url=http://www.thebookseller.com/news/68347-rankin-and-p-d-james-pick-up-itv3-awards.html |work=theBookseller.com |date=6 October 2008 |access-date=6 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409070859/http://www.thebookseller.com/news/68347-rankin-and-p-d-james-pick-up-itv3-awards.html |archive-date=9 April 2009 |df= }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*2009 [[Theakston's Old Peculier Crime Novel of the Year Award]], shortleetit ''Exit Music''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.digyorkshire.com/HighlightDetails.aspx?Article=202 |title=Shortlist for Theakston’s Crime Novel of the year Award 2009 |publisher=digyorkshire.com |date=2 June 2009 |accessdate=17 June 2009 |archive-date=2016-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815160519/http://www.digyorkshire.com/HighlightDetails.aspx?Article=202 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*2012 [[Specsavers National Book Award]], Outstanding Achievement&lt;ref name=flood2012&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/dec/05/el-james-national-books-award |title=EL James comes out on top at National Book awards |work=[[The Guardian]] |author=Alison Flood |date=5 December 2012 |accessdate=5 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*2015 Elected a Fellow of the [[Royal Society of Edinburgh]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=New Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh|url=http://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/press/2015/PR030315.pdf|website=The Royal Society of Edinburgh|accessdate=17 March 2015|archive-date=2016-03-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321052538/https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/press/2015/PR030315.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*2016 [[UNESCO]] City of Literature [[Visiting scholar|Visiting Professor]] at [[University of East Anglia]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.uea.ac.uk/about/-/ian-rankin-marks-rebus-anniversary-with-uea-visiting-professorship|title=Ian Rankin to be UEA visiting professor|last=|first=|date=|website=University of East Anglia|publisher=|access-date=13 December 2016|archive-date=2016-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220221655/https://www.uea.ac.uk/about/-/ian-rankin-marks-rebus-anniversary-with-uea-visiting-professorship|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*2016 [[RBA Prize for Crime Writing]] fur [[Even Dogs in the Wild]], the warld's maist lucrative crime fiction prize at €125,000.
*2016 Elected a Fellow of the [[Royal Society of Literature]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Current RSL Fellows|url=http://rsliterature.org/fellows/current-fellows/|website=Royal Society of Literature|accessdate=8 January 2017|archive-date=2017-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729090322/https://rsliterature.org/fellows/current-fellows/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Natasha Onwuemezi, [http://www.thebookseller.com/news/syal-and-mcdermid-named-new-rsl-fellows-564396 &quot;Rankin, McDermid and Levy named new RSL fellows&quot;], ''[[The Bookseller]]'', 7 June 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Bibliographie==
Tae date, he haes setten furth 25 novelles, twa short story quairs, ae original graphic novelle an ae novella, an a non-fiction beuk. He haes scrieved a Quick Reads title an aw.

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Year !! Novel !! Notes
|-
| 1986 || ''[[The Flood (novel)|The Flood]]'' ||
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Knots and Crosses]]'' || 1st [[Inspector Rebus]] novelle
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Watchman (novel)|Watchman]]'' ||
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Westwind (novel)|Westwind]]'' ||
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Hide and Seek (Ian Rankin novel)|Hide and Seek]]'' || 2nd Inspector Rebus novelle
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 1992 || ''[[Tooth and Nail (novel)|Tooth and Nail]]'' || 3rd Inspector Rebus novelle
|-
| ''[[Strip Jack]]'' || 4th Inspector Rebus novelle
|-
| ''[[A Good Hanging and Other Stories]]'' || Short stories
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 1993 || ''[[Witch Hunt (novel)|Witch Hunt]]'' || Scrievin as ''Jack Harvey''
|-
| ''[[The Black Book (1993 novel)|The Black Book]]'' || 5th Inspector Rebus novelle
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 1994 || ''[[Bleeding Hearts]]'' || Scrievin as ''Jack Harvey''
|-
| ''[[Mortal Causes]]'' || 6th Inspector Rebus novelle
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 1995 || ''[[Blood Hunt]]'' || Scrievin as ''Jack Harvey''
|-
| ''[[Let it Bleed (novel)|Let it Bleed]]'' || 7th Inspector Rebus novelle
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 1997 || ''[[Black and Blue (Rankin novel)|Black and Blue]]'' || 8th Inspector Rebus novelle&lt;br /&gt; wan Macallan [[Gold Dagger]] fur Fiction
|-
| ''[[Herbert in Motion &amp; Other Stories]]'' || Limited edition chapbook wi 4 stories, 2 oreeginal tae this quair
|-
| 1998 || ''[[The Hanging Garden (Rankin novel)|The Hanging Garden]]'' || 9th Inspector Rebus novelle
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Dead Souls (1999 novel)|Dead Souls]]'' || 10th Inspector Rebus novelle
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Set in Darkness]]'' || 11th Inspector Rebus novelle
|-
| 2001 || ''[[The Falls (Rankin novel)|The Falls]]'' || 12th Inspector Rebus novelle
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2002 || ''[[Resurrection Men]]'' || 13th Inspector Rebus novelle&lt;br /&gt; wan The [[Edgar Award]]
|-
| ''Beggars Banquet'' || Short stories
|-
| 2003 || ''[[A Question of Blood]]'' || 14th Inspector Rebus novelle
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Fleshmarket Close]]'' || 15th Inspector Rebus novelle
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2005 || ''Rebus's Scotland: A Personal Journey'' || Non-Fiction&lt;br /&gt;Awairded CWA [[Cartier Diamond Dagger]]
|-
| ''[[The Complete Short Stories]]'' || Short stories; omnibus includin the contents o A Good Hanging &amp; Other Stories an Beggar's Banquet plus ane new story, Atonement
|-
| 2006 || ''[[The Naming of the Dead]]'' || 16th Inspector Rebus novelle
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Exit Music]]'' || 17th Inspector Rebus novelle&lt;br /&gt; wan [[ITV3 Crime Thriller Award]]
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Doors Open]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2009 || ''[[A Cool Head]]'' || [[Quick Reads]] 2009
|-
| ''[[The Complaints]]'' || 1st Malcolm Fox novelle
|-
| ''[[Dark Entries (comics)|Dark Entries]]'' || ''Vertigo Crime'' featurin John Constantine
|-
| 2011 || ''[[The Impossible Dead]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ianrankin.net/pages/news/index.asp?NewsID=53 |title=Ian Rankin latest news, Exit Music, Ian Rankin Rebus novels, Doors Open novel, Books Direct Crime Thriller of the Year, Galaxy British Book Awards |publisher=Ianrankin.net |date= |accessdate=8 November 2012 |archive-date=2015-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316023533/http://www.ianrankin.net/pages/news/index.asp?NewsID=53 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; || 2nd Malcolm Fox novelle
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Standing in Another Man's Grave]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/showbiz/celebrity-news/2012/06/05/rebus-is-back-ian-rankin-reveals-his-famous-detective-will-return-in-new-novel-86908-23886972/ | title=Rebus is back! Ian Rankin reveals his famous detective will return in new novel | newspaper=[[Daily Record (Scotland)]] | date=5 June 2012 | accessdate=10 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; || 18th Inspector Rebus &amp; 3rd Malcolm Fox novelle
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Saints of the Shadow Bible]]'' || 19th Inspector Rebus &amp; 4th Malcolm Fox novelle
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2014 || ''Dark Road'' || Stage play, wi [[Mark Thomson]]
|-
| ''The Beat Goes On: The Complete Rebus Stories'' || Short stories
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Even Dogs in the Wild]]'' || 20t Rebus &amp; 5th Malcolm Fox novelle
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2016 || ''The Travelling Companion'' || Limited edition bibliomystery; No 26 in a series o short stories bi crime writers [https://web.archive.org/web/20180724160946/https://www.bookgrail.com/store/death-sentences/ Death Sentences]
|-
| ''[[Rather Be the Devil]]'' || 21st Rebus &amp; 6t Malcolm Fox novelle
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2018 || ''[[Rebus: Long Shadows]]'' || Stage play, wi [[Rona Munro]] (pairt o the Inspector Rebus series)
|-
| ''[[In a House of Lies]]'' || 22nd Rebus &amp; 7th Malcolm Fox novelle
|-
| 2020 || ''A Song for the Dark Times'' || 23rd Rebus novelle
|}
&lt;br /&gt;

==Ither furthsettins==
'''Edited anthology'''
* ''Criminal Minded'' (2000) (edited an wi an introduction bi Rankin)

'''Recordins'''
* ''Jackie Leven Said'' (Cooking vinyl, 2005), wi [[Jackie Leven]]
* ''The Sixth Stone'' (CD, 2007), wi [[Aidan Moffat]], on ''[[Ballads of the Book]]''
* ''This Has Been the Death of Us'' (7th Realm Of Teenage Heaven, 2009), wi [[Saint Jude's Infirmary]]
* ''The Third Gentleman'' (BBC Broadcast, 25 October 1997. 87mins). Black comedy set in 1790s Edinburgh
* ''The Deathwatch Journal'' (Audiobook / BBC Broadcast, 2017. 75mins). Read bi Jimmy Chisholm.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/111/1115082/the-deathwatch-journal/9781785299186.html|title=The Deathwatch Journal|website=Penguin|date=7 December 2017|accessdate=23 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Graphic novelles'''
*'' [[Dark Entries (comics)|Dark Entries]]'' (September 2009) wi art bi [[Werther Dell'Edera]]. Furthset bi [[Vertigo Crime]] an featurin John Constantine o [[Hellblazer]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ianrankin.net/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=97 |title=Ian Rankin Newsletter |publisher=Ianrankin.net |date= |accessdate=4 November 2010 |archive-date=2015-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503000819/http://www.ianrankin.net/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=97 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.newsarama.com/comics/080815-VertigoCrime.html |title=Karen Berger On The Vertigo Crime Line |publisher=Newsarama.com |date= |accessdate=4 November 2010 |archive-date=2009-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107173229/http://www.newsarama.com/comics/080815-VertigoCrime.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Graphic novella'''
* ''The Lie Factory'', illustrated bi Tim Truman. Furthset as pairt o a CD package, ''Kickback City'', featurin [[Rory Gallagher]] sangs fictionalized in the novella an wi narration bi [[Aidan Quinn]]

'''Opera'''
* ''Gesualdo'', wi [[Craig Armstrong (composer)|Craig Armstrong]] (2008)
'''Short stories'''
* &quot;Summer Rites&quot; (1984) (furthset in ''Cencrastus'', No. 18 - actual a section o Rankin's furst novelle)
* [http://www.theshortstory.org.uk/stories/index.php4?storyid=9 &quot;An Afternoon&quot;] (1984) (furthset in ''[[Association for Scottish Literary Studies#New Writing Scotland|New Writing Scotland No. 2]]'') (slichtly revised version furthset in ''OxCrimes'', 2014)
* &quot;Voyeurism&quot; (1985) (furthset in ''New Writing Scotland No. 3'')
* &quot;Colony&quot; (1986) (furthset in ''New Writing Scotland No. 4'')
* &quot;Scarab&quot; (1986) (furthset in ''Scottish Short Stories 1986'')
* &quot;Territory&quot; (1987) (furthset in ''Scottish Short Stories 1987'')
* &quot;Remembrance&quot; (1988) (furthset in ''Cencrastus'', Spring)
* &quot;Playback&quot; (1990) (Rebus; furthset in Winter's Crime 22; reprinted in ''A Good Hanging &amp; Other Stories'', 1992)
* &quot;Talk Show&quot; (1991) (Rebus; furthset in ''Winter's Crimes'' 23)
* &quot;The Dean Curse&quot; (1992) (Rebus; furthset in ''A Good Hanging &amp; Other Stories'')
* &quot;Being Frank&quot; (1992) (Rebus; furthset in ''A Good Hanging &amp; Other Stories'')
* &quot;Concrete Evidence&quot; (1992) (Rebus; furthset in ''A Good Hanging &amp; Other Stories'')
* &quot;Seeing Things&quot; (1992) (Rebus; furthset in ''A Good Hanging &amp; Other Stories'')
* &quot;A Good Hanging&quot; (1992) (Rebus; furthset in ''A Good Hanging &amp; Other Stories'')
* &quot;Tit for Tat&quot; (1992) (Rebus; furthset in ''A Good Hanging &amp; Other Stories'')
* &quot;Not Provan&quot; (1992) (Rebus; furthset in ''A Good Hanging &amp; Other Stories'')
* &quot;Sunday&quot; (1992) (Rebus; furthset in ''A Good Hanging &amp; Other Stories'')
* &quot;Auld Lang Syne&quot; (1992) (Rebus; furthset in ''A Good Hanging &amp; Other Stories'')
* &quot;The Gentlemen's Club&quot; (1992) (Rebus; furthset in ''A Good Hanging &amp; Other Stories'')
* &quot;Monstrous Trumpet&quot; (1992) (Rebus; furthset in ''A Good Hanging &amp; Other Stories'')
* &quot;In the Frame&quot; (1992) (Rebus; furthset in ''Winter's Crimes'' 24)
* &quot;Trip Trap&quot; (1992) (Rebus; furthset in ''1st Culprit'')
* &quot;Marked for Death&quot; (1992) (furthset in ''Constable New Crimes'' 1)
* &quot;Well Shot&quot; (1993) (Rebus; furthset in ''2nd Culprit''; nae included in the UK an US editions o ''The Beat Goes On: The Complete Rebus Stories'')
* &quot;Video, Nasty&quot; (1993) (furthset in ''Constable New Crimes 2'')
* &quot;Castle Dangerous&quot; (1993) (Rebus; furthset in ''[[Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine]]'', ''EQMM'', October)
* &quot;Someone Got to Eddie&quot; (1994) (furthset in ''3rd Culprit'')
* &quot;Facing the Music&quot; (1994) (Rebus; furthset in ''Midwinter Mysteries'' 4)
* &quot;A Deep Hole&quot; (1994) (furthset in ''London Noir'')
* &quot;The Serpent's Back&quot; (1995) (furthset in ''Midwinter Mysteries'' 5)
* &quot;Adventures in Babysitting&quot; (1995) (furthset in ''No Alibi'' an in ''Master's Choice Two'')
* &quot;Principles of Accounts&quot; (1995) (furthset in ''EQMM'', August)
* &quot;Window of Opportunity&quot; (1995) (Rebus, furthset in ''EQMM'', December)
* &quot;Natural Selection&quot; (1996) (furthset in ''Fresh Blood'')
* &quot;Herbert in Motion&quot; (1996) (furthset in ''Perfectly Criminal'')&lt;ref name=&quot;CWA&quot;/&gt;
* &quot;The Wider Scheme&quot; (1996) (furthset in ''EQMM'', August)
* &quot;My Shopping Day&quot; (1997) (Rebus; furthset in ''Herbert in Motion &amp; Other Stories'' [limited edition chapbook o 200 copies]; nae included in the UK edition o ''The Beat Goes On: The Complete Rebus Stories'', but included in the U.S. edition)
* &quot;No. 79&quot; (1997) (furthset in Herbert in Motion &amp; Other Stories)
* &quot;Glimmer&quot; (1998) (furthset in ''Blue Lightning'')
* &quot;Unknown Pleasures&quot; (1998) (furthset in ''Mean Time'')
* &quot;Detective Novels: The Pact Between Authors and Readers&quot; (1998) (article; furthset in ''The Writer'', December)
* &quot;[[Death is Not the End]]&quot; (1998) (novella later expanded intae ''Dead Souls'')
* &quot;The Missing&quot; (1999) (furthset in ''Crime Wave'', March)
* &quot;Get Shortie&quot; (1999) (Rebus; furthset in ''Crime Wave 2, Deepest Red'', June; nae included in the UK an US editions o ''The Beat Goes On: The Complete Rebus Stories'')
* &quot;The Acid Test&quot; (1999) (Rebus; furthset in ''EQMM'', August; nae included in the UK an US editions o ''The Beat Goes On: The Complete Rebus Stories'')
* &quot;The Hanged Man&quot; (1999) (furthset in ''Something Wicked'' (UK) an ''EQMM'', September/October)
* &quot;The Only True Comedian&quot; (2000) (furthset in ''EQMM'', February)
* &quot;Unlucky in Love, Unlucky at Cards&quot; (2000) (furthset in ''EQMM'', March)
* &quot;The Confession&quot; (2000) (furthset in ''EQMM'', June)
* &quot;The Slab Boys&quot; (2000) (furthset in ''Scenes of Crime'')
* &quot;No Sanity Clause&quot; (2000) (Rebus; originally titled &quot;Father Christmas's Revenge, furthset in ''The Daily Telegraph'', December)
* &quot;Tell Me Who to Kill&quot; (2003) (Rebus; furthset in ''Mysterious Pleasures'')
* &quot;Saint Nicked&quot; (2003/2004) (furthset in ''The Radio Times'', 21 December 2003 &amp; 4 January 2004)
* &quot;Soft Spot&quot; (2005) (furthset in ''Dangerous Women'')
* &quot;Showtime&quot; (2005) (furthset in ''One City'')
* &quot;Not Just another Saturday&quot; (August 2005) (wrate fur SNIP, a charity organisation; people in attendance o the event wur gien a &quot;typescript&quot; o the story)
* &quot;Atonement&quot; (2005) (written fur the anthology ''Complete Short Stories'', that combined the contents o ''A Good Hanging &amp; Other Stories'' an ''Beggar's Banquet'', but wis far frae &quot;Complete&quot;)
* &quot;Sinner: justified&quot; (2006) (furthset in ''Superhumanatural'')
* &quot;Graduation Day&quot; (2006) (furthset in ''Murder in the Rough'')
* &quot;Fieldwork&quot; (2009) (furthset in ''[[Ox-Tales]]'')&lt;ref name=&quot;Ox&quot;/&gt;
* &quot;Penalty Clause&quot; (2010) (Rebus; furthset in ''Mail on Sunday'', December)
* &quot;The Very Last Drop&quot; (2013) (Rebus; written tae read aloud at an Edinburgh charity event tae help the work o Royal Blind; furthset in the US an UK editions o ''The Beat Goes On: The Complete Rebus Stories'')
* &quot;Dead and Buried&quot; (2013) (Rebus; furthset wi ''Saints of the Shadow Bible'')
* &quot;In the Nick of Time&quot; (2014) (Rebus; furthset in ''Face Off'')
* &quot;The Passenger&quot; (2014) (Rebus; furthset in the UK an US editions o ''The Beat Goes On: The Complete Rebus Stories'')
* &quot;A Three-Pint Problem&quot; (2014) (Rebus; furthset in the UK an US editions o ''The Beat Goes On: The Complete Rebus Stories'')
* &quot;Cinders&quot; (2015) (Rebus; furthset in the US edition o ''The Beat Goes On: The Complete Rebus Stories'')
* &quot;The Travelling Companion&quot; (2015) (novella, furthset bi the Mysterious Bookshop, NYC; signed, lettered limited cloth edition o 26 copies an 100 nummered copies; softcover edition o 1,000 copies; furthset in the UK in 2016 bi Head of Zeus Ltd, London)
* &quot;Meet &amp; Greet&quot; (2015) (furthset in ''The Strand'' XLVI)
* &quot;The Kill Fee&quot; (2015) (furthset in ''The New Statesman'' December 18, 2015—January 8, 2016)
* &quot;Cafferty's Day&quot; (2016) (Rebus; furthset wi ''Rather be the Devil'')
* &quot;Charades&quot; (2017) (Rebus; furthset in ''Country Life'' December 13/20)

'''Ither'''
* &quot;Oxford Bar&quot; (2007) (Essay furthset in the anthology ''How I Write: The Secret Lives of Authors'')&lt;ref name=&quot;isfd&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=|publisher=[[Internet Speculative Fiction Database]]|date=|title=Publication Listing for ''How I Write:The Secret Lives of Authors''|accessdate=12 January 2013|url=http://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/pl.cgi?312245}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;John Rebus&quot; (2007) (''Mysterious Profile #8'', a chapbook furthset bi the Mysterious Bookshop in NYC in a signed limited hardcover edition o 100 copies an 1,000 softcover copies; reprinted in the UK edition o ''The Beat Goes On: The Complete Rebus Stories'' as &quot;Rankin on Rebus&quot;)
* Ian Rankin interviews Arthur Conan Doyle (2013), furthset in ''Dead Interviews''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author= Dan Crowe (editor) |coauthors=  |title= Dead Interviews: Living Writers Meet Dead Icons |year= 2013 |publisher= Granta, London |pp= [https://archive.org/details/deadinterviewsli0000unse/page/143 143–153] |quote=  |url= https://archive.org/details/deadinterviewsli0000unse/page/143 |isbn= 978-1-84708-827-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Criticism==
*Alegre, Sara Martin,&quot;Aging in F(r)iendship: 'Big Ger' Cafferty and John Rebus,&quot; in ''Clues: A Journal of Detection'' 29.2 (2011): 73–82.
*Horsley, Lee, ''The Noir Thriller'' (Houndmills &amp; New York: Palgrave, 2001).
*Lanchester, John, &quot;Rebusworld&quot;, in ''London Review of Books'' 22.9 (27 April 2000), pp.&amp;nbsp;18–20.
*[[John Lennard|Lennard, John]], &quot;Ian Rankin&quot;, in Jay Parini, ed., ''British Writers Supplement X'' (New York &amp; London: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2004), pp.&amp;nbsp;243–60
*MacDonald, Erin E., &quot;Ghosts and Skeletons: Metaphors of Guilty History in Ian Rankin's Rebus Series&quot;, in ''Clues: A Journal of Detection'' 30.2 (2012): 67–75.
*MacDonald, Erin E., ''Ian Rankin: A Companion to the Mystery Fiction'' (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2020).
*Mandel, Ernest, ''Delightful Murder: A Social History of the Crime Story'' (Leichhardt, NSW, &amp; London: Pluto Press, 1984).
*Marshall, Rodney, ''Blurred Boundaries: Rankin's Rebus'' (Amazon, 2012)
* Nicol, Christopher, &quot;Ian Rankin's 'Black &amp; Blue'&quot;, Scotnote No.24 (Glasgow: ASLS Publications, 2008)
*Ogle, Tina, &quot;Crime on Screen&quot;, in ''The Observer'' (London), 16 April 2000, Screen p.&amp;nbsp;8.
*Plain, Gill, ''Ian Rankin’s Black and Blue'' (London &amp; New York: Continuum, 2002)
*Plain, Gillian, &quot;Ian Rankin: A Bibliography&quot;, in ''Crime Time'' 28 (2002), pp.&amp;nbsp;16–20.
*Robinson, David, &quot;Mystery Man: In Search of the real Ian Rankin&quot;, in ''The Scotsman'' 10 March 2001, S2Weekend, pp.&amp;nbsp;1–4.
*Rowland, Susan, &quot;Gothic Crimes: A Literature of Terror and Horror&quot;, in ''From Agatha Christie to Ruth Rendell'' (Houndmills &amp; New York: Palgrave, 2001), pp.&amp;nbsp;110–34.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rankin, Ian}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Livin fowk]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Cardenden]]
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[[Category:Scots meestery writers]]
[[Category:Scots men novelists]]
[[Category:Edgar Awaird winners]]
[[Category:Cartier Diamond Dagger winners]]
[[Category:Members o the Detection Club]]
[[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Academics o the Varsity o Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Officers o the Order o the Breetish Empire]]
[[Category:Depute Lieutenants o Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Beath High School]]
[[Category:20t-century Scots novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Scots novelists]]
[[Category:Fellaes o the Ryal Society o Leeteratur]]
[[Category:20t-century Breetish male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Breetish male writers]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Donald Pleasence</title>
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      <text bytes="11224" sha1="lmhjnl9g89utjp9gp7nb3krqaezuoq8" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| image         = Donald Pleasence Allan Warren edit.jpg
| caption       = 
| birth_name    = Donald Henry Pleasence
| birth_date    = {{Birth date|mf=yes|1919|10|5}}
| birth_place   = [[Worksop]], [[Nottinghamshire]], [[Ingland]]
| death_date    = {{Death date and age|1995|2|2|1919|10|5|mf=yes}}
| death_place   = [[Saint-Paul-de-Vence]],&lt;br /&gt;[[Alpes-Maritimes]], [[Fraunce]]
| alma_mater    = [[Ecclesfield School]]
| years_active  = 1954&amp;ndash;1995
| spouse        = Miriam Raymond (1941&amp;ndash;58)&lt;br /&gt;{{nowrap|Josephine Crombie (1959&amp;ndash;70)}}&lt;br /&gt;Meira Shore (1970&amp;ndash;88)&lt;br /&gt;Linda J. Kentwood (1988&amp;ndash;95)
| children      = 5
| occupation    = Actor
| awards        = 
| notable_works = 
}}
'''Donald Henry Pleasence'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.freebmd.org.uk|title=England and Wales Births 1837–1983|publisher=Freebmd.org.uk|accessdate=October 6, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] (October 5, 1919 &amp;ndash; Februar 2, 1995) wis an [[Inglis fowk|Inglis]] actor. Pleasence wis born in [[Worksop]], [[Nottinghamshire]], [[Ingland]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;/&gt; He wis raisit in [[Lincolnshire]], Ingland.&lt;ref name=&quot;western&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://westernsallitaliana.blogspot.com/2014/10/remembering-donald-pleasence.html|title=Remembering Donald Pleasence|publisher=Western Allitaliana.com|accessdate=October 23, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ootthrou his career, Pleasence wis nominatit for fower [[Tony Awairds]].&lt;ref name=&quot;death&quot;/&gt; He wan a [[BAFTA Awaird|BAFTA TV Awaird for Best Actor]] in 1959.&lt;ref name=&quot;death&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pleasence bio&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nndb.com/people/611/000032515/|title=Donald Pleasence|publisher=NNDB.com|accessdate=October 23, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; In his hale career, Pleasence appearit in ower 200 films.&lt;ref name=&quot;TMC&quot;/&gt;

He made his first film ''The Dybbuk'' in 1952.&lt;ref name=&quot;TMC&quot;/&gt; It wis a [[televeesion film]]. He actit in several films, lik ''[[You Only Live Twice (movie)|You Only Live Twice]]'' an ''[[The Great Escape (film)|The Great Escape]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;death&quot;/&gt; Pleasence is kent for his role as Dr. [[Samuel Loomis]] in [[John Carpenter]]'s ''[[Halloween (film)|Halloween]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;death&quot;/&gt; Syne then, he appearit in five oot o the sax films o the ''[[Halloween (series)|Halloween film series]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;TMC&quot;/&gt; Pleasence didna appear in ''[[Halloween III: Season o the Witch]]'' acause it wis a different story frae the last twa films.&lt;ref name=&quot;death&quot;/&gt;

Pleasence deit at the age of 75 in [[Saint-Paul-de-Vence]], Fraunce, frae complications o [[hert failur]].&lt;ref name=&quot;death&quot;/&gt; It wis followin a [[hert valve]] replacement surgery.&lt;ref name=&quot;death&quot;/&gt;

==Early life==
Pleasence wis born '''Donald Henry Pleasence''' in [[Worksop]], [[Nottinghamshire]], [[Ingland]] on October 5, 1919.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pleasence.com/BIO-DP.HTML |title=Donald Pleasence's Biography |publisher=Pleasence.com |date= |accessdate=October 6, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; His parents war Alice an Thomas Pleasence.&lt;ref name=&quot;western&quot;/&gt; Pleasence wis raised as a [[Methodist]].&lt;ref name=&quot;western&quot;/&gt; He wis raisit in [[Lincolnshire]], Ingland.&lt;ref name=&quot;western&quot;/&gt; Pleasence studit at the [[Ecclesfield School]] in [[Yorkshire]], Ingland.&lt;ref name=&quot;TMC&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/153246%7C40193/Donald-Pleasence/biography.html|title=Donald Pleasence biography|publisher=TCM.com|accessdate=October 23, 2014|archive-date=2016-03-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311113723/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/153246%7C40193/Donald-Pleasence/biography.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In [[Warld War II]], Pleasence wis sent tae ser in the [[Royal Air Force]].&lt;ref name=&quot;western&quot;/&gt; He servit wi 166 Squadron, RAF Bomber Command.&lt;ref name=&quot;western&quot;/&gt; His war plane wis shot doun in August 1944, in a [[raid]] on [[Agenville]].&lt;ref name=&quot;western&quot;/&gt; He wis placit in the [[German]] [[POW|prisoner-of-war camp]]. Pleasence wis releasit afore the war's end in 1945.&lt;ref name=&quot;western&quot;/&gt;

==Career==
[[File:Donald Pleasence in Eye of the Devil trailer 1.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Pleasence in the ''[[Eye of the Devil]]'' trailer, 1966]]
In 1939, Pleasence startit wirkin on stage as an assistant stage manager.&lt;ref name=&quot;career&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pleasence.com/BIO-DP.HTML|title=Donald Pleasence's biography|publisher=Pleasence.com|accessdate=October 23, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; He made his actin [[debut]] as Hareton in the [[play (theatre)|play]] version o ''[[Wuthering Heights]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pleasence MTV&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/movies/person/50335/personmain.jhtml|title=Donald Pleasence|publisher=MTV.com|accessdate=October 23, 2014|archive-date=2015-01-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102092006/http://www.mtv.com/movies/person/50335/personmain.jhtml|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; He workit in theatres in [[Birmingham]] an [[Bristol]]. Later, Pleasence muivit tae [[Lunnon]]. Thare, Pleasence appearit as Valentine in ''[[Twelfth Night]]'' in 1942.&lt;ref name=indepobit&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituaries--donald-pleasence-1571295.html|title=Obituaries: Donald Pleasence|accessdate=14 February 2012|publisher=The Independent|date=3 February 1995|archive-date=2015-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614204840/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituaries--donald-pleasence-1571295.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pleasence made his telly debut in ''I Want to Be A Doctor'' in 1946.&lt;ref name=indepobit/&gt; In 1954, he playit Syme in a [[BBC]] adaptation o [[George Orwell]]'s novel ''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four (TV programme)|Nineteen Eighty-Four]]''.&lt;ref name=indepobit/&gt; The adaptation wis bi [[Nigel Kneale]]. Pleasence playit [[John o Ingland|Prince John]] in several episodes o the [[ITV (TV netwark)|ITV]] series ''[[The Adventures of Robin Hood (TV series)|The Adventures of Robin Hood]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pleasence MTV&quot;/&gt;

Pleasence made his big-screen debut wi the 1954 film ''[[The Beachcomber (film)|The Beachcomber]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pleasence bio&quot;/&gt; Some early roles include Parsons in ''[[1984 (1956 film)|1984]]'' (his seicont Orwell film).&lt;ref name=&quot;Pleasence bio&quot;/&gt; He appearit in minor roles lik in ''[[Barnacle Bill (1957 film)|Barnacle Bill]]'' an in ''[[The Wind Cannot Read]]'' an aa. In [[Tony Richardson]]'s film, ''[[Look Back in Anger (film)|Look Back in Anger]]'', he plays a mercat inspector.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pleasence bio&quot;/&gt;

In his later years, he appearit as Lucas Deranian in [[Walt Disney]]'s [[Escape to Witch Mountain]], [[Samuel Loomis|Dr. Loomis]] in ''[[Halloween (1978 film)|Halloween]]'', Dr. Kobras in [[The Pumaman]] an the Preses in ''[[Escape frae New York]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pleasence bio&quot;/&gt; He reprisit his Dr. Loomis role in ''[[Halloween II]]'', ''[[Halloween 4: The Return o Michael Myers]]'', ''[[Halloween 5: The Revenge o Michael Myers]]'' an ''[[Halloween: The Curse o Michael Myers]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pleasence bio&quot;/&gt; Pleasence's actin career endit when he died in 1995.&lt;ref name=&quot;death&quot;/&gt;

==Awairds==
Pleasence wis nominatit fower times for the [[Tony Awaird]].&lt;ref name=&quot;death&quot;/&gt; He wis nominatit for Best Performance Bi a Leadin Actor in a [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] Play. He wis nominatit in 1962 for [[Harold Pinter]]'s ''[[The Caretaker]]'', in 1965 for [[Jean Anouilh]]'s ''Poor Bitos'', in 1969 for [[Robert Shaw (actor)|Robert Shaw]]'s ''[[The Man in the Glass Booth]]'', an in 1972 for [[Simon Gray]]'s ''[[Wise Child]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;death&quot;/&gt;

==Personal life==
In the early 1960s, Pleasence recordit several childer's-story records. Thay wur releasit in the [[Unitit States]] as ''[[Tale Spinners For Children]]'' bi [[Unitit Artists Records|Unitit Artists]].&lt;ref name=Cinema/&gt; The stories includit ''[[Don Quixote]]'' an the ''[[Brave Little Tailor]]''. Pleasence made the vyce-ower for the British [[Public Information Film]], ''[[Lonely Water|The Spirit o Dark an Lonely Water]]'' in 1973.&lt;ref name=Cinema/&gt; He wis the author o the 1977 childer's beuk ''[[Scouse the Mouse]]''.&lt;ref name=Cinema&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mediatly.com/cards/view/107494|title=Donald Pleasence (1919)|publisher=Mediatly.com|accessdate=October 23, 2014|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304141940/http://www.mediatly.com/cards/view/107494|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pleasence wis marriit fower times.&lt;ref name=&quot;death&quot;/&gt; Pleasence marrit Miriam Raymond in 1941.&lt;ref name=&quot;death&quot;/&gt; Thair marriage endit in divorcit in 1958.&lt;ref name=&quot;death&quot;/&gt; Then, Pleasence marrit Josephine Crombie in 1959. Thair marriage endit in divorcit in 1970.&lt;ref name=&quot;death&quot;/&gt; Pleasence marrit Meira Shore in 1970.&lt;ref name=&quot;death&quot;/&gt; Thair marriage endit in divorcit in 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;death&quot;/&gt; Pleasence wis last marrit to Linda J. Kentwood in 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;death&quot;/&gt; Pleasence wad remain marrit wi Kentwood in 1995.&lt;ref name=&quot;death&quot;/&gt;

Pleasence hed five dauchters. He haed twa dauchters wi Raymond.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pleasence bio&quot;/&gt; Thay wur Angela an Jean Pleasence.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pleasence bio&quot;/&gt; He haed twa dauchters wi Crombie.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pleasence bio&quot;/&gt;  Thay wur Polly Jo an Lucy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pleasence bio&quot;/&gt; Pleasence haed ae dauchter wi Shore.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pleasence bio&quot;/&gt;  Her name wis Miranda.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pleasence bio&quot;/&gt;

==Death==
Pleasence deit frae [[hert failyie]] efter [[hert]] [[surgery]] in [[Saint-Paul-de-Vence]], Fraunce on Februar 2, 1995, agit 75.&lt;ref name=&quot;death&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1995/02/03/obituaries/donald-pleasence-virtuoso-actor-dies-at-75.html|title=Donald Pleasence, Virtuoso Actor, Dies at 75|publisher=New York Times.com|accessdate=October 23, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; His remains wur later crematit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodgravehunter.com/site/bio.php?bnum=1095|title=Donald Pleasence|publisher=Hollywood Grave Hunter.com|accessdate=October 23, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; His last fou film, ''[[Halloween: The Curse of Michael Myers]]'' wis dedicatit in his memory.&lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://osuniverse.homestead.com/Monster/Pleasence/Pleasence.html|title=Donald Pleasence|publisher=Osuniverse.com|accessdate=October 23, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Ither wabsteid==
{{Commons}}
*{{IMDb name|587}}
*{{IBDB name|68547}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924132322/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/499914/ Donald Pleasence] at screenonline
*[http://www.searchmytrash.com/articles/donaldpleasence(11-07).shtml Donald Pleasence-bio] at (re)Sairch my Trash
*[http://www.pleasence.com/ The Man with the Hypnotic Eye] A Tribute to Donald Pleasence
*[http://www.merkki.com/images/forestplay.jpg Photograph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029232716/http://www.merkki.com/images/forestplay.jpg |date=2014-10-29 }} o a theatrical production in prisoner of war camp featurin Donald Pleasence

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pleasence, Donald}}
[[Category:1919 births]]
[[Category:1995 daiths]]
[[Category:Actors frae Nottinghamshire]]
[[Category:Cardiovascular disease daiths in Fraunce]]
[[Category:Daiths frae heart failur]]
[[Category:Daiths frae surgical complications]]
[[Category:Inglis male film actors]]
[[Category:Inglis male radio actors]]
[[Category:Inglis male stage actors]]
[[Category:Inglis male televeesion actors]]
[[Category:Inglis male vyce actors]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Chubut</title>
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      <text bytes="16451" sha1="cdakb7mmqcp9vpw3ogntwre19pbj9wb" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = Chubut
| native_name             = ''Provincia del Chubut &lt;br&gt; Talaith Chubut''
| settlement_type         = [[Provinces o Argentinae|Province]]
| image_caption           = Clockwise frae top: [[Chubut River|Glen o the Chubut River]], [[Comodoro Rivadavia]], [[Rawson, Chubut|Rawson Port]], [[Valdés Peninsulae]].
| image_flag              = Flag of chubut province in argentina - bandera de chubut.svg
| image_shield            = Escudo de la Provincia de Chubut.svg
| motto                   = {{lang|es|&quot;Ni muerte ni esclavitud. Solo patria y libertad&quot;}}&lt;/sup&gt;{{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;([[Spainyie leid|Spainyie]])&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Neither daith nor slavery. Anerlie mitherland an freedom&quot;&lt;br/&gt;&quot;Nid marwolaeth na caethwasanaeth. Dim ond mamwlad a rhyddid&quot;
| image_map               = Provincia del Chubut - localización en Argentina.svg
| map_caption             = Location o Chubut athin Argentinae
| subdivision_type        = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]]
| subdivision_name        = [[Argentinae]]
| subdivision_type1       = [[Caipital ceety|Caipital]]
| subdivision_name1       = [[Rawson, Chubut|Rawson]]
| subdivision_type2       = [[Leid]]s
| subdivision_name2       = [[Spaingie leid|Spaingie]], [[Welsh leid|Welsh]]
| subdivision_type3       = [[Depairtments o Argentinae|Depairtments]]
| subdivision_name3       = [[#Poleetical diveesions|15]]
| subdivision_type4       = [[Municipalities o Argentinae|Municipalities an communes]]
| subdivision_name4       = 47
| leader_title            = [[Govrenor]]
| leader_name             = [[Mariano Arcioni]] 
| leader_title1           = Legislatur
| leader_name1            = 27
|leader_title2            = [[Chamber o Deputies o Argentinae|National Deputies]]
|leader_name2             = &lt;br&gt;[[Leet of current Argentine deputies#Chubut Province|5]]
|leader_title3            = [[Senate o Argentinae|Naitional Senators]]
|leader_name3             = [[Ignacio Torres]], [[Edith Terenzi]], [[Carlos Linares]]
| unit_pref               = Metric
| area_footnotes          = &lt;br /&gt;[[Provinces o Argentinae#Demografics|Rankit 3rd]]
| area_total_km2          = 224686
| population_total        = 509,108
| population_as_of        = 2010&lt;ref name=&quot;INDEC&quot;&gt;[http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/ Censo 2010 Argentina resultados provisionales: mapas]&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_rank  = [[Leet o Argentine provinces bi population|18t]]
| population_density_km2  = auto
| population_demonym      = ''chubutense''
| timezone1               = [[Time in Argentinae|ART]]
| utc_offset1             = −3
| iso_code                = [[ISO 3166-2:AR|AR-U]]
| website                 = {{URL|www.chubut.gov.ar}}
}}
'''Chubut''' ({{lang-es|Provincia del Chubut}}, {{IPA-es|tʃuˈβut|IPA}}; {{lang-cy|Talaith Chubut}}) is a [[Provinces o Argentinae|province]] in the soothren pairt o [[Argentinae]] situatit atween the [[42nt parallel sooth]] (formin the mairch wi the [[Río Negro Province]]) an the [[46t parallel sooth]] (borderin [[Santa Cruz Province, Argentinae|Santa Cruz Province]]), the [[Andes]] range separatin Argentinae frae [[Chile]], an the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. The province's name derives frae the [[Tehuelche leid|Tehuelche]] wird ''chupat'', meanin &quot;transparent,&quot; thair description o the [[Chubut River]].

The lairgest ceety, wi 180,000 indwallers, is [[Comodoro Rivadavia]] in the sooth o the province. The admeenistrative caipital is [[Rawson, Chubut|Rawson]] (40,000). Ither important ceeties are [[Puerto Madryn]], [[Trelew]], [[Esquel]] an [[Sarmiento, Chubut|Sarmiento]]. [[Gaiman, Chubut|Gaiman]] is a cultural an [[demografic]] centre o the region kent as ''&quot;[[Y Wladfa]]&quot;'' in which Welsh-Argentines are concentratit. O the 25,000 Welsh speakers in Argentinae,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=AR &quot;Languages of Argentina&quot;] - Ethnologue.com&lt;/ref&gt; mony are in the Chubut region, pairticularly in the oreeginal Welsh dounsets o [[Trelew]] an [[Trevelin]].

==History==
Afore the [[Spain|Spaniards]] arrivit in [[Americae]], [[nomad]]ic indigenous fowks inhabitit the [[Patagonie]] region. In the 17t an 18t centuries, Spaingie [[missionar]]s came tae the aurie, an foondit the San José Fort on [[Península Valdés]], which wis later destroyed bi local native fowks. In 1865, [[Welsh fowk]] [[Welsh dounset in Argentinae|came tae Chubut]] in the ''[[Mimosa (ship)|Mimosa]]'' ship an wur settled in [[Chubut Glen]] aurie. The region wis disputit atween Chile an Argentinae until 1881, when Chile renooncit its claim in order tae prevent Argentinae frae enterin intae the [[War o the Paceefic]].

As pairt o the ''[[Conquest o the Desert|Conquista del Desierto]]'' (Desert conquest), the Naitional Territory o Chubut wis creatit in 1884, o which [[Luis Fontana]] wis namit govrenor. At the beginnin o the 20t century, efter the [[Seicont Boer War|Boer War]], some [[Boer]] fowk settled in the toun o [[Sarmiento, Chubut|Sarmiento]] (awready foondit bi the Welsh fowk at the end o the 19t century), an in lesser nummer in ither nearbi touns.

In 1944, the soothren pairt o Chubut an northren pairt o Santa Cruz wur designatit the ''Comodoro Rivadavia'' militar zone. The zone wis dissolvit in 1955, an Chubut wis declared a province.

Population shifts o the 20t century, especially frae [[Buenos Aires]], raised the population steadily frae 190,000 (1970), tae 357,000 (1991) an 413,237 (2001). Maist o the indwallers are in the main ceeties, or in lesser nummers alang the [[Chubut River]], which gies maist auries a [[population densitie]] o less nor 1 inhabitant per square kilometre.

==Economy==
Chubut's economy, for a lang time ane o the maist prosperous in Argentinae, is ane o the kintra's least diversifee'd. Its 2006 ootput, estimatit at US$4.7&amp;nbsp;billion,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.iader.org.ar/ |title=IADER: ''Nueva Etapa'' (2008) |access-date=2013-03-08 |archive-date=2013-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221041659/http://www.iader.org.ar/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; is made up in amaist a fowert bi minin an petroleum.  This sector's contreibution (maistly centred aroond [[Comodoro Rivadavia]]) helpit gie Chubut the naition's fowert-heichest per caipita ootput in 2011, US$25,250.
[[Petroleum]] refinin is the main economic activity o the province, wi 13% o Argentine ile production (maistly aff-shore). 21% o the naition's fish catch is producit bi Chubut.

Sheep ranchin, tho less nor hauf as productive than as recently as 1990, remains important at the local level.  The advent o synthetic replacements tae oo efter [[World War II]] battered the sector, further decimatit bi Argentinae's poleetical instability an naitural disasters.  Oo production haes risen syne 2002, housomeivver, an totaled 71,000 tons in 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/ |title=MECON Republica Argentina (2008) |access-date=2013-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019024050/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/ |archive-date=2013-10-19 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Geografie an Climate==

Chubut stretches frae the Atlantic tae the Andes: the coast is markit bi heich cliffs an sandy beaches, whareas the centre consists o several plateaus an depressions. The Andes are no vera heich in Chubut, wi maist peaks atween 1,500 m an 2,000 m.

The coast is exceptionally mild for Patagonia due tae wairm currents frae Brazil: daytime heichs range frae 24&amp;nbsp;°C (75&amp;nbsp;°F) tae 28&amp;nbsp;°C (83&amp;nbsp;°F) an nicht temperaturs range frae 11&amp;nbsp;°C (52&amp;nbsp;°F) tae 15&amp;nbsp;°C (59&amp;nbsp;°F) durin the simmer. Faws are pleasant wi ceul nichts, an winters are moderate, wi days rangin frae aboot 9&amp;nbsp;°C (48&amp;nbsp;°F) in the sooth tae 13&amp;nbsp;°C (55&amp;nbsp;°F) in the north, an nichts frae 1&amp;nbsp;°C (34&amp;nbsp;°F) tae 4&amp;nbsp;°C (40&amp;nbsp;°F). Precipitation is law, frae 150&amp;nbsp;mm tae 250&amp;nbsp;mm. Temperaturs belaw −10&amp;nbsp;°C (14&amp;nbsp;°F) are infrequent, as is hivy snaw.

The plateaus are considerably mair extreme watherwise. Temperaturs are wairm durin simmer days, wi the same range as in the coast, an ceuler nichts belaw 10&amp;nbsp;°C (50&amp;nbsp;°F). Housomeivver, as faw approaches, nicht frost becomes the rule, an winters can whiles be quite severe. Dependin on elevation, daytime heichs range frae 3&amp;nbsp;°C (37&amp;nbsp;°F) tae 9&amp;nbsp;°C (48&amp;nbsp;°F), while nichttime laws go frae −1&amp;nbsp;°C (30&amp;nbsp;°F) tae as law as −6&amp;nbsp;°C (21&amp;nbsp;°F). The lawest temperaturs go frae −25&amp;nbsp;°C tae −30&amp;nbsp;°C (−13 tae −22&amp;nbsp;°F) wi severe wind chill. Snaw is common, but in law quantities due tae aridity.

The wast becomes wetter as we approach the Andes, an some spots attain 4,000&amp;nbsp;mm o rainfaw. Simmers are ceul an windy, at 20&amp;nbsp;°C tae 22&amp;nbsp;°C (68 tae 74&amp;nbsp;°F) durin the day an 5&amp;nbsp;°C tae 7&amp;nbsp;°C (41 tae 45&amp;nbsp;°F) at nicht. Winters are vera stormy, wi rain, sleet an snaw, heichs frae 4&amp;nbsp;°C tae 8&amp;nbsp;°C (39 tae 47&amp;nbsp;°F) at law altitudes, an laws frae 0&amp;nbsp;°C (32&amp;nbsp;°F) tae −4&amp;nbsp;°C (25&amp;nbsp;°F). Temperaturs rarely dip belaw −20&amp;nbsp;°C (−4&amp;nbsp;°F) but hivy snaw mey occur.

Altitudes ower 1,000 m hae constant winter snaw civer, an ower 2,000 m, the snaw remains till midsimmer. Heicher peaks are hivily glaciatit.

== Media ==
[[Image:Beach at Rada Tilly, Chubut, Argentina 2008.jpg|thumb|240px|[[Rada Tilly]], on the [[Atlantic Ocean]].]]

===Newspapers===
Thare are a nummer o prent newspapers includin: 
* ''Crónica'' an ''El Patagónico'' in Comodoro Rivadavia
* ''El Oeste'' in Esquel
* ''El Diario de Madryn'' in Puerto Madryn
* ''El Chubut'' an ''Jornada'' in Trelew
* ''Y Drafod'', Welsh leid newspaper syne 1891
* ''Clecs Camwy'', new Welsh monthly newspaper, 2011

===Online jurnalism===
Online jurnalism haes a sma, growin presence in Chubut. The sax prent newspapers hae online edeetions; but thir are anerlie updatit ivery 24 oors. Some new digital proposals mak a better uise o wab's potential. Ane case is Infochubut.com, a recent publication that wirks wi audio, video, text an photographs for its news an affers forums for public pairticipation. Some radio stations in northwast Chubut began tae publish online some o the interviews thay mak in thare radio studies.

===Radio===
The maist populous ceeties are served bi AM radio stations lik Chubut Radio an Three Radio in Trelew, Golfo Nuevo's Radio in Puerto Madryn, National Radio in Comodoro, Rivadavia an Esquel. Thare are several FM radio stations which broadcast programs frae a naitional central office an aw.

===Televeesion===
The provincial govrenment runs a TV netwirk that covers the province. In Trelew, Comodoro Rivadavia, Esquel, Puerto Madryn an in some sma touns thare are ither local TV stations producin local programmin tae supplement the programmin receivit frae the Buenos Aires netwirks. In 2004 mony Welsh Argentines asked the Welsh Govrenment for access tae Welsh-leid channel S4C.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/tm_objectid=15015947&amp;method=full&amp;siteid=50082&amp;headline=hola--plans-for-patagonia-welsh-to-watch-gente-de-valle-and-other-s4c-shows-to-improve-their-language-skills-name_page.html&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourism  ==
[[Image:Southern right whale10.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Soothren richt whale]] in [[Península Valdés]], its preferred sanctuar.]]
{{see an aw|Tourism in Argentinae}}
Tourism is a growin industrie an aw. The main attractions are [[Peninsula Valdés]] an ither marine [[wildlife]] reservoirs sic as [[Punta Tombo]] an [[Punta Ninfas]], wi [[richt whale]]s, [[eared seal]]s, [[elephant seal]]s, [[penguin]]s, [[orca]]s an mony ither ainimals. At the Punta Tombo steid thare is ane o the lairgest breedin auries for the [[Magellanic penguin]].&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan (2008) [http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=232 ''Magellanic Penguin'', GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607230613/http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=232 |date=2012-06-07 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Further sooth, on the sparsely populatit beaches o the [[Golfo San Jorge]], is the anerlie place in the warld whaur the peculiar, flichtless [[Chubut Steamer Duck]] can be observit. In the [[Andes|Andean]] region, the [[Los Alerces National Park]], impressive lakes an hikes near Esquel are visitit ivery year bi mony tourists. The '[[Old Patagonian Express]]' (ketn as ''La Trochita'' an aw), the auld steam train made famous bi [[Paul Theroux]], attracts mony tae [[Esquel]], as daes the ''La Hoya'' ski center. The [[Petrifeed firth|petrifeed forest]] near Sarmiento is a 150&amp;nbsp;km² pairk wi some o the lairgest fossilisit trees in the warld.
{{-}}

== Transport ==
The Ruta Nacional 3 runs alang the coast line up tae [[Buenos Aires]], an doun tae [[Tierra del Fuego]]. ''The Ruta Nacional 25'' crosses Chubut frae east tae wast, connectin [[Trelew]] an [[Esquel]], but hauf o it haes no yet been pavit. Regular lang distance buses run several times a day tae Buenos Aires, an tae mony locations in the [[Santa Cruz Province, Argentinae|Santa Cruz Province]]. Short range buses tae touns in Chubut run at least ance a day. Thare are daily simmer buses on the route #25 an aw.
The Trelew airport ([[IATA airport code|IATA]] '''REL''') serves regular flichts tae/frae [[Buenos Aires]] an [[El Calafate]]. Airports are maintained at Comodoro Rivadavia, Rawson an Esquel an aw.

Major heich-gates include:
*Route 2, frae Puerto Pirámides an Península Valdés 
*Route 3, north-sooth via Trelew an Comodoro Rivadavia
*Route 26, wast frae Comodoro Rivadavia (223&amp;nbsp;km)
*Route 20, which continues north 178&amp;nbsp;km tae Jose de San Martín
*Route 22, north frae Perito Moreno (Santa Cruz province) 125&amp;nbsp;km
*Route 25, wast frae Trelew (341&amp;nbsp;km)
*Route 62, which continues wast 166&amp;nbsp;km tae jyne Route 40 at Tecka
*Route 40, travelin north 266&amp;nbsp;km via Esquel tae Cabeza del Indio
*Route 30, east 73&amp;nbsp;km frae Route 3 tae the coast at Camarones
*Route 259, wast frae Esquel tae Chile.

Fower ither roads traivel wast tae Chile's [[Aysén Region]], includin Balmaceda an Coihaique Alto, an twa tae Chile's [[Los Lagos Region]] frae Corcovado tae Palena an frae Esquel via Trevelin tae Futaleufu.

==Poleetical diveesions==
[[Image:Numbered Chubut departments.gif|right|225px|thumb|Depairtments o the Province o Chubut.]]
The province is dividit intae 15 [[Depairtments o Argentinae|depairtments]]
(Spainyie: ''departamentos'').

Depairtment (Caipital)

# [[Cushamen Depairtment]] ([[Cushamen]])
# [[Escalante Depairtment]] ([[Comodoro Rivadavia]])
# [[Florentino Ameghino Depairtment]] ([[Camarones, Chubut|Camarones]])
# [[Futaleufú Depairtment]] ([[Esquel]])
# [[Gaiman Depairtment]] ([[Gaiman, Chubut|Gaiman]])
# [[Gastre Depairtment]] ([[Gastre]])
# [[Languiñeo Depairtment]] ([[Tecka]])
# [[Mártires Depairtment]] ([[Las Plumas]])
# [[Paso de Indios Depairtment]] ([[Paso de Indios]])
# [[Rawson Depairtment, Chubut|Rawson Depairtment]] ([[Rawson, Chubut|Rawson]])
# [[Río Senguer Depairtment]] ([[Alto Río Senguer]])
# [[Sarmiento Depairtment, Chubut|Sarmiento Department]] ([[Sarmiento, Chubut|Sarmiento]])
# [[Tehuelches Depairtment]] ([[José de San Martín, Chubut|José de San Martín]])
# [[Telsen Depairtment]] ([[Telsen]])
# [[Biedma Depairtment]] ([[Puerto Madryn]])

==Institutions==
Chubut is covered bi the [[Roman Catholic]] [[Diocese o Comodoro Rivadavia]]. The Cathedral, dedicatit tae [[Saunt John Bosco|San Juan Bosco]] is in Comodoro Rivadavia an the Bishop syne 2005 is [[Virginio Domingo Bressanelli]]. Ither faiths are active in Chubut, principally amangst the Welsh chapels as well as [[Lutheran]] an [[Muslim]] places o wirship in Comodoro.

The varsity—[[Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco]]—is based in Comodoro Rivadavia wi campuses at Esquel, Trelew an Puerto Madryn, as well as in [[Ushuaia]], [[Tierra del Fuego]].
{{-}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Freemit airtins ==
* [http://www.infochubut.com Infochubut - Online journalism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201234846/https://infochubut.com/ |date=2020-12-01 }} (Spaingie)
* [http://www.chubut.gov.ar Chubut's Offeecial Page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722200017/http://www.chubut.gov.ar/ |date=2011-07-22 }} (Spaingie)

{{Provinces o Argentinae}}

[[Category:Chubut| ]]
[[Category:Provinces o Argentinae]]
[[Category:States an territories established in 1955]]</text>
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      <text bytes="20546" sha1="ncf6f0hxbhmtjqffmw0aiyfcdjmef62" xml:space="preserve">{{Spanish name|Aristizábal|Vásquez}}
{{Infobox muisical airtist  &lt;!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --&gt;
| name                = Juanes
| image               = Juanes02.JPG
| caption             = Juanes Unplugged Tour 2012, [[Cologne]], 3 November 2012
| image_size          = 200px
| background          = solo_singer
| birth_name          = Juan Esteban Aristizábal Vásquez
| alias               = Juanes
| birth_date          = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1972|8|9}}
| origin              = [[Medellín]], [[Antioquia]], [[Colombie]]
| instrument          = [[Guitar]], [[Keybuird instrument|keybuirds]], [[vocals]]
| genre               = [[Thrash metal]], [[hivy metal]],&lt;br&gt; [[hard rock]], [[Rock en español]]
| occupation          = [[Sangster-sangwriter]], muisicker
| years_active        = 1988–present
| label               = [[Universal Music Group]] 
| associated_acts     = [[Ekhymosis]], [[Nelly Furtado]], [[Laura Pausini]],&lt;br&gt; [[Colbie Caillat]], [[Juan Luis Guerra]]
| website                 = [http://www.juanes.net/ Offeecial wabsteid]
| notable_instruments =
}}
'''Juan Esteban Aristizábal Vásquez''' (born 9 August 1972), better kent as '''Juanes''' (for the contraction o his first an seicont name), is a [[Colombie]] muisicker who wis a member o the [[hivy metal]] baund [[Ekhymosis]] an is nou a solo airtist. In 2000, his solo debut album ''[[Fíjate Bien]]'' wan three [[Latin Grammy Awards]]. Accordin tae his record label, Juanes haes sauld mair nor 15 million albums warldwide.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url = http://www.voanews.com/spanish/news/entertainment/juanes-mtv-unplugged-135433933.html|title = Juanes ha vendido 15 millones de copias|access-date = 2013-06-15|archive-date = 2012-02-13|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120213025806/http://www.voanews.com/spanish/news/entertainment/juanes-mtv-unplugged-135433933.html|url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714123716/http://noticias.latino.msn.com/internacionales/articulos.aspx?cp-documentid=26144296|title=Juanes inicia con 'PARCE' un giro hacia un tipo de pop-rock 'más básico' -  Noticias internacionales en MSN Latino|work=msn.com|accessdate=8 December 2011|url=http://noticias.latino.msn.com/internacionales/articulos.aspx?cp-documentid=26144296|archivedate=2011-07-14|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Early life an Ekhymosis==
Juanes wis born in [[Carolina del Príncipe]], [[Antioquia]], [[Colombie]]. When he wis seiven year auld, his faither an brithers began tae teach him hou tae play guitar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Allmusic&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://allmusic.com/artist/juanes-p451494/biography|title=Juanes Biography|last=Birchmeier|first=Jason|work=Allmusic.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; His passion for the graith led him tae diskiver diverse genres o muisic sic as tradeetional Laitin soonds sic as [[tango (muisic)|tango]] an [[Bachata (muisic)|bachata]], as well as Colombie fowk muisic.

He grew up in [[Medellín]] durin the hicht o drog kingpin [[Pablo Escobar]]'s reign, when the ceety haed the heichest homicide rate in the warld.&lt;ref name=&quot;LA Times&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2009/jun/14/world/fg-juanes14|title=FOREIGN EXCHANGE: Colombia rocker Juanes gives back|last=Kraul|first=Chris|date=2009-06-14|accessdate=2011-01-15|work=Los Angeles Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Durin his bairnheid, Juanes witnessed a ceevil war in which thoosans wur killed. He wis greatly affectit bi the violence; his cousin wis executit bi kidnappers, an his close friend wis murthert bi gunmen.&lt;ref name=&quot;Allmusic&quot;/&gt; This period o time shapit his social consciousness, sayin &quot;Colombie haes suffered so hintle that the anerlie wey tae go forward is tae imagine a better kintra.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;LA Times&quot;/&gt;  His faither dee'd o cancer when he wis a bairn an aw, which caused him tae further retreat intae muisic.&lt;ref name=&quot;Allmusic&quot;/&gt;

As a teenager, Juanes wis greatly influencit bi metal acts sic as [[Metallica]]. He stairtit the metal baund [[Ekhymosis]] in 1988, an it released its sel-producit debut album, ''Niño Gigante'', that same year.&lt;ref name=&quot;EkhAMG&quot;&gt;Bonacich, Drago. [{{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p276278|pure_url=yes}} &quot;Ekhymosis &gt; Biography&quot;]. Allmusic. Retrieved January 23, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; The baund released five studio albums durin its career an shared the stage wi acts includin [[Alejandro Sanz]], [[Aterciopelados]], an [[Ricky Martin]];&lt;ref name=&quot;Eskpe&quot;&gt;[http://eskpe.eltiempo.terra.com.co/PROYECTOS_ESKPE/juanes_eskpe/discosgiras/ARTICULO-WEB-NOTA_INTERIOR_ESKPE-2519154.html &quot;Hechos en la vida musical de Juanes&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014142837/http://eskpe.eltiempo.terra.com.co/PROYECTOS_ESKPE/juanes_eskpe/discosgiras/ARTICULO-WEB-NOTA_INTERIOR_ESKPE-2519154.html |date=2020-10-14 }}. Eskpe. Retrieved January 24, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; housomeivver in Juanes' wirds, the baund &quot;couldna get oot o Colombie&quot; an remained &quot;vera local an confined tae the Colombie mercat.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Kamin, Azhariah. [http://star-ecentral.com/news/story.asp?file=/2006/5/29/music/14315337&amp;sec=music &quot;Latin to the core&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109144754/http://star-ecentral.com/news/story.asp?file=%2F2006%2F5%2F29%2Fmusic%2F14315337&amp;sec=music |date=2009-01-09 }}. The Star Online. May 29, 2006. Retrieved January 23, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Juanes disbandit the group in 1998 sae that he coud pursue a solo career.&lt;ref name=&quot;EkhAMG&quot;/&gt;

==2000–present: Solo career==

===2000-03: ''Fíjate Bien'' an ''Un Día Normal''===
{{Main|Fíjate Bien|Un Día Normal}}
In 2000, Juanes released his solo debut ''[[Fíjate Bien]]'' (Tak a Good Look), producit bi [[Gustavo Santaolalla]]. The album fared well in Colombie, spendin ten weeks at the nummer ane poseetion, but wis unsuccessful in ither kintras.&lt;ref name=&quot;Allmusic&quot;/&gt; The album earned him three Latin Grammys for Best New Artist, Best Rock Solo Vocal Album, an Best Rock Song, an Juanes performit at the awaird shaw. Later that nicht, Juanes brocht demos for ower forty new sangs tae Santaolalla's studio, ready tae begin wirk on anither album.&lt;ref name=&quot;Allmusic&quot;/&gt;

The follae-up, ''[[Un Día Normal]]'' (''A Normal Day''), producit bi Gustavo Santaolalla an aw who signed him wi his first solo album, wis released in [[2002]] an wis heichlie successfu in Latin Americae. The album wis certifee'd gowd in Colombie durin its first day o sales an wis certifee'd platinum an multi-platinum in kintras includin Colombie, [[Mexico]], an Spain.&lt;ref name=&quot;rockero&quot;&gt;[http://www.rockero.com/artists/juanes/biography/ &quot;Juanes Biography&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070306121322/http://www.rockero.com/artists/juanes/biography/ |date=2007-03-06 }}.  Rockero.com. Retrieved January 24, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;  The album spent 92 weeks in the tap ten o ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''{{'}}s Tap Latin Albums chart,&lt;ref name=&quot;Allmusic&quot;/&gt; settin a new record,&lt;ref name=&quot;rockero&quot;/&gt; an spent a tot o twa years on the chairt.&lt;ref name=&quot;rockero&quot; /&gt;  The album wis released efter the eligibility deadlines for the 2002 Latin Grammy Awards, but the advance airdate for the lead single, &quot;A Dios le Pido&quot; (&quot;To God I Pray&quot;), alloued it tae be nominatit for three awairds an win Best Rock Song.&lt;ref name=&quot;rockero&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Susman, Gary.  [http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,352650,00.html &quot;Trophy Time&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019022657/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,352650,00.html |date=2012-10-19 }}.  ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]''.  September 19, 2002. Retrieved January 28, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;A Dios le Pido&quot; toppit the singles chairts o twal kintras an spent 47 consecutive weeks on the ''Billboard'' [[Hot Latin Tracks]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Allmusic&quot;/&gt;  The album featurt &quot;[[Fotografía]]&quot; (&quot;Photograph&quot;) an aw, a duet wi [[Portuguese Canadian]] pop sangster [[Nelly Furtado]] aboot the isolation atween lovers.  Juanes later wirkit wi Furtado on a remix o &quot;[[Powerless (Say What You Want)]]&quot;, the lead single frae her 2003 album ''[[Folklore (Nelly Furtado album)|Folklore]]'', an on &quot;[[Te busqué]]&quot; (&quot;I Looked for You&quot;), a single frae her 2006 album ''[[Loose (Nelly Furtado album)|Loose]]''.  Juanes wan the maist awairds at the [[2003 Latin Grammy Awards]], whaur he wan each o the 5 awairds for which he haed been nominatit, includin [[Latin Grammy Award for Song of the Year|Song of the Year]], [[Latin Grammy Award for Record of the Year|Record of the Year]], an [[Latin Grammy Award for Album of the Year|Album of the Year]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bmi.com/news/entry/233835 &quot;Juanes on Top with 5 at Latin Grammys&quot;].  BMI.  September 3, 2003. Retrieved January 28, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

===2004-05: ''Mi Sangre''===
{{Main|Mi Sangre}}
''[[Mi Sangre]]'' (''My Blood''), wis released in September 2004 an debuted at nummer ane on the ''Billboard'' Top Latin Albums.&lt;ref&gt;Zahlaway, Jon.  [http://www.livedaily.com/news/Juanes_to_visit_the_states_in_early_2006-9057.html &quot;Juanes to visit the states in early 2006&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930202557/http://www.livedaily.com/news/Juanes_to_visit_the_states_in_early_2006-9057.html |date=2007-09-30 }}.  LiveDaily.  November 1, 2005. Retrieved January 28, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;  The album producit three consecutive nummer ane singles, which held the tap chairt poseetion for a combined 6 month.  The album's third single, &quot;[[La Camisa Negra]]&quot; (&quot;The Black Shirt&quot;), wis uised in Italy in support o neo-fascism bi relatin it tae the uniform uised unner the regime o [[Benito Mussolini]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;Martínez, Daniel.  [http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/misc/newsid_4207000/4207938.stm &quot;Juanes en medio de polémica italiana&quot;].  [[BBC Mundo]].  September 3, 2005. Retrieved January 25, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;  In response, [[left-wing]] media netwirk [[Indymedia]] cried for a boycott o the sang.&lt;ref&gt;[http://colombia.indymedia.org/news/2005/09/30213.php &quot;Neofascistas adoptan como himno 'La camisa negra' de Juanes&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070331053614/http://colombia.indymedia.org/news/2005/09/30213.php |date=2007-03-31 }}.  [[Reuters]].  September 1, 2005.  Retrieved from Colombian Indymedia January 25, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;  Juanes later statit that &quot;'La Camisa Negra' haes got naething tae dae wi [[fascism]] or Mussolini... Fowk can interpret muisic in aw kynds o weys I guess.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;interview&quot;&gt;Wilson, Scott.  [https://archive.today/20120917163612/www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&amp;node=&amp;contentId=A21946-2003Oct13&amp;notFound=true &quot;From Colombia, Encouraging Sounds&quot;].  ''[[Washington Post]]''.  October 14, 2003: page C01.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://music.yahoo.com/read/news/18696828 &quot;Rubio, Juanes Earn Billboard Latin Awards&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610074154/http://music.yahoo.com/read/news/18696828 |date=2007-06-10 }}.  [[Yahoo! Music]].  April 28, 2005. Retrieved February 7, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:JuanesUnpluggedtour.JPG|right|thumb|Juanes performin on the 'Unplugged' tour]]
At the [[2005 Latin Grammy Awards]], Juanes wan three additional awairds tae his nine previous Grammy awairds.  He teuk the awaird for Best Rock Song for &quot;[[Nada Valgo Sin Tu Amor]]&quot; (&quot;I am Worthless Without Your Love&quot;), Best Rock Solo Album for ''[[Mi Sangre]]'' an Best Music Video for &quot;[[Volverte a Ver]]&quot; (&quot;To See You Again&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;Morris, Chris.  [http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/60805/juanes-sanz-bebe-win-latin-grammys &quot;Juanes, Sanz, Bebe Win Latin Grammys&quot;].  ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]''.  November 4, 2005.  Retrieved from ''Billboard'' February 12, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;  On 9 Dizember 2005, Juanes performit &quot;La camisa negra&quot; at an internaitional gala in Germany celebratin the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]] Final Draw forenicht.&lt;ref&gt;[http://fifaworldcup.yahoo.com/06/en/051117/1/5a4d.html &quot;Final draw: TV coverage to be broadcast in 145 countries&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070327030134/http://fifaworldcup.yahoo.com/06/en/051117/1/5a4d.html |date=2007-03-27 }}.  2006 FIFA World Cup.  November 17, 2005. Retrieved February 12, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;  In 2006, he recordit a duet o &quot;[[The Shadow of Your Smile]]&quot; wi [[Tony Bennett]] for Bennett's ''[[Duets: an American Classic]]''.

===2006-09:  ''La Vida... Es Un Ratico''===
{{Main|La Vida... Es Un Ratico}}
In Juin 2006, Juanes began a year-lang sabbatical tae spend time wi his wife, model [[Karen Martínez]], an thair dochters Luna an Paloma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Quepasa&quot;&gt;[http://www.quepasa.com/english/news/entertainment/Juanes.McCartney.Colombia/399969.html &quot;Juanes invited Paul McCartney to Colombia&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070826033446/http://www.quepasa.com/english/news/entertainment/Juanes.McCartney.Colombia/399969.html |date=2007-08-26 }}.  [[Quepasa]].  December 3, 2005. Retrieved January 24, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;  He wis wirkin on an album that wis released on October 23, 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;Quepasa&quot;/&gt;  When askit aboot the possibility o recordin an album in Inglis, Juanes respondit, &quot;singin in Spainyie is vera important acause it's the leid in which A think an feel. I respect fowk that sing in Inglis, but for nou A'll keep ma Spainyie.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Quepasa&quot;/&gt; Juanes planned tae launch his awn muisic label, namit 4J, in October 2007, tae be distributit bi the [[Universal Music Group]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.latina.com/latina/entertainment/entertainment.jsp;jsessionid=65664B5ED96C28D7B445305DB5A69C6D?genre=music&amp;article=juanes4j &quot;Juanes Takes Over the World!&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928195611/http://www.latina.com/latina/entertainment/entertainment.jsp;jsessionid=65664B5ED96C28D7B445305DB5A69C6D?genre=music&amp;article=juanes4j |date=2007-09-28 }}.  Latina.com. Retrieved January 25, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;  He wis wirkin on a new album an aw, titled ''[[La Vida... Es Un Ratico]]'' (''Life is a Little Moment'').&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.voymusic.com/radio/artists-special_report-51182-juanes-juanes_s_new_album_has_a_title &quot;Juanes's New Album Has a Title&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927023901/http://www.voymusic.com/radio/artists-special_report-51182-juanes-juanes_s_new_album_has_a_title |date=2007-09-27 }}.  VOY Music.  January 29, 2007. Retrieved March 29, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[La Vida... Es Un Ratico]]'' wis released on 23 October 2007 wi the first single bein &quot;[[Me Enamora]]&quot; (I faw in luve). The seicont single wis &quot;[[Gotas de Agua Dulce]]&quot; (drops of sweet watter), an the third single became the vallenato fusion o &quot;[[Tres (sang)|Tres]]&quot; (three).

On 11 Dizember 2007, Juanes performit at the [[Nobel Peace Prize Concert]] in [[Oslo]], Norawa thegither wi a variety o airtists, which wis broadcast live tae ower 100 kintras.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://nobelpeaceprize.org/concert/|title=Nobel Peace Prize Concert 2007|accessdate=2007-12-11|publisher=nobelpeaceprize.org|archive-date=2007-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071207223134/http://nobelpeaceprize.org/concert/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 24 November 2008, Juanes re-released the album as ''&quot;[[La vida... es un ratico (en vivo)]]&quot;'' [Deluxe Edition][2 CD/DVD Combo]&quot;. The album aside the 14 oreeginal sangs, contains twa previously unreleased sangs: &quot;Falsas Palabras&quot; (false words) an &quot;[[Odio Por Amor]]&quot; (hate for luve) which is the current single. This new re-edeetion includes seiven live versions o sangs played durin his U.S. La Vida Tour an aw.  As anither bonus addit, Juanes includit a duet o his sang &quot;[[Hoy Me Voy]]&quot; (the day I leave) wi [[Unitit States|American]] sangster [[Colbie Caillat]]. The DVD contains the muisic videos o the fower singles o the CD as well as a few live video recordins o the US tour.

===2010-present: ''P.A.R.C.E'' an his Juanes MTV Unplugged===
{{Main2|P.A.R.C.E.|Juanes MTV Unplugged|l2=Juanes MTV Unplugged}}
In 2010, Juanes performit in the [[2010 FIFA World Cup]] Kickoff Concert, as well as the [[Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade]] in New York. In addeetion, he released his album ''[[P.A.R.C.E.]]'' which featurt the #1 Billboard hit [[Yerbatero (sang)|Yerbatero]] an the tap-ten hit [[Y No Regresas]]. On 17 Februar, Juanes performit live on the third single frae thair fift studio album [[Regalito]] in the delivery o the [[Premios Lo Nuestro]]. The album haes sauld 1 million copies warldwide.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url = http://www.digital1001.com.mx/cmai/secciones/disco-de-la-semana/231-juanes-parce.html|title = P.A.R.C.E. ya vendió un millón de copias|access-date = 2013-06-15|archive-date = 2012-03-02|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120302182752/http://www.digital1001.com.mx/cmai/secciones/disco-de-la-semana/231-juanes-parce.html|url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
In Februar 2012, the Colombie sangster Juanes teuk the stage at [[Juanes MTV Unplugged]] tae record a live album at the direction o [[Juan Luis Guerra]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url = http://www.voanews.com/spanish/news/entertainment/juanes-mtv-unplugged-135433933.html|title = Juanes lanzará en febrero de 2012 su MTV Unplugged|access-date = 2013-06-15|archive-date = 2012-02-13|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120213025806/http://www.voanews.com/spanish/news/entertainment/juanes-mtv-unplugged-135433933.html|url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
In 6 Mairch, Juanes will release &quot;[[La Señal (sang)|La Señal]]&quot; as an unreleased sang frae his Unplugged.

==Personal life==
Juanes met model/actress [[Karen Martínez]] durin the filmin o his video &quot;[[Podemos Hacernos Daño]]&quot;. On 6 August 2004 thay wur marriet.  The couple separated in Mey 2007 efter three years o marriage due tae unresolvit differences, but reconciled fower month later.&lt;ref name=&quot;People Marriage&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20040307,00.html|title=Colombian Singer Juanes, Wife Separate|work=People|date=2007-05-25|accessdate=2011-01-20|archive-date=2011-01-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110109031901/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20040307,00.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NY Daily News&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/latino/2007/10/10/2007-10-10_temporary_breakup_fuels_juanes_new_cd.html|title=Temporary breakup fuels Juanes' new CD|last=Graglia|first=Diego|date=2007-10-10|accessdate=2011-01-20|work=NY Daily News|archive-date=2009-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923121421/http://www.nydailynews.com/latino/2007/10/10/2007-10-10_temporary_breakup_fuels_juanes_new_cd.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thay hae twa dochters (Paloma Aristizábal Martínez an Luna Aristizábal Martínez) an a son namit Dante Aristizábal Martínez.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Juanes es padre por tercera vez |url=http://www.informador.com.mx/entretenimiento/2009/137264/6/juanes-es-padre-por-tercera-vez.htm |work=El Informador |date=13 September 2009 |accessdate=22 April 2010 |archive-date=2014-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407063459/http://www.informador.com.mx/entretenimiento/2009/137264/6/juanes-es-padre-por-tercera-vez.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Juanes is o [[Basque fowk|Basque]] strynd, an currently lives in Key Biscayne, Florida.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://canales.diariovasco.com/ocio/meca/juanes-euskera-kepa-junkera-200911091001.php |title=Juanes &amp;#124; Euskera&amp;#124; Juanes canta en euskera junto a Kepa Junkera |publisher=Canales.diariovasco.com |date=2009-01-01 |accessdate=2010-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091112041934/http://canales.diariovasco.com/ocio/meca/juanes-euskera-kepa-junkera-200911091001.php |archive-date=2009-11-12 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Discografie==
{{Main|Juanes discografie}}

* ''[[Fíjate Bien]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Un Día Normal]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Mi Sangre]]'' (2004)
* ''[[La Vida... Es Un Ratico]]'' (2007)
* ''[[P.A.R.C.E.]]'' (2010)

==See an aw==
*[[Muisic o Colombie]]
*[[Colombie rock]]

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

==Freemit airitns==
{{commons|Juanes}}
*[http://www.juanes.net/ Offeecial wabsteid] {{es icon}}
**[http://www.juanes.net/index.php?lang=en Inglis version]

&lt;!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] --&gt;

[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Livin fowk]]
[[Category:Juanes|*]]
[[Category:Chevaliers o the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]]
[[Category:Colombie rock guitarists]]
[[Category:Colombie male sangsters]]
[[Category:Colombie rock sangsters]]
[[Category:Colombie sangster-sangwriters]]
[[Category:Colombie fowk o Basque strynd]]
[[Category:Colombie expatriates in the Unitit States]]
[[Category:Humanitarians]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Medellín]]
[[Category:Fowk named in the Panama Papers]]
[[Category:Rock sangster-sangwriters]]
[[Category:Basque-leid sangsters]]
[[Category:Wrasse Records airtists]]
[[Category:Latin Grammy Award winners]]
[[Category:Grammy Awaird winners]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Haneda Airport</title>
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      <text bytes="6067" sha1="rcxrceapyjz2hj15ct1ojsy5l4cnhsh" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox airport
| name         = Tokyo Internaitional Airport
| nativename   = 
| nativename-a = 東京国際空港
| nativename-r = Tōkyō Kokusai Kūkō
| image        = HND Airport Office Building 1.jpg
| image-width  = 280
| caption      =
| IATA         = HND
| ICAO         = RJTT
| type         = Public
| owner        =
| operator     = Tokyo Aviation Bureau, [[Meenistry o Land, Infrastructur, Transport an Tourism (Japan)|Meenistry o Land, Infrastructur an Transport]] (airfield); Japan Airport Terminal Co., Ltd. (terminals)
| city-served  =
| location     = [[Ōta, Tokyo]], Japan
| hub          = [[Japan Airlines]] &lt;br&gt; [[Aw Nippon Airways]] &lt;br&gt; [[Skymark Airlines]] &lt;br&gt; [[Hokkaido Internaitional Airlines|Air Do]] &lt;br&gt; [[Skynet Asie Airways]]
| elevation-f  = 21
| elevation-m  = 6
| coordinates  = {{coord|35|33|12|N|139|46|52|E|region:JP-13|display=inline,title}}
| website      = [http://www.tokyo-airport-bldg.co.jp/en/ www.tokyo-airport-bldg.co.jp]
| pushpin_map            = Japan
| pushpin_label          = HND
| pushpin_map_caption    = Location in Japan
| metric-rwy   = Y
| r1-number    = 16R/34L
| r1-length-f  = 9,843
| r1-length-m  = 3,000
| r1-surface   = [[Asphalt concrete]]
| r2-number    = 16L/34R
| r2-length-f  = 9,843
| r2-length-m  = 3,000
| r2-surface   = Asphalt concrete
| r3-number    = 04/22
| r3-length-f  = 8,202
| r3-length-m  = 2,500
| r3-surface   = Asphalt concrete
| r4-number    = 05/23
| r4-length-f  = 8,202
| r4-length-m  = 2,500
| r4-surface   = Asphalt concrete
| stat-year    = 2012
| stat1-header = Number of passengers
| stat1-data   = 66,795,178
| stat2-header =
| stat2-data   =
| footnotes    = Soorces: Japanese [[Aeronautical Information Publication|AIP]] at [[Aeronautical Information Service|AIS Japan]]&lt;ref name=&quot;AIP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://aisjapan.mlit.go.jp/ |title=AIS Japan |access-date=2013-06-29 |archive-date=2016-05-17 |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160517110850/https://aisjapan.mlit.go.jp/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;Statistics frae [[Airports Cooncil Internaitional|ACI]]
}}

{{nihongo|'''Tokyo Internaitional Airport'''|東京国際空港|Tōkyō Kokusai Kūkō}}, commonly kent as {{nihongo|'''Haneda Airport'''|羽田空港|Haneda Kūkō}} or {{nihongo|'''Tokyo Haneda Airport'''|東京羽田空港|Tōkyō Haneda Kūkō}} {{Airport codes|HND|RJTT}}, is ane o the twa primary airports that serve the [[Greater Tokyo Aurie]] in Japan. It is locatit in [[Ōta, Tokyo]], {{convert|14|km|abbr=on}} sooth o [[Tokyo Station]].

Haneda haundles almaist aw domestic flichts tae an frae Tokyo, while [[Narita Internaitional Airport]] haundles the vast majority o internaitional flichts. In 2010, a dedicatit internaitional terminal wis opened at Haneda in conjunction wi the completion o a fowert runway. This allowed for a dramatic increase in internaitional flichts gangin tae Haneda, which previously haed anly &quot;scheduled charter&quot; flichts tae [[Gimpo Internaitional Airport|Seoul]], [[Shanghai Hongqiao Internaitional Airport|Shanghai]], [[Hong Kong Internaitional Airport|Hong Kong]] an [[Taipei Songshan Airport|Taipei]]. The Japanese govrenment plans tae further expand Haneda's internaitional role in the futur.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=anna.aero airline route news &amp; analysis |title=Tokyo Haneda’s new runway and terminal welcome more international services; almost 50 domestic routes served
|date=20 October 2010
|url=http://www.anna.aero/2010/11/04/tokyo-hanedas-new-runway-and-terminal-welcome-new-international-services/}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

Haneda haundelt 66,795,178 passengers in 2012. Bi passenger throughput, it wis the seicont busiest airport in Asie an the [[Warld's busiest airports bi passenger traffic|fowert busiest in the warld]], efter [[Atlanta|Atlanta's]] [[Hartsfield-Jackson Airport]], [[Beijing Caipital Airport]] (Asie's busiest) an [[Lunnon Heathrow Airport]].  Wi Haneda an Narita combined Tokyo haes the [[Warld's busiest ceety airport seestems bi passenger traffic|third busiest ceety airport seestem]] in the warld, efter [[Lunnon]] an [[New York Ceety]].

Haneda is the primary base o Japan's twa major domestic airlines, [[Japan Airlines]] (Terminal 1) an [[Aw Nippon Airways]] (Terminal 2), as well as [[law-cost carrier]]s [[Hokkaido Internaitional Airlines]], [[Skymark Airlines]], [[Skynet Asie Airways]], an [[StarFlyer]].  It is able tae haundle 90 million passengers per year follaein its expansion in 2010.

In December 2009, [http://www.forbestraveller.com ForbesTraveller.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223054738/http://www.forbestraveller.com/ |date=2008-12-23 }} recognised Haneda Airport as the maist punctual airport in the warld for twa years in a row, wi 94.3% o its flichts departin on time an 88.6% arrivin on time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.theage.com.au/executive-style/business-travel/worlds-most-ontime-airports-20090909-fhfr.html | location=Melbourne | work=The Age | first=Jeff | last=Koyen | title=World's most on-time airports | date=9 September 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Freemit airtins==
* [http://www.tokyo-airport-bldg.co.jp/en/ Tokyo Internaitional Airport Homepage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223124018/http://www.tokyo-airport-bldg.co.jp/en/ |date=2009-02-23 }} {{En icon}}
* [http://www.haneda-airport.jp/en/ Haneda Airport Terminal Portal Steid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005170520/http://www.haneda-airport.jp/en/ |date=2012-10-05 }} {{En icon}}
* [http://www.opennav.com/airport/RJTT openNav: HND / RJTT charts]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100408013838/http://www.tiat.co.jp/en/index.html Tokyo Internaitional Air Terminal Corporation] {{En icon}}

{{Japanese airports}}
{{Tokyo transit}}
{{authority control}}
[[Category:Closed bases o the Unitit States Air Force in Japan]]
[[Category:Transport in Tokyo]]
[[Category:Airports in Japan]]
[[Category:Transport in the Greater Tokyo Aurie]]
[[Category:Ōta, Tokyo]]
[[Category:Tokyo Bay]]
[[Category:1931 establishments]]
[[Category:1930s establishments in Asie]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lepidoptera</title>
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      <text bytes="10013" sha1="h0jixtsk99niqb2v8eozyohmofkd5nk" xml:space="preserve">{{Automatic taxobox
| taxon = Lepidoptera
| fossil_range= [[Early Jurassic]]–[[Holocene|present]], {{fossilrange|200|0}}
| image = Danaus plexippus &amp; Actias luna.jpg
| image_caption = [[Monarch butterflee]] an [[luna moch]], twa widely recognised lepidopterans
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10t edeetion o Systema Naturae|1758]]
| subdivision_ranks = Suborders
| subdivision = 
[[Aglossata]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[Glossata]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[Heterobathmiina]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[Zeugloptera]]
}}
'''Lepidoptera''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|l|ɛ|p|ɪ-|ˈ|d|ɒ|p|t|ər|ə}} {{respell|lep-i|DOP|tər-ə}}) is a laorge [[order (biology)|order]] o [[insect]]s that includes [[moch]]s an [[butterflee]]s (baith cried '''lepidopterans'''). It is ane o the maist widespread an widely recognizable insect orders in the warld,&lt;ref name=&quot;Resh &amp; Carde&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Powell |first1=Jerry A. |editor2-last=Cardé |editor2-first=Ring T. |editor1-first=Vincent H. |editor1-last=Resh |editor1-link= |title=Encyclopedia of Insects |url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=wrMcPwAACAAJ |accessdate=14 November 2010 |type= |edition=2 (illustrated) |pages=557–587 |series= |volume= |date= |year=2009 |publisher=Academic Press |location= |isbn=978-0-12-374144-8 |page= |chapter=Lepidoptera |chapterurl= |archive-date=2011-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721153931/http://books.google.co.in/books?id=wrMcPwAACAAJ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; encompassin mochs an the three superfaimilies o [[butterflee]]s, [[skipper (butterflee)|skipper butterflees]], an [[Hedylidae|moch-butterflees]]. The term wis coined bi [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] in 1735 an is derived frae [[Auncient Greek]] {{lang|el|[[wikt:λεπίδος|λεπίδος]]}} (scale) an {{lang|el|[[wikt:πτερόν|πτερόν]]}} (wing).&lt;ref name=&quot;Etymology&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=lepidoptera |title=lepidoptera |author=Harper, Douglas |date= |work= |publisher=The Online Etymology Dictionary |accessdate=8 February 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Comprisin an estimatit 174,250 species,&lt;ref name=&quot;Taxome1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/taxome/lepnos.html |title=Taxonomy of Lepidoptera: the scale of the problem |author=Mallet, Jim |date=12 June 2007 |work=The Lepidoptera Taxome Project |publisher=University College, London |accessdate=8 February 2011 |archive-date=2011-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605000548/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/taxome/lepnos.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- over 160,000 described species, {{rp|699}} --&gt; in 126 [[Faimily (biology)|faimilies]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Capinera&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Capinera |first=John L. |title=Encyclopedia of Entomology |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |year=2008 |edition=2nd |volume=4 |pages=626–672 |chapter=Butterflies and moths |isbn=9781402062421|url=http://books.google.com/?id=i9ITMiiohVQC&amp;printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&amp;q=Butterflies%20and%20Moths%20(Lepidoptera)}}&lt;/ref&gt; an 46 [[Taxonomic rank|superfaimilies]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Taxome1&quot;/&gt; the Lepidoptera shaw mony variations o the basic body structur that hae evolved tae gain advantages in lifestyle an distribution. Recent estimates suggest that the order mey hae mair species than earlier thoucht,&lt;ref name=&quot;Inventory&quot;&gt;{{cite book |editor=Z.-Q. Zhang &amp; W. A. Shear |year=2007 |title=Linnaeus Tercentenary: Progress in Invertebrate Taxonomy (Zootaxa:1668) |publisher=Magnolia Press |isbn=978-0-12-690647-9 |url=http://www.lepidoptera.ee/images/lingid/Zootaxa1668p699.pdf |accessdate=March 2, 2010 |author=Kristensen, Niels P.; Scoble, M. J. &amp; Karsholt, Ole |chapter=Lepidoptera phylogeny and systematics: the state of inventorying moth and butterfly diversity |pages=699–747 |archive-date=2013-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515015416/http://www.lepidoptera.ee/images/lingid/Zootaxa1668p699.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; an is amang the fower maist [[wikt:speciose|speciose]] orders, alang wi the [[Hymenoptera]], [[flee|Diptera]], an the [[beetle|Coleoptera]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Resh &amp; Carde&quot;/&gt;

Lepidopteran species are characterized bi mair nor three derived features, some o the maist apparent bein the [[scale (anatomy)|scale]]s coverin thair bodies an wings, an a [[proboscis]]. The scales are modified, flattened &quot;hairs&quot;, an gie butterflees an mochs thair extraordinary variety o colors an patterns. Almaist aw species hae some fairm o membranous wings, except for a few that hae reduced wings or are wingless. Lik maist ither insects, butterflees an maiths are holometabolous, meanin thay unnergo [[Holometabolism|complete metamorphosis]]. Matin an the layin o eggs are carried oot bi adults, normally near or on host plants for the larvae. The [[larva]]e are commonly cried [[caterpillar]]s, an are completely different frae thair adult moch or butterflee form, havin a cylindrical body wi a well-developed heid, mandible mooth pairts, an frae 0 tae 11 (uisually 8) pairs o [[proleg]]s. As thay grow, thir larvae will chynge in appearance, goin throu a series o stages cried [[instar]]s. Ance fully matured, the larva develops intae a [[pupa]], referred tae as a [[chrysalis]] in the case o butterflies an a [[cocoon (silk)|cocoon]] in the case o mochs. A few butterflees an mony moch species spin a silk case or cocoon prior tae pupating, while ithers dae nae, instead gangin unnergrund.&lt;ref name=&quot;Resh &amp; Carde&quot;/&gt;

Butterflees an moths play an important role in the naitural ecoseestem as [[pollination|pollinator]]s an as fuid in the fuid chain; conversely, thair larva are considered very problematic tae vegetation in agricultur, as thair main soorce o fuid is eften live plant matter. In mony species, the female mey produce onywhaur frae 200 tae 600 eggs, while in ithers the nummer mey gang as heich as 30,000 eggs in ane day. The caterpillars hatchin frae thir eggs can cause damage tae lairge quantities o crops. Mony moch an butterflee species are o economic interest bi virtue o thair role as pollinators, the [[silk]] thay produce or as [[pest (organism)|pest]] species.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Freemit airtins==
* {{eol|23}}
* [http://www.lepidoptera.pl/ European Butterflees an Mochs] bi Christopher Jonko
* [http://www.motylpodlaski.pl/ Polish Butterflees an Mochs] bi motylpodlaski.pl
* [http://gil-t.comze.com/indgalb.htm Photos Butterflees o the Iberian Peninsula. Butterflees o Spain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927143104/http://gil-t.comze.com/indgalb.htm |date=2013-09-27 }}
* [http://www.lepidoptera.no/ Norwegian Butterflees an Mochs] (Huge picture archive)
* [http://www.leps.it/ Mochs an Butterflees o Europe an North Africae]
* [http://gil-t.comze.com/indgalm.htm Photos Butterflees o Andalusia an Canary islands (Spain)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929044745/http://gil-t.comze.com/indgalm.htm |date=2013-09-29 }}
* [http://www.ukmoths.force9.co uk/ Breetish Butterflees an Mochs]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://lepidoptera.pro/ Lepidoptera] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831043312/http://lepidoptera.pro/ |date=2015-08-31 }} Lepidoptera.pro
* [http://www.butterfliesofbulgaria.com/ Butterflees o Bulgarie] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080405225314/http://www.butterfliesofbulgaria.com/ |date=2008-04-05 }}
* [http://home.hccnet.nl/bernard.fransen/0testsite/0testsite/ Photography o European Butterflees an Mochs]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070622044831/http://www.leps.nl/ Butterflies and Mochs in the Netherlands]
* [http://www.lepidoptera.se/en/ Swadish Mochs an Butterflees Lepidoptera.se]
* [http://gil-t.comze.com/indgalo.htm Photos o Larvae an Pupae butterflees an mochs. Spain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728150726/http://gil-t.comze.com/indgalo.htm |date=2013-07-28 }}
* [http://www.imagenesdeasturias.com/web/panoramicas_graonet/mariposas_de_asturias/index_mariposas.htm Butterflees o Asturias – Spain]
* [http://www.inra.fr/internet/Produits/PAPILLON/index.htm Lepidoptera o French Antilles]
* [http://pisum.bionet.nsc.ru/kosterin/korgor/index.htm Butterflees o Asian Roushie] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070831024957/http://pisum.bionet.nsc.ru/kosterin/korgor/index.htm |date=2007-08-31 }}
* [http://yutaka.it-n.jp/papi.html Butterflees frae Indo China]
* [http://www.leptr.org/ Butterflees o Turkey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413154937/http://leptr.org/ |date=2012-04-13 }}
* [http://www.mbarnes.force9.co uk/jamaicamoths/jamaicahome.htm Mochs o Jamaica]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://bcrc.bio.umass.edu/kunkel/Moths/ Historic Moch illustrations]
* {{ITIS |id=117232 |taxon=Lepidoptera}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121115112054/http://exhibits.mannlib.cornell.edu/franclemont/ Caucht Atween the Pages: Treasurs frae the Franclemont Collection] Online virtual exhibit featurin a selection o historic entomological writins an images frae the Comstock Library o Entomology at Cornell Varsity
* [http://www.jpmoth.org/ Japmoth] Japanese mochs. Access images via the nummers on the left.
* [http://www.entomologische-literatur.de/startseite.html Literaturatenbank] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627225755/http://www.entomologische-literatur.de/startseite.html |date=2012-06-27 }} Free dounloads
*Gerardo Lamas, 1990 An Annotatit Leet o Lepidopterological Journals ''Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera'' 29(1-2):92-104 [http://lepidopteraresearchfoundation.org/journals/29/PDF29/29-092.pdf pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827214204/http://lepidopteraresearchfoundation.org/journals/29/PDF29/29-092.pdf |date=2016-08-27 }}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q28319}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Lepidoptera| ]]
[[Category:Extant Early Jurassic first appearances]]
[[Category:Insect orders]]
[[Category:Pliensbachian first appearances]]
[[Category:Pollinator insects]]
[[Category:Taxa named bi Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Insects in cultur]]</text>
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    <title>Cyclone Nargis</title>
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{{Infobox Hurricane
| Name=Cyclone Nargis
| Type=Tropical Cyclone
| Year=2008
| Basin=NIO
| Image location=Nargis 2008-05-01 0440Z.jpg
| Image name=Cyclone Nargis on Mey 1 as a category 2 storm
| Formed= {{start-date|April 27, 2008}}
| Dissipated= {{end-date|May 3, 2008}}
| 1-min winds=115
| 3-min winds=90
| Pressure=962
| Damages=10000
| Inflated=1
| Fatalities=138,366 tot
| Areas=[[Bangladesh]], [[Burma]], [[Indie]], [[Sri Lanka]]
| Hurricane season=[[2008 North Indian Ocean cyclone saison]]
}}

'''Cyclone Nargis''' ([[Joint Typhoon Wairnin Center|JTWC]] designation: '''''01B''''', kent as '''Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Nargis''' an aw) wis a rare, eastward movin at law-latitude strang [[tropical cyclone]] that caused the worst [[naitural disaster]] in the [[recordit history]] o [[Burma]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23664740-12377,00.html &quot;80,000 dead in one Burma province&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417224611/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23664740-12377,00.html |date=2009-04-17 }}, ''[[The Australian]]'', May 9, 2008&lt;/ref&gt; The cyclone made [[landfaw (meteorology)|landfaw]] in Burma on Friday, Mey 2, 2008, sendin a [[storm surge]] 40 kilometers up the densely-populatit [[Irrawaddy River|Irrawaddy]] [[river delta|delta]], causin catastrophic destruction an at least 138,000 fatalities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/24526960/ns/world_news-asia_pacific/t/cyclone-nargis-embodied-perfect-storm/ |title= Cyclone Nargis embodied the ‘perfect storm’ |last= |first= |date=May 8, 2008 |publisher=NBC News |accessdate=April 23, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 05-16&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7405260.stm |title= Burma death toll jumps to 78,000 |last= |first= |date=May 16, 2008 |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=May 17, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Labutta Tounship]] alane wis reportit tae hae 80,000 deid, wi aboot 10,000 mair daiths in [[Bogale]]. Thare wur aroond 55,000 fowk missin an mony ither daiths wur foond in ither touns an auries, altho the [[State Peace an Development Cooncil|Burmese govrenment]]'s offeecial daith toll mey hae been underreportit, an thare hae been allegations that govrenment offeecials stopped updatin the daith toll efter 138,000 tae minimize poleetical fawoot. The feared 'seicont wave' o fatalities frae disease an lack o relief efforts never materialized.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article3911696.ece |title=Aid trickles into Burma, but toll 'could reach 1 million if disease set in |access-date=2013-07-17 |archive-date=2011-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429091015/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article3911696.ece |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Damage wis estimatit at ower US$10&amp;nbsp;billion, which made it the maist damagin cyclone ever recordit in this [[tropical cyclone basins|basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;TorontoStar0519&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thestar.com/article/427381|title= Asian bloc to handle Burma aid|last=|first=|date=May 19, 2008|publisher=[[Toronto Star]]|accessdate=May 19, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nargis is the deidliest [[Tropical cyclone namin|named cyclone]] in the [[Leet o North Indian Ocean cyclone saisons|North Indian Ocean Basin]], as well as the seicont deadliest named cyclone o aw time, ahind [[Typhoon Nina (1975)|Typhoon Nina]] o [[1975 Paceefic typhoon saison|1975]]. Includin unnamed storms lik the [[1970 Bhola cyclone]], Nargis is the aicht deadliest cyclone o aw time, but an uncertainty atween the daiths caused bi Nargis an those caused bi ither cyclones (lik the [[1991 Bangladesh cyclone]]), coud put Nargis as sevent deidliest or heicher, acause the exact daith toll is uncertain. Nargis wis the first tropical cyclone tae strike the kintra syne [[Cyclone Mala]] made landfaw in [[2006 North Indian Ocean cyclone saison|2006]], which wis slichtly stranger, but haed a significantly lawer impact. Accordin tae reports, [[Indie]] authorities haed wairned Burma aboot the danger that Cyclone Nargis posed 48 oors afore it hit the kintra's coast.

Relief efforts wur slawed for poleetical raisons as Burma's [[militar junta|militar rulers]] ineetially resistit lairge-scale internaitional aid. [[Preses o the Unitit States|U.S. Preses]] [[George W. Bush]] said that an angry warld should condemn the wey Burma's militar rulers wur handlin the eftermath o sic a catastrophic cyclone. Burma's militar junta feenally acceptit aid a few days efter [[Indie]]'s request wis acceptit.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.newkerala.com/one.php?action=fullnews&amp;id=59282 |title=India urges Myanmar to accept global aid, junta agrees |access-date=2013-07-17 |archive-date=2012-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319232017/http://www.newkerala.com/one.php?action=fullnews&amp;id=59282 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hamperin the relief efforts, anly ten days efter the cyclone, nearbi central [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|Cheenae]] wis hit bi a massive yirdquauk, kent as the [[2008 Sichuan yirdquauk|Sichuan yirdquauk]] which measured 7.9 in [[Richter scale|magnitude]] an it alane haed taken 87,476 lives,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.unisdr.org/eng/media-room/press-release/2009/pr-2009-01-disaster-figures-2008.pdf |title=The Center for Research on Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED) disaster figures for 2008 |access-date=2013-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090320051225/http://www.unisdr.org/eng/media-room/press-release/2009/pr-2009-01-disaster-figures-2008.pdf |archive-date=2009-03-20 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; an caused US$85&amp;nbsp;billion in damage, makin it the costliest disaster in Cheenese history an third costliest disaster ever kent. Furthermair, some donatit aid items wur foond tae be available in the kintra's black mercat, an Burma's junta wairned on Mey 15 that legal action wad be taken against fowk who tradit or hoardit internaitional aid.

{{Storm path|Nargis 2008 track.png}}

The name &quot;Nargis&quot; ({{lang|ur|نرگس}} {{IPA-hns|ˈnərɡɪs|}}) is an [[Urdu]] wird meanin [[daffodil]]; the wird haes its ruits in the [[Persie leid|Persie]] [[Nargess (given name)|name Nargess]], which haes the same meanin.&lt;ref name=reutersindia&gt;{{cite news |first= |last= |title=Cyclone Nargis -- Urdu for &quot;daffodil&quot; |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/southAsiaNews/idINIndia-33455820080507 |work=[[Reuters]] [[Indie]] |publisher= |date=May 7, 1980 |accessdate=May 11, 2008 |archive-date=2008-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080521064706/http://in.reuters.com/article/southAsiaNews/idINIndia-33455820080507 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The first named storm o the [[2008 North Indian Ocean cyclone saison]], Nargis developed on Aprile 27 in the central aurie o [[Bay o Bengal]]. Ineetially it tracked slawly northwastward an, encoonterin favorable condeetions, it quickly strengthened. Dry air waikened the cyclone on Aprile 29, tho efter beginnin a steady eastward motion Nargis [[rapid deepenin|rapidly intensified]] tae attain peak winds o at least 165&amp;nbsp;km/h (105&amp;nbsp;mph) on Mey 2 accordin tae [[Indie Meteorological Depairtment|IMD]] observations; the [[Jynt Typhoon Wairnin Center|JTWC]] assessed peak winds o 217&amp;nbsp;km/h (135&amp;nbsp;mph), makin it a waik Category&amp;nbsp;4 cyclone on the [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale|SSHS]]. The cyclone moved ashore in the [[Ayeyarwady Division]] o Burma at peak intensity an, efter passin near the major ceety o [[Yangon]] (Rangoon), the storm gradually waikened till dissipatin near the mairch o Burma an [[Thailand]].

==Resources==
{{Reflist}}

==Freemit airtins==
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7384041.stm Damage information frae BBC]
*[http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msa=0&amp;msid=116355068350205276966.00044c9c53b69771e3fca&amp;src=fc_0 Google Map: Path o Cyclone Nargis]
*[http://www.ifrc.org/myanmar/ Reid Cross] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228123841/http://www.ifrc.org/myanmar/ |date=2016-12-28 }} - Reid Cross Movement response tae Cyclone Nargis
* [http://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/episodes/eyes-of-the-storm/introduction/5327/ &quot;Eyes of the Storm&quot;] Full episode o PBS documentary on orphans o Cyclone Nargis fendin for themselves.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nargis}}
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Burma]]
[[Category:2008 North Indian Ocean cyclone saison]]
[[Category:2008 in Burma]]
[[Category:Very severe cyclonic storms]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Godwin's Law</title>
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      <text bytes="2049" sha1="tm5j5lwg5ujfg9rr9bqkdmgsy3kcb5s" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Godwin point.JPG|alt=ASCII text: &quot;1 point Godwin&quot;|thumb|Godwin point]]
'''Godwin's law''' (kent forby as '''Godwin's Rule o Nazi Analogies''' or '''Godwin's Law o Nazi Analogies'''&lt;ref name=&quot;GL FAQ&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=Tim Skirvin |title=How to post about Nazis and get away with it—the Godwin's law FAQ|url= http://www.faqs.org/faqs/usenet/legends/godwin/ |date=1999-2009 |work=Skirv's Wiki |accessdate=2006-05-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Godwin94&quot;&gt;{{cite news|author=[[Mike Godwin|Godwin, Mike]]|title=Meme, Counter-meme|date=October, 1994|work=[[Wired magazine|Wired]]|url=http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/2.10/godwin.if_pr.html|accessdate=2006-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426030226/http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/2.10/godwin.if_pr.html|archive-date=2006-04-26|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;) is  a threap bi [[Mike Godwin]] in 1990&lt;ref name=&quot;Godwin94&quot; /&gt; that haes acome an [[Internet humour|Internet adage]]. It states: &quot;''As an online discussion grows longer, the probability of a comparison involving [[Nazi Party|Nazis]] or [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] [[Limit (mathematics)|approaches]] [[almost surely|1]].''&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Godwin94&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Godwin95canonical version&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=[[Mike Godwin|Godwin, Mike]]|title=Godwin's law of Nazi Analogies (and Corollaries)|publisher=[[Electronic Frontier Foundation]]|date=January 12, 1995|work=EFF.org|pages=&quot;Net Culture – Humor&quot; archive section|url=http://w2.eff.org/Net_culture/Folklore/Humor/godwins.law|accessdate=2012-06-19|archive-date=2012-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829094739/http://w2.eff.org/Net_culture/Folklore/Humor/godwins.law|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; In ither wirds, Godwin said that, gien eneuch time, in ''ony'' online collogue&amp;mdash;maugre the topic or scowth&amp;mdash;somebody will aye mak comparison tae Hitler or the Nazis.

==Fitmerks==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Category:Adages]]
[[Category:Adolf Hitler]]
[[Category:Internet cultur]]
[[Category:Internet terminology]]
[[Category:Internet trollin]]
[[Category:Poleetical internet memes]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Peter O'Toole</title>
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      <comment>Mendit Scots</comment>
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      <text bytes="10791" sha1="t5szedb6q58uh7pnrwkqcnx530eff0j" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| image = Peter O'Toole - Lion.jpg
| caption = Peter O'Toole in the ''Lion in Winter'' trailer in 1968
| birth_name = Peter Seamus Lorcan O'Toole
| birth_date = {{birth date|1932|8|2|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Connemara]], [[County Galway]], [[Erse Free State|Irish Free State]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2013|12|14|1932|8|2|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Lunnon]], [[Ingland]]
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 1954-2012
| spouse = {{marriage|Siân Phillips|1959|1979||}}&lt;br&gt;(divorced)
| children = Three 
}}
'''Peter Seamus Lorcan O'Toole'''&lt;ref name=&quot;IrishInd&quot;/&gt; (2 August 1932 &amp;ndash; 14 December 2013)&lt;ref name=&quot;IrishInd&quot;/&gt; wis a Erse film an stage actor.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/434767/Peter-OToole |title=Peter O'Toole (Irish actor) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia |publisher=Britannica.com |date=1932-08-02 |accessdate=2012-06-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; He wis kent fur his stage pleys that war maistly based on that o [[William Shakespeare]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN&quot;/&gt;

O'Toole wis born on 2 August 1932 in [[Connemara]], [[Coontie Galway|Coonty Galway]], [[Erse Free State]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Birth&quot;/&gt;

O'Toole's career lastit awmaist 60 years. He becam kenspeckle fur his role as [[T. E. Lawrence]] in ''[[Lawrence o Arabia]]'' (1962). He receivit his furst [[Academy Awaird]] nomination fur that role. He receivit seiven mair Academy Awaird nominations – fur ''[[Becket (film)|Becket]]'' (1964), ''[[The Lion in Winter]]'' (1968), ''[[Goodbye, Mr. Chips]]'' (1969), ''[[The Rulin Class]]'' (1972), ''[[The Stunt Man]]'' (1980), ''[[My Favorite Year]]'' (1982), an ''[[Venus (movie)|Venus]]'' (2006). O'Toole haulds the record for the maist Academy Awaird nominations bi an actor athoot a win.&lt;ref name=&quot;record&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/12/16/opinion/peter-otoole-fitzwilliams/|title=Peter O'Toole, wayward genius|publisher=[[CNN]].com|accessdate=22 December 2013|date=16 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

O'Toole wan fower [[Gowden Globes]], a [[BAFTA Awaird]], an an [[Emmy Awaird]]. He an aa receivit an honorary Academy Awaird in 2003.&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/12/15/showbiz/peter-otoole-obit/index.html|title=Peter O'Toole, one of the giants of film and theatre, dies at 81|publisher=[[CNN]].com|accessdate=19 December 2013|date=15 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

O'Toole deit on 14 December 2013 in [[Lunnon]], Ingland frae [[painch cancer]].&lt;ref name=&quot;IrishInd&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.ie/entertainment/movies/president-leads-tributes-to-peter-otoole-a-legend-fiercely-proud-of-his-irish-heritage-29840800.html|title=President leads tributes to Peter O'Toole, a legend fiercely proud of his Irish heritage|publisher=Irish Independence.com|accessdate=21 December 2013|date=16 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; He wis 81 year auld.&lt;ref name=&quot;Death&quot;/&gt;

==Early life==
O'Toole wis born '''Peter Seamus Lorcan O'Toole''' on 2 August 1932 in [[Connemara]], [[Coontie Galway|Coonty Galway]], [[Erse Free State]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Birth&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Peter O'Toole profile at|work=Filmreference.com|url=http://www.filmreference.com/film/26/Peter-O-Toole.html|year=2008|accessdate=4 April 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; His mither wis Constance Jane Eliot (née Ferguson), a Scots nourice. His faither wis Patrick Joseph O'Toole, a Erse [[association fitbaw|fitbaw]]er.

O'Toole wis brocht up as an Erse Catholic. He wis brocht up in [[Leeds]], [[West Riding of Yorkshire|Wast Ridin o Yorkshire]], Ingland&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.irishexaminer.com/ireland/peter-o-toole-i-will-stir-the-smooth-sands-of-monotony-252801.html|title=Peter O' Toole: ‘I will stir the smooth sands of monotony’|publisher=Irish Examiner.com|accessdate=17 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; an steyed thare til he wis forcit oot owin tae [[Warld War II]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/leeds/content/articles/2008/04/30/people_peter_otoole_profile_feature.shtml|title=Peter O'Toole: A profile of the world-famous actor from Hunslet|publisher=[[BBC]].com|accessdate=17 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; O'Toole studit tae become an actor at the [[Ryal Academy o Dramatic Airt]] frae 1952 til 1954.

==Career==
[[File:Peter O'Toole in Lawrence of Arabia.png|thumb|200px|right|Publicity photae fur ''[[Lawrence o Arabia]]'']]
[[File:Peter O'Toole - 1968.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Publicity photae fur ''Present Laughter'']]
O'Toole's career begoud in 1954 on stage. His film career begoud in 1960 in the film ''[[Kidnapped (film)|Kidnapped]]'' as Robin MacGregor. His becam kenspeckle whan he pleyed [[T. E. Lawrence]] in ''[[Lawrence o Arabia]]''. He becam ane o the maist kenspeckle actors durin the 1960s an 1970s. In 1972 O'Toole plaitd baith [[Miguel de Cervantes]] an [[Don Quixote]] in ''[[Man o La Mancha (film)|Man o La Mancha]]''.

In 1980, he receivit guid reviews fur pleyin the director in the ahint-the-scenes film ''[[The Stunt Man]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-stunt-man-1980|title=The Stunt Man|publisher=[[Roger Ebert]].com|accessdate=19 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9C0DE1D81238F934A25753C1A966948260|title=The Stunt Man|publisher=[[New York Times]].com|accessdate=19 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; He receivit mixit reviews as John Tanner in ''[[Man an Superman]]'' an as Henry Higgins in ''[[Pygmalion (1983 film)|Pygmalion]]''. He wan a [[Laurence Olivier Awaird]] fur his performance in ''[[Jeffrey Bernard is Unwell]]'' (1989).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Gibbons|first=Fiachra|title=National upsets the form book at awards|url=http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2000/feb/19/fiachragibbons|work=The Guardian|accessdate=15 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

O'Toole pleyed [[King Priam]] in the 2004 film ''[[Troy (film)|Troy]]''. His last warldwide film role wis as fuid creetic Anton Ego in the 2007 [[Walt Disney Pictures|Disney]]-[[Pixar]] film ''[[Ratatouille (film)|Ratatouille]]''. On 10 Julie 2012 O'Toole lowsed a statement that he wad be reteerin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/arts/story/2012/07/10/otoole-peter-retire-performance.html|title=Peter O'Toole announces retirement from show biz|publisher=[[CBC|CBC.ca]]|accessdate=10 July 2012|date=10 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Awairds==
O'Toole wis nominatit fur aicht [[Academy Awairds]]. He haulds the record o haein the maist nominations fur an Academy Awaird athoot winnin.&lt;ref name=&quot;record&quot;/&gt; He wan fower [[Gowden Globes]], a [[BAFTA Awaird]], an an [[Emmy Awaird]]. In 2003 O'Toole receivit an honorary Academy Awaird.

==Personal life==
O'Toole wis mairit tae [[Siân Phillips]] frae 1959 till thay divorcit in 1979.&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN&quot;/&gt; O'Toole haed three bairn; twa dochters wi Phillips (Kate an Patricia) an a son bi his lassfreend Karen Broun (Lorcan Patrick O'Toole).&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN&quot;/&gt; O'Toole bidit in [[Lunnon]], Ingland.&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN&quot;/&gt; He wis lifelang freends wi Erse actor [[Richard Harris]] till Harris' daith in 2002.&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN&quot;/&gt;

==Illness an daith==
O'Toole rekivert frae [[painch cancer]] in the 1970s. He an aa haed painch cancer fur the last aichteen months o his life. He deit o the dishailth in the Wellington Hospital in Lunnon, aged 81.&lt;ref name=&quot;IrishInd&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IrishInd&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Death&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/dec/15/peter-o-toole-dies-lawrence-arabia|title=Peter O'Toole dies|publisher=The Gaurdian.com|accessdate=15 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Preses o Ireland]] [[Michael D. Higgins]] lead a homage tae O'Toole. Higgins caaed O'Toole &quot;a freend&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;IrishInd&quot;/&gt;

===Funeral===
O'Toole's [[funeral]] wis held on 20 December 2013 at his Lunnon hame.&lt;ref name=&quot;funeral&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2527706/Peter-OTooles-devoted-cat-Sydney-says-goodbye-legend-wake-actors-home.html|title=Peter O'Toole's devoted cat Sydney says goodbye to a legend in wake at Lawrence Of Arabia star's home|publisher=Daily Mail.co.uk|accessdate=21 December 2013|date=21 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rock starn [[Sting]] an ex-wife Siân attendit his funeral.&lt;ref name=&quot;funeral&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;POTF&quot;/&gt; His remains war later [[cremation|crematit]].&lt;ref name=&quot;POTF&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.express.co.uk/news/showbiz/449985/Peter-O-Toole-s-ex-wife-makes-an-appearance-at-his-funeral |title=Peter O'Toole's ex-wife makes an appearance at his funeral|publisher=Express.co.uk|accessdate=24 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; O'Toole's remains war taken back tae his birthplace o Connemara, Ireland. His dochter Kate said, &quot;We're bringin him hame. It's whit he wad hae wantit.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.u.tv/Entertainment/OTooles-ashes-heading-home-to-Ireland/45f962d2-7ea1-487c-ab57-060916e4a631|title=Peter O'Toole's ashes heading home to Ireland|publisher=U.tv|accessdate=31 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Freemit airtins==
{{Commonscat|Peter O'Toole}}
* {{IMDb name|564}}
* {{tcmdb name|143825}}
* [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/masterpiece/casanova/index.html &quot;Peter O'Toole as Casanova&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181646/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/masterpiece/casanova/index.html |date=2016-03-03 }}
* [http://www.bris.ac.uk/theatrecollection/ University of Bristol Theatre Collection], [[University of Bristol]]
* [http://www.bafta.org/archive/david-lean/lawrence-of-arabia-journal,8,BAA.html The Making of ''Lawrence of Arabia''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525124738/http://www.bafta.org/archive/david-lean/lawrence-of-arabia-journal,8,BAA.html |date=2011-05-25 }}, Digitised

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Otoole, Peter}}
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[[Category:David di Donatello winners]]
[[Category:Cancer survivors]]
[[Category:Dishailth-relatit daiths in Ingland]]
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[[Category:New Starn o the Year (Actor) Gowden Globe winners]]
[[Category:Ootstaundin Performance bi a Supportin Actor in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Awaird winners]]
[[Category:Fowk wi diabetes mellitus teep 1]]
[[Category:Royal Shakespeare Company members]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>925635</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-02T23:09:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mr.Murdoch78</username>
        <id>119895</id>
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      <text bytes="10769" sha1="7pcg5wz00kiawrd3apc5cumkti996j4" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox bodie
| image = Peter O'Toole - Lion.jpg
| caption = Peter O'Toole in the ''Lion in Winter'' trailer in 1968
| birth_name = Peter Seamus Lorcan O'Toole
| birth_date = {{birth date|1932|8|2|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Connemara]], [[Coonty Galway]], [[Erse Free State]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2013|12|14|1932|8|2|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Lunnon]], Ingland
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 1954-2012
| spouse = {{marriage|Siân Phillips|1959|1979||}}&lt;br&gt;(divorced)
| children = Three 
}}
'''Peter Seamus Lorcan O'Toole'''&lt;ref name=&quot;IrishInd&quot;/&gt; (2 August 1932 &amp;ndash; 14 December 2013)&lt;ref name=&quot;IrishInd&quot;/&gt; wis a Erse film an stage actor.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/434767/Peter-OToole |title=Peter O'Toole (Irish actor) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia |publisher=Britannica.com |date=1932-08-02 |accessdate=2012-06-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; He wis kent fur his stage pleys that war maistly based on that o [[William Shakespeare]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN&quot;/&gt;

O'Toole wis born on 2 August 1932 in [[Connemara]], [[Coontie Galway|Coonty Galway]], [[Erse Free State]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Birth&quot;/&gt;

O'Toole's career lastit awmaist 60 years. He becam kenspeckle fur his role as [[T. E. Lawrence]] in ''[[Lawrence o Arabia]]'' (1962). He receivit his furst [[Academy Awaird]] nomination fur that role. He receivit seiven mair Academy Awaird nominations – fur ''[[Becket (film)|Becket]]'' (1964), ''[[The Lion in Winter]]'' (1968), ''[[Goodbye, Mr. Chips]]'' (1969), ''[[The Rulin Class]]'' (1972), ''[[The Stunt Man]]'' (1980), ''[[My Favorite Year]]'' (1982), an ''[[Venus (movie)|Venus]]'' (2006). O'Toole haulds the record for the maist Academy Awaird nominations bi an actor athoot a win.&lt;ref name=&quot;record&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/12/16/opinion/peter-otoole-fitzwilliams/|title=Peter O'Toole, wayward genius|publisher=[[CNN]].com|accessdate=22 December 2013|date=16 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

O'Toole wan fower [[Gowden Globes]], a [[BAFTA Awaird]], an an [[Emmy Awaird]]. He an aa receivit an honorary Academy Awaird in 2003.&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/12/15/showbiz/peter-otoole-obit/index.html|title=Peter O'Toole, one of the giants of film and theatre, dies at 81|publisher=[[CNN]].com|accessdate=19 December 2013|date=15 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

O'Toole deit on 14 December 2013 in [[Lunnon]], Ingland frae [[painch cancer]].&lt;ref name=&quot;IrishInd&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.ie/entertainment/movies/president-leads-tributes-to-peter-otoole-a-legend-fiercely-proud-of-his-irish-heritage-29840800.html|title=President leads tributes to Peter O'Toole, a legend fiercely proud of his Irish heritage|publisher=Irish Independence.com|accessdate=21 December 2013|date=16 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; He wis 81 year auld.&lt;ref name=&quot;Death&quot;/&gt;

==Early life==
O'Toole wis born '''Peter Seamus Lorcan O'Toole''' on 2 August 1932 in [[Connemara]], [[Coontie Galway|Coonty Galway]], [[Erse Free State]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Birth&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Peter O'Toole profile at|work=Filmreference.com|url=http://www.filmreference.com/film/26/Peter-O-Toole.html|year=2008|accessdate=4 April 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; His mither wis Constance Jane Eliot (née Ferguson), a Scots nourice. His faither wis Patrick Joseph O'Toole, a Erse [[association fitbaw|fitbaw]]er.

O'Toole wis brocht up as an Erse Catholic. He wis brocht up in [[Leeds]], [[West Riding of Yorkshire|Wast Ridin o Yorkshire]], Ingland&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.irishexaminer.com/ireland/peter-o-toole-i-will-stir-the-smooth-sands-of-monotony-252801.html|title=Peter O' Toole: ‘I will stir the smooth sands of monotony’|publisher=Irish Examiner.com|accessdate=17 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; an steyed thare til he wis forcit oot owin tae [[Warld War II]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/leeds/content/articles/2008/04/30/people_peter_otoole_profile_feature.shtml|title=Peter O'Toole: A profile of the world-famous actor from Hunslet|publisher=[[BBC]].com|accessdate=17 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; O'Toole studit tae become an actor at the [[Ryal Academy o Dramatic Airt]] frae 1952 til 1954.

==Career==
[[File:Peter O'Toole in Lawrence of Arabia.png|thumb|200px|right|Publicity photae fur ''[[Lawrence o Arabia]]'']]
[[File:Peter O'Toole - 1968.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Publicity photae fur ''Present Laughter'']]
O'Toole's career begoud in 1954 on stage. His film career begoud in 1960 in the film ''[[Kidnapped (film)|Kidnapped]]'' as Robin MacGregor. His becam kenspeckle whan he pleyed [[T. E. Lawrence]] in ''[[Lawrence o Arabia]]''. He becam ane o the maist kenspeckle actors durin the 1960s an 1970s. In 1972 O'Toole plaitd baith [[Miguel de Cervantes]] an [[Don Quixote]] in ''[[Man o La Mancha (film)|Man o La Mancha]]''.

In 1980, he receivit guid reviews fur pleyin the director in the ahint-the-scenes film ''[[The Stunt Man]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-stunt-man-1980|title=The Stunt Man|publisher=[[Roger Ebert]].com|accessdate=19 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9C0DE1D81238F934A25753C1A966948260|title=The Stunt Man|publisher=[[New York Times]].com|accessdate=19 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; He receivit mixit reviews as John Tanner in ''[[Man an Superman]]'' an as Henry Higgins in ''[[Pygmalion (1983 film)|Pygmalion]]''. He wan a [[Laurence Olivier Awaird]] fur his performance in ''[[Jeffrey Bernard is Unwell]]'' (1989).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Gibbons|first=Fiachra|title=National upsets the form book at awards|url=http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2000/feb/19/fiachragibbons|work=The Guardian|accessdate=15 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

O'Toole pleyed [[King Priam]] in the 2004 film ''[[Troy (film)|Troy]]''. His last warldwide film role wis as fuid creetic Anton Ego in the 2007 [[Walt Disney Pictures|Disney]]-[[Pixar]] film ''[[Ratatouille (film)|Ratatouille]]''. On 10 Julie 2012 O'Toole lowsed a statement that he wad be reteerin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/arts/story/2012/07/10/otoole-peter-retire-performance.html|title=Peter O'Toole announces retirement from show biz|publisher=[[CBC|CBC.ca]]|accessdate=10 July 2012|date=10 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Awairds==
O'Toole wis nominatit fur aicht [[Academy Awairds]]. He haulds the record o haein the maist nominations fur an Academy Awaird athoot winnin.&lt;ref name=&quot;record&quot;/&gt; He wan fower [[Gowden Globes]], a [[BAFTA Awaird]], an an [[Emmy Awaird]]. In 2003 O'Toole receivit an honorary Academy Awaird.

==Personal life==
O'Toole wis mairit tae [[Siân Phillips]] frae 1959 till thay divorcit in 1979.&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN&quot;/&gt; O'Toole haed three bairn; twa dochters wi Phillips (Kate an Patricia) an a son bi his lassfreend Karen Broun (Lorcan Patrick O'Toole).&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN&quot;/&gt; O'Toole bidit in [[Lunnon]], Ingland.&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN&quot;/&gt; He wis lifelang freends wi Erse actor [[Richard Harris]] till Harris' daith in 2002.&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN&quot;/&gt;

==Illness an daith==
O'Toole rekivert frae [[painch cancer]] in the 1970s. He an aa haed painch cancer fur the last aichteen months o his life. He deit o the dishailth in the Wellington Hospital in Lunnon, aged 81.&lt;ref name=&quot;IrishInd&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IrishInd&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Death&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/dec/15/peter-o-toole-dies-lawrence-arabia|title=Peter O'Toole dies|publisher=The Gaurdian.com|accessdate=15 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Preses o Ireland]] [[Michael D. Higgins]] lead a homage tae O'Toole. Higgins caaed O'Toole &quot;a freend&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;IrishInd&quot;/&gt;

===Funeral===
O'Toole's [[funeral]] wis held on 20 December 2013 at his Lunnon hame.&lt;ref name=&quot;funeral&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2527706/Peter-OTooles-devoted-cat-Sydney-says-goodbye-legend-wake-actors-home.html|title=Peter O'Toole's devoted cat Sydney says goodbye to a legend in wake at Lawrence Of Arabia star's home|publisher=Daily Mail.co.uk|accessdate=21 December 2013|date=21 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rock starn [[Sting]] an ex-wife Siân attendit his funeral.&lt;ref name=&quot;funeral&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;POTF&quot;/&gt; His remains war later [[cremation|crematit]].&lt;ref name=&quot;POTF&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.express.co.uk/news/showbiz/449985/Peter-O-Toole-s-ex-wife-makes-an-appearance-at-his-funeral |title=Peter O'Toole's ex-wife makes an appearance at his funeral|publisher=Express.co.uk|accessdate=24 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; O'Toole's remains war taken back tae his birthplace o Connemara, Ireland. His dochter Kate said, &quot;We're bringin him hame. It's whit he wad hae wantit.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.u.tv/Entertainment/OTooles-ashes-heading-home-to-Ireland/45f962d2-7ea1-487c-ab57-060916e4a631|title=Peter O'Toole's ashes heading home to Ireland|publisher=U.tv|accessdate=31 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Freemit airtins==
{{Commonscat|Peter O'Toole}}
* {{IMDb name|564}}
* {{tcmdb name|143825}}
* [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/masterpiece/casanova/index.html &quot;Peter O'Toole as Casanova&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181646/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/masterpiece/casanova/index.html |date=2016-03-03 }}
* [http://www.bris.ac.uk/theatrecollection/ University of Bristol Theatre Collection], [[University of Bristol]]
* [http://www.bafta.org/archive/david-lean/lawrence-of-arabia-journal,8,BAA.html The Making of ''Lawrence of Arabia''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525124738/http://www.bafta.org/archive/david-lean/lawrence-of-arabia-journal,8,BAA.html |date=2011-05-25 }}, Digitised

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Otoole, Peter}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2013 daiths]]
[[Category:20t-century Inglis male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Inglis male actors]]
[[Category:Academy Honorary Awaird recipients]]
[[Category:Alumni o the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art]]
[[Category:Best Actor BAFTA Awaird winners]]
[[Category:Best Drama Actor Gowden Globe (film) winners]]
[[Category:Best Muisical or Comedy Actor Gowden Globe (film) winners]]
[[Category:David di Donatello winners]]
[[Category:Cancer survivors]]
[[Category:Dishailth-relatit daiths in Ingland]]
[[Category:Breetish fowk o Erse strynd]]
[[Category:Breetish fowk o Scots strynd]]
[[Category:Breetish male film actors]]
[[Category:Breetish male Shakespearean actors]]
[[Category:Breetish male stage actors]]
[[Category:Breetish male televeesion actors]]
[[Category:Breetish male vyce actors]]
[[Category:Erse fowk o Scots strynd]]
[[Category:Erse male film actors]]
[[Category:Erse male stage actors]]
[[Category:Erse male televeesion actors]]
[[Category:Erse male vyce actors]]
[[Category:New Starn o the Year (Actor) Gowden Globe winners]]
[[Category:Ootstaundin Performance bi a Supportin Actor in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Awaird winners]]
[[Category:Fowk wi diabetes mellitus teep 1]]
[[Category:Royal Shakespeare Company members]]</text>
      <sha1>7pcg5wz00kiawrd3apc5cumkti996j4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>925637</id>
      <parentid>925635</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T23:15:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CiphriusKane</username>
        <id>74958</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>&quot;Erse&quot; fur Irish is archaic</comment>
      <origin>925637</origin>
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      <text bytes="10770" sha1="j4yqa1msvt69qiujwxndf4wtxfn0qgw" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox bodie
| image = Peter O'Toole - Lion.jpg
| caption = Peter O'Toole in the ''Lion in Winter'' trailer in 1968
| birth_name = Peter Seamus Lorcan O'Toole
| birth_date = {{birth date|1932|8|2|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Connemara]], [[Coonty Galway]], [[Erse Free State]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2013|12|14|1932|8|2|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Lunnon]], Ingland
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 1954-2012
| spouse = {{marriage|Siân Phillips|1959|1979||}}&lt;br&gt;(divorced)
| children = Three 
}}
'''Peter Seamus Lorcan O'Toole'''&lt;ref name=&quot;IrishInd&quot;/&gt; (2 August 1932 &amp;ndash; 14 December 2013)&lt;ref name=&quot;IrishInd&quot;/&gt; wis a Irish film an stage actor.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/434767/Peter-OToole |title=Peter O'Toole (Irish actor) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia |publisher=Britannica.com |date=1932-08-02 |accessdate=2012-06-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; He wis kent fur his stage pleys that war maistly based on that o [[William Shakespeare]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN&quot;/&gt;

O'Toole wis born on 2 August 1932 in [[Connemara]], [[Coontie Galway|Coonty Galway]], [[Erse Free State]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Birth&quot;/&gt;

O'Toole's career lastit awmaist 60 years. He becam kenspeckle fur his role as [[T. E. Lawrence]] in ''[[Lawrence o Arabia]]'' (1962). He receivit his furst [[Academy Awaird]] nomination fur that role. He receivit seiven mair Academy Awaird nominations – fur ''[[Becket (film)|Becket]]'' (1964), ''[[The Lion in Winter]]'' (1968), ''[[Goodbye, Mr. Chips]]'' (1969), ''[[The Rulin Class]]'' (1972), ''[[The Stunt Man]]'' (1980), ''[[My Favorite Year]]'' (1982), an ''[[Venus (movie)|Venus]]'' (2006). O'Toole haulds the record for the maist Academy Awaird nominations bi an actor athoot a win.&lt;ref name=&quot;record&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/12/16/opinion/peter-otoole-fitzwilliams/|title=Peter O'Toole, wayward genius|publisher=[[CNN]].com|accessdate=22 December 2013|date=16 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

O'Toole wan fower [[Gowden Globes]], a [[BAFTA Awaird]], an an [[Emmy Awaird]]. He an aa receivit an honorary Academy Awaird in 2003.&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/12/15/showbiz/peter-otoole-obit/index.html|title=Peter O'Toole, one of the giants of film and theatre, dies at 81|publisher=[[CNN]].com|accessdate=19 December 2013|date=15 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

O'Toole deit on 14 December 2013 in [[Lunnon]], Ingland frae [[painch cancer]].&lt;ref name=&quot;IrishInd&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.ie/entertainment/movies/president-leads-tributes-to-peter-otoole-a-legend-fiercely-proud-of-his-irish-heritage-29840800.html|title=President leads tributes to Peter O'Toole, a legend fiercely proud of his Irish heritage|publisher=Irish Independence.com|accessdate=21 December 2013|date=16 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; He wis 81 year auld.&lt;ref name=&quot;Death&quot;/&gt;

==Early life==
O'Toole wis born '''Peter Seamus Lorcan O'Toole''' on 2 August 1932 in [[Connemara]], [[Coontie Galway|Coonty Galway]], [[Erse Free State]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Birth&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Peter O'Toole profile at|work=Filmreference.com|url=http://www.filmreference.com/film/26/Peter-O-Toole.html|year=2008|accessdate=4 April 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; His mither wis Constance Jane Eliot (née Ferguson), a Scots nourice. His faither wis Patrick Joseph O'Toole, a Erse [[association fitbaw|fitbaw]]er.

O'Toole wis brocht up as an Erse Catholic. He wis brocht up in [[Leeds]], [[West Riding of Yorkshire|Wast Ridin o Yorkshire]], Ingland&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.irishexaminer.com/ireland/peter-o-toole-i-will-stir-the-smooth-sands-of-monotony-252801.html|title=Peter O' Toole: ‘I will stir the smooth sands of monotony’|publisher=Irish Examiner.com|accessdate=17 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; an steyed thare til he wis forcit oot owin tae [[Warld War II]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/leeds/content/articles/2008/04/30/people_peter_otoole_profile_feature.shtml|title=Peter O'Toole: A profile of the world-famous actor from Hunslet|publisher=[[BBC]].com|accessdate=17 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; O'Toole studit tae become an actor at the [[Ryal Academy o Dramatic Airt]] frae 1952 til 1954.

==Career==
[[File:Peter O'Toole in Lawrence of Arabia.png|thumb|200px|right|Publicity photae fur ''[[Lawrence o Arabia]]'']]
[[File:Peter O'Toole - 1968.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Publicity photae fur ''Present Laughter'']]
O'Toole's career begoud in 1954 on stage. His film career begoud in 1960 in the film ''[[Kidnapped (film)|Kidnapped]]'' as Robin MacGregor. His becam kenspeckle whan he pleyed [[T. E. Lawrence]] in ''[[Lawrence o Arabia]]''. He becam ane o the maist kenspeckle actors durin the 1960s an 1970s. In 1972 O'Toole plaitd baith [[Miguel de Cervantes]] an [[Don Quixote]] in ''[[Man o La Mancha (film)|Man o La Mancha]]''.

In 1980, he receivit guid reviews fur pleyin the director in the ahint-the-scenes film ''[[The Stunt Man]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-stunt-man-1980|title=The Stunt Man|publisher=[[Roger Ebert]].com|accessdate=19 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9C0DE1D81238F934A25753C1A966948260|title=The Stunt Man|publisher=[[New York Times]].com|accessdate=19 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; He receivit mixit reviews as John Tanner in ''[[Man an Superman]]'' an as Henry Higgins in ''[[Pygmalion (1983 film)|Pygmalion]]''. He wan a [[Laurence Olivier Awaird]] fur his performance in ''[[Jeffrey Bernard is Unwell]]'' (1989).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Gibbons|first=Fiachra|title=National upsets the form book at awards|url=http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2000/feb/19/fiachragibbons|work=The Guardian|accessdate=15 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

O'Toole pleyed [[King Priam]] in the 2004 film ''[[Troy (film)|Troy]]''. His last warldwide film role wis as fuid creetic Anton Ego in the 2007 [[Walt Disney Pictures|Disney]]-[[Pixar]] film ''[[Ratatouille (film)|Ratatouille]]''. On 10 Julie 2012 O'Toole lowsed a statement that he wad be reteerin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/arts/story/2012/07/10/otoole-peter-retire-performance.html|title=Peter O'Toole announces retirement from show biz|publisher=[[CBC|CBC.ca]]|accessdate=10 July 2012|date=10 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Awairds==
O'Toole wis nominatit fur aicht [[Academy Awairds]]. He haulds the record o haein the maist nominations fur an Academy Awaird athoot winnin.&lt;ref name=&quot;record&quot;/&gt; He wan fower [[Gowden Globes]], a [[BAFTA Awaird]], an an [[Emmy Awaird]]. In 2003 O'Toole receivit an honorary Academy Awaird.

==Personal life==
O'Toole wis mairit tae [[Siân Phillips]] frae 1959 till thay divorcit in 1979.&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN&quot;/&gt; O'Toole haed three bairn; twa dochters wi Phillips (Kate an Patricia) an a son bi his lassfreend Karen Broun (Lorcan Patrick O'Toole).&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN&quot;/&gt; O'Toole bidit in [[Lunnon]], Ingland.&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN&quot;/&gt; He wis lifelang freends wi Erse actor [[Richard Harris]] till Harris' daith in 2002.&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN&quot;/&gt;

==Illness an daith==
O'Toole rekivert frae [[painch cancer]] in the 1970s. He an aa haed painch cancer fur the last aichteen months o his life. He deit o the dishailth in the Wellington Hospital in Lunnon, aged 81.&lt;ref name=&quot;IrishInd&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IrishInd&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Death&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/dec/15/peter-o-toole-dies-lawrence-arabia|title=Peter O'Toole dies|publisher=The Gaurdian.com|accessdate=15 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Preses o Ireland]] [[Michael D. Higgins]] lead a homage tae O'Toole. Higgins caaed O'Toole &quot;a freend&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;IrishInd&quot;/&gt;

===Funeral===
O'Toole's [[funeral]] wis held on 20 December 2013 at his Lunnon hame.&lt;ref name=&quot;funeral&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2527706/Peter-OTooles-devoted-cat-Sydney-says-goodbye-legend-wake-actors-home.html|title=Peter O'Toole's devoted cat Sydney says goodbye to a legend in wake at Lawrence Of Arabia star's home|publisher=Daily Mail.co.uk|accessdate=21 December 2013|date=21 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rock starn [[Sting]] an ex-wife Siân attendit his funeral.&lt;ref name=&quot;funeral&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;POTF&quot;/&gt; His remains war later [[cremation|crematit]].&lt;ref name=&quot;POTF&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.express.co.uk/news/showbiz/449985/Peter-O-Toole-s-ex-wife-makes-an-appearance-at-his-funeral |title=Peter O'Toole's ex-wife makes an appearance at his funeral|publisher=Express.co.uk|accessdate=24 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; O'Toole's remains war taken back tae his birthplace o Connemara, Ireland. His dochter Kate said, &quot;We're bringin him hame. It's whit he wad hae wantit.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.u.tv/Entertainment/OTooles-ashes-heading-home-to-Ireland/45f962d2-7ea1-487c-ab57-060916e4a631|title=Peter O'Toole's ashes heading home to Ireland|publisher=U.tv|accessdate=31 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Freemit airtins==
{{Commonscat|Peter O'Toole}}
* {{IMDb name|564}}
* {{tcmdb name|143825}}
* [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/masterpiece/casanova/index.html &quot;Peter O'Toole as Casanova&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181646/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/masterpiece/casanova/index.html |date=2016-03-03 }}
* [http://www.bris.ac.uk/theatrecollection/ University of Bristol Theatre Collection], [[University of Bristol]]
* [http://www.bafta.org/archive/david-lean/lawrence-of-arabia-journal,8,BAA.html The Making of ''Lawrence of Arabia''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525124738/http://www.bafta.org/archive/david-lean/lawrence-of-arabia-journal,8,BAA.html |date=2011-05-25 }}, Digitised

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Otoole, Peter}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2013 daiths]]
[[Category:20t-century Inglis male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Inglis male actors]]
[[Category:Academy Honorary Awaird recipients]]
[[Category:Alumni o the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art]]
[[Category:Best Actor BAFTA Awaird winners]]
[[Category:Best Drama Actor Gowden Globe (film) winners]]
[[Category:Best Muisical or Comedy Actor Gowden Globe (film) winners]]
[[Category:David di Donatello winners]]
[[Category:Cancer survivors]]
[[Category:Dishailth-relatit daiths in Ingland]]
[[Category:Breetish fowk o Erse strynd]]
[[Category:Breetish fowk o Scots strynd]]
[[Category:Breetish male film actors]]
[[Category:Breetish male Shakespearean actors]]
[[Category:Breetish male stage actors]]
[[Category:Breetish male televeesion actors]]
[[Category:Breetish male vyce actors]]
[[Category:Erse fowk o Scots strynd]]
[[Category:Erse male film actors]]
[[Category:Erse male stage actors]]
[[Category:Erse male televeesion actors]]
[[Category:Erse male vyce actors]]
[[Category:New Starn o the Year (Actor) Gowden Globe winners]]
[[Category:Ootstaundin Performance bi a Supportin Actor in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Awaird winners]]
[[Category:Fowk wi diabetes mellitus teep 1]]
[[Category:Royal Shakespeare Company members]]</text>
      <sha1>j4yqa1msvt69qiujwxndf4wtxfn0qgw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Unitit States Air Force</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>64986</id>
    <revision>
      <id>925642</id>
      <parentid>891359</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T00:05:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Atlantic306</username>
        <id>30244</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>replaced archive today</comment>
      <origin>925642</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8026" sha1="38bmji703a0037wa5obxjsfx5h9j3ta" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name= Unitit States Air Force
|image= [[File:Seal of the United States Department of the Air Force.svg|centre|210px]]
|caption= Seal o the Depairtment o the Air Force
|dates= {{nowrap|18 September 1947&amp;nbsp;– present&lt;br&gt;({{Age in years and months|1947|09|18}})}}&lt;ref name=&quot;birth date&quot;&gt;http://www.airforce.com/learn-about/history/part2/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016050527/http://www.airforce.com/learn-about/history/part2/ |date=2015-10-16 }}  Missions Part Two: Air Power Comes of Age in World War II, U.S. Air Force.&lt;/ref&gt;
|country= {{nowrap|{{flag|Unitit States o Americae}}}}
|allegiance= [[Unitit States Constitution|Constitution o the Unitit States]]
|type= Air force
|Mission= &quot;Tae flee, fecht an win ... in air, space an cyberspace.&quot;&lt;ref name=Factsheet2/&gt;
|size= 332,854 active personnel&lt;br/&gt;185,522 ceevilian personnel&lt;br/&gt;71,400 reserve personnel &lt;br/&gt;106,700 air guard personnel&lt;br/&gt;$140 billion budget&lt;br/&gt;5,484 aircraft &lt;br/&gt;450 ICBMs &lt;br/&gt;63 satellites&lt;ref name=&quot;airforce-magazine&quot;&gt;http://www.airforce-magazine.com/MagazineArchive/Magazine%20Documents/2012/May%202012/0512facts_figs.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;
|command_structure= [[Unitit States Depairtment o the Air Force|Depairtment o the Air Force]]
|garrison= [[The Pentagon]]
|garrison_label= Heidquarters
|motto= ''&quot;Aim High ... Fly-Fecht-Win&quot;''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123225546| title=Aim High ... Fly-Fight-Win to be Air Force motto USAF| publisher=United States Air Force| date=7 October 2010| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009142423/http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123225546|archivedate=9 October 2010|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|colors= [[Ultramarine|Ultramarine Blue]] an [[Gowd (colour)#Yellae|Air Force Yellae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;AFcolors&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.jbsa.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-070324-002.pdf |title=The Air Force Flag |date=24 March 2007 |work=Air Force Historical Research Agency |publisher=United States Air Force |accessdate=27 March 2009 |archive-date=2013-09-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902192925/http://www.jbsa.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-070324-002.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Color box|#120a8f}}{{Color box|#FFDF00}}
|colors_label= Colours
|march= [[The U.S. Air Force (sang)|The U.S. Air Force]] {{audio|The Air Force Song.ogg|Play}}
|battles= [[Korean War]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Vietnam War]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Operation Eagle Claw|Iranian Hostage Rescue]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Invasion o Grenada]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Bombin o Libie (1986)]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Unitit States Invasion o Panama|Invasion o Panama]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Gulf War|Persian Gulf War]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Somali Ceevil War]] &lt;br/&gt;[[1995 NATO bombin campaign in Bosnie an Herzegovinae|Bosnie War]] &lt;br/&gt;[[1999 NATO bombin o the Federal Republic o Yugoslavie|Kosovo War]] &lt;br/&gt;[[War in Afghanistan (2001-present)|War in Afghanistan]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Iraq War]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Operation Odyssey Dawn|Bombin o Libie (2011)]]
|website = http://www.af.mil/
&lt;!-- Commanders --&gt;
|commander1=[[Preses]] [[Donald Trump]]
|commander1_label= [[Preses o the Unitit States|Commander-in-Chief]]
|commander2= [[The Honourable]] [[James Mattis]]
|commander2_label= [[Unitit States Secretar o Defence|Secretar o Defence]]
|commander3= The Honourable [[Deborah Lee James]]
|commander3_label= [[Unitit States Secretar o the Air Force|Secretar o the Air Force]]
|commander4= [[General (Unitit States)|Gen]] [[David L. Goldfein]]
|commander4_label= [[Chief o Staff o the Unitit States Air Force|Chief o Staff]]
|commander5= Gen [[Stephen W. Wilson]]
|commander5_label= [[Vice Chief o Staff o the Unitit States Air Force|Vice Chief o Staff]]
|commander6= CMSAF [[James A. Cody]]
|commander6_label= [[Chief Master Sergeant o the Air Force|Chief Master Sergeant]]
&lt;!-- Insignia --&gt;
|identification_symbol=[[File:Flag of the United States Air Force.svg|border|100px]]
|identification_symbol_label=Unitit States Air Force flag
|identification_symbol_2= [[File:USAF logo.png|100px]]
|identification_symbol_2_label= [[Unitit States Air Force seembol]]
|identification_symbol_3= [[File:Us army air corps shield.svg|100px]]
|identification_symbol_3_label= USAF &quot;Hap&quot; Arnold Seembol
|identification_symbol_4=[[File:USAF Mitchell tartan.jpg|50px]]	
|identification_symbol_4_label=[[U.S. Air Force Pipe Band]] Tartan
|identification_symbol_5=[[File:Roundel of the USAF.svg|100px]]
|identification_symbol_5_label= [[Roundel]]
&lt;!-- Aircraft --&gt;
|aircraft_attack= [[A-10 Thunderbolt II|A-10]], [[Lockheed AC-130|AC-130]]
|aircraft_bomber= [[B-52 Stratofortress|B-52H]], [[B-1 Lancer|B-1B]], [[Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit|B-2]]
|aircraft_electronic= [[E-3 Sentry|E-3]], [[E-8 Joint STARS|E-8]], [[EC-130]]
|aircraft_fighter= [[McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle|F-15C]], [[F-15E Strike Eagle|F-15E]], [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16]], [[Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor|F-22]]&lt;!-- [[F-35 Lightning II]] Not in service yet --&gt;
|aircraft_helicopter= [[UH-1N Twin Huey|UH-1N]], [[HH-60 Pave Hawk|HH-60]]
|aircraft_recon= [[Lockheed U-2|U-2]], [[Boeing RC-135|RC-135]], [[MC-12 Liberty]], [[RQ-1 Predator|RQ/MQ-1]], [[RQ-4 Global Hawk|RQ-4]], [[Lockheed Martin RQ-170 Sentinel|RQ-170]]
|aircraft_trainer= [[T-6 Texan II|T-6]], [[T-38 Talon|T-38]], [[T-1A Jayhawk|T-1]], [[DG Flugzeugbau DG-1000|TG-16]], [[Cirrus SR20|T-53]]
|aircraft_transport= [[C-130 Hercules|C-130]], [[C-135]], [[C-5 Galaxy|C-5]], [[McDonnell Douglas C-9|C-9]], [[C-17 Globemaster III|C-17]], [[VC-25]], [[Boeing C-32|C-32]], [[Gulfstream G500|C-37]], [[Learjet 35A|C-21]], [[C-12 Huron|C-12]], [[C-40 Clipper|C-40]], [[V-22 Osprey|CV-22]]
|aircraft_tanker= [[KC-10 Extender|KC-10]], [[KC-135 Stratotanker|KC-135]]
}}

The '''United States Air Force''' ('''USAF''') is the [[aerial warfare]] service branch o the [[Unitit States Airmed Forces]] an ane o the seiven [[uniformed services o the Unitit States|American uniformed services]]. Initially pairt o the [[Unitit States Airmy]], the USAF wis furmed as a separate branch o the militar on 18 September 1947 unner the [[Naitional Security Act o 1947]].&lt;ref name=Factsheet2&gt;{{cite web |author=United States Air Force |title=The U.S. Air Force |url=http://www.af.mil/information/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=2 |work=United States Air Force website |publisher=U.S. Air Force |location=Washington, DC |month=September |year=2009 |accessdate=27 September 2009 |archive-date=2012-05-27 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120527094032/http://www.af.mil/information/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=2 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is the maist recent branch o the U.S. militar tae be furmed, an is the lairgest an ane o the warld's maist technologically advanced air forces. The USAF articulates its core functions as [[Massive retaliation|Nuclear Deterrence Operations]], [[Air Force Special Operations Command|Special Operations]], [[Air supremacy|Air Superiority]], [[Jynt Functional Component Command for Intelligence, Surveillance an Reconnaissance|Global Integrated ISR]], [[Space Superiority Seestems Wing|Space Superiority]], [[Command an control|Command an Control]], [[Twenty-Fowert Air Force|Cyberspace Superiority]], [[Air Rescue Service|Personnel Recovery]], [[Prompt Global Strike|Global Precision Attack]], [[Militar advisor|Biggin Partnerships]], [[Air Mobility Command|Rapid Global Mobility]] an [[Combat service support|Agile Combat Support]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.posturestatement.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-100223-010.pdf 2010 United States Air Force Posture Statement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810205958/http://www.posturestatement.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-100223-010.pdf |date=2015-08-10 }}. USAF, 9 February 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Militar units an furmations established in 1947]]
[[Category:The Pentagon]]
[[Category:Uniformed services o the Unitit States|Air Force]]
[[Category:Unitit States Air Force|Unitit States Air Force]]
[[Category:Unitit States Depairtment o Defense]]
[[Category:1947 establishments in the Unitit States]]
[[Category:Collier Trophy recipients]]</text>
      <sha1>38bmji703a0037wa5obxjsfx5h9j3ta</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>925643</id>
      <parentid>925642</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T00:11:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Atlantic306</username>
        <id>30244</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>replaced archive today</comment>
      <origin>925643</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7948" sha1="0wsm902zfqpuuoukk4kl262uavk9g66" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name= Unitit States Air Force
|image= [[File:Seal of the United States Department of the Air Force.svg|centre|210px]]
|caption= Seal o the Depairtment o the Air Force
|dates= {{nowrap|18 September 1947&amp;nbsp;– present&lt;br&gt;({{Age in years and months|1947|09|18}})}}&lt;ref name=&quot;birth date&quot;&gt;http://www.airforce.com/learn-about/history/part2/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016050527/http://www.airforce.com/learn-about/history/part2/ |date=2015-10-16 }}  Missions Part Two: Air Power Comes of Age in World War II, U.S. Air Force.&lt;/ref&gt;
|country= {{nowrap|{{flag|Unitit States o Americae}}}}
|allegiance= [[Unitit States Constitution|Constitution o the Unitit States]]
|type= Air force
|Mission= &quot;Tae flee, fecht an win ... in air, space an cyberspace.&quot;&lt;ref name=Factsheet2/&gt;
|size= 332,854 active personnel&lt;br/&gt;185,522 ceevilian personnel&lt;br/&gt;71,400 reserve personnel &lt;br/&gt;106,700 air guard personnel&lt;br/&gt;$140 billion budget&lt;br/&gt;5,484 aircraft &lt;br/&gt;450 ICBMs &lt;br/&gt;63 satellites&lt;ref name=&quot;airforce-magazine&quot;&gt;http://www.airforce-magazine.com/MagazineArchive/Magazine%20Documents/2012/May%202012/0512facts_figs.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;
|command_structure= [[Unitit States Depairtment o the Air Force|Depairtment o the Air Force]]
|garrison= [[The Pentagon]]
|garrison_label= Heidquarters
|motto= ''&quot;Aim High ... Fly-Fecht-Win&quot;''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123225546| title=Aim High ... Fly-Fight-Win to be Air Force motto USAF| publisher=United States Air Force| date=7 October 2010| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009142423/http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123225546|archivedate=9 October 2010|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|colors= [[Ultramarine|Ultramarine Blue]] an [[Gowd (colour)#Yellae|Air Force Yellae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;AFcolors&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.jbsa.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-070324-002.pdf |title=The Air Force Flag |date=24 March 2007 |work=Air Force Historical Research Agency |publisher=United States Air Force |accessdate=27 March 2009 |archive-date=2013-09-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902192925/http://www.jbsa.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-070324-002.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Color box|#120a8f}}{{Color box|#FFDF00}}
|colors_label= Colours
|march= [[The U.S. Air Force (sang)|The U.S. Air Force]] {{audio|The Air Force Song.ogg|Play}}
|battles= [[Korean War]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Vietnam War]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Operation Eagle Claw|Iranian Hostage Rescue]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Invasion o Grenada]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Bombin o Libie (1986)]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Unitit States Invasion o Panama|Invasion o Panama]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Gulf War|Persian Gulf War]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Somali Ceevil War]] &lt;br/&gt;[[1995 NATO bombin campaign in Bosnie an Herzegovinae|Bosnie War]] &lt;br/&gt;[[1999 NATO bombin o the Federal Republic o Yugoslavie|Kosovo War]] &lt;br/&gt;[[War in Afghanistan (2001-present)|War in Afghanistan]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Iraq War]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Operation Odyssey Dawn|Bombin o Libie (2011)]]
|website = http://www.af.mil/
&lt;!-- Commanders --&gt;
|commander1=[[Preses]] [[Donald Trump]]
|commander1_label= [[Preses o the Unitit States|Commander-in-Chief]]
|commander2= [[The Honourable]] [[James Mattis]]
|commander2_label= [[Unitit States Secretar o Defence|Secretar o Defence]]
|commander3= The Honourable [[Deborah Lee James]]
|commander3_label= [[Unitit States Secretar o the Air Force|Secretar o the Air Force]]
|commander4= [[General (Unitit States)|Gen]] [[David L. Goldfein]]
|commander4_label= [[Chief o Staff o the Unitit States Air Force|Chief o Staff]]
|commander5= Gen [[Stephen W. Wilson]]
|commander5_label= [[Vice Chief o Staff o the Unitit States Air Force|Vice Chief o Staff]]
|commander6= CMSAF [[James A. Cody]]
|commander6_label= [[Chief Master Sergeant o the Air Force|Chief Master Sergeant]]
&lt;!-- Insignia --&gt;
|identification_symbol=[[File:Flag of the United States Air Force.svg|border|100px]]
|identification_symbol_label=Unitit States Air Force flag
|identification_symbol_2= [[File:USAF logo.png|100px]]
|identification_symbol_2_label= [[Unitit States Air Force seembol]]
|identification_symbol_3= [[File:Us army air corps shield.svg|100px]]
|identification_symbol_3_label= USAF &quot;Hap&quot; Arnold Seembol
|identification_symbol_4=[[File:USAF Mitchell tartan.jpg|50px]]	
|identification_symbol_4_label=[[U.S. Air Force Pipe Band]] Tartan
|identification_symbol_5=[[File:Roundel of the USAF.svg|100px]]
|identification_symbol_5_label= [[Roundel]]
&lt;!-- Aircraft --&gt;
|aircraft_attack= [[A-10 Thunderbolt II|A-10]], [[Lockheed AC-130|AC-130]]
|aircraft_bomber= [[B-52 Stratofortress|B-52H]], [[B-1 Lancer|B-1B]], [[Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit|B-2]]
|aircraft_electronic= [[E-3 Sentry|E-3]], [[E-8 Joint STARS|E-8]], [[EC-130]]
|aircraft_fighter= [[McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle|F-15C]], [[F-15E Strike Eagle|F-15E]], [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16]], [[Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor|F-22]]&lt;!-- [[F-35 Lightning II]] Not in service yet --&gt;
|aircraft_helicopter= [[UH-1N Twin Huey|UH-1N]], [[HH-60 Pave Hawk|HH-60]]
|aircraft_recon= [[Lockheed U-2|U-2]], [[Boeing RC-135|RC-135]], [[MC-12 Liberty]], [[RQ-1 Predator|RQ/MQ-1]], [[RQ-4 Global Hawk|RQ-4]], [[Lockheed Martin RQ-170 Sentinel|RQ-170]]
|aircraft_trainer= [[T-6 Texan II|T-6]], [[T-38 Talon|T-38]], [[T-1A Jayhawk|T-1]], [[DG Flugzeugbau DG-1000|TG-16]], [[Cirrus SR20|T-53]]
|aircraft_transport= [[C-130 Hercules|C-130]], [[C-135]], [[C-5 Galaxy|C-5]], [[McDonnell Douglas C-9|C-9]], [[C-17 Globemaster III|C-17]], [[VC-25]], [[Boeing C-32|C-32]], [[Gulfstream G500|C-37]], [[Learjet 35A|C-21]], [[C-12 Huron|C-12]], [[C-40 Clipper|C-40]], [[V-22 Osprey|CV-22]]
|aircraft_tanker= [[KC-10 Extender|KC-10]], [[KC-135 Stratotanker|KC-135]]
}}

The '''United States Air Force''' ('''USAF''') is the [[aerial warfare]] service branch o the [[Unitit States Airmed Forces]] an ane o the seiven [[uniformed services o the Unitit States|American uniformed services]]. Initially pairt o the [[Unitit States Airmy]], the USAF wis furmed as a separate branch o the militar on 18 September 1947 unner the [[Naitional Security Act o 1947]].&lt;ref name=Factsheet2&gt;{{cite web |author=United States Air Force |title=The U.S. Air Force |url=http://www.af.mil/information/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=2 |work=United States Air Force website |publisher=U.S. Air Force|archive-date=10 Juin 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610105216/http://www.af.mil/information/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=2|url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is the maist recent branch o the U.S. militar tae be furmed, an is the lairgest an ane o the warld's maist technologically advanced air forces. The USAF articulates its core functions as [[Massive retaliation|Nuclear Deterrence Operations]], [[Air Force Special Operations Command|Special Operations]], [[Air supremacy|Air Superiority]], [[Jynt Functional Component Command for Intelligence, Surveillance an Reconnaissance|Global Integrated ISR]], [[Space Superiority Seestems Wing|Space Superiority]], [[Command an control|Command an Control]], [[Twenty-Fowert Air Force|Cyberspace Superiority]], [[Air Rescue Service|Personnel Recovery]], [[Prompt Global Strike|Global Precision Attack]], [[Militar advisor|Biggin Partnerships]], [[Air Mobility Command|Rapid Global Mobility]] an [[Combat service support|Agile Combat Support]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.posturestatement.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-100223-010.pdf 2010 United States Air Force Posture Statement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810205958/http://www.posturestatement.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-100223-010.pdf |date=2015-08-10 }}. USAF, 9 February 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Militar units an furmations established in 1947]]
[[Category:The Pentagon]]
[[Category:Uniformed services o the Unitit States|Air Force]]
[[Category:Unitit States Air Force|Unitit States Air Force]]
[[Category:Unitit States Depairtment o Defense]]
[[Category:1947 establishments in the Unitit States]]
[[Category:Collier Trophy recipients]]</text>
      <sha1>0wsm902zfqpuuoukk4kl262uavk9g66</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>925645</id>
      <parentid>925643</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T00:16:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Atlantic306</username>
        <id>30244</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>fixed reference</comment>
      <origin>925645</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7994" sha1="lkkpamf5ii9uqpu4c3cjduvnqttliph" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name= Unitit States Air Force
|image= [[File:Seal of the United States Department of the Air Force.svg|centre|210px]]
|caption= Seal o the Depairtment o the Air Force
|dates= {{nowrap|18 September 1947&amp;nbsp;– present&lt;br&gt;({{Age in years and months|1947|09|18}})}}&lt;ref name=&quot;birth date&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.airforce.com/learn-about/history/part2/|title=Missions Part Two: Air Power Comes of Age in World War II|work= U.S. Air Force|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016050527/http://www.airforce.com/learn-about/history/part2/|archive-date=16 October 2015|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|country= {{nowrap|{{flag|Unitit States o Americae}}}}
|allegiance= [[Unitit States Constitution|Constitution o the Unitit States]]
|type= Air force
|Mission= &quot;Tae flee, fecht an win ... in air, space an cyberspace.&quot;&lt;ref name=Factsheet2/&gt;
|size= 332,854 active personnel&lt;br/&gt;185,522 ceevilian personnel&lt;br/&gt;71,400 reserve personnel &lt;br/&gt;106,700 air guard personnel&lt;br/&gt;$140 billion budget&lt;br/&gt;5,484 aircraft &lt;br/&gt;450 ICBMs &lt;br/&gt;63 satellites&lt;ref name=&quot;airforce-magazine&quot;&gt;http://www.airforce-magazine.com/MagazineArchive/Magazine%20Documents/2012/May%202012/0512facts_figs.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;
|command_structure= [[Unitit States Depairtment o the Air Force|Depairtment o the Air Force]]
|garrison= [[The Pentagon]]
|garrison_label= Heidquarters
|motto= ''&quot;Aim High ... Fly-Fecht-Win&quot;''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123225546| title=Aim High ... Fly-Fight-Win to be Air Force motto USAF| publisher=United States Air Force| date=7 October 2010| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009142423/http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123225546|archivedate=9 October 2010|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|colors= [[Ultramarine|Ultramarine Blue]] an [[Gowd (colour)#Yellae|Air Force Yellae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;AFcolors&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.jbsa.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-070324-002.pdf |title=The Air Force Flag |date=24 March 2007 |work=Air Force Historical Research Agency |publisher=United States Air Force |accessdate=27 March 2009 |archive-date=2013-09-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902192925/http://www.jbsa.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-070324-002.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Color box|#120a8f}}{{Color box|#FFDF00}}
|colors_label= Colours
|march= [[The U.S. Air Force (sang)|The U.S. Air Force]] {{audio|The Air Force Song.ogg|Play}}
|battles= [[Korean War]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Vietnam War]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Operation Eagle Claw|Iranian Hostage Rescue]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Invasion o Grenada]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Bombin o Libie (1986)]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Unitit States Invasion o Panama|Invasion o Panama]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Gulf War|Persian Gulf War]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Somali Ceevil War]] &lt;br/&gt;[[1995 NATO bombin campaign in Bosnie an Herzegovinae|Bosnie War]] &lt;br/&gt;[[1999 NATO bombin o the Federal Republic o Yugoslavie|Kosovo War]] &lt;br/&gt;[[War in Afghanistan (2001-present)|War in Afghanistan]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Iraq War]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Operation Odyssey Dawn|Bombin o Libie (2011)]]
|website = http://www.af.mil/
&lt;!-- Commanders --&gt;
|commander1=[[Preses]] [[Donald Trump]]
|commander1_label= [[Preses o the Unitit States|Commander-in-Chief]]
|commander2= [[The Honourable]] [[James Mattis]]
|commander2_label= [[Unitit States Secretar o Defence|Secretar o Defence]]
|commander3= The Honourable [[Deborah Lee James]]
|commander3_label= [[Unitit States Secretar o the Air Force|Secretar o the Air Force]]
|commander4= [[General (Unitit States)|Gen]] [[David L. Goldfein]]
|commander4_label= [[Chief o Staff o the Unitit States Air Force|Chief o Staff]]
|commander5= Gen [[Stephen W. Wilson]]
|commander5_label= [[Vice Chief o Staff o the Unitit States Air Force|Vice Chief o Staff]]
|commander6= CMSAF [[James A. Cody]]
|commander6_label= [[Chief Master Sergeant o the Air Force|Chief Master Sergeant]]
&lt;!-- Insignia --&gt;
|identification_symbol=[[File:Flag of the United States Air Force.svg|border|100px]]
|identification_symbol_label=Unitit States Air Force flag
|identification_symbol_2= [[File:USAF logo.png|100px]]
|identification_symbol_2_label= [[Unitit States Air Force seembol]]
|identification_symbol_3= [[File:Us army air corps shield.svg|100px]]
|identification_symbol_3_label= USAF &quot;Hap&quot; Arnold Seembol
|identification_symbol_4=[[File:USAF Mitchell tartan.jpg|50px]]	
|identification_symbol_4_label=[[U.S. Air Force Pipe Band]] Tartan
|identification_symbol_5=[[File:Roundel of the USAF.svg|100px]]
|identification_symbol_5_label= [[Roundel]]
&lt;!-- Aircraft --&gt;
|aircraft_attack= [[A-10 Thunderbolt II|A-10]], [[Lockheed AC-130|AC-130]]
|aircraft_bomber= [[B-52 Stratofortress|B-52H]], [[B-1 Lancer|B-1B]], [[Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit|B-2]]
|aircraft_electronic= [[E-3 Sentry|E-3]], [[E-8 Joint STARS|E-8]], [[EC-130]]
|aircraft_fighter= [[McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle|F-15C]], [[F-15E Strike Eagle|F-15E]], [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16]], [[Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor|F-22]]&lt;!-- [[F-35 Lightning II]] Not in service yet --&gt;
|aircraft_helicopter= [[UH-1N Twin Huey|UH-1N]], [[HH-60 Pave Hawk|HH-60]]
|aircraft_recon= [[Lockheed U-2|U-2]], [[Boeing RC-135|RC-135]], [[MC-12 Liberty]], [[RQ-1 Predator|RQ/MQ-1]], [[RQ-4 Global Hawk|RQ-4]], [[Lockheed Martin RQ-170 Sentinel|RQ-170]]
|aircraft_trainer= [[T-6 Texan II|T-6]], [[T-38 Talon|T-38]], [[T-1A Jayhawk|T-1]], [[DG Flugzeugbau DG-1000|TG-16]], [[Cirrus SR20|T-53]]
|aircraft_transport= [[C-130 Hercules|C-130]], [[C-135]], [[C-5 Galaxy|C-5]], [[McDonnell Douglas C-9|C-9]], [[C-17 Globemaster III|C-17]], [[VC-25]], [[Boeing C-32|C-32]], [[Gulfstream G500|C-37]], [[Learjet 35A|C-21]], [[C-12 Huron|C-12]], [[C-40 Clipper|C-40]], [[V-22 Osprey|CV-22]]
|aircraft_tanker= [[KC-10 Extender|KC-10]], [[KC-135 Stratotanker|KC-135]]
}}

The '''United States Air Force''' ('''USAF''') is the [[aerial warfare]] service branch o the [[Unitit States Airmed Forces]] an ane o the seiven [[uniformed services o the Unitit States|American uniformed services]]. Initially pairt o the [[Unitit States Airmy]], the USAF wis furmed as a separate branch o the militar on 18 September 1947 unner the [[Naitional Security Act o 1947]].&lt;ref name=Factsheet2&gt;{{cite web |author=United States Air Force |title=The U.S. Air Force |url=http://www.af.mil/information/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=2 |work=United States Air Force website |publisher=U.S. Air Force|archive-date=10 Juin 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610105216/http://www.af.mil/information/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=2|url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is the maist recent branch o the U.S. militar tae be furmed, an is the lairgest an ane o the warld's maist technologically advanced air forces. The USAF articulates its core functions as [[Massive retaliation|Nuclear Deterrence Operations]], [[Air Force Special Operations Command|Special Operations]], [[Air supremacy|Air Superiority]], [[Jynt Functional Component Command for Intelligence, Surveillance an Reconnaissance|Global Integrated ISR]], [[Space Superiority Seestems Wing|Space Superiority]], [[Command an control|Command an Control]], [[Twenty-Fowert Air Force|Cyberspace Superiority]], [[Air Rescue Service|Personnel Recovery]], [[Prompt Global Strike|Global Precision Attack]], [[Militar advisor|Biggin Partnerships]], [[Air Mobility Command|Rapid Global Mobility]] an [[Combat service support|Agile Combat Support]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.posturestatement.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-100223-010.pdf 2010 United States Air Force Posture Statement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810205958/http://www.posturestatement.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-100223-010.pdf |date=2015-08-10 }}. USAF, 9 February 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Militar units an furmations established in 1947]]
[[Category:The Pentagon]]
[[Category:Uniformed services o the Unitit States|Air Force]]
[[Category:Unitit States Air Force|Unitit States Air Force]]
[[Category:Unitit States Depairtment o Defense]]
[[Category:1947 establishments in the Unitit States]]
[[Category:Collier Trophy recipients]]</text>
      <sha1>lkkpamf5ii9uqpu4c3cjduvnqttliph</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>925646</id>
      <parentid>925645</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T00:18:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Atlantic306</username>
        <id>30244</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>fixed reference</comment>
      <origin>925646</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7997" sha1="c686dl1gqd5ggipaeq4yhym37aqy4gu" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name= Unitit States Air Force
|image= [[File:Seal of the United States Department of the Air Force.svg|centre|210px]]
|caption= Seal o the Depairtment o the Air Force
|dates= {{nowrap|18 September 1947&amp;nbsp;– present&lt;br&gt;({{Age in years and months|1947|09|18}})}}&lt;ref name=&quot;birth date&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.airforce.com/learn-about/history/part2/|title=Missions Part Two: Air Power Comes of Age in World War II|work= U.S. Air Force|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016050527/http://www.airforce.com/learn-about/history/part2/|archive-date=16 October 2015|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|country= {{nowrap|{{flag|Unitit States o Americae}}}}
|allegiance= [[Unitit States Constitution|Constitution o the Unitit States]]
|type= Air force
|Mission= &quot;Tae flee, fecht an win ... in air, space an cyberspace.&quot;&lt;ref name=Factsheet2/&gt;
|size= 332,854 active personnel&lt;br/&gt;185,522 ceevilian personnel&lt;br/&gt;71,400 reserve personnel &lt;br/&gt;106,700 air guard personnel&lt;br/&gt;$140 billion budget&lt;br/&gt;5,484 aircraft &lt;br/&gt;450 ICBMs &lt;br/&gt;63 satellites&lt;ref name=&quot;airforce-magazine&quot;&gt;http://www.airforce-magazine.com/MagazineArchive/Magazine%20Documents/2012/May%202012/0512facts_figs.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;
|command_structure= [[Unitit States Depairtment o the Air Force|Depairtment o the Air Force]]
|garrison= [[The Pentagon]]
|garrison_label= Heidquarters
|motto= ''&quot;Aim High ... Fly-Fecht-Win&quot;''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123225546| title=Aim High ... Fly-Fight-Win to be Air Force motto USAF| publisher=United States Air Force| date=7 October 2010| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009142423/http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123225546|archivedate=9 October 2010|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|colors= [[Ultramarine|Ultramarine Blue]] an [[Gowd (colour)#Yellae|Air Force Yellae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;AFcolors&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.jbsa.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-070324-002.pdf |title=The Air Force Flag |date=24 March 2007 |work=Air Force Historical Research Agency |publisher=United States Air Force |accessdate=27 March 2009 |archive-date=2013-09-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902192925if_/http://www.jbsa.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-070324-002.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Color box|#120a8f}}{{Color box|#FFDF00}}
|colors_label= Colours
|march= [[The U.S. Air Force (sang)|The U.S. Air Force]] {{audio|The Air Force Song.ogg|Play}}
|battles= [[Korean War]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Vietnam War]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Operation Eagle Claw|Iranian Hostage Rescue]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Invasion o Grenada]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Bombin o Libie (1986)]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Unitit States Invasion o Panama|Invasion o Panama]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Gulf War|Persian Gulf War]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Somali Ceevil War]] &lt;br/&gt;[[1995 NATO bombin campaign in Bosnie an Herzegovinae|Bosnie War]] &lt;br/&gt;[[1999 NATO bombin o the Federal Republic o Yugoslavie|Kosovo War]] &lt;br/&gt;[[War in Afghanistan (2001-present)|War in Afghanistan]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Iraq War]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Operation Odyssey Dawn|Bombin o Libie (2011)]]
|website = http://www.af.mil/
&lt;!-- Commanders --&gt;
|commander1=[[Preses]] [[Donald Trump]]
|commander1_label= [[Preses o the Unitit States|Commander-in-Chief]]
|commander2= [[The Honourable]] [[James Mattis]]
|commander2_label= [[Unitit States Secretar o Defence|Secretar o Defence]]
|commander3= The Honourable [[Deborah Lee James]]
|commander3_label= [[Unitit States Secretar o the Air Force|Secretar o the Air Force]]
|commander4= [[General (Unitit States)|Gen]] [[David L. Goldfein]]
|commander4_label= [[Chief o Staff o the Unitit States Air Force|Chief o Staff]]
|commander5= Gen [[Stephen W. Wilson]]
|commander5_label= [[Vice Chief o Staff o the Unitit States Air Force|Vice Chief o Staff]]
|commander6= CMSAF [[James A. Cody]]
|commander6_label= [[Chief Master Sergeant o the Air Force|Chief Master Sergeant]]
&lt;!-- Insignia --&gt;
|identification_symbol=[[File:Flag of the United States Air Force.svg|border|100px]]
|identification_symbol_label=Unitit States Air Force flag
|identification_symbol_2= [[File:USAF logo.png|100px]]
|identification_symbol_2_label= [[Unitit States Air Force seembol]]
|identification_symbol_3= [[File:Us army air corps shield.svg|100px]]
|identification_symbol_3_label= USAF &quot;Hap&quot; Arnold Seembol
|identification_symbol_4=[[File:USAF Mitchell tartan.jpg|50px]]	
|identification_symbol_4_label=[[U.S. Air Force Pipe Band]] Tartan
|identification_symbol_5=[[File:Roundel of the USAF.svg|100px]]
|identification_symbol_5_label= [[Roundel]]
&lt;!-- Aircraft --&gt;
|aircraft_attack= [[A-10 Thunderbolt II|A-10]], [[Lockheed AC-130|AC-130]]
|aircraft_bomber= [[B-52 Stratofortress|B-52H]], [[B-1 Lancer|B-1B]], [[Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit|B-2]]
|aircraft_electronic= [[E-3 Sentry|E-3]], [[E-8 Joint STARS|E-8]], [[EC-130]]
|aircraft_fighter= [[McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle|F-15C]], [[F-15E Strike Eagle|F-15E]], [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16]], [[Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor|F-22]]&lt;!-- [[F-35 Lightning II]] Not in service yet --&gt;
|aircraft_helicopter= [[UH-1N Twin Huey|UH-1N]], [[HH-60 Pave Hawk|HH-60]]
|aircraft_recon= [[Lockheed U-2|U-2]], [[Boeing RC-135|RC-135]], [[MC-12 Liberty]], [[RQ-1 Predator|RQ/MQ-1]], [[RQ-4 Global Hawk|RQ-4]], [[Lockheed Martin RQ-170 Sentinel|RQ-170]]
|aircraft_trainer= [[T-6 Texan II|T-6]], [[T-38 Talon|T-38]], [[T-1A Jayhawk|T-1]], [[DG Flugzeugbau DG-1000|TG-16]], [[Cirrus SR20|T-53]]
|aircraft_transport= [[C-130 Hercules|C-130]], [[C-135]], [[C-5 Galaxy|C-5]], [[McDonnell Douglas C-9|C-9]], [[C-17 Globemaster III|C-17]], [[VC-25]], [[Boeing C-32|C-32]], [[Gulfstream G500|C-37]], [[Learjet 35A|C-21]], [[C-12 Huron|C-12]], [[C-40 Clipper|C-40]], [[V-22 Osprey|CV-22]]
|aircraft_tanker= [[KC-10 Extender|KC-10]], [[KC-135 Stratotanker|KC-135]]
}}

The '''United States Air Force''' ('''USAF''') is the [[aerial warfare]] service branch o the [[Unitit States Airmed Forces]] an ane o the seiven [[uniformed services o the Unitit States|American uniformed services]]. Initially pairt o the [[Unitit States Airmy]], the USAF wis furmed as a separate branch o the militar on 18 September 1947 unner the [[Naitional Security Act o 1947]].&lt;ref name=Factsheet2&gt;{{cite web |author=United States Air Force |title=The U.S. Air Force |url=http://www.af.mil/information/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=2 |work=United States Air Force website |publisher=U.S. Air Force|archive-date=10 Juin 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610105216/http://www.af.mil/information/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=2|url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is the maist recent branch o the U.S. militar tae be furmed, an is the lairgest an ane o the warld's maist technologically advanced air forces. The USAF articulates its core functions as [[Massive retaliation|Nuclear Deterrence Operations]], [[Air Force Special Operations Command|Special Operations]], [[Air supremacy|Air Superiority]], [[Jynt Functional Component Command for Intelligence, Surveillance an Reconnaissance|Global Integrated ISR]], [[Space Superiority Seestems Wing|Space Superiority]], [[Command an control|Command an Control]], [[Twenty-Fowert Air Force|Cyberspace Superiority]], [[Air Rescue Service|Personnel Recovery]], [[Prompt Global Strike|Global Precision Attack]], [[Militar advisor|Biggin Partnerships]], [[Air Mobility Command|Rapid Global Mobility]] an [[Combat service support|Agile Combat Support]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.posturestatement.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-100223-010.pdf 2010 United States Air Force Posture Statement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810205958/http://www.posturestatement.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-100223-010.pdf |date=2015-08-10 }}. USAF, 9 February 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Militar units an furmations established in 1947]]
[[Category:The Pentagon]]
[[Category:Uniformed services o the Unitit States|Air Force]]
[[Category:Unitit States Air Force|Unitit States Air Force]]
[[Category:Unitit States Depairtment o Defense]]
[[Category:1947 establishments in the Unitit States]]
[[Category:Collier Trophy recipients]]</text>
      <sha1>c686dl1gqd5ggipaeq4yhym37aqy4gu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>925647</id>
      <parentid>925646</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T00:24:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Atlantic306</username>
        <id>30244</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>removed unarchived dead link, left citation needed</comment>
      <origin>925647</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7894" sha1="rcmdr7zkmp0txb11boe3vnxjffo3fwn" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name= Unitit States Air Force
|image= [[File:Seal of the United States Department of the Air Force.svg|centre|210px]]
|caption= Seal o the Depairtment o the Air Force
|dates= {{nowrap|18 September 1947&amp;nbsp;– present&lt;br&gt;({{Age in years and months|1947|09|18}})}}&lt;ref name=&quot;birth date&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.airforce.com/learn-about/history/part2/|title=Missions Part Two: Air Power Comes of Age in World War II|work= U.S. Air Force|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016050527/http://www.airforce.com/learn-about/history/part2/|archive-date=16 October 2015|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|country= {{nowrap|{{flag|Unitit States o Americae}}}}
|allegiance= [[Unitit States Constitution|Constitution o the Unitit States]]
|type= Air force
|Mission= &quot;Tae flee, fecht an win ... in air, space an cyberspace.&quot;&lt;ref name=Factsheet2/&gt;
|size= 332,854 active personnel&lt;br/&gt;185,522 ceevilian personnel&lt;br/&gt;71,400 reserve personnel &lt;br/&gt;106,700 air guard personnel&lt;br/&gt;$140 billion budget&lt;br/&gt;5,484 aircraft &lt;br/&gt;450 ICBMs &lt;br/&gt;63 satellites{{citation needed|date=October 2026}}
|command_structure= [[Unitit States Depairtment o the Air Force|Depairtment o the Air Force]]
|garrison= [[The Pentagon]]
|garrison_label= Heidquarters
|motto= ''&quot;Aim High ... Fly-Fecht-Win&quot;''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123225546| title=Aim High ... Fly-Fight-Win to be Air Force motto USAF| publisher=United States Air Force| date=7 October 2010| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009142423/http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123225546|archivedate=9 October 2010|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|colors= [[Ultramarine|Ultramarine Blue]] an [[Gowd (colour)#Yellae|Air Force Yellae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;AFcolors&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.jbsa.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-070324-002.pdf |title=The Air Force Flag |date=24 March 2007 |work=Air Force Historical Research Agency |publisher=United States Air Force |accessdate=27 March 2009 |archive-date=2013-09-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902192925if_/http://www.jbsa.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-070324-002.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Color box|#120a8f}}{{Color box|#FFDF00}}
|colors_label= Colours
|march= [[The U.S. Air Force (sang)|The U.S. Air Force]] {{audio|The Air Force Song.ogg|Play}}
|battles= [[Korean War]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Vietnam War]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Operation Eagle Claw|Iranian Hostage Rescue]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Invasion o Grenada]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Bombin o Libie (1986)]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Unitit States Invasion o Panama|Invasion o Panama]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Gulf War|Persian Gulf War]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Somali Ceevil War]] &lt;br/&gt;[[1995 NATO bombin campaign in Bosnie an Herzegovinae|Bosnie War]] &lt;br/&gt;[[1999 NATO bombin o the Federal Republic o Yugoslavie|Kosovo War]] &lt;br/&gt;[[War in Afghanistan (2001-present)|War in Afghanistan]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Iraq War]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Operation Odyssey Dawn|Bombin o Libie (2011)]]
|website = http://www.af.mil/
&lt;!-- Commanders --&gt;
|commander1=[[Preses]] [[Donald Trump]]
|commander1_label= [[Preses o the Unitit States|Commander-in-Chief]]
|commander2= [[The Honourable]] [[James Mattis]]
|commander2_label= [[Unitit States Secretar o Defence|Secretar o Defence]]
|commander3= The Honourable [[Deborah Lee James]]
|commander3_label= [[Unitit States Secretar o the Air Force|Secretar o the Air Force]]
|commander4= [[General (Unitit States)|Gen]] [[David L. Goldfein]]
|commander4_label= [[Chief o Staff o the Unitit States Air Force|Chief o Staff]]
|commander5= Gen [[Stephen W. Wilson]]
|commander5_label= [[Vice Chief o Staff o the Unitit States Air Force|Vice Chief o Staff]]
|commander6= CMSAF [[James A. Cody]]
|commander6_label= [[Chief Master Sergeant o the Air Force|Chief Master Sergeant]]
&lt;!-- Insignia --&gt;
|identification_symbol=[[File:Flag of the United States Air Force.svg|border|100px]]
|identification_symbol_label=Unitit States Air Force flag
|identification_symbol_2= [[File:USAF logo.png|100px]]
|identification_symbol_2_label= [[Unitit States Air Force seembol]]
|identification_symbol_3= [[File:Us army air corps shield.svg|100px]]
|identification_symbol_3_label= USAF &quot;Hap&quot; Arnold Seembol
|identification_symbol_4=[[File:USAF Mitchell tartan.jpg|50px]]	
|identification_symbol_4_label=[[U.S. Air Force Pipe Band]] Tartan
|identification_symbol_5=[[File:Roundel of the USAF.svg|100px]]
|identification_symbol_5_label= [[Roundel]]
&lt;!-- Aircraft --&gt;
|aircraft_attack= [[A-10 Thunderbolt II|A-10]], [[Lockheed AC-130|AC-130]]
|aircraft_bomber= [[B-52 Stratofortress|B-52H]], [[B-1 Lancer|B-1B]], [[Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit|B-2]]
|aircraft_electronic= [[E-3 Sentry|E-3]], [[E-8 Joint STARS|E-8]], [[EC-130]]
|aircraft_fighter= [[McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle|F-15C]], [[F-15E Strike Eagle|F-15E]], [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16]], [[Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor|F-22]]&lt;!-- [[F-35 Lightning II]] Not in service yet --&gt;
|aircraft_helicopter= [[UH-1N Twin Huey|UH-1N]], [[HH-60 Pave Hawk|HH-60]]
|aircraft_recon= [[Lockheed U-2|U-2]], [[Boeing RC-135|RC-135]], [[MC-12 Liberty]], [[RQ-1 Predator|RQ/MQ-1]], [[RQ-4 Global Hawk|RQ-4]], [[Lockheed Martin RQ-170 Sentinel|RQ-170]]
|aircraft_trainer= [[T-6 Texan II|T-6]], [[T-38 Talon|T-38]], [[T-1A Jayhawk|T-1]], [[DG Flugzeugbau DG-1000|TG-16]], [[Cirrus SR20|T-53]]
|aircraft_transport= [[C-130 Hercules|C-130]], [[C-135]], [[C-5 Galaxy|C-5]], [[McDonnell Douglas C-9|C-9]], [[C-17 Globemaster III|C-17]], [[VC-25]], [[Boeing C-32|C-32]], [[Gulfstream G500|C-37]], [[Learjet 35A|C-21]], [[C-12 Huron|C-12]], [[C-40 Clipper|C-40]], [[V-22 Osprey|CV-22]]
|aircraft_tanker= [[KC-10 Extender|KC-10]], [[KC-135 Stratotanker|KC-135]]
}}

The '''United States Air Force''' ('''USAF''') is the [[aerial warfare]] service branch o the [[Unitit States Airmed Forces]] an ane o the seiven [[uniformed services o the Unitit States|American uniformed services]]. Initially pairt o the [[Unitit States Airmy]], the USAF wis furmed as a separate branch o the militar on 18 September 1947 unner the [[Naitional Security Act o 1947]].&lt;ref name=Factsheet2&gt;{{cite web |author=United States Air Force |title=The U.S. Air Force |url=http://www.af.mil/information/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=2 |work=United States Air Force website |publisher=U.S. Air Force|archive-date=10 Juin 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610105216/http://www.af.mil/information/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=2|url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is the maist recent branch o the U.S. militar tae be furmed, an is the lairgest an ane o the warld's maist technologically advanced air forces. The USAF articulates its core functions as [[Massive retaliation|Nuclear Deterrence Operations]], [[Air Force Special Operations Command|Special Operations]], [[Air supremacy|Air Superiority]], [[Jynt Functional Component Command for Intelligence, Surveillance an Reconnaissance|Global Integrated ISR]], [[Space Superiority Seestems Wing|Space Superiority]], [[Command an control|Command an Control]], [[Twenty-Fowert Air Force|Cyberspace Superiority]], [[Air Rescue Service|Personnel Recovery]], [[Prompt Global Strike|Global Precision Attack]], [[Militar advisor|Biggin Partnerships]], [[Air Mobility Command|Rapid Global Mobility]] an [[Combat service support|Agile Combat Support]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.posturestatement.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-100223-010.pdf 2010 United States Air Force Posture Statement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810205958/http://www.posturestatement.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-100223-010.pdf |date=2015-08-10 }}. USAF, 9 February 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Militar units an furmations established in 1947]]
[[Category:The Pentagon]]
[[Category:Uniformed services o the Unitit States|Air Force]]
[[Category:Unitit States Air Force|Unitit States Air Force]]
[[Category:Unitit States Depairtment o Defense]]
[[Category:1947 establishments in the Unitit States]]
[[Category:Collier Trophy recipients]]</text>
      <sha1>rcmdr7zkmp0txb11boe3vnxjffo3fwn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>925648</id>
      <parentid>925647</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T00:29:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Atlantic306</username>
        <id>30244</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>fixed reference</comment>
      <origin>925648</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="7944" sha1="famgmxov7ydz5yy24zs4jmkr681mhka" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name= Unitit States Air Force
|image= [[File:Seal of the United States Department of the Air Force.svg|centre|210px]]
|caption= Seal o the Depairtment o the Air Force
|dates= {{nowrap|18 September 1947&amp;nbsp;– present&lt;br&gt;({{Age in years and months|1947|09|18}})}}&lt;ref name=&quot;birth date&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.airforce.com/learn-about/history/part2/|title=Missions Part Two: Air Power Comes of Age in World War II|work= U.S. Air Force|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016050527/http://www.airforce.com/learn-about/history/part2/|archive-date=16 October 2015|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|country= {{nowrap|{{flag|Unitit States o Americae}}}}
|allegiance= [[Unitit States Constitution|Constitution o the Unitit States]]
|type= Air force
|Mission= &quot;Tae flee, fecht an win ... in air, space an cyberspace.&quot;&lt;ref name=Factsheet2/&gt;
|size= 332,854 active personnel&lt;br/&gt;185,522 ceevilian personnel&lt;br/&gt;71,400 reserve personnel &lt;br/&gt;106,700 air guard personnel&lt;br/&gt;$140 billion budget&lt;br/&gt;5,484 aircraft &lt;br/&gt;450 ICBMs &lt;br/&gt;63 satellites{{citation needed|date=October 2026}}
|command_structure= [[Unitit States Depairtment o the Air Force|Depairtment o the Air Force]]
|garrison= [[The Pentagon]]
|garrison_label= Heidquarters
|motto= ''&quot;Aim High ... Fly-Fecht-Win&quot;''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123225546| title=Aim High ... Fly-Fight-Win to be Air Force motto USAF| publisher=United States Air Force| date=7 October 2010| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009142423/http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123225546|archivedate=9 October 2010|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|colors= [[Ultramarine|Ultramarine Blue]] an [[Gowd (colour)#Yellae|Air Force Yellae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;AFcolors&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.jbsa.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-070324-002.pdf |title=The Air Force Flag |date=24 March 2007 |work=Air Force Historical Research Agency |publisher=United States Air Force |accessdate=27 March 2009 |archive-date=2013-09-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902192925if_/http://www.jbsa.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-070324-002.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Color box|#120a8f}}{{Color box|#FFDF00}}
|colors_label= Colours
|march= [[The U.S. Air Force (sang)|The U.S. Air Force]] {{audio|The Air Force Song.ogg|Play}}
|battles= [[Korean War]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Vietnam War]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Operation Eagle Claw|Iranian Hostage Rescue]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Invasion o Grenada]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Bombin o Libie (1986)]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Unitit States Invasion o Panama|Invasion o Panama]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Gulf War|Persian Gulf War]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Somali Ceevil War]] &lt;br/&gt;[[1995 NATO bombin campaign in Bosnie an Herzegovinae|Bosnie War]] &lt;br/&gt;[[1999 NATO bombin o the Federal Republic o Yugoslavie|Kosovo War]] &lt;br/&gt;[[War in Afghanistan (2001-present)|War in Afghanistan]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Iraq War]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Operation Odyssey Dawn|Bombin o Libie (2011)]]
|website = http://www.af.mil/
&lt;!-- Commanders --&gt;
|commander1=[[Preses]] [[Donald Trump]]
|commander1_label= [[Preses o the Unitit States|Commander-in-Chief]]
|commander2= [[The Honourable]] [[James Mattis]]
|commander2_label= [[Unitit States Secretar o Defence|Secretar o Defence]]
|commander3= The Honourable [[Deborah Lee James]]
|commander3_label= [[Unitit States Secretar o the Air Force|Secretar o the Air Force]]
|commander4= [[General (Unitit States)|Gen]] [[David L. Goldfein]]
|commander4_label= [[Chief o Staff o the Unitit States Air Force|Chief o Staff]]
|commander5= Gen [[Stephen W. Wilson]]
|commander5_label= [[Vice Chief o Staff o the Unitit States Air Force|Vice Chief o Staff]]
|commander6= CMSAF [[James A. Cody]]
|commander6_label= [[Chief Master Sergeant o the Air Force|Chief Master Sergeant]]
&lt;!-- Insignia --&gt;
|identification_symbol=[[File:Flag of the United States Air Force.svg|border|100px]]
|identification_symbol_label=Unitit States Air Force flag
|identification_symbol_2= [[File:USAF logo.png|100px]]
|identification_symbol_2_label= [[Unitit States Air Force seembol]]
|identification_symbol_3= [[File:Us army air corps shield.svg|100px]]
|identification_symbol_3_label= USAF &quot;Hap&quot; Arnold Seembol
|identification_symbol_4=[[File:USAF Mitchell tartan.jpg|50px]]	
|identification_symbol_4_label=[[U.S. Air Force Pipe Band]] Tartan
|identification_symbol_5=[[File:Roundel of the USAF.svg|100px]]
|identification_symbol_5_label= [[Roundel]]
&lt;!-- Aircraft --&gt;
|aircraft_attack= [[A-10 Thunderbolt II|A-10]], [[Lockheed AC-130|AC-130]]
|aircraft_bomber= [[B-52 Stratofortress|B-52H]], [[B-1 Lancer|B-1B]], [[Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit|B-2]]
|aircraft_electronic= [[E-3 Sentry|E-3]], [[E-8 Joint STARS|E-8]], [[EC-130]]
|aircraft_fighter= [[McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle|F-15C]], [[F-15E Strike Eagle|F-15E]], [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16]], [[Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor|F-22]]&lt;!-- [[F-35 Lightning II]] Not in service yet --&gt;
|aircraft_helicopter= [[UH-1N Twin Huey|UH-1N]], [[HH-60 Pave Hawk|HH-60]]
|aircraft_recon= [[Lockheed U-2|U-2]], [[Boeing RC-135|RC-135]], [[MC-12 Liberty]], [[RQ-1 Predator|RQ/MQ-1]], [[RQ-4 Global Hawk|RQ-4]], [[Lockheed Martin RQ-170 Sentinel|RQ-170]]
|aircraft_trainer= [[T-6 Texan II|T-6]], [[T-38 Talon|T-38]], [[T-1A Jayhawk|T-1]], [[DG Flugzeugbau DG-1000|TG-16]], [[Cirrus SR20|T-53]]
|aircraft_transport= [[C-130 Hercules|C-130]], [[C-135]], [[C-5 Galaxy|C-5]], [[McDonnell Douglas C-9|C-9]], [[C-17 Globemaster III|C-17]], [[VC-25]], [[Boeing C-32|C-32]], [[Gulfstream G500|C-37]], [[Learjet 35A|C-21]], [[C-12 Huron|C-12]], [[C-40 Clipper|C-40]], [[V-22 Osprey|CV-22]]
|aircraft_tanker= [[KC-10 Extender|KC-10]], [[KC-135 Stratotanker|KC-135]]
}}

The '''United States Air Force''' ('''USAF''') is the [[aerial warfare]] service branch o the [[Unitit States Airmed Forces]] an ane o the seiven [[uniformed services o the Unitit States|American uniformed services]]. Initially pairt o the [[Unitit States Airmy]], the USAF wis furmed as a separate branch o the militar on 18 September 1947 unner the [[Naitional Security Act o 1947]].&lt;ref name=Factsheet2&gt;{{cite web |author=United States Air Force |title=The U.S. Air Force |url=http://www.af.mil/information/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=2 |work=United States Air Force website |publisher=U.S. Air Force|archive-date=10 Juin 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610105216/http://www.af.mil/information/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=2|url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is the maist recent branch o the U.S. militar tae be furmed, an is the lairgest an ane o the warld's maist technologically advanced air forces. The USAF articulates its core functions as [[Massive retaliation|Nuclear Deterrence Operations]], [[Air Force Special Operations Command|Special Operations]], [[Air supremacy|Air Superiority]], [[Jynt Functional Component Command for Intelligence, Surveillance an Reconnaissance|Global Integrated ISR]], [[Space Superiority Seestems Wing|Space Superiority]], [[Command an control|Command an Control]], [[Twenty-Fowert Air Force|Cyberspace Superiority]], [[Air Rescue Service|Personnel Recovery]], [[Prompt Global Strike|Global Precision Attack]], [[Militar advisor|Biggin Partnerships]], [[Air Mobility Command|Rapid Global Mobility]] an [[Combat service support|Agile Combat Support]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.posturestatement.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-100223-010.pdf|title=2010 United States Air Force Posture Statement|work=USAF|date=9 Februar 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810205958if_/http://www.posturestatement.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-100223-010.pdf |archive-date=10 August 2015|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Militar units an furmations established in 1947]]
[[Category:The Pentagon]]
[[Category:Uniformed services o the Unitit States|Air Force]]
[[Category:Unitit States Air Force|Unitit States Air Force]]
[[Category:Unitit States Depairtment o Defense]]
[[Category:1947 establishments in the Unitit States]]
[[Category:Collier Trophy recipients]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Olivia Newton-John</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>65677</id>
    <revision>
      <id>925628</id>
      <parentid>869982</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T22:46:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mr.Murdoch78</username>
        <id>119895</id>
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      <text bytes="11360" sha1="6oxhju85tdf33za4bivhy5rqft0nop9" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox bodie
| name= Olivia Newton-John
| image = Olivia Newton John 2012.jpg
| caption = Newton-John attending the premiere of ''[[A Few Best Men]]'' in Sydney, Australie, 2012.
| signature = Olivia Newton-John signature (cropped).jpg
| background = solo_singer
| birth_date = {{birth date|1948|9|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Cambrig]], Cambrigshire, [[Ingland]], UK
| death_date = 8 August 2022 (aged 73)
| death_place = [[Los Angeles]], [[Californie]], U.S.
| origin = [[Melbourne]], Victoria, Austrailie
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Sangster
* sangwriter
* actress
* entrepreneur
}}
| years_active = 1963–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Matt Lattanzi|1984|1995|reason=divorcit}}&lt;br&gt;{{marriage|John Easterling|2008}}
| children = 1
| module = {{Infobox muisical airtist|embed=yes
| background = solo_singer
| instrument = Vocals
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Pop muisic|Pop]]
* [[Kintra muisic|kintra]]
* [[soft rock]]
}}
| label = {{flatlist|
* [[Uni Records|Uni]]
* [[MCA Records|MCA]]
* [[EMI Records|EMI]]
* [[Pye Records|Pye]]
* [[Festival Records|Festival]]
}}
| associated_acts = {{flatlist|
* [[Cliff Richard]]
* [[John Travolta]]
* [[Electric Light Orchestra]]
* [[John Farrar]]
* [[Helen Reddy]]
* [[Bruce Welch]]
}}
| website = {{URL|olivianewton-john.com}}
}}
}}

'''Olivia Newton-John''', [[Order of Australia|AO]], [[Order o the Breetish Empire|OBE]] (born 26 September 1948; died 8 August 2022) wis a Breetish-born Australie sangster, sangwriter, an actress. She wis a foou-time [[Grammy award]] winner who haes amassed five No. 1 an ten ither Top Ten Billboard Hot 100 singles&lt;ref name=&quot;books.google.com&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7Mo7xm-X1r4C&amp;pg=PA334&amp;dq=%22olivia+newton%22&amp;lr=|isbn=978-0-87930-475-1|title=All Music Guide to Country|first=Michael|last=Erlewine|publisher=Miller Freeman Books|location=San Francisco|year=1997|accessdate=13 August 2010|page=334}}&lt;/ref&gt; an twa No. 1 Billboard 200 solo albums. Eleiven o her singles (including two platinum) and 14 of her albums (includin twa platinum an fower double platinum) hae been certifeed gowd bi the RIAA. Her muisic haes been successful in multiple genres includin pop, [[Kintra muisic|kintra]], an [[adult contemporary]] an haes sauld a estimatit [[:en:List of best-selling music artists|100 million records warldwide]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.express.co.uk/posts/view/281840/Olivia-Newton-John-Why-I-got-married-in-secret-at-60|title=Olivia Newton-John: Why I got married in secret at 60|first=Garth|last=Pearce|work=[[Daily Express]]|date=5 December 2011|accessdate=18 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; She co-starred wi [[John Travolta]] in the film adaptation o the Broadway muisical ''[[Grease (film)|Grease]]'', which featured ane o the maist successful [[:en:Grease: The Original Soundtrack from the Motion Picture|soondtracks]] in Hollywood history.

Newton-John haes been a lang-time activist for environmental an animal richts issues. Syne survivin breast cancer in 1992,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QqtinbjO0oEC&amp;pg=PA172&amp;dq=%22olivia+newton%22&amp;lr=&amp;as_brr=3#PPA173,M1 |title=1001 Australians You Should Know |publisher=Google Books |accessdate=13 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; she haes been a advocate for halth awareness becomin involvit wi various charities, halth products an fundraisin efforts. Her business interests hae includit launchin several product lines for Koala Blue an co-awnin the Gaia Retreat &amp; Spa in Australie.

Newton-John haes been marriet twice. She currently lives wi her seicont husband, John Easterling, in [[Jupiter Inlet Colony]], [[Florida]]. She is the mither o ane dochter, [[Chloe Rose Lattanzi]], wi her first husband, actor [[Matt Lattanzi]]. Her grandfaither wis the quantum pheesicist an Nobel laureate [[Max Born]].

== Discografie ==
{{Main|Olivia Newton-John discografie}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
* ''[[If Not for You (album)|If Not for You]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Olivia (Olivia Newton-John album)|Olivia]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Let Me Be There (album)|Let Me Be There]]'' (1973)&lt;sup&gt;a&lt;/sup&gt;
* ''[[Long Live Love]]'' (1974)
* ''[[If You Love Me, Let Me Know]]'' (1974)&lt;sup&gt;b&lt;/sup&gt;
* ''[[Have You Never Been Mellow]]'' (1975)
* ''[[Clearly Love]]'' (1975)
* ''[[Come on Over (Olivia Newton-John album)|Come on Over]]'' (1976)
* ''[[Don't Stop Believin' (Olivia Newton-John album)|Don't Stop Believin']]'' (1976)
* ''[[Making a Good Thing Better]]'' (1977)
* ''[[Totally Hot]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Physical (album)|Physical]]'' (1981)

{{col-2}}
* ''[[Soul Kiss]]'' (1985)
* ''[[The Rumour (album)|The Rumour]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Warm and Tender (Olivia Newton-John album)|Warm and Tender]]'' (1989)
* ''[[Gaia: One Woman's Journey]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Back with a Heart]]'' (1998)
* ''[['Tis the Season (Vince Gill and Olivia Newton-John album)|'Tis the Season]]'' (2000)
* ''[[(2)]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Indigo: Women of Song]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Stronger Than Before]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Grace and Gratitude]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Christmas Wish (Olivia Newton-John album)|Christmas Wish]]'' (2007)
* ''[[A Celebration in Song]]'' (2008)
* ''[[This Christmas (John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John album)|This Christmas]]'' (2012)
* ''Liv On'' (2016)
* ''Friends for Christmas'' (2016)
{{col-end}}

'''Notes''':
* '''a''': Released with a different track listing in the North America. Also released in certain territories as ''Music Makes My Day''.
* '''b''': North American release of ''Long Live Love''. Also features tracks from previous releases and the new title track.

==Filmografie==
{{See also|Olivia Newton-John discografie#Videografie}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1965 || ''[[Funny Things Happen Down Under]]'' || Olivia || Supportin role
|-
| 1970 || ''[[Toomorrow (film)|Toomorrow]]'' || Olivia || Lead role
|-
| 1972 || ''The Case'' || Hersel || BBC2 TV special w/Cliff Richard &amp; Tim Brooke-Taylor
|-
| 1976 || ''A Special Olivia Newton-John'' || Hersel || TV special
|-
| 1977 || ''Only Olivia'' || Hersel || TV special
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 1978 || ''Olivia'' || Hersel || TV special
|-
| ''[[Grease (film)|Grease]]'' || Sandy Olsson || Lead role
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 1980 || ''[[Xanadu (film)|Xanadu]]'' || [[Terpsichore|Kira]] || Lead role
|-
| ''Hollywood Nights'' || Hersel || TV special
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Two of a Kind (1983 film)|Two of a Kind]]'' || Debbie Wylder || Lead role
|-
| 1988 || ''[[She's Having a Baby]]'' || Hersel || Cameo
|-
| 1989 || ''Mothers &amp; Others'' || Hersel || TV special
|-
| 1990 || ''[[A Mom for Christmas]]'' || Amy Miller || Lead role in television film
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Madonna: Truth or Dare]]'' || Hersel || Cameo 
|-
| 1994 || ''A Christmas Romance'' || Julia Stonecypher  || Lead role in television film
|-
| 1996 || ''[[It's My Party (film)|It's My Party]]'' || Lina Bingham  || Supporting role
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Sordid Lives]]'' || Bitsy Mae Harling || Supporting role
|-
| 2001 || ''The Wilde Girls'' || Jasmine Wilde || Lead role in television film
|-
| 2002 || ''A Night with Olivia'' || Hersel || TV special
|-
| 2003 || ''Live in Japan '03'' || Hersel || TV special
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Sordid Lives: The Series]]'' || Bitsy Mae Harling || Supportin role in TV Series
|-
| 2009 || ''Kathy Griffin: My Life On The D-List'' || Hersel || Guest appearance
|-
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 2010 || ''[[1 a Minute]]'' || Hersel || Documentar
|-
| ''[[Glee (TV series)|Glee]]'' || Hersel || Special guest – 2 episodes: &quot;[[Bad Reputation (Glee)|Bad Reputation]]&quot; and &quot;[[Journey (Glee)|Journey]]&quot;
|-
| ''[[Score: A Hockey Musical]]'' || Hope Gordon || Supportin role
|-
| 2011 || ''[[A Few Best Men]]'' || Barbara Ramme || Supportin role
|}

==Awairds an honours==
{{Main|Leet o awairds an honors receivit bi Olivia Newton-John}}

==Tours==
{{Main|List of Olivia Newton-John concert tours}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
* If Not for You Tour (1972)
* Clearly Love Tour (1975)
* Love Performance Tour (1976)
* [[Totally Hot World Tour]] (1978)
* [[Physical Tour]] (1982–83)
* [[The Main Event Tour]] (1998)
* Greatest Hits Tour (1999)
* One Woman's Live Journey Tour (1999)
* Millennium Tour (2000)

{{col-2}}
* [[30 Musical Years Tour]] (2001)
* [[Heartstrings World Tour]] (2002–05)
* [[Olivia Newton-John 2006 World Tour|2006 World Tour]] (2006)
* [[Grace and Gratitude Tour]] (2006)
* [[Body Heart &amp; Spirit Tour]] (2007)
* [[An Evening with Olivia Newton-John]] (2007–09)
* [[Olivia Newton-John 2010 World Tour|2010 World Tour]] (2010)
* [[Olivia Newton-John 2011 United States Tour|2011 United States Tour]] (2011)
* [[A Summer Night with Olivia Newton-John]] (2012)
* [[Olivia Newton-John 2013 UK Tour|2013 UK Tour]] (2013)
{{col-end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliografie==
* Olivia (The Biography of Olivia Newton-John), Tim Ewbank. (2008). Piatkus books. ISBN 978-0-7499-0983-3.
* Wood, Gerry. (1998). &quot;Olivia Newton-John.&quot; In ''The Encyclopedia of Country Music.'' Paul Kingsbury, Editor. New York: Oxford University Press. pp.&amp;nbsp;380–1.
* The Story of the Shadows by Mike Read. 1983. Elm Tree books. ISBN 0-241-10861-6.
* Rock 'n' Roll, I Gave You The Best Years Of My Life – A Life In The Shadows by Bruce Welch ISBN 0-670-82705-3 (Penguin Books).

== Freemit airtins ==
{{Commons category|Olivia Newton-John}}
* {{Official website|1=http://www.olivianewton-john.com}}
* {{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p5023}}
* {{IMDb name|556}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-ach}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Cliff Richard]]&lt;br&gt;with ''&quot;[[Power to All Our Friends]]&quot;''
| title  = [[UK in the Eurovision Song Contest]]
| years  = [[Eurovision Song Contest 1974|1974]]
| after  = [[The Shadows]]&lt;br&gt;with ''&quot;[[Let Me Be the One (Eurovision song)|Let Me Be the One]]&quot;''
}}
{{S-end}}

{{Olivia Newton-John}}
{{Olivia Newton-John singles}}
{{Grammy Award for Record of the Year 1970s}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2013}}
{{Billboard Year-End number one singles 1980–1999}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Newton-John, Olivia}}
[[Category:Olivia Newton-John| ]]
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:2022 daiths]]
[[Category:Actresses frae Cambridgeshire]]
[[Category:Actresses frae Melbourne]]
[[Category:ARIA Award winners]]
[[Category:ARIA Hall of Fame inductees]]
[[Category:Australie country sangsters]]
[[Category:Australie dance muisickers]]
[[Category:Australie expatriate actresses in the Unitit States]]
[[Category:Australie female sangsters]]
[[Category:Australie film actresses]]
[[Category:Australia Living Treasures]]
[[Category:Australie fowk o German strynd]]
[[Category:Australie fowk o German-Jewish strynd]]
[[Category:Australie fowk o Welsh strynd]]
[[Category:Australie pop sangsters]]
[[Category:Australie televeesion actresses]]
[[Category:Breast cancer survivors]]
[[Category:Breetish Eurovision Sang Contest entrants]]
[[Category:Daytime Emmy Awaird winners]]
[[Category:Inglis emigrants tae Australie]]
[[Category:Eurovision Sang Contest entrants o 1974]]
[[Category:Grammy Awaird winners]]
[[Category:MCA Records airtists]]
[[Category:Muisickers frae Cambridgeshire]]
[[Category:Naturalisit ceetizens o Australie]]
[[Category:Officers o the Order o Australie]]
[[Category:Officers o the Order o the Breetish Empire]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Cambridge]]
[[Category:Pye Records airtists]]
[[Category:Sangsters frae Melbourne]]
[[Category:Uni Records airtists]]
[[Category:Fowk eddicatit at University High School (Melbourne)]]
[[Category:Pairticipants in Coming Home]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>925630</id>
      <parentid>925628</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T22:48:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CiphriusKane</username>
        <id>74958</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Undae revision [[Special:Diff/869982|869982]] bi [[Special:Contributions/2600:6C5E:4D7F:7660:1825:5B23:D8F9:6C94|2600:6C5E:4D7F:7660:1825:5B23:D8F9:6C94]] ([[User talk:2600:6C5E:4D7F:7660:1825:5B23:D8F9:6C94|Tauk]])</comment>
      <origin>925630</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="11360" sha1="2et02pi8j2wk17y1v6owjuzbxfavur5" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox bodie
| name= Olivia Newton-John
| image = Olivia Newton John 2012.jpg
| caption = Newton-John attending the premiere of ''[[A Few Best Men]]'' in Sydney, Australie, 2012.
| signature = Olivia Newton-John signature (cropped).jpg
| background = solo_singer
| birth_date = {{birth date|1948|9|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Cambrig]], Cambrigshire, [[Ingland]], UK
| death_date = 8 August 2022 (aged 73)
| death_place = [[Los Angeles]], [[Californie]], U.S.
| origin = [[Melbourne]], Victoria, Austrailie
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Sangster
* sangwriter
* actress
* entrepreneur
}}
| years_active = 1963–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Matt Lattanzi|1984|1995|reason=divorcit}}&lt;br&gt;{{marriage|John Easterling|2008}}
| children = 1
| module = {{Infobox muisical airtist|embed=yes
| background = solo_singer
| instrument = Vocals
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Pop muisic|Pop]]
* [[Kintra muisic|kintra]]
* [[soft rock]]
}}
| label = {{flatlist|
* [[Uni Records|Uni]]
* [[MCA Records|MCA]]
* [[EMI Records|EMI]]
* [[Pye Records|Pye]]
* [[Festival Records|Festival]]
}}
| associated_acts = {{flatlist|
* [[Cliff Richard]]
* [[John Travolta]]
* [[Electric Light Orchestra]]
* [[John Farrar]]
* [[Helen Reddy]]
* [[Bruce Welch]]
}}
| website = {{URL|olivianewton-john.com}}
}}
}}

'''Olivia Newton-John''', [[Order of Australia|AO]], [[Order o the Breetish Empire|OBE]] (born 26 September 1948; deed 8 August 2022) wis a Breetish-born Australie sangster, sangwriter, an actress. She wis a foou-time [[Grammy award]] winner who haes amassed five No. 1 an ten ither Top Ten Billboard Hot 100 singles&lt;ref name=&quot;books.google.com&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7Mo7xm-X1r4C&amp;pg=PA334&amp;dq=%22olivia+newton%22&amp;lr=|isbn=978-0-87930-475-1|title=All Music Guide to Country|first=Michael|last=Erlewine|publisher=Miller Freeman Books|location=San Francisco|year=1997|accessdate=13 August 2010|page=334}}&lt;/ref&gt; an twa No. 1 Billboard 200 solo albums. Eleiven o her singles (including two platinum) and 14 of her albums (includin twa platinum an fower double platinum) hae been certifeed gowd bi the RIAA. Her muisic haes been successful in multiple genres includin pop, [[Kintra muisic|kintra]], an [[adult contemporary]] an haes sauld a estimatit [[:en:List of best-selling music artists|100 million records warldwide]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.express.co.uk/posts/view/281840/Olivia-Newton-John-Why-I-got-married-in-secret-at-60|title=Olivia Newton-John: Why I got married in secret at 60|first=Garth|last=Pearce|work=[[Daily Express]]|date=5 December 2011|accessdate=18 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; She co-starred wi [[John Travolta]] in the film adaptation o the Broadway muisical ''[[Grease (film)|Grease]]'', which featured ane o the maist successful [[:en:Grease: The Original Soundtrack from the Motion Picture|soondtracks]] in Hollywood history.

Newton-John haes been a lang-time activist for environmental an animal richts issues. Syne survivin breast cancer in 1992,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QqtinbjO0oEC&amp;pg=PA172&amp;dq=%22olivia+newton%22&amp;lr=&amp;as_brr=3#PPA173,M1 |title=1001 Australians You Should Know |publisher=Google Books |accessdate=13 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; she haes been a advocate for halth awareness becomin involvit wi various charities, halth products an fundraisin efforts. Her business interests hae includit launchin several product lines for Koala Blue an co-awnin the Gaia Retreat &amp; Spa in Australie.

Newton-John haes been marriet twice. She currently lives wi her seicont husband, John Easterling, in [[Jupiter Inlet Colony]], [[Florida]]. She is the mither o ane dochter, [[Chloe Rose Lattanzi]], wi her first husband, actor [[Matt Lattanzi]]. Her grandfaither wis the quantum pheesicist an Nobel laureate [[Max Born]].

== Discografie ==
{{Main|Olivia Newton-John discografie}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
* ''[[If Not for You (album)|If Not for You]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Olivia (Olivia Newton-John album)|Olivia]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Let Me Be There (album)|Let Me Be There]]'' (1973)&lt;sup&gt;a&lt;/sup&gt;
* ''[[Long Live Love]]'' (1974)
* ''[[If You Love Me, Let Me Know]]'' (1974)&lt;sup&gt;b&lt;/sup&gt;
* ''[[Have You Never Been Mellow]]'' (1975)
* ''[[Clearly Love]]'' (1975)
* ''[[Come on Over (Olivia Newton-John album)|Come on Over]]'' (1976)
* ''[[Don't Stop Believin' (Olivia Newton-John album)|Don't Stop Believin']]'' (1976)
* ''[[Making a Good Thing Better]]'' (1977)
* ''[[Totally Hot]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Physical (album)|Physical]]'' (1981)

{{col-2}}
* ''[[Soul Kiss]]'' (1985)
* ''[[The Rumour (album)|The Rumour]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Warm and Tender (Olivia Newton-John album)|Warm and Tender]]'' (1989)
* ''[[Gaia: One Woman's Journey]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Back with a Heart]]'' (1998)
* ''[['Tis the Season (Vince Gill and Olivia Newton-John album)|'Tis the Season]]'' (2000)
* ''[[(2)]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Indigo: Women of Song]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Stronger Than Before]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Grace and Gratitude]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Christmas Wish (Olivia Newton-John album)|Christmas Wish]]'' (2007)
* ''[[A Celebration in Song]]'' (2008)
* ''[[This Christmas (John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John album)|This Christmas]]'' (2012)
* ''Liv On'' (2016)
* ''Friends for Christmas'' (2016)
{{col-end}}

'''Notes''':
* '''a''': Released with a different track listing in the North America. Also released in certain territories as ''Music Makes My Day''.
* '''b''': North American release of ''Long Live Love''. Also features tracks from previous releases and the new title track.

==Filmografie==
{{See also|Olivia Newton-John discografie#Videografie}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1965 || ''[[Funny Things Happen Down Under]]'' || Olivia || Supportin role
|-
| 1970 || ''[[Toomorrow (film)|Toomorrow]]'' || Olivia || Lead role
|-
| 1972 || ''The Case'' || Hersel || BBC2 TV special w/Cliff Richard &amp; Tim Brooke-Taylor
|-
| 1976 || ''A Special Olivia Newton-John'' || Hersel || TV special
|-
| 1977 || ''Only Olivia'' || Hersel || TV special
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 1978 || ''Olivia'' || Hersel || TV special
|-
| ''[[Grease (film)|Grease]]'' || Sandy Olsson || Lead role
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 1980 || ''[[Xanadu (film)|Xanadu]]'' || [[Terpsichore|Kira]] || Lead role
|-
| ''Hollywood Nights'' || Hersel || TV special
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Two of a Kind (1983 film)|Two of a Kind]]'' || Debbie Wylder || Lead role
|-
| 1988 || ''[[She's Having a Baby]]'' || Hersel || Cameo
|-
| 1989 || ''Mothers &amp; Others'' || Hersel || TV special
|-
| 1990 || ''[[A Mom for Christmas]]'' || Amy Miller || Lead role in television film
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Madonna: Truth or Dare]]'' || Hersel || Cameo 
|-
| 1994 || ''A Christmas Romance'' || Julia Stonecypher  || Lead role in television film
|-
| 1996 || ''[[It's My Party (film)|It's My Party]]'' || Lina Bingham  || Supporting role
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Sordid Lives]]'' || Bitsy Mae Harling || Supporting role
|-
| 2001 || ''The Wilde Girls'' || Jasmine Wilde || Lead role in television film
|-
| 2002 || ''A Night with Olivia'' || Hersel || TV special
|-
| 2003 || ''Live in Japan '03'' || Hersel || TV special
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Sordid Lives: The Series]]'' || Bitsy Mae Harling || Supportin role in TV Series
|-
| 2009 || ''Kathy Griffin: My Life On The D-List'' || Hersel || Guest appearance
|-
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 2010 || ''[[1 a Minute]]'' || Hersel || Documentar
|-
| ''[[Glee (TV series)|Glee]]'' || Hersel || Special guest – 2 episodes: &quot;[[Bad Reputation (Glee)|Bad Reputation]]&quot; and &quot;[[Journey (Glee)|Journey]]&quot;
|-
| ''[[Score: A Hockey Musical]]'' || Hope Gordon || Supportin role
|-
| 2011 || ''[[A Few Best Men]]'' || Barbara Ramme || Supportin role
|}

==Awairds an honours==
{{Main|Leet o awairds an honors receivit bi Olivia Newton-John}}

==Tours==
{{Main|List of Olivia Newton-John concert tours}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
* If Not for You Tour (1972)
* Clearly Love Tour (1975)
* Love Performance Tour (1976)
* [[Totally Hot World Tour]] (1978)
* [[Physical Tour]] (1982–83)
* [[The Main Event Tour]] (1998)
* Greatest Hits Tour (1999)
* One Woman's Live Journey Tour (1999)
* Millennium Tour (2000)

{{col-2}}
* [[30 Musical Years Tour]] (2001)
* [[Heartstrings World Tour]] (2002–05)
* [[Olivia Newton-John 2006 World Tour|2006 World Tour]] (2006)
* [[Grace and Gratitude Tour]] (2006)
* [[Body Heart &amp; Spirit Tour]] (2007)
* [[An Evening with Olivia Newton-John]] (2007–09)
* [[Olivia Newton-John 2010 World Tour|2010 World Tour]] (2010)
* [[Olivia Newton-John 2011 United States Tour|2011 United States Tour]] (2011)
* [[A Summer Night with Olivia Newton-John]] (2012)
* [[Olivia Newton-John 2013 UK Tour|2013 UK Tour]] (2013)
{{col-end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliografie==
* Olivia (The Biography of Olivia Newton-John), Tim Ewbank. (2008). Piatkus books. ISBN 978-0-7499-0983-3.
* Wood, Gerry. (1998). &quot;Olivia Newton-John.&quot; In ''The Encyclopedia of Country Music.'' Paul Kingsbury, Editor. New York: Oxford University Press. pp.&amp;nbsp;380–1.
* The Story of the Shadows by Mike Read. 1983. Elm Tree books. ISBN 0-241-10861-6.
* Rock 'n' Roll, I Gave You The Best Years Of My Life – A Life In The Shadows by Bruce Welch ISBN 0-670-82705-3 (Penguin Books).

== Freemit airtins ==
{{Commons category|Olivia Newton-John}}
* {{Official website|1=http://www.olivianewton-john.com}}
* {{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p5023}}
* {{IMDb name|556}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-ach}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Cliff Richard]]&lt;br&gt;with ''&quot;[[Power to All Our Friends]]&quot;''
| title  = [[UK in the Eurovision Song Contest]]
| years  = [[Eurovision Song Contest 1974|1974]]
| after  = [[The Shadows]]&lt;br&gt;with ''&quot;[[Let Me Be the One (Eurovision song)|Let Me Be the One]]&quot;''
}}
{{S-end}}

{{Olivia Newton-John}}
{{Olivia Newton-John singles}}
{{Grammy Award for Record of the Year 1970s}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2013}}
{{Billboard Year-End number one singles 1980–1999}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Newton-John, Olivia}}
[[Category:Olivia Newton-John| ]]
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:2022 daiths]]
[[Category:Actresses frae Cambridgeshire]]
[[Category:Actresses frae Melbourne]]
[[Category:ARIA Award winners]]
[[Category:ARIA Hall of Fame inductees]]
[[Category:Australie country sangsters]]
[[Category:Australie dance muisickers]]
[[Category:Australie expatriate actresses in the Unitit States]]
[[Category:Australie female sangsters]]
[[Category:Australie film actresses]]
[[Category:Australia Living Treasures]]
[[Category:Australie fowk o German strynd]]
[[Category:Australie fowk o German-Jewish strynd]]
[[Category:Australie fowk o Welsh strynd]]
[[Category:Australie pop sangsters]]
[[Category:Australie televeesion actresses]]
[[Category:Breast cancer survivors]]
[[Category:Breetish Eurovision Sang Contest entrants]]
[[Category:Daytime Emmy Awaird winners]]
[[Category:Inglis emigrants tae Australie]]
[[Category:Eurovision Sang Contest entrants o 1974]]
[[Category:Grammy Awaird winners]]
[[Category:MCA Records airtists]]
[[Category:Muisickers frae Cambridgeshire]]
[[Category:Naturalisit ceetizens o Australie]]
[[Category:Officers o the Order o Australie]]
[[Category:Officers o the Order o the Breetish Empire]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Cambridge]]
[[Category:Pye Records airtists]]
[[Category:Sangsters frae Melbourne]]
[[Category:Uni Records airtists]]
[[Category:Fowk eddicatit at University High School (Melbourne)]]
[[Category:Pairticipants in Coming Home]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>925632</id>
      <parentid>925630</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T22:52:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CiphriusKane</username>
        <id>74958</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>RV mair historical vandalism</comment>
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      <text bytes="11361" sha1="o689fhga77wmzjo0gak4zxet54ux8an" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox bodie
| name= Olivia Newton-John
| image = Olivia Newton John 2012.jpg
| caption = Newton-John attending the premiere of ''[[A Few Best Men]]'' in Sydney, Australie, 2012.
| signature = Olivia Newton-John signature (cropped).jpg
| background = solo_singer
| birth_date = {{birth date|1948|9|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Cambrig]], Cambrigshire, [[Ingland]], UK
| death_date = 8 August 2022 (aged 73)
| death_place = [[Los Angeles]], [[Californie]], U.S.
| origin = [[Melbourne]], Victoria, Austrailie
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Sangster
* sangwriter
* actress
* entrepreneur
}}
| years_active = 1963–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Matt Lattanzi|1984|1995|reason=divorcit}}&lt;br&gt;{{marriage|John Easterling|2008}}
| children = 1
| module = {{Infobox muisical airtist|embed=yes
| background = solo_singer
| instrument = Vocals
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Pop muisic|Pop]]
* [[Kintra muisic|kintra]]
* [[soft rock]]
}}
| label = {{flatlist|
* [[Uni Records|Uni]]
* [[MCA Records|MCA]]
* [[EMI Records|EMI]]
* [[Pye Records|Pye]]
* [[Festival Records|Festival]]
}}
| associated_acts = {{flatlist|
* [[Cliff Richard]]
* [[John Travolta]]
* [[Electric Light Orchestra]]
* [[John Farrar]]
* [[Helen Reddy]]
* [[Bruce Welch]]
}}
| website = {{URL|olivianewton-john.com}}
}}
}}

'''Olivia Newton-John''', [[Order of Australia|AO]], [[Order o the Breetish Empire|OBE]] (born 26 September 1948; deed 8 August 2022) wis a Breetish-born Australie sangster, sangwriter, an actress. She wis a fower-time [[Grammy award]] winner who haes amassed five No. 1 an ten ither Top Ten Billboard Hot 100 singles&lt;ref name=&quot;books.google.com&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7Mo7xm-X1r4C&amp;pg=PA334&amp;dq=%22olivia+newton%22&amp;lr=|isbn=978-0-87930-475-1|title=All Music Guide to Country|first=Michael|last=Erlewine|publisher=Miller Freeman Books|location=San Francisco|year=1997|accessdate=13 August 2010|page=334}}&lt;/ref&gt; an twa No. 1 Billboard 200 solo albums. Eleiven o her singles (including two platinum) and 14 of her albums (includin twa platinum an fower double platinum) hae been certifeed gowd bi the RIAA. Her muisic haes been successful in multiple genres includin pop, [[Kintra muisic|kintra]], an [[adult contemporary]] an haes sauld a estimatit [[:en:List of best-selling music artists|100 million records warldwide]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.express.co.uk/posts/view/281840/Olivia-Newton-John-Why-I-got-married-in-secret-at-60|title=Olivia Newton-John: Why I got married in secret at 60|first=Garth|last=Pearce|work=[[Daily Express]]|date=5 December 2011|accessdate=18 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; She co-starred wi [[John Travolta]] in the film adaptation o the Broadway muisical ''[[Grease (film)|Grease]]'', which featured ane o the maist successful [[:en:Grease: The Original Soundtrack from the Motion Picture|soondtracks]] in Hollywood history.

Newton-John haes been a lang-time activist for environmental an animal richts issues. Syne survivin breast cancer in 1992,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QqtinbjO0oEC&amp;pg=PA172&amp;dq=%22olivia+newton%22&amp;lr=&amp;as_brr=3#PPA173,M1 |title=1001 Australians You Should Know |publisher=Google Books |accessdate=13 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; she haes been a advocate for halth awareness becomin involvit wi various charities, halth products an fundraisin efforts. Her business interests hae includit launchin several product lines for Koala Blue an co-awnin the Gaia Retreat &amp; Spa in Australie.

Newton-John haes been marriet twice. She currently lives wi her seicont husband, John Easterling, in [[Jupiter Inlet Colony]], [[Florida]]. She is the mither o ane dochter, [[Chloe Rose Lattanzi]], wi her first husband, actor [[Matt Lattanzi]]. Her grandfaither wis the quantum pheesicist an Nobel laureate [[Max Born]].

== Discografie ==
{{Main|Olivia Newton-John discografie}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
* ''[[If Not for You (album)|If Not for You]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Olivia (Olivia Newton-John album)|Olivia]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Let Me Be There (album)|Let Me Be There]]'' (1973)&lt;sup&gt;a&lt;/sup&gt;
* ''[[Long Live Love]]'' (1974)
* ''[[If You Love Me, Let Me Know]]'' (1974)&lt;sup&gt;b&lt;/sup&gt;
* ''[[Have You Never Been Mellow]]'' (1975)
* ''[[Clearly Love]]'' (1975)
* ''[[Come on Over (Olivia Newton-John album)|Come on Over]]'' (1976)
* ''[[Don't Stop Believin' (Olivia Newton-John album)|Don't Stop Believin']]'' (1976)
* ''[[Making a Good Thing Better]]'' (1977)
* ''[[Totally Hot]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Physical (album)|Physical]]'' (1981)

{{col-2}}
* ''[[Soul Kiss]]'' (1985)
* ''[[The Rumour (album)|The Rumour]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Warm and Tender (Olivia Newton-John album)|Warm and Tender]]'' (1989)
* ''[[Gaia: One Woman's Journey]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Back with a Heart]]'' (1998)
* ''[['Tis the Season (Vince Gill and Olivia Newton-John album)|'Tis the Season]]'' (2000)
* ''[[(2)]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Indigo: Women of Song]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Stronger Than Before]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Grace and Gratitude]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Christmas Wish (Olivia Newton-John album)|Christmas Wish]]'' (2007)
* ''[[A Celebration in Song]]'' (2008)
* ''[[This Christmas (John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John album)|This Christmas]]'' (2012)
* ''Liv On'' (2016)
* ''Friends for Christmas'' (2016)
{{col-end}}

'''Notes''':
* '''a''': Released with a different track listing in the North America. Also released in certain territories as ''Music Makes My Day''.
* '''b''': North American release of ''Long Live Love''. Also features tracks from previous releases and the new title track.

==Filmografie==
{{See also|Olivia Newton-John discografie#Videografie}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1965 || ''[[Funny Things Happen Down Under]]'' || Olivia || Supportin role
|-
| 1970 || ''[[Toomorrow (film)|Toomorrow]]'' || Olivia || Lead role
|-
| 1972 || ''The Case'' || Hersel || BBC2 TV special w/Cliff Richard &amp; Tim Brooke-Taylor
|-
| 1976 || ''A Special Olivia Newton-John'' || Hersel || TV special
|-
| 1977 || ''Only Olivia'' || Hersel || TV special
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 1978 || ''Olivia'' || Hersel || TV special
|-
| ''[[Grease (film)|Grease]]'' || Sandy Olsson || Lead role
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 1980 || ''[[Xanadu (film)|Xanadu]]'' || [[Terpsichore|Kira]] || Lead role
|-
| ''Hollywood Nights'' || Hersel || TV special
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Two of a Kind (1983 film)|Two of a Kind]]'' || Debbie Wylder || Lead role
|-
| 1988 || ''[[She's Having a Baby]]'' || Hersel || Cameo
|-
| 1989 || ''Mothers &amp; Others'' || Hersel || TV special
|-
| 1990 || ''[[A Mom for Christmas]]'' || Amy Miller || Lead role in television film
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Madonna: Truth or Dare]]'' || Hersel || Cameo 
|-
| 1994 || ''A Christmas Romance'' || Julia Stonecypher  || Lead role in television film
|-
| 1996 || ''[[It's My Party (film)|It's My Party]]'' || Lina Bingham  || Supporting role
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Sordid Lives]]'' || Bitsy Mae Harling || Supporting role
|-
| 2001 || ''The Wilde Girls'' || Jasmine Wilde || Lead role in television film
|-
| 2002 || ''A Night with Olivia'' || Hersel || TV special
|-
| 2003 || ''Live in Japan '03'' || Hersel || TV special
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Sordid Lives: The Series]]'' || Bitsy Mae Harling || Supportin role in TV Series
|-
| 2009 || ''Kathy Griffin: My Life On The D-List'' || Hersel || Guest appearance
|-
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 2010 || ''[[1 a Minute]]'' || Hersel || Documentar
|-
| ''[[Glee (TV series)|Glee]]'' || Hersel || Special guest – 2 episodes: &quot;[[Bad Reputation (Glee)|Bad Reputation]]&quot; and &quot;[[Journey (Glee)|Journey]]&quot;
|-
| ''[[Score: A Hockey Musical]]'' || Hope Gordon || Supportin role
|-
| 2011 || ''[[A Few Best Men]]'' || Barbara Ramme || Supportin role
|}

==Awairds an honours==
{{Main|Leet o awairds an honors receivit bi Olivia Newton-John}}

==Tours==
{{Main|List of Olivia Newton-John concert tours}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
* If Not for You Tour (1972)
* Clearly Love Tour (1975)
* Love Performance Tour (1976)
* [[Totally Hot World Tour]] (1978)
* [[Physical Tour]] (1982–83)
* [[The Main Event Tour]] (1998)
* Greatest Hits Tour (1999)
* One Woman's Live Journey Tour (1999)
* Millennium Tour (2000)

{{col-2}}
* [[30 Musical Years Tour]] (2001)
* [[Heartstrings World Tour]] (2002–05)
* [[Olivia Newton-John 2006 World Tour|2006 World Tour]] (2006)
* [[Grace and Gratitude Tour]] (2006)
* [[Body Heart &amp; Spirit Tour]] (2007)
* [[An Evening with Olivia Newton-John]] (2007–09)
* [[Olivia Newton-John 2010 World Tour|2010 World Tour]] (2010)
* [[Olivia Newton-John 2011 United States Tour|2011 United States Tour]] (2011)
* [[A Summer Night with Olivia Newton-John]] (2012)
* [[Olivia Newton-John 2013 UK Tour|2013 UK Tour]] (2013)
{{col-end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliografie==
* Olivia (The Biography of Olivia Newton-John), Tim Ewbank. (2008). Piatkus books. ISBN 978-0-7499-0983-3.
* Wood, Gerry. (1998). &quot;Olivia Newton-John.&quot; In ''The Encyclopedia of Country Music.'' Paul Kingsbury, Editor. New York: Oxford University Press. pp.&amp;nbsp;380–1.
* The Story of the Shadows by Mike Read. 1983. Elm Tree books. ISBN 0-241-10861-6.
* Rock 'n' Roll, I Gave You The Best Years Of My Life – A Life In The Shadows by Bruce Welch ISBN 0-670-82705-3 (Penguin Books).

== Freemit airtins ==
{{Commons category|Olivia Newton-John}}
* {{Official website|1=http://www.olivianewton-john.com}}
* {{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p5023}}
* {{IMDb name|556}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-ach}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Cliff Richard]]&lt;br&gt;with ''&quot;[[Power to All Our Friends]]&quot;''
| title  = [[UK in the Eurovision Song Contest]]
| years  = [[Eurovision Song Contest 1974|1974]]
| after  = [[The Shadows]]&lt;br&gt;with ''&quot;[[Let Me Be the One (Eurovision song)|Let Me Be the One]]&quot;''
}}
{{S-end}}

{{Olivia Newton-John}}
{{Olivia Newton-John singles}}
{{Grammy Award for Record of the Year 1970s}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2013}}
{{Billboard Year-End number one singles 1980–1999}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Newton-John, Olivia}}
[[Category:Olivia Newton-John| ]]
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:2022 daiths]]
[[Category:Actresses frae Cambridgeshire]]
[[Category:Actresses frae Melbourne]]
[[Category:ARIA Award winners]]
[[Category:ARIA Hall of Fame inductees]]
[[Category:Australie country sangsters]]
[[Category:Australie dance muisickers]]
[[Category:Australie expatriate actresses in the Unitit States]]
[[Category:Australie female sangsters]]
[[Category:Australie film actresses]]
[[Category:Australia Living Treasures]]
[[Category:Australie fowk o German strynd]]
[[Category:Australie fowk o German-Jewish strynd]]
[[Category:Australie fowk o Welsh strynd]]
[[Category:Australie pop sangsters]]
[[Category:Australie televeesion actresses]]
[[Category:Breast cancer survivors]]
[[Category:Breetish Eurovision Sang Contest entrants]]
[[Category:Daytime Emmy Awaird winners]]
[[Category:Inglis emigrants tae Australie]]
[[Category:Eurovision Sang Contest entrants o 1974]]
[[Category:Grammy Awaird winners]]
[[Category:MCA Records airtists]]
[[Category:Muisickers frae Cambridgeshire]]
[[Category:Naturalisit ceetizens o Australie]]
[[Category:Officers o the Order o Australie]]
[[Category:Officers o the Order o the Breetish Empire]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Cambridge]]
[[Category:Pye Records airtists]]
[[Category:Sangsters frae Melbourne]]
[[Category:Uni Records airtists]]
[[Category:Fowk eddicatit at University High School (Melbourne)]]
[[Category:Pairticipants in Coming Home]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>925633</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-02T22:54:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CiphriusKane</username>
        <id>74958</id>
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{{Infobox bodie
| name= Olivia Newton-John
| image = Olivia Newton John 2012.jpg
| caption = Newton-John attending the premiere of ''[[A Few Best Men]]'' in Sydney, Australie, 2012.
| signature = Olivia Newton-John signature (cropped).jpg
| background = solo_singer
| birth_date = {{birth date|1948|9|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Cambrig]], Cambrigshire, [[Ingland]], UK
| death_date = 8 August 2022 (aged 73)
| death_place = [[Los Angeles]], [[Californie]], U.S.
| origin = [[Melbourne]], Victoria, Austrailie
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Sangster
* sangwriter
* actress
* entrepreneur
}}
| years_active = 1963–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Matt Lattanzi|1984|1995|reason=divorcit}}&lt;br&gt;{{marriage|John Easterling|2008}}
| children = 1
| module = {{Infobox muisical airtist|embed=yes
| background = solo_singer
| instrument = Vocals
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Pop muisic|Pop]]
* [[Kintra muisic|kintra]]
* [[soft rock]]
}}
| label = {{flatlist|
* [[Uni Records|Uni]]
* [[MCA Records|MCA]]
* [[EMI Records|EMI]]
* [[Pye Records|Pye]]
* [[Festival Records|Festival]]
}}
| associated_acts = {{flatlist|
* [[Cliff Richard]]
* [[John Travolta]]
* [[Electric Light Orchestra]]
* [[John Farrar]]
* [[Helen Reddy]]
* [[Bruce Welch]]
}}
| website = {{URL|olivianewton-john.com}}
}}
}}

'''Olivia Newton-John''', [[Order of Australia|AO]], [[Order o the Breetish Empire|OBE]] (born 26 September 1948; deed 8 August 2022) wis a Breetish-born Australie sangster, sangwriter, an actress. She wis a fower-time [[Grammy award]] winner that amassed five No. 1 an ten ither Top Ten Billboard Hot 100 singles&lt;ref name=&quot;books.google.com&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7Mo7xm-X1r4C&amp;pg=PA334&amp;dq=%22olivia+newton%22&amp;lr=|isbn=978-0-87930-475-1|title=All Music Guide to Country|first=Michael|last=Erlewine|publisher=Miller Freeman Books|location=San Francisco|year=1997|accessdate=13 August 2010|page=334}}&lt;/ref&gt; an twa No. 1 Billboard 200 solo albums. Eleiven o her singles (including two platinum) and 14 of her albums (includin twa platinum an fower double platinum) hae been certifeed gowd bi the RIAA. Her muisic haes been successful in multiple genres includin pop, [[Kintra muisic|kintra]], an [[adult contemporary]] an haes sauld a estimatit 100 million records warldwide.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.express.co.uk/posts/view/281840/Olivia-Newton-John-Why-I-got-married-in-secret-at-60|title=Olivia Newton-John: Why I got married in secret at 60|first=Garth|last=Pearce|work=[[Daily Express]]|date=5 December 2011|accessdate=18 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; She co-starred wi [[John Travolta]] in the film adaptation o the Broadway muisical ''[[Grease (film)|Grease]]'', which featured ane o the maist successful soondtracks in Hollywood history.

Newton-John wis a lang-time activist for environmental an animal richts issues. Syne survivin breast cancer in 1992,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QqtinbjO0oEC&amp;pg=PA172&amp;dq=%22olivia+newton%22&amp;lr=&amp;as_brr=3#PPA173,M1 |title=1001 Australians You Should Know |publisher=Google Books |accessdate=13 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; she haed been a advocate for halth awareness becomin involvit wi various charities, halth products an fundraisin efforts. Her business interests hae includit launchin several product lines for Koala Blue an co-awnin the Gaia Retreat &amp; Spa in Australie.

Newton-John wis marriet twice. She bade wi her second husband, John Easterling, in [[Jupiter Inlet Colony]], [[Florida]]. She wis the mither o ae dochter, [[Chloe Rose Lattanzi]], wi her first husband, actor [[Matt Lattanzi]]. Her grandfaither wis the quantum physicist an Nobel laureate [[Max Born]].

== Discography ==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
* ''[[If Not for You (album)|If Not for You]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Olivia (Olivia Newton-John album)|Olivia]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Let Me Be There (album)|Let Me Be There]]'' (1973)&lt;sup&gt;a&lt;/sup&gt;
* ''[[Long Live Love]]'' (1974)
* ''[[If You Love Me, Let Me Know]]'' (1974)&lt;sup&gt;b&lt;/sup&gt;
* ''[[Have You Never Been Mellow]]'' (1975)
* ''[[Clearly Love]]'' (1975)
* ''[[Come on Over (Olivia Newton-John album)|Come on Over]]'' (1976)
* ''[[Don't Stop Believin' (Olivia Newton-John album)|Don't Stop Believin']]'' (1976)
* ''[[Making a Good Thing Better]]'' (1977)
* ''[[Totally Hot]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Physical (album)|Physical]]'' (1981)

{{col-2}}
* ''[[Soul Kiss]]'' (1985)
* ''[[The Rumour (album)|The Rumour]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Warm and Tender (Olivia Newton-John album)|Warm and Tender]]'' (1989)
* ''[[Gaia: One Woman's Journey]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Back with a Heart]]'' (1998)
* ''[['Tis the Season (Vince Gill and Olivia Newton-John album)|'Tis the Season]]'' (2000)
* ''[[(2)]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Indigo: Women of Song]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Stronger Than Before]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Grace and Gratitude]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Christmas Wish (Olivia Newton-John album)|Christmas Wish]]'' (2007)
* ''[[A Celebration in Song]]'' (2008)
* ''[[This Christmas (John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John album)|This Christmas]]'' (2012)
* ''Liv On'' (2016)
* ''Friends for Christmas'' (2016)
{{col-end}}

'''Notes''':
* '''a''': Released with a different track listing in the North America. Also released in certain territories as ''Music Makes My Day''.
* '''b''': North American release of ''Long Live Love''. Also features tracks from previous releases and the new title track.

==Filmography==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1965 || ''[[Funny Things Happen Down Under]]'' || Olivia || Supportin role
|-
| 1970 || ''[[Toomorrow (film)|Toomorrow]]'' || Olivia || Lead role
|-
| 1972 || ''The Case'' || Hersel || BBC2 TV special w/Cliff Richard &amp; Tim Brooke-Taylor
|-
| 1976 || ''A Special Olivia Newton-John'' || Hersel || TV special
|-
| 1977 || ''Only Olivia'' || Hersel || TV special
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 1978 || ''Olivia'' || Hersel || TV special
|-
| ''[[Grease (film)|Grease]]'' || Sandy Olsson || Lead role
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 1980 || ''[[Xanadu (film)|Xanadu]]'' || [[Terpsichore|Kira]] || Lead role
|-
| ''Hollywood Nights'' || Hersel || TV special
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Two of a Kind (1983 film)|Two of a Kind]]'' || Debbie Wylder || Lead role
|-
| 1988 || ''[[She's Having a Baby]]'' || Hersel || Cameo
|-
| 1989 || ''Mothers &amp; Others'' || Hersel || TV special
|-
| 1990 || ''[[A Mom for Christmas]]'' || Amy Miller || Lead role in television film
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Madonna: Truth or Dare]]'' || Hersel || Cameo 
|-
| 1994 || ''A Christmas Romance'' || Julia Stonecypher  || Lead role in television film
|-
| 1996 || ''[[It's My Party (film)|It's My Party]]'' || Lina Bingham  || Supporting role
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Sordid Lives]]'' || Bitsy Mae Harling || Supporting role
|-
| 2001 || ''The Wilde Girls'' || Jasmine Wilde || Lead role in television film
|-
| 2002 || ''A Night with Olivia'' || Hersel || TV special
|-
| 2003 || ''Live in Japan '03'' || Hersel || TV special
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Sordid Lives: The Series]]'' || Bitsy Mae Harling || Supportin role in TV Series
|-
| 2009 || ''Kathy Griffin: My Life On The D-List'' || Hersel || Guest appearance
|-
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 2010 || ''[[1 a Minute]]'' || Hersel || Documentar
|-
| ''[[Glee (TV series)|Glee]]'' || Hersel || Special guest – 2 episodes: &quot;[[Bad Reputation (Glee)|Bad Reputation]]&quot; and &quot;[[Journey (Glee)|Journey]]&quot;
|-
| ''[[Score: A Hockey Musical]]'' || Hope Gordon || Supportin role
|-
| 2011 || ''[[A Few Best Men]]'' || Barbara Ramme || Supportin role
|}

==Awairds an honours==
{{Main|Leet o awairds an honors receivit bi Olivia Newton-John}}

==Tours==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
* If Not for You Tour (1972)
* Clearly Love Tour (1975)
* Love Performance Tour (1976)
* [[Totally Hot World Tour]] (1978)
* [[Physical Tour]] (1982–83)
* [[The Main Event Tour]] (1998)
* Greatest Hits Tour (1999)
* One Woman's Live Journey Tour (1999)
* Millennium Tour (2000)

{{col-2}}
* [[30 Musical Years Tour]] (2001)
* [[Heartstrings World Tour]] (2002–05)
* [[Olivia Newton-John 2006 World Tour|2006 World Tour]] (2006)
* [[Grace and Gratitude Tour]] (2006)
* [[Body Heart &amp; Spirit Tour]] (2007)
* [[An Evening with Olivia Newton-John]] (2007–09)
* [[Olivia Newton-John 2010 World Tour|2010 World Tour]] (2010)
* [[Olivia Newton-John 2011 United States Tour|2011 United States Tour]] (2011)
* [[A Summer Night with Olivia Newton-John]] (2012)
* [[Olivia Newton-John 2013 UK Tour|2013 UK Tour]] (2013)
{{col-end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* Olivia (The Biography of Olivia Newton-John), Tim Ewbank. (2008). Piatkus books. ISBN 978-0-7499-0983-3.
* Wood, Gerry. (1998). &quot;Olivia Newton-John.&quot; In ''The Encyclopedia of Country Music.'' Paul Kingsbury, Editor. New York: Oxford University Press. pp.&amp;nbsp;380–1.
* The Story of the Shadows by Mike Read. 1983. Elm Tree books. ISBN 0-241-10861-6.
* Rock 'n' Roll, I Gave You The Best Years Of My Life – A Life In The Shadows by Bruce Welch ISBN 0-670-82705-3 (Penguin Books).

== Freemit airtins ==
{{Commons category|Olivia Newton-John}}
* {{Official website|1=http://www.olivianewton-john.com}}
* {{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p5023}}
* {{IMDb name|556}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-ach}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Cliff Richard]]&lt;br&gt;with ''&quot;[[Power to All Our Friends]]&quot;''
| title  = [[UK in the Eurovision Song Contest]]
| years  = [[Eurovision Song Contest 1974|1974]]
| after  = [[The Shadows]]&lt;br&gt;with ''&quot;[[Let Me Be the One (Eurovision song)|Let Me Be the One]]&quot;''
}}
{{S-end}}

{{Olivia Newton-John}}
{{Olivia Newton-John singles}}
{{Grammy Award for Record of the Year 1970s}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2013}}
{{Billboard Year-End number one singles 1980–1999}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Newton-John, Olivia}}
[[Category:Olivia Newton-John| ]]
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:2022 daiths]]
[[Category:Actresses frae Cambridgeshire]]
[[Category:Actresses frae Melbourne]]
[[Category:ARIA Award winners]]
[[Category:ARIA Hall of Fame inductees]]
[[Category:Australie country sangsters]]
[[Category:Australie dance muisickers]]
[[Category:Australie expatriate actresses in the Unitit States]]
[[Category:Australie female sangsters]]
[[Category:Australie film actresses]]
[[Category:Australia Living Treasures]]
[[Category:Australie fowk o German strynd]]
[[Category:Australie fowk o German-Jewish strynd]]
[[Category:Australie fowk o Welsh strynd]]
[[Category:Australie pop sangsters]]
[[Category:Australie televeesion actresses]]
[[Category:Breast cancer survivors]]
[[Category:Breetish Eurovision Sang Contest entrants]]
[[Category:Daytime Emmy Awaird winners]]
[[Category:Inglis emigrants tae Australie]]
[[Category:Eurovision Sang Contest entrants o 1974]]
[[Category:Grammy Awaird winners]]
[[Category:MCA Records airtists]]
[[Category:Muisickers frae Cambridgeshire]]
[[Category:Naturalisit ceetizens o Australie]]
[[Category:Officers o the Order o Australie]]
[[Category:Officers o the Order o the Breetish Empire]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Cambridge]]
[[Category:Pye Records airtists]]
[[Category:Sangsters frae Melbourne]]
[[Category:Uni Records airtists]]
[[Category:Fowk eddicatit at University High School (Melbourne)]]
[[Category:Pairticipants in Coming Home]]</text>
      <sha1>jm18b9ne6ujj4zx2a1mipimypdwi2lw</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nicolas Anelka</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>/* Freemit airtins */ filled in links</comment>
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      <text bytes="10089" sha1="8dbtfzp78brfdpy4l09ice69yzy6bhi" xml:space="preserve">{{bare links}}
{{Infobox fitbaw biography
| name = Nicolas Anelka
| image = Nicolas Anelka 4720.jpg
| caption = Anelka playin for [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] in 2010
| fullname = Nicolas Sébastien Anelka&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=FIFA World Cup South Africa 2010 – List of Players|url=http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/01/22/85/78/fwc_2010_squadlists.pdf|publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA)|accessdate=5 June 2013|format=PDF|archive-date=2020-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517205300if_/https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/01/22/85/78/fwc_2010_squadlists.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1979|3|14|df=y}}&lt;ref name=&quot;PFA 25&quot;&gt;{{cite book| last = Hugman| first = Barry J.| title = The PFA Premier &amp; Football League Players' Records 1946–2005| publisher=Queen Anne Press| year = 2005| page = 25| isbn = 1-85291-665-6 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| birth_place = [[Le Chesnay]], Fraunce 
| height = {{convert|1.85|m|ftin|abbr=on}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Player Profiles|url=http://www.wba.co.uk/team/player-profile/index.aspx?playerid=31888&amp;tcmuri=896199|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225070147/http://www.wba.co.uk/team/player-profile/index.aspx?playerid=31888&amp;tcmuri=896199|archivedate=2013-12-25|publisher=[[West Bromwich Albion F.C.]]|access-date=2014-09-03|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| position = [[Forrit (association football)#Striker|Striker]]
| currentclub = [[Free agent]]
| youthyears1 = 1983–1993 |youthclubs1 = Trappes Saint-Quentin
| youthyears2 = 1993–1995 |youthclubs2 = [[Clairefontaine]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.fff.fr/presentationfff/actualite/418646.shtml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114014916/http://www.fff.fr/presentationfff/actualite/418646.shtml|archivedate=2012-11-14|title=INF, formateur de talents|publisher=FFF|language=French|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| youthyears3 = 1995–1996 |youthclubs3 = [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]]
|  years1  = 1996–1997 |clubs1  = [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]]  | caps1  = 10  | goals1  = 1
|  years2  = 1997–1999 |clubs2  = [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]]                          | caps2  = 65  | goals2  = 23
|  years3  = 1999–2000 |clubs3  = [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]]                  | caps3  = 19  | goals3  = 2
|  years4  = 2000–2002 |clubs4  = [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]]  | caps4  = 39  | goals4  = 10
|  years5  = 2001–2002 |clubs5  = → [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]]  (loan)            | caps5  = 20  | goals5  = 4
|  years6  = 2002–2005 |clubs6  = [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]]          | caps6  = 89  | goals6  = 37
|  years7  = 2005–2006 |clubs7  = [[Fenerbahçe S.K. (football team)|Fenerbahçe]]    | caps7  = 39  | goals7  = 14
|  years8  = 2006–2008 |clubs8  = [[Bolton Wanderers F.C.|Bolton Wanderers]]        | caps8  = 53  | goals8  = 21
|  years9  = 2008–2012 |clubs9  = [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]]                          | caps9  = 125 | goals9  = 38
|  years10 = 2012–2013 |clubs10 = [[Shanghai Shenhua]]                              | caps10 = 22  | goals10 = 3
|  years11 = 2013      |clubs11 = → [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]] (lend)               | caps11 = 2   | goals11 = 0&lt;!-- DO ''not'' REMOVE THE FACT THIS WAS A LOAN SPELL --&gt;
|  years12 = 2013–2014 |clubs12 = [[West Bromwich Albion F.C.|West Bromwich Albion]]| caps12 = 12  | goals12 = 2
|  years13 = 2014–2015 |clubs13 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]                    | caps13 = 13  | goals13 = 2
|  totalcaps = 508
|  totalgoals = 157
| nationalyears1 = 1997 |nationalteam1 = [[France national under-20 football team|France U20]] |nationalcaps1= 3 |nationalgoals1= 0
| nationalyears2 = 1998–2010 |nationalteam2 = [[France national football team|France]]    |nationalcaps2 = 69 |nationalgoals2 = 14
| manageryears1 = 2012| managerclubs1 = [[Shanghai Shenhua F.C.|Shanghai Shenhua]] (player-coach)| manageryears2 = 2015| managerclubs2 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] (player-manager)
| club-update = 5 November 2014}}

'''Nicolas Sébastien Anelka''' ({{IPA-fr|ni.kɔ.la a.nɛl.ka}}; born 14 Mairch 1979) is a French former [[Association fitbaw|fitbawer]]. Prior tae his reteerment frae internaitional fitbaw, Anelka wis a reglar member o the [[Fraunce naitional fitbaw team|French naitional team]] an aw.

==Personal life==
Anelka wis born in 1979 in [[Le Chesnay]], [[Yvelines]], tae parents wha haed migratit frae [[Martinique]] in 1974. Thareefter thay settled in [[Trappes]], near Paris. His mither is a secretar in the local heich schuil.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/26/sports/26iht-soccer.3674386.html &quot;Nicolas Anelka haunts old coach as Bolton beats Arsenal&quot;]. [[The New York Times]]. 26 November 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://fourfourtwo.com/interviews/one-on-one/156/article.aspx|title=One-on-One with Nicolas Anelka|work=FourFourTwo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828002324/http://fourfourtwo.com/interviews/one-on-one/156/article.aspx |archive-date=2008-08-28|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;lepoint.fr&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lepoint.fr/archives/article.php/81309|title=Nicolas Anelka: de Trappes à Wembley|work=Le Point|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231051110/http://www.lepoint.fr/actualites-societe/2007-01-24/nicolas-anelka-de-trappes-a-wembley/920/0/81309|archive-date=30 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anelka is marriet tae [[Barbara Tausia]], a Belgian choreographer. Thegither, thay hae twa loons, Kais born in 2008 an Kahil born in 2010.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2008/may/20/championsleague.chelsea3?2010. Chelsea: The players] ''[[The Guardian]]'', 20 May 2008; Retrieved 10 February 2009&lt;/ref&gt; He actit in the 2002 film ''[[Le Boulet]]'' as a fitbawer cried Nicolas. He haes stated that, whan he retires frae fitbaw, he wad lik tae wirk in the film industry acause he haes a freen in the business.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2007/oct/24/theknowledge.sport | work=The Guardian | title=Has a journalist ever won an international cap? | first=Tom | last=Bryant | date=24 October 2007| accessdate=20 May 2010 | location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anelka haes twa brithers, Claude an Didier.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2008/nov/30/chelsea-arsenal-premier-league The £85m man lights Blue touchpaper] ''The Observer'', 30 November 2008&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Freemit airtins==
{{commons category}}
*{{Cite web|url=http://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=170710/index.html|title=Nicolas Anelka|work=FIFA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004064937/http://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=170710/index.html|archive-date=4 October 2015|url-status=dead}}
*{{Cite web|url=http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/players/profile.overview.html/nicolas-anelka|title=Nicolas Anelka|work=Premier League|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214061109/http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/players/profile.overview.html/nicolas-anelka|archive-date=14 Februar 2014|url-status=dead}}
*{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408211844/http://www.fff.fr/equipes-de-france/tous-les-joueurs/fiche-joueur/85-nicolas-anelka|title=Nicolas Anelka|work=Fédération Française de Football (FFF)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408211844/http://www.fff.fr/equipes-de-france/tous-les-joueurs/fiche-joueur/85-nicolas-anelka|archive-date=8 April 2014|url-status=dead}}

{{Navboxes colour
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|fg=navy
|bordercolor=navy
|title= Awards
|list1=
{{Premier League topscorers}}
{{PFA Young Player of the Year}}
{{1998–99 FA Premier League PFA Team of the Year}}
{{2008–09 Premier League PFA Team of the Year}}
}}
{{Navboxes colour
|title= France squads
|bg= #002395
|fg= white
|bordercolor= #ED2939
|list1=
{{France squad UEFA Euro 2000}}
{{France squad 2001 FIFA Confederations Cup}}
{{France squad UEFA Euro 2008}}
{{France squad 2010 FIFA Warld Cup}}
}}
&lt;!--DO NOT add the category French Muslims: Per Wikipedia:BLP#Categories (point 2) an an aa read the player's desire tae keep this aspect o his life personal (See http://fourfourtwo.com/interviews/one-on-one/156/article.aspx)--&gt;

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anelka, Nicolas}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Livin fowk]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Le Chesnay]]
[[Category:Association fitbaw forrits]]
[[Category:French fitbawers]]
[[Category:Fraunce youth internaitional fitbawers]]
[[Category:Fraunce internaitional fitbawers]]
[[Category:INF Clairefontaine players]]
[[Category:Paris Saint-Germain F.C. players]]
[[Category:Arsenal F.C. players]]
[[Category:Real Madrid CF players]]
[[Category:Liverpool F.C. players]]
[[Category:Manchester City F.C. players]]
[[Category:Fenerbahçe fitbawers]]
[[Category:Bolton Wanderers F.C. players]]
[[Category:Chelsea F.C. players]]
[[Category:Shanghai Shenhua F.C. players]]
[[Category:Juventus F.C. players]]
[[Category:West Bromwich Albion F.C. players]]
[[Category:Ligue 1 players]]
[[Category:Premier League players]]
[[Category:La Liga players]]
[[Category:Süper Lig players]]
[[Category:Serie A players]]
[[Category:First Division/Premier League tap scorers]]
[[Category:UEFA Euro 2000 players]]
[[Category:UEFA Euro 2008 players]]
[[Category:2001 FIFA Confederations Cup players]]
[[Category:2010 FIFA Warld Cup players]]
[[Category:UEFA European Championship-winnin players]]
[[Category:FIFA Confederations Cup-winnin players]]
[[Category:French expatriate fitbawers]]
[[Category:French expatriates in Ingland]]
[[Category:French expatriates in Spain]]
[[Category:French expatriates in Turkey]]
[[Category:French expatriates in Cheenae]]
[[Category:French expatriates in Italy]]
[[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Ingland]]
[[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Spain]]
[[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Turkey]]
[[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Cheenae]]
[[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Italy]]
[[Category:French fowk o Martiniquais strynd]]
[[Category:Converts tae Islam]]
[[Category:French Muslims]]
[[Category:Mumbai City FC players]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Alegría-Dulantzi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>85756</id>
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      <id>925612</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-02T16:30:56Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="1680" sha1="majensq9ci2rhlssxfas5171svnyh3s" xml:space="preserve">'''Alegría-Dulantzi''' ({{lang-es|Alegría}}, {{lang-eu|Dulantzi}}) is a toun an [[municipality]] locatit in the province o [[Álava]], in the [[Basque Kintra (autonomous commonty)|Basque Kintra]], northren [[Spain]].

The municipality is locatit some 14&amp;nbsp;km frae the provincial caipital, [[Vitoria-Gasteiz]]. It haes a aurie o 19.95&amp;nbsp;km², an a population (2004) o some 1,919 indwallers.
[[Image:Alegria de Alava (Dulantzi) Snowed.JPG|left|300px]]
Alegría-Dulantzi municipality is dividit intae twa sub-auries, or [[commune (subnaitional entity)|commune]]s (''concejos'' or ''kontzejuak''). Bi far the lairger o the twa is the municipal centre an tounship o Alegría-Dulantzi itself, which accoonts for some 95% o the municipality's population. The municipality controls a smaw [[exclave]] locatit tae the sootheast an aw, cried Egileta, which is surroondit bi a neebourin municipality.

The [[Battle o Alegría de Álava]] teuk place here in 1834.

{{commons category|Alegría-Dulantzi}}

==Freemit airtins==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110623062504/http://www.alegria-dulantzi.net/ Alegría-Dulantzi offeecial wabsteid] o the local govrenment authority  
* [http://www.euskomedia.org/euskomedia/SAunamendi?idi=en&amp;op=7&amp;voz=ALEGRÍA-DULANTZI ALEGRÍA DE ÁLAVA in the Bernardo Estornés Lasa - Auñamendi Encyclopedia]{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Information available in [[Spaingie leid|Spaingie]]

{{Alava municipalities}}

{{coord|42|50|39|N|2|30|43|W|source:cawiki|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alegria-Dulantzi}}
[[Category:Municipalities in Álava]]
[[Category:Populatit places in Álava]]


{{basque-geo-stub}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cuenca de Campos</title>
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      <text bytes="5452" sha1="0prpyybk67160226xd1ejjg2t4urg1p" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
&lt;!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --&gt;
| name                    = Cuenca de Campos
| native_name             = 
| native_name_lang        = &lt;!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. &quot;fr&quot; for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --&gt;
| settlement_type         = Municipality
| image_skyline           = 
| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = 
| image_flag              = 
| flag_alt                = 
| image_seal              = 
| seal_alt                = 
| image_shield            = 
| shield_alt              = 
| nickname                = 
| motto                   = 
| image_map               = 
| map_alt                 = 
| map_caption             = 
| pushpin_map             = Spain
| pushpin_label_position  = 
| pushpin_map_alt         = The location o Cuenca de Campos athin the map o Spain
| pushpin_map_caption     = Location o Cuenca de Campos athin Spain
| coordinates             = {{coord|42|03|32|N|05|03|17|W|region:ES_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint           = 
| coordinates_footnotes   = 
| subdivision_type        = Kintra
| subdivision_name        = [[Spain]]
| subdivision_type1       = [[Autonomous commonties o Spain|Autonomous commonty]]
| subdivision_name1       = [[Castile an León]]
| subdivision_type2       = [[Provinces o Spain|Province]]
| subdivision_name2       = [[Province o Valladolid|Valladolid]]
| subdivision_type3       = [[Comarcas o Spain|Comarca]]
| subdivision_name3       = [[Tierra de Campos]]
| established_title       = 
| established_date        = 
| founder                 = 
| seat_type               = 
| seat                    = 
| government_footnotes    = 
| leader_party            = [[Fowkpairty (Spain)|Fowkpairty]]
| leader_title            = [[Alcalde]]
| leader_name             = Faustino González
| unit_pref               = Metric
&lt;!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --&gt;
&lt;!-- for references: use &lt;ref&gt; tags --&gt;
| area_footnotes          = 
| area_urban_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_rural_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_metro_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_magnitude          = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_note               = 
| area_water_percent      = 
| area_rank               = 
| area_blank1_title       = 
| area_blank2_title       = 
&lt;!-- square kilometers --&gt;
| area_total_km2          = 47,93
| area_land_km2           = 
| area_water_km2          = 
| area_urban_km2          = 
| area_rural_km2          = 
| area_metro_km2          = 
| area_blank1_km2         = 
| area_blank2_km2         = 
&lt;!-- hectares --&gt;
| area_total_ha           = 
| area_land_ha            = 
| area_water_ha           = 
| area_urban_ha           = 
| area_rural_ha           = 
| area_metro_ha           = 
| area_blank1_ha          = 
| area_blank2_ha          = 
| length_km               = 
| width_km                = 
| dimensions_footnotes    = 
| elevation_footnotes     = 
| elevation_m             = 775
| population_footnotes    = 
| population_total        = 227
| population_as_of        = 2012&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ine.es/jaxi/menu.do?type=pcaxis&amp;path=%2Ft20%2Fe260&amp;file=inebase&amp;L=0 |title=Padró municipal a data d'01-01-2012 |trans_title=Municipal register as of 01-01-2012 |language=Spanish |publisher=Institut Nacional d'Estadística |date={{Date|2013-02-01}} |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-date=2018-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226130553/http://www.ine.es/jaxi/menu.do?type=pcaxis&amp;path=%2Ft20%2Fe260&amp;file=inebase&amp;L=0 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_density_km2  = auto
| population_demonym      = Conquense
| population_note         = 
| timezone                = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset              = +1
| timezone_DST            = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset_DST          = +2
| postal_code_type        = [[Leet o postal codes in Spain|Postal code]]
| postal_code             = 47650
| area_code_type          = 
| area_code               = 
| iso_code                = 
| website                 = {{URL|http://www.cuencadecampos.ayuntamientosdevalladolid.es/|link}}
| footnotes               = 
}}
'''Cuenca de Campos''' is a municipality o Spain in the [[Comarcas o Spain|region]] o [[Tierra de Campos]] in [[Province o Valladolid|Valladolid]] [[Provinces o Spain|province]], [[Autonomous commonties o Spain|autonomous commonty]] o [[Castile an León]].  It covers a aurie o {{Convert|47.93|km2|sqmi}} wi a population o 272 inhabitants in 2012.

==Economy==
Its [[economy]] is based on [[agricultur]], [[cereal]]s ([[wheat]], [[baurley]], [[ait]]s), an [[legume]]s ([[alfalfa]] an [[chickpea]]s), an [[fermstockin]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Freemit airtins==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{Official website|http://www.cuencadecampos.ayuntamientosdevalladolid.es/}}
*[http://www.cigunuela.es/ cigunuela.es] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121133609/http://www.cigunuela.es/ |date=2018-11-21 }}
*[http://canales.nortecastilla.es/pueblos/cuencadecampos.htm Canal Pueblos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091214193554/http://canales.nortecastilla.es/pueblos/cuencadecampos.htm |date=2009-12-14 }}
{{Refend}}

{{Municipalities in Valladolid}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cuenca De Campos}}
[[Category:Municipalities in the Province o Valladolid]]
[[Category:Populatit places in the Province o Valladolid]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>IPhone</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="14066" sha1="7myqfgvlgyk8mivxz8i5od665hrze1l" xml:space="preserve">{{Lowercase title}}
{{Infobox information appliance
| name = iPhone
| image = [[File:Smartphone.png|250px]][[File:IPhones.png|250px]]
| caption = The iPhone 15
| developer = [[Apple Inc.]]
| manufacturer = [[Foxconn]], [[Pegatron]]&lt;br&gt;([[contract manufacturer]]s)
| type = [[Smairtphone]]
| releasedate={{plainlist|
*'''[[iPhone (1st generation)|1st gen]]''': {{Start date|2007|06|29}}
*'''[[iPhone 3G|3G]]:''' {{Start date|2008|07|11}}
*'''[[iPhone 3GS|3GS]]''': {{Start date|2009|06|19}}
*'''[[iPhone 4|4]]''': {{Start date|2010|06|24}}
*'''[[iPhone 4S|4S]]''': {{Start date|2011|10|14}}
*'''[[iPhone 5|5]]''': {{Start date|2012|09|21}}
*'''[[iPhone 5C|5C]]''', '''[[iPhone 5S|5S]]''': {{Start date|2013|09|20}}
*'''[[iPhone 6|6 / 6 Plus]]''': {{Start date|2014|09|19}}
}}
| connectivity={{flatlist|
'''1st gen''', '''3G''', an '''3GS:'''&lt;br&gt;
[[Wi-Fi]] ([[IEEE 802.11|802.11]] [[IEEE 802.11b-1999|b]]/[[IEEE 802.11g-2003|g]])&lt;br&gt;
'''4''', and '''4S:'''&lt;br&gt;
[[Wi-Fi]] ([[IEEE 802.11|802.11]] [[IEEE 802.11b-1999|b]]/[[IEEE 802.11g-2003|g]]/[[IEEE 802.11n-2009|n]])&lt;br&gt;
'''5''', '''5C''', and '''5S:'''&lt;br&gt;
[[Wi-Fi]] ([[IEEE 802.11|802.11]] [[IEEE 802.11a-1999|a]]/[[IEEE 802.11b-1999|b]]/[[IEEE 802.11g-2003|g]]/[[IEEE 802.11n-2009|n]])&lt;br&gt;
'''6''', and '''6 Plus:'''&lt;br&gt;
[[Wi-Fi]] ([[IEEE 802.11|802.11]] [[IEEE 802.11a-1999|a]]/[[IEEE 802.11b-1999|b]]/[[IEEE 802.11g-2003|g]]/[[IEEE 802.11n-2009|n]]/[[IEEE 802.11ac|ac]])

'''1st gen''', '''3G''', '''3GS''', and '''4:'''&lt;br&gt;
[[Bluetooth v2.1+EDR|Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR]]&lt;br&gt;
'''4S''', '''5''', '''5C''', '''5S''', '''6''', and '''6 Plus:'''&lt;br&gt;
[[Bluetooth v4.0|Bluetooth 4.0]]

;[[GSM]] models an aa include:
: {{allow wrap|[[Universal Mobile Telecommunications System|UMTS]] / [[High-Speed Downlink Packet Access|HSDPA]] }}
:: [[UMTS frequency baunds|850, 1900, 2100]]&amp;nbsp;[[Hertz|MHz]]
: {{allow wrap|[[GSM]] / [[Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution|EDGE]]}}
:: [[GSM frequency baunds|850, 900, 1800, 1900]]&amp;nbsp;MHz

;[[Code division multiple access|CDMA]] model an aa includes:
: [[Code division multiple access|CDMA]]/[[Evolution-Data Optimized|EV-DO Rev. A]]
:: [[Multi-baund|800, 1900]]&amp;nbsp;MHz
'''5:'''
;[[GSM]] models an aa include:
: [[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]]
:: [[LTE frequency baunds|700, 2100]]&amp;nbsp;MHz
: {{allow wrap|[[Universal Mobile Telecommunications System|UMTS]] / [[High-Speed Downlink Packet Access|HSDPA]]/[[Evolved HSPA|HSPA+]] / [[Dual-Cell HSDPA|DC-HSDPA]]}}
:: [[UMTS frequency baunds|850, 900, 1900, 2100]]&amp;nbsp;MHz
: {{allow wrap|[[GSM]] / [[Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution|EDGE]]}}
:: [[GSM frequency baunds|850, 900, 1800, 1900]]&amp;nbsp;MHz

;[[Code division multiple access|CDMA]] model an aa includes:
: [[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]]
:: [[LTE frequency baunds|700]]&amp;nbsp;MHz
: [[Code division multiple access|CDMA]]/[[Evolution-Data Optimized|EV-DO Rev. A]]
:: [[Multi-baund device|800, 1900]]&amp;nbsp;MHz
: {{allow wrap|[[Universal Mobile Telecommunications System|UMTS]] / [[High-Speed Downlink Packet Access|HSDPA]]/[[Evolved HSPA|HSPA+]]/[[Dual-Cell HSDPA|DC-HSDPA]]}}
:: [[UMTS frequency baunds|850, 900, 1900, 2100]]&amp;nbsp;MHz
: {{allow wrap|[[GSM]] / [[Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution|EDGE]]}}
:: [[GSM frequency baunds|850, 900, 1800, 1900]]&amp;nbsp;MHz
}}
| unitssold = 700 million&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://gigaom.com/2015/03/08/apple-watch-launch-live-blog-spring-forward/ |title=Live blog: The Apple Watch |deadurl=no |accessdate=March 9, 2015 |archive-date=2015-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150309231725/https://gigaom.com/2015/03/08/apple-watch-launch-live-blog-spring-forward/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

| os= [[iOS]]
| power = {{plainlist|
*Biggit-in rechargeable [[Lithium polymer battery|Li-Po battery]]
*'''1st gen:''' {{nowrap|3.7 [[Volt|V]] 5.18&amp;nbsp;[[Kilowatt hour|W·h]] (1400}}&amp;nbsp;[[Ampere-oor|mA·h]])
*'''3G:''' {{nowrap|3.7 V}} {{nowrap|4.12 W·h}} (1150&amp;nbsp;mA·h)
*'''3GS''' {{nowrap|3.7 V}} {{nowrap|4.51 W·h}} (1219&amp;nbsp;mA·h)
*'''4:''' {{nowrap|3.7 V}} {{nowrap|5.25 W·h}} (1420&amp;nbsp;mA·h)
*'''4S:''' {{nowrap|3.7 V}} {{nowrap|5.3 W·h}} (1432&amp;nbsp;mA·h)
*'''5:''' {{nowrap|3.8 V}} {{nowrap|5.45 W·h}} (1440&amp;nbsp;mA·h)
*'''5C:''' {{nowrap|3.8 V}} {{nowrap|5.73 W·h}} (1510&amp;nbsp;mA·h)
*'''5S:''' {{nowrap|3.8 V}} {{nowrap|5.92 W·h}} (1560&amp;nbsp;mA·h)
*'''6:''' {{nowrap|3.82 V}} {{nowrap|6.91 W·h}} (1810&amp;nbsp;mA·h)
*'''6 Plus:''' {{nowrap|3.82 V}} {{nowrap|11.1 W·h}} (2915&amp;nbsp;mA·h)
}}
| soc = {{plainlist|
*'''1st gen''' an '''3G:''' [[Leet o Samsung Seestem on Chips|S5L8900]]
*'''3GS:''' [[Leet o Samsung Seestem on Chips|S5PC100]]
*'''4:''' [[Apple A4]]
*'''4S:''' [[Apple A5]]
*'''5''' / '''5C:''' [[Apple A6]]
*'''5S:''' [[Apple A7]]
*'''6''' / '''6 Plus:''' [[Apple A8]]
}}
| cpu = {{plainlist|
*'''1st gen''' an '''3G:'''
*[[Samsung]] [[32-bit]] [[Reduced instruction set computing|RISC]] [[ARM architecture|ARM]] 1176JZ(F)-S v1.0&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://toucharcade.com/2008/07/07/under-the-hood-the-iphones-gaming-mettle |title=Under the Hood: The iPhone's Gaming Mettle |publisher=Touch Arcade |date=June 14, 2008 |accessdate=June 13, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''3GS:''' 600&amp;nbsp;MHz [[ARM Cortex-A8]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/2782/2 |title=The iPhone 3GS Hardware Exposed &amp; Analyzed |publisher=AnandTech |accessdate=June 13, 2013 |archive-date=2017-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614132329/http://www.anandtech.com/show/2782/2 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''4:''' 800&amp;nbsp;MHz [[ARM Cortex-A8]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/iPhone-4-Teardown/3130/2 |title=iPhone 4 Teardown - Page 2 |publisher=iFixit |accessdate=June 13, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''4S:''' 800&amp;nbsp;MHz [[multi-core processor|dual-core]] [[ARM Cortex-A9]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Toor |first=Amar |url=http://www.engadget.com/2011/10/11/benchmarks-clock-iphone-4s-a5-cpu-at-800mhz-show-major-gpu-upg |title=Benchmarks clock iPhone 4S' A5 CPU at 800MHz, show major GPU upgrade over iPhone 4 |publisher=Engadget.com |date=October 11, 2011 |accessdate=June 13, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''5 / 5C:''' 1.3&amp;nbsp;GHz dual-core Apple A6
*'''5S:''' 1.3&amp;nbsp;GHz 64-bit dual-core Apple A7
*'''6 / 6 Plus:''' 1.4&amp;nbsp;GHz 64-bit dual-core Apple A8
}}
| graphics = {{plainlist|
*'''1st gen''' an '''3G:'''
*[[PowerVR]] [[PowerVR#MBX|MBX]] Lite 3D [[graphics processin unit|GPU]]&lt;ref name=&quot;GPU&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.eetimes.com/news/semi/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=200900740|title=Update: UK graphics specialist confirms that iPhone design win|publisher=[[EE Times]]|access-date=2015-06-18|archive-date=2012-06-06|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/68DyboxOh?url=http://eetimes.com/electronics-news/4188648/IPhone-code-trail-points-to-MBX-graphics-core|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; (103&amp;nbsp;MHz)
*'''3GS:''' PowerVR [[PowerVR#Series 5 (SGX)|SGX535]] GPU
*(150&amp;nbsp;MHz)&lt;ref name=&quot;3G_S_Processor&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.anandtech.com/gadgets/showdoc.aspx?i=3579&amp;p=2|title=The iPhone 3GS Hardware Exposed &amp; Analyzed|last=Shimpi|first=Anand|date=June 10, 2009|publisher=AnandTech|accessdate=June 10, 2009|archive-date=2010-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308085851/http://www.anandtech.com/gadgets/showdoc.aspx?i=3579&amp;p=2|url-status=dead}}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2009/06/t-mobile-accidentally-posts-secret-iphone-3g-s-specs|title=Gadget Lab Hardware News and Reviews T-Mobile Accidentally Posts Secret iPhone 3G S Specs|last=Sorrel|first=Charlie|date=June 10, 2009|publisher=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired.com]]|accessdate=June 14, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090613001825/http://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2009/06/t-mobile-accidentally-posts-secret-iphone-3g-s-specs/|archive-date=2009-06-13|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;4_Processor&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/Apple-A4-Teardown/2204/3|title=Apple A4 Teardown|date=June 10, 2009|publisher=ifixit.com|accessdate=September 9, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''4:''' PowerVR [[PowerVR#Series 5 (SGX)|SGX535]] GPU (200&amp;nbsp;MHz)&lt;ref name=&quot;3G_S_Processor&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;4_Processor&quot; /&gt;
*'''4S:''' PowerVR [[PowerVR#Series 5 (SGX)|SGX543MP2]] (2-core) GPU
*'''5 / 5C:''' PowerVR SGX543MP3 (3-core) GPU
*'''5S:''' PowerVR G6430 (4-core) GPU
*'''6 / 6 Plus:''' PowerVR GX6450 (4-core) GPU
}}
| storage = 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, or 128&amp;nbsp;GB [[flash memory]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.apple.com/iphone/specs.html |title=iPhone 5 - View all the technical specifications |publisher=Apple |accessdate=June 13, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| memory = {{plainlist|
*'''1st gen''' and '''3G:'''
*128&amp;nbsp;[[megabyte|MB]] [[LPDDR]] [[Dynamic random-access memory|DRAM]] (137&amp;nbsp;MHz)
*'''3GS:''' {{nowrap|256 MB}} LPDDR DRAM (200&amp;nbsp;MHz)
*'''4:''' {{nowrap|512 MB}} LPDDR2 DRAM (200&amp;nbsp;MHz)
*'''4S:''' {{nowrap|512 MB}} LPDDR2 DRAM
*'''5 / 5C:''' 1&amp;nbsp;GB LPDDR2 DRAM
*'''5S''' and '''6 / 6 Plus:''' 1&amp;nbsp;GB LPDDR3 DRAM
}}
| display = {{plainlist|
*'''1st gen''' and '''3G:'''
*{{convert|3.5|in|mm|abbr=on}}
*3:2 [[display aspect ratio|aspect ratio]], scratch-resistant&lt;ref name=&quot;jun18PressRelease&quot;&gt;{{cite press release|publisher=Apple Inc.|date=June 18, 2007|url=http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/06/18iphone.html|title=iPhone Delivers Up to Eight Hours of Talk Time}}&lt;/ref&gt; glossy glass covered screen, 262,144-color ([[Color depth|18-bit]]) [[Liquid crystal display#Twisted nematic (TN)|TN]] LCD, 480 × 320&amp;nbsp;[[pixel|px]] ([[HVGA]]) at 163&amp;nbsp;[[pixel density|ppi]], 200:1 [[contrast ratio]]
*'''3GS:'''
*In addeetion tae prior, featurs a fingerprint-resistant [[lipophobicity|oleophobic]] coatin,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|first=Eric|last=Slivka|url=http://www.macrumors.com/2009/06/10/more-wwdc-tidbits-iphone-3g-s-oleophobic-screen-find-my-iphone-live|title=More WWDC Tidbits: iPhone 3G S Oleophobic Screen, &quot;Find My iPhone&quot; Live lLP|publisher=Mac Rumors|date=June 10, 2009|accessdate=July 3, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; and 262,144-color (18-bit) TN LCD with hardware spatial dithering&lt;ref name=edepot&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.edepot.com/iphone.html|title=iPhone Secrets and iPad Secrets and iPod Touch Secrets|author=Po-Han Lin|work=Technology Depot|accessdate=December 8, 2011|archive-date=2012-12-08|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121208182655/http://www.edepot.com/iphone.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''4''' an '''4S:'''
*{{convert|3.5|in|mm|abbr=on}}, 3:2 aspect ratio, [[aluminosilicate]] glass covered 16,777,216-colour (24-bit) [[In-plane switching|IPS]] LCD screen, 960 × 640&amp;nbsp;px at 326&amp;nbsp;[[pixels per inch|ppi]], 800:1 contrast ratio, 500 [[luminance|{{frac|cd|m²}}]] max brightness
*'''5 / 5C / 5S:'''
*{{convert|4.0|in|mm|abbr=on}}; 16:9 [[display aspect ratio|aspect ratio]]; 1136 × 640&amp;nbsp;px screen resolution at 326&amp;nbsp;[[pixel density|ppi]]
*'''6:'''
*{{convert|4.7|in|mm|abbr=on}}; 16:9 [[display aspect ratio|aspect ratio]]; 1334 × 750&amp;nbsp;px screen resolution at 326&amp;nbsp;[[pixel density|ppi]]
*'''6 Plus:'''
*{{convert|5.5|in|mm|abbr=on}}; 16:9 [[display aspect ratio|aspect ratio]]; 1920 × 1080&amp;nbsp;px screen resolution at 401&amp;nbsp;[[pixel density|ppi]]
}}
| audio = {{flatlist|
*[[Bluetooth]]
*stereo speaker
*microphone
*3.5mm [[Phone connector (audio)|stereo audio jack]]
}}
| service = {{flatlist|
*[[iTunes Store]]
*[[App Store (iOS)|App Store]]
*[[iCloud]]
*[[iBooks]]
*[[Passbook (application)|Passbook]]
}}
| dimensions = {{plainlist|
*'''1st gen:'''
*{{convert|115|mm|in|abbr=on}} H
*{{convert|61|mm|in|abbr=on}} W
*{{convert|11.6|mm|in|abbr=on}} D
*'''3G''' and '''3GS:'''
*{{convert|115.5|mm|in|abbr=on}} H
*{{convert|62.1|mm|in|abbr=on}} W
*{{convert|12.3|mm|in|abbr=on}} D
*'''4''' and '''4S:'''
*{{convert|115.2|mm|in|abbr=on}} H
*{{convert|58.6|mm|in|abbr=on}} W
*{{convert|9.3|mm|in|abbr=on}} D
*'''5''' and '''5S:'''
*{{convert|123.8|mm|in|abbr=on}} H
*{{convert|58.6|mm|in|abbr=on}} W
*{{convert|7.6|mm|in|abbr=on}} D
*'''5C:'''
*{{convert|124.4|mm|in|abbr=on}} H
*{{convert|59.2|mm|in|abbr=on}} W
*{{convert|8.97|mm|in|abbr=on}} D
*'''6:'''
*{{convert|138.1|mm|in|abbr=on}} H
*{{convert|67|mm|in|abbr=on}} W
*{{convert|6.9|mm|in|abbr=on}} D
*'''6 Plus:'''
*{{convert|158.1|mm|in|abbr=on}} H
*{{convert|77.8|mm|in|abbr=on}} W
*{{convert|7.1|mm|in|abbr=on}} D
}}
| weight = {{plainlist|
*'''1st gen''' and '''3GS:'''
*{{convert|135|g|oz|abbr=on}}
*'''3G:''' {{convert|133|g|oz|abbr=on}}
*'''4:''' {{convert|137|g|oz|abbr=on}}
*'''4S:''' {{convert|140|g|oz|abbr=on}}
*'''5''' and '''5S:'''
*{{convert|112|g|oz|abbr=on}}
*'''5C:''' {{convert|132|g|oz|abbr=on}}
*'''6:''' {{convert|129|g|oz|abbr=on}}
*'''6 Plus:''' {{convert|172|g|oz|abbr=on}}
}}
| related = {{flatlist|
*[[iPad]]
*[[iPod Touch]]
*([[Leet o iOS devices|Comparison]])
}}
| website = [http://www.apple.com/iphone/ www.apple.com/iphone]
}}
'''iPhone''' ({{IPA-en|ˈaɪfəʊn}}) is a line o [[smairtphone|smairtphones]] designit an mercatit bi [[Apple Inc.|Apple Inc]]. Thay run Apple's [[iOS]] mobile operatin seestem.&lt;ref name=Engadget1&gt;{{cite web|last=Patel|first=Nilay|title=iPhone OS 4 renamed iOS 4, launching June 21 with 1500 new features|url=http://www.engadget.com/2010/06/07/iphone-os-4-renamed-ios-gets-1500-new-features/|publisher=[[Engadget]]|accessdate=April 26, 2013|date=June 7, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[iPhone (1st generation)|first generation iPhone]] wis released on Juin 29, 2007; the maist recent iPhone models are the [[iPhone 6|iPhone 6 an iPhone 6 Plus]], which war unveiled at a special event on September 9, 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://gizmodo.com/iphone-6-a-little-bit-bigger-a-whole-lot-better-1632406881|title=iPhone 6: A Little Bit Bigger, A Whole Lot Better|work=Gizmodo|publisher=Gawker Media|first=Adam Clark|last=Estes|date=September 9, 2014|accessdate=September 9, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:IPhone| ]]
[[Category:Apple Inc. mobile phones]]
[[Category:Deegital audio players]]
[[Category:IOS (Apple)]]
[[Category:ITunes]]
[[Category:Mobile phones introduced in 2007]]
[[Category:Multi-touch mobile phones]]
[[Category:Products introduced in 2007]]
[[Category:Smartphones]]
[[Category:Touchscreen mobile phones]]</text>
      <sha1>7myqfgvlgyk8mivxz8i5od665hrze1l</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Leet o wather records</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-03T08:36:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
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      <text bytes="125934" sha1="rnbyjeke30xsopquymn2bq2jpm9k792" xml:space="preserve">This is a '''leet o wather records''', a leet o the maist extreme occurrences o wather phenomena for various categories.

==Temperatur==

===Measurin condeetions===
The staundart measurin condeetions for temperatur are in the air, 1.5 meters abuin the grund, an shielded frae direct sunlicht (hence the term, x degrees &quot;in the shade&quot;).&lt;ref name=running2011 /&gt; The follaein leets include aw offeecially confirmed claims measurt bi those methods.

Temperaturs measured directly on the grund mey exceed air temperaturs bi 30 tae 50&amp;nbsp;°C.&lt;ref name=running2011&gt;p. 855-857, [http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/2011BAMS3067.1 Satellite Finds Highest Land Skin Temperatures on Earth], David J. Mildrexler, Maosheng Zhao, and Steven W. Running, ''Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society'', July 2011, pp. 855-860, {{doi|10.1175/2011BAMS3067.1}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  A grund temperature o 84&amp;nbsp;°C (183.2&amp;nbsp;°F) haes been recordit in Port Sudan, Sudan.&lt;ref&gt;Table 9.2, p. 158, ''Dryland Climatology'', Sharon E. Nicholson, Cambridge University Press, 2011, ISBN 1139500244.&lt;/ref&gt; A grund temperatur o 93.9&amp;nbsp;°C (201&amp;nbsp;°F) wis recordit in [[Furnace Creek, Californie|Furnace Creek]], [[Death Valley]], [[Californie]], [[USA]] on 15 Julie 1972; this mey be the heichest naitural grund surface temperatur ever recordit.&lt;ref&gt;A possible warld record maximum naitural grund surface temperatur, Paul Kubecka, ''Weather'', '''56''', #7 (July 2001), ''Weather'', pp. 218-221, {{doi|10.1002/j.1477-8696.2001.tb06577.x}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  The theoretical maximum possible grund surface temperatur haes been estimatit tae be atween 90 and 100&amp;nbsp;°C for dry, darkish siles o law thermal conductivity.&lt;ref&gt;[http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0450%281992%29031%3C1096%3AEMLST%3E2.0.CO%3B2 Extreme Maximum Land Surface Temperatures], J. R. Garratt, Journal of Applied Meteorology, '''31''', #9 (September 1992), pp. 1096–1105, {{doi|10.1175/1520-0450(1992)031&lt;1096:EMLST&gt;2.0.CO;2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Satellite measurements o grund temperature taken atween 2003 an 2009, taken wi the [[MODIS]] [[infrared]] spectroradiometer on the [[Aqua (satellite)|Aqua]] satellite, foond a maximum temperatur o 70.7&amp;nbsp;°C (159.3&amp;nbsp;°F), which wis recorded in 2005 in the [[Lut Desert]], [[Iran]].  The Lut Desert wis an aa foond tae hae the heichest maximum temperatur in 5 o the 7 years measurt (2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 an 2009.)  Thir measurements reflect averages ower a lairge region an sae are lawer than the maximum pynt surface temperatur.&lt;ref name=running2011 /&gt;

Satellite measurements o the surface temperatur o Antarctica, taken atween 1982 an 2013, foond a cauldest temperatur o −93.2&amp;nbsp;°C (−136&amp;nbsp;°F) on 10 August 2010, at {{Coord|81.8|S|59.3|E}}.  Althou this is nae comparable tae an air temperature, it is believed that the air temperatur at this location wad hae been lawer than the offeecial record lawest air temperatur o −89.2&amp;nbsp;°C.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-25287806 Coldest spot on Earth identified by satellite], Jonathan Amos, BBC News, 9 December 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://fallmeeting.agu.org/2013/files/2013/12/ColdestPlaceOnEarth.pdf The Coldest Place on Earth: -90°C and below from Landsat 8 and other satellite thermal sensors], Ted Scambos, Allen Pope, Garrett Campbell, and Terry Haran, [[American Geophysical Union]] fall meeting, 9 December 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Heat===

====Heichest temperaturs ever recordit bi continent====
[[File:Koppen World Map BWh.png|280px|thumb|A warld cairt shawin auries wi [[Köppen climate clessification|Köppen]] ''BWh'' (het desert climate). The temperaturs in thir regions hae the potential tae exceed 50&amp;nbsp;&amp;deg;C (122&amp;nbsp;°F) during the hettest saisons.]]

==== Africae{{refn |group=&quot;notes&quot;|Accordin tae Christopher Burt, Africae's hettest reliably measured temperatur is 50.7°C (123.3°F) at [[Semara]], [[Wastren Sahara]] on 13 Julie 1961.&lt;ref name=&quot;reliably&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Burt|first=Christopher C.|title=Hottest Reliably Measured Air Temperatures on Earth: PART TWO|url=https://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/hottest-reliably-measured-air-temperatures-on-earth-part-two.html|publisher=Weather Underground|date=19 August 2016|accessdate=2 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; This vailyie wis surpassed on 5 Julie 2018 whan {{convert|51.3|C|F}} wis recordit at [[Ouargla]], [[Algerie]] on 5 Julie 2018.&lt;ref name=watts2018/&gt;}} ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
!Kintra/Region
! Temperatur
!Toun/Location
!Date
|-
|{{flag|Algerie}}
|{{convert|51.3|C|F}}
|[[El Bayadh]], [[El Bayadh Province]] / [[Ouargla]], [[Ouargla Province]]
|{{Dts|2 September 1979}}&lt;ref name=AlgeriaCC&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/algnc2.pdf |title=Seconde Communication Nationale de L'Algerie Sur Les Changements Climatiques a la CCNUCC |publisher=Ministere de L'Amenagement du Territoire et de L'Environnement |year=2010 |language=French |page=27 |accessdate=23 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;/{{Dts| 5 Julie 2018}}&lt;ref name=watts2018&gt;{{cite web |last1=Watts |first1=Jonathan |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731151105/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/jul/13/heatwave-sees-record-high-temperatures-set-around-world-this-week |archivedate=31 July 2018 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/jul/13/heatwave-sees-record-high-temperatures-set-around-world-this-week |title=Heatwave sees record high temperatures around world this week |publisher=The Guardian |date=13 July 2018 |accessdate=31 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Botswana}}
|{{convert|44.0|C|F}}
|[[Maun, Botswana|Maun]]
|{{Dts|7 Januar 2016}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201601112526.html|title=Botswana: Heat Wave Breaks Maximum Temperature Records}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Burkina Faso}}
|{{convert|47.2|C|F}}
|[[Dori, Burkina Faso|Dori]]
|{{Dts|1984}}&lt;ref name=burkinaclimatechange&gt;{{cite web | url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/napa/bfa01f.pdf |title=Programme D'Action National D'Adaptation a la Variabilite et aux Changements Climatiques (Pana du Burkina Faso) |publisher=Ministere de L'Environnnement et du Cadre de Vie |language=French |page=11 |accessdate=22 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Chad}}
|{{convert|47.6|C|F}}
|[[Faya-Largeau]]
|{{Dts|22 Juin 2010}}&lt;ref name=&quot;wu&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cyprus-weather.org/temperature-breaks-all-records/|title=Temperature breaks all records in Cyprus|author=|first=|date=7 August 2010|website=|publisher=Weather Underground|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Comoros}}
|{{convert|36.0|C|F}}
|[[Prince Said Ibrahim Internaitional Airport|Hahaya Internaitional Airport]]
|{{Dts|15 November 2017}}&lt;ref name=JeffMasters2017records&gt;{{cite web |last1=Masters |first1=Jeff |url=https://www.wunderground.com/cat6/noaa-earth-had-its-third-warmest-year-record-2017 |title=NOAA: Earth Had Its Third Warmest Year on Record in 2017 |publisher=Wunderground |date=18 January 2018 |accessdate=29 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Eswatini|name=Eswatini (Swaziland)}}
|{{convert|47.4|°C|°F}}
|[[Lavumisa]]
| ?&lt;ref name=swazilandrecords&gt;{{cite web|url=http://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/swaziland1991cidagroundwaterresourcesa.pdf |title=Groundwater Resources of Swaziland |publisher=Swaziland Ministry of Natural Resources, Land Use and Energy |page=6 |date=December 1992 |accessdate=22 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Ghana}}
|{{convert|43.8|C|F}}
|[[Navrongo]]
|{{Dts|26 Mairch 2017}}&lt;ref name=JeffMasters2017records/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Guinea}}
|{{convert|45|C|F}}
|[[Koundara]], [[Boké Region]]
|{{Dts|29 Mairch 2017}}&lt;ref name=JeffMasters2017records/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Niger}}
|{{convert|49.5|C|F}}
|[[Diffa]]
|{{Dts|7 September 1978}}&lt;ref name=nigerCC&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506213909/https://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/non-annex_i_natcom/submitted_natcom/application/pdf/nernc3.pdf |archivedate=6 May 2018 |url=https://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/non-annex_i_natcom/submitted_natcom/application/pdf/nernc3.pdf |title=Troisieme Communication Nationale A La Conference Des Parties De La Conventioncadre Des Nations Unies Sur Les Changements Climatiques |publisher=Republique de Niger |page=8 |accessdate=6 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Nigerie}}
|{{convert|46.4|C|F}}
|[[Yola, Nigerie|Yola]]
|{{Dts|3 Apryle 2010}}&lt;ref name=&quot;wu&quot;/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Réunion}}
|{{convert|36.9|C|F}}
|[[Le Port, Réunion|Le Port]]
|{{Dts|6 Mairch 2004}}&lt;ref name=reunionrecords&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101020215/http://www.meteofrance.re/climat/description-du-climat |archivedate=1 January 2019 | url=http://www.meteofrance.re/climat/description-du-climat |title=Climat de la Réunion |publisher=Météo-France |language=French |accessdate=31 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Sooth Africae}}
|{{convert|50|C|F}}
|[[Dunbrody, Eastren Cape|Dunbrody]], [[Eastren Cape]]
|{{Dts|3 November 1918}}&lt;ref name=&quot;saws&quot;&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517132011/http://www.weathersa.co.za/learning/climate-questions/39-what-are-the-temperature-rainfall-and-wind-extremes-in-sa |archivedate=17 May 2017|url=http://www.weathersa.co.za/learning/climate-questions/39-what-are-the-temperature-rainfall-and-wind-extremes-in-sa |title=What are the temperature, rainfall and wind extremes in SA? | publisher=[[South African Weather Service]]|accessdate=17 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Sudan}}
|{{convert|49.7|C|F}}
|[[Dongola]]
|{{Dts|25 Juin 2010}}&lt;ref name=&quot;wu&quot;/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Tunisie}} 
|{{convert|55|C|F}}
|[[Kebili]]
|{{Dts|7 Julie 1931}}&lt;ref name=bams&gt;{{cite journal|author1=Khalid Ibrahim El Fadli |author2=Randall S. Cerveny |author3=Christopher C. Burt |author4=Philip Eden |author5=David Parker |author6=Manola Brunet |author7=Thomas C. Peterson |author8=Gianpaolo Mordacchini |author9=Vinicio Pelino |author10=Pierre Bessemoulin |author11=José Luis Stella |author12=Fatima Driouech |author13=M.M Abdel wahab |author14=Matthew B. Pace |title=World Meteorological Organization Assessment of the Purported World Record 58°C Temperature Extreme at El Azizia, Libya (13 September 1922)|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|year=2012|doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00093.1|volume=94|issue=2 |pages=199–204|bibcode=2013BAMS...94..199E}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Wastren Sahara}}
|{{convert|50.7|C|F}}
|[[Semara]]
|{{Dts|13 Julie 1961}}&lt;ref name=reliably/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Zambie}}
|{{convert|42.4|C|F}}
|[[Mfuwe]], [[Eastren Province, Zambie|Eastren Province]]
|{{Dts|13 October 2010}}&lt;ref name=&quot;wu&quot;/&gt;
|}

==== Antarcticae ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
!Kintra/Region
!data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; | Temperature
!Toun/Location
!Date
|-
| {{flag|Antarcticae}} (aw laund/ice sooth o 60°S)
| {{convert|19.8|C|F}}
| [[Signy Resairch Station]], [[Sooth Orkney Islands]]
|{{Dts|30 Januar 1982}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/antarctica-highest-temperature |title=WMO Region VII (Antarctica): Highest Temperature |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=1 March 2017 |archive-date=2021-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106025041/https://wmo.asu.edu/content/antarctica-highest-temperature |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Antarcticae}} (mainland an adjynin islands)
|{{convert|17.5|C|F}}
|[[Esperanza Base]], [[Trinity Peninsula]]
|{{Dts|24 Mairch 2015}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/mar/31/potential-record-high-temperature-in-antarctica-alarms-scientists
| title = Antarctica records unprecedented high temperatures in two new readings | last = Mccarthy | first = Tom | work = The Guardian | date = 31 March 2015 | accessdate = 8 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/antarctica-highest-temperature-continent |title=WMO Region VII (Antarctica mainland &amp; adjoining islands): Highest Temperature |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=1 March 2017 |archive-date=2017-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302030128/https://wmo.asu.edu/content/antarctica-highest-temperature-continent |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Antarcticae}} ([[Antarctic Plateau]] &gt; {{convert|2,500|m|ft|0}})
|{{convert|-7.0|C|F}}
| Automatit Wather Station D-80 (coordinates: 70°6'S, 134°53'W, elevation: {{convert|2,500|m|ft|0}})
|{{Dts|28 December 1989}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/antarctica-highest-temperature-plateau |title=WMO Region VII (Antarctica plateau&gt;2500m): Highest Temperature |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=29 April 2018 |archive-date=2018-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430113958/https://wmo.asu.edu/content/antarctica-highest-temperature-plateau |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Sooth Pole]]
|{{convert|-12.3|C|F}}
|[[Amundsen–Scott Sooth Pole Station]]
|{{Dts|25 December 2011}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Antarctic Sun&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://antarcticsun.usap.gov/features/contenthandler.cfm?id=2563 |title=Heat wave: South Pole hits record high temperature on Christmas Day |publisher=United States Antarctic Program |date=29 December 2011 |accessdate=1 February 2012 |archive-date=2013-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523025538/http://antarcticsun.usap.gov/features/contenthandler.cfm?id=2563 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

==== Asie ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
!Kintra/Region
! Temperatur
!Toun/Location
!Date
|-
|{{flag|Afghanistan}}
|{{convert|49.9|C|F}}
|[[Farah, Afghanistan|Farah]]
|{{Dts|August 2009}}&lt;ref name=&quot;afghan record&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVGaAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA48|title=Afghanistan Constitution and Citizenship Law Handboook – Strategic Information and Basic Laws|last=inc|first=Ibp|date=2013|publisher=Int'l Business Publications|isbn=978-1-4387-7835-8|page=48}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Armenie}}
|{{convert|43.7|C|F}}
|[[Meghri]]
|{{Dts|1 August 2011}}&lt;ref name=ArmeniaCC&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/armnc3.pdf |title=Republic of Armenia Third National Communication on Climate Change |publisher=Ministry of Nature Protection |year=2015 |page=3 |accessdate=23 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Armeniarecordhigh&gt;{{cite web |url=http://hetq.am/eng/news/3377/hottest-day-on-record---437-celsius.html |title=Hottest Day on Record – 43.7 Celsius |publisher=Hetq Online |date=3 August 2011 |accessdate=23 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Azerbaijan}}
|{{convert|46.0|C|F}}
|[[Julfa, Azerbaijan (ceety)|Julfa]] an [[Ordubad]]
|?&lt;ref name=azhydromet&gt;{{cite web |last1=Mahmudov |first1=Rza |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070524005453/http://www.azhydromet.com/SRIH/Water%20Resurs.html |archivedate=24 May 2007 |url=http://www.azhydromet.com/SRIH/Water%20Resurs.html |title=Water Resources of the Azerbaijan Republic |publisher=Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Azerbaijan Republic |accessdate=27 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Bangladesh}}
|{{convert|45.1|C|F}}
|[[Rajshahi]]
|{{Dts|30 Mey 1972}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://asiantribune.com/node/17080 |title=Bangladesh records highest temperature 42.2 degree Celsius in last 14 years |work=Asian Tribune |date=27 April 2009 |accessdate=7 November 2016 |archive-date=2015-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618065730/http://asiantribune.com/node/17080 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Bhutan}}
|{{convert|40|C|F}}
|[[Phuentsholing]]
|{{Dts|27 August 1997}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author1=Passang Norbu|title=The heat has got into the Himalayas|url=http://www.kuenselonline.com/the-heat-has-got-to-the-himalayas/#.VPR-x9KUdA0|accessdate=2 March 2015|work=Kuensel|date=14 June 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402095043/http://www.kuenselonline.com/the-heat-has-got-to-the-himalayas/#.VPR-x9KUdA0|archivedate=2 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Cambodie}}
|{{convert|42.6|C|F}}
|[[Preah Vihear Province|Preah Vihear]]
|{{Dts|15 Apryle 2016}}&lt;ref name=&quot;meteofranceasia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.meteofrance.fr/actualites/35905150-asie-vague-de-chaleur-exceptionnelle |title=Exceptional Heat Wave 2016 |work=[[Meteo France]] |accessdate=29 April 2016 |archive-date=2016-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428202234/http://www.meteofrance.fr/actualites/35905150-asie-vague-de-chaleur-exceptionnelle |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Cheenae}}
|{{convert|50.5|C|F}}
|[[Erbao Tounship]], [[Turpan]], [[Xinjiang]]
|{{Dts|10 Julie 2017}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1572543886818701&amp;wfr=spider&amp;for=pc|title=50.5℃！全国最高气温问世 未来或将再创新纪录|work=baijiahao.baidu.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Hong Kong}}
|{{convert|39.0|C|F}}
|[[Hong Kong Wetland Park|Wetland Park]]
|{{Dts|22 August 2017}}&lt;ref name=JeffMasters2017records/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Macau}}
|{{convert|39.0|C|F}}
|[[Coloane]]
|{{Dts|22 August 2017}}&lt;ref name=JeffMasters2017records/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Indie}}
|{{convert|51.0|C|F}}
|[[Phalodi]], [[Rajasthan]]
|{{Dts|19 May 2016}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.skymetweather.com/content/weather-news-and-analysis/indian-summer-makes-history-phalodi-in-rajasthan-boils-at-51c/|title=Indian summer makes history, Phalodi in Rajasthan boils at 51°C|work=Skymet Weather}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Indonesie}}
|{{convert|39.5|C|F}}
|[[Jatiwangi]], [[Majalengka Regency]], [[Wast Java]] /&lt;br&gt;[[Semarang]], [[Central Java]]
|{{Dts|December 2006}} /&lt;br&gt;27 October 2015&lt;ref name=wu20151027&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=3169|title=Indonesia ties all-time national heat record|accessdate=31 October 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109200547/https://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=3169|archivedate=9 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Iran}}
|{{convert|54|C|F}}
|[[Ahvaz]] Airport (OIAW)
|{{Dts|29 Juin 2017}}.&lt;ref name=reliably/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Samenow2016&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Samenow |first1=Jason |title=Two Middle East locations hit 129 degrees, hottest ever in Eastern Hemisphere, maybe the world|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/07/22/two-middle-east-locations-hit-129-degrees-hottest-ever-in-eastern-hemisphere-maybe-the-world/|publisher=The Washington Post|date=22 July 2016|accessdate=23 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/Weather/iran-ahvaz-hottest-temperature-ever-recorded-world-record-extreme-death-valley-california-a7815771.html |title=Temperatures in Iranian city of Ahvaz hit 129.2F (54C), near hottest on Earth in modern measurements |publisher=independent.com |date=30 June 2017 |accessdate=30 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|-
|{{flag|Iraq}}
|{{convert|53.8|C|F}}
|[[Basra]]
|{{Dts|22 Julie 2016}}&lt;ref name=Samenow2016/&gt;&lt;ref name=Tapper2016&gt;{{cite web |last1=Tapper |first1=James |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/jul/23/think-youre-hot-spare-a-thought-for-kuwait-as-mercury-hits-record-54c |title=Think you're hot? Spare a thought for Kuwait, as mercury hits record 54C |publisher=The Guardian |date=23 July 2016 |accessdate=22 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Israel}}
|{{convert|54|C|F}}
|[[Tirat Zvi]]
|{{Dts|21 Juin 1942}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ims&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ims.gov.il/IMSEng/CLIMATE/TopClimetIsrael/ |title=Climate Extremes in Israel |publisher=Israel Meteorological Service |date=21 June 1942 |accessdate=5 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn |group=&quot;notes&quot;|The temperature has been reported as {{convert|54|C|F}}, however weather historian Christopher Burt argues that the thermograph trace was misread.&lt;ref name=&quot;htoe&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Burt|first=Christopher C.|title=Hottest air temperatures reported on Earth|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/comment.html?entrynum=3|website=Weather Underground|date=October 22, 2010|accessdate=7 January 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103200557/http://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/comment.html?entrynum=3|archivedate=3 January 2014|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|-
|{{flag|Japan}}
|{{convert|41.1|C|F}}
|[[Kumagaya, Saitama|Kumagaya]], [[Saitama Prefectur|Saitama]]
|{{Dts|23 Julie 2018}}&lt;ref name=&quot;JMA&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/rankall.php?prec_no=&amp;block_no=&amp;year=&amp;month=&amp;day=&amp;view=|title=former National Rankings|accessdate=13 August 2013 |publisher=[[Japan Meteorological Agency]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Jordan}}
|{{convert|50|C|F}}
|Jordan University Agriculture Research Center
|{{Dts|6 September 2002}}&lt;ref name=Jordanrecords&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127213759/http://jometeo.gov.jo/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A9 |archivedate=27 November 2016 |url=http://jometeo.gov.jo/معلومات-مناخية-وزراعية/القيم-المتطرفة |script-title=ar:القيم المتطرفة |publisher=Jordanian Meteorological Department |language=Arabic |accessdate=27 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Kuwait}}
|{{convert|53.9|C|F}}
|[[Mitribah]]
|{{Dts|21 Julie 2016}}&lt;ref name=WMOJune2019&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618130839/https://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/wmo-verifies-3rd-and-4th-hottest-temperature-recorded-earth |archivedate=18 June 2019 |url=https://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/wmo-verifies-3rd-and-4th-hottest-temperature-recorded-earth |title=WMO verifies 3rd and 4th hottest temperature recorded on Earth |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=18 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn |group=&quot;notes&quot;|According to the World Meteorological Organization, the reported temperature is the highest recorded in Asia.&lt;ref name=WMOJune2019/&gt;}}
|-
|{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}
|{{convert|44.0|C|F}}
|?
|?&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://mineconom.gov.kg/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=2055:country-profile&amp;lang=kg |title=Country profile |website=mineconom.gov.kg |publisher=Ministry of Economy of the Kyrgyz Republic |accessdate=13 January 2017 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220074546/http://mineconom.gov.kg/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=2055:country-profile&amp;lang=kg |archivedate=20 December 2016  }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Laos}}
|{{convert|42.3|C|F}}
|[[Seno, Laos|Seno]]
|{{Dts|12 Apryle 2016}}&lt;ref name=meteofranceasia/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Malaysie}}
|{{convert|40.1|C|F}}
|[[Chuping]]
|{{Dts|9 Apryle 1998}}&lt;ref name=&quot;climate stats 01&quot;&gt;{{cite news| title=General Climate Information| url=http://www.met.gov.my/web/metmalaysia/education/climate/generalclimateinformation| publisher=Malaysia Meteorological Department| accessdate=30 June 2010| archive-date=2015-11-16| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116010753/http://www.met.gov.my/web/metmalaysia/education/climate/generalclimateinformation| url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Maldives}}
|{{convert|34.9|C|F}}
|[[Hanimaadhoo (Haa Dhaalu Atoll)|Hanimaadhoo]]
|{{Dts|16 Apryle 2016}}&lt;ref name=&quot;meteofranceasia&quot;/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Mongolia}}
|{{convert|44.0|C|F}}
|[[Khongor, Darkhan-Uul|Khongor]], [[Darkhan-Uul Province]]
|{{Dts|24 Julie 1999}}&lt;ref name=MARCC&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.unep.org/pdf/MARCC2009_BOOK.pdf |title=Mongolia: Assessment Report on Climate Change 2009 |publisher=Ministry of Environment, Nature and Tourism, Mongolia |pages=36–37 |date=September 2009 |accessdate=23 October 2016 |archive-date=2015-12-09 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20151209053717/http://www.unep.org/pdf/MARCC2009_BOOK.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Myanmar}}
|{{convert|47.2|C|F}}
|[[Myinmu]]
|{{Dts|14 Mey 2010}}&lt;ref name=Myint2016&gt;{{cite web |last1=Myint |first1=Yee |url=http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/national-news/yangon/20063-heat-takes-its-toll.html |title=Heat takes its toll |publisher=Myanmar Times |date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=23 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Soe2016&gt;{{cite web |last1=Soe |first1=Kyaw |url=http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/national-news/mandalay-upper-myanmar/19170-warnings-of-strong-el-nino-through-june.html |title=Warnings of strong El Niño through June |publisher=Myanmar Times |date=25 February 2016 |accessdate=23 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- 
|{{flag|Nepal}}
|{{convert|46.0|°C|°F}}
|[[Chisapani, Bardiya|Chisapani]]
| ?&lt;ref name=faoNepal&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Nepal/Nepal.htm |title=Nepal |work=Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization |accessdate=24 October 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024140133/http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/agpc/doc/Counprof/Nepal/nepal.htm |archivedate=24 October 2016  }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- 
|{{flag|Oman}}
|{{convert|50.8|C|F}}
|[[Buraimi]],&lt;br&gt;[[Sohar]], &lt;br&gt;[[Qurayyat, Oman|Qurayyat]]
|{{Dts|Julie 1990}}, &lt;br&gt;{{Dts|Mey 2009}}, &lt;br&gt;{{Dts|30 Mey 2017}}&lt;ref name=jfwu17&gt;Jeff Masters, [https://www.wunderground.com/cat6/historic-heat-wave-sweeps-asia-middle-east-and-europe Historic Heat Wave Sweeps Asia, the Middle East and Europe], 6 June 2017&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Pakistan}}
|{{convert|53.7|C|F}}
|[[Turbat]]
|{{Dts|28 Mey 2017}}&lt;ref name=WMOJune2019/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Philippines}}
|{{convert|42.2|C|F}}
|[[Tuguegarao]], [[Cagayan Valley]]
|{{Dts|12 Apryle 1912}}, 11 Mey 1969&lt;ref name=PhilippinesCC&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/phlnc2.pdf |title=Second National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |publisher=Government of the Philippines |date=29 December 2014 |page=6 |accessdate=24 October 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Qatar}}
|{{convert|50.4|C|F}}
|[[Doha]]
|{{Dts|14 Julie 2010}}&lt;ref name=&quot;wu&quot;/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Roushie}} (Siberie)
|{{convert|42.3|C|F}}
|[[Belogorsk, Amur Oblast|Belogorsk]], [[Amur Oblast]]
|{{Dts|12 Julie 2010}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=1546 |title=Wunder Blog |publisher=Weather Underground |date=19 July 2010 |accessdate=28 January 2011 |archive-date=2010-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722041822/http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=1546 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Saudi Arabie}}
|{{convert|52.0|C|F}}
|[[Jeddah]]
|{{Dts|23 Juin 2010}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&amp;contentID=2010062476182 |deadurl=yes |title=saudigazette|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930232945/http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&amp;contentID=2010062476182 |archivedate=30 September 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Singapore}}
|{{convert|37.0|C|F}}
|[[Tengah, Singapore|Tengah]]
|{{Dts|17 Apryle 1983}}&lt;ref name=MSSrecords&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.weather.gov.sg/climate-historical-extremes-temperature |title=Historical Extremes |publisher=[[Meteorological Service Singapore]] |accessdate=8 December 2016 |archive-date=2016-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127224631/http://www.weather.gov.sg/climate-historical-extremes-temperature/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Sooth Korea}}
|{{convert|41.0|C|F}}
|[[Hongcheon]], [[Gangwon Province (Sooth Korea)|Gangwon Province]]
|{{Dts|1 August 2018}}&lt;ref name=&quot;news1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://m.news.naver.com/read.nhn?mode=LSD&amp;sid1=103&amp;sid2=248&amp;oid=421&amp;aid=0003514221|title=한반도 폭염 신기원…서울 39.6도·홍천 41.0도 |publisher=[[news1]]|accessdate=1 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Sirie}}
|{{convert|49.4|C|F}}
| ?
| ?&lt;ref name=SyriaCC&gt;{{cite web | url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/syrnc1.pdf |title=Initial National Communication of the Syrian Arab Republic |publisher=Ministry of state for Environmental Affairs |pages=18–20 |date=April 2010|accessdate=24 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Taiwan}}
|{{convert|40.3|C|F}}
|[[Tianxiang]], [[Hualien Coonty]]
|{{Dts|9 Julie 2018}}&lt;ref name=watts2018/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wunderground&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.wunderground.com/cat6/Heat-Records-Falling-Around-World-2018|title=Heat Records Falling Around the World in 2018|work=[[Wunderground]]|accessdate=20 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Thailand}}
|{{convert|44.6|C|F}}
|[[Mae Hong Son]]
|{{Dts|28 Apryle 2016}}&lt;ref name=&quot;meteofranceasia&quot;/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Turkey}}
|{{convert|49.0|C|F}}
|[[Cizre]], [[Şırnak Province]]
|{{Dts|27 August 1961}}&lt;ref name=&quot;DMIGM&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mgm.gov.tr/genel/sss.aspx?s=sicaklikenleri2|title=Türkiye'de ve Dünyada Kaydedilen En Düşük ve En Yüksek Değerler |publisher=Turkish State Meteorological Service |accessdate=10 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Turkmenistan}}
|{{convert|50.1|C|F}}
|[[Repetek Biosphere State Reserve]], [[Karakum Desert]]
|{{Dts|28 Julie 1983}}&lt;ref name=TurmenistanCC&gt;{{cite web | url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/tkmnc3.pdf |title=Third National Communication of Turkmenistan Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |publisher=Ministry of Nature Protection of Turkmenistan |pages=12–13 |year=2015 |accessdate=24 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=TurkmenistanUNCCD&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118145252/http://www.unccd-prais.com/Uploads/GetReportPdf/300703d5-c6bc-416b-8aeb-a0fa014a4a8f |archivedate=18 November 2016 |url=http://www.unccd-prais.com/Uploads/GetReportPdf/300703d5-c6bc-416b-8aeb-a0fa014a4a8f |title=Report on implementation of the UNCCD in Turkmenistan |publisher=Ministry of Nature Protection of Turkmenistan |year=2000 |page=7 |accessdate=18 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Unitit Arab Emirates}}
|{{convert|52.1|C|F}}
|[[Al Jazeera Mairch Gate]]
|{{Dts|Julie 2002}}&lt;ref name=Leon&gt;{{cite news |last1=Ponce de Leon |first1=Janice |url=http://gulfnews.com/news/uae/weather/debunking-weather-myths-in-the-uae-1.1877541 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118143949/http://gulfnews.com/news/uae/weather/debunking-weather-myths-in-the-uae-1.1877541 |archivedate=18 November 2016 |title=Debunking weather myths in the UAE |publisher=Gulf News |date=11 August 2016 |accessdate=18 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=UAErecordhigh&gt;{{cite news |last1=Croucher |first1=Martin |url=http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/uae-weather-temperature-soars-to-near-record-level |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118144107/http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/uae-weather-temperature-soars-to-near-record-level |archivedate=18 November 2016 |title=UAE weather: Temperature soars to near record level |publisher=The National |date=12 July 2013 |accessdate=18 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Vietnam}}
|{{convert|43.4|C|F}}
|[[Huong Khe Destrict]]
|{{Dts|20 Apryle 2019}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Cappucci |first1=Matthew |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2019/04/22/vietnam-just-observed-its-highest-temperature-ever-recorded-degrees-april/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505153741/https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2019/04/22/vietnam-just-observed-its-highest-temperature-ever-recorded-degrees-april/ |archivedate=2019-05-05 |title=Vietnam just observed its highest temperature ever recorded: 110 degrees, in April |publisher=The Washington Post |date=22 April 2019 |accessdate=5 May 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

==== Europe ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
!Kintra/Region
! Temperatur
!Toun/Location
!Date
|-
|{{flag|Albanie}}
|{{convert|43.9|C|F}}
|[[Tirana]]
|{{Dts|1973}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://knoema.com/gbpfred/extreme-temperatures-across-the-world?tsId=1000890|title=Extreme Temperatures across the World|publisher=[[knoema.com|knoema]]|accessdate=26 July 2019 |date=26 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Austrick}}
|{{convert|40.5|C|F}}
|[[Bad Deutsch-Altenburg]]
|{{Dts|8 August 2013}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.zamg.ac.at/cms/de/klima/news/neuer-hitze-rekord-40-5deg-c-in-bad-deutsch-altenburg|title=Neuer Hitze-Rekord: 40,5°C in Bad Deutsch-Altenburg|publisher=[[Central Institution for Meteorology and Geodynamics|ZAMG]]|accessdate=9 August 2013 |date=9 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Belaroushie}}
|{{convert|38.9|C|F}}
|[[Gomel]]
|{{Dts|7 August 2010}}&lt;ref name=&quot;wu&quot;/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Belgium}}
|{{convert|41.8|C|F}}
|[[Begijnendijk]], [[Flemish Brabant]]{{refn |group=&quot;notes&quot;|name=&quot;EuropeanJuly2019&quot;|Part of the [[July 2019 European heat wave]]}}
|{{Dts|25 Julie 2019}}&lt;ref name=Belgium1&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2019/07/26/hitte-zo-uitzonderlijk-was-het-gisteren |title=Zo uitzonderlijk was het gisteren: 41,8 graden in Begijnendijk  |publisher=VRTNWS|language=Dutch|accessdate=25 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
|{{convert|46.2|C|F}}
|[[Mostar]]
|{{Dts|31 Julie 1901}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Federal Hydrometeorological Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.fhmzbih.gov.ba/engleski/Mostarstanica.php |title=Federal Hydrometeorological Institute |accessdate=28 July 2016 |archive-date=2016-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009021245/http://www.fhmzbih.gov.ba/engleski/Mostarstanica.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;meteofrance&quot;/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Bulgarie}}
|{{convert|45.2|C|F}}
|[[Sadovo]], [[Plovdiv Province]]
|{{Dts|5 August 1916}}&lt;ref name=&quot;unfccc&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/bulnc2.pdf |title=Bulgaria Second National Communication |accessdate=20 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Croatie}}
|{{convert|42.8|C|F}}
|[[Ploče]]
|{{Dts|5 August 1981}}&lt;ref name=&quot;cro&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/annex_i_natcom_/application/pdf/hrv_nc6.pdf#page=23 |title=Croatia Sixth National Communication |format=PDF |accessdate=19 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Cyprus}}
|{{convert|45.6|C|F}}
|[[Nicosia]]
|{{Dts|1 August 2010}}&lt;ref name=&quot;wu&quot;/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Czech Republic}}
|{{convert|40.4|C|F}}
|[[Dobřichovice]], [[Prague-Wast Destrict]]
|{{Dts|20 August 2012}}&lt;ref name=autogenerated2&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.atlasceska.cz/ceska-republika/ceska-nej/ |title=Česká republika – Česká nej |publisher=atlasceska.cz |accessdate=20 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Denmark}}
|{{convert|36.4|C|F}}
|[[Holstebro]], [[Midtjylland]]
|{{Dts|10 August 1975}}&lt;ref name=&quot;dmi&quot;&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426034355/http://www.dmi.dk/vejr/arkiver/normaler-og-ekstremer/vejrekstremer-dk/ |archivedate=26 April 2017 |url=http://www.dmi.dk/vejr/arkiver/normaler-og-ekstremer/vejrekstremer-dk/ |title=Vejrekstremer i Danmark |publisher=Danish Meteorological Institute |language=Danish |accessdate=25 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Estonie}}
|{{convert|35.6|C|F}}
|[[Võru]]
|{{Dts|11 August 1992}}&lt;ref name=autogenerated3&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ilmateenistus.ee/kliima/rekordid/ohutemperatuur/?lang=en |title=Weather records |publisher=Estonian Weather Services |accessdate=28 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Finland}}
|{{convert|37.2|C|F}}
|[[Joensuu Airport]], [[Liperi]]
|{{Dts|29 Julie 2010}}&lt;ref name=fmirecords&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/lampotilaennatyksia |title=Lämpötilaennätyksiä |publisher=Finnish Meteorological Institute |language=Finnish |accessdate=3 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Fraunce}}
|{{convert|46.0|C|F}}
|[[Vérargues]], [[Hérault]]
|{{Dts|28 Juin 2019}}&lt;ref name=&quot;meteofrance&quot;&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721010727/http://www.meteofrance.fr/actualites/74345599-c-est-officiel-on-a-atteint-les-46-c-en-france-en-juin |archivedate=2019-07-21 |url=http://www.meteofrance.fr/actualites/74345599-c-est-officiel-on-a-atteint-les-46-c-en-france-en-juin |title=C'est officiel : on a atteint les 46 °C en France en juin |publisher=Météo France |language=French |accessdate=19 July 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Germany}}
|{{convert|42.6|C|F|abbr=}}
|[[Lingen, Germany|Lingen]], [[Lawer Saxony]]{{refn |group=&quot;notes&quot;|name=&quot;EuropeanJuly2019&quot;}}
|{{Dts|25 Julie 2019}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://www1.wdr.de/nachrichten/wetter-sammlung-100.html|title=Hitzewelle: Lingen mit 42,6 Grad heißester Ort|website=www1.wdr.de|date=25 July 2019|accessdate=25 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Greece}}
|{{convert|48.0|C|F}}
|[[Athens]] {{refn |group=&quot;notes&quot;|A temperatur o {{convert|48.7|C|F}} haes an aw been meisurt on the same day in [[Tatoi]], houiver it is nae conseedert tae be the offeecial temperatur record for Greece.&lt;ref name=&quot;meteoclub1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.meteoclub.gr/themata/egkyklopaideia/1468-rekor-thermokrasias |title=Τα χαμηλότερα και υψηλότερα ρεκόρ θερμοκρασίας στην Ελλάδα |publisher=Meteoclub.gr |date= |accessdate=22 February 2019 |archive-date=2018-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702024059/http://www.meteoclub.gr/themata/egkyklopaideia/1468-rekor-thermokrasias |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|{{Dts|10 Julie 1977}}&lt;ref name=&quot;WMO&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/world-meteorological-organization-global-weather-climate-extremes-archive|title=Global Weather &amp; Climate Extremes|publisher=[[World Meteorological Organisation]]|accessdate=2 January 2019|archive-date=2013-01-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104143844/http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-temperature|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Hungary}}
|{{convert|41.9|C|F}}
|[[Kiskunhalas]]
|{{Dts|20 Julie 2007}}&lt;ref name=&quot;met.hu&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://owww.met.hu/eghajlat/Magyarorszag/rekordok/ |title=Website of the Hungarian Meteorological Service |publisher=Met.hu |accessdate=7 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Iceland}}
| {{convert|30.5|C|F}}
| Teigarhorn, [[Djúpivogur]]
|{{Dts|22 Juin 1939}}&lt;ref name=&quot;iceland&quot;&gt;Einarsson, Markús. [http://en.vedur.is/media/loftslag/myndasafn/frodleikur/Einarsson.pdf Climate of Iceland] pg 683. Retrieved 29 April 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.icelandreview.com/icelandreview/daily_news/?cat_id=16539&amp;ew_0_a_id=309709 Heat Wave Hits Iceland, New Records Set] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629021152/http://www.icelandreview.com/icelandreview/daily_news/?cat_id=16539&amp;ew_0_a_id=309709 |date=2009-06-29 }} ''[[Iceland Review]]'' 31 July 2008. Retrieved 29 April 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Ireland}}
|{{convert|33.3|C|F}}
|[[Kilkenny Castle]], [[Coonty Kilkenny]]
|{{Dts|26 Juin 1887}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Met Éireann&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.met.ie/climate/temperature.asp |title=Temperature – Climate – Met Éireann – The Irish Meteorological Service Online |publisher=Met.ie |date=2 January 1979 |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2019-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107003129/https://www.met.ie/climate/temperature.asp%20 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Italy}}
|{{convert|47.0|C|F}}
|[[Foggia]], [[Apulie]] {{refn |group=&quot;notes&quot;|A disputit record temperatur o 48.5&amp;nbsp;°C (119.3&amp;nbsp;°F) wis measurt on 10 August 1999 in [[Catenanuova]], Sicily.&lt;ref name=Italy1/&gt;}}
|{{Dts|25 Juin 2007}}&lt;ref name=Italy1&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.meteogiornale.it/notizia/9192-1-battuti-i-record-di-caldo-italia-del-sud-nella-fornace-africana-punte-di-47c |title=BATTUTI I RECORD DI CALDO: Italia del Sud nella fornace africana, punte di +47 °C |publisher=Meteogiornale |date=25 June 2007 |accessdate=8 May 2014 |language=Italian |archive-date=2014-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512224114/http://www.meteogiornale.it/notizia/9192-1-battuti-i-record-di-caldo-italia-del-sud-nella-fornace-africana-punte-di-47c |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Italy&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.centrometeotoscana.it/2012/07/07/il-record-italiano-di-caldo-48-5c/ |title=Il record italiano di caldo: +48.5 °C|publisher=CentroMeteoToscana |date=7 July 2012 |accessdate=8 May 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512224554/http://www.centrometeotoscana.it/2012/07/07/il-record-italiano-di-caldo-48-5c/|archivedate=12 May 2014|language=Italian}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Latvie}}
|{{convert|37.8|C|F}}
|[[Ventspils]]
|{{Dts|4 August 2014}}&lt;ref name=&quot;meteolv&quot;&gt;[https://twitter.com/VSIA_LVGMC/status/496291491539845120 LVGMC Twitter account]. Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Centre. Retrieved 4 August 2014. {{lv icon}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Lithuanie}}
|{{convert|37.5|C|F}}
|[[Zarasai]], [[Utena Coonty]]
|{{Dts|30 Julie 1994}}&lt;ref name=&quot;record lithuania&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.meteo.lt/lt/web/guest/rekordai |title=(Meteorologiniai rekordai Lietuvoje) |publisher=Lithuanian Hydrometeorological Service |language=Lithuanian |accessdate=28 September 2016 |archive-date=2016-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002123054/http://www.meteo.lt/lt/web/guest/rekordai |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Luxembourg}}
|{{convert|40.8|C|F|abbr=}}
|[[Steinsel|Steinsel, Luxembourg]]{{refn |group=&quot;notes&quot;|name=&quot;EuropeanJuly2019&quot;}}
|{{Dts|25 Julie 2019}}&lt;ref name=&quot;record luxembourg&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.wort.lu/de/lokales/40-8-c-neuer-offizieller-temperaturrekord-in-luxemburg-5d39c099da2cc1784e3488ff|title=40,8°C: Neuer offizieller Temperaturrekord in Luxemburg|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=AgriMeteo|language=German|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726130556/https://www.wort.lu/de/lokales/40-8-c-neuer-offizieller-temperaturrekord-in-luxemburg-5d39c099da2cc1784e3488ff|archive-date=2019-07-26|dead-url=|accessdate=25 July 2019|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Maltae}}
|{{convert|43.8|C|F}}
|[[Maltae Internaitional Airport]]
|{{Dts|9 August 1999}}&lt;ref name=&quot;MaltaCC&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/mlt_nc02.pdf |title=The Second Communication of Malta to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Xhange |publisher=Ministry of Resources and Rural Affairs |pages=40–41 |date=May 2010 |accessdate=24 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=MaltaNSO&gt;{{cite web |last1= Galdies |first1= Charles |url= https://nso.gov.mt/en/publicatons/Publications_by_Unit/Documents/B3_Environment_Energy_Transport_Agriculture_Statistics/The_Climate_of_Malta.pdf |title= The Climate of Malta: statistics, trends, and analysis 1951–2010 |pages= 6–7 |year= 2011 |publisher= National Statistics Office |accessdate= 26 February 2013 |archive-date= 2016-04-05 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160405203936/http://nso.gov.mt/en/publicatons/Publications_by_Unit/Documents/B3_Environment_Energy_Transport_Agriculture_Statistics/The_Climate_of_Malta.pdf |url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Moldovae}}
|{{convert|42.4|°C|°F}}
|[[Falesti]]
|{{Dts|7 August 2012}}&lt;ref name=Moldovarecords&gt;{{cite web |title=Recorduri meteorologice în Republica Moldova |url=http://www.meteo.md/newsait/historu/record.htm |publisher=Serviciul Hidrometeorologic de Stat |language=Romanian |accessdate=25 October 2016 |archive-date=2017-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320091515/http://www.meteo.md/newsait/historu/record.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Montenegro}}
|{{convert|44.8|C|F}}
|[[Podgorica]] &amp; [[Danilovgrad]]
|{{Dts|16 August 2007}} /&lt;br/&gt;8 August 2012&lt;ref name=&quot;Jeff Masters&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Masters |first=Jeff |title=2012: Earth's 10th warmest year on record, and warmest with a La Niña |url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/article.html |publisher=Weather Underground |accessdate=17 January 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117064246/http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/article.html |archivedate=17 January 2013 |df= }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|{{convert|40.7|C|F}}
|[[Gilze en Rijen]]{{refn |group=&quot;notes&quot;|name=&quot;EuropeanJuly2019&quot;}}
|{{Dts|25 Julie 2019}}&lt;ref&gt;https://nos.nl/liveblog/2294980-meting-41-7-graden-in-deelen-niet-geldig-wel-boven-de-40-in-gilze-rijen.html}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|North Macedonie}}
|{{convert|45.7|C|F}}
|[[Demir Kapija]], [[Demir Kapija Municipality|Demir Kapija]]
|{{Dts|24 Julie 2007}}&lt;ref name=MacedoniaCC&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124035513/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/macnc2.pdf |archivedate=24 November 2016 | url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/macnc2.pdf |title=Second National Communication on Climate Change |publisher=Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning |page=24 |date=December 2008 |accessdate=23 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Norawa}}
|{{convert|35.6|°C|°F}}
|[[Nesbyen]], [[Buskerud]]
|{{Dts|20 Juin 1970}}&lt;ref name=&quot;DNMI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://met.no/met/normaler_ekstremer/maneds_rekorder.html |title=Klima |publisher=met.no |accessdate=20 August 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071129225502/http://www.met.no/met/normaler_ekstremer/maneds_rekorder.html |archivedate=29 November 2007  }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Poland}}
|{{convert|40.2|°C|°F}}
|[[Prószków]]{{refn |group=&quot;notes&quot; |Record meisurt on [[Weimar Republic|German territory]] at that time: [[Proskau]], [[Landkreis]] [[Opole|Oppeln]], [[Province o Upper Silesie|Oberschlesien]] (nou [[Prószków]], [[Opole Voivodeship]]). The record in [[Seicont Pols Republic|Poland proper]] at that time wis attained on the same day bi the veelage o [[Zbiersk]] at 40.0&amp;nbsp;°C.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://meteomodel.pl/rekordy-temperatury/|title=Polskie Rekordy|website=MeteoModel.pl|date=31 May 2011|access-date=2016-02-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|{{Dts|29 Julie 1921}}&lt;ref name=&quot;klimat.geo.uj.edu.pl&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.klimat.geo.uj.edu.pl/tematyczne/rekordyklimatyczne/polska.htm |title=Rekordy klimatyczne w Polsce |language=pl |publisher=Zakład Klimatologii – [[Uniwersytet Jagielloński]], Kraków |work=Klimat.Geo.UJ.edu.pl |accessdate=20 August 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529040418/http://www.klimat.geo.uj.edu.pl/tematyczne/rekordyklimatyczne/polska.htm |archivedate=29 May 2010  }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Portugal}}
|{{convert|47.4|°C|°F}}
|[[Amareleja]], [[Beja (destrict)|Beja]]
|{{Dts|1 August 2003}}&lt;ref name=&quot;meteo1&quot;&gt;[https://www.ipma.pt/pt/oclima/extremos.clima/ Extremes] Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, IPMA&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Romanie}}
|{{convert|44.5|°C|°F}}
|[[Ion Sion]], [[Brăila Coonty]]
|{{Dts|10 August 1951}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.meteoromania.ro/index.php?id=405 THERMAL EXTREMES] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080909041857/http://www.meteoromania.ro/index.php?id=405 |date=2008-09-09 }} Administratiei Nationale de Meteorologie&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Roushie|}} (in Europe)
|{{convert|45.4|°C|°F}}
|[[Utta]], [[Kalmykie]]
|{{Dts|12 Julie 2010}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://pogoda.ru.net/news/5076/ |title=Погода и Климат – В России установлен новый абсолютный температурный максимум |publisher=Pogoda.ru.net |accessdate=28 January 2011 |archive-date=2011-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716070750/http://www.pogoda.ru.net/news/5076/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|San Marino}}
|{{convert|40.3|C|F}}
|[[Serravalle (San Marino)|Serravalle]]
|{{Dts|3 August 2017}}, {{Dts|9 August 2017}}&lt;ref name=JeffMasters2017records/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Serbie}}
|{{convert|44.9|°C|°F}}
|[[Smederevska Palanka]], [[Podunavlje Destrict|Podunavlje]]
|{{Dts|24 Julie 2007}}&lt;ref name=&quot;hidmet&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hidmet.gov.rs/ciril/meteorologija/klimatologija_temp_rezim.php |title=TEMPERATURE REGIME IN SERBIA, Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia |publisher=Hidmet.gov.rs |accessdate=4 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Slovakie}}
|{{convert|40.3|C|F}}
|[[Hurbanovo]]
|{{Dts|20 Julie 2007}}&lt;ref name=slovakrecord&gt;{{cite web|title=Historial Extremes: Review of historical extremes (extreme values) of selected meteorological elements at the territory of Slovak republic |url=http://www.shmu.sk/en/?page=1384 |publisher=Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute |accessdate=9 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Slovenie}}
|{{convert|40.8|C|F}}
|[[Cerklje ob Krki]]
|{{Dts|8 August 2013}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=V Cerkljah ob Krki namerili rekordnih 40,8 stopinje Celzija|url=http://www.24ur.com/novice/slovenija/vroce-bo-temperature-pa-okoli-40-stopinj-celzija.html|publisher=24ur.com|accessdate=8 August 2013|language=Slovenian}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Spain}}
|{{convert|47.3|C|F}}
|[[Montoro, Cordoba]] (as Montoro Vega Armijo)
|{{Dts|13 Julie 2017}}&lt;ref name=Benayas2017&gt;{{cite web |last1=Benayas |first1=Victoria |url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2017/07/14/inenglish/1500017188_072441.html |title=Córdoba sets new temperature record as heatwave continues in Spain |publisher=El País |date=14 July 2017 |accessdate=19 July 2017 |archive-date=2017-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818001445/https://elpais.com/elpais/2017/07/14/inenglish/1500017188_072441.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Swaden}}
|{{convert|38.0|C|F}}
|[[Ultuna]], [[Uppsala Coonty]]/&lt;br&gt;[[Målilla]], [[Kalmar County]] (tied)
|{{Dts|9 Julie 1933}} /&lt;br&gt;29 Juin 1947&lt;ref name=&quot;SMHI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.smhi.se/kunskapsbanken/meteorologi/svenska-temperaturrekord-1.5792 |title=Svenska temperaturrekord |publisher=Sveriges meteorologiska och hydrologiska institut |accessdate=15 August 2017 |archive-date=2017-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815175701/http://www.smhi.se/kunskapsbanken/meteorologi/svenska-temperaturrekord-1.5792 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Swisserland}}
|{{convert|41.5|C|F}}
|[[Grono, Swisserland|Grono]], [[Moesa Destrict]]
|{{Dts|11 August 2003}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Weather in Switzerland&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.meteosuisse.admin.ch/home/climat/passe/extremes-climatiques/records-suisse.html |title=Records Suisse |publisher=MeteoSwiss |accessdate=25 July 2016 |archive-date=2016-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816174245/http://www.meteosuisse.admin.ch/home/climat/passe/extremes-climatiques/records-suisse.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Ukraine}}
|{{convert|42.0|C|F}}
|[[Luhansk]]
|{{Dts|12 August 2010}}&lt;ref name=cgo&gt;{{cite web |url =http://www.cgo.kiev.ua/index.php?dv=klimat-rekords/ |script-title =uk:Кліматичні рекорди |publisher =Central Observatory for Geophysics |language =Ukrainian |accessdate =4 August 2016 |archive-date =2016-08-04 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160804044852/http://www.cgo.kiev.ua/index.php?dv=klimat-rekords%2F |url-status =dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Unitit Kinrick}}
|{{convert|38.7|C|F}}
|[[Cambridge]], [[Cambridgeshire]]{{refn |group=&quot;notes&quot;|name=&quot;EuropeanJuly2019&quot;}}
|{{Dts| 25 Julie 2019|}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/about-us/press-office/news/weather-and-climate/2019/new-official-highest-temperature-in-uk-confirmed |title=New official highest temperature in UK confirmed |publisher=[[Met Office]] |accessdate=29 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UK Met Office&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate-extremes/#?tab=climateExtremes |title=UK climate – Extremes |publisher=Met Office |accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Vatican Ceety}}
|{{convert|40.7|C|F}}
|[[Vatican Ceety]]
|{{Dts|2 August 2017}}&lt;ref name=JeffMasters2017records/&gt;
|}

==== North Americae ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
!Kintra/Region
! Temperatur
!Toun/Location
!Date
|-
|{{flag|Anguilla}}
|{{convert|34.2|C|F}}
|[[The Valley, Anguilla|The Valley]]
|{{Dts|12 September 2015}}&lt;ref name=wu20151021&gt;{{cite web |last1=Masters |first1=Jeff |url=https://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/sixteen-nationalterritorial-alltime-extreme-heat-records-set-in-2015.html |title=Sixteen National/Territorial All-Time Extreme Heat Records Set in 2015 |publisher=Wunderground |date=27 January 2016 |accessdate=19 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204182639/https://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/sixteen-nationalterritorial-alltime-extreme-heat-records-set-in-2015.html |archive-date=2018-02-04 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Antigua an Barbuda}}
|{{convert|34.9|C|F}}
|[[V. C. Bird Internaitional Airport]], [[St. John's, Antigua an Barbuda|St. John's]] 
|{{Dts|12 August 1995}}&lt;ref name=Antiguaclimate&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.antiguamet.com/Climate/Our_Climate.html |title=Our Climate |publisher=Antigua and Barbuda Meteorological Service |accessdate=30 October 2016 |archive-date=2017-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305012206/http://www.antiguamet.com/Climate/Our_Climate.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Antiguaclimatedata&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.antiguamet.com/Climate/STATS/coolidge_dailytemp.html |title=Normal Daily Temperature: TEMPERATURE AT V.C. Bird International Airport |publisher=Antigua and Barbuda Meteorological Service |accessdate=30 October 2016 |archive-date=2019-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823025952/http://www.antiguamet.com/Climate/STATS/coolidge_dailytemp.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Breetish Virgin Islands}}
|{{convert|35.0|C|F}}
|[[Terrance B. Lettsome Internaitional Airport]]
|{{Dts|22 Julie 2016}}&lt;ref name=JeffMasters2016records&gt;{{cite web |last1=Masters |first1=Jeff |last2=Henson |first2=Bob |url=https://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/confirmed-2016-the-warmest-year-in-history-of-global-recordkeeping.html |title= Confirmed: 2016 the Warmest Year in History of Global Recordkeeping |publisher= Wunderground |date= 18 January 2017 |accessdate=7 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Canadae}}
|{{convert|45.0|C|F}}
|[[Yellow Grass]], [[Saskatchewan]]&lt;br&gt;[[Midale]], Saskatchewan
|{{Dts|5 Julie 1937}}&lt;ref name=&quot;canadaextremes&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url = http://www.ec.gc.ca/meteo-weather/default.asp?lang=en&amp;n=6a4a3ac5-1#1921-1940  |title = Top Weather Events of the 20th Century  |publisher = Environment Canada |date = May 2010|accessdate = 26 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Cayman Islands}}
|{{convert|34.9|C|F}}
|[[Owen Roberts Internaitional Airport]], [[Grand Cayman]]
|{{Dts|21 August 2016}}&lt;ref name=JeffMasters2016records/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Cuba}}
|{{convert|39.1|C|F}}
|Veguitas ([[Granma Province]])
|{{Dts|30 Juin 2019}}&lt;ref name=Cubarecords&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.geoclimat.org/p/records-nationaux-de-temperatures.html|title=Records nationaux de température}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Dominica}}
|{{convert|35.5|C|F}}
|[[Canefield Airport]]
|{{Dts|3 October 2015}}&lt;ref name=wu20151021/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Dominican Republic}}
|{{convert|43.0|C|F}}
|[[Mao, Dominican Republic|Mao]]
|{{Dts|31 August 1954}}&lt;ref name=mejia&gt;{{cite web |first1=Mariela |last1=Mejía |url=http://www.diariolibre.com/noticias/2011/01/07/i274915_frio-extremo-calor-agobiante.html |title=Frío extremo, calor agobiante |publisher=Diario Libre |language=Spanish |date=7 January 2011 |accessdate=2 May 2017 |archive-date=2013-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104214132/http://www.diariolibre.com/noticias/2011/01/07/i274915_frio-extremo-calor-agobiante.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Greenland}}
|{{convert|30.1|C|F}}
|[[Ivittuut]]
|{{Dts|23 Juin 1915}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/06/10/greenland-witnessed-its-highest-june-temperature-ever-recorded-on-thursday/ |title=Greenland witnessed its highest June temperature ever recorded on Thursday |work=The Washington Post |date=10 June 2016 |accessdate=22 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://pendientedemigracion.ucm.es/info/cif/station/gr-ivigt.htm |title=Greenland -Dnk- - Ivigtut |publisher=Pendientedemigracion.ucm.es |date= |accessdate=22 February 2019 |archive-date=2016-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126080156/http://pendientedemigracion.ucm.es/info/cif/station/gr-ivigt.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.iceagenow.info/record-lows-since-1937-record-highs/ |title=More record lows since 1937 than record highs |work=Iceagenow.info |date=27 June 2017 |accessdate=22 February 2019 |archive-date=2018-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005145353/https://www.iceagenow.info/record-lows-since-1937-record-highs/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Guatemala}}
|{{convert|45|C|F}}
|[[Estanzuela]], [[Zacapa]]
| ?&lt;ref name=&quot;INSIVUMEH&quot;/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Martinique}}
|{{convert|36.5|C|F}}
|[[Saint-Pierre, Martinique|Saint-Pierre]]
|{{Dts|6 October 2010}}&lt;ref name=martiniqueclimate&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101021428/http://www.meteofrance.gp/documents/3714888/5579049/climat972_2pages.pdf/1bb26ab1-630b-4fd4-9757-9adb5da948a6 |archivedate=1 January 2019 |url=http://www.meteofrance.gp/documents/3714888/5579049/climat972_2pages.pdf/1bb26ab1-630b-4fd4-9757-9adb5da948a6 |title=Le climat en Martinique |publisher=Météo-France |language=French |accessdate=31 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Mexico}}
|{{convert|52.0|C|F}}
|[[Mexicali]] area
|{{Dts|28 Julie 1995}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/early-summer-heat-broils-northern-hemisphere.html |author=Christopher Burt|title=Early Summer Heat Broils Northern Hemisphere |accessdate=19 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=García Cueto |first1=O.R. |last2=Santillán Soto |first2=N. |last3=Quintero Núñez |first3=M. |last4=Ojeda Benítez |first4=S. |last5=Velázquez Limón |first5=N. |title=Extreme temperature scenarios in Mexicali, Mexico under climate change conditions |journal=Atmósfera |date=October 2013 |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=509–520 |doi=10.1016/S0187-6236(13)71092-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Panama}}
|{{convert|40.0|C|F}}
|[[San Francisco, Panamá|San Francisco]]
|{{Dts|20 Mairch 1998}}&lt;ref name=ETESA&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.hidromet.com.pa/temperaturas_extremas.php?idioma=ing |title=Extreme Temperatures |publisher=Empresa de Transmisión Eléctrica S.A |accessdate=30 October 2016 |archive-date=2016-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031151317/http://www.hidromet.com.pa/temperaturas_extremas.php?idioma=ing |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Puerto Rico}}
|{{convert|104|F|C|order=flip}}
|[[Mona Island]]
|{{Dts|2 Julie 1996}}&lt;ref name=NWSpuertorico&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119141404/http://www.weather.gov/sju/climo_extremes |archivedate=19 January 2017|url=http://www.weather.gov/sju/climo_extremes |title=All Time Extremes for PR and VI |publisher=National Weather Service |accessdate=19 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| |{{flag|United States}}
|{{convert|56.7|C|F}}
|[[Furnace Creek, Californie|Furnace Creek]], [[Death Valley]], [[Californie]]
|{{Dts|10 Julie 1913}}&lt;ref name=&quot;KPBS-report&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.kpbs.org/news/2013/jul/15/doubts-cloud-death-valleys-100-year-heat-record/ |title=Doubts Cloud Death Valley's 100-year Heat Record|accessdate=30 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WMO-Highest&quot;&gt;[http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-temperature World: Highest Temperature] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104143844/http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-temperature |date=4 January 2013 }} [[World Meteorological Organization]]. Retrieved 13 September 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Burt&quot;/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Unitit States Virgin Islands}}
|{{convert|99|F|C|order=flip}}
|[[Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands|Saint Thomas]]/
[[Cruz Bay, U.S. Virgin Islands|Cruz Bay]]
|{{Dts|4 August 1994}} an 23 Juin 1996&lt;ref name=NWSpuertorico/&gt;&lt;br/&gt; 31 July 1988&lt;ref name=NWSpuertorico/&gt; 
|}

==== Oceanie{{refn |group=&quot;notes&quot;|On 16 Januar 1889, a temperatur o 53&amp;nbsp;°C (128&amp;nbsp;°F) wis recordit at [[Cloncurry, Queensland]]. It wis measurt wi a non-staundart thermometer, so it is unkent if this readin wis valid or nae.&lt;ref name=&quot;NCDC&quot;/&gt; The readin is nae recognised bi Australie's [[Bureau o Meteorology]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BoMExtremes&quot;/&gt;}}====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
!Kintra/Region
! Temperatur
!Toun/Location
!Date
|-
|{{flag|Australie}}
|{{convert|50.7|C|F}}
|[[Oodnadatta, Sooth Australie]]
|{{Dts|2 Januar 1960}}&lt;ref name=&quot;NCDC&quot;&gt;[http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalextremes.html Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131128084534/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalextremes.html |date=2013-11-28 }} [[National Climatic Data Center]]. Retrieved 21 June 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BoMExtremes&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title = Australian Temperature Extremes | publisher = [[Bureau of Meteorology (Australia)|Bureau of Meteorology]] | date = 1 April 2009 | url = http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/extreme/records/national.pdf | accessdate=16 December 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://reg.bom.gov.au/announcements/media_releases/highesttemp.shtml |title=50.5&amp;nbsp;°C – W.A.'s Highest Ever Temperature |publisher=Bureau of Meteorology  |date=20 February 1998 |accessdate=12 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Marshall Islands}}
|{{convert|35.6|C|F}}
|[[Utirik Atoll]]
|{{Dts|24 August 2016}}&lt;ref name=JeffMasters2016records/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|New Zealand}}
|{{convert|42.4|C|F}}
|[[Rangiora]], [[Canterbury, New Zealand|Canterbury]] /&lt;br&gt;Jordan, [[Marlborough Region|Marlborough]] (tied)
|{{Dts|7 Februar 1973}}&lt;ref name=&quot;record NZ&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealandInBrief/NaturalEnvironment/3/en |title=Carl Walrond. 'Natural environment', Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 25-Sep-2007 |publisher=Teara.govt.nz |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2009-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090816033058/http://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealandInBrief/NaturalEnvironment/3/en |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Palau}}
|{{convert|35|C|F}}
|[[Koror]]
|{{Dts|22 Mairch 2018}}&lt;ref name=Palauhigh&gt;{{cite web |last1=Masters |first1=Jeff |url=https://www.wunderground.com/cat6/march-2018-earths-5th-warmest-march-record | title = March 2018: Earth's 5th Warmest March on Record | publisher = Wunderground | date = 18 April 2018 | accessdate=29 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Samoa}}
|{{convert|35.3|C|F}}
|[[Asau, Samoa|Asau]]
|{{Dts|24 December 1968}}&lt;ref name = WBsamoaclimate&gt;
{{cite web |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20161105161301/http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/619871468093590816/pdf/E28540EA0v30P10MF000December0202011.pdf |archivedate= 5 November 2016 |url= http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/619871468093590816/pdf/E28540EA0v30P10MF000December0202011.pdf |title= Environmental and Social Management Framework for the Samoa Agriculture Competitiveness Enhancement Project |publisher= World Bank |date= 2 December 2011 |page= 53 |accessdate= 5 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Solomon Islands}}
|{{convert|36.1|C|F}}
|[[Honiara]], [[Guadalcanal Province]]
|{{Dts|1 Februar 2010}}&lt;ref name=&quot;wu&quot;/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Tonga}}
|{{convert|35.5|C|F}}
|[[Niuafoou]]
|{{Dts|1 Februar 2016}}&lt;ref name=JeffMasters2016records/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Vanuatu}}
|{{convert|36.2|C|F}}
|[[Lamap Malekula]]
|{{Dts|8 Februar 2016}}&lt;ref name=JeffMasters2016records/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Wallis and Futuna}}
|{{convert|35.8|C|F}}
|[[Futuna Airport]]
|{{Dts|10 Januar 2016}}&lt;ref name=JeffMasters2016records/&gt;
|}

==== Sooth Americae{{refn |group=&quot;notes&quot;|Accordin tae Christopher Burt, Sooth America's hettest reliably meisurt temperature is 47.3°C (117.1°F) at [[Campo Gallo]], [[Argentinae]] on 16 October 1936.&lt;ref name=reliably/&gt;}}====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
!Kintra/Region
! Temperatur
!Toun/Location
!Date
|-
|{{flag|Argentinae}}
|{{convert|48.9|C|F}} *
|[[Rivadavia, Salta|Rivadavia]], [[Salta Province]]
|{{Dts|11 December 1905}}&lt;ref name=&quot;NCDC&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://wmo.asu.edu/#continental |title=Continental Weather &amp; Climate Extremes: Based on World Meteorological Organization Defined Regions  |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=17 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;meteofa&quot;&gt;The record o 49.1&amp;nbsp;°C (120.4&amp;nbsp;°F) in [[Villa de María del Río Seco|Villa de María]], [[Córdoba Province, Argentinae|Córdoba Province]], Argentinae, on 2 Januar 1920, is disputit an conseedert dubious{{cite web |url=http://www.smn.gov.ar/?mod=biblioteca&amp;id=94 |title=Servicio Meteorólogico Nacional (Argentina) |accessdate=31 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Bolivie}}
|{{convert|46.7|C|F}}
|[[Villamontes]], [[Tarija Depairtment]]
|{{Dts|29 October 2010}}&lt;ref name=&quot;wu&quot;/&gt;{{refn |group=&quot;notes&quot;|Temperatur reached on multiple occasions; this is the maist recent.}}
|-
|{{flag|Brazil}}
|{{convert|44.8|C|F}}
|[[Nova Maringá]], [[Mato Grosso]]
|{{Dts|4 November 2020}}, {{Dts|5 November 2020}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.terra.com.br/noticias/climatempo/brasil-tem-novo-recorde-historico-de-calor,539a60945327d9f61cd981427377c37cuo1khkwn.html |title=Brasil tem novo recorde histórico de calor |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=6 November 2020 |website=www.terra.com.br |publisher=Terra|access-date= 7 November 2020|language=Portuguese||trans-title=Brazil has a new historic heat record|quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Chile}}
|{{convert|44.9|C|F}}
|[[Quillón]], [[Biobio Region]]{{refn |group=&quot;notes&quot;|This record is disputit acause o the [[2017 Chile wildfires|forest fires]] that occurred aroond the toun o Quillón. It is heichly probable thae fires hae influenced this record.}}
|{{Dts|26 Januar 2017}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web 
|url=http://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/chile/2017/01/27/en-bio-bio-se-registro-la-temperatura-maxima-de-la-historia-de-chile-449oc-en-quillon.shtml |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615134949/http://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/chile/2017/01/27/en-bio-bio-se-registro-la-temperatura-maxima-de-la-historia-de-chile-449oc-en-quillon.shtml|archivedate=15 June 2017|title=En Bío Bío se registró temperatura máxima de la historia de Chile|date=27 January 2017|publisher=Biobiochile.cl|language=Spanish |deadurl=no |accessdate=19 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.theclinic.cl/2017/01/26/quillon-tuvo-hoy-la-temperatura-mas-alta-la-historia-chile-44-9-grados-la-sombra/|title=Quillón tuvo hoy la temperatura más alta de la historia de Chile: 44.9 grados a la sombra|publisher=[[The Clinic (newspaper)|The Clinic]] |date=26 January 2017 |accessdate=15 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Colombie}}
|{{convert|45.0|C|F}}
|[[Puerto Salgar]], [[Cundinamarca Depairtment|Cundinamarca]]
|{{Dts|29 December 2015}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.pronosticosyalertas.gov.co/documents/78690/301070/12_IDA_DICIEMBRE_30_2015.pdf/18413b07-7123-42e7-95f3-6f8b92311265?version=1.0 |title=Informe Técnico Diario N°364 |publisher=[[IDEAM]] |date=30 December 2015 |accessdate=15 January 2016 |archive-date=2016-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129085236/http://www.pronosticosyalertas.gov.co/documents/78690/301070/12_IDA_DICIEMBRE_30_2015.pdf/18413b07-7123-42e7-95f3-6f8b92311265?version=1.0 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|French Guiana}}
|{{convert|38.0|C|F}}
|[[Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]]
|{{Dts|27 September 2016}}&lt;ref name=JeffMasters2016records/&gt;
|--
|{{flag|Paraguay}}
|{{convert|45.0|C|F}}
|[[Pratts Gill]], [[Boquerón Depairtment]]
|{{Dts|14 November 2009}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.meteorologia.gov.py:9191/historico.html|title=Valores extremos históricos climatológicos de la red de estaciones|date=13 January 2011|access-date=2019-07-31|archive-date=2012-12-21|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121221100002/http://www.meteorologia.gov.py:9191/historico.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Peru}}
|{{convert|48.3|C|F}}
|[[Juan Guerra]], [[Depairtment o San Martín|San Martín]]
|{{Dts|3 November 2018}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://elcomercio.pe/peru/senamhi-regiones-han-registrado-temperaturas-altas-nivel-nacional-noticia-503478|title=¿En qué regiones se han registrado las temperaturas más altas a nivel nacional?|work=[[El Comercio Perú]]|date=11 March 2018|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Uruguay}}
|{{convert|44.0|C|F}}
|[[Paysandú]], [[Paysandú Depairtment]]
|{{Dts|20 Januar 1943}}&lt;ref name=&quot;uruguayrecordssum&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title = Clima del Uruguay  |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213061537/http://www.rau.edu.uy/uruguay/geografia/Uy_c-info.htm |archivedate=13 December 2016 |url = http://www.rau.edu.uy/uruguay/geografia/Uy_c-info.htm |publisher = Red Académica Uruguaya  |language=Spanish |accessdate=13 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;uruguayrecordsraw&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title = Boletín meteorológico |url = http://www.rau.edu.uy/uruguay/geografia/records.txt |publisher = Dirección Nacional de Meteorología |language = Spanish |trans-title = Meteorologic records of Uruguay |accessdate = 1 October 2010 |archive-date = 2015-06-09 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150609015041/http://www.rau.edu.uy/uruguay/geografia/records.txt |url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Venezuela}}
|{{convert|43.6|C|F}}
|[[Santa Ana de Coro]], [[Falcón]]
||{{Dts|29 Apryle 2015}}&lt;ref name=wu20151021/&gt;
|}

====Ither heich-temperature records====
* '''Fastest temperatur rise:''' 27&amp;nbsp;°C (49&amp;nbsp;°F) in twa minutes; [[Spearfish, Sooth Dakota]], 1943-01-22.&lt;ref name=&quot;Handy Weather Answer Book&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last = Lyons | first = Walter A | title = The Handy Weather Answer Book | url = https://archive.org/details/handyweatheransw00lyon | edition = 2nd | year = 1997 | publisher = Visible Ink press | location = Detroit, Michigan | isbn = 0-7876-1034-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Maist consecutive days abuin 37.8&amp;nbsp;°C (100&amp;nbsp;°F):''' 160 days; [[Marble Bar, Wastren Australie]] frae 31 October 1923 tae 7 Aprile 1924.&lt;ref name=&quot;climateextremes&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/temp1.htm|title=Marble Bar heatwave, 1923–1924|work=Australian Climate Extremes|publisher=[[Bureau of Meteorology]]|accessdate=21 September 2008|archiveurl=https://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/96122/20090317-1643/www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/temp1.html|archivedate=2009-03-17|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Surface temperatur:''' Heat records are measurt bi air temperature abuin the grund. Remote sensin can estimate grund or &quot;skin&quot; surface temperaturs: the [[MODIS]] satellite foond in a brief survey a grund temperature o {{convert|70.7|C|F}}, in the [[Lut Desert]] o Iran, the hettest detectit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=77779|title=Finding the hottest spots on Earth by satellite|publisher=NASA|work=Earth Observatory|date=2012-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===[[Cauld]]===

===Lawest temperaturs recordit===

&lt;!-- Note: Dates should have name of month SPELLED OUT (as in previous table) to avoid confusion over MONTH/DAY.
THIS PAGE IS FOR OFFICIAL RECORDS ONLY, NOT REMOTELY SENSED OBSERVATIONS
--&gt;

===Bi continent===

==== Africae ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|-
!Kintra/Region
!data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; | Temperatur
!Toun/Location
!Date
|-
| {{flag|Algerie}}
| {{convert|-13.8|C|F}}
| [[Mécheria]]
| 28 January 2005&lt;ref name=AlgeriaCC/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Burkina Faso}}
| {{convert|5|C|F}}
| [[Markoye]]
| January 1975&lt;ref name=burkinaclimatechange/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Botswana}}
| {{convert|-15.0|C|F}}
| [[Tsabong]]
| ?&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203143334/http://www.weather.info.bw/resources/entry_fs.html |archivedate=3 December 2008 |url=http://www.weather.info.bw/resources/entry_fs.html |title=Botswana's Climate |publisher=Meteorological Services Botswana |accessdate=31 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Eswatini|name=Eswatini (Swaziland)}}
| {{convert|-6.7|°C|°F}}
| [[Big Bend, Eswatini|Big Bend]]
| ?&lt;ref name=swazilandrecords/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Ghana}}
| {{convert|11.0|C|F}}
| [[Kumasi]], [[Tafo]]
| ?&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011052633/http://www.meteo.gov.gh/climatology.html |archivedate=11 October 2008 |url=http://www.meteo.gov.gh/climatology.html |title=Climatology |publisher=Ghana Meteorological Services Department |accessdate=31 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Guinea}}
| {{convert|2.5|C|F}}
| [[Bareing]]
| 2 Januar 1982&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070109004730/http://www.meteo-guinee-conakry.net/DMN/records.htm |archivedate=9 January 2007 |url=http://www.meteo-guinee-conakry.net/DMN/records.htm |title=Quelques Records en Guinée |publisher=Météorologie Nationale, République de Guinée |language=French |accessdate=31 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Lesotho}}
| {{convert|-21.0|C|F}}
| ?
| ?&lt;ref name=&quot;lesotho&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/lesnc1.pdf |title= Lesotho – National report on climate change |publisher=Ministry of Natural Resources |date=April 2000 |accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Morocco}}
| {{convert|-23.9|C|F}}
| [[Ifrane]]
| 11 Februar 1935&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/africa-lowest-temperature |title=WMO Region I (Africa): Lowest Temperature |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=25 December 2016 |archive-date=2016-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226055625/https://wmo.asu.edu/content/africa-lowest-temperature |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Niger}}
| {{convert|-2.4|C|F}}
| [[Bilma]]
| {{Dts|13 Januar 1995}}&lt;ref name=nigerCC/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Réunion}}
| {{convert|-5.0|C|F}}
| [[Gite de Bellecome]]
| {{Dts|10 September 1975}}&lt;ref name=reunionrecords/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Sooth Africae}}
| {{convert|-20.1|C|F}}
| [[Buffelsfontein]], near [[Molteno, Eastren Cape|Molteno]], [[Eastren Cape]]
| 23 August 2013&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://mybroadband.co.za/vb/attachment.php?attachmentid=76495&amp;d=1381902030|title=New minimum temperature record for South Africa |accessdate=12 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Sudan}}
| {{convert|-1.0|°C|°F}}
| [[Zalingei]]
| December 1961 an Januar 1962&lt;ref name=faosudan&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/counprof/sudan/sudan.htm |title=Sudan |work=Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization |accessdate=22 October 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016075150/http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Sudan/sudan.htm |archivedate=16 October 2016  }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

==== Antarcticae ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|-
!Kintra/Region
!data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; | Temperatur
!Toun/Location
!Date
|-
|{{flag|Antarcticae}}
|{{convert|-89.2|C|F}} &lt;!-- Please do not change this record without reaching consensus on the talk page. Recent satellite measurements below this figure, while gaining a lot of publicity, are not considered official (by the WMO, for example) and are not comparable with ground-based measurements. See the article &quot;Lowest temperature recorded on Earth&quot;, the footnote below the table, or the source cited in the lead, for details. --&gt;
|[[Vostok Station]]
|21 Julie 1983&lt;ref name=&quot;NCDC&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Handy Weather Answer Book&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | author=Budretsky, A.B. | title=New absolute minimum of air temperature | journal=Bulletin of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition | url=http://www.aari.aq/publication/abs_min/abs_min.html | issue=105 | year=1984 | location=Leningrad | publisher=[[Gidrometeoizdat]] | language=Russian | access-date=2015-07-22 | archive-date=2009-02-27 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227071811/http://www.aari.aq/publication/abs_min/abs_min.html | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn |group=&quot;notes&quot; | This temperature is conseedert the lawest iver offeecially recordit in Antarctica an in the Warld, as it was perceived bi grund-poseetioned thermometers in 1983. [[Satellite]] analyses made on 10 August 2010 pyntit tae a temperatur o −93.2&amp;nbsp;°C (−135.8&amp;nbsp;°F) near [[Dome F]] in [[Queen Maud Land]], but this record is nae offeecially leetit acause it wis meisurt by [[remote sensin]] methods that are nae totally consistent, unlik the 1983 temperatur. See [[Lawest temperatur recorded on Yird]] for details.}}
|-
|Dome A
|{{convert|-82.5|C|F}}
|[[Dome A]]
| Julie 2005&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Web Team |url=http://www.aad.gov.au/weather/aws/dome-a/index.html |title=''Australian Antarctic Division'' |publisher=Aad.gov.au |date=5 September 2005 |accessdate=20 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Sooth Pole]]
|{{convert|-82.8|C|F}}
|[[Amundsen–Scott Sooth Pole Station]]
|23 Juin 1982&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nsf.gov/od/opp/support/southp.jsp |title=''Office of Polar Programs'' |publisher=Nsf.gov |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2020-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414060623/https://www.nsf.gov/geo/opp/support/southp.jsp |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

==== Asie ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|-
!Kintra/Region
!data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; | Temperatur
!Toun/Location
!Date
|-
| {{flag|Afghanistan}}
| {{convert|-52.2|C|F}}
| [[Shahrak Destrict|Shahrak]]
| {{Dts|Januar 1964}}&lt;ref name=&quot;afghan record&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Armenie}}
| {{convert|-42.0|C|F}}
| [[Paghakn]] an [[Ashocq]]
| {{Dts|1961}}&lt;ref name=ArmeniaCC/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Azerbaijan}}
|{{convert|-33.0|C|F}}
|Julfa an Ordubad
|?&lt;ref name=azhydromet/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Bangladesh}}
| {{convert|2.6|C|F}}
| [[Tetulia Upazila]]
| 8 Januar 2018&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Cold claims 8 more |accessdate=8 January 2018 |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/country/lowest-temperature-in-bangladesh-bd-on-january-8-2018-recorded-3-degree-celsius-in-nilphamari-1516666 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Cheenae}}
| {{convert|-58|C|F}}
| [[Genhe]], [[Inner Mongolie]]
| 31 December 2009&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.chinatimes.com/newspapers/20180123000102-260309/ |title=大陸冷極 內蒙根河室內外溫差90℃ - 中時電子報 |work=Chinatimes.com |date=23 January 2018 |accessdate=22 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Hong Kong}}
| {{convert|-6.0|C|F}}
| [[Tai Mo Shan]]
| 24 January 2016&lt;ref&gt;{{cite av media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mSpjtXUOu98|title=多雨極寒的一月|date=5 February 2016|via=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Indie}}
| {{convert|-44.9|C|F}}
| [[Dras]], [[Jammu an Kashmir]]
| 22 Mairch 1911&lt;ref name=&quot;IMD&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=De |first1=U. |last2=Dube |first2=R. |last3=Rao |first3=G. |title=Extreme Weather Events over India in the last 100 years |url=http://www.igu.in/9-3/3usde.pdf |journal=Journal of Indian Geophysical Union |year=2005 |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=173–187 |access-date=31 October 2016 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304231319/http://www.igu.in/9-3/3usde.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Iran}}
| {{convert|-36.0|C|F}}
| [[Saqqez]]
| 1972&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://danakhabar.com/fa/news/1163560/%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF-%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%88-%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B7%D9%87-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B7-%D8%A8%D9%87-%DA%A9%DB%8C-%D9%88-%DA%A9%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA-%D8%AB%D8%A8%D8%AA-%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C-71-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%87-%D8%AA%D8%A7-46-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%87-%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1-%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%B1|title=رکورد گرمترین و سردترین نقطه ایران مربوط به کی و کجاست؟ / ثبت دمای بالای 71 درجه تا 46 درجه زیر صفر|website=danakhabar.com|access-date=2019-07-31|archive-date=2016-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319165039/http://danakhabar.com/fa/news/1163560/%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF-%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%88-%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B7%D9%87-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B7-%D8%A8%D9%87-%DA%A9%DB%8C-%D9%88-%DA%A9%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA-%D8%AB%D8%A8%D8%AA-%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C-71-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%87-%D8%AA%D8%A7-46-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%87-%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1-%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%B1|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Israel}}
| {{convert|-14.2|C|F}}
| [[Merom Golan]]
| 10 Januar 2015&lt;ref&gt;Judah Ari Gross, [http://www.timesofisrael.com/golan-sees-record-low-temperatures-during-storm/ &quot;Golan sees record low temperatures during storm&quot;], The Times of Israel, 12 January 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Japan}}
| {{convert|-41.0|C|F}}
| [[Asahikawa]], [[Hokkaidō]]
| 25 Januar 1902&lt;ref name=&quot;JMA&quot;/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Jordan}}
|{{convert|-16.0|C|F}}
|[[Shoubak]]
|{{Dts|15 December 2013}}&lt;ref name=Jordanrecords/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Kuwait}}
| {{convert|-4.8|C|F}}
| [[Salmy]]
| 3 Januar 2009&lt;ref name=kuwaitclimate&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213163824/https://www.met.gov.kw/Climate/climate_hist.php?lang=eng |archivedate=13 February 2019 |url=https://www.met.gov.kw/Climate/climate_hist.php?lang=eng |title=Climate History |publisher=Kuwait Meteorological Department |accessdate=13 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}
|{{convert|-53.6|C|F}}
|?
|?&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Malaysie}}
| {{convert|7.8|C|F}}
| [[Cameron Hielands]]
| 1 February 1978&lt;ref name=&quot;climate stats 01&quot;/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Maldives}}
| {{convert|17.2|C|F}}
| [[Hulhulé Island]], locatit at [[Ibrahim Nasir Internaitional Airport]]
| 11 Apryle 1978&lt;ref name=Maldivesclimate&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127214507/http://www.meteorology.gov.mv/climateofmaldives |archivedate=27 November 2016 |url=http://www.meteorology.gov.mv/climateofmaldives |title=Climate of Maldives |publisher=Maldives Meteorological Service |accessdate=22 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Mongolie}}
| {{convert|-55.3|C|F}}
| [[Züüngovi, Uvs|Züüngovi]], [[Uvs Province]]
| 31 December 1976&lt;ref name=MARCC/&gt;&lt;ref name=MongoliaNC&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015000101/https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/2018%20Mongolia%20TNC%20EN.pdf |archivedate=15 October 2018 |url=https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/2018%20Mongolia%20TNC%20EN.pdf |title=Mongolia Third National Communication |publisher= Ministry of Environment and Tourism |accessdate=14 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Myanmar}}
| {{convert|-57.9|C|F}}
| [[Hkakabo Razi]]
| unknown&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://livingasean.com/explore/asean-winter-snow-in-the-tropics/ |title=ASEAN Winter Snow in the Tropics |website=Living ASEAN |access-date=2019-07-31 |archive-date=2018-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925191255/http://livingasean.com/explore/asean-winter-snow-in-the-tropics/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Nepal}}
| {{convert|-26.0|C|F}}
| [[Thakmarpha]], [[Mustang destrict]]
| ?&lt;ref name=faoNepal/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|North Korea}}
| {{convert|-43.6|C|F}}
| [[Chunggangjin]]
| 12 January 1933&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=선종일 |url=http://user.chollian.net/~jis0523/korea-climate.htm |title=Korean Climate |publisher=User.chollian.net |date=1 August 1942 |accessdate=29 January 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111229002124/http://user.chollian.net/~jis0523/korea-climate.htm |archivedate=29 December 2011  }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Pakistan}}
| {{convert|-24|C|F}}
| [[Skardu]]
| 7 January 1995&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Hamayoon Janjua |url=https://crayon.pk/places-with-extreme-low-temperature-in-pakistan/ |title=Pakistan Climate |publisher=crayon.pk |date=30 January 2019 |accessdate=11 May 2018 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705123907/https://crayon.pk/places-with-extreme-low-temperature-in-pakistan/ |archivedate=2019-07-05 |url-status=bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Philippines}}
| {{convert|6.3|C|F}}
| [[Baguio]]
| 18 January 1961&lt;ref name=PhilippinesCC/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Luces|first1=Kim|title='Abnormally cold' temperatures recorded in January|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/346457/scitech/science/abnormally-cold-temperatures-recorded-in-january|accessdate=2 March 2015|publisher=GMA News|date=31 January 2014|quote=However, these are nothing compared to the all-time lowest temperature ever felt in Baguio City and in the Philippines – the 6.3-degree cold felt on January 18, 1961.}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{refn |group=&quot;notes&quot; |It is reported by local news outlet that temperatures in [[Mt. Pulag]] in the Philippines which is 2,922 meters above sea level plunges as low as {{convert|2.0|C|F}}. PAGASA cannot verify&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Yap|first1=DJ|title=Zero in Mt. Pulag? Pagasa clueless|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/346661/zero-in-mt-pulag-pagasa-clueless|accessdate=2 March 2015|work=Philippine Daily Inquirer|date=25 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|-
|{{flag|Qatar}}
|{{convert|1.5|C|F}}
|[[Abu Samra]]
|{{Dts|5 Februar 2017}}&lt;ref name=JeffMasters2017records/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Roushie}} (Siberie)
| {{convert|-67.8|C|F}}
| [[Verkhoyansk]] an&lt;br/&gt;[[Oymyakon]], baith in [[Sakha Republic]]
| 7 February 1892&lt;br/&gt;6 February 1933&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/northern-hemisphere-lowest-temperature |title=Northern Hemisphere: Lowest Temperature |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=25 December 2016 |archive-date=2016-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226145102/https://wmo.asu.edu/content/northern-hemisphere-lowest-temperature |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Saudi Arabie}}
| {{convert|-12.0|C|F}}
| [[Turaif]]
| ?&lt;ref name=SaudiCC&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/saunc2.pdf |title=Second National Communication |publisher=Kingdom of Saudi Arabia |page=2 |accessdate=24 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Singapore}}
|{{convert|19.0|C|F}}
|[[Paya Lebar]]
|{{Dts|14 Februar 1989}}&lt;ref name=MSSrecords/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Sooth Korea}}
| {{convert|-32.6|C|F}}
| [[Yangpyeong]]
| 5 January 1981&lt;ref name=kma&gt;{{cite web|url=http://web.kma.go.kr/eng/biz/climate_01.jsp|title=Climate of Korea|publisher=[[Korea Meteorological Administration]]|accessdate=24 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Sirie}}
| {{convert|-23.0|C|F}}
| [[Idlib]]
| Januar 1951&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://sy.arabiaweather.com/content/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF-%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%85%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B0-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85-1950|title=أبرد شتاء مر على سوريا منذ عام 1950 !|work=طقس سوريا – طقس العرب}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Taiwan}}
|{{convert|-18.4|C|F}}
|[[Yushan Naitional Pairk|Yushan]]
|{{Dts|31 Januar 1970}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ysnp&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ysnp.gov.tw/css_en/page.aspx?path=550|title=The Climate|publisher=Yushan National Park|accessdate=22 April 2018|archive-date=2018-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422202523/http://www.ysnp.gov.tw/css_en/page.aspx?path=550|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Thailand}}
| {{convert|-1.4|C|F}}
| [[Sakon Nakhon Province|Sakon Nakhon]]
| 2 Januar 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;tmd&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.tmd.go.th/en/archive/thailand_climate.pdf |title=The Climate of Thailand |publisher=Thai Meteorological Department |accessdate=31 July 2016 |archive-date=2016-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801225446/http://www.tmd.go.th/en/archive/thailand_climate.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-

|-
| {{flag|Turkey}}
| {{convert|-46.4|C|F}}
| [[Çaldıran (Destrict), Van|Çaldıran]], [[Van Province]]
| 9 Januar 1990&lt;ref name=&quot;DMIGM&quot;/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Turkmenistan}}
| {{convert|-36.0|C|F}}
| [[Daşoguz Region]]
| ?&lt;ref name=TurmenistanCC/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
| {{convert|-5.4|C|F}}
| [[Jebel Jais]]
| 3 Februar 2017&lt;ref name=JeffMasters2017records/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Vietnam}}
| {{convert|-6.1|C|F}}
| [[Sa Pa]]
| 4 Januar 1974&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.imh.ac.vn/b_tintuc_sukien/bb_tt_khkt/mlfolder.2010-01-25.6091843748/mlfolder.2011-01-28.5026715834/mlnews.2011-01-28.5670939729 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312003953/http://www.imh.ac.vn/b_tintuc_sukien/bb_tt_khkt/mlfolder.2010-01-25.6091843748/mlfolder.2011-01-28.5026715834/mlnews.2011-01-28.5670939729 |archivedate=12 March 2012 |title=Vì sao miền Bắc lạnh bất thường? |publisher=Vietnam Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology |language=Vietnamese |accessdate=13 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

==== Europe ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|-
!Country/Region
!data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; | Temperatur
!Toun/Location
!Date
|-
| {{flag|Albanie}}
| {{convert|-25.8|C|F}}
| ?
| &lt;ref&gt; {{cite web|url=https://www.climatechangepost.com/albania/climate-change/ |title=Albania |website=Climate Change Post}} &lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Austrick}} 
| {{convert|-52.6|C|F}}
| [[Grünloch]] doline
| 19 Februar 1932&lt;ref name=&quot;Central Institution for Meteorology and Geodynamics&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.cnrm.meteo.fr/icam2007/ICAM2007/extended/manuscript_95.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-07-22 |archive-date=2013-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112200637/http://www.cnrm.meteo.fr/icam2007/ICAM2007/extended/manuscript_95.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Belaroushie}}
| {{convert|-42.2|C|F}}
| [[Slavnom]], [[Vitsebsk Voblast]]
| 17 Januar 1940&lt;ref name=&quot;pogoda&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author1=Baglasov Andrey |author2=Belov Alexandr |author3=Sinitsa Valentina |author4=Bychenkov Alexandr |url=http://www.pogoda.by/ |title=Department of Hydrometeorology |publisher=Pogoda.by |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2010-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822154324/http://pogoda.by/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Belgium}}
| {{convert|-30.1|°C|°F}}
| Valley o the [[Lesse]] in [[Rochefort, Belgium|Rochefort]]
| 20 Januar 1940&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.kmi.be/meteo/view/nl/1119603-Januari.html |title=KMI (Belgian Royal Meteorological Institute) site |publisher=Kmi.be |accessdate=29 January 2012 |archive-date=2015-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928195714/http://www.kmi.be/meteo/view/nl/1119603-Januari.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Bosnie an Herzegovinae}}
| {{convert|-42.5|°C|°F}}
| [[Igman]] in [[Sarajevo Canton]]
| 24 Januar 1963&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108030246/https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/bih/na-igmanu-je-1963-ziva-na-termometru-pala-na-minus-42-5/120210061 |archivedate=8 January 2017 |url=https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/bih/na-igmanu-je-1963-ziva-na-termometru-pala-na-minus-42-5/120210061 |title=Interview with the Federal Hydrometeorological Institute of BiH |publisher=Klix.ba |accessdate=8 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Bulgarie}}
| {{convert|-38.3|C|F}}
| [[Tran, Bulgarie|Tran]]
| 25 Januar 1947&lt;ref name=&quot;unfccc&quot;/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Croatie}}
| {{convert|-35.5|C|F}}
| [[Čakovec]]
| 3 Februar 1929&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/annex_i_natcom_/application/pdf/hrv_nc6.pdf#page=23 |title=Sixth National Communication and First Biennial Report of the Republic of Croatia under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) |publisher=Croatian Ministry of Environmental and Nature Protection |language=English |accessdate=2 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Cyprus}}
| {{convert|-16|C|F}}
| ?
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://viborc.com/lowest-temperatures-records-for-every-european-country/ |title=Lowest temperatures – list of records for every European country|accessdate=1 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Czech Republic}}
| {{convert|-42.2|C|F}}
| [[Litvínovice]]
| 11 Februar 1929&lt;ref name=autogenerated2 /&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Denmark}}
| {{convert|-31.2|C|F}}
| [[Thisted Municipality]], [[North Denmark Region]]
| 8 Januar 1982&lt;ref name=&quot;dmi&quot;/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Estonia}}
| {{convert|-43.5|C|F}}
| [[Jõgeva]], [[Jõgeva Coonty]]
| 17 Januar 1940&lt;ref name=autogenerated3 /&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Finland}}
| {{convert|-51.5|C|F}}
| Pokka, [[Kittilä]], [[Lapland (Finland)|Lapland]]
| 28 Januar 1999&lt;ref name=fmirecords/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|France}}
| {{convert|-41.0|C|F}}
| [[Mouthe]], [[Doubs]]
| 17 Januar 1985&lt;ref name=&quot;Méteo France&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://comprendre.meteofrance.com/pedagogique/dossiers/phenomenes/les_grands_froids?page_id=2764&amp;document_id=4578&amp;portlet_id=18309 |title=MétéoFrance |publisher=Comprendre.meteofrance.com |accessdate=29 January 2012 |archive-date=2009-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513102352/http://comprendre.meteofrance.com/pedagogique/dossiers/phenomenes/les_grands_froids?page_id=2764&amp;document_id=4578&amp;portlet_id=18309 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Germany}}
| {{convert|-45.9|C|F}}
| [[Funtensee]], [[Berchtesgadener Land]], [[Bavarie]]
| 24 December 2001&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unwetterzentrale.de/uwz/495.html|title=Wetterextreme (Temperaturspanne von bis zu 146,5°C)|author=Andreas Wagner|date=August 2009|publisher=[[Meteomedia AG|MeteoGroup]]|accessdate=11 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831170129/http://www.unwetterzentrale.de/uwz/495.html|archive-date=2014-08-31|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Greece}}
| {{convert|-27.8|C|F}}
| [[Ptolemaida]]
| 27 Januar 1963&lt;ref name=&quot;meteoclub1&quot;/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Hungary}}
| {{convert|-35|C|F}}
| [[Görömbölytapolca]]
| 16 Februar 1940&lt;ref name=&quot;met.hu&quot;/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Iceland}}
| {{convert|-37.9|C|F|sigfig=3}}
| [[Grímsstaðir]]
| 21 Januar 1918&lt;ref name=&quot;iceland&quot;/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Ireland}}
| {{convert|-19.1|C|F}}
| [[Markree Castle]], [[County Sligo]]
| 16 Januar 1881&lt;ref name=&quot;Met Éireann&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Italy}}
| {{convert|-49.6|C|F}}
| [[Busa Fradusta]], [[Pale di San Martino]]
| 10 Februar 2013&lt;ref name=&quot;montagna.tv&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.montagna.tv/47324/record-di-freddo-in-italia-49-6c-sulle-pale-di-san-martino/|title=Record di freddo in Italia: -49.6°C sulle Pale di San Martino|date=10 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Latvie}}
| {{convert|-43.2|C|F}}
| [[Daugavpils]]
| 8 February 1956&lt;ref name=&quot;meteolv&quot;/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Lithuanie}}
| {{convert|-42.9|C|F}}
| [[Utena, Lithuanie|Utena]], [[Utena Coonty]]
| 1 February 1956&lt;ref name=&quot;record lithuania&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Malta}}
| {{convert|1.4|C|F}}
| [[Maltae Internaitional Airport]]
| 29 Januar 1981&lt;ref name=&quot;MaltaCC&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=MaltaNSO/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Moldovae}}
| {{convert|-35.5|°C|°F}}
| [[Brătușeni]], [[Edineț Destrict]]
| {{Dts|20 Januar 1963}}&lt;ref name=Moldovarecords/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Netherlands}}
| {{convert|-27.4|C|F}}
| [[Winterswijk]]
| 27 Januar 1942&lt;ref name=&quot;meteonet1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://weergegevens.nl/extremes_day.aspx?station=9999999&amp;extreem=X_TX&amp;order=1&amp;maand=7&amp;dag=25&amp;country=3|title=Dagrecords van het weer van KNMI stations in Nederland|work=weergegevens.nl}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|North Macedonie}}
| {{convert|-31.5|C|F}}
| [[Berovo]], [[Berovo Municipality]]
| 27 Januar 1954&lt;ref name=&quot;meteomk&quot;&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20070819153102/http://www.meteo.gov.mk/MeterolKlimaEkstremni.asp |archivedate=19 August 2007 |url=http://www.meteo.gov.mk/MeterolKlimaEkstremni.asp?X=1 |title=Климатски екстреми |publisher=Hydrometeorological Service |language=Macedonian |accessdate=4 February 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Norawa}}
| {{convert|-51.4|C|F}}
| [[Karasjok]], [[Finnmark]]
| 1 Januar 1886&lt;ref name=&quot;DNMI&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Poland}}
| {{convert|-41.0|C|F}}
| [[Siedlce]], [[Masovian Voivodeship]]
| 11 Januar 1940&lt;ref name=&quot;klimat.geo.uj.edu.pl&quot;/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Portugal}}
| {{convert|-16.0|C|F}}
| [[Penhas da Saúde]], [[Covilhã Municipality]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Miranda do Douro]]
| 16 Januar 1945 an 5 Februar 1954&lt;ref name=&quot;meteopt&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.freipedro.pt/tb/301299/soc8.htm |title=Terras da Beira – &quot;Reveillon&quot; português sem chuva, mas a bater o dente de frio |date=27 March 2014 |accessdate=31 March 2014 |language=pt |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100812052145/http://www.freipedro.pt/tb/301299/soc8.htm |archivedate=12 August 2010  }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Romanie}}
| {{convert|-38.5|C|F}}
| [[Bod, Braşov|Bod]], [[Braşov Coonty]]
| 25 January 1942&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=infoTURIST |url=http://www.infoturist.ro/romania.html |title=Romania |publisher=Infoturist.ro |date=25 January 1942 |accessdate=20 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flagdeco|Roushie}} [[European Roushie]]
| {{convert|-58.1|C|F}}
| [[Ust' Shchugor]], [[Komi Republic]]
| 31 December 1978&lt;ref name=&quot;WMO&quot;/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Serbie}}
| {{convert|-39.5|C|F}}
| [[Karajukica Bunari]], [[Zlatibor Destrict]]
| 13 Januar 1985&lt;ref name=&quot;hidmet&quot;/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Slovakie}}
| {{convert|-41.0|C|F}}
| [[Vígľaš|Vígľaš-Pstruša]]
| 11 Februar 1929&lt;ref name=slovakrecord/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Slovenie}}
| {{convert|-34.5|C|F}}
| [[Babno Polje]]
| 15 Februar 1956 / 16 Februar 1956 / 13 Januar 1968{{refn |group=&quot;notes&quot; |The lawest unoffeecially meisurt temperatur in Slovenie wis recordit at [[Komna]] on 9 Januar 2009 an reached {{convert|-49|C}}.}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ARSO&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.arso.gov.si/vreme/podnebje/slo_vremenski_rekordi.pdf |title=Slovenski vremenski rekordi |publisher=Slovenian Environment Agency |language=Slovenian |page=2 |accessdate=22 October 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001118/http://www.arso.gov.si/vreme/podnebje/slo_vremenski_rekordi.pdf |archivedate=4 March 2016  }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Spain}}
| {{convert|-30|C|F}}
| [[Calamocha]] Airport, [[Province o Teruel|Teruel Province]]
| 17 December 1963&lt;ref name=&quot;AEMET&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.aemet.es/documentos/es/divulgacion/resumen_efemerides/Resumen_extremos.pdf |title=Resumen de extremos climatológicos en España |publisher=Agencia Estatal de Meteorología |language=Spanish |accessdate=31 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Sweden}}
| {{convert|-52.6|C|F}}
| [[Vuoggatjålme]], [[Lapland (Swaden)|Lappland]]
| 2 Februar 1966&lt;ref name=&quot;SMHI&quot;/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Swisserland}}
| {{convert|-41.8|C|F}}
| [[La Brévine]]
| 12 Januar 1987&lt;ref name=&quot;Weather in Switzerland&quot;/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Ukraine}}
| {{convert|-41.9|C|F}}
| [[Luhansk]]
| 8 Januar 1935&lt;ref name=cgo/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;segodnya1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14068460.html |title=Погодные рекорды Украины &amp;#124; Новости Украины &amp;#124; СЕГОДНЯ |publisher=Segodnya.ua |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2009-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090801122521/http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14068460.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Unitit Kinrick}}
| {{convert|-27.2|C|F}}
| [[Braemar]], [[Aberdeenshire]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Altnaharra]], [[Sutherland]]
| 11 Februar 1895&lt;br&gt;10 Januar 1982&lt;br/&gt;30 December 1995&lt;ref name=&quot;UK Met Office&quot;/&gt;
|}

==== North Americae ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|-
!Kintra/Region
!data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; | Temperatur
!Toun/Location
! data-sort-type=&quot;ISOdate&quot; | Date
|-
| {{flag|Antigua an Barbuda}}
| {{convert|16.1|C|F}}
| [[V. C. Bird Internaitional Airport]], [[Antigua]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1974-12-31&quot; | 31 December 1974 and 28 January 1976&lt;ref name=Antiguaclimate/&gt;&lt;ref name=Antiguaclimatedata/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Canada}}
| {{convert|-63.0|C|F}}
| [[Snag, Yukon|Snag]], [[Yukon]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1947-02-03&quot; | 3 February 1947&lt;ref name=&quot;Handy Weather Answer Book&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/north-america-excluding-greenland-lowest-temperature |title=WMO Region IV (North America): Lowest Temperature |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=31 October 2016 |archive-date=2016-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101101839/https://wmo.asu.edu/content/north-america-excluding-greenland-lowest-temperature |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Cayman Islands}}
| {{convert|11.1|C|F}}
| [[Owen Roberts Internaitional Airport]], [[Grand Cayman]]
| ?&lt;ref name=Caymanclimate&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.weather.gov.ky/portal/page/portal/nwshome/climate|title=Climate|publisher=National Weather Service (Cayman Islands Government)|accessdate=30 October 2016|archive-date=2016-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031033225/http://www.weather.gov.ky/portal/page/portal/nwshome/climate|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Cuba}}
| {{convert|0.6|C|F}}
| Bainoa, [[Mayabeque Province]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1996-02-18&quot; | 18 February 1996&lt;ref name=Cubarecords/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.sld.cu/galerias/pdf/red/tiempo/programa_y_articulos_en_pdf.pdf |title=III Congreso Cubano de Meteorología |page=36 |publisher=ACQ &amp; Asociados |language=Spanish |trans-title=Third Cuban Congress of Meteorology |accessdate=27 October 2011 |quote=Desde el punto de vista sinóptico, se realizó un estudio del día 18 de febrero de 1996, cuando se registraron temperaturas notablemente frías en la región occidental, y muy frías en el resto del país. Ese día, en la estación meteorológica de Bainoa se registró el record nacional de 0.6°C. |archive-date=2012-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506113646/http://www.sld.cu/galerias/pdf/red/tiempo/programa_y_articulos_en_pdf.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Dominican Republic}}
| {{convert|-7.0|C|F}}
| Valle Nuevo, [[La Vega Province]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1983-01-17&quot; | 17 January 1983&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Cassá Bernaldo de Quirós|first1=Constancio|title=Valle Nuevo: su historia y naturaleza|journal=Clío|date=July 2012|issue=184|page=222|url=http://clio.academiahistoria.org.do/trabajos/clio184/Clio_2012_No_184-07.pdf|accessdate=29 January 2015|publisher=Academia Dominicana de la Historia|language=Spanish|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216100933/http://clio.academiahistoria.org.do/trabajos/clio184/Clio_2012_No_184-07.pdf|archivedate=16 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Greenland}}
| {{convert|-66.1|C|F}}
| [[North Ice]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1954-01-09&quot; | 9 Januar 1954&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/wmo-region-6-lowest-temperature |title=WMO Region VI (Europe): Lowest Temperature |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=31 October 2016 |archive-date=2016-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101102132/https://wmo.asu.edu/content/wmo-region-6-lowest-temperature |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Guatemala}}
| {{convert|-11.5|C|F}}
| [[Olintepeque]], [[Quetzaltenango Department]]
| ?&lt;ref name=&quot;INSIVUMEH&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url= http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/meteorologia/ESTADISTICAS.htm |title= Datos metorologicos de los departamentos |publisher= INSIVUMEH |language= spanish |accessdate=26 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- Note:
THIS PAGE IS FOR OFFICIAL RECORDS ONLY, NOT REMOTELY SENSED OBSERVATIONS
for example: http://www.aztecanoticias.com.mx/notas/estados/193862/madera-el-lugar-mas-frio-de-mexico
&quot;aunque pocos lo saben porque aquí no hay medidor oficial&quot;, Translation: &quot;though few know it because there is no official measurer&quot;
The source itself states that the record is not official!
--&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Martinique}}
|{{convert|14.1|C|F}}
|[[Le Lamentin]]
|{{Dts|25 December 1964}}&lt;ref name=martiniqueclimate/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Panama}}
| {{convert|2.0|C|F}}
| Bajo Grande, [[Chiriquí Province]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1995-02-20&quot; | 20 February 1995&lt;ref name=ETESA/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Puerto Rico}}
| {{convert|40|F|C|order=flip}}
| [[Aibonito]]/[[San Sebastián, Puerto Rico|San Sebastian]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1911-03-09&quot; | 9 March 1911/ 24 January 1966&lt;ref name=NWSpuertorico/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|US Virgin Islands}}
| {{convert|51.0|F|C|order=flip}}
| [[Anna's Hope, U.S. Virgin Islands|Anna's Hope]], [[Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands|Saint Croix]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1954-01-31&quot; | 31 January 1954&lt;ref name=NWSpuertorico/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Unitit States}}&lt;br&gt; ({{flag|Alaska}})
| {{convert|-62.2|C|F}}
| [[Prospect Creek, Alaska|Prospect Creek]], [[Alaska]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1971-01-23&quot; | 23 January 1971&lt;ref name=&quot;NCEC&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/extremes/ncec/records |title=National Climate Extremes Committee: Existing Records |publisher=[[National Climatic Data Center]] |accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Unitit States}}&lt;br&gt; ({{flag|Hawaii}})
| {{convert|-11.1|C|F}}
| [[Mauna Kea]], [[Hawaii]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1979-05-17&quot; | 17 May 1979&lt;ref name=usstaterecords&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221174428/https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/extremes/scec/records |archivedate=21 February 2018 |url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/extremes/scec/records |title=State Climate Extremes Committee (SCEC): Records by State |publisher=National Climatic Data Center |accessdate=21 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Unitit States}}&lt;br&gt;   (Mainland)
| {{convert|-57.0|C|F}}
| [[Rogers Pass (Montana)|Rogers Pass]], [[Montana]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1954-01-20&quot; | 20 January 1954&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/tfx/tx.php?wfo=tfx&amp;type=html&amp;loc=text&amp;fx=topweather| title = Top Ten Montana Weather Events of the 20th Century | work =National Weather Service Unveils Montana's Top Ten Weather/Water/Climate Events of the 20th Century | publisher = National Weather Service |accessdate=9 March 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

==== Sooth Americae ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|-
!Kintra/Region
!data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; | Temperature
!Toun/Location
!Date
|-
| {{flag|Argentinae}}
| {{convert|-32.8|C|F}}
| [[Sarmiento, Chubut|Sarmiento]], [[Chubut Province]]
| 1 Juin 1907&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|publisher= Arizona State University |url= http://wmo.asu.edu/#continental |title= World Meteorological Organization Global Weather &amp; Climate Extremes Archive
|accessdate= 7 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Brazil}}
| {{convert|-14.0|C|F}}
| [[Caçador]], [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]]
| 11 Juin 1952&lt;ref name=&quot;Caçador municipality&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title = História de Caçador |url = http://www.clicrbs.com.br/anoticia/jsp/default.jsp?uf=2&amp;local=18&amp;section=Geral&amp;newsID=a2969554.xml |publisher = A Notícia |language = Portuguese |trans-title = Quarta-feira pode ter recorde de temperatura mínima neste ano em Santa Catarina |year = 2010 |accessdate = 22 December 2010 |quote = Caçador has the lowest recorded temperature, officially, in Brazil, of −14&amp;nbsp;°C in 1952. Another record, unofficial, of −17.8&amp;nbsp;°C in 1996-06-29, at the summit of [[Morro da Igreja]], [[Urubici]], also in [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]], would give the record to this locality. |archive-date = 2011-06-29 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110629103211/http://www.clicrbs.com.br/anoticia/jsp/default.jsp?uf=2&amp;local=18&amp;section=Geral&amp;newsID=a2969554.xml |url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ciram.epagri.sc.gov.br/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=140&amp;Itemid=364|title=Recordes de Frio em SC|accessdate=17 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Chile}}
| {{convert|-37|C|F|1}}
| [[Coyhaique Alto]], [[Aysen Region]]
| 21 June 2002&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Bajas temperaturas ponen en alerta a sector agrícola en Aysén|url=http://www.emol.com/noticias/nacional/2002/06/21/88368/bajas-temperaturas-ponen-en-alerta-a-sector-agricola-en-aysen.html|accessdate=18 August 2017|language=Spanish|archive-date=2017-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818093531/http://www.emol.com/noticias/nacional/2002/06/21/88368/bajas-temperaturas-ponen-en-alerta-a-sector-agricola-en-aysen.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|French Guiana}}
| {{convert|16.9|C|F}}
| [[Maripasoula]]
| 23 Januar 1964&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101020827/http://www.meteofrance.gp/documents/3714888/5579049/Climat973_2pages.pdf/0073f8b7-66af-4487-93e7-36a3c32d44e0 |archivedate=1 January 2019 |url= http://www.meteofrance.gp/documents/3714888/5579049/Climat973_2pages.pdf/0073f8b7-66af-4487-93e7-36a3c32d44e0 |title= Le Climat Guyanais |publisher=Météo-France |language=French
|accessdate= 31 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Paraguay}}
| {{convert|-7.5|C|F}}
| [[Pratts Gill]], [[Boquerón Depairtment]]
| 13 Julie 2000&lt;ref&gt;{{es icon}} [http://www.lanacion.com.py/articulo.php?con-12-grados-bajo-cero-en-asuncion-la-ola-polar-l&amp;edicion=2&amp;sec=10&amp;art=28339 Con 1,2 grados bajo cero en Asunción, la ola polar llegó para quedarse] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102005334/http://www.lanacion.com.py/articulo.php?con-12-grados-bajo-cero-en-asuncion-la-ola-polar-l&amp;edicion=2&amp;sec=10&amp;art=28339 |date=2 January 2013 }}, La Nación. Retrieved 12 February 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Peru}}
| {{convert|-25.2|C|F}}
| [[Mazo Cruz]], [[Puno Region]]
| 30 Juin 1966&lt;ref&gt;[http://bvpad.indeci.gob.pe/doc/pdf/esp/doc320/doc320_4b.pdf Programa de Capacitación Para la Estimación del Riesgo] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725004314/http://bvpad.indeci.gob.pe/doc/pdf/esp/doc320/doc320_4b.pdf |date=25 July 2011 }}, Biblioteca Virtual en Prevención y Atención de Desastres (BVPAD). Retrieved 30 August 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Uruguay}}
| {{convert|-11.0|C|F}}
| [[Melo, Uruguay|Melo]], [[Cerro Largo Depairtment]]
| 14 Juin 1967&lt;ref name=uruguayrecordssum/&gt;&lt;ref name=uruguayrecordsraw/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Venezuela}}
| {{convert|-12.0|C|F}}
| [[Pico Piedras Blancas|Piedras Blancas]], [[Estado Mérida (Venezuela)|estado Mérida]]
| 15 Januar 2010&lt;ref name=&quot;mherrera&quot;/&gt;
|}

==== Oceanie ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|-
!Kintra/Region
!data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; | Temperature
!Toun/Location
!Date
|-
| {{flag|Australie}}
| {{convert|-23.0|C|F}}
| [[Charlotte Pass, New Sooth Wales]]
| 29 Juin 1994&lt;ref name=&quot;BoMExtremes&quot;/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|New Zealand}}
| {{convert|-25.6|C|F}}
| [[Ranfurly, New Zealand|Ranfurly]], [[Central Otago]]
| 18 Julie 1903&lt;ref name=&quot;TVNZ&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://tvnz.co.nz/national-news/new-record-zealand-s-coldest-day-4297892 |title=New record for New Zealand's coldest day |publisher=TVNZ |date=12 July 2011 |accessdate=12 July 2011 |archive-date=2011-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715024615/http://tvnz.co.nz/national-news/new-record-zealand-s-coldest-day-4297892 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Samoa}}
| {{convert|11.1|C|F}}
| [[Afiamalu, Samoa|Afiamalu]]
| {{Dts|29 September 1971}}&lt;ref name = WBsamoaclimate/&gt;
|}

===Ither law-temperatur records===
* '''Fastest temperatur drop:''' 27.2&amp;nbsp;°C (49&amp;nbsp;°F) in 5 meenits; [[Rapid City, Sooth Dakota]], 10 Januar 1911.&lt;ref name=&quot;Handy Weather Answer Book&quot;/&gt;
* '''Cauldest simmer (month o Julie in the Northren Hemisphere)''': {{convert|-33|C|F|1}} degrees; [[Summit Camp]], Greenland on 4 Julie 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=*Impressive cold in Greenland and near record accumulations of snow and ice|url=https://www.vencoreweather.com/blog/2017/7/6/115-pm-impressive-cold-in-greenland-and-near-record-accumulations-of-snow-and-ice|website=vencore weather|accessdate=29 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Precipitation==
* '''Least per year (locale)''': {{convert|0.2|mm|in}} per year or less, [[Quillagua]], [[Antofagasta Region]], [[Chile]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Time to Update World’s Driest and Wettest Locations?|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/comment.html?entrynum=131|publisher=Weather Underground|accessdate=10 June 2013|author=Christopher C. Burt|archive-date=2013-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329022116/http://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/comment.html?entrynum=131|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Rain===
* '''Maist in ane minute''': {{convert|38|mm|in|abbr=on}}; Barot, [[Guadeloupe]], 26 November 1970.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Service Hydrologique de 1’O.R.S.T.O.M: Intensité extraordinaire de la précipitation du 26 novembre 1970 dans la région des Grands-Fonds de Guadeloupe|url=http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_4/hydrologie/14877.pdf|accessdate=4 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Maist in ane oor''': {{convert|305|mm|in|abbr=on}} in 42 minutes. [[Holt, Missouri]], Unitit States, 22 Juin 1947.&lt;ref name=&quot;WMO&quot;/&gt;
* '''Maist in 12 oors''': {{convert|1144|mm|in|abbr=on}}; [[Cilaos]], [[Réunion]], 8 Januar 1966, during [[tropical cyclone]] Denise.&lt;ref name=&quot;WMO&quot;/&gt;
* '''Maist in 24 oors''': {{convert|1825|mm|in|abbr=on}}; [[Cilaos]], Réunion, 7–8 Januar 1966, during [[tropical cyclone]] Denise.&lt;ref name=&quot;WMO&quot;/&gt;
* '''Maist in 48 oors''': {{convert|2493|mm|in|abbr=on}}; [[Cherrapunji]], [[Meghalaya]], Indie, 15–16 Juin 1995.&lt;ref name=&quot;WMO&quot;/&gt;
* '''Maist in 72 oors''': {{convert|3929|mm|in|abbr=on}}; Commerson, [[Réunion]], 24–26 Februar 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;WMO&quot;/&gt;
* '''Maist in 96 oors''': {{convert|4869|mm|in|abbr=on}}; Commerson, Réunion, 24–27 Februar 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;WMO&quot;/&gt;
* '''Maist in ane year''': {{convert|26470|mm|in|abbr=on}}; [[Cherrapunji]], [[Meghalaya]], Indie, 1860–1861.&lt;ref name=&quot;WMO&quot;/&gt;
* '''Heichest average annual tot''': {{convert|11872|mm|in|abbr=on}}; [[Mawsynram]], [[Meghalaya]], Indie.&lt;ref name=&quot;WMO&quot;/&gt;

===Snaw===
* '''Maist in ane-year period''': 31.5 meters (102&amp;nbsp;ft); [[Mount Rainier]], [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]], United States, 19 Februar 1971 tae 18 Februar 1972.&lt;ref name=&quot;Handy Weather Answer Book&quot;/&gt;
* '''Maist in ane saison (1 Julie – 30 Juin):''' 29.0&amp;nbsp;meters, (95&amp;nbsp;ft); [[Mount Baker]], [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]], United States, 1998 throu 1999.&lt;ref name=&quot;season snow record&quot;&gt;{{Citation | last = Burt | first = Christopher | year = 2004 | title = Extreme Weather: A Guide and Record Book | publisher = W.W. Norton &amp; Co. | ISBN = 0-393-32658-6 |page=77 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Maist in ane calendar month''' an '''greatest snow depth''' in North Americae: 990.6&amp;nbsp;cm (390 inches) o snaw fell in [[Tamarack, Californie]] in Januar 1911, leadin tae a snaw depth in Mairch o 1145.5&amp;nbsp;cm (451 inches).&lt;ref name=&quot;season snow record&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Frank H. Forrester, ''1001 Questions Answered about the Weather'' (ISBN 0486242188), page 235: &quot;The greatest amount of snowfall for a calendar month occurred at Tamarack, California, in January, 1911—390 inches.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Wind speed==
* '''Fastest ever recorded''': 484[[±]]32&amp;nbsp;km/h (301[[±]]20&amp;nbsp;mph) 3-second gust; Observed bi a [[Doppler On Wheels|DOW]] ([[Doppler weather radar|Doppler]] On Wheels) radar unit in a [[1999 Bridge Creek – Moore tornado|tornado]] near [[Oklahoma City]], Oklahoma on 3 Mey 1999.&lt;ref name=&quot;fastest wind&quot;&gt;{{cite web| url = http://cswr.org/dow/DOW.htm| title = Doppler On Wheels| accessdate = 18 February 2007| author = [http://cswr.org/ Center for Severe Weather Research]| year = 2006| archive-date = 2007-02-05| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070205124033/http://www.cswr.org/dow/dow.htm| url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Fastest recorded wi an [[anemometer]]:''' 113.2&amp;nbsp;m/s or {{convert|407|km/h|abbr=on}} 3-second gust; ane of five extreme gusts during a series of 5-min time periods; [[Barrow Island (Western Australia)]], 10 Aprile 1996, during [[Cyclone Olivia]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://wmo.asu.edu/world-maximum-surface-wind-gust World: Maximum Surface Wind Gust (3-Second)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175240/http://wmo.asu.edu/world-maximum-surface-wind-gust |date=2016-03-03 }} at the World Meteorological Organization website&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Fastest recorded wi an anemometer ootside a [[tropical cyclone]]:''' 372&amp;nbsp;km/h (231&amp;nbsp;mph) sustained 1-minute average; [[Mount Washington (New Hampshire)|Mount Washington]], [[New Hampshire]], 12 Aprile 1934.&lt;ref name=&quot;101 earth facts&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/101_earth_facts_030722-1.html |title=101 Amazing Earth Facts |publisher=SPACE.com |accessdate=20 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Fastest daily average:''' 174&amp;nbsp;km/h (108&amp;nbsp;mph); [[Port Martin]] ([[Adélie Land]]), Antarctica, 24-oor period frae 21 Mairch 1951 tae 22 Mairch 1951.&lt;ref name=&quot;Handy Weather Answer Book&quot;/&gt;

==Tornadoes==
{{Main|Tornado records}}
[[File:Tri-State Tornado.JPG|thumb|250px|The Tri-State Tornado haulds mony records, includin the langest kent tornado track, fastest speed for a signeeficant tornado, an the deadliest tornado ootside o [[Bangladesh]].]]

===Deadliest in history===
* '''On Yird''': Approximately 1300 daiths; [[Manikganj Destrict]], Bangladesh on 26 Aprile 1989.&lt;ref name=&quot;tornado project Bangladesh&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.tornadoproject.com/alltorns/bangladesh.htm |title=Tornadoes in Bangladesh |publisher=Tornadoproject.com |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2012-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919111413/http://www.tornadoproject.com/alltorns/bangladesh.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''In North Americae:''' 695 daiths ([[Tri-State Tornado]]); [[Missouri]], [[Illinois]], [[Indiana]], United States 18 Mairch 1925.&lt;ref name=&quot;Handy Weather Answer Book&quot;/&gt;
* '''In Europe:''' 600 or mair ([[Valletta, Malta Tornado|Grand Harbour Tornado]]); [[Valletta]], Malta, 23 September 1551 or 1556 (soorces conflict)&lt;ref name=&quot;TORRO records&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.torro.org.uk/TORRO/research/whirlextreme.php |title=Research: Tornado Extremes |publisher=TORRO |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2007-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814075710/http://www.torro.org.uk/TORRO/research/whirlextreme.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''In Sooth Americae:''' 63 daiths, [[San Justo, Santa Fe|San Justo]], [[Santa Fe, Argentina|Santa Fe]], Argentina, 10 Januar 1973&lt;ref name=&quot;Uno Santafe&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unosantafe.com.ar/santafe/A-39-aos-del-tornado-en-San-Justo-el-unico-F5-en-toda-Sudamerica-y-Latinoamerica-20120110-0002.html&quot;|title=A 39 años del tornado en San Justo, el único F5 en toda Sudamérica y Latinoamérica|publisher=Uno Santa Fe|accessdate=18 March 2014}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''In Australie:''' Three daiths, [[Kin Kin]], [[Queensland]] tornado, 14 August 1971&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=National Climate Centre |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/storm1.htm |title=Australian Climate Extremes-Storm |publisher=BOM |accessdate=3 September 2012 |archiveurl=https://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/96122/20090317-1643/www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/storm1.html |archivedate=2009-03-17 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Ootbreaks===
* '''Lairgest an maist severe:''' The [[Aprile 25–28, 2011 tornado outbreak]]: 207 confirmed tornadoes occurred in a span o 24 oors, wi a tot o 337 occurrin throuoot the duration o the ootbreak.  Thay affectit sax US states, an includit 11 [[Enhanced Fujita scale|EF4s]] an 4 EF5s.&lt;ref&gt;[http://wmo.asu.edu/tornado-largest-tornado-outbreak World: Largest tornado Outbreak] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926235427/http://wmo.asu.edu/tornado-largest-tornado-outbreak |date=2013-09-26 }} at the World Meteorological Organization website&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tropical cyclones==
{{Main|Leet o tropical cyclone records}}

===Maist intense (bi minimum surface air pressur)===
* '''Maist intense iver recordit''': 870&amp;nbsp;hPa (25.63&amp;nbsp;[[Inches o mercury|inHg]]); [[ee (cyclone)|ee]] o [[Typhoon Tip|Super Typhoon Tip]] ower the Pacific Ocean, 12 October 1979.&lt;ref name=&quot;Handy Weather Answer Book&quot;/&gt;
* '''Maist intense in the [[Western Hemisphere]]:''' 872&amp;nbsp;hPa (25.75&amp;nbsp;inHg); ee o [[Hurricane Patricia]] ower the eastren Paceefic Ocean, 23 October 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;strongest hurricane&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/hurricane-patricia-mexico-coast |title=Catastrophic Landfall Expected in Mexico Friday; Patricia Becomes Strongest Hurricane Ever Recorded |publisher=weather.com |accessdate=23 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Maist intense iver recordit on laund:''' 892&amp;nbsp;hPa (26.35&amp;nbsp;inHg); Craig's Key, Florida, ee o the [[Labor Day Hurricane o 1935|Labor Day Hurricane]], 2 September 1935.  While ither laundfawin tropical cyclones potentially haed lawer pressurs, data is vague frae auries ither nor the [[Atlantic basin]], especially afore the invention o [[wather satellite]]s.&lt;ref name=&quot;lowest on land&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://extremeweatherguide.com/records.asp |title=Extreme Weather: A Guide and Record Book |publisher=Extremeweatherguide.com |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2010-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100804232406/http://extremeweatherguide.com/records.asp |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ither severe wather==
[[File:Hailstone.jpg|thumb|right|A pictur o the Aurora, Nebraska hailstone, measurt at {{convert|18.75|in|cm|disp=flip|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} in [[circumference]]]]

===Hail===
{{Main|Leet o costly or deadly hailstorms}}
* '''Hiviest offeecially recordit:''' {{convert|2.25|lb|kg|disp=flip|abbr=on}}; [[Gopalganj Destrict (Bangladesh)|Gopalganj Destrict]], Bangladesh, 14 Aprile 1986.&lt;ref name=&quot;weather extremes&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/sgx/research/Guide/weatherextremes.pdf|title=Appendix I – Weather Extremes|publisher=[[National Weather Service]]|location=San Diego, California|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528065516/http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/sgx/research/Guide/weatherextremes.pdf|archivedate=2008-05-28|accessdate=1 June 2010|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Lairgest diameter offeecially measurt:''' {{convert|8.0|in|cm|disp=flip|abbr=on}} [[diameter]], {{convert|18.625|in|cm|disp=flip|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} [[circumference]]; [[Vivian, Sooth Dakota]], 23 Julie 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url         = http://www.crh.noaa.gov/abr/?n=stormdamagetemplate| title         = Record Setting Hail Event in Vivian, South Dakota on July&amp;nbsp;23, 2010| author         = NWS| date         = 30 July 2010| publisher         = National Weather Service| location         = [[Aberdeen, South Dakota]]| archiveurl         = https://www.webcitation.org/5rhd1coDR?url=http://www.crh.noaa.gov/abr/?n=stormdamagetemplate| archivedate         = 2010-08-03| accessdate         = 3 August 2010| url-status         = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Lairgest circumference offeecially measurt:''' {{convert|18.75|in|cm|disp=flip|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} circumference, {{convert|7.0|in|cm|disp=flip|abbr=on}} diameter; [[Aurora, Nebraska]], 22 Juin 2003.&lt;ref name=&quot;weather extremes&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NG Hail&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/08/0804_030804_largesthailstone.html |title=Largest Hailstone in U.S. History Found |publisher=News.nationalgeographic.com |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2003-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030807092143/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/08/0804_030804_largesthailstone.html |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Lichtnin===
* '''Langest lichtnin bowt''': {{convert|321|km|mi|abbr=on}} on 20 Juin 2007 in [[Oklahoma]].&lt;ref name=Lang2016&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Lang |first1=Timothy |last2=Pédeboy |first2=Stéphane |last3=Rison |first3=William |last4=Cerveny |first4=Randall |last5=Montanyà |first5=Joan |last6=Chauzy |first6=Serge |last7=MacGorman |first7=Donald |last8=Holle |first8=Ronald   |title= WMO World Record Lightning Extremes: Longest Reported Flash Distance and Longest Reported Flash Duration |journal=[[Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society]] |volume= 98|issue= 6|pages=1153–1168 |date=September 2016 |doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0061.1 |pmid=28111477 |pmc=5240975 |bibcode =2017BAMS...98.1153L }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=wmolightning&gt;{{cite news|title=WMO rules on longest distance and longest duration lightning flashes|url=http://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/wmo-rules-longest-distance-and-longest-duration-lightning-flashes|accessdate=16 September 2016|publisher=World Meteorological Organization|date=16 September 2016|archive-date=2016-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917075936/http://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/wmo-rules-longest-distance-and-longest-duration-lightning-flashes|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Langest duration for a single lichtnin flash''': 7.74 seconds on 30 August 2012 in [[Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur]], Fraunce.&lt;ref name=Lang2016/&gt;&lt;ref name=wmolightning/&gt;
* '''Maist strikes per year''': [[Catatumbo lichtnin]] in [[Loch Maracaibo]], [[Venezuela]] earned the tap spot receivin an average rate o aboot 233 flashes per square kilometer per year.&lt;ref name=&quot;NASA lightning&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/news/news/releases/2016/earths-new-lightning-capital-revealed.html |title=NASA – Earth's New Lightning Capital Revealed |publisher=Nasa.gov |accessdate=2 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Albrecht2016&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Albrecht |first1=Rachel |last2=Goodman |first2=Steven |last3=Buechler |first3=Dennis |last4=Blakeslee |first4=Richard |last5=Christian |first5=Hugh   |title= Where are the lightning hotspots on Earth? |url=https://archive.org/details/bulletin-of-the-american-meteorological-society_2016-11_97_11/page/2051 |journal=[[Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society]] |volume=97 |issue=11 |page= 2051|date=December 2016 |doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00193.1 |bibcode =2016BAMS...97.2051A }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===UV===
*On Dec. 29, 2003, a warld-record UV index o 43.3 wis detectit at Bolivia's Licancabur volcano.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.livescience.com/46701-andes-highest-uv-index-measured.html&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ither categories==
* '''Heichest air pressur ever recorded (abuin 750 meters)''': 1084.8&amp;nbsp;hPa (32.03&amp;nbsp;inHg); [[Tosontsengel, Khövsgöl|Tosontsengel]], [[Khövsgöl Province]],  [[Mongolia]], 19 December 2001.&lt;ref name=&quot;ASU1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://wmo.asu.edu/highest-sea-lvl-air-pressure-above-700m |title=World: Highest Sea Level Air Pressure Above 750 meters |author= |work= |publisher=Arizona State University |accessdate=7 October 2012 |archive-date=2012-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013225735/http://wmo.asu.edu/highest-sea-lvl-air-pressure-above-700m |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; This is the equivalent [[sea-level pressur]]; Tosontsengel is locatit at {{convert|1300|m|ft}} abuin sea level.  The heichest adjusted-tae-sea-level barometric pressur ever recordit (ablo 750 meters) wis at Agata, Evenhiyskiy, Roushie (66°53’N, 93°28’E, elevation: 261&amp;nbsp;m (856.3&amp;nbsp;ft)) on 31 December 1968 o 1,083.3 hectopascals (hPa) (31.99 inHg).&lt;ref name=&quot;ASU2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-sea-level-air-pressure-below-700m |title=World: Highest Sea Level Air Pressure Below 750 meters |author= |work= |publisher=Arizona State University |accessdate=7 October 2012 |archive-date=2012-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013225154/http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-sea-level-air-pressure-below-700m |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The discrimination is due tae the problematic assumptions (assumin a staundart lapse rate) associatit wi reduction o sea level frae heich elevations.&lt;ref name=&quot;ASU1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ASU2&quot;/&gt;

==See an aa==
{{Portal|Wather}}
* [[Extremes on Yird]]
* [[Leet o extreme temperaturs in Canadae]]
* [[UK rainfaw records]]
* [[U.S. state temperatur extremes]]
* [[Wather extremes in Canadae]]
* [[2013 extreme wather events]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=&quot;notes&quot;}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Freemit airtins==
* [http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/monitoring/extremes/ncec.html National Climate Extremes Committee] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090829221108/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/monitoring/extremes/ncec.html |date=2009-08-29 }}
* [http://wmo.asu.edu/ Global Weather &amp; Climate Extremes] (Arizona State Varsity)

{{Portal bar|Wather}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Leet O Wather Records}}
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    <title>Abbasid Caliphate</title>
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      <text bytes="73382" sha1="9bxd0pdsbiky5ufyiwrupaqd4nirj2e" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox kintra
| native_name            = الخلافة العباسية
| native_name_lang       = ar
| conventional_long_name = Abbasid Caliphate
| common_name            = Abbasids
| continent              = Afro-Eurasie
| region                 = Middle East
| status                 = Empire
| government_type        = Caliphate
| life_span              = 750–1258&lt;br /&gt;1261–1517&lt;br /&gt; {{small|(unner the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk Sultanate o Cairo]])}}
| year_start             = 750
| year_end               = 1517
| image_flag             = Abbassid banner.svg
| flag_type              = The Black Banner o the Abbasids.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Akhtar |first1=Muhammad Wajid |title=Ten Things You Didn’t Know About The Kaaba |url=http://muslimmatters.org/2012/11/15/ten-things-you-didnt-know-about-the-kaaba |website=MuslimMatters.org |publisher=Muslim Matters |access-date=1 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929173334/https://muslimmatters.org/2012/11/15/ten-things-you-didnt-know-about-the-kaaba/ |archive-date=2019-09-29 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| p1                     = Umayyad Caliphate
| flag_p1                = Umayyad Flag.svg
| s1                     = Mongol Empire
| s2                     = Fatimid Islamic Caliphate
| flag_s2                = Rectangular green flag.svg
| s3                     = Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)
| flag_s3                = Mameluke Flag.svg
| s4                     = Saffarid dynasty
| flag_s4                = 
| image_map              = Abbasids850.png
| image_map_caption      = Abbasid Caliphate at its greatest extent, c. 850.
| capital                = [[Kufa]]&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(750–762)}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Baghdad]]&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(762–796, 809–836, 892–1258)}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Ar-Raqqah]]&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(796–809)}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Abbasid Samarra|Samarra]]&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(836–892)}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Cairo]]&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(1261–1517)}}
| common_languages       = Offeecial leid:&lt;br /&gt;[[Arabic leid|Arabic]]&lt;br /&gt;Regional leids:&lt;br /&gt;[[Turkic leids|Oghuz Turkic]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Aramaic leid|Aramaic]], [[Armenie leid|Armenian]], [[Berber leids|Berber]], [[Coptic leid|Coptic]], [[Georgian leid|Georgian]], [[Greek leid|Greek]], [[Kurdish leid|Kurdish]], [[Middle Persie|Persie]], [[Prakrit leid|Prakrit]]
| religion               = [[Sunni Islam]]
| currency               = [[Gowd dinar|Dinar]] (gowd coin)&lt;br /&gt;[[Dirham]] (siller coin)&lt;br /&gt; [[Fals]] (copper coin)
| leader1                = [[As-Saffah]] {{small|(first)}}
| year_leader1           = 750–754
| leader2                = [[Al-Musta'sim]] {{small|(last) (caliph in Baghdad)}}
| year_leader2           = 1242–1258
| leader3                = [[al-Mutawakkil III]]{{small|(last) (caliph in cairo)}}
| year_leader3           = 1508–1517
| title_leader           = [[Caliph]]
| today                  = {{Collapsible list|title=Kintras theday | {{flag |Afghanistan}}|{{flag|Algerie}}|{{flag |Andorrae}}|{{flag|Armenie}}|{{flag|Azerbaijan}}|{{flag |Cyprus}}|{{flag |Egyp}}|{{flag |Fraunce}}|{{flag |Georgie}}|{{flag|Indie}}|{{flag |Gibraltar}}|{{flag |Greece}}|{{flag|Iran}}|{{flag|Iraq}}|{{flag|Israel}}|{{flag|Italy}}|{{flag |Jordan}}|{{flag |Kazakhstan}}|{{flag |Kuwait}}|{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}|{{flag |Lebanon}}|{{flag |Libie}}|{{flag|Malta}}|{{flag|Oman}}|{{flag|Pakistan}}|{{flag|Palestinian Authority}}|{{flag |Portugal}}|{{flag |Qatar}}|{{flag|Roushie}}|{{flag |Saudi Arabie}}|{{flag |Spain}}|{{flag |Sirie}}|{{flag|Tajikistan}}|{{flag|Tunisie}}|{{flag|Turkey}}|{{flag |Turkmenistan}}|{{flag |Unitit Arab Emirates}}|{{flag|Uzbekistan}}|{{flag |Yemen}}
}}
| footnotes = 
}}
The '''Abbasid Caliphate''' ({{lang-ar|الخلافة العباسية}} ''{{transl|ar|al-Khilāfah al-‘Abbāsīyah}}'') wis the third o the [[Islam]]ic [[caliphate]]s tae succeed the [[Prophets in Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]]. It wis foondit bi a dynasty descendit frae Muhammad's uncle, [[Abbas ibn Abdul-Muttalib]] (566–653 CE), frae that the dynasty taks its name.{{sfn|Hoiberg|2010|p=10}} Thay ruled as [[caliphs]] for maist o the caliphate frae thair caipital in [[Roond ceety o Baghdad|Baghdad]] in modren-day [[Iraq]], efter haein owerthrawn the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] in the [[Abbasid Revolution]] o 750 CE (132&amp;nbsp;[[anno Hegirae|AH]]).

The Abbasid Caliphate first centred its govrenment in [[Kufa]], modren-day Iraq, but in 762 the caliph [[Al-Mansur]] foondit the ceety o Baghdad, near the auncient [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]] caipital ceety o [[Ctesiphon]]. The Abbasid period wis merkit bi reliance on [[Greater Iran|Persie]] [[bureaucrat]]s (notably the [[Barmakids|Barmakid]] faimily) for govrenin the territories as weel as an increasin inclusion o [[Mawla|non-Arab Muslims]] in the ''[[ummah]]'' (naitional commonty). [[Persianate customs]] war braidly adoptit bi the ruling elite, an thay begoud patronage o airtists an scholarts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Canfield |first1=Robert L. |title=Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective |date=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52291-5 |page=5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baghdad becam a centre o science, cultur, filosofie an invention in whit becam kent as the [[Islamic Gowden Age|Gowden Age o Islam]].

Despite this ineetial cooperation, the Abbasids o the late 8t century haed alienated baith non-Arab ''[[mawali]]'' (clients)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ABŪ MOSLEM ḴORĀSĀNĪ – Encyclopaedia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abu-moslem-abd-al-rahman-b |website=www.iranicaonline.org |access-date=2015-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122132055/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abu-moslem-abd-al-rahman-b# |archive-date=22 November 2015 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; an Iranian bureaucrats.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The History of Government from the Earliest Times: Volume II: The Intermediate Ages p.720 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AhEab85xHAMC |publisher=OUP Oxford |date=1999-01-01 |isbn=978-0-19-820790-0 |first=S. E. |last=Finer}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thay war forced tae cede authority ower [[Al-Andalus]] an the [[Maghreb]] tae the [[Emirate o Córdoba|Umayyads]] in 756, [[Morocco]] tae the [[Idrisid dynasty]] in 788, [[Ifriqiya]] tae the [[Aghlabids]] in 800 an [[Egyp in the Middle Ages|Egyp]] tae the [[Isma'ili]]-[[Shia]] caliphate o the [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimids]] in 969.

The poleetical pouer o the caliphs lairgely endit wi the rise o the Iranian [[Buyids]] an the [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuq Turks]], that ilk capturt Baghdad in 945 an 1055 respectively. Awtho Abbasid leadership ower the vast [[Islamic empire]] wis gradually reduced tae a ceremonial releegious function, the dynasty retained control ower its [[Mesopotamian]] domeen. The Abbasids' period o cultural frueetion endit in 1258 wi the [[Siege o Baghdad (1258)|sack o Baghdad]] bi the [[Mongol Empire|Mongols]] unner [[Hulagu Khan]]. The Abbasid line o rulers, an Muslim cultur in general, re-centred themsels in the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk]] caipital o [[Cairo]] in 1261. Tho lackin in poleetical pouer, the dynasty conteena'd tae claim releegious authority till efter the [[Ottoman dynasty|Ottoman]] [[Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–17)|conquest o Egyp]] in 1517.{{sfn|Holt|1984}}

== History ==

=== Abbasid Revolution (750–751) ===
{{main|Abbasid Revolution}}
The Abbasid caliphs war [[Arab fowk|Arabs]] descendit frae [[Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib]], ane o the youngest uncles o Muhammad an o the same [[Banu Hashim]] clan. The Abbasids claimed tae be the true successors o Prophet Muhammad in replacin the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] descendants o [[Umayya ibn Abd Shams|Banu Umayya]] bi virtue o thair closer bluidline tae Muhammad.

The Abbasids an aw distinguished themsels frae the Umayyads bi attackin thair moral chairacter an admeenistration in general. Accordin tae [[Ira Lapidus]], &quot;The Abbasid revolt wis supportit lairgely bi Arabs, mainly the aggrieved settlers o [[Merv]] wi the addeetion o the Yemeni faction an thair [[Mawali]]&quot;.{{sfn|Lapidus|2002|p=54}} The Abbasids an aw appealed tae non-Arab Muslims, kent as ''mawali'', that remeened ootside the kinship-based society o the Arabs an war perceived as a lawer cless within the Umayyad empire. [[Mohammad ibn Ali Abbasi|Muhammad ibn 'Ali]], a great-grandson o Abbas, begoud tae campaign in [[Greater Persie|Persie]] for the return o pouer tae the faimily o Prophet Muhammad, the [[Hashimites]], in the ring o [[Umar II]].

In the ring o [[Marwan II]], this opposeetion culminatit in the rebellion o Ibrahim the Imam, the fowert in strynd frae Abbas. Supportit bi the province o [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]] (Eastren Persie), even tho the govrenor opponed them, an the Shia Arabs,{{sfn|Hoiberg|2010|p=10}}{{sfn|Dupuy|Dupuy|1986|p=233}} he achieved conseederable success, but wis capturt in the year 747 an dee'd, possibly assassinated, in preeson.

On 9 Juin 747 (15 Ramadan AH 129), [[Abu Muslim]], risin frae Khorasan, successfully ineetiatit an appen revolt against Umayyad rule, that wis cairied oot unner the sign o the [[Black Staundart]]. Close tae 10,000 sodgers war unner Abu Muslim's command whan the hostilities offeecially begoud in [[Merv (East Sirie Ecclesiastical Province)|Merv]].{{sfn|Lewis|1995|p=102}} [[Qahtaba ibn Shabib al-Ta'i|General Qahtaba]] follaed the fleein govrenor [[Nasr ibn Sayyar]] wast defeatin the Umayyads at the Battle o Gorgan, the Battle o Nahāvand an feenally in the Battle o Karbala, aw in the year 748.{{sfn|Dupuy|Dupuy|1986|p=233}}
[[File:Balami - Tarikhnama - Abu'l-'Abbas al-Saffah is proclaimed the first 'Abbasid Caliph (cropped).jpg|upright=1.2|thumb|Folio frae ''Tarikhnama'' o [[Muhammad Bal'ami|Bal'ami]] depictin [[As-Saffah|al-Saffah]] as he receives [[Bay'ah|pledges o allegiance]] in [[Kufa]]]]
The quarry wis taken up bi Ibrahim's brither Abdallah, kent bi the name o [[As-Saffah|Abu al-'Abbas as-Saffah]], that defeatit the Umayyads in 750 in the [[Battle o the Zab|battle near the Great Zab]] an wis subsequently proclaimed [[caliph]].&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot;&gt;{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Abbasids|volume=1|page=10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Efter this loss, Marwan fled tae Egyp, whaur he wis subsequently assassinatit. The remainder o his faimily, baurin ane male, war an aw eliminatit.{{sfn|Dupuy|Dupuy|1986|p=233}}

Immediately efter thair veectory, As-Saffah sent his forces tae [[Central Asie]], whaur his forces fecht against [[Tang Dynasty|Tang]] expansion in the [[Battle o Talas]]. The noble Iranian faimily [[Barmakids]], that warinstrumental in biggin [[Roond ceety o Baghdad|Baghdad]], introduced the warld's first recordit [[paper mill]] in the ceety, sicweys beginnin a new era o intellectual rebirth in the Abbasid domain. As-Saffah focused on pittin doun numerous rebellions in Sirie an Mesopotamie. The [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]] conducted raids in these early distractions.{{sfn|Dupuy|Dupuy|1986|p=233}}

=== Pouer (752–775) ===
[[File:Baghdad 150 to 300 AH.png|thumb|upright=1.2|The ceety o [[Roond ceety o Baghdad|Baghdad]] atween 767 an 912 AD. The roond plan reflects pre-Islamic Persian urban design.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baghdad-iranian-connection-1-pr-Mongol# |title=Archived copy |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117020537/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baghdad-iranian-connection-1-pr-Mongol# |archive-date=17 November 2017 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Battle of Talas.png|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Battle o Talas]], 751]]
The first chynge the Abbasids, under [[Al-Mansur]], made wis tae muive the empire's caipital frae [[Damascus]], in Sirie, tae Baghdad in Iraq. This wis tae baith appease as weel tae be closer tae the Persie ''mawali'' support base that existit in this region mair influenced bi Persie history an cultur, an pairt o the Persie mawali demand for less Arab dominance in the empire. Baghdad wis established on the [[Tigris River]] in 762. A new poseetion, that of the [[vizier]], wis an aw established tae delegate central authority, an even greater authority wis delegatit tae local emirs.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHGC&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Anon|2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This eventually meant that mony Abbasid caliphs war relegatit tae a mair ceremonial role than unner the Umayyads, as the viziers begoud tae exert greater influence, an the role o the auld Arab aristocracy wis slawly replaced bi a Persie bureaucracy.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHGC&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Anon|2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Al-Mansur's time control o [[Al-Andalus]] wis lost, an the Shia revoltit an war defeatit a year later at the [[Alid revolt o 762–763|Battle o Bakhamra]].{{sfn|Dupuy|Dupuy|1986|p=233}}

The Abbasids haed dependit hivily on the support o Persies{{sfn|Hoiberg|2010|p=10}} in thair owerthraw o the Umayyads. Abu al-'Abbas' successor, [[Al-Mansur]] welcomed nan-Arab Muslims tae his coort. While this helped integrate Arab an Persie culturs, it alienatit mony o thair Arab supporters, pairteecularly the [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasanian]] Arabs that had supportit them in thair battles against the Umayyads.

Thir fissurs in thair support led tae immediate problems. The Umayyads, while oot o pouer, war nae destroyed. The anerly survivin member o the Umayyad ryal faumily, that haed been aw but annihilatit, ultimately made his way tae Spain whaur he established himsel as an independent [[Emir]] ([[Abd ar-Rahman I]], 756). In 929, [[Abd ar-Rahman III]] assumed the teetle o Caliph, establishin [[Al Andalus]] frae [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]] as a rival tae Baghdad as the legitimate caipital o the Islamic Empire.

In 756, the Abbasid Caliph [[Al-Mansur]] sent ower 4,000 Arab mercenaries tae assist the Cheenese [[Tang dynasty]] in the [[An Shi Rebellion]] against [[An Lushan]]. The Abbasides or &quot;Black Banners,&quot; as thay war commonly cried, war kent in Tang dynasty chronicles as the ''hēiyī Dàshí'', &quot;The Black-robed Tazi&quot;, ({{lang|zh|黑衣大食}}) (&quot;Tazi&quot; bein a borraein frae Persian ''[[wikt:تازی|Tāzī]]'', the wird for &quot;Arab&quot;).{{refn|group=nb|Wade states &quot;Tazi in Persie soorces referred tae a fowk in that laund, but wis later extendit tae kiver Arab launds. The Persie term wis adoptit bi Tang China (Dàshí :大食) tae refer tae the Arabs till the 12t century.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wade|2012|p=138}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Jenkins|1999|p=61}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Carné|1872|p=295}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Ghosh|1961|p=60}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Hermann|1912|p=77}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Anon|1928|p=1617}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the war, these embassies remained in China &lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Chapuis|1995|p=92}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Kitagawa|1989|p=283}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Smith|Weng|1973|p=129}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Baker|1990|p=53}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Fitzgerald|1961|p=332}}&lt;/ref&gt; wi Caliph [[Harun al-Rashid]] establishin an alliance wi Cheenae.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dennis Bloodworth, Ching Ping Bloodworth 2004 214&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Bloodworth|Bloodworth|2004|p=214}}&lt;/ref&gt; Several embassies frae the Abbasid Caliphs tae the Cheenese coort hae been recordit in the T'ang Annals, the maist important o thir bein thae o [[As-Saffah|Abul Abbas al-Saffah]], the first Abbasid caliph, his successor [[Al-Mansur|Abu Jafar]], an [[Harun al-Rashid]].

=== Abbasid Gowden Age (775–861) ===
[[File:Harun-Charlemagne.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Harun al-Rashid]] receivin a delegation sent bi [[Charlemagne]] at his coort in Baghdad. Pentin bi German penter {{ill|Julius Köckert|fr}} (1827–1918), datit 1864. Ile on canvas.]]
The Abbasid leadership haed tae wirk haurd in the last hauf o the 8t century (750–800), unner several competent caliphs an thair viziers tae owercome the poleetical challenges creatit bi the faur flung naitur o the empire, an the leemitit communication athort it an usher in the admeenistrative chynges needit tae keep order.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brauer&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Brauer|1995}}&lt;/ref&gt; It wus an aw in this early period o the dynasty, in pairteecular in the govrenance o [[al-Mansur]], [[Harun al-Rashid]], an [[al-Ma'mun]], that the reputation an pouer o the dynasty wis creatit.{{sfn|Hoiberg|2010|p=10}}

Al-Mahdi [[Abbasid invasion o Asia Minor (782)|restairtit the fechtin]] wi the Byzantines an his sons conteena'd the conflict till [[Irene o Athens|Empress Irene]] pushed for peace.{{sfn|Dupuy|Dupuy|1986|p=233}} Efter several years o peace, [[Nikephoros I]] brak the treaty, then fendit aff multiple incursions in the first decade o the 9t century. Thir attacks pushed intae the [[Taurus Muntains]] culminatin wi a veectory at the [[Battle o Krasos]] an the [[Abbasid invasion o Asia Minor (806)|massive invasion o 806]], led bi Rashid himsel.&lt;ref name=DD1&gt;{{harvnb|Dupuy|Dupuy|1986|p=265}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rashid's navy an aw pruived successfu as he teuk [[Cyprus]]. Eventually, the momentum turned an muckle o the laund gained wis lost. Rashid decidit tae focus on the rebellion o [[Rafi ibn al-Layth]] in Khorasan an dee'd while there.&lt;ref name=&quot;DD1&quot; /&gt; While the [[Byzantine Empire]] wis fechtin Abbasid rule in Sirie an [[Anatolie]], militar operations in this period war meenimal, as the caliphate focused on internal maiters, its govrenors exertin greater autonomy an uisin thair increasin pouer tae mak thair poseetions hereditary.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHGC&quot; /&gt;

At the same time, the Abbasids faced challenges closer tae hame. Harun al-Rashid turned on the [[Barmakids]], a Persie faimily that haed grawn signeeficantly in pouer within the admeenistration o the state an killt maist o the faimily.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Meisami|1999}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the same period, several factions begoud aither tae leave the empire for ither launds or tae tak control o distant pairts o the empire awey frae the Abbasids. The ring o al-Rashid an his sons war conseedert tae be the apex o the Abbasids.&lt;ref name=mag&gt;{{harvnb|Magnusson|Goring|1990|p=2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Abbasid Dinar - Al Amin - 195 AH (811 AD).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Gowd dinar]] mintit in the ring o [[al-Amin]] (809–813)]]
Efter Rashid's death, the empire wis split bi a [[Fowert Fitna|ceevil war]] atween the caliph [[al-Amin]] an his brither [[al-Ma'mun]] that had the support o Khorasan. This war endit wi a [[Siege o Baghdad (812–813)|twa-year siege]] o Baghdad an the eventual daith o al-Amin in 813.&lt;ref name=DD1 /&gt; Al-Ma'mun ruled for 20 years o relative caum interspersed wi a rebellion supportit bi the Byzantines in [[Iranian Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]] bi the [[Khurramites]]. Al-Ma'mun wis an aw responsible for the creaution o an autonomous Khorasan, an the conteena'd repulsin o Byzantine forays.&lt;ref name=DD1 /&gt;

[[Al-Mu'tasim]] gained pouer in 833 an his rule merkit the end o the strang caliphs. He strenthened his personal airmy wi Turkis mercenaries an promptly restairtit the war wi the Byzantines. His militar excursions war generally successfu culminatin wi a resoondin veectory in the [[Sack o Amorium]]. His attempt at seizin [[Constantinople]] failed whan his fleet wis destroyed bi a storm.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Dupuy|dupuy|1986|pp=265–266}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Byzantines restairtit the fechtin bi [[Sack o Damietta (853)|sackin Damietta]] in Egyp. [[Al-Mutawakkil]] respondit bi sendin his truips intae [[Anatolie]] again, sackin an maraudin till thay war [[Battle o Lalakaon|eventually annihilatit]] in 863.&lt;ref name=DD3&gt;{{harvnb|Dupuy|dupuy|1986|p=266}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fractur tae autonomous dynasties (861–945) ==
[[File:Abbasid Caliphate 891-892.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Map o the fragmentit Abbasid empire, wi auries still unner direct control o the Abbasid central govrenment (daurk green) an unner autonomous rulers (licht green) adherin tae nominal Abbasid suzerainty, {{circa|892}}]]

Even bi 820, the [[Samanid]]s had begun the process o exercisin independent authority in [[Transoxiana]] an [[Greater Khorasan]], as haed the [[Twaler]]-Shia [[Hamdanid]]s in Northren Sirie, an the succeedin [[Tahirid]] an [[Saffarid]] dynasties o Iran. The Saffarids, frae Khorasan, nearly seized Baghdad in 876, an the [[Tulunid]]s teuk control o maist o Sirie. The trend o waikenin o the central pouer an strenthenin o the minor caliphates on the periphery conteena'd.&lt;ref name=mag /&gt;

An exception wis the 10-year period o [[Al-Mu'tadid]]'s rule. He brocht pairts o Egyp, Sirie, an Khorasan back intae the Abbasid's control. Especially efter the &quot;[[Anarchy at Samarra]]&quot;, the Abbasid central govrenment wis waikened an centrifugal tendencies becam mair prominent in the Caliphate's provinces. Bi the early 10t century, the Abbasids awmaist laist control o Iraq tae various [[amir]]s, an the caliph [[al-Radi]] wis forced tae acknawledge thair pouer bi creautin the position o &quot;Prince o Princes&quot; (''[[amir al-umara]]'').&lt;ref name=mag /&gt;

[[Al-Mustakfi]] haed a short ring frae 944–946, an it wis in this period that the Persie faction kent as the [[Buyids]] frae [[Daylam]] swept intae pouer an assumed control ower the bureaucracy in Baghdad. Accordin tae the history o [[Miskawayh]], thay begoud distributin [[iqta]]s ([[fief]]s in the form o tax ferms) tae thair supporters. This period o localised secular control wis tae last nearly 100 years.{{sfn|Hoiberg|2010|p=10}} The loss o Abbasid pouer tae the Buyids wad shift as the Seljuks wad tak ower frae the Persies.&lt;ref name=mag /&gt;

At the end o the aicht century the Abbasids foond thay coud na langer keep a huge polity lairger nor that o Roum thegither frae Baghdad. In 793 the [[Zaydi]]-Shia dynasty o [[Idrisids]] set up a state frae Fez in Morocco, while a faimily o govrenors unner the Abbasids becam increasinly independent till thay foondit the Aghlabid Emirate frae the 830s. Al-Mu'tasim stairtit the dounwart slide bi utilisin non-Muslim mercenaries in his personal airmy. An aw in this period officers stairtit assassinatin superiors wi that thay fawed oot wi, in pairteecular the caliphs.{{sfn|Hoiberg|2010|p=10}}

Bi the 870s Egyp becam autonomous unner [[Ahmad ibn Tulun]]. In the East as weel, govrenors decreased thair ties tae the centre. The [[Saffarids]] o Herat an the [[Samanids]] o Bukhara haed braken awey frae the 870s, cultivatin a muckle mair [[Persianate cultur]] an statecraft. Bi this time anerly the central launds o Mesopotamie war unner direct Abbasid control, wi Palestine an the Hijaz eften managed bi the Tulunids. Byzantium, for its part, haed begun tae push Arab Muslims faur east in Anatolie.

Bi the 920s, the situation haed chynged faur, as North Africae wis lost tae the Abbasids. A Shia sect anerly recognisin the first five Imams an tracin its ruits tae Muhammad's dochter Fatima teuk control o Idrisid an then Aghlabid domeens.&lt;ref name=mag /&gt; Cried the [[Fatimid dynasty]], thay had advanced tae Egyp in 969, establishin thair caipital near Fustat in Cairo, that thay biggit as a bastion o Shia learin an politics. Bi 1000 thay haed acome the chief poleetical an ideological challenge tae Sunni Islam in the form o the Abbasids. Bi this time the latter state had fragmentit intae several govrenorships that, while recognisin caliphal authority frae Baghdad, did maistly as thay wantit, fechtin wi ilk ither. The Caliph himsel wis unner 'pertection' o the Buyid Emirs that possessed aw o Iraq an wastren Iran, an war quietly Shia in thair sympathies.

Ootside Iraq, aw the autonomous provinces slawly teuk on the chairactereestic o de facto states wi hereditary rulers, airmies, an revenues an operatit unner anerly nominal caliph suzerainty, that mey nae necessarily be reflectit bi ony contreibution tae the thesaury, sic as the [[Soomro]] [[Emir]]s that haed gained control o [[Sindh]] an ruled the entire province frae thair caipital o [[Mansura, Sindh|Mansura]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Brauer&quot; /&gt; [[Mahmud o Ghazni]] teuk the teetle o sultan, as opponed tae the [[Emir|&quot;amir&quot;]] that haed been in mair common uissage, seegnifeein the [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid Empire]]'s unthirldom frae caliphal authority, despite Mahmud's ostentatious displays o Sunni orthodoxy an reetual submission tae the caliph. In the 11t century, the loss o respect for the caliphs conteena'd, as some Islamic rulers na langer mentioned the caliph's name in the Fryday [[khutba]], or struck it aff thair coinage.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brauer&quot; /&gt;

The [[Isma'ili]] [[Fatimid]] dynasty o Cairo contestit the Abbasids for even the teetular authority o the Islamic [[ummah]]. Thay commandit some support in the Shia sections o Baghdad (sic as [[Karkh]]), awtho Baghdad wis the ceety maist closely connectit tae the caliphate, even in the Buyid an Seljuq eras. The Fatimids' green banners contrastit wi Abbasids' black, an the challenge o the Fatimids anerly endit wi thair dounfaw in the 12t century.

=== Buyid an Seljuq control (945–1118) ===
Despite the pouer o the [[Buyids|Buyid]] amirs, the Abbasids reteened a heichly reetualised coort in Baghdad, as descrived bi the Buyid bureaucrat [[Hilal al-Sabi']], an thay retained a certain influence ower Baghdad as weel as releegious life. As Buyid pouer waned efter the daith o [[Baha' al-Daula]], the caliphate wis able tae regain some meisur o strenth. The caliph [[al-Qadir]], for example, led the ideological struggle against the Shia wi writins sic as the ''[[Baghdad Manifesto]]''. The caliphs kept order in Baghdad itsel, attemptin tae prevent the ootbreak o [[fitna (wird)|fitnas]] in the caipital, eften contendin wi the ''[[ayyarun]]''

Wi the Buyid dynasty on the dwyne, a vacuum wis creatit that wis eventually filled bi the dynasty o [[Oghuz Turks]] kent as the [[Seljuqs]]. Bi 1055, the Seljuqs haed wrestit control frae the Buyids an Abbasids, an teuk ony remeenin temporal pouer.{{sfn|Hoiberg|2010|p=10}} Whan the amir an umwhile sclave [[Basasiri]] teuk up the Shia [[Fatimid]] banner in Baghdad in, the caliph [[al-Qa'im (caliph)|al-Qa'im]] wis unable tae defeat him withoot ootside help. [[Toghril Beg]], the Seljuq sultan, restored Baghdad tae Sunni rule an teuk Iraq for his dynasty.

Ance again, the Abbasids war forced tae deal wi a military pouer that thay coud nae match, tho the Abbasid caliph remeened the teetular heid o the Islamic commonty. The succeedin sultans [[Alp Arslan]] an [[Malikshah]], as weel as thair vizier [[Nizam al-Mulk]], teuk up residence in Persie, but held pouer ower the Abbasids in Baghdad. Whan the dynasty begoud tae waiken in the 12t century, the Abbasids gained greater unthirldom ance again.

=== Revival o militar strenth (1118–1258) ===
[[File:Abbasids Baghdad Iraq 1244.JPG|thumb|upright|220px|Coin o the Abbasids, Baghdad, 1244]]
While the Caliph [[al-Mustarshid]] wis the first caliph tae big an airmy capable o meetin a Seljuk airmy in battle, he wis nanetheless defeatit in 1135 an assassinatit. The Caliph [[Al-Muqtafi (Abbasid Caliph)|al-Muqtafi]] wus the first Abbasid Caliph tae regain the full militar unthirldom o the Caliphate, wi the help o his vizier [[Awn ad-Din ibn Hubayra|Ibn Hubayra]]. Efter nearly 250 years o subjection tae furrin dynasties, he successfully defendit Baghdad against the Seljuqs in the [[siege o Baghdad (1157)]], sicweys siccarin Iraq for the Abbasids. The ring o [[al-Nasir]] (d. 1225) brocht the caliphate back intae pouer ootthrou Iraq, based in lairge part on the [[Sufi]] [[futuwwa]] organisations that the caliph heidit.&lt;ref name=mag /&gt; [[Al-Mustansir (caliph)|Al-Mustansir]] biggit the [[Mustansiriya Schuil]], in an attempt tae eclipse the Seljuq-era [[Al-Nizamiyya o Baghdad|Nizamiyya]] biggit bi [[Nizam al-Mulk]].

=== Mongol invasion (1206–1258) ===
[[File:DiezAlbumsFallOfBaghdad a.jpg|thumb|upright|220px|[[Siege o Baghdad (1258)|Siege o Baghdad]] bi the Mongols led bi [[Hulagu Khan]] in 1258]]
In 1206, [[Genghis Khan]] established a pouerfu dynasty amang the [[Mongol]]s o [[central Asie]]. In the 13t century, this [[Mongol Empire]] conquered maist o the Eurasie laund mass, includin baith Cheenae in the east an muckle o the auld Islamic caliphate (as weel as [[Kievan Rus']]) in the wast. [[Hulagu Khan]]'s [[Battle o Baghdad (1258)|destruction o Baghdad]] in 1258 is tradeetionally seen as the approximate end o the Golden Age.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Cooper|Yue|2008|p=215}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mongols feared that a supernaitural disaster wad strick if the bluid o [[Al-Musta'sim]], a direct descendant o Muhammad's uncle [[Al-‘Abbas ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib]],&lt;ref name=encyclopedia&gt;{{harvnb|Glassé|Smith|2002}}&lt;/ref&gt; an the last ringin Abbasid caliph in Baghdad, wis spilled. The Shia o [[Persia]] statit that na sic calamity haed happened efter the daith o [[Husayn ibn Ali]] in the [[Battle o Kerbala]]; nivertheless, as a precaution an in accordance wi a Mongol taboo that forbade spillin ryal bluid, Hulagu haed Al-Musta'sim wrapped in a cairpet an trampled tae daith bi horse on 20 Februar 1258. The Caliph's immediate faimily wis an aw executit, wi the lone exceptions o his youngest son that wis sent tae Mongolie, an a dochter that becam a sclave in the [[harem]] o Hulagu.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Frazier|2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Abbasid Caliphate o Cairo (1261–1517) ===
In the 9t century, the Abbasids creatit an airmy leal anerly tae thair caliphate, componed o non-Arab oreegin fowk, kent as [[Mamluks]].&lt;ref name=&quot;István Vásáry 2005&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Vásáry|2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Isichei 1997 192&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Isichei|1997|p=192}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;T. Pavlidis 2011&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Pavlidis|2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Mikaberidze|2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bbs&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Visser|2005|p=19}}&lt;/ref&gt; This force, creatit in the ring o [[al-Ma'mun]] (813–33) an his brither an successor [[al-Mu'tasim]] (833–42), preventit the forder disintegration o the empire. The Mamluk airmy, tho eften viewed negatively, baith helped an hurt the caliphate. Early on, it providit the govrenment wi a stable force tae address domestic an furrin problems. Houiver, creaution o this furrin airmy an al-Mu'tasim's transfer o the caipital frae Baghdad tae [[Abbasid Samarra|Samarra]] creatit a diveesion atween the caliphate an the fowks thay claimed tae rule. In addeetion, the pouer o the Mamluks steadily grew till [[al-Radi]] (934–41) wis constrained tae haund ower maist o the ryal functions tae [[Muhammad ibn Ra'iq]].&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt;

== Culture ==

=== Islamic Gowden Age ===
{{main|Islamic Gowden Age}}
[[File:ManuscriptAbbasid.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Manuscript frae the Abbasid era]]

The Abbasid historical period lastin tae the [[Siege o Baghdad (1258)|Mongol conquest o Baghdad]] in 1258 CE is conseedert the Islamic Gowden Age.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tahir Abbas&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Abbas|2011|p=9}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Islamic Gowden Age wis inauguratit bi the middle o the 8t century bi the ascension o the Abbasid [[Caliphate]] an the transfer o the caipital frae [[Damascus]] tae Baghdad.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vartan&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Gregorian|2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Abbassids war influenced bi the [[Qur'an]]ic injunctions an [[hadith]] sic as &quot;the ink o a scholart is mair haly nor the bluid o a mairtyr&quot; stressin the vailyie o knawledge. In this period the Muslim warld becam an intellectual centre for science, filosofie, medicine an eddication as &lt;ref name=&quot;Vartan&quot; /&gt; the Abbasids championed the cause o knawledge an established the [[Hoose o Wicedom]] in Baghdad; whaur baith Muslim an nan-Muslim scholarts socht tae translate an gaither aw the warld's knawledge intae [[Arabic leid|Arabic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vartan&quot; /&gt; Mony clessic warks o antiquity that wad itherwise hae been lost war translatit intae Arabic an Persie an later in turn translatit intae Turkis, Ebreu an Laitin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vartan&quot; /&gt; In this period the Muslim warld wis a caudron o culturs that collectit, synthesized an signeeficantly advanced the knawledge gained frae the auncient [[Auncient Roum|Roman]], Cheenese, [[History o Indie|Indie]], [[Sasanian Empire|Persie]], [[Auncient Egyp|Egyptian]], North African, [[Auncient Greece|Greek]] an [[Byzantine]] ceevilisations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vartan&quot; /&gt; &quot;In virtually ivery field o endeavor—in astronomy, alchemy, mathematics, medicine, optics an so forth—the Caliphate's scientists war in the forefront o scienteefic advance.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Huff|2003|p=48}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Science ===
[[File:Mustansiriya University CPT.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Mustansiriya Varsity]] in [[Baghdad]]]]The rings o [[Harun al-Rashid]] (786–809) an his successors fostered an age o great intellectual achievement. In lairge part, this wis the result o the schismatic forces that haed unnermined the Umayyad regime, that relied on the assertion o the superiority o [[Arab cultur]] as pairt o its claim tae legitimacy, an the Abbasids' welcomin o support frae nan-Arab Muslims. It is weel established that the Abbasid caliphs modeled thair admeenistration on that o the [[Sasanian Empire|Sassanids]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Gibb|1982|p=66}}&lt;/ref&gt; Harun al-Rashid's son, [[Al-Ma'mun]] (that's mither wis [[Persie fowk|Persie]]), is even quotit as sayin:
{{quote |The Persies ruled for a thoosand years an did nae need us Arabs even for a day. We hae been rulin them for ane or twa centuries an canna dae withoot them for an oor.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Spuler|1960|p=29}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

A nummer o medieval thinkers an scientists leevin unner Islamic rule played a role in transmittin [[Islamic science]] tae the Christian Wast. In addeetion, the period saw the rekivery o muckle o the [[Alexandria]]n mathematical, geometric an astronomical knawledge, sic as that o [[Euclid]] an Claudius [[Ptolemy]]. Thir rekivert mathematical methods war later enhanced an developit bi ither Islamic scholarts, notably bi [[Persie fowk|Persie]] scientists [[Al-Biruni]] an [[Abu Nasr Mansur]].
[[File:Al-Jaahith - African Arab Naturalist - Basra - al jahiz.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Jabir ibn Hayyan]], &quot;the faither o [[Chemistry]]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Derewenda|2007|p=247}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Vallely|2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;|left]]

[[Christians]] (pairteecularly [[Nestorianism|Nestorian]] Christians) contreibutit tae the Arab Islamic Ceevilisation in the [[Ummayads]] an the Abbasids bi translatin warks o [[Greek filosofers]] tae [[Syriac leid|Syriac]] an efterwart tae [[Arabic leid|Arabic]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Hill|1993|p=4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Brague|2009|p=164}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nestorians played a prominent role in the formation o Arab cultur,&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Hoiberg|2010a|p=612}}&lt;/ref&gt; wi the [[Jundishapur]] schuil bein prominent in the late [[Sassanid]], [[Umayyad]] an early Abbasid periods.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Söylemez|2005|p=3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Notably, aicht generations o the Nestorian [[Bukhtishu]] faimily served as preevat doctors tae caliphs an sultans atween the aicht an elevent centuries.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Bonner|Ener|Singer|2003|p=97}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Ruano|Burgos|1992|p=527}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Algebra]] wis signeeficantly developit bi Persie scientist [[Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī]] in this time in his laundmerk text, ''[[The Compendious Beuk on Calculation bi Completion an Balancin|Kitab al-Jabr wa-l-Muqabala]]'', frae that the term ''algebra'' is derived. He is sicweys conseedert tae be the faither o algebra bi some,&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Eglash|1999|p=61}}&lt;/ref&gt; awtho the Greek mathematician [[Diophantus]] haes an aw been gien this teetle. The terms [[algorism]] an [[algorithm]] are derived frae the name o al-Khwarizmi, that wis an aw responsible for introducin the [[Arabic numerals]] an [[Hindu-Arabic numeral system]] ayont the [[Indie subcontinent]].
[[File:Alhazen (122459248).jpg|thumb|220px|[[Alhazen|Ibn al-Haytham]], &quot;the faither o [[Optics]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Verma|1969}}{{full citation needed|date=May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

[[Arab]] scientist [[Ibn al-Haytham]] (Alhazen) developed an early [[scienteefic method]] in his ''[[Beuk o Optics]]'' (1021). The maist important development o the scienteefic method wis the uise o experiments tae distinguish atween competin scienteefic theories set within a generally [[empiricism|empirical]] orientation, that begoud amang Muslim scientists. Ibn al-Haytham's [[empirical]] pruif o the intromission theory o licht (that is, that licht rays entered the een raither than bein [[emission theory (veesion)|emittit bi them]]) wis pairteecularly important. Alhazen wis signeeficant in the [[history o scienteefic method]], pairteecularly in his approach tae experimentation,&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Toomer|1964}}&lt;/ref&gt; and has been referred to as the &quot;world’s first true scientist&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Al-Khalili|2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Medicine in medieval Islam]] wis an aurie o science that advanced pairteecularly in the Abbasids' ring. In the 9t century, Baghdad conteened ower 800 doctors, an great diskiveries in the unnerstaundin o anatomy an diseases war made. The clinical distinction atween [[maisles]] and [[smawpox]] wis descrived in this time. Famous Persie scientist [[Ibn Sina]] (kent tae the Wast as [[Avicenna]]) produced treatises an warks that summarised the vast amoont o knawledge that scientists haed accumulatit, an wis verra influential throu his encyclopaedias, ''[[The Canon o Medicine]]'' an ''[[The Beuk o Healin]]''. The wark o him an mony ithers directly influenced the resairch o European scientists in the [[Renaissance]].

[[Alchemy an chemistry in medieval Islam|Muslim alchemists]] influenced medieval European alchemists, pairteecularly the writins attributit tae [[Jābir ibn Hayyān]] (Geber). A nummer o [[chemical process]]es sic as [[distillation]] techniques ear developed in the Muslim warld an then spreid tae Europe.

=== Leeteratur ===
[[File:More tales from the Arabian nights-14566176968.jpg|right|thumb|Illustration frae ''Mair tales frae the Arabian nichts'' (1915)]]

The best kent feection frae the Islamic warld is ''[[The Beuk o Ane Thoosand an Ane Nichts]]'', a collection o fantastical fowk tales, leegends an parables compiled primarily in the Abbassid era. The collection is recordit as haein oreeginatit frae an Arabic translation o a Sassanian era Persie prototeep, wi likely oreegins in Indie leeterar tradeetions. Stories frae [[Arabic leeteratur|Arabic]], [[Persie leeteratur|Persie]], [[Mesopotamie]], an [[Egyptian leeteratur|Egyptian]] fowklair an leeteratur war later incorporatit. The epic is believed tae hae taken shape in the 10t century an reached its feenal form bi the 14t century; the nummer an teep o tales hae varied frae ane manuscript tae anither.&lt;ref name=&quot;arabianNights&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb | Grant | Clute | 1999 | p = 51}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Aw Arabian [[fantasie]] tales war eften cried &quot;Arabian Nichts&quot; whan translatit intae Inglis, regairdless o whether thay appeared in ''The Beuk o Ane Thoosand an Ane Nichts''.&lt;ref name=&quot;arabianNights&quot; /&gt; This epic haes been influential in the Wast syne it wis translatit in the 18t century, first bi [[Antoine Galland]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|de Camp|1976|p=10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many imitations were written, especially in France.&lt;ref name=&quot;arabianNights2&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Grant|Clute|1999|p=52}}&lt;/ref&gt; Various chairacters frae this epic hae themsels acome cultural icons in Wastren cultur, sic as [[Aladdin]], [[Sinbad]] an [[Ali Baba]].

A famous example o Islamic poetry on [[romance (luve)|romance]] wis ''[[Layla an Majnun]]'', an oreeginally [[Arabic]] story that wis faur developed bi [[Iranian fowks|Iranian]], [[Azerbaijani fowk|Azerbaijani]] an ither poets in [[Persian leid|Persian]], [[Azerbaijani leid|Azerbaijani]], [[Turkis leid|Turkis]] leids.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Clinton|2000|pp=15–16}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is a [[Tragedy|tragic]] story of undying love much like the later ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]''.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}}

Arabic poetry reached its greatest hicht in the Abbasid era, especially afore the loss o central authority an the rise o the Persianate dynasties. Writers lik [[Abu Tammam]] an [[Abu Nuwas]] war closely connectit tae the caliphal coort in Baghdad in the early 9t century, while ithers such as [[al-Mutanabbi]] received thair patronage frae regional coorts.

=== Filosofie ===
Ane o the common defineetions for &quot;Islamic filosofie&quot; is &quot;the style o filosofie produced within the framewark o Islamic cultur.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;RoutledgeEoP&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Leaman|1998}}&lt;/ref&gt; Islamic filosofie, in this defineetion is naither necessarily concerned wi releegious issues, nor is exclusively produced bi Muslims.&lt;ref name=&quot;RoutledgeEoP&quot; /&gt; Thair warks on [[Aristotle]] wis a key step in the transmission o learnin frae auncient Greeks tae the Islamic warld an the Wast. Thay eften correctit the filosofer, encouragin a lively debate in the speerit o [[ijtihad]].

Three speculative thinkers, [[al-Kindi]], [[al-Farabi]], an [[Avicenna]], combined [[Aristotelianism]] an [[Neoplatonism]] wi ither ideas introduced throu Islam, an [[Avicennism]] wis later established as a result. Ither influential Abbasid filosofers include [[al-Jahiz]], an [[Ibn al-Haytham]] (Alhacen).

=== Airchitectur ===
[[File:Baghdad-Zumurrud-Khaton.jpg|thumb|[[Zumurrud Khatun Mosque|Zumurrud Khatun Tomb]] (1200 CE), in seemetry at [[Baghdad]]]]
As the pouer shiftit frae the Umayyads tae the Abbasids, the airchitectur styles chynged an aw. The Christian styles evolved intae a style based mair on the [[Sasanian Empire]] utilisin mud bricks an baked bricks wi cairved stucco.&lt;ref name=wil&gt;{{harvnb|Wilber|1969|p=5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anither major development wis the creaution or vast enlairgement o ceeties as thay war turned intae the caipital o the empire. First, stairtin wi the creaution o Baghdad, stairtin in 762, that wis planned as a wawed ceety wi a mosque an pailace in the centre. The waws war tae hae fower gates tae exit the ceety. Al-Mansur, that wis responsible for the creaution o Baghdad, an aw planned the ceety o [[Raqqa]], alang the [[Euphrates]]. Feenally, in 836, al-Mu'tasim muived the caipital tae a new steid that he creatit alang the [[Tigris]], cried [[Abbasid Samarra|Samarra]]. This ceety saw 60 years o wark, wi race-coorses an gemme preserves tae add tae the atmosphere.&lt;ref name=wil /&gt; Due tae the dry remote naitur o the environment, some o the pailaces biggit in this era war isolatit havens. [[Al-Ukhaidir Fortress]] is a fine ensaumple o this teep o biggin that haes stables, leevin quarters, an a mosque, aw surroondin inner coortyairds.&lt;ref name=wil /&gt; Ither mosques o this era, sic as the [[Mosque o Ibn Tulun]], in [[Cairo]], an the [[Great Mosque o Kairouan]] in [[Tunisie]] while ultimately biggit in the Umayyad dynasty, it wis substantially renovatit in the 9t century. This renovation wis sae extensive as tae ostensibly be a rebig, wis in the faurest reaches o the Muslim warld, in an aurie that the [[Aghlabids]] controlled; houiver the styles utilized war mainly o the Abbasids.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wilmer|1969|pp=5–6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mesopotamie anerly haes ane survivin [[mausoleum]] frae this era, in Samarra. This octagonal dome is the feenal restin place o [[al-Muntasir]].&lt;ref name=wil2&gt;{{harvnb|Wilber|1969|p=6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ither airchitectural innovations an styles war few, sic as the [[fower-centred airch|fower-centred arch]], an a dome erectit on [[squinch]]es. Unfortunately, muckle wis lost due tae the ephemeral naitur o the stucco an luster tiles.&lt;ref name=wil2 /&gt;

=== Technology ===
[[File:Wasseruhr Harun al Raschid.jpg|thumb|Illustration shawin a [[watter clock]] gien tae [[Charlemagne]] bi [[Harun al-Rashid]]]]
In technology, the Abbasids adoptit [[papermakkin]] frae Cheenae.&lt;ref name=Lucas&gt;{{harvnb|Lucas|2005|p=10}}&lt;/ref&gt; The uise o paper spreid frae Cheenae intae the caliphate in the 8t century CE, arrivin in [[al-Andalus]] (Islamic Spain) an then the rest o Europe in the 10t century. It wis easier tae manufactur nor [[pairchment]], less likely tae crack nor [[papyrus]], an coud resorb ink, makkin it ideal for makkin records an makkin copies o the Koran. &quot;Islamic paper makkers devised assemmly-line methods o haund-copyin manuscripts tae turn oot edeetions faur lairger nor ony available in Europe for centuries.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Cotter|2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;  It wis frae the Abbasids that the rest o the warld learned tae mak paper frae linen.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Dunn|2003|p=166}}&lt;/ref&gt; The knawledge o [[gunpouder]] wis an aw transmitted frae Cheenae via the caliphate, whaur the formulas for pure [[potassium nitrate]] an an [[explosive]] gunpouder effect war first developed.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|al-Hassan|2002}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Advances war made in [[irrigation]] an fermin, uisin new technology sic as the [[windmill]]. Craps such as [[awmond]]s an [[citrus]] fruit war brocht tae Europe throu [[al-Andalus]], an succar cultivation wis gradually adoptit bi the Europeans. Apairt frae the [[Nile]], [[Tigris]] an [[Euphrates]], navigable rivers war uncommon, sae transport bi sea wis verra important. Navigational sciences war heichly developed, makkin uise o a rudimentary [[sextant]] (kent as a kamal). Whan combined wi detailed maps o the period, sailors war able tae sail athort oceans raither nor skirt alang the coast. Abbasid sailors war an aw responsible for reintroducin lairge three mastit merchant veshels tae the [[Mediterranean]]. The name [[caravel]] mey derive frae an earlier Arab ship kent as the ''qārib''.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Schwarz|2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Arab merchants dominatit tred in the Indie Ocean till the arrival o the Portuguese in the 16t century. [[Ormus|Hormuz]] wis an important centre for this tred. Thare wis an aw a dense netwark o tred routes in the [[Mediterranean]], alang that Muslim kintras treddit wi ilk ither an wi European pouers sic as [[Venice]] or [[Genoa]]. The [[Silk Road]] crossin Central Asie passed throu Abbasid caliphate atween Cheenae an Europe.

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=nb}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Bibliografie ==
{{refbegin|2}}
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* {{cite book |last=Vásáry |first=István |year=2005 |title=Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans: 1185–1365 |url=https://archive.org/details/cumanstatarsorie0000vasa |isbn=0-521-83756-1 |lccn=2005296238 |location=Cambridge, UK |publisher=Cambridge University Press |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Verma |first=R. L. |year=1969 |title=Al-Hazen: Father of Modern Optics |ref=harv}}{{full citation needed|date=May 2015}}
* {{cite book |last=Visser |first=Reidar |title=Basra, the Failed Gulf State: Separatism and Nationalism in Southern Iraq |url={{Google books|pCC4ffbOv_YC|page=19|Basra, the Failed Gulf State: Separatism and Nationalism in Southern Iraq | plainurl = yes}} |year=2005 |isbn=3-8258-8799-5 |publisher=Transaction Publisher |location=New Brunswick, NJ |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book |last=Wade |first=Geoffrey |editor1-last=Wade |editor1-first=Geoff |editor2-last=Tana |editor2-first=Li |chapter=Southeast Asian Islam and Southern China in the Fourteenth Century |title=Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |place=Singapore |year=2012 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last=Warren |first=John |year=2005 |title=War and the Cultural Heritage of Iraq: A Sadly Mismanaged Affair |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_third-world-quarterly_2005_26_4-5/page/815 |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=26 |issue=4-5 |pages=815–30 |doi=10.1080/01436590500128048 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Wilber |first=Donald N. |editor-last1=Myers |editor-first1=Bernard S. |editor-last2=Myers |editor-first2=Shirley D. |encyclopedia=McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Art |year=1969 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Book Company |location=New York, NY |volume=1: Aa-Ceylon |title=Abbasid Architecture |lccn=68026314 |ref=harv}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Abbasid Caliphate| ]]
[[Category:Arab dynasties]]
[[Category:History o Iran]]
[[Category:Medieval Iraq]]
[[Category:States in medieval Anatolie]]
[[Category:States in medieval Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:750 establishments]]
[[Category:1510s disestablishments in Asie]]
[[Category:16t-century disestablishments in the Abbasid Caliphate]]
[[Category:Umwhile caliphates]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Konrad Adenauer</title>
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      <text bytes="4635" sha1="577sudj92zd4seqvltl9wmgbnh02fgm" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder
|name         = Konrad Adenauer
|image        =
|office1      = [[Federal Chancellor o the Federal Republic o Germany|Chancellor o Wast Germany]]
|president1   = [[Theodor Heuss]]&lt;br&gt;[[Heinrich Lübke]]
|deputy1      = [[Franz Blücher]]&lt;br&gt;[[Ludwig Erhard]]
|term_start1  = 15 September 1949
|term_end1    = 16 October 1963
|predecessor1 = ''Office creatit'' &lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Lutz von Krosigk]] &lt;br&gt; as Leadin Meenister o the German Reich&lt;/small&gt;
|successor1   = [[Ludwig Erhard]]
|office2      = [[Meenister for Foreign Affairs (Germany)|Meenister o Foreign Affairs]]
|term_start2  = 15 Mairch 1951
|term_end2    = 6 Juin 1956
|predecessor2 = ''Office creatit''
|successor2   = [[Heinrich von Brentano]]
|office3      = [[Christian Democratic Union o Germany|Leader o the Christian Democratic Union]]
|term_start3  = 21 October 1950
|term_end3    = 23 Mairch 1966
|predecessor3 = ''Office creatit''
|successor3   = [[Ludwig Erhard]]
|office6      = [[Leet o mayors o Cologne|Mayor o Cologne]]
|term_start6  = 4 Mey 1945
|term_end6    = 6 October 1945
|predecessor6 = [[Willi Suth]]
|successor6   = [[Willi Suth]]
|term_start7  = 13 October 1917
|term_end7    = 13 March 1933
|predecessor7 = [[Max Wallraf]]
|successor7   = [[Günter Riesen]]
|office8      = [[Leet o Preses o the State Cooncil o Proushie|Preses o the State Cooncil o Proushie]]
|term_start8  = 1922
|term_end8    = 26 Aprile 1933
|predecessor8 = ''Office creatit''
|successor8   = [[Robert Ley]]
|birth_name=Konrad Hermann Joseph Adenauer
|birth_date   = {{birth date|df=yes|1876|1|5}}
|birth_place  = [[Cologne]], [[German Empire]]
|death_date   = {{death date and age |df=yes|1967|4|19|1876|1|5}}
|death_place  = [[Bad Honnef]], [[Wast Germany]]
|spouse       = [[Emma Weyer]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1904–†1916)&lt;br&gt;&lt;/small&gt;[[Auguste Zinsser]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1919–†1948)&lt;/small&gt;
|children     = 8
|party        = [[Centre Party (Germany)|Centre Party]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1906–1933)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;[[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|Christian Democratic Union]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1945–1967)&lt;/small&gt;
|otherparty   = [[CDU/CSU|CDU/CSU coaleetion]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|(1945–1967)}}
|alma_mater   = [[Varsity o Freiburg]]&lt;br&gt;[[Varsity o Munich]]&lt;br&gt;[[Varsity o Bonn]]
|religion     = [[Roman Catholicism]]
|signature    = Konrad Adenauer signature transparent.png
|blank1           = Awards
|data1            = [[File:GER Bundesverdienstkreuz 8 Grosskreuz bes Ausf.svg|30px]]
}}
'''Konrad Hermann Joseph Adenauer''' ({{IPA-de|ˈkɔnʁaːt ˈhɛʁman ˈjoːzɛf ˈaːdənaʊɐ}}; 5 Januar 1876 – 19 Aprile 1967) wis a German statesman.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Adenauer, Konrad}}
[[Category:Konrad Adenauer| ]]
[[Category:1876 births]]
[[Category:20t-century German fowk]]
[[Category:1967 daiths]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Cologne]]
[[Category:Fowk frae the Rhine Province]]
[[Category:Mayors o Cologne]]
[[Category:Centre Pairty (Germany) politeecians]]
[[Category:Chancellors o Germany]]
[[Category:Cauld War leaders]]
[[Category:German Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Christian Democratic Union (Germany) politeecians]]
[[Category:Foreign Meenisters o Germany]]
[[Category:German anti-communists]]
[[Category:German autobiografers]]
[[Category:History o the European Union]]
[[Category:Eurofederalism]]
[[Category:Roman Catholics in the German Resistance]]
[[Category:Grand Croix o the Légion d'honneur]]
[[Category:Honorar Knichts Grand Cross o the Order o St Michael an St George]]
[[Category:Knichts Grand Cross o the Order o Isabella the Catholic]]
[[Category:Knichts Grand Cross wi Collar o the Order o Meerit o the Italian Republic]]
[[Category:Knichts o Christ (papacy)]]
[[Category:Knichts o Maltae]]
[[Category:Recipients o the Order o Meerit o the Federal Republic o Germany]]
[[Category:Recipients o the Bavarian Order o Meerit]]
[[Category:Recipients o the Grand Decoration wi Sash for Services tae the Republic o Austrick]]
[[Category:Recipients o the Order o the Condor o the Andes]]
[[Category:Recipients o the Order o the Liberator General San Martin]]
[[Category:Recipients o the Order o the Reid Eagle]]
[[Category:Recipients o the Order o the Risin Sun wi Paulownia Flouers]]
[[Category:Recipients o the Order o the Soothren Cross]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses o the Order o the Sun o Peru]]
[[Category:Teutonic Order]]
[[Category:Ludwig Maximilian Varsity o Munich alumni]]
[[Category:Members o the Bundestag]]
[[Category:Members o the Zentrale Dombauverein zu Köln von 1842]]
[[Category:Members o the Proushie Hoose o Lairds]]
[[Category:Proushie politeecians]]
[[Category:Varsity o Bonn alumni]]
[[Category:Varsity o Freiburg alumni]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Eratosthenes</title>
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      <text bytes="5594" sha1="j7p35l1gzd1j2htt9o81vnowqe5faye" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = Eratosthenes
| image = Eratosthene.01.png
| alt = An etchin o a man's heid an neck in profile, leuking tae the richt. The man haes a beard an is baldin.
| birth_date = 276 BC
| birth_place = [[Cyrene, Libie|Cyrene]]
| death_date = 194 BC
| death_place = [[Alexandria]]
| ethnicity = Greek
| occupation = {{hlist|class=nowrap |Scholar |Librarian |Poet |Inventor}}
}}
'''Eratosthenes o [[Cyrene, Libie|Cyrene]]''' ({{IPAc-en|ɛr|ə|ˈ|t|ɒ|s|θ|ə|n|iː|z}}; {{lang-grc-gre|Ἐρατοσθένης}}, {{IPA-el|eratostʰénɛːs|IPA}}; {{nowrap|c. 276 BC}}&lt;ref&gt;The [[Suda]] states that he wis born in the 126t [[Olympiad]], (276–272&amp;nbsp;BC). [[Strabo]] (''Geography'', i.2.2), tho, states that he wis a &quot;pupil&quot; (γνωριμος) o [[Zeno o Citium]] (who died 262&amp;nbsp;BC), that wad implee an earlier year-o-birth ({{nowrap|c. 285 BC}}) syne he is unlikely tae hae studied unner him at the young age o 14. However, γνωριμος can an aa mean &quot;acquaintance&quot;, an the year o Zeno's daith is bi no means definite. Cf. ''Eratosthenes'' entry in the ''[[Dictionary of Scientific Biography]]'' (1971)&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;– {{nowrap|c. 195/194 BC}}&lt;ref&gt;The [[Suda]] states he died at the age o 80, [[Censorinus]] (''De die natali'', 15) at the age o 81, an [[Pseudo-Lucian]] (''Makrobioi'', 27) at the age o 82.&lt;/ref&gt;) wis a [[Greek mathematics|Greek mathematician]], [[geografer]], [[poet]], [[astronomer]], an [[muisic theory|muisic theorist]]. He wis a man o learin, acomin the chief leebrarian at the [[Leebrar o Alexandria]]. He inventit the discipline o [[geografie]], includin the terminology uised the day.&lt;ref name=&quot;Roller, Duane W 2010&quot;&gt;Roller, Duane W. Eratosthenes' Geography. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

He is best kent for bein the first person tae calculate the [[History o geodesy#Hellenic warld|circumference o the Yird]], that he did bi comparin [[Angle o incidence (optics)|angles]] o the mid-day Sun at twa places a kent North-Sooth distance apairt.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Universe|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000unse_u1m2|last=Ridpath|first=Ian|publisher=Watson-Guptill|year=2001|isbn=0-8230-2512-8|location=New York, NY|page=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000unse_u1m2/page/30 31]}}&lt;/ref&gt; His calculation wis remerkably accurat. He wis an aw the first tae calculate the [[Axial tilt#Obliquity o the ecliptic (Yird's axial tilt)|tilt o the Yird's axis]], again wi remerkable accuracy.&lt;ref&gt;[http://hosting.astro.cornell.edu/academics/courses/astro201/eratosthenes.htm &quot;Eratosthenes (276 - 195 B.C.)&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224112430/http://hosting.astro.cornell.edu/academics/courses/astro201/eratosthenes.htm |date=2021-02-24 }}. Cornell University. Accessed 28 Julie 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Additionally, he mey hae accuratly calculatit the [[Astronomical unit|distance frae the Yird tae the Sun]] an inventit the [[leap day]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |url=https://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2008/06/dayintech_0619 |title=June 19, 240 B.C.: The Earth Is Round, and It's This Big |first=Randy |last=Alfred |journal=Wired |date=June 19, 2008 |accessdate=2013-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317004644/http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2008/06/dayintech_0619 |archive-date=2014-03-17 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; He creatit the first [[Auncient warld maps#Eratosthenes (276–194 BCE)|map o the warld]], incorporatin [[Circle o latitude|parallels]] an [[Longitude|meridians]] based on the available geografic knawledge o his era.

Eratosthenes wis the foonder o scienteefic [[chronology]]; he endeavoured tae revise the dates o the chief leeterar an poleetical events frae the conquest o [[Troy]]. Eratosthenes datit [[Trojan War|The Sack o Troy]] tae 1183 BC. In [[nummer theory]], he introduced the [[sieve o Eratosthenes]], an efficient method o identifeein [[prime nummer]]s.

He wis a feegur o influence in mony fields.  Accordin tae an entry&lt;ref&gt;Entry {{lang|grc|ε}} 2898&lt;/ref&gt; in the [[Suda]] (a 10t-century reference), his creetics scorned him, cryin him ''Beta'' (the seicont letter o the Greek alphabet) acause he ayeweys cam in seicont in aw his endeavors.&lt;ref&gt;See also Asimov, Isaac. ''Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology'', new revised edition. 1975. Entry #42, &quot;Eratosthenes&quot;, Page 29. Pan Books Ltd, London. {{ISBN|0-330-24323-3}}. This was also asserted by Carl Sagan 31 minutes into his Cosmos episode ''The Shores of the Cosmic Ocean''&lt;/ref&gt; Nanetheless, his devotees nicknamed him ''Pentathlos'' efter the Olympians that war weel roondit competitors, for he haed pruiven himsel tae be knawledgeable in ivery aurie o learin. Eratosthenes yearned tae unnerstaund the complexities o the entire warld.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chambers, James T 1998&quot;&gt;Chambers, James T. &quot;Eratosthenes of Cyrene.&quot; Dictionary Of World Biography: The Ancient World (January 1998): 1–3.&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:276 BC]]
[[Category:194 BC]]
[[Category:3rd-century BC Greek fowk]]
[[Category:3rd-century BC poets]]
[[Category:Auncient Greek astronomers]]
[[Category:Auncient Greek geografers]]
[[Category:Auncient Greek muisic theorists]]
[[Category:Auncient Greek mathematicians]]
[[Category:Auncient Greek poets]]
[[Category:Cyrenean Greeks]]
[[Category:Daiths bi stairvation]]
[[Category:Geodesists]]
[[Category:Geometers]]
[[Category:Hellenistic Egyptians]]
[[Category:Leebrarians o Alexandria]]
[[Category:Nummer theorists]]
[[Category:270s BC births]]
[[Category:190s BC daiths]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gabriel Lippmann</title>
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      <text bytes="2862" sha1="j44oat56v49jkh9a99b4sbzojfvhvx4" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox scientist
|nobel=yes
|birth_name=Jonas Ferdinand Gabriel Lippmann
| name         = Gabriel Lippmann
| image        = Gabriel Lippmann2.jpg
| image_size   = 180px
| birth_date   = {{birth date|df=yes|1845|8|16}}
| birth_place  = [[Bonnevoie]]/Bouneweg, Luxembourg  (since 1921 pairt o Luxembourg Ceety)
| death_date   = {{death date and age|df=yes|1921|7|13|1845|8|16}}
| death_place  = ''[[SS France (1912)|SS France]]'', Atlantic Ocean
| nationality  = Fraunce
| field        = [[Pheesics]]
| workplaces   = [[Sorbonne]]
| alma_mater   = [[École Normale Supérieure]]
| academic_advisors =[[Hermann von Helmholtz]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=177513|publisher=Mathematics Genealogy Project|title=Gabriel Lippmann|accessdate=31 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183701/http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=177513|archive-date=2016-03-03|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| doctoral_advisor = [[Gustav Kirchhoff]]
| known_for    = [[Gabriel Lippmann#Colour photografie|Lippmann colour photografie]]&lt;br&gt;[[integral imagin|Integral 3-D photografie]]&lt;br&gt;[[Lippmann electrometer]]
| prizes       = [[Nobel Prize for Pheesics]] (1908)
}}
'''Jonas Ferdinand Gabriel Lippmann'''&lt;ref&gt;Birth certificate, cf. R. Grégorius (1984): ''Gabriel Lippmann. Notice biographique.'' In: Inauguration d'une plaque à la mémoire de Gabriel Lippmann par le Centre culturel et d'éducation populaire de Bonnevoie et la Section des sciences de l'Institut grand-ducal. Bonnevoie, le 13 avril 1984: 8-20.&lt;!-- But what is this? --&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; (16 August 1845 – 13 Julie 1921) wis a [[Fraunce|Franco]]-[[Luxembourg]]ish [[pheesicist]] an [[inventor]], an [[Nobel Prize in Pheesics|Nobel laureate in pheesics]] for his method o reproducin colours [[photografie|photografically]] based on the phenomenon o [[Interference (wave propagation)|interference]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lippmann, Gabriel}}
[[Category:1845 births]]
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[[Category:20t-century physicists]]
[[Category:École Normale Supérieure alumni]]
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[[Category:Colour scientists]]
[[Category:Experimental pheesicists]]
[[Category:Foreign Members o the Ryal Society]]
[[Category:Correspondin Members o the St Petersburg Academy o Sciences]]
[[Category:Correspondin Members o the Roushie Academy o Sciences (1917–25)]]
[[Category:French Jews]]
[[Category:French Nobel laureates]]
[[Category:French pheesicists]]
[[Category:Jewish scientists]]
[[Category:Luxembourgian inventors]]
[[Category:Luxembourgian Jews]]
[[Category:Luxembourgian Nobel laureates]]
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[[Category:Fowk frae Luxembourg (ceety)]]
[[Category:Fowk that dee'd at sea]]
[[Category:Jewish inventors]]
[[Category:Jewish pheesicists]]
[[Category:Luxembourgian fowk o French strynd]]</text>
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    <title>Beaulieu-sur-Layon</title>
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|name                   = Beaulieu-sur-Layon
|region                 = Pays de la Loire
|department             = Maine-et-Loire
|arrondissement         = Angers
|canton                 = Thouarcé
|INSEE                  = 49022
|postal code            = 49750
|mayor                  = Marc Silvestre
|term                   = 2008&amp;ndash;2014
|intercommunality       = Coteaux-du-Layon
|coordinates            = {{coord|47.3114|-0.5881|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|elevation m            = 97
|elevation min m        = 17
|elevation max m        = 104
|area km2               = 12.78
|population             = 1448
|population date        = 2009
}}

'''Beaulieu-sur-Layon''' (/bo.ljə.syr.lε.jɔ̃/) is a commune in the [[Maine-et-Loire]] [[Depairtments o Fraunce|depairtment]] in wastren [[Fraunce]]. In 2021 it had a population o 1,382.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Populations légales 2021 − Ces données sont disponibles sur toutes les communes de France hors Mayotte {{!}} Insee|url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-49022|access-date=2024-11-28|website=www.insee.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Geografie==
The commune is traversed bi the river Layon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Sandre|title=Le layon [M5--0200] - Cours d'eau selon la version Carthage 2017|url=https://www.sandre.eaufrance.fr/geo/CoursEau_Carthage2017/M5--0200|access-date=2024-11-28|website=www.sandre.eaufrance.fr|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130062906/https://www.sandre.eaufrance.fr/geo/CoursEau_Carthage2017/M5--0200|archive-date=2024-11-30|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Population==
{{Historical populations
|align=left
| 1793 | 1005
| 1800 | 1009
| 1806 | 777
| 1821 | 965
| 1831 | 1008
| 1836 | 1018
| 1841 | 996
| 1846 | 1068
| 1851 | 1168
| 1856 | 1185
| 1861 | 1134
| 1866 | 1226
| 1872 | 1188
| 1876 | 1200
| 1881 | 1123
| 1886 | 1095
| 1891 | 1029
| 1896 | 1006
| 1901 | 1018
| 1906 | 978
| 1911 | 959
| 1921 | 854
| 1926 | 891
| 1931 | 917
| 1936 | 932
| 1946 | 977
| 1954 | 990
| 1962 | 1025
| 1968 | 948
| 1975 | 944
| 1982 | 995
| 1990 | 981
| 1999 | 1069
| 2006 | 1355
| 2009 | 1448
}}
{{clear-left}}

==See an aw==
*Communes o the Maine-et-Loire depairtment

==References==
*[http://www.insee.fr/fr/bases-de-donnees/esl/comparateur.asp?codgeo=COM-49022 INSEE statistics]
{{Reflist}}

==Freemit airtins==
{{commonscat|Beaulieu-sur-Layon}}
*[http://www.beaulieu-sur-layon.com Offeecial steid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222163209/http://www.beaulieu-sur-layon.com/ |date=2015-02-22 }}
{{Stub/Fraunce}}{{Maine-et-Loire communes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Beaulieusurlayon}}
[[Category:Communes o Maine-et-Loire]]</text>
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    <title>Amber Marchese</title>
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      <text bytes="2991" sha1="h54985orqdmmwd4oe8nhpvw42g3k7vr" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name        = Amber Marchese
| image       = 
| caption     =
| birth_name  = Amber Marchese
| birth_date  = 1977
| birth_place = [[New Jersey]], [[Unitit States|U.S.]]
| death_date  = 
| death_place = 
| known_for   ={{nowrap|''[[The Real Housewives of New Jersey]]''}}
| nationality = American
| occupation  = Entrepreneur, televeesion personality
| years_active = 2009–present
| spouse = {{marriage|James Marchese|2004}}
| children    = 2 biological
| website =  
| signature = 
}}

'''Amber Marchese''' (born 1977) is an American telly personality an entrepreneur. She is best kent for starrin in the reality telly series ''[[The Real Housewives of New Jersey]]''.

==Career==
Amber appeared on the saxt saison o Bravo's ''[[:en:The Real Housewives of New Jersey (season 6)|The Real Housewives of New Jersey]]'' in 2014. She appeared in the 2013 film ''[[imdbtitle:3132576|Baggage]]'' an the talkshow [[The Real (TV series)|The Real]] in 2014 an aw.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=April 27, 2015|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt3132576/?ref_=nm_ov_bio_lk2|accessdate=April 27, 2015|title=Baggage}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=April 27, 2015|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt3004376/?ref_=nm_ov_bio_lk3|accessdate=April 27, 2015|title=The Real}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Julie 2016, it wis annooncit that Marchese an her husband wad be appearin on the aicht saison o [[Marriage Boot Camp]], that is kent as [[:en:Marriage Boot Camp#Season 8 - Marriage Boot Camp: Reality Stars 6|Marriage Boot Camp: Reality Stars 6]] an aw.&lt;ref name=&quot;S8cast&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=&quot;Marriage Boot Camp Reality Stars&quot; Returns and This Season Is Breaking All the Rules|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2016/09/07/marriage-boot-camp-reality-stars-returns-and-this-season-is-breaking-all-the-rules-102312/20160907we01/|website=The Futon Critic|accessdate=September 10, 2016|date=July 9, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pena|first1=Jessica|title=Marriage Boot Camp Reality Stars: WE tv Previews Season Six|url=http://tvseriesfinale.com/tv-show/marriage-boot-camp-reality-stars-tv-previews-season-six/|website=TV Series Finale|accessdate=September 7, 2016|}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Personal life==
Amber Marchese is marriet tae James Marchese. Amber haes 2 childer: Corbin an Isabella, an is Stepmither tae Michael an Sebastian.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=April 27, 2015|url=http://www.networth2013.com/amber-marchese-bio-wiki-net-worth-age-james/|accessdate=April 27, 2015|title=Amber Marchese Real Housewives of New Jersey Bio, Wiki and Net Worth|author=Williams, Dale|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111195006/http://www.networth2013.com/amber-marchese-bio-wiki-net-worth-age-james/|archive-date=2015-01-11|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Freemit airtins==
* {{IMDb name|5889830}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marchese, Amber}}
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Livin fowk]]
[[Category:American fowk o Italian strynd]]
[[Category:American televeesion personalities]]
[[Category:The Real Housewives cast members]]</text>
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    <title>Isle o Whithorn</title>
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      <text bytes="17097" sha1="91bm2eq9m85geu6t8ytnb46whya43v2" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox UK place
| country                          = Scotland
| official_name                    = Isle of Whithorn
| static_image_name                = Isle of Whithorn - geograph.org.uk - 1537838.jpg
| population                       = 300
| population_ref                   = (2001 Census)
| os_grid_reference                = NX479273
| coordinates                      = {{coord|54.697|-4.360|display=inline,title}}
| unitary_scotland                 = [[Dumfries an Gallowa]]
| lieutenancy_scotland             = [[Wigtounshire|Wigtoun]]
| constituency_westminster         = [[Dumfries and Galloway (UK Parliament constituency)|Dumfries and Galloway]]
| constituency_scottish_parliament = [[Galloway and West Dumfries (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Galloway and West Dumfries]]
| post_town                        = NEWTON STEWART
| postcode_district                = DG8
| postcode_area                    = DG
| dial_code                        = 01988
}}
'''Isle o Whithorn''' (''Port Rosnait'' in [[Scots Gaelic]]) is ane o the maist soothren veelages an seaports in Scotland, lyin on the coast nor'east o [[Burrow Heid]], aboot 3 mile fae [[Whithorn]] in the historical coonty o [[Wigtounshire]] in [[Dumfries an Gallowa]], [[Scotland]]. Whithorn is an umwhile [[ryal burgh]] that the Isle o Whithorn is frequent wrangously mellt or confuised wi. It is refert tae local as &quot;The Isle&quot; - niver as &quot;''the'' Isle o Withorn&quot;.

The veelage is the location o the lang-ruint 13t century [[Saunt Ringan's Chaipel]], umwhile a chaipel linked tae [[Whithorn Priory]] an a stappin-aff pynt for pilgrimers laundin on Isle Heid an makkin thair wey tae Whithorn. Awtho no langer a true island, John Ainslie's maps as late as 1782 an 1821 shaw the Isle as an island. The main street wis oreeginal a causey, wi the herbour locatit on whit wis than the true isle.

The Isle haes a lang history o bidin in, for exemple a survey o the grund atween the Isle veelage an Saunt Ringan's Chaipel kythed [[clearance cairns]] an cultivation furrs, as weel as the remeens o a rectangular biggin occupeein the rig o the law hill juist til the wast o the chaipel, wi possible staps leadin dounhill taewart the east.&lt;ref name=isle&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/77752/details/isle+of+whithorn/ |title=&quot;Isle of Whithorn&quot;, Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland |access-date=2020-04-08 |archive-date=2012-02-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229155113/http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/77752/details/isle+of+whithorn/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Community an amenities==
[[File:Isle of Whithorn Community Hall - geograph.org.uk - 1454900.jpg|thumb|Isle o Whithorn Community Haw]]

A Community Cooncil represents the veelage an a [[Kirk o Scotland]] kirk, umwhile a Free Kirk, sits on the auld boatyaird, a site stendin intil the herbour an threitent at by-ordinar heich tides. Thare is a boulin club, a basic fitbaw pairk, an twa playgrunds for the young. The veelage haw is weel uised: in August 2008, the community teuk ower management control o this faceelity an it is noo completely replenisht an hame tae Scotland's maist soothren cinema, 'Machar Movies'. Follaein a substantious awaird fae the Big Lottery Fund, a new tearoom, a post office, an shap sellin gifts an fuidstuffs, 'Saint Ninian's', wis built alangside the haw, an this ane appent in October 2014.

The veelage has ane public hoose, the Steam Packet Inn. A seicont public hoose, the Queen's Airms, was closed some years syne, an noo hooses an airt gailerie and crafts shap. On the herbour an aw thare is a fish shap and general store cried Isle Sea Foods; up the stair is a steamie, a toilet, an shour faceelitys. The auld veelage schuil is noo a preevat hoose, leukin ower the Stinkin Port, the bay on the ither side o the Isle promontory. A granite war memorial is at the north end o the veelage juist aff Main street, on a mund leuking ower the boulin green, wi twal [[Warld War I|First Warld War]] names on it an five [[Warld War II|Seicont Warld War]] names. The regiments an ships is gien for the First Warld War anely.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.roll-of-honour.org/Wigtownshire/IsleofWhithorn.html |title=&quot;Isle of Whithorn War Memorial&quot;, Roll of Honour |access-date=2020-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324105548/http://roll-of-honour.org/Wigtownshire/IsleofWhithorn.html |archive-date=2023-03-24 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fishin is widely available on the lochs, on the local rivers [[River Bladnoch|Blaidnoch]] an [[River Cree|Cree]], an on the sea itsel bi boat or fae the shore. There is a hantle o trails an quate roads for walkin, horse-riding, or bicyclin. Signpostit bi the Whithorn Pilgrimage Trust, the Pilgrimer's Wey (Pilgrim's Way) follaes a route soothwart fae the [[Soothren Upland Wey]] throu the [[Machars]], passin throu [[New Luice]] and the early Christian haly sites o [[Glenluice Aibey]], the White Loch, Whithorn, the Isle o Withorn, an Saunt Ringan's Cove. The main pairt o the route fae Glenluice tae Whithorn is 25 mile lang.

==History==
[[File:Isle of Whithorn Harbour - geograph.org.uk - 1116019.jpg|thumb|Isle o Whithorn Herbour]]

[[Pliny the Elder]] dee'd in 79 AD (CE) an in his ''Naitural History'' he descrives Breetain, Ireland, an the smawer islands aff the coast, ane bein ''Vectis'' an this ane haes been identified wi the Isle o Whithorn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Moffat&quot;&gt;Moffat, Alistair (2014). ''Faded Map. The Lost Kingdoms of Scotland''. Edinburgh : Birlinn Ltd. {{ISBN|978-1-84158-958-9}}. P. 28.&lt;/ref&gt; The name ''Lucopibia'' as uised bi  [[Ptolemy]] haes been linkit wi Whithorn an aw.&lt;ref name=&quot;Moffatf&quot;&gt;Moffat, Alistair (2014). ''Faded Map. The Lost Kingdoms of Scotland''. Edinburgh : Birlinn Ltd. {{ISBN|978-1-84158-958-9}}. P. 54.&lt;/ref&gt;

This wis a haunt for smugglers an a principal herbour for lea'some tred an transport; here a body catcht the ''Countess of Galloway'', the [[steam packet]] boat that wad take a body tae [[Liverpuil]] an mebbe a passage on an emigrant ship til the [[New Warld]] or [[Australie]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.isleofwhithorn.com/visitisle.asp |title=Marshall. Michael. &quot;About the Isle of Whithorn&quot;, Isle of Whithorn |access-date=2020-04-08 |archive-date=2020-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408034336/http://www.isleofwhithorn.com/visitisle.asp |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Isle Castle==
[[File:Isle of Whithorn Castle.JPG|thumb|Isle Castle, Isle o Whithorn]]

The Isle Castle is ane o the veelage's auldest biggins. The biggin is comparative smaw-like an is nearly square in plan, awtho the principle o an 'L'-shapit arrangement is reteent. In the early 19t century it wis the residence o the Superintendent o the Coastguard, Sir John Reid. The 'Caiptain's Gairden' is an extension intil the herbour, noo wi several hooses on it, bit oreeginal a gairden associatit wi the castle. Cried yet the Caiptain's Gairden it is wi simulatit [[man o war]] gun ports.

Abuin the door o thir quarters is a stane wi the ineetials o [[Patrick Houseon o Drummaston]] an his guidwife [[Margaret Gordon]], thegither wi the date o biggin, 1674. This state haes been muived fae the auld entry door o the main biggin. The angle turrets on the seicont fluir is cairit on three plain corbels an dinna shaw at aw in the inside o the biggin.&lt;ref&gt;MacGibbon, T. and Ross, D. (1887&amp;ndash;92). The castellated and domestic architecture of Scotland from the 12th to the 18th centuries, 5v, Edinburgh. p. 354&amp;ndash;356.&lt;/ref&gt; A Gothic-style airchle wis ance attacht til the Drumelan Burn side o the castle.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.francisfrith.com/isle-of-whithorn/photos/c1870_i38003/ Gothic Porch photograph]&lt;/ref&gt;

The Bysbie corn mill wis locatit on the tither side o the Drummulin Burn fae the castle an a lairge mill pownd supplied the water pouer; the mll remeens lie ahint the Queen's Airms Hottle. A [[chalybeate]] 'spa wall' wis locatit ablo the castle as shawn bi the 1850s 6-inch-til-ae-mile OS map.

==Saunt Ringan's Chaipel==
[[File:St Ninians Chapel - geograph.org.uk - 867425.jpg|thumb|right|St Ringan's Chaipel]]

Saunt Ringan's (St Ninian's) Chaipel wis mendit an pairtly rebuilt in 1898 bi the [[John Crichton-Stuart, 4t Marquess o Bute|Marquess o Bute]]; its main featurs wis haint. The praisent ruins is rectangular, meisurin inby 31 fit x 16.5 fit. This biggn wis likely upset tae replace a 12t tae early 13t century chaipel, whase steid wis fund durin howkins an conseestit o a nave, 17.5 fit x 16.5 fit, wi a square chancel. The chaipel stuid within a contemporar hainin waw, part of that is staundin yet. An ootby hainin micht hae ance existit, best seen in swaip sunlicht, definin a rochsome oval aurie 100 fit x 110 ft. This ootby hainin micht be o the Celtic speal. Thare is no records o the chaipel's uiss as a buirial grund.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/63096/details/isle+of+whithorn+st+ninian+s+chapel/ |title=&quot;St. Ninian's Chapel&quot;, Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland |access-date=2020-04-08 |archive-date=2013-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231042104/http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/63096/details/isle+of+whithorn+st+ninian+s+chapel/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

St Ringan is chief myndit at Whithorn. Houiver, mony places in Scotland is associatit wi his name, sic as [[St Ringan's Isle]] in the [[River Garnock]] near  [[Kilwinnin]]. He convertit the Soothren Pechts an tharefore jurneyed oothrou mony auries in soothren Scotland.

==Isle o Whithorn Tour==
[[File:Signalling Tower, Isle Head - geograph.org.uk - 737196.jpg|thumb|Isle o Whithorn Tour]]

The Isle's maist fameeliar laundmerk is the square, white tour that haes been a navigational aid for hunders o years.&lt;ref&gt;[http://wlol.arlhs.com/lighthouse/SCO357.html &quot;The Isle of Whithorn Harbour Light&quot;, Amateur Radio Lighthouse Society]&lt;/ref&gt;

Fae here there is views o the Kirkcoubrie coast, the hale o the northren range o the English [[Lake Destrict]] muntains, an til the sooth the roondit, muntainous form o the [[Isle o Man]].

Durin [[Warld War II]] it wis the site o a trackin station for anti-aircraft gunnery practice. The arrangement wis that an aircraft flew up an doun in front o the guns, that wad try tae bring it doun. Firstly, radio-controlt 'Queen Bee' aircraft wis uised, an the flet concrete steid by the white tour on the carin, no the location o the [[Solway Harvester]] memorial stane, wis laid down for ane o the control bothys.&lt;ref name=isleofwhithorn&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.isleofwhithorn.com/tour.asp |title=Isle of Whithorn |access-date=2020-04-08 |archive-date=2020-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408034417/http://www.isleofwhithorn.com/tour.asp |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The memorial stane til the Solway Harvester is in the form of an anchor set in a granite block.

==Isle Heid==
[[File:Isle Head, Isle of Whithorn.jpg|thumb|Isle Heid, Isle o Whithorn]]

The mull is nearly cut intae twa bi Chaipel Port east an wast. The artifeecial ditch o the Auld Fort is clear veesible yet on the approach tae Isle Heid.

Thare is a multivallate mull fort on Isle Head, conseestin o three rampairts an twa ditches, wi a likely fowert rampairt noo reduce't til a slicht scaur. On the seawart side o the mull is aff-an-on streetches o grummel linkin an uisin naitural ootcrops o rock; in the sootheast corner is inby an ootby faces, shawin the fittins o a waw up tae 3 yaird wide. On the levelt summit aurie is slicht hints o grummel wawin an artifeecial scaurin on the sooth an east sides; an in the nor'east corner is the possible remeens o a bothy circle.&lt;ref name=islehead&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/63098/details/isle+head/ |title=&quot;Isle Head&quot;, Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland |access-date=2020-04-08 |archive-date=2013-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231031925/http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/63098/details/isle+head/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A smaw block o rig is clear veesible on Isle Head, lyin atween the paith leadin til the mull an the rampairts and ditch o the [[Airn Age]] fort. The furrs is line't fae nor'east tae soothwast across the mull.

A witness cairn wis upset in 1997 tae commemorate the arrival o the Christian missionar [[Saunt Ringan]] tae thir shores, an pilgrimers is hertent tae place stanes wi personal messages ontil a rock cairn. Thir cairns is sitit in the remeens o a biggin uised tae hoose the Isle o Whithorn lifeboat.

The lifeboat biggin haed a ruif until weel efter the Seicont Warld War, awtho the station wis closed in 1919, whan a motor lifeboat wis place't on station at Kirkcoubrie. The Lifeboat Station wis upsetten in 1869. Durin the 50 year that the lifeboat station wis operatin thare wis three lifeboats:

* Charlie Peake (1869-1886) - 7 lenches an 10 lifes sauft
* Henry an John Leighton (1886-1901) - 12 lenches and 22 lifes sauft
* George an Margaret (1901-1919) - sax lenches and sax lifes sauft

The Solway Harvester Seat is a granite-hewen moniment an is ane o twa local treebutes tae the seiven-strang local crew o the fishin boat [[Solway Harvester]] that sank in a storm aff the Isle o Man in Januar 2000.

==The herbour==
[[File:Isle of Whithorn Harbour at High Tide - geograph.org.uk - 738711.jpg|thumb|Isle o Whithorn Herbour, heich tide]]
[[File:Isle of Whithorn Harbour - geograph.org.uk - 214191.jpg|thumb|Isle o Whithorn Herbour, law tide]]

The herbour remeens the main focal pynt o the veelage. The Isle's ain fleet is engaged in licht trawlin an lapster fishin. A nummer o leisur boats is keepit here an the Isle is increasin bein uised as a stappin aff location for pleisur traffeck sailin the wast coast, an as a lenchin site for trailer-sted boats sic as smaw anglin boats an divin RIB's.&lt;ref name=isleofwhithorn/&gt; 

A pier wis first biggit in the 16t century, bit a mair substantious structur wis biggit in 1790 tae avance commerce, sic as the tred wi [[Whitehaven]] an ither English ports.&lt;ref&gt;Groome, Francis (1903). ''Ordnance Gazetteer of Scotland.'' London : Caxton Publishing. p. 888.&lt;/ref&gt; In 1969 the pier was badly daimiged bi a storm an wis anely rebuilt efter a prolanged campaign bi the local people. The Perk is a skellie that rins oot fae the wast side o the mooth o Isle Bay; it can be dangerous tae boats comin intil the Isle an for mony years the end wis merkit wi an airn powl.

In the 19t century the Isle haed strang tredin links with [[Ireland]] an the [[Isle o Man]] an aw, and ships wis being built as weel as sailin fae here. The ''Countess of Galloway'', a steam packet, ance raiglar sailt fae here tae [[Liverpuil]]. By the end o the 20t century tredin boats haed gien wey awmaist enteerly tae yachts an ither pleisur boats. 

The Wigtown Bay Sailing Club walcomes aw veesitin yachtsment whether thay arrive bi sea or bi laund wi trailert boats. The clubhoose is situatit on the herbor an has aw the uisual faceelitys. The herbour dries three oor aither side o heich watter, an thare is a dedicatit veesitors' berth at the ooter end o the quay. Thare is twa slipweys an aw for lenchin trailer boats or dinghies, ane o thaim is at the inner end o the quay an is sheltert in aw kynds o wather. The tither, that gies aiccess intil the bay, can be uised at virtual ony state o the tide. The club is acteeve ootthrou the simmer wi dinghy or cruiser races organised for maist weekends an some races mid-week.&lt;ref name=isleofwhithorn/&gt;

An unuisual featur o the herbor wis a fish trap; a waw or dyke rinnin across pair o the upper pairt o the inlat that fankelt fish as the tied gaed oot.&lt;ref name=isle/&gt; this wis merkit yet as late as the 1850s on the OS map.

==''The Wicker Man''==
[[File:Edward Woodward 1971.JPG|thumb|right|[[Edward Woodward]], starn o the pictur ''The Wicker Man'']]

Various scenes fae the 1973 pictur ''[[The Wicker Man]]'' wis filmt in an aroond the Isle o Whithorn. The heid-hicht o the pictur wis filmt at St Ringan's Cove an on the clift-taps at [[Burrow Heid]]. The co-awner o the Isle o Whithorn Castle, Elizabeth McAdam Laughland, an several ither local people featurt in various scenes.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

{{Commons category|Isle of Whithorn}}
*[http://www.isleofwhithorn.com/facts.asp Isle o Whithorn Information.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408034416/http://www.isleofwhithorn.com/facts.asp |date=2020-04-08 }}
*[http://www.francisfrith.com/isle-of-whithorn/photos/c1870_i38003/ Francis Frith photaes.]
*[http://www.scottish-places.info/towns/townfirst3169.html Gazetteer for Scotland.]
*[http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/GBR_Isle_of_Whithorn_Harbor_3812.php Herbour details] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108055128/http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/GBR_Isle_of_Whithorn_Harbor_3812.php |date=2020-01-08 }}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Veelages in Dumfries an Gallowa]]
[[Category:Dumfries an Gallowa]]
[[Category:Places o Scotland]]
{{Stub/Places o Scotland}}</text>
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    <title>Black Daith</title>
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      <text bytes="5112" sha1="q1ltetr1puz1mk5wqpc88oumlc9ejbr" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Blackdeath2.gif|thumb|300px|Spread o the Black Daith in Europe (1346–1353)]]
The '''Black Daith''' wis ane o the maist devastating [[pandemic]]s in [[History o the warld|human history]], resultin in the daiths o an estimatit {{nowrap|75 tae 200 million}} fowk in Eurasie an peakin in [[Europe]] in the years 1346–1353.&lt;ref name=&quot;ABC/Reuters&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2008/01/29/2149185.htm |title=Black death 'discriminated' between victims (ABC News in Science) |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |author=ABC/Reuters |date=29 January 2008 |accessdate=3 November 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Health. De-coding the Black Death&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/1576875.stm |title=Health. De-coding the Black Death |publisher=BBC |date=3 October 2001|accessdate=3 November 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Black Death's Gene Code Cracked&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://archive.wired.com/medtech/health/news/2001/10/47288 |title=Black Death's Gene Code Cracked |work=Wired |date=3 October 2001 |accessdate=12 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426160438/http://archive.wired.com/medtech/health/news/2001/10/47288 |archive-date=2015-04-26 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Awtho thare war several competin theories as tae the [[Etiology (medicine)|etiology]] o the Black Daith, analyses o [[DNA]] frae victims in northren an soothren Europe published in 2010 an 2011 indicates that the [[pathogen]] responsible wis the ''[[Yersinia pestis]]'' [[bacterium]], probably causin several forms o [[Plague (disease)|plague]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | authors = Haensch S, Bianucci R, Signoli M, Rajerison M, Schultz M, Kacki S, Vermunt M, Weston DA, Hurst D, Achtman M, Carniel E, Bramanti B | title = Distinct clones of Yersinia pestis caused the black death | journal = PLoS Pathog. | volume = 6 | issue = 10 | pages = e1001134 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20949072 | pmc = 2951374 | doi = 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001134 | editor1-last = Besansky | editor1-first = Nora J }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name='nature_bos'&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Bos KI, Schuenemann VJ, Golding GB, Burbano HA, Waglechner N, Coombes BK, McPhee JB, DeWitte SN, Meyer M, Schmedes S, Wood J, Earn DJ, Herring DA, Bauer P, Poinar HN, Krause J | title = A draft genome of Yersinia pestis from victims of the Black Death | journal = Nature | volume = 478 | issue = 7370 | pages = 506–10 | date = 12 October 2011 | pmid = 21993626 | pmc = 3690193 | doi = 10.1038/nature10549 | url = http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature10549.html | ref = harv }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Black Daith is thocht tae hae oreeginatit in the dry plains o [[Central Asie]], whaur it traivelled alang the [[Silk Road]], reachin [[Crimea]] bi 1343.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/blackdisease_01.shtml|title=BBC – History – Black Death |publisher=BBC |date=17 February 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Frae there, it wis maist likely cairied bi [[Oriental ratton flech]]s leevin on the [[black rat]]s that war regular passengers on [[cairgae ship|merchand ships]], spreidin ootthrou the [[Mediterranean Basin]] an Europe.

The Black Daith is estimatit tae hae killt 30–60% o [[Demografics o Europe|Europe's tot population]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book | last = Austin Alchon | first = Suzanne | title = A pest in the land: new world epidemics in a global perspective | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YiHHnV08ebkC&amp;pg=PA21| publisher = University of New Mexico Press | year = 2003 | page = 21 | isbn = 978-0-8263-2871-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In tot, the plague mey hae reduced the [[warld population]] frae an estimatit 450&amp;nbsp;million doun tae 350–375 million in the 14t century.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/population/international/data/worldpop/table_history.php|title=Historical Estimates of World Population |publisher=Census.gov |accessdate=12 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; It teuk 200&amp;nbsp;years for the warld population tae rekiver tae its previous level.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Wheeler|first1=Dr. L. Kip|title=The Black Plague: The Least You Need to Know|url=https://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/black_plague.html|website=Dr. Wheeler's website|publisher=Dr. L. Kip Wheeler|accessdate=9 August 2015|ref=Wheeler}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Jay |first=Peter |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2050585,00.html |title=A Distant Mirror |journal=TIME Europe |date=17 July 2000 |volume=156 |issue=3 |accessdate=25 January 2018 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080725005418/http://www.time.com/time/europe/magazine/2000/0717/peter.html |archivedate=25 July 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; The plague recurred as ootbraks in Europe till the 19t century.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Black Daith| ]]
[[Category:Plague pandemics]]
[[Category:14t-century heal disasters]]
[[Category:1340s in Asie]]
[[Category:1340s in Europe]]
[[Category:Eurasian history]]
[[Category:History o medieval medicine]]
[[Category:History o the Middle East]]
[[Category:Medieval heal disasters]]
[[Category:Seicont plague pandemic]]
[[Category:1350s in Europe]]
[[Category:Causes o daith]]
[[Category:1350s in Asie]]</text>
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    <title>500px</title>
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      <text bytes="10043" sha1="fbzm3twp9sbjztntyvyuioox8fxj7vn" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox dot-com company
| name = 500px
| logo = 500px logo 2016.svg
| location = 20 Duncan Street&lt;br&gt;[[Toronto|Toronto, Ontario]]
| founder = [[Oleg Gutsol]]&lt;br&gt;Evgeny Tchebotarev
| owner = [[Visual Cheenae Group]]
| url = [http://www.500px.com 500px.com]
| alexa = {{DecreasePositive}} 1,324 ({{as of|2016|10|22|alt=October 2016}})&lt;ref name=&quot;alexa&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/500px.com |title= 500px.com Site Info |publisher= [[Alexa Internet]] |accessdate= 2016-10-22 |archive-date= 2016-10-19 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161019171152/http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/500px.com |url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!--Updated monthly by OKBot and Acagastya--&gt;
| current status = Active
| company_type = [[Subsidiary]]
| area_served = Worldwide
| num_employees = 36&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = Meet our team| url = https://about.500px.com/team/| website = 500px|accessdate = 2018-07-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| location_country = [[Canadae]]
| launch date = {{start date and age|2009|10|31}}
| website_type = [[Social Networking]]
}}
'''500px''' (pronounced &quot;five hundred p-x&quot;) is a [[Toronto]], Canadae-based online [[photografie]] community.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Bonnington, Christina |url=https://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2012/03/8-retina-display-ipad-apps |title=8 Eye-Popping Retina Display Photography Apps for the New iPad |publisher=Wired |date=2012-03-28 |accessdate=2012-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426224129/http://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2012/03/8-retina-display-ipad-apps |archive-date=2012-04-26 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Deubele, Simon |url=http://www.22millionenpunkte.de/500px/ |title=German Review: 500px is photography - Die Fotocommunity |publisher=22Millionenpunkte |date=2012-04-11 |accessdate=2012-11-04 |archive-date=2012-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107003335/http://www.22millionenpunkte.de/500px/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; It wis co-foondit by [[Oleg Gutsol]] and Evgeny Tchebotarev on [[Hallae E'en]] 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Taylor, Colleen |url=https://gigaom.com/2011/10/17/500px-ipad-growth/ |title=500px, the website for photo buffs, hits its stride |publisher=Wired |date=2011-10-17 |accessdate=2012-05-01 |archive-date=2012-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501050845/http://gigaom.com/2011/10/17/500px-ipad-growth/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

500px is seen aes a place tae gain exposure, find inspiration and connect photographers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Chang, Alexandra |url=http://www.itbusiness.ca/it/client/en/home/news.asp?id=62992 |title=500px aims to be 'Flickr for pros' |publisher=itbusiness.ca |date=2011-06-21 |accessdate=2012-05-01 |archive-date=2011-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624185600/http://www.itbusiness.ca/it/client/en/home/News.asp?id=62992 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; It facilitates direct connections atween photographers and clients. Aes of January 2018, the steid haed 13 million uisers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=How many users does 500px have?|url=https://www.quora.com/How-many-users-does-500px-have/answer/Evgeny-Tchebotarev-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Histerie==
[[File:FiveHundredPixels.jpg|thumb|500px heidquarters in Toronto]]
Evgeny Tchebotarev stairted 500px in 2003 on the social blogging wabsteid [[LiveJournal]],&lt;ref name=Gigaom&gt;{{cite web |author=Taylor, Colleen |url=https://gigaom.com/2011/05/17/500px/ |title=Move Over Flickr - Hot Shots Love 500px |publisher=Gigaom |date=2011-05-17 |accessdate=2012-05-01 |archive-date=2012-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504114937/http://gigaom.com/2011/05/17/500px/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; as a hobby while he completed a business degree at [[Ryerson University]].&lt;ref name=Ryerson&gt;{{cite web |author=Ho, Trung |url=https://ryersonfolio.com/evgenytchebotarev |title=Business Management 2007: Evgeny Tchebotarev |publisher=Ryerson Folio |date=2011-09-13 |accessdate=2012-05-01 |archive-date=2012-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118171329/http://ryersonfolio.com/evgenytchebotarev |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Back then, 500 pixels was considered a good size for web display&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Dzierza, Michal |url=https://www.dzierza.com/2011/05/500px-com-where-quality-meets-simplicity/ |title=500px.com - where quality meets simplicity |publisher=Michal Dzierza |date=2011-05-09 |accessdate=2012-05-01 |archive-date=2012-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630053224/http://www.dzierza.com/2011/05/500px-com-where-quality-meets-simplicity/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; and wis therefore the limit placed on photos submittit tae the community for review.&lt;ref name=Ryerson/&gt; Once photographers submittit thair photos thay were moderatit and only those of a heich quality would make it past the community's curators and be published on the steid.&lt;ref name=Gigaom/&gt;

Tchebotarev jyned forces with Oleg Gutsol and in early 2009&lt;ref name=Ryerson/&gt; thay bygane wirk on the maistly automatit incarnation of 500px. Eemage size grew tae 900 pixels but the name remained. The two launched the offeecial steid on October 31, 2009.&lt;ref name=Gigaom/&gt;

In 2009, the steid haed 1000 uisers, purely through wird of mouth.&lt;ref name=TheDaily&gt;{{cite web|author=Havlik, Dan|url= http://www.thedaily.com/page/2011/07/25/072511-tech-500px-1-2/ |title=Photographer-run 500px is giving Flickr a run for its money |publisher=The Daily |date=2011-07-25 |accessdate=2012-05-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; By late November 2012, the steid had muir than 1,500,000 uisers.&lt;ref name=TechCrunch&gt;{{cite web|url= https://techcrunch.com/2012/11/28/gorgeous-photos-in-your-pocket-500px-arrives-on-iphone |title= Gorgeous Photos, Now In Your Pocket: 500px Arrives On iPhone |publisher=AOL Inc. |date=2012-11-28 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

500px's blog wis named ane of the best blogs of 2012, by [[Time (magazine)|''Time'' magazine]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=http://techland.time.com/2012/10/22/25-best-blogs-2012/slide/500px-blog/ | work=Time | title=25 Best Blogs 2012 | date=2012-10-22 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024212947/http://techland.time.com/2012/10/22/25-best-blogs-2012/slide/500px-blog/ | archivedate=2012-10-24 | df= }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In Julie 2015, the company raised $13 million in Series B funding&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = 500px Raises Another $13M To Take On Getty And Flickr|url = https://techcrunch.com/2015/07/21/500px-raises-another-13m-to-take-on-getty-and-flickr/|website = TechCrunch|accessdate = 2015-10-22|first = Ingrid|last = Lunden}}&lt;/ref&gt; led by a strategic investor, the Visual Cheenae Group, and included pairticipation frae existing backers of the company.

In August 2015, the company launched a new version of its iOS app.&lt;ref name=&quot;theverge.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/8/6/9104337/500px-photo-app-iphone-redesign-instagram|title=The new 500px app is a high-resolution Instagram|website=The Verge|accessdate=2015-10-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In September 2015, [[Google]] announced 500px aes one of their first external [[Chromecast]] photografie pairtners.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = 500px teams up with Google to display member photos as Chromecast backgrounds|url = https://thenextweb.com/creativity/2015/09/30/500px-teams-up-with-google-to-display-member-photos-as-chromecast-backgrounds/|website = The Next Web|accessdate = 2015-10-22}}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mair nor 20 million Chromecast uisers are able tae view and display a curatit collection of 500px photos on thair HD TVs. Thay can discover the photographers who took them via the attribution links.

In April 2016, 500px annoonced the launch of verified accounts for brands. [[Red Bull]] Media House will be the first brand tae pairticipate, and will be able tae share its wholly owned photografie on the platform.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/272533/500px-launches-verified-accounts-for-brands.html|title=500px Launches Verified Accounts For Brands|website=mediapost.com|access-date=2016-04-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In November 2016, the company launched 500px Studio which allows brands tae access custom and on-demand photografie frae 500px's photographers efter their January launch of a global photographer directory.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/photography/500px-for-business/|title=500px for Business serves up photography on-demand for brands|date=2016-11-15|work=Digital Trends|access-date=2017-12-31|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In August 2017, 500px annoonced support for wide-gamut eemages.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://petapixel.com/2017/08/25/photos-color-profiles-quickly-approaching-move-wide-gamut/|title=Photos and Color Profiles: The Quickly Approaching Move to Wide-Gamut|date=2017-08-25|work=PetaPixel|access-date=2018-02-05|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On February 26, 2018, 500px wis acquired by [[Visual Cheenae Group]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://petapixel.com/2018/02/26/500px-acquired-vcg-getty-images-china/|title=500px Acquired by VCG, the Getty Images of China|date=2017-08-26|last=Zhang|first=Michael|work=PetaPixel|accessdate=2018-07-02|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aes a result, 500px Marketplace wis shut down, with uisers directit tae [[Getty Images]] and VCG, and aw publicly-licensed eemages (such as [[Creative Commons]]) were removed frae the service.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/7/1/17521456/500px-marketplace-creative-commons-getty-images-visual-china-group-photography-open-access|title=500px will no longer allow photographers to license their photos under Creative Commons|work=The Verge|access-date=2018-07-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Freemit airtins ==
{{Commons category|500px}}
* {{Official website}}

[[Category:Eemage hostin]]
[[Category:Photografie wabsteids]]
[[Category:Online companies]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2009]]
[[Category:Photo sharin]]
[[Category:IOS saftware]]
[[Category:Android (operatin seestem) saftware]]
[[Category:Canadian subsidiaries of foreign companies]]
[[Category:2009 establishments]]</text>
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    <title>FK Kauno Žalgiris</title>
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      <text bytes="6767" sha1="3wef4n0otvir33qbyfnev65qj4uqwy7" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox fitbaw club
 | clubname      = FK Kauno Žalgiris
 | fullname      = Futbolo klubas Kauno Žalgiris
 | nickname      = (''spirdžiai'')
 | founded       = 2004
 | ground        = [[NFA Stadion]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Kaunas]]
 | capacity      = 1,000
 | chairman      = {{flagicon|LTU}} [[Mantas Kalnietis]]
 | chrtitle      = Chairman
 | manager       = {{flagicon|HRV}} Željko Sopić
 | mgrtitle      = Head coach
 | league        = [[TOPLYGA]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://toplyga.lt/naujiena/naujasis-lietuvos-futbolo-cempionato-pavadinimas-toplyga/9300 Naujasis Lietuvos futbolo čempionato pavadinimas – TOPLYGA]&lt;/ref&gt;
 | season        = 2026
 | position      = Champions
 | current       = 2026 A lyga saison
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'''Futbolo klubas Kauno Žalgiris''' ({{IPA-lt| [Kauno Žalgiris] |pron}}; '''Kauno Žalgiris''' for short) is a lithuanien professional [[association fitbaw|fitbaw]] club frae [[Kaunas]] that plays in the [[TOPLYGA]].

==Honours==
===Domestic competeetions===
; '''A lyga (D1)'''
* '''Champions (1):''' 2025
* '''2:d plass (1):''' 2022
* '''3:d plass (3)''' : [[2020]], [[2021]], 2024

; LFF taurė
* [[File:Cup Winner.png]] '''Winners (1):''' 2026

; Supertaurė
* [[File:Cup Winner.png]] '''Winners (1):''' 2026&lt;ref&gt;[https://toplyga.lt/naujiena/kauno-zalgiris-pirma-karta-laimejo-supertaure/9311 „Kauno Žalgiris“ pirmą kartą laimėjo Supertaurę]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sportas.lt/naujiena/535713/kauno-zalgiris-iskovojo-pirmaji-sezono-trofeju „Kauno Žalgiris“ iškovojo pirmąjį sezono trofėjų]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Saison ==
{|  class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%;&quot;
|-
!Saison
!Div.
!Liga
!Plass
!Web
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#F4DC93&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2013'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F4DC93&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F4DC93&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''Pirma lyga'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''5.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2013.html#1lyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#F4DC93&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2014'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F4DC93&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F4DC93&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''Pirma lyga'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''4.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2014.html#1lyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2015'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''A lyga'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''5.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2015.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt; 
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2016'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''A lyga'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''8.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2016.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2017'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''A lyga'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''8.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2017.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2018'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''A lyga'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''5.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2018.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2019'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''A lyga'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''4.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2019.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2020'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''A lyga'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DEB678&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''3.'''
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2020.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt; 
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2021'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''A lyga'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DEB678&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''3.'''
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2021.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt; 
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2022'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''A lyga'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#BBBBBB&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2.'''
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2022.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt; 
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2023'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga]]''' 
| bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''4.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2023.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2024'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga]]''' 
| bgcolor=&quot;#DEB678&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''3.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2024.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2025'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#FFDD00&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2025.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2026'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[TOPLYGA]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''.'''
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2026.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Freemit airtins==
* [https://toplyga.lt/komanda/k-zalgiris Offeecial wabsteid: TOPLYGA] {{lt icon}}
* [https://zalgiris.lt/komandos/fk-kauno-zalgiris Offeecial wabsteid: zalgiris.lt]
* [https://int.soccerway.com/teams/lithuania/spyris-kaunas/8413/ FK Kauno Žalgiris: Soccerway]
* [https://globalsportsarchive.com/team/soccer/fk-kauno-zalgiris/15855/ Globalsportsarchive]


{{DEFAULTSORT:Kauno Žalgiris FK}}
[[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Lithauanie]]</text>
      <sha1>3wef4n0otvir33qbyfnev65qj4uqwy7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>925670</id>
      <parentid>925669</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T10:31:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Makenzis</username>
        <id>43742</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Domestic competeetions */</comment>
      <origin>925670</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6777" sha1="b2r7n8azqacyy9p7mtbm1oclr2tjzmr" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox fitbaw club
 | clubname      = FK Kauno Žalgiris
 | fullname      = Futbolo klubas Kauno Žalgiris
 | nickname      = (''spirdžiai'')
 | founded       = 2004
 | ground        = [[NFA Stadion]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Kaunas]]
 | capacity      = 1,000
 | chairman      = {{flagicon|LTU}} [[Mantas Kalnietis]]
 | chrtitle      = Chairman
 | manager       = {{flagicon|HRV}} Željko Sopić
 | mgrtitle      = Head coach
 | league        = [[TOPLYGA]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://toplyga.lt/naujiena/naujasis-lietuvos-futbolo-cempionato-pavadinimas-toplyga/9300 Naujasis Lietuvos futbolo čempionato pavadinimas – TOPLYGA]&lt;/ref&gt;
 | season        = 2026
 | position      = Champions
 | current       = 2026 A lyga saison
|pattern_la1=_hummelcoreXKjbw
|pattern_b1=_hummelcoreXKjbw
|pattern_ra1=_hummelcoreXKjbw
|pattern_sh1=_hummelcoreXKjbw
|pattern_so1=_hummel20w
|leftarm1=FFFFFF
|body1=FFFFFF
|rightarm1=FFFFFF
|shorts1=FFFFFF
|socks1=FFFFFF
|pattern_la2=_hummelcoreXKwb
|pattern_b2=_hummelcoreXKwb
|pattern_ra2=_hummelcoreXKwb
|pattern_sh2=_hummelcoreXKwb
|pattern_so2=_hummel20w
|leftarm2=FFFFFF
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 }}
'''Futbolo klubas Kauno Žalgiris''' ({{IPA-lt| [Kauno Žalgiris] |pron}}; '''Kauno Žalgiris''' for short) is a lithuanien professional [[association fitbaw|fitbaw]] club frae [[Kaunas]] that plays in the [[TOPLYGA]].

==Honours==
===Domestic competeetions===
; '''TOPLYGA, A lyga'''
* '''Champions (2):''' 2025, 2026
* '''2:d plass (1):''' 2022
* '''3:d plass (3)''' : [[2020]], [[2021]], 2024

; LFF taurė
* [[File:Cup Winner.png]] '''Winners (1):''' 2026

; Supertaurė
* [[File:Cup Winner.png]] '''Winners (1):''' 2026&lt;ref&gt;[https://toplyga.lt/naujiena/kauno-zalgiris-pirma-karta-laimejo-supertaure/9311 „Kauno Žalgiris“ pirmą kartą laimėjo Supertaurę]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sportas.lt/naujiena/535713/kauno-zalgiris-iskovojo-pirmaji-sezono-trofeju „Kauno Žalgiris“ iškovojo pirmąjį sezono trofėjų]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Saison ==
{|  class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%;&quot;
|-
!Saison
!Div.
!Liga
!Plass
!Web
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#F4DC93&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2013'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F4DC93&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F4DC93&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''Pirma lyga'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''5.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2013.html#1lyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#F4DC93&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2014'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F4DC93&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F4DC93&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''Pirma lyga'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''4.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2014.html#1lyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2015'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''A lyga'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''5.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2015.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt; 
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2016'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''A lyga'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''8.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2016.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2017'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''A lyga'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''8.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2017.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2018'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''A lyga'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''5.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2018.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2019'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''A lyga'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''4.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2019.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2020'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''A lyga'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DEB678&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''3.'''
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2020.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt; 
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2021'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''A lyga'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DEB678&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''3.'''
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2021.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt; 
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2022'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''A lyga'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#BBBBBB&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2.'''
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2022.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt; 
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2023'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga]]''' 
| bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''4.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2023.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2024'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga]]''' 
| bgcolor=&quot;#DEB678&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''3.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2024.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2025'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#FFDD00&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2025.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2026'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[TOPLYGA]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''.'''
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2026.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Freemit airtins==
* [https://toplyga.lt/komanda/k-zalgiris Offeecial wabsteid: TOPLYGA] {{lt icon}}
* [https://zalgiris.lt/komandos/fk-kauno-zalgiris Offeecial wabsteid: zalgiris.lt]
* [https://int.soccerway.com/teams/lithuania/spyris-kaunas/8413/ FK Kauno Žalgiris: Soccerway]
* [https://globalsportsarchive.com/team/soccer/fk-kauno-zalgiris/15855/ Globalsportsarchive]


{{DEFAULTSORT:Kauno Žalgiris FK}}
[[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Lithauanie]]</text>
      <sha1>b2r7n8azqacyy9p7mtbm1oclr2tjzmr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>925671</id>
      <parentid>925670</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T10:31:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Makenzis</username>
        <id>43742</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Saison */</comment>
      <origin>925671</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6778" sha1="6rby2whhfjt7jv1quumowkfk3hede1u" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox fitbaw club
 | clubname      = FK Kauno Žalgiris
 | fullname      = Futbolo klubas Kauno Žalgiris
 | nickname      = (''spirdžiai'')
 | founded       = 2004
 | ground        = [[NFA Stadion]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Kaunas]]
 | capacity      = 1,000
 | chairman      = {{flagicon|LTU}} [[Mantas Kalnietis]]
 | chrtitle      = Chairman
 | manager       = {{flagicon|HRV}} Željko Sopić
 | mgrtitle      = Head coach
 | league        = [[TOPLYGA]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://toplyga.lt/naujiena/naujasis-lietuvos-futbolo-cempionato-pavadinimas-toplyga/9300 Naujasis Lietuvos futbolo čempionato pavadinimas – TOPLYGA]&lt;/ref&gt;
 | season        = 2026
 | position      = Champions
 | current       = 2026 A lyga saison
|pattern_la1=_hummelcoreXKjbw
|pattern_b1=_hummelcoreXKjbw
|pattern_ra1=_hummelcoreXKjbw
|pattern_sh1=_hummelcoreXKjbw
|pattern_so1=_hummel20w
|leftarm1=FFFFFF
|body1=FFFFFF
|rightarm1=FFFFFF
|shorts1=FFFFFF
|socks1=FFFFFF
|pattern_la2=_hummelcoreXKwb
|pattern_b2=_hummelcoreXKwb
|pattern_ra2=_hummelcoreXKwb
|pattern_sh2=_hummelcoreXKwb
|pattern_so2=_hummel20w
|leftarm2=FFFFFF
|body2=FFFFFF
|rightarm2=FFFFFF
|shorts2=FFFFFF
|socks2=FFFFFF
 }}
'''Futbolo klubas Kauno Žalgiris''' ({{IPA-lt| [Kauno Žalgiris] |pron}}; '''Kauno Žalgiris''' for short) is a lithuanien professional [[association fitbaw|fitbaw]] club frae [[Kaunas]] that plays in the [[TOPLYGA]].

==Honours==
===Domestic competeetions===
; '''TOPLYGA, A lyga'''
* '''Champions (2):''' 2025, 2026
* '''2:d plass (1):''' 2022
* '''3:d plass (3)''' : [[2020]], [[2021]], 2024

; LFF taurė
* [[File:Cup Winner.png]] '''Winners (1):''' 2026

; Supertaurė
* [[File:Cup Winner.png]] '''Winners (1):''' 2026&lt;ref&gt;[https://toplyga.lt/naujiena/kauno-zalgiris-pirma-karta-laimejo-supertaure/9311 „Kauno Žalgiris“ pirmą kartą laimėjo Supertaurę]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sportas.lt/naujiena/535713/kauno-zalgiris-iskovojo-pirmaji-sezono-trofeju „Kauno Žalgiris“ iškovojo pirmąjį sezono trofėjų]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Saison ==
{|  class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%;&quot;
|-
!Saison
!Div.
!Liga
!Plass
!Web
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#F4DC93&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2013'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F4DC93&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F4DC93&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''Pirma lyga'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''5.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2013.html#1lyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#F4DC93&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2014'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F4DC93&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F4DC93&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''Pirma lyga'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''4.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2014.html#1lyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2015'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''A lyga'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''5.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2015.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt; 
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2016'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''A lyga'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''8.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2016.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2017'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''A lyga'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''8.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2017.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2018'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''A lyga'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''5.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2018.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2019'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''A lyga'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''4.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2019.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2020'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''A lyga'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DEB678&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''3.'''
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2020.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt; 
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2021'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''A lyga'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DEB678&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''3.'''
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2021.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt; 
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2022'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''A lyga'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#BBBBBB&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2.'''
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2022.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt; 
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2023'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga]]''' 
| bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''4.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2023.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2024'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga]]''' 
| bgcolor=&quot;#DEB678&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''3.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2024.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2025'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#FFDD00&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2025.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2026'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[TOPLYGA]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#FFDD00&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2026.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Freemit airtins==
* [https://toplyga.lt/komanda/k-zalgiris Offeecial wabsteid: TOPLYGA] {{lt icon}}
* [https://zalgiris.lt/komandos/fk-kauno-zalgiris Offeecial wabsteid: zalgiris.lt]
* [https://int.soccerway.com/teams/lithuania/spyris-kaunas/8413/ FK Kauno Žalgiris: Soccerway]
* [https://globalsportsarchive.com/team/soccer/fk-kauno-zalgiris/15855/ Globalsportsarchive]


{{DEFAULTSORT:Kauno Žalgiris FK}}
[[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Lithauanie]]</text>
      <sha1>6rby2whhfjt7jv1quumowkfk3hede1u</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>925672</id>
      <parentid>925671</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T10:32:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Makenzis</username>
        <id>43742</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Freemit airtins */</comment>
      <origin>925672</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6755" sha1="9aqvy138h73q5fpgao5sb1lpprmc9st" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox fitbaw club
 | clubname      = FK Kauno Žalgiris
 | fullname      = Futbolo klubas Kauno Žalgiris
 | nickname      = (''spirdžiai'')
 | founded       = 2004
 | ground        = [[NFA Stadion]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Kaunas]]
 | capacity      = 1,000
 | chairman      = {{flagicon|LTU}} [[Mantas Kalnietis]]
 | chrtitle      = Chairman
 | manager       = {{flagicon|HRV}} Željko Sopić
 | mgrtitle      = Head coach
 | league        = [[TOPLYGA]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://toplyga.lt/naujiena/naujasis-lietuvos-futbolo-cempionato-pavadinimas-toplyga/9300 Naujasis Lietuvos futbolo čempionato pavadinimas – TOPLYGA]&lt;/ref&gt;
 | season        = 2026
 | position      = Champions
 | current       = 2026 A lyga saison
|pattern_la1=_hummelcoreXKjbw
|pattern_b1=_hummelcoreXKjbw
|pattern_ra1=_hummelcoreXKjbw
|pattern_sh1=_hummelcoreXKjbw
|pattern_so1=_hummel20w
|leftarm1=FFFFFF
|body1=FFFFFF
|rightarm1=FFFFFF
|shorts1=FFFFFF
|socks1=FFFFFF
|pattern_la2=_hummelcoreXKwb
|pattern_b2=_hummelcoreXKwb
|pattern_ra2=_hummelcoreXKwb
|pattern_sh2=_hummelcoreXKwb
|pattern_so2=_hummel20w
|leftarm2=FFFFFF
|body2=FFFFFF
|rightarm2=FFFFFF
|shorts2=FFFFFF
|socks2=FFFFFF
 }}
'''Futbolo klubas Kauno Žalgiris''' ({{IPA-lt| [Kauno Žalgiris] |pron}}; '''Kauno Žalgiris''' for short) is a lithuanien professional [[association fitbaw|fitbaw]] club frae [[Kaunas]] that plays in the [[TOPLYGA]].

==Honours==
===Domestic competeetions===
; '''TOPLYGA, A lyga'''
* '''Champions (2):''' 2025, 2026
* '''2:d plass (1):''' 2022
* '''3:d plass (3)''' : [[2020]], [[2021]], 2024

; LFF taurė
* [[File:Cup Winner.png]] '''Winners (1):''' 2026

; Supertaurė
* [[File:Cup Winner.png]] '''Winners (1):''' 2026&lt;ref&gt;[https://toplyga.lt/naujiena/kauno-zalgiris-pirma-karta-laimejo-supertaure/9311 „Kauno Žalgiris“ pirmą kartą laimėjo Supertaurę]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sportas.lt/naujiena/535713/kauno-zalgiris-iskovojo-pirmaji-sezono-trofeju „Kauno Žalgiris“ iškovojo pirmąjį sezono trofėjų]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Saison ==
{|  class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%;&quot;
|-
!Saison
!Div.
!Liga
!Plass
!Web
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#F4DC93&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2013'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F4DC93&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F4DC93&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''Pirma lyga'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''5.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2013.html#1lyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#F4DC93&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2014'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F4DC93&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F4DC93&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''Pirma lyga'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''4.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2014.html#1lyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2015'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''A lyga'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''5.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2015.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt; 
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2016'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''A lyga'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''8.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2016.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2017'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''A lyga'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''8.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2017.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2018'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''A lyga'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''5.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2018.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2019'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''A lyga'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''4.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2019.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2020'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''A lyga'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DEB678&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''3.'''
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2020.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt; 
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2021'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''A lyga'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DEB678&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''3.'''
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2021.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt; 
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2022'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''A lyga'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#BBBBBB&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2.'''
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2022.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt; 
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2023'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga]]''' 
| bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''4.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2023.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2024'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga]]''' 
| bgcolor=&quot;#DEB678&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''3.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2024.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2025'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#FFDD00&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2025.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2026'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[TOPLYGA]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#FFDD00&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2026.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Freemit airtins==
* [https://toplyga.lt/komanda/k-zalgiris Offeecial wabsteid: TOPLYGA] {{lt icon}}
* [https://zalgiris.lt/komandos/fk-kauno-zalgiris Offeecial wabsteid: zalgiris.lt]
* [https://www.soccerway.com/team/fk-kauno-zalgiris/0p17kQla/ SOCCERWAY]
* [https://globalsportsarchive.com/team/soccer/fk-kauno-zalgiris/15855/ Globalsportsarchive]


{{DEFAULTSORT:Kauno Žalgiris FK}}
[[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Lithauanie]]</text>
      <sha1>9aqvy138h73q5fpgao5sb1lpprmc9st</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Amir Sarkhosh</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>221672</id>
    <revision>
      <id>925614</id>
      <parentid>923662</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T16:47:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>925614</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3054" sha1="cuc2pncg7lhwbqvenbu7nt1gfavtqrv" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox snooker player|name=Amir Sarkhosh|Nickname=|image=TEHRAN (Tasnim) – Amir Sarkhosh from Iran claimed a gold medal at the Snooker Single 15-Red event of ACBS 1st Asian Billiards Sports Championship.jpg|caption=|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1991|5|30|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Karaj]]، [[Iran]]|Sport country={{IRN}}|Professional=2017–|High ranking=136 &lt;small&gt;(August 2019)&lt;/small&gt;|Prize money=[[Pound sterling|£]] 598&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Amir Sarkhosh Player Profile|url=https://www.snookerdatabase.co.uk/PlayerDetails.aspx?PlayerKey=1040|access-date=2020-08-02|website=www.snookerdatabase.co.uk|archive-date=2020-09-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916184259/https://www.snookerdatabase.co.uk/PlayerDetails.aspx?PlayerKey=1040|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;|High break='''124''': &lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt;2019 Qatar's opening six-ball World Cup (qualifying)&lt;/small&gt;|Century break=9|Best finish=''Last 10'' &lt;small&gt;([[2020 Welsh Open (snooker)|2020 Welsh Open]])&lt;/small&gt;|Other wins=|World champ=|medals={{MedalCountry | {{IRN}} }}
{{MedalSport | Mixed [[snooker]] }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[World Games]] }}
{{MedalGold | [[World Games 2017|2017 Wrocław]] | [[Snooker at the 2017 World Games – mixed singles|Individual]] }}
{{MedalSport | Men's [[snooker]] }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games]] }}
{{MedalGold | [[2017 Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games|2017 Ashgabat]] | [[Cue sports at the 2017 Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games|Team]] }}
{{MedalSilver | [[2017 Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games|2017 Ashgabat]] | [[Cue sports at the 2017 Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games|Six-red singles]] }}
{{MedalSilver | [[2017 Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games|2017 Ashgabat]] | [[Cue sports at the 2017 Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games|Singles]] }}}}'''Amir Sarkhosh''' (born May 30, 1991) is a professional [[snooker]] [[Prayer|player]] frae [[Karaj]], [[Iran]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://cuetracker.net/Players/Amir-Sarkhosh/Career-Total-Statistics Profil von Amir Sarkhosh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801212656/https://cuetracker.net/players/amir-sarkhosh/career-total-statistics |date=2020-08-01 }} CueTracker - Snooker Database. Retrieved 4 August 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.snookerdatabase.co.uk/PlayerDetails.aspx?playerKey=1040 Amir Sarkhosh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916184259/https://www.snookerdatabase.co.uk/PlayerDetails.aspx?PlayerKey=1040 |date=2020-09-16 }} {{Cite web |url=https://www.snookerdatabase.co.uk/PlayerDetails.aspx?PlayerKey=1040 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2020-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916184259/https://www.snookerdatabase.co.uk/PlayerDetails.aspx?PlayerKey=1040 |archive-date=2020-09-16 |url-status=dead}} at snookerdatabase.co.uk: Snooker Results and Statistic Database&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ibsf.info/index.php?option=com_k2&amp;view=itemlist&amp;task=tag&amp;tag=Amir+Sarkhosh Amir Sarkhosh] at ibsf.info&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Livin fowk]]
[[Category:Snooker players]]</text>
      <sha1>cuc2pncg7lhwbqvenbu7nt1gfavtqrv</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:RefToolbar.js</title>
    <ns>8</ns>
    <id>222914</id>
    <revision>
      <id>925619</id>
      <parentid>915863</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T19:46:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Maintenance script</username>
        <id>26161</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Use thumb.wikimedia.org for thumbnails ([[phab:T427465]], Operator: Ladsgroup)</comment>
      <origin>925619</origin>
      <model>javascript</model>
      <format>text/javascript</format>
      <text bytes="31309" sha1="esac4wzho6yz0wn8uy6y9hz3du7a8r6" xml:space="preserve">/*jshint smarttabs:true, loopfunc:true,forin:false*/
/*global mw, $, importScript */
// TODO: make autodate an option in the CiteTemplate object, not a preference

// Global object
// TODO:
// * Remove this once the page is moved to a module 'ext.gadget.refToolbarDialogs' depending on 'ext.gadget.refToolbarBase'
if (typeof CiteTB === 'undefined') {
  var CiteTB = {
    &quot;Templates&quot; : {}, // All templates
    &quot;Options&quot; : {}, // Global options
    &quot;UserOptions&quot; : {}, // User options
    &quot;DefaultOptions&quot; : {}, // Script defaults
    &quot;ErrorChecks&quot; : {} // Error check functions
  };
}

// Only execute on edit, unless it is a user JS/CSS page
// TODO: Remove tests already done by [[MediaWiki:Gadget-refToolbar.js]]
if (
	( mw.config.get('wgAction') === 'edit' || mw.config.get('wgAction') === 'submit' ) &amp;&amp;
	( ( mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber') !== 2 &amp;&amp; mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber') !== 4 ) ||
	( mw.config.get('wgPageName').indexOf('.js') === -1 &amp;&amp; mw.config.get('wgPageName').indexOf('.css') === -1 ) )
) {

// TODO: Move this to [[MediaWiki:Gadget-refToolbarDialogs.css]] and add it to the definition of module 'ext.gadget.refToolbarDialogs'
mw.util.addCSS(&quot;.cite-form-td {&quot;+
&quot;height: 0 !important;&quot;+
&quot;padding: 0.1em !important;&quot;+
&quot;}&quot;);  

// Default options, these mainly exist so the script won't break if a new option is added
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  &quot;months&quot; : ['Jan', 'Feb', 'Mar', 'Apr', 'May', 'Jun', 'Jul', 'Aug', 'Sep', 'Oct', 'Nov', 'Dec'],
  &quot;modal&quot; : true,
  &quot;autoparse&quot; : false,
  &quot;expandtemplates&quot;: false
};

// Get an option - user settings override global which override defaults
CiteTB.getOption = function(opt) {
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};

CiteTB.init = function() {
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   * 1. get the template list, make the dropdown list and set up the template dialog boxes
   * 2. actually build the toolbar:
   *    * A section for cites
   *    ** dropdown for the templates (previously defined)
   *    ** button for named refs with a dialog box
   *    ** button for errorcheck
   * 3. add the whole thing to the main toolbar
  */

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  var temlist = {};
  for (var t in CiteTB.Templates) {
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    var sform = CiteTB.escStr(tem.shortform);
    var actionobj = { 
      type: 'dialog',
      module: 'cite-dialog-'+sform
    };
    var dialogobj = {};
    dialogobj['cite-dialog-'+sform] = {
      resizeme: false,
      titleMsg: 'cite-dialog-'+sform, 
      id: 'citetoolbar-'+sform,
      init: function() {}, 
      html: tem.getInitial(), 
      dialog: {
        width:680,
        open: function() { 
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              options: {
                post: ref
              }
            }, $(this) );
          },
          'cite-form-showhide': CiteTB.showHideExtra,
          'cite-refpreview': function() {   
            var ref = CiteTB.getRef(false, false);
            var template = CiteTB.getOpenTemplate();
            var div = $(&quot;#citetoolbar-&quot;+CiteTB.escStr(template.shortform));
            div.find('.cite-preview-label').show();
            div.find('.cite-ref-preview').text(ref).show();
            if (CiteTB.getOption('autoparse')) {
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            } else {
              div.find('.cite-prev-parse').show();
              div.find('.cite-prev-parsed-label').hide();
              div.find('.cite-preview-parsed').html('');
            }         
          },
          'wikieditor-toolbar-tool-link-cancel': function() {
            $(this).dialog( 'close' );
          },
          'cite-form-reset': function() {
            CiteTB.resetForm();
          }
        }
      } 
    };
    $target.wikiEditor('addDialog', dialogobj);
    //if (!CiteTB.getOption('modal')) {
      //$('#citetoolbar-'+sform).dialog('option', 'modal', false);
    //}
    temlist[sform] = {label: tem.templatename, action: actionobj };  
  }

  var refsection =  {
    'sections': {
      'cites': { 
        type: 'toolbar', 
        labelMsg: 'cite-section-label',
        groups: { 
          'template': {
            tools: {
              'template': {
                type: 'select',
                labelMsg: 'cite-template-list',
                list: temlist
              } 
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          },
          'namedrefs': {
            labelMsg: 'cite-named-refs-label',
            tools: {
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                type: 'button',
                action: {
                  type: 'dialog',
                  module: 'cite-toolbar-namedrefs'
                },
                icon: '//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Nuvola_clipboard_lined.svg/60px-Nuvola_clipboard_lined.svg.png',
                section: 'cites',
                group: 'namedrefs',
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          'errorcheck': {
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            tools: {
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                type: 'button',
                action: {
                  type: 'dialog',
                  module: 'cite-toolbar-errorcheck'           
                },
                icon: '//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Nuvola_apps_korganizer-NO.png/60px-Nuvola_apps_korganizer-NO.png',
                section: 'cites',
                group: 'errorcheck',
                labelMsg: 'cite-errorcheck-button'
              }
            }
          }
        } 
      } 
    } 
  };
  
  var defaultdialogs = { 
    'cite-toolbar-errorcheck': {
      titleMsg: 'cite-errorcheck-label',
      id: 'citetoolbar-errorcheck',
      resizeme: false,
      init: function() {},
      html: '&lt;div id=&quot;cite-namedref-loading&quot;&gt;'+
        '&lt;img src=&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Loading.gif&quot; /&gt;'+
        '&amp;nbsp;'+mw.usability.getMsg('cite-loading')+'&lt;/div&gt;',
      dialog: {
        width:550,
        open: function() { 
          CiteTB.loadRefs();
        },
        buttons: {
          'cite-errorcheck-submit': function() {
            var errorchecks = $(&quot;input[name='cite-err-test']:checked&quot;);
            var errors = [];
            for (var i=0; i&lt;errorchecks.length; i++) {
              errors = errors.concat(CiteTB.ErrorChecks[$(errorchecks[i]).val()].run());
            }
            CiteTB.displayErrors(errors);
            $(this).dialog( 'close' );                      
          },
          'wikieditor-toolbar-tool-link-cancel': function() {
            $(this).dialog( 'close' );
          }
        }
      }
    },
    'cite-toolbar-namedrefs': {
      titleMsg: 'cite-named-refs-title',
      resizeme: false,
      id: 'citetoolbar-namedrefs',
      html: '&lt;div id=&quot;cite-namedref-loading&quot;&gt;'+
        '&lt;img src=&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Loading.gif&quot; /&gt;'+
        '&amp;nbsp;'+mw.usability.getMsg('cite-loading')+'&lt;/div&gt;',
      init: function() {},
      dialog: {
        width: 550,
        open: function() { 
          CiteTB.loadRefs();
        },
        buttons: {
          'cite-form-submit': function() {
            var refname = $(&quot;#cite-namedref-select&quot;).val();
            if (refname === '') {
              return;
            }
            $(this).dialog( 'close' );
            $.wikiEditor.modules.toolbar.fn.doAction( $(this).data( 'context' ), {
              type: 'encapsulate',
              options: {
                post: CiteTB.getNamedRef(refname, true)
              }
            }, $(this) );
          },
          'wikieditor-toolbar-tool-link-cancel': function() {
            $(this).dialog( 'close' );
          }                   
        }
      }      
    }
  };
  
  $target.wikiEditor('addDialog', defaultdialogs);
  $('#citetoolbar-namedrefs').off('dialogopen');
  if (!CiteTB.getOption('modal')) {
    //$('#citetoolbar-namedrefs').dialog('option', 'modal', false);
    //$('#citetoolbar-errorcheck').dialog('option', 'modal', false);
    mw.util.addCSS(&quot;.ui-widget-overlay {&quot;+
    &quot;display:none !important;&quot;+
    &quot;}&quot;);  
  }
  $target.wikiEditor('addToToolbar', refsection);
};

// Load local data - messages, cite templates, etc.
$(document).ready( function() {
  switch( mw.config.get('wgUserLanguage') ) {
    case 'de': // German
      importScript('MediaWiki:RefToolbarMessages-de.js');
      break;
    //case 'en': // English
      //importScript('MediaWiki:RefToolbarMessages-en.js');
      //break;
    default: // English - for nou
      //importScript('MediaWiki:RefToolbarMessages-sco.js');
      importScript('MediaWiki:RefToolbarMessages-en.js');
  }
});

// Setup the main object
CiteTB.mainRefList = [];
CiteTB.refsLoaded = false;

// REF FUNCTIONS
// Actually assemble a ref from user input
CiteTB.getRef = function(inneronly, forinsert) {
  var i;
  var template = CiteTB.getOpenTemplate();
  var templatename = template.templatename;
  var res = '';
  var refobj = {'shorttag':false};
  if (!inneronly) {
    var group = $('#cite-'+CiteTB.escStr(template.shortform)+'-group').val();
    var refname = $('#cite-'+CiteTB.escStr(template.shortform)+'-name').val();
    res += '&lt;ref';
    if (refname) {
      refname = $.trim(refname);
      res+=' name='+CiteTB.getQuotedString(refname);
      refobj.refname = refname;
    }
    if (group) {
      group = $.trim(group);
      res+=' group='+CiteTB.getQuotedString(group);
      refobj.refgroup = group;
    }
    res+='&gt;';
  }
  var content ='{{'+templatename;
  for( g in template.incrementables ) {
  	group = template.incrementables[g];
  	for (i=1; i&lt;=group.val; i++) {
		for (j=0; j&lt;group.fields.length; j++) {
  			var fieldname = group.fields[j].field;
  			var fieldid = fieldname.replace('&lt;N&gt;', i.toString());
  			var field = $('#cite-'+CiteTB.escStr(template.shortform)+'-'+fieldid).val();
  			if (field) {
  				content+=' |'+fieldid+'=';
  				content+= $.trim(field);
  			}
  		}
  	}
  }
  for( i=0; i&lt;template.basic.length; i++ ) {
  	if (template.basic[i].increment_group) {
  		continue;
  	}
    var fieldname = template.basic[i].field;
    var field = $('#cite-'+CiteTB.escStr(template.shortform)+'-'+fieldname).val();
    if (field) {
      content+=' |'+fieldname+'=';
      content+= $.trim(field);
    }
  }
  if ($('#cite-form-status').val() !== 'closed') {
    for( i=0; i&lt;template.extra.length; i++ ) {
      if (template.extra[i].increment_group) {
        continue;
      }
      var fieldname = template.extra[i].field;
      var field = $('#cite-'+CiteTB.escStr(template.shortform)+'-'+fieldname).val();
      if (field) {
        content+=' |'+fieldname+'=';
        content+= $.trim(field);
      }
    }
  }
  content+= '}}';
  res+=content;
  refobj.content = content;
  if (!inneronly) {
    res+= '&lt;/ref&gt;';
  }
  if (forinsert) {
    CiteTB.mainRefList.push(refobj);
  }
  return res;
};

// Make a reference to a named ref
CiteTB.getNamedRef = function(refname, forinsert) {
  if (forinsert) {
    CiteTB.mainRefList.push( {'shorttag':true, 'refname':refname} );
  }
  return '&lt;ref name='+CiteTB.getQuotedString(refname)+' /&gt;';  
};

// Function to load the ref list
CiteTB.loadRefs = function() {
  if (CiteTB.refsLoaded) {
    return;
  }
  CiteTB.getPageText(CiteTB.loadRefsInternal);
};

// Function that actually loads the list from the page text
CiteTB.loadRefsInternal = function(text) { 
  // What this does:             extract first name/group                                     extract second name/group                                          shorttag   inner content
  var refsregex = /&lt; *ref(?: +(name|group) *= *(?:&quot;([^&quot;]*?)&quot;|'([^']*?)'|([^ '&quot;\/\&gt;]*?)) *)? *(?: +(name|group) *= *(?:&quot;([^&quot;]*?)&quot;|'([^']*?)'|([^ '&quot;\/\&gt;]*?)) *)? *(?:\/ *&gt;|&gt;((?:.|\n)*?)&lt; *\/ *ref *&gt;)/gim;
  // This should work regardless of the quoting used for names/groups and for linebreaks in the inner content  
  while (true) {
    var ref = refsregex.exec(text);
    if (ref === null) {
      break;
    }
    var refobj = {};
    if (ref[9]) { // Content + short tag check
      //alert('&quot;'+ref[9]+'&quot;');
      refobj.content = ref[9]; 
      refobj.shorttag = false;
    } else {
      refobj.shorttag = true;
    }
    if (ref[1] !== '') { // First name/group
      if (ref[2]) {
        refobj['ref'+ref[1]] = ref[2];
      } else if (ref[3]) {
        refobj['ref'+ref[1]] = ref[3];
      } else {
        refobj['ref'+ref[1]] = ref[4];
      }
    }
    if (ref[5] !== '') { // Second name/group
      if (ref[6]) {
        refobj['ref'+ref[5]] = ref[6];
      } else if (ref[7]) {
        refobj['ref'+ref[5]] = ref[7];
      } else {
        refobj['ref'+ref[5]] = ref[8];
      }
    }
    CiteTB.mainRefList.push(refobj);
  }
  CiteTB.refsLoaded = true;
  CiteTB.setupErrorCheck();
  CiteTB.setupNamedRefs();
};

// AJAX FUNCTIONS
// Parse some wikitext and hand it off to a callback function
CiteTB.parse = function(text, callback) {
  $.post( mw.util.wikiScript( 'api' ),
    {action:'parse', title:mw.config.get('wgPageName'), text:text, prop:'text', format:'json'},
    function(data) {
      var html = data.parse.text['*'];
      callback(html);
    },
    'json'
  );  
};

// Use the API to expand templates on some text
CiteTB.expandtemplates = function(text, callback) {
  $.post( mw.util.wikiScript( 'api' ),
    {action:'expandtemplates', title:mw.config.get('wgPageName'), text:text, format:'json'},
    function(data) {
      var restext = data.expandtemplates['*'];
      callback(restext);
    },
    'json'
  );
};

// Function to get the page text
CiteTB.getPageText = function(callback) {
  var section = $(&quot;input[name='wpSection']&quot;).val();
  if ( section !== '' ) {
    var postdata = {action:'query', prop:'revisions', rvprop:'content', pageids:mw.config.get('wgArticleId'), format:'json'};
    if (CiteTB.getOption('expandtemplates')) {
      postdata.rvexpandtemplates = '1';
    }
    $.get( mw.util.wikiScript( 'api' ),
      postdata,
      function(data) {
        var pagetext = data.query.pages[mw.config.get('wgArticleId').toString()].revisions[0]['*'];
        callback(pagetext);
      },
      'json'
    );
  } else {
    if (CiteTB.getOption('expandtemplates')) {
      CiteTB.expandtemplates($('#wpTextbox1').wikiEditor('getContents').text(), callback);
    } else {
      callback($('#wpTextbox1').wikiEditor('getContents').text());
    }
  }
};

// Autofill a template from an ID (ISBN, DOI, PMID, URL)
CiteTB.initAutofill = function() {
  var elemid = $(this).attr('id');
  var res = /^cite\-auto\-(.*?)\-(.*)\-(.*)$/.exec(elemid);
  var tem = res[1];
  var field = res[2];
  var autotype = res[3];
  var id = $('#cite-'+tem+'-'+field).val();
  if (!id) {
    return false;
  }
  var url = '//reftoolbar.toolforge.org/lookup.php?';
  url+=autotype+'='+encodeURIComponent(id);
  url+='&amp;template='+encodeURIComponent(tem);
  var s = document.createElement('script');
  s.setAttribute('src', url);
  s.setAttribute('type', 'text/javascript');
  document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(s);
  return false;
};

// Callback for autofill
//TODO: Autofill the URL, at least for DOI
CiteTB.autoFill = function(data, template, type) {
  var cl = 'cite-'+template+'-';
  var i,j, coauthors;
  $('.'+cl+'title').val(data.title);
  // Fill in authors
  if (data.authors &amp;&amp; data.authors.length &gt; 0) {
	  if ($('.'+cl+'last-incr-1').length != 0) {
		var classes = $('.'+cl+'last-incr-1').eq(0).attr('class').split(/\s+/);
		var group = false;
		var patt = /cite-[^-]*?-incr-(.*)/
		for (var c=0; c&lt;classes.length; c++) {
			if (patt.exec(classes[c])) {
				group = patt.exec(classes[c])[1];
				break;
			}
		}
		$('.'+cl+'last-incr-1').val(data.authors[0][0])
		$('.'+cl+'first-incr-1').val(data.authors[0][1])
		elemid = '#cite-incr-'+template+'-'+group;
		for (var i=2; i&lt;data.authors.length+1; i++) {
			$(elemid).click();
			$('.'+cl+'last-incr-'+i.toString()).val(data.authors[i-1][0])
			$('.'+cl+'first-incr-'+i.toString()).val(data.authors[i-1][1])
		}
	  } else if ($('.'+cl+'author-incr-1').length != 0) {
		var classes = $('.'+cl+'author-incr-1').eq(0).attr('class').split(/\s+/);
		var group = false;
		var patt = /cite-[^-]*?-incr-(.*)/
		for (var c=0; c&lt;classes.length; c++) {
			if (patt.exec(classes[c])) {
				group = patt.exec(classes[c])[1];
				break;
			}
		}
		$('.'+cl+'author-incr-1').val(data.authors[0].join(', '))
		elemid = '#cite-incr-'+template+'-'+group;
		for (var i=2; i&lt;data.authors.length+1; i++) {
			$(elemid).click();
			$('.'+cl+'author-incr-'+i.toString()).val(data.authors[i-1].join(', '))
		}
	  } else if ($('.'+cl+'last1').length != 0) {
		for(i=0; data.authors &amp;&amp; i&lt;data.authors.length; i++) {
		  if ($('.'+cl+'last'+(i+1)).length) {
			 $('.'+cl+'last'+(i+1)).val(data.authors[i][0]);
			 $('.'+cl+'first'+(i+1)).val(data.authors[i][1]);
		  } else {
			coauthors = [];
			for(j=i; j&lt;data.authors.length; j++) {
			  coauthors.push(data.authors[j].join(', '));
			}
			$('.'+cl+'coauthors').val(coauthors.join('; '));
			break;
		  }
		}
	  } else if($('.'+cl+'author1').length !== 0) {
		for(i=0; data.authors &amp;&amp; i&lt;data.authors.length; i++) {
		  if ($('.'+cl+'author'+(i+1)).length) {
			 $('.'+cl+'author'+(i+1)).val(data.authors[i].join(', '));
		  } else {
			coauthors = [];
			for(j=i; j&lt;data.authors.length; j++) {
			  coauthors.push(data.authors[j].join(', '));
			}
			$('.'+cl+'coauthors').val(coauthors.join('; '));
			break;
		  }
		}
	  } else {
		var authors = [];
		for(i=0; data.authors &amp;&amp; i&lt;data.authors.length; i++) {
		  authors.push(data.authors[i].join(', '));
		}
		$('.'+cl+'authors').val(authors.join('; '));
	  }
  }

  if (type === 'pmid' || type === 'doi') {
    if (data.date &amp;&amp; (data.fulldate || !$('.'+cl+'month').length)) {
      var DT = new Date(data.date);
      var useday = /\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}/.test(data.date);
      var usemonth = /\d{4}-\d{2}/.test(data.date);
      $('.'+cl+'date').val(CiteTB.formatDate(DT, useday, usemonth));
    } else if (!data.fulldate &amp;&amp; $('.'+cl+'month').length &amp;&amp; $('.'+cl+'year').length) {
      if (data.month) { // lookup.php sets month to false if it isn't provided
        $('.'+cl+'month').val( CiteTB.getOption('months')[parseInt(data.month)-1] );
      }
      $('.'+cl+'year').val(data.year);
    } else {
      $('.'+cl+'date').val(data.date);
    }
    $('.'+cl+'journal').val(data.journal);
    $('.'+cl+'volume').val(data.volume);
    $('.'+cl+'issue').val(data.issue);
    $('.'+cl+'pages').val(data.pages);
    if (type === 'pmid' &amp;&amp; data.doi) {
      $('.'+cl+'doi').val(data.doi);
    }
  } else if (type === 'isbn') {
    $('.'+cl+'publisher').val(data.publisher);
    $('.'+cl+'location').val(data.location);
    $('.'+cl+'date').val(data.date);
    $('.'+cl+'edition').val(data.edition);
  } else if (type === 'url') {
    if (data.date) {
  	  var DT = new Date(data.date);
      var useday = /\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}/.test(data.date) &amp;&amp; template !== 'book';
      var usemonth = /\d{4}-\d{2}/.test(data.date) &amp;&amp; template !== 'book';
      var yearOrDate = (template === 'book') ? 'year' : 'date';
      $('.'+cl+yearOrDate).val(CiteTB.formatDate(DT, useday, usemonth));
    }
    $('.'+cl+'journal').val(data.journal);
    $('.'+cl+'volume').val(data.volume);
    $('.'+cl+'issue').val(data.issue);
    $('.'+cl+'pages').val(data.pages);
    $('.'+cl+'publisher').val(data.publisher);
    $('.'+cl+'edition').val(data.edition);
    $('.'+cl+'isbn').val(data.isbn);
    $('.'+cl+'issn').val(data.issn);
    $('.'+cl+'doi').val(data.doi);
    // &quot;en-US&quot; isn't a valid value for the language parameter
    if (data.language &amp;&amp; data.language !== 'en-US' &amp;&amp; data.language !== 'en-GB') {
    	$('.'+cl+'language').val(data.language);
    }
    $('.'+cl+'chapter').val(data.chapter);
  }
};

// FORM DIALOG FUNCTIONS
// Add new incrementable fields
CiteTB.incrementFields = function() {
	template = CiteTB.getOpenTemplate();
	var currentrow = $(this).parents('tr')[0];
	$(this).prev().css('width', '100%')
	$(this).detach();
	var elemid = $(this).attr('id');
	var res = /^cite\-incr\-(.*?)\-(.*)$/.exec(elemid);
	group = res[2];
	increments = template.incrementables[group];
	fields = increments.fields;
	incrval = increments.val+1;
	template.incrementables[group].val += 1;
	trs = template.makeFormInner(fields, false);
	trs.reverse();
	for (var i=0; i&lt;trs.length; i++) {
		$(currentrow).after(trs[i]);
	}
};

// fill the accessdate param with the current date
CiteTB.fillAccessdate = function() {
  var elemid = $(this).attr('id');
  var res = /^cite\-date\-(.*?)\-(.*)$/.exec(elemid);
  var id = res[1];
  var field = res[2];
  var DT = new Date();
  var datestr = CiteTB.formatDate(DT);
  $('#cite-'+id+'-'+field).val(datestr);
  return false;
};

CiteTB.formatDate = function(DT, useday, usemonth) {
  if (typeof useday == &quot;undefined&quot;) {
    useday = true;	
  }
  if (typeof usemonth == &quot;undefined&quot;) {
    usemonth = true;	
  }
  var datestr = CiteTB.getOption('date format');
  var zmonth = '';
  var month = DT.getUTCMonth()+1;
  if (month &lt; 10) {
    zmonth = &quot;0&quot;+month.toString();
  } else {
    zmonth = month.toString();
  }
  month = month.toString();
  var zdate = '';
  var date = DT.getUTCDate();
  if (date &lt; 10) {
    zdate = &quot;0&quot;+date.toString();
  } else {
    zdate = date.toString();
  }
  date = date.toString();
  if (useday) {
    datestr = datestr.replace('&lt;date&gt;', date);
    datestr = datestr.replace('&lt;zdate&gt;', zdate);
  } else {
    datestr = datestr.replace('&lt;date&gt;', '');
    datestr = datestr.replace('&lt;zdate&gt;', '');
  }
  if (usemonth) {
    datestr = datestr.replace('&lt;month&gt;', month);
    datestr = datestr.replace('&lt;zmonth&gt;', zmonth);
    datestr = datestr.replace('&lt;monthname&gt;', CiteTB.getOption('months')[DT.getUTCMonth()]);
  } else {
    datestr = datestr.replace('&lt;month&gt;', '');
    datestr = datestr.replace('&lt;zmonth&gt;', '');
    datestr = datestr.replace('&lt;monthname&gt;', '');
  }  
  datestr = datestr.replace('&lt;year&gt;', DT.getUTCFullYear().toString());
  return datestr.replace(/^[ \/\-\,\.]*(.*?)[ \/\-\,\.]*$/g, &quot;$1&quot;); // Cleanup any dangling spaces or connectors that might result from omitting date/month
};

// Function called after the ref list is loaded, to actually set the contents of the named ref dialog
// Until the list is loaded, its just a &quot;Loading&quot; placeholder
CiteTB.setupNamedRefs = function() {
  var names = [], i;
  for( i=0; i&lt;CiteTB.mainRefList.length; i++) {
    if (!CiteTB.mainRefList[i].shorttag &amp;&amp; CiteTB.mainRefList[i].refname) {
      names.push(CiteTB.mainRefList[i]);
    }
  }
  var stuff = $('&lt;div&gt;');
  $('#citetoolbar-namedrefs').html( stuff );
  if (names.length === 0) {
    stuff.html(mw.usability.getMsg('cite-no-namedrefs'));
  } else {
    stuff.html(mw.usability.getMsg('cite-namedrefs-intro'));
    var select = $('&lt;select id=&quot;cite-namedref-select&quot;&gt;');
    select.append($('&lt;option value=&quot;&quot; /&gt;').text(mw.usability.getMsg('cite-named-refs-dropdown')));
    for(i=0; i&lt;names.length; i++) {
      select.append($('&lt;option /&gt;').text(names[i].refname));
    }
    stuff.after(select);
    select.before('&lt;br /&gt;');      
    var prevlabel = $('&lt;div id=&quot;cite-nref-preview-label&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot; /&gt;').html(mw.usability.getMsg('cite-raw-preview'));
    select.after(prevlabel);
    prevlabel.before(&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&quot;);
    prevlabel.after('&lt;div id=&quot;cite-namedref-preview&quot; style=&quot;padding:0.5em; font-size:110%&quot; /&gt;');
    var parselabel = $('&lt;span id=&quot;cite-parsed-label&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot; /&gt;').html(mw.usability.getMsg('cite-parsed-label'));
    $('#cite-namedref-preview').after(parselabel);
    parselabel.after('&lt;div id=&quot;cite-namedref-parsed&quot; style=&quot;padding-bottom:0.5em; font-size:110%&quot; /&gt;');
    var link = $('&lt;a href=&quot;#&quot; id=&quot;cite-nref-parse&quot; style=&quot;margin:0 1em 0 1em; display:none; color:darkblue&quot; /&gt;');
    link.html(mw.usability.getMsg('cite-form-parse'));
    $('#cite-namedref-parsed').after(link);
    
    $(&quot;#cite-namedref-select&quot;).on( 'change', CiteTB.namedRefSelectClick);
    $('#cite-nref-parse').on( 'click', CiteTB.nrefParseClick);
  }      
};

// Function to get the errorcheck form HTML
CiteTB.setupErrorCheck = function() {
  var form = $('&lt;div id=&quot;cite-errorcheck-heading&quot; /&gt;').html(mw.usability.getMsg('cite-errorcheck-heading'));
  var ul = $(&quot;&lt;ul id='cite-errcheck-list' /&gt;&quot;);
  var test;
  for (var t in CiteTB.ErrorChecks) {
    test = CiteTB.ErrorChecks[t];
    ul.append(test.getRow());
  }
  form.append(ul);
  $('#citetoolbar-errorcheck').html(form);
};

// Callback function for parsed preview
CiteTB.fillNrefPreview = function(parsed) {
  $('#cite-parsed-label').show();
  $('#cite-namedref-parsed').html(parsed);
};

// Click handler for the named-ref parsed preview
CiteTB.nrefParseClick = function() {
  var choice = $(&quot;#cite-namedref-select&quot;).val();
  if (choice === '') {
    $('#cite-parsed-label').hide();
    $('#cite-namedref-parsed').text('');
    return false;
  }
  $('#cite-nref-parse').hide();
  for( var i=0; i&lt;CiteTB.mainRefList.length; i++) {
    if (!CiteTB.mainRefList[i].shorttag &amp;&amp; CiteTB.mainRefList[i].refname == choice) {
      CiteTB.parse(CiteTB.mainRefList[i].content, CiteTB.fillNrefPreview);
      return false;
    }
  }  
};

// Click handler for the named-ref dropdown
CiteTB.lastnamedrefchoice = '';
CiteTB.namedRefSelectClick = function() {
  var choice = $(&quot;#cite-namedref-select&quot;).val();
  if (CiteTB.lastnamedrefchoice == choice) {
    return;
  }
  CiteTB.lastnamedrefchoice = choice;
  $('#cite-parsed-label').hide();
  $('#cite-namedref-parsed').text('');
  if (choice === '') {
    $('#cite-nref-preview-label').hide();
    $('#cite-namedref-preview').text('');
    $('#cite-nref-parse').hide();
    return;
  }
  for( var i=0; i&lt;CiteTB.mainRefList.length; i++) {
    if (!CiteTB.mainRefList[i].shorttag &amp;&amp; CiteTB.mainRefList[i].refname == choice) {
      $('#cite-nref-preview-label').show();
      $('#cite-namedref-preview').text(CiteTB.mainRefList[i].content);
      if (CiteTB.getOption('autoparse')) {
        CiteTB.nrefParseClick();
      } else {
        $('#cite-nref-parse').show();
      }
    }
  }
};

// callback function for parsed preview
CiteTB.fillTemplatePreview = function(text) {
  var template = CiteTB.getOpenTemplate();
  var div = $(&quot;#citetoolbar-&quot;+CiteTB.escStr(template.shortform));
  div.find('.cite-prev-parsed-label').show();
  div.find('.cite-preview-parsed').html(text);
};

// Click handler for template parsed preview
CiteTB.prevParseClick = function() {
  var ref = CiteTB.getRef(true, false);
  var template = CiteTB.getOpenTemplate();
  var div = $(&quot;#citetoolbar-&quot;+CiteTB.escStr(template.shortform));
  div.find('.cite-prev-parse').hide();
  CiteTB.parse(ref, CiteTB.fillTemplatePreview);
};

// Show/hide the extra fields in the dialog box
CiteTB.showHideExtra = function() {
  var template = CiteTB.getOpenTemplate();
  var div = $(&quot;#citetoolbar-&quot;+CiteTB.escStr(template.shortform));
  var setting = div.find(&quot;.cite-form-status&quot;).val();
  if ( setting === 'closed' ) {
    div.find(&quot;.cite-form-status&quot;).val('open');
    div.find('.cite-extra-fields').show(1, function() {
      // jQuery adds &quot;display:block&quot;, which screws things up
      div.find('.cite-extra-fields').attr('style', 'width:100%; background-color:transparent;'); 
    });
  } else {
    div.find(&quot;.cite-form-status&quot;).val('closed');
    div.find('.cite-extra-fields').hide();
  } 
};

// Resets form fields and previews
// Resets form fields and previews
CiteTB.resetForm = function() {
  var template = CiteTB.getOpenTemplate();
  var div = $(&quot;#citetoolbar-&quot;+CiteTB.escStr(template.shortform));
  div.html(template.getForm());
};

// STRING UTILITY FUNCTIONS
// Returns a string quoted as necessary for name/group attributes
CiteTB.getQuotedString = function(s) {
  var sq = /\'/.test(s); // single quotes
  var dq = /\&quot;/.test(s); // double quotes
  if (!sq &amp;&amp; !dq) { // Always quotes for non-latin alphabet
    return '&quot;'+s+'&quot;';
  } else if (!dq) { // Can use double quotes
    return '&quot;'+s+'&quot;';
  } else if (!sq) { // Can use single quotes
    return &quot;'&quot;+s+&quot;'&quot;;
  } else { // Has double and single quotes
    s = s.replace(/\&quot;/g, '\'');
    return '&quot;'+s+'&quot;';
  }
};

// Fix up strings for output - capitalize first char, replace underscores with spaces
CiteTB.fixStr = function(s) {
  s = s.slice(0,1).toUpperCase() + s.slice(1);
  s = s.replace('_',' ');
  return s;
};

// Escape spaces and quotes for use in HTML classes/ids
CiteTB.escStr = function(s) {
  return s.replace(' ', '-').replace(&quot;'&quot;, &quot;\'&quot;).replace('&quot;', '\&quot;');
};

// MISC FUNCTIONS
// Determine which template form is open, and get the template object for it
CiteTB.getOpenTemplate = function() {
  var dialogs = $(&quot;.ui-dialog-content.ui-widget-content:visible&quot;);
  var templatename = $(dialogs[0]).find(&quot;.cite-template&quot;).val();
  return CiteTB.Templates[templatename];
};

// Display the report for the error checks
CiteTB.displayErrors = function(errors) {
  $('#cite-err-report').remove();
  var table = $('&lt;table id=&quot;cite-err-report&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; border:1px solid #A9A9A9; background-color:#FFEFD5; padding:0.25em; margin-top:0.5em&quot; /&gt;');
  $('#editpage-copywarn').before(table);
  var tr;
  var tr1 = $('&lt;tr style=&quot;width:100%&quot; /&gt;');
  var th1 = $('&lt;th style=&quot;width:60%; font-size:110%&quot; /&gt;').html(mw.usability.getMsg('cite-err-report-heading'));
  var th2 = $('&lt;th style=&quot;text-align:right; width:40%&quot; /&gt;');
  var im = $('&lt;img /&gt;').attr('src', '//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gtk-stop.svg/20px-Gtk-stop.svg.png');
  im.attr('alt', mw.usability.getMsg('cite-err-report-close')).attr('title', mw.usability.getMsg('cite-err-report-close'));
  var ad = $('&lt;a id=&quot;cite-err-check-close&quot; /&gt;').attr('href', '#');
  ad.append(im);
  th2.append(ad);
  tr1.append(th1).append(th2);
  table.append(tr1);
  $('#cite-err-check-close').on('click', function() {  $('#cite-err-report').remove(); });
  if (errors.length === 0) {
    tr = $('&lt;tr style=&quot;width:100%;&quot; /&gt;');
    var td = $('&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center; margin:1.5px;&quot; /&gt;').html(mw.usability.getMsg('cite-err-report-empty'));
    tr.append(td);
    table.append(tr);
    
    return;
  }
  for(var e in errors) {
    var err = errors[e];
    tr = $('&lt;tr style=&quot;width:100%;&quot; /&gt;');
    var td1 = $('&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid black; margin:1.5px; width:60%&quot; /&gt;').html(err.err);
    var td2 = $('&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid black; margin:1.5px; width:40%&quot; /&gt;').html(mw.usability.getMsg(err.msg));
    tr.append(td1).append(td2);
    table.append(tr);
  }
};
   
} // End of code loaded only on edit</text>
      <sha1>esac4wzho6yz0wn8uy6y9hz3du7a8r6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Gadget-refToolbarBase.js</title>
    <ns>8</ns>
    <id>222918</id>
    <revision>
      <id>925618</id>
      <parentid>922764</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T19:46:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Maintenance script</username>
        <id>26161</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Use thumb.wikimedia.org for thumbnails ([[phab:T427465]], Operator: Ladsgroup)</comment>
      <origin>925618</origin>
      <model>javascript</model>
      <format>text/javascript</format>
      <text bytes="10879" sha1="kwfujh01sokwfpq6f1tea1vgb28l4sk" xml:space="preserve">/* jshint asi: true */
/* global mw, $, CiteTB, citeTemplate, citeErrorCheck */

if (window.CiteTB === undefined) {
	window.CiteTB = {
		&quot;Templates&quot;: {}, // All templates
		&quot;Options&quot;: {}, // Global options
		&quot;UserOptions&quot;: {}, // User options
		&quot;DefaultOptions&quot;: {}, // Script defaults
		&quot;ErrorChecks&quot;: {} // Error check functions
	};
}

// Object for cite templates
window.citeTemplate = function (templatename, shortform, basicfields, expandedfields) {
	// Properties
	this.templatename = templatename; // The template name - &quot;cite web&quot;, &quot;cite book&quot;, etc.
	this.shortform = shortform; // A short form, used for the dropdown box
	this.basic = basicfields; // Basic fields - author, title, publisher...
	// Less common - quote, archiveurl - should be everything the template supports minus the basic ones
	this.extra = expandedfields;

	this.incrementables = {};

	// Add it to the list
	CiteTB.Templates[this.templatename] = this;
	// Methods
	this.makeFormInner = function (fields, incrsetup) {
		var i = 0;
		var trs = [];
		var autofills = []
		for (i = 0; i &lt; fields.length; i++) {
			var fieldobj = fields[i];
			var field = labelfield = fieldobj.field;
			var ad = false;
			if (incrsetup &amp;&amp; fieldobj.increment_group) {
				field = fieldobj.field.replace('&lt;N&gt;', '1');
				labelfield = fieldobj.field.replace('&lt;N&gt;', '');
				if (this.incrementables[fieldobj.increment_group] &amp;&amp; !this.incrementables[fieldobj.increment_group].setup) {
					// The object has been created, but not fully initialized
					this.incrementables[fieldobj.increment_group]['fields'].push(fieldobj)
				} else if (!this.incrementables[fieldobj.increment_group]) {
					// Object not yet created
					this.incrementables[fieldobj.increment_group] = {
						'fields': [fieldobj],
						'val': 1,
						'setup': false
					};
				} else if (this.incrementables[fieldobj.increment_group] &amp;&amp; this.incrementables[fieldobj.increment_group].setup) {
					// Fully initialized from a previous invocation of this function, just resetting the number
					this.incrementables[fieldobj.increment_group].val = 1
				}
			} else if (fieldobj.increment_group) {
				// Adding a new row
				incrval = this.incrementables[fieldobj.increment_group].val;
				field = fieldobj.field.replace('&lt;N&gt;', incrval.toString());
				labelfield = fieldobj.field.replace('&lt;N&gt;', '');
			}
			if ($.inArray(field, CiteTB.getOption('autodate fields')) != -1) {
				im = $('&lt;img /&gt;').attr('src', '//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Nuvola_apps_date.svg/20px-Nuvola_apps_date.svg.png');
				im.attr('alt', mw.messages.get('cite-insert-date')).attr('title', mw.messages.get('cite-insert-date'));
				var ad = $('&lt;a /&gt;').attr('href', '#');
				ad.append(im);
				ad.attr('id', 'cite-date-' + CiteTB.escStr(this.shortform) + '-' + field);
				$(document).on('click', '#cite-date-' + CiteTB.escStr(this.shortform) + '-' + field, CiteTB.fillAccessdate);
			}

			if (fieldobj.autofillid) {
				var autotype = fieldobj.autofillid;
				im = $('&lt;img /&gt;').attr('src', '//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/20px-System-search.svg.png');
				im.attr('alt', mw.messages.get('cite-autofill-alt')).attr('title', mw.messages.get('cite-autofill-alt'));
				var ad = $('&lt;a /&gt;').attr('href', '#');
				ad.append(im);
				ad.attr('id', 'cite-auto-' + CiteTB.escStr(this.shortform) + '-' + field + '-' + autotype);
				autofills.push('#cite-auto-' + CiteTB.escStr(this.shortform) + '-' + field + '-' + autotype);
			}

			if (fieldobj.increment_button) {
				var incrtype = fieldobj.increment_group;
				im = $('&lt;img /&gt;').attr('src', '//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Nuvola_action_edit_add.svg/20px-Nuvola_action_edit_add.svg.png');
				im.attr('alt', mw.messages.get('cite-increment-alt')).attr('title', mw.messages.get('cite-increment-alt'));
				var ad = $('&lt;a /&gt;').attr('href', '#');
				ad.append(im);
				ad.attr('id', 'cite-incr-' + CiteTB.escStr(this.shortform) + '-' + incrtype);
			}

			var display = mw.messages.get('cite-' + labelfield + '-label');
			if (typeof display !== 'string') {
				if (fieldobj.label) {
					display = CiteTB.fixStr(fieldobj.label);
				} else {
					display = CiteTB.fixStr(labelfield)
				}
			}
			var tooltip = fieldobj.tooltip ? $('&lt;abbr /&gt;').attr('title', mw.messages.get(fieldobj.tooltip)).html('&lt;sup&gt;?&lt;/sup&gt;') : false;

			var input = '';
			if (ad) {
				input = $('&lt;input tabindex=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;width:85%&quot; type=&quot;text&quot; /&gt;');
			} else {
				input = $('&lt;input tabindex=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;width:100%&quot; type=&quot;text&quot; /&gt;');
			}
			input.attr('id', 'cite-' + CiteTB.escStr(this.shortform) + '-' + field);
			if (fieldobj.autofillprop) {
				classname = 'cite-' + CiteTB.escStr(this.shortform) + '-' + fieldobj.autofillprop
				if (fieldobj.increment_group) {
					input.addClass('cite-' + CiteTB.escStr(this.shortform) + '-incr-' + fieldobj.increment_group);
					classname += '-' + this.incrementables[fieldobj.increment_group].val.toString();
				}
				input.addClass(classname);
			}
			var label = $('&lt;label /&gt;');
			label.attr('for', 'cite-' + CiteTB.escStr(this.shortform) + '-' + field).text(display);
			if (tooltip) {
				label.append(tooltip);
			}
			var style = 'text-align:right; width:20%;';
			if (i % 2 == 1) {
				style += ' padding-left:1em;';
			} else {
				var tr = $('&lt;tr /&gt;');
			}
			var td1 = $('&lt;td class=&quot;cite-form-td&quot; /&gt;').attr('style', style);
			td1.append(label);
			tr.append(td1);
			var td2 = $('&lt;td class=&quot;cite-form-td&quot; style=&quot;width:30%&quot; /&gt;');
			td2.append(input);
			if (ad) {
				td2.append(ad);
			}
			tr.append(td2);
			if (i % 2 == 0) {
				trs.push(tr);
			}
		}
		var needsetup = false;
		for (g in this.incrementables) {
			if (!this.incrementables[g].setup) {
				needsetup = true;
				$(document).on('click', '#cite-incr-' + CiteTB.escStr(this.shortform) + '-' + g, CiteTB.incrementFields);
				this.incrementables[g].setup = true;
			}
		}
		if (needsetup || $.isEmptyObject(this.incrementables)) {
			for (i = 0; i &lt; autofills.length; i++) {
				$(document).on('click', autofills[i], CiteTB.initAutofill);
			}
		}
		return trs;

	}

	// gives a little bit of HTML so the open form can be identified
	this.getInitial = function () {
		var hidden = '&lt;input type=&quot;hidden&quot; class=&quot;cite-template&quot; value=&quot;' + this.templatename + '&quot;/&gt;';
		return hidden;
	}

	// makes the form used in the dialog boxes
	this.getForm = function () {
		var main = $(&quot;&lt;div class='cite-form-container' /&gt;&quot;);
		var form1 = $('&lt;table style=&quot;width:100%; background-color:transparent;&quot; class=&quot;cite-basic-fields&quot; /&gt;');
		var i = 0;
		var trs = this.makeFormInner(this.basic, true);
		for (var i = 0; i &lt; trs.length; i++) {
			form1.append(trs[i]);
		}

		var form2 = $('&lt;table style=&quot;width:100%; background-color:transparent; display:none&quot; class=&quot;cite-extra-fields&quot;&gt;');
		trs = this.makeFormInner(this.extra, true);
		for (var i = 0; i &lt; trs.length; i++) {
			form2.append(trs[i]);
		}
		main.append(form1).append(form2);

		var form3 = $('&lt;table style=&quot;width:100%; background-color:transparent;padding-top:1em&quot; class=&quot;cite-other-fields&quot;&gt;');
		var tr = $('&lt;tr /&gt;');
		var td1 = $('&lt;td class=&quot;cite-form-td&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right; width:20%&quot; /&gt;');
		var label1 = $('&lt;label /&gt;');
		label1.attr('for', &quot;cite-&quot; + CiteTB.escStr(this.shortform) + '-name').text(mw.messages.get('cite-name-label'));
		td1.append(label1);
		var td2 = $('&lt;td class=&quot;cite-form-td&quot; style=&quot;width:30%&quot; /&gt;');
		var input1 = $('&lt;input tabindex=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;width:100%&quot; type=&quot;text&quot; /&gt;');
		input1.attr('id', 'cite-' + CiteTB.escStr(this.shortform) + '-name');
		td2.append(input1);
		var td3 = $('&lt;td class=&quot;cite-form-td&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right; padding-left:1em; width:20%&quot;&gt;');
		var label2 = $('&lt;label /&gt;');
		label2.attr('for', 'cite-' + CiteTB.escStr(this.shortform) + '-group').text(mw.messages.get('cite-group-label'));
		td3.append(label2);
		var td4 = $('&lt;td class=&quot;cite-form-td&quot; style=&quot;width:30%&quot; /&gt;');
		var input2 = $('&lt;input tabindex=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;width:100%&quot; type=&quot;text&quot; /&gt;');
		input2.attr('id', 'cite-' + CiteTB.escStr(this.shortform) + '-group');
		td4.append(input2);
		tr.append(td1).append(td2).append(td3).append(td4);
		form3.append(tr);
		main.append(form3);
		var extras = $('&lt;div /&gt;');
		extras.append('&lt;input type=&quot;hidden&quot; class=&quot;cite-form-status&quot; value=&quot;closed&quot; /&gt;');
		var hidden = $('&lt;input type=&quot;hidden&quot; class=&quot;cite-template&quot; /&gt;');
		hidden.val(this.templatename);
		extras.append(hidden);
		var span1 = $('&lt;span class=&quot;cite-preview-label&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot; /&gt;');
		span1.text(mw.messages.get('cite-raw-preview'));
		extras.append(span1).append('&lt;div class=&quot;cite-ref-preview&quot; style=&quot;padding:0.5em; font-size:110%&quot; /&gt;');
		var span2 = $('&lt;span class=&quot;cite-prev-parsed-label&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot; /&gt;');
		span2.text(mw.messages.get('cite-parsed-label'));
		extras.append(span2).append('&lt;div class=&quot;cite-preview-parsed&quot; style=&quot;padding-bottom:0.5em; font-size:110%&quot; /&gt;');
		var link = $('&lt;a href=&quot;#&quot; class=&quot;cite-prev-parse&quot; style=&quot;margin:0 1em 0 1em; display:none; color:darkblue&quot; /&gt;');
		link.text(mw.messages.get('cite-form-parse'));
		extras.append(link);
		main.append(extras);

		return main;
	}
}

/* Class for error checks
    FIXME: DOCS OUT OF DATE
   type - type of error check - current options:
    * 'refcheck' - apply a function on each ref individually
      * function should accept a ref object, return a string
    * 'reflist' - apply a function on the entire ref list
      * function should accept an array of ref objects, return an array of strings
    * 'search' - apply a function ro the page text
      * function should accept the page text as a string, return an array of strings
   The strings returned by the function should be valid HTML
   
   func - The function described above
   testname - Name of the error check, must not contain spaces
   desc - A short description of the test
*/

window.citeErrorCheck = function (obj) {
	this.obj = obj
	CiteTB.ErrorChecks[this.obj.testname] = this;

	this.run = function () {
		var errors = [];
		switch (this.obj['type']) {
			case &quot;refcheck&quot;:
				CiteTB.loadRefs();
				for (var i = 0; i &lt; CiteTB.mainRefList.length; i++) {
					var e = this.obj.func(CiteTB.mainRefList[i]);
					if (e) {
						errors.push(e);
					}
				}
				break;
			case &quot;reflist&quot;:
				CiteTB.loadRefs();
				errors = this.obj.func(CiteTB.mainRefList);
				break;
			case &quot;search&quot;:
				var func = this.obj.func
				CiteTB.getPageText(function (text) {
					errors = func(text);
				});
				break;
		}
		return errors;
	}

	this.getRow = function () {
		var row = $(&quot;&lt;li /&gt;&quot;);
		var check = $(&quot;&lt;input type='checkbox' name='cite-err-test' /&gt;&quot;);
		check.attr('value', this.obj.testname);
		var label = $(&quot;&lt;label /&gt;&quot;).html(mw.messages.get(this.obj.desc));
		label.attr('for', this.obj.testname);
		row.append(check).append(' &amp;ndash; ').append(label);
		return row;
	}
}
$('head').trigger('reftoolbarbase');</text>
      <sha1>kwfujh01sokwfpq6f1tea1vgb28l4sk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:Leet o editathon themes/MSPs wi nae airticles</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>223455</id>
    <revision>
      <id>925644</id>
      <parentid>925411</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T00:12:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ListeriaBot</username>
        <id>30924</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wikidata list updated [V2]</comment>
      <origin>925644</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="47557" sha1="dql3qtssqly7otow6hzm9i2qt986dhw" xml:space="preserve">{{Wikidata list
|sparql=SELECT DISTINCT ?item WHERE {
?position wdt:P279 wd:Q1711695 . ?item p:P39 ?ps . ?ps ps:P39 ?position . ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q5 .
}
|links=red_only
|thumb=100
|columns=number,label:Name,,P18,P569,P570,P19
}}
{| class='wikitable sortable'
! number
! Name
! 
! eemage
! date o birth
! date o daith
! place o birth
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1
| [[Nigel Don]]
| 
| [[File:NigelDonMSP20110507.JPG|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1954&quot; | 1954-04-16
| 
| [[London Borough of Sutton]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 2
| [[Ian McKee]]
| 
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1940&quot; | 1940-04-02
| 
| [[South Shields]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 3
| [[Margaret Curran]]
| 
| [[File:Official portrait of Baroness Curran crop 2, 2025.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1958&quot; | 1958-11-24
| 
| [[Glesga]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 4
| [[Elaine Smith]]
| 
| [[File:ElaineSmithMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1963&quot; | 1963-05-07
| 
| [[Coatbrig]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 5
| [[Nicol Stephen]]
| 
| [[File:Nicol Stephen.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1960&quot; | 1960-03-23
| 
| [[Aiberdeen]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 6
| [[Andrew Welsh]]
| 
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1944&quot; | 1944-04-19
| data-sort-value=&quot;2021&quot; | 2021-06-17
| [[Glesga]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 7
| [[Wendy Alexander]]
| 
| [[File:Official portrait of Baroness Alexander of Cleveden crop 2, 2025.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1963&quot; | 1963-06-27
| 
| [[Glesga]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 8
| [[Andy Kerr]]
| 
| [[File:Andy Kerr.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1962&quot; | 1962-03-17
| 
| [[East Kilbride]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 9
| [[Rhona Brankin]]
| 
| [[File:Rhona Brankin.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1950&quot; | 1950-01-19
| 
| [[Glesga]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 10
| [[Sarah Boyack]]
| 
| [[File:Sarah Boyack MSP.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1961&quot; | 1961-05-16
| 
| [[Glesga]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 11
| [[Johann Lamont]]
| 
| [[File:Johann Lamont 2019.png|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1957&quot; | 1957-07-11
| 
| [[Glesga]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 12
| [[Cathie Craigie]]
| 
| [[File:Cathy Craigie.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1954&quot; | 1954-04-14
| data-sort-value=&quot;2026&quot; | 2026-09-10
| [[Stirlin]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 13
| [[Jackie Baillie]]
| 
| [[File:Official Portrait of Jackie Baillie (cropped).jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1964&quot; | 1964-01-15
| 
| [[Hong Kong]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 14
| [[Annabel Goldie]]
| 
| [[File:Official portrait of Baroness Goldie crop 2, 2024.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1950&quot; | 1950-02-27
| 
| [[Glesga]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 15
| [[Fergus Ewing]]
| 
| [[File:Cabinet Secretary for the Rural Economy and Connectivity, Fergus Ewing.png|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1957&quot; | 1957-09-23
| 
| [[Glesga]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 16
| [[Alex Fergusson]]
| 
| [[File:AlexFergussonMSP20110511.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1949&quot; | 1949-04-08
| data-sort-value=&quot;2018&quot; | 2018-07-31
| [[Leswalt]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 17
| [[Stewart Stevenson]]
| 
| [[File:StewartStevensonMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1946&quot; | 1946-10-15
| 
| [[Edinburgh]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 18
| [[Rob Gibson]]
| 
| [[File:RobGibsonMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1945&quot; | 1945-10-10
| 
| [[Glesga]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 19
| [[Liz Smith]]
| 
| [[File:ElizabethSmithMSP20110508.JPG|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1960&quot; | 1960-02-27
| 
| [[Edinburgh]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 20
| [[Alasdair Morgan]]
| 
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1945&quot; | 1945-04-21
| 
| [[Aiberfeldy]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 21
| [[Cathy Jamieson]]
| 
| [[File:Cathy Jamieson.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1956&quot; | 1956-11-03
| 
| [[Kilmaurnock]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 22
| [[Claire Baker]]
| 
| [[File:ClaireBakerMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1971&quot; | 1971-03-04
| 
| [[Dunfaurlin]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 23
| [[Rhoda Grant]]
| 
| [[File:RhodaGrantMSP20110511.JPG|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1963&quot; | 1963-06-26
| 
| [[Stornowa]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 24
| [[Helen Eadie]]
| 
| [[File:HelenEadieMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1947&quot; | 1947-03-07
| data-sort-value=&quot;2013&quot; | 2013-11-09
| [[Stanehoosemuir|Stennie]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 25
| [[Iain Gray]]
| 
| [[File:IainGrayMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1957&quot; | 1957-06-07
| 
| [[Edinburgh]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 26
| [[Mike Rumbles]]
| 
| [[File:Mike Rumbles.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1956&quot; | 1956-06-10
| 
| [[South Shields]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 27
| [[Frank McAveety]]
| 
| [[File:Frank McAveety MSP (cropped).jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1962&quot; | 1962-07-27
| 
| [[Glesga]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 28
| [[Gavin Brown]]
| 
| [[File:Gavin Brown.JPG|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1975&quot; | 1975-06-04
| 
| [[Kirkcaldy|Kircaudy]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 29
| [[George Foulkes, Baron Foulkes of Cumnock]]
| 
| [[File:Official portrait of Lord Foulkes of Cumnock crop 2, 2019.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-21
| 
| [[Oswestry]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 30
| [[James Kelly]]
| 
| [[File:James Kelly MSP, May 2016.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1963&quot; | 1963-10-23
| 
| [[Glesga]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 31
| [[Hugh O'Donnell]]
| 
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1952&quot; | 1952-05-01
| 
| [[Glesga]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 32
| [[Iain Smith]]
| 
| [[File:Iain smith.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1960&quot; | 1960-05-01
| 
| [[Gateside]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 33
| [[Irene Oldfather]]
| 
| [[File:Irene Oldfather 2016 (cropped).jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1954&quot; | 1954-08-06
| 
| [[Glesga]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 34
| [[Jamie McGrigor]]
| 
| [[File:JamieMcGrigorMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1949&quot; | 1949-10-19
| data-sort-value=&quot;2025&quot; | 2025-07-20
| [[Lunnon]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 35
| [[Jeremy Purvis]]
| 
| [[File:Official portrait of Lord Purvis of Tweed crop 2.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1974&quot; | 1974-01-15
| 
| [[Berrick|Berik]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 36
| [[Jim Hume]]
| 
| [[File:JimHumeMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1962&quot; | 1962-11-04
| 
| [[Peebles]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 37
| [[John Lamont]]
| 
| [[File:Official portrait of John Lamont MP crop 2, 2024.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1976&quot; | 1976-04-15
| 
| [[Kilwinnin]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 38
| [[John Park]]
| 
| [[File:John-Park-MSP.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1973&quot; | 1973-09-14
| 
| [[Dunfaurlin]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 39
| [[John Scott]]
| 
| [[File:JohnScottMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1951&quot; | 1951-06-07
| 
| [[Ayr]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 40
| [[John Wilson]]
| 
| [[File:JohnWilsonMSP.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1956&quot; | 1956-11-28
| 
| [[Fawkirk]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 41
| [[Karen Gillon]]
| 
| [[File:KarenGillon.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1967&quot; | 1967-08-18
| 
| [[Jethart]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 42
| [[Lewis Macdonald]]
| 
| [[File:LewisMacdonaldMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1957&quot; | 1957-01-01
| 
| [[Stornowa]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 43
| [[Malcolm Chisholm]]
| 
| [[File:Malcolm Chisholm.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1949&quot; | 1949-03-07
| 
| [[Edinburgh]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 44
| [[Margaret Mitchell]]
| 
| [[File:MargaretMitchellMSP20120529.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1952&quot; | 1952-11-15
| 
| [[Coatbrig]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 45
| [[Margaret Smith]]
| 
| [[File:Margaret-SmithMSP.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1961&quot; | 1961-02-18
| 
| [[Edinburgh]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 46
| [[Mary Scanlon]]
| 
| [[File:MaryScanlonMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1947&quot; | 1947-05-25
| 
| [[Dundee]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 47
| [[Michael Russell]]
| 
| [[File:Mike Russell SNP Conference.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1953&quot; | 1953-08-09
| 
| [[Bromley]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 48
| [[Mike Pringle]]
| 
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1945&quot; | 1945-12-25
| 
| [[Northern Rhodesia]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 49
| [[Murdo Fraser]]
| 
| [[File:Official portrait of Murdo Fraser MSP (cropped).jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1965&quot; | 1965-09-05
| 
| [[Innerness]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 50
| [[Patricia Ferguson]]
| 
| [[File:Official portrait of Patricia Ferguson MP crop 2.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1958&quot; | 1958-09-24
| 
| [[Glesga]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 51
| [[Trish Godman]]
| 
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1939&quot; | 1939-10-31
| data-sort-value=&quot;2019&quot; | 2019-07-21
| [[Gouan]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 52
| [[Paul Martin]]
| 
| [[File:PaulMartinMSP20110511.JPG|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1967&quot; | 1967-03-17
| 
| [[Glesga]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 53
| [[Pauline McNeill]]
| 
| [[File:Pauline McNeill.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1962&quot; | 1962-09-12
| 
| [[Paisley]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 54
| [[Peter Peacock]]
| 
| [[File:Peter Peacock.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1952&quot; | 1952-05-27
| 
| [[Edinburgh]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 55
| [[Richard Baker]]
| 
| [[File:Official portrait of Richard Baker MP crop 2.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1974&quot; | 1974-05-29
| 
| [[Edinburgh]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 56
| [[Richard Simpson]]
| 
| [[File:RichardSimpsonMSP20110511.JPG|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-10-22
| 
| [[Edinburgh]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 57
| [[Robert Brown]]
| 
| [[File:Robert Brown (Scottish Government).jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1947&quot; | 1947-12-25
| 
| [[Newcastle upon Tyne]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 58
| [[Ross Finnie]]
| 
| [[File:Ross Finnie.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1947&quot; | 1947-02-11
| 
| [[Greenock]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 59
| [[Stefan Tymkewycz]]
| 
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1959&quot; | 1959-09-18
| 
| [[Edinburgh]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 60
| [[Ted Brocklebank]]
| 
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-09-24
| 
| [[St Aundraes]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 61
| [[Michael McMahon]]
| 
| [[File:MichaelMcMahon5715448629 0404153e04 o.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1961&quot; | 1961-09-18
| 
| [[Bellshill]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 62
| [[Alex Johnstone]]
| 
| [[File:AlexJohnstoneMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1961&quot; | 1961-07-31
| data-sort-value=&quot;2016&quot; | 2016-12-07
| [[Steenhive|Stanehyve]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 63
| [[Alison McInnes]]
| 
| [[File:AlisonMcInnesMSP20110511.JPG|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1957&quot; | 1957-07-17
| 
| [[Irvin]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 64
| [[Hugh Henry]]
| 
| [[File:HughHenryMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1952&quot; | 1952-02-12
| 
| [[Glesga]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 65
| [[Nanette Milne]]
| 
| [[File:NanetteMilneMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-04-27
| 
| [[Aiberdeen]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 66
| [[James Douglas-Hamilton, Baron Selkirk of Douglas]]
| 
| [[File:Official portrait of Lord Selkirk of Douglas crop 2.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-07-31
| data-sort-value=&quot;2023&quot; | 2023-11-28
| [[Sooth Lanrikshire]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 67
| [[Phil Gallie]]
| 
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1939&quot; | 1939-06-03
| data-sort-value=&quot;2011&quot; | 2011-01-24
| [[Portsmouth]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 68
| [[Jim Wallace, Baron Wallace of Tankerness]]
| 
| [[File:Official portrait of Lord Wallace of Tankerness crop 2, 2019.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1954&quot; | 1954-08-25
| data-sort-value=&quot;2026&quot; | 2026-01-29
| [[Annan, Dumfries an Gallowa|Annan]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 69
| [[Donald Gorrie]]
| 
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1933&quot; | 1933-04-02
| data-sort-value=&quot;2012&quot; | 2012-08-25
| [[Breetish Raj]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 70
| [[George Reid]]
| 
| [[File:George Reid MSP.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1939&quot; | 1939-06-04
| data-sort-value=&quot;2025&quot; | 2025-08-12
| [[Tullibody]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 71
| [[Andrew Arbuckle]]
| 
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1944&quot; | 1944-04-12
| data-sort-value=&quot;2025&quot; | 2025-12-25
| [[Fife]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 72
| [[Tommy Sheridan]]
| 
| [[File:TommySheridan2007.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1964&quot; | 1964-03-07
| 
| [[Glesga]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 73
| [[Eleanor Scott]]
| 
| [[File:Eleanor scott (13338173734).jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1951&quot; | 1951-07-23
| 
| [[Innerness]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 74
| [[Susan Deacon]]
| 
| [[File:Susan Deacon.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1964&quot; | 1964-02-02
| 
| [[Musselburrae]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 75
| [[John Swinburne]]
| 
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1930&quot; | 1930-07-04
| data-sort-value=&quot;2017&quot; | 2017-10-01
| [[Pennsylvanie|Pennsylvania]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 76
| [[Janis Hughes]]
| 
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1958&quot; | 1958-05-01
| 
| [[Glesga]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 77
| [[Bill Butler]]
| 
| [[File:Bb3-billbutler.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1956&quot; | 1956-03-30
| 
| [[Glesga]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 78
| [[Scott Barrie]]
| 
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1962&quot; | 1962-03-10
| 
| [[St Aundraes]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 79
| [[Brian Monteith]]
| 
| [[File:Brian Monteith MEP.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1958&quot; | 1958-01-08
| 
| [[Edinburgh]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 80
| [[Bristow Muldoon]]
| 
| [[File:Bristow Muldoon - 2014-10-30 - Andy Mabbett.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1964&quot; | 1964-03-19
| 
| [[Glesga]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 81
| [[George Lyon]]
| 
| [[File:George Lyon MEP at Bournemouth 2009.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1956&quot; | 1956-07-16
| 
| [[Rossay]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 82
| [[Bruce McFee]]
| 
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1961&quot; | 1961-05-18
| data-sort-value=&quot;2021&quot; | 2021-09-09
| [[Johnstoun]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 83
| [[Cathy Peattie]]
| 
| [[File:Cathey Peattie (Scottish politician).jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1951&quot; | 1951-11-24
| 
| [[Grangemooth]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 84
| [[Charlie Gordon]]
| 
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1951&quot; | 1951-10-28
| 
| [[Glesga]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 85
| [[Christopher Harvie]]
| 
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1944&quot; | 1944-09-21
| 
| [[Motherwal]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 86
| [[David McLetchie]]
| 
| [[File:DavidMcLetchieMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1952&quot; | 1952-08-06
| data-sort-value=&quot;2013&quot; | 2013-08-12
| [[Edinburgh]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 87
| [[David Stewart]]
| 
| [[File:DaveStewartMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1956&quot; | 1956-05-05
| 
| [[Innerness]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 88
| [[Dave Thompson]]
| 
| [[File:DaveThompsonMSP20120629.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1949&quot; | 1949-09-20
| 
| [[Lossiemooth]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 89
| [[David Whitton]]
| 
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1952&quot; | 1952-04-22
| 
| [[Farfar]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 90
| [[Derek Brownlee]]
| 
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1974&quot; | 1974-08-10
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 91
| [[Des McNulty]]
| 
| [[File:Des McNulty.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1952&quot; | 1952-07-28
| 
| [[Stockport]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 92
| [[John Farquhar Munro]]
| 
| [[File:Iain Fearchar Rothach aig SMO.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1934&quot; | 1934-08-26
| data-sort-value=&quot;2014&quot; | 2014-01-26
| [[Glen Shiel]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 93
| [[Jim Tolson]]
| 
| [[File:Jim Tolson.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1965&quot; | 1965-05-26
| 
| [[Kirkcaldy|Kircaudy]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 94
| [[Duncan McNeil]]
| 
| [[File:DuncanMcNeilMSP20110511.JPG|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1950&quot; | 1950-09-07
| 
| [[Greenock]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 95
| [[Mary Mulligan]]
| 
| [[File:MaryMulligan.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1960&quot; | 1960-02-12
| 
| [[Liverpuil]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 96
| [[Marilyn Livingstone]]
| 
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1952&quot; | 1952-09-30
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 97
| [[Marlyn Glen]]
| 
| [[File:Marlyn-Glen.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1951&quot; | 1951-09-30
| 
| [[Dundee]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 98
| [[Elaine Murray]]
| 
| [[File:ElaineMurrayMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1954&quot; | 1954-12-22
| 
| [[Hitchin]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 99
| [[Tavish Scott]]
| 
| [[File:Tavish Scott MSP at Bournemouth.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1966&quot; | 1966-05-06
| 
| [[Innerness]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 100
| [[Karen Whitefield]]
| 
| [[File:KarenWhitefield.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1970&quot; | 1970-01-08
| 
| [[Bellshill]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 101
| [[Nora Radcliffe]]
| 
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1946&quot; | 1946-03-04
| 
| [[Aiberdeen]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 102
| [[Sylvia Jackson]]
| 
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1946&quot; | 1946-12-03
| data-sort-value=&quot;2022&quot; | 2022-07-27
| [[Lincolnshire]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 103
| [[Allan Wilson]]
| 
| [[File:Allan Wilson.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1954&quot; | 1954-08-05
| 
| [[Glesga]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 104
| [[Tom McCabe]]
| 
| [[File:Tom McCabe.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1954&quot; | 1954-04-28
| data-sort-value=&quot;2015&quot; | 2015-04-19
| [[Hamiltoun]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 105
| [[Angus MacKay]]
| 
| [[File:Angus MacKay.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1964&quot; | 1964-01
| 
| [[Edinburgh]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 106
| [[Ian Jenkins]]
| 
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-03-18
| data-sort-value=&quot;2025&quot; | 2025-07-29
| [[Rossay]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 107
| [[Brian Fitzpatrick]]
| 
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1961&quot; | 1961
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 108
| [[John Young]]
| 
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1930&quot; | 1930-12-21
| data-sort-value=&quot;2011&quot; | 2011-11-03
| [[Glesga]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 109
| [[Campbell Martin]]
| 
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1960&quot; | 1960-03-10
| 
| [[Irvin]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 110
| [[Chris Ballance]]
| 
| [[File:Chris Ballance (13338189044).jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1952&quot; | 1952-07-07
| 
| [[Worcester]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 111
| [[Christine May]]
| 
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1948&quot; | 1948-03-23
| 
| [[Dublin]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 112
| [[Shiona Baird]]
| 
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1946&quot; | 1946-09-14
| 
| [[Hereford]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 113
| [[David Davidson]]
| 
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1943&quot; | 1943-01-25
| data-sort-value=&quot;2024&quot; | 2024-06-14
| [[Edinburgh]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 114
| [[Dave Petrie]]
| 
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1946&quot; | 1946-12-10
| data-sort-value=&quot;2011&quot; | 2011-08-31
| [[Edinburgh]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 115
| [[Dennis Canavan]]
| 
| [[File:EET Scotland’s Economic Future Post-2014.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-08-08
| 
| [[Coudenbeith]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 116
| [[Maureen Macmillan]]
| 
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1943&quot; | 1943-02-09
| 
| [[Oban]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 117
| [[Euan Robson]]
| 
| [[File:Euan Robson.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1954&quot; | 1954-02-17
| 
| [[Northren Ingland]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 118
| [[Gordon Jackson]]
| 
| [[File:GJ losing.JPG|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1948&quot; | 1948-08-05
| 
| [[Ardrussan]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 119
| [[Rosemary Byrne]]
| 
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1948&quot; | 1948-03-03
| 
| [[Irvin]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 120
| [[Mark Ballard]]
| 
| [[File:Mark B smart smile.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1971&quot; | 1971-06-27
| 
| [[Leeds]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 121
| [[Alasdair Morrison]]
| 
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1968&quot; | 1968-11-18
| 
| [[Stornowa]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 122
| [[Jean Turner]]
| 
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1939&quot; | 1939-12-23
| 
| [[Glesga]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 123
| [[John Home Robertson]]
| 
| [[File:Johnhomerobertson.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1948&quot; | 1948-12-05
| 
| [[Edinburgh]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 124
| [[Kate Maclean]]
| 
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1958&quot; | 1958-02-16
| 
| [[Dundee]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 125
| [[Keith Raffan]]
| 
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1949&quot; | 1949-06-21
| 
| [[Aiberdeen]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 126
| [[Margaret Jamieson]]
| 
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1953&quot; | 1953
| 
| [[Kilmaurnock]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 127
| [[Mark Ruskell]]
| 
| [[File:MarkRuskellMSP-May2016.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1972&quot; | 1972-05-14
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 128
| [[Mike Watson, Baron Watson of Invergowrie]]
| 
| [[File:Official portrait of Lord Watson of Invergowrie crop 2, 2020.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1949&quot; | 1949-05-01
| 
| [[Cammuslang]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 129
| [[Murray Tosh]]
| 
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1950&quot; | 1950-09-01
| 
| [[Ayr]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 130
| [[Ben Wallace]]
| 
| [[File:Official portrait of Rt Hon Ben Wallace MP crop 2.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1970&quot; | 1970-05-15
| 
| [[Farnborough]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 131
| [[Henry McLeish]]
| 
| [[File:Official Portrait of Henry McLeish, 2000.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1948&quot; | 1948-06-15
| 
| [[Methul]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 132
| [[Colin Campbell]]
| 
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1938&quot; | 1938-08-31
| 
| [[Paisley]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 133
| [[Dorothy-Grace Elder]]
| 
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-08-11
| 
| [[Dundee]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 134
| [[Duncan Hamilton]]
| 
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1973&quot; | 1973
| 
| [[Irvin]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 135
| [[Elaine Thomson]]
| 
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1957&quot; | 1957
| 
| [[Innerness]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 136
| [[John McAllion]]
| 
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1948&quot; | 1948-02-13
| 
| [[Glesga]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 137
| [[Lyndsay McIntosh]]
| 
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1955&quot; | 1955
| 
| [[Glesga]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 138
| [[Fiona McLeod]]
| 
| [[File:FionaMcLeodMSP20110507.JPG|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1957&quot; | 1957-12-03
| 
| [[Glesga]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 139
| [[Ian Welsh]]
| 
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1953&quot; | 1953-11-23
| 
| [[Preswick]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 140
| [[Lloyd Quinan]]
| 
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1957&quot; | 1957-04-29
| 
| [[Edinburgh]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 141
| [[Irene McGugan]]
| 
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1952&quot; | 1952
| 
| [[Angus]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 142
| [[Kay Ullrich]]
| 
| [[File:Kay Ullrich.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1943&quot; | 1943-05-05
| data-sort-value=&quot;2021&quot; | 2021-01-04
| [[Preswick]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 143
| [[Keith Harding]]
| 
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1938&quot; | 1938-11-21
| data-sort-value=&quot;2021&quot; | 2021-11-15
| [[Chipping Norton]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 144
| [[Nick Johnston]]
| 
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1948&quot; | 1948-01-05
| 
| [[Filey]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 145
| [[Sam Galbraith]]
| 
| [[File:Sam Galbraith MSP.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1945&quot; | 1945-10-18
| data-sort-value=&quot;2014&quot; | 2014-08-18
| [[Clitheroe]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 146
| [[Andrew Wilson]]
| 
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1970&quot; | 1970
| 
| [[Lanrik]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 147
| [[Margaret Burgess]]
| 
| [[File:Margaret Burgess.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1949&quot; | 1949-12-07
| 
| [[Ayrshire]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 148
| [[James Dornan]]
| 
| [[File:JamesDornanMSP20110507.JPG|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1953&quot; | 1953-03-17
| 
| [[Glesga]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 149
| [[Joan McAlpine]]
| 
| [[File:JoanMcAlpineMSP20120529.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1962&quot; | 1962-01-28
| 
| [[Gourock]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 150
| [[Angus MacDonald]]
| 
| [[File:AngusMacDonaldMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1963&quot; | 1963-10-11
| 
| [[Stornowa]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 151
| [[Anne McTaggart]]
| 
| [[File:AnneMcTaggartMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1970&quot; | 1970-01-30
| 
| [[Coatbrig]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 152
| [[Bill Kidd]]
| 
| [[File:BillKiddMSP20070509.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1956&quot; | 1956-07-24
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 153
| [[Bill Walker]]
| 
| [[File:BillWalkerMSP20110720.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-31
| 
| [[Edinburgh]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 154
| [[Bob Doris]]
| 
| [[File:BobDorisMSP20110507.JPG|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1973&quot; | 1973-05-11
| 
| [[Vale of Leven]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 155
| [[Neil Findlay]]
| 
| [[File:NeilFindlayMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1969&quot; | 1969-03-06
| 
| [[Brocksburn]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 156
| [[Roderick Campbell]]
| 
| [[File:RoderickCampbellMSP20110511.JPG|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1953&quot; | 1953-06-15
| 
| [[Edinburgh]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 157
| [[Claudia Beamish]]
| 
| [[File:ClaudiaBeamishMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1952&quot; | 1952-08-09
| 
| [[Lunnon]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 158
| [[Colin Beattie]]
| 
| [[File:Colin Beattie.JPG|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1951&quot; | 1951-10-17
| 
| [[Farfar]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 159
| [[Graeme Dey]]
| 
| [[File:GraemeDeyMSP20110507.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1962&quot; | 1962-10-29
| 
| [[Aiberdeen]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 160
| [[Gordon MacDonald]]
| 
| [[File:GordonMacDonaldMSP20120529.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1960&quot; | 1960-01-02
| 
| [[Glesga]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 161
| [[Neil Bibby]]
| 
| [[File:Neil Bibby.JPG|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1983&quot; | 1983-09-06
| 
| [[Paisley]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 162
| [[Jenny Marra]]
| 
| [[File:Jenny Marra MSP.png|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1977&quot; | 1977-11-06
| 
| [[Dundee]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 163
| [[Mark Griffin]]
| 
| [[File:Mark-Griffin-MSP-closeup.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1985&quot; | 1985-10-19
| 
| [[Glesga]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 164
| [[Mary Fee]]
| 
| [[File:MaryFeeMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1954&quot; | 1954-03-23
| 
| [[Edinburgh]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 165
| [[Colin Keir]]
| 
| [[File:ColinKeirMSP20110507.JPG|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1959&quot; | 1959-12-09
| 
| [[Edinburgh]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 166
| [[Jayne Baxter]]
| 
| [[File:JayneBaxterMSP20121211.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1955&quot; | 1955-11-05
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 167
| [[Alex Rowley]]
| 
| [[File:AlexRowleyMSP.png|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1963&quot; | 1963-11-30
| 
| [[Dunfaurlin]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 168
| [[Foysol Choudhury]]
| 
| [[File:Foysol Choudhury MBE.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1969&quot; | 1969-01-05
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 169
| [[Alexander Burnett]]
| 
| [[File:Alexander Burnett.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1973&quot; | 1973-07-30
| 
| [[Banchry]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 170
| [[Colin Smyth]]
| 
| [[File:Colin Smyth MSP.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1972&quot; | 1972
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 171
| [[Jamie Greene]]
| 
| [[File:JamieGreeneMSP.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1980&quot; | 1980-03-19
| 
| [[Greenock]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 172
| [[Ash Regan]]
| 
| [[File:Ash Denham MSP.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1974&quot; | 1974-03-08
| 
| [[Edinburgh]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 173
| [[Jeremy Balfour]]
| 
| [[File:Jeremy Balfour MSP.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1967&quot; | 1967-03-11
| 
| [[Edinburgh]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 174
| [[Alex Kerr]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 175
| [[Beatrice Wishart]]
| 
| [[File:Beatrice Wishart MSP.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1955&quot; | 1955
| 
| [[Lerook]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 176
| [[Laura Mitchell]]
| 
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1982&quot; | 1982-05
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 177
| [[Kate Nevens]]
| 
| [[File:Kate Nevens, Official MSP Portrait.png|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1982&quot; | 1982
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 178
| [[Roz McCall]]
| 
| [[File:Roz Mccall In Dunfermline.jpg|center|100px]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 179
| [[Pam Duncan-Glancy]]
| 
| [[File:Pam Duncan-Glancy MSP.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1981&quot; | 1981-11-02
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 180
| [[Pam Gosal]]
| 
| [[File:Official portrait of Pam Gosal MSP (cropped).jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1972&quot; | 1972
| 
| [[Glesga]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 181
| [[Tess White]]
| 
| [[File:Tess White 2021.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1965&quot; | 1965-02-18
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 182
| [[Thomas Kerr]]
| 
| [[File:Thomas Kerr Official MSP portrait 2026 (cropped).jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1996&quot; | 1996
| 
| [[Glesga]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 183
| [[Jackie Dunbar]]
| 
| [[File:Jackie Dunbar MSP.jpg|center|100px]]
| 
| 
| [[Peterheid]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 184
| [[Marie McNair]]
| 
| [[File:Marie McNair 2021.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1975&quot; | 1975&lt;br/&gt;1976
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 185
| [[Jenni Minto]]
| 
| [[File:Jenni Minto 2021.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1968&quot; | 1968-11
| 
| [[Elgin, Moray|Elgin]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 186
| [[Karen Adam]]
| 
| [[File:Karen Adam MSP.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1975&quot; | 1975-06-07
| 
| [[Aiberdeen]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 187
| [[Mark Simpson]]
| 
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1988&quot; | 1988-11-30
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 188
| [[Laura Moodie]]
| 
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1978&quot; | 1978
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 189
| [[Colm Merrick]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 190
| [[Julie MacDougall]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 191
| [[Katherine Sangster]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 192
| [[Tim Eagle]]
| 
| [[File:Tim eagle 24.jpg|center|100px]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 193
| [[David Kirkwood]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 194
| [[Holly Bruce]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 195
| [[Irshad Ahmed]]
| 
| [[File:Official portrait of Irshad Ahmed MSP (cropped).png|center|100px]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 196
| [[Michelle Campbell]]
| 
| [[File:Official portrait of Michelle Campbell (cropped).jpg|center|100px]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 197
| [[Adam Harley]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 198
| [[Simita Kumar]]
| 
| [[File:Equalities &amp; International Development Minister - 55282125442.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1987&quot; | 1987
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 199
| [[Iris Duane]]
| 
| [[File:Official portrait of Iris Duane MSP (cropped).jpg|center|100px]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 200
| [[Duncan Dunlop]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 201
| [[Cara McKee]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 202
| [[Helen McDade]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 203
| [[Q Manivannan]]
| 
| [[File:Official portrait of Q Manivannan MSP (cropped).png|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1996&quot; | 1996&lt;br/&gt;1997
| 
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 204
| [[Katie Hagmann]]
| 
| [[File:Katie Hagmann, Official MSP Portrait (cropped).jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1979&quot; | 1979-04
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 205
| [[Jack Middleton]]
| 
| [[File:Jack Middleton, Official MSP Portrait (cropped).jpg|center|100px]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 206
| [[Zen Ghani]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 207
| [[Sanne Dijkstra-Downie]]
| 
| [[File:Official portrait of Sanne Dijkstra-Downie (cropped).jpg|center|100px]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 208
| [[Duncan Massey]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 209
| [[Yi-pei Chou Turvey]]
| 
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1981&quot; | 1981
| 
| [[Taiwan (kintra)|Taiwan]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 210
| [[Kayleigh Kinross-O'Neill]]
| 
| [[File:Kayleigh Kinross-O'Neill, Official MSP Portrait.png|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1999&quot; | 1999-03-01
| 
| [[Motherwal]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 211
| [[Angela Ross]]
| 
| [[File:Official portrait of Angela Ross MSP (cropped).png|center|100px]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 212
| [[Hannah Mary Goodlad]]
| 
| [[File:Hannah Mary Goodlad Scottish Parliament Portrait 2026.jpg|center|100px]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 213
| [[Jamie Langan]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 214
| [[Kim Schmulian]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 215
| [[Lloyd Melville]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 216
| [[Senga Beresford]]
| 
| [[File:Official portrait of Senga Beresford (cropped).jpg|center|100px]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 217
| [[Mandy Lindsay]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 218
| [[Max Bannerman]]
| 
| [[File:Official portrait of Max Bannerman MSP (cropped).png|center|100px]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 219
| [[Kristopher Leask]]
| 
| [[File:Kristopher Leask, Official MSP Portrait.png|center|100px]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 220
| [[Vic Currie]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 221
| [[Morven-May MacCallum]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 222
| [[Dawn Black]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 223
| [[Kate Campbell]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 224
| [[David Barratt]]
| 
| [[File:Official portrait of David Barratt MSP 2026 (cropped).jpg|center|100px]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 225
| [[Gary Bouse]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 226
| [[Andrew Baxter]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 227
| [[Donald MacKinnon]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 228
| [[Joe Fagan]]
| 
| [[File:Official portrait of Joe Fagan (cropped).jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1987&quot; | 1987
| 
| [[Lanrikshire]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 229
| [[David Green]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 230
| [[Joe Long]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 231
| [[Pauline Stafford]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 232
| [[Katy Clark]]
| 
| [[File:Katy Clark MP.jpeg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1967&quot; | 1967-07-03
| 
| [[Kilwinnin]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 233
| [[Calum Kerr]]
| 
| [[File:Calum Kerr, Official MSP Portrait (cropped).jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1972&quot; | 1972-04-05
| 
| [[Gallae]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 234
| [[Rachael Hamilton]]
| 
| [[File:Rachel Hamilton MSP.png|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1970&quot; | 1970-09
| 
| [[Herefordshire]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 235
| [[Finlay Carson]]
| 
| [[File:FinlayCarsonMSP.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1967&quot; | 1967-10-18
| 
| [[Twynham, Dumfries an Gallowa|Twynham]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 236
| [[Ross Greer]]
| 
| [[File:Ross Greer, October 2022.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1994&quot; | 1994-06-01
| 
| [[Easter Kirkpatrick|Bearsden]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 237
| [[Graham Simpson]]
| 
| [[File:Harry Cavanagh meeting Graham Simpson MSP, 2025 (cropped).jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1972&quot; | 1972-05
| 
| [[Aiberdeen]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 238
| [[Alex Cole-Hamilton]]
| 
| [[File:AlexCole-HamiltonMSP.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1977&quot; | 1977-07-22
| 
| [[Hertfordshire]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 239
| [[Ben Macpherson]]
| 
| [[File:BenMacphersonMSP-May2016.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1985&quot; | 1980s
| 
| [[Edinburgh]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 240
| [[Ivan McKee]]
| 
| [[File:Ivan McKee MSP.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1963&quot; | 1963-09
| 
| [[Milligs Mill]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 241
| [[Daniel Johnson]]
| 
| [[File:David Johnson MSP.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1977&quot; | 1977-09-03
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 242
| [[Miles Briggs]]
| 
| [[File:Miles Briggs.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1983&quot; | 1983-03-30
| 
| [[Preston]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 243
| [[Liam Kerr]]
| 
| [[File:Liam Kerr MSP.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1975&quot; | 1975-01-23
| 
| [[Chester]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 244
| [[Heather Anderson]]
| 
| [[File:Heather Anderson official portrait as an MEP.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1959&quot; | 1959-01-31
| 
| [[Dundee]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 245
| [[Gillian Mackay]]
| 
| [[File:Gillian Mackay 2026 (cropped).jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1991&quot; | 1991
| 
| [[Fawkirk]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 246
| [[Ariane Burgess]]
| 
| [[File:Ariane Burgess MSP.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1965&quot; | 1965-11-20
| 
| [[Edinburgh]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 247
| [[Meghan Gallacher]]
| 
| [[File:Official portrait of Meghan Gallacher MSP (cropped).jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1992&quot; | 1992-01-17
| 
| [[Bellshill]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 248
| [[Craig Hoy]]
| 
| [[File:Craig Hoy 2021.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1975&quot; | 1975
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 249
| [[Douglas Lumsden]]
| 
| [[File:Official portrait of Douglas Lumsden MP (cropped).jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1971&quot; | 1971-08
| 
| [[Aiberdeen]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 250
| [[Carol Mochan]]
| 
| [[File:Carol Mochan MSP.jpg|center|100px]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 251
| [[Màiri McAllan]]
| 
| [[File:Official portrait of net zero secretary Màiri McAllan (cropped 1).jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1993&quot; | 1993-02-14
| 
| [[Glesga]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 252
| [[Paul McLennan]]
| 
| [[File:Minister for Housing Paul McLennan (52781732883) (cropped).jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1966&quot; | 1966
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 253
| [[Collette Stevenson]]
| 
| [[File:Collette Stevenson 2021.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1969&quot; | 1969-03-15
| 
| [[East Kilbride]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 254
| [[Jim Fairlie]]
| 
| [[File:Minister for Agriculture and Connectivity - Jim Fairlie.jpg|center|100px]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 255
| [[Emma Roddick]]
| 
| [[File:Emma Roddick 2021 (cropped).jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1997&quot; | 1997-07-30
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 256
| [[Michael Marra]]
| 
| [[File:Official portrait of Michael Marra (cropped).png|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1979&quot; | 1979
| 
| [[Dundee]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 257
| [[Malcolm Offord]]
| 
| [[File:Official portrait of Lord Offord of Garvel crop 2, 2025.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1964&quot; | 1964-09-05
| 
| [[Greenock]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 258
| [[David Smith]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| [[Cardiff–South Wales Valleys metropolitan area]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 259
| [[Amanda Bland]]
| 
| [[File:Official portrait of Amanda Bland (cropped).jpg|center|100px]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 260
| [[Jenny Young]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 261
| [[James Adams]]
| 
| [[File:Official portrait of James Adams MSP.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1992&quot; | 1992
| 
| [[Fraserburgh]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 262
| [[Bashir Ahmad]]
| 
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1940&quot; | 1940-02-12
| data-sort-value=&quot;2009&quot; | 2009-02-06
| [[Amritsar]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 263
| [[Bill Wilson]]
| 
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1963&quot; | 1963-12-11
| 
| [[Paisley]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 264
| [[Chic Brodie]]
| 
| [[File:Chic Brodie.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1944&quot; | 1944-05-08
| data-sort-value=&quot;2022&quot; | 2022-09-24
| [[Dundee]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 265
| [[Dennis Robertson]]
| 
| [[File:DennisRobertson20120627.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1956&quot; | 1956-08-14
| 
| [[Aiberdeen]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 266
| [[Drew Smith]]
| 
| [[File:Drew Smith MSP Portrait (cropped).jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1950&quot; | 20th century
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 267
| [[Graeme Pearson]]
| 
| [[File:GraemePearsonMSP20110508.JPG|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1950&quot; | 1950-04-01
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 268
| [[Hanzala Malik]]
| 
| [[File:HanzalaMalikMSP20110601.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1956&quot; | 1956-11-26
| data-sort-value=&quot;2023&quot; | 2023-12-14
| [[Glesga]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 269
| [[Margaret McCulloch]]
| 
| [[File:Margaret McCulloch.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1952&quot; | 1952-05-09
| 
| [[Glesga]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 270
| [[Jean Urquhart]]
| 
| [[File:JeanUrquhartMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1949&quot; | 1949-05-17
| 
| [[Wast Lowden]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 271
| [[Jim Eadie]]
| 
| [[File:JimEadieMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1968&quot; | 1968-02-10
| 
| [[Glesga]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 272
| [[John Pentland]]
| 
| [[File:JohnPentlandMSP20110508.JPG|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1946&quot; | 1946-12-24
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 273
| [[Siobhan McMahon]]
| 
| [[File:SiobhanMcMahonMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1984&quot; | 1984-07-04
| 
| [[Bellshill]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 274
| [[Marco Biagi]]
| 
| [[File:Marco Biagi.JPG|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1982&quot; | 1982-07-31
| 
| [[The Vale]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 275
| [[Margaret McDougall]]
| 
| [[File:MargaretMcDougallMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1949&quot; | 1949-01-23
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 276
| [[Mike MacKenzie]]
| 
| [[File:MikeMacKenzieMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1958&quot; | 1958-11-18
| 
| [[Oban]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 277
| [[Paul Wheelhouse]]
| 
| [[File:PaulWheelhouseMSP20110507.JPG|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1970&quot; | 1970-06-22
| 
| [[Bilfawst|Belfast]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 278
| [[Alison Johnstone]]
| 
| [[File:Alison Johnstone 2021.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1965&quot; | 1965-10-11
| 
| [[Edinburgh]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 279
| [[Cara Hilton]]
| 
| [[File:Cara Hilton.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1975&quot; | 1975
| 
| [[Grangemooth]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 280
| [[Cameron Buchanan]]
| 
| [[File:CameronBuchananMSP20140129.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1946&quot; | 1946-09
| data-sort-value=&quot;2023&quot; | 2023-06-24
| [[Woking]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 281
| [[Lesley Brennan]]
| 
| [[File:Lesley Brennan.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1972&quot; | 1972
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 282
| [[Brian Whittle]]
| 
| [[File:BrianWhittleMSP.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1964&quot; | 1964-04-26
| 
| [[Ayr]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 283
| [[Michelle Thomson]]
| 
| [[File:Michelle Thomson 2021.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1965&quot; | 1965-03-11
| 
| [[Easter Kirkpatrick|Bearsden]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 284
| [[Oliver Mundell]]
| 
| [[File:Oliver Mundell 2016.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1989&quot; | 1989-12-01
| 
| [[Irvin]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 285
| [[Kate Forbes]]
| 
| [[File:Deputy First Minister - designate and Cabinet Secretary for Economy and Gaelic - designate, Kate Forbes (53707856301) (cropped).jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1990&quot; | 1990-04-06
| 
| [[Dingwal]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 286
| [[Edward Mountain]]
| 
| [[File:Official Portrait of Edward Mountain MSP.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1961&quot; | 1961-03-19
| 
| [[Moray]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 287
| [[Maurice Golden]]
| 
| [[File:Official portrait of Maurice Golden MSP (cropped).jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1980&quot; | 1980-01-12
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 288
| [[Monica Lennon]]
| 
| [[File:Monica Lennon MSP 2026.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1981&quot; | 1981-01
| 
| [[Bellshill]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 289
| [[Annie Wells]]
| 
| [[File:AnnieWellsMSP.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1972&quot; | 1972-02-24
| 
| [[Glesga]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 290
| [[Donald Cameron]]
| 
| [[File:Official portrait of Lord Cameron of Lochiel crop 2, 2024.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1976&quot; | 1976-11-26
| 
| [[St Mary's Hospital]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 291
| [[Martin Whitfield]]
| 
| [[File:Official portrait of Martin Whitfield crop 2.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1965&quot; | 1965
| 
| [[Newcastle upon Tyne]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 292
| [[Jamie Halcro Johnston]]
| 
| [[File:JamieHalcroJohnstonMSP.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1975&quot; | 1975-10-08
| 
| [[Oxford]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 293
| [[Audrey Nicoll]]
| 
| [[File:Audrey Nicoll MSP.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1961&quot; | 1961
| 
| [[Aiberdeen]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 294
| [[Stephanie Callaghan]]
| 
| [[File:Stephanie Callaghan MSP.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1971&quot; | 1971
| 
| [[Hamiltoun]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 295
| [[Elena Whitham]]
| 
| [[File:Official 2023 government portrait of Elena Whitham.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1974&quot; | 1974
| 
| [[Kilmaurnock]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 296
| [[Kaukab Stewart]]
| 
| [[File:Kaukab Stewart 2021.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1967&quot; | 1967&lt;br/&gt;1968
| 
| [[Pakistan]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 297
| [[Sandesh Gulhane]]
| 
| [[File:Sandesh Gulhane 2021.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1982&quot; | 1982-01-22
| 
| [[Lunnon]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 298
| [[Mercedes Villalba]]
| 
| [[File:Mercedes Villalba 2026 (cropped).jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1989&quot; | 1989
| 
| [[Bristol]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 299
| [[Sue Webber]]
| 
| [[File:Sue Webber 2021.jpg|center|100px]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 300
| [[Paul O'Kane]]
| 
| [[File:Paul O'Kane 2021.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1988&quot; | 1988-03-21
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 301
| [[Sharon Dowey]]
| 
| [[File:Sharon Dowey MSP.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1969&quot; | 1969&lt;br/&gt;1970
| 
| [[Girvan]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 302
| [[Davy Russell]]
| 
| [[File:Davy Russell at the Scottish Parliament (cropped).jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1960&quot; | 1960s&lt;br/&gt;1962
| 
| [[Quarter]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 303
| [[Gordon Lindhurst]]
| 
| [[File:Gordon Lindhurst MSP.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1967&quot; | 1967-07-02
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 304
| [[Ross Thomson]]
| 
| [[File:Official portrait of Ross Thomson crop 2.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1987&quot; | 1987-09-21
| 
| [[Aiberdeen]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 305
| [[Maurice Corry]]
| 
| [[File:MauriceCorryMSP.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1950&quot; | 1950-06
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 306
| [[Alison Harris]]
| 
| [[File:AlisonHarrisMSP.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1965&quot; | 1965-07-23
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 307
| [[Peter Chapman]]
| 
| [[File:Peter Chapman.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1950&quot; | 1950-05-13
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 308
| [[Bill Bowman]]
| 
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1950&quot; | 1950-05-30
| 
| [[Glesga]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 309
| [[Michelle Ballantyne]]
| 
| [[File:MichelleBallantyneMSP.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1962&quot; | 1962-11-28
| 
| [[Ashton-under-Lyne]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 310
| [[Tom Mason]]
| 
| [[File:Tom Mason MSP.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-12-31
| 
| [[Bishop's Stortford]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 311
| [[Evelyn Tweed]]
| 
| [[File:Official Portrait of Evelyn Tweed MSP.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1967&quot; | 1967
| 
| [[Ayr]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 312
| [[Natalie Don]]
| 
| [[File:Natalie Don MSP.jpg|center|100px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1989&quot; | 1989-02-12
| 
| [[Glesga]]
|}
{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Corbin Bleu</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-02T22:33:41Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="8155" sha1="5lgaq1lzk09t7yd1chwdm8igfzmunzz" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Corbin Bleu.jpg|thumb]]
'''Corbin Bleu Reivers''' (born 21 Februar 1989)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Mike Rose|first=cleveland com|date=2022-02-21|title=Today’s famous birthdays list for February 21, 2022 includes celebrities Sophie Turner, Jennifer Love Hewitt|url=https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/2022/02/todays-famous-birthdays-list-for-february-21-2022-includes-celebrities-sophie-turner-jennifer-love-hewitt.html|access-date=2026-04-09|website=cleveland|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; is an American actor an sangster. He begound actin professionally in the late 1990s afore risin tae prominence in the late 2000s fur his leadin role as Chad Danforth in the ''High School Musical'' trilogy (2006–2008). Sangs frae the films chairtit warldwide an aa, wi the sang &quot;I Don't Dance&quot; peakin inside the Tap 70 o the ''Billboard'' Hot 100. Durin this time, he forby starned in the Disney Channel Oreeginal Movie ''Jump In!'' (2007) an the film ''To Write Love on Her Arms'' (2015). He competit in the 17t saison o ''Dancing with the Stars''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title='Dancing with the Stars': Meet the New 'DWTS' Season 17 Cast!|url=https://extratv.com/2013/09/03/dancing-with-the-stars-meet-the-new-dwts-season-17-cast/|access-date=2026-04-09|website=Extra|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

Bleu haes pursued a muisic career an his debut album ''Another Side'' wis lowsed in 2007, whilk includit the hit &quot;Push It to the Limit&quot;. The album debuted an peaked at nummer 36 on the U.S. ''Billboard'' 200 album chairt, sellin 18,000 unit in its furst week.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Corbin Bleu {{!}} Biography, Music &amp; News|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/corbin-bleu/|access-date=2026-04-09|website=Billboard|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; His seicont album, ''Speed of Light'', wis lowsed in 2009. He returned tae televeesion, starnin in the short-lived Ashton Kutcher–produced CW series ''The Beautiful Life: TBL'' (2009) an the movie ''Free Style'' (2009). He haes kythed in the films ''The Little Engine That Could'' (2011), ''Scary or Die'' (2012), ''Nurse 3D'' (2013), ''Sugar'' (2013), ''The Monkey's Paw'' (2013), ''Walk. Ride. Rodeo.'' (2019), ''Remember Me: The Mahalia Jackson Story'' (2022), an ''Camp Hideout'' (2023).

In 2010, Bleu mak his Broadway debut as Usnavi in the muisical ''In the Heights''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Corbin Bleu Extends Again at in the Heights; Seth Stewart Returning for Four Weeks|url=https://www.broadway.com/buzz/152504/corbin-bleu-extends-again-at-in-the-heights-seth-stewart-returning-for-four-weeks/|access-date=2026-04-09|website=www.broadway.com|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2012, he returned tae Broadway in the revival o ''Godspell''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Broadway's Godspell, Starring Corbin Bleu, Eyes Closing Date|url=https://www.broadway.com/buzz/162264/broadways-godspell-starring-corbin-bleu-eyes-closing-date/|access-date=2026-04-09|website=www.broadway.com|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2013, he wis cast as Jeffrey King in the short-lived online revival o the daytime soap ''One Life to Live''. In 2016, Bleu pleyed Ted Hanover in the Broadway company o ''Holiday Inn, the New Irving Berlin Musical''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Let's Say It With Ink! Holiday Inn, Starring Corbin Bleu, Bryce Pinkham &amp; Lora Lee Gayer, Opens on Broadway|url=https://www.broadway.com/buzz/186241/lets-say-it-with-ink-holiday-inn-starring-corbin-bleu-bryce-pinkham-lora-lee-gayer-opens-on-broadway/|access-date=2026-04-09|website=www.broadway.com|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; He subsequently signed a recordin contract wi Ghostlight Records, tae distribute his ''Holiday Inn'' soondtrack muisic, lowsed in 2017. In 2019, he returned tae pley Bill Calhoun/Lucentio in the Broadway company o ''Kiss Me, Kate''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Millward|first=Tom|date=2018-10-11|title=New York Theater Guide News {{!}} NewYorkTheatreGuide.com|url=https://www.newyorktheatreguide.com/theatre-news/news/corbin-bleu-and-more-join-the-cast-of-kiss-me-kate-on-broadway|access-date=2026-04-09|website=New York Theatre Guide|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He subsequently signed a recordin contract wi Ghostlight Records, tae distribute his ''Kiss Me, Kate'' soondtrack muisic, lowsed on 7 Juin 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=&quot;Kiss Me, Kate Revival to Receive Original Cast Album&quot;|url=https://www.broadway.com/buzz/195539/kiss-me-kate-revival-to-receive-original-cast-album/|access-date=2026-04-09|website=www.broadway.com|last=Lefkowitz|first=Andy|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bleu later mak his West End debut in the European premiere o ''The Great Gatsby'' at the Lunnon Colosseum as Nick Carraway in Aprile 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2025-02-13|title=The Great Gatsby musical unveils complete West End casting|url=https://www.whatsonstage.com/news/the-great-gatsby-musical-unveils-complete-west-end-casting_1665005/|access-date=2026-04-09|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Early life ==
Corbin Bleu wis born in the New York Ceety burgh o Brooklyn, the son o Martha (née Callari) an David Reivers (born 1958), an actor. His mither is Italian-American an his faither is Jamaican-American. He haes three yunger sisters. As a bairn, Bleu studied dance fur mony yeirs, focusin on ballet an jazz. His great-uncle is actor Joseph Callari.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Corbin Bleu (@corbinbleu) on Instagram {{!}} Ghostarchive|url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/corbinbleu/1711385923344098754|access-date=2026-04-09|website=ghostarchive.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bleu appeared in televeesion commercials stairtin at age twa, fur products sic as Life cereal, Bounty, Hasbro an Nabisco. He begound takin jazz an ballet classes, usually as the anly lad in the class. Bi age fower he wis a model wi the Ford Modelin Agency in New York. He appeared in print ads fur stores sic as Macy's, Gap, Target an Toys R Us an in fashion spreids in ''Child'', ''Parents'', an ''American Baby'' magazines, as weel as haein his eemage on toys an gemme packagin.

At age sax, Bleu appeared in his furst professional theatre production, at The Toun Haw. This three-concert series, creautit, written, an hostit bi Scott Siegel, teuk place ower ane weekend an includit a tribute tae David Merrick. Bleu pleyed an abandoned hameless mute in the pley ''Tiny Tim is Dead''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Robbins|first=Caryn|date=1970-01-01|title=Broadway &amp; HIGH SCHOOL MUSICAL Alum Corbin Bleu Ties the Knot|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Broadway-HIGH-SCHOOL-MUSICAL-Alum-Corbin-Bleu-Ties-the-Knot-20160725|access-date=2026-04-09|website=BroadwayWorld.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bleu graduatit frae Los Angeles Coonty Heich Schuil fur the Airts. He trained in dancin at the Debbie Allen Dance Academy an attendit the Fiorello H. LaGuardia Heich Schuil o Muisic &amp; Airt an Performin Airts as a theatre major, follaein in his mither's fitsteps.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2026-02-18|title=Corbin Bleu On Stage|url=https://www.newyorktheatreguide.com/|access-date=2026-04-09|website=New York Theatre Guide|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Newmark|first=Judith|date=2018-06-22|title=Corbin Bleu has been waiting a long time for this rainy day|url=https://www.stltoday.com/life-entertainment/local/art-theater/article_120f93a3-3ff5-59c8-8573-f48cce648c9f.html|access-date=2026-04-09|website=STLtoday.com|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260412020229/https://www.stltoday.com/life-entertainment/local/art-theater/article_120f93a3-3ff5-59c8-8573-f48cce648c9f.html|archive-date=2026-04-12|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bleu graduatit frae heich schuil in 2007 an wis admittit tae Stanford Varsity, but declined tae matriculate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Robbins|first=Caryn|date=2013-11-19|title=Corbin Bleu Earns Perfect Score; Advances to Finals on DWTS|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/VIDEO-Corbin-Bleu-Earns-Perfect-Score-Advances-to-Finals-on-DWTS-20131119|access-date=2026-04-09|website=BroadwayWorld.com|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Personal life ==
He is marriet tae [[Sasha Clements]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Corbin Bleu and Sasha Clements Are Married|language=en|work=People.com|url=https://people.com/celebrity/corbin-bleu-and-sasha-clements-are-married/|access-date=2026-04-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== References ==
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