Wikipedia scowiki https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.3 first-letter Media Special Collogue Uiser Uiser collogue Wikipedia Wikipedia collogue File File collogue MediaWiki MediaWiki collogue Template Template collogue Help Help collogue Category Category collogue Portal Portal talk Define Define talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 4 926644 908557 2026-11-08T05:18:03Z Monospaced 75295 926644 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Distinguish|Scots Inglis|Scots leid}} {{Needs Mair Soorces}} [[File:Mallaig sign.jpg|thumb|right|A roadsign in baith Gaelic an [[Inglis leid|Inglis]].]] [[File:Scots Gaelic speakers in the 2011 census.png|thumb|right|Whaur Gaelic is spoken the nou (the [[Gàidhealtachd|''Gàidhealtachd'']])]] The '''Scots Gaelic''' leid ({{lang|gd|Gàidhlig}}) is a [[Goidelic leids|Goidelic]], [[Celtic leids|Celtic leid]] an ane o the hamelt leids o [[Scotland]]. It is a Q-Celtic leid that's spak in Scotland (in muckler proportions in the northren pairt o Scotland (the Hielands an Islands<!--Inches("Inish") is juist wee islands an fae Gaelic an aw-->), an abreed in [[Canadae]] ([[Cape Breton Island]], [[Nova Scotia]]). It is sib tae the [[Erse leid|Erse]] an the [[Manx Gaelic leid]], an tae the [[Welsh leid|Welsh]], [[Cornish leid|Cornish]] an [[Breton leid|Breton]] forby. It wis spak in maist o the Lawlands an aw, as can be seen bi literature an place names: * [[Buchan]] – Buik o Deer, auldest beuk in the Scots Gaelic {{gd icon}} * [[Caithness]] – ''The Caithness book'' * [[Gallowa]] & [[Ayrshire]] – [[Robert the Bruce]] an [[Walter Kennedy]] baith spak Scots Gaelic. * [[Glesca]] – "[[Auchenshuggle]]", "[[Govan]]", "Drumchapel" etc. aw cam fae Scots Gaelic an aw. Glesca still haes a michty community the day o Gaels that speaks the Gaelic, an is hame tae the first Gaelic medium [[Secondary School]]. == History == Thare wis a kinrick in [[Ulster]] haurd forenenst the coast richt alang bi the Giant's Causey cried [[Dalriada]] wi a wheen o warriors cried the Scots. The Scots invaded an settlet in [[Argyll]] an brocht thair leid wi them. The Gaelic leid replaced the [[Pechtish leid]] athort Scotland wi the help o the Gaelic speakin kirk an the [[Kingdom o Scotland|unification o Scotland]]. (See [[History o Scotland]] forby). In the 1700s, Gaelic wis the main written an spaken leid o the Hielands but wis confined tae that pairt o Scotland as the feck leid.<ref name="brown">{{cite book|last1=Brown|first1=Ian|title=Edinburgh History of Scottish Literature: Enlightenment, Britain and Empire (1707-1918)|date=2006|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-3064-6|pages=21–22|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0OWqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA21|language=en}}</ref> The first translate o the [[Bible]] intae Scots Gaelic wisna makkit til 1767 whan Dr James Stuart o Killin an Dugald Buchanan o Rannoch shapit a translate o the [[New Testament]]. Gey few [[Europe]]an leids hae makkit the transition tae a modren leeterar leid athoot an early modren translate o the Bible. Gaelic no haein sic a translate til the late aichteent century nae doubt contreibutit tae the decline o Scots Gaelic. == Scots Gaelic the day == {{see an aa|Gàidhealtachd}} The day, it is spoken anerly bi aboot 60,000 fowk in [[Scotland]]<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/census2021/Scotlands_Census_2011_Gaelic_Report_Part_1.pdf |title=Scotland’s Census 2011: Gaelic report (part 1) |publisher=National Records of Scotland |website=www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk |language=en |date=30 September 2015 |accessdate=30 August 2020}}</ref> an aiblins 1,000–2,000 in [[Nova Scotia]], [[Canadae]]. Anerly the [[Wastren Isles]] o Scotland hae mair fowk that can speak the leid nor no (61% o the fowk speak Gaelic). The place in Scotland wi the muckle maist percentage o Scots Gaelic speakers is a clachan cried [[Barvas]] on the [[Isle o Lewis.]] Here, 74.7% o the fowk speak the langage. Mony fowk are stairtin tae lear the leid. == Relation til ither leids == Scots Gaelic is gey close tae Erse an Manx, the ither Goidelic leids an thur written forms are whiles e'en [[mutually inteligible]] tae ilka ither. The [[Pechts]] wis in whit is nou Scotland lang afore the Scots or Scotland, an acause o this Scots Gaelic haes some o thair tongue in it. Wirds the likes o "Ben" (Heid/Peak) an "Aber" (Gub o a muckle river) gies us a keek at whit the aulder leid o Scotland. Ben an Aber is niver foond in the [[Erse leid|Erse]] but are in the [[Welsh leid|Welsh]], [[Cornish leid|Cornish]] an [[Breton leid|Breton]] forby. Syne the 16t-centurie, thar increasin uiss o Scots an Scots hank on Gaelic; acause o the [[Statutes o Iona]] (1609) an the [[Scuilin Act]] (1616), mony Hieland [[Gaels]] wis gart tae gang tae the [[Scots Lawlands|Lallans]] an learn ''Inglis'' (then the term fae [[Lallans|Lallans Scots]]).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Horsburgh|first1=Davie|title='The hail kintra is gat begunkit': The thrawn historie o Scotlan's cultures|journal=Cairn The Historie Jurnal in the Scots Leid|date=1997|volume=1|page=15-21}}</ref> == See forbye == {{Commonscat|Scottish Gaelic language}} * [[Bòrd na Gàidhlig]] * [[Leids o Scotland]] ** [[Scots leid]] ** [[Scots Inglis]] * [[Erse leid]] * [[Manx leid]] * [[Welsh leid]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Scots Gaelic leid| ]] [[Category:Verb–subject–object leids]] moa0ema7vcjtcish2tst774otticfrw 0 1615 926646 869760 2026-11-08T05:21:15Z Monospaced 75295 926646 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Jacques Cartier | image = Jacques Cartier 1851-1852.jpg | caption = Portrait o Jacques Cartier bi [[Théophile Hamel]], ca. 1844. Nae contemporary portraits o Cartier are kent. | birth_date = 31 December 1491 | birth_place = Saint-Malo, Brittany | death_date = {{death date and age|1557|9|1|1491|12|31}} | death_place = Saint-Malo, Fraunce | known_for = First European tae traivel inland in North America; claimed Canada for Fraunce | occupation = French [[navigator]] an [[splorer]] | signature =Jacques Cartier Signature.svg }} [[File:Bufo americanus PJC1.jpg|thumb]] '''Jacques Cartier''' ([[31 December]] [[1491]] – [[1 September]] [[1557]]) wis a [[Fraunce|French]] traider an splorer that is thocht o as ane o the major discoverers o [[Canadae|Canada]], or mair specifically, the inner eastren region that wad become the foremaist European-settlt pairt o that kintra. He wis frae [[Saint-Malo]], [[Fraunce]], born in the year [[1491]] tae a weel-respeckit faimlie o marinars. He bettered his social status in [[1520]] bi mairryin Catherine des Granches, member o a leadin gailley-ainin faimlie. His guid nem in Saint-Malo is recognisit bi its monie appearances in baptismal registers as godfaither or witness. Nae contemporary picter o Jacques Cartier haes been fund an the best kent picter (see richt) wis pentit bi a [[Roushie|Roushian]] airtist in [[1839]] for the ceety o Saint-Malo. Gey little is kent o Cartier's chairacter or personality but his professional abilities can be eithly jaloused considerin that Cartier led three vaiges o discovery in watters nae European haed cairtit afore athoot losin a gailey, that he entered intil an depairtit fae fiftie undiscovered herbours athoot sairious mishanter, an that the anerly seefairmen o his that deid wis victims o an epidemic ashore. Tharefor he micht be considered ane o the maist conscientious splorers o the time. Jacques Cartier wis the first European tae descrive an cairt<ref>His cairts are lost but referenced in a letter bi his nephew Jacques Noël, dated 1587 an printit bi [[Richard Hakluyt]] wi the ''Relation'' o Cartier's third voyage, in ''The Principall Navigations'' [...], London, G. Bishop, 1600.</ref> the [[Gulf o Saunt Lawrence]] an the shores o the [[Saunt Lawrence River]], whilk he [[Name o Canadae|named "The Kintra o Canadas]]", efter the [[Iroquoian leids|Iroquois names]] for the twa big settlements he saw at [[Stadacona|Stadacona (Quebec Ceety)]] an at [[Hochelaga (veelage)|Hochelaga (Montreal Island)]].<ref name="CanEn-Cartier">{{cite web|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0001439|title=Cartier, Jacques|last=Trudel|first=Marcel|work=The Canadian Encyclopedia|accessdate=2009-11-09|archive-date=2010-01-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100112052056/http://thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0001439|url-status=dead}}{{tertiary}}</ref><ref name="EB-Cartier">{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/97444/Jacques-Cartier|title=Jacques Cartier|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=2009-11-09}}{{tertiary}}</ref><ref name="Histori.ca">{{cite web|url=http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10123|title=Exploration&nbsp;— Jacques Cartier|publisher=The Historica Dominion Institute|accessdate=2009-11-09}}</ref><ref name="Catholic-Cartier">{{cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03392b.htm|title=Jacques Cartier|work=The Catholic Encyclopedia|accessdate=2009-11-09}}{{tertiary}}</ref> == Foremaist Vaige 1534 == The Keeng o Fraunce, François I, chuist him tae find "certaines îles et pays où l'on dit qu'il se doit trouver grande quantité d'or et autres riches choses" ("certaint inchs an launds whaur it is quo thare are muckle quantities o [[gowd]] an ither riches"). In 1534 he setten sail leukin for a wastren passage tae [[Asie|Asia]]. He sploret pairts o whit are the nou cried Newfoundland (stairtin on 10 Mey that year) an the Canadian Maritimes an whaur he learnt o a river forder wast (the St. Lawrence River) that he believed micht be the fair rakit-for northwest passage. [[File:The first voyage of Cartier-sco.png|thumb|left|The directions o the first vaige o Jacques Cartier, the name o the places he foond, aw in Scots.]]He landed for the first time at praisent day Gaspé, Quebec whaur he plauntit a cross an claimet the territory for Fraunce. Owre this vaige he teuk Domagaya an Taignoagny, the sons o Huron Heidsman Donnacona, back tae [[Europe]]. == Seicont Vaige 1535-1536 == Cartier setten sail on a seicont vaige on 19 Mey the follaein year wi three gaileys, 110 men, an the twa fremmit lads (wha wis returned tae the Heidsman). He sailed up the river for the first time an reached the steid o praisent-day Quebec Ceety, hame o the Huron clachan o Stadacona whaur Donnacona wis reunitit wi his twa sons. Cartier left his main gaileys in a herbour naur tae Stadacona an uised his smallest gailey tae conteena upriver tae veesit Hochelaga (Montreal) an arrived on 2 October 1535. Hantle mair impressive than the smaa an fousome clachan o Stadacona, mair nor a thoosand Huron came tae the edge o the river tae greet the Frenchmen. The site o thair income haes been confidently identified as the beginnin o the Sainte-Marie sault, a location whaur the Jacques Cartier Brig nou stands. Efter spendin twa day amang the Hurons o Hochelaga, Cartier returned tae Stadacona on 11 October. It is no ken preceese whan Cartier decidit tae spend the winter o 1535-1536 in [[Canadae|Canada]] but the decision buist hae been makkit bi his income in Stadacona as it wis bi than owre ahint the haund tae return tae Fraunce. Cartier an his men prepared for winter bi strengthenin thair fort, hainin inglewid an sautin doun gemme an fish. In throu that winter, Cartier compiled a kynd o gazetteer whilk includet several pages on the mainer o the natives, in parteecular thair prattick o wearin anerly leggings an moccasins e'en in the deid o winter. Frae mid-November 1535 tae mid-Aprile 1536 the French fleet lay frozen solit at the gab o the St. Charles river, ablo the Rock o Quebec. Ice wis owre twa faddom thick in the river an snaw fower fit deep ashore. Tae add tae the discomfort, scurbie broke oot, first amang the Hurons an than amang the French. Bi mid-Februar, Cartier states that "oot o 110 that we wis, no ten wis weel eneuch tae help the ithers, a thing peetifu tae see". Cartier estimates the coont o Hurons deid at 50. Ane o the natives that survived wis Domagaya, wha haed been taen tae Europe bi Cartier the year afore. He visited the French fort for a freendly ca, Cartier enquired an learnt o him that a concoction makkit frae a certaint tree cawet annedda wad cuir scurbie. Thon remeed probably sauft the expedeetion frae destruction an bi the end o the winter, 85 Frenchmen wis alive. Ready tae sail back tae Fraunce in early Mey 1536, Cartier decidit tae kidnap Donnacona sae that he micht personally spin the tale o a kintra further north, cawet Saguenay, that wis quoet tae be fou o gowd, rubies an ither treisurs. Efter an arduous vaige doun the St. Lawrence river an a three week Atlantic crossin, Cartier an his men arrived in Saint-Malo on 15 Julie 1536. That is hou the seicont an maist profitable o Cartier's vaiges endet, lestin fowerteen month. Haein awready locate the entrance, he nou appent up the greatest watterwey intae North America. He haed makkit an mensefu estimate o the resoorces o Canada, baith naitral an human, mauger considerable exaggeration on the meeneral side. While some o his actions wi respect tae the natives wis dishonourable, he did his best tae staiblish freendship wi the Huron up an doun the Great River, an indispensable preliminary tae French Hame. == Thrid Vaige 1541-1542 == On 23 Mey 1541 Cartier depairtit Saint-Malo on his thrid vaige wi five gaileys. This time, ony thochts o finnin a passage tae the Orient wis forgotten an the goal wis tae fin the Kinrick o Saguenay an its riches, an aw tae establish a permanent Hame alenth the Saunt Lawrence River. Anchorin at Stadacona on 23 August 1541, Cartier met the Hurons but foond thair "shaw o joy" an thair nummers worrisome an decidit no tae big his Hame thare. Sailin nine mile up the river tae a spot he haed observed aforehaun, he decidit tae settle on the site o praisent day Cap-Rouge. The convicts an ither colonists wis laundit, the nowt whilk haed survived three month aboard gailey wis turnt lowse, earth brucken fae a kitchen gairden an seeds o kail, turmit an lettuce wis plauntit. A fortified hame wis sicwice shapit whilk wis named Charlesbourg-Royal. Anither fort wis biggit on the falaise owerleukin the hame for addit pertection. The men begoud collectin cou-leddy-stane creestal ("diamonds") an airn pyrites ("gowd") an aw. Twa o the gaileys wis dispatched hame wi some meenerals on September 2. Haein set tasks for awbodie, Cartier left wi the longboats for a reconnaissance o the Saguenay on 7 September. Haein reakit Hochelaga, bad wather an the numerous rapids preventit him tae conteena up tae the Ottawa river. Returnin tae Charlesbourg-Royal, Cartier fund the situation uncannie. The Hurons nae langer makkit freendly veesits or peddled fish an gemme, but prowled aboot in a sinister manner. Nae records exist aboot the winter o 1541-1542 an the information maun be gleaned fae the few details providit frae returnin sailors. It seems that the Indians attackit an killt aboot 35 settlers afore the Frenchmen coud retreat ahint the fortifications. Een tho scurbie wis cuiret throu the native remedee, the impression left is o a general meeserie an o Cartier's growin conviction that he haed insufficient manpower baith tae pertect his base an tae gae in sairch o Saguenay. In early Juin 1542 awbodie boardit the three remainin ships for tae gae hame. Thay arrived back in Europe in October o 1542. Cartier spent the lave o his life in Saint-Malo an his naur aboots estate, an deed aged 66 on 1 September 1557 frae an epidemic. He deed afore ony permanent European Hames wis makkit in Canada; that haed tae wait for Samuel de Champlain in 1608. ==References== {{Reflist}} == Freemit airtins == * [http://www.biographi.ca/EN/ShowBio.asp?BioId=34229 Biography at the ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online''] {{Commonscat}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cartier, Jacques}} [[Category:1491 births]] [[Category:1557 daiths]] [[Category:16t-century French fowk]] [[Category:16t century in Canadae]] [[Category:Explorers o Canadae]] [[Category:French explorers]] [[Category:French Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Fowk frae Saint-Malo]] [[Category:French fowk o Breton strynd]] m2u6p8fp9bqq3thuszkkqe8na8wzxxk 0 1703 926609 920926 2026-11-08T04:53:11Z Monospaced 75295 Needs mair soorces 926609 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ither uises}} {{Needs Mair Soorces}} The concept o '''leid''' is maist aften uised thir days as a synonym o '''langage''' an can be exponed in twa weys in modren Scots: * a wey o communicatin anent hings, acts an ideas, inspeciallie a national ane,<ref name="CSD">{{Cite book|title=Concise Scots Dictionary|publisher=Scottish Language Dictionaries|year=2017|pages=372}}</ref> * in the [[Doric]], it can mean a rame, i.e. a undevaulin or owerturnin owercome, or a lang randerin sonnet<ref name="CSD">{{Cite book|title=Concise Scots Dictionary|publisher=Scottish Language Dictionaries|year=2017|pages=372}}</ref> <!-- Langage can mean: * a wey o communicatin anent hings, acts an ideas * a set o meanins common tae sindry fowk * a teep o thocht * [[seembol]]s impleein actions or inactions But the foremaist meanin o '''leid''' is human langage. Some fowk says that [[ainimals]] haes leids or can be leart leids; ithers dinna gree wi this, an seys that "ainimal leids" isna complicate or meaninfu eneuch tae be cried "leids", or that thay dinna hae the [[grammar]] needit tae be thocht o as leids; this o coorse lippens on the defeneition o ''leid'' a bodie is wirkin wi. [[Mathaematics]] an [[computer science]] uises leids cried [[formal leid]]s (like computer [[programmin leid]]s). [[Mathematics]] itsel is conseidert a leid bi monie theorists. --> == See an aw == * [[Byleid]] * [[Leet o leids]] * [[Mither tongue]] * [[Orthography]] * [[Philology]] an [[Historical lingueistics]] * [[Philosophy o leid]] * [[Phonology]] * [[Psycholingueistics]] * [[Saicont leid]] * [[Sapir-Whorf hypothesis]] * [[Semantics]] == References == <references/> {{Commonscat|Language}}{{Stub/Leid}} [[Category:Leid|*]] o7nxcyw05bqiusc8rfw8p8ct74lx32j 0 1823 926657 919932 2026-11-08T05:28:44Z Monospaced 75295 926657 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Hong Kong Budha.jpg|thumb|250px|Buddha statue in Lantau Island, [[Hong Kong]]]] '''Buddhism''' is a [[releegion]] an [[philosophy]] foondit on the teachins o the [[Buddha]], Siddhārtha Gautama, a speeritual leader that leeved fae aboot 563 tae 483 BCE in whit's noo Nor-east India an Nepal.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Life of the Buddha|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/buda/hd_buda.htm#:~:text=According%20to%20tradition,%20the%20historical,much%20as%20a%20century%20later.|url-status=live|access-date=2023-01-28|website=www.metmuseum.org}}</ref> (Modren scholars cannae be shair aboot the dates, but mony pit them aboot a century later.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Dates of the Buddha|url=https://www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/culture/religious-studies/the-dates-the-buddha|access-date=2025-02-14|website=Open Learning|language=en}}</ref>) Wi aboot 500 million folliers, Buddhism is conseedert a major warld releegion, wi aboot 7% o the warld's population.<ref>{{Citation|last=Ferguson|first=Gaylon J.|title=Buddhism|date=2020|url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-27953-0_5|work=Rituals and Practices in World Religions|volume=5|pages=59–71|editor-last=Yaden|editor-first=David Bryce|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-27953-0_5|isbn=978-3-030-27952-3|access-date=2023-01-28|editor2-last=Zhao|editor2-first=Yukun|editor3-last=Peng|editor3-first=Kaiping|editor4-last=Newberg|editor4-first=Andrew B.}}</ref> Onlike maist ither releegions, Buddhism isnae centered on a creator Goad.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Harvey|first=Peter|title=Buddhism and monotheism|url=https://archive.org/details/buddhismmonothei0000harv|date=2019|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-73137-9|series=Cambridge elements|location=Cambridge|pages=[https://archive.org/details/buddhismmonothei0000harv/page/n8 1]}}</ref> Fae its origins in India, Buddhism spread tae maist o Asie an noo haes mony folliers in [[Europe]] an in [[North Americae|North]] and [[Sooth Americae]]. Buddhism haes twa main forms: Theravada, fund in Sri Lanka an Sootheast Asia; an [[Mahayana]], fund in East Asia (China, Korea, Japan an Vietnam), Tibet, Western China, Mongolia, Bhutan, pairts of India, Nepal an Russia.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Eckel|first=Malcolm David|title=Buddhism|url=https://archive.org/details/buddhismoriginsb0000ecke|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0195219074|pages=[https://archive.org/details/buddhismoriginsb0000ecke/page/n12 10]}}</ref> == The Buddha == Accordin tae tradeetion, Gautama (Gotama in Pāli) lived fae aroond 563 BCE tae aboot 483 BCE.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Brown|first=Authors: Kathryn Selig|title=Life of the Buddha {{!}} Essay {{!}} The Metropolitan Museum of Art {{!}} Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/TOAH/HD/buda/hd_buda.htm|access-date=2025-02-14|website=The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History|language=en}}</ref> He waes born in the Sakyan Republic,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Keown|first=Damien|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/311761089|title=Buddhism|date=2009|publisher=Sterling|isbn=978-1-4027-6883-5|edition=Illustrated ed|series=A brief insight|location=New York, NY|pages=18|oclc=311761089}}</ref> auldest son tae Suddhodana, wha was like tae hae been the heid o the republic's governin cooncil.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Schumann|first=Hans Wolfgang|title=The historical Buddha: the times, life, and teachings of the founder of Buddhism|url=https://archive.org/details/historicalbuddha0000hans|last2=Schumann|first2=Hans Wolfgang|date=2004|publisher=Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1817-0|edition=1. Indian ed|series=Buddhist tradition series|location=Delhi|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historicalbuddha0000hans/page/16 17]}}</ref> Tradeetion gies Gautama the forename "Siddhartha" (Sanskrit) or "Siddhattha" (Pāli). Hooaniver, the early screeptures niver caw him bi his first name, whilk daesna appear ontil several hunnert year eftir his deith.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Blomfield|first=Vishvapani|title=Gautama Buddha: The Life and Teachings of the Awakened One|publisher=Quercus|year=2011|isbn=9781849164092|location=London|pages=8}}</ref> As a loon, Gautama "gaed furth" fae hame, seyin fareweil tae his faither and step-mither,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sangharakshita|title=The Buddha's victory|url=https://archive.org/details/buddhasvictory0000sang|date=1991|publisher=Windhorse Publ|isbn=978-0-904766-50-9|location=Glasgow|pages=[https://archive.org/details/buddhasvictory0000sang/page/18 18]}}</ref> an leain his wife, Yaśodharā (Pali: Yasodharā)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yasodhara|url=https://rubinmuseum.org/projecthimalayanart/glossary/yashodhara/|access-date=2025-02-15|website=Project Himalayan Art|language=en}}</ref> an bairn, Rāhula, in their care.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gindin|first=Matthew|date=2018-01-29|title=Did the Buddha Really Have a Wife and Son? - Tricycle: The Buddhist Review|url=https://tricycle.org/article/buddhas-family/|access-date=2025-02-15|website=Tricycle: The Buddhist Review - The independent voice of Buddhism in the West.|language=en}}</ref> His ettle waes tae finn an end tae the sufferin he cuidna chaip in life. He jined twa speeritual teachers — Alara Kalama and Uddaka Ramaputta — ain eftir the ither, maisterin the forms o meditation each taucht, but didna finn the escape fae sufferin he langed fir.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wynne|first=Alexander|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/ocm71800589|title=The origin of Buddhist meditation|date=2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-42387-8|series=Routledge critical studies in Buddhism|location=London ; New York|pages=8|oclc=ocm71800589}}</ref> He formed his ain community o ascetics, practicin sel-torture and fastin in order tae atteen complete maistery ower hissel. Aince mair, he didna finn an escape fae sufferin, an his ascetic practices brocht him near tae deith.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Blomfield|first=Vishvapani|title=Gautama Buddha: The Life and Teachings of the Awakened One|publisher=Quercus|year=2011|isbn=9781849164092|location=London|pages=68–71}}</ref> Takin food aince mair, he minded on a time whan, as a bairn, he'd haed a blissfu experience o meditation ablow a tree. Intuitively, he kent this path o meditation tae be the wey tae liberation.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Blomfield|first=Vishvapani|title=Gautama Buddha: The Life and Teachings of the Awakened One|publisher=Quercus|year=2011|isbn=9781849164092|location=London|pages=71}}</ref> Eftir oors o meditatin deeply, he kent hissel tae hae won tae ''nibbāna'', or the "smorin" o ignorance. He haed, aged 35 year, become "Buddha," meanin "Ane That's Awaukent."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-01-14|title=The Awakened One|url=https://penguinrandomhousehighereducation.com/book/?isbn=9781570625510|access-date=2025-02-15|website=Penguin Random House Higher Education|language=en}}</ref> Fae then oan, until his deith at the age o 80, he taucht his path tae awaukenin tae awbody at wid lissen. He gaithered aboot him a "fowerfauld assembly" (cattaro parisā) o monks (bhikkhus), nuns (bhikkhunīs), male hoosehauders (upāsakas), an female hoosehauders (upāsikās).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Harvey|first=Peter|title=An introduction to Buddhism: teachings, history, and practices|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontobu00harv_0|date=2005|publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press|isbn=978-0-521-31333-9|edition=13. print|location=Cambridge|pages=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontobu00harv_0/page/218 217]}}</ref> == See forby == * [[Zen gairden]] == References == {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Buddhism| ]] {{Stub/Releegion}} 71lmc60nkdyf22ht08m8fbb6jk4lusj 0 1928 926632 878518 2026-11-08T05:04:43Z Monospaced 75295 Monospaced flittit page [[Chemistrie]] til [[Chemistry]] ower reguidal: Misspelt title 878518 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Chemicals in flasks.jpg|thumb|right|Solutions o substances in reagent bottles, includin [[ammonium hydroxide]] an [[nitric acid]], illuminatit in different colours]] '''Chemistrie''' (frae Greek: ''χημεία'') is the scienteefic discipline o [[maiter|matter]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Brown|first=Theodore L.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/959261553|title=Chemistry : the central science|date=2018|isbn=978-0-13-441423-2|edition=14th edition|location=New York|oclc=959261553}}</ref> an its interactions wi energie an wi itsel. Acause o the diversitie o maiter, that is maistlins in the form o [[atom]]s, [[chemist]]s aften studies the wey atoms o differin chemical [[element]]s interacts ti mak [[molecule]]s an the wey molecules interacts wi ilk ither.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chemistry Is Everywhere|url=https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/everywhere.html|access-date=2021-06-05|website=American Chemical Society|language=en}}</ref> Chemistry is whiles cawed <nowiki>''</nowiki>the central science<nowiki>''</nowiki> acause it bridges ither [[Naitural science|Naitural sciences]] like [[Pheesics]], [[geologie|Geology]] and [[biologie|Biology]].<ref name=":0" /> The current model o atomic structur is the quantum mechanical model. Tradeetional chemistrie sterts wi the study o elementary [[Pairticle|pairticles]], atoms, molecules, substances, [[Metal|metals]], [[Creestal structur|creestals]] and ither aggregates o matter. Matter mey be studied in solid, [[liquid]], [[gas]] an [[Plasma (pheesics)|plasma]] states, in isolation or in combination. The interactions, reactions an transformations whit are studied in chemistrie are uisually the eftercast o interactions atween atoms, leading tae rearrangements o the chemical baunds whit haud atoms thegether. Sic behaviors are studied in a chemistrie laboratory.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lowe|first=Derek|date=May 2015|title=Laboratory history: The chemistry chronicles|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/521422a|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=521|issue=7553|pages=422–422|doi=10.1038/521422a|issn=1476-4687}}</ref> [[File:Laboratory bench.jpg|left|thumb|Chemistrie laboratory bench]] The chemistrie laboratory uisually uises sindry forms o laboratory glessware. Housomiver glessware is nae central tae chemistrie, and mony experimental (and applee'd/industrial chemistrie is daen withoot it). [[File:Periodic Table Name Symbol Atomic Number and Mass.jpg|thumb|Periodic Table o Elements]] A chemical reaction is a transformation o some substances intae yin or mair different substances. The basis o sic a chemical transformation is the rearrangement o [[Electron|electrons i]]<nowiki/>n the chemical baunds atween atoms. It can be seembolically shawn throu a chemical equation, whit uisually involves atoms as subjects. The nummer o atoms oan the left and the richt i' the equation for a chemical transformation is equal. (Whan the nummer o atoms on either side is unequal, the transformation is cawed a [[nuclear reaction]] or [[radioactive decay]]). The type o chemical reactions a substance micht undergo and the energie chynges whit micht follae it are constreenit bi certaint basic rules, kent as chemical laws.<ref>{{Cite web|last=July 2020|first=Alane Lim 29|title=What Is Chemistry?|url=https://www.livescience.com/45986-what-is-chemistry.html|access-date=2021-06-05|website=livescience.com|language=en}}</ref> [[Energy|Energie]] and entropy conseederations are invariably important in maistlins chemical studies. Chemical substances are clessifeed in terms o thair structur, phase, and thair chemical composeetions. Thay can be analyzed uising the tuils o chemical analysis, e.g. spectroscopy and chromatography. Scientists engagin in chemical research are kent as chemists. Maist chemists specialize in yin or mair sub-discipleens. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Chemist {{!}} Explore careers {{!}} National Careers Service|url=https://nationalcareers.service.gov.uk/job-profiles/chemist|access-date=2021-06-05|website=nationalcareers.service.gov.uk|language=en-gb}}</ref> {{stub/Scieence}} {{Commonscat}} {{Naitural science}} [[Category:Chemistry]] a1vamf7msv3vdnw368fhwp3abje0n7k 926636 926632 2026-11-08T05:04:55Z Monospaced 75295 926636 wikitext text/x-wiki {{unsoorced}} [[File:Chemicals in flasks.jpg|thumb|right|Solutions o substances in reagent bottles, includin [[ammonium hydroxide]] an [[nitric acid]], illuminatit in different colours]] '''Chemistrie''' (frae Greek: ''χημεία'') is the scienteefic discipline o [[maiter|matter]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Brown|first=Theodore L.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/959261553|title=Chemistry : the central science|date=2018|isbn=978-0-13-441423-2|edition=14th edition|location=New York|oclc=959261553}}</ref> an its interactions wi energie an wi itsel. Acause o the diversitie o maiter, that is maistlins in the form o [[atom]]s, [[chemist]]s aften studies the wey atoms o differin chemical [[element]]s interacts ti mak [[molecule]]s an the wey molecules interacts wi ilk ither.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chemistry Is Everywhere|url=https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/everywhere.html|access-date=2021-06-05|website=American Chemical Society|language=en}}</ref> Chemistry is whiles cawed <nowiki>''</nowiki>the central science<nowiki>''</nowiki> acause it bridges ither [[Naitural science|Naitural sciences]] like [[Pheesics]], [[geologie|Geology]] and [[biologie|Biology]].<ref name=":0" /> The current model o atomic structur is the quantum mechanical model. Tradeetional chemistrie sterts wi the study o elementary [[Pairticle|pairticles]], atoms, molecules, substances, [[Metal|metals]], [[Creestal structur|creestals]] and ither aggregates o matter. Matter mey be studied in solid, [[liquid]], [[gas]] an [[Plasma (pheesics)|plasma]] states, in isolation or in combination. The interactions, reactions an transformations whit are studied in chemistrie are uisually the eftercast o interactions atween atoms, leading tae rearrangements o the chemical baunds whit haud atoms thegether. Sic behaviors are studied in a chemistrie laboratory.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lowe|first=Derek|date=May 2015|title=Laboratory history: The chemistry chronicles|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/521422a|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=521|issue=7553|pages=422–422|doi=10.1038/521422a|issn=1476-4687}}</ref> [[File:Laboratory bench.jpg|left|thumb|Chemistrie laboratory bench]] The chemistrie laboratory uisually uises sindry forms o laboratory glessware. Housomiver glessware is nae central tae chemistrie, and mony experimental (and applee'd/industrial chemistrie is daen withoot it). [[File:Periodic Table Name Symbol Atomic Number and Mass.jpg|thumb|Periodic Table o Elements]] A chemical reaction is a transformation o some substances intae yin or mair different substances. The basis o sic a chemical transformation is the rearrangement o [[Electron|electrons i]]<nowiki/>n the chemical baunds atween atoms. It can be seembolically shawn throu a chemical equation, whit uisually involves atoms as subjects. The nummer o atoms oan the left and the richt i' the equation for a chemical transformation is equal. (Whan the nummer o atoms on either side is unequal, the transformation is cawed a [[nuclear reaction]] or [[radioactive decay]]). The type o chemical reactions a substance micht undergo and the energie chynges whit micht follae it are constreenit bi certaint basic rules, kent as chemical laws.<ref>{{Cite web|last=July 2020|first=Alane Lim 29|title=What Is Chemistry?|url=https://www.livescience.com/45986-what-is-chemistry.html|access-date=2021-06-05|website=livescience.com|language=en}}</ref> [[Energy|Energie]] and entropy conseederations are invariably important in maistlins chemical studies. Chemical substances are clessifeed in terms o thair structur, phase, and thair chemical composeetions. Thay can be analyzed uising the tuils o chemical analysis, e.g. spectroscopy and chromatography. Scientists engagin in chemical research are kent as chemists. Maist chemists specialize in yin or mair sub-discipleens. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Chemist {{!}} Explore careers {{!}} National Careers Service|url=https://nationalcareers.service.gov.uk/job-profiles/chemist|access-date=2021-06-05|website=nationalcareers.service.gov.uk|language=en-gb}}</ref> {{stub/Scieence}} {{Commonscat}} {{Naitural science}} [[Category:Chemistry]] r8zcbf4vmbb392elfxdfcojp8xbanc2 0 1929 926640 566013 2026-11-08T05:07:57Z Monospaced 75295 926640 wikitext text/x-wiki {{unsoorced}} [[File:The Earth seen from Apollo 17.jpg|thumb|right|Ecologie is the study o the warkins o life on the planet [[Yird]].]] '''Ecologie''', or '''ecological science''', is the scienteific study o the deistribution an rowth o leivin [[organism]]s an the wey that thir properties is affectit bi interactions atween the organisms an thair [[environ]]s. The environs o an organism includes baith the pheesical properties, them that can be descrieved as the soum o local abiotic factors like climate an [[geologie]], as weel as the ither organisms that shares its [[habitat]]. The wird ''oekologie'' wis cleckit in [[1866]] bi the German biologist, [[Ernst Haeckel]], frae the Greek ''oikos'' meanin "hoosehauld" an ''logos'' meanin "study"; that is, the "study o the hoosehauld o naitur". biology is as well the study of the human body or focile this is known as geology {{stub}} {{Commonscat|Ecology}} [[Category:Ecologie| ]] 9qtrjue965ra48g4ew6paoomhzte9c8 0 1933 926616 868127 2026-11-08T04:56:49Z Monospaced 75295 Stub, unsoorced 926616 wikitext text/x-wiki {{unsoorced}} [[File:Red Fuji southern wind clear morning.jpg|thumb|right|Prentmakkin is the process o makkin [[wark o airt|airtwark]]s bi [[prentin]], normally on [[paper]]. (''36 Views o [[Moont Fuji]]'' widcut frae [[Hokusai]].]] '''Airt''', in its braidmaist meanin, is the kythe o creativity or imaigination, else baith. Aa thro the scrievit historie o man, monie biggins haes been applee'd upan the braid conceit. The maist feck kens the things that thay conseider ti be airt, an the things that thay conseider nae ti be airt. Forby, pairties, maistlins academic pairties, haes a vague skairit conceit o the things that is, or isna, airt. The wird "airt" is aften uised for the [[veesual airt]]s, an "airts" is uised for veesual airt, leeteratur, muisic, an dance — the fine airts. Hooiver, sic disteenctions bes the subject o monie collogues an debates. Airt kythes tae be nearhaun universal aa thro man — necessar ti man's trift. Thare's nae [[cultur]]s nor daen tak side in it tae some degree. {{stub}} {{Commonscat|Art}} [[Category:Aesthetics]] [[Category:Airts| ]] [[Category:Veesual airts]] [[Category:Prentmakkin| ]] [[Category:Prentin]] [[Category:Airt media]] a3ocd1oouik3138sbk3mcnygh8z3zi5 0 1950 926620 660074 2026-11-08T04:57:59Z Monospaced 75295 926620 wikitext text/x-wiki {{unsoorced}} [[File:Two dancers.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A man an a woman performing a modren dance.]] '''''Dance''''' (frae [[auld French]] ''danser'', faurder history isna kent) for ordinar refers tae [[human]] [[muivement]] aither uised as a furm o [[expression]] or presentit in a [[social]], [[speeritual]] or [[performance]] settin. '''''Dance''''' is uised tae descrive methods o [[nane-verbal communication]] atween [[human]]s or [[ainimal]]s an aw (bee dance, matein dance), motion in inanimate objects (''the leafs danced in the [[wind]]''), an certaint muisical furms or [[muisic|genres]]. Fowk that dances is cawed [[dancer]]s an the act o dance is kent as '''dancin'''. An event whaur dancin taks place micht be cawed '''a dance'''. [[Choreographie]] is the [[airt]] o makkin dances. Defineetions o whit constitutes dance lippens on social, [[cultur]]al, [[aesthetic]] [[airteestic]] an [[morality|moral]] constraints an reenges frae functional muivement (sic as Folk dance) tae codifee'd, [[virtuoso]] techniques sic as [[ballet]]. In [[sport]]s, [[gymnastics]], [[feegur skeitchin]] an [[synchronized soumin]] conteens ''dance'' disciplines while [[Martial airts]] '[[Kata]]' is aften compeared wi dances. {{stub}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Dance]] gvnyp613p4kgrc3l2f3021spux8y3pz 0 2020 926622 882229 2026-11-08T04:59:07Z Monospaced 75295 Stub 926622 wikitext text/x-wiki {{wiktionar}} '''Film''' (spelt '''fillom''' an aw<ref>{{cite journal |title=FILLUM, n. also feelim. Sc. form of Eng. film. |journal=Scottish National Dictionary (1700–) |url=https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/sndns1502 |access-date=18 September 2020 |publisher=Dictionar o the Scots Leid |archive-date=2020-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028030459/https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/sndns1502 |url-status=dead }}</ref>) is a term that covers muivin [[picters]] as individual projects. In the [[Unitit States]], a film is kent as a '''movie''' an aw.<ref>{{cite journal |title=FILM |journal=Cambridge English Dictionary |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/film |access-date=18 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="britam">{{cite web|title=British English/American English Vocabulary|url=https://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/british-american.htm|accessdate=26 June 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621191145/http://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/british-american.htm|archivedate=21 June 2013|df=}}</ref><ref name="sdope">{{cite web|title=British English vs. U.S. English – film vs. movie|url=http://boards.straightdope.com/sdmb/showthread.php?t=363802|work=Straight Dope Message Board|accessdate=26 June 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110091840/http://boards.straightdope.com/sdmb/showthread.php?t=363802|archivedate=10 January 2014|df=}}</ref> The springheid o the name comes frae the fact that [[photographie|photographic film]] (cried filmstock forby) haes historically been the faremaist medium for makkin an shawin muivin picters. Mony ither terms is — muivin picters, the siller screen, picter shaws, flicks — an maist uisual ''the picters''. Academics an the [[Inglis]]-spaekin internaitional community prefers tae uise film or "cinema", acause o the colloquial naitur o thae ither terms. ==References== {{reflist|30em}} {{Stub/Film}} {{Commonscat|Cinema}} [[Category:French inventions]] [[Category:Airt media]] [[Category:Film| ]] [[Category:Media formats]] 7h8in4qlmse6t2c1slyxwkqs5n5buy2 926623 926622 2026-11-08T04:59:20Z Monospaced 75295 926623 wikitext text/x-wiki {{wiktionar}} '''Film''' (spelt '''fillom''' an aw<ref>{{cite journal |title=FILLUM, n. also feelim. Sc. form of Eng. film. |journal=Scottish National Dictionary (1700–) |url=https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/sndns1502 |access-date=18 September 2020 |publisher=Dictionar o the Scots Leid |archive-date=2020-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028030459/https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/sndns1502 |url-status=dead }}</ref>) is a term that covers muivin [[picters]] as individual projects. In the [[Unitit States]], a film is kent as a '''movie''' an aw.<ref>{{cite journal |title=FILM |journal=Cambridge English Dictionary |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/film |access-date=18 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="britam">{{cite web|title=British English/American English Vocabulary|url=https://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/british-american.htm|accessdate=26 June 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621191145/http://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/british-american.htm|archivedate=21 June 2013|df=}}</ref><ref name="sdope">{{cite web|title=British English vs. U.S. English – film vs. movie|url=http://boards.straightdope.com/sdmb/showthread.php?t=363802|work=Straight Dope Message Board|accessdate=26 June 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110091840/http://boards.straightdope.com/sdmb/showthread.php?t=363802|archivedate=10 January 2014|df=}}</ref> The springheid o the name comes frae the fact that [[photographie|photographic film]] (cried filmstock forby) haes historically been the faremaist medium for makkin an shawin muivin picters. Mony ither terms is — muivin picters, the siller screen, picter shaws, flicks — an maist uisual ''the picters''. Academics an the [[Inglis]]-spaekin internaitional community prefers tae uise film or "cinema", acause o the colloquial naitur o thae ither terms. {{Stub/Film}} ==References== {{reflist|30em}} {{Commonscat|Cinema}} [[Category:French inventions]] [[Category:Airt media]] [[Category:Film| ]] [[Category:Media formats]] hch4c357qx8c19g5hyjgu3fgrpgsr8t 0 2041 926660 38600 2026-11-08T05:30:20Z Xqbot 2526 Fixin dooble reguidal til [[Archaeology.]] 926660 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Archaeology.]] 71zdub1rxozeirz3icfjj1g3x0db6or 0 2045 926580 905023 2026-11-08T03:23:01Z Monospaced 75295 Removed unco accents 926580 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:First proton antiproton collider interactions as seen by the streamer chamber of UA5 in April 1981, CERN.jpg|thumb]] '''Naitural philosophy''' whiles cried '''physics''' (frae the [[Auncient Greek|Greek]] {{lang|grc|φυσικός}} ({{transl|grc|phusikós}}), "naitural", an {{lang|grc|φύσις}} ({{transl|grc|phúsis}}), "naitur") is a [[Naitural sciences|science o naitur]] in the braidest sense. Naitural philosophy speirs intae [[matter|maiter]] an energy an the fundamental virrs o naitur that owersees the interactions atween pairticles. Physicists study mony physical phenomenae, frae the sub-nuclear pairticles that maks up aw ordinar maiter (pairticle physics) tae the maiteral Universe as a hail ([[cosmologie]]). Forby sib concepts sic as [[energy]] and [[force]], physics is the natural science at involves the study o matter and its motion in [[space]] and [[time]]. Mair braidly, it is the general analysis o natur, conductit for tae ken hou the [[universe]] wirks. It ane o the auldest academic disciplines, aiblins the auldest gin astronomy is includit. Ower the last twa millennie, physics wis a pairt o naitural philosophy alang wi [[chemistry]], certain branches o [[mathematics]], and [[biology]], but efter the [[scientific revolution]] in the [[17t century|17th century]], the naitural sciences becam unique research programs in their ain richt. Physics intersects wi mony interdisciplinary areas o research, sic as [[biophysics|biophysics]] and quantum chemistry, and the boondaries o physics arenae weel defined. New ideas in physics aften expleen the fundamental mechanisms o ither sciences while oppenin new avenues o research in fields sic as mathematics and [[philosophy]]. {{Commonscat|Physics}} {{Naitural science}} {{authority control}} {{stub}} [[Category:Physics]] h6cm81c9qlyxmmzncyt89zv7x1ctbhd 0 2049 926641 863790 2026-11-08T05:08:55Z Monospaced 75295 926641 wikitext text/x-wiki {{unsoorced}} {{Fix Scots}} [[File:Math.jpg|right|200px|thumb| A mathematical equation scrieved <!-- Leiterally! :P --> intil the strand's saund]] '''Mathematics''' is the studie o feck, structur, room, an chynge. Historically, Mathematics developed frae coontin, calculation, meisurement, an the studie o the shapes an muivins o [[Pheesics|pheesical]] objects, throu the uise o abstraction an deductive raesonin. Mathematics is uised forbye tae remit tae the insicht gained bi fowk bi daein mathematics, forbye kent as the bodie o mathematical ken. This hinder meanin o mathematics includes the mathematics uised tae dae warkin oots or models an is an indispensable tuil in the [[naitural science]]s, [[ingineerin]], an [[economics]]. The wird "mathematics" comes frae the Greek μάθημα (máthema) meanin "science, ken, or lairnin" an μαθηματικός (mathematikós) meanin "fond o lairnin". Mathematics help fowks tae understand in sindry domeins. See the airticle o'er [[reality]] tae understand a practical example o the uise o mathematics. {{Stub/Science}} ==See forby== {{div col|rules=yes}} * [[American Mathematical Society]] * [[Applee'd mathematics]] ** [[International Congress on Industrial and Applied Mathematics]] * [[Mathematical analysis]] ** [[Complex analysis]] ** [[Matrix analysis]] ** [[Numerical analysis]] * [[Mathematician]] * [[MathWorks]] * [[Mathematics Genealogy Project]] * [[Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics]] * [[Wolfram Mathematica]] {{div col end}} {{stub/Scieence}} {{Commonscat}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Mathematics|*]] gtgwmam4nhj55ry9etdzta93j55m3oq 0 2082 926630 792649 2026-11-08T05:03:11Z Monospaced 75295 926630 wikitext text/x-wiki {{unsoorced}} '''Algebra''' is ane o the maist basic brainches o [[mathematics]]. Tho it isna aesie defined, it is chairacterised bi the uiss o [[seembol]]s tae represent some [[operation]]s, an o [[letter (orthography)|letters]] tae represent [[nummer]]s or ither [[element]]s. == Clessification == Algebra can be spleet up intae thir fields: * [[Basic algebra]] studies the parteiculars o an operations on [[naitural nummer]]s, [[integer]]s, [[raitional nummer|raitional]] an [[real nummer]]s, an hou a bodie can solve [[equation]]s wi [[variable]]s. * [[Linear algebra]] is a theory o [[vector space]]s, pairt o it bein the theory o [[linear equation]] an o [[Matrix (mathematics)|matrices]]. Ideas an methods frae linear algebra can be uised in monie sindrie brainches o mathematics. For exemplar, the chief ettle o the study o functional analysis is infinite vector spaces. * [[Abstract algebra]] studies [[algebraic structur]]s like [[group (algebra)|groups]], [[ring (algebra)|rings]] an [[bodie (algebra)|bodies]] that generalises concepts frae basic algebra. == History == Algebra, like [[coontin]] an [[geometry]], is ane o the auldest brainches o mathematics. The name comes frae a beuk bi the Arabian [[mathemateecian]] [[Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Musa al-Khwarizmi|Al-Khwarizmi]] cried ''Kitab '''al-jabr''' wa al-muqabalah'' ("The beuk o summary anent calculatin bi transposeition an reduction"). Algebra wis cleckit for tae help solve equations. The solutions o linear an quadratic equations wis aareadies kent lang syne. In the [[16t century]] Italian mathemateecians fund solutions tae cubic an quartic equations. In 1799 [[Gauss]] shawed that “ilka algebraic equation o degree <var>n</var>, haes <var>n</var> [[ruit]]s (solutions), rael or imaginar”. At the stairt o the [[19t century]] [[Niels Abel]] an [[Evariste Galois]] pruived that the solutions o equations o degree bigger nor 4 canna be expressed uisin coeffeicients o the equation an algebraic operations juist—that is, the'r nae generalisation o the [[quadratic formula|quadratic]], [[cubic formula|cubic]] or [[quartic formula]]e tae heicher degrees. == See forby == * [[Expression (mathematics)|Expression]] * [[Equation]] * [[Determinant]] * [[Group (algebra)|Group]] * [[Field (algebra)|Field]] * [[Matrix (mathematics)]] * [[Ring (algebra)|Ring]] * [[Space (mathematics)|Space]] * [[Structur (mathematics)|Structur]] * [[Variable (mathematics)|Variable]] {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Algebra]] gszkkqowrealehtqrbq7xeeloa7lx06 1 2563 926590 397193 2026-11-08T04:35:32Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin info 926590 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talkpage}} {{Translatit page|en|Jainism|version=1384169853}} Well, this is far too strange to actually exist. I'm browsing Wikipedia in Scots, and I see that there's actually something called Jainism. So I decided to write an article. Basically, Mayura's tight. And now she has a Wikipedia article to prove it. <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">— Precedin [[Wikipedia:Signaturs|unsigned]] comment addit bi [[Special:Contributions/68.164.63.147|68.164.63.147]] ([[User talk:68.164.63.147|talk]]) </span><!-- Template:Unsigned IP --> :Woo. I just made it, actually. [[User:Canaen|Canaen]] 06:39, 7 Juin 2006 (UTC) 96m1fl0ry03zuw81hyjwtprc1soxzby 0 2865 926653 869433 2026-11-08T05:26:47Z Monospaced 75295 926653 wikitext text/x-wiki {{aboot|the set o (sociological or in a philosophical or semantic) norms|the type o hill|Law (hill)}} {{cleanup|reason=Needs general copyediting}} '''Law''' is a seestem o social rules for ordinar enforced throo a set o structurt institutions. Law affects ilkaday life an society in a variety o weys. Contract law regulates awthing frae buyin a bus ticket tae trokin swaptions on a derivatives mercat. Haudin law ootlines richts an obleegations relatit tae buyin, sellin, or rentin real haudin sic as hames an biggins. Trust law applees tae assets hauden for investment, sich as pension fonds. Tort law allous claims for assythment whan somebody or thair haudin is skaithed. If the hairm is creeminalised in a penal code, creeminal law offers means that the state prosecutes an punishes the perpetrator by. Constitutional law provides a framewark for creatin laws, pertectin fowk's human richts, an electin poleetical representatives, while admeenistrative law allous ordinar ceetizens tae chailenge the wey govrenments exerceese pouer. Innernaitional law regulates maiters atween sovring nation-states in awthing frae troke tae the environs tae militar action. "The rule o law", wrate the [[auncient Greece|auncient Greek]] philosopher [[Aristotle]] in 350 BC, "is better nor the rule o onie indiveedual." {{stub}} {{Commonscat}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Law| ]] [[Category:Social concepts]] [[Category:Humanities]] [[Category:Authority]] [[Category:Virtue]] {{stub/Law}} l7j0zorc7zn9fg3sjtwlmukstq0b9nz 926654 926653 2026-11-08T05:27:13Z Monospaced 75295 926654 wikitext text/x-wiki {{aboot|the set o (sociological or in a philosophical or semantic) norms|the type o hill|Law (hill)}} {{cleanup|reason=Needs general copyediting}} '''Law''' is a seestem o social rules for ordinar enforced throo a set o structurt institutions. Law affects ilkaday life an society in a variety o weys. Contract law regulates awthing frae buyin a bus ticket tae trokin swaptions on a derivatives mercat. Haudin law ootlines richts an obleegations relatit tae buyin, sellin, or rentin real haudin sic as hames an biggins. Trust law applees tae assets hauden for investment, sich as pension fonds. Tort law allous claims for assythment whan somebody or thair haudin is skaithed. If the hairm is creeminalised in a penal code, creeminal law offers means that the state prosecutes an punishes the perpetrator by. Constitutional law provides a framewark for creatin laws, pertectin fowk's human richts, an electin poleetical representatives, while admeenistrative law allous ordinar ceetizens tae chailenge the wey govrenments exerceese pouer. Innernaitional law regulates maiters atween sovring nation-states in awthing frae troke tae the environs tae militar action. "The rule o law", wrate the [[auncient Greece|auncient Greek]] philosopher [[Aristotle]] in 350 BC, "is better nor the rule o onie indiveedual." {{stub/Law}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Law| ]] [[Category:Social concepts]] [[Category:Humanities]] [[Category:Authority]] [[Category:Virtue]] gw0f7p1z4ocgysdscsq4bof9rgohjtk 0 3188 926642 790220 2026-11-08T05:10:33Z Monospaced 75295 926642 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fix Scots}} [[Image:Kintore, Town House.jpg|thumb|275px|The Town House, Kintair.]] '''Kintair''' ([[Scots Gaelic]]: ''Ceann Tòrr'', heid o the craig) is a smaa ryal burgh naur Inverurie in [[Aiberdeenshire]], [[Scotland]], round about the [[A96]] aqueesh Aberdeen an Inverness. Nar is the junrells o [[Hallforest Castle]]. {{coord|57.23604|N|2.34621|W|region:GB_source:enwiki-osgb36(NJ792162)|display=title}} {{stub}} [[Category:Touns in Aiberdeenshire]] [[Category:Ryal burghs]] 2d5bb6mp2sjtytys3584h79u293o68i 0 3209 926662 438928 2026-11-08T05:31:20Z Monospaced 75295 926662 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fix Scots}} '''Thou''' is the seicont person singular [[pronoun]] o the Inglis leid. Thou is the [[nominative]] case; the oblique/objective (functioning as baith accusative an dative) is ''thee'', an the genitive is ''thy'' or ''thine''. In modren Inglis thou continues tae be uised in some o the regional byleids o [[Ingland]], some releegious contexts (referrin tae God whan caipitalized) an in certain speceefic phrases, e.g. "holier than thou", "fare thee well". Than, its contemporary uiss is an archaism. == Thou in Scots == Thou ([ðu]) wis uised alot in Scots frae the XVIt tae the beginins o the [[Years o the XIXt an XXt Centuries|XIXt ane]], far example bi makars like [[Robert Burns]]. It is gey less uised nou. Orkney* yet (the [[yoch]]) uises wirds sic as thoo, thee, an thou. Ither aulder Scots furms includes ''ȝe'', ''ȝow'', ''thowe'', ''thoue'', an ''thous''. {{Stub/Leid}} [[Category:Scots leid]] [[zh:图镇 (卢瓦雷省)]] bpk496cnqrjg8s70yqrd8q0z4p2vxvy 0 3269 926645 884792 2026-11-08T05:19:38Z Monospaced 75295 926645 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cleanup}} {{Infobox airn}} '''Airn''' is a [[Chemistry|chemical]] [[element]] in the periodic cairt that haes the symbol '''Fe''' (L.: ''Ferrum'') an atomic nummer 26. Airn is a group 8 an period 4 [[Metal]]. Airn is kent for bein the last element made bi stellar nucleosynthesis, an sicweys the maist wechtie element that disna require a supernova or seemilar catacleesmic event for tae be formed. It is, tharefore, the maist rowthie wechtie metal in the universe. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Periodic Cairt}} [[Category:Biology an pharmacology o chemical elements]] [[Category:Biggin materials]] [[Category:Chemical elements|Iron]] [[Category:Cubic meenerals]] [[Category:Dietary meenerals]] [[Category:Ferromagnetic materials]] [[Category:Airn| ]] [[Category:Pyrotechnic fuels]] [[Category:Transeetion metals]] r00ietosjpbx3xv1bb4qbgd81t3hil3 926663 926645 2026-11-08T05:32:00Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrote an expandit wi owersettins; taen oot a wrang claim 926663 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox airn}} '''Airn''' is a [[chemical element]] wi the symbol '''Fe''' (frae [[Laitin]] ''ferrum'') an atomic nummer 26. It is a [[metal]] in group 8 an period 4 o the [[periodic cairt]]. Bi mass, airn is the commonest element on the [[Yird]], but maist o it ligs deep in the Yird's inner an ooter core.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kong|first1=L. T.|last2=Li|first2=J. F.|last3=Shi|first3=Q. W.|last4=Huang|first4=H. J.|last5=Zhao|first5=K.|date=2012-03-06|title=Dynamical stability of iron under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions|journal=EPL|volume=97|issue=5|pages=56004p1–56004p5|doi=10.1209/0295-5075/97/56004|bibcode=2012EL.....9756004K|s2cid=121861429 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gaminchev|first1=K. G.|last2=Chamati|first2=H.|date=2014-12-03|title=Dynamic stability of Fe under high pressure|journal=J. Phys.|volume=558|issue=1|pages=012013(1–7)|doi=10.1088/1742-6596/558/1/012013|bibcode=2014JPhCS.558a2013G|doi-access=free}}</ref> In the Yird's crust it maks up aboot 5% o the mass, an there it is anerly the fowert maist rowthie element, efter [[oxygen]], [[seelicon]] an [[alumeenium]].<ref>{{Cite journal|name-list-style=amp|date=1980|title=Chemical composition of Earth, Venus, and Mercury|journal=[[Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.]]|volume=77|issue=12|pages=6973–77|bibcode=1980PNAS...77.6973M|doi=10.1073/pnas.77.12.6973|pmc=350422|pmid=16592930|last1=Morgan |first1= John W. |last2=Anders |first2= Edward |doi-access=free}}</ref> Alloys o airn, sic as [[steel]] an cast airn, are faur the commonest metals in industry, for thair strenth an law cost, but airn rusts if it isnae pertectit. Airn is needit bi maist livin things, an in humans it cairies oxygen in the [[bluid]]. ==Whaur it is fund== The commonest isotope o airn, {{sup|56}}Fe, is the maist common end-pynt o nucleosynthesis, the makkin o elements in [[starn]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fewell|first1=M. P.|title=The atomic nuclide with the highest mean binding energy |journal=American Journal of Physics|volume=63|issue=7 |page=653|date=1995|doi=10.1119/1.17828 |bibcode=1995AmJPh..63..653F}}</ref> Airn is the maist rowthie metal in airn meteorites an in the dense metal cores o planets lik the Yird, an it is very common in the universe compared wi ither stable metals o aboot the same atomic wecht.{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|p=12}} Aboot ane in twinty meteorites is makkit o airn-nickel meenerals.<ref>{{Cite book |url={{Google books|QDU7AAAAIAAJ|page=PA152|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |page=152 |title=Planet earth: cosmology, geology, and the evolution of life and environment |publisher=Cambridge University Press|first=Cesare|last=Emiliani |date=1992 |isbn=978-0-521-40949-0 |bibcode=1992pecg.book.....E}}</ref> ==History== Afore fowk learnt tae smelt airn frae its ores, they wrocht airn fae meteorites: things makkit o cauld-wrocht meteoric airn hae been fund at archaeological steids o that time, an the Inuit in [[Greenland]] uised airn frae the Cape York meteorite for tools an huntin weapons.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Buchwald |first= V F| title=On the Use of Iron by the Eskimos in Greenland| journal=Materials Characterization| volume=29| issue=2| year=1992|pages=139–176|doi=10.1016/1044-5803(92)90112-U }}</ref> The Hittites, that foondit an empire in Anatolia aboot 1600 BC, appear tae hae been the first tae unnerstaund hou tae mak airn frae its ores.<ref>McNutt, Paula (1990 1). The Forging of Israel: Iron Technology, Symbolism and Tradition in Ancient Society. A&C Black.</ref> They stairtit tae smelt airn atween 1500 an 1200 BC, an the craft spread tae the rest o the Near East efter thair empire fell in 1180 BC. The time that follit is cried the [[Airn Age]].{{sfn|Weeks|1968|p=32}} Cast airn wis uised in auncient Cheena for war, fermin an biggin,<ref name="Wagner">{{cite book|last=Wagner |first= Donald B. |title=Iron and Steel in Ancient China|date=1993|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-09632-5|pages=335–340}}</ref> an the earliest evidence o a blast furnace there dates frae the 1st century AD.<ref name="Golas1999">{{cite book |last=Golas |first=Peter J. |title=Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 13, Mining |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1999 |page=152 |isbn=978-0-521-58000-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TSiII7s2wLkC&pg=PA152 |quote=earliest blast furnace discovered in China from about the first century AD}}</ref> ==In livin things== Proteins that hae airn in them tak pairt in cairyin, storin an uisin oxygen.<ref name="lpi">{{cite web |title=Iron |url=https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/iron |publisher=Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon |access-date=6 March 2018|date=April 2016}}</ref> Ane o them is haemoglobin, the [[protein]] that cairies oxygen in the [[bluid]].<ref name="lpi" /> An adult human body hauds aboot fower grams o airn, three quarters o it in haemoglobin. That amoont bides steady, though the body taks in anerly aboot a milligram o airn a day,{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|pp=1098–104}} acause the body recycles the airn frae its haemoglobin.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Kikuchi|first1=G. | last2=Yoshida|first2=T. | last3=Noguchi|first3=M. | doi=10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.08.020 | title=Heme oxygenase and heme degradation | journal=Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications | volume=338 | issue=1 | pages=558–67 | year=2005 | pmid=16115609 | bibcode=2005BBRC..338..558K }}</ref> If the body loses mair airn nor it gets frae its fuid, a want o airn sets in, an ower time this can lead tae anaemia, whaur there arenae eneuch reid bluid cells an no eneuch haemoglobin.<ref>{{cite journal |author=CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |title=Recommendations to Prevent and Control Iron Deficiency in the United States |journal=Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |date=3 April 1998 |volume=47 |issue=RR3 |page=1 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00051880.htm |access-date=12 August 2014}}</ref> ==Uises== Airn is the maist widely uised o aw metals, an it maks up ower 90% o the warld's metal production. Its law cost an heich strenth mak it the material o choice whaur a thing maun stand up tae strain or cairy force, as in machinery an machine tools, rails, motor caurs an ships' hulls.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Mineral Production 2015–2019 |url=https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/mineralsuk/statistics/worldStatistics.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710173837/https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/mineralsuk/download/world_statistics/2010s/WMP_2015_2019.pdf |access-date=October 22, 2025 |website=British Geological Survey |archive-date=10 July 2021 }}</ref> Steel, an alloy o airn wi a smaa amoont o carbon, is the commonest o thaim.{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|p=1072}} The main drawback is that airn an maist o its alloys rust badly if they arenae pertectit some wey, an the cost o rust comes tae mair nor 1% o the warld's economy.{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|p=1076}} ==References== {{reflist}} ===Soorces=== * {{Greenwood&Earnshaw2nd}} * {{Cite book |author-last =Weeks |author-first =Mary Elvira |author-link =Mary Elvira Weeks |author-last2 =Leichester |author-first2 =Henry M. |date =1968 |title =Discovery of the elements |url =https://archive.org/details/discoveryofeleme07edunse |url-access =registration |publisher =Journal of Chemical Education |location =Easton, PA |chapter =Elements known to the ancients |pages =[https://archive.org/details/discoveryofeleme07edunse/page/29 29]–40 |lccn =68-15217 |ref =CITEREFWeeks1968 |isbn =0-7661-3872-0 }} {{Periodic Cairt}} [[Category:Biology an pharmacology o chemical elements]] [[Category:Biggin materials]] [[Category:Chemical elements|Iron]] [[Category:Cubic meenerals]] [[Category:Dietary meenerals]] [[Category:Ferromagnetic materials]] [[Category:Airn| ]] [[Category:Pyrotechnic fuels]] [[Category:Transeetion metals]] 9kw1iypy2hhua3cdf7m7puprce20us1 926667 926663 2026-11-08T05:39:46Z Monospaced 75295 Fix URL 926667 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox airn}} '''Airn''' is a [[chemical element]] wi the symbol '''Fe''' (frae [[Laitin]] ''ferrum'') an atomic nummer 26. It is a [[metal]] in group 8 an period 4 o the [[periodic cairt]]. Bi mass, airn is the commonest element on the [[Yird]], but maist o it ligs deep in the Yird's inner an ooter core.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kong|first1=L. T.|last2=Li|first2=J. F.|last3=Shi|first3=Q. W.|last4=Huang|first4=H. J.|last5=Zhao|first5=K.|date=2012-03-06|title=Dynamical stability of iron under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions|journal=EPL|volume=97|issue=5|pages=56004p1–56004p5|doi=10.1209/0295-5075/97/56004|bibcode=2012EL.....9756004K|s2cid=121861429 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gaminchev|first1=K. G.|last2=Chamati|first2=H.|date=2014-12-03|title=Dynamic stability of Fe under high pressure|journal=J. Phys.|volume=558|issue=1|pages=012013(1–7)|doi=10.1088/1742-6596/558/1/012013|bibcode=2014JPhCS.558a2013G|doi-access=free}}</ref> In the Yird's crust it maks up aboot 5% o the mass, an there it is anerly the fowert maist rowthie element, efter [[oxygen]], [[seelicon]] an [[alumeenium]].<ref>{{Cite journal|name-list-style=amp|date=1980|title=Chemical composition of Earth, Venus, and Mercury|journal=[[Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.]]|volume=77|issue=12|pages=6973–77|bibcode=1980PNAS...77.6973M|doi=10.1073/pnas.77.12.6973|pmc=350422|pmid=16592930|last1=Morgan |first1= John W. |last2=Anders |first2= Edward |doi-access=free}}</ref> Alloys o airn, sic as [[steel]] an cast airn, are faur the commonest metals in industry, for thair strenth an law cost, but airn rusts if it isnae pertectit. Airn is needit bi maist livin things, an in humans it cairies oxygen in the [[bluid]]. ==Whaur it is fund== The commonest isotope o airn, {{sup|56}}Fe, is the maist common end-pynt o nucleosynthesis, the makkin o elements in [[starn]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fewell|first1=M. P.|title=The atomic nuclide with the highest mean binding energy |journal=American Journal of Physics|volume=63|issue=7 |page=653|date=1995|doi=10.1119/1.17828 |bibcode=1995AmJPh..63..653F}}</ref> Airn is the maist rowthie metal in airn meteorites an in the dense metal cores o planets lik the Yird, an it is very common in the universe compared wi ither stable metals o aboot the same atomic wecht.{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|p=12}} Aboot ane in twinty meteorites is makkit o airn-nickel meenerals.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QDU7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA152 |page=152 |title=Planet earth: cosmology, geology, and the evolution of life and environment |publisher=Cambridge University Press|first=Cesare|last=Emiliani |date=1992 |isbn=978-0-521-40949-0 |bibcode=1992pecg.book.....E}}</ref> ==History== Afore fowk learnt tae smelt airn frae its ores, they wrocht airn fae meteorites: things makkit o cauld-wrocht meteoric airn hae been fund at archaeological steids o that time, an the Inuit in [[Greenland]] uised airn frae the Cape York meteorite for tools an huntin weapons.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Buchwald |first= V F| title=On the Use of Iron by the Eskimos in Greenland| journal=Materials Characterization| volume=29| issue=2| year=1992|pages=139–176|doi=10.1016/1044-5803(92)90112-U }}</ref> The Hittites, that foondit an empire in Anatolia aboot 1600 BC, appear tae hae been the first tae unnerstaund hou tae mak airn frae its ores.<ref>McNutt, Paula (1990 1). The Forging of Israel: Iron Technology, Symbolism and Tradition in Ancient Society. A&C Black.</ref> They stairtit tae smelt airn atween 1500 an 1200 BC, an the craft spread tae the rest o the Near East efter thair empire fell in 1180 BC. The time that follit is cried the [[Airn Age]].{{sfn|Weeks|1968|p=32}} Cast airn wis uised in auncient Cheena for war, fermin an biggin,<ref name="Wagner">{{cite book|last=Wagner |first= Donald B. |title=Iron and Steel in Ancient China|date=1993|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-09632-5|pages=335–340}}</ref> an the earliest evidence o a blast furnace there dates frae the 1st century AD.<ref name="Golas1999">{{cite book |last=Golas |first=Peter J. |title=Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 13, Mining |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1999 |page=152 |isbn=978-0-521-58000-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TSiII7s2wLkC&pg=PA152 |quote=earliest blast furnace discovered in China from about the first century AD}}</ref> ==In livin things== Proteins that hae airn in them tak pairt in cairyin, storin an uisin oxygen.<ref name="lpi">{{cite web |title=Iron |url=https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/iron |publisher=Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon |access-date=6 March 2018|date=April 2016}}</ref> Ane o them is haemoglobin, the [[protein]] that cairies oxygen in the [[bluid]].<ref name="lpi" /> An adult human body hauds aboot fower grams o airn, three quarters o it in haemoglobin. That amoont bides steady, though the body taks in anerly aboot a milligram o airn a day,{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|pp=1098–104}} acause the body recycles the airn frae its haemoglobin.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Kikuchi|first1=G. | last2=Yoshida|first2=T. | last3=Noguchi|first3=M. | doi=10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.08.020 | title=Heme oxygenase and heme degradation | journal=Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications | volume=338 | issue=1 | pages=558–67 | year=2005 | pmid=16115609 | bibcode=2005BBRC..338..558K }}</ref> If the body loses mair airn nor it gets frae its fuid, a want o airn sets in, an ower time this can lead tae anaemia, whaur there arenae eneuch reid bluid cells an no eneuch haemoglobin.<ref>{{cite journal |author=CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |title=Recommendations to Prevent and Control Iron Deficiency in the United States |journal=Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |date=3 April 1998 |volume=47 |issue=RR3 |page=1 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00051880.htm |access-date=12 August 2014}}</ref> ==Uises== Airn is the maist widely uised o aw metals, an it maks up ower 90% o the warld's metal production. Its law cost an heich strenth mak it the material o choice whaur a thing maun stand up tae strain or cairy force, as in machinery an machine tools, rails, motor caurs an ships' hulls.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Mineral Production 2015–2019 |url=https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/mineralsuk/statistics/worldStatistics.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710173837/https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/mineralsuk/download/world_statistics/2010s/WMP_2015_2019.pdf |access-date=October 22, 2025 |website=British Geological Survey |archive-date=10 July 2021 }}</ref> Steel, an alloy o airn wi a smaa amoont o carbon, is the commonest o thaim.{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|p=1072}} The main drawback is that airn an maist o its alloys rust badly if they arenae pertectit some wey, an the cost o rust comes tae mair nor 1% o the warld's economy.{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|p=1076}} ==References== {{reflist}} ===Soorces=== * {{Greenwood&Earnshaw2nd}} * {{Cite book |author-last =Weeks |author-first =Mary Elvira |author-link =Mary Elvira Weeks |author-last2 =Leichester |author-first2 =Henry M. |date =1968 |title =Discovery of the elements |url =https://archive.org/details/discoveryofeleme07edunse |url-access =registration |publisher =Journal of Chemical Education |location =Easton, PA |chapter =Elements known to the ancients |pages =[https://archive.org/details/discoveryofeleme07edunse/page/29 29]–40 |lccn =68-15217 |ref =CITEREFWeeks1968 |isbn =0-7661-3872-0 }} {{Periodic Cairt}} [[Category:Biology an pharmacology o chemical elements]] [[Category:Biggin materials]] [[Category:Chemical elements|Iron]] [[Category:Cubic meenerals]] [[Category:Dietary meenerals]] [[Category:Ferromagnetic materials]] [[Category:Airn| ]] [[Category:Pyrotechnic fuels]] [[Category:Transeetion metals]] jip50msrlre2hfyev7t804bhkmsfsq6 1 3314 926664 225485 2026-11-08T05:32:59Z Monospaced 75295 Removed note on auld airticle, add owersettin note 926664 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talkpage}} {{Translatit page|en|Iron|version=1382197641}} qbh3f253awolq6g0ndr3d0cv1d5fn4v 0 3739 926626 883834 2026-11-08T05:01:21Z Monospaced 75295 926626 wikitext text/x-wiki {{unsoorced}} [[File:Mobiliário (7.1), Acervo do Museu do Colono (Santa Leopoldina).jpg|thumb]] '''Radio''' is a [[communications]] [[invention]] uisin [[electromagnetic]] [[waw]]s for tae get [[electronics|electronic]] [[information]] frae ae place tae anither athoot [[weir (metal)|weir]]s. A [[transmitter]] sends the [[seegnal]]s that's turnt intae [[soonds]] bi a [[Radio receiver|receiver]]. The device is aften cried a "radio". It wis oreeginally uised for tae communicate atween twa fowks, but they nou uise it for tae listen tae [[muisic]], [[news]] an [[collogue]]. Radio programmes is transmittit ower fower frequencies: [[AM radio|AM]], [[FM radio|FM]], short waw and langwaw an aiblins ithers forby. [[Italy]]'s [[Guglielmo Marconi]] inventit the radio in the [[1890s]]. Radio programmes is aften transmittit throu [[Radio station|station]]s. A speicial type o radio [[braidcastin]] is [[satellite radio]]; examples o sic stations includes [[XM]] an [[Sirius]]. The auld wey o braidcastin haes syne been renamed '''terrestrial radio'''. {{stub}} ==Fremmit airtins== *[http://xmradio.com XM] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202214625/http://www.xmradio.com/ |date=2011-02-02 }} *[http://dir.yahoo.com/News_and_Media/Radio Yahoo! Radio] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051113031549/http://dir.yahoo.com/News_and_Media/Radio/ |date=2005-11-13 }} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Radio| ]] [[Category:Breetish inventions]] ilng2upwjnpy5h7680s9d5wp86fex09 0 3953 926651 788749 2026-11-08T05:25:52Z Monospaced 75295 Stub 926651 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Economics''' is "a [[social science]] concerned chiefly wi description an analysis o the [[Production (economics)|production]], [[distribution (economics)|distribution]], an [[Consumption (economics)|consumption]] o [[guids an services]]".<ref name=mw>{{cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/economics |title=Economics |publisher=Merriam-Webster}}</ref><ref name="OED">{{Cite OED | term=economics |id=270555}}</ref> Economics focuses on the behaviour an interactions o [[Augent (economics)|economic augents]] an hou [[economy|economies]] wirk. [[Microeconomics]] analyzes basic elements in the economy, includin individual augents an [[mercats]], thair interactions, an the ootcomes o interactions. Individual augents mey include, for ensaumple, hoosehauds, firms, buyers, an sellers. [[Macroeconomics]] analyzes the entire economy (meanin aggregatit production, consumption, savins, an investment) an issues affectin it, includin unemployment o resoorces (labour, caipital, an laund), inflation, economic growthe, an the public policies that address thir issues (monetary, fiscal, an ither policies). Ither braid distinctions athin economics include thae atween [[positive economics]], descrivin "what is", an [[normative economics]], advocatin "whit shoud be"; atween economic theory an [[applee'd economics]]; atween [[Raitional chyce theory|raitional]] an [[behavioural economics]]; an atween [[mainstream economics]] an [[heterodox economics]].<ref>{{cite book |editor-first1=Andrew |editor-last1=Caplin |editor-first2=Andrew |editor-last2=Schotter |title=The Foundations of Positive and Normative Economics: A Handbook |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2008 |isbn=0-19-532831-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k2d8SFFyeNEC&pg=PP1}}</ref> {{Stub/Science}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{stub}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Economics| ]] [[Category:Economic theories| ]] fc916ic3uv6j3cnabmwj3n3jn99hjwr 0 4035 926624 892429 2026-11-08T05:00:11Z Monospaced 75295 926624 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Unsoorced}} {{Needswork}} [[File:Classical music composers montage.JPG|right|thumb|350px|Montage o some great [[:Category:Classical componers|classical muisic componers]]. Frae left tae richt:<br />Tapmaist row: [[Antonio Vivaldi]], [[Johann Sebastian Bach]], [[George Frideric Handel]], [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]], [[Ludwig van Beethoven]];<br />seicont row: [[Gioachino Rossini]], [[Felix Mendelssohn]], [[Frédéric Chopin]], [[Richard Wagner]], [[Giuseppe Verdi]];<br />third row: [[Johann Strauss II]], [[Johannes Brahms]], [[Georges Bizet]], [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]], [[Antonín Dvořák]];<br />laichmaist row: [[Edvard Grieg]], [[Edward Elgar]], [[Sergei Rachmaninoff]], [[George Gershwin]], [[Aram Khachaturian]]]] '''Muisic''' is soond that is makkit by humans for tae be haerd deleeberate-like bi ither humans. Muisic includes singin an playin wi muisical instruments, gif thay are wuid, bress, string or percussion. Thare monie sindrie styles o muisic the warld ower. ==The Airt o Muisic== The airt o muisic is the jynin o, or the aesome uisse o aether vocal or instrumental soonds for tae ootgie an express emotion. Forordinar this wad align itsel wi local an cultural staundarts o rythym, melodie an harmonie. Wi the fouth o muisical genre athort the warld, whuther hit is cryed fowk muisic o the maist hamelt furm, or the maist complex o electronic composeitions, aw o thir are upmakkit bi humans for auditory pleisure an ilkane o thir styles throu oot the warld is cryed muisic. Muisic can eith like adapt itsel tae poyetry an sang alang wi dancin, an oot throu human heistory haes been o gret importance baith tae ritual an drama. Nooadays muisic is aye tae the fore wi exploitin sic human emotions, at are seen maistweys throu Televeision, Radio, Theatre an the Internet. Alsae, wi its abeility tae effect emotions bein weill kent, it is uised in baith psychotherapy an for the betterment o monie mental ills, an espeically wi geriatric anes. ==Heistorical idaias an thochts== A muisical tone wes regairdit for common in the aerlie pairt o the 20t Century as bein characterized bi hou aften its dirl wes haerd. This uniformity gied it a fixed pitch at sindered it frae noise. Bi the saicont hauf o the 20t Century sic a norrie wes conseidered auld farrant hooanevir, an noise, an betimes silence wad becum pairt o the modren composeition. Forby tone, the'r ither components o muisic, siclike timbre, rythym an texture, an wi the oncome o electronic machinery in muisic allouin some composers tae upmak non tradeitional wirks, soond coud noo be recordit direct like ontil tapes or digital files.Soonds that war aforehaund unbekent an impossible, war noo tae becum reality. ==Aerlie Indien an Chinee Conceptions== [[File:Five Celestial Musicians LACMA AC1992.254.1-.5.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Five Gandharvas (celestial musicianers) frae 4t–5t century CE, nor-wast Sooth Asia, carriein the fower types of muisical instruments. Gandharvas are spak o in Vedic era leiteratur.{{Sfn|Rowell|2015|pp=11–14}}]] Muisic haes aye haed the pouer tae kittle up feelins o ecstacy wi fowk throu oot the centuries. Frae heistorical accoonts, we hae this idaias frae Auld Warld Indie . The uisse o muisic in releigion gies us [[Vedic Hymns]] frae the auncient scripturs o Hinduism an is aiblins the auldest Vocal tradeition frae lang syne an gaes back as monie as 3000 year. Sic an airt haes growne ower monie century intil a profoond an melodic discipline. Melled wi the releigious text an structur bonnielie expressed bi the narrators skeill. Sic vocal skeill staunds peels wi onie ane o the muisical instruments pleyin alangside it. The'r nae gret sibness here wi Wastren style muisic an the complexity o melody gangs faur abuin onie o wir Wastren models. Atween the narrator/Sangster an the instrumentalist the'r aften spontaneous mimicin o soond at can staund conter tae the stot an rythym o the drums. This can kittle gret excitement, brocht on bi lealtie tae the rules o [[Raga]], the auncient melodic pattrens o Indien Muisic. Sib tae Indien muisic is Chinee muisic, at haes tradeitionally been jyned bi Narrative an ceremony alsae. The faur kent Chinee Philosopher [[Confucius]] (541-479 BCE) gied muckle importance tae muisic, athin the morality o wir Universe. He sayed at Govrenment an muisic stuid aqual wi ither, an onlie fowk wi guid ken o muisic war able for tae Govren fowk. Alsa he believed at muisic gangs in harmony wi the universe, eikin order tae wir physical warld throu sic harmony. He addit, Truelins muisic reflecks character, an maks pretence an swickerie impossible. ==Muisical Idaias frae Auncient Greece== Muisic wes o muckle importance in [[Auncient Greece]] whaur baith muisicianers an sangsters war aye at the for athin Greek theatre. In eddication muisic wes alsae important an frae sax year auld boys war leared i the skeill. Sich leiteracy in muisic alloued a fouth o developments. The day we see baith at Releigous Muisic an Classical Muisic cam frae Greek muisic theory an The Greek muisical modes. Efterhaund, The Rouman an Byzantine Impires an aa gied influence tae Greek muisic alang wi influence frae Eastren Europe. The auldest ensaumple o muisical composeition alang wi muisical notation we hae the day is cryed [[The Seikilos Epitaph]]. The auldest screed on the subjeck o muisical theory is cryed [[Harmonika Stoicheia]] bi [[Aristoxenus]]. ==Muisic athin the Bible== Ken o muisic athin the [[Bible]] an the Biblical Period is taen maistlins frae leiteral soorces, an aftimes Post Biblical soorces forbye. Heistorian o Releigion an Muisic Herbert Lockyer Jr tells us o muisic at wes baith vocal an instrumental an wes growthie amang [[The Hebrews]], [[New Testament Christians]] an [[The Christian Kirk]] oot throu the centuries. Mairatowre, he airts us tae [[The Auld Testament]] an hou God's auncient fowk war devote tae baith the study o, an the pleyin o muisic. Learit scholars o Muisic an [[Theatre]] at hiv studied the anthropologie o [[Semitics]] an aerlie [[Judeo Christian]] cultur hae discuivered common threids atween theatrical an muisical acteivities athin the Classical culturs o The Greeks an The Romans. For common we finnd performance in a social phenomena cryed [[Litany]]. A kinnd o prayer at intaks a series o [[Invocations]] or [[Supplications]]. The Jurnal o Releigion an Theatre says that amang the maist aerlie furms o Litany, Hebrew litany wes accompanied bi rowthie muisical tradeition. ==Medieval Era 476 til 1400== [[File:Vielle.jpg|right|thumb|A musicianer plays the [[vielle]] in a fowerteent-century [[Medieval]] [[manuscript]]]] Durand the Middle ages we hae The Medieval Era at stairts wi the ontak o the singil melodic line, or monophonic chantin oot throu the services bi The Roman Catholic Kirk. Sic muisical notation haed been uised sen lang syne wi Auncient Greek cultur. It is wi the middle ages houanevir at we hae an innin tae notation bi The Catholic Kirk, allouin for sic chants melodies tae be scrievit doon, an sicwyce forderin the uisse o the selsame melodies oot throu The hail Catholic Impire. The anely European Medieval repertoire we hae in written furm frae afore 800 CE is the monophonic Liturgical Plainsang chant o The Roman Catholic Kirk, or whit is aiblins better kent as [[Gregorian Chants]]. Forbye thir tradeitions o Kirk muisic we hae secular sang, betimes cryed (Non Releigious Sangs). The maist weill kent composers o the time war [[Léonin]], [[Perotin]], [[Guillame de Machant]] an [[Walter von der Vogelweide]]. ==The Renaissance Muisic o Europe 1400 til 1600== [[File:The Concert A22894.jpg|left|thumb|260px|A group o Renaissance musicianers in ''The Concert'' (1623) by [[Gerard van Honthorst]]]] The wird renaissance is a Frainch wird at means re-birth, an anent muisic it wes an era o splore an discuivery at in taks the years atween 1400 an 1600. The aforehaund middle ages period wes a time whan The Roman Catholic Kirk haed owerance o awmaist aw o fowks lifes, an maist muisic wes Kirk reekit an thirled tae thon wi maist composeitions based upo the Plain Chairt that haed been uised frae aerlie Christianity. Tho maistlins The Catholic Kirk haed control o muisic durand the renaissance period, it did lowse poleitical control ower society at wad allou freedom for composers tae tak influence frae The Airts, Classical Mythologie, Astronomie an Mathematics forbye. Wi the upmak o prentin graith, scrievit muisic wes able for tae be furthset an distribute widely for the first time. The ettle for maist muisic wes for it tae be sung, aether bi choirs in The Kirks, or wi sangs or [[Madrigals]]. Muisic athoot vocals wes tae flouer an aa, an wi the forderin o technology we hae speceific wrutten muisic for a wheen o mair agile instruments, the like o [[The Lute]]. The feck o composers i The Aerlie Renaissance haed cam frae the [[Netherlands]] an Northren Fraunce. This wes adae wi the backs gien thaim frae thair ain Ryal Coorts. Efterhaund, sic composin airts war tae spreid oot intil ither pairts o Europe as the success o The Italien Ceitie State taen haud, allouin for monie a Northren Composers tae ventur Sootharts for tae seek oot walth. A wheen Italien composers haed cam tae Venice at [[The Basilica o St Marks]]. [[Andrea an Giovanni Gabrieli]] haed furthset braw muisic pieces for muckle choirs an instruments. [[Allegri]] an [[Palestrina]] in Roum war tae scrieve whit aiblins wad be conseidered the hinmaist wirk o renaissance composers, wi thair lairge choral wirk at aye kittles the lugs day. ==Baroque== Baroque muisic is conseidered a style o muisic at wes tae the fore arween 1600-1750. Maisit weill kent for hits guid gaun speirit an grand dramatic style. Tho muisic the like o [[Pachelbel]]'s Canon an [[Vivaldi]]'s [[The Four Seasons]] are kenspeckle tae maist o us the day, monie o the maist faur kent personalities o the first pairt o [[The Baroque Period]] cam frae Italie,Monteverdi an Corelli tae nemm juist twa. A guid nummer o the kent tairms frae Baroque cam frae Italie. [[Contata]], [[Concerta]], [[Sonata]], [[Oratorio]] an [[Opera]]. The sindrie styles o soond funnd in Ilk Nation cam frae new thinkin on whit wes a Nation State ,an can be haerd no juist wi hou the muisic wes componed but wi thoct an performance forbye. Monie muisicianers traivelled ower Europe an wad lug in tae ilkane o the Kintries muisic ,gien them new chuckies tae eik til thair ain cairn. Kenspeckle nemms o muisicianers frae the period are ablo. '''''Italie''''' ''Monteverdi'' , ''Frescobald'' , ''Corelli'', ''Vivaldi'', ''Domenico an Allessandro Scarlatti''. '''''Fraunce''''' ''Couperin'' , ''Lully'' , ''Charpentile'' an ''Ramean'' '''''Germanie''''' ''Praetorius'' , ''Schein'' , ''Scheidt'' , ''Schultz'' , ''Teleman'' , ''Handel'' an ''Bach'' ==Classical Period 1730-1820== The years atween 1730 an 1820 are maistlins acceptit as whit we cry [[The Classical Period]] in Muisic. It sits in atween The Baroque an Romantic Periods in muisic. The texture o classical muisic is thocht o as safter nor Baroque an no sae complex forbye. Variety an contrast athin a piece are mair noted than in the period aforehaund, wi sic variety o keys,melodies an dynamics uisin crescendo,diminuendo an sforzando alang wi mair aft uised chynges tae muid an timbre. This wes mair uised in the period nor whit it wes i the Baroque Period.[[File:FortepianoByMcNultyAfterWalter1805.jpg|thumb|upright|Fortepiana by Paul McNulty efter Walter & Sohn, c. 1805]] The Orchestra wes lairger noo ,an tho melodies war aften shorter, we dae see the dwynin o The Harpsichord an the kythin o a sel staundin Wuidwind section. As the Harpsichord bacam less popular we hae [[The Paina]] brocht intil uisse mair (Fortepiana). Tho firstlins the Piana haed a lichter soond an texture,aft times wi an Alberti Bass alangside it. Efterhaund it bacam a mair pouerfu an rich soond. Muckle importance wes gien tae Instrumental muisic.The main kinnds bein Sonata,Trio, String Quartet,Symphony,Concerto,Serenade an Divertimento. O maist import wes Sonata, at wes uised tae swall the first muivement o the lairger works ,but alsae ither muivements, forbye singil pieces sic as Overtures. Ablo is a leet o the heidmaist Composers o the Classical muisic Period. # [[Carl Philip Emaanuel Bach]] (1714-1788) # [[Christoph Willibald Gluck]] (1714-1787) # [[Franz Joseph Haydn]] (1732-1809) # [[Luigi Boccherini]] (1743 -1805) # [[Marianna Martines]] (1744-1812) # [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] (1756-1791) # [[Joseph Bologne]] ([[Chevalier Saint George]]) (1745-1799) # [[Gioachino Rossini]] (1792-1868) # Franz Shubert (1797-1828) # Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) ==Romaticism 1830-1900== The Era kent as The Romantic Era taks in the years atween 1830 an 1900 whaur muisic ontaen mair expressive soond. Lairge symphonies an aesome Piana muisic alang wi dramatic Opera an Passionate sangs forbye aw tuik influence frae Airt an Leiterature. A wheen kent nemms frae the period are Brahms,Tchaikovsky,Verdi an Mahler. The Romantic era is kent fo hits virr an passion mair nor the aforehaund rigid furms o Classical muisic an hauds closer wi Airt,Leiterature an Theatre. Beethoven wes tae the fore in Romanticism wi eikin til the afore thocht o rigid formulas for symphonies an sonatas ,an gied innin til a new gate wi muisic ,in parteiclar wi ither aspects o life ,ensaumple bein his [[Pastoral Symphony No. 6]] at descrives mair Kintrafie scenes. Anither kenmerk oThe Romantic Era in Muisic is the Virtuoso wi baith Chopin an Liszt bein twa o the maist fawmous o the time anent Piana Virtuoso.[[File:Frederic Chopin photo.jpeg|thumb|right|upright=1.0|Photograph o Chopin bi [[Louis-Auguste Bisson|Bisson]], c. 1849<br /><center>[[File:Chopins Unterschrift.svg|120px]]</center>]] In the mids o the Romantic era we hae Verdi, wha brocht tae Opera subjecks o social ,poleitical an Naitionalistic themes at fair astoondit Italien Opera. In Germanie Richard Wagner wes a Composer o ken at wes gey important in the developin o The Operatic Genre. Afore Wagner Opera's war sindert intil cuttie pieces sib til wir modren day muisicals. The Opera's o Wagner are langer pieces whaur baith characters an idaias war gien short signature melodies cryed Leitmotifs. His norries dominatit the feck o muisic frae muckle symphonies o Mahler an Bruckner tae the mair heroic tone poems an Opera's o Richard Strauss. His style raxxed the lenth o Italie whaur baith Verdi an Puccini ontaen sic influence. The upmak o mair fantoush composeitions wes tae airt us til the biggest chynge in muisic for monie century wi the oncome o the modren era an the 20t Century. Kent nemms frae The Romantic Muisic period are ablo. #[[Frederic Chopin]] (1810-1849) #[[Franz Liszt]] (1811-1886) #[[Guiseppe Verdi]] (1813-1901) #[[Richard Wagner]] (1813-1883) #[[Fanny Mendelssohn]] (1805-1847) #[[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]] (1840-1893) #[[Johannes Brahms]] (1833-1897) #[[Giacomo Puccini]] (1858-1924) #[[Sergei Rachmaninov]] (1873-1943) #[[Gustav Mahler]] (1860-1911) ==Muisic in The 20t Century== The 20t Century haed a rowth o sindrie muisical styles at ordinar fowk wad hae access til. Maistweys this wes acause o the upmak o The [[Gramaphone]] Vinyl Records an Radio Braidcasts forbye, allouin The masses tae lug in tae muisic at wes aforehaund onlie haerd bi sillered fowk that coud gang til concerts an Theatres. Thon wes ower expensive for ordinar workin Cless fowk. The Gramaphone whiles cryed a Phonograph at wes first mass marketit in The 1890's wad gie fowk an innin til monie style o muisic frae athort the Warld. Amateurs haed aye been able for tae perform at hame wi skeilly fowk at coud read muisic alang wi singin an playin thegither forbye. Wi sic mass productions throu Gramaphone an Radio fowk coud nou coff or lug in tae hamelt or byordinar soonds as weill as ghe kent Classical o Opera an Symphony. Oot through the 20t Century it wes recordit muisic at wad kittle popular muisic genres, allouin muisicianers an Bands tae hiv thair muisic ditribute athoot gret expence aw aroon their ain Kintrie an whiles aw ower the warld alsae. Sindrie recordin formats war tae kythe oot throu the 20t year hunders. [[Vinyl Records]], [[Cassettes]] an Compact Discs or [[CD's]] an bi the mids o the 1990's muisic coud be recordit digitally. Sic dramatic innovatioun in technology alloued baith Composers an Sang Scrievers tae upmak mair an mair new soonds ,at wad gang conter tae aw kinnd o styles frae previous times. The developin o pouerfu Guitars an soond amplifiers haed alloued Bands tae biggen thair muisic for tae play for mair an mair fowk in lairger haa's an arena. ==Styles o Muisic== * '''Dance muisic''' is muisic componed specifically tae facilitate or accompany [[dance|dancin]]. * '''Clessical muisic''' (alsae cryed classical muisic) is airt muisic produced or ruitit in the tradeetions o [[Wastren cultur|Wastren]] muisic (baith [[Releegious muisic|liturgical]] an [[secular muisic|secular]]). * '''[[Reggae]]''' * '''[[Adult contemporary]]''' ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat|Music}} [[Category:Muisic]] qamcqgirh9n437jbcyuch9kopx8muzi 926625 926624 2026-11-08T05:00:54Z Monospaced 75295 926625 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Unsoorced}} [[File:Classical music composers montage.JPG|right|thumb|350px|Montage o some great [[:Category:Classical componers|classical muisic componers]]. Frae left tae richt:<br />Tapmaist row: [[Antonio Vivaldi]], [[Johann Sebastian Bach]], [[George Frideric Handel]], [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]], [[Ludwig van Beethoven]];<br />seicont row: [[Gioachino Rossini]], [[Felix Mendelssohn]], [[Frédéric Chopin]], [[Richard Wagner]], [[Giuseppe Verdi]];<br />third row: [[Johann Strauss II]], [[Johannes Brahms]], [[Georges Bizet]], [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]], [[Antonín Dvořák]];<br />laichmaist row: [[Edvard Grieg]], [[Edward Elgar]], [[Sergei Rachmaninoff]], [[George Gershwin]], [[Aram Khachaturian]]]] '''Muisic''' is soond that is makkit by humans for tae be haerd deleeberate-like bi ither humans. Muisic includes singin an playin wi muisical instruments, gif thay are wuid, bress, string or percussion. Thare monie sindrie styles o muisic the warld ower. ==The Airt o Muisic== The airt o muisic is the jynin o, or the aesome uisse o aether vocal or instrumental soonds for tae ootgie an express emotion. Forordinar this wad align itsel wi local an cultural staundarts o rythym, melodie an harmonie. Wi the fouth o muisical genre athort the warld, whuther hit is cryed fowk muisic o the maist hamelt furm, or the maist complex o electronic composeitions, aw o thir are upmakkit bi humans for auditory pleisure an ilkane o thir styles throu oot the warld is cryed muisic. Muisic can eith like adapt itsel tae poyetry an sang alang wi dancin, an oot throu human heistory haes been o gret importance baith tae ritual an drama. Nooadays muisic is aye tae the fore wi exploitin sic human emotions, at are seen maistweys throu Televeision, Radio, Theatre an the Internet. Alsae, wi its abeility tae effect emotions bein weill kent, it is uised in baith psychotherapy an for the betterment o monie mental ills, an espeically wi geriatric anes. ==Heistorical idaias an thochts== A muisical tone wes regairdit for common in the aerlie pairt o the 20t Century as bein characterized bi hou aften its dirl wes haerd. This uniformity gied it a fixed pitch at sindered it frae noise. Bi the saicont hauf o the 20t Century sic a norrie wes conseidered auld farrant hooanevir, an noise, an betimes silence wad becum pairt o the modren composeition. Forby tone, the'r ither components o muisic, siclike timbre, rythym an texture, an wi the oncome o electronic machinery in muisic allouin some composers tae upmak non tradeitional wirks, soond coud noo be recordit direct like ontil tapes or digital files.Soonds that war aforehaund unbekent an impossible, war noo tae becum reality. ==Aerlie Indien an Chinee Conceptions== [[File:Five Celestial Musicians LACMA AC1992.254.1-.5.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Five Gandharvas (celestial musicianers) frae 4t–5t century CE, nor-wast Sooth Asia, carriein the fower types of muisical instruments. Gandharvas are spak o in Vedic era leiteratur.{{Sfn|Rowell|2015|pp=11–14}}]] Muisic haes aye haed the pouer tae kittle up feelins o ecstacy wi fowk throu oot the centuries. Frae heistorical accoonts, we hae this idaias frae Auld Warld Indie . The uisse o muisic in releigion gies us [[Vedic Hymns]] frae the auncient scripturs o Hinduism an is aiblins the auldest Vocal tradeition frae lang syne an gaes back as monie as 3000 year. Sic an airt haes growne ower monie century intil a profoond an melodic discipline. Melled wi the releigious text an structur bonnielie expressed bi the narrators skeill. Sic vocal skeill staunds peels wi onie ane o the muisical instruments pleyin alangside it. The'r nae gret sibness here wi Wastren style muisic an the complexity o melody gangs faur abuin onie o wir Wastren models. Atween the narrator/Sangster an the instrumentalist the'r aften spontaneous mimicin o soond at can staund conter tae the stot an rythym o the drums. This can kittle gret excitement, brocht on bi lealtie tae the rules o [[Raga]], the auncient melodic pattrens o Indien Muisic. Sib tae Indien muisic is Chinee muisic, at haes tradeitionally been jyned bi Narrative an ceremony alsae. The faur kent Chinee Philosopher [[Confucius]] (541-479 BCE) gied muckle importance tae muisic, athin the morality o wir Universe. He sayed at Govrenment an muisic stuid aqual wi ither, an onlie fowk wi guid ken o muisic war able for tae Govren fowk. Alsa he believed at muisic gangs in harmony wi the universe, eikin order tae wir physical warld throu sic harmony. He addit, Truelins muisic reflecks character, an maks pretence an swickerie impossible. ==Muisical Idaias frae Auncient Greece== Muisic wes o muckle importance in [[Auncient Greece]] whaur baith muisicianers an sangsters war aye at the for athin Greek theatre. In eddication muisic wes alsae important an frae sax year auld boys war leared i the skeill. Sich leiteracy in muisic alloued a fouth o developments. The day we see baith at Releigous Muisic an Classical Muisic cam frae Greek muisic theory an The Greek muisical modes. Efterhaund, The Rouman an Byzantine Impires an aa gied influence tae Greek muisic alang wi influence frae Eastren Europe. The auldest ensaumple o muisical composeition alang wi muisical notation we hae the day is cryed [[The Seikilos Epitaph]]. The auldest screed on the subjeck o muisical theory is cryed [[Harmonika Stoicheia]] bi [[Aristoxenus]]. ==Muisic athin the Bible== Ken o muisic athin the [[Bible]] an the Biblical Period is taen maistlins frae leiteral soorces, an aftimes Post Biblical soorces forbye. Heistorian o Releigion an Muisic Herbert Lockyer Jr tells us o muisic at wes baith vocal an instrumental an wes growthie amang [[The Hebrews]], [[New Testament Christians]] an [[The Christian Kirk]] oot throu the centuries. Mairatowre, he airts us tae [[The Auld Testament]] an hou God's auncient fowk war devote tae baith the study o, an the pleyin o muisic. Learit scholars o Muisic an [[Theatre]] at hiv studied the anthropologie o [[Semitics]] an aerlie [[Judeo Christian]] cultur hae discuivered common threids atween theatrical an muisical acteivities athin the Classical culturs o The Greeks an The Romans. For common we finnd performance in a social phenomena cryed [[Litany]]. A kinnd o prayer at intaks a series o [[Invocations]] or [[Supplications]]. The Jurnal o Releigion an Theatre says that amang the maist aerlie furms o Litany, Hebrew litany wes accompanied bi rowthie muisical tradeition. ==Medieval Era 476 til 1400== [[File:Vielle.jpg|right|thumb|A musicianer plays the [[vielle]] in a fowerteent-century [[Medieval]] [[manuscript]]]] Durand the Middle ages we hae The Medieval Era at stairts wi the ontak o the singil melodic line, or monophonic chantin oot throu the services bi The Roman Catholic Kirk. Sic muisical notation haed been uised sen lang syne wi Auncient Greek cultur. It is wi the middle ages houanevir at we hae an innin tae notation bi The Catholic Kirk, allouin for sic chants melodies tae be scrievit doon, an sicwyce forderin the uisse o the selsame melodies oot throu The hail Catholic Impire. The anely European Medieval repertoire we hae in written furm frae afore 800 CE is the monophonic Liturgical Plainsang chant o The Roman Catholic Kirk, or whit is aiblins better kent as [[Gregorian Chants]]. Forbye thir tradeitions o Kirk muisic we hae secular sang, betimes cryed (Non Releigious Sangs). The maist weill kent composers o the time war [[Léonin]], [[Perotin]], [[Guillame de Machant]] an [[Walter von der Vogelweide]]. ==The Renaissance Muisic o Europe 1400 til 1600== [[File:The Concert A22894.jpg|left|thumb|260px|A group o Renaissance musicianers in ''The Concert'' (1623) by [[Gerard van Honthorst]]]] The wird renaissance is a Frainch wird at means re-birth, an anent muisic it wes an era o splore an discuivery at in taks the years atween 1400 an 1600. The aforehaund middle ages period wes a time whan The Roman Catholic Kirk haed owerance o awmaist aw o fowks lifes, an maist muisic wes Kirk reekit an thirled tae thon wi maist composeitions based upo the Plain Chairt that haed been uised frae aerlie Christianity. Tho maistlins The Catholic Kirk haed control o muisic durand the renaissance period, it did lowse poleitical control ower society at wad allou freedom for composers tae tak influence frae The Airts, Classical Mythologie, Astronomie an Mathematics forbye. Wi the upmak o prentin graith, scrievit muisic wes able for tae be furthset an distribute widely for the first time. The ettle for maist muisic wes for it tae be sung, aether bi choirs in The Kirks, or wi sangs or [[Madrigals]]. Muisic athoot vocals wes tae flouer an aa, an wi the forderin o technology we hae speceific wrutten muisic for a wheen o mair agile instruments, the like o [[The Lute]]. The feck o composers i The Aerlie Renaissance haed cam frae the [[Netherlands]] an Northren Fraunce. This wes adae wi the backs gien thaim frae thair ain Ryal Coorts. Efterhaund, sic composin airts war tae spreid oot intil ither pairts o Europe as the success o The Italien Ceitie State taen haud, allouin for monie a Northren Composers tae ventur Sootharts for tae seek oot walth. A wheen Italien composers haed cam tae Venice at [[The Basilica o St Marks]]. [[Andrea an Giovanni Gabrieli]] haed furthset braw muisic pieces for muckle choirs an instruments. [[Allegri]] an [[Palestrina]] in Roum war tae scrieve whit aiblins wad be conseidered the hinmaist wirk o renaissance composers, wi thair lairge choral wirk at aye kittles the lugs day. ==Baroque== Baroque muisic is conseidered a style o muisic at wes tae the fore arween 1600-1750. Maisit weill kent for hits guid gaun speirit an grand dramatic style. Tho muisic the like o [[Pachelbel]]'s Canon an [[Vivaldi]]'s [[The Four Seasons]] are kenspeckle tae maist o us the day, monie o the maist faur kent personalities o the first pairt o [[The Baroque Period]] cam frae Italie,Monteverdi an Corelli tae nemm juist twa. A guid nummer o the kent tairms frae Baroque cam frae Italie. [[Contata]], [[Concerta]], [[Sonata]], [[Oratorio]] an [[Opera]]. The sindrie styles o soond funnd in Ilk Nation cam frae new thinkin on whit wes a Nation State ,an can be haerd no juist wi hou the muisic wes componed but wi thoct an performance forbye. Monie muisicianers traivelled ower Europe an wad lug in tae ilkane o the Kintries muisic ,gien them new chuckies tae eik til thair ain cairn. Kenspeckle nemms o muisicianers frae the period are ablo. '''''Italie''''' ''Monteverdi'' , ''Frescobald'' , ''Corelli'', ''Vivaldi'', ''Domenico an Allessandro Scarlatti''. '''''Fraunce''''' ''Couperin'' , ''Lully'' , ''Charpentile'' an ''Ramean'' '''''Germanie''''' ''Praetorius'' , ''Schein'' , ''Scheidt'' , ''Schultz'' , ''Teleman'' , ''Handel'' an ''Bach'' ==Classical Period 1730-1820== The years atween 1730 an 1820 are maistlins acceptit as whit we cry [[The Classical Period]] in Muisic. It sits in atween The Baroque an Romantic Periods in muisic. The texture o classical muisic is thocht o as safter nor Baroque an no sae complex forbye. Variety an contrast athin a piece are mair noted than in the period aforehaund, wi sic variety o keys,melodies an dynamics uisin crescendo,diminuendo an sforzando alang wi mair aft uised chynges tae muid an timbre. This wes mair uised in the period nor whit it wes i the Baroque Period.[[File:FortepianoByMcNultyAfterWalter1805.jpg|thumb|upright|Fortepiana by Paul McNulty efter Walter & Sohn, c. 1805]] The Orchestra wes lairger noo ,an tho melodies war aften shorter, we dae see the dwynin o The Harpsichord an the kythin o a sel staundin Wuidwind section. As the Harpsichord bacam less popular we hae [[The Paina]] brocht intil uisse mair (Fortepiana). Tho firstlins the Piana haed a lichter soond an texture,aft times wi an Alberti Bass alangside it. Efterhaund it bacam a mair pouerfu an rich soond. Muckle importance wes gien tae Instrumental muisic.The main kinnds bein Sonata,Trio, String Quartet,Symphony,Concerto,Serenade an Divertimento. O maist import wes Sonata, at wes uised tae swall the first muivement o the lairger works ,but alsae ither muivements, forbye singil pieces sic as Overtures. Ablo is a leet o the heidmaist Composers o the Classical muisic Period. # [[Carl Philip Emaanuel Bach]] (1714-1788) # [[Christoph Willibald Gluck]] (1714-1787) # [[Franz Joseph Haydn]] (1732-1809) # [[Luigi Boccherini]] (1743 -1805) # [[Marianna Martines]] (1744-1812) # [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] (1756-1791) # [[Joseph Bologne]] ([[Chevalier Saint George]]) (1745-1799) # [[Gioachino Rossini]] (1792-1868) # Franz Shubert (1797-1828) # Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) ==Romaticism 1830-1900== The Era kent as The Romantic Era taks in the years atween 1830 an 1900 whaur muisic ontaen mair expressive soond. Lairge symphonies an aesome Piana muisic alang wi dramatic Opera an Passionate sangs forbye aw tuik influence frae Airt an Leiterature. A wheen kent nemms frae the period are Brahms,Tchaikovsky,Verdi an Mahler. The Romantic era is kent fo hits virr an passion mair nor the aforehaund rigid furms o Classical muisic an hauds closer wi Airt,Leiterature an Theatre. Beethoven wes tae the fore in Romanticism wi eikin til the afore thocht o rigid formulas for symphonies an sonatas ,an gied innin til a new gate wi muisic ,in parteiclar wi ither aspects o life ,ensaumple bein his [[Pastoral Symphony No. 6]] at descrives mair Kintrafie scenes. Anither kenmerk oThe Romantic Era in Muisic is the Virtuoso wi baith Chopin an Liszt bein twa o the maist fawmous o the time anent Piana Virtuoso.[[File:Frederic Chopin photo.jpeg|thumb|right|upright=1.0|Photograph o Chopin bi [[Louis-Auguste Bisson|Bisson]], c. 1849<br /><center>[[File:Chopins Unterschrift.svg|120px]]</center>]] In the mids o the Romantic era we hae Verdi, wha brocht tae Opera subjecks o social ,poleitical an Naitionalistic themes at fair astoondit Italien Opera. In Germanie Richard Wagner wes a Composer o ken at wes gey important in the developin o The Operatic Genre. Afore Wagner Opera's war sindert intil cuttie pieces sib til wir modren day muisicals. The Opera's o Wagner are langer pieces whaur baith characters an idaias war gien short signature melodies cryed Leitmotifs. His norries dominatit the feck o muisic frae muckle symphonies o Mahler an Bruckner tae the mair heroic tone poems an Opera's o Richard Strauss. His style raxxed the lenth o Italie whaur baith Verdi an Puccini ontaen sic influence. The upmak o mair fantoush composeitions wes tae airt us til the biggest chynge in muisic for monie century wi the oncome o the modren era an the 20t Century. Kent nemms frae The Romantic Muisic period are ablo. #[[Frederic Chopin]] (1810-1849) #[[Franz Liszt]] (1811-1886) #[[Guiseppe Verdi]] (1813-1901) #[[Richard Wagner]] (1813-1883) #[[Fanny Mendelssohn]] (1805-1847) #[[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]] (1840-1893) #[[Johannes Brahms]] (1833-1897) #[[Giacomo Puccini]] (1858-1924) #[[Sergei Rachmaninov]] (1873-1943) #[[Gustav Mahler]] (1860-1911) ==Muisic in The 20t Century== The 20t Century haed a rowth o sindrie muisical styles at ordinar fowk wad hae access til. Maistweys this wes acause o the upmak o The [[Gramaphone]] Vinyl Records an Radio Braidcasts forbye, allouin The masses tae lug in tae muisic at wes aforehaund onlie haerd bi sillered fowk that coud gang til concerts an Theatres. Thon wes ower expensive for ordinar workin Cless fowk. The Gramaphone whiles cryed a Phonograph at wes first mass marketit in The 1890's wad gie fowk an innin til monie style o muisic frae athort the Warld. Amateurs haed aye been able for tae perform at hame wi skeilly fowk at coud read muisic alang wi singin an playin thegither forbye. Wi sic mass productions throu Gramaphone an Radio fowk coud nou coff or lug in tae hamelt or byordinar soonds as weill as ghe kent Classical o Opera an Symphony. Oot through the 20t Century it wes recordit muisic at wad kittle popular muisic genres, allouin muisicianers an Bands tae hiv thair muisic ditribute athoot gret expence aw aroon their ain Kintrie an whiles aw ower the warld alsae. Sindrie recordin formats war tae kythe oot throu the 20t year hunders. [[Vinyl Records]], [[Cassettes]] an Compact Discs or [[CD's]] an bi the mids o the 1990's muisic coud be recordit digitally. Sic dramatic innovatioun in technology alloued baith Composers an Sang Scrievers tae upmak mair an mair new soonds ,at wad gang conter tae aw kinnd o styles frae previous times. The developin o pouerfu Guitars an soond amplifiers haed alloued Bands tae biggen thair muisic for tae play for mair an mair fowk in lairger haa's an arena. ==Styles o Muisic== * '''Dance muisic''' is muisic componed specifically tae facilitate or accompany [[dance|dancin]]. * '''Clessical muisic''' (alsae cryed classical muisic) is airt muisic produced or ruitit in the tradeetions o [[Wastren cultur|Wastren]] muisic (baith [[Releegious muisic|liturgical]] an [[secular muisic|secular]]). * '''[[Reggae]]''' * '''[[Adult contemporary]]''' ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat|Music}} [[Category:Muisic]] 61so5tc83gv009ela89zstm6h2t5eg9 0 4233 926673 923855 2026-11-08T06:11:00Z Monospaced 75295 926673 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cleanup raison="General quality and copyediting"}} {{unsoorced} '''Scots Cultur''' is whit maist consither ti be the naitional [[cultur]] o [[Scotland]] the-day. Historicalie, houaniver, it be the cultur o the [[Scots Lawlands]], as the Gaels o the [[Scots Hielands|Hielands]] haed an unalyk cultur an leid. <!-- A less inspirin openin sentence A'v ne'er read; but that's whit the en: airticle says an A canna think on a better openin affhaund --> ==Scots law== {{main|Scots law}}<!--, ''see [[:Category:Scots law]] an aw.''--> Scotland aye haes [[Scots law]], its ain European legal seistem foondit on [[Roman law]], that brings thegither featurs o baith [[ceevil law (legal seestem)|ceevil law]] an [[common law]]. The terms o union wi England specifee'd the haudin til o sindert seistems.<!-- Whits kent as ''barristers'' in England is cried cried advocates, an the juidges o the hie coort for ceevil cases the juidges for the hie coort for creeminal cases. Scots Law differs frae England's common law seestem. -- This bittie disna seem richt placed. --> Langsyn thar wis sindrie regional law seistems in Scotland, ane bein [[Udal Law]] (cried ''allodail'' or ''odal law'' forby) in [[Shetland]] an [[Orkney]]. This wis a direk eftirganger o Auld Norse law, but wis duin awa wi in [[1611]]. Mauger this, Scots coorts haes acknawledged the owerins o Udal law in sum haudin cases as newlins as the [[1990s]]. Thar's a muivement ti bring back Udal law [http://www.udallaw.com/] til the ilands as pairt o a devolution o pouer frae [[Edinburgh]] ti Shetland an Orkney. ==Scots eddication== {{main|Eddication in Scotland}}<!--, ''see [[:Category:Eddication in Scotland]] an aw.''--> Scotland haes a sinder [[Eddication in Scotland|Scots eddication]] seistem an aw. The [[Act o Union, 1707|Act o Union]] warrandit<!--guaranteed?--> the richts o the Scots varsities, but mair important, Scotland wis the first kintra syne [[Sparta]] in clessical Greece til implement a seistem o general [[public eddication]]<!-- Is this richt? Wis Proushae no afore us?-->. This begoud wi the Eddication Act o 1696 an becam compulsorie for bairns frae the implementation o the Eddication Act o 1872 onwarts. Acause o thon, for mair nor twa hunder yeir Scotland haed a heicher percentage o its population educate at primarie, seicondar an tertiarie levels nor onie ither kintra in [[Europe]]. The differs in eddication haes kyth'd in different weys, but maist merkit is the nummer o Scots that gaed on ti become [[leadership|leader]]s in thair feilds durin the 18t an 19t [[century|yeirhunders]]. The politeician [[Jim Wallace]] statit in October 2004 that Scotland produces a heicher nummer o varsitie an college graduates per heid nor onie ither kintra in Europe. Skuil pupils in Scotland sits [[Staundart Grade]] exams an syn [[Higher (qualification)]] an/or [[Advanced Higher]] exams. Forby thon, a Scots varsitie's honors [[academic degree|degree]] taks fower yeir o studie as agin thrie in the lave o the [[Unitit Kinrick|UK]]. The varsitie seistems in monie [[Commonwealth o Nations|Commonwealth]] kintras shaws mair affeenities wi the Scots raither nor the Inglis seistem. ==Baunkin an siller== {{main|Economy o Scotland}}<!--, ''see [[:Category:Economy o Scotland]] an aw.''--> Baunkin in Scotland haes monie aesome cairactereestics forby. Awtho the [[Bank o Ingland]] byds the [[central baunk]] for the UK Govrenment, thrie Scots corporat baunks aye stil sets furth thair ain [[baunknote]]s: the [[Baunk o Scotland]], the [[Ryal Baunk o Scotland]] an the [[Clydesdale Baunk]]). Thir notes disna hae onie status as [[legal tender]] (awtho thay can aye be bruikit ootthrou the UK, in parteicular in [[Northren Ireland]], whaur Irish baunks sets furth thair ain baunknotes anaw) an thay'r freelie acceptit in the [[Chainel Islands]] an aw. In Scotland, naither thay nor the Baunk o Ingland's notes ranks as legal tender (acause Scots law disna hae the concept); houaniver, baunknotes issued bi onie o the fower baunks is aye acceptit. See [[Scots baunk notes]] anaw. For mair colloguin aboot this see [https://web.archive.org/web/20071007054247/http://www.siliconglen.com/Scotland/1_7.html Legal Tender] (in Inglis). The modren seistem o brainch baunkin (baunks haein a naitionwyd seistem o offises raither nor juist ane ot twa central offises) oreeginatit in Scotland. Juist strang poleetical pressur durin the 19t yeirhunder stappit the resultin strang baunkin seistem frae takkin ower baunkin in Ingland. Houaniver, awtho Scots baunks wisna walcum in Ingland at the tym, thair [[business model]] wis wydlie copied, first in England an syn in the lave o the warld. This isna ti say that the Scots baunkin seistem wis immune frae crises - specialie the foonderin o the [[City of Glasgow Bank]] in 1878. The Saufins Baunk muvement wis clekit in Scotland in 1810 bi the Reverend [[Henry Duncan]] as a wey o lattin his pareeshioners sauf smawer amoonts o siller nor the major baunks wad tak as deposits at that tym. His model for the Ruthwell Parish Bank wis adoptit bi bien sponsors ootthrou the warld. The American exemplars eventualie becam [[Saufins an Loan Associe]]s wi maist o the Breetish saufins baunks cumin thegither ti form the ''[[Trustee Savings Bank]]'', that no lang syn merged wi the commercial baunk, ''[[Lloyds Bank]]'', ti form ''[[Lloyds TSB]]''. Houaniver the [[Airdrie Savings Baunk]] haudit on til its poseition ootsyd this process. Forby thon, Scotland developit a nummer o pouerfu [[Life Assurance]] companies durin the 19t an 20t yeirhunders. Thir wis maistlins managed on the [[mutual]] model, offerin [[wi-profits]] investment as weil as pertection bisiness. Financial pressurs syn the 1980s haed led til thair demutualisations an maist is nou pairt o mukkiler financial institutions. See [http://www.scotbanks.org.uk/banking_history.php] for mair wittins adae wi the history o Scots baunkin (in Inglis). ==Sports== {{main|Sport in Scotland}}, ''see also [[:Category:Sport in Scotland]].'' Scotland haes monie naitional sportin associes, sik as the [[Scots Fitbaa Association]] (SFA) or the [[Scots Rugby Union]] (SRU). This gies the kintra its ain representation at monie internaitional sportin events sik as the [[Fitbaa Warld Cup]]. Scotland canna compete in the [[Olympic Games]] itsel tho, an Scots athletes maun compete as pairt o the Great Breetain team gin thay want ti tak pairt. Houaniver Scotland dis send its ain team ti compete in the [[Commonweal Games]]. Forby Scotland haes its ain sportin competitions apairt frae the lave o the UK. The main fitbaa competeetions is the leags organized bi the [[Scots Premier League]] an the [[Scots Fitbaa League]]. Teams in the [[Hieland Fitbaa League]], the [[East o Scotland Fitbaw League]] an the [[Sooth o Scotland Fitbaa League]] competes in the [[Scots Cup]] anaw, whyl the [[Scots Junior Fitbaa Association]] is ootwi that structur. Scots fitbaa clubs compete in internaitional competeetions, sik as the [[UEFA Europa League]] an the [[Champions League]], baith o whilk hae been wan bi Scots clubs. The Scots Rugby Union is responsibil Rugby in Scotland. Regional Scots rugby clubs competes forby in the [[Celtic League (Rugby Union)|Celtic League]], alang wi teams frae [[Ireland]] an [[Wales]] an in the [[Heineken Cup]], the European League for Rugby Union. Mony ither teams speil in the twa divisions o the Scots Premiership. Scotland is conseider'd the "[[Gowf|Hame o Gowf]]", an is weil kent for its coorses. As weil as its warld-famed [[Hieland Gemmes]] (athletic competeetions), it is the hame o [[curlin]], an [[shinty]], a stick gemm seemlar til Ireland's [[hurlin]], an Ingland's [[field hockey]]. [[Scots cricket]] is a minoritie gemm but wi sum follaein an lang establisht aimateur leags. ==Media== {{main|Media in Scotland}}, ''see also [[:Category:Media in Scotland]].'' {{fixscots}} Scotland haes its ain sindrie media frae the lave o the UK. For ensaumpil, it produces mony naitional newspapers sik as the [[Daily Record]] (Scotland's foremaist [[tabloid]]), the [[braidsheet]] [[The Herald (Glesga)|''The Herald'']], based in [[Glesga]], an ''[[The Scotsman]]'' in [[Edinburgh]]. ''The Herald'', ae-tym kent as the ''Glasgow Herald'', chynged its name ti promote a naitional raither nor regional identitie, whyl ''The Scotsman'', whilk uised ti be a braidsheet, recentlie chynged ti tabloid. Sunday newspapers include the tabloid ''[[Sunday Mail (Scotland)|Sunday Mail]]'' (publisht bi ''Daily Record'' parent companie Trinity Mirror) an the ''[[Sunday Post]]'', whyl the ''[[Sunday Herald]]'' an ''[[Scotland on Sunday]]'' hae links wi ''The Herald'' an ''The Scotsman'' respekivlie. Regional dailies include ''[[The Courier|The Courier and Advertiser]]'' in [[Dundee]] an the eist, an ''[[Press and Journal (Scotland)|The Press and Journal]]'' servin [[Aiberdeen]] an the north. Scotland haes its ain [[BBC Scotland|BBC]] services whilk includes the naitional radio stations, [[BBC Radio Scotland]] an the [[Scots Gaelic leid]] radio service, [[BBC Radio nan Gaidheal]]. Thar ar a nummer o BBC an independent local radio stations athort the kintra anaw. BBC Scotland awns twa [[Scottish television stations|television stations]] an aw. [[BBC Alba]] is the new Scots Gaelic television channel, braidcastin on Sky, Freesat an Virgin media. Hantil o the ootpit o BBC Scotland Television, sik as news an current maiters programs, an the Glesga-based soap opera, ''[[River City (television series)|River City]]'', ar intendit for braidcast athin Scotland, whyl ithers, sik as drama an comedy programs, ar for audiences awplace in the [[United Kingdom|UK]] an ayont. Sports kiverage is different an aw, maistlins acause Scotland haes its ain fitbaa leags, lykweys til Ingland, Wales an Northren Ireland. Maist o Scotland haes anither channel braidcastin an aw, [[STV]]. The [[Scots Borders]] an [[Dumfries an Gallowa]] git ITV Border, whilk wis its ain braund but is nou pairt o the ITV netwirk. ==Fuid an drink== {{main|Scots fuid}}, ''see also [[:Category:Scots fuid]].'' Tradeitional Scots cuisine inhauds fuid sik as haggis, [[Buccleuch Scotch beef]], the [[Arbroath Smokie]], [[salmon]], [[venison]], [[cranachan]], [[Bannock (fuid)|bannock]], [[Scotch Broth]] an [[shortbreid]]. A mair recent upmak is the [[Deep fried Mars bar]]. [[Scotch whisky]] an its [[distillery|distilleries]] ar baith weil-kent athort the warld, wi faur kent braunds sik as Glenfiddich an The Famous Groose. [[Irn-Bru]], ''Scotland's ither naitional drink'', is luved bi baith Scots an non-Scots as weil. ==Arts== {{main|Arts in Scotland}}, ''see also [[:Category:Arts in Scotland]].'' {{sect-stub}} *[[Scottish music]] *[[Scottish literature]] *[[Gaelic punk]] ==Other facets of Scottish culture== :''See also [[:Category:Scottish culture]].'' {{fixscots}} Scotland retains its ain distink senss o naitionheid. Academic research consistentlie kyths that fowk in Scotland feel Scots, whyl nar necessarilie feelin the need ti see that owerset intil the foondin o an unthirlt Scots state. Scotland haes its ain faimlie o leids an dialeks anaw, helpin ti foster a strang senss o "Scots-ness". See [[Scots language]] an [[Scots Gaelic]]. An organisation cried Iomairt Cholm Cille (http://www.colmcille.net {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028110909/http://www.colmcille.net/ |date=2020-10-28 }}) haes been set-up ti support Gaelic-spaekin communities in baith Scotland an Ireland an ti promote links atwein thaim. Scotland retains its ain naitional kirk, sindert frae thon o Ingland. See [[Kirk o Scotland]] an [[Religion in the Unitit Kinrick]]. The [[patron saunts]] o Scotland ar [[Saunt Margaret]] an [[Saunt Andra]], an [[St Andra's Day]] is celebrated in the kintra on [[30 November]]. Thir factors combyn thegither ti furm a strang, identifiabil Scots ceivic cultur. ==Miscellaneous== Scotland's iconic claims t fame include: * [[Bagpipes]] * [[Robert Burns]], [[Burns Nicht]], [[Burns supper]] * [[Dolly the sheep]] * [[Gaelic punk]], the new face o Gaelic muisic wi bands sic as [[Oi Polloi]] an Mill a h-Uile Rud. * [[Gowf]] an the [[Ryal an Auncient]] Gowf Club o [[Saunt Andras]] * [[Hogmanay]] (New Year's Eve) * [[Irn-Bru]] * [[Kilt]]s * [[Loch Ness]], said tae conteen the [[Loch Ness monster]] "Nessie". * [[Scots kintra dance|Scots kintra dancin]] * [[Scots hieland dance]] * [[Scots Hielands]] ([[Aviemore]], [[Cairngorms]], [[Munro]]s) an islands ([[Hebrides]], [[Orkney Islands|Orkney]], [[Shetland Islands|Shetland]]) * * [[Tartan]] * The [[thrissel]], the kintra's [[national emblem]] - accordin tae legend a [[Denmark|Dens]] attacker stepped on ane at nicht, sae alertin the defenders o a Scots castle, hence it is cried the "guardian thrissel" * [[Tweed]], especially [[Harris Tweed]] ==See an aw== * [[Scots creenge]] * [[Scots fowklair]] * [[Scots naitional identity]] * [[Heuchterin an Teuchterin]] {{Commonscat|Culture of Scotland}} [[Category:Scots cultur| ]] [[Category:Scotland]] 2dl80symr5k1shvgwdazj6v8lm5y4zt 926674 926673 2026-11-08T06:11:23Z Monospaced 75295 926674 wikitext text/x-wiki {{unsoorced} '''Scots Cultur''' is whit maist consither ti be the naitional [[cultur]] o [[Scotland]] the-day. Historicalie, houaniver, it be the cultur o the [[Scots Lawlands]], as the Gaels o the [[Scots Hielands|Hielands]] haed an unalyk cultur an leid. <!-- A less inspirin openin sentence A'v ne'er read; but that's whit the en: airticle says an A canna think on a better openin affhaund --> ==Scots law== {{main|Scots law}}<!--, ''see [[:Category:Scots law]] an aw.''--> Scotland aye haes [[Scots law]], its ain European legal seistem foondit on [[Roman law]], that brings thegither featurs o baith [[ceevil law (legal seestem)|ceevil law]] an [[common law]]. The terms o union wi England specifee'd the haudin til o sindert seistems.<!-- Whits kent as ''barristers'' in England is cried cried advocates, an the juidges o the hie coort for ceevil cases the juidges for the hie coort for creeminal cases. Scots Law differs frae England's common law seestem. -- This bittie disna seem richt placed. --> Langsyn thar wis sindrie regional law seistems in Scotland, ane bein [[Udal Law]] (cried ''allodail'' or ''odal law'' forby) in [[Shetland]] an [[Orkney]]. This wis a direk eftirganger o Auld Norse law, but wis duin awa wi in [[1611]]. Mauger this, Scots coorts haes acknawledged the owerins o Udal law in sum haudin cases as newlins as the [[1990s]]. Thar's a muivement ti bring back Udal law [http://www.udallaw.com/] til the ilands as pairt o a devolution o pouer frae [[Edinburgh]] ti Shetland an Orkney. ==Scots eddication== {{main|Eddication in Scotland}}<!--, ''see [[:Category:Eddication in Scotland]] an aw.''--> Scotland haes a sinder [[Eddication in Scotland|Scots eddication]] seistem an aw. The [[Act o Union, 1707|Act o Union]] warrandit<!--guaranteed?--> the richts o the Scots varsities, but mair important, Scotland wis the first kintra syne [[Sparta]] in clessical Greece til implement a seistem o general [[public eddication]]<!-- Is this richt? Wis Proushae no afore us?-->. This begoud wi the Eddication Act o 1696 an becam compulsorie for bairns frae the implementation o the Eddication Act o 1872 onwarts. Acause o thon, for mair nor twa hunder yeir Scotland haed a heicher percentage o its population educate at primarie, seicondar an tertiarie levels nor onie ither kintra in [[Europe]]. The differs in eddication haes kyth'd in different weys, but maist merkit is the nummer o Scots that gaed on ti become [[leadership|leader]]s in thair feilds durin the 18t an 19t [[century|yeirhunders]]. The politeician [[Jim Wallace]] statit in October 2004 that Scotland produces a heicher nummer o varsitie an college graduates per heid nor onie ither kintra in Europe. Skuil pupils in Scotland sits [[Staundart Grade]] exams an syn [[Higher (qualification)]] an/or [[Advanced Higher]] exams. Forby thon, a Scots varsitie's honors [[academic degree|degree]] taks fower yeir o studie as agin thrie in the lave o the [[Unitit Kinrick|UK]]. The varsitie seistems in monie [[Commonwealth o Nations|Commonwealth]] kintras shaws mair affeenities wi the Scots raither nor the Inglis seistem. ==Baunkin an siller== {{main|Economy o Scotland}}<!--, ''see [[:Category:Economy o Scotland]] an aw.''--> Baunkin in Scotland haes monie aesome cairactereestics forby. Awtho the [[Bank o Ingland]] byds the [[central baunk]] for the UK Govrenment, thrie Scots corporat baunks aye stil sets furth thair ain [[baunknote]]s: the [[Baunk o Scotland]], the [[Ryal Baunk o Scotland]] an the [[Clydesdale Baunk]]). Thir notes disna hae onie status as [[legal tender]] (awtho thay can aye be bruikit ootthrou the UK, in parteicular in [[Northren Ireland]], whaur Irish baunks sets furth thair ain baunknotes anaw) an thay'r freelie acceptit in the [[Chainel Islands]] an aw. In Scotland, naither thay nor the Baunk o Ingland's notes ranks as legal tender (acause Scots law disna hae the concept); houaniver, baunknotes issued bi onie o the fower baunks is aye acceptit. See [[Scots baunk notes]] anaw. For mair colloguin aboot this see [https://web.archive.org/web/20071007054247/http://www.siliconglen.com/Scotland/1_7.html Legal Tender] (in Inglis). The modren seistem o brainch baunkin (baunks haein a naitionwyd seistem o offises raither nor juist ane ot twa central offises) oreeginatit in Scotland. Juist strang poleetical pressur durin the 19t yeirhunder stappit the resultin strang baunkin seistem frae takkin ower baunkin in Ingland. Houaniver, awtho Scots baunks wisna walcum in Ingland at the tym, thair [[business model]] wis wydlie copied, first in England an syn in the lave o the warld. This isna ti say that the Scots baunkin seistem wis immune frae crises - specialie the foonderin o the [[City of Glasgow Bank]] in 1878. The Saufins Baunk muvement wis clekit in Scotland in 1810 bi the Reverend [[Henry Duncan]] as a wey o lattin his pareeshioners sauf smawer amoonts o siller nor the major baunks wad tak as deposits at that tym. His model for the Ruthwell Parish Bank wis adoptit bi bien sponsors ootthrou the warld. The American exemplars eventualie becam [[Saufins an Loan Associe]]s wi maist o the Breetish saufins baunks cumin thegither ti form the ''[[Trustee Savings Bank]]'', that no lang syn merged wi the commercial baunk, ''[[Lloyds Bank]]'', ti form ''[[Lloyds TSB]]''. Houaniver the [[Airdrie Savings Baunk]] haudit on til its poseition ootsyd this process. Forby thon, Scotland developit a nummer o pouerfu [[Life Assurance]] companies durin the 19t an 20t yeirhunders. Thir wis maistlins managed on the [[mutual]] model, offerin [[wi-profits]] investment as weil as pertection bisiness. Financial pressurs syn the 1980s haed led til thair demutualisations an maist is nou pairt o mukkiler financial institutions. See [http://www.scotbanks.org.uk/banking_history.php] for mair wittins adae wi the history o Scots baunkin (in Inglis). ==Sports== {{main|Sport in Scotland}}, ''see also [[:Category:Sport in Scotland]].'' Scotland haes monie naitional sportin associes, sik as the [[Scots Fitbaa Association]] (SFA) or the [[Scots Rugby Union]] (SRU). This gies the kintra its ain representation at monie internaitional sportin events sik as the [[Fitbaa Warld Cup]]. Scotland canna compete in the [[Olympic Games]] itsel tho, an Scots athletes maun compete as pairt o the Great Breetain team gin thay want ti tak pairt. Houaniver Scotland dis send its ain team ti compete in the [[Commonweal Games]]. Forby Scotland haes its ain sportin competitions apairt frae the lave o the UK. The main fitbaa competeetions is the leags organized bi the [[Scots Premier League]] an the [[Scots Fitbaa League]]. Teams in the [[Hieland Fitbaa League]], the [[East o Scotland Fitbaw League]] an the [[Sooth o Scotland Fitbaa League]] competes in the [[Scots Cup]] anaw, whyl the [[Scots Junior Fitbaa Association]] is ootwi that structur. Scots fitbaa clubs compete in internaitional competeetions, sik as the [[UEFA Europa League]] an the [[Champions League]], baith o whilk hae been wan bi Scots clubs. The Scots Rugby Union is responsibil Rugby in Scotland. Regional Scots rugby clubs competes forby in the [[Celtic League (Rugby Union)|Celtic League]], alang wi teams frae [[Ireland]] an [[Wales]] an in the [[Heineken Cup]], the European League for Rugby Union. Mony ither teams speil in the twa divisions o the Scots Premiership. Scotland is conseider'd the "[[Gowf|Hame o Gowf]]", an is weil kent for its coorses. As weil as its warld-famed [[Hieland Gemmes]] (athletic competeetions), it is the hame o [[curlin]], an [[shinty]], a stick gemm seemlar til Ireland's [[hurlin]], an Ingland's [[field hockey]]. [[Scots cricket]] is a minoritie gemm but wi sum follaein an lang establisht aimateur leags. ==Media== {{main|Media in Scotland}}, ''see also [[:Category:Media in Scotland]].'' {{fixscots}} Scotland haes its ain sindrie media frae the lave o the UK. For ensaumpil, it produces mony naitional newspapers sik as the [[Daily Record]] (Scotland's foremaist [[tabloid]]), the [[braidsheet]] [[The Herald (Glesga)|''The Herald'']], based in [[Glesga]], an ''[[The Scotsman]]'' in [[Edinburgh]]. ''The Herald'', ae-tym kent as the ''Glasgow Herald'', chynged its name ti promote a naitional raither nor regional identitie, whyl ''The Scotsman'', whilk uised ti be a braidsheet, recentlie chynged ti tabloid. Sunday newspapers include the tabloid ''[[Sunday Mail (Scotland)|Sunday Mail]]'' (publisht bi ''Daily Record'' parent companie Trinity Mirror) an the ''[[Sunday Post]]'', whyl the ''[[Sunday Herald]]'' an ''[[Scotland on Sunday]]'' hae links wi ''The Herald'' an ''The Scotsman'' respekivlie. Regional dailies include ''[[The Courier|The Courier and Advertiser]]'' in [[Dundee]] an the eist, an ''[[Press and Journal (Scotland)|The Press and Journal]]'' servin [[Aiberdeen]] an the north. Scotland haes its ain [[BBC Scotland|BBC]] services whilk includes the naitional radio stations, [[BBC Radio Scotland]] an the [[Scots Gaelic leid]] radio service, [[BBC Radio nan Gaidheal]]. Thar ar a nummer o BBC an independent local radio stations athort the kintra anaw. BBC Scotland awns twa [[Scottish television stations|television stations]] an aw. [[BBC Alba]] is the new Scots Gaelic television channel, braidcastin on Sky, Freesat an Virgin media. Hantil o the ootpit o BBC Scotland Television, sik as news an current maiters programs, an the Glesga-based soap opera, ''[[River City (television series)|River City]]'', ar intendit for braidcast athin Scotland, whyl ithers, sik as drama an comedy programs, ar for audiences awplace in the [[United Kingdom|UK]] an ayont. Sports kiverage is different an aw, maistlins acause Scotland haes its ain fitbaa leags, lykweys til Ingland, Wales an Northren Ireland. Maist o Scotland haes anither channel braidcastin an aw, [[STV]]. The [[Scots Borders]] an [[Dumfries an Gallowa]] git ITV Border, whilk wis its ain braund but is nou pairt o the ITV netwirk. ==Fuid an drink== {{main|Scots fuid}}, ''see also [[:Category:Scots fuid]].'' Tradeitional Scots cuisine inhauds fuid sik as haggis, [[Buccleuch Scotch beef]], the [[Arbroath Smokie]], [[salmon]], [[venison]], [[cranachan]], [[Bannock (fuid)|bannock]], [[Scotch Broth]] an [[shortbreid]]. A mair recent upmak is the [[Deep fried Mars bar]]. [[Scotch whisky]] an its [[distillery|distilleries]] ar baith weil-kent athort the warld, wi faur kent braunds sik as Glenfiddich an The Famous Groose. [[Irn-Bru]], ''Scotland's ither naitional drink'', is luved bi baith Scots an non-Scots as weil. ==Arts== {{main|Arts in Scotland}}, ''see also [[:Category:Arts in Scotland]].'' {{sect-stub}} *[[Scottish music]] *[[Scottish literature]] *[[Gaelic punk]] ==Other facets of Scottish culture== :''See also [[:Category:Scottish culture]].'' {{fixscots}} Scotland retains its ain distink senss o naitionheid. Academic research consistentlie kyths that fowk in Scotland feel Scots, whyl nar necessarilie feelin the need ti see that owerset intil the foondin o an unthirlt Scots state. Scotland haes its ain faimlie o leids an dialeks anaw, helpin ti foster a strang senss o "Scots-ness". See [[Scots language]] an [[Scots Gaelic]]. An organisation cried Iomairt Cholm Cille (http://www.colmcille.net {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028110909/http://www.colmcille.net/ |date=2020-10-28 }}) haes been set-up ti support Gaelic-spaekin communities in baith Scotland an Ireland an ti promote links atwein thaim. Scotland retains its ain naitional kirk, sindert frae thon o Ingland. See [[Kirk o Scotland]] an [[Religion in the Unitit Kinrick]]. The [[patron saunts]] o Scotland ar [[Saunt Margaret]] an [[Saunt Andra]], an [[St Andra's Day]] is celebrated in the kintra on [[30 November]]. Thir factors combyn thegither ti furm a strang, identifiabil Scots ceivic cultur. ==Miscellaneous== Scotland's iconic claims t fame include: * [[Bagpipes]] * [[Robert Burns]], [[Burns Nicht]], [[Burns supper]] * [[Dolly the sheep]] * [[Gaelic punk]], the new face o Gaelic muisic wi bands sic as [[Oi Polloi]] an Mill a h-Uile Rud. * [[Gowf]] an the [[Ryal an Auncient]] Gowf Club o [[Saunt Andras]] * [[Hogmanay]] (New Year's Eve) * [[Irn-Bru]] * [[Kilt]]s * [[Loch Ness]], said tae conteen the [[Loch Ness monster]] "Nessie". * [[Scots kintra dance|Scots kintra dancin]] * [[Scots hieland dance]] * [[Scots Hielands]] ([[Aviemore]], [[Cairngorms]], [[Munro]]s) an islands ([[Hebrides]], [[Orkney Islands|Orkney]], [[Shetland Islands|Shetland]]) * * [[Tartan]] * The [[thrissel]], the kintra's [[national emblem]] - accordin tae legend a [[Denmark|Dens]] attacker stepped on ane at nicht, sae alertin the defenders o a Scots castle, hence it is cried the "guardian thrissel" * [[Tweed]], especially [[Harris Tweed]] ==See an aw== * [[Scots creenge]] * [[Scots fowklair]] * [[Scots naitional identity]] * [[Heuchterin an Teuchterin]] {{Commonscat|Culture of Scotland}} [[Category:Scots cultur| ]] [[Category:Scotland]] 4rwl99gfa0sr2f9a7b0njmjhvcktmai 926675 926674 2026-11-08T06:11:37Z Monospaced 75295 926675 wikitext text/x-wiki {{unsoorced}} '''Scots Cultur''' is whit maist consither ti be the naitional [[cultur]] o [[Scotland]] the-day. Historicalie, houaniver, it be the cultur o the [[Scots Lawlands]], as the Gaels o the [[Scots Hielands|Hielands]] haed an unalyk cultur an leid. <!-- A less inspirin openin sentence A'v ne'er read; but that's whit the en: airticle says an A canna think on a better openin affhaund --> ==Scots law== {{main|Scots law}}<!--, ''see [[:Category:Scots law]] an aw.''--> Scotland aye haes [[Scots law]], its ain European legal seistem foondit on [[Roman law]], that brings thegither featurs o baith [[ceevil law (legal seestem)|ceevil law]] an [[common law]]. The terms o union wi England specifee'd the haudin til o sindert seistems.<!-- Whits kent as ''barristers'' in England is cried cried advocates, an the juidges o the hie coort for ceevil cases the juidges for the hie coort for creeminal cases. Scots Law differs frae England's common law seestem. -- This bittie disna seem richt placed. --> Langsyn thar wis sindrie regional law seistems in Scotland, ane bein [[Udal Law]] (cried ''allodail'' or ''odal law'' forby) in [[Shetland]] an [[Orkney]]. This wis a direk eftirganger o Auld Norse law, but wis duin awa wi in [[1611]]. Mauger this, Scots coorts haes acknawledged the owerins o Udal law in sum haudin cases as newlins as the [[1990s]]. Thar's a muivement ti bring back Udal law [http://www.udallaw.com/] til the ilands as pairt o a devolution o pouer frae [[Edinburgh]] ti Shetland an Orkney. ==Scots eddication== {{main|Eddication in Scotland}}<!--, ''see [[:Category:Eddication in Scotland]] an aw.''--> Scotland haes a sinder [[Eddication in Scotland|Scots eddication]] seistem an aw. The [[Act o Union, 1707|Act o Union]] warrandit<!--guaranteed?--> the richts o the Scots varsities, but mair important, Scotland wis the first kintra syne [[Sparta]] in clessical Greece til implement a seistem o general [[public eddication]]<!-- Is this richt? Wis Proushae no afore us?-->. This begoud wi the Eddication Act o 1696 an becam compulsorie for bairns frae the implementation o the Eddication Act o 1872 onwarts. Acause o thon, for mair nor twa hunder yeir Scotland haed a heicher percentage o its population educate at primarie, seicondar an tertiarie levels nor onie ither kintra in [[Europe]]. The differs in eddication haes kyth'd in different weys, but maist merkit is the nummer o Scots that gaed on ti become [[leadership|leader]]s in thair feilds durin the 18t an 19t [[century|yeirhunders]]. The politeician [[Jim Wallace]] statit in October 2004 that Scotland produces a heicher nummer o varsitie an college graduates per heid nor onie ither kintra in Europe. Skuil pupils in Scotland sits [[Staundart Grade]] exams an syn [[Higher (qualification)]] an/or [[Advanced Higher]] exams. Forby thon, a Scots varsitie's honors [[academic degree|degree]] taks fower yeir o studie as agin thrie in the lave o the [[Unitit Kinrick|UK]]. The varsitie seistems in monie [[Commonwealth o Nations|Commonwealth]] kintras shaws mair affeenities wi the Scots raither nor the Inglis seistem. ==Baunkin an siller== {{main|Economy o Scotland}}<!--, ''see [[:Category:Economy o Scotland]] an aw.''--> Baunkin in Scotland haes monie aesome cairactereestics forby. Awtho the [[Bank o Ingland]] byds the [[central baunk]] for the UK Govrenment, thrie Scots corporat baunks aye stil sets furth thair ain [[baunknote]]s: the [[Baunk o Scotland]], the [[Ryal Baunk o Scotland]] an the [[Clydesdale Baunk]]). Thir notes disna hae onie status as [[legal tender]] (awtho thay can aye be bruikit ootthrou the UK, in parteicular in [[Northren Ireland]], whaur Irish baunks sets furth thair ain baunknotes anaw) an thay'r freelie acceptit in the [[Chainel Islands]] an aw. In Scotland, naither thay nor the Baunk o Ingland's notes ranks as legal tender (acause Scots law disna hae the concept); houaniver, baunknotes issued bi onie o the fower baunks is aye acceptit. See [[Scots baunk notes]] anaw. For mair colloguin aboot this see [https://web.archive.org/web/20071007054247/http://www.siliconglen.com/Scotland/1_7.html Legal Tender] (in Inglis). The modren seistem o brainch baunkin (baunks haein a naitionwyd seistem o offises raither nor juist ane ot twa central offises) oreeginatit in Scotland. Juist strang poleetical pressur durin the 19t yeirhunder stappit the resultin strang baunkin seistem frae takkin ower baunkin in Ingland. Houaniver, awtho Scots baunks wisna walcum in Ingland at the tym, thair [[business model]] wis wydlie copied, first in England an syn in the lave o the warld. This isna ti say that the Scots baunkin seistem wis immune frae crises - specialie the foonderin o the [[City of Glasgow Bank]] in 1878. The Saufins Baunk muvement wis clekit in Scotland in 1810 bi the Reverend [[Henry Duncan]] as a wey o lattin his pareeshioners sauf smawer amoonts o siller nor the major baunks wad tak as deposits at that tym. His model for the Ruthwell Parish Bank wis adoptit bi bien sponsors ootthrou the warld. The American exemplars eventualie becam [[Saufins an Loan Associe]]s wi maist o the Breetish saufins baunks cumin thegither ti form the ''[[Trustee Savings Bank]]'', that no lang syn merged wi the commercial baunk, ''[[Lloyds Bank]]'', ti form ''[[Lloyds TSB]]''. Houaniver the [[Airdrie Savings Baunk]] haudit on til its poseition ootsyd this process. Forby thon, Scotland developit a nummer o pouerfu [[Life Assurance]] companies durin the 19t an 20t yeirhunders. Thir wis maistlins managed on the [[mutual]] model, offerin [[wi-profits]] investment as weil as pertection bisiness. Financial pressurs syn the 1980s haed led til thair demutualisations an maist is nou pairt o mukkiler financial institutions. See [http://www.scotbanks.org.uk/banking_history.php] for mair wittins adae wi the history o Scots baunkin (in Inglis). ==Sports== {{main|Sport in Scotland}}, ''see also [[:Category:Sport in Scotland]].'' Scotland haes monie naitional sportin associes, sik as the [[Scots Fitbaa Association]] (SFA) or the [[Scots Rugby Union]] (SRU). This gies the kintra its ain representation at monie internaitional sportin events sik as the [[Fitbaa Warld Cup]]. Scotland canna compete in the [[Olympic Games]] itsel tho, an Scots athletes maun compete as pairt o the Great Breetain team gin thay want ti tak pairt. Houaniver Scotland dis send its ain team ti compete in the [[Commonweal Games]]. Forby Scotland haes its ain sportin competitions apairt frae the lave o the UK. The main fitbaa competeetions is the leags organized bi the [[Scots Premier League]] an the [[Scots Fitbaa League]]. Teams in the [[Hieland Fitbaa League]], the [[East o Scotland Fitbaw League]] an the [[Sooth o Scotland Fitbaa League]] competes in the [[Scots Cup]] anaw, whyl the [[Scots Junior Fitbaa Association]] is ootwi that structur. Scots fitbaa clubs compete in internaitional competeetions, sik as the [[UEFA Europa League]] an the [[Champions League]], baith o whilk hae been wan bi Scots clubs. The Scots Rugby Union is responsibil Rugby in Scotland. Regional Scots rugby clubs competes forby in the [[Celtic League (Rugby Union)|Celtic League]], alang wi teams frae [[Ireland]] an [[Wales]] an in the [[Heineken Cup]], the European League for Rugby Union. Mony ither teams speil in the twa divisions o the Scots Premiership. Scotland is conseider'd the "[[Gowf|Hame o Gowf]]", an is weil kent for its coorses. As weil as its warld-famed [[Hieland Gemmes]] (athletic competeetions), it is the hame o [[curlin]], an [[shinty]], a stick gemm seemlar til Ireland's [[hurlin]], an Ingland's [[field hockey]]. [[Scots cricket]] is a minoritie gemm but wi sum follaein an lang establisht aimateur leags. ==Media== {{main|Media in Scotland}}, ''see also [[:Category:Media in Scotland]].'' {{fixscots}} Scotland haes its ain sindrie media frae the lave o the UK. For ensaumpil, it produces mony naitional newspapers sik as the [[Daily Record]] (Scotland's foremaist [[tabloid]]), the [[braidsheet]] [[The Herald (Glesga)|''The Herald'']], based in [[Glesga]], an ''[[The Scotsman]]'' in [[Edinburgh]]. ''The Herald'', ae-tym kent as the ''Glasgow Herald'', chynged its name ti promote a naitional raither nor regional identitie, whyl ''The Scotsman'', whilk uised ti be a braidsheet, recentlie chynged ti tabloid. Sunday newspapers include the tabloid ''[[Sunday Mail (Scotland)|Sunday Mail]]'' (publisht bi ''Daily Record'' parent companie Trinity Mirror) an the ''[[Sunday Post]]'', whyl the ''[[Sunday Herald]]'' an ''[[Scotland on Sunday]]'' hae links wi ''The Herald'' an ''The Scotsman'' respekivlie. Regional dailies include ''[[The Courier|The Courier and Advertiser]]'' in [[Dundee]] an the eist, an ''[[Press and Journal (Scotland)|The Press and Journal]]'' servin [[Aiberdeen]] an the north. Scotland haes its ain [[BBC Scotland|BBC]] services whilk includes the naitional radio stations, [[BBC Radio Scotland]] an the [[Scots Gaelic leid]] radio service, [[BBC Radio nan Gaidheal]]. Thar ar a nummer o BBC an independent local radio stations athort the kintra anaw. BBC Scotland awns twa [[Scottish television stations|television stations]] an aw. [[BBC Alba]] is the new Scots Gaelic television channel, braidcastin on Sky, Freesat an Virgin media. Hantil o the ootpit o BBC Scotland Television, sik as news an current maiters programs, an the Glesga-based soap opera, ''[[River City (television series)|River City]]'', ar intendit for braidcast athin Scotland, whyl ithers, sik as drama an comedy programs, ar for audiences awplace in the [[United Kingdom|UK]] an ayont. Sports kiverage is different an aw, maistlins acause Scotland haes its ain fitbaa leags, lykweys til Ingland, Wales an Northren Ireland. Maist o Scotland haes anither channel braidcastin an aw, [[STV]]. The [[Scots Borders]] an [[Dumfries an Gallowa]] git ITV Border, whilk wis its ain braund but is nou pairt o the ITV netwirk. ==Fuid an drink== {{main|Scots fuid}}, ''see also [[:Category:Scots fuid]].'' Tradeitional Scots cuisine inhauds fuid sik as haggis, [[Buccleuch Scotch beef]], the [[Arbroath Smokie]], [[salmon]], [[venison]], [[cranachan]], [[Bannock (fuid)|bannock]], [[Scotch Broth]] an [[shortbreid]]. A mair recent upmak is the [[Deep fried Mars bar]]. [[Scotch whisky]] an its [[distillery|distilleries]] ar baith weil-kent athort the warld, wi faur kent braunds sik as Glenfiddich an The Famous Groose. [[Irn-Bru]], ''Scotland's ither naitional drink'', is luved bi baith Scots an non-Scots as weil. ==Arts== {{main|Arts in Scotland}}, ''see also [[:Category:Arts in Scotland]].'' {{sect-stub}} *[[Scottish music]] *[[Scottish literature]] *[[Gaelic punk]] ==Other facets of Scottish culture== :''See also [[:Category:Scottish culture]].'' {{fixscots}} Scotland retains its ain distink senss o naitionheid. Academic research consistentlie kyths that fowk in Scotland feel Scots, whyl nar necessarilie feelin the need ti see that owerset intil the foondin o an unthirlt Scots state. Scotland haes its ain faimlie o leids an dialeks anaw, helpin ti foster a strang senss o "Scots-ness". See [[Scots language]] an [[Scots Gaelic]]. An organisation cried Iomairt Cholm Cille (http://www.colmcille.net {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028110909/http://www.colmcille.net/ |date=2020-10-28 }}) haes been set-up ti support Gaelic-spaekin communities in baith Scotland an Ireland an ti promote links atwein thaim. Scotland retains its ain naitional kirk, sindert frae thon o Ingland. See [[Kirk o Scotland]] an [[Religion in the Unitit Kinrick]]. The [[patron saunts]] o Scotland ar [[Saunt Margaret]] an [[Saunt Andra]], an [[St Andra's Day]] is celebrated in the kintra on [[30 November]]. Thir factors combyn thegither ti furm a strang, identifiabil Scots ceivic cultur. ==Miscellaneous== Scotland's iconic claims t fame include: * [[Bagpipes]] * [[Robert Burns]], [[Burns Nicht]], [[Burns supper]] * [[Dolly the sheep]] * [[Gaelic punk]], the new face o Gaelic muisic wi bands sic as [[Oi Polloi]] an Mill a h-Uile Rud. * [[Gowf]] an the [[Ryal an Auncient]] Gowf Club o [[Saunt Andras]] * [[Hogmanay]] (New Year's Eve) * [[Irn-Bru]] * [[Kilt]]s * [[Loch Ness]], said tae conteen the [[Loch Ness monster]] "Nessie". * [[Scots kintra dance|Scots kintra dancin]] * [[Scots hieland dance]] * [[Scots Hielands]] ([[Aviemore]], [[Cairngorms]], [[Munro]]s) an islands ([[Hebrides]], [[Orkney Islands|Orkney]], [[Shetland Islands|Shetland]]) * * [[Tartan]] * The [[thrissel]], the kintra's [[national emblem]] - accordin tae legend a [[Denmark|Dens]] attacker stepped on ane at nicht, sae alertin the defenders o a Scots castle, hence it is cried the "guardian thrissel" * [[Tweed]], especially [[Harris Tweed]] ==See an aw== * [[Scots creenge]] * [[Scots fowklair]] * [[Scots naitional identity]] * [[Heuchterin an Teuchterin]] {{Commonscat|Culture of Scotland}} [[Category:Scots cultur| ]] [[Category:Scotland]] i9hc7x8fzf2ytoge42k5ahrhq3e6ma4 926676 926675 2026-11-08T06:12:18Z Monospaced 75295 926676 wikitext text/x-wiki {{unsoorced}} {{Fix Scots}} '''Scots Cultur''' is whit maist consither ti be the naitional [[cultur]] o [[Scotland]] the-day. Historicalie, houaniver, it be the cultur o the [[Scots Lawlands]], as the Gaels o the [[Scots Hielands|Hielands]] haed an unalyk cultur an leid. <!-- A less inspirin openin sentence A'v ne'er read; but that's whit the en: airticle says an A canna think on a better openin affhaund --> ==Scots law== {{main|Scots law}}<!--, ''see [[:Category:Scots law]] an aw.''--> Scotland aye haes [[Scots law]], its ain European legal seistem foondit on [[Roman law]], that brings thegither featurs o baith [[ceevil law (legal seestem)|ceevil law]] an [[common law]]. The terms o union wi England specifee'd the haudin til o sindert seistems.<!-- Whits kent as ''barristers'' in England is cried cried advocates, an the juidges o the hie coort for ceevil cases the juidges for the hie coort for creeminal cases. Scots Law differs frae England's common law seestem. -- This bittie disna seem richt placed. --> Langsyn thar wis sindrie regional law seistems in Scotland, ane bein [[Udal Law]] (cried ''allodail'' or ''odal law'' forby) in [[Shetland]] an [[Orkney]]. This wis a direk eftirganger o Auld Norse law, but wis duin awa wi in [[1611]]. Mauger this, Scots coorts haes acknawledged the owerins o Udal law in sum haudin cases as newlins as the [[1990s]]. Thar's a muivement ti bring back Udal law [http://www.udallaw.com/] til the ilands as pairt o a devolution o pouer frae [[Edinburgh]] ti Shetland an Orkney. ==Scots eddication== {{main|Eddication in Scotland}}<!--, ''see [[:Category:Eddication in Scotland]] an aw.''--> Scotland haes a sinder [[Eddication in Scotland|Scots eddication]] seistem an aw. The [[Act o Union, 1707|Act o Union]] warrandit<!--guaranteed?--> the richts o the Scots varsities, but mair important, Scotland wis the first kintra syne [[Sparta]] in clessical Greece til implement a seistem o general [[public eddication]]<!-- Is this richt? Wis Proushae no afore us?-->. This begoud wi the Eddication Act o 1696 an becam compulsorie for bairns frae the implementation o the Eddication Act o 1872 onwarts. Acause o thon, for mair nor twa hunder yeir Scotland haed a heicher percentage o its population educate at primarie, seicondar an tertiarie levels nor onie ither kintra in [[Europe]]. The differs in eddication haes kyth'd in different weys, but maist merkit is the nummer o Scots that gaed on ti become [[leadership|leader]]s in thair feilds durin the 18t an 19t [[century|yeirhunders]]. The politeician [[Jim Wallace]] statit in October 2004 that Scotland produces a heicher nummer o varsitie an college graduates per heid nor onie ither kintra in Europe. Skuil pupils in Scotland sits [[Staundart Grade]] exams an syn [[Higher (qualification)]] an/or [[Advanced Higher]] exams. Forby thon, a Scots varsitie's honors [[academic degree|degree]] taks fower yeir o studie as agin thrie in the lave o the [[Unitit Kinrick|UK]]. The varsitie seistems in monie [[Commonwealth o Nations|Commonwealth]] kintras shaws mair affeenities wi the Scots raither nor the Inglis seistem. ==Baunkin an siller== {{main|Economy o Scotland}}<!--, ''see [[:Category:Economy o Scotland]] an aw.''--> Baunkin in Scotland haes monie aesome cairactereestics forby. Awtho the [[Bank o Ingland]] byds the [[central baunk]] for the UK Govrenment, thrie Scots corporat baunks aye stil sets furth thair ain [[baunknote]]s: the [[Baunk o Scotland]], the [[Ryal Baunk o Scotland]] an the [[Clydesdale Baunk]]). Thir notes disna hae onie status as [[legal tender]] (awtho thay can aye be bruikit ootthrou the UK, in parteicular in [[Northren Ireland]], whaur Irish baunks sets furth thair ain baunknotes anaw) an thay'r freelie acceptit in the [[Chainel Islands]] an aw. In Scotland, naither thay nor the Baunk o Ingland's notes ranks as legal tender (acause Scots law disna hae the concept); houaniver, baunknotes issued bi onie o the fower baunks is aye acceptit. See [[Scots baunk notes]] anaw. For mair colloguin aboot this see [https://web.archive.org/web/20071007054247/http://www.siliconglen.com/Scotland/1_7.html Legal Tender] (in Inglis). The modren seistem o brainch baunkin (baunks haein a naitionwyd seistem o offises raither nor juist ane ot twa central offises) oreeginatit in Scotland. Juist strang poleetical pressur durin the 19t yeirhunder stappit the resultin strang baunkin seistem frae takkin ower baunkin in Ingland. Houaniver, awtho Scots baunks wisna walcum in Ingland at the tym, thair [[business model]] wis wydlie copied, first in England an syn in the lave o the warld. This isna ti say that the Scots baunkin seistem wis immune frae crises - specialie the foonderin o the [[City of Glasgow Bank]] in 1878. The Saufins Baunk muvement wis clekit in Scotland in 1810 bi the Reverend [[Henry Duncan]] as a wey o lattin his pareeshioners sauf smawer amoonts o siller nor the major baunks wad tak as deposits at that tym. His model for the Ruthwell Parish Bank wis adoptit bi bien sponsors ootthrou the warld. The American exemplars eventualie becam [[Saufins an Loan Associe]]s wi maist o the Breetish saufins baunks cumin thegither ti form the ''[[Trustee Savings Bank]]'', that no lang syn merged wi the commercial baunk, ''[[Lloyds Bank]]'', ti form ''[[Lloyds TSB]]''. Houaniver the [[Airdrie Savings Baunk]] haudit on til its poseition ootsyd this process. Forby thon, Scotland developit a nummer o pouerfu [[Life Assurance]] companies durin the 19t an 20t yeirhunders. Thir wis maistlins managed on the [[mutual]] model, offerin [[wi-profits]] investment as weil as pertection bisiness. Financial pressurs syn the 1980s haed led til thair demutualisations an maist is nou pairt o mukkiler financial institutions. See [http://www.scotbanks.org.uk/banking_history.php] for mair wittins adae wi the history o Scots baunkin (in Inglis). ==Sports== {{main|Sport in Scotland}}, ''see also [[:Category:Sport in Scotland]].'' Scotland haes monie naitional sportin associes, sik as the [[Scots Fitbaa Association]] (SFA) or the [[Scots Rugby Union]] (SRU). This gies the kintra its ain representation at monie internaitional sportin events sik as the [[Fitbaa Warld Cup]]. Scotland canna compete in the [[Olympic Games]] itsel tho, an Scots athletes maun compete as pairt o the Great Breetain team gin thay want ti tak pairt. Houaniver Scotland dis send its ain team ti compete in the [[Commonweal Games]]. Forby Scotland haes its ain sportin competitions apairt frae the lave o the UK. The main fitbaa competeetions is the leags organized bi the [[Scots Premier League]] an the [[Scots Fitbaa League]]. Teams in the [[Hieland Fitbaa League]], the [[East o Scotland Fitbaw League]] an the [[Sooth o Scotland Fitbaa League]] competes in the [[Scots Cup]] anaw, whyl the [[Scots Junior Fitbaa Association]] is ootwi that structur. Scots fitbaa clubs compete in internaitional competeetions, sik as the [[UEFA Europa League]] an the [[Champions League]], baith o whilk hae been wan bi Scots clubs. The Scots Rugby Union is responsibil Rugby in Scotland. Regional Scots rugby clubs competes forby in the [[Celtic League (Rugby Union)|Celtic League]], alang wi teams frae [[Ireland]] an [[Wales]] an in the [[Heineken Cup]], the European League for Rugby Union. Mony ither teams speil in the twa divisions o the Scots Premiership. Scotland is conseider'd the "[[Gowf|Hame o Gowf]]", an is weil kent for its coorses. As weil as its warld-famed [[Hieland Gemmes]] (athletic competeetions), it is the hame o [[curlin]], an [[shinty]], a stick gemm seemlar til Ireland's [[hurlin]], an Ingland's [[field hockey]]. [[Scots cricket]] is a minoritie gemm but wi sum follaein an lang establisht aimateur leags. ==Media== {{main|Media in Scotland}}, ''see also [[:Category:Media in Scotland]].'' {{fixscots}} Scotland haes its ain sindrie media frae the lave o the UK. For ensaumpil, it produces mony naitional newspapers sik as the [[Daily Record]] (Scotland's foremaist [[tabloid]]), the [[braidsheet]] [[The Herald (Glesga)|''The Herald'']], based in [[Glesga]], an ''[[The Scotsman]]'' in [[Edinburgh]]. ''The Herald'', ae-tym kent as the ''Glasgow Herald'', chynged its name ti promote a naitional raither nor regional identitie, whyl ''The Scotsman'', whilk uised ti be a braidsheet, recentlie chynged ti tabloid. Sunday newspapers include the tabloid ''[[Sunday Mail (Scotland)|Sunday Mail]]'' (publisht bi ''Daily Record'' parent companie Trinity Mirror) an the ''[[Sunday Post]]'', whyl the ''[[Sunday Herald]]'' an ''[[Scotland on Sunday]]'' hae links wi ''The Herald'' an ''The Scotsman'' respekivlie. Regional dailies include ''[[The Courier|The Courier and Advertiser]]'' in [[Dundee]] an the eist, an ''[[Press and Journal (Scotland)|The Press and Journal]]'' servin [[Aiberdeen]] an the north. Scotland haes its ain [[BBC Scotland|BBC]] services whilk includes the naitional radio stations, [[BBC Radio Scotland]] an the [[Scots Gaelic leid]] radio service, [[BBC Radio nan Gaidheal]]. Thar ar a nummer o BBC an independent local radio stations athort the kintra anaw. BBC Scotland awns twa [[Scottish television stations|television stations]] an aw. [[BBC Alba]] is the new Scots Gaelic television channel, braidcastin on Sky, Freesat an Virgin media. Hantil o the ootpit o BBC Scotland Television, sik as news an current maiters programs, an the Glesga-based soap opera, ''[[River City (television series)|River City]]'', ar intendit for braidcast athin Scotland, whyl ithers, sik as drama an comedy programs, ar for audiences awplace in the [[United Kingdom|UK]] an ayont. Sports kiverage is different an aw, maistlins acause Scotland haes its ain fitbaa leags, lykweys til Ingland, Wales an Northren Ireland. Maist o Scotland haes anither channel braidcastin an aw, [[STV]]. The [[Scots Borders]] an [[Dumfries an Gallowa]] git ITV Border, whilk wis its ain braund but is nou pairt o the ITV netwirk. ==Fuid an drink== {{main|Scots fuid}}, ''see also [[:Category:Scots fuid]].'' Tradeitional Scots cuisine inhauds fuid sik as haggis, [[Buccleuch Scotch beef]], the [[Arbroath Smokie]], [[salmon]], [[venison]], [[cranachan]], [[Bannock (fuid)|bannock]], [[Scotch Broth]] an [[shortbreid]]. A mair recent upmak is the [[Deep fried Mars bar]]. [[Scotch whisky]] an its [[distillery|distilleries]] ar baith weil-kent athort the warld, wi faur kent braunds sik as Glenfiddich an The Famous Groose. [[Irn-Bru]], ''Scotland's ither naitional drink'', is luved bi baith Scots an non-Scots as weil. ==Arts== {{main|Arts in Scotland}}, ''see also [[:Category:Arts in Scotland]].'' {{sect-stub}} *[[Scottish music]] *[[Scottish literature]] *[[Gaelic punk]] ==Other facets of Scottish culture== :''See also [[:Category:Scottish culture]].'' Scotland retains its ain distink senss o naitionheid. Academic research consistentlie kyths that fowk in Scotland feel Scots, whyl nar necessarilie feelin the need ti see that owerset intil the foondin o an unthirlt Scots state. Scotland haes its ain faimlie o leids an dialeks anaw, helpin ti foster a strang senss o "Scots-ness". See [[Scots language]] an [[Scots Gaelic]]. An organisation cried Iomairt Cholm Cille (http://www.colmcille.net {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028110909/http://www.colmcille.net/ |date=2020-10-28 }}) haes been set-up ti support Gaelic-spaekin communities in baith Scotland an Ireland an ti promote links atwein thaim. Scotland retains its ain naitional kirk, sindert frae thon o Ingland. See [[Kirk o Scotland]] an [[Religion in the Unitit Kinrick]]. The [[patron saunts]] o Scotland ar [[Saunt Margaret]] an [[Saunt Andra]], an [[St Andra's Day]] is celebrated in the kintra on [[30 November]]. Thir factors combyn thegither ti furm a strang, identifiabil Scots ceivic cultur. ==Miscellaneous== Scotland's iconic claims t fame include: * [[Bagpipes]] * [[Robert Burns]], [[Burns Nicht]], [[Burns supper]] * [[Dolly the sheep]] * [[Gaelic punk]], the new face o Gaelic muisic wi bands sic as [[Oi Polloi]] an Mill a h-Uile Rud. * [[Gowf]] an the [[Ryal an Auncient]] Gowf Club o [[Saunt Andras]] * [[Hogmanay]] (New Year's Eve) * [[Irn-Bru]] * [[Kilt]]s * [[Loch Ness]], said tae conteen the [[Loch Ness monster]] "Nessie". * [[Scots kintra dance|Scots kintra dancin]] * [[Scots hieland dance]] * [[Scots Hielands]] ([[Aviemore]], [[Cairngorms]], [[Munro]]s) an islands ([[Hebrides]], [[Orkney Islands|Orkney]], [[Shetland Islands|Shetland]]) * * [[Tartan]] * The [[thrissel]], the kintra's [[national emblem]] - accordin tae legend a [[Denmark|Dens]] attacker stepped on ane at nicht, sae alertin the defenders o a Scots castle, hence it is cried the "guardian thrissel" * [[Tweed]], especially [[Harris Tweed]] ==See an aw== * [[Scots creenge]] * [[Scots fowklair]] * [[Scots naitional identity]] * [[Heuchterin an Teuchterin]] {{Commonscat|Culture of Scotland}} [[Category:Scots cultur| ]] [[Category:Scotland]] r0db4xhixkts1nwjild8cq91eq7ql6j 0 4295 926656 776068 2026-11-08T05:28:08Z Monospaced 75295 926656 wikitext text/x-wiki {{unsoorced}} {{Fix Scots}} The '''Bahá'í Faith''' is a [[releegion]] foondit bi [[Bahá'u'lláh]] in [[Persie]] (nou cried [[Iran]]) in the [[19t century]]. The maist important Bahá'í teachins is: # Ae God # Releegions aw comes fae the same soorce # Equality o aw fowk # Equality atween men an weemen # An end tae aw prejudice # Warld peace # Hairmony o releegion an science # Independent investigation o truith # The need for universal lair # The need for a universal seicondar leid (some Bahá'ís is [[Esperanto|Esperantists]] an aw acause o this) The Bahá'í Faith is conseedert a major warld releegion, wi ower 5 million follaers. {{Stub}} == See an aw == * [[The Báb]] * [[Bahá'u'lláh]] {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Bahá'í Faith]] emysyx0jxx3zpefyh5dc586k8rp6ted 0 4342 926583 627552 2026-11-08T04:28:50Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrite frae stub; removed {{fix scots}} 926583 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jainism''', kent an aw as '''Jain Dharma''', is a releegion that stairtit in [[India]]. It teaches that the saul can be freed frae the roond o rebirth throu a disciplined life, abuin aw throu daein nae hairm tae onie leevin thing.<ref name=pkshah5v>{{cite web |last=Shah |first=Pravin K. |title=Five Great Vows (Maha-vratas) of Jainism |url=http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~pluralsm/affiliates/jainism/jainedu/5greatvows.htm |publisher=[[Harvard University]] Literature Center |date=2011 |access-date=7 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231033127/http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~pluralsm/affiliates/jainism/jainedu/5greatvows.htm |archive-date=31 December 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=33}}{{sfn|Jaini|1998|pp=170–173}} The nem comes frae the Sanskrit ''ji'', "tae conquer": a ''jina'' is a "conqueror" that's owercome the passions an won tae aw-kennin, an the follaers o the releegion is cried Jains.{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2024|p=313}}{{sfn|Sangave|2006|p=15}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jr |first=Donald S. Lopez |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w9LgDwAAQBAJ |title=Asian Religions in Practice: An Introduction |date=2020-06-30 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-21478-8 |pages=20 |language=en}}</ref> Jains haud that thair faith is eternal, an that in this cycle o time it haes been led bi 24 ''tirthankaras'' ("ford-makkers"), the first o them Rishabhanatha.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=12–14}} The 23rd, Parshvanatha, wis likly a real historical body,{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=183}}{{sfn|Jaini|1998|p=10}} an he micht hae foondit an early ascetic community that Mahavira, the 24t an last ''tirthankara'', later brocht back tae life an reformed.{{sfn|Basham|1951|p=108}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=30–31}} Mahavira leeved in the 6t or 5t century BC at the same time as the [[Buddha]], an set up the ascetic order that's still there the day.{{sfn|Bronkhorst|2007|p=14}}<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Geen |first=Jonathan |date= |title=Jainism and Hinduism|url=https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/BEJO/COM-034872.xml?rskey=LPg8ed&result=1|encyclopedia=Religion Past and Present Online |location= |publisher=BRILL |access-date=}}</ref> Thare's atween fower an five million Jains, maistly in India: the 2011 census o India coontit 4.45 million, 0.37% o the population.<ref name=jaindemographics/> ==Main beliefs== Jainism hauds that the universe wisnae creatit an will lest for aye, wi nae creator, governor, juidge or destroyer.{{sfn|Long|2013|pp=83–85}}{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|pp=241–242}} Freein the saul is held tae come throu the three jewels (''ratnatraya'').{{sfn|Cort|2001a|pp=6–7}}{{sfn|Fohr|2015|pp=9–10, 37}} Jainism sets oot five ethical duties that it cries vows: the "smaa vows" (''anuvratas'') for laypeople an the "great vows" (''mahavratas'') for monks an nuns.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|pp=228–231}} The first an heichest is ''ahimsa'', daein nae hairm tae ither fowk or tae onie leevin thing, an abuin aw tae beasts. It covers whit a body says an thinks as weel as whit they dae.<ref name=pkshah5v>{{cite web |last=Shah |first=Pravin K. |title=Five Great Vows (Maha-vratas) of Jainism |url=http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~pluralsm/affiliates/jainism/jainedu/5greatvows.htm |publisher=[[Harvard University]] Literature Center |date=2011 |access-date=7 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231033127/http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~pluralsm/affiliates/jainism/jainedu/5greatvows.htm |archive-date=31 December 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=33}}{{sfn|Jaini|1998|pp=170–173}} Anither is ''aparigraha'', no hingin on tae possessions or grippin for mair: Jain monks an nuns gie up aw property an aw social ties.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=112}}{{sfn|Long|2013|p=109}}{{sfn|Jaini|1998|pp=177–178}} The doctrine o ''anekantavada'' ("monie-sidit reality") hauds that the truith is complex an that nae single view o it is hale. The great error, it says, is ''ekanta'' ("ae-sidedness"), takkin a pairt-truith for the hale truith.{{sfn|Schwartz|2018}} ==The twa main traditions== Jains is pairtit intae twa main traditions, the Digambaras ("sky-cled") an the Svetambaras ("white-cled"). Inscriptions frae as early as the first century AD shaws the split awready.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|p=49}} Digambara monks gang naked, an Svetambara monks weir white claes.{{sfn|Johnston|2000|pp=681–683}} The formal split is aften tied tae the Cooncil o Vallabhi in the 5t century AD.{{sfn|Price|2010|pp=104–105}}{{sfn|Fohr|2015|pp=21–22}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ===Sources=== * {{source-attribution| {{citation |last=Jain |first=Vijay K. |title=Acharya Amritchandra's Purushartha Siddhyupaya: Realization of the Pure Self, With Hindi and English Translation |url={{Google books|4iyUu4Fc2-YC|plainurl=yes}} |date=2012 |publisher=Vikalp Printers |isbn=978-81-903639-4-5 |ref={{sfnref|Vijay K. Jain|2012}} }} }} * {{citation |last=Jaini |first=Padmanabh S. | date =1998 | orig-date =1979 |title=The Jain Path of Purification |url={{Google books|wE6v6ahxHi8C|plainurl=yes}}|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |location=Delhi |isbn=978-81-208-1578-0 }} * {{citation |last=Singh |first=Upinder |author-link=Upinder Singh |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |url={{Google books|Pq2iCwAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=[[Pearson Education]] |year=2024 |orig-year=2016 |isbn=978-93-325-6996-6 |ref={{sfnref|Upinder Singh|2024}} }} * {{citation |last=Sangave |first=Vilas Adinath |title=Aspects of Jain religion |url={{Google books|8UhvGRoyAqMC|plainurl=yes}} |edition=5 |date=2006 |orig-date=1990 |publisher=[[Bharatiya Jnanpith]] |isbn=978-81-263-1273-3 }} * {{citation |last=Dundas |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Dundas |title=The Jains |url={{Google books|X8iAAgAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}} |edition=Second |date=2002 |orig-date=1992 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-26605-5 |location=London and New York }} * {{citation |last=Zimmer |first=Heinrich |author-link=Heinrich Zimmer |editor-last=Campbell |editor-first=Joseph |editor-link=Joseph Campbell |title=Philosophies Of India |year=1953 |orig-date=1952 |publisher=[[Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd]] |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/Philosophy.of.India.by.Heinrich.Zimmer |isbn=978-81-208-0739-6 }} * {{cite book | last=Basham | first=A.L. | title=History and Doctrines of the Ājīvikas: A Vanished Indian Religion | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass | series=Jainism Series | year=1951 | isbn=978-81-208-1204-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BiGQzc5lRGYC}} * {{citation |last=Bronkhorst |first=Johannes |title=Greater Magadha: Studies in the Culture of Early India |date=2007 |publisher=Brill |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4GNG5KuH73QC |isbn=9789004157194 }} * {{citation |last=Long | first=Jeffery D. |author-link=Jeffery D. Long |title=Jainism: An Introduction |url={{Google books|ajAEBAAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}} |year=2013 |orig-year=2009 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=978-0-85771-392-6 }} * {{citation |last=von Glasenapp |first=Helmuth |author-link=Helmuth von Glasenapp |others=Shridhar B. Shrotri (trans.) |title=Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation |trans-title=Der Jainismus: Eine Indische Erlosungsreligion |url={{Google books|WzEzXDk0v6sC|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] (Reprint: 1999) |year=1925 |location=Delhi |isbn=978-81-208-1376-2 }} * {{citation |last=Cort |first=John E. | date=2001a |title=Jains in the World : Religious Values and Ideology in India |url={{Google books|PZk-4HOMzsoC|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-513234-2 }} * {{citation |last=Fohr |first=Sherry |title=Jainism: A Guide for the Perplexed |url={{Google books|HMXuBQAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}} |year=2015 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-4411-5116-2 }} PB: {{ISBN|978-1-4411-6594-7}}; ePDF: {{ISBN|978-1-4742-2756-8}}; ePub: {{ISBN|978-1-4742-2755-1}} * {{citation | last =Shah | first=Natubhai | date =2004 |orig-date=1998 | title=Jainism: The World of Conquerors |url={{Google books|qLNQKGcDIhsC|plainurl=yes}} |volume=I |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-1938-2 |ref={{sfnref|Natubhai Shah|2004}} }} * {{citation |last=Schwartz |first=William Andrew |title=The Metaphysics of Paradox: Jainism, Absolute Relativity, and Religious Pluralism |date=2018 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-1-4985-6392-5 |url=https://rowman.com/ISBN/9781498563925/The-Metaphysics-of-Paradox-Jainism-Absolute-Relativity-and-Religious-Pluralism |access-date=23 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824002257/https://rowman.com/ISBN/9781498563925/The-Metaphysics-of-Paradox-Jainism-Absolute-Relativity-and-Religious-Pluralism |archive-date=24 August 2018 |url-status=live }} * {{citation |last=Johnston |first=William M. |title=Encyclopedia of Monasticism: A–L |url={{Google books|GfC0TDkJJNgC|plainurl=yes}} |year=2000 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-57958-090-2 }} * {{citation |last=Price |first=Joan |title=Sacred Scriptures of the World Religions: An Introduction |url={{Google books|J0eycqQq9U4C|plainurl=yes}} |year=2010 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-0-8264-2354-2 }} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Jainism]] m22trg400hmrlva6tmc0albmkxrmhmb 0 4496 926643 817243 2026-11-08T05:10:57Z Monospaced 75295 926643 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zoologie''' is the brainch o [[biology]] whilk studies the ainimal kinrick, sic as the [[anatomy|structur]], [[embryology]], [[evolution]], [[Biological clessification|clessification]], [[Ethology|habits]], an distribution o aw [[ainimal]]s, baith tae the fore an [[extinction|extinct]], an hou thay interact wi thair ecoseestems. The wird is derived frae [[Auncient Greek]] ζῷον, ''zōion'', i.e. "[[ainimal]]" an λόγος, ''logos'', i.e. "kennin, study".<ref name=OnlineEtDict>{{cite web|title=zoology|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=zoology&allowed_in_frame=0|publisher=[[Online Etymology Dictionary]]}}</ref> Semmlin twathry sinthery fiels an makkin uiss o mony methodologies, Zoology haes haed a langsome oncome ower mony yeir until the meantime. In the bygane, the furst thochts tae the fore anent zoology hae been gaen us bi Aristotle. The mony ettlins tae sort ilka ainimal specie hae been aft recognosced syne thontim. {{Stub/Science}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Zoology| ]] [[Category:Brainches o biology]] {{Stub/Ainimal}} {{Stub/Scieence}} sg1ssbkf8jl6s6ccpdv1iv52r529sbe 0 4813 926655 819405 2026-11-08T05:27:30Z Monospaced 75295 926655 wikitext text/x-wiki {{unsoorced}} '''Politics''' is the wey that groups maks deciesions. Aatho the term is for ordinar applee'd tae haivins athin guvernments, politics is obserred in aw human (an a wheen nae-human) group interactions, includin corporate, academic, an reliegious institutions. == Politics o Scotland == Scotland haes a wheen polietical beliefs. Tradietionally the [[Central Belt]] haes been mair left-wing an socialist, while the mair landwart airts haes been mair conservative. [[Glesga]] in partiecular is a gey socialist ceety, cawed [[Red Clydeside]] at ae pynt; the [[Scots Labour Pairty]] wis tradietionalie gey strang thare, alang wi the [[Scots Socialist Pairty]] an [[Solidarity (Scotland)|Solidarity]]. [[Embra]] haed a repute for bein mair conservativer, but haes become mair lieberal no lang syne, an the [[Scots Green Pairty]] is partiecularly strang thare. As weel as differs atween the left an richt wings, anither muckle polietical divide in Scotland is the ane atween [[Scots unionism|unionism]] an [[Scots unthirldom|naitionalism]]; Scots naitionalism is representit bi a wheen o pairties that wants tae polietical sinder Scotland frae the UK. {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Politics]] {{Stub}} iowjyied8i7b84c6f5txk2n29gcwcrw 0 5060 926592 833043 2026-11-08T04:36:36Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrote an expandit wi owersettins; taen aff {{Fix Scots}} 926592 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Statistics''' is the discipline that deals wi the gaitherin, organisin, analysin, interpretin an presentin o data.<ref name="def">{{Cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Oxford Reference |title=Statistics |year=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-954145-4 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199541454.001.0001/acref-9780199541454-e-1566?rskey=nxhBLl&result=1979}}; {{Cite encyclopedia |first=Jan-Willem |last=Romijn |year=2014 |title=Philosophy of statistics |encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/statistics/}}; {{Cite dictionary | dictionary=Cambridge Dictionary |title=Statistics |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/statistics}}</ref> It covers ilka aspect o data, includin the plannin o surveys an experiments tae gaither it.<ref name="Dodge">{{Cite book |last=Dodge |first=Yadolah |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Statistical Terms |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-19-920613-9}}</ref> The wird comes frae the German ''Statistik'': Gottfried Achenwall coined it for a summary o hou things stauns in a state, it cam intae English in 1770, an it got its modren meanin in the 1790s throu the warks o John Sinclair.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sheynin |first=Oscar |title=International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science |publisher=Springer |year=2010 |isbn=978-3-642-04898-2 |editor-last=Lovric |editor-first=Miodrag |pages=1493–1504 |language=en |chapter=Statistics, History of}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |title=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |isbn=0-19-283098-8 |editor-last=Hoad |editor-first=T. F. |pages=460 |language=en}}</ref> Statistics is uised in a wide range o academic fields, in the naitural an social sciences, an in government an business forby.<ref name=":3">{{cite web|url=https://amstat.tandfonline.com/loi/jbes|title=Journal of Business & Economic Statistics|website=Journal of Business & Economic Statistics|publisher=Taylor & Francis|access-date=16 March 2020|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727052958/https://amstat.tandfonline.com/loi/jbes|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Studies an data== Statisticians gaither data in experiments an in observational studies. In an observational study naething is chynged: tae study the link atween smokin an lung cancer, for example, researchers micht follae baith smokers an non-smokers in a cohort study an coont the cases o lung cancer in ilk group.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-link=kenneth Rothman (epidemiologist)|editor1-last=Rothman|editor1-first=Kenneth J |editor2-link=Sander Greenland |editor2-last=Greenland|editor2-first=Sander|editor3-link=Timothy L. Lash|editor3-last=Lash|editor3-first=Timothy|title=Modern Epidemiology|date=2008|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|page=100|edition=3rd|language=en|chapter=7|isbn=978-0781755641}}</ref> Experiments haes thair ain traps: in the Hawthorne study, warkers becam mair productive no acause the lichtin wis chynged but acause they wis bein watched.<ref name="pmid17608932">{{cite journal |vauthors=McCarney R, Warner J, Iliffe S, van Haselen R, Griffin M, Fisher P |title=The Hawthorne Effect: a randomised, controlled trial |journal=BMC Med Res Methodol |volume=7|article-number=30 |year=2007 |pmid=17608932 |pmc=1936999 |doi=10.1186/1471-2288-7-30 |issue=1 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ==Descriptive an inferential statistics== A descriptive statistic is a summary that describes the features o a collection o information in nummers.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mann |first=Prem S. |year=1995 |title=Introductory Statistics |url=https://archive.org/details/introductorystat02edmann_z9s5 |url-access=registration |edition=2nd |publisher=Wiley |isbn=0-471-31009-3 }}</ref> Descriptive statistics sets oot tae summarise a sample, raither nor uise the data tae learn aboot the population that the sample stauns for.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Descriptive Statistics {{!}} Research Connections |url=https://www.researchconnections.org/research-tools/descriptive-statistics |access-date=10 January 2023 |website=www.researchconnections.org}}</ref> Statistical inference, on the ither haund, uises data analysis tae wirk oot the properties o an unnerlyin probability distribution,<ref name="Oxford">Upton, G., Cook, I. (2008) ''Oxford Dictionary of Statistics'', OUP. {{ISBN|978-0-19-954145-4}}.</ref> for example bi testin hypotheses an makkin estimates. ==History== The earliest European writin that uises statistics dates frae 1663, whan John Graunt published ''Natural and Political Observations upon the Bills of Mortality''.<ref>Willcox, Walter (1938) "The Founder of Statistics". ''Review of the [[International Statistical Institute]]'' 5(4): 321–328. {{JSTOR|1400906}}</ref> In the 20t century, Ronald Fisher's maist important warks wis his 1918 paper ''The Correlation between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance'', the first tae uise the statistical term ''variance'', an his buiks ''Statistical Methods for Research Workers'' (1925) an ''The Design of Experiments'' (1935).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Box |first=J. F. |date=February 1980 |title=R. A. Fisher and the Design of Experiments, 1922–1926 |url= https://archive.org/details/sim_american-statistician_1980-02_34_1/page/n1 |url-access=limited |journal=[[The American Statistician]] |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=1–7 |doi=10.2307/2682986 |jstor=2682986}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Yates |first=F. |date=June 1964 |title=Sir Ronald Fisher and the Design of Experiments |url= https://archive.org/details/sim_biometrics_1964-06_20_2/page/307 |url-access=limited |journal=[[Biometrics (journal)|Biometrics]] |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=307–321 |doi=10.2307/2528399 |jstor=2528399}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stanley |first1=Julian C. |year=1966 |title=The Influence of Fisher's "The Design of Experiments" on Educational Research Thirty Years Later |journal=American Educational Research Journal |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=223–229 |doi=10.3102/00028312003003223 |jstor=1161806 |s2cid=145725524}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Further readin== * Barbara Illowsky; Susan Dean (2014). ''Introductory Statistics''. OpenStax CNX. ISBN 9781938168208. * David W. Stockburger, ''Introductory Statistics: Concepts, Models, and Applications'', 3rd Web Ed. Missouri State University. * ''OpenIntro Statistics'', 3rd edition, bi Diez, Barr an Cetinkaya-Rundel * Stephen Jones, 2010. ''Statistics in Psychology: Explanations without Equations''. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9781137282392. * Cohen, J (1990). "Things I have learned (so far)" (PDF). American Psychologist. 45: 1304–1312. * Ioannidis, J.P.A. (2005). "Why most published research findings are false". PLoS Medicine. 2: 696–701 ==Freemit airtins== {{Commonscat|Statistics}} * (Electronic Version): StatSoft, Inc. (2013). [http://www.statsoft.com/textbook/ Electronic Statistics Textbook] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091214024341/http://www.statsoft.com/textbook/ |date=2009-12-14 }}. Tulsa, OK: StatSoft. * [http://onlinestatbook.com/index.html ''Online Statistics Education: An Interactive Multimedia Course of Study''] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060717201702/http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/ UCLA Statistical Computing Resources] * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/statistics/ Philosophy of Statistics] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Stateestics]] nnjs44qf2r6pbyz3fckc5x0n0hskev2 0 5711 926599 894540 2026-11-08T04:46:45Z Monospaced 75295 Monospaced flittit page [[Antropologie]] til [[Antropology]]: Misspelt title 873698 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Antropologie''' is the studie o human beins. Antropologie is a social science that helps fowk learn whit wey groups o fowk is the same, an whit wey they differ in aw the airts o the warld. Antropologists dis research in mony airts an leuks at the wey fowk leeves the nou an hou they micht hae leeved in the bygane (uisin the study o [[Airchaeologie]]). They daes research in modren ceeties, wee veelage tribes, an in the landwart airts. They study whit wey thae groups o fowk conseeders time, space, life an ither things. The fower basic kynds o antropologie is as follaes: * [[Airchaeologie]] - The study o relics left fae auncient societies. * [[Pheesical Antropologie]] - The study o human biologie an whit wey human beins haes chynged ower time (evolution). * [[Linguistic Antropologie]] - The study o whit wey fowk speaks an whit wey their leids haes chynged ower time. * [[Cultural Antropologie]] - The study o whit wey fowk leeves their lifes an whit wey they micht hae leeved lang syne. {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Anthropology]] qgjapp0g590i5ydcvv9l63y2fyk622w 926607 926599 2026-11-08T04:52:08Z Monospaced 75295 sp, stub 926607 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Antropology''' is the studie o human beins. Antropologie is a social science that helps fowk learn whit wey groups o fowk is the same, an whit wey they differ in aw the airts o the warld. Antropologists dis research in mony airts an leuks at the wey fowk leeves the nou an hou they micht hae leeved in the bygane (uisin the study o [[Airchaeologie]]). They daes research in modren ceeties, wee veelage tribes, an in the landwart airts. They study whit wey thae groups o fowk conseeders time, space, life an ither things. The fower basic kynds o antropologie is as follaes: * [[Airchaeology]] - The study o relics left fae auncient societies. * [[Physical Antropology]] - The study o human biologie an whit wey human beins haes chynged ower time (evolution). * [[Linguistic Antropology]] - The study o whit wey fowk speaks an whit wey their leids haes chynged ower time. * [[Cultural Antropologie]] - The study o whit wey fowk leeves their lifes an whit wey they micht hae leeved lang syne. {{Stub/Science}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Anthropology]] i9a831rdfwc10r91r97hl8dgr2nvhfz 926688 926607 2026-11-08T06:29:20Z Monospaced 75295 Redirect 926688 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Anthropology]] rbhe0scciydiqldqcddzb7hhzq66pev 0 6224 926627 877061 2026-11-08T05:01:41Z Monospaced 75295 926627 wikitext text/x-wiki {{unsoorced}} [[File:251000 - Wheelchair basketball Julianne Adams shoots - 3b - 2000 Sydney match photo.jpg|thumb|Sport]] A '''sport''' is an [[organised]], [[competitive]], [[entertainment|entertainin]], an skilful [[activity]] requirin commitment, strategy, an [[sportsmanship|fair play]], in which a winner an loser can be defined bi objective means. Generally speakin, a sport is a [[gemme]] based in pheesical [[athleticism]]. Activities sic as [[buird gemme]]s an [[caird gemme]]s are whiles classifee'd as "[[Gemme o skill|mind sports]]," but strictly speakin "sport" bi itsel refers tae some pheesical activity. Non-competitive activities mey an aa qualify, for example tho joggin or playin catch are uisually clessifee'd as forms o [[recreation]], thay mey an aa be informally cried "sports" due tae thair similarity tae competitive gemmes. Sports are govrened bi a set o [[regulation o sport|rules]] or [[tradition|customs]]. Pheesical events sic as scorin goals or crossin a line first aften define the result o a sport. Housomeivver, the degree o skill an performance in some sports sic as [[divin]], [[dressage]] an [[feegur skeitchin]] is judged accordin tae well-defined criteria. This is in contrast wi ither judged activities sic as [[beauty pageant]]s an [[body biggin]], whaur skill daes no hae tae be shawn an the criteria are no as well defined. Records are kept an updatit for maist sports at the heichest levels, while failurs an accomplishments are widely annoonced in [[sport news]]. Sports are maist aften played juist for fun or for the semple fact that fowk need exercise tae stay in guid pheesical condeetion. Housomeivver, professional sport is a major soorce o entertainnment. {{stub}} [[Category:Sports| ]] a6cr1gnxeg7yew1vkyqtjv7o6zl72nt 0 6358 926608 911908 2026-11-08T04:52:34Z Monospaced 75295 Stub 926608 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Geographie''' (or '''geography''') is the scientific studie o the locational an spatial variation o baith [[physical]] an [[human]] phenomena on the [[Yird]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Springer|first=Simon|date=2017-01-02|title=Earth Writing|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/2373566X.2016.1272431|journal=GeoHumanities|language=en|volume=3|issue=1|pages=1–19|doi=10.1080/2373566X.2016.1272431|issn=2373-566X}}</ref> The wird cums frae the Greek wirds γη or γεια ("Yird") an γραφειν ("ti descrieve" an "ti scrieve,"). Geographie is an aw-encompassin discipline that seeks an unnerstaunin o the Yird an its human an natural complexities—nae anely whaur objects are, but hou thay hae chynged an come tae be an aw. Whiles geographie is specific tae the Yird, mony concepts kin be pit mair broadly tae ither celestial bodies in the field o planetary science.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Burt|first=Tim|title=Key Concepts in Geography|publisher=SAGE Publications|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4129-3022-2|pages=85–96}}</ref> Geographie haes been cawed "a brig atween natural science an social science disciplines." ==Soorces== {{Reflist}} ==See forby== * [[Cairt]] {{Stub/Science}} {{Portal|Geografie|Atlas}} [[Category:Geografie| ]] [[Category:Yird sciences]] [[Category:Social sciences]] [[Category:Academic disciplines]] {{stub}} qlkk2z1b5jfhpo085luh01n6kpvj3ta 0 6739 926677 926373 2026-11-08T06:14:06Z Monospaced 75295 Stub 926677 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Scots Law''' is a legal seestem foondit on [[Roman law]], that brings thegither featurs o baith [[ceevil law (legal seestem)|ceevil law]] an [[common law]]. The terms o [[Treaty o Union 1707|union]] atween [[Scotland]] an [[Ingland]] specifeed the retention o separate seestems. <!-- The barristers being cried advocates, an the judges o the heich court fir civil cases are the judges for the heich court for criminal cases an aw. Scots Law differs frae England's common law system. -- This bittie disna seem richt placed. --> Aforetimes there wis sindrie regional law seestems in [[Scotland]], ane bein [[Udal Law]] (cryed ''allodail'' or ''odal law'' forbye) in [[Shetland]] an [[Orkney]]. This wis a direct descendant o Auld Norse Law, but wis duin awa wi in [[1611]]. Mauger this, Scots coorts haes acknowledged the owerins o udal law in some property cases as recently as the [[1990s]]. There's a muvement tae bring back udal law <ref>[http://www.udallaw.com/]</ref> tae the islands as pairt o a devolution o pouer frae [[Edinburgh]] tae Shetland an Orkney. {{Stub/Law}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Fremmit airtins== *[http://www.scottishlaw.org.uk Scots legal wabsteid] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090522164622/http://www.law-essays-uk.com/criminallaw.php Criminal law resource] [[Category:Scots law]] {{Stub/Scotland}} 520asawxijumuh14sl1vy2sskezrkdo 0 6743 926631 870012 2026-11-08T05:04:26Z Monospaced 75295 926631 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Biology''' is the [[science]] o [[life]] (frae the [[Greek leid|Greek]] wirds ''βιos'' meanin "life" an ''λoγos'', meanin "raesoned accoont"). It is concernt wi the chairacteristics an laits o aw craiturs, the wey speshie an individuals comes til exeest, leeve, an the interactions thay hae wi ilk ither an wi the [[environ]]s. Biologie encompasses a braid spectrum o academic fields that's aften seen as thair ain disciplines. Thegither, thay study life ower a braid reenge o schuils. {{stub}} == Gallery == <gallery> File:Guriezo Adino vaca toro terneras.jpg|Animalia – Bos primigenius taurus File:Zboże.jpg|Planta – Triticum File:Morchella esculenta 08.jpg|Fungi – Morchella esculenta File:Fucus serratus2.jpg|Stramenopila/Chromista – Fucus serratus File:Gemmatimonas aurantiaca.jpg|Bacteria – Gemmatimonas aurantiaca (- = 1 Micrometer) File:Halobacteria.jpg|Archaea – Halobacteria File:Gamma phage.png|Virus – Gamma phage </gallery> {{Commonscat}} {{Naitural science}} [[Category:Biology| ]] q4fesililrgi8a3veriyby00bkucsrg 0 6744 926585 899471 2026-11-08T04:31:32Z Monospaced 75295 Monospaced flittit page [[Airchaeology]] til [[Archaeology.]]: Misspelt title 899471 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} [[File:Archaeology.rome.arp.jpg|thumb]] '''Airchaeologie''' (frae the [[Greek]] wirds αρχαίος = auncient an λόγος = wird/speak/discoorse) is the study o human [[cultur]]s throu the findin, documention an analysis o maiteral, the orts o human dealins an environmental data, includin [[architectur]], [[airtefacts]], biofacts, human wate, an laundscapes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sinclair|first=Anthony|date=2016-12-12|title=The Intellectual Base of Archaeological Research 2004-2013|url=http://intarch.ac.uk/journal/issue42/8/index.html|journal=Internet Archaeology|language=en|issue=42|doi=10.11141/ia.42.8|issn=1363-5387}}</ref> Airchaeologists studies airtefacts, that's onything shawin signs o human uiss or modifeecation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Harmand|first=Sonia|last2=Lewis|first2=Jason E.|last3=Feibel|first3=Craig S.|last4=Lepre|first4=Christopher J.|last5=Prat|first5=Sandrine|last6=Lenoble|first6=Arnaud|last7=Boës|first7=Xavier|last8=Quinn|first8=Rhonda L.|last9=Brenet|first9=Michel|last10=Arroyo|first10=Adrian|last11=Taylor|first11=Nicholas|date=May 2015|title=3.3-million-year-old stone tools from Lomekwi 3, West Turkana, Kenya|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature14464|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=521|issue=7552|pages=310–315|doi=10.1038/nature14464|issn=1476-4687}}</ref> The ettle o airchaeologie is tae document an expoond the springheid an oncome o human cultur, unnerstaund cultur [[historie]], chronicle cultural evolution, an study human laits an ecologie.<ref>{{Cite web|last=published|first=Owen Jarus|date=2022-07-06|title=What Is Archaeology?|url=https://www.livescience.com/44448-what-is-archaeology.html|access-date=2022-11-16|website=livescience.com|language=en}}</ref> It is the ae discipline that possesses the gate an theory for the collectin an interpretation o information aboot pre-written human history, an coud mak a creetical contreebution tae wir unnerstaundin o documentit societies an aw. == References == {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat|Archaeology}} [[Category:Airchaeology| ]] [[Category:Anthropology]] [[Category:Auxiliary sciences o history]] sd0x060p1fcvpunwn8znjem4hqszqgv 926587 926585 2026-11-08T04:33:13Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrote an expandit wae owersettins; taen aff {{Fix Scots}} 926587 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Archaeology''' is the study o human life throu the findin an analysin o the things fowk left ahint them. The archaeological record is makkit up o artefacts, biggins, biofacts, steids an cultural landscapes. Archaeology is coontit baith a social science an a branch o the humanities.<ref name=Renfrew_Bahn1991 /><ref>{{cite journal |author=Sinclair, A. |year=2016 |title=The Intellectual Base of Archaeological Research 2004–2013: A visualisation and analysis of its disciplinary links, networks of authors, and conceptual language |journal=Internet Archaeology |issue=42 |doi=10.11141/ia.42.8 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Sinclair |first=A. |year=2022 |title=Archaeological Research 2014 to 2021: an examination of its intellectual base, collaborative networks and conceptual language using science maps |journal=Internet Archaeology |issue=59 |doi=10.11141/ia.59.10 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In North America it is maistly treatit as a branch o anthropology, but it can be coontit pairt o history or geographie an aw.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kristiansen |first1=Kristian |chapter=The Discipline of Archaeology |pages=3–46 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199271016.013.0001 |editor-first1=Chris |editor-first2=Barry |editor-first3=Rosemary A. |editor-last1=Gosden |editor-last2=Cunliffe |editor-last3=Joyce |title=The Oxford Handbook of Archaeology |date=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-927101-6 }}</ref> Archaeologists study human prehistory an history, frae the first stane tools, makkit at Lomekwi in East Africa 3.3 million year syne, richt up tae recent decades.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Roche |first1=Hélène |last2=Kent |first2=Dennis V. |last3=Kirwa |first3=Christopher |last4=Lokorodi |first4=Sammy |last5=Wright |first5=James D. |last6=Mortlock |first6=Richard A. |last7=Leakey |first7=Louise |last8=Brugal |first8=Jean-Philip |last9=Daver |first9=Guillaume |display-authors=6 |date=May 2015 |title=3.3&nbsp;million-year-old stone tools from Lomekwi&nbsp;3, West Turkana, Kenya |journal=Nature |volume=521 |issue=7552 |pages=310–315 |doi=10.1038/nature14464 |pmid=25993961 |bibcode=2015Natur.521..310H |url=https://hal.science/hal-01159189 }}</ref> It is maist important for learnin aboot prehistoric societies, that left nae written records: prehistory covers mair nor 99% o the human past.<ref name=Renfrew_Bahn1991 /> The wird comes frae the Greek, an means "the study o auncient history".<ref>{{cite book |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures |year=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-510815-6 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195108156.001.0001/acref-9780195108156 |access-date=22 July 2020 |archive-date=9 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809084502/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195108156.001.0001/acref-9780195108156 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==Methods== Archaeologists fin steids bi survey as weel as bi diggin. Aerial photographs taen at different times o the day can shaw the ootlines o biggins in the chynge o the shaddas, an aerial survey uises ultraviolet, infrared, grund-penetratin radar, lidar an thermography forby.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Reeves |first=D. M. |year=1936 |title=Aerial photography and archaeology |journal=American Antiquity |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=102–107 |doi=10.2307/275881 |jstor=275881 }}</ref> Flinders Petrie wirkit oot a wey o datin layers bi the pottery an ceramics fund in them, an it chynged the hale chronology o Egyptology.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sir William Flinders Petrie 1853–1942 |publisher=Palestine Exploration Fund |year=2000 |url=http://www.pef.org.uk/profiles/sir-william-flinders-petrie-1853-1942 |access-date=19 November 2007 |archive-date=14 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514060319/http://www.pef.org.uk/profiles/sir-william-flinders-petrie-1853-1942 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mortimer Wheeler's disciplined wey o excavatin in the 1920s an 1930s brocht the science on faur, an he wirkit oot a grid system for excavation.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Renfrew |first1=Colin |title=Archaeology essentials: theories, methods, practice |last2=Bahn |first2=Paul G. |publisher=Thames & Hudson |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-500-29159-7 |edition=3. |location=London |page=24}}</ref> ==History== In the early 15t century the Italian historian Flavio Biondo makkit a systematic guide tae the ruins an the lie o the laund o auncient Rome, an for that he's been cried an early foonder o archaeology.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Flavio Biondo |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica |date=31 May 2021 |edition=Online |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Flavio-Biondo |access-date=27 October 2021 |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027152435/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Flavio-Biondo |url-status=live}}</ref> Archaeology grew oot o antiquarianism in Europe in the 19t century, an syne it haes become a discipline practised aw ower the warld; nation-states haes uised it tae shape particular views o the past.<ref name="Encyclopédie d'histoire numérique de l'Europe">{{cite web |title=Archaeology as a Central Issue in the Creation of Identity |website=Encyclopédie d'histoire numérique de l'Europe |url=https://ehne.fr/en/encyclopedia/themes/arts-in-europe/nationalist-speeches-art-during-19th-century/archaeology-a-central-issue-in-creation-identity |access-date=2022-12-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Bueno |first=Christina |year=2016 |title=The Pursuit of Ruins: Archaeology, History, and the Making of Modern Mexico |location=Albuquerque |publisher=University of New Mexico Press |pages=25&nbsp;ff}}</ref> William Cunnington (1754–1810) is cried the faither o archaeological excavation: he stairtit diggin in Wiltshire frae aroon 1798, an he recordit Neolithic an Bronze Age barrows sae carefully that the terms he uised is still uised the day.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Everill, P. |year=2009 |title=Invisible pioneers |journal=British Archaeology |volume=108 |pages=40–43}}</ref> The army officer Augustus Pitt Rivers wis a major figure in makkin archaeology a rigorous science.<ref>{{cite book |author=Bowden, Mark |year=1984 |title=General Pitt Rivers: The father of scientific archaeology |publisher=[[Salisbury and South Wiltshire Museum]] |isbn=0-947535-00-4}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat|Archaeology}} [[Category:Airchaeology| ]] [[Category:Anthropology]] [[Category:Auxiliary sciences o history]] gce5nhtdg7yqbqm70he4bix78w1w2vz 926679 926587 2026-11-08T06:16:03Z Monospaced 75295 Redirect to page without full stop 926679 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Archaeology]] lhrbdsh8v2un719b6q6oorheawqd7p6 0 6745 926582 805066 2026-11-08T04:27:14Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrote an expandit; taen aff {{Fix Scots}} 926582 wikitext text/x-wiki '''History''' is the study o the past, maistly the past o fowk.<ref>{{harvnb|Kragh|1987|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=OX7d7u_2rF4C&pg=PA41 41]}}; {{harvnb|Little|2020|loc=§ 1. History and its representation}}; {{harvnb|Collingwood|1967|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=MWDxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT133 § 4. History and the Philosophy of History]}}; {{harvnb|Ritter|1986|pp=193–194}}; {{harvnb|Collingwood|1993|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pTucAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA9 9]}}</ref> As an academic discipline, it gaithers an weighs up evidence tae set oot whit happened. It then ettles tae expleen hou an why things happened as they did, an in whit settin.<ref>{{harvnb|Little|2020|loc=§ 1. History and its representation}}; {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=140–143}}; {{harvnb|Munslow|2001}}; {{harvnb|Evans|2001}}</ref> The wird ''history'' is uised for the past itsel an aw, an ''a history'' is a text that tells o the past. A history can chynge as historians fin new evidence or read auld soorces in a new licht, but the past itsel disnae chynge.<ref>{{harvnb|Tucker|2011|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=FeVdNxyFiKsC&pg=PA2 xii, 2]}}; {{harvnb|Arnold|2000|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-lSsDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 5]}}; {{harvnb|Evans|2002|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8-zMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 1–2]}}; {{harvnb|Ritter|1986|pp=193–194}}; {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=140–143}}</ref> Some historians haud that the main ettle o history is tae fin oot the truith aboot the past;<ref>{{harvnb|Southgate|2005|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=rHXrMbXUsQ8C&pg=PR11 xi–xii, 1, 57]}}; {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=50–52}}</ref> ithers say its wirth is in the lessons it gies for the present, sic as no makkin the same mistaks again.<ref>{{harvnb|Arnold|2000|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-lSsDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA120 120–121]}}; {{harvnb|Southgate|2005|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=rHXrMbXUsQ8C&pg=PA11 11–12, 57–58]}}; {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=26, 50–52}}</ref> Writin history as a field o inquiry stairtit in auncient times, an it becam mair professional in the 19t century. ==Soorces an method== Historians warks frae evidence, an thay split it intae primary an secondary soorces.<ref>{{harvnb|Kamp|Legêne|Rossum|Rümke|2020|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vt_IDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA35 35]}}; {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=57–58}}; {{harvnb|Ritter|1986|pp=143–144}}</ref> A primary soorce comes frae the period that's bein studied: offeecial documents, letters, diaries, the accoonts o fowk that saw whit happened, photographs an recordins, an forby the remains that airchaeology an the ither sciences howk up. Primary soorces gie the maist direct evidence o whit happened.<ref>{{harvnb|Kamp|Legêne|Rossum|Rümke|2020|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vt_IDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 36]}}; {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=54–58}}; {{harvnb|Storey|2013|p=32}}</ref> A secondary soorce is ane that analyses or interprets the information in ither soorces.<ref>{{harvnb|Kamp|Legêne|Rossum|Rümke|2020|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vt_IDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA37 37]}}; {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=57–58}}</ref> Soorce criticism is the wark o weighin up a soorce. It aften stairts wi ootward criticism, that tests whether a soorce is genuine: whan an whaur it wis makkit, wha makkit it an why, an whether it haes been chynged syne.<ref>{{harvnb|Kamp|Legêne|Rossum|Rümke|2020|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vt_IDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA70 70–71]}}; {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=59, 87–88}}; {{harvnb|Topolski|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=OMZ9CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA432 432]}}; {{harvnb|Ritter|1986|pp=84–86}}</ref> ==Periods, places an themes== Historians aften splits the past intae periods, ilk ane mairked oot bi the themes an events that shapes it. A period micht be as short as ten year or langer nor several centuries.<ref>{{harvnb|Kamp|Legêne|Rossum|Rümke|2020|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vt_IDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA78 78]}}; {{harvnb|Christian|2008|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=BYLrRXaZrAkC&pg=PA97 97–99]}}; {{harvnb|Jordanova|2000|p=34}}</ref> Ae lang-staundin wey o splittin human history is intae prehistory, auncient history, post-clessical history, early modren history an modren history.<ref>{{harvnb|Van Nieuwenhuyse|2020|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=bhLbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA375 375]}}; {{harvnb|Christian|2008|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=BYLrRXaZrAkC&pg=PA98 98–99]}}; {{harvnb|Stearns|2001|loc=Table of Contents}}; {{harvnb|Christian|2015|p=7}}</ref> History can be studied bi place an aw, frae a single clachan tae hale continents lik Africa, Asia or Europe.<ref>{{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=108–109}}; {{harvnb|Jordanova|2000|pp=46–47}}</ref> Monie historians keep tae ae theme; some split the subject intae three main themes: political, economic an social history, though the mairches atween them isnae aye clear.<ref>{{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=109, 122}}; {{harvnb|Jordanova|2000|pp=34–35}}; {{harvnb|Gardiner|1988|pp=1–3}}</ref> ==Hou the discipline grew== Afore writin wis inventit, kennin o the past wis hauden an passed on bi wird o mooth.<ref>{{harvnb|Fagan|Durrani|2019|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=dB24DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT54 § Written Records, Oral History, and Archaeology]}}; {{harvnb|Wright|2006}}; {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=1–3, 295}}</ref> Early history-writin mixed fact wi myth, as in the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' frae auncient Mesopotamia an the ''Odyssey'' o Homer.<ref>{{harvnb|Woolf|2019|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1lN-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA20 20–21]}}; {{harvnb|Wright|2006}}; {{harvnb|Lefkowitz|2008|pp=353–354}}</ref> The ''Histories'' o [[Herodotus]], frae the 5t century BC, wis ane o the foondin texts o the wastren tradition: it pit mair wecht on reason an evidence nor the tales o the poets afore him.<ref>{{harvnb|Woolf|2019|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1lN-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA21 21–23]}}; {{harvnb|Wright|2006}}; {{harvnb|Jensen|loc=§ 1. Ancient through Medieval}}; {{harvnb|Lefkowitz|2008|pp=354–355}}</ref> Anither lang tradition o historical writin grew up in auncient China,<ref>{{harvnb|Woolf|2019|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1lN-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA35 35–39, 41–42]}}; {{harvnb|Morgan|2006|pp=14–15}}</ref> an in the Islamic warld Ibn Khaldun thocht on the patterns that shapes historical chynge an on the leemits o historical truith.<ref>{{harvnb|Woolf|2019|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1lN-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA57 57, 60]}}; {{harvnb|Wright|2006}}; {{harvnb|Breisach|2005|loc=§ Islamic Traditional Historiography}}; {{harvnb|Morgan|2006|pp=11, 14}}</ref> In the 19t century history-writin becam mair professional an scientific. Efter the wark o Leopold von Ranke, a systematic method o soorce criticism wis taen up, an universities set up history depairtments, wi professional societies an journals forby.<ref>{{harvnb|Wright|2006}}; {{harvnb|Woolf|2019|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1lN-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA174 174–177]}}; {{harvnb|Jensen|loc=§ 5. 19th Century Scientific Historiography}}; {{harvnb|Moloughney|Zarrow|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=cs89EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2 2]}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ===Sources=== * {{cite book |last1=Kragh |first1=Helge |title=An Introduction to the Historiography of Science |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-38921-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OX7d7u_2rF4C&pg=PA41 |language=en |date=1987}} * {{cite web |last1=Little |first1=Daniel |title=Philosophy of History |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/history/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=7 November 2024 |date=2020}} * {{cite book |last1=Collingwood |first1=R. G. |title=Essays in the Philosophy of History |publisher=University of Texas Press |oclc=17517213 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/essaysinphilosop0000unse_l9z1/page/n9/mode/2up |language=en |chapter=The Nature and Aims of a Philosophy of History |date=1967 |author-link=R. G. Collingwood |pages=34–56}} * {{cite book |last1=Ritter |first1=Harry |title=Dictionary of Concepts in History |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0-313-22700-4 |date=1986}} * {{cite book |last1=Collingwood |first1=R. G. |title=The Idea of History |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-285306-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pTucAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA9 |language=en |date=1993 }} * {{cite book |last1=Tosh |first1=John |title=The Pursuit of History: Aims, Methods and New Directions in the Study of Modern History |publisher=Pearson Education |isbn=978-0-582-77254-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bM1mAAAAMAAJ |language=en |date=2002}} * {{cite journal |last1=Munslow |first1=Alun |title=What History Is |journal=History in Focus |issue=2 |url=https://archives.history.ac.uk/history-in-focus/Whatishistory/munslow6.html |publisher=University of London – Institute of Historical Research |date=2001}} * {{cite journal |last1=Evans |first1=Richard J. |title=The Two Faces of E. H. Carr |journal=History in Focus |issue=2 |url=https://archives.history.ac.uk/history-in-focus/Whatishistory/evans10.html |publisher=University of London – Institute of Historical Research |date=2001}} * {{cite book |last1=Tucker |first1=Aviezer |editor-last1=Tucker |editor-first1=Aviezer |title=A Companion to the Philosophy of History and Historiography |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-4443-5152-1 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FeVdNxyFiKsC&pg=PA1 |language=en |date=2011 |chapter=Introduction |pages=1–6 |doi=10.1002/9781444304916.ch1}} * {{cite book |last1=Arnold |first1=John |title=History: A Very Short Introduction |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-285352-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-lSsDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 |language=en |date=2000 |doi=10.1093/actrade/9780192853523.001.0001}} * {{cite book |last1=Evans |first1=Richard J. |editor1-last=Cannadine |editor1-first=D. |title=What Is History Now? |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-20452-2 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8-zMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 |language=en |chapter=Prologue: What Is History? – Now |date=2002 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.1057/9780230204522_1}} * {{cite book |last1=Southgate |first1=Beverley C. |title=What Is History For? |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-35098-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rHXrMbXUsQ8C&pg=PA1 |language=en |date=2005}} * {{cite book |last1=Kamp |first1=Jeannette |last2=Legêne |first2=Susan |last3=Rossum |first3=Matthias van |last4=Rümke |first4=Sebas |title=Writing History!: A Companion for Historians |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |isbn=978-90-485-3762-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vt_IDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 |language=en |date=2020}} * {{cite book |last1=Storey |first1=William Kelleher |title=Writing History: A Guide for Students |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-983004-6 |edition=4 |date=2013}} * {{cite book |last1=Topolski |first1=Y. |title=Methodology of History |publisher=D. Reidel Publishing Company |isbn=978-94-010-1123-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OMZ9CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA432 |language=en |date=2012}} * {{cite book |last1=Christian |first1=David |title=This Fleeting World: A Short History of Humanity |publisher=Berkshire Publishing |isbn=978-1-933782-04-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BYLrRXaZrAkC&pg=PA102 |language=en |date=2008}} * {{cite book |last1=Jordanova |first1=Ludmilla |title=History in Practice |publisher=Arnold Publishers |isbn=978-0-340-66331-8 |language=en |date=2000}} * {{cite book |last1=Van Nieuwenhuyse |first1=Karel |editor1-last=Berg |editor1-first=Christopher W. |editor2-last=Christou |editor2-first=Theodore M. |title=The Palgrave Handbook of History and Social Studies Education |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-030-37210-1 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bhLbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA375 |language=en |chapter=From Knowing the National Past to Doing History |date=2020 |pages=355–386 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-37210-1_14}} * {{cite book |last1=Stearns |first1=Peter N. |title=The Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, Chronologically Arranged |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |isbn=978-0-395-65237-4 |language=en |date=2001}} * {{cite book |last1=Christian |first1=David |editor1-last=Christian |editor1-first=David |title=The Cambridge World History |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-76333-2 |chapter=Introduction and Overview |date=2015 |volume=1 |pages=1–38 |doi=10.1017/CBO9781139194662 |chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-world-history/F3021D314888B26D40EF701D7F060799}} * {{cite book |last1=Gardiner |first1=Juliet |title=What Is History Today ... ? |publisher=Macmillan Education UK |isbn=978-1-349-19161-1 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-349-19161-1_1 |language=en |chapter=Introduction |date=1988 |pages=1–3 |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-19161-1_1 |doi-broken-date=23 August 2026 |editor-last1=Gardiner |editor-first1=Juliet}} * {{cite book |last1=Fagan |first1=Brian M. |last2=Durrani |first2=Nadia |title=World Prehistory: A Brief Introduction |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-77280-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dB24DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT54 |language=en |date=2019 |edition=10th}} * {{cite book |editor1-last=Wright |editor1-first=Edmund |title=A Dictionary of World History |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-280700-7 |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095938853 |chapter=Historiography |date=2006}} * {{cite book |last1=Woolf |first1=Daniel |title=A Concise History of History: Global Historiography from Antiquity to the Present |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-42619-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lN-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 |language=en |date=2019}} * {{cite book |last1=Lefkowitz |first1=Mary |author-link=Mary Lefkowitz |editor1-last=Tucker |editor1-first=Aviezer |title=A Companion to the Philosophy of History and Historiography |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-4443-0491-6 |chapter-url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781444304916.ch31 |language=en |chapter=Historiography and Myth |date=2008 |pages=353–361 |doi=10.1002/9781444304916.ch31}} * {{cite web |last1=Jensen |first1=Anthony K. |title=History, Philosophy of |url=https://iep.utm.edu/history/ |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=30 November 2024}} * {{cite book |last1=Morgan |first1=David |editor1-last=Bentley |editor1-first=Michael |title=Companion to Historiography |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-97023-0 |language=en |chapter=The Evolution of Two Asian Historiographical Traditions |date=2006 |pages=9–19}} * {{cite book |last1=Breisach |first1=Ernst |editor1-last=Jones |editor1-first=Lindsay |title=Encyclopedia of Religion |publisher=Macmillan Reference |isbn=978-0-02-865981-7 |edition=2nd |chapter-url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/historiography-overview |chapter=Historiography: An Overview |date=2005 |pages=4024–4035}} * {{cite book |last1=Moloughney |first1=Brian |last2=Zarrow |first2=Peter |editor1-last=Moloughney |editor1-first=Brian |editor2-last=Zarrow |editor2-first=Peter |title=Transforming History: The Making of a Modern Academic Discipline in Twentieth-Century China |publisher=The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press |isbn=978-962-996-479-5 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cs89EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2 |language=en |chapter=Making History Modern: The Transformation of Chinese Historiography, 1895–1937 |date=2012 }} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:History| ]] bbduc7g75833xw3yynkhyywgdeua8gd 0 6746 926596 798522 2026-11-08T04:43:28Z Monospaced 75295 926596 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Unsoorced}} '''Philosophy''' is a [[Greek leid|Greek]] wird for 'luv o wit.' It can be uised ti mean monie things. * A personal wey tae think aboot the warld, or a pairt o it. * A set o conceits that gangs thegither, wrocht oot bi a bodie that haes studied weys o thinkin aboot the warld. * The studie o abstract conceits Philosophy in this airticle means a group o conceits that haes been thocht on bi academic [[philosopher]]s (fowk that daes philosophy) for a lang time. Thir conceits haes come tae form a bodie o kennis, [[knawledge]] an quaistens that is unco muckle. Thare's monie different kynds o philosophy, some o them comin frae [[Europe]], in parteecular (Auld) [[Greece]], whaur as ithers comes frae Asie or ither pairts o the warld. == Innin == Ae defineetion o philosophy is that it is the studie o [[human]] beins an the [[warld]] bi thinkin an speirin; anither defineetion is that it is the studie o abstract conceits (that is the conceits theirsels). It isna a pairt o [[science]] sin it daesna observe or studie the things an events in the warld (the [[scientific method]]) tae find oot whit wey it wirks. Insteid it ettles tae answer monie quaistens bi comin up wi [[realistic]] answers an speirin "whit for no?" Filosofie is sib tae [[science]] an tae [[releegion]] an can compete wi thae twa in answerin some quaistens. Some fowk says that philosophy ligs atween science an releegion. Ither fowk says that it shoud be studied its lane. Maist Philosophers (fowk that studies philosophy) disna come up wi the same answers tae quaistens an it is aften thocht that, in contrast wi science or releegion, thare's nae richt answers in philosophy, juist better anes. Some important quaistens that philosophy speirs, amang ithers, is "Whit is [[guid]] an whit is bonnie?", "Daes [[God]] exeest?", "Daes the warld aboot us exeest?", "Whit is a [[bodie]]?", an "Whit is [[Truith]]?". === Fields or brainches o philosophy === Philosophy can be sindert intil fields or brainches (that we coud cry disciplines or sorts) foondit on the kynds o quaistens that it speirs. Here is a fuller leet o quaistens sindert intil fields or brainches. Ae possible leet o answers tae thir quaistens can be cried a 'philosophy'. Thare's monie differrin 'philosophys' sin aw thae quaistens haes monie differrin answers. '''In [[metapheesics]] :''' Metapheisics is whiles sindert intil [[ontologie]] (the philosophy o realitie an bein), the [[philosophy o mynd]] an the [[philosophy o releegion]], houaniver thir sub-brainches is awfu seemlar. ''Ontologie:'' * Whit is the warld that we see aboot us? (whit is [[realitie]]?) ** Is thare mair tae the warld nor juist the things that we see or hear? ** Whan naebodie sees a thing happen daes that mean that it didna happen? ** Coud thare be ither warlds? For exemplar coud thare be a warld whaur [[Bill Clinton]] haedna won the [[1992]] US presidential election? * Is thare oniething byordinar aboot bein [[Human]] or e'en aboot bein [[life|Alive]] at aw ? ** Gin no, whit for daes some fowk think that thare is ? * Whit is space ? Whit is time ? ''The philosophy o mynd:'' * Whit is a [[mynd]] ? * Whit is a [[bodie]] ? * Whit is [[Consciousness]] ? * Daes fowk mak chyces or are thay weirdit tae dae the ae thing ? (Daes fowk hae [[free will]] ?) ''The philosophy o releegion:'' * Daes fowk hae [[Sowel]]s ? * Is thare a God ? '''In [[epistemologie]]''' * Whit is [[knawledge]] ? * Whit for can we ken oniething ? * Whit is [[Science]] ? * Whit is [[Truith]] '''In [[ethics]] :''' * Whit is Richt an Wrang, Guid an Ill ? * Shoud fowk dae some things an no ithers ? * Whit is [[Juistice]] ? '''In [[Aesthetics]] :''' * Whit is [[Beautie]] ? * Is true things beautiful ? * Is guid things beautiful ? * Whit is [[Airt]] ? '''In [[Logic]] :''' * Whit daes the wirds we uise mean ? * Whit for can we say things (conceits in parteecular) sae that thay juist hae the ae meanin ? * Can aw conceits be expressed uisin [[wirds]] ? * Whit is truith ? == Is philosophy uissfu? == Daes philosophy dae onie guid? Fowk disna gree anent this. Some fowk thinks that philosophy hairms the [[Kirk]] or the [[State]], as philosophy is a kin o free-thinkin an aften quaistens the beliefs that ithers hauds. Ither fowk thinks that philosophy is juist ordinar [[rummle-gumption]] or [[politics]]. Philosophers believes that speirin philosophical quaistens is uissfu acause it brings [[wit]] an holps fowk ti lairn anent the warld an ilk ither. Some thinks politics is juist a [[competeetion]] or [[argiement]] atween philosophys, that can end up wi fowk ettlin tae gar ilk ither dae things bi [[law]] an [[veeolence]]. This [[collogue]] haes been gaun on for thoosands o yeirs - as haes collogues anent aw the quaistens abuin. == Whit for dae fowk dae philosophy == Some philosophers is full-time thinkers (cried ''academics''), ithers is juist "[[habby]]" thinkers, or approaches philosophy frae anither job, for exemplar a [[monk]], an [[airtist]] or a [[scientist]]. Maist Philosophers wirks bi speirin quaistens an leukin for guid defineetions (meanins) o wirds for tae unnerstaund whit a quaisten means. Some philosophers says the ae thing ye maun hae for tae answer a quaisten is tae find oot whit it means an that the ae thing that maks philosophical quaistens sic as thir abuin difficult is that fowk disna raellie ken whit thay mean (for exemplar [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]]). Philosophers will aften uise exemplars frae rael life for tae mak a pynt forby, for exemplar thay micht scrieve anent a rael or feectional chiel for tae shaw thair conceit o a guid cheil or an ill ane. Some philosophers graip for the semplest gate for tae answer a quaisten an says that thon is maist lik tae be the richt answer. That is a process cried [[Occam's Razor]]. Ithers believes that complicate answers ti quaistens can be richt an aw. For an exemplar o a philosophical kinch, leuk at the [[god paradox]]. == Some philosophers == === The first [[Greek]] philosophers === * [[Pythagoras]] * [[Socrates]] * [[Plato]] * [[Aristotle]] * [[Epicurus]] === Later [[Europe]]an Philosophers === * [[Saint Augustine]] * [[Saint Thomas Aquinas]] * [[Niccolo Machiavelli]] * [[Thomas Hobbes]] * [[René Descartes]] * [[John Locke]] * [[Benedict de Spinoza]] * [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]] * Bishop [[George Berkeley]] * [[David Hume]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] * [[Mary Wollstonecraft]] * [[John Stewart Mill]] * [[Karl Marx]] * [[Friedrich Nietszche]] * [[Søren Kierkegaard]] === Modren European an [[American]] Philosophers === * [[Bertrand Russel]] * [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]] * [[Jean-Paul Sartre]] * [[Simone de Beauvoir]] * [[Ayn Rand]] * [[Karl Popper]] * [[Willard Van Orman Quine]] === [[Asie]] Philosophers (whiles cried Eastren Philosophers) === * [[Confucius]] * [[Lao Tzu]] * [[Gautama Buddha|Siddhārta Gautama]] (The Gautama Buddha) == Fremmit airtins == * [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Philosophy Introduction ti Philosophie] (in Inglis) {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Philosophy| ]] [[Category:Belief]] sck87e9s8uuizii89o5n0bdc1wmo5ry 0 6748 926649 896532 2026-11-08T05:25:24Z Monospaced 75295 926649 wikitext text/x-wiki {{unsoorced}}} '''Militar''' haes twa braid meanin. Firstlins it forordnar refers ti sodgers an sodgerin. Seicont it refers ti airmed forces as a hail. Ower the yeirs, militar units haes cum in aw shapes an sizes. Thay hae been as wee as a gowpen mediaeval peasants baundit thegither for battil unner thair feudal laird or as mukkil as the invasion force creatit in 1944 for [[D-Day]]. Thay can be organised sae stieve as the impis o Shaka Zulu or naur-haund autonomous lyk the Knichts Templar durin the [[Crusades]]. Sum states - for ensaumple, [[Spartae]] or mair recent [[Proushae]] - haes e'en pitten militar pouer at the hert o govrenment. {{stub}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Militar]] [[fa:ارتش]] [[fr:Militaire]] [[pl:Militaria]] b9vtbnym8dpwupimgky2pho120gb1dx 926650 926649 2026-11-08T05:25:32Z Monospaced 75295 926650 wikitext text/x-wiki {{unsoorced}} '''Militar''' haes twa braid meanin. Firstlins it forordnar refers ti sodgers an sodgerin. Seicont it refers ti airmed forces as a hail. Ower the yeirs, militar units haes cum in aw shapes an sizes. Thay hae been as wee as a gowpen mediaeval peasants baundit thegither for battil unner thair feudal laird or as mukkil as the invasion force creatit in 1944 for [[D-Day]]. Thay can be organised sae stieve as the impis o Shaka Zulu or naur-haund autonomous lyk the Knichts Templar durin the [[Crusades]]. Sum states - for ensaumple, [[Spartae]] or mair recent [[Proushae]] - haes e'en pitten militar pouer at the hert o govrenment. {{stub}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Militar]] [[fa:ارتش]] [[fr:Militaire]] [[pl:Militaria]] tqkb39aiiwqx3et8xhrrcmmkkk358pj 0 6752 926619 889052 2026-11-08T04:57:40Z Monospaced 75295 926619 wikitext text/x-wiki {{unsoorced}} '''Cultur''' (frae the Laitin ''cultura'' ruitit frae ''colere'', meanin "tae cultivate") for ordinar refers tae paiterns o human acteevity an the seembolic structurs that gies sic acteevity signeeficant importance. Different defineetions o "cultur" reflects different theoretical bases for unnerstaundin, or criteria for evaluatin, human acteevity. Cultur is manifestit in [[muisic]], [[leeteratur]], [[pentin]] an [[sculptur]], [[theatre]] an [[film]]. Awtho some fowk identifees cultur in terms o consumption an consumer guids (as in hie cultur, law cultur, fowk cultur, or popular cultur), [[anthropology|anthropologists]] unnerstaund "cultur" tae refer no juist tae consumption guids, but tae the general processes that produces sicna guids an gies thaim meanin, an tae the social relationships an practices that sicna objects an processes becomes embeddit in. For thaim, cultur sic includes [[technology]], [[airt]], [[science]], as weel as moral seestems. {{stub}} {{Commonscat|Culture}} [[Category:Cultur| ]] [[Category:Anthropology]] [[Category:Coontercultur]] [[Category:Coontercultur o the 1960s]] [[Category:History o ideas]] [[Category:Sociology o cultur]] [[Category:Social agreement]] 44etjpurfjzesj3z7jyqdoy6lr5hx6l 0 6754 926621 907243 2026-11-08T04:58:09Z Monospaced 75295 926621 wikitext text/x-wiki {{unsoorced}} A '''[[gemme]]''' is a structurt or semi-structurt acteevity, for ordinar unnertaen for enjoyment an whiles uised as an [[eddication]]al tuil.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Definition of GAME|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/game|access-date=2022-01-21|website=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en}}</ref> (The term "gemme" is uised for tae descrieve simulation o sindry acteevities e.g., for the purposes o trainin, analysis or predeection, etc. Gemmes is for ordinar distinct frae wark that's for ordinar cairiet oot for remuneration, an frae [[airt]] that's mair adae wi the expression o thochts. Housomeiver, the disteenction isna clear-cut, an mony gemmes micht be conseedered wark an/or airt an aw. Key components o gemmes is dales, rules, chailenge, an interacteevity. Gemmes for ordinar involves mental or pheesical stimulation, an aften baith. Mony gemmes helps upbig practical skeels, sers as a form o exercise, or itherwice performs an eddicational, simulational or psychological role. {{stub}} == References == <references /> {{Commonscat|Games}} [[Category:Gemmes| ]] 4tyfb9pprqg0rcmfhju6e90ea3a94y4 0 6755 926628 915415 2026-11-08T05:01:58Z Monospaced 75295 926628 wikitext text/x-wiki {{unsoorced}} [[File:Panorámica interior del Teatro Colón.jpg|thumb|Theatre]] '''Theatre''' (frae the [[French leid|French]]: "théâtre", frae the [[Greek leid|Greek]] "theatron", θέατρον, meanin "place o seein") is the brainch o the [[performin airts]] defined juist as whit "occurs whan ane or mair human being, isolatit in time an/or space, presents themsels tae anither or ithers." By this braid defineetion, theatre haes existit syne the daw o man, as an affcome o the human prattick for [[story tellin]]. Sin its upmak, theatre haes come tae tak on mony furms, aften uisin elements sic as [[speech]], [[gestur]], [[muisic]], [[dance]], an [[spectacle]], souderin the ither performin airts, aften as weel as the [[veesual arts]], intae an aesome airteestic furm. Modren [[Wastren theatre]] is dominate by [[realism]], awtho mony ither furms, includin [[clessical theatre|clessical]] an [[experimental theatre|experimental]] furms, as weel as [[Eastren theatre|Eastren]] furms, is aften performed. {{stub}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Theatre]] lai14q9lazf6di8pft5dlhoogq79va9 0 6756 926597 339458 2026-11-08T04:45:21Z Monospaced 75295 Stub 926597 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Heal''' is freedom frae skaith, that is won at wi the [[preventative medicine|prevention]], [[traitment]], an management o illness an the preservation o [[mental heal|mental]] an pheesical weel bein throu the services gien by the [[Medicine|medical]], [[nourice|nouricin]], an allee'd heal perfaissions. Gaun by the ''World Health Organisation'', heal care inrowes aw the guids an services designed tae forder heal, includin “preventive, curative an palliative interventions, whither aitit at indiveeduals or tae populations”. The organised proveesion o sic services micht constitute a [[heal care seestem]]. This can include a speceefic govrenmental organisation sic as, in the [[Unitit Kinrick]], the ''[[National Health Service]]'' or a cooperation athort the ''National Health Service'' an the ''Social Services'' as in ''Shared Care''. {{Stub/Science}}{{Commonscat|Health}} [[Category:Heal]] nkhmdf86ip8x77z491l4955kyx3ydxm 0 6789 926584 896058 2026-11-08T04:30:07Z Monospaced 75295 Rewrote an expandit; taen aff {{Fix Scots}} 926584 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Communication''' is maistly taen tae mean the passin on o information.<ref>{{harvnb|HarperCollins staff|2022}}; {{harvnb|Merriam-Webster staff|2022}}; {{harvnb|Cambridge Dictionary staff|2022}}</ref> A message gaes frae a sender tae a receiver throu some medium, sic as soond, written signs, the muivments o the body, or electricity.<ref>{{harvnb|Rosengren|2000|pp=1–2|loc=1.1 On communication}}; {{harvnb|Munodawafa|2008|pp=369–370}}; {{harvnb|Blackburn|1996a|loc=[https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/meaning-and-communication/v-1 Meaning and communication]}}</ref> The sender an receiver is aften twa fowk, but a body can communicate wi themsel an aw, an groups lik organisations or nations can communicate wi ilk ither.<ref>{{harvnb|Rosengren|2000|pp=1–2|loc=1.1 On communication}}</ref> The wird comes frae the Latin ''communicare'', "tae share" or "tae mak common".<ref>1={{harvnb|Rosengren|2000|pp=1–2|loc=1.1 On communication}}; 2={{harvnb|Cobley|2008|pp=[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781405186407.wbiecc071 660–666]}}; 3={{harvnb|Meinel|Sack|2014|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5O25BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA89 89]}}</ref> The wird ''communication'' is uised for the message itsel an aw, an for the field o study that leuks intae it.<ref>{{harvnb|HarperCollins staff|2022}}; {{harvnb|Cambridge Dictionary staff|2022}}</ref> Models o communication is simplified pictures o its main pairts an hou they wark thegither, an researchers uise them tae set oot an test thair ideas.<ref>{{harvnb|McQuail|2008|pp=[https://www.wiley.com/en-us/The+International+Encyclopedia+of+Communication%2C+12+Volume+Set-p-9781405131995 3143–3149]|loc=Models of communication}}; {{harvnb|Narula|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AuRyXwyAJ78C 23]|loc=1. Basic Communication Models}}</ref> ==Models== The first models, set oot in the mids o the 20t century, aw shaws communication as a line frae sender tae receiver. Lasswell's model is based on five questions: "Who?", "Says what?", "In which channel?", "To whom?" an "With what effect?".<ref>{{harvnb|Fiske|2011a|pp=[https://www.routledge.com/Introduction-to-Communication-Studies/Fiske/p/book/9780415596497 30–31]|loc=2. Other models}}; {{harvnb|Watson|Hill|2012|p=154|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XKP-63dSKNsC&pg=PA154 Lasswell's model of communication]}}; {{harvnb|Wenxiu|2015|pp=245–249}}</ref> The Shannon–Weaver model, anither weel-kent model o the same kind,<ref>{{harvnb|McQuail|2008|pp=[https://www.wiley.com/en-us/The+International+Encyclopedia+of+Communication%2C+12+Volume+Set-p-9781405131995 3143–3149]|loc=Models of communication}}; {{harvnb|Chandler|Munday|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C 387]|loc=Shannon and Weaver's model}}; {{harvnb|Li|2007|pp=5439–5442}}</ref> sees communication as information passed on throu the warkin thegither o several pairts: a source, a message, an encoder, a channel, a decoder an a receiver.<ref>{{harvnb|US congress, Office of Technology Assessment|1990|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=BVVdQdURPXsC&pg=PA31 31]}}; {{harvnb|Skyttner|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7tvICgAAQBAJ&pg=PA207 207]}}</ref> For a phone caw, the body that's cawin is the source an thair phone the transmitter; the wire is the channel, an the body that taks the caw an thair phone is the destination an the receiver.<ref>{{harvnb|Chandler|Munday|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C 387]|loc=Shannon and Weaver's model}}; {{harvnb|Fiske|2011|pp=[https://www.routledge.com/Introduction-to-Communication-Studies/Fiske/p/book/9780415596497 6–10]|loc=1. Communication theory}}; {{harvnb|Shannon|1948|pp=380–382}}</ref> ==Verbal an non-verbal communication== Verbal communication is the swappin o messages throu leid.<ref>{{harvnb|Chandler|Munday|2011|p=448}}; {{harvnb|Danesi|2000|pp=58–59}}</ref> In everyday speech it whiles means juist the spoken wird, but in academic wark it covers onie kind o leid, spoken, written or signed.<ref>{{harvnb|Chandler|Munday|2011|p=448}}; {{harvnb|Kyle|Kyle|Woll|Pullen|1988|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Gcy4MhmLhdkC&pg=PA59 59]}}; {{harvnb|Butterfield|2016|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VAJVDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2 2–3]}}</ref> Non-verbal communication passes on information withoot leid, throu the face, gestures an the wey a body hauds themsel.<ref>{{harvnb|Danesi|2013a|p=492}}</ref> It aften cairies information aboot feelins, attitudes, personality an relationships.<ref>{{harvnb|Håkansson|Westander|2013|p=107}}; {{harvnb|Giri|2009|p=690}}; {{harvnb|Chandler|Munday|2011|p=297}}</ref> A body can also communicate wi themsel: this is cried intrapersonal communication, an daydreamin is ae form o it.<ref>{{harvnb|Ezhilarasu|2016|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kfbsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA178 178]}}; {{harvnb|Chandler|Munday|2011|p=225}}; {{harvnb|Lantolf|2009|p=566}}</ref> ==Communication amang beasts== Animal communication is the giein an takkin o information amang beasts, an the field that studies it is cried zoosemiotics.<ref>{{harvnb|Chandler|Munday|2011|p=15}}</ref> Thare's monie parallels wi human communication: fowk an monie beasts shaw sympathy bi muivin an staundin in step wi ilk ither.<ref>{{harvnb|Håkansson|Westander|2013|p=107}}</ref> But thare's big differences tae, abuin aw that fowk uises leid, while beasts' communication is aw non-verbal.<ref>{{harvnb|Chandler|Munday|2011|p=15}}; {{harvnb|Håkansson|Westander|2013|p=1}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ===Sources=== * {{cite web |author=HarperCollins staff |title=Communication |url=https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=communication&submit.x=58&submit.y=14 |website=www.ahdictionary.com |access-date=27 September 2022 |date=2022 |archive-date=30 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930123346/https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=communication&submit.x=58&submit.y=14 |url-status=live}} * {{cite web |title=Communication |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/communication |website=Merriam-Webster |access-date=27 September 2022 |language=en |author=Merriam-Webster staff |date=2022 |archive-date=27 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927165111/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/communication |url-status=live}} * {{cite web |title=Communication |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/communication |website=Cambridge Dictionary |access-date=27 September 2022 |author=Cambridge Dictionary staff |date=2022 |archive-date=15 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015101424/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/communication |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last1=Rosengren |first1=Karl Erik |title=Communication: An Introduction |date=11 February 2000 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-0-8039-7837-9 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z_XHi5JMhioC&pg=PA1 |language=en |chapter=1.1 On communication |access-date=3 January 2023}}{{cbignore}} * {{cite journal |last1=Munodawafa |first1=D. |title=Communication: Concepts, Practice and Challenges |journal=Health Education Research |date=1 June 2008 |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=369–370 |doi=10.1093/her/cyn024 |pmid=18504296 |doi-access=free}} * {{cite book |last1=Blackburn |first1=Simon |editor1-last=Craig |editor1-first=Edward |title=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy |date=1996 |publisher=Routledge |url=https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/communication-and-intention/v-1 |chapter=Intention and communication |isbn=978-0-415-07310-3 |doi=10.4324/9780415249126-U006-1 |access-date=3 January 2023 |archive-date=3 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103085525/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/communication-and-intention/v-1 |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last=Cobley |first=Paul |chapter=Communication: Definitions and Concepts |date=5 June 2008 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781405186407.wbiecc071 |title=The International Encyclopedia of Communication |editor-last=Donsbach |editor-first=Wolfgang |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |language=en |doi=10.1002/9781405186407.wbiecc071 |isbn=978-1-4051-8640-7 |access-date=20 July 2021 |archive-date=7 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207043832/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781405186407.wbiecc071 |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last1=Meinel |first1=Christoph |last2=Sack |first2=Harald |title=Digital Communication: Communication, Multimedia, Security |date=21 February 2014 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3-642-54331-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5O25BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA129 |language=en |access-date=31 December 2022}}{{cbignore}} * {{cite book |last1=McQuail |first1=Denis |editor1-last=Donsbach |editor1-first=Wolfgang |title=The International Encyclopedia of Communication, 12 Volume Set |date=2008 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=978-1-4051-3199-5 |url=https://www.wiley.com/en-us/The+International+Encyclopedia+of+Communication%2C+12+Volume+Set-p-9781405131995 |language=en-us |chapter=Models of communication |doi=10.1002/9781405186407.wbiecm089 |access-date=28 November 2022 |archive-date=3 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003053833/https://www.wiley.com/en-us/The+International+Encyclopedia+of+Communication%2C+12+Volume+Set-p-9781405131995 |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last1=Narula |first1=Uma |title=Handbook of Communication Models, Perspectives, Strategies |date=2006 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-269-0513-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AuRyXwyAJ78C |language=en |chapter=1. Basic Communication Models |access-date=28 November 2022}}{{cbignore}} * {{cite book |last1=Fiske |first1=John |title=Introduction to Communication Studies |date=2011 |publisher=Routledge |url=https://www.routledge.com/Introduction-to-Communication-Studies/Fiske/p/book/9780415596497 |language=en |chapter=1. Communication theory |isbn=978-0-203-13431-3 |access-date=28 November 2022 |archive-date=11 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011060708/https://www.routledge.com/Introduction-to-Communication-Studies/Fiske/p/book/9780415596497 |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last1=Watson |first1=James |last2=Hill |first2=Anne |title=Dictionary of Media and Communication Studies |date=16 February 2012 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-84966-563-6 |language=en |edition=8th}} * {{cite journal |last=Wenxiu |first=Peng |date=1 September 2015 |title=Analysis of New Media Communication Based on Lasswell's '5W' Model |journal=Journal of Educational and Social Research |doi=10.5901/jesr.2015.v5n3p245 |issn=2239-978X |doi-access=free}} * {{cite book |last1=Chandler |first1=Daniel |last2=Munday |first2=Rod |title=A Dictionary of Media and Communication |date=10 February 2011 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-956875-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C |language=en |access-date=28 November 2022}}{{cbignore}} * {{cite book |last1=Li |first1=Hong Ling |title=2007 International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing |publisher=IEEE |chapter=From Shannon-Weaver to Boisot: A Review on the Research of Knowledge Transfer Model |date=September 2007 |pages=5434–5437 |doi=10.1109/WICOM.2007.1332 |isbn=978-1-4244-1311-9 |s2cid=15690224}} * {{cite book |last1=US congress, Office of Technology Assessment |title=Critical Connections: Communication for the Future |date=1990 |publisher=US Government Printing Office |isbn=978-1-4289-2182-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BVVdQdURPXsC&pg=PA31 |language=en |access-date=3 January 2023}}{{cbignore}} * {{cite book |last1=Skyttner |first1=Lars |title=General Systems Theory: Problems, Perspectives, Practice |date=4 January 2006 |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=978-981-4479-98-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7tvICgAAQBAJ&pg=PA207 |language=en |edition=2nd |access-date=3 January 2023}}{{cbignore}} * {{cite journal |last1=Shannon |first1=C. E. |title=A Mathematical Theory of Communication |journal=Bell System Technical Journal |date=July 1948 |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=379–423 |doi=10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x |bibcode=1948BSTJ...27..379S}} * {{cite book |last1=Danesi |first1=Marcel |title=Encyclopedic Dictionary of Semiotics, Media, and Communications |date=1 January 2000 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-0-8020-8329-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n6XFBxvLzk0C |language=en |access-date=20 December 2022}}{{cbignore}} * {{cite book |last1=Kyle |first1=Jim G. |last2=Kyle |first2=James |last3=Woll |first3=Bencie |last4=Pullen |first4=G. |last5=Maddix |first5=F. |title=Sign Language: The Study of Deaf People and Their Language |date=26 February 1988 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-35717-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gcy4MhmLhdkC&pg=PA59 |language=en |access-date=22 December 2022}}{{cbignore}} * {{cite book |last1=Butterfield |first1=Jeff |title=Illustrated Course Guides : Verbal Communication - Soft Skills for a Digital Workplace |date=29 April 2016 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-1-337-34213-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VAJVDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2 |language=en |access-date=22 December 2022}}{{cbignore}} * {{cite book |last1=Danesi |first1=Marcel |editor-last1=Danesi |editor-first1=Marcel |title=Encyclopedia of Media and Communication |date=17 June 2013 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-1-4426-9553-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GZOBAAAAQBAJ |language=en |chapter=Communication |access-date=20 December 2022}}{{cbignore}} * {{cite book |last1=Håkansson |first1=Gisela |last2=Westander |first2=Jennie |title=Communication in Humans and Other Animals |date=2013 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company |isbn=978-90-272-0458-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MAibmQEACAAJ |language=en |access-date=20 December 2022}}{{cbignore}} * {{cite book |last1=Giri |first1=Vijai N. |chapter=Nonverbal Communication Theories |editor-last1=Littlejohn |editor-first1=Stephen W. |editor-last2=Foss |editor-first2=Karen A. |title=Encyclopedia of Communication Theory |date=18 August 2009 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-1-4129-5937-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2veMwywplPUC |language=en}}{{cbignore}} * {{cite book |last1=Ezhilarasu |first1=Punitha |title=Educational Technology: Integrating Innovations in Nursing Education |date=1 January 2016 |publisher=Wolters Kluwer |isbn=978-93-5129-722-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kfbsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA178 |language=en |access-date=20 December 2022}}{{cbignore}} * {{cite book |last1=Lantolf |first1=James P. |chapter=Intrapersonal Communication Theories |editor-last1=Littlejohn |editor-first1=Stephen W. |editor-last2=Foss |editor-first2=Karen A. |title=Encyclopedia of Communication Theory |date=18 August 2009 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-1-4129-5937-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2veMwywplPUC |language=en}}{{cbignore}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Communication]] 1yxxktex85zpemdxdk492ddkngzpihm 0 6807 926659 796291 2026-11-08T05:30:05Z Monospaced 75295 926659 wikitext text/x-wiki {{unsoorced}}'''Meethologie''' (frae the [[Greek leid|Greek]] '''''μύθολογία'''''; ''meethología'') leeterar meins the (oral) retellin o '''meeths'''. Meeths (cried '''legends''' an aw) is unco sib ti [[fowklair]], an is forordnar tied ti a certain [[cultur]], [[kintra]] or [[fowk]]. Whan fowk uises the term the day, thay forordnar meins the hatter o meeths frae a certain cultur or [[releegion]]. Monie meeths haes adae wi [[god]]s - the makkin o the [[Yird]], [[weir (barrier)|weir]]s atwein thaim an sae on. Ithers is anent heroes - chiels o mukkil smeddum, monie o thaim interact wi the gods o their cultur or wi ither heroes. {{stub}} == Fremmit airtins == * [http://www.pantheon.org/areas/mythology/ Encyclopaedia Mythica] {{Commonscat|Mythology}} [[Category:Meethologie| ]] [[Category:Fowklair]] 4dzy3mfr4ovrfkop09lezlfxw15m3ji 0 6817 926598 438101 2026-11-08T04:45:46Z Monospaced 75295 Stub 926598 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Industrie''' (or '''industry''') includes aw kynds o [[economics|economic]] activitie. It can be sindert intil fower sectors lippenin on the naitur o the activitie. [[Primar industrie]] extracts naitural [[material]]s an fends [[raw]] materials for seicondar industrie. [[Secondar industrie]] processes [[raw]] materials or semi-feenished guids inti products o mair wirth. [[Tertiar industrie]] is the proveesion o services. [[Quaternar industrie]] is the activitie adae wi the application, manipulation and transmeesion o information. In a nairae sense, industrie is confined ti manufacturin activities. {{stub}} {{Commonscat|Industries}} [[Category:Industry]] [[Category:Economics]] 1zpyyt3eg5xbu9dsh7cpsdwsw67abku 0 6820 926639 793903 2026-11-08T05:07:43Z Monospaced 75295 926639 wikitext text/x-wiki {{unsoorced}} '''Yird science''' maks [[science|scienteefic]] [[experiment]]s on things that's unique tae the [[Yird]] but isna [[life|alive]] (gin they are alive it becomes [[ecology]] or [[biology]]). Thir includes: *[[Air]] o tha Yird *[[Huil]] o tha Yird *[[Ocean]]s o tha Yird *[[River]]s o tha Yird *[[Meeneral|Rocks]] o tha Yird *[[Syle]] o tha Yird {{stub}} {{Commonscat|Earth sciences}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Yird Science}} {{Naitural science}} [[Category:Physical sciences]] [[Category:Yird sciences| ]] kks49zxt66bl63wjnak5xugs110li4y 0 6871 926610 892649 2026-11-08T04:53:43Z Monospaced 75295 Monospaced flittit page [[Psychologie]] til [[Psychology]] ower reguidal: Misspelt title 854721 wikitext text/x-wiki {{unsoorced}} '''Psychologie''' (or '''psychology''') is the studie o the [[mynd]], [[harns]], an [[behavior]]. For ordinar psychologie studies fowk, but it whiles studies rattans or ither ainimals. Psychologists is the fowk that practices or wirks in the field o '''Psychologie'''. A psychologist micht wirk in aither basic research or applee'd research, or gin thay are a [[cleenical psychologie|cleenical psychologist]] or [[coonselin psychologie|coonselin psychologist]] micht be a therapist. Basic research is the scienteefic studie o the psychologie o fowk or ainimals juist acause thay want tae ken mair aboot it. Applee'd research is the uiss o knawledge frae basic research for tae redd real-warld problems. Psychologie haes monie different diveesions or airts o studie an practice. Thir includes [[behavioral psychologie]], [[cleenical psychologie]], [[cognitive psychologie]], [[developmental psychologie]], [[evolutionarie psychologie]], [[industrial/organizational psychologie]], [[neuropsychologie]], [[psychometrics]], [[social psychologie]], an ithers forby. == Eddication == For tae become a psychologist, a bodie maun first get a degree at the varsitie. Syn the bodie gaes on tae graduate schuil. A Maister's degree taks a shorter time an the graduate can uise the letters M.S. (Maister o Science) or M.A. (Maister o Airts) ahint their name. A Doctorate degree taks mair time an the graduate can uise the ineetials Ph.D. (Doctor o Philosophie) ahint their name. Some cleenical psychologists wins tae a Doctor o Psychologie degree an can uise the ineetials Psy.D. ahint their name. The [[American Psychological Association]] says that a bodie needs a Ph.D. or Psy.D. for tae cry theirsels a psychologist. {{stub/Science}} == See forby == * [[Psychiatrie]] * [[Neurologie]] * [[Major Theories o Psychologie]] == Fremmit airtins == * [http://www.psychology.org Encyclopedia of Psychology] A wabsteid stappit fou wi wittins anent psychology. * [http://www.psychoworld.sk/ Psychoworld.sk - human psychology news] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060821204018/http://www.psychoworld.sk/ |date=2006-08-21 }} * [http://www.in-mind.org/ In-Mind, Quarterly Jurnal for Social Psychology] {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Psychology]] 49pyiy0g82ismh0jq9t6lofu0resii5 926614 926610 2026-11-08T04:55:02Z Monospaced 75295 sp 926614 wikitext text/x-wiki {{unsoorced}} '''Psychology''' is the studie o the [[mynd]], [[harns]], an [[behavior]]. For ordinar psychology studies fowk, but it whiles studies rattans or ither ainimals. Psychologists is the fowk that practices or wirks in the field o '''Psychology'''. A psychologist micht wirk in aither basic research or applee'd research, or gin thay are a [[cleenical psychology|cleenical psychologist]] or [[coonselin psychology|coonselin psychologist]] micht be a therapist. Basic research is the scienteefic studie o the psychology o fowk or ainimals juist acause thay want tae ken mair aboot it. Applee'd research is the uiss o knawledge frae basic research for tae redd real-warld problems. Psychology haes monie different diveesions or airts o studie an practice. Thir includes [[behavioral psychology]], [[cleenical psychology]], [[cognitive psychology]], [[developmental psychology]], [[evolutionarie psychology]], [[industrial/organizational psychology]], [[neuropsychology]], [[psychometrics]], [[social psychology]], an ithers forby. == Eddication == For tae become a psychologist, a bodie maun first get a degree at the varsitie. Syn the bodie gaes on tae graduate schuil. A Maister's degree taks a shorter time an the graduate can uise the letters M.S. (Maister o Science) or M.A. (Maister o Airts) ahint their name. A Doctorate degree taks mair time an the graduate can uise the ineetials Ph.D. (Doctor o Philosophie) ahint their name. Some cleenical psychologists wins tae a Doctor o Psychology degree an can uise the ineetials Psy.D. ahint their name. The [[American Psychological Association]] says that a bodie needs a Ph.D. or Psy.D. for tae cry theirsels a psychologist. {{stub/Science}} == See forby == * [[Psychiatrie]] * [[Neurologie]] * [[Major Theories o Psychology]] == Fremmit airtins == * [http://www.psychology.org Encyclopedia of Psychology] A wabsteid stappit fou wi wittins anent psychology. * [http://www.psychoworld.sk/ Psychoworld.sk - human psychology news] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060821204018/http://www.psychoworld.sk/ |date=2006-08-21 }} * [http://www.in-mind.org/ In-Mind, Quarterly Jurnal for Social Psychology] {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Psychology]] 5a4s7k8lrgivour876mtgr2goail3jg 0 7170 926565 925636 2026-11-07T23:14:51Z NoahGeo 129838 926565 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ryalty | name = Jamie VI an I | image = James I of England by Daniel Mytens.jpg| | imgw = 235px | caption = Portrait bi [[Daniel Mytens]], 1621 | succession = [[Leet o Scots monarchs|King o Scots]] | moretext = ([[Styles o Scots sovereigns|mair...]]) | reign = {{nowrap|24 Julie 1567&nbsp;– 27 Mairch 1625}} | coronation = 29 July 1567 | predecessor = [[Mary, Queen o Scots]] | regent = {{List collapsed|title=''See leet''|1=[[James Stewart, 1st Earl o Moray|James Stewart, Earl o Moray]]<br />''(1567–1570)''<br/>[[Matthew Stewart, 4t Earl o Lennox|Matthew Stewart, Earl o Lennox]]<br />''(1570–1571)''<br/>[[John Erskine, 17t Earl o Mar|John Erskine, Earl o Mar]]<br />''(1571–1572)''<br/>[[James Douglas, 4t Earl o Morton|James Douglas, Earl o Morton]]<br/>''(1572–1581)''}} | reg-type = Regents | successor = [[Charles I o Ingland|Charles I]] | succession1 = [[Leet o Inglis monarchs|King o Ingland]] an [[King o Ireland|Ireland]] | moretext1 = ([[Styles o Inglish an Scots sovereigns|mair...]]) | reign1 = {{nowrap|24 Mairch 1603&nbsp;– 27 Mairch 1625}} | coronation1 = 25 Julie 1603 | predecessor1 = [[Elizabeth I o Ingland|Elizabeth I]] | successor1 = [[Charles I o Ingland|Charles I]] | spouse = [[Anne o Denmark]] | issue = [[Henry Frederick, Prince o Wales]]<br />[[Elizabeth Stuart, Queen o Bohemie]]<br />[[Charles I o Ingland|Charles I o Ingland, Scotland an Ireland]] | issue-link = #Issue | issue-pipe = mair... | house = [[Hoose o Stuart]] | father = [[Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley]] | mother = [[Mary, Queen o Scots]] | birth_date = {{Birth date|1566|6|19|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Edinburgh Castle]], Scotland | death_date = {{Death date and age|1625|3|27|1566|6|19|df=yes}}<br/><small>([[Auld Style an New Style dates|N.S.]]: 6 Aprile 1625)</small> | death_place = [[Theobalds Hoose]], Ingland | date of burial = 7 May 1625 | place of burial = [[Westminster Abbey]] | religion = [[Kirk o Scotland]]; [[Kirk o Ingland]] | signature = James I of England signature.svg ||full name=Jamie Chairles Stuart | native_lang1 = Scots Gaelic | native_lang2 = Inglis | native_lang1_name1 = Seumas Teàrlach Stiùbhart | native_lang2_name1 = James Charles Stuart }} '''Jamie VI an I''' (19 Juin 1566 – 27 Mairch 1625) wis [[Scots monarchs|King o Scots]] as '''Jamie VI''' or kent as '''Seumas VI''' in Scots Gaelic leid, an [[Keeng o Ingland|King o Ingland]] an [[King o Ireland|Ireland]] as '''James I''' or '''Séamas''' '''I''' in Erse leid forby. He ringit in [[Scotland]] as '''Jamie the Saxt''' frae 24 Julie 1567, whan he wis anerly ane year auld, takkin ower frae his mither [[Mary, Queen o Scots]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=BBC - Scotland's History - James VI, King of Scots, King of England and Ireland|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/history/articles/james_vi/|access-date=2026-01-08|website=www.bbc.co.uk|language=en-GB}}</ref> On 24 Mairch 1603, as James I, he succeedit the pokeshakkins o the [[Tudor dynasty|Tudor]] faimly o [[Ingland]] an [[Ireland]], [[Elizabeth I o Ingland|Elizabeth I]], that dee'd athoot ony bairns.<ref>{{Cite web|title=James VI and I (r. 1567-1625)|url=https://www.royal.uk/james-vi-and-i-r-1567-1625|access-date=2026-01-08|website=www.royal.uk|language=en}}</ref> Efter the [[Union o the Crouns|personal union]] o the three crouns, James wis the first tae [[style (manner of address)|style]] hissel "[[Kinrick o Great Breetain|King o Great Britain]]", but the teetle wis rejectit bi the [[Inglish Pairlament]] an haedna ony foond in law. The [[Pairlament o Scotland]] cawed agin it an aw.<ref>{{Cite web|title=James VI and I: A life and reign in 10 parties|url=https://www.nls.uk/collections/stories/scottish-history/james-vi-and-i-a-life-and-reign-in-10-parties/|access-date=2026-01-08|website=National Library of Scotland|language=en-GB}}</ref> ==Soorces== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat|James I of England}} {{Makars}} {{DEFAULTSORT:James 06 O Scotland}} [[Category:James VI an I| ]] [[Category:Scots fowk o French strynd]] [[Category:1566 births|James 01]] [[Category:1625 daiths|James 01]] [[Category:Buirials at Wastmeenster Aibey|James 01]] [[Category:Castalian Baund]] [[Category:Dukes o Albany]] [[Category:Dukes o Rothsay]] [[Category:Inglis monarchs|James 01]] [[Category:Inglis pretenders tae the French throne|James 01]] [[Category:Foonders o Inglis schuils an colleges|James 01]] [[Category:Hoose o Stuart|James 01]] [[Category:Knichts o the Gairten|James 01]] [[Category:Modren bairn rulers]] [[Category:Patrons o leeteratur|James 01]] [[Category:Fowk associatit wi the Gunpouder Plot|James 01]] [[Category:Fowk frae Edinburgh]] [[Category:Protestant monarchs|James 01]] [[Category:Scots monarchs]] [[Category:Scots non-feection writers]] [[Category:Scots princes]] [[Category:Scots scholarts an academics]] [[Category:16t-century monarchs in Europe]] [[Category:17t-century monarchs in Europe]] [[Category:16t-century Scots writers]] [[Category:17t-century Scots writers]] [[Category:16t-century poets]] [[Category:Fowk o the Anglo-Spaingie War (1585–1604)]] [[Category:Scots poets]] 1320bzh8uferl4sinkceiojn5fbuuuf 0 7716 926690 852933 2026-11-08T06:33:46Z Monospaced 75295 Expandit wae owerset sections 926690 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:William-Adolphe Bouguereau (1825-1905) - Tête d'Etude l'Oiseau (1867).jpg|thumb|''Tête d'Etude l'Oiseau'', a pentin o a bairn bi William-Adolphe Bouguereau (1867)]] A '''bairn''' is a human bein atween birth an [[puberty]],<ref name="Child">{{cite web|title=Child |publisher=[[TheFreeDictionary.com]]|access-date=5 January 2013|url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Child}}</ref><ref name="Rathus">{{cite book|vauthors = Rathus SA|title =Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development|isbn =978-1-285-67759-0|publisher=[[Cengage Learning]]|year=2013|page=48|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OfIWAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT48}}</ref> or atween the stage o infancy an puberty.<ref name="Rathus" /> In the law, a bairn is maistly a minor: somebody unner the age o majority, whitever their bodily development.<ref name="Child" /> The wird can mean somebody unner anither legal age limit an aw. In [[Singapore]], for example, a bairn is legally somebody unner 14, unner the Children and Young Persons Act, though the age o majority there is 21.<ref>{{cite web|title=Children and Young Persons Act|url=http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;page=0;query=DocId%3A911aba78-1d05-4341-96b7-ee334d4a06f0%20%20Status%3Ainforce%20Depth%3A0;rec=0|website=Singapore Statutes Online|access-date=20 October 2017|archive-date=3 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203075312/http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;page=0;query=DocId:911aba78-1d05-4341-96b7-ee334d4a06f0%20%20Status:inforce%20Depth:0;rec=0|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''Bairn'' is the general Scots wird for a child, an it can also mean a body's son or dochter at ony age.<ref name="sndbairn">{{cite web |url=https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/bairn |title=Bairn |work=Scottish National Dictionary |publisher=Dictionaries of the Scots Language |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> In Central Scots, a young bairn is aften cried a '''wean'''.<ref name="sndwean">{{cite web |url=https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/wean |title=Wean |work=Scottish National Dictionary |publisher=Dictionaries of the Scots Language |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> == The wirds == ''Bairn'' comes frae Auld Scots ''barne'' or ''bern'', frae Auld English ''bearn'' an Auld Norse ''barn''.<ref name="sndbairn" /> It is general Scots, wi quotations in the Scottish National Dictionary frae Shetland an Orkney tae Aiberdeen, Ayrshire an [[Glesga]].<ref name="sndbairn" /> ''Wean'' is a shortened form o ''wee ane''. It is fairly general in Central Scots, an less common elsewhere, whaur it is aften still felt as twa separate wirds. It means a bairn, abuin aw a young ane afore its teens.<ref name="sndwean" /> == Growin up == Early childhood follaes infancy an stairts wi the toddler stage, whan a bairn begins tae speak or tak steps on its ain.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Alam |first1=Gajanafar |title=Population and Society |date=2014 |publisher=K.K. Publications |isbn=978-8178441986}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Purdy ER | date = 18 January 2019 |title=Infant and toddler development|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/infant-and-toddler-development|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref> Middle childhood stairts aboot the age o seven an ends aboot nine or ten.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Development In Middle Childhood |date=26 May 2020 |chapter-url=https://uark.pressbooks.pub/hbse1/chapter/cognitive-development-in-middle-childhood_ch_17/ |language=en |last1=Tyler |first1=Susan |chapter=Chapter 17: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood |publisher=University of Arkansas Libraries }}</ref> In middle childhood bairns stairt the [[schuil]], whaur they meet a different settin frae the ane they're uised tae, an new challenges forby.<ref name="Collins_1984">{{cite book | vauthors = Collins WA | collaboration = National Research Council (US) Panel to Review the Status of Basic Research on School-Age Children | title = Development during Middle Childhood | year = 1984 | location = Washington D.C. | publisher = National Academies Press (US) | pmid = 25032422 | doi = 10.17226/56 | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK216778/ | isbn = 978-0-309-03478-4 }}</ref> Play is needit for the wellbein o bairns: for their thinkin, their bodies, their social lives an their feelins.<ref name="Ginsburg_2007">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ginsburg KR | title = The importance of play in promoting healthy child development and maintaining strong parent-child bonds | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 119 | issue = 1 | pages = 182–191 | date = January 2007 | pmid = 17200287 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2006-2697 | bibcode = 2007Pedia.119..182G | s2cid = 54617427 | doi-access = free }}</ref> == Richts an protection == The [[Unitit Naitions]] Convention on the Rights of the Child defines a child as "A human being below the age of 18 years unless under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier."<ref name="un">{{cite web|url=http://www.hakani.org/en/convention/Convention_Rights_Child.pdf |title=Convention on the Rights of the Child|department = General Assembly Resolution 44/25 of 20 November 1989 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101031104336/http://www.hakani.org/en/convention/Convention_Rights_Child.pdf |archive-date=31 October 2010 |publisher=The Policy Press, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights}}</ref> Accordin tae UNICEF, child protection means "preventing and responding to violence, exploitation and abuse against children – including commercial sexual exploitation, trafficking, child labour and harmful traditional practices, such as female genital mutilation/cutting and child marriage".<ref>{{cite web | title = What is child Protection? | url = http://www.unicef.org/chinese/protection/files/What_is_Child_Protection.pdf | publisher = The United Nations Children’s Fund (UniCeF) | date = May 2006 | access-date = 7 January 2021 | archive-date = 17 April 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210417093417/https://www.unicef.org/chinese/protection/files/What_is_Child_Protection.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> == Eddication == Article 13 o the Unitit Naitions' 1966 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights recognises the richt o awbody tae an [[eddication]].<ref name="ICESCR-art13.1">''ICESCR'', Article 13.1</ref> In some kintras, abuin aw in pairts o Africa an Asia, bairns are aften keepit oot o the schuil, or gang for short spells only. UNICEF coontit 57 million bairns warldwide oot o the schuil in 2011, an mair nor 20% o African bairns haed niver gaen tae primary schuil or haed left withoot feenishin it.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unicef.org/education/bege_61659.html |title=Out-of-School Children Initiative &#124; Basic education and gender equality |publisher=UNICEF |access-date=3 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806051617/http://www.unicef.org/education/bege_61659.html |archive-date=6 August 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> == Health == In the early 1600s in [[Ingland]], aboot twa thirds o aw bairns deed afore the age o fower.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VL_6X5zWOokC&pg=PA47|title=America's promise: a concise history of the United States (Volume 1: To 1877)|vauthors=Rorabaugh WJ, Critchlow DT, Baker PC|date=2004|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-1189-7|page=47}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Durin the Industrial Revolution the life expectancy o bairns rase a guid deal.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|date=29 October 2020|title=Modernization – Population Change|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/387301/modernization/12022/Population-change|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|vauthors=Kumar K}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{Commons category|Children}} [[Category:Bodies]] 9ykvh4mfxad9bzt4wlw8m01k0i6pefo 926691 926690 2026-11-08T06:38:21Z Monospaced 75295 Expandit linguistic pairt 926691 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:William-Adolphe Bouguereau (1825-1905) - Tête d'Etude l'Oiseau (1867).jpg|thumb|''Tête d'Etude l'Oiseau'', a pentin o a bairn bi William-Adolphe Bouguereau (1867)]] A '''bairn''' is a human bein atween birth an [[puberty]],<ref name="Child">{{cite web|title=Child |publisher=[[TheFreeDictionary.com]]|access-date=5 January 2013|url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Child}}</ref><ref name="Rathus">{{cite book|vauthors = Rathus SA|title =Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development|isbn =978-1-285-67759-0|publisher=[[Cengage Learning]]|year=2013|page=48|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OfIWAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT48}}</ref> or atween the stage o infancy an puberty.<ref name="Rathus" /> In the law, a bairn is maistly a minor: somebody unner the age o majority, whitever their bodily development.<ref name="Child" /> The wird can mean somebody unner anither legal age limit an aw. In [[Singapore]], for example, a bairn is legally somebody unner 14, unner the Children and Young Persons Act, though the age o majority there is 21.<ref>{{cite web|title=Children and Young Persons Act|url=http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;page=0;query=DocId%3A911aba78-1d05-4341-96b7-ee334d4a06f0%20%20Status%3Ainforce%20Depth%3A0;rec=0|website=Singapore Statutes Online|access-date=20 October 2017|archive-date=3 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203075312/http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;page=0;query=DocId:911aba78-1d05-4341-96b7-ee334d4a06f0%20%20Status:inforce%20Depth:0;rec=0|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''Bairn'' is the general Scots wird for a child, an it can also mean a body's son or dochter at ony age.<ref name="sndbairn">{{cite web |url=https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/bairn |title=Bairn |work=Scottish National Dictionary |publisher=Dictionaries of the Scots Language |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> In Central Scots, a young bairn is aften cried a '''wean'''.<ref name="sndwean">{{cite web |url=https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/wean |title=Wean |work=Scottish National Dictionary |publisher=Dictionaries of the Scots Language |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> == Wirds for bairns == ''Bairn'' comes frae Auld Scots ''barne'' or ''bern'', frae Auld English ''bearn'' an Auld Norse ''barn''.<ref name="sndbairn" /> It is general Scots, wi quotations in the Scottish National Dictionary frae Shetland an Orkney tae Aiberdeen, Ayrshire an [[Glesga]].<ref name="sndbairn" /> ''Wean'' is a shortened form o ''wee ane''. It is fairly general in Central Scots, an less common elsewhere, whaur it is aften still felt as twa separate wirds. It means a bairn, abuin aw a young ane afore its teens.<ref name="sndwean" /> == Growin up == Early childhood follaes infancy an stairts wi the toddler stage, whan a bairn begins tae speak or tak steps on its ain.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Alam |first1=Gajanafar |title=Population and Society |date=2014 |publisher=K.K. Publications |isbn=978-8178441986}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Purdy ER | date = 18 January 2019 |title=Infant and toddler development|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/infant-and-toddler-development|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref> It is uised in Northumberland an on Tyneside an aw: Heslop's glossary o Northumbrian wirds (1892) says o the wird that "it is full of affectionate tenderness".<ref>{{cite book |last=Heslop |first=Richard Oliver |year=1892 |title=Northumberland Words: A Glossary of Words Used in the County of Northumberland and on the Tyneside |volume=1 |publisher=English Dialect Society |location=London |page=30 |url=https://archive.org/details/northumberlandv128hesluoft}}</ref> The Scottish National Dictionary gies the sayin "we're a' John Tamson's bairns", that is, aw o ae stock or faimily, aw freends; it's better kent the day as "we're aw Jock Tamson's bairns".<ref name="sndbairn" /> Middle childhood stairts aboot the age o seven an ends aboot nine or ten.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Development In Middle Childhood |date=26 May 2020 |chapter-url=https://uark.pressbooks.pub/hbse1/chapter/cognitive-development-in-middle-childhood_ch_17/ |language=en |last1=Tyler |first1=Susan |chapter=Chapter 17: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood |publisher=University of Arkansas Libraries }}</ref> In middle childhood bairns stairt the [[schuil]], whaur they meet a different settin frae the ane they're uised tae, an new challenges forby.<ref name="Collins_1984">{{cite book | vauthors = Collins WA | collaboration = National Research Council (US) Panel to Review the Status of Basic Research on School-Age Children | title = Development during Middle Childhood | year = 1984 | location = Washington D.C. | publisher = National Academies Press (US) | pmid = 25032422 | doi = 10.17226/56 | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK216778/ | isbn = 978-0-309-03478-4 }}</ref> Play is needit for the wellbein o bairns: for their thinkin, their bodies, their social lives an their feelins.<ref name="Ginsburg_2007">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ginsburg KR | title = The importance of play in promoting healthy child development and maintaining strong parent-child bonds | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 119 | issue = 1 | pages = 182–191 | date = January 2007 | pmid = 17200287 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2006-2697 | bibcode = 2007Pedia.119..182G | s2cid = 54617427 | doi-access = free }}</ref> == Richts an protection == The [[Unitit Naitions]] Convention on the Rights of the Child defines a child as "A human being below the age of 18 years unless under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier."<ref name="un">{{cite web|url=http://www.hakani.org/en/convention/Convention_Rights_Child.pdf |title=Convention on the Rights of the Child|department = General Assembly Resolution 44/25 of 20 November 1989 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101031104336/http://www.hakani.org/en/convention/Convention_Rights_Child.pdf |archive-date=31 October 2010 |publisher=The Policy Press, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights}}</ref> Accordin tae UNICEF, child protection means "preventing and responding to violence, exploitation and abuse against children – including commercial sexual exploitation, trafficking, child labour and harmful traditional practices, such as female genital mutilation/cutting and child marriage".<ref>{{cite web | title = What is child Protection? | url = http://www.unicef.org/chinese/protection/files/What_is_Child_Protection.pdf | publisher = The United Nations Children’s Fund (UniCeF) | date = May 2006 | access-date = 7 January 2021 | archive-date = 17 April 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210417093417/https://www.unicef.org/chinese/protection/files/What_is_Child_Protection.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> == Eddication == Article 13 o the Unitit Naitions' 1966 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights recognises the richt o awbody tae an [[eddication]].<ref name="ICESCR-art13.1">''ICESCR'', Article 13.1</ref> In some kintras, abuin aw in pairts o Africa an Asia, bairns are aften keepit oot o the schuil, or gang for short spells only. UNICEF coontit 57 million bairns warldwide oot o the schuil in 2011, an mair nor 20% o African bairns haed niver gaen tae primary schuil or haed left withoot feenishin it.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unicef.org/education/bege_61659.html |title=Out-of-School Children Initiative &#124; Basic education and gender equality |publisher=UNICEF |access-date=3 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806051617/http://www.unicef.org/education/bege_61659.html |archive-date=6 August 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> == Health == In the early 1600s in [[Ingland]], aboot twa thirds o aw bairns deed afore the age o fower.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VL_6X5zWOokC&pg=PA47|title=America's promise: a concise history of the United States (Volume 1: To 1877)|vauthors=Rorabaugh WJ, Critchlow DT, Baker PC|date=2004|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-1189-7|page=47}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Durin the Industrial Revolution the life expectancy o bairns rase a guid deal.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|date=29 October 2020|title=Modernization – Population Change|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/387301/modernization/12022/Population-change|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|vauthors=Kumar K}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{Commons category|Children}} [[Category:Bodies]] 90y5qrbpszvl612fzmmfwwyl1mcomep 0 8595 926693 912009 2026-11-08T06:40:14Z Monospaced 75295 Expandit frae owersettins 926693 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | name = Robert Louis Stevenson | image = Robert louis stevenson.jpg | caption = Stevenson in 1892 | birth_name = Robert Lewis Balfour Stevenson | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1850|11|13}} | birth_place = [[Edinburgh]], Scotland | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1894|12|3|1850|11|13}} | death_place = Vailima, Upolu, [[Samoa]] | resting_place = Mount Vaea | education = [[University o Edinburgh]] | occupation = {{flatlist| * Novelist * poet * traivel writer}} | notable_works = {{plainlist| *''Treasure Island'' *''A Child's Garden of Verses'' *''Kidnapped'' *''[[Unco Case o Dr Jekyll an Mr Hyde|Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde]]''}} | spouse = {{marriage|Fanny Van de Grift Osbourne|1880}} | parents = Thomas Stevenson (faither) }} '''Robert Louis Stevenson''' (born '''Robert Lewis Balfour Stevenson'''; 13 November 1850 – 3 December 1894) wis a Scots novelist, essayist, poet an traivel writer.<ref name="britannica">{{Cite web|title=Robert Louis Stevenson {{!}} British author {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-Louis-Stevenson|access-date=2022-05-12|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> He is best kent for the novels ''Treasure Island'' (1883), ''[[Unco Case o Dr Jekyll an Mr Hyde|Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde]]'' (1886) an ''Kidnapped'' (1886), an for the collection o poems ''A Child's Garden of Verses'' (1885).<ref name="britannica" /> He wis born an brocht up in [[Edinburgh]]. For maist o his life he haed bad trouble wi his chest, but he wrote a great deal an traivelt faur for aw his puir heal. In 1890 he settled in [[Samoa]], whaur he died in 1894, aged 44.<ref name=":0">Balfour, Graham (1906). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=GrA5nEhnLh0C The Life of Robert Louis Stevenson]'' London: Methuen. </ref>{{rp||pp=264}} He wrote in Scots an aw: aboot hauf the poems in his collection ''Underwoods'' are in Scots.<ref name="rlsworks">{{Cite web|title=Works {{!}} Robert Louis Stevenson|url=http://robert-louis-stevenson.org/rlsworks/|access-date=2022-05-12|language=en-GB|archive-date=2022-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412020910/http://robert-louis-stevenson.org/rlsworks/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Early life an eddication == Stevenson wis born at 8 Howard Place in Edinburgh on 13 November 1850. His faither, Thomas Stevenson, wis a leadin lighthoose ingineer, an his mither wis Margaret Isabella Balfour. He wis christened Robert Lewis Balfour Stevenson; at aboot 18 he chynged the spellin o "Lewis" tae "Louis", an he drapped "Balfour" in 1873.<ref name="pronunciation">Mehew (2004). The spelling "Lewis" is said to have been rejected because his father violently disliked another person of the same name, and the new spelling was not accompanied by a change of pronunciation (Balfour (1901) I, 29 n. 1.</ref><ref name=":5">Furnas, J. C. (1952) ''Voyage to Windward: The Life of Robert Louis Stevenson'', London: Faber and Faber.</ref>{{rp||pp=23-24}} Biggin lighthooses wis the faimily's trade: his grandfaither wis the ceevil ingineer Robert Stevenson, an twa o his uncles wrocht in the same line.<ref name="Paxton 2004">Paxton (2004).</ref> He wis a sickly bairn, wi coughs an fivvers that cam back ilka winter, an ill heal follit him aw his days.<ref name=":5" />{{rp||pp=25-28}} Acause o his heal, his schuilin wis aften broken. He gaed tae Edinburgh Academy in 1861 an later tae a private schuil in Frederick Street.<ref>[http://www.oxforddnb.com/templates/article.jsp?articleid=26438&back= Stevenson, Robert Louis (1850–1894) – Childhood and schooling] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809143428/http://www.oxforddnb.com/templates/article.jsp?articleid=26438&back= |date=9 August 2016 }}. ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]''. Retrieved: 1 August 2013.</ref> In 1867 he stairtit at the [[University o Edinburgh]] tae study ingineerin, but he haed little mind for it.<ref>Furnas (1952), 51–54, 60–62; Mehew (2004)</ref> In 1871 he telt his faither he wantit tae be a writer; it wis greed that he wad study law insteid an be cried tae the Scots bar.<ref name=":0" />{{rp||pp=85-86}} He qualified as an advocate in Julie 1875, but he niver practised law.<ref name=":5" />{{rp||pp=100-101}} == Traivels an mairriage == In the 1870s Stevenson spent lang spells in [[Fraunce]], abuin aw in the airtists' colonies roond the Forest o Fontainebleau.<ref>Balfour (1901) I, 128–37</ref> A canoe trip throu Belgium an Fraunce gied him the subject o his first traivel buik, ''An Inland Voyage'' (1878).<ref>Balfour (1901) I, 127</ref> At Grez-sur-Loing in September 1876 he met Fanny Van de Grift Osbourne, an American frae Indianapolis that wis separatit frae her husband.<ref name=":5" />{{rp||pp=122-129}} In 1879, against the advice o his freends an withoot tellin his faimily, he sailed tae America tae jine her, an traivelt across the kintra bi train tae [[California]].<ref>Balfour (1901) I, 164–5; Furnas (1952), 142–6; Mehew (2004)</ref> The twa o them were mairit in Mey 1880.<ref>"To P. G. Hamerton, Kinnaird Cottage, Pitlochry [July 1881]," ''The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson'', Volume 1, [[S:The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson Volume 1/Chapter V|Chapter V]]</ref> Back in Britain, the Stevensons settled in 1884 in Westbourne, in [[Bournemouth]] on the sooth coast o Ingland, for the sea air.<ref>{{cite book | last=Hainsworth | first=J. J. | title=Jack the Ripper—Case Solved, 1891 | location=Jefferson, NC | publisher=McFarland | year=2015 | isbn=978-0-7864-9676-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZhDNCgAAQBAJ | access-date=15 June 2023 | page=141}}</ref> They cried thair hoose "Skerryvore", efter a Scots lighthoose that his uncle Alan haed biggit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bournemouth {{!}} Robert Louis Stevenson |url=http://robert-louis-stevenson.org/bournemouth/ |access-date=29 January 2021 |website=robert-louis-stevenson.org |archive-date=23 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123180039/http://robert-louis-stevenson.org/bournemouth/ |url-status=live }}</ref> == Writin career == Stevenson's first paid wark wis an essay, "Roads", an he wis suin weel kent in London's literary circles.<ref name=":5" />{{rp||pp=81-89}} His great success cam wi the adventure novel ''Treasure Island'' (1883), an ''Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde'' (1886) brocht him faur wider fame. ''Kidnapped'' (1886) an ''A Child's Garden of Verses'' (1885) follit.<ref name="britannica" /> Several o his buiks uise Scots for thair dialogue, amang them ''Kidnapped'', ''The Master of Ballantrae'' an ''Weir of Hermiston''.<ref name="rlsworks" /> Efter his faither died in 1887 he left Britain for guid. He spent the winter o 1887–1888 at Saranac Lake in New York State, whaur he wrote some o his best-kent essays,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Essays of Robert Louis Stevenson by Robert Louis Stevenson: Pulvis et Umbra |url=https://www.online-literature.com/stevenson/essays-of-stevenson/9/ |access-date=2025-10-23 |website=www.online-literature.com}}</ref> an he stairtit ''The Master of Ballantrae''.<ref>"To W.E. Henley, Pitlochry, if you please, [August] 1881," ''The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson'', Volume 1, [[S:The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson Volume 1/Chapter V|Chapter V]]</ref> == Samoa an daith == In Juin 1888 Stevenson hired the yacht ''Casco'' an set sail frae [[San Francisco]] wi his faimily.<ref>Quoted from Stevenson's diary in Overton, Jacqueline M. ''[http://www.gutenberg.org/files/15547/15547-h/15547-h.htm The Life of Robert Louis Stevenson for Boys and Girls] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012041600/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/15547/15547-h/15547-h.htm |date=12 October 2008 }}''. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1933</ref> For near three year they traivelt the Pacific, stoppin in Hawaii, Tahiti, New Zealand an the Samoan islands. He wrote aboot thir years in ''In the South Seas'', published efter his daith.<ref>''In the South Seas'' (1896) & (1900) Chatto & Windus; republished by The Hogarth Press (1987). A collection of Stevenson's articles and essays on his travels in the Pacific</ref> In 1890 the Stevensons bocht laund at Vailima on Upolu in Samoa an biggit a hoose thare. Stevenson took the Samoan nem Tusitala, "Teller o Tales", an gaithered local stories; his owersettin o ''The Bottle Imp'' wis the first wark o literature in Samoan.<ref name="Farrell 2019">{{Cite news |last=Farrell |first=Joseph |date=8 September 2019 |title=The story of Samoa's love for Robert Louis Stevenson |work=The National |url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/17887450.story-samoas-love-robert-louis-stevenson/ |access-date=24 October 2020 |archive-date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027063302/https://www.thenational.scot/news/17887450.story-samoas-love-robert-louis-stevenson/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He took the Samoans' pairt against the great pouers – Britain, Germany an the Unitit States – an wrote letters tae ''The Times'' aboot the European an American misconduct he saw.<ref name="Calder">Jenni Calder, Introduction, {{Cite book |last=Stevenson |first=Robert Louis |title=Island Landfalls |date=1987 |publisher=Cannongate |isbn=0-86241-144-0 |location=Edinburgh}}</ref> He died at Vailima on 3 December 1894, aged 44, efter collapsin suddenly in the forenicht,<ref name=":0" /> maist likly frae a bleed in the brain.<ref>{{cite web |title=Letter tells of final hours of Robert Louis Stevenson |url=https://media.nls.uk/news/letter-tells-of-final-hours-of-robert-louis-stevenson |website=National Library of Scotland Newsroom |access-date=16 December 2024 |date=2 December 2016}}</ref> The Samoans cairied him on thair shooders up Mount Vaea, whaur he wis buried owerleukin the sea.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stevenson's tomb |url=http://www.nls.uk/rlstevenson/pics/picture-i3.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208193430/http://www.nls.uk/rlstevenson/pics/picture-i3.html |archive-date=8 December 2008 |access-date=20 October 2008 |publisher=National Library of Scotland }}</ref> His tomb cairies lines frae his poem "Requiem":<ref>{{cite web|title=Wide and Starry Sky|last=Mattix|first=Micah|website=Washington Examiner|date=4 November 2018|url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/weekly-standard/wide-and-starry-sky|access-date=21 November 2022|archivedate=7 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107231947/https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/weekly-standard/wide-and-starry-sky|url-status=live}}</ref> <poem> Home is the sailor home from the sea And the hunter home from the hill </poem> == Legacy == Stevenson wis a celebrity in his ain time, an writers sic as [[Arthur Conan Doyle]], Henry James an [[J. M. Barrie]] admired him.<ref name="Chaney">{{Cite book |last=Chaney |first=Lisa |title=Hide-and-seek with Angels: The Life of J. M. Barrie |publisher=Arrow Books |year=2006 |isbn=0-09-945323-1 |location=London}}</ref> For muckle o the 20t century, though, he wis seen as a writer o bairns' an horror stories an wis left oot o the literary canon. Late in the century critics took a fresh look at him, an the day he is reckoned alangside writers sic as Joseph Conrad an Henry James.<ref name="arata">Stephen Arata (2006). "Robert Louis Stevenson". David Scott Kastan (ed.). ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature''. Vol. 5: 99–102</ref> He is ane o the maist owerset writers in the warld: the Index Translationum ranks him 26t.<ref name="indextrans">{{Cite web |title=Top 50 Authors |url=http://www.unesco.org/xtrans/bsstatexp.aspx?crit1L=5&nTyp=min&topN=50 |access-date=17 January 2019 |website=Index Translationum |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |archive-date=12 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140612072938/http://www.unesco.org/xtrans/bsstatexp.aspx?crit1L=5&nTyp=min&topN=50 |url-status=live }}</ref> For Scots, his poems in ''Underwoods'' (1887) matter: aboot hauf o the collection is written in Scots.<ref name="rlsworks" /> ==References== {{Reflist}} ===Soorces=== *Graham Balfour (1901), ''The Life of Robert Louis Stevenson'', London: Methuen *J.C. Furnas (1952), ''Voyage to Windward: The Life of Robert Louis Stevenson'', London: Faber and Faber. *Ernest Mehew (2004), "Robert Louis Stevenson", ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]'', Oxford: OUP. Retrieved 29 September 2008 {{Commonscat}} {{Makars}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Stevenson, Robert Louis}} [[Category:Robert Louis Stevenson| ]] [[Category:1850 births]] [[Category:1894 daiths]] [[Category:19t-century Scots novelists]] [[Category:19t-century Scots poets]] [[Category:19t-century Scots writers]] [[Category:19t-century Breetish short story writers]] [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Edinburgh]] [[Category:Breetish non-feection ootdoors writers]] [[Category:Fabulists]] [[Category:Lallans poets]] [[Category:Maritime writers]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Edinburgh Academy]] [[Category:Samoan writers]] [[Category:Scots childer's writers]] [[Category:Scots historical novelists]] [[Category:Scots horror writers]] [[Category:Scots novelists]] [[Category:Scots poets]] [[Category:Scots Presbyterians]] [[Category:Scots short story writers]] [[Category:Scots traivel writers]] [[Category:Victorian novelists]] [[Category:Writers frae Edinburgh]] [[Category:Childer's poets]] [[Category:Writers o Gothic feection]] 2bk19y03i53qj5nxrvidwa2tmvkwfaa 926698 926693 2026-11-08T07:08:39Z Monospaced 75295 Expandit, add Scots section 926698 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Scots novelist an poet (1850–1894)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}} {{Infobox writer | name = Robert Louis Stevenson | image = Robert louis stevenson.jpg | caption = Stevenson in 1892 | birth_name = Robert Lewis Balfour Stevenson | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1850|11|13}} | birth_place = [[Edinburgh]], Scotland | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1894|12|3|1850|11|13}} | death_place = Vailima, Upolu, [[Samoa]] | resting_place = Mount Vaea | education = [[University o Edinburgh]] | occupation = {{flatlist| * Novelist * poet * traivel writer}} | notable_works = {{plainlist| *''Treasure Island'' *''A Child's Garden of Verses'' *''Kidnapped'' *''[[Unco Case o Dr Jekyll an Mr Hyde|Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde]]''}} | spouse = {{marriage|Fanny Van de Grift Osbourne|1880}} | parents = Thomas Stevenson (faither) | relatives = Robert Stevenson (grandfaither on his faither's side)<br />Lloyd Osbourne (stepson)<br />Isobel Osbourne (stepdochter)<br />Edward Salisbury Field (stepdochter's man) }} '''Robert Louis Stevenson'''<ref name="pronunciation"/> (born '''Robert Lewis Balfour Stevenson'''; 13 November 1850 – 3 December 1894) wis a Scots novelist, essayist, poet an traivel writer.<ref name="britannica">{{Cite web|title=Robert Louis Stevenson {{!}} British author {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-Louis-Stevenson|access-date=2022-05-12|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> He is best kent for the novels ''Treasure Island'' (1883), ''[[Unco Case o Dr Jekyll an Mr Hyde|Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde]]'' (1886) an ''Kidnapped'' (1886), an for the collection o poems ''A Child's Garden of Verses'' (1885). Stevenson wis born an eddicatit in Edinburgh. For maist o his life he haed bad bronchial trouble, but for aw his puir heal he wrote a great deal an traivelt faur. As a young man he muived in the literary circles o London, whaur he wis encouraged bi Sidney Colvin, [[Andrew Lang]], Edmund Gosse,<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Stevenson, Robert Lewis Balfour |volume= 25 |last= Gosse |first= Edmund William |author-link= Edmund William Gosse| pages = 907&ndash;910|short = 1}}</ref> Leslie Stephen an W.&nbsp;E.&nbsp;Henley, the last o wham may hae gien him the model for Long John Silver in ''Treasure Island''. In 1890 he settled in [[Samoa]]. Thare, alairmed at the growin European an American influence in the [[Polynesie|Sooth Sea islands]], he turned frae romance an adventure fiction taewart a daurker realism. He died o a stroke in his island hame in 1894, aged 44.<ref name=":0" />{{rp||pp=264}} Stevenson wis a celebrity in his ain lifetime. His nem amang the critics haes gaen up an doon syne his daith, but the day his warks are weel thocht o generally. In 2018 he wis rankit the 26t maist owerset writer in the warld, jist ahint [[Charles Dickens]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Osborn |first=Jacob |title=49 most-translated authors from around the world |url=https://stacker.com/stories/720/49-most-translated-authors-around-world?page=3 |access-date=26 October 2020 |website=Stacker |archive-date=22 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222232017/https://stacker.com/stories/720/49-most-translated-authors-around-world?page=3 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Early life== === Bairnhood === [[File:Robert Louis Stevenson daguerreotype portrait as a child.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Daguerreotype portrait o Stevenson as a bairn]]Stevenson wis born at 8 Howard Place, [[Edinburgh]], Scotland, on 13 November 1850. His faither wis Thomas Stevenson (1818–1887), a leadin lighthoose ingineer, an his mither wis Margaret Isabella (born Balfour, 1829–1897). He wis christened Robert Lewis Balfour Stevenson. At aboot 18 he chynged the spellin o "Lewis" tae "Louis", an in 1873 he drapped "Balfour".<ref name="pronunciation">Mehew (2004). The spelling "Lewis" is said to have been rejected because his father violently disliked another person of the same name, and the new spelling was not accompanied by a change of pronunciation (Balfour (1901) I, 29 n. 1.</ref><ref name=":5">Furnas, J. C. (1952) ''Voyage to Windward: The Life of Robert Louis Stevenson'', London: Faber and Faber.</ref>{{rp||pp=23-24}} Designin lighthooses wis the faimily trade. Thomas's faither (Robert's grandfaither) wis the civil ingineer Robert Stevenson, an Thomas's brithers (Robert's uncles) Alan an David wrocht in the same field.<ref name="Paxton 2004">Paxton (2004).</ref> Thomas's grandfaither on his mither's side, Thomas Smith, haed been in the same trade an aw. Robert's mither's faimily, but, wis gentry, an they traced their line back tae Alexander Balfour, that held the launds o Inchrye in Fife in the fifteent century.<ref>{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6pTWDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22alexander+Balfour%22+%22robert+louis+stevenson%22+inchrye&pg=PT24|isbn = 9781786568007|title = The Life of Robert Louis Stevenson by Sir Graham Balfour - Delphi Classics (Illustrated)|date = 17 July 2017|publisher = Delphi Classics|access-date = 19 March 2023|archive-date = 18 April 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230418123628/https://books.google.com/books?id=6pTWDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22alexander+Balfour%22+%22robert+louis+stevenson%22+inchrye&pg=PT24|url-status = live}}</ref> Her faither, Lewis Balfour (1777–1860), wis a meenister o the [[The Kirk|Kirk o Scotland]] at Colinton nearhaund,<ref name=":0" />{{rp||pp=10-12}} an amang her brithers were the doctor George William Balfour an the marine ingineer James Balfour. Stevenson spent maist o his bairnhood holidays in his grandfaither's hoose at Colinton. "Now I often wonder what I inherited from this old minister," Stevenson wrote. "I must suppose, indeed, that he was fond of preaching sermons, and so am I, though I never heard it maintained that either of us loved to hear them."<ref>''[[Memories and Portraits]]'' (1887), [https://web.archive.org/web/20080803075907/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/s/stevenson/robert_louis/s848mp/chapter7.html Chapter VII. The Manse] .</ref>[[File:Robert Louis Stevenson childhood home, Heriot Row.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Stevenson's bairnhood hame in Heriot Row]] Lewis Balfour an his dochter baith haed weak chests, sae they aften needit tae bide in warmer climates for their heal. Stevenson heired a tendency tae coughs an fivvers, an it got waur when the faimily flittit in 1851 tae a damp, cauld hoose at 1 Inverleith Terrace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Robert Louis Stevenson Timeline (born Nov. 13th 1850 in Edinburgh, died Dec. 3rd 1894 in Samoa) |url=http://www.robert-louis-stevenson.org/timeline |access-date=14 May 2012 |website=robert-louis-stevenson.org |archive-date=14 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414112818/http://www.robert-louis-stevenson.org/timeline |url-status=live }}</ref> When Stevenson wis sax the faimily flittit again, tae the sunnier 17 Heriot Row, but he wis still terrible no weel ilka winter till he wis 11. Ill heal cam back again an again in his grown-up life, an left him unco thin.<ref name=":5" />{{rp||pp=25-28}} At the time it wis thocht he haed tuberculosis, but mair recent opinion is that it wis bronchiectasis<ref>{{Cite book |last=Holmes |first=Lowell |url=https://archive.org/details/treasuredislands00holm |title=Treasured Islands: Cruising the South Seas with Robert Louis Stevenson |publisher=Sheridan House, Inc. |year=2002 |isbn=1-57409-130-1}}</ref> or sarcoidosis.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=O. P. |year=2005 |title=Murray Kornfeld, American College of Chest Physician, and sarcoidosis: a historical footnote: 2004 Murray Kornfeld Memorial Founders Lecture |journal=Chest |volume=128 |issue=3 |pages=1830–35 |doi=10.1378/chest.128.3.1830 |pmid=16162793}}</ref> For Stevenson's heal an his mither's, the faimily spent simmers in the [[Spa toun|spae toun]] o [[Brig Allan|Bridge of Allan]], in [[North Berrick|North Berwick]] an in [[Peebles]]. "Stevenson's cave" in Bridge of Allan is said tae hae inspired the cave whaur the character Ben Gunn bides in Stevenson's 1883 novel ''Treasure Island''.<ref name="BridgeofAllan">{{Cite web |title=RLS in Stirlingshire |url=https://robert-louis-stevenson.org/?page_id=22021 |access-date=3 September 2023 |website=robert-louis-stevenson.org |archive-date=11 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611000505/https://robert-louis-stevenson.org/?page_id=22021 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:The Bookman RLS special 1913 illustration at page 049.png|thumb|"My second mother, my first wife. The angel of my infant life— From the sick child, now well and old, Take, nurse, the little book you hold!" ⁠Dedication o ''A Child's Garden of Verses'': ⁠⁠"To Alison Cunningham. From her Boy."<ref name="Bookman1913">{{citation|title=Robert Louis Stevenson: A Bookman Extra Number, 1913 |date=1913 |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |language=en}}</ref>]] Stevenson's faither an mither were baith devout [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterians]], but the hoosehauld didnae haud strict tae Calvinist principles. His nurse, Alison Cunningham, kent tae the faimily as Cummy,<ref name="NYT1913">{{Cite news |date=10 August 1913 |title=Stevenson's Nurse Dead: Alison Cunningham ("Cummy") lived to be over 91 years old |page=3 |work=The New York Times |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1913/08/10/100273280.pdf |access-date=13 June 2018 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308035108/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1913/08/10/100273280.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> wis mair fervent still in her releegion. Her mixter o Calvinism an fowk beliefs gied the bairn nichtmares early on, an he showed a concern for releegion faur ayont his years.<ref>Furnas (1952), 28–32; Mehew (2004).</ref> But she cared for him tenderly an aw when he wis no weel, readin tae him frae John Bunyan an the Bible as he lay sick in his bed, an tellin him tales o the Covenanters. He minded thae times o sickness efterhaun in "The Land of Counterpane" in ''A Child's Garden of Verses'' (1885),<ref>Available at [http://www.bartleby.com/188/117.html Bartleby] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080609081833/http://www.bartleby.com/188/117.html |date=9 June 2008 }} and elsewhere.</ref> a buik he dedicatit tae his nurse.<ref name=":5" />{{rp||pp=29}} Stevenson wis an ae bairn, baith unco-leukin an eccentric. He fund it hard tae fit in when he wis sent tae a schuil nearhaund at sax. It wis the same again at 11, when he gaed on tae the Edinburgh Academy, but he got on weel in lively gemmes wi his cousins in the simmer holidays at Colinton.<ref name=":5" />{{rp||pp=34-36}} His sickness aften kept him awa frae his first schuil, sae for lang spells he wis taucht bi private tutors. He wis late tae read, learnin at seiven or aicht, but even afore that he tellt stories tae his mither an his nurse for them tae write doon,<ref name="Mehew 2004">Mehew (2004).</ref> an aw through his bairnhood he couldnae stop writin stories. His faither wis prood o this. He haed written stories himsel in his spare time, till his ain faither fund them an tellt him tae "give up such nonsense and mind your business."<ref name="Paxton 2004" /> He peyed for the prentin o Robert's first publication, at 16: ''The Pentland Rising: A Page of History, 1666'', an account o the Covenanters' rebellion, published in 1866, the 200t anniversary o the event.<ref name=":0" />{{rp||pp=67}}<ref name=":5" />{{rp||pp=43-45}} ===Eddication=== [[File:Robert Louis Stevenson mit 7 Jahren.jpg|thumb|Stevenson at seiven|left|277x277px]] In September 1857, when he wis sax, Stevenson gaed tae ''Mr Henderson's School'' in India Street, Edinburgh, but acause o his puir heal he bade anerly a few weeks, an didnae gang back till October 1859, when he wis aicht. Throu his monie absences he wis taucht bi private tutors. In October 1861, aged ten, he gaed tae Edinburgh Academy, an independent schuil for laddies, an bade thare aff an on for aboot fifteen month. In the hairst o 1863 he spent a term at an English boardin schuil at Spring Grove in Isleworth in [[Middlesex]] (nou a pairt o wast Lunnon). In October 1864, efter his heal got better, the 13-year-auld wis sent tae Robert Thomson's private schuil in Frederick Street, Edinburgh, whaur he bade till he gaed tae the varsity.<ref>[http://www.oxforddnb.com/templates/article.jsp?articleid=26438&back= Stevenson, Robert Louis (1850–1894) – Childhood and schooling] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809143428/http://www.oxforddnb.com/templates/article.jsp?articleid=26438&back= |date=9 August 2016 }}. ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]''. Retrieved: 1 August 2013.</ref> In November 1867 Stevenson stairtit at the [[University o Edinburgh]] tae study ingineerin. Frae the stairt he showed nae enthusiasm for his studies, an pit a lot o energy intae jinkin lectures. Mair important at this time were the freendships he struck up wi ither students in The Speculative Society (an exclusive debatin club), abuin aw wi Charles Baxter, that wad later become Stevenson's financial agent, an wi a professor, Fleeming Jenkin. Jenkin's hoose pit on amateur drama that Stevenson took pairt in, an Stevenson wad later write his biography.<ref>Furnas (1952), 51–54, 60–62; Mehew (2004)</ref> Mibbie the maist important o aw at this pynt in his life wis a cousin, Robert Alan Mowbray Stevenson (kent as "Bob"), a lively, licht-hertit young man that haed chosen tae study airt insteid o the faimily trade.<ref>Balfour (1901) I, 86–8; 90–4; Furnas (1952), 64–9</ref> ===Holidays at Swanston=== In 1867 Stevenson's faimily took a lease on Swanston Cottage, in the clachan o Swanston at the fit o the Pentland Hills, as a hoose for simmer holidays. They held the lease till 1880. Throu that time the young Robert Louis uised the cottage a great deal, drawn bi the lown kintra life an the feelin o bein faur awa frae awthing. The time he spent thare likly shaped his later writin an his wider ootleuk on life, abuin aw his luve o naitur an wild places. The hoose an its romantic settin is thocht tae hae inspired several o his warks.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grant |first1=Will |title=Pentland Days and Country Ways |publisher=Thomas Nelson and Sons |location=Edinburgh|pages=177-189}} Based on a paper presented to the R.L. Stevenson Club on 10 October 1929.</ref><ref name="Hills">{{cite book |last1=Watt |first1=Lauchlan MacLean |title=The Hills of Home |date=1914 |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/stream/hillsofhomewithp00wattuoft/hillsofhomewithp00wattuoft_djvu.txt}}</ref> ===Lighthoose inspections=== Ilka year in his varsity holidays Stevenson traivelt an aw tae inspect the faimily's ingineerin warks. In 1868 this took him tae [[Ainster|Anstruther]], an for six weeks tae [[Weik|Wick, Caithness]], whaur his faimily wis biggin a sea wa an haed biggit a lighthoose afore. He wad gang back tae Wick several times in his life, an he pit it in his traivel writin.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=RLS in the Highlands and Islands |url=https://robert-louis-stevenson.org/highlands-and-islands |access-date=26 August 2024 |website=RLS Website |language=en}}</ref> In 1869 he gaed wi his faither on his official tour o the lighthooses o [[Orkney]] an [[Shetland]], an in 1870 he spent three weeks on the island o Erraid. He likit the traivels mair for the material they gied him for his writin than for ony interest in ingineerin. The vaige wi his faither pleased him acause a siclike journey bi [[Walter Scott]] wi Robert Stevenson haed gien Scott the idea for his 1822 novel ''The Pirate''.<ref name=":0" />{{rp||pp=70-72}} In Aprile 1871 Stevenson tellt his faither he haed decidit on a life o letters. His faither wis disappointit, as ye wad expect, but it cannae hae been a muckle surprise, an Stevenson's mither said he wis "wonderfully resigned" tae his son's choice. Tae gie him some security, it wis greed that Stevenson wad study law (again at Edinburgh University) an be cried tae the Scots bar.<ref name=":0" />{{rp||pp=85-86}} In his 1887 collection o poems ''Underwoods'', Stevenson thinks on hou he turned awa frae the faimily trade:<ref>''Underwoods'' (1887), Poem XXXVIII</ref> [[File:Stevenson age 14.jpg|thumb|Stevenson at 14|327x327px]] <blockquote><poem>Say not of me that weakly I declined The labours of my sires, and fled the sea, The towers we founded and the lamps we lit, To play at home with paper like a child. But rather say: ''In the afternoon of time'' ''A strenuous family dusted from its hands'' ''The sand of granite, and beholding far'' ''Along the sounding coast its pyramids'' ''And tall memorials catch the dying sun,'' ''Smiled well content, and to this childish task'' ''Around the fire addressed its evening hours.''</poem></blockquote> ==="An Apology for Idlers"=== In 1877, tae justify turnin his back on an established profession, Stevenson offered "An Apology for Idlers". "A happy man or woman", he argued, "is a better thing to find than a five-pound note. He or she is a radiating focus of goodwill" an a practical demonstration o "the great Theorem of the Liveableness of Life". Sae if fowk cannae be happy in the "handicap race for sixpenny pieces", let them tak their ain "by-road".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Robert Louis Stevenson "An Apology for Idlers" (first appeared in Cornhill Magazine, July 1877) |url=https://www.wired.com/beyond-the-beyond/2018/01/robert-louis-stevenson-apology-idlers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411112110/https://www.wired.com/beyond-the-beyond/2018/01/robert-louis-stevenson-apology-idlers/ |archive-date=11 April 2021 |access-date=18 March 2021 |magazine=Wired |language=en-us |issn=1059-1028}}</ref> == Releegious views == [[File:Stevenson at Barbizon in 1876.jpg|thumb|Stevenson at 26, in 1876 at Barbizon, Fraunce|left|273x273px]] In ither weys tae, Stevenson wis muivin awa frae his upbringin. His claes got mair Bohemian: he aready wore his hair lang, but nou he took tae weirin a velveteen jaicket, an he seldom gaed tae pairties in the uisual evenin claes.<ref name=":5" />{{rp||pp=69-70}} Within the limits o a ticht allouance, he gaed tae cheap pubs an brothels.<ref name=":5" />{{rp||pp=53-57}} Mair important, he haed come tae reject Christianity, an declared himsel an [[Atheism|atheist]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Theo Tait |date=30 January 2005 |title=Like an intelligent hare – Theo Tait reviews Robert Louis Stevenson by Claire Harman |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3635932/Like-an-intelligent-hare.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3635932/Like-an-intelligent-hare.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |access-date=4 August 2013 |work=The Telegraph |quote=A decadent dandy who envied the manly Victorian achievements of his family, a professed atheist haunted by religious terrors, a generous and loving man who fell out with many of his friends – the Robert Louis Stevenson of Claire Harman's biography is all of these and, of course, a bed-ridden invalid who wrote some of the finest adventure stories in the language. [...] Worse still, he affected a Bohemian style, haunted the seedier parts of the Old Town, read Charles Darwin and Herbert Spencer, and declared himself an atheist. This caused a painful rift with his father, who damned him as a "careless infidel".}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In Januar 1873, when he wis 22, his faither cam across the constitution o the LJR (Liberty, Justice, Reverence) Club, that Stevenson an his cousin Bob belanged tae. It stairtit: "Disregard everything our parents have taught us." When he speired at his son aboot his beliefs, he fund oot the truith.<ref name=":5" />{{rp||pp=69 n.15, 72-76}} Stevenson nae langer believed in God, an he wis wearied o pretendin tae be something he wisnae: "am I to live my whole life as one falsehood?" His faither said he wis devastatit: "You have rendered my whole life a failure." His mither cried it "the heaviest affliction" that haed ever come on her. "O Lord, what a pleasant thing it is", Stevenson wrote tae his freend Charles Baxter, "to have just damned the happiness of (probably) the only two people who care a damn about you in the world."<ref name="Stevenson letters">{{Cite book |last=Stevenson |first=Robert Loui |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h269hZQCyHoC&pg=PA29 |title=Selected Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson |date=2001 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=0-300-09124-9 |location=New Haven, CT |page=29 |access-date=23 October 2020}}</ref> Stevenson's stand against his faither an mither's faith disnae seem tae hae turned intae lifelang atheism or agnosticism.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ratnapalan |first=Michael |date=2021 |title=Missionary Christianity and Culture in Robert Louis Stevenson's "The Beach of Falesá" |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27254136 |journal=Religion & Literature |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=47–62 |jstor=27254136 |issn=0888-3769}}</ref> In Februar 1878, in a letter tae his faither tae mak things up, the 27-year-auld Stevenson wrote:<ref>Colvin, Sidney, ed. (1917). ''The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson'', Vol. 1: 1868–1880. New York: Scribner's. [[iarchive:lettersofrob01stev/page/258/mode/2up|pp. 259–260]].</ref> <blockquote>Christianity is among other things, a very wise, noble and strange doctrine of life ... You see, I speak of it as a doctrine of life, and as a wisdom for this world ... I have a good heart, and believe in myself and my fellow-men and the God who made us all ... There is a fine text in the Bible, I don't know where, to the effect that all things work together for good for those who love the Lord. Strange as it may seem to you, everything has been, in one way or the other, bringing me nearer to what I think you would like me to be. 'Tis a strange world, indeed, but there is a manifest God for those who care to look for him.</blockquote> {{Quote box | quote = Grant that we here before Thee may be set free from the fear of vicissitude and the fear of death, may finish what remains before us of our course without dishonour to ourselves or hurt to others, and, when the day comes, may die in peace. Deliver us from fear and favour: from mean hopes and cheap pleasures. Have mercy on each in his deficiency; let him be not cast down; support the stumbling on the way, and give at last rest to the weary. | author = Robert Lewis Stevenson | source = ''Prayers Written at Vailima'', "For Grace".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prayers written at Vailimia, by Robert Louis Stevenson |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/616/616-h/616-h.htm |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> | width = 35% | align = right }}Stevenson didnae stairt gaun tae the kirk again in Scotland, but in his last years in Samoa he taucht Sunday Schuil, an he wrote an led prayers that were published efter his daith.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stevenson |first=Robert Louis |date=8 December 1912 |title=Prayers written at Vailima |url=http://archive.org/details/prayerswrittenat00stev |accessdate=8 December 2022 |publisher=New York, : C. Scribner's sons |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> An yet, afore he set oot in 1888 on the vaige that took him tae Samoa, ''Scribner's Magazine'' published "Pulvis et Umbra" (the title is a line frae Horace: "We are but dust and shadow").<ref>{{Cite web |title=Across the Plains with Other Memories and Essays, 1892 {{!}} Robert Louis Stevenson |url=https://robert-louis-stevenson.org/works/across-the-plains-with-other-memories-and-essays-1892/ |access-date=2025-10-23 |language=en-GB}}</ref> In this essay Stevenson pits it forrit that "[o]ur religions and moralities have been trimmed to flatter us, ... and only please and weaken", an remarks that "[t]he human race is a thing more ancient than the ten commandments".<ref name=":1" /> Ae critic, tryin tae square thir contrar signs o Stevenson's speeritual ootleuk, haes suggestit that the writer wis interestit anerly in the leid o releegion, an wantit "to evoke a sense of awe and importunity associated with [the King James Bible's] intense spirituality and great literary beauty."<ref>Menikoff, Barry (2003). "Prayers at Sunset". In ''Robert Louis Stevenson Reconsidered: New Critical Perspectives'', edited by William B. Jones, Jr. Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Company. pp.210–211</ref> ==Early writin an traivels== ===Literary an airtistic connections=== [[File:Rls-pc1.jpg|thumb|Stevenson at 30|312x312px]] Late in 1873, when he wis 23, Stevenson wis veesitin a cousin in Ingland when he met twa fowk that wad come tae mean a great deal tae him: Fanny (Frances Jane) Sitwell an Sidney Colvin. Sitwell wis a woman o 34 wi a son, separatit frae her husband. Monie that met her were devotit tae her, Colvin amang them, an he mairit her in 1901. Stevenson wis drawn tae her an aw, an for several years they kept up a warm correspondence, in which he swithered atween the pairt o a suitor an the pairt o a son (he cried her "Madonna"). Colvin becam Stevenson's literary adviser, an efter Stevenson's daith he wis the first editor o his letters. It wis Colvin that placed Stevenson's first peyed piece, an essay cried "Roads", in ''The Portfolio''.<ref name=":5" />{{rp||pp=81-89}} Stevenson wis suin active in the literary life o Lunnon, an got tae ken monie o the writers o the time, amang them [[Andrew Lang]], Edmund Gosse<ref name=":5" />{{rp||pp=95, 101}} an Leslie Stephen, the editor o ''The Cornhill Magazine'', that took an interest in Stevenson's wark. Stephen took Stevenson tae veesit a patient at the Edinburgh Infirmary cried William Ernest Henley, an energetic, blether o a poet wi a widden leg. Henley becam a close freend an whiles a literary collaborator, till a cast-oot ended the freendship in 1888, an he is aften thocht tae be the inspiration for Long John Silver in ''Treasure Island''.<ref>Balfour (1901) I, 123-4; Furnas (1952) 105–6; Mehew (2004)</ref> In November 1873, efter his heal brak doon, Stevenson wis sent tae [[Menton]] on the French Riviera tae recover. He cam back in better heal in Aprile 1874 an settled doon tae his studies, but efter that he gaed back tae Fraunce several times.<ref name=":5" />{{rp||pp=89-95}} He gaed on lang an frequent trips tae the Forest o Fontainebleau, bidin at Barbizon, Grez-sur-Loing an Nemours an becomin a member o the airtists' colonies thare. He traivelt tae Paris an aw, tae veesit galleries an theatres.<ref>Balfour (1901) I, 128–37</ref> In Julie 1875, aged 24, he qualified for the Scots bar, an his faither pit a brass plate on the hoose in Heriot Row that read "R.L. Stevenson, Advocate". His law studies did hae an influence on his buiks, but he niver practised law;<ref name=":5" />{{rp||pp=100-101}} aw his energy gaed intae traivel an writin. Ane o his journeys wis a canoe vaige in Belgium an Fraunce wi Sir Walter Simpson, a freend frae the Speculative Society, a frequent traivellin companion, an the writer o ''The Art of Golf'' (1887). This trip wis the foond o his first traivel buik, ''An Inland Voyage'' (1878).<ref>Balfour (1901) I, 127</ref> Stevenson kept up a lang correspondence wi his fellae Scot [[J. M. Barrie|J.M. Barrie]]. He askit Barrie tae veesit him in [[Samoa]], but the twa o them niver met.<ref>Shaw, Michael (ed.) (2020), ''A Friendship in Letters: Robert Louis Stevenson & J.M. Barrie'', Sandstone Press, Inverness {{ISBN|978-1-913207-02-1}}</ref> ===Mairriage an Californie=== [[File:Fanny Osbourne 1.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Fanny Van de Grift Osbourne, c. 1876]] The canoe vaige wi Simpson brocht Stevenson tae Grez-sur-Loing in September 1876. Thare he met Fanny Van de Grift Osbourne (1840–1914), born in [[Indianapolis]] in the Unitit States. She haed mairit at 17, an flittit tae [[Nevada]] tae jine her husband Samuel again efter he haed fochten in the American Civil War. Their bairns were Isobel (or "Belle"), Lloyd an Hervey (that died in 1875). But anger ower her husband's unfaithfulness led tae a nummer o separations, an in 1875 she haed taen her bairns tae Fraunce, whaur she an Isobel studied airt.<ref name=":5" />{{rp||pp=122-129}} Bi the time Stevenson met her, Fanny wis hersel a writer o short stories for magazines, o kent ability.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Van de Grift Sanchez |first=Nellie |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/24332?msg=welcome_stranger |title=The Life of Mrs. Robert Louis Stevenson |date=1920 |publisher=C. Scribner's Sons |location=New York |access-date=25 October 2020 |archive-date=13 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113210833/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/24332?msg=welcome_stranger |url-status=live }}</ref> Stevenson gaed back tae Breetain no lang efter this first meetin, but Fanny seems tae hae bidden in his thochts, an he wrote the essay "On falling in love" for ''The Cornhill Magazine''.<ref>Balfour (1901) I, 145–6; Mehew (2004)</ref> They met again early in 1877 an becam luvers. Stevenson spent muckle o the follaein year wi her an her bairns in Fraunce.<ref name=":5" />{{rp||pp=130-136}} In August 1878 she gaed back tae [[San Francisco]], an Stevenson bade in Europe, makkin the walkin trip that wis the foond o ''Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes'' (1879). In August 1879, aged 28, he set aff tae jine her, against his freends' advice an withoot tellin his faither an mither. He took a seicont-cless passage on the steamship ''Devonia'', pairtly tae save siller, but pairtly an aw tae learn hou ither fowk traivelt, an tae mak the journey mair o an adventure.<ref>Balfour (1901) I, 164–5; Furnas (1952), 142–6; Mehew (2004)</ref> Syne he traivelt ower laund bi train frae [[New York Ceety]] tae [[Californie]]. He wrote aboot it later in ''The Amateur Emigrant''. It wis guid for his writin, but it brak his heal. [[File:Robert Louis Stevenson House, 530 Houston Street, Monterey (Monterey County, California).jpg|thumb|The French Hotel (nou "Stevenson House"), Monterey, Californie, whaur he bade in 1879]] [[File:Robert Louis Stevenson and family.jpg|thumb|right|The faimily in 1893: Fanny; Stevenson; his stepdochter Isobel; an his mither, Margaret Balfour]] He wis near deid when he arrived in Monterey, Californie, whaur some local ranchers nursed him back tae heal. For a time he bade at the French Hotel at 530 Houston Street, nou a museum tae his memory cried the "Stevenson House". While he wis thare, he aften dined "on the cuff", as he pit it, at a restaurant nearhaund run bi a Frenchman cried Jules Simoneau, that stuid whaur Simoneau Plaza is nou. Several year later he sent Simoneau a signed copy o his novel ''[[Unco Case o Dr Jekyll an Mr Hyde|Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde]]'' (1886), writin that it wad be a stranger case yet if Robert Louis Stevenson ever forgot Jules Simoneau. In Monterey he wrote an evocative piece aboot "the Old Pacific Capital". Bi December 1879, aged 29, Stevenson's heal haed come back eneuch for him tae gang on tae San Francisco. Thare he focht "all alone on forty-five cents a day, and sometimes less, with quantities of hard work and many heavy thoughts,"<ref>Letter to Sidney Colvin, January 1880, ''The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson'', Volume 1, [[S:The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson Volume 1/Chapter IV|Chapter IV]]</ref> tryin tae mak a livin bi his writin. But bi the end o the winter his heal wis broken again, an he wis at daith's door. Fanny wis nou divorced an haed got ower her ain illness, an she cam tae his bedside an nursed him back tae heal. "After a while," he wrote, "my spirit got up again in a divine frenzy, and has since kicked and spurred my vile body forward with great emphasis and success."<ref>"To Edmund Gosse, Monterey, Monterey Co., California, 8 October 1879," ''The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson'', Volume 1, [[S:The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson Volume 1/Chapter IV|Chapter IV]]</ref> When his faither heard hou his son wis, he cabled him siller tae help him throu. Fanny an Robert were mairit in Mey 1880. She wis 40; he wis 29. He said he wis "a mere complication of cough and bones, much fitter for an emblem of mortality than a bridegroom."<ref>"To P. G. Hamerton, Kinnaird Cottage, Pitlochry [July 1881]," ''The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson'', Volume 1, [[S:The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson Volume 1/Chapter V|Chapter V]]</ref> He traivelt wi his new wife an her son Lloyd<ref>Isobel was married to artist Joseph Strong.</ref> north o San Francisco tae the Napa Valley, an spent a simmer honeymuin at a desertit minin camp on Mount Saint Helena (the day designatit Robert Louis Stevenson State Park). ''The Silverado Squatters'' is his account o that time. He met Charles Warren Stoddard, co-editor o the ''Overland Monthly'' an writer o ''South Sea Idylls'', that urged Stevenson tae traivel tae the Sooth Pacific, an idea that cam back tae him monie years later. In August 1880 he sailed wi Fanny an Lloyd frae New York tae Breetain, an fund his faither an mither an his freend Sidney Colvin on the quay at [[Liverpuil|Liverpool]], gled tae see him come hame. Bit bi bit his wife wis able tae patch up the differences atween faither an son, an wan her wey intae the faimily throu her chairm an wit. ===Ingland, an back tae the Unitit States=== {{Multiple image | direction = vertical | width = 210 | image1 = The life of Robert Louis Stevenson for boys and girls (1915) (14778510921).jpg | image2 = Alum Chine, Bournemouth (460750) (9456761328).jpg | caption1 = Stevenson's hoose Skerryvore in the sooth English coast toun o [[Bournemouth]], whaur he wrote the maist o his best-likit wark | caption2 = Commemorative plaque in Bournemouth, whaur Stevenson bade atween 1884 an 1887 | align = left | total_width = }} The Stevensons gaed back an forrit atween Scotland an the Continent (twice winterin in Davos)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Switzerland {{!}} Robert Louis Stevenson |url=https://robert-louis-stevenson.org/switzerland/#:~:text=The%20Stevenson%20family%20(RLS,%20his,found%20it%20stifling%20and%20depressing. |access-date=9 February 2025 |language=en-GB}}</ref> afore settlin at last, in 1884, in Westbourne in the sooth-coast English toun o [[Bournemouth]]. Stevenson haed flittit thare for the guid o the sea air.<ref>{{cite book | last=Hainsworth | first=J. J. | title=Jack the Ripper—Case Solved, 1891 | location=Jefferson, NC | publisher=McFarland | year=2015 | isbn=978-0-7864-9676-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZhDNCgAAQBAJ | access-date=15 June 2023 | page=141}}</ref> They bade in a hoose Stevenson cried 'Skerryvore', efter a Scots lighthoose biggit bi his uncle Alan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bournemouth {{!}} Robert Louis Stevenson |url=http://robert-louis-stevenson.org/bournemouth/ |access-date=29 January 2021 |website=robert-louis-stevenson.org |archive-date=23 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123180039/http://robert-louis-stevenson.org/bournemouth/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Frae Aprile 1885 the 34-year-auld Stevenson haed the company o the novelist Henry James. They haed met afore in Lunnon, an no lang syne haed swappit views in journal articles on the "art of fiction", an efter that in letters in which they said hou muckle they admired ilk ither's wark. James haed flittit tae Bournemouth tae help support his invalid sister, Alice, an he took up the invitation tae veesit Skerryvore ilka day for crack at the Stevensons' dinner table.<ref name="O">{{Cite journal |last=O'Hagan |first=Andrew |date=2020 |title=Bournemouth |url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v42/n10/andrew-o-hagan/bournemouth |journal=The London Review of Books |volume=42 |issue=10 |issn=0260-9592 |access-date=4 November 2020 |archive-date=1 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101051455/https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v42/n10/andrew-o-hagan/bournemouth |url-status=live }}</ref> Stevenson, maistly lyin in his bed, said he wis livin "like a weevil in a biscuit." Yet, for aw his ill heal, his three year in Westbourne gied us the maist o his best-likit wark. Amang it were ''Treasure Island'', ''Kidnapped'', ''A Child's Garden of Verses'', ''Underwoods'' an ''[[Unco Case o Dr Jekyll an Mr Hyde|Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde]]'', the buik that spreid his nem faur an wide. [[File:StevensonAdirondackHome.JPG|thumb|Stevenson's "Cure Cottage" at Saranac Lake, New York]] Thomas Stevenson died in 1887, an his 36-year-auld son felt free tae tak his doctor's advice an try a complete chynge o climate. Stevenson set aff for Colorado wi his weedae mither an his faimily. But efter they landit in New York, they decidit tae spend the winter in the Adirondacks, at a cure cottage nou kent as Stevenson Cottage, at Saranac Lake, New York. In the bitter cauld winter Stevenson wrote some o his best-kent essays, amang them "Pulvis et Umbra".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Essays of Robert Louis Stevenson by Robert Louis Stevenson: Pulvis et Umbra |url=https://www.online-literature.com/stevenson/essays-of-stevenson/9/ |access-date=2025-10-23 |website=www.online-literature.com}}</ref> He stairtit ''The Master of Ballantrae'' an aw, an licht-hertitly plannit a cruise tae the sooth Pacific Ocean for the follaein simmer.<ref>"To W.E. Henley, Pitlochry, if you please, [August] 1881," ''The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson'', Volume 1, [[S:The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson Volume 1/Chapter V|Chapter V]]</ref> {{clear}} ==Thochts on the airt o writin== {{Quote box | quote = Whenever I read a book or a passage that particularly pleased me, in which a thing was said or an effect rendered with propriety, in which there was either some conspicuous force or some happy distinction in the style, I must sit down at once and set myself to ape that quality. I was unsuccessful, and I knew it; and tried again, and was again unsuccessful and always unsuccessful; but at least in these vain bouts, I got some practice in rhythm, in harmony, in construction and the co-ordination of parts. I have thus played the sedulous ape to Hazlitt, to Lamb, to Wordsworth, to Sir Thomas Browne, to Defoe, to [[Nathaniel Hawthorne|Hawthorne]], to [[Michel de Montaigne|Montaigne]], to [[Charles Baudelaire|Baudelaire]] and to Obermann. | author = Robert Lewis Stevenson | source = ''Memories and Portraits'', chaipter IV, on hou he practised writin in his youth | width = 40% | align = right }} Stevenson's critical essays on literature hae "few sustained analyses of style or content".<ref name="Brandeis">{{Cite web |title=Robert Louis Stevenson Biography |url=http://people.brandeis.edu/~teuber/stevensonbio.html |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=people.brandeis.edu |publisher=Brandeis University |archive-date=23 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210223153315/http://people.brandeis.edu/~teuber/stevensonbio.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In "A Penny Plain and Two-pence Coloured" (1884) he suggests that his ain approach owed a great deal tae the owerdone, romantic warld he haed steppit intae as a bairn, as the prood owner o Skelt's Juvenile Drama, a toy set o cairdboard characters that played in melodramas. "A Gossip on Romance" (1882) an "A Gossip on a Novel of Dumas's" (1887) baith hint that entertainin readers coonts for mair nor instructin them.<ref name="Brandeis" /> Stevenson saw himsel very muckle in the mould o Sir Walter Scott: a storyteller wi the knack o cairyin his readers awa frae themsels an their circumstances. He took issue wi whit he saw as the wey French realism dwelt on sordidness an ugliness. In "The Lantern-Bearer" (1888) he seems tae tak Emile Zola tae task for no seekin oot nobility in his main characters.<ref name="Brandeis" /> "A Humble Remonstrance" is Stevenson's answer tae Henry James, wha haed claimed in "The Art of Fiction" (1884) that the novel competes wi life. Stevenson objects that nae novel can ever hope tae match life's complexity; it anerly abstracts frae life tae mak a harmonious pattern o its ain.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stevenson |first=Robert Louis |title=A Humble Remonstrance |url=http://virgil.org/dswo/courses/novel/stevenson-remonstrance.pdf |access-date=27 October 2020 |archive-date=1 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201171651/http://virgil.org/dswo/courses/novel/stevenson-remonstrance.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><blockquote>Man's one method, whether he reasons or creates, is to half-shut his eyes against the dazzle and confusion of reality...Life is monstrous, infinite, illogical, abrupt and poignant; a work of art, in comparison, is neat, finite, self-contained, rational, flowing, and emasculate...The novel, which is a work of art, exists, not by its resemblances to life, which are forced and material ... but by its immeasurable difference from life, which is designed and significant.</blockquote> It isnae clear, but, that thare wis ony real grund here for disagreein wi James.<ref name="O" /> Stevenson haed gien James a copy o ''Kidnapped'', but it wis ''Treasure Island'' that James likit best. Stevenson haed written it as a story for laddies, an thocht it haed "no need of psychology or fine writing", but its success is creditit wi freein bairns' writin frae the "chains of Victorian didacticism".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Livesey |first=Margot |date=November 1994 |title=The Double Life of Robert Louis Stevenson |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1994/11/the-double-life-of-robert-louis-stevenson/306474/ |journal=The Atlantic |access-date=26 October 2020 |archive-date=28 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028113016/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1994/11/the-double-life-of-robert-louis-stevenson/306474/ |url-status=live }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Political an social commentary== [[File:Robert-louis-stevenson.jpg|thumb|Photograph portrait, c. 1887|left|244x244px]] Stevenson's nem as a political radical is argued ower. As the writer o a string o "rebellion novels" (endin in 1893 wi ''Catriona'', the sequel tae ''Kidnapped''), Stevenson is said tae hae spent his "entire writing life" steerin up feelin against tyranny, empire an corruption.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Faktorovich |first=Anna |date=2012 |title=Robert Louis Stevenson: Patronage and Rebellion |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CH1420120858&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=03624145&sw=w&p=LitRC&userGroupName=anon%7E4921e1b6&aty=open-web-entry |journal=Children's Literature Review |volume=204 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> Stevenson minded the college youth that wrote the first o thir novels, the Covenanter adventure ''Pentland Rising'' (1866), as a "red-hot socialist".<ref name=":03">{{Cite book |last=Stevenson, Robert Louis |title=Crabbed Age and Youth and Other Essays |publisher=Thomas B. Mosher |year=1907 |location=Portland, Maine |pages=11–12 |chapter=Crabbed Age and Youth |orig-year=originally written 1877 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqsNAAAAYAAJ&q=robert%20louis%20stevenson%20crabbed%20age%20and%20youth&pg=PA11}}</ref> Yet bi the age o 26 Stevenson wis aready writin that he leukit back on his early political enthusiasms "with something like regret. ... Now I know that in thus turning Conservative with years, I am going through the normal cycle of change and travelling in the common orbit of men's opinions."<ref name=":03" /> His cousin an biographer Sir Graham Balfour claimed that Stevenson "probably throughout life would, if compelled to vote, have always supported the [[Tory an Unionist Pairty|Conservative]] candidate".<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EE29rkc7DM0C&pg=PA30 |title=Robert Louis Stevenson: Interviews and Recollections |publisher=U of Iowa P |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-87745-512-7 |editor-last=Terry |editor-first=R. C. |location=Iowa City |page=}}</ref>{{rp||pp=30}} He is kent tae hae taen pairt in ae election, a student ballot for the Lord Rectorship o the University o Edinburgh. Thare he did favour a Tory, the future [[Prime Meenister o the Unitit Kinrick|prime meenister]] Benjamin Disraeli, but the challenger wis the historian [[Thomas Carlyle]], kent for bein illiberal.<ref name=":12" />{{rp|49|pp=49}} Ae readin o ''Treasure Island'' (1883) an ''Kidnapped'' (1886) sees Stevenson, no as a conservative, but as an individualist takkin up whit is "essentially a form of [[Social Darwinism]]".<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Weltman |first=Burton |date=2020 |title=Social Darwinism in the stories of Robert Louis Stevenson. “Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde,” “The Wrong Box,” “Treasure Island,” and “Kidnapped.” |url=https://historyaschoice.com/2020/12/29/social-darwinism-in-the-stories-of-robert-louis-stevenson-dr-jekyll-and-mr-hyde-the-wrong-box-treasure-island-and-kidnapped-promoting-knee-jerk-right-wing-reactions-to-social-problems/ |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=historyaschoice |language=en}}</ref> In baith stories "an orphaned or fatherless boy of genteel stock" fechts wi a "lower-class rabble and vicious ruffians in a zero-sum, survival-of-the-strongest" battle tae win or win back walth. This celebration o "self-reliant individualism" is said tae be the "cornerstone" o a "right-wing ideology" that is taen faurer in Stevenson's twa best-likit novels for grown-ups, ''Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde'' (1886) an ''The Wrong Box'' (1889). Thir are describit as tales in which fawen individuals are fated tae defy society in follaein their ain ends, wi selfishness lurkin ahint whit seems lik acts o altruism, that aften cause greater misfortune.<ref name=":2" /> Libertarians hae claimed Stevenson,<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Stevenson |first=Bov |date=1978 |title=Robert Louis Stevenson: Champion of Liberty |url=https://fee.org/articles/robert-louis-stevenson-champion-of-liberty/ |access-date=26 April 2026 |website=Foundation for Economic Education}}</ref> citin "The Day After Tomorrow", an essay that appeared in 1887 in ''The Contemporary Review.''<ref>Stevenson, Robert Louis (1887), ''The Contemporary Review'', Vol. LI, April, pp. 472–479.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://digital.nls.uk/rlstevenson/browse/archive/90460506|title=Robert Louis Stevenson – National Library of Scotland|website=digital.nls.uk|accessdate=8 December 2022|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927013717/https://digital.nls.uk/rlstevenson/browse/archive/90460506|url-status=live}}</ref> Efter an unheard-o "burst of social legislation" in Disraeli's last term o office,<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Kingdom - Gladstone and Disraeli {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/United-Kingdom/Gladstone-and-Disraeli|access-date=2023-01-30|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> Stevenson pit it forrit that "we are all becoming Socialists without knowing it". Legislation "grows authoritative, grows philanthropical, bristles with new duties and new penalties, and casts a spawn of inspectors, who now begin, note-book in hand, to darken the face of England". The "new waggon-load of laws" pynts tae a future in which our grandbairns micht "taste the pleasures of existence in something far liker an ant-heap than any previous human polity". Whiles left oot when the essay is cited is the concession Stevenson maks tae critics o the clessic Whiggish notion o [[Laissez-faire|laissez faire]]. "Liberty",<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ambrosini |first=Richard |url= |title=Robert Louis Stevenson: Writer of Boundaries |last2=Dury |first2=Richard |date=2006-04-04 |publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press |isbn=978-0-299-21223-0 |pages=171 |language=en}}</ref> Stevenson wrote, "has served us a long while", but lik aw ither virtues "she has taken wages".<ref name=":3" /> <blockquote>[Liberty] has dutifully served Mammon; so that many things we were accustomed to admire as the benefits of freedom and common to all, were truly benefits of wealth, and took their value from our neighbour's poverty...Freedom to be desirable, involves kindness, wisdom, and all the virtues of the free; but the free man as we have seen him in action has been, as of yore, only the master of many helots; and the slaves are still ill-fed, ill-clad, ill-taught, ill-housed, insolently entreated, and driven to their mines and workshops by the lash of famine.</blockquote> Though it wis shapit bi real events (the oceanic colonialism that Stevenson witnessed), ''The Ebb-Tide'' (1894) haes been pit forrit as "paradigmatic" o "seasteading", the libertarian ideal o independence on the sea. Attwater's secret island fishery, abuin aw, "anticipates core elements of the modern seasteading movement", that in the 21st century fins some favour amang billionaire secessionists.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wexler |first=Ivey |date=2025 |title=Is Seasteading Another Word for Colonialism? |url=https://edgeeffects.net/seasteading/ |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=Edge Effects |language=en-US}}</ref> In 1883 Stevenson wrote in private aboot the chief propagandist an organiser o the Fenian dynamite campaign in Ingland, Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa: "If that is the new world ... damn, deracinate and destroy him, root and branch, self and company, world without end".<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Ó Donghaile |first=Deaglán |date=2018 |title="Parliament in Burning": Dynamite Terrorism and the English novel |journal=LJMU Research Online |pages=1-2}}</ref> This fury cam afore "The Dynamiter" (1885), ane o a collection o linked stories (''More New Arabian Nights: The Dynamiter''). Stevenson wrote the collection in open collaboration wi his wife, Fanny, at a time when a nummer o ailments kept him in his bed in a daurkent room.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fielding |first=Penny |date=2017 |title=A Dangerous Collaboration |url=https://dangerouswomenproject.org/2017/01/06/a-dangerous-collaboration/ |access-date=2026-04-28 |website=Dangerous Women Project |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327075223/http://dangerouswomenproject.org/2017/01/06/a-dangerous-collaboration/ |archive-date=27 March 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A satirical tale, it brocht the Fenian fecht against Breetish rule in Ireland doon tae a "'private and barbarous war' rinsed of any ideological motivation".<ref name=":4" /> In Januar 1888, aged 37, in repone tae American press coverage o the Laund War in Ireland, Stevenson sent ''Scribner's'' ''Magazine'' an essay in which he argued the case for "staying internal violence by rigid law". For aw its title, "Confessions of a Unionist", Stevenson defends naither the union wi Breetain (she haed "majestically demonstrated her incapacity to rule Ireland") nor "landlordism" (haurdly mair defensible in Ireland than, as he haed seen it, in the gowdfields o Californie).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hayes-McCoy |first=G. A. |date=1950 |title=Robert Louis Stevenson and the Irish Question |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30099839 |journal=Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review |volume=39 |issue=154 |pages=130–140 |issn=0039-3495}}</ref> Raither, he objects tae the readiness tae pass "lightly" ower crimes ("unmanly murders and the harshest extremes of boycotting") whaur thir are deemed "political". This, he argues, is tae "defeat law" (that is aye a "compromise") an tae invite "anarchy": it is "the sentimentalist preparing the pathway for the brute".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stevenson |first=Robert Louis |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044086813177&view=1up&seq=10 |title=Confessions of a Unionist |date=1921 |publisher=Privately Printed by G.G. Winchip |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |access-date=27 October 2020 |archive-date=15 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815023342/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044086813177&view=1up&seq=10 |url-status=live }}</ref> Stevenson withdrew the essay afore it wis published, an it didnae appear in his lifetime.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Teal |first=Karen Kurt |date=2007 |title=Robert Louis Stevenson and the Colonial Imagination (review) |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/214199 |journal=Victorian Periodicals Review |language=en |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=80–83 |doi=10.1353/vpr.2007.0024 |issn=1712-526X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> It wis anerly in his last years, when he witnessed colonial encroachment in the Sooth Seas, that he stairtit tae mak direct political representations.<ref name="Calder" /> In thir, an in his remainin fiction, the biographer Julia Reid fins that Stevenson resists confident assumptions aboot evolutionary social progress, sae that he uises Darwinian ideas, no tae justify European colonial expansion, but tae criticise its destructive effect.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Reid |first=Julia |title=Robert Louis Stevenson, Science, and the Fin de Siècle |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-230-23032-3 |location=Basingstoke |pages=147, 176}}</ref> ==Last years in the Pacific== ===Pacific vaiges=== [[File:Robert Louis Stevenson playing his flageolet, published 1902.jpg|thumb|Stevenson playin a flageolet in Hawaii, c. 1889]] [[File:Robert Louis Stevenson and King Kalakaua and his Singing Boys.jpg|thumb|Stevenson an King Kalākaua o Hawaii, c. 1889]] In Juin 1888 Stevenson hired the yacht ''Casco'' frae Samuel Merritt, an the faimily set sail frae San Francisco. The ship "plowed her path of snow across the empty deep, far from all track of commerce, far from any hand of help."<ref>Quoted from Stevenson's diary in Overton, Jacqueline M. ''[http://www.gutenberg.org/files/15547/15547-h/15547-h.htm The Life of Robert Louis Stevenson for Boys and Girls] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012041600/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/15547/15547-h/15547-h.htm |date=12 October 2008 }}''. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1933</ref> The sea air an the thrill o adventure brocht back his heal for a time, an for near three year he wandered the eastren an central Pacific. He bade for lang spells in the Hawaiian Islands, whaur he becam guid freends wi King Kalākaua, an he befreendit the king's niece Princess Victoria Kaiulani, that haed Scots heritage an aw. Alang the wey he bade a while in the Gilbert Islands, Tahiti, New Zealand an the Samoan Islands. In this time he feenisht ''The Master of Ballantrae'', wrote twa ballads based on the legends o the islanders, an wrote ''The Bottle Imp''. He keepit the experience o thir years in his letters, an in his ''In the South Seas'' (published efter his daith).<ref>''In the South Seas'' (1896) & (1900) Chatto & Windus; republished by The Hogarth Press (1987). A collection of Stevenson's articles and essays on his travels in the Pacific</ref> In 1889 he gaed on a vaige wi Lloyd on the tradin schooner ''Equator'', veesitin Butaritari, Mariki, Apaiang an Abemama in the [[Kiribati|Gilbert Islands]].<ref name="South Seas 1896">''In the South Seas'' (1896)& (1900) Chatto & Windus; republished by The Hogarth Press (1987)</ref> They spent several month on Abemama wi the tyrant chief Tem Binoka, that Stevenson describit in ''In the South Seas''.<ref name="South Seas 1896" /> In 1889 Stevenson veesitit the leper colony on Molokaʻi, Hawaii, whaur leper lassies were cared for bi the Sisters o Saunt Francis, led bi Mother Marianne Cope. He brocht a croquet set an learnt the lassies tae play. He spent a week thare, an efter he left he haed a piano shippit tae them frae Honolulu.<ref> ''Pilgrimage and Exile: Mother Marianne of Moloka‘i'' by Sister Mary Laurence Hanley, Order of Saint Francis, and O. A. Bushnell (Honolulu: Mutual Publishing, 2009)</ref> In Aprile 1890 Stevenson left [[Sydney]], Australie, on the ''Janet Nicoll'' for his third an last vaige amang the Sooth Sea islands.<ref name="fanny1914">[https://archive.org/details/cruiseofjanetnic00stevuoft ''The Cruise of the Janet Nichol Among the South Sea Islands''], Mrs Robert Louis Stevenson, [[Charles Scribner's Sons]], New York, 1914</ref> He meant tae write anither traivel buik tae follae ''In the South Seas'', but in the end it wis his wife that published her journal o their third vaige. (Fanny gets the ship's nem wrang in her account, ''The Cruise of the Janet Nichol''.)<ref>''The Cruise of the Janet Nichol among the South Sea Islands'' A Diary by Mrs Robert Louis Stevenson (first published 1914), republished 2004, editor, Roslyn Jolly (U. of Washington Press/U. of New South Wales Press)</ref> Ane o his fellae passengers wis Jack Buckland, whase stories o life as an island trader inspired the character o Tommy Hadden in ''The Wrecker'' (1892), that Stevenson an Lloyd Osbourne wrote thegither.<ref name="Jack Buckland 2001 p. 418">Selected Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson, ed. by Ernest Mehew (New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 2001) p. 418, n. 3</ref><ref>Robert Louis Stevenson, The Wrecker, in Tales of the South Seas: Island Landfalls; The Ebb-Tide; The Wrecker (Edinburgh: Canongate Classics, 1996), ed. and introduced by Jenni Calder</ref> In 1894 Buckland cam tae see the Stevensons at Vailima.<ref>'Memories of Vailima' by Isobel Strong & Lloyd Osbourne, Archibald Constable & Co: Westminster (1903)</ref> {{clear}} ===Politics in Samoa=== [[File:Stevenson vailima.jpg|thumb|The writer wi his wife an their hoosehauld at Vailima, Samoa, c. 1892]] In December 1889 the 39-year-auld Stevenson an his extendit faimily arrived at the port o Apia in the Samoan islands, an thare he an Fanny decidit tae settle. In Januar 1890 they bocht {{cvt|314+1/4|acre}} at Vailima, a few mile inland frae Apia, the capital, an on it they biggit the islands' first twa-storey hoose. Fanny's sister, Nellie Van de Grift Sanchez, wrote that "it was in Samoa that the word 'home' first began to have a real meaning for these gypsy wanderers".<ref name="Farrell 2019">{{Cite news |last=Farrell |first=Joseph |date=8 September 2019 |title=The story of Samoa's love for Robert Louis Stevenson |work=The National |url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/17887450.story-samoas-love-robert-louis-stevenson/ |access-date=24 October 2020 |archive-date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027063302/https://www.thenational.scot/news/17887450.story-samoas-love-robert-louis-stevenson/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In Mey 1891 Stevenson's mither, Margaret, cam tae jine them. While his wife set aboot managin an wirkin the estate, the 40-year-auld Stevenson took the native nem Tusitala (Samoan for "Teller of Tales"), an stairtit gaitherin local stories. Aften he wad swap thir for his ain tales. The first wark o literature in Samoan wis his owersettin o ''The Bottle Imp'' (1891),<ref name="Farrell 2019" /> that sets a moral fable in a community spreid ower the hale Pacific. Steepin himsel in the islands' culture brocht on a "political awakening": it pit Stevenson "at an angle" tae the rival [[Great pouer|great pouers]], Breetain, [[German Empire|Germany]] an the Unitit States, whase warships were a common sicht in Samoan herbours.<ref name="Jamie">{{Cite news |last=Jamie |first=Kathleen |date=20 August 2017 |title=Scot of the South Seas: Robert Louis Stevenson in Samoa |work=New Statesman |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/books/2017/08/scot-south-seas-robert-louis-stevenson-samoa |access-date=24 October 2020 |archive-date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027052324/https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/books/2017/08/scot-south-seas-robert-louis-stevenson-samoa |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Farrell" /> He unnerstuid that, as in the [[Scots Hielands]] (comparisons wi his hame kintra "came readily"), an indigenous clan society wisnae ready for the arrival o forreiners that played on its existin rivalries an divisions. As the ootside pressures on Samoan society grew, the tensions suin gaed doon intae several wars atween clans.<ref name="Calder">Jenni Calder, Introduction, {{Cite book |last=Stevenson |first=Robert Louis |title=Island Landfalls |date=1987 |publisher=Cannongate |isbn=0-86241-144-0 |location=Edinburgh}}</ref> Nae langer content tae be a "romancer", Stevenson becam a reporter an an agitator, firin aff letters tae ''The Times'' that "rehearsed with an ironic twist that surely owed something to his Edinburgh legal training" a tale o European an American misconduct.<ref name="Calder" /> His concern for the Polynesians is fund an aw in the ''South Sea Letters'', published in magazines in 1891 (an syne as a buik, ''In the South Seas'', in 1896). In an effort he feared micht get him deportit, Stevenson helped tae get twa European officials cried back. ''A Footnote to History: Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa'' (1892) wis a detailed chronicle o hou the rivalries o the great pouers crossed wi the first Samoan Civil War.[[File:Robert Louis Stevenson birthday fete, Samoa 1896.jpg|thumb|left|Stevenson's birthday fete at Vailima, November 1894]] For aw he said he couldnae thole politics ("I used to think meanly of the plumber", he wrote tae his freend Sidney Colvin, "but how he shines beside the politician!"<ref>Letter to Sidney Colvin, 17 April 1893, ''Vailima Letters'', [[S:Vailima Letters/Chapter XXVIII|Chapter XXVIII]]</ref>) Stevenson felt he haed tae tak sides. He sided openly wi the chief Mataafa, whase rival Malietoa wis backit bi the Germans, whase firms were stairtin tae monopolise the processin o copra an cocoa beans.<ref name="Farrell" /> Abuin aw, Stevenson wis alairmed bi whit he saw as the Samoans' economic innocence: their failin tae mak siccar their claim tae awn the laund (in a [[John Locke|Lockean]] sense)<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Graeber |first1=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X8gZEAAAQBAJ |title=The Dawn of Everything: A New History of Humanity |last2=Wengrow |first2=David |date=19 October 2021 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-0-241-40245-0 |pages=149 |language=en}}</ref> throu better management an labour. In 1894, jist months afore his daith, he spak tae the island chiefs:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lang |first=Andrew |url=https://www.readcentral.com/mobile/chapters/Andrew-Lang/The-Works-of-Robert-Louis-Stevenson-Vol-25/011 |title=The Works of Robert Louis Stevenson Vol 25, Appendix II |date=1911 |publisher=Chatto and Windus |location=London |access-date=23 October 2020 |archive-date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027055506/https://www.readcentral.com/mobile/chapters/Andrew-Lang/The-Works-of-Robert-Louis-Stevenson-Vol-25/011 |url-status=live }}</ref><blockquote>There is but one way to defend Samoa. Hear it before it is too late. It is to make roads, and gardens, and care for your trees, and sell their produce wisely, and, in one word, to occupy and use your country... if you do not occupy and use your country, others will. It will not continue to be yours or your children's, if you occupy it for nothing. You and your children will, in that case, be cast out into outer darkness".</blockquote> He haed "seen these judgments of God", no anerly in Hawaii, whaur desertit native kirks stuid lik heidstanes "over a grave, in the midst of the white men's sugar fields", but in Ireland an aw, an "in the mountains of my own country Scotland".<blockquote>These were a fine people in the past brave, gay, faithful, and very much like Samoans, except in one particular, that they were much wiser and better at that business of fighting of which you think so much. But the time came to them as it now comes to you, and it did not find them ready...</blockquote> Five year efter Stevenson's daith, the Samoan Islands were pairtit atween Germany an the Unitit States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=German Colonies in the Pacific |url=https://www.nla.gov.au/selected-library-collections/german-colonies-in-the-pacific |access-date=29 January 2021 |website=National Library of Australia |archive-date=3 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203191950/https://www.nla.gov.au/selected-library-collections/german-colonies-in-the-pacific |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Last warks== [[File:Stevenson Barnett.jpg|thumb|upright|Portrait bi Henry Walter Barnett, 1893]] Stevenson wrote aboot 700,000 wirds in his years on Samoa. He feenisht ''The Beach of Falesá'', the tale, telt in the first person, o a Scots copra trader on a Sooth Sea island, a man that is nae hero, naither in his actions nor in his ain saul. Raither, he is a man o limitit unnerstaundin an imagination, at hame wi his ain prejudices: whaur, he wonders, can he fin "whites" for his "half caste" dochters? The villains are white, an their wey wi the islanders is ruthlessly twa-faced.{{Citation needed|date=Mairch 2026}} Stevenson saw "The Beach of Falesá" as the grund-breakin wark in his turn awa frae romance tae realism. He wrote tae his freend Sidney Colvin: <blockquote>It is the first realistic South Seas story; I mean with real South Sea character and details of life. Everybody else that has tried, that I have seen, got carried away by the romance, and ended in a kind of sugar candy sham epic, and the whole effect was lost... Now I have got the smell and look of the thing a good deal. You will know more about the South Seas after you have read my little tale than if you had read a library.<ref name="owc">Roslyn Jolly (editor). ''Robert Louis Stevenson: South Sea Tales''. The World's Classics. Oxford University Press. 1996. See "Introduction".</ref></blockquote> ''The Ebb-Tide'' (1894), the misadventures o three ne'er-dae-weels left stranded in the Tahitian port o Papeete, haes been describit as giein "a microcosm of imperialist society, directed by greedy but incompetent whites, the labour supplied by long-suffering natives who fulfil their duties without orders and are true to the missionary faith which the Europeans make no pretence of respecting".<ref name="sst">Roslyn Jolly, "Introduction" in ''Robert Louis Stevenson: South Sea Tales'' (1996)</ref> It confirmed the new realistic turn in Stevenson's writin, awa frae romance an adolescent adventure. The first sentence reads: "Throughout the island world of the Pacific, scattered men of many European races and from almost every grade of society carry activity and disseminate disease". Stevenson wis nae langer writin aboot human naitur "in terms of a contest between Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde": "the edges of moral responsibility and the margins of moral judgement were too blurred".<ref name="Calder" /> As wi ''The Beach of Falesà'', reviewers at the time saw parallels in ''The Ebb Tide'' wi several o Conrad's warks: ''Almayer's Folly'', ''An Outcast of the Islands'', ''The Nigger of the 'Narcissus<nowiki>'</nowiki>'', ''Heart of Darkness'' an ''Lord Jim''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tabachnick |first=Stephen |date=January 2011 |title=Robert Louis Stevenson and Joseph Conrad: Writers of Transition (review) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236819296 |journal=English Literature in Transition 1880–1920 |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=247–250 |access-date=24 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="Sandison">{{Cite book |last=Sandison |first=Alan |title=Robert Louis Stevenson and the Appearance of Modernism |date=1996 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-349-39295-7 |location=London |pages=317–368}}</ref><ref name="Farrell">{{Cite book |last=Farrell |first=Joseph |title=Robert Louis Stevenson in Samoa |date=2017 |publisher=Maclehose Press |isbn=978-0-85705-995-6 |location=London}}</ref> Wi his imagination still bidin in Scotland, an gaun back tae his earlier form, Stevenson wrote ''Catriona'' (1893) an aw, a sequel tae his earlier novel ''Kidnapped'' (1886), cairyin on the adventures o its hero, David Balfour.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Robert Louis Stevenson – Bibliography: Detailed list of works |url=https://www.robert-louis-stevenson.org/works |website=robert-louis-stevenson.org |access-date=20 April 2008 |archive-date=4 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204193447/http://robert-louis-stevenson.org/works |url-status=live }}</ref> As a writer he felt that "there was never any man had so many irons in the fire",<ref>Letter to [[Sidney Colvin]], 3 January 1892, ''Vailima Letters'', [[S:Vailima Letters/Chapter XIV|Chapter XIV]].</ref> but bi the end o 1893 he wis feart he haed "overworked" an wurn oot his creative vein.<ref>Letter to Sidney Colvin, December 1893, ''Vailima Letters'', [[S:Vailima Letters/Chapter XXXV|Chapter XXXV]]</ref> His writin wis pairtly driven bi the need tae meet the costs o Vailima. But in a last burst o energy he stairtit wark on ''Weir of Hermiston''. "It's so good that it frightens me," he is said tae hae cried oot.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stevenson |first=Robert Louis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y_yVz2M7C38C&pg=PR16 |title=An Inland Voyage, Including Travels with a Donkey |publisher=Cosimo, Inc. |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-59605-823-1 |editor-last=Robert Allen Armstrong |page=xvi}}</ref> He felt it wis the best wark he haed duin.<ref>"To H. B. Baildon, Vailima, Upolu [undated, but written in 1891].," ''The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson'', Volume 2, [[S:The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson Volume 2/Chapter XI|Chapter XI]]</ref> Set in aichteent-century Scotland, it is the story o a society that, however different, is seein, lik Samoa, a brakdoon o social rules an structures that leads tae growin moral ambivalence.<ref name="Calder" /> ==Daith== On 3 December 1894, while he wis restin at his hame in Vailima, Stevenson wis talkin tae his wife an strauchlin tae open a bottle o wine when aw at ance he cried oot, "What's that?", then speired at his wife, "Does my face look strange?", an collapsed.<ref name=":0">Balfour, Graham (1906). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=GrA5nEhnLh0C The Life of Robert Louis Stevenson]'' London: Methuen. </ref> (Some soorces hae said that he wis tryin tae mak mayonnaise insteid when he collapsed.)<ref name="Farrell 2017 p. 199">{{cite book | last=Farrell | first=J. | title=Robert Louis Stevenson in Samoa | publisher=Quercus Publishing | year=2017 | isbn=978-1-84866-882-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KI9EDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT199 | access-date=10 March 2023 | page=199 | archive-date=10 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310054215/https://books.google.com/books?id=KI9EDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT199 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Theroux 2017 p. 507">{{cite book | last=Theroux | first=A. | title=Einstein's Beets | publisher=Fantagraphics Books | series=Mersion: Emergent Village Resources for Communities of Faith Series | year=2017 | isbn=978-1-60699-976-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-XpSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA507 | language=de | access-date=10 March 2023 | page=507 | archive-date=10 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310054215/https://books.google.com/books?id=-XpSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA507 | url-status=live }}</ref> He died within a few oors, aged 44, mibbie frae a brain haemorrhage.<ref>{{cite web |title=Letter tells of final hours of Robert Louis Stevenson |url=https://media.nls.uk/news/letter-tells-of-final-hours-of-robert-louis-stevenson |website=National Library of Scotland Newsroom |access-date=16 December 2024 |date=2 December 2016}}</ref> Research published in 2000 suggests that Stevenson micht hae haed hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (Osler-Rendu-Weber Syndrome). This wad explain his lang-staundin trouble wi his breathin, the haemorrhages o the lungs that kept comin back, an his early daith. It micht explain an aw a stroke his mither seems tae hae haed at 38, that wisnae reportit afore.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Guttmacher |first1=Alan E. |last2=Callahan |first2=J.R. |title=Did Robert Louis Stevenson have hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia? |journal=American Journal of Medical Genetics |date=6 March 2000 |volume=91 |issue=1 |pages=62–65 |doi=10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(20000306)91:1<62::aid-ajmg11>3.0.co;2-3|pmid=10751091 }}</ref> Efter his daith the Samoans wad hae a watch kept roond his body throu the nicht, an they cairied him on their shooders tae Mount Vaea nearhaund. Thare they buried him on a spot owerleukin the sea, on laund gien bi the Breetish Actin Vice Consul Thomas Trood.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stevenson's tomb |url=http://www.nls.uk/rlstevenson/pics/picture-i3.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208193430/http://www.nls.uk/rlstevenson/pics/picture-i3.html |archive-date=8 December 2008 |access-date=20 October 2008 |publisher=National Library of Scotland }}</ref> This epitaph, based on Stevenson's poem "Requiem",<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stevenson |first=Robert Louis |url=https://archive.org/details/underwoods00stevrich/page/43/mode/1up |title=Underwoods |year=1887 |location=London |publisher=Chatto and Windus |page=43}}</ref> is cut on his tomb:<ref>{{cite web|title=Wide and Starry Sky|last=Mattix|first=Micah|website=Washington Examiner|date=4 November 2018|url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/weekly-standard/wide-and-starry-sky|access-date=21 November 2022|archivedate=7 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107231947/https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/weekly-standard/wide-and-starry-sky|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Grave of Robert Louis Stevenson 1909.jpg|thumb|His tomb on Mount Vaea, c. 1909]] <blockquote><poem>Under the wide and starry sky Dig the grave and let me lie Glad did I live and gladly die And I laid me down with a will This be the verse you grave for me Here he lies where he longed to be Home is the sailor home from the sea And the hunter home from the hill</poem></blockquote> Stevenson wis luved bi the Samoans, an the epitaph on his heidstane wis owerset intae a Samoan sang o grief.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jolly |first=Roslyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=72BxumU5mlsC&pg=PA160 |title=Robert Louis Stevenson in the Pacific: Travel, Empire, and the Author's Profession |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-7546-6195-5 |page=160}}</ref> The requiem is on the east side o the grave. On the wast side is cut the passage frae the Bible, Ruth 1:16–17: <blockquote><poem>Whither thou goest, I will go; and where thou lodgest, I will lodge: And thy people shall be my people, and thy God shall be my God: Where thou diest will I die, and there will I be buried.<ref>Harry J. Moors, ''With Stevenson in Samoa'', Boston: Small, Maynard, 1910, [https://archive.org/details/withstevensonins00mooruoft/page/214/mode/2up?q=cooper p. 214].</ref></poem></blockquote> The ensign flag that wis drapit ower his coffin in Samoa wis brocht back tae Edinburgh, an nou hings in a gless case abuin the fireplace in rooms in Edinburgh University's Old College that belang tae The Speculative Society, that he wis a member o.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://canmore.org.uk/site/254527/edinburgh-south-bridge-university-of-edinburgh-old-college-rooms-of-the-speculative-society |title=Edinburgh, South Bridge, University of Edinburgh, Old College, Rooms of the Speculative Society |date= |website=Canmore |publisher=Historic Environment Scotland |access-date=9 July 2024}}</ref> ==Airtistic reception== [[File:Picture of Stevenson by Barrie.jpg|thumb|upright|Portrait bi Henry Walter Barnett in 1893, sent bi Stevenson tae [[J. M. Barrie]]|left]] Hauf o Stevenson's original manuscripts are lost, amang them thae o ''Treasure Island'', ''The Black Arrow'' an ''The Master of Ballantrae''. His heirs selt his papers throu the [[Warld War I|First Warld War]], an monie o his documents were roupit in 1918.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 July 2010 |title=Bid to trace lost Robert Louis Stevenson manuscripts |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10569471 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=25 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925134702/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10569471 |url-status=live }}</ref> Stevenson wis a celebrity in his ain time, an monie ither writers admired him, amang them Marcel Proust, [[Arthur Conan Doyle]], Henry James, [[J. M. Barrie]],<ref name="Chaney">{{Cite book |last=Chaney |first=Lisa |title=Hide-and-seek with Angels: The Life of J. M. Barrie |publisher=Arrow Books |year=2006 |isbn=0-09-945323-1 |location=London}}</ref> [[Rudyard Kipling]] an Emilio Salgari, an later Cesare Pavese, Bertolt Brecht, [[Ernest Hemingway]], Jack London, Vladimir Nabokov<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dillard |first=R. H. W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3f2ne_bk-xoC&pg=PR13 |title=Introduction to Treasure Island |publisher=Signet Classics |year=1998 |isbn=0-451-52704-6 |location=New York |page=xiii |author-link=R. H. W. Dillard |no-pp=true}}</ref> an G. K. Chesterton, that said Stevenson "seemed to pick the right word up on the point of his pen, like a man playing spillikins".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chesterton |first=Gilbert Keith |url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Victorian_Age_in_Literature/Chapter_IV |title=The Victorian Age in Literature |publisher=Henry Holt and Co. |year=1913 |location=London |page=246 |author-link=G. K. Chesterton |access-date=28 July 2008 |archive-date=29 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080629105004/http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Victorian_Age_in_Literature/Chapter_IV |url-status=live }}</ref> For muckle o the 20t century Stevenson wis seen as a seicont-cless writer. He wis pit doon tae bairns' literature an horror,<ref name="arata" /> condemned bi literary figures sic as Virginia Woolf (dochter o his early mentor Leslie Stephen) an her husband Leonard Woolf, an bit bi bit he wis left oot o the canon o literature taucht in schuils.<ref name="arata" /> His exclusion wis at its warst in the 2,000-page ''Oxford Anthology of English Literature'' o 1973, that didnae mention him at aw, an ''The Norton Anthology of English Literature'' left him oot frae 1968 tae 2000 (1st–7t editions), anerly pittin him in the aicht edition (2006).<ref name=arata/> The late 20t century brocht a fresh leuk at Stevenson as an airtist o great range an insicht, a literary theorist, an essayist an social critic, a witness tae the colonial history o the Pacific Islands, an a humanist.<ref name=arata/> Roger Lancelyn Green, ane o the Oxford Inklings, praised him as a writer o a consistently heich level o "literary skill or sheer imaginative power", an a pioneer o the Age o the Story Tellers alangside H. Rider Haggard.<ref>introduction to 1965 [[Everyman's Library]] edition of the one-volume ''[[The Prisoner of Zenda]]'' and ''[[Rupert of Hentzau]]''</ref> He is nou thocht o as a peer o writers sic as Joseph Conrad (that Stevenson influenced wi his Sooth Seas fiction) an Henry James, wi new scholarly studies an organisations devotit tae him.<ref name="arata">Stephen Arata (2006). "Robert Louis Stevenson". David Scott Kastan (ed.). ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature''. Vol. 5: 99–102</ref> Throu aw the ups an doons o his scholarly reception, Stevenson haes bidden popular aw ower the warld. Accordin tae the Index Translationum, Stevenson is rankit the 26t maist owerset writer in the warld, aheid o [[Oscar Wilde]] an [[Edgar Allan Poe]].<ref name="indextrans">{{Cite web |title=Top 50 Authors |url=http://www.unesco.org/xtrans/bsstatexp.aspx?crit1L=5&nTyp=min&topN=50 |access-date=17 January 2019 |website=Index Translationum |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |archive-date=12 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140612072938/http://www.unesco.org/xtrans/bsstatexp.aspx?crit1L=5&nTyp=min&topN=50 |url-status=live }}</ref> On Stevenson's modren nem, the American film critic [[Roger Ebert]] wrote in 1996: <blockquote>I was talking to a friend the other day who said he'd never met a child who liked reading Robert Louis Stevenson's ''Treasure Island''. Neither have I, I said. And he'd never met a child who liked reading Stevenson's ''Kidnapped''. Me neither, I said. My early exposure to both books was via the Classics Illustrated comic books. But I did read the books later, when I was no longer a kid, and I enjoyed them enormously. Same goes for Stevenson's ''Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde''. The fact is, Stevenson is a splendid writer of stories for adults, and he should be put on the same shelf with Joseph Conrad and Jack London instead of in between Winnie the Pooh and Peter Pan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1996-02-16 |title=Muppet Treasure Island |work=[[Chicago Sun Times]] |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/muppet-treasure-island-1996 |access-date=2019-05-07 |archive-date=25 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125073540/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/muppet-treasure-island-1996 |url-status=live }}</ref></blockquote> ==Stevenson an Scots== Stevenson wrote in Scots as weel as English. The seicont buik o ''Underwoods'' (1887) is "In Scots": saxteen poems, amang them "The Maker to Posterity", "A Mile an' a Bittock" an "A Lowden Sabbath Morn".<ref name="underwoods">{{cite book |last=Stevenson |first=Robert Louis |title=Underwoods |year=1887 |publisher=Chatto & Windus |location=London |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/438 |via=Project Gutenberg |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> The Scots Language Centre cries this "a radical decision for his time".<ref>{{cite web |title=New RLS Website Now Live |url=https://www.scotslanguage.com/articles/view/id/1618 |website=Scots Language Centre |date=23 November 2009 |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> Afore the Scots poems Stevenson pit a note on hou he wrote the leid. He said he "simply wrote my Scots as well as I was able, not caring if it hailed from Lauderdale or Angus, from the Mearns or Galloway", but the speech in his lug wis that o the Lothians: "it is there I heard the language spoken about my childhood".<ref name="underwoods" /> He wis fond o "the tongue of Fergusson and of Sir Walter", baith Edinburgh men, but Burns, he said, "has always sounded in my ear like something partly foreign".<ref name="underwoods" /> He thocht Scots wis deein oot, an wrote that he wantit "to have my hour as a native Maker, and be read by my own countryfolk in our own dying language".<ref name="underwoods" /> His short story "Thrawn Janet", gaithered intae ''The Merry Men and Other Tales and Fables'' (1887), is telt maistly in Scots.<ref>{{cite book |last=Stevenson |first=Robert Louis |title=The Merry Men, and Other Tales and Fables |year=1887 |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/344 |via=Project Gutenberg |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> Henry James cried it "a masterpiece in thirteen pages", a tale o the supernatural "related in the Scotch dialect".<ref>{{cite book |last=James |first=Henry |chapter=Robert Louis Stevenson |title=Partial Portraits |year=1888 |publisher=Macmillan |location=London |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/58471 |via=Project Gutenberg |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> Scots is in his novels an aw. ''Kidnapped'' (1886) is telt in English, but its dialogue is in "a Scots partly remembered from Stevenson's Edinburgh youth, including the language used by his family servants".<ref>{{cite web |last=Axford |first=Martin |title=Robert Louis Stevenson's Kidnapped: Teaching Notes |publisher=Association for Scottish Literary Studies |year=2007 |page=2 |url=https://asls.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/teachingnotes206.pdf |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> In ''Weir of Hermiston'', no feenisht at his daith, the characters gang back an forrit atween the twa leids: Archie, speakin wi Kirstie, is shawn "lapsing into the broad Scots".<ref>{{cite book |last=Stevenson |first=Robert Louis |title=Weir of Hermiston: An Unfinished Romance |year=1896 |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/380 |via=Project Gutenberg |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> Syne his time some o his wark haes been owerset intae Scots. ''The Unco Case o' Dr Jekyll an' Mr Hyde'' (2008) is a graphic novel in Scots based on his novel, owerset bi James P. Spence,<ref>{{cite web |title=Unco Case o' Dr Jekyll an' Mr Hyde |url=https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9781902407593 |website=Open Library |publisher=Waverley Books |date=19 February 2008 |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jekyll and Hyde in Scots |url=https://www.scotslanguage.com/articles/view/id/1055 |website=Scots Language Centre |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> an Sheena Blackhall owerset the novel intae North-East Scots as ''Fey Case o Dr Jekyll an Mr Hyde'' (2018).<ref>{{cite web |title=Fey Case o Dr Jekyll an Mr Hyde |url=https://www.evertype.com/books/jekyll-sco.html |publisher=Evertype |year=2018 |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> ==Monuments an commemoration== ===Unitit Kinrick=== [[File:Robert Louis Stevenson sculpture in St. Giles' cathedral.jpg|thumb|Bronze relief memorial tae Stevenson in [[St Giles' Cathedral|St. Giles' Cathedral]], Edinburgh|left]] [[File:Robert Louis Stevenson head.JPG|thumb|Profile bust o Stevenson, [[Writers' Museum]], Edinburgh]]The [[Writers' Museum]] near Edinburgh's [[Ryal Mile|Royal Mile]] gies a room ower tae Stevenson, wi some o his personal belangins frae his bairnhood tae his grown-up years. In the Moray Aisle o [[St Giles' Cathedral]] in Edinburgh thare is a bronze relief memorial tae Stevenson, designed in 1904 bi the American sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Robert Louis Stevenson Memorial |url=http://www.stgilescathedral.org.uk/history/architecture/rlsmemorial.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828033429/http://www.stgilescathedral.org.uk/history/architecture/rlsmemorial.html |archive-date=28 August 2008 |access-date=20 October 2008 |publisher=St Giles' Cathedral }}</ref> A smaller version o this relief bi Saint-Gaudens is in the collection o the Montclair Art Museum in New Jersey.<ref>[50.199.148.5:8081/view/objects/asitem/45/97/primaryMaker-asc?t:state:flow=92095637-f394-4ee3-9846-f82e8985400e Saint-Gaudens, Augustus (American, 1848–1907): Robert Louis Stevenson, 1887–88 (cast after 1895)], accessed 26 February 2015</ref> Anither smaa version, that shows Stevenson wi a cigarette in his haund raither than the pen he hauds in the St Giles memorial, is on show in the Nichols House Museum in Beacon Hill, Boston.<ref>Petronella, Mary Melvin, ed., ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Qg_uLLXLY5kC&pg=PA107 Victorian Boston Today: Twelve Walking Tours]'' (Lebanon, N.H.: University Press of New England, 2004), p. 107.</ref> In the West Princes Street Gardens ablo [[Edinburgh Castle]], a plain upricht stane, makkit bi the sculptor Ian Hamilton Finlay in 1987, is cut wi the wirds "RLS – A Man of Letters 1850–1894".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Robert Louis Stevenson Memorial Grove |url=http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/directory_record/139197/robert_louis_stevenson_memorial_grove |access-date=27 October 2013 |publisher=City of Edinburgh Council |archive-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029190654/http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/directory_record/139197/robert_louis_stevenson_memorial_grove |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2013 a statue o Stevenson as a bairn wi his dug wis unveiled bi the writer [[Ian Rankin]] ootside Colinton Pairish Kirk.<ref name="BBCRLS">(27 October 2013) [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-24685842 Robert Louis Stevenson statue unveiled by Ian Rankin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028192850/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-24685842 |date=28 October 2018 }} BBC News Scotland, Retrieved 27 October 2013</ref> The sculptor wis Alan Herriot, an the siller tae pit it up wis raised bi the Colinton Community Conservation Trust.<ref name = BBCRLS/> Stevenson's hoose Skerryvore, at the heid o Alum Chine, wis badly damaged bi bombs in a destructive an deidly raid in the Bournemouth Blitz. For aw a campaign tae save it, the biggin wis dung doon.<ref name="O'Connor2014">{{Cite book |author=Sean O'Connor |title=Handsome Brute: The True Story of a Ladykiller |date=27 February 2014 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4711-0135-9}}</ref> In 1957 the Bournemouth Corporation laid oot a gairden as a memorial tae Stevenson, on the site o his Westbourne hoose, "Skerryvore", that he bade in frae 1885 tae 1887. Thare is a statue o the Skerryvore lighthoose on the site. Westbourne haes a Robert Louis Stevenson Avenue, named efter him.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bach |first=Eric |title=Robert Louis Stevenson – he gave us the phrase "Jekyll and Hyde" |url=https://britishheritage.org/robert-louis-stevenson |access-date=13 April 2024 |website=British Heritage |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Robert Louis Stevenson statue.JPG|thumb|Statue o Stevenson as a bairn, ootside Colinton Pairish Kirk in Edinburgh|left]] The smaa hotel in Wick whaur Stevenson bade in the simmer o 1868 is nou cried Stevenson House, an is merkit wi a plaque. The hoose is near the herbour, in the pairt o Wick kent as Pultneytown.<ref name="auto"/> In 1994, tae merk the 100t anniversary o Stevenson's daith, the Royal Bank of Scotland issued a series o commemorative [[Fowk on Clydesdale Bank notes|£1 notes]], wi a quill pen an Stevenson's signature on the front, an Stevenson's face on the back. Alangside Stevenson's portrait are scenes frae some o his buiks, an his hoose in Wastren Samoa.<ref name="commemorative">{{Cite web |title=Royal Bank Commemorative Notes |url=http://www.rampantscotland.com/SCM/royalcomm.htm |access-date=14 October 2008 |publisher=Rampant Scotland |archive-date=25 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525031728/http://www.rampantscotland.com/SCM/royalcomm.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Twa million notes were issued, ilk ane wi a serial nummer stairtin "RLS". The first note aff the press wis sent tae Samoa jist in time for their centenary celebrations on 3 December 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Banknotes: Commemorative Banknote |url=http://www.rbs.com/about03.asp?id=ABOUT_US/OUR_HERITAGE/OUR_HISTORY/OUR_BANKNOTES/COMMEMORATIVE_BANKNOTES |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015003123/http://www.rbs.com/about03.asp?id=ABOUT_US%2FOUR_HERITAGE%2FOUR_HISTORY%2FOUR_BANKNOTES%2FCOMMEMORATIVE_BANKNOTES |archive-date=15 October 2007 |access-date=20 October 2008 |publisher=The Royal Bank of Scotland }}</ref> In 2024 it wis annoonced that a sculpture on the theme o Jekyll an Hyde wad be pit up near whaur Skerryvore ance stuid.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2024 |title=Jekyll and Hyde-themed sculpture to honour Robert Louis Stevenson |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cn019r6y4ego |access-date=14 November 2024 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> ===Unitit States=== The Stevenson House at 530 Houston Street in Monterey, Californie, ance the French Hotel, minds on Stevenson's stay in 1879 in "the Old Pacific Capital", when he wis crossin the Unitit States tae jine his future wife, Fanny Osbourne. The Stevenson House museum haes a bas-relief o the sickly writer writin in his bed. Spyglass Hill Golf Course, first cried Pebble Beach Pines Golf Club, wis renamed "Spyglass Hill" bi Samuel F. B. Morse (1885–1969), the foonder o the Pebble Beach Company, efter a place in Stevenson's ''Treasure Island''. Aw the holes at Spyglass Hill are named efter characters an places in the novel. The Robert Louis Stevenson Museum in St. Helena, Californie, is hame tae ower 11,000 objects an artifacts, the maist o them Stevenson's ain. It appent in 1969, an hauds sic traisures as his bairnhood rockin chair, his writin desk, his toy sodgers an his personal writins, amang monie ither things. The museum is free tae the public, an serves as an academic archive for students, writers an fowk keen on Stevenson. The Robert Louis Stevenson Cottage is a smaa memorial museum tae Stevenson, stappit wi artifacts an information, that gies an excellent introduction tae the writer an his warks. It is at Saranac Lake, NY, a few mile frae Lake Placid.<ref>{{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |title=Robert Louis Stevenson Cottage (Baker Cottage), Saranac Lake |url=https://robert-louis-stevenson.org/107-baker-cottage-saranac-lake/ |website=RLS Website |access-date=4 July 2025}}</ref> Portsmouth Square in [[San Francisco]] haes an ootdoor Robert Louis Stevenson Memorial. In 2024 thare wis controversy ower the San Francisco statue. Jenny Leung, executive director o the Chinese Culture Center, said "There were a lot of vocal opinions about how ... Robert Louis Stevenson had nothing to do with Chinatown."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Sydney |date=25 January 2024 |orig-date=25 January 2024 |title=SF Chinatown Weighs in on Controversial Monuments in Portsmouth Square {{!}} KQED |url=https://www.kqed.org/news/11973503/sf-chinatown-weighs-in-on-controversial-monuments-in-portsmouth-square |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516215416/https://www.kqed.org/news/11973503/sf-chinatown-weighs-in-on-controversial-monuments-in-portsmouth-square |archive-date=16 May 2024 |access-date=11 August 2024 |website=www.kqed.org |language=en}}</ref> At least sax public an private schuils in the US are named efter Stevenson, amang them on the Upper West Side o Manhattan in New York Ceety,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Robert Louis Stevenson School |url=http://www.stevenson-school.org/ |access-date=8 June 2015 |website=stevenson-school.org |archive-date=23 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723000427/http://www.stevenson-school.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> in Fridley, Minnesota,<ref>"[http://www.fridley.k12.mn.us/page.cfm?p=1703 R. L. Stevenson Elementary School] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219034036/http://www.fridley.k12.mn.us/page.cfm?p=1703 |date=19 December 2014 }}". Fridley Public Schools. Retrieved 26 January 2014.</ref> in Burbank, Californie,<ref>"[https://www.burbankusd.org/rlses Robert Louis Stevenson Elementary School] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227144937/https://www.burbankusd.org/rlses |date=27 December 2022 }}", Burbank Unified School District. Retrieved 27 December 2022.</ref> in Grandview Heights, Ohio, in [[San Francisco]], Californie,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Robert Louis Stevenson Elementary |url=http://www.robertlouisstevensonschool.org/ |access-date=29 October 2016 |website=robertlouisstevensonschool.org |archive-date=28 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028211428/http://www.robertlouisstevensonschool.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> an in Merritt Island, Florida.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Stevenson Elementary School: FAQ's |language=en |work=Edline |url=http://www.edline.net/pages/RLStevenson_Elementary/About_Us/FAQ_s |access-date=26 March 2018 |archive-date=26 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326142150/http://www.edline.net/pages/RLStevenson_Elementary/About_Us/FAQ_s |url-status=live }}</ref> Thare is an R. L. Stevenson middle schuil in [[Honolulu]], Hawaii, an in Saint Helena, Californie. Stevenson School in Pebble Beach, Californie, wis set up in 1952 an is still gaun as a college preparatory boardin schuil. Robert Louis Stevenson State Park near Calistoga, Californie, taks in the place whaur he an Fanny spent their honeymuin in 1880.<ref>"[http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=472 Robert Louis Stevenson SP] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015234559/http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=472 |date=15 October 2017 }}". California Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved 18 July 2014.</ref> A street in Honolulu's Waikiki District, whaur Stevenson bade while he wis in the Hawaiian Islands, wis named efter his Samoan nem, Tusitala.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Farrell |first=Joseph |title=Robert Louis Stevenson and his meeting with a princess in Hawaii |work=The National |url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/17950082.robert-louis-stevenson-meeting-princess-hawaii/ |access-date=6 May 2020 |archive-date=3 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703005509/https://www.thenational.scot/news/17950082.robert-louis-stevenson-meeting-princess-hawaii/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Samoa=== [[File:Stephenson_Museum_Apia_banner.jpg|thumb|RLS Museum, Samoa]] Stevenson's former hame at Vailima, Samoa, is nou a museum devotit tae the later years o his life. The Robert Louis Stevenson Museum shows the hoose as it wis at the time o his daith, alang wi twa ither biggins addit tae Stevenson's original ane, makkin the museum three times the size. The peth tae Stevenson's grave at the tap o Mount Vaea stairts at the museum.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Robert Louis Stevenson Museum |url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/robert-louis-stevenson-museum |access-date=16 May 2021 |website=Atlas Obscura |language=en |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516185526/https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/robert-louis-stevenson-museum |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Fraunce=== The Chemin de Stevenson (GR 70) is a popular lang-distance fitpath in Fraunce that follaes rouchly the road Stevenson describit in ''Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes''. Thare are monie monuments an businesses named efter him alang the wey, amang them a fountain in the toun o Saint-Jean-du-Gard, whaur Stevenson selt his cuddy Modestine an took a stagecoach tae [[Alès]].<ref name="castle">{{Cite book |last=Castle |first=Alan |title=The Robert Louis Stevenson Trail |date=2007 |publisher=Cicerone |isbn=978-1-85284-511-7 |edition=2nd}}</ref> ==Gallery== <gallery mode="packed"> File:Count Girolamo Nerli - Robert Louis Stevenson, 1850 - 1894. Essayist, poet and novelist - Google Art Project.jpg|Portrait bi Girolamo Nerli, 1892 File:Robert Louis Stevenson and Kalakaua in the King's boathouse (PP-96-14-008).jpg|Wi Kalākaua in the King's boathoose File:Robert Louis Stevenson by Sargent.jpg|Portrait bi John Singer Sargent, 1887 File:Sargent - Robert Louis Stevenson and His Wife.jpg|Stevenson walks up an doon his dinin room in an 1885 portrait bi John Singer Sargent. His wife Fanny, sittin in an Indian dress, can be seen in the bottom richt corner. File:Robert Louis Stevenson's Photograph.jpg|Anither portrait bi Barnett in 1893, a wee bit different frae the mair weel-kent ane. File:Robert stevenson.JPG|Portrait bi William Blake Richmond, 1886 File:Robert Louis Stevenson c.1890 slnsw.jpg|Robert Louis Stevenson an his wife Fanny, Nan Tok an Natakanti, Butaritari Island, Kiribati, c. 1890 </gallery> ==Warks== ===Novels=== [[File:Kidnapped p58 (WBHole).jpg|thumb|upright|Illustration frae ''Kidnapped''. Caption: "Hoseason turned upon him with a flash" (chaipter VII, "I Go to Sea in the Brig "Covenant" of Dysart")]] * ''The Hair Trunk or The Ideal Commonwealth'' (1877): no feenisht an no published.<ref>{{Cite news |last=McCracken |first=Edd |date=20 March 2011 |title=Found: Louis Stevenson's missing masterpiece |work=Sunday Herald |location=Glasgow |url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/home-news/found-louis-stevenson-s-missing-masterpiece-1.1091457 |access-date=20 March 2011 |archive-date=9 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309204423/http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/home-news/found-louis-stevenson-s-missing-masterpiece-1.1091457 |url-status=live }}</ref> An annotatit edition o the original manuscript, editit an introduced bi Roger G. Swearingen, wis published as ''The Hair Trunk or The Ideal Commonwealth: An Extravaganza'' in August 2014. * ''Treasure Island'' (1883): his first muckle success, a tale o [[Piracy|piracy]], buried traisure an adventure, that haes been filmed monie times. In a letter tae W. E. Henley in 1881 he gied the earliest title kent, "The Sea Cook, or Treasure Island: a Story for Boys". * ''Prince Otto'' (1885): Stevenson's third full-lenth narrative, an action romance set in the imaginar Germanic state o Grünewald. * ''[[Unco Case o Dr Jekyll an Mr Hyde|Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde]]'' (1886): a novella aboot a dooble personality, adaptit monie times for stage an film. It wis influential an aw in the growth o unnerstaundin o the subconscious mind, throu its story o a kind, clever doctor that turns intae a [[Psychopathy|psychopathic]] monster efter takkin a drug meant tae separate guid frae evil in a personality. * ''Kidnapped'' (1886): a historical novel that tells o the laddie David Balfour's ettle tae win his inheritance, an his alliance wi Allan Breck Stewart in the intrigues o the [[Jacobitism|Jacobite]] troubles in Scotland. * ''The Black Arrow'' (1888): a historical adventure novel an romance set in the Wars o the Roses. * ''The Master of Ballantrae'' (1889): a tale o revenge set in Scotland, America an Indie. * ''The Wrong Box'' (1889): written wi Lloyd Osbourne. A comic novel aboot a tontine; filmed in 1966, wi John Mills, Ralph Richardson an [[Michael Caine]]. * ''The Wrecker'' (1892): written wi Lloyd Osbourne. The last pairt wis filmed in 1957 as an episode o the television series ''Maverick'', wi James Garner an Jack Kelly, an full credit tae Stevenson an Osbourne. * ''Catriona'' (1893): kent an aw as ''David Balfour''; a sequel tae ''Kidnapped'' that tells o Balfour's faurer adventures. * ''The Ebb-Tide'' (1894): written wi Lloyd Osbourne. * ''Weir of Hermiston'' (1896): no feenisht at the time o Stevenson's daith; thocht tae hae promised great airtistic growth. * ''St Ives'' (1897): no feenisht at the time o Stevenson's daith; feenisht bi Arthur Quiller-Couch. * ''Sophia Scarlet'': notes frae 1892 for a novel he niver feenisht, editit bi Robert Hoskins in ''Sophia Scarlet and Other Pacific Writings'' (Auckland: AUT Media, 2008) ===Collections o short stories=== [[File:Portrait of R. L. Stevenson at the age of thirty-seven.jpg|thumb|upright|{{center|Stevenson at 37}}]] *''New Arabian Nights'' (1882) (11 stories) *''More New Arabian Nights: The Dynamiter'' (1885) (written wi Fanny Van de Grift Stevenson) *''The Merry Men and Other Tales and Fables'' (1887) (6 stories) *''Island Nights' Entertainments'' (1893) (3 stories) *''Fables'' (1896) (20 stories: "The Persons of the Tale", "The Sinking Ship", "The Two Matches", "The Sick Man and the Fireman", "The Devil and the Innkeeper", "The Penitent", "The Yellow Paint", "The House of Eld", "The Four Reformers", "The Man and His Friend", "The Reader", "The Citizen and the Traveller", "The Distinguished Stranger", "The Carthorses and the Saddlehorse", "The Tadpole and the Frog", "Something in It", "Faith, Half Faith and No Faith at All", "The Touchstone", "The Poor Thing" an "The Song of the Morrow") *''Tales and Fantasies'' (1905) (3 stories) *''South Sea Tales'' (1996) (6 stories: "The Beach of Falesá", "The Bottle Imp", "The Isle of Voices", "The Ebb-Tide: A Trio and Quartette", "The Cart-Horses and the Saddle-Horse" an "Something in It") ===Short stories=== This is a list o his short stories in the order they were written<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://robert-louis-stevenson.org/|title=Robert Louis Stevenson|website=robert-louis-stevenson.org|accessdate=8 December 2022|archive-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208073658/https://www.robert-louis-stevenson.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> (leavin oot the stories he wrote wi Fanny in ''More New Arabian Nights: The Dynamiter''). {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Title !Date !Collection !Notes |- |"An Old Song" |1875 |No collectit |Stevenson's first published fiction, in ''London'', 1877, wi nae name pit tae it. Republished in 1982 bi R. Swearingen. |- |"When the Devil Was Well" |1875 |No collectit |First published in 1921, bi the Boston Bibliophile Society. |- |"Edifying Letters of the Rutherford Family" |1877 |No collectit |No feenisht. No richtly a short story. First published in 1982 bi R. Swearingen. |- |"Will o' the Mill" |1877 |''The Merry Men and Other Tales and Fables'', 1887 ||First published in ''The Cornhill Magazine'', 1878 |- |"A Lodging for the Night" |1877 |''New Arabian Nights'', 1882 |First published in ''Temple Bar'' in 1877 |- |"The Sire De Malétroit's Door" |1877 |''New Arabian Nights'', 1882 |First published in ''Temple Bar'' in 1878 |- |"The Suicide Club" |1878 |''New Arabian Nights'', 1882 |First published in ''London'' in 1878. Three linkit stories: "Story of the Young Man with the Cream Tarts", "Story of the Physician and the Saratoga Trunk" an "The Adventure of the Hansom Cab". Pairt o the ''Later-day Arabian Nights''. |- |"The Rajah's Diamond" |1878 |''New Arabian Nights'', 1882 |First published in ''London'' in 1878. Fower linkit stories: "Story of the Bandbox", "Story of the Young Man in Holy Orders", "Story of the House with the Green Blinds" an "The Adventure of Prince Florizel and a Detective". Pairt o the ''Later-day Arabian Nights''. |- |"Providence and the Guitar" |1878 |''New Arabian Nights'', 1882 |First published in ''London'' in 1878 |- |"The Story of a Lie" |1879 |''Tales and Fantasies'', 1905 |First published in ''New Quarterly Magazine'' in 1879. |- |"The Pavilion on the Links" |1880 |''New Arabian Nights'', 1882 |First published in ''The Cornhill Magazine'' in 1880. Telt in 9 wee chaipters. Later pit in ''New Arabian Nights'', wi a few bits cut. In 1890 [[Arthur Conan Doyle|Conan Doyle]] cried it the first English short story. |- |"Thrawn Janet" |1881 |''The Merry Men and Other Tales and Fables'', 1887 |First published in ''The Cornhill Magazine'', 1881 |- |"The Body Snatcher" |1881 |''Tales and Fantasies'', 1905 |First published in the Christmas 1884 edition o ''The Pall Mall Gazette''. |- |"The Merry Men" |1882 |''The Merry Men and Other Tales and Fables'', 1887 |First published in ''The Cornhill Magazine'' in 1882. Later pit, wi chynges, in ''The Merry Men and Other Tales and Fables''. |- |"Diogenes" |1882 |No collectit |Twa sketches: "Diogenes in London" an "Diogenes at the Savile Club". |- |"The Treasure of Franchard" |1883 |''The Merry Men and Other Tales and Fables'', 1887 |First published in ''Longman's Magazine'', 1883 |- |"Markheim" |1884 |''The Merry Men and Other Tales and Fables'', 1887 |First published in the ''Broken Shaft. Unwin's Annual.'', 1885 |- |"Olalla" |1885 |''The Merry Men and Other Tales and Fables'', 1887 |First published in ''The Court and Society Review'', 1885 |- |"The Great North Road" |1885 |No collectit |No feenisht bi Stevenson. First published in ''Illustrated London News''/''The Cosmopolitan'', 1895. Feenisht bi Stuart Campbell in 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dick |first1=Sandra |title=Scottish author's tale abandoned 140 years ago finally gets an ending |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/life_style/25562070.lost-robert-louis-stevenson-book-finally-ending/ |access-date=24 November 2025 |work=The Herald |date=24 November 2025 |location=Glasgow |page=3 |language=en}}</ref> |- |"The Story of a Recluse" |1885 |No collectit |No feenisht. First published by the Boston Bibliophile Society, 1921. Feenisht bi [[Alasdair Gray]] in 1985. |- |"[[Unco Case o Dr Jekyll an Mr Hyde|Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde]]" |1886 |On its ain, 1886 |Novella. Whiles cried, mair seldom, a short novel.<ref>''Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde and Other Tales'', Robert Louis Stevenson. Oxford World's Classics.</ref> |- |"The Misadventures of John Nicholson" |1887 |''Tales and Fantasies'', 1905 |Novella, wi the subtitle "A Christmas Story". First published in ''Yule Tide'', 1887 |- |"The Clockmaker" |1880s |No collectit |Ane o twa fables no pit in the 1896 collection.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Parfect |first=Ralph |date=2005 |title=Robert Louis Stevenson's "The Clockmaker" and "The Scientific Ape": Two Unpublished Fables |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/366388 |journal=English Literature in Transition, 1880–1920 |language=en |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=387–400 |doi=10.2487/Y008-J320-0428-0742 |issn=1559-2715}}</ref> |- |"The Scientific Ape" |1880s |No collectit |Ane o twa fables no pit in the 1896 collection. |- |"The Enchantress" |1889 |No collectit |First published in the hairst 1989 issue o ''The Georgia Review''. |- |"Adventures of Henry Shovel" |1891 |No collectit |No feenisht. First published in the ''Vailima Edition'', Vol. 25. Published alang wi three ither short fragments: "The Owl", "Cannonmills" an "Mr Baskerville and His Ward". |- |"The Bottle Imp" |1891 |''Island Nights' Entertainments'', 1893 |First published in ''Black and White'', 1891 |- |"The Beach of Falesá" |1892 |''Island Nights' Entertainments'', 1893 |Novella. First published in ''The Illustrated London News'' in 1892 |- |"The Isle of Voices" |1892 |''Island Nights' Entertainments'', 1893 |First published in ''National Observer'', 1893 |- |"The Waif Woman" |1892 |No collectit |No feenisht. First published in the ''Scribner's Magazine'', 1914 |- |"The Young Chevalier" |1893 |No collectit |No feenisht. First published in the ''Edinburgh Edition'', Vol. 26, 1897 |- |"Heathercat" |1894 |No collectit |No feenisht. First published in the ''Edinburgh Edition'', Vol. 20, 1897 |} ===Non-fiction=== [[File:Pen and Ink Sketch of Stevenson.jpg|thumb|upright|Pen-an-ink sketch bi Wyatt Eaton, 1888]] *{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Béranger, Pierre Jean de|short=x}}: first published in the 9t edition (1875–1889). *''Virginibus Puerisque, and Other Papers'' (1881), wi the essays ''Virginibus Puerisque i'' (1876); ''Virginibus Puerisque ii'' (1881); ''Virginibus Puerisque iii: On Falling in Love'' (1877); ''Virginibus Puerisque iv: The Truth of Intercourse'' (1879); ''Crabbed Age and Youth'' (1878); ''An Apology for Idlers'' (1877); ''Ordered South'' (1874); ''Aes Triplex'' (1878); ''El Dorado'' (1878); ''The English Admirals'' (1878); ''Some Portraits by Raeburn'' (no published afore); ''Child's Play'' (1878); ''Walking Tours'' (1876); ''Pan's Pipes'' (1878); ''A Plea for Gas Lamps'' (1878). *''Familiar Studies of Men and Books'' (1882), wi ''Preface, by Way of Criticism'' (no published afore); ''Victor Hugo's Romances'' (1874); ''Some Aspects of Robert Burns'' (1879); ''The Gospel According to Walt Whitman'' (1878); ''Henry David Thoreau: His Character and Opinions'' (1880); ''Yoshida-Torajiro'' (1880); ''François Villon, Student, Poet, Housebreaker'' (1877); ''Charles of Orleans'' (1876); ''Samuel Pepys'' (1881); ''John Knox and his Relations to Women'' (1875). *''Memories and Portraits'' (1887), a collection o essays. *''On the Choice of a Profession'' (1887) *''The Day After Tomorrow'' (1887) *''Memoir of Fleeming Jenkin'' (1888) *''Father Damien: an Open Letter to the Rev. Dr. Hyde of Honolulu'' (1890) *''A Footnote to History: Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa'' (1892) *''Vailima Letters'' (1895) *''Prayers Written at Vailima'' (1904) *''Essays in the Art of Writing'' (1905) *''Lay Morals and Other Papers'' (published efter his daith, in 1911, bi Chatto & Windus): the unrevised notes for a plannit treatise on ethics, written in Edinburgh in the spring o 1879 *''The New Lighthouse on the Dhu Heartach Rock, Argyllshire'' (1995): based on a manuscript o 1872, editit bi R. G. Swearingen. Californie. Silverado Museum. ===Poetry=== *''Moral Emblems'' (1882) *''A Child's Garden of Verses'' (1885): written for bairns but popular wi their faithers an mithers an aw. It includes sic favourites as "My Shadow" an "The Lamplighter", an is aften thocht tae gie a positive pictur o the writer's sickly bairnhood. *''Underwoods'' (1887), a collection o poetry written in baith English an [[Scots leid|Scots]]<ref name="rlsworks">{{Cite web|title=Works {{!}} Robert Louis Stevenson|url=http://robert-louis-stevenson.org/rlsworks/|access-date=2022-05-12|language=en-GB|archive-date=2022-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412020910/http://robert-louis-stevenson.org/rlsworks/|url-status=dead}}</ref> *''Ballads'' (1891): includes "Ticonderoga: A Legend of the West Highlands" (1887), based on a weel-kent Scots ghaist story, an "Heather Ale", arguably Stevenson's maist famous poem *''Songs of Travel and Other Verses'' (1896) *''Poems Hitherto Unpublished'', 3 vol. 1916, 1916, 1921, Boston Bibliophile Society, republished in ''New Poems'' ===Plays=== *''Three Plays'' (1892), written wi William Ernest Henley. It includes the plays ''Deacon Brodie'', ''Beau Austin'' an ''Admiral Guinea''. ===Traivel writin=== [[File:Robert Louis Stevenson with the Native Chief Tui-Ma-Le-Alh-Fano.jpg|thumb|upright|Stevenson wi the native chief Tui-Ma-Le-Alh-Fano]] *''An Inland Voyage'' (1878): traivels wi a freend in a ''Rob Roy'' canoe frae [[Antwerp]] (Belgium) tae Pontoise, jist north o Paris. *''Edinburgh: Picturesque Notes'' (1878): a hymn o praise tae his birthplace, that gies Stevenson's ain introduction tae ilka pairt o the ceety, an some o the history ahint its different pairts an its maist famous biggins. *''Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes'' (1879): a twa-week ramble on his lane (wi Modestine tae cairy his gear) in the Cévennes muntains (sooth-central Fraunce), ane o the first buiks tae present hikin an campin as ploys for pleesure. It tells o him gettin ane o the first sleepin bags ever makkit. *''The Silverado Squatters'' (1883): an unconventional honeymuin trip tae a desertit minin camp in the Napa Valley wi his new wife Fanny an her son Lloyd. He saw afore its time that the Californie wine industry wad be ane tae reckon wi. *''Across the Plains'' (written in 1879–80, published in 1892): the seicont stage o his journey, bi train frae New York tae Californie (efter that ''The Silverado Squatters'' taks up the tale). It includes ither traivel essays an aw. *''The Amateur Emigrant'' (written 1879–80, published 1895): an account o the first stage o his journey tae Californie, bi ship frae Europe tae New York. Andrew Noble (''From the Clyde to California: Robert Louis Stevenson's Emigrant Journey'', 1985) thinks it is his finest wark. *''The Old and New Pacific Capitals'' (1882): an account o his stay in Monterey, Californie, an [[San Francisco]] frae August tae December 1879.<ref>Stevenson,&nbsp;Robert Louis. ''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_amateur_emigrant_The_old_and_new_pac/ul0h1ivRBYYC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA146 The Amateur Emigrant. The Silverado Squatters. The Silverado Diary]''.&nbsp;The Works of Robert Louis Stevenson, South Seas Edition, Volume IV. New York: Scribner's,&nbsp;1925. 146.</ref><ref>Stevenson, Robert Louis. ''[https://archive.org/details/bwb_S0-EEW-772/page/n10/mode/1up From Scotland to Silverado]''. Edited by James D. Hart. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of [[Harvard University Press]] 1966. vf.</ref> ::"[https://archive.org/details/sim_frasers-magazine_1880-11_22_131/page/647/mode/1up The Old Pacific Capital]", ''Fraser's Magazine''. November, 1880. 647–57. ::"[https://archive.org/details/sim_magazine-of-art-1878_1883_6/page/272/mode/1up A Modern Cosmopolis]", ''The Magazine of Art''. Mey, 1883. 272–6. *''Essays of Travel'' (London: Chatto & Windus, 1905) *Sawyers, June Skinner (ed.) (2002), ''Dreams of Elsewhere: The Selected Travel Writings of Robert Louis Stevenson'', The In Pin, Glasgow, {{isbn|1-903238-62-5}} ===Island literature=== Though they're no weel kent, his island fiction an non-fiction is amang the maist valuable an collectit o the 19t-century body o wark aboot the Pacific. *''In the South Seas'' (1896): a collection o Stevenson's airticles an essays on his traivels in the Pacific. *''A Footnote to History, Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa'' (1892). ==See an aw== * [[Writers' Museum]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Soorces== *Graham Balfour (1901), ''The Life of Robert Louis Stevenson'', London: Methuen *Calder, Jenni (1980), ''RLS: A Life Study'', London: Hamish Hamilton, {{isbn|0-241-10374-6}} *{{Cite book |last=Callow |first=Philip |title=Louis: A Life of Robert Louis Stevenson |publisher=Constable |year=2001 |isbn=0-09-480180-0 |location=London}} *John Jay Chapman (1969), "Robert Louis Stevenson", in ''Emerson, and Other Essays''. New York: AMS Press, 1969, {{ISBN|0-404-00619-1}} (reprinted from the edition of 1899) *David Daiches (1973), ''Robert Louis Stevenson and His World'', London: Thames and Hudson, {{ISBN|0-500-13045-0}} *Malcolm Elwin (1950), ''The Strange Case of Robert Louis Stevenson'', London: Macdonald. *Farrell, Joseph (2017), ''Robert Louis Stevenson in Samoa''. London: Maclehose Press. {{ISBN|978-0-85705-995-6}}. *J.C. Furnas (1952), ''Voyage to Windward: The Life of Robert Louis Stevenson'', London: Faber and Faber. *Claire Harman (2005), ''Robert Louis Stevenson: A Biography'', HarperCollins, {{ISBN|0-00-711321-8}} [reviewed by Matthew Sturgis in ''The Times Literary Supplement'', 11 March 2005, page 8] * Knight, Alanna (ed.) (1986), ''R.L.S. in the South Seas: An Intimate Photographic Record'', Edinburgh: Mainstream. {{ISBN|978-185158013-2}} *McLynn, Frank (1993), ''Robert Louis Stevenson. A Biography''. London: Hutchinson. *Rosaline Masson (1912), ''Robert Louis Stevenson''. London: The People's Books. *——— (1923), ''The Life of Robert Louis Stevenson''. Edinburgh & London: W. & R. Chambers. *——— (ed.) (1923), ''I Can Remember Robert Louis Stevenson''. Edinburgh & London: W. & R. Chambers. *Ernest Mehew (2004), "Robert Louis Stevenson", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford: OUP. Retrieved 29 September 2008 * {{Cite book |last=Pinero |first=Arthur Wing |title=Robert Louis Stevenson: The Dramatist |date=1903 |publisher=Philosophical Institution of Edinburgh |location=London |author-link=Arthur Wing Pinero}} *Pope-Hennessy, James (1974), ''Robert Louis Stevenson. A Biography'', London: Cape. {{ISBN|0-224-01007-7}} *Reid, Julia (2009), ''Robert Louis Stevenson, Science, and the Fin de Siècle'', Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-23032-3 *Eve Blantyre Simpson (1898), ''Robert Louis Stevenson's Edinburgh Days'', London: Hodder & Stoughton. *——— (1912), ''The Robert Louis Stevenson Originals'', [With illustrations and facsimiles], London & Edinburgh: T. N. Foulis. * {{Cite book |last=Stephen |first=Leslie |title=Studies of a Biographer |publisher=Duckworth & Co. |year=1902 |volume=4 |location=London |pages=206–246 |chapter=Robert Louis Stevenson |author-link=Leslie Stephen}} ==Faurer readin== * Capus, Alex. ''Sailing by Starlight: In Search of Treasure Island. A Conjecture'', London, Haus Publishing, 2010. {{isbn|978-1-90659-878-5}} * Clunas, Alex, ''R.L. Stevenson, Precursor of the Post-Moderns?'', in Murray, Glen (ed.), ''Cencrastus'' No. 6, Autumn 1981, pp.&nbsp;9 – 11 * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Stevenson, Robert Lewis Balfour | volume= 25 |last= Gosse |first= Edmund William |author-link= Edmund William Gosse| pages = 907&ndash;910 }} * Hammond, J. R. ''A Robert Louis Stevenson Chronology'', Macmillan Press, 1997. {{isbn|978-0-333-63888-0}} * Hubbard, Tom (1996), "Debut at Antwerp: The [[Flanders]] Chapters of Robert Louis Stevenson's ''An Inland Voyage'', in Hubbard, Tom (2022), ''Invitation to the Voyage: Scotland, Europe and Literature'', Rymour, pp. 48 – 52, {{isbn|9-781739-596002}} * Hubbard, Tom (2009), "Writing Scottishly on Non-Scottish Matters", in Hubbard, Tom (2022), ''Invitation to the Voyage: Scotland, Europe and Literature'', Rymour, pp.&nbsp;135 – 138, {{isbn|9-781739-596002}} * Mintz, Steven. ''A Prison of Expectations: The Family in Victorian Culture'', New York University Press, 1983. * Shaw, Michael (ed.), ''A Friendship in Letters: Robert Louis Stevenson & J.M. Barrie'', Sandstone Press, Inverness, 2020, {{isbn|978-1-913207-02-1}} ==Freemit airtins== {{wikisource|works=or}} {{Wikiquote}} {{Library resources box}} * {{Gutenberg author |id=35}} * {{Internet Archive author |sname=Robert Louis Stevenson}} * {{Librivox author |id=115}} *[https://digital.nls.uk/rlstevenson/browse/archive/84240597 Early editions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224192822/https://digital.nls.uk/rlstevenson/browse/archive/84240597 |date=24 February 2024 }}, includin buiks, collectit an uncollectit essays an serialisations frae the National Library of Scotland *[http://www.bl.uk/people/robert-louis-stevenson Robert Louis Stevenson] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922151730/http://www.bl.uk/people/robert-louis-stevenson |date=22 September 2021 }} at the British Library *Archive material at [https://explore.library.leeds.ac.uk/special-collections-explore/7440/robert_louis_stevenson_correspondence_and_literar Leeds University Library] * [https://rose.library.emory.edu/ Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library], Emory University: [http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/8zg0n Robert Louis Stevenson collection, circa 1890–1923]{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} * Edwin J. Beinecke Collection of Robert Louis Stevenson. General Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University. * Robert Louis Stevenson Collection. General Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University. {{Commonscat}} {{Makars}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Stevenson, Robert Louis}} [[Category:Robert Louis Stevenson| ]] [[Category:1850 births]] [[Category:1894 daiths]] [[Category:19t-century Scots novelists]] [[Category:19t-century Scots poets]] [[Category:19t-century Scots writers]] [[Category:19t-century Breetish short story writers]] [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Edinburgh]] [[Category:Breetish non-feection ootdoors writers]] [[Category:Fabulists]] [[Category:Lallans poets]] [[Category:Maritime writers]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Edinburgh Academy]] [[Category:Samoan writers]] [[Category:Scots childer's writers]] [[Category:Scots historical novelists]] [[Category:Scots horror writers]] [[Category:Scots novelists]] [[Category:Scots poets]] [[Category:Scots Presbyterians]] [[Category:Scots short story writers]] [[Category:Scots traivel writers]] [[Category:Victorian novelists]] [[Category:Writers frae Edinburgh]] [[Category:Childer's poets]] [[Category:Writers o Gothic feection]] 5xckl7s25z4vgufuqkk477xk5ddoz7g 0 8707 926680 73452 2026-11-08T06:16:57Z Monospaced 75295 Migrate content frae Archaeology. (wi full stop) 926680 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Archaeology''' is the study o human life throu the findin an analysin o the things fowk left ahint them. The archaeological record is makkit up o artefacts, biggins, biofacts, steids an cultural landscapes. Archaeology is coontit baith a social science an a branch o the humanities.<ref name=Renfrew_Bahn1991 /><ref>{{cite journal |author=Sinclair, A. |year=2016 |title=The Intellectual Base of Archaeological Research 2004–2013: A visualisation and analysis of its disciplinary links, networks of authors, and conceptual language |journal=Internet Archaeology |issue=42 |doi=10.11141/ia.42.8 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Sinclair |first=A. |year=2022 |title=Archaeological Research 2014 to 2021: an examination of its intellectual base, collaborative networks and conceptual language using science maps |journal=Internet Archaeology |issue=59 |doi=10.11141/ia.59.10 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In North America it is maistly treatit as a branch o anthropology, but it can be coontit pairt o history or geographie an aw.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kristiansen |first1=Kristian |chapter=The Discipline of Archaeology |pages=3–46 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199271016.013.0001 |editor-first1=Chris |editor-first2=Barry |editor-first3=Rosemary A. |editor-last1=Gosden |editor-last2=Cunliffe |editor-last3=Joyce |title=The Oxford Handbook of Archaeology |date=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-927101-6 }}</ref> Archaeologists study human prehistory an history, frae the first stane tools, makkit at Lomekwi in East Africa 3.3 million year syne, richt up tae recent decades.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Roche |first1=Hélène |last2=Kent |first2=Dennis V. |last3=Kirwa |first3=Christopher |last4=Lokorodi |first4=Sammy |last5=Wright |first5=James D. |last6=Mortlock |first6=Richard A. |last7=Leakey |first7=Louise |last8=Brugal |first8=Jean-Philip |last9=Daver |first9=Guillaume |display-authors=6 |date=May 2015 |title=3.3&nbsp;million-year-old stone tools from Lomekwi&nbsp;3, West Turkana, Kenya |journal=Nature |volume=521 |issue=7552 |pages=310–315 |doi=10.1038/nature14464 |pmid=25993961 |bibcode=2015Natur.521..310H |url=https://hal.science/hal-01159189 }}</ref> It is maist important for learnin aboot prehistoric societies, that left nae written records: prehistory covers mair nor 99% o the human past.<ref name=Renfrew_Bahn1991 /> The wird comes frae the Greek, an means "the study o auncient history".<ref>{{cite book |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures |year=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-510815-6 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195108156.001.0001/acref-9780195108156 |access-date=22 July 2020 |archive-date=9 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809084502/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195108156.001.0001/acref-9780195108156 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==Methods== Archaeologists fin steids bi survey as weel as bi diggin. Aerial photographs taen at different times o the day can shaw the ootlines o biggins in the chynge o the shaddas, an aerial survey uises ultraviolet, infrared, grund-penetratin radar, lidar an thermography forby.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Reeves |first=D. M. |year=1936 |title=Aerial photography and archaeology |journal=American Antiquity |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=102–107 |doi=10.2307/275881 |jstor=275881 }}</ref> Flinders Petrie wirkit oot a wey o datin layers bi the pottery an ceramics fund in them, an it chynged the hale chronology o Egyptology.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sir William Flinders Petrie 1853–1942 |publisher=Palestine Exploration Fund |year=2000 |url=http://www.pef.org.uk/profiles/sir-william-flinders-petrie-1853-1942 |access-date=19 November 2007 |archive-date=14 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514060319/http://www.pef.org.uk/profiles/sir-william-flinders-petrie-1853-1942 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mortimer Wheeler's disciplined wey o excavatin in the 1920s an 1930s brocht the science on faur, an he wirkit oot a grid system for excavation.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Renfrew |first1=Colin |title=Archaeology essentials: theories, methods, practice |last2=Bahn |first2=Paul G. |publisher=Thames & Hudson |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-500-29159-7 |edition=3. |location=London |page=24}}</ref> ==History== In the early 15t century the Italian historian Flavio Biondo makkit a systematic guide tae the ruins an the lie o the laund o auncient Rome, an for that he's been cried an early foonder o archaeology.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Flavio Biondo |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica |date=31 May 2021 |edition=Online |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Flavio-Biondo |access-date=27 October 2021 |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027152435/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Flavio-Biondo |url-status=live}}</ref> Archaeology grew oot o antiquarianism in Europe in the 19t century, an syne it haes become a discipline practised aw ower the warld; nation-states haes uised it tae shape particular views o the past.<ref name="Encyclopédie d'histoire numérique de l'Europe">{{cite web |title=Archaeology as a Central Issue in the Creation of Identity |website=Encyclopédie d'histoire numérique de l'Europe |url=https://ehne.fr/en/encyclopedia/themes/arts-in-europe/nationalist-speeches-art-during-19th-century/archaeology-a-central-issue-in-creation-identity |access-date=2022-12-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Bueno |first=Christina |year=2016 |title=The Pursuit of Ruins: Archaeology, History, and the Making of Modern Mexico |location=Albuquerque |publisher=University of New Mexico Press |pages=25&nbsp;ff}}</ref> William Cunnington (1754–1810) is cried the faither o archaeological excavation: he stairtit diggin in Wiltshire frae aroon 1798, an he recordit Neolithic an Bronze Age barrows sae carefully that the terms he uised is still uised the day.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Everill, P. |year=2009 |title=Invisible pioneers |journal=British Archaeology |volume=108 |pages=40–43}}</ref> The army officer Augustus Pitt Rivers wis a major figure in makkin archaeology a rigorous science.<ref>{{cite book |author=Bowden, Mark |year=1984 |title=General Pitt Rivers: The father of scientific archaeology |publisher=[[Salisbury and South Wiltshire Museum]] |isbn=0-947535-00-4}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat|Archaeology}} [[Category:Airchaeology| ]] [[Category:Anthropology]] [[Category:Auxiliary sciences o history]] gce5nhtdg7yqbqm70he4bix78w1w2vz 0 9320 926665 748372 2026-11-08T05:34:09Z Monospaced 75295 926665 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:The Sun by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly of NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory - 20100819.jpg|thumb|False-colour eemagery o the [[Sun]], a [[G-teep main-sequence starn]], the closest tae Yird]] A '''starn''' is a big baw o gas in [[ooter space]], makkit maistlins oot o [[hydrogen]] an a wee bit o [[helium]] plus ither [[element]]s. The [[Sun]] is sic a starn. In the centre, the [[poust (naitural philosophy)|poust]] o [[gravity]] is sae odious that the temperaturs are heich eneuch for the [[atom]]s tae fuse thegither, causin [[nuclear fusion]]. This [[energy]] huily leaks oot o the starn (ower a few hunder thoosand year in the case o the sun), an by the time it wins at the surface maist o this energy is in the form o visible [[licht]]. Maist starns leuk like glazie dots frae the [[Yird]], acause thay are faur awa. Wir [[Sun]] is the naurmaist starn tae us. The yird muives aroond (''[[orbit]]s'') the Sun in an oval shape. The Sun an aw things that orbit it is cried the [[solar seestem]]. Mony ither starns whiles hae [[planet]]s orbitin thaim an aw. Scientists hae fund ither planets muivin aroond ither starns, but nae planets that thay hae fund are equal-aqual tae the [[Yird]]. The naurmaist starn tae wir Solar Seestem, an the seicont naurmaist starn tae the Yird efter the Sun, is [[Proxima Centauri]]. It is 39.9 [[trillion]] [[kilometre]]s awa. This is 4.2 [[licht year]] awa, meanin that licht frae Proxima Centauri taks 4.2 [[year]] tae win at the Yird. {{Stub/Science}} {{Stub/Astronomy}} {{Commonscat|Stars}} <!-- interwiki --> [[Category:Licht soorces]] [[Category:Starns|*]] [[Category:Stellar astronomy]] cwlz182hppwgex891bshwxa5mjuez8z 0 9800 926617 902418 2026-11-08T04:57:06Z Monospaced 75295 Unsoorced 926617 wikitext text/x-wiki {{unsoorced}} [[File:Latin dictionary.jpg|thumb|250px|A [[dictionar]] is a beuk]] A '''beuk''' (spelt '''buik''' anaw) is a set o [[prenting|prentit]] sheets o [[paper]]s hauden thegither atwein twa kivers. The sheets o paper ar forordnar kiver'd wi a [[text]]: [[leid]] an [[illustration]]s: that is the main pynt o a prentit beuk. ''Haurdkiver'' beuks hae haurd kivers made o [[cairdbuird]] kiver'd in claith or [[laither]] an ar forordnar [[shewin|shewn]] thegither. ''Paperback'' beuks hae kivers o steive paper an ar forordnar [[glue]]d thegither. The text content o beuks mey be rade alood or recorded on tapes (audiobeuks) an [[compact disc]]s. [[File:Beuks.jpg|thumb|Sum poetry beuks aissemblit thar]] A '''novelle''' or is a lang wark o [[literatur]] that is [[fiction]]. Novelles are for ordinar 50,000 wirds or mair, an hae 100 pages or mair.{{Citation needed}} {{Commonscat|Books}} [[Category:Beuks| ]] [[Category:Documents]] [[Category:Paper products]] [[Category:Novelles|*]] [[Category:Fiction]] {{Stub/Beuk}} 0vz3lt6bgpj73zssqr2yjjgp019p5lr 0 13603 926652 914391 2026-11-08T05:26:20Z Monospaced 75295 926652 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Human richts''' is "[[richt]]s an [[freedom (politeecal)|freedom]]s that aw humans is enteetelt tae".<ref>Houghton Mifflin Company (2006)</ref> Them that propones the concept for ordinar threaps that awbody is endoued wi certain enteetlements juist bi raison o bein [[human]] alane.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Feldman | first = David | title = Civil Liberties & Human Rights in England and Wales | year = 1993 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = | page = [https://archive.org/details/civillibertieshu00feld/page/4 5] | url =https://archive.org/details/civillibertieshu00feld | doi = | id = | isbn = }}l</ref> Frae that human richts is conceived in a [[Universality (philosophy)|universalist]] an [[egalitarian]] mainer. Sic enteetlements can exist as shared norms o actual human moralities, as juistifee'd moral norms or [[naitural richts]] uphauden bi strang raisons, or as [[legal richts]] aither at a naitional level or athin [[internaitional law]].<ref>{{cite web | last = Nickel | first = James | title = Human Rights | year = 2009 | work = The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy | editor-last = Zalta | editor-first = Edward N. | url = http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2009/entries/rights-human/ }}</ref> Housomeiver, thare is nae consensus as tae the preceese naitur o whit in parteecular shoud or shoudna be regairdit as a human richt in ony o the aforegane senses, an the abstract concept o human richts haes been a subject o intense philosophical debate an creeticism. {{Stub}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Commonscat|Human rights}} [[Category:Human richts]] [[Category:Abuiss]] [[Category:Concepts in ethics]] [[Category:Cultur]] [[Category:Economics]] [[Category:Human richts abuisses| ]] [[Category:Law]] {{stub}} {{Stub/Law}} mi1rloga6uugsy5mqueg6nlrmuiaibi 0 13880 926567 906557 2026-11-07T23:22:52Z Lapin kuski 139849 File 926567 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Semion Mogilevich FBI 2022-04-06.jpg|thumb|Semion Mogilevich (2022)]] '''Semion Yudkovich Mogilevich'''<ref>Also [[Romanization o Ukrainian|transliterated]] [http://en.rian.ru/world/20091023/156566239.html RIANOVOSTI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019060112/http://en.rian.ru/world/20091023/156566239.html |date=2012-10-19 }}</ref> ({{lang-uk|Семен Ю́дкович Могиле́вич}}, {{IPA-uk|sɛmˈjɔn ˈjudkɔwɪt͡ʃ mɔɦɪˈlɛwɪt͡ʃ|}}; born Juin 30, 1946 in [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]]) is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]]-born, allegit [[Roushie]] [[organisit crime]] boss, believed bi European an Unitit States federal law enforcement agencies tae be the "[[Capo di tutti capi|boss o bosses]]" o maist [[Roushie Mafia]] seendicates in the warld.<ref>[[Misha Glenny|Glenny, Misha]] (2008), ''McMafia: A Journey Through the Global Criminal Underworld''; [[New York]]: [[Alfred A. Knopf]], pp 72–73.</ref> Mogilevich's nicknames include "Don Semyon", an "The Brainy Don" (acause o his business acumen<ref>"His financial savvy has earned him the nickname "Brainy Don." [http://www.amw.com/fugitives/case.cfm?id=68944 AMW Semion Mogilevich FBI: Moscow Crime Boss A Global Threat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100316103215/http://www.amw.com/fugitives/case.cfm?id=68944 |date=2010-03-16 }}''America's Most Wanted''</ref> ). He is believed tae control a vast criminal empire an haes been cawed "the maist dangerous mobster in the warld".<ref>''Petrostate: Putin, power, and the new Russia'', Marshall I. Goldman (Oxford University Press, 2008)</ref><ref>''The Most Dangerous Mobster in the World According to the FBI and Israeli Intelligence'', Village Voice, By Robert I. Friedman Tuesday, May 26 1998</ref> ==Biography== Mogilevich wis born intae a middle-class [[Jew]]ish faimily.<ref>Block, Alan A.; Weaver, Constance A. (2004) All Is Clouded by Desire: Global Banking, Money Laundering, and International Organized Crime. Greenwood Publishing Group: Westport. ISBN 0275983307 pp 154.</ref> At the age o 22 he earned a degree in economics frae [[Lviv University]]. In the early 1970s he became pairt o the Lyuberetskaya creeme group in [[Moscow]] an wis involved in [[petty theft]] an fraud. He served twa terms (3 an 4 years) for currency-dealin affenses.<ref>Friedman, Robert I. (1998), [http://www.villagevoice.com/1998-05-26/news/the-most-dangerous-mobster-in-the-world/2 “The Most Dangerous Mobster in the World”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414024822/http://www.villagevoice.com/1998-05-26/news/the-most-dangerous-mobster-in-the-world/2 |date=2010-04-14 }}; ''[[The Village Voice]]'', Tuesday, May 26th 1998.</ref> Durin the 1980s, tens o thoosans o [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] an [[Roushie Jews]] wur emigratin tae [[Israel]] on short notice an athoot the ability tae quickly transfer thair possessions. Mogilevich wad affer tae sell property – thair furniture, airt an diamonds – on behauf o the prospective émigrés, promisin tae forrit the money on tae Israel. The money wis, instead, uised tae invest in black mercat an creeminal activities.<ref>Friedman (1998), ''Op. cit.''</ref> In 1990, awready a [[millionaire]], Mogilevich moved tae Israel, thegither wi several tap lieutenants. Here he investit in a wide range o legal businesses, whilst continuin tae operate a warldwide netwirk o prostitution, wappen, an drog smugglin throu a complex wab o [[affshore companies]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.villagevoice.com/news/9821,friedman,203,1.html| title = Article about Mogilevich, also covers early years| accessdate = October 7, 2006| archive-date = 2008-07-04| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080704151348/http://www.villagevoice.com/news/9821,friedman,203,1.html| url-status = dead}}</ref> In 1991 Mogilevich mairit his Hungarian girlfriend Katalin Papp an moved tae [[Hungary]] an haed three childer wi her, obtainin a Hungarian passport; at this pynt, Mogilevich held Roushie, Ukrainian, Israeli an Hungarian citizenship. Livin in a fortified villa ootside [[Budapest]], he continued tae invest in a wide array o enterprises, includin buyin a local armament factory, "Army Co-Op", which produced anti-aircraft guns.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.budapestsun.com/full_story.asp?ArticleID=%7B6493A16274FB46438BE680B4A19AEE86%7D&From=News| title = Article about activities in Hungary| accessdate = October 7, 2006| archive-date = 2012-03-02| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120302065332/http://www.budapestsun.com/full_story.asp?ArticleID=%7B6493A16274FB46438BE680B4A19AEE86%7D&From=News| url-status = dead}}</ref> In 1994, Mogilevich group obtained control ower [[Inkombank]], ane o the lairgest private banks in [[Roushie]],<ref>{{cite web| url = http://russianlaw.org/Morgent1.htm| title = New York court document, 2000| accessdate = October 7, 2006}}</ref> in a secret deal wi bank chairman [[Vladimir Vinogradov]], gettin direct access tae the warld financial seestem. The bank collapsed in 1998 unner suspicions o money launderin.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://moscowtelegraph.com/mt050801.htm| title = Moscow Telegraph on investigation of Inkombank management| accessdate = October 7, 2006| archive-date = 2020-09-23| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200923120858/http://moscowtelegraph.com/mt050801.htm| url-status = dead}}</ref> Throu Inkombank, in 1996 he obtained a significant share in [[Sukhoi]], a lairge military aircraft manufacturer. In Mey 1995, a meetin in [[Prague]] atween Mogilevich an [[Sergei Mikhailov]], heid o the [[Solntsevskaya bratva|Solntsevo group]], wis raidit bi [[Czech Republic|Czech]] polis. The occasion wis a birthday pairty for ane o the deputy Solntsevo mafiosi. Twa hunder pairtygoers (includin dozens o [[prostitute]]s) in the restaurant "U Holubů" (awned bi Mogilevich) wur detained an thirtie expelled frae the kintra.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.mvcr.cz/2003/casopisy/pol/0409/rusko_info.html| title = Journal of the Czech ministry of interior, article about Russian mafias| accessdate = October 7, 2006| language = Czech| archive-date = 2007-01-14| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070114193653/http://www.mvcr.cz/2003/casopisy/pol/0409/rusko_info.html| url-status = dead}}</ref> Police haed been tipped aff that the Solntsevo group intendit tae execute Mogilevich at the pairty<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.volny.cz/vyber_cr/vyber2/pribeh_muze.html| title = Biography of Mogilevich, newspaper [[Lidové Noviny]]| accessdate = October 7, 2006| language = Czech| archive-date = 2004-11-09| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20041109154007/http://www.volny.cz/vyber_cr/vyber2/pribeh_muze.html| url-status = dead}}</ref> ower a disputit payment o $5 million. But Mogilevich niver showed an it is believed that a senior figure in the Czech polis, wirkin wi the [[Roushie mafia]], haed warned him.<ref>Glenny (2008), ''Op. cit.'', pp 71–72.</ref> Suin, housomeivver, the Czech Interior Meenistry imposed a 10-year entry ban on Mogilevich, while the Hungarian govrenment declared him ''[[persona non grata]]'' an the Breetish barred his entry intae the UK, declarin him "ane o the maist dangerous men in the warld".<ref>Glenny (2008), ''Op. cit.'', pp 75.</ref> Baith Mogilevich an his associate Mikhailov ceased tae traivel tae the wast in the late 1990s, awtho Mogilevich retains an Israeli passport.<ref name=alive/> Till recently, thay lived an operatit in the [[Moscow]] aurie. In 1997 an 1998, the presence o Mogilevich, Mikhailov an ithers associatit wi the [[Roushie Mafia]] ahint a public company tradin on the [[Toronto Stock Exchange]] (TSX), YBM Magnex Internaitional Inc., wis exposed bi Canadian journalists. On Mey 13, 1998, dozens o agents for the FBI an several ither U.S. govrenment agencies raidit YBM's heidquarters in Newtown, Pennsylvanie. Shares in the public company, which haed been valued at $1 billion on the TSX, became wirthless owernicht.<ref>{{cite news| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/events/panorama/transcripts/transcript_06_12_99.txt | title = BBC Panorama's "The Billion Dollar Don"| accessdate = September 15, 2007 | work=BBC News}}</ref> As tae Mogilevich himsel, federal law enforcement agencies frae throughoot the warld haed bi nou been tryin tae prosecute him for ower 10 years. But he haed, in the wirds o ane jurnalist, "a knack for niver being in the wrong place at the wrong time."<ref>Glenny (2008), ''Op. cit.'', pg 76.</ref> Till 1998, Inkombank an [[Bank Menatep]] participatit in a US$ 10 billion [[money launderin]] scheme throu the [[Bank of New York]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.cdi.org/russia/johnson/3516.html##4| title = Overview of the money laundering schemes| accessdate = October 7, 2006| archiveurl = https://archive.today/20121220173702/http://www.cdi.org/russia/johnson/3516.html%23%234| archivedate = 2012-12-20| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>The [[Wall Street Journal]], September 5, 1999: "A Scheme for Ducking Taxes May Be a Key In Russia Money Probe"</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://financialservices.house.gov/banking/92299ren.htm |title = Testimony of [[Tom Renyi|Thomas Renyi]], CEO of the bank, 1999 |accessdate = October 7, 2006 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060929094324/http://financialservices.house.gov/banking/92299ren.htm |archivedate = 2006-09-29 |url-status = dead }}{{Cite web |url=http://financialservices.house.gov/banking/92299ren.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-11-27 |archive-date=2006-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060929094324/http://financialservices.house.gov/banking/92299ren.htm |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://russianlaw.org/bridge3.htm | title = Senior manager of BoNY indicted, 2001| accessdate = October 7, 2006}}</ref> Mogilevich wis an aa suspectit o participation in lairge scale fraud, whaur untaxed heatin ile wis sauld as heichlie taxed caur fuel. Estimates are that up tae ane third o sauld fuels went throu this scheme, resultin in massive tax losses for kintras o [[Central Europe]] (Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakie an Poland).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://web.volny.cz/noviny/zdomova/clanek/~volny/IDC/124259/volby-by-nyni-vyhrala-cssd.html| title = Overview of fuels scandal, newspaper [[Lidové Noviny]]| accessdate = October 7, 2006| language = Czech| archive-date = 2019-12-10| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191210143751/https://volny.centrum.cz/noviny/zdomova/clanek/~volny/IDC/124259/volby-by-nyni-vyhrala-cssd.html| url-status = dead}}</ref> In 2003, the Unitit States [[Federal Bureau o Investigation]] put Mogilevich on the "Wantit Leet" for participation in the scheme tae defraud investors in Canadian company YBM Magnex Internaitional Inc. Frustratit bi thair previous unsuccessful efforts tae chairge him for [[airms traffickin]] an [[prostitution]], thay haed nou settled on the lairge-scale fraud chairges as thair best hope o runnin him tae the grund. He wis, housomeivver, considered tae be the maist pouerful Roushie mobster alive.<ref name=alive>Glenny (2008), ''Op. cit.'', pg 77.</ref> In a 2006 interview, umwhile Clinton admeenistration anti-organized-crime czar Jon Winer said, "I can tell you that Semion Mogilevich is as serious an organized criminal as I have ever encountered and I am confident that he is responsible for [[contract killing]]s."<ref name="alive"/> Mogilevich wis arrestit in Moscow on Januar 24, 2008, for suspectit [[tax evasion]].<ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/newsMaps/idUSL2537376820080125 "Russia detains crime boss wanted by FBI"]</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article3253243.ece |title="Semyon Mogilevich, the 'East European mafia boss', captured in Moscow" |access-date=2010-11-27 |archive-date=2008-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724143050/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article3253243.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref> He wis released on Julie 24, 2009. On his release, the Roushie interior meenistry statit that the chairges against him "are no o a particularly grave nature."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://en.rian.ru/russia/20090727/155636705.html |title="Suspects in Arbat Prestige case released with travel ban" |access-date=2010-11-27 |archive-date=2009-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728084737/http://en.rian.ru/russia/20090727/155636705.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSTRE56Q0JT20090727 Russia frees crime boss wanted by U.S.], [[Reuters]] (July 27, 2009)</ref> On October 22, 2009 he wis named bi the FBI as the [[FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives, 2000s|494t fugitive tae be placed]] on the [[FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives|Ten Most Wanted leet]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fbi.gov/page2/oct09/mogilevich_102109.html |title=FBI press release announcing Mogilevich's addition to the list |access-date=2010-11-27 |archive-date=2010-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707160349/http://www.fbi.gov/page2/oct09/mogilevich_102109.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mogilevich, Semion}} [[Category:FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives]] [[Category:1946 births]] [[Category:Confidence tricksters]] [[Category:Missing fowk]] [[Category:Fugitives wantit bi the Unitit States]] [[Category:Fugitives wantit on fraud chairges]] [[Category:Fugitives wantit on organised creeme chairges]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Mob bosses]] [[Category:Fowk frae Kiev]] [[Category:Fowk convictit o racketeerin]] [[Category:Roushie creeminals]] [[Category:Roushie fraudsters]] [[Category:Roushie Jews]] [[Category:Roushie mobsters]] [[Category:Roushie money launderers]] [[Category:Roushie white-collar creeminals]] [[Category:Ukrainian businessfowk]] [[Category:Ukrainian creeminals]] [[Category:Ukrainian Jews]] 602m2hnskzgon91897qz593sgn3vrom 1 24407 926634 884641 2026-11-08T05:04:43Z Monospaced 75295 Monospaced flittit page [[Collogue:Chemistrie]] til [[Collogue:Chemistry]] ower reguidal: Misspelt title 884641 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talkpage}} == Chemistrie or chemistry == Bi the leuks ae it the page wis oreeginally at chemistry sin 2005 bit wis flit athoot discussion in 2012 ti chemistrie. A'm nae ower fond thewarts -ie endins masel sae a'd sey flit it back [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 06:39, 4 September 2023 (UTC) 2e6lcb51xeml655wsvdpg7lbztj9cxi 926637 926634 2026-11-08T05:06:55Z Monospaced 75295 /* Chemistrie or chemistry */ Replie 926637 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talkpage}} == Chemistrie or chemistry == Bi the leuks ae it the page wis oreeginally at chemistry sin 2005 bit wis flit athoot discussion in 2012 ti chemistrie. A'm nae ower fond thewarts -ie endins masel sae a'd sey flit it back [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 06:39, 4 September 2023 (UTC) :A flittit back, we're in a haufway place wae these latinate endins [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 05:06, 8 November 2026 (UTC) mj41c530xu8cdewenhzn0mjpzw5c34e 1 29381 926612 245583 2026-11-08T04:53:43Z Monospaced 75295 Monospaced flittit page [[Collogue:Psychologie]] til [[Collogue:Psychology]] ower reguidal: Misspelt title 245583 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talkpage}} g9i6v69vk0yls3vkoxf49buqqvh11a4 0 36701 926568 918493 2026-11-07T23:24:20Z Atlantic306 30244 replaced archive today 926568 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |name = Tupac Shakur |background = solo_singer |alias = {{hlist|2Pac|Pac|Makaveli|MC New York}} |origin = [[Marin City]], [[Californie]], U.S. |birth_date = {{birth date|1971|6|16}} |birth_place = [[East Harlem]], [[Manhattan]]<br>[[New York Ceety]], [[New York]], U.S. |death_date = {{death date and age|1996|9|13|1971|6|16}} |death_place = [[Las Vegas]], [[Nevada]], U.S. | occupation = {{hlist|Rapper|sangwriter|actor|activist|poet}} | module = {{Infobox musical artist | embed = yes | origin = | genre = {{hlist|[[Hip hop muisic|Hip hop]]|[[poleetical hip hop]]|[[West Coast hip hop]]|[[gangsta rap]]}} |years_active = 1988–1996 | label = {{hlist|[[Interscope Records|Interscope]]|[[Jive Records|Jive]]|[[Amaru Records|Amaru]]|[[Death Row Records|Death Row]]}} |website = {{URL|http://www.2pac.com/|www.2Pac.com}} }} }} '''Tupac Amaru Shakur''' ({{IPA-endia|ˈtuːpɑːk əˈmɑɹuː ʃəˈkʊə|Inglis pronunciation:}}; born '''Lesane Parish Crooks''', 16 Juin 1971 – deed 13 September 1996), kent bi his stage names '''2Pac''' an briefly as '''Makaveli''' an aw, wis a American rapper an actor.<ref>Levs, Joshua. (September 13, 2006) [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6067116 Growing Tupac's Legacy, 10 Years After His Death]. NPR. Retrieved 2011-06-14.</ref> Shakur haes selt ower 75 million albums warldwide as o 2010,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/zackomalleygreenburg/2010/11/01/tupac-shakur-2pac-ghastly-halloween-haloween-dead-celebs/|title=Tupac Shakur's Ghastly Halloween|first=Zack|last=O'Malley|work=[[Forbes]]|date=November 1, 2010|accessdate=2011-12-15}}</ref> makkin him ane o the [[:en:List of best-selling music artists|best-sellin muisic airtists in the warld]]. [[MTV]] rankit him at nummer twa on thair eet o ''The Greatest MCs of All Time'' an ''Rolling Stone'' cried him the 86t Greatest Airtist o All Time.<ref name = "RS">{{cite web|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/5702/31963/32519 |title=100 Greatest Artists of All Time|publisher=Rollingstone.com|date= |archive-date=13 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613041105/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/5702/31963/32519|url-status=dead }}</ref> His dooble disc album ''All Eyez on Me'' is ane o the best sellin hip hop albums o aw time. Shakur begoud his career as a roadie, backup dancer, an MC for the alternative hip hop group Digital Underground, eventually branchin aff as a solo airtist.<ref name="TSTA">{{cite video|title=Tupac Shakur – Thug Angel (The Life of an Outlaw)|date=2002}}</ref><ref name="TSHSD">{{cite web|url=http://www.hotshotdigital.com/tribute/TupacShakur.html|title=Tupac Shakur|publisher=Hotshotdigital.com|date=|accessdate=2012-01-07}}</ref><ref name="HTP-330">Edwards, Paul, 2009, ''[[How to Rap]]: The Art & Science of the Hip-Hop MC'', Chicago Review Press, p. 330.</ref> The themes o maist o Shakur's sangs revolvit aroond the violence an hardship in inner cities, racism an ither social problems. Baith o his parents an seevral ither o his faimily wur members o the Black Panther Pairty, thats ideals wur reflectit in his sangs. Durin the latter pairt o his career, Shakur wis a vocal participant in the sae-cried East Coast–Wast Coast hip hop rivalry, becomin involvit in conflicts wi ither rappers, producers an record-label staff members, maist notably The Notorious B.I.G. an his label Bad Boy Records.<ref>Jay-Z: ''Essays on Hip Hop's Philosopher King'', p. 55</ref> On 7 September 1996, Shakur wis shot multiple times in a drive-by shuitin at the intersection o Flamingo Road an Koval Lane in [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]], [[Nevada]].<ref>{{cite news |title=FBI outlines parallels in Notorious B.I.G., Tupac slayings |author=Antonio Planas |url=http://www.lvrj.com/news/fbi-outlines-parallels-in-notorious-b-i-g-tupac-slayings-119389104.html |newspaper=[[Las Vegas Review-Journal]] |date=April 7, 2011 |accessdate=February 19, 2013}}</ref> He wis taken tae the [[:en:University Medical Center of Southern Nevada|University Medical Center of Southern Nevada]], whaur he dee'd sax day later.<ref name="TSDCD">[http://www.numberonestars.com/tupacshakur/tupacdeathcertificatedetails.htm Tupac Shakur's death certificate details] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012054044/http://www.numberonestars.com/tupacshakur/tupacdeathcertificatedetails.htm |date=2013-10-12 }} reported by [[Cathy Scott]]. Retrieved 2007-10-05.</ref> == Discografie == {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} ;Studio albums * 1991: ''[[2Pacalypse Now]]'' * 1993: ''[[Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z.]]'' * 1995: ''[[Me Against the World]]'' * 1996: ''[[All Eyez on Me]]'' * 1996: ''[[The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory]]'' ;Collaboration albums * 1994: ''[[Thug Life: Volume 1]]'' (wi ''[[Thug Life]]'') {{col-2}} ;Posthumous solo albums * 1996: ''[[The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory]]'' * 1997: ''[[R U Still Down? (Remember Me)]]'' * 2001: ''[[Until the End of Time (Tupac Shakur album)|Until the End of Time]]'' * 2002: ''[[Better Dayz]]'' * 2004: ''[[Loyal to the Game]]'' * 2006: ''[[Pac's Life]]'' ;Posthumous collaboration albums * 1999: ''[[Still I Rise (album)|Still I Rise]]'' (wi ''[[Outlawz]]'') {{col-end}} == References == {{Reflist|30em}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Shakur, Tupac}} [[Category:Tupac Shakur]] [[Category:1971 births]] [[Category:1996 daiths]] [[Category:1996 murthers in the Unitit States]] [[Category:20t-century American male actors]] [[Category:20t-century American sangsters]] [[Category:20t-century American writers]] [[Category:20t-century poets]] [[Category:African-American activists]] [[Category:African-American history in the San Francisco Bay Area]] [[Category:African-American nan-feection writers]] [[Category:African-American male dancers]] [[Category:African-American male actors]] [[Category:African-American male rappers]] [[Category:African-American poets]] [[Category:African-American screenwriters]] [[Category:American hip hop record producers]] [[Category:American male film actors]] [[Category:American male televeesion actors]] [[Category:American fowk convictit o assault]] [[Category:American fowk o Tuareg strynd]] [[Category:American shuitin survivors]] [[Category:American social commentators]] [[Category:Atlantic Records airtists]] [[Category:Gangsta rappers]] [[Category:Death Row Records airtists]] [[Category:Interscope Records airtists]] [[Category:Daiths bi fireairm in Nevada]] [[Category:Daiths frae respiratory failur]] [[Category:Inglis-leid poets]] [[Category:Hip hop activists]] [[Category:Male actors frae the San Francisco Bay Aurie]] [[Category:Murthert African-American fowk]] [[Category:Murthert rappers]] [[Category:Fowk frae Harlem]] [[Category:Fowk murthert in Nevada]] [[Category:Rappers frae New York Ceety]] [[Category:Rappers frae the San Francisco Bay Aurie]] [[Category:Road crew]] [[Category:Shakur faimily]] [[Category:Unsolvit murthers in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Wast Coast hip hop muisickers]] [[Category:Writers frae the San Francisco Bay Aurie]] [[Category:African-American record producers]] pcps1ocs76vpiaqjt2tz8yzu09dt3ow 926569 926568 2026-11-07T23:30:06Z Atlantic306 30244 fixed reference 926569 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |name = Tupac Shakur |background = solo_singer |alias = {{hlist|2Pac|Pac|Makaveli|MC New York}} |origin = [[Marin City]], [[Californie]], U.S. |birth_date = {{birth date|1971|6|16}} |birth_place = [[East Harlem]], [[Manhattan]]<br>[[New York Ceety]], [[New York]], U.S. |death_date = {{death date and age|1996|9|13|1971|6|16}} |death_place = [[Las Vegas]], [[Nevada]], U.S. | occupation = {{hlist|Rapper|sangwriter|actor|activist|poet}} | module = {{Infobox musical artist | embed = yes | origin = | genre = {{hlist|[[Hip hop muisic|Hip hop]]|[[poleetical hip hop]]|[[West Coast hip hop]]|[[gangsta rap]]}} |years_active = 1988–1996 | label = {{hlist|[[Interscope Records|Interscope]]|[[Jive Records|Jive]]|[[Amaru Records|Amaru]]|[[Death Row Records|Death Row]]}} |website = {{URL|http://www.2pac.com/|www.2Pac.com}} }} }} '''Tupac Amaru Shakur''' ({{IPA-endia|ˈtuːpɑːk əˈmɑɹuː ʃəˈkʊə|Inglis pronunciation:}}; born '''Lesane Parish Crooks''', 16 Juin 1971 – deed 13 September 1996), kent bi his stage names '''2Pac''' an briefly as '''Makaveli''' an aw, wis a American rapper an actor.<ref>Levs, Joshua. (September 13, 2006) [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6067116 Growing Tupac's Legacy, 10 Years After His Death]. NPR. Retrieved 2011-06-14.</ref> Shakur haes selt ower 75 million albums warldwide as o 2010,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/zackomalleygreenburg/2010/11/01/tupac-shakur-2pac-ghastly-halloween-haloween-dead-celebs/|title=Tupac Shakur's Ghastly Halloween|first=Zack|last=O'Malley|work=[[Forbes]]|date=November 1, 2010|accessdate=2011-12-15}}</ref> makkin him ane o the [[:en:List of best-selling music artists|best-sellin muisic airtists in the warld]]. [[MTV]] rankit him at nummer twa on thair eet o ''The Greatest MCs of All Time'' an ''Rolling Stone'' cried him the 86t Greatest Airtist o All Time.<ref name = "RS">{{cite web|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/5702/31963/32519 |title=100 Greatest Artists of All Time|publisher=Rollingstone.com|date= |archive-date=13 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613041105/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/5702/31963/32519|url-status=dead }}</ref> His dooble disc album ''All Eyez on Me'' is ane o the best sellin hip hop albums o aw time. Shakur begoud his career as a roadie, backup dancer, an MC for the alternative hip hop group Digital Underground, eventually branchin aff as a solo airtist.<ref name="TSTA">{{cite video|title=Tupac Shakur – Thug Angel (The Life of an Outlaw)|date=2002}}</ref><ref name="TSHSD">{{cite web|url=http://www.hotshotdigital.com/tribute/TupacShakur.html|title=Tupac Shakur|publisher=Hotshotdigital.com|date=|accessdate=2012-01-07}}</ref><ref name="HTP-330">Edwards, Paul, 2009, ''[[How to Rap]]: The Art & Science of the Hip-Hop MC'', Chicago Review Press, p. 330.</ref> The themes o maist o Shakur's sangs revolvit aroond the violence an hardship in inner cities, racism an ither social problems. Baith o his parents an seevral ither o his faimily wur members o the Black Panther Pairty, thats ideals wur reflectit in his sangs. Durin the latter pairt o his career, Shakur wis a vocal participant in the sae-cried East Coast–Wast Coast hip hop rivalry, becomin involvit in conflicts wi ither rappers, producers an record-label staff members, maist notably The Notorious B.I.G. an his label Bad Boy Records.<ref>Jay-Z: ''Essays on Hip Hop's Philosopher King'', p. 55</ref> On 7 September 1996, Shakur wis shot multiple times in a drive-by shuitin at the intersection o Flamingo Road an Koval Lane in [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]], [[Nevada]].<ref>{{cite news |title=FBI outlines parallels in Notorious B.I.G., Tupac slayings |author=Antonio Planas |url=http://www.lvrj.com/news/fbi-outlines-parallels-in-notorious-b-i-g-tupac-slayings-119389104.html |newspaper=[[Las Vegas Review-Journal]] |date=April 7, 2011 |accessdate=February 19, 2013}}</ref> He wis taken tae the [[:en:University Medical Center of Southern Nevada|University Medical Center of Southern Nevada]], whaur he dee'd sax day later.<ref name="TSDCD">{{Cite web|url=http://www.numberonestars.com/tupacshakur/tupacdeathcertificatedetails.htm|title=Tupac Shakur's death certificate details|work=www.numberonestars.com|first=Cathy|last=Scott|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012054044/http://www.numberonestars.com/tupacshakur/tupacdeathcertificatedetails.htm |archive-date=2013-10-12|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Discografie == {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} ;Studio albums * 1991: ''[[2Pacalypse Now]]'' * 1993: ''[[Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z.]]'' * 1995: ''[[Me Against the World]]'' * 1996: ''[[All Eyez on Me]]'' * 1996: ''[[The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory]]'' ;Collaboration albums * 1994: ''[[Thug Life: Volume 1]]'' (wi ''[[Thug Life]]'') {{col-2}} ;Posthumous solo albums * 1996: ''[[The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory]]'' * 1997: ''[[R U Still Down? (Remember Me)]]'' * 2001: ''[[Until the End of Time (Tupac Shakur album)|Until the End of Time]]'' * 2002: ''[[Better Dayz]]'' * 2004: ''[[Loyal to the Game]]'' * 2006: ''[[Pac's Life]]'' ;Posthumous collaboration albums * 1999: ''[[Still I Rise (album)|Still I Rise]]'' (wi ''[[Outlawz]]'') {{col-end}} == References == {{Reflist|30em}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Shakur, Tupac}} [[Category:Tupac Shakur]] [[Category:1971 births]] [[Category:1996 daiths]] [[Category:1996 murthers in the Unitit States]] [[Category:20t-century American male actors]] [[Category:20t-century American sangsters]] [[Category:20t-century American writers]] [[Category:20t-century poets]] [[Category:African-American activists]] [[Category:African-American history in the San Francisco Bay Area]] [[Category:African-American nan-feection writers]] [[Category:African-American male dancers]] [[Category:African-American male actors]] [[Category:African-American male rappers]] [[Category:African-American poets]] [[Category:African-American screenwriters]] [[Category:American hip hop record producers]] [[Category:American male film actors]] [[Category:American male televeesion actors]] [[Category:American fowk convictit o assault]] [[Category:American fowk o Tuareg strynd]] [[Category:American shuitin survivors]] [[Category:American social commentators]] [[Category:Atlantic Records airtists]] [[Category:Gangsta rappers]] [[Category:Death Row Records airtists]] [[Category:Interscope Records airtists]] [[Category:Daiths bi fireairm in Nevada]] [[Category:Daiths frae respiratory failur]] [[Category:Inglis-leid poets]] [[Category:Hip hop activists]] [[Category:Male actors frae the San Francisco Bay Aurie]] [[Category:Murthert African-American fowk]] [[Category:Murthert rappers]] [[Category:Fowk frae Harlem]] [[Category:Fowk murthert in Nevada]] [[Category:Rappers frae New York Ceety]] [[Category:Rappers frae the San Francisco Bay Aurie]] [[Category:Road crew]] [[Category:Shakur faimily]] [[Category:Unsolvit murthers in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Wast Coast hip hop muisickers]] [[Category:Writers frae the San Francisco Bay Aurie]] [[Category:African-American record producers]] o1xefr0amtlv5pew30a2lpjblbs3n05 10 67448 926581 875808 2026-11-08T03:47:07Z Monospaced 75295 Fix unco respellins; tak oot doubled an broken airtins; match labels tae their pages 926581 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Template:MainLinks/styles.css" /> <div class="mp-links"> <div class="mp-col-1"> <div class="mp-links-section">[[File:Globe-Star of life.svg|50px|link=]] <div class="hlist"> '''Applied sciences''' * [[Airchitectur|Architecture]] (biggin) * [[Communication]] * [[Electronics]] * [[Ingineerin]] * [[Fermin]] * [[Heal]] * [[Industry]] * [[Medicine]] * [[Transport]] * [[Wather]] </div> </div> <!----------------------------------------------> <div class="mp-links-section">[[File:Books-aj.svg aj ashton 01f.svg|50px|link=]] <div class="hlist"> '''Fowk an social studies''' * [[Anthropology]] (study o fowk) * [[Archaeology]] (history o civilisation) * [[Geography]] * [[Eddication]] * [[History]] * [[Leid]] * [[Philosophy]] (abstract thochts) * [[Psychology]] * [[Sociology]] </div> </div> <!----------------------------------------------> <div class="mp-links-section">[[File:Crystal Project colors.png|50px|link=]] <div class="hlist"> '''Daily life, airt an culture''' * [[Animation]] * [[Airt]] * [[Beuk]] * [[Cuikin]] * [[Cultur|Culture]] * [[Dance]] * [[Gemme]]s * [[Gairdenin]] * [[Leisur|Leisure]] (free time) * [[Film]] * [[Muisic]] * [[Radio]] * [[Sport]]s * [[Theatre]] * [[Traivel]] * [[Telly]] </div> </div> <!----------------------------------------------> </div><!-- mp-col-1 --> <div class="mp-col-space"></div> <div class="mp-col-2"> <div class="mp-links-section">[[File:Gnome-applications-science.svg|50px|link=]] <div class="hlist"> '''Naitural sciences an maths''' * [[Algebra]] * [[Astronomy]] (starns an space) * [[Biology]] (beasts an plants) * [[Chemistry]] * [[Computer science]] * [[Yird science]] * [[Ecology]] * [[Geometry]] * [[Mathematics]] * [[Physics]] * [[Stateestics|Statistics]] * [[Zoology]] (study o beasts) </div> </div> <!----------------------------------------------> <div class="mp-links-section">[[File:Gnome-applications.svg|50px|link=]] <div class="hlist"> '''Government an law''' * [[Copyricht]] * [[Militar]] * [[Economics]] (tred an traffeck) * [[Government]] * [[Human richts]] * [[Law]]s * [[Politics]] * [[Tred]] </div> </div> <!----------------------------------------------> <div class="mp-links-section">[[File:ReligiousSymbols.svg|50px|link=]] <div class="hlist"> '''Releegions an beliefs''' * [[Atheism]] * [[Bahá'í Faith|Bahá'í]] * [[Buddhism]] * [[Christianity]] * [[Hinduism]] * [[Islam]] * [[Jainism]] * [[Judaism]] * [[Meethology|Mythology]] * [[Paganism]] * [[Sikhism]] * [[Taoism]] </div> </div> <!----------------------------------------------> </div><!-- mp-col-2 --> </div><!-- mp-links --> 12fh0tpke2unx0z5vi5u1ytshxc17ht 0 67767 926638 918850 2026-11-08T05:07:16Z Monospaced 75295 926638 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Needs Mair Soorces}} '''Computer science''' (abbreviatit '''CS''' or '''CompSci''') is the [[science|scienteefic]] an practical approach tae [[computation]] an its applications. It is the systematic stiddy o the feasibility, structur, expression, an mechanization o the methodical [[Procedure (computer science)|proceedurs]] (or [[algorithm]]s) that underlie the acquisition, representacioun, procesin, storage, communicaition o, an access tae [[information]], whethir such information is encodit as [[bit]]s in a [[computer memory]] or transcribit in [[gene]]s an [[protein]] structurs in a biological [[cell (biology)|cell]].<ref>{{cite web |title=What is Computer Science? |publisher=Boston University Department of Computer Science |date=Spring 2003 |url=http://www.cs.bu.edu/AboutCS/WhatIsCS.pdf |accessdate=December 12, 2014 |archive-date=2015-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218130340/http://www.cs.bu.edu/AboutCS/WhatIsCS.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> An alternate, mair succinct definition o computer science is the study o automatin algorithmic processes that scale. A [[computer scientist]] specializes in the theorie a computation an the design o computational systems.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=computer%20scientist |title=WordNet Search - 3.1 |publisher=Wordnetweb.princeton.edu |accessdate=2012-05-14}}</ref> Its subfields can be dividit intae a varietie o theoretical an practical disciplines. Some fields, such as [[computational complexitie theorie]] (which exploires the fundamental properties o [[Computational problam|computational]] an intractable problams), are hielie abstract, while fields such as [[Computer graphics (computer science)|computer graphics]] emphasize real-world visual applications. Still other fields focus on the challenges in implementin computation. Fer example, [[programming leid theorie]] considers various approaches tae the description o computation, while the stiddy o [[computer programmin]] itsel investigates various aspects o the use o [[programmin leid]] an [[complex systems]]. [[Human–computer interaction]] considers the challenges in makkin computers an computations usefull, uisable, an [[Computer accessibility|universally accessible]] tae [[human]]s. ==Areas relatit tae computer science== * [[Computer ingineerin]] * [[Information theory]] * [[Numerical analysis]] ** [[Numerical linear algebra]] ** [[Numerical methods for ordinary differential equations]] ** [[Numerical methods for pairtial differential equations]] ** [[Validatit numerics]] * [[Saftware ingineerin]] ==Further readin== * Knuth, Donald E. (1996). Selected Papers on Computer Science. CSLI Publications, [[Cambridge University Press]]. * Collier, Bruce (1990). The little engine that could've: The calculating machines of Charles Babbage. Garland Publishing Inc. ISBN 978-0-8240-0043-1. * Cohen, Bernard (2000). Howard Aiken, Portrait of a computer pioneer. The MIT press. ISBN 978-0-262-53179-5. * Tedre, Matti (2014). The Science of Computing: Shaping a Discipline. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis. * Randell, Brian (1973). The origins of Digital computers, Selected Papers. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-06169-4. * Peter J. Denning. Is computer science science?, Communications of the ACM, April 2005. ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== {{Wikibooks|Informatics Practices for Class XI (CBSE)}} {{Sister project links| wikt=computer science|c=Category:Computer science | b=Computer science | q=Computer science|n=no|s=no| v=Computer science | voy=no | species=no | d=no}} {{Library resources box}} * {{curlie|Computers/Computer_Science/}} * [http://www.lib.uwaterloo.ca/society/compsci_soc.html Scholarly Societies in Computer Science] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623002546/http://www.lib.uwaterloo.ca/society/compsci_soc.html |date=2011-06-23 }} * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fjMU-km-Cso What is Computer Science?] * [http://jeffhuang.com/best_paper_awards.html Best Papers Awards in Computer Science since 1996] * [http://se.ethz.ch/~meyer/gallery/ Photographs of computer scientists] * [http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/department/history.shtml EECS.berkeley.edu] ===Bibliography=== * [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/ CiteSeer^''x''] * [http://dblp.uni-trier.de/ DBLP Computer Science Bibliography] * [http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/ The Collection of Computer Science Bibliographies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607123538/http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/ |date=2011-06-07 }} ===Professional organisations=== * [http://www.acm.org/ Association for Computing Machinery] * [http://www.computer.org/ IEEE Computer Society] * [http://www.informatics-europe.org/ Informatics Europe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619035400/https://www.informatics-europe.org/ |date=2020-06-19 }} * [http://www.aaai.org/home.html AAAI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622123801/https://www.aaai.org/home.html |date=2020-06-22 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160205000119/http://membercentral.aaas.org/categories/computer-science AAAS Computer Science] ===Others=== * [https://cs.stackexchange.com/ Computer Science—Stack Exchange]: a community-run question-and-answer site for computer science * [http://www.cs.bu.edu/AboutCS/WhatIsCS.pdf What is computer science] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218130340/http://www.cs.bu.edu/AboutCS/WhatIsCS.pdf |date=2015-02-18 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170810205524/https://www.cs.mtu.edu/~john/jenning.pdf Is computer science science?] * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306078165_Computer_Science_Software_Must_be_Considered_as_an_Independent_Discipline_Computer_Science_Software_must_not_be_Treated_as_a_Sub-Domain_or_Subset_of_Mathematics Computer Science (Software) Must be Considered as an Independent Discipline.] {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Computer Science}} [[Category:Computer science| ]] i95d0w1thexb8gt5o8wavmwobck1kxc 0 67768 926615 856201 2026-11-08T04:55:51Z Monospaced 75295 Stub 926615 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Animhorse.gif|thumb|180px|A animatit [[horse]].]] '''Animation''' is the process o creatin a conteenous [[Motion (pheesics)|motion]] an shape chynge{{#tag:ref|Wi the "[[squash an stretch]]" principle eften applied in case o [[character animation]].|group=Note}} [[illusion]] bi means o the rapid display o a sequence o static images that minimally differ frae ilk ither. The illusion&mdash;as in motion pictures in general&mdash;is thoucht tae rely on the [[phi phenomenon]]. ==Notes== <references group="Note"/> {{stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Animation}} [[Category:Animation| ]] o263alovxljuob4vyev3gg961vpbv74 0 67769 926618 554006 2026-11-08T04:57:26Z Monospaced 75295 926618 wikitext text/x-wiki {{unsoorced}} [[File:Saladedefruitsetbiscuit.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Modren [[fruit salad]] an a "Roushie cigarette" pastry stuffed wi [[cottage cheese]]]] '''Cuikin''' or '''cuikery''' is the airt o preparin [[fuid]] for consumption wi the uise o heat. Cuikin techniques an ingredients vary widely athort the warld, reflectin unique environmental, economic, an cultural tradeetions an trends. The wey that cuikin taks place depends on the skill an kin o trainin an individual cuik haes. Cuiking can occur throu chemical reactions wioot the presence o heat, maist kenspeckle is wi sushi that uises a chemical reaction atween fish an the acid content o rice glazed wi veinegar. A seimilar fuid is [[Ceviche]], a tradeetional Sooth American dish, whaur fish is cuiked wi the acids in leemon or lime juice. {{stub}} [[Category:Cuikin]] [[Category:Survival skills]] [[Category:Hame economics]] dx7wz8gp122rbsycg0fx8sdjtkl3lkv 0 67770 926594 903443 2026-11-08T04:40:35Z Monospaced 75295 Monospaced flittit page [[Leisur]] til [[Leisure]]: Misspelt title 903443 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Delphin Enjolras - The Boudoir.jpg|thumb|Leisur]] '''Leisure''', or '''free time''', is [[time]] spent awa frae [[business]], [[Employment|wark]], an [[Hoosekeepin|paigle]]. Hit disna include time spent on necessar acteevities sic as [[Sleep|sleepin]] an [[eddication]]. {{stub}} [[Category:Leisur| ]] [[Category:Quality o life]] e90yjbfdwr9yv64oqfs7l7t1s1ykrhw 0 67772 926648 899481 2026-11-08T05:24:58Z Monospaced 75295 926648 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Copyricht''' is a legal concept, enactit by maist governments, that grants the creator o an original wirk [[exclusive richt]]s tae its uise an distribution, uisually for a limitit time, wi the intention o enablin the creator o intellectual wealth (e.g. the photographer o a photograph or the author o a book) tae receive compensation for thir wirk an be able tae financially support themselves.<ref>{{Cite web|title=COPYRIGHT {{!}} Meaning & Definition for UK English {{!}} Lexico.com|url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/copyright|access-date=2022-07-19|website=Lexico Dictionaries {{!}} English|language=en|archive-date=2022-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719172122/https://www.lexico.com/definition/copyright|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Copyright|url=https://www.nls.uk/copyright/|access-date=2022-07-19|website=National Library of Scotland|language=en}}</ref> {{stub}} == References == <references /> [[Category:Copyricht law| ]] [[Category:Data management]] [[Category:Intellectual property law]] [[Category:Leebrar science]] [[Category:Public records]] bl9uwzewh68hnoe4xj05sle9k16b8yn 0 67775 926629 703581 2026-11-08T05:02:12Z Monospaced 75295 Stub 926629 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:El viaxeru d'Urculo.JPG|thumb|240px|]] '''Traivel''' is the muivement o [[fowk]] atween relatively distant geografical [[Location (geografie)|location]]s, an can involve traivel bi [[Pedestrian|fit]], [[bicycle]], [[automobile]], [[train]], [[boat]], [[airplane]], or ither means, wi or wioot luggage, an can be ane way or roond trip.<ref>[http://www.thefreedictionary.com/travel "Travel."] (definition). [http://www.thefreedictionary.com Thefreedictionary.com]. Accessed July 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/travel "Travel."] (definition). [http://www.merriam-webster.com Merriam-webster.com]. Accessed July 2011.</ref> Traivel can an aa include relatively short stays atween successive muivements. {{stub}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Traivel| ]] [[Category:Tourism]] [[Category:Tourist activities]] [[Category:Transport cultur]] ee97io3m3sgrss4w8lttp5x7g4i012m 0 67778 926658 878337 2026-11-08T05:29:37Z Monospaced 75295 926658 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Yin_yang.svg|thumb|right|200px|[[Taijitu]], a seembol o Taoism]] '''Taoism''' (modrenly '''Daoism''') is a philosophical, ethical, an releegious tradeetion o Chinese origin that pits emphasis on livin in harmony wi the ''[[Tao]]'' (romanised as ''Dao'' as weel). The term ''Tao'' means "wey", "path" or "principle", an can be fand in Chinese philosophies an releegions ither nor Taoism. In Taoism, houaniver, ''Tao'' denotes somehing that is baith the soorce an the drivin force ahint awhing that exists. It is ultimately ineffable: "The Tao that can be telt isnae the eternal Tao."<ref name="Laozi">{{cite web|url=http://www.bopsecrets.org/gateway/passages/tao-te-ching.htm|title=Tao Te Ching, 1. chapter, translated by Livia Kohn (1993)|author=Laozi|accessdate=29 May 2012}}</ref> {{Stub/Releegion}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Cheenese astrologie]] [[Category:Taoism| ]] [[Category:Clessical Cheenese filosofie]] [[Category:Cheenese fowk releegion]] [[Category:East Asie releegions]] [[Category:East Asie cultur]] [[Category:Pantheism]] [[Category:Polytheism]] 6svoh2oazzfn5sprwk52g1oyg7ukigv 0 72678 926700 915236 2026-11-08T09:48:58Z CommonsDelinker 411 Replacin' Mikola_II.jpg wi' [[File:Nicholas_II,_Russian_Emperor.jpg]] (by [[commons:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] coz: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] (obvious error)). 926700 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty |name=Nicholas II |image=Nicholas II, Russian Emperor.jpg |imgw= |caption= |succession=[[Leet o Roushie rulers|Emperor an Autocrat o Aw the Roushies]] |reign={{OldStyleDate|20 October|1894|08 October}}&nbsp;– 15 Mairch 1917 |coronation={{OldStyleDate|26 Mey|1896<ref name="ReferenceB">Robert D. Warth, ''Nicholas II, The Life and Reign of Russia's Last Monarch'', 26</ref>|14 Mey}} |cor-type=[[Coronation o the Roushie monarch|Coronation]] |predecessor=[[Alexander III o Roushie|Alexander III]] |successor = '''Monarchy abolished'''<br>''De facto'' :<br>[[Georgy Lvov]] (chairman o the provisional govrenment) |spouse = [[Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix o Hesse)|Alix o Hesse]] |issue = {{plainlist | *[[Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna o Roushie|Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna]] *[[Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna o Roushie|Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna]] *[[Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna o Roushie (1899–1918)|Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna]] *[[Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna o Roushie|Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna]] *[[Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich o Roushie|Tsesarevich Alexei Nikolaevich]] }} |full name = Nikolay Alexandrovich Romanov |house = [[Hoose o Romanov|Hoose o Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov]] |father = [[Alexander III o Roushie]] |mother = [[Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar o Denmark)|Maria Feodorovna<br />(Dagmar o Denmark)]] |birth_date = {{OldStyleDate|18 Mey|1868|6 Mey}} |birth_place = [[Alexander Pailace]], [[Tsarskoye Selo]], [[Saunt Petersburg]], [[Roushie Empire]] |death_date = {{Death date and age|1918|7|17|1868|5|18|df=y}} |death_place = [[Yekaterinburg]], [[Roushie Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Roushie SFSR]] |burial_date = 17 Julie 1998 |burial_place = [[Peter an Paul Cathedral]], [[Saunt Petersburg]], [[Roushie|Roushie Federation]] |signature = Nicholas II Signature.svg |religion = [[Roushie Orthodox Kirk|Roushie Orthodox]] }} '''Nicol II''' ({{lang-rus|Николай II, Николай Александрович Романов|r=Nikolay II, Nikolay Alexandrovich Romanov}} ''Nikolai Aleksandrovich Romanov'' {{IPA-ru|nʲɪkɐˈlaj ftɐˈroj, nʲɪkɐˈlaj əlʲɪkˈsandrəvʲɪtɕ rɐˈmanəf|}}) ({{OldStyleDate|18 Mey|1868|6 Mey}} – 17 Julie 1918) wis the last [[Leet o Roushie rulers|Emperor]] o [[Roushie Empire|Roushie]], [[Grand Duke o Finland]], an titular [[Keeng o Poland]]. He wis kilt bi the bolsheviks, alang wi his five bairns an wife, Empress Alexandra in the Roushie Revolution. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nicholas 02}} [[Category:Nicholas II o Roushie| ]] [[Category:1868 births]] [[Category:1918 daiths]] [[Category:20t-century Christian saunts]] [[Category:Breetish field marshals]] [[Category:Buirials at Peter an Paul Cathedral]] [[Category:Daiths bi fireairm in Roushie]] [[Category:Eastren Catholic saunts]] [[Category:Eastren Orthodox fowk executit bi the Soviet Union]] [[Category:Eastren Orthodox saunts]] [[Category:Executit reignin monarchs]] [[Category:Haemophilia in European ryalty]] [[Category:Hoose o Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov]] [[Category:Leaders oostit bi a coup]] [[Category:Monarchs that abdicatit]] [[Category:Murthert Roushie monarchs]] [[Category:Orthodox monarchs]] [[Category:Fowk associatit wi the Hague Peace Conferences]] [[Category:Executit fowk frae Saunt Petersburg]] [[Category:Order o St. Alexander Nevsky recipients]] [[Category:Recipients o the Order o the White Eagle (Roushie)]] [[Category:Recipients o the Order o St. Anna, 1st cless]] [[Category:Recipients o the Order o Saunt Stanislaus (Roushie), 1st cless]] [[Category:Recipients o the Order o St. Vladimir, 4t cless]] [[Category:Recipients o the Order o St. George o the Fowert Degree]] [[Category:Knichts Grand Cross o the Order o the Netherlands Lion]] [[Category:Grand Crosses o the Hoose an Merit Order o Peter Frederick Louis]] [[Category:Recipients o the Order o the Risin Sun wi Paulownia Flouers]] [[Category:Knichts o the Gowden Fleece]] [[Category:Grand Crosses o the Order o Christ (Portugal)]] [[Category:Recipients o the Order o the White Falcon]] [[Category:Knichts Grand Cross o the Ludwigsorden]] [[Category:Knichts Grand Cross o the Order o Saunt Stephen o Hungary]] [[Category:Grand Crosses o the Order o Saunt Hubert]] [[Category:Recipients o the Order o St Alexander]] [[Category:Knichts Grand Cross o the Order o the Croun (Württemberg)]] [[Category:Knichts an Dames Grand Cross o the Equestrian Order o the Holy Sepulchre]] [[Category:Knichts Grand Cross o the Order o Saunts Maurice an Lazarus]] [[Category:Recipients o the Order o the Black Eagle]] [[Category:Grand Croix o the Légion d'honneur]] [[Category:Recipients o the Order o Osmanieh, 1st cless]] [[Category:Grand Crosses o the Order o the Soothren Cross]] [[Category:Extra Knichts Companion o the Gairten]] [[Category:Grand Commanders o the Order o the Dannebrog]] [[Category:Knichts Grand Cross o the Order o the Seal o Solomon]] [[Category:Recipients o the Order o the Double Dragon]] [[Category:Honorar Knichts Grand Cross o the Order o the Bath]] [[Category:Knichts Grand Cross o the Order o Prince Danilo I o Montenegro]] [[Category:Recipients o the Ryal Victorian Cheen]] [[Category:Knichts Grand Cross o the Ryal Victorian Order]] [[Category:Recipients o the Order o Carol I]] [[Category:Recipients o the Gowd Medal o Militar Valor]] [[Category:Recipients o the Order o Saunts Cyril an Methodius]] [[Category:Grand Crosses o the Hoose Order o the Wendish Croun]] [[Category:Rulers o Finland]] [[Category:Executit ryalty]] [[Category:Roushie anti-communists]] [[Category:Roushie emperors]] [[Category:Grand Dukes o Roushie]] [[Category:Roushie Orthodox saunts]] [[Category:Roushie fowk o Dens strynd]] [[Category:Roushie fowk o German strynd]] [[Category:Fowk o the Russo-Japanese War]] [[Category:Fowk o the Roushie Revolution]] [[Category:Roushie fowk o Warld War I]] [[Category:Victims o Reid Terror in Soviet Roushie]] [[Category:Fowk o the 1905 Roushie Revolution]] [[Category:Fowk executit bi Roushie bi firin squad]] [[Category:Roushie fowk executit bi firin squad]] [[Category:Recipients o the Order o Saunt Andrew]] [[Category:Tsarevichs o Roushie]] 2ax0mcyl07gmtsxje83gk0j2wogqgl3 0 73943 926670 409791 2026-11-08T05:40:30Z Xqbot 2526 Fixin dooble reguidal til [[Psychology]] 926670 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Psychology]] 09pb10ikfnydooi12icl7msxn3cqzlo 0 84630 926647 894432 2026-11-08T05:24:00Z Monospaced 75295 Stub 926647 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pauganism''' is a braid group o [[Indigenous releegion|indigenous]] an [[Polytheism#Historical polytheism|historical polytheistic]] releegious tradeetions, mainly yon o culturs kent tae the [[classical warld]]. ==Modren Pauganism== Modren Pauganism, or neopauganism, includes rebiggit releegions sic as [[Hellenism (releegion)|Hellenism]], [[Slavic Native Faith]], an [[Haithenry (new releegious muivement)|Haithenry]]. {{Stub/Releegion}} [[Category:History o releegion]] [[Category:Christian terminology]] [[Category:Pauganism]] [[Category:Reclaimed wirds]] rbeb8mqnaei4gsbxughvgbpdm5ehyq5 0 136333 926570 922648 2026-11-07T23:42:49Z Atlantic306 30244 /* References */ replaced archive today 926570 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fixscots}} {{Infobox settlement |name =PhinDeli Town-Buford<br />(Buford, Wyoming) |settlement_type = [[Unincorporatit aurie|Unincorporatit commonty]] |named_for = |image_skyline = Buford wyoming sign.jpg |imagesize = |image_caption = Street sign for Buford |image_flag = |image_seal = |pushpin_map = USA Wyoming |pushpin_label_position = top |pushpin_map_caption = Location athin the state o Wyoming |pushpin_mapsize = |image_map = |map_caption = Location athin Albany coonty |subdivision_type = [[Leet o sovereign states|Kintra]] |subdivision_name = [[Unitit States]] |subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Wyoming]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Leet o coonties in Wyoming|Coonty]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Albany Coonty, Wyoming|Albany]] |government_footnotes = |government_type = |established_title = Foondit |established_date = 1866 |unit_pref = Imperial |area_footnotes = |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = 0.04 |area_land_km2 = 0.04 |area_water_km2 = 0 |population_as_of = 2012 |population_footnotes = |population_total = 1 |population_density_km2 = auto |timezone = [[Moontain Time Zone|Moontain (MST)]] |utc_offset = -7 |timezone_DST = MDT |utc_offset_DST = -6 |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_ft = |coordinates = {{coord|41|07|25|N|105|18|09|W|type:city_region:US-WY|display=inline,title}} |postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]s |postal_code = 82052 |area_code = |blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]] |blank_info = |blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] featur ID |blank1_info = |website = [http://www.bufordtradingpost.com/ bufordtradingpost.com] |footnotes = }} '''PhinDeli Town Buford''', oreeginally kent as '''Buford''', is an [[unincorporatit aurie|unincorporatit commonty]] in [[Albany Coonty, Wyoming|Albany Coonty]], [[Wyoming]], [[Unitit States]]. It is locatit atween [[Laramie, Wyoming|Laramie]] an [[Cheyenne, Wyoming|Cheyenne]] on [[Interstate 80]]. At {{convert|8000|ft}} o elevation, this is the heichest populatit dounset alang the [[First Transcontinental Railroad]] (the day's [[Overland Route (Union Pacific Railroad)|Overland Route]]), an on the transcontinental [[Interstate 80]]. The toun wis oreeginally namit Buford (in honour o [[John Buford|Major General John Buford]]), a [[Union Airmy|Union]] [[cavalry]] officer durin the [[American Ceevil War]]. In 2013, the toun wis saud tae a Vietnamese awner, who re-buistit it as "PhinDeli Town Buford". The postal addresses, housomeivver, still bears the toun's oreeginal name o "Buford". In 2013, the population o the toun wis 1.<ref>[http://www.wyomingnews.com/articles/2013/09/04/news/01top_09-04-13.txt#.VICflzHF91Y PhinDeli Town Buford: Open for business]{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>[http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/10/17/america-s-tiniest-town-is-sold-and-renamed-phindeli-town-buford-wyoming.html America’s Tiniest Town Is Sold And Renamed PhinDeli Town Buford, Wyoming]</ref> ==History== PhinDeli is a commercial promotional name taggit tae the toun o Buford in 2013, bi the store-awners. The oreeginal toun wis foondit in 1866,<ref name="smalltime"/> durin the construction o the [[Transcontinental Railroad]] in the Wyoming Territory. At its peak, the toun boastit a population o 2000.<ref name="smalltime"/> In 1900, a post office wis biggit, which wis closed in 2004.<ref>http://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postmasterfinder/welcome.htm</ref> Don Sammons muivit tae Buford in 1980 wi his wife an son.<ref name=yahoozillow>{{cite web|last=Vecsey|first=Laura|title=America's tiniest town commands a big price|url=http://realestate.yahoo.com/promo/americas-tiniest-town-commands-a-big-price.html|publisher=Zillow|accessdate=6 April 2012|archive-date=2012-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405235725/http://realestate.yahoo.com/promo/americas-tiniest-town-commands-a-big-price.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1992, he purchased the toun.<ref name="chitrib"/> His wife dee'd in 1995, an his son muivit awa aroond 2007, makkin him Buford's anerly resident.<ref name="smalltime"/><ref name=yahoozillow/> Housomeivver, at a later time, seiven residents livit in the toun, but eventually muivit awa tae lairger municipalities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1366458/The-shop-owner-lives-man-town-8000ft-chilly-mountain.html |title=Population 1: The shopkeeper who lives in a one-man town (and there are no women or children either) |work=[[Daily Mail (UK)|Daily Mail]] |date=March 16, 2011 |accessdate=April 8, 2013}}</ref> The toun, consistin o a [[convenience store]], [[gas station]], an [[modular hame]] on {{convert|4|ha}} o laund, wis put up for sale efter Don Sammons decidit tae muive closer tae his son.<ref name="chitrib"/> The toun wis put up for auction on 5 Apryle 2012, wi the heichest bid o $900,000 wis made bi twa unidentifee'd [[Vietnamese fowk|Vietnamese men]].<ref name=yahoozillow/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/04/05/us/wyoming-town-auction/index.html |first=Jim |last=Spellman |title= Vietnamese businessmen scoop up smallest U.S. town for $900,000 |publisher=CNN |date=April 5, 2012 |accessdate= 2012-04-06}}</ref><ref>{{vi}} [http://www.nguoi-viet.com/absolutenm2/templates/viewarticlesNVO.aspx?articleid=146913&zoneid=3 Doanh gia Việt Nam qua Mỹ mua trọn thị trấn giá $900,000] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120409183438/http://www.nguoi-viet.com/absolutenm2/templates/viewarticlesNVO.aspx?articleid=146913&zoneid=3 |date=2012-04-09 }}</ref> Later, it wis revealed that ane o thaim wis Phạm Đình Nguyên.<ref>{{vi}} [http://www.nguoi-viet.com/absolutenm2/templates/viewarticlesNVO.aspx?articleid=147017&zoneid=1 Lộ danh tánh người Việt mua thị trấn Mỹ $900,000] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120411175238/http://www.nguoi-viet.com/absolutenm2/templates/viewarticlesNVO.aspx?articleid=147017&zoneid=1 |date=2012-04-11 }}</ref> The new awners sell "PhinDeli" buist coffee, importit frae Vietnam, in the convenience store.<ref name="ch 5">[http://www.kgwn.tv/story/23314936/buford-wyoming-getting-a-new-name Markley, Kyle. ''Buford, Wyoming getting a new name''. KGWN-TV News.] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130903043106/http://www.kgwn.tv/story/23314936/buford-wyoming-getting-a-new-name |date=2013-09-03 }}</ref> ==References== {{reflist|refs= <ref name="smalltime">{{cite web | last=Rosenfeld | first=Everett | url=http://newsfeed.time.com/2011/07/20/meet-the-only-resident-of-americas-smallest-town/ | title=Meet the Only Resident of America's Smallest Town | publisher=[[Time (magazine)|TIME]]'' | date=July 20, 2011 | accessdate=2012-04-06 | archive-date=2011-08-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806165154/http://newsfeed.time.com/2011/07/20/meet-the-only-resident-of-americas-smallest-town/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="chitrib">{{cite web | url= http://www.chicagotribune.com/sns-rt-usa-townauction-update-1-pixl2e8f60ia-20120405,0,5851016,full.story | title= Wyoming town - population 1 - sells for $900,000 to Vietnamese buyer | date= April 5, 2012 | work= Chicago Tribune | agency= Reuters | first= Laura | last= Zuckerman | accessdate= 2012-04-06 | archive-date=3 November 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103222438/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-04-05/business/sns-rt-usa-townauction-update-1-pixl2e8f60ia-20120405_1_buford-town-wyoming|url-status= dead}}</ref> }} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.bufordtradingpost.com/ Community of Buford] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722053613/http://www.bufordtradingpost.com/ |date=2012-07-22 }} * [http://www.cnn.com/video/?/video/living/2010/12/23/dnt.wyoming.town.of.one.kusa 2010 video interview] frae CNN {{Albany Coonty, Wyoming}} [[Category:Unincorporatit commonties in Albany Coonty, Wyoming]] [[Category:Unincorporatit commonties in Wyoming]] qqz9g8tskgk57xm2gbcftqftivj8dva 926571 926570 2026-11-07T23:44:22Z Atlantic306 30244 /* History */ removed daily mail reference 926571 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fixscots}} {{Infobox settlement |name =PhinDeli Town-Buford<br />(Buford, Wyoming) |settlement_type = [[Unincorporatit aurie|Unincorporatit commonty]] |named_for = |image_skyline = Buford wyoming sign.jpg |imagesize = |image_caption = Street sign for Buford |image_flag = |image_seal = |pushpin_map = USA Wyoming |pushpin_label_position = top |pushpin_map_caption = Location athin the state o Wyoming |pushpin_mapsize = |image_map = |map_caption = Location athin Albany coonty |subdivision_type = [[Leet o sovereign states|Kintra]] |subdivision_name = [[Unitit States]] |subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Wyoming]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Leet o coonties in Wyoming|Coonty]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Albany Coonty, Wyoming|Albany]] |government_footnotes = |government_type = |established_title = Foondit |established_date = 1866 |unit_pref = Imperial |area_footnotes = |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = 0.04 |area_land_km2 = 0.04 |area_water_km2 = 0 |population_as_of = 2012 |population_footnotes = |population_total = 1 |population_density_km2 = auto |timezone = [[Moontain Time Zone|Moontain (MST)]] |utc_offset = -7 |timezone_DST = MDT |utc_offset_DST = -6 |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_ft = |coordinates = {{coord|41|07|25|N|105|18|09|W|type:city_region:US-WY|display=inline,title}} |postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]s |postal_code = 82052 |area_code = |blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]] |blank_info = |blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] featur ID |blank1_info = |website = [http://www.bufordtradingpost.com/ bufordtradingpost.com] |footnotes = }} '''PhinDeli Town Buford''', oreeginally kent as '''Buford''', is an [[unincorporatit aurie|unincorporatit commonty]] in [[Albany Coonty, Wyoming|Albany Coonty]], [[Wyoming]], [[Unitit States]]. It is locatit atween [[Laramie, Wyoming|Laramie]] an [[Cheyenne, Wyoming|Cheyenne]] on [[Interstate 80]]. At {{convert|8000|ft}} o elevation, this is the heichest populatit dounset alang the [[First Transcontinental Railroad]] (the day's [[Overland Route (Union Pacific Railroad)|Overland Route]]), an on the transcontinental [[Interstate 80]]. The toun wis oreeginally namit Buford (in honour o [[John Buford|Major General John Buford]]), a [[Union Airmy|Union]] [[cavalry]] officer durin the [[American Ceevil War]]. In 2013, the toun wis saud tae a Vietnamese awner, who re-buistit it as "PhinDeli Town Buford". The postal addresses, housomeivver, still bears the toun's oreeginal name o "Buford". In 2013, the population o the toun wis 1.<ref>[http://www.wyomingnews.com/articles/2013/09/04/news/01top_09-04-13.txt#.VICflzHF91Y PhinDeli Town Buford: Open for business]{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>[http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/10/17/america-s-tiniest-town-is-sold-and-renamed-phindeli-town-buford-wyoming.html America’s Tiniest Town Is Sold And Renamed PhinDeli Town Buford, Wyoming]</ref> ==History== PhinDeli is a commercial promotional name taggit tae the toun o Buford in 2013, bi the store-awners. The oreeginal toun wis foondit in 1866,<ref name="smalltime"/> durin the construction o the [[Transcontinental Railroad]] in the Wyoming Territory. At its peak, the toun boastit a population o 2000.<ref name="smalltime"/> In 1900, a post office wis biggit, which wis closed in 2004.<ref>http://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postmasterfinder/welcome.htm</ref> Don Sammons muivit tae Buford in 1980 wi his wife an son.<ref name=yahoozillow>{{cite web|last=Vecsey|first=Laura|title=America's tiniest town commands a big price|url=http://realestate.yahoo.com/promo/americas-tiniest-town-commands-a-big-price.html|publisher=Zillow|accessdate=6 April 2012|archive-date=2012-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405235725/http://realestate.yahoo.com/promo/americas-tiniest-town-commands-a-big-price.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1992, he purchased the toun.<ref name="chitrib"/> His wife dee'd in 1995, an his son muivit awa aroond 2007, makkin him Buford's anerly resident.<ref name="smalltime"/><ref name=yahoozillow/> Housomeivver, at a later time, seiven residents livit in the toun, but eventually muivit awa tae lairger municipalities. The toun, consistin o a [[convenience store]], [[gas station]], an [[modular hame]] on {{convert|4|ha}} o laund, wis put up for sale efter Don Sammons decidit tae muive closer tae his son.<ref name="chitrib"/> The toun wis put up for auction on 5 Apryle 2012, wi the heichest bid o $900,000 wis made bi twa unidentifee'd [[Vietnamese fowk|Vietnamese men]].<ref name=yahoozillow/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/04/05/us/wyoming-town-auction/index.html |first=Jim |last=Spellman |title= Vietnamese businessmen scoop up smallest U.S. town for $900,000 |publisher=CNN |date=April 5, 2012 |accessdate= 2012-04-06}}</ref><ref>{{vi}} [http://www.nguoi-viet.com/absolutenm2/templates/viewarticlesNVO.aspx?articleid=146913&zoneid=3 Doanh gia Việt Nam qua Mỹ mua trọn thị trấn giá $900,000] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120409183438/http://www.nguoi-viet.com/absolutenm2/templates/viewarticlesNVO.aspx?articleid=146913&zoneid=3 |date=2012-04-09 }}</ref> Later, it wis revealed that ane o thaim wis Phạm Đình Nguyên.<ref>{{vi}} [http://www.nguoi-viet.com/absolutenm2/templates/viewarticlesNVO.aspx?articleid=147017&zoneid=1 Lộ danh tánh người Việt mua thị trấn Mỹ $900,000] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120411175238/http://www.nguoi-viet.com/absolutenm2/templates/viewarticlesNVO.aspx?articleid=147017&zoneid=1 |date=2012-04-11 }}</ref> The new awners sell "PhinDeli" buist coffee, importit frae Vietnam, in the convenience store.<ref name="ch 5">[http://www.kgwn.tv/story/23314936/buford-wyoming-getting-a-new-name Markley, Kyle. ''Buford, Wyoming getting a new name''. KGWN-TV News.] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130903043106/http://www.kgwn.tv/story/23314936/buford-wyoming-getting-a-new-name |date=2013-09-03 }}</ref> ==References== {{reflist|refs= <ref name="smalltime">{{cite web | last=Rosenfeld | first=Everett | url=http://newsfeed.time.com/2011/07/20/meet-the-only-resident-of-americas-smallest-town/ | title=Meet the Only Resident of America's Smallest Town | publisher=[[Time (magazine)|TIME]]'' | date=July 20, 2011 | accessdate=2012-04-06 | archive-date=2011-08-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806165154/http://newsfeed.time.com/2011/07/20/meet-the-only-resident-of-americas-smallest-town/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="chitrib">{{cite web | url= http://www.chicagotribune.com/sns-rt-usa-townauction-update-1-pixl2e8f60ia-20120405,0,5851016,full.story | title= Wyoming town - population 1 - sells for $900,000 to Vietnamese buyer | date= April 5, 2012 | work= Chicago Tribune | agency= Reuters | first= Laura | last= Zuckerman | accessdate= 2012-04-06 | archive-date=3 November 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103222438/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-04-05/business/sns-rt-usa-townauction-update-1-pixl2e8f60ia-20120405_1_buford-town-wyoming|url-status= dead}}</ref> }} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.bufordtradingpost.com/ Community of Buford] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722053613/http://www.bufordtradingpost.com/ |date=2012-07-22 }} * [http://www.cnn.com/video/?/video/living/2010/12/23/dnt.wyoming.town.of.one.kusa 2010 video interview] frae CNN {{Albany Coonty, Wyoming}} [[Category:Unincorporatit commonties in Albany Coonty, Wyoming]] [[Category:Unincorporatit commonties in Wyoming]] 9eawnzgtrrstkj7uylg9wdsa1k50yi6 926572 926571 2026-11-08T00:08:57Z Atlantic306 30244 /* History */ replaced archive today reference 926572 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fixscots}} {{Infobox settlement |name =PhinDeli Town-Buford<br />(Buford, Wyoming) |settlement_type = [[Unincorporatit aurie|Unincorporatit commonty]] |named_for = |image_skyline = Buford wyoming sign.jpg |imagesize = |image_caption = Street sign for Buford |image_flag = |image_seal = |pushpin_map = USA Wyoming |pushpin_label_position = top |pushpin_map_caption = Location athin the state o Wyoming |pushpin_mapsize = |image_map = |map_caption = Location athin Albany coonty |subdivision_type = [[Leet o sovereign states|Kintra]] |subdivision_name = [[Unitit States]] |subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Wyoming]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Leet o coonties in Wyoming|Coonty]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Albany Coonty, Wyoming|Albany]] |government_footnotes = |government_type = |established_title = Foondit |established_date = 1866 |unit_pref = Imperial |area_footnotes = |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = 0.04 |area_land_km2 = 0.04 |area_water_km2 = 0 |population_as_of = 2012 |population_footnotes = |population_total = 1 |population_density_km2 = auto |timezone = [[Moontain Time Zone|Moontain (MST)]] |utc_offset = -7 |timezone_DST = MDT |utc_offset_DST = -6 |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_ft = |coordinates = {{coord|41|07|25|N|105|18|09|W|type:city_region:US-WY|display=inline,title}} |postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]s |postal_code = 82052 |area_code = |blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]] |blank_info = |blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] featur ID |blank1_info = |website = [http://www.bufordtradingpost.com/ bufordtradingpost.com] |footnotes = }} '''PhinDeli Town Buford''', oreeginally kent as '''Buford''', is an [[unincorporatit aurie|unincorporatit commonty]] in [[Albany Coonty, Wyoming|Albany Coonty]], [[Wyoming]], [[Unitit States]]. It is locatit atween [[Laramie, Wyoming|Laramie]] an [[Cheyenne, Wyoming|Cheyenne]] on [[Interstate 80]]. At {{convert|8000|ft}} o elevation, this is the heichest populatit dounset alang the [[First Transcontinental Railroad]] (the day's [[Overland Route (Union Pacific Railroad)|Overland Route]]), an on the transcontinental [[Interstate 80]]. The toun wis oreeginally namit Buford (in honour o [[John Buford|Major General John Buford]]), a [[Union Airmy|Union]] [[cavalry]] officer durin the [[American Ceevil War]]. In 2013, the toun wis saud tae a Vietnamese awner, who re-buistit it as "PhinDeli Town Buford". The postal addresses, housomeivver, still bears the toun's oreeginal name o "Buford". In 2013, the population o the toun wis 1.<ref>[http://www.wyomingnews.com/articles/2013/09/04/news/01top_09-04-13.txt#.VICflzHF91Y PhinDeli Town Buford: Open for business]{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>[http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/10/17/america-s-tiniest-town-is-sold-and-renamed-phindeli-town-buford-wyoming.html America’s Tiniest Town Is Sold And Renamed PhinDeli Town Buford, Wyoming]</ref> ==History== PhinDeli is a commercial promotional name taggit tae the toun o Buford in 2013, bi the store-awners. The oreeginal toun wis foondit in 1866,<ref name="smalltime"/> durin the construction o the [[Transcontinental Railroad]] in the Wyoming Territory. At its peak, the toun boastit a population o 2000.<ref name="smalltime"/> In 1900, a post office wis biggit, which wis closed in 2004.<ref>http://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postmasterfinder/welcome.htm</ref> Don Sammons muivit tae Buford in 1980 wi his wife an son.<ref name=yahoozillow>{{cite web|last=Vecsey|first=Laura|title=America's tiniest town commands a big price|url=http://realestate.yahoo.com/promo/americas-tiniest-town-commands-a-big-price.html|publisher=Zillow|accessdate=6 April 2012|archive-date=2012-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405235725/http://realestate.yahoo.com/promo/americas-tiniest-town-commands-a-big-price.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1992, he purchased the toun.<ref name="chitrib"/> His wife dee'd in 1995, an his son muivit awa aroond 2007, makkin him Buford's anerly resident.<ref name="smalltime"/><ref name=yahoozillow/> Housomeivver, at a later time, seiven residents livit in the toun, but eventually muivit awa tae lairger municipalities. The toun, consistin o a [[convenience store]], [[gas station]], an [[modular hame]] on {{convert|4|ha}} o laund, wis put up for sale efter Don Sammons decidit tae muive closer tae his son.<ref name="chitrib"/> The toun wis put up for auction on 5 Apryle 2012, wi the heichest bid o $900,000 wis made bi twa unidentifee'd [[Vietnamese fowk|Vietnamese men]].<ref name=yahoozillow/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/04/05/us/wyoming-town-auction/index.html |first=Jim |last=Spellman |title= Vietnamese businessmen scoop up smallest U.S. town for $900,000 |publisher=CNN |date=April 5, 2012 |accessdate= 2012-04-06}}</ref><ref>{{vi}} [http://www.nguoi-viet.com/absolutenm2/templates/viewarticlesNVO.aspx?articleid=146913&zoneid=3 Doanh gia Việt Nam qua Mỹ mua trọn thị trấn giá $900,000] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120409183438/http://www.nguoi-viet.com/absolutenm2/templates/viewarticlesNVO.aspx?articleid=146913&zoneid=3 |date=2012-04-09 }}</ref> Later, it wis revealed that ane o thaim wis Phạm Đình Nguyên.<ref>{{vi}} [http://www.nguoi-viet.com/absolutenm2/templates/viewarticlesNVO.aspx?articleid=147017&zoneid=1 Lộ danh tánh người Việt mua thị trấn Mỹ $900,000] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120411175238/http://www.nguoi-viet.com/absolutenm2/templates/viewarticlesNVO.aspx?articleid=147017&zoneid=1 |date=2012-04-11 }}</ref> The new awners sell "PhinDeli" buist coffee, importit frae Vietnam, in the convenience store.<ref name="ch 5">{{Cite web|url=https://parade.com/news/buford-wyoming-population-1-auction-900000-phindeli-town|title=In 2012, a Wyoming town with one resident sold for $900,000; a Vietnamese coffee entrepreneur renamed it PhinDeli Town Buford|work=Parade|date=21 October 2026|first=Franz|last=Irorita|archive-date=|archive-url=|url-status=live}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist|refs= <ref name="smalltime">{{cite web | last=Rosenfeld | first=Everett | url=http://newsfeed.time.com/2011/07/20/meet-the-only-resident-of-americas-smallest-town/ | title=Meet the Only Resident of America's Smallest Town | publisher=[[Time (magazine)|TIME]]'' | date=July 20, 2011 | accessdate=2012-04-06 | archive-date=2011-08-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806165154/http://newsfeed.time.com/2011/07/20/meet-the-only-resident-of-americas-smallest-town/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="chitrib">{{cite web | url= http://www.chicagotribune.com/sns-rt-usa-townauction-update-1-pixl2e8f60ia-20120405,0,5851016,full.story | title= Wyoming town - population 1 - sells for $900,000 to Vietnamese buyer | date= April 5, 2012 | work= Chicago Tribune | agency= Reuters | first= Laura | last= Zuckerman | accessdate= 2012-04-06 | archive-date=3 November 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103222438/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-04-05/business/sns-rt-usa-townauction-update-1-pixl2e8f60ia-20120405_1_buford-town-wyoming|url-status= dead}}</ref> }} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.bufordtradingpost.com/ Community of Buford] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722053613/http://www.bufordtradingpost.com/ |date=2012-07-22 }} * [http://www.cnn.com/video/?/video/living/2010/12/23/dnt.wyoming.town.of.one.kusa 2010 video interview] frae CNN {{Albany Coonty, Wyoming}} [[Category:Unincorporatit commonties in Albany Coonty, Wyoming]] [[Category:Unincorporatit commonties in Wyoming]] m4lumejnka1vixwps8uzmma2z6p5ih4 926573 926572 2026-11-08T00:12:15Z Atlantic306 30244 /* History */ filled reference 926573 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fixscots}} {{Infobox settlement |name =PhinDeli Town-Buford<br />(Buford, Wyoming) |settlement_type = [[Unincorporatit aurie|Unincorporatit commonty]] |named_for = |image_skyline = Buford wyoming sign.jpg |imagesize = |image_caption = Street sign for Buford |image_flag = |image_seal = |pushpin_map = USA Wyoming |pushpin_label_position = top |pushpin_map_caption = Location athin the state o Wyoming |pushpin_mapsize = |image_map = |map_caption = Location athin Albany coonty |subdivision_type = [[Leet o sovereign states|Kintra]] |subdivision_name = [[Unitit States]] |subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Wyoming]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Leet o coonties in Wyoming|Coonty]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Albany Coonty, Wyoming|Albany]] |government_footnotes = |government_type = |established_title = Foondit |established_date = 1866 |unit_pref = Imperial |area_footnotes = |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = 0.04 |area_land_km2 = 0.04 |area_water_km2 = 0 |population_as_of = 2012 |population_footnotes = |population_total = 1 |population_density_km2 = auto |timezone = [[Moontain Time Zone|Moontain (MST)]] |utc_offset = -7 |timezone_DST = MDT |utc_offset_DST = -6 |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_ft = |coordinates = {{coord|41|07|25|N|105|18|09|W|type:city_region:US-WY|display=inline,title}} |postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]s |postal_code = 82052 |area_code = |blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]] |blank_info = |blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] featur ID |blank1_info = |website = [http://www.bufordtradingpost.com/ bufordtradingpost.com] |footnotes = }} '''PhinDeli Town Buford''', oreeginally kent as '''Buford''', is an [[unincorporatit aurie|unincorporatit commonty]] in [[Albany Coonty, Wyoming|Albany Coonty]], [[Wyoming]], [[Unitit States]]. It is locatit atween [[Laramie, Wyoming|Laramie]] an [[Cheyenne, Wyoming|Cheyenne]] on [[Interstate 80]]. At {{convert|8000|ft}} o elevation, this is the heichest populatit dounset alang the [[First Transcontinental Railroad]] (the day's [[Overland Route (Union Pacific Railroad)|Overland Route]]), an on the transcontinental [[Interstate 80]]. The toun wis oreeginally namit Buford (in honour o [[John Buford|Major General John Buford]]), a [[Union Airmy|Union]] [[cavalry]] officer durin the [[American Ceevil War]]. In 2013, the toun wis saud tae a Vietnamese awner, who re-buistit it as "PhinDeli Town Buford". The postal addresses, housomeivver, still bears the toun's oreeginal name o "Buford". In 2013, the population o the toun wis 1.<ref>[http://www.wyomingnews.com/articles/2013/09/04/news/01top_09-04-13.txt#.VICflzHF91Y PhinDeli Town Buford: Open for business]{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>[http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/10/17/america-s-tiniest-town-is-sold-and-renamed-phindeli-town-buford-wyoming.html America’s Tiniest Town Is Sold And Renamed PhinDeli Town Buford, Wyoming]</ref> ==History== PhinDeli is a commercial promotional name taggit tae the toun o Buford in 2013, bi the store-awners. The oreeginal toun wis foondit in 1866,<ref name="smalltime"/> durin the construction o the [[Transcontinental Railroad]] in the Wyoming Territory. At its peak, the toun boastit a population o 2000.<ref name="smalltime"/> In 1900, a post office wis biggit, which wis closed in 2004.<ref>http://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postmasterfinder/welcome.htm</ref> Don Sammons muivit tae Buford in 1980 wi his wife an son.<ref name=yahoozillow>{{cite web|last=Vecsey|first=Laura|title=America's tiniest town commands a big price|url=http://realestate.yahoo.com/promo/americas-tiniest-town-commands-a-big-price.html|publisher=Zillow|accessdate=6 April 2012|archive-date=2012-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405235725/http://realestate.yahoo.com/promo/americas-tiniest-town-commands-a-big-price.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1992, he purchased the toun.<ref name="chitrib"/> His wife dee'd in 1995, an his son muivit awa aroond 2007, makkin him Buford's anerly resident.<ref name="smalltime"/><ref name=yahoozillow/> Housomeivver, at a later time, seiven residents livit in the toun, but eventually muivit awa tae lairger municipalities. The toun, consistin o a [[convenience store]], [[gas station]], an [[modular hame]] on {{convert|4|ha}} o laund, wis put up for sale efter Don Sammons decidit tae muive closer tae his son.<ref name="chitrib"/> The toun wis put up for auction on 5 Apryle 2012, wi the heichest bid o $900,000 wis made bi twa unidentifee'd [[Vietnamese fowk|Vietnamese men]].<ref name=yahoozillow/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/04/05/us/wyoming-town-auction/index.html |first=Jim |last=Spellman |title= Vietnamese businessmen scoop up smallest U.S. town for $900,000 |publisher=CNN |date=April 5, 2012 |accessdate= 2012-04-06}}</ref><ref>{{vi}} [http://www.nguoi-viet.com/absolutenm2/templates/viewarticlesNVO.aspx?articleid=146913&zoneid=3 Doanh gia Việt Nam qua Mỹ mua trọn thị trấn giá $900,000] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120409183438/http://www.nguoi-viet.com/absolutenm2/templates/viewarticlesNVO.aspx?articleid=146913&zoneid=3 |date=2012-04-09 }}</ref> Later, it wis revealed that ane o thaim wis Phạm Đình Nguyên.<ref>{{vi}} [http://www.nguoi-viet.com/absolutenm2/templates/viewarticlesNVO.aspx?articleid=147017&zoneid=1 Lộ danh tánh người Việt mua thị trấn Mỹ $900,000] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120411175238/http://www.nguoi-viet.com/absolutenm2/templates/viewarticlesNVO.aspx?articleid=147017&zoneid=1 |date=2012-04-11 }}</ref> The new awners sell "PhinDeli" buist coffee, importit frae Vietnam, in the convenience store.<ref name="ch 5">{{Cite web|url=https://parade.com/news/buford-wyoming-population-1-auction-900000-phindeli-town|title=In 2012, a Wyoming town with one resident sold for $900,000; a Vietnamese coffee entrepreneur renamed it PhinDeli Town Buford|work=Parade|date=21 October 2026|first=Franz|last=Irorita|archive-date=25 October 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261025044111/https://parade.com/news/buford-wyoming-population-1-auction-900000-phindeli-town|url-status=live}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist|refs= <ref name="smalltime">{{cite web | last=Rosenfeld | first=Everett | url=http://newsfeed.time.com/2011/07/20/meet-the-only-resident-of-americas-smallest-town/ | title=Meet the Only Resident of America's Smallest Town | publisher=[[Time (magazine)|TIME]]'' | date=July 20, 2011 | accessdate=2012-04-06 | archive-date=2011-08-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806165154/http://newsfeed.time.com/2011/07/20/meet-the-only-resident-of-americas-smallest-town/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="chitrib">{{cite web | url= http://www.chicagotribune.com/sns-rt-usa-townauction-update-1-pixl2e8f60ia-20120405,0,5851016,full.story | title= Wyoming town - population 1 - sells for $900,000 to Vietnamese buyer | date= April 5, 2012 | work= Chicago Tribune | agency= Reuters | first= Laura | last= Zuckerman | accessdate= 2012-04-06 | archive-date=3 November 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103222438/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-04-05/business/sns-rt-usa-townauction-update-1-pixl2e8f60ia-20120405_1_buford-town-wyoming|url-status= dead}}</ref> }} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.bufordtradingpost.com/ Community of Buford] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722053613/http://www.bufordtradingpost.com/ |date=2012-07-22 }} * [http://www.cnn.com/video/?/video/living/2010/12/23/dnt.wyoming.town.of.one.kusa 2010 video interview] frae CNN {{Albany Coonty, Wyoming}} [[Category:Unincorporatit commonties in Albany Coonty, Wyoming]] [[Category:Unincorporatit commonties in Wyoming]] 6hjydxadejv66ixxx4bw9qurjasewqq 926574 926573 2026-11-08T00:14:38Z Atlantic306 30244 /* References */ fixed reference 926574 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fixscots}} {{Infobox settlement |name =PhinDeli Town-Buford<br />(Buford, Wyoming) |settlement_type = [[Unincorporatit aurie|Unincorporatit commonty]] |named_for = |image_skyline = Buford wyoming sign.jpg |imagesize = |image_caption = Street sign for Buford |image_flag = |image_seal = |pushpin_map = USA Wyoming |pushpin_label_position = top |pushpin_map_caption = Location athin the state o Wyoming |pushpin_mapsize = |image_map = |map_caption = Location athin Albany coonty |subdivision_type = [[Leet o sovereign states|Kintra]] |subdivision_name = [[Unitit States]] |subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Wyoming]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Leet o coonties in Wyoming|Coonty]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Albany Coonty, Wyoming|Albany]] |government_footnotes = |government_type = |established_title = Foondit |established_date = 1866 |unit_pref = Imperial |area_footnotes = |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = 0.04 |area_land_km2 = 0.04 |area_water_km2 = 0 |population_as_of = 2012 |population_footnotes = |population_total = 1 |population_density_km2 = auto |timezone = [[Moontain Time Zone|Moontain (MST)]] |utc_offset = -7 |timezone_DST = MDT |utc_offset_DST = -6 |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_ft = |coordinates = {{coord|41|07|25|N|105|18|09|W|type:city_region:US-WY|display=inline,title}} |postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]s |postal_code = 82052 |area_code = |blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]] |blank_info = |blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] featur ID |blank1_info = |website = [http://www.bufordtradingpost.com/ bufordtradingpost.com] |footnotes = }} '''PhinDeli Town Buford''', oreeginally kent as '''Buford''', is an [[unincorporatit aurie|unincorporatit commonty]] in [[Albany Coonty, Wyoming|Albany Coonty]], [[Wyoming]], [[Unitit States]]. It is locatit atween [[Laramie, Wyoming|Laramie]] an [[Cheyenne, Wyoming|Cheyenne]] on [[Interstate 80]]. At {{convert|8000|ft}} o elevation, this is the heichest populatit dounset alang the [[First Transcontinental Railroad]] (the day's [[Overland Route (Union Pacific Railroad)|Overland Route]]), an on the transcontinental [[Interstate 80]]. The toun wis oreeginally namit Buford (in honour o [[John Buford|Major General John Buford]]), a [[Union Airmy|Union]] [[cavalry]] officer durin the [[American Ceevil War]]. In 2013, the toun wis saud tae a Vietnamese awner, who re-buistit it as "PhinDeli Town Buford". The postal addresses, housomeivver, still bears the toun's oreeginal name o "Buford". In 2013, the population o the toun wis 1.<ref>[http://www.wyomingnews.com/articles/2013/09/04/news/01top_09-04-13.txt#.VICflzHF91Y PhinDeli Town Buford: Open for business]{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>[http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/10/17/america-s-tiniest-town-is-sold-and-renamed-phindeli-town-buford-wyoming.html America’s Tiniest Town Is Sold And Renamed PhinDeli Town Buford, Wyoming]</ref> ==History== PhinDeli is a commercial promotional name taggit tae the toun o Buford in 2013, bi the store-awners. The oreeginal toun wis foondit in 1866,<ref name="smalltime"/> durin the construction o the [[Transcontinental Railroad]] in the Wyoming Territory. At its peak, the toun boastit a population o 2000.<ref name="smalltime"/> In 1900, a post office wis biggit, which wis closed in 2004.<ref>http://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postmasterfinder/welcome.htm</ref> Don Sammons muivit tae Buford in 1980 wi his wife an son.<ref name=yahoozillow>{{cite web|last=Vecsey|first=Laura|title=America's tiniest town commands a big price|url=http://realestate.yahoo.com/promo/americas-tiniest-town-commands-a-big-price.html|publisher=Zillow|accessdate=6 April 2012|archive-date=2012-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405235725/http://realestate.yahoo.com/promo/americas-tiniest-town-commands-a-big-price.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1992, he purchased the toun.<ref name="chitrib"/> His wife dee'd in 1995, an his son muivit awa aroond 2007, makkin him Buford's anerly resident.<ref name="smalltime"/><ref name=yahoozillow/> Housomeivver, at a later time, seiven residents livit in the toun, but eventually muivit awa tae lairger municipalities. The toun, consistin o a [[convenience store]], [[gas station]], an [[modular hame]] on {{convert|4|ha}} o laund, wis put up for sale efter Don Sammons decidit tae muive closer tae his son.<ref name="chitrib"/> The toun wis put up for auction on 5 Apryle 2012, wi the heichest bid o $900,000 wis made bi twa unidentifee'd [[Vietnamese fowk|Vietnamese men]].<ref name=yahoozillow/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/04/05/us/wyoming-town-auction/index.html |first=Jim |last=Spellman |title= Vietnamese businessmen scoop up smallest U.S. town for $900,000 |publisher=CNN |date=April 5, 2012 |accessdate= 2012-04-06}}</ref><ref>{{vi}} [http://www.nguoi-viet.com/absolutenm2/templates/viewarticlesNVO.aspx?articleid=146913&zoneid=3 Doanh gia Việt Nam qua Mỹ mua trọn thị trấn giá $900,000] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120409183438/http://www.nguoi-viet.com/absolutenm2/templates/viewarticlesNVO.aspx?articleid=146913&zoneid=3 |date=2012-04-09 }}</ref> Later, it wis revealed that ane o thaim wis Phạm Đình Nguyên.<ref>{{vi}} [http://www.nguoi-viet.com/absolutenm2/templates/viewarticlesNVO.aspx?articleid=147017&zoneid=1 Lộ danh tánh người Việt mua thị trấn Mỹ $900,000] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120411175238/http://www.nguoi-viet.com/absolutenm2/templates/viewarticlesNVO.aspx?articleid=147017&zoneid=1 |date=2012-04-11 }}</ref> The new awners sell "PhinDeli" buist coffee, importit frae Vietnam, in the convenience store.<ref name="ch 5">{{Cite web|url=https://parade.com/news/buford-wyoming-population-1-auction-900000-phindeli-town|title=In 2012, a Wyoming town with one resident sold for $900,000; a Vietnamese coffee entrepreneur renamed it PhinDeli Town Buford|work=Parade|date=21 October 2026|first=Franz|last=Irorita|archive-date=25 October 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261025044111/https://parade.com/news/buford-wyoming-population-1-auction-900000-phindeli-town|url-status=live}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist|refs= <ref name="smalltime">{{cite web | last=Rosenfeld | first=Everett | url=http://newsfeed.time.com/2011/07/20/meet-the-only-resident-of-americas-smallest-town/ | title=Meet the Only Resident of America's Smallest Town | publisher=[[Time (magazine)|TIME]]| date=July 20, 2011 | accessdate=2012-04-06 | archive-date=2011-08-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806165154/http://newsfeed.time.com/2011/07/20/meet-the-only-resident-of-americas-smallest-town/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="chitrib">{{cite web | url= http://www.chicagotribune.com/sns-rt-usa-townauction-update-1-pixl2e8f60ia-20120405,0,5851016,full.story | title= Wyoming town - population 1 - sells for $900,000 to Vietnamese buyer | date= April 5, 2012 | work= Chicago Tribune | agency= Reuters | first= Laura | last= Zuckerman | accessdate= 2012-04-06 | archive-date=3 November 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103222438/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-04-05/business/sns-rt-usa-townauction-update-1-pixl2e8f60ia-20120405_1_buford-town-wyoming|url-status= dead}}</ref> }} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.bufordtradingpost.com/ Community of Buford] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722053613/http://www.bufordtradingpost.com/ |date=2012-07-22 }} * [http://www.cnn.com/video/?/video/living/2010/12/23/dnt.wyoming.town.of.one.kusa 2010 video interview] frae CNN {{Albany Coonty, Wyoming}} [[Category:Unincorporatit commonties in Albany Coonty, Wyoming]] [[Category:Unincorporatit commonties in Wyoming]] 64f62xi5m6w42d87ts1jp4oi17ehg6t 0 149824 926562 536707 2026-11-07T15:51:53Z EmausBot 6792 Fixin dooble reguidal til [[Queen (baund)]] 926562 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Queen (baund)]] k39n1ka8sg1ob4qr1yxleb6x86a9pj8 0 155134 926603 813897 2026-11-08T04:49:06Z Monospaced 75295 Monospaced flittit page [[Cultural anthropologie]] til [[Cultural anthropology]]: Misspelt title 806947 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fix Scots|date=October 2020}} Cultural Anthropologie is the study ay [[human]] societal practice an cultur; pit simply "The study 'o whis wey fowk leeves their lifes". Specifically the ettle is the study 'o cultural variation amang humans aen is in contrest tae <nowiki>Social Anthropologie</nowiki> which percei'es cultural variation as a subsit ay the anthropological constant. Fowk at study Cultural Anthropologie is cried Cultural Anthropologists. Cultural Anthropolgie is frae the Unitid States, an Social Anthropologie is frae Europe<ref>Dianteill, Erwan, "Cultural Anthropology or Social Anthropology? A Transatlantic Dispute", L’Année sociologique 1/2012 (Vol. 62), p. 93-122.</ref>. Thes includes the study ay customs, [[economics]] an poleetical organisation, [[law]] an conflict resolution, patterns ay consumption an exchange, [[kinship]] an fowk structur, gender relations, childbearin' an socialisation, [[releegion]], while present-day Anthropologists are an aa concerned whis issues ay globalism, ethnic veeolence, gender studies, trans-nationalism an local experience, an tae emergin' culturs ay cyberspace. Cultural Anthropologie ahgubly haes beginnins in the wurk o <nowiki>Sir Edward Tylor</nowiki>, wher in his beuk in 1896 he defined the earliest concept 'o Cultural Anthropolgie<ref>Tylor, Edward. 1920 [1871]. Primitive Culture. Vol 1. New York: J.P. Putnam’s Sons.</ref>. But oan tae ather hain, [[Franz Boas]] is considered tae be the faither ay modren anthropolige<ref>Stocking. George W., Jr. 1960.Franz Boas and the Founding of the American Anthropological Association. AmericanAnthropologist62: 1–17</ref>. == Wee Parts 'o Anthropological Study == Mony anthropologists an thinkers hae affected tae study ay Anthropologie an applee'd modifeecations. A body direct wey tae kin thes is tae swatch at aw the different wee auries at fowk study specifically. Listed belaw are a few: * <nowiki>Applied Anthropologie</nowiki> * <nowiki>Anthropologie 'o Airt</nowiki> * <nowiki>Cognifyin Anthropologie</nowiki> * <nowiki>Anthropologie 'o Developin</nowiki> * <nowiki>Ecologie Anthropologie</nowiki> * <nowiki>Economics anthropologie</nowiki> * <nowiki>Anthropologie 'o Gender and Scuttle</nowiki> * <nowiki>Historie and Bygane Anthropologie</nowiki> * <nowiki>Kin Anthropologie</nowiki> * <nowiki>Law Anthropologie</nowiki> * <nowiki>Media Anthropologie</nowiki> * <nowiki>Medicin Anthropologie</nowiki> * <nowiki>Anthropologie 'o Politics</nowiki> * <nowiki>Psychologie and Behavioral Anthropologie</nowiki> * <nowiki>Public Anthropologie</nowiki> * <nowiki>Anthropologie of Religions</nowiki> * <nowiki>Cyborg Anthropology</nowiki> * <nowiki>Transpersonal Anthropologie</nowiki> * <nowiki>Urban Anthropologie</nowiki> * <nowiki>Anthropologie 'o Swatch 'o Real 'Hins</nowiki> * <nowiki>Marxist Anthropologie</nowiki> == Cultural Anthropologie O'er Syne == 'Tis a sin at Cultural Anthropologie wasnae uissed fur unnerstaundin human cultur in a positiv wey. Bygane Cultural Anthropologie wis uised tae judge ather culturs. Cultural Anthropologie war aft uised fur <ref>colonialism</ref> an excucse fur bein coarse oon ananther cultur at wisnae Western. Afair the concept 'o Cultural Relatavism fowk whae studyin Anthropologie wis believin in <nowiki>Evolootionary Anthropologie</nowiki>. Cultural Anthropologists back en are aft considered awfy racist an tae ken wit Anthropologie as a square social science, in pairt coz 'o Evolootionary Anthropologie. Til Franz Boas git scunnurt wit it an became the faither 'o modren anthropologie en he thooght up Cultur Relitavism<ref>Holloway, M. (1997) The Paradoxical Legacy of Franz Boas—father of American anthropology. Natural History. November 1997.</ref> Later anthropolgie wis changed mair bi ither anthropologists. Majur theories loch feminism an' marxism waur influencial. == Methods == Aft, thee mense methods ay study are considered tae maist common in anthroplogie. === Fowk Observation === A teep ay study at tries tae kin cultur bi gainin close fimiliarity wi a social crew. Thes kin ay studyin' wis thooght up bi mony anthropologists, but notably <nowiki>Bronislaw Malinowski</nowiki> an [[Franz Boas]]. Fowk observation oft involves informal interviews, participation in tae life ay tae fowk, crew discussions, an readin' aboot local bygane syne. === Ethnographie === Aen ethnographie is a teep ay [[beuk]] which is factual abit a fowk at th' time when it wis written. The write thes beuk anthropologists bide wi' the fowk fur some time usin' the lest method ay fowk observation. In Cultural Anthropologie the focus is oan seembols an values ay a fowk. === Cultur Comparin === Aft anthropologists compaur tois are mair culturs tae fin' whit's different atween them an whit's the sam. Thes method is uised maist common tae disprove the idea ay "universal human trufs", showin' how diverse human cultur is. A body ensaumple is the idea at aw human beings are monogamoos, which disnae allaw fur polygamoos culturs. An anither ensaumple is at aw human culturs are patriarchal, which is false coz thaur are matriarchal culturs. tu0xke2k2hygpw09uotvmejfo29qsyl 926605 926603 2026-11-08T04:50:30Z Monospaced 75295 /* Wee Parts 'o Anthropological Study */ Unsoorced 926605 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fix Scots|date=October 2020}} Cultural Anthropologie is the study ay [[human]] societal practice an cultur; pit simply "The study 'o whis wey fowk leeves their lifes". Specifically the ettle is the study 'o cultural variation amang humans aen is in contrest tae <nowiki>Social Anthropologie</nowiki> which percei'es cultural variation as a subsit ay the anthropological constant. Fowk at study Cultural Anthropologie is cried Cultural Anthropologists. Cultural Anthropolgie is frae the Unitid States, an Social Anthropologie is frae Europe<ref>Dianteill, Erwan, "Cultural Anthropology or Social Anthropology? A Transatlantic Dispute", L’Année sociologique 1/2012 (Vol. 62), p. 93-122.</ref>. Thes includes the study ay customs, [[economics]] an poleetical organisation, [[law]] an conflict resolution, patterns ay consumption an exchange, [[kinship]] an fowk structur, gender relations, childbearin' an socialisation, [[releegion]], while present-day Anthropologists are an aa concerned whis issues ay globalism, ethnic veeolence, gender studies, trans-nationalism an local experience, an tae emergin' culturs ay cyberspace. Cultural Anthropologie ahgubly haes beginnins in the wurk o <nowiki>Sir Edward Tylor</nowiki>, wher in his beuk in 1896 he defined the earliest concept 'o Cultural Anthropolgie<ref>Tylor, Edward. 1920 [1871]. Primitive Culture. Vol 1. New York: J.P. Putnam’s Sons.</ref>. But oan tae ather hain, [[Franz Boas]] is considered tae be the faither ay modren anthropolige<ref>Stocking. George W., Jr. 1960.Franz Boas and the Founding of the American Anthropological Association. AmericanAnthropologist62: 1–17</ref>. {{Unsoorced}} == Wee Parts 'o Anthropological Study == Mony anthropologists an thinkers hae affected tae study ay Anthropologie an applee'd modifeecations. A body direct wey tae kin thes is tae swatch at aw the different wee auries at fowk study specifically. Listed belaw are a few: * <nowiki>Applied Anthropologie</nowiki> * <nowiki>Anthropologie 'o Airt</nowiki> * <nowiki>Cognifyin Anthropologie</nowiki> * <nowiki>Anthropologie 'o Developin</nowiki> * <nowiki>Ecologie Anthropologie</nowiki> * <nowiki>Economics anthropologie</nowiki> * <nowiki>Anthropologie 'o Gender and Scuttle</nowiki> * <nowiki>Historie and Bygane Anthropologie</nowiki> * <nowiki>Kin Anthropologie</nowiki> * <nowiki>Law Anthropologie</nowiki> * <nowiki>Media Anthropologie</nowiki> * <nowiki>Medicin Anthropologie</nowiki> * <nowiki>Anthropologie 'o Politics</nowiki> * <nowiki>Psychologie and Behavioral Anthropologie</nowiki> * <nowiki>Public Anthropologie</nowiki> * <nowiki>Anthropologie of Religions</nowiki> * <nowiki>Cyborg Anthropology</nowiki> * <nowiki>Transpersonal Anthropologie</nowiki> * <nowiki>Urban Anthropologie</nowiki> * <nowiki>Anthropologie 'o Swatch 'o Real 'Hins</nowiki> * <nowiki>Marxist Anthropologie</nowiki> == Cultural Anthropologie O'er Syne == 'Tis a sin at Cultural Anthropologie wasnae uissed fur unnerstaundin human cultur in a positiv wey. Bygane Cultural Anthropologie wis uised tae judge ather culturs. Cultural Anthropologie war aft uised fur <ref>colonialism</ref> an excucse fur bein coarse oon ananther cultur at wisnae Western. Afair the concept 'o Cultural Relatavism fowk whae studyin Anthropologie wis believin in <nowiki>Evolootionary Anthropologie</nowiki>. Cultural Anthropologists back en are aft considered awfy racist an tae ken wit Anthropologie as a square social science, in pairt coz 'o Evolootionary Anthropologie. Til Franz Boas git scunnurt wit it an became the faither 'o modren anthropologie en he thooght up Cultur Relitavism<ref>Holloway, M. (1997) The Paradoxical Legacy of Franz Boas—father of American anthropology. Natural History. November 1997.</ref> Later anthropolgie wis changed mair bi ither anthropologists. Majur theories loch feminism an' marxism waur influencial. == Methods == Aft, thee mense methods ay study are considered tae maist common in anthroplogie. === Fowk Observation === A teep ay study at tries tae kin cultur bi gainin close fimiliarity wi a social crew. Thes kin ay studyin' wis thooght up bi mony anthropologists, but notably <nowiki>Bronislaw Malinowski</nowiki> an [[Franz Boas]]. Fowk observation oft involves informal interviews, participation in tae life ay tae fowk, crew discussions, an readin' aboot local bygane syne. === Ethnographie === Aen ethnographie is a teep ay [[beuk]] which is factual abit a fowk at th' time when it wis written. The write thes beuk anthropologists bide wi' the fowk fur some time usin' the lest method ay fowk observation. In Cultural Anthropologie the focus is oan seembols an values ay a fowk. === Cultur Comparin === Aft anthropologists compaur tois are mair culturs tae fin' whit's different atween them an whit's the sam. Thes method is uised maist common tae disprove the idea ay "universal human trufs", showin' how diverse human cultur is. A body ensaumple is the idea at aw human beings are monogamoos, which disnae allaw fur polygamoos culturs. An anither ensaumple is at aw human culturs are patriarchal, which is false coz thaur are matriarchal culturs. q2s6rccpczbdwf0vlfotgaz9qcqcs0k 926606 926605 2026-11-08T04:51:27Z Monospaced 75295 sp, mair soorces 926606 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fix Scots|date=October 2020}} {{Needs Mair Soorces}} Cultural Anthropology is the study ay [[human]] societal practice an cultur; pit simply "The study 'o whis wey fowk leeves their lifes". Specifically the ettle is the study 'o cultural variation amang humans aen is in contrest tae <nowiki>Social anthropology</nowiki> which percei'es cultural variation as a subsit ay the anthropological constant. Fowk at study Cultural anthropology is cried Cultural Anthropologists. Cultural Anthropolgie is frae the Unitid States, an Social anthropology is frae Europe<ref>Dianteill, Erwan, "Cultural Anthropology or Social Anthropology? A Transatlantic Dispute", L’Année sociologique 1/2012 (Vol. 62), p. 93-122.</ref>. Thes includes the study ay customs, [[economics]] an poleetical organisation, [[law]] an conflict resolution, patterns ay consumption an exchange, [[kinship]] an fowk structur, gender relations, childbearin' an socialisation, [[releegion]], while present-day Anthropologists are an aa concerned whis issues ay globalism, ethnic veeolence, gender studies, trans-nationalism an local experience, an tae emergin' culturs ay cyberspace. Cultural anthropology ahgubly haes beginnins in the wurk o <nowiki>Sir Edward Tylor</nowiki>, wher in his beuk in 1896 he defined the earliest concept 'o Cultural Anthropolgie<ref>Tylor, Edward. 1920 [1871]. Primitive Culture. Vol 1. New York: J.P. Putnam’s Sons.</ref>. But oan tae ather hain, [[Franz Boas]] is considered tae be the faither ay modren anthropolige<ref>Stocking. George W., Jr. 1960.Franz Boas and the Founding of the American Anthropological Association. AmericanAnthropologist62: 1–17</ref>. == Wee Parts 'o Anthropological Study == Mony anthropologists an thinkers hae affected tae study ay anthropology an applee'd modifeecations. A body direct wey tae kin thes is tae swatch at aw the different wee auries at fowk study specifically. Listed belaw are a few: * <nowiki>Applied anthropology</nowiki> * <nowiki>anthropology 'o Airt</nowiki> * <nowiki>Cognifyin anthropology</nowiki> * <nowiki>anthropology 'o Developin</nowiki> * <nowiki>Ecologie anthropology</nowiki> * <nowiki>Economics anthropology</nowiki> * <nowiki>anthropology 'o Gender and Scuttle</nowiki> * <nowiki>Historie and Bygane anthropology</nowiki> * <nowiki>Kin anthropology</nowiki> * <nowiki>Law anthropology</nowiki> * <nowiki>Media anthropology</nowiki> * <nowiki>Medicin anthropology</nowiki> * <nowiki>anthropology 'o Politics</nowiki> * <nowiki>Psychologie and Behavioral anthropology</nowiki> * <nowiki>Public anthropology</nowiki> * <nowiki>anthropology of Religions</nowiki> * <nowiki>Cyborg Anthropology</nowiki> * <nowiki>Transpersonal anthropology</nowiki> * <nowiki>Urban anthropology</nowiki> * <nowiki>anthropology 'o Swatch 'o Real 'Hins</nowiki> * <nowiki>Marxist anthropology</nowiki> == Cultural anthropology O'er Syne == 'Tis a sin at Cultural anthropology wasnae uissed fur unnerstaundin human cultur in a positiv wey. Bygane Cultural anthropology wis uised tae judge ather culturs. Cultural anthropology war aft uised fur <ref>colonialism</ref> an excucse fur bein coarse oon ananther cultur at wisnae Western. Afair the concept 'o Cultural Relatavism fowk whae studyin anthropology wis believin in <nowiki>Evolootionary anthropology</nowiki>. Cultural Anthropologists back en are aft considered awfy racist an tae ken wit anthropology as a square social science, in pairt coz 'o Evolootionary anthropology. Til Franz Boas git scunnurt wit it an became the faither 'o modren anthropology en he thooght up Cultur Relitavism<ref>Holloway, M. (1997) The Paradoxical Legacy of Franz Boas—father of American anthropology. Natural History. November 1997.</ref> Later anthropolgie wis changed mair bi ither anthropologists. Majur theories loch feminism an' marxism waur influencial. == Methods == Aft, thee mense methods ay study are considered tae maist common in anthroplogie. === Fowk Observation === A teep ay study at tries tae kin cultur bi gainin close fimiliarity wi a social crew. Thes kin ay studyin' wis thooght up bi mony anthropologists, but notably <nowiki>Bronislaw Malinowski</nowiki> an [[Franz Boas]]. Fowk observation oft involves informal interviews, participation in tae life ay tae fowk, crew discussions, an readin' aboot local bygane syne. === Ethnographie === Aen ethnographie is a teep ay [[beuk]] which is factual abit a fowk at th' time when it wis written. The write thes beuk anthropologists bide wi' the fowk fur some time usin' the lest method ay fowk observation. In Cultural anthropology the focus is oan seembols an values ay a fowk. === Cultur Comparin === Aft anthropologists compaur tois are mair culturs tae fin' whit's different atween them an whit's the sam. Thes method is uised maist common tae disprove the idea ay "universal human trufs", showin' how diverse human cultur is. A body ensaumple is the idea at aw human beings are monogamoos, which disnae allaw fur polygamoos culturs. An anither ensaumple is at aw human culturs are patriarchal, which is false coz thaur are matriarchal culturs. mlcmwyaovdkdzv9aw0drbrsdn2dz1t0 0 161109 926661 565800 2026-11-08T05:30:40Z Xqbot 2526 Fixin dooble reguidal til [[Archaeology.]] 926661 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Archaeology.]] 71zdub1rxozeirz3icfjj1g3x0db6or 0 164362 926671 920457 2026-11-08T06:05:49Z Monospaced 75295 926671 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Artifeecial intelligence''' ('''AI''') is [[intelligence]] exheebitit bi [[machine]]s. In [[computer science]], the field o AI resairch defines itsel as the study o "[[intelligent augents]]": ony device that perceives its environs an taks actions that maximize its chance o success at some goal.<ref name="Intelligent agents"> The [[intelligent augent]] paradigm: *{{Harvnb|Russell|Norvig|2003|pp=27, 32–58, 968–972}} *{{Harvnb|Poole|Mackworth|Goebel|1998|pp=7–21}} *{{Harvnb|Luger|Stubblefield|2004|pp=235–240}} *{{Harvnb|Hutter|2005|pp=125–126}} The defineetion uised in this airticle, in terms o goals, actions, perception an environs, is due tae {{Harvtxt|Russell|Norvig|2003}}. Ither defineetions an aa include knawledge an learnin as addeetional criteria. </ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2019-01-01|title=Siri, Siri, in my hand: Who’s the fairest in the land? On the interpretations, illustrations, and implications of artificial intelligence|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0007681318301393|journal=Business Horizons|language=en|volume=62|issue=1|doi=10.1016/j.bu|issn=0007-6813}}</ref> {{Stub/Technologie}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Artifeecial Intelligence}} [[Category:Artifeecial intelligence| ]] [[Category:Cybernetics]] [[Category:Formal sciences]] [[Category:Technology in society]] [[Category:Computational neuroscience]] [[Category:Emergin technologies]] [[Category:Unsolved problems in computer science]] [[Category:Computational fields o study]] 0nizqj9749ouboetx2y0jc60lklgwjw 0 166534 926577 708322 2026-11-08T02:13:49Z Monospaced 75295 926577 wikitext text/x-wiki {{lowercase|title=phpBB}} {{Infobox software | name = phpBB | logo = [[File:Phpbb3-ccw-logo.png|215px]] | screenshot = Phpbb 3.0 prosilver.png | caption = A default installation o phpBB 3.0 | developer = phpBB Limited | programming language = [[PHP]] | released = December 9t 2000 phpBB 1.0 released. | operating system = | platform = | language count = 54 | language footnote = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.phpbb.com/languages/ |title=phpBB3 translation pack downloads |publisher=Phpbb.com |date= |accessdate=2009-03-09}}</ref> | language = American Inglis, Arabic, Argentinian Spaingie, Basque, Belaroushie, Brazilian Protuguese, Breetish Inglis, Bulgarie, Catalan, Croatie, Czech, Dens, Dutch, Estonie, Finnish, French, Gaelic, Galicie, German, Greek, Ebreu, Hungarian, Indonesie, Italian, Japanese, Kurdish, Lithuanie, Macedonie, Cheenese, Mexican Spaingie, Norse, Persie, Pols, Portuguese, Romanie, Roushie, Serbie, Slovak, Slovenie, Spaingie, Swadish, Tatar, Thai, Turkis, Ukrainian, Urdu, Vietnamese | genre = [[Internet forum]] | license = [[GNU General Public License version 2]] | website = {{URL|http://www.phpbb.com/}} }} '''phpBB''' is an [[Internet forum]] package in the [[PHP]] [[scriptin leid]]. The name "phpBB" is an abbreviation o ''PHP Bulletin Board''. Available unner the [[GNU General Public License]], phpBB is [[free an open soorce saftware]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.phpbb.com/about/ | title = About phpBB | accessdate = 2010-08-22 }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Phpbb}} [[Category:Free Internet forum saftware]] [[Category:Free groupware]] [[Category:Free saftware programmed in PHP]] [[Category:Internet forum saftware]] [[Category:2000 saftware]] fpuro55qigdpphrnbazm52xxu502mzr 0 173181 926575 899726 2026-11-08T02:03:21Z ~2026-58977-83 139905 Rewrote the intro in Scots wi references; tidied the caption an infobox; taen aff {{Fix Scots}} 926575 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | name = Ali Smith | honorific_suffix = CBE | image = AliSmith2011.png | alt = | caption = Smith signin buiks at the [[Edinburgh International Book Festival]], 2011 | pseudonym = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1962|8|24|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Innerness]], Scotland | death_date = | death_place = | resting_place = | occupation = author, playwricht, academic, journalist | nationality = Scots | alma_mater = [[University o Aiberdeen]] | period = 1986– | genre = | subject = | movement = | notableworks = | partner = Sarah Wood | website = | imagesize = | debut_works = | influences = | influenced = }} '''Ali Smith''' [[Order o the Breetish Empire|CBE]] FRSL (born 24 August 1962) is a Scots writer o novels, short stories an plays. Fower o her novels hae been on the Booker Prize short leet: ''Hotel World'' (2001), ''The Accidental'' (2005), ''How to Be Both'' (2014) an ''Autumn'' (2016), the first o her Seasonal Quartet.<ref name="Cw">{{Cite web |title=Ali Smith |url=https://literature.britishcouncil.org/writer/ali-smith |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=UK Government National Archive |archive-date=29 November 2024 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20241129101343/https://literature.britishcouncil.org/writer/ali-smith |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref name="bbcshortlist">{{cite web |date=9 September 2014 |title=Man Booker Prize: Howard Jacobson makes shortlist |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-29123941 |access-date=9 September 2014 |website=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref name="autumnbooker">{{cite web |last=Flood |first=Alison |date=13 September 2017 |title=Man Booker prize 2017: shortlist makes room for debuts alongside big names |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/sep/13/man-booker-prize-2017-shortlist-debuts-big-names-saunders-mozley-fridlund-smith-auster |access-date=20 October 2017 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Autumn |url=https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/285171/autumn-by-smith-ali/9780241973318 |publisher=Penguin Books |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> ''How to Be Both'' wis awardit the Goldsmiths Prize, the Costa Novel Award an the Women's Prize for Fiction, an in 2026 ''Gliff'' wan the International Dublin Literary Award.<ref name="bbcsmith">{{cite web |date=13 November 2014 |title=Ali Smith wins Goldsmiths Prize for How to be Both |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-30021863 |access-date=13 November 2014 |website=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Roddy |first=Michael |date=2015-01-05 |title=Ali Smith's 'How to be both' takes Costa novel award |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-books-britain-costa-idINKBN0KE1MR20150105 |access-date=2022-08-04 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref><ref name="independent_baileys">{{cite news |last1=Lusher |first1=Adam |date=3 June 2015 |title=Baileys Women's Prize for Fiction 2015 winner: Ali Smith triumphs with How to Be Both |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/baileys-womens-prize-for-fiction-2015-winner-ali-smith-triumphs-with-how-to-be-both-10295326.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220506/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/baileys-womens-prize-for-fiction-2015-winner-ali-smith-triumphs-with-how-to-be-both-10295326.html |archive-date=6 May 2022 |access-date=17 June 2015 |website=The Independent}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Winner of the 2026 Dublin Literary Award Revealed |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/news-and-features/articles/winner-of-the-2026-dublin-literary-award-revealed/ |access-date=2026-08-30 |website=Kirkus Reviews |language=en}}</ref> Sebastian Barry cried her "Scotland's Nobel laureate-in-waiting" in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/nov/27/best-books-of-2016-part-two|title=Best books of 2016 – part two|work=[[The Observer]]|date=27 November 2016|access-date=27 November 2016|quote=She is, of course, Scotland's Nobel laureate-in-waiting.}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{Stub/Scotland}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Smith, Ali}} [[Category:1962 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Academics o the Varsity o Strathclyde]] [[Category:Alumni o Newnham College, Cambridge]] [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Aiberdeen]] [[Category:Breetish weemen short story writers]] [[Category:Commanders o the Order o the Breetish Empire]] [[Category:Fellaes o the Ryal Society o Leeteratur]] [[Category:Lesbian writers]] [[Category:LGBT novelists]] [[Category:LGBT writers frae Scotland]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Inverness High School]] [[Category:Fowk frae Innerness]] [[Category:Fowk wi chronic fatigue syndrome]] [[Category:Scots weemen novelists]] [[Category:Scots short story writers]] [[Category:Scots weemen writers]] [[Category:Scots writers]] [[Category:20t-century Scots novelists]] [[Category:20t-century short story writers]] [[Category:20t-century weemen writers]] [[Category:21st-century Scots writers]] [[Category:21st-century short story writers]] [[Category:21st-century weemen writers]] ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{Stub/Scotland}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Smith, Ali}} [[Category:1962 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Academics o the Varsity o Strathclyde]] [[Category:Alumni o Newnham College, Cambridge]] [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Aiberdeen]] [[Category:Breetish weemen short story writers]] [[Category:Commanders o the Order o the Breetish Empire]] [[Category:Fellaes o the Ryal Society o Leeteratur]] [[Category:Lesbian writers]] [[Category:LGBT novelists]] [[Category:LGBT writers frae Scotland]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Inverness High School]] [[Category:Fowk frae Innerness]] [[Category:Fowk wi chronic fatigue syndrome]] [[Category:Scots weemen novelists]] [[Category:Scots short story writers]] [[Category:Scots weemen writers]] [[Category:Scots writers]] [[Category:20t-century Scots novelists]] [[Category:20t-century short story writers]] [[Category:20t-century weemen writers]] [[Category:21st-century Scots writers]] [[Category:21st-century short story writers]] [[Category:21st-century weemen writers]] 2h2sbbxgogb3mxayhghuhoyjgmb16th 926576 926575 2026-11-08T02:04:18Z ~2026-58977-83 139905 926576 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | name = Ali Smith | honorific_suffix = CBE | image = AliSmith2011.png | alt = | caption = Smith signin buiks at the [[Edinburgh International Book Festival]], 2011 | pseudonym = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1962|8|24|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Innerness]], Scotland | death_date = | death_place = | resting_place = | occupation = author, playwricht, academic, journalist | nationality = Scots | alma_mater = [[University o Aiberdeen]] | period = 1986– | genre = | subject = | movement = | notableworks = | partner = Sarah Wood | website = | imagesize = | debut_works = | influences = | influenced = }} '''Ali Smith''' [[Order o the Breetish Empire|CBE]] FRSL (born 24 August 1962) is a Scots writer o novels, short stories an plays. Fower o her novels hae been on the Booker Prize short leet: ''Hotel World'' (2001), ''The Accidental'' (2005), ''How to Be Both'' (2014) an ''Autumn'' (2016), the first o her Seasonal Quartet.<ref name="Cw">{{Cite web |title=Ali Smith |url=https://literature.britishcouncil.org/writer/ali-smith |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=UK Government National Archive |archive-date=29 November 2024 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20241129101343/https://literature.britishcouncil.org/writer/ali-smith |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref name="bbcshortlist">{{cite web |date=9 September 2014 |title=Man Booker Prize: Howard Jacobson makes shortlist |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-29123941 |access-date=9 September 2014 |website=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref name="autumnbooker">{{cite web |last=Flood |first=Alison |date=13 September 2017 |title=Man Booker prize 2017: shortlist makes room for debuts alongside big names |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/sep/13/man-booker-prize-2017-shortlist-debuts-big-names-saunders-mozley-fridlund-smith-auster |access-date=20 October 2017 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Autumn |url=https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/285171/autumn-by-smith-ali/9780241973318 |publisher=Penguin Books |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> ''How to Be Both'' wis awardit the Goldsmiths Prize, the Costa Novel Award an the Women's Prize for Fiction, an in 2026 ''Gliff'' wan the International Dublin Literary Award.<ref name="bbcsmith">{{cite web |date=13 November 2014 |title=Ali Smith wins Goldsmiths Prize for How to be Both |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-30021863 |access-date=13 November 2014 |website=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Roddy |first=Michael |date=2015-01-05 |title=Ali Smith's 'How to be both' takes Costa novel award |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-books-britain-costa-idINKBN0KE1MR20150105 |access-date=2022-08-04 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref><ref name="independent_baileys">{{cite news |last1=Lusher |first1=Adam |date=3 June 2015 |title=Baileys Women's Prize for Fiction 2015 winner: Ali Smith triumphs with How to Be Both |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/baileys-womens-prize-for-fiction-2015-winner-ali-smith-triumphs-with-how-to-be-both-10295326.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220506/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/baileys-womens-prize-for-fiction-2015-winner-ali-smith-triumphs-with-how-to-be-both-10295326.html |archive-date=6 May 2022 |access-date=17 June 2015 |website=The Independent}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Winner of the 2026 Dublin Literary Award Revealed |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/news-and-features/articles/winner-of-the-2026-dublin-literary-award-revealed/ |access-date=2026-08-30 |website=Kirkus Reviews |language=en}}</ref> Sebastian Barry cried her "Scotland's Nobel laureate-in-waiting" in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/nov/27/best-books-of-2016-part-two|title=Best books of 2016 – part two|work=[[The Observer]]|date=27 November 2016|access-date=27 November 2016|quote=She is, of course, Scotland's Nobel laureate-in-waiting.}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{Stub/Scotland}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Smith, Ali}} [[Category:1962 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Academics o the Varsity o Strathclyde]] [[Category:Alumni o Newnham College, Cambridge]] [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Aiberdeen]] [[Category:Breetish weemen short story writers]] [[Category:Commanders o the Order o the Breetish Empire]] [[Category:Fellaes o the Ryal Society o Leeteratur]] [[Category:Lesbian writers]] [[Category:LGBT novelists]] [[Category:LGBT writers frae Scotland]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Inverness High School]] [[Category:Fowk frae Innerness]] [[Category:Fowk wi chronic fatigue syndrome]] [[Category:Scots weemen novelists]] [[Category:Scots short story writers]] [[Category:Scots weemen writers]] [[Category:Scots writers]] [[Category:20t-century Scots novelists]] [[Category:20t-century short story writers]] [[Category:20t-century weemen writers]] [[Category:21st-century Scots writers]] [[Category:21st-century short story writers]] [[Category:21st-century weemen writers]] pva4uaqva50ub6dirm64mdrnjpw41oj 926578 926576 2026-11-08T02:18:15Z Monospaced 75295 Previous edit (~2026-58977-83) wis me loggit oot 926578 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | name = Ali Smith | honorific_suffix = CBE | image = AliSmith2011.png | alt = | caption = Smith signin buiks at the [[Edinburgh International Book Festival]], 2011 | pseudonym = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1962|8|24|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Innerness]], Scotland | death_date = | death_place = | resting_place = | occupation = author, playwricht, academic, journalist | nationality = Scots | alma_mater = [[University o Aiberdeen]] | period = 1986– | genre = | subject = | movement = | notableworks = | partner = Sarah Wood | website = | imagesize = | debut_works = | influences = | influenced = }} '''Ali Smith''' [[Order o the Breetish Empire|CBE]] FRSL (born 24 August 1962) is a Scots writer o novels, short stories an plays. Fower o her novels hae been on the Booker Prize short leet: ''Hotel World'' (2001), ''The Accidental'' (2005), ''How to Be Both'' (2014) an ''Autumn'' (2016), the first o her Seasonal Quartet.<ref name="Cw">{{Cite web |title=Ali Smith |url=https://literature.britishcouncil.org/writer/ali-smith |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=UK Government National Archive |archive-date=29 November 2024 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20241129101343/https://literature.britishcouncil.org/writer/ali-smith |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref name="bbcshortlist">{{cite web |date=9 September 2014 |title=Man Booker Prize: Howard Jacobson makes shortlist |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-29123941 |access-date=9 September 2014 |website=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref name="autumnbooker">{{cite web |last=Flood |first=Alison |date=13 September 2017 |title=Man Booker prize 2017: shortlist makes room for debuts alongside big names |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/sep/13/man-booker-prize-2017-shortlist-debuts-big-names-saunders-mozley-fridlund-smith-auster |access-date=20 October 2017 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Autumn |url=https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/285171/autumn-by-smith-ali/9780241973318 |publisher=Penguin Books |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> ''How to Be Both'' wis awardit the Goldsmiths Prize, the Costa Novel Award an the Women's Prize for Fiction, an in 2026 ''Gliff'' wan the International Dublin Literary Award.<ref name="bbcsmith">{{cite web |date=13 November 2014 |title=Ali Smith wins Goldsmiths Prize for How to be Both |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-30021863 |access-date=13 November 2014 |website=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Roddy |first=Michael |date=2015-01-05 |title=Ali Smith's 'How to be both' takes Costa novel award |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-books-britain-costa-idINKBN0KE1MR20150105 |access-date=2022-08-04 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref><ref name="independent_baileys">{{cite news |last1=Lusher |first1=Adam |date=3 June 2015 |title=Baileys Women's Prize for Fiction 2015 winner: Ali Smith triumphs with How to Be Both |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/baileys-womens-prize-for-fiction-2015-winner-ali-smith-triumphs-with-how-to-be-both-10295326.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220506/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/baileys-womens-prize-for-fiction-2015-winner-ali-smith-triumphs-with-how-to-be-both-10295326.html |archive-date=6 May 2022 |access-date=17 June 2015 |website=The Independent}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Winner of the 2026 Dublin Literary Award Revealed |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/news-and-features/articles/winner-of-the-2026-dublin-literary-award-revealed/ |access-date=2026-08-30 |website=Kirkus Reviews |language=en}}</ref> Sebastian Barry cried her "Scotland's Nobel laureate-in-waiting" in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/nov/27/best-books-of-2016-part-two|title=Best books of 2016 – part two|work=[[The Observer]]|date=27 November 2016|access-date=27 November 2016|quote=She is, of course, Scotland's Nobel laureate-in-waiting.}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{Stub/Scotland}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Smith, Ali}} [[Category:1962 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Academics o the Varsity o Strathclyde]] [[Category:Alumni o Newnham College, Cambridge]] [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Aiberdeen]] [[Category:Breetish weemen short story writers]] [[Category:Commanders o the Order o the Breetish Empire]] [[Category:Fellaes o the Ryal Society o Leeteratur]] [[Category:Lesbian writers]] [[Category:LGBT novelists]] [[Category:LGBT writers frae Scotland]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Inverness High School]] [[Category:Fowk frae Innerness]] [[Category:Fowk wi chronic fatigue syndrome]] [[Category:Scots weemen novelists]] [[Category:Scots short story writers]] [[Category:Scots weemen writers]] [[Category:Scots writers]] [[Category:20t-century Scots novelists]] [[Category:20t-century short story writers]] [[Category:20t-century weemen writers]] [[Category:21st-century Scots writers]] [[Category:21st-century short story writers]] [[Category:21st-century weemen writers]] o23hh0iqtoyscbnlew6z88wknwllhtf 4 223455 926699 925644 2026-11-08T08:57:49Z ListeriaBot 30924 Wikidata list updated [V2] 926699 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT DISTINCT ?item WHERE { ?position wdt:P279 wd:Q1711695 . ?item p:P39 ?ps . ?ps ps:P39 ?position . ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q5 . } |links=red_only |thumb=100 |columns=number,label:Name,,P18,P569,P570,P19 }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! number ! Name ! ! eemage ! date o birth ! date o daith ! place o birth |- | style='text-align:right'| 1 | [[Nigel Don]] | | [[File:NigelDonMSP20110507.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-04-16 | | [[London Borough of Sutton]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 2 | [[Bashir Ahmad]] | | | data-sort-value="1940" | 1940-02-12 | data-sort-value="2009" | 2009-02-06 | [[Amritsar]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 3 | [[Bill Butler]] | | [[File:Bb3-billbutler.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-03-30 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 4 | [[Bill Kidd]] | | [[File:BillKiddMSP20070509.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-07-24 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 5 | [[Bill Wilson]] | | | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-12-11 | | [[Paisley]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 6 | [[Bob Doris]] | | [[File:BobDorisMSP20110507.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1973" | 1973-05-11 | | [[Vale of Leven]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 7 | [[Chic Brodie]] | | [[File:Chic Brodie.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1944" | 1944-05-08 | data-sort-value="2022" | 2022-09-24 | [[Dundee]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 8 | [[Claudia Beamish]] | | [[File:ClaudiaBeamishMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-08-09 | | [[Lunnon]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 9 | [[Colin Beattie]] | | [[File:Colin Beattie.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1951" | 1951-10-17 | | [[Farfar]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 10 | [[David McLetchie]] | | [[File:DavidMcLetchieMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-08-06 | data-sort-value="2013" | 2013-08-12 | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 11 | [[David Stewart]] | | [[File:DaveStewartMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-05-05 | | [[Innerness]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 12 | [[Dave Thompson]] | | [[File:DaveThompsonMSP20120629.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-09-20 | | [[Lossiemooth]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 13 | [[Dennis Robertson]] | | [[File:DennisRobertson20120627.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-08-14 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 14 | [[Drew Smith]] | | [[File:Drew Smith MSP Portrait (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 20th century | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 15 | [[Duncan McNeil]] | | [[File:DuncanMcNeilMSP20110511.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-09-07 | | [[Greenock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 16 | [[Elaine Murray]] | | [[File:ElaineMurrayMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-12-22 | | [[Hitchin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 17 | [[Tavish Scott]] | | [[File:Tavish Scott MSP at Bournemouth.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1966" | 1966-05-06 | | [[Innerness]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 18 | [[Graeme Dey]] | | [[File:GraemeDeyMSP20110507.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-10-29 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 19 | [[Helen Eadie]] | | [[File:HelenEadieMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1947" | 1947-03-07 | data-sort-value="2013" | 2013-11-09 | [[Stanehoosemuir|Stennie]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 20 | [[Fiona McLeod]] | | [[File:FionaMcLeodMSP20110507.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-12-03 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 21 | [[Iain Gray]] | | [[File:IainGrayMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-06-07 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 22 | [[Gavin Brown]] | | [[File:Gavin Brown.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975-06-04 | | [[Kirkcaldy|Kircaudy]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 23 | [[James Kelly]] | | [[File:James Kelly MSP, May 2016.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-10-23 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 24 | [[Gordon MacDonald]] | | [[File:GordonMacDonaldMSP20120529.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-01-02 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 25 | [[Graeme Pearson]] | | [[File:GraemePearsonMSP20110508.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-04-01 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 26 | [[Neil Bibby]] | | [[File:Neil Bibby.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1983" | 1983-09-06 | | [[Paisley]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 27 | [[Hanzala Malik]] | | [[File:HanzalaMalikMSP20110601.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-11-26 | data-sort-value="2023" | 2023-12-14 | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 28 | [[Margaret McCulloch]] | | [[File:Margaret McCulloch.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-05-09 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 29 | [[Jamie McGrigor]] | | [[File:JamieMcGrigorMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-10-19 | data-sort-value="2025" | 2025-07-20 | [[Lunnon]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 30 | [[Jean Urquhart]] | | [[File:JeanUrquhartMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-05-17 | | [[Wast Lowden]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 31 | [[Jenny Marra]] | | [[File:Jenny Marra MSP.png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1977" | 1977-11-06 | | [[Dundee]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 32 | [[Jim Eadie]] | | [[File:JimEadieMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1968" | 1968-02-10 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 33 | [[Jim Hume]] | | [[File:JimHumeMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-11-04 | | [[Peebles]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 34 | [[John Lamont]] | | [[File:Official portrait of John Lamont MP crop 2, 2024.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1976" | 1976-04-15 | | [[Kilwinnin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 35 | [[John Park]] | | [[File:John-Park-MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1973" | 1973-09-14 | | [[Dunfaurlin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 36 | [[John Pentland]] | | [[File:JohnPentlandMSP20110508.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-12-24 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 37 | [[John Scott]] | | [[File:JohnScottMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1951" | 1951-06-07 | | [[Ayr]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 38 | [[John Wilson]] | | [[File:JohnWilsonMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-11-28 | | [[Fawkirk]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 39 | [[Siobhan McMahon]] | | [[File:SiobhanMcMahonMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1984" | 1984-07-04 | | [[Bellshill]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 40 | [[Lewis Macdonald]] | | [[File:LewisMacdonaldMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-01-01 | | [[Stornowa]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 41 | [[Malcolm Chisholm]] | | [[File:Malcolm Chisholm.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-03-07 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 42 | [[Marco Biagi]] | | [[File:Marco Biagi.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1982" | 1982-07-31 | | [[The Vale]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 43 | [[Margaret McDougall]] | | [[File:MargaretMcDougallMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-01-23 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 44 | [[Margaret Mitchell]] | | [[File:MargaretMitchellMSP20120529.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-11-15 | | [[Coatbrig]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 45 | [[Mark Griffin]] | | [[File:Mark-Griffin-MSP-closeup.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1985" | 1985-10-19 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 46 | [[Mary Fee]] | | [[File:MaryFeeMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-03-23 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 47 | [[Mary Scanlon]] | | [[File:MaryScanlonMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1947" | 1947-05-25 | | [[Dundee]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 48 | [[Michael Russell]] | | [[File:Mike Russell SNP Conference.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1953" | 1953-08-09 | | [[Bromley]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 49 | [[Mike MacKenzie]] | | [[File:MikeMacKenzieMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958-11-18 | | [[Oban]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 50 | [[Murdo Fraser]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Murdo Fraser MSP (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-09-05 | | [[Innerness]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 51 | [[Patricia Ferguson]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Patricia Ferguson MP crop 2.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958-09-24 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 52 | [[Paul Martin]] | | [[File:PaulMartinMSP20110511.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967-03-17 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 53 | [[Paul Wheelhouse]] | | [[File:PaulWheelhouseMSP20110507.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970-06-22 | | [[Bilfawst|Belfast]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 54 | [[Richard Baker]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Richard Baker MP crop 2.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974-05-29 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 55 | [[Richard Simpson]] | | [[File:RichardSimpsonMSP20110511.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-10-22 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 56 | [[Michael McMahon]] | | [[File:MichaelMcMahon5715448629 0404153e04 o.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961-09-18 | | [[Bellshill]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 57 | [[Alex Johnstone]] | | [[File:AlexJohnstoneMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961-07-31 | data-sort-value="2016" | 2016-12-07 | [[Steenhive|Stanehyve]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 58 | [[Alison Johnstone]] | | [[File:Alison Johnstone 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-10-11 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 59 | [[Alison McInnes]] | | [[File:AlisonMcInnesMSP20110511.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-07-17 | | [[Irvin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 60 | [[Tom McCabe]] | | [[File:Tom McCabe.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-04-28 | data-sort-value="2015" | 2015-04-19 | [[Hamiltoun]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 61 | [[Cara Hilton]] | | [[File:Cara Hilton.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975 | | [[Grangemooth]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 62 | [[Cameron Buchanan]] | | [[File:CameronBuchananMSP20140129.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-09 | data-sort-value="2023" | 2023-06-24 | [[Woking]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 63 | [[Alex Rowley]] | | [[File:AlexRowleyMSP.png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-11-30 | | [[Dunfaurlin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 64 | [[Lesley Brennan]] | | [[File:Lesley Brennan.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 65 | [[Wendy Alexander]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Baroness Alexander of Cleveden crop 2, 2025.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-06-27 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 66 | [[Andy Kerr]] | | [[File:Andy Kerr.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-03-17 | | [[East Kilbride]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 67 | [[Tommy Sheridan]] | | [[File:TommySheridan2007.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-03-07 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 68 | [[Rhona Brankin]] | | [[File:Rhona Brankin.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-01-19 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 69 | [[Sarah Boyack]] | | [[File:Sarah Boyack MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961-05-16 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 70 | [[Angus MacKay]] | | [[File:Angus MacKay.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-01 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 71 | [[Johann Lamont]] | | [[File:Johann Lamont 2019.png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-07-11 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 72 | [[Cathie Craigie]] | | [[File:Cathy Craigie.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-04-14 | data-sort-value="2026" | 2026-09-10 | [[Stirlin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 73 | [[Jackie Baillie]] | | [[File:Official Portrait of Jackie Baillie (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-01-15 | | [[Hong Kong]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 74 | [[Annabel Goldie]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Baroness Goldie crop 2, 2024.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-02-27 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 75 | [[Susan Deacon]] | | [[File:Susan Deacon.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-02-02 | | [[Musselburrae]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 76 | [[Fergus Ewing]] | | [[File:Cabinet Secretary for the Rural Economy and Connectivity, Fergus Ewing.png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-09-23 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 77 | [[Alex Fergusson]] | | [[File:AlexFergussonMSP20110511.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-04-08 | data-sort-value="2018" | 2018-07-31 | [[Leswalt]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 78 | [[Stewart Stevenson]] | | [[File:StewartStevensonMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-10-15 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 79 | [[Alasdair Morgan]] | | | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-04-21 | | [[Aiberfeldy]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 80 | [[Cathy Jamieson]] | | [[File:Cathy Jamieson.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-11-03 | | [[Kilmaurnock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 81 | [[Ian Jenkins]] | | | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-03-18 | data-sort-value="2025" | 2025-07-29 | [[Rossay]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 82 | [[Rhoda Grant]] | | [[File:RhodaGrantMSP20110511.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-06-26 | | [[Stornowa]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 83 | [[Janis Hughes]] | | | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958-05-01 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 84 | [[Brian Fitzpatrick]] | | | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 85 | [[Scott Barrie]] | | | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-03-10 | | [[St Aundraes]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 86 | [[Brian Monteith]] | | [[File:Brian Monteith MEP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958-01-08 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 87 | [[Bristow Muldoon]] | | [[File:Bristow Muldoon - 2014-10-30 - Andy Mabbett.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-03-19 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 88 | [[John Young]] | | | data-sort-value="1930" | 1930-12-21 | data-sort-value="2011" | 2011-11-03 | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 89 | [[George Lyon]] | | [[File:George Lyon MEP at Bournemouth 2009.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-07-16 | | [[Rossay]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 90 | [[Campbell Martin]] | | | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-03-10 | | [[Irvin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 91 | [[Cathy Peattie]] | | [[File:Cathey Peattie (Scottish politician).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1951" | 1951-11-24 | | [[Grangemooth]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 92 | [[Charlie Gordon]] | | | data-sort-value="1951" | 1951-10-28 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 93 | [[Chris Ballance]] | | [[File:Chris Ballance (13338189044).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-07-07 | | [[Worcester]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 94 | [[Christine May]] | | | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-03-23 | | [[Dublin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 95 | [[Shiona Baird]] | | | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-09-14 | | [[Hereford]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 96 | [[David Davidson]] | | | data-sort-value="1943" | 1943-01-25 | data-sort-value="2024" | 2024-06-14 | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 97 | [[Dave Petrie]] | | | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-12-10 | data-sort-value="2011" | 2011-08-31 | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 98 | [[Dennis Canavan]] | | [[File:EET Scotland’s Economic Future Post-2014.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-08-08 | | [[Coudenbeith]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 99 | [[Derek Brownlee]] | | | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974-08-10 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 100 | [[Des McNulty]] | | [[File:Des McNulty.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-07-28 | | [[Stockport]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 101 | [[John Farquhar Munro]] | | [[File:Iain Fearchar Rothach aig SMO.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1934" | 1934-08-26 | data-sort-value="2014" | 2014-01-26 | [[Glen Shiel]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 102 | [[Mary Mulligan]] | | [[File:MaryMulligan.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-02-12 | | [[Liverpuil]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 103 | [[Marilyn Livingstone]] | | | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-09-30 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 104 | [[Marlyn Glen]] | | [[File:Marlyn-Glen.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1951" | 1951-09-30 | | [[Dundee]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 105 | [[Maureen Macmillan]] | | | data-sort-value="1943" | 1943-02-09 | | [[Oban]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 106 | [[Karen Whitefield]] | | [[File:KarenWhitefield.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970-01-08 | | [[Bellshill]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 107 | [[Euan Robson]] | | [[File:Euan Robson.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-02-17 | | [[Northren Ingland]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 108 | [[Mike Rumbles]] | | [[File:Mike Rumbles.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-06-10 | | [[South Shields]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 109 | [[Gordon Jackson]] | | [[File:GJ losing.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-08-05 | | [[Ardrussan]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 110 | [[Rosemary Byrne]] | | | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-03-03 | | [[Irvin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 111 | [[Frank McAveety]] | | [[File:Frank McAveety MSP (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-07-27 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 112 | [[Mark Ballard]] | | [[File:Mark B smart smile.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1971" | 1971-06-27 | | [[Leeds]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 113 | [[Iain Smith]] | | [[File:Iain smith.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-05-01 | | [[Gateside]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 114 | [[Alasdair Morrison]] | | | data-sort-value="1968" | 1968-11-18 | | [[Stornowa]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 115 | [[Irene Oldfather]] | | [[File:Irene Oldfather 2016 (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-08-06 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 116 | [[Jean Turner]] | | | data-sort-value="1939" | 1939-12-23 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 117 | [[Jeremy Purvis]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Lord Purvis of Tweed crop 2.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974-01-15 | | [[Berrick|Berik]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 118 | [[John Home Robertson]] | | [[File:Johnhomerobertson.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-12-05 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 119 | [[Karen Gillon]] | | [[File:KarenGillon.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967-08-18 | | [[Jethart]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 120 | [[Kate Maclean]] | | | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958-02-16 | | [[Dundee]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 121 | [[Keith Raffan]] | | | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-06-21 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 122 | [[Margaret Jamieson]] | | | data-sort-value="1953" | 1953 | | [[Kilmaurnock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 123 | [[Margaret Smith]] | | [[File:Margaret-SmithMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961-02-18 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 124 | [[Mark Ruskell]] | | [[File:MarkRuskellMSP-May2016.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972-05-14 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 125 | [[Mike Watson, Baron Watson of Invergowrie]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Lord Watson of Invergowrie crop 2, 2020.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-05-01 | | [[Cammuslang]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 126 | [[Mike Pringle]] | | | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-12-25 | | [[Northern Rhodesia]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 127 | [[Murray Tosh]] | | | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-09-01 | | [[Ayr]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 128 | [[Hugh Henry]] | | [[File:HughHenryMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-02-12 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 129 | [[Ben Wallace]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Rt Hon Ben Wallace MP crop 2.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970-05-15 | | [[Farnborough]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 130 | [[Margaret Curran]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Baroness Curran crop 2, 2025.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958-11-24 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 131 | [[Elaine Smith]] | | [[File:ElaineSmithMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-05-07 | | [[Coatbrig]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 132 | [[Nicol Stephen]] | | [[File:Nicol Stephen.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-03-23 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 133 | [[James Douglas-Hamilton, Baron Selkirk of Douglas]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Lord Selkirk of Douglas crop 2.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-07-31 | data-sort-value="2023" | 2023-11-28 | [[Sooth Lanrikshire]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 134 | [[Phil Gallie]] | | | data-sort-value="1939" | 1939-06-03 | data-sort-value="2011" | 2011-01-24 | [[Portsmouth]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 135 | [[Jim Wallace, Baron Wallace of Tankerness]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Lord Wallace of Tankerness crop 2, 2019.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-08-25 | data-sort-value="2026" | 2026-01-29 | [[Annan, Dumfries an Gallowa|Annan]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 136 | [[Henry McLeish]] | | [[File:Official Portrait of Henry McLeish, 2000.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-06-15 | | [[Methul]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 137 | [[Andrew Welsh]] | | | data-sort-value="1944" | 1944-04-19 | data-sort-value="2021" | 2021-06-17 | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 138 | [[Donald Gorrie]] | | | data-sort-value="1933" | 1933-04-02 | data-sort-value="2012" | 2012-08-25 | [[Breetish Raj]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 139 | [[George Reid]] | | [[File:George Reid MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1939" | 1939-06-04 | data-sort-value="2025" | 2025-08-12 | [[Tullibody]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 140 | [[Colin Campbell]] | | | data-sort-value="1938" | 1938-08-31 | | [[Paisley]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 141 | [[Dorothy-Grace Elder]] | | | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-08-11 | | [[Dundee]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 142 | [[Duncan Hamilton]] | | | data-sort-value="1973" | 1973 | | [[Irvin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 143 | [[Elaine Thomson]] | | | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957 | | [[Innerness]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 144 | [[John McAllion]] | | | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-02-13 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 145 | [[Lyndsay McIntosh]] | | | data-sort-value="1955" | 1955 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 146 | [[Ian Welsh]] | | | data-sort-value="1953" | 1953-11-23 | | [[Preswick]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 147 | [[Lloyd Quinan]] | | | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-04-29 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 148 | [[Irene McGugan]] | | | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952 | | [[Angus]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 149 | [[Kay Ullrich]] | | [[File:Kay Ullrich.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1943" | 1943-05-05 | data-sort-value="2021" | 2021-01-04 | [[Preswick]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 150 | [[Keith Harding]] | | | data-sort-value="1938" | 1938-11-21 | data-sort-value="2021" | 2021-11-15 | [[Chipping Norton]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 151 | [[Nick Johnston]] | | | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-01-05 | | [[Filey]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 152 | [[Nora Radcliffe]] | | | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-03-04 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 153 | [[Trish Godman]] | | | data-sort-value="1939" | 1939-10-31 | data-sort-value="2019" | 2019-07-21 | [[Gouan]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 154 | [[Pauline McNeill]] | | [[File:Pauline McNeill.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-09-12 | | [[Paisley]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 155 | [[Peter Peacock]] | | [[File:Peter Peacock.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-05-27 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 156 | [[Robert Brown]] | | [[File:Robert Brown (Scottish Government).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1947" | 1947-12-25 | | [[Newcastle upon Tyne]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 157 | [[Ross Finnie]] | | [[File:Ross Finnie.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1947" | 1947-02-11 | | [[Greenock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 158 | [[Sam Galbraith]] | | [[File:Sam Galbraith MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-10-18 | data-sort-value="2014" | 2014-08-18 | [[Clitheroe]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 159 | [[Sylvia Jackson]] | | | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-12-03 | data-sort-value="2022" | 2022-07-27 | [[Lincolnshire]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 160 | [[Allan Wilson]] | | [[File:Allan Wilson.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-08-05 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 161 | [[Andrew Wilson]] | | | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970 | | [[Lanrik]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 162 | [[Ian McKee]] | | | data-sort-value="1940" | 1940-04-02 | | [[South Shields]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 163 | [[Rob Gibson]] | | [[File:RobGibsonMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-10-10 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 164 | [[Liz Smith]] | | [[File:ElizabethSmithMSP20110508.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-02-27 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 165 | [[Claire Baker]] | | [[File:ClaireBakerMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1971" | 1971-03-04 | | [[Dunfaurlin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 166 | [[George Foulkes, Baron Foulkes of Cumnock]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Lord Foulkes of Cumnock crop 2, 2019.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-21 | | [[Oswestry]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 167 | [[Hugh O'Donnell]] | | | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-05-01 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 168 | [[Stefan Tymkewycz]] | | | data-sort-value="1959" | 1959-09-18 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 169 | [[Ted Brocklebank]] | | | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-09-24 | | [[St Aundraes]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 170 | [[Nanette Milne]] | | [[File:NanetteMilneMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-27 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 171 | [[Andrew Arbuckle]] | | | data-sort-value="1944" | 1944-04-12 | data-sort-value="2025" | 2025-12-25 | [[Fife]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 172 | [[Eleanor Scott]] | | [[File:Eleanor scott (13338173734).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1951" | 1951-07-23 | | [[Innerness]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 173 | [[John Swinburne]] | | | data-sort-value="1930" | 1930-07-04 | data-sort-value="2017" | 2017-10-01 | [[Pennsylvanie|Pennsylvania]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 174 | [[Bruce McFee]] | | | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961-05-18 | data-sort-value="2021" | 2021-09-09 | [[Johnstoun]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 175 | [[Christopher Harvie]] | | | data-sort-value="1944" | 1944-09-21 | | [[Motherwal]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 176 | [[David Whitton]] | | | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-04-22 | | [[Farfar]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 177 | [[Jim Tolson]] | | [[File:Jim Tolson.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-05-26 | | [[Kirkcaldy|Kircaudy]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 178 | [[Margaret Burgess]] | | [[File:Margaret Burgess.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-12-07 | | [[Ayrshire]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 179 | [[James Dornan]] | | [[File:JamesDornanMSP20110507.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1953" | 1953-03-17 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 180 | [[Joan McAlpine]] | | [[File:JoanMcAlpineMSP20120529.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-01-28 | | [[Gourock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 181 | [[Angus MacDonald]] | | [[File:AngusMacDonaldMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-10-11 | | [[Stornowa]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 182 | [[Anne McTaggart]] | | [[File:AnneMcTaggartMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970-01-30 | | [[Coatbrig]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 183 | [[Bill Walker]] | | [[File:BillWalkerMSP20110720.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-03-31 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 184 | [[Neil Findlay]] | | [[File:NeilFindlayMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1969" | 1969-03-06 | | [[Brocksburn]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 185 | [[Roderick Campbell]] | | [[File:RoderickCampbellMSP20110511.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1953" | 1953-06-15 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 186 | [[Colin Keir]] | | [[File:ColinKeirMSP20110507.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1959" | 1959-12-09 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 187 | [[Jayne Baxter]] | | [[File:JayneBaxterMSP20121211.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1955" | 1955-11-05 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 188 | [[Brian Whittle]] | | [[File:BrianWhittleMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-04-26 | | [[Ayr]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 189 | [[Rachael Hamilton]] | | [[File:Rachel Hamilton MSP.png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970-09 | | [[Herefordshire]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 190 | [[Oliver Mundell]] | | [[File:Oliver Mundell 2016.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1989" | 1989-12-01 | | [[Irvin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 191 | [[Finlay Carson]] | | [[File:FinlayCarsonMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967-10-18 | | [[Twynham, Dumfries an Gallowa|Twynham]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 192 | [[Gordon Lindhurst]] | | [[File:Gordon Lindhurst MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967-07-02 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 193 | [[Ross Greer]] | | [[File:Ross Greer, October 2022.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1994" | 1994-06-01 | | [[Easter Kirkpatrick|Bearsden]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 194 | [[Alexander Burnett]] | | [[File:Alexander Burnett.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1973" | 1973-07-30 | | [[Banchry]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 195 | [[Ross Thomson]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Ross Thomson crop 2.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1987" | 1987-09-21 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 196 | [[Colin Smyth]] | | [[File:Colin Smyth MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 197 | [[Kate Forbes]] | | [[File:Deputy First Minister - designate and Cabinet Secretary for Economy and Gaelic - designate, Kate Forbes (53707856301) (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1990" | 1990-04-06 | | [[Dingwal]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 198 | [[Edward Mountain]] | | [[File:Official Portrait of Edward Mountain MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961-03-19 | | [[Moray]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 199 | [[Jamie Greene]] | | [[File:JamieGreeneMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1980" | 1980-03-19 | | [[Greenock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 200 | [[Maurice Golden]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Maurice Golden MSP (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1980" | 1980-01-12 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 201 | [[Maurice Corry]] | | [[File:MauriceCorryMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-06 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 202 | [[Monica Lennon]] | | [[File:Monica Lennon MSP 2026.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1981" | 1981-01 | | [[Bellshill]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 203 | [[Alison Harris]] | | [[File:AlisonHarrisMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-07-23 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 204 | [[Graham Simpson]] | | [[File:Harry Cavanagh meeting Graham Simpson MSP, 2025 (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972-05 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 205 | [[Alex Cole-Hamilton]] | | [[File:AlexCole-HamiltonMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1977" | 1977-07-22 | | [[Hertfordshire]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 206 | [[Ash Regan]] | | [[File:Ash Denham MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974-03-08 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 207 | [[Ben Macpherson]] | | [[File:BenMacphersonMSP-May2016.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1985" | 1980s | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 208 | [[Ivan McKee]] | | [[File:Ivan McKee MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-09 | | [[Milligs Mill]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 209 | [[Annie Wells]] | | [[File:AnnieWellsMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972-02-24 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 210 | [[Daniel Johnson]] | | [[File:David Johnson MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1977" | 1977-09-03 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 211 | [[Peter Chapman]] | | [[File:Peter Chapman.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-05-13 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 212 | [[Miles Briggs]] | | [[File:Miles Briggs.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1983" | 1983-03-30 | | [[Preston]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 213 | [[Donald Cameron]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Lord Cameron of Lochiel crop 2, 2024.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1976" | 1976-11-26 | | [[St Mary's Hospital]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 214 | [[Liam Kerr]] | | [[File:Liam Kerr MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975-01-23 | | [[Chester]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 215 | [[Jeremy Balfour]] | | [[File:Jeremy Balfour MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967-03-11 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 216 | [[Bill Bowman]] | | | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-05-30 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 217 | [[Michelle Ballantyne]] | | [[File:MichelleBallantyneMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-11-28 | | [[Ashton-under-Lyne]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 218 | [[Jamie Halcro Johnston]] | | [[File:JamieHalcroJohnstonMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975-10-08 | | [[Oxford]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 219 | [[Tom Mason]] | | [[File:Tom Mason MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-12-31 | | [[Bishop's Stortford]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 220 | [[Beatrice Wishart]] | | [[File:Beatrice Wishart MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1955" | 1955 | | [[Lerook]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 221 | [[Jackie Dunbar]] | | [[File:Jackie Dunbar MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | | | [[Peterheid]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 222 | [[Marie McNair]] | | [[File:Marie McNair 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975<br/>1976 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 223 | [[Paul McLennan]] | | [[File:Minister for Housing Paul McLennan (52781732883) (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1966" | 1966 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 224 | [[Collette Stevenson]] | | [[File:Collette Stevenson 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1969" | 1969-03-15 | | [[East Kilbride]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 225 | [[Evelyn Tweed]] | | [[File:Official Portrait of Evelyn Tweed MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967 | | [[Ayr]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 226 | [[Natalie Don]] | | [[File:Natalie Don MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1989" | 1989-02-12 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 227 | [[Katy Clark]] | | [[File:Katy Clark MP.jpeg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967-07-03 | | [[Kilwinnin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 228 | [[Foysol Choudhury]] | | [[File:Foysol Choudhury MBE.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1969" | 1969-01-05 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 229 | [[Michelle Thomson]] | | [[File:Michelle Thomson 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-03-11 | | [[Easter Kirkpatrick|Bearsden]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 230 | [[Martin Whitfield]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Martin Whitfield crop 2.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965 | | [[Newcastle upon Tyne]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 231 | [[Jenni Minto]] | | [[File:Jenni Minto 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1968" | 1968-11 | | [[Elgin, Moray|Elgin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 232 | [[Audrey Nicoll]] | | [[File:Audrey Nicoll MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 233 | [[Jim Fairlie]] | | [[File:Minister for Agriculture and Connectivity - Jim Fairlie.jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 234 | [[Stephanie Callaghan]] | | [[File:Stephanie Callaghan MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1971" | 1971 | | [[Hamiltoun]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 235 | [[Elena Whitham]] | | [[File:Official 2023 government portrait of Elena Whitham.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974 | | [[Kilmaurnock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 236 | [[Kaukab Stewart]] | | [[File:Kaukab Stewart 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967<br/>1968 | | [[Pakistan]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 237 | [[Emma Roddick]] | | [[File:Emma Roddick 2021 (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1997" | 1997-07-30 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 238 | [[Sandesh Gulhane]] | | [[File:Sandesh Gulhane 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1982" | 1982-01-22 | | [[Lunnon]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 239 | [[Mercedes Villalba]] | | [[File:Mercedes Villalba 2026 (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1989" | 1989 | | [[Bristol]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 240 | [[Sue Webber]] | | [[File:Sue Webber 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 241 | [[Michael Marra]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Michael Marra (cropped).png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1979" | 1979 | | [[Dundee]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 242 | [[Paul O'Kane]] | | [[File:Paul O'Kane 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1988" | 1988-03-21 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 243 | [[Karen Adam]] | | [[File:Karen Adam MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975-06-07 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 244 | [[Sharon Dowey]] | | [[File:Sharon Dowey MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1969" | 1969<br/>1970 | | [[Girvan]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 245 | [[Davy Russell]] | | [[File:Davy Russell at the Scottish Parliament (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960s<br/>1962 | | [[Quarter]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 246 | [[Alex Kerr]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 247 | [[Gillian Mackay]] | | [[File:Gillian Mackay 2026 (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1991" | 1991 | | [[Fawkirk]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 248 | [[Laura Mitchell]] | | | data-sort-value="1982" | 1982-05 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 249 | [[Ariane Burgess]] | | [[File:Ariane Burgess MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-11-20 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 250 | [[Kate Nevens]] | | [[File:Kate Nevens, Official MSP Portrait.png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1982" | 1982 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 251 | [[Meghan Gallacher]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Meghan Gallacher MSP (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1992" | 1992-01-17 | | [[Bellshill]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 252 | [[Roz McCall]] | | [[File:Roz Mccall In Dunfermline.jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 253 | [[Pam Duncan-Glancy]] | | [[File:Pam Duncan-Glancy MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1981" | 1981-11-02 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 254 | [[Craig Hoy]] | | [[File:Craig Hoy 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 255 | [[Douglas Lumsden]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Douglas Lumsden MP (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1971" | 1971-08 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 256 | [[Pam Gosal]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Pam Gosal MSP (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 257 | [[Tess White]] | | [[File:Tess White 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-02-18 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 258 | [[Thomas Kerr]] | | [[File:Thomas Kerr Official MSP portrait 2026 (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 259 | [[Carol Mochan]] | | [[File:Carol Mochan MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 260 | [[Màiri McAllan]] | | [[File:Official portrait of net zero secretary Màiri McAllan (cropped 1).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1993" | 1993-02-14 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 261 | [[Mark Simpson]] | | | data-sort-value="1988" | 1988-11-30 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 262 | [[Laura Moodie]] | | | data-sort-value="1978" | 1978 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 263 | [[Colm Merrick]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 264 | [[Julie MacDougall]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 265 | [[Katherine Sangster]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 266 | [[Tim Eagle]] | | [[File:Tim eagle 24.jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 267 | [[David Kirkwood]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 268 | [[Holly Bruce]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 269 | [[Irshad Ahmed]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Irshad Ahmed MSP (cropped).png|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 270 | [[Michelle Campbell]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Michelle Campbell (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 271 | [[Adam Harley]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 272 | [[Simita Kumar]] | | [[File:Equalities & International Development Minister - 55282125442.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1987" | 1987 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 273 | [[Iris Duane]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Iris Duane MSP (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 274 | [[Duncan Dunlop]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 275 | [[Cara McKee]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 276 | [[Helen McDade]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 277 | [[David Smith]] | | | | | [[Cardiff–South Wales Valleys metropolitan area]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 278 | [[Q Manivannan]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Q Manivannan MSP (cropped).png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996<br/>1997 | | [[Tamil Nadu]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 279 | [[Katie Hagmann]] | | [[File:Katie Hagmann, Official MSP Portrait (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1979" | 1979-04 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 280 | [[Jack Middleton]] | | [[File:Jack Middleton, Official MSP Portrait (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 281 | [[Zen Ghani]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 282 | [[Sanne Dijkstra-Downie]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Sanne Dijkstra-Downie (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 283 | [[Duncan Massey]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 284 | [[Yi-pei Chou Turvey]] | | | data-sort-value="1981" | 1981 | | [[Taiwan (kintra)|Taiwan]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 285 | [[Kayleigh Kinross-O'Neill]] | | [[File:Kayleigh Kinross-O'Neill, Official MSP Portrait.png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1999" | 1999-03-01 | | [[Motherwal]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 286 | [[Angela Ross]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Angela Ross MSP (cropped).png|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 287 | [[Amanda Bland]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Amanda Bland (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 288 | [[Hannah Mary Goodlad]] | | [[File:Hannah Mary Goodlad Scottish Parliament Portrait 2026.jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 289 | [[Jamie Langan]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 290 | [[Kim Schmulian]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 291 | [[Lloyd Melville]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 292 | [[Senga Beresford]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Senga Beresford (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 293 | [[Mandy Lindsay]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 294 | [[Max Bannerman]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Max Bannerman MSP (cropped).png|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 295 | [[Kristopher Leask]] | | [[File:Kristopher Leask, Official MSP Portrait.png|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 296 | [[Vic Currie]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 297 | [[Morven-May MacCallum]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 298 | [[Dawn Black]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 299 | [[Kate Campbell]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 300 | [[David Barratt]] | | [[File:Official portrait of David Barratt MSP 2026 (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 301 | [[Gary Bouse]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 302 | [[Andrew Baxter]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 303 | [[Donald MacKinnon]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 304 | [[Joe Fagan]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Joe Fagan (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1987" | 1987 | | [[Lanrikshire]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 305 | [[David Green]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 306 | [[Joe Long]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 307 | [[Pauline Stafford]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 308 | [[Jenny Young]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 309 | [[Calum Kerr]] | | [[File:Calum Kerr, Official MSP Portrait (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972-04-05 | | [[Gallae]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 310 | [[Heather Anderson]] | | [[File:Heather Anderson official portrait as an MEP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1959" | 1959-01-31 | | [[Dundee]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 311 | [[Malcolm Offord]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Lord Offord of Garvel crop 2, 2025.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-09-05 | | [[Greenock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 312 | [[James Adams]] | | [[File:Official portrait of James Adams MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1992" | 1992 | | [[Fraserburgh]] |} {{Wikidata list end}} ou43l4msw0xz73accfa9v8wrrcds072 0 226188 926668 813905 2026-11-08T05:39:53Z Xqbot 2526 Fixin dooble reguidal til [[Cultural anthropology]] 926668 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Cultural anthropology]] qvlh7jp572q49x17nwkt2cob3sefzsj 0 226189 926669 813898 2026-11-08T05:39:58Z Xqbot 2526 Fixin dooble reguidal til [[Cultural anthropology]] 926669 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Cultural anthropology]] qvlh7jp572q49x17nwkt2cob3sefzsj 0 231731 926672 918745 2026-11-08T06:07:57Z Monospaced 75295 926672 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:20200112_"Climate_crisis"_vs_"Climate_emergency"_-_Google_search_term_usage.png|right|thumb| Google trends data shaws at, fallaein the 2006 release o Al Gore's film, ''An Inconvenient Truth,'' sairches fur the tairm ''climate crisis'' fillt up, wi a resurgence beginnin in late 2018. Forby graphed: sairches fur the tairm ''climate sair fit''.]] '''''Climate crisis''''' is a tairm describin global warmin an climate chynge, an thair eftercasts. This tairm an the term '''''climate sair fit''''' hes been uised fur tae describe the threit o global warmin tae Jock Tamson's bairns an the planet Yird we need fur tae survive, an fur tae threap at strang climate chynge mitigaution an "transformautional" adaptaution. I the scientific journal ''BioScience'', a Januar 2020 airticle, soudert by ower 11,000 scientist athort the warld, statit at "the climate crisis hes arrived" an at a "wandeimous eik o scale in endaivours fur tae hain wir biosphere is needit fur tae evit wantelt dool due tae the climate crisis." {{Stub/Science}} == Mair readin == * {{Cite book|last=Bell|first=Alice R.|title=Our biggest experiment : an epic history of the climate crisis|url=https://archive.org/details/ourbiggestexperi0000bell|date=2021|isbn=978-1-64009-433-8|publication-place=Berkeley, California|oclc=1236092035}} * {{Cite journal|last=Feldman|first=Lauren|last2=Hart|first2=P. Sol|date=November 16, 2021|title=Upping the ante? The effects of "emergency" and "crisis" framing in climate change news|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10584-021-03219-5|journal=Climatic Change|volume=169|issue=10|page=10|bibcode=2021ClCh..169...10F|doi=10.1007/s10584-021-03219-5}} == External links == * [https://coveringclimatenow.org/about/ Covering Climate Now (CCNow)], a collaboration amang news organisautions "fur tae creaut mair informed an clamant climate stories" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20210412180057/https://coveringclimatenow.org/about/ archive]) [[Category:Climate chynge]] [[Category:Webarchive template wayback airtins]] [[Category:CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unkent]] [[Category:2010s]] [[Category:Neologisms]] [[Category:Communication]] sm9xz3vu4mb7kxgdf5c9l9sxyy9j474 0 233137 926563 913420 2026-11-07T19:37:31Z Tym-lip 139887 926563 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Karol Nawrocki | honorific-prefix = [[His Excellency]] | image = Karol Nawrocki i Roberta Metsola (2026) (cropped2).jpg | caption = Nawrocki in 2026 | office = [[Preses o Poland]] | termstart = 6 August 2025 | primeminister = [[Donald Tusk]] | predecessor = [[Andrzej Duda]] | birth_name = Karol Tadeusz Nawrocki | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1983|03|03|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Gdańsk]], Poland | party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]{{efn|Backit bi [[Law and Justice]]}} | spouse = [[Marta Nawrocka]] | children = 3 | alma_mater = [[Varsity o Gdańsk]]<br>[[Gdańsk Varsity o Technology]] | occupation = [[Historian]], [[Politics|poleetician]] | office1 = Preses o the [[Institute of National Remembrance]] | termstart1 = 23 Julie 2021 | termend1 = 6 August 2025 | office2 = Director o the [[Museum of the Second Warld War]] | termstart2 = 19 October 2017 | termend2 = 23 Julie 2021 }} '''Karol Tadeusz Nawrocki''' (born [[3 Mairch]] 1983) is a Pols historian an politeecian wha haes been the [[Preses o Poland]] syne 2025. ==Life an career== Nawrocki wis born in [[Gdańsk]]. He studied history at the [[Varsity of Gdańsk]], earnin a PhD in 2013. In 2023 he completit an MBA in Strategy an Project Management at the [[Gdańsk University of Technology]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Karol Nawrocki, PhD. – President of the Republic of Poland|url=https://www.president.pl/president/biography|url-status=live|access-date=2026-02-12|website=President of the Republic of Poland|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Karol Nawrocki, Ph.D.|url=https://eng.ipn.gov.pl/en/about-the-institute/the-president-and-deput/8204,Karol-Nawrocki-PhD.html|url-status=live|access-date=2026-02-12|website=Institute of National Remembrance|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|last=Lepiarz|first=Jacek|date=2025-06-02|title=Who is Polish President-elect Karol Nawrocki?|work=dw.com|url=https://www.dw.com/en/who-is-polish-president-elect-karol-nawrocki/a-72766635|url-status=live|access-date=2026-02-12}}</ref> Frae 2009 he wirked at the [[Institute of National Remembrance]] (IPN). Atween 2013 an 2017 he heidit its Gdańsk office. In 2017 he becam Director o the [[Museum of the Second World War]], haudin the pose till 2021. That year he returnt tae the IPN, first as vice-preses an then as preses.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> On 24 November 2024 he wis announcit as an independent candidate, supportit bi [[Law and Justice]], in the [[2025 Polish presidential election]]. On 1 Juin 2025 he wis electit [[Preses o Poland]], winnin juist ower 50% o the vote an defeatin [[Rafał Trzaskowski]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> He met [[Donald Trump]] in the [[Oval Office]] on 2 Mey 2025 durin the campaign.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> == Presidency == Nawrocki wis sworn in on 6 August 2025. He assumit command o the [[Polish Armed Forces]] the same day. Earlie in his presidency he enterit intae conflict wi the govrenment o [[Prime Meenister o Poland|Prime Meenister]] [[Donald Tusk]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nawrocki, Karol}} [[Category:1983 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Pols fowk]] 53hbpfg8ubkbw6jvjn7q2yw4pjtgou2 926566 926563 2026-11-07T23:18:31Z Atlantic306 30244 /* Presidency */ notelist 926566 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Karol Nawrocki | honorific-prefix = [[His Excellency]] | image = Karol Nawrocki i Roberta Metsola (2026) (cropped2).jpg | caption = Nawrocki in 2026 | office = [[Preses o Poland]] | termstart = 6 August 2025 | primeminister = [[Donald Tusk]] | predecessor = [[Andrzej Duda]] | birth_name = Karol Tadeusz Nawrocki | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1983|03|03|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Gdańsk]], Poland | party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]{{efn|Backit bi [[Law and Justice]]}} | spouse = [[Marta Nawrocka]] | children = 3 | alma_mater = [[Varsity o Gdańsk]]<br>[[Gdańsk Varsity o Technology]] | occupation = [[Historian]], [[Politics|poleetician]] | office1 = Preses o the [[Institute of National Remembrance]] | termstart1 = 23 Julie 2021 | termend1 = 6 August 2025 | office2 = Director o the [[Museum of the Second Warld War]] | termstart2 = 19 October 2017 | termend2 = 23 Julie 2021 }} '''Karol Tadeusz Nawrocki''' (born [[3 Mairch]] 1983) is a Pols historian an politeecian wha haes been the [[Preses o Poland]] syne 2025. ==Life an career== Nawrocki wis born in [[Gdańsk]]. He studied history at the [[Varsity of Gdańsk]], earnin a PhD in 2013. In 2023 he completit an MBA in Strategy an Project Management at the [[Gdańsk University of Technology]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Karol Nawrocki, PhD. – President of the Republic of Poland|url=https://www.president.pl/president/biography|url-status=live|access-date=2026-02-12|website=President of the Republic of Poland|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Karol Nawrocki, Ph.D.|url=https://eng.ipn.gov.pl/en/about-the-institute/the-president-and-deput/8204,Karol-Nawrocki-PhD.html|url-status=live|access-date=2026-02-12|website=Institute of National Remembrance|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|last=Lepiarz|first=Jacek|date=2025-06-02|title=Who is Polish President-elect Karol Nawrocki?|work=dw.com|url=https://www.dw.com/en/who-is-polish-president-elect-karol-nawrocki/a-72766635|url-status=live|access-date=2026-02-12}}</ref> Frae 2009 he wirked at the [[Institute of National Remembrance]] (IPN). Atween 2013 an 2017 he heidit its Gdańsk office. In 2017 he becam Director o the [[Museum of the Second World War]], haudin the pose till 2021. That year he returnt tae the IPN, first as vice-preses an then as preses.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> On 24 November 2024 he wis announcit as an independent candidate, supportit bi [[Law and Justice]], in the [[2025 Polish presidential election]]. On 1 Juin 2025 he wis electit [[Preses o Poland]], winnin juist ower 50% o the vote an defeatin [[Rafał Trzaskowski]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> He met [[Donald Trump]] in the [[Oval Office]] on 2 Mey 2025 durin the campaign.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> == Presidency == Nawrocki wis sworn in on 6 August 2025. He assumit command o the [[Polish Armed Forces]] the same day. Earlie in his presidency he enterit intae conflict wi the govrenment o [[Prime Meenister o Poland|Prime Meenister]] [[Donald Tusk]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == Notes == {{Notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nawrocki, Karol}} [[Category:1983 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Pols fowk]] s4wko34ji711n1396sriwx73762qefc 0 234244 926579 2026-11-08T03:02:45Z Monospaced 75295 Stairtit bi owersettin [[:en:Special:PermanentLink/1381717828|en:Douglas Stuart (writer)]] 926579 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Scots fashion designer an novelist (born 1976)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}} {{Infobox person | name = Douglas Stuart | image = Douglas Stuart (2021) - 2.png | caption = Stuart in 2021 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|31 May 1976|df=y}} | birth_place = Sighthill, [[Glesga]], Scotland | birth_name = | death_date = | death_place = | occupation = {{flatlist| * Novelist * fashion designer}} | spouse = Michael Cary | education = {{plainlist| * {{nowrap|[[Heriot-Watt University|Scottish College of Textiles]] ([[Bachelor o Airts|BA]])}} * Royal College of Art (MA)}} | notable_works = ''Shuggie Bain'' (2020)<br /> ''Young Mungo'' (2022)<br/>''John of John'' (2026) | awards = Booker Prize (2020)<br />Sue Kaufman Prize for First Fiction (2021) | website = {{URL|douglasdstuart.com/}} | citizenship = {{flatlist| *British *American }} }} '''Douglas Stuart''' (born 31 May 1976)<ref name="Douglas Stuart at The Booker Prizes">{{Cite web|title=Douglas Stuart|date=31 May 1976 |publisher=The Booker Prizes|url=https://thebookerprizes.com/author/douglas-stuart|access-date=11 December 2021|archive-date=4 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804085454/https://thebookerprizes.com/author/douglas-stuart|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> is a Scots-American fashion designer an writer. Born in [[Glesga]], he studied at the [[Heriot-Watt University|Scottish College of Textiles]] an at the Royal College of Art in [[Lunnon]]. At the age o 24 he flittit tae [[New York Ceety]], whaur he wrocht in fashion design an stairtit tae write. His first novel, ''Shuggie Bain'', wis awardit the 2020 Booker Prize. His seicont, ''Young Mungo'', wis published in Aprile 2022, an his third, ''John of John'', in Mey 2026. == Early life an eddication == Douglas Stuart wis born in Sighthill, a hoosin scheme in Glesga.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Millen |first=Robbie |date=15 September 2020 |title=Why Douglas Stuart's Shuggie Bain deserves to win the Booker prize |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/douglas-stuarts-shuggie-bain-truly-deserves-a-shot-at-the-booker-prize-9lfwgtzck |url-access=subscription |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=[[The Times]] |archive-date=24 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124095743/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/douglas-stuarts-shuggie-bain-truly-deserves-a-shot-at-the-booker-prize-9lfwgtzck |url-status=live }}</ref> He wis the youngest o three bairns. His faither left the faimily when Stuart wis wee, an he wis brocht up bi a single mither that wis fechtin alcoholism an addiction.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|last=Alter|first=Alexandra|date=23 October 2020|title=How 'Shuggie Bain' Became This Year's Breakout Debut|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/23/books/douglas-stuart-shuggie-bain.html|access-date=24 November 2020|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=23 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123130759/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/23/books/douglas-stuart-shuggie-bain.html|url-status=live}}</ref> His mither died o alcohol-relatit illness when he wis 16.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=20 November 2020|title=Douglas Stuart's "Shuggie Bain" wins the Booker Prize|newspaper=[[The Economist]] (Prospero blog)|author=E.C.|url=https://www.economist.com/prospero/2020/11/20/douglas-stuarts-shuggie-bain-wins-the-booker-prize|access-date=24 November 2020|issn=0013-0613|archive-date=23 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123232041/https://www.economist.com/prospero/2020/11/20/douglas-stuarts-shuggie-bain-wins-the-booker-prize|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Shuggie Bain'' wis inspired bi his relationship wi her.<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 November 2020|title=Shuggie Bain's tale tells us that the Booker prize has matured|url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/nov/22/new-voices-now-speak-louder-than-old-giants-booker-prize-douglas-stuart-shuggie-bain|first=Alex|last=Clark|author-link=Alex Clark (journalist)|access-date=24 November 2020|website=The Guardian|language=en|archive-date=27 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427021927/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/nov/22/new-voices-now-speak-louder-than-old-giants-booker-prize-douglas-stuart-shuggie-bain|url-status=live}}</ref> Efter her daith he bade wi his aulder brither, an at 17 he flittit intae a lodgin hoose.<ref name=":5" /> Writin in ''Literary Hub'' anent workin-cless life in the late 1970s an the 1980s, Stuart haes said he grew up in a hoose wi nae buiks, surroondit bi poverty, efter the economic policies o the Thatcher era haed brocht mass unemployment, alcoholism an drug abuse tae the wast o Scotland.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 February 2020|title=Poverty, Anxiety, and Gender in Scottish Working-Class Literature|url=https://lithub.com/poverty-anxiety-and-gender-in-scottish-working-class-literature/|first=Douglas|last=Stuart|access-date=24 November 2020|website=Literary Hub|language=en-US|archive-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119201753/https://lithub.com/poverty-anxiety-and-gender-in-scottish-working-class-literature/|url-status=live}}</ref> He wis awardit a bachelor's degree frae the [[Heriot-Watt University|Scottish College of Textiles]] (noo Heriot-Watt University) an a maister's degree frae the Royal College of Art in [[Lunnon]].<ref name=":5" /> He haes nae formal eddication in literature. He wantit tae study English literature at college, but a teacher pit him aff it, sayin it wad "not suit someone from his background", sae he studied textiles insteid.<ref name=":5" /> == Career == Stuart flittit tae [[New York Ceety]] at the age o 24 tae stairt a career in fashion design. For mair nor 20 year he wrocht for monie brands, amang them Calvin Klein, Ralph Lauren, Banana Republic an Jack Spade.<ref name=":5" /> He stairtit his first novel while he wis wirkin 12-oor shifts as a senior director o design at Banana Republic.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.departures.com/arts/douglas-stuart-fashion-literature|title=Weaving Wool, Weaving Words: Douglas Stuart, author of 'Shuggie Bain,' on leaving fashion for literature|website=[[Departures (magazine)|Departures]]|first=Sophie|last=Mancini|date=18 January 2022|access-date=15 November 2022|archive-date=23 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323152916/https://www.departures.com/arts/douglas-stuart-fashion-literature|url-status=dead}}</ref> Afore his first novel wis published, his wark haed appeared in ''The New Yorker'' an ''Literary Hub''.<ref name="Douglas Stuart at The Booker Prizes" /> When Stuart wrote his first novel, ''Shuggie Bain'', 32 publishers in the US turnt it doon<ref name="ES">{{cite news|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/londoners-diary/the-londoner-booker-winners-bernadine-evaristo-and-douglas-stuart-say-publishers-are-too-middleclass-b77730.html|title=The Londoner: Booker winners Douglas Stuart and Bernadine Evaristo say publishers are too middle-class|newspaper=[[Evening Standard]]|date=24 November 2020|access-date=24 November 2020|archive-date=24 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124121158/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/londoners-diary/the-londoner-booker-winners-bernadine-evaristo-and-douglas-stuart-say-publishers-are-too-middleclass-b77730.html|url-status=live}}</ref> an 12 in the UK<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/scotland/article/scottish-booker-prize-winner-shuggie-bain-was-rejected-by-44-publishers-bg0p0hcn6|title=Scottish Booker prize winner Shuggie Bain was rejected by 44 publishers|first=Mark|last=Macaskill|newspaper=[[The Times]]|date=29 November 2020|access-date=3 December 2020|archive-date=7 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207112536/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/scottish-booker-prize-winner-shuggie-bain-was-rejected-by-44-publishers-bg0p0hcn6#:~:text=Scottish%20Booker%20prize%20winner%20Shuggie%20Bain%20was%20rejected%20by%2044%20publishers,-Mark%20Macaskill&text=A%20Scottish%20novel%20that%20scooped,themes%20of%20addiction%20and%20poverty.|url-status=live}}</ref> afore it wis selt at last tae the American independent publisher Grove Atlantic,<ref name=":3" /> that published it in hardback on 11 Februar 2020.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Shuggie Bain |url=https://groveatlantic.com/book/shuggie-bain/ |access-date=24 November 2020 |publisher=[[Grove Atlantic]] |archive-date=28 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928035934/https://groveatlantic.com/book/shuggie-bain/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Efter that it wis published in the UK bi Picador, an imprint o Pan Macmillan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shuggie Bain by Douglas Stuart |url=https://www.panmacmillan.com/authors/douglas-stuart/shuggie-bain/9781529019278 |access-date=24 November 2020 |publisher=Pan Macmillan |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127101931/https://www.panmacmillan.com/authors/douglas-stuart/shuggie-bain/9781529019278 |url-status=live }}</ref> As o Aprile 2022, ''Shuggie Bain'' haed selt mair nor 1.5 million copies aw ower the warld.<ref>{{cite news|last=Jones|first=Rebecca|date=14 April 2022|title=Douglas Stuart: Booker Prize-winning author 'feels like an impostor'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-61094627|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=18 October 2022|archive-date=17 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017231954/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-61094627|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|title=Douglas Stuart receives a Golden Pan award as Shuggie Bain sales reach a million|url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/douglas-stuart-receives-a-golden-pan-award-as-shuggie-bain-sales-reach-a-million|date=25 April 2022|first=Sian|last=Bayley|access-date=4 July 2023|magazine=[[The Bookseller]]|archive-date=4 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704074120/https://www.thebookseller.com/news/douglas-stuart-receives-a-golden-pan-award-as-shuggie-bain-sales-reach-a-million|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Shuggie Bain'' wan the 2020 Booker Prize.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Flood |first=Alison |date=19 November 2020 |title=Douglas Stuart wins Booker prize for debut Shuggie Bain |url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/nov/19/douglas-stuart-wins-booker-prize-for-debut-shuggie-bain |access-date=19 November 2020 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |archive-date=22 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122135007/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/nov/19/douglas-stuart-wins-booker-prize-for-debut-shuggie-bain |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-06 |title=Shuggie Bain: Winner of the 2020 Booker Prize |url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/books/shuggie-bain |access-date=2026-06-07 |website=thebookerprizes.com |language=en}}</ref> Stuart wis the seicont Scots writer tae win it in the prize's 51-year history,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/douglas-stuart-interview-shuggie-bain-b1760532.html|title=Booker prize winner Douglas Stuart: 'Homophobia makes you think there's something broken'|first=Martin|last=Chilton|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=26 November 2020|access-date=8 December 2020|archive-date=24 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124165728/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/douglas-stuart-interview-shuggie-bain-b1760532.html|url-status=live}}</ref> efter James Kelman in 1994 for ''How Late It Was, How Late'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Duffy |first=Judith |date=15 November 2020 |title=Douglas Stuart's Shuggie Bain could be second Scottish book to win Booker prize |url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/18872482.douglas-stuarts-shuggie-bain-second-scottish-book-win-booker-prize/ |access-date=19 November 2020 |website=[[The National (Scotland)|The National]] |archive-date=24 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124085929/https://www.thenational.scot/news/18872482.douglas-stuarts-shuggie-bain-second-scottish-book-win-booker-prize/ |url-status=live }}</ref> a buik Stuart haes said chynged his life, acause it wis "one of the first times he had seen his people and dialect on the page."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/douglas-stuart-wins-2020-booker-prize-for-shuggie-bain-1.4414025|title=Douglas Stuart wins 2020 Booker Prize for Shuggie Bain|first=Martin|last=Doyle|newspaper=[[The Irish Times]]|date=19 November 2020|access-date=23 November 2020|archive-date=20 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120162622/https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/douglas-stuart-wins-2020-booker-prize-for-shuggie-bain-1.4414025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bookbrunch.co.uk/page/article-detail/douglas-stuart-wins-booker-prize/|title=Douglas Stuart wins Booker Prize|website=BookBrunch|date=20 November 2020|access-date=25 November 2020|archive-date=27 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427021927/https://www.bookbrunch.co.uk/page/article-detail/douglas-stuart-wins-booker-prize/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thebookerprizes.com/booker-prize/news/interview-longlisted-author-douglas-stuart|title=Interview with longlisted author Douglas Stuart|publisher=The Booker Prizes|date=11 August 2020|access-date=25 November 2020|archive-date=23 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123130809/https://thebookerprizes.com/booker-prize/news/interview-longlisted-author-douglas-stuart|url-status=live}}</ref> Speakin at the prize ceremony, the chair o the judges, Margaret Busby, said the buik wis bound tae be a classic, an cried it a "moving, immersive and nuanced portrait of a tight-knit social world, its people and its values."<ref name=":4" /> ''Shuggie Bain'' wis on the lang leet for the 2021 Andrew Carnegie Medal for Excellence in Fiction,<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/blogs/the-scoop/longlist-for-2021-carnegie-medals-announced/ |title=Longlist for 2021 Carnegie Medals Announced |work=[[American Libraries]] |date=26 October 2020 |access-date=24 November 2020 |archive-date=4 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204233507/https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/blogs/the-scoop/longlist-for-2021-carnegie-medals-announced/ |url-status=live}}</ref> an it wis a finalist for the 2020 Center for Fiction First Novel Prize,<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=2020 First Novel Prize |url=https://centerforfiction.org/book-recs/2020-first-novel-prize-the-long-list |access-date=2026-06-07 |website=The Center for Fiction |language=en-US}}</ref> the 2020 Kirkus Prize<ref name=":7">{{cite web|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/news-and-features/articles/kirkus-prize-finalists-are-announced/|title=Kirkus Prize Finalists Are Announced|first=Michael|last=Schaub|website=Kirkus|date=9 September 2020|access-date=24 November 2020|archive-date=27 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127220420/https://www.kirkusreviews.com/news-and-features/articles/kirkus-prize-finalists-are-announced/|url-status=live}}</ref> an the 2020 National Book Award for Fiction.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vulture.com/2020/10/national-book-award-2020-finalists.html|title=The National Book Awards Finalists Hath Arrived|website=[[Vulture.com]]|first=Madison Malone|last=Kircher|date=6 October 2020|access-date=24 November 2020|archive-date=4 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104190032/https://www.vulture.com/2020/10/national-book-award-2020-finalists.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|date=7 October 2020|title=National Book Awards 2020 shortlists announced|url=https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2020/10/07/157689/national-book-awards-2020-shortlists-announced/|access-date=7 October 2020|website=Books+Publishing|language=en-AU|archive-date=24 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024031317/https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2020/10/07/157689/national-book-awards-2020-shortlists-announced/|url-status=live}}</ref> At the 2021 British Book Awards it wis named baith Debut Book of the Year an Overall Book of the Year.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/extras/indybest/books/british-book-awards-nibbies-2021-b1846831.html|title=British Book Awards: From first-time writers to a teenage activist and a skincare guru|first=Eva|last=Waite-Taylor|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=13 May 2021|access-date=4 July 2023|archive-date=14 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514074623/https://www.independent.co.uk/extras/indybest/books/british-book-awards-nibbies-2021-b1846831.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The novel got maistly guid reviews, amang them in ''The Observer'',<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/aug/09/shuggie-bain-by-douglas-stuart-review-lithe-revelatory-debut|title=Shuggie Bain by Douglas Stuart review – lithe, revelatory debut|first=Alex|last=Preston|newspaper=The Observer|date=9 August 2020|access-date=1 October 2020|archive-date=21 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121072605/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/aug/09/shuggie-bain-by-douglas-stuart-review-lithe-revelatory-debut|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/11/books/review/shuggie-bain-douglas-stuart.html|title=In 1980s Glasgow, a World of Pain Made Bearable by Love|newspaper=The New York Times|first=Leah Hager|last=Cohen|date=11 February 2020|access-date=1 October 2020}}</ref> ''[[The Scotsman]]'',<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/books/book-review-shuggie-bain-douglas-stuart-2950033|title=Book review: Shuggie Bain, by Douglas Stuart|first=Allan|last=Massie|author-link=Allan Massie|newspaper=The Scotsman|date=21 August 2020|access-date=1 October 2020|archive-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119200209/https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/books/book-review-shuggie-bain-douglas-stuart-2950033|url-status=live}}</ref> ''The Times Literary Supplement''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/shuggie-bain-douglas-stuart-review-toby-lichtig/|title=Glasgow kiss: A love letter to a troubled city in Shuggie Bain by Douglas Stuart|work=[[The Times Literary Supplement|TLS]]|first=Toby|last=Lichtig|date=11 September 2020|access-date=1 October 2020|archive-date=20 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120004813/https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/shuggie-bain-douglas-stuart-review-toby-lichtig/|url-status=live}}</ref> an ''The Hindu''.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dasgupta|first=Shougat|date=31 October 2020|title=A terrible beauty: Review of 'Shuggie Bain' and 'Real Life'|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/a-terrible-beauty-review-of-shuggie-bain-and-real-life/article32979838.ece|access-date=24 November 2020|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119180838/https://www.thehindu.com/books/a-terrible-beauty-review-of-shuggie-bain-and-real-life/article32979838.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> It wis praised for its true-tae-life pictur o post-industrial, workin-cless Glesga in the 1980s an early 1990s, an for the wey Stuart catches the "wry, indefatigable [[Gleswegian|Glaswegian]] voice in all its various shades of wit, anger and hope."<ref name=":1" /> In November 2020 Stuart said he haed feenisht his seicont novel, cried ''Loch Awe'' at first.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ferguson |first=Brian |date=19 November 2020 |title=Booker Prize: Glasgow author Douglas Stuart wins with debut novel Shuggie Bain |url=https://www.scotsman.com/whats-on/arts-and-entertainment/booker-prize-glasgow-author-douglas-stuart-wins-debut-novel-shuggie-bain-3041779 |access-date=19 November 2020 |website=The Scotsman |archive-date=20 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120170524/https://www.scotsman.com/whats-on/arts-and-entertainment/booker-prize-glasgow-author-douglas-stuart-wins-debut-novel-shuggie-bain-3041779 |url-status=live}}</ref> It is a luve story atween twa young men. Lik the first, it is set in post-industrial Glesga, in the 1990s, wi its territorial gangs an its sectarian divides. The buik is aboot toxic masculinity an the violence that its pressures on workin-cless laddies can lead tae.<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 August 2020|title=Shuggie Bain|url=https://booksfromscotland.com/2020/08/shuggie-bain/|access-date=24 November 2020|website=Books from Scotland|language=en-US|archive-date=1 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001033557/https://booksfromscotland.com/2020/08/shuggie-bain/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Douglas Stuart {{!}} 'Representation of the working-class is essential for diversity in literature'|work=[[The Bookseller]]|url=https://www.thebookseller.com/profile/douglas-stuart-1219122|first=Caroline|last=Carpenter|date=15 September 2020|access-date=24 November 2020|archive-date=21 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121120225/https://www.thebookseller.com/profile/douglas-stuart-1219122|url-status=live}}</ref> The novel wis published as ''Young Mungo'' bi Grove Press on 5 Aprile 2022<ref>{{Cite book |title=Young Mungo |url=https://groveatlantic.com/book/young-mungo/ |access-date=13 November 2021 |publisher=Grove Atlantic |archive-date=13 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113071752/https://groveatlantic.com/book/young-mungo/ |url-status=live }}</ref> an bi Picador on 14 Aprile 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Young Mungo by Douglas Stuart |url=https://www.panmacmillan.com/authors/douglas-stuart/young-mungo/9781529068764 |access-date=13 November 2021 |website=www.panmacmillan.com |archive-date=13 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113071752/https://www.panmacmillan.com/authors/douglas-stuart/young-mungo/9781529068764 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Oprah Daily'' cried it "a beautiful novel about family love and the dangers of being different in a violent, hyper-masculine world,"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oprahdaily.com/entertainment/books/a38255299/douglas-stuart-young-mungo/|title=Exclusive Cover Reveal: Douglas Stuart's New Book, ''Young Mungo''|first=Hamilton|last=Cain|website=Oprah Daily|date=17 November 2021|access-date=11 December 2021|archive-date=18 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118170331/https://www.oprahdaily.com/entertainment/books/a38255299/douglas-stuart-young-mungo/|url-status=live}}</ref> an ''Kirkus Reviews'' "romantic, terrifying, brutal, tender, and, in the end, sneakily hopeful."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/douglas-stuart/young-mungo/|title=Young Mungo|website=Kirkus|date=15 January 2022|access-date=21 March 2022|archive-date=23 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523074539/https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/douglas-stuart/young-mungo/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2021 Stuart wis awardit an honorary doctorate bi [[Heriot-Watt University]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hw.ac.uk/news/articles/2021/booker-prize-winner-awarded-honorary-degree.htm |title=Booker Prize winner awarded Honorary Degree |publisher=Heriot Watt University |date=10 December 2021 |access-date=3 April 2022 |archive-date=19 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119191159/https://www.hw.ac.uk/news/articles/2021/booker-prize-winner-awarded-honorary-degree.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://theedinburghreporter.co.uk/2021/12/douglas-stuart-receives-honorary-degree/ |title=Douglas Stuart receives honorary degree |newspaper=The Edinburgh Reporter |first=Phyllis |last=Stephen |date=13 December 2021 |access-date=3 April 2022 |archive-date=13 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213115734/https://theedinburghreporter.co.uk/2021/12/douglas-stuart-receives-honorary-degree/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/19777854.scottish-booker-prize-winner-douglas-stuart-given-honorary-degree/|title=Scottish Booker Prize winner Douglas Stuart given honorary degree|newspaper=[[The National (Scotland)|The National]]|first=Gregor|last=Young|date=11 December 2021|access-date=11 December 2021|archive-date=11 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211092744/https://www.thenational.scot/news/19777854.scottish-booker-prize-winner-douglas-stuart-given-honorary-degree/|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2022 it wis confirmed that ''Shuggie Bain'' wad be makkit intae a television drama series, adaptit bi Stuart, tae be filmed in Scotland an shawn on BBC One an iPlayer.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 November 2022 |title=Shuggie Bain: Douglas Stuart's Booker winner gets TV adaptation |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-63625194 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=14 November 2022 |archive-date=14 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114132703/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-63625194 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Yossman |first=K.J. |date=14 November 2022 |title='Shuggie Bain,' Douglas Stuart's Booker Prize-Winning Novel, Set for A24, BBC Adaptation |url=https://variety.com/2022/tv/global/shuggie-bain-douglas-stuart-booker-prize-bbc-drama-adaptation-1235431774/ |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=15 November 2022 |archive-date=14 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114183634/https://variety.com/2022/tv/global/shuggie-bain-douglas-stuart-booker-prize-bbc-drama-adaptation-1235431774/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Stuart wis the subject o a film profile, "Douglas Stuart: Love, Hope and Grit", first shawn in November 2022 in Alan Yentob's BBC One airts documentary series ''Imagine''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m001f89c|title=imagine...Douglas Stuart: Love, Hope and Grit|publisher=BBC One|date=2022|access-date=14 November 2022|archive-date=14 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114231513/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m001f89c|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tv/2022/11/14/imagine-douglas-stuart-review-tough-true-story-behind-shuggie/|title=Imagine… Douglas Stuart, review: the tough true story behind Shuggie Bain was no misery memoir|first=Anita|last=Singh|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=14 November 2022|access-date=15 November 2022|archive-date=15 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115205433/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tv/2022/11/14/imagine-douglas-stuart-review-tough-true-story-behind-shuggie/|url-status=live}}</ref> In Juin 2023 Stuart wis interviewed bi the British-Albanian singer [[Dua Lipa]] at the Hay Literary Festival, maistly aboot his first novel, ''Shuggie Bain''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Listen Now – Dua Lipa: At Your Service Bonus Podcast Episode |url=https://www.service95.com/dua-lipa-podcast-douglas-stuart |access-date=2026-08-03 |website=Service95 |language=en}}</ref> In 2026 Stuart published his third novel, ''John of John''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Varno |first=David |date=December 5, 2025 |title=Spring 2026 Fiction & Nonfiction Preview: Literary Fiction |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/new-titles/adult-announcements/article/99233-spring-2026-fiction-nonfiction-preview-literary-fiction.html |access-date=December 30, 2025 |website=Publishers Weekly |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Heloise |date=June 4, 2025 |title=Douglas Stuart's next novel coming from Picador in 2026 |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/rights/douglas-stuarts-next-novel-coming-from-picador-in-2026 |access-date=December 30, 2025 |website=The Bookseller |language=En}}</ref> The novel is a finalist for the Orwell Prize for Political Fiction.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-17 |title=Finalists {{!}} The Orwell Foundation |url=https://www.orwellfoundation.com/the-orwell-prizes/finalists/ |access-date=2026-05-17 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Finalists for the 2026 Orwell Prizes Revealed |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/news-and-features/articles/finalists-for-the-2026-orwell-prizes-revealed/|first=Michael |last=Schaub |date=May 15, 2026 |access-date=2026-05-17 |website=Kirkus Reviews |language=en}}</ref> In September 2026 it wis on the short leet for the Booker Prize.<ref>{{cite web |title=Previous winners Douglas Stuart and Marlon James lead Booker prize longlist |website=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2026/jul/28/previous-winners-douglas-stuart-and-marlon-james-lead-a-brit-heavy-booker-prize-longlist |first=Emma |last=Loffhagen |date=28 July 2026 |access-date=28 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2026 |title=The shortlist for the Booker Prize 2026 has been announced, featuring two previous winners, a previous shortlistee, and three authors new to the prize |url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/prize-years/2026 |access-date=22 September 2026| website=The Booker Prizes}}</ref> It wis a finalist for the 2026 Kirkus Prize for Fiction an aw.<ref name=2026kirkus/> == Personal life == Stuart haes baith British an American citizenship.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Allfree|first=Claire|date=15 September 2020|title=The Booker Prize has abandoned Britain|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/books/booker-prize/booker-prize-has-abandoned-britain/|url-access=subscription|access-date=29 October 2020|website=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|archive-date=27 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127124353/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/books/booker-prize/booker-prize-has-abandoned-britain/|url-status=live}}</ref> He bides in the East Village in Manhattan wi his husband, Michael Cary, an airt curator at the Gagosian Gallery.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|last=Alter|first=Alexandra|date=19 November 2020|title=Douglas Stuart Wins Booker Prize for 'Shuggie Bain'|language=en-US|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/19/books/booker-prize-winner-douglas-stuart-shuggie-bain.html|access-date=24 November 2020|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=23 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123163024/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/19/books/booker-prize-winner-douglas-stuart-shuggie-bain.html|url-status=live}}</ref> == Selectit awards == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Year !Nominatit wark !Award !Category !Ootcome !Ref. |- ! rowspan="7" |2020 | rowspan="18" |''Shuggie Bain'' |National Book Critics Circle Awards |John Leonard Prize |{{Nominated|Short leet}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schaub |first=Michael |date=2021-01-25 |title=Announcing the Finalists for the 2020 NBCC Awards |url=https://www.bookcritics.org/2021/01/24/announcing-the-finalists-for-the-2020-nbcc-awards/ |access-date=2026-06-07 |website=National Book Critics Circle |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |''Los Angeles Times'' Book Prize |Art Seidenbaum Award for First Fiction |{{Nominated|Short leet}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-02 |title=Isabel Wilkerson, Jacob Soboroff, Akwaeke Emezi among L.A. Times Book Prize finalists |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/books/story/2021-03-02/lat-book-prizes-finalists-2020-wilkerson-emezi-et-al |first=Dorany |last=Pineda |access-date=2026-06-07 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |National Book Award |Fiction |{{Nominated|Short leet}} |<ref name=":8" /> |- |Kirkus Prize |Fiction |{{Nominated|Finalist}} |<ref name=":7" /> |- |Center for Fiction First Novel Prize | |{{Nominated|Short leet}} |<ref name=":6" /> |- |Booker Prize |— |{{won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Booker Prize 2020 |url=https://thebookerprizes.com/fiction/2020 |access-date=11 December 2021 |website=[[Booker Prize|The Booker Prizes]] |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523020215/https://thebookerprizes.com/fiction/2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |Waterstones Scottish Book of the Year |— |{{won}} |<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Chandler |first=Mark |date=16 November 2020 |title=Shuggie Bain named Waterstones Scottish Book of the Year |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/shuggie-bain-named-waterstones-scottish-book-year-1225995 |access-date=11 December 2021 |magazine=[[The Bookseller]] |archive-date=11 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211094724/https://www.thebookseller.com/news/shuggie-bain-named-waterstones-scottish-book-year-1225995 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- ! rowspan="11" |2021 |Sue Kaufman Prize for First Fiction |— |{{won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=2021 Winners |url=https://artsandletters.org/pressrelease/2021-literature-award-winners/ |date=29 March 2021 |access-date=11 December 2021 |website=American Academy of Arts and Letters |archive-date=21 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121223421/https://artsandletters.org/pressrelease/2021-literature-award-winners/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |British Book Awards |Overall Book of the Year |{{won}} |<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Comerford |first=Ruth |date=13 May 2021 |title=Stuart's Shuggie Bain bags Book of the Year at the British Book Awards 2021 |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/stuart-s-shuggie-bain-bags-book-year-british-book-awards-2021-1259528 |access-date=11 December 2021 |magazine=The Bookseller |archive-date=11 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211094723/https://www.thebookseller.com/news/stuart-s-shuggie-bain-bags-book-year-british-book-awards-2021-1259528 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |Debut Book of the Year |{{won}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fmcm.co.uk/news/nibbies2021|title='Truly exceptional' Shuggie Bain is Book of the Year 2021 at the British Book Awards|first=Daniel|last=Kramb|website=FMcM|date=13 May 2021|access-date=4 July 2023|archive-date=4 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704074114/https://fmcm.co.uk/news/nibbies2021|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |Independent Publisher Book Awards |Best Regional Fiction – Europe |Bronze |<ref>{{Cite web |title=2021 Independent Publisher Book Awards Results |url=http://www.independentpublisher.com/article.php?page=2478 |access-date=11 December 2021 |website=[[Independent Publisher Book Awards]] |archive-date=27 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427021912/http://www.independentpublisher.com/article.php?page=2478 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |Andrew Carnegie Medals for Excellence |Fiction |{{Longlisted|Lang leet}} |<ref name=":2" /> |- |Orwell Prize |Political Fiction |{{Longlisted|Lang leet}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Orwell Prizes 2021: The Longlists |url=https://www.orwellfoundation.com/the-orwell-foundation/news-events/news-events/news/orwell-prize-longlists-revealed/ |date=9 April 2021 |access-date=2026-06-07 |website=The Orwell Foundation |language=en-GB}}</ref> |- |Rathbones Folio Prize |— |{{Longlisted|Lang leet}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-20 |title=2021 Rathbones Folio Prize Longlist |url=https://locusmag.com/2021/01/2021-rathbones-folio-prize-longlist/ |access-date=7 June 2026 |website=Locus |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |Polari Prize |First Book |{{Nominated|Short leet}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mendez and Stuart shortlisted for Polari First Book Prize |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/mendez-and-stuart-shortlisted-2021-polari-first-book-prize-1273887 |first=Heloise |last=Wood |date= 28 July 2021 |access-date=2026-06-07 |website=The Bookseller |language=En}}</ref> |- |PEN/Hemingway Award for Debut Novel |— |{{Nominated|Short leet}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-10 |title=Announcing the 2021 PEN America Literary Awards Finalists |url=https://pen.org/2021-pen-america-literary-awards-finalists/ |access-date=2026-06-07 |website=PEN America |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |Dayton Literary Peace Prize |Fiction |{{Nominated|Short leet}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Recognizing the power of literature to promote peace and reconciliation, Dayton Literary Peace Prize announces 2021 finalists in fiction & nonfiction |url=https://www.daytonliterarypeaceprize.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/DLPP_21-Finalists-release.html |date=18 August 2021 |access-date=2026-06-07 |website=www.daytonliterarypeaceprize.org}}</ref> |- |Lambda Literary Awards |Gay Fiction |{{Nominated|Short leet}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2021 |title=2021 Lambda Literary Award Finalists Announced |url=https://lambdaliterary.org/2021/03/2021-lambda-literary-award-finalists/ |access-date=2026-06-07 |website=Lambda Literary |language=en-US}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="2" |2023 | rowspan="2" |''Young Mungo'' |Andrew Carnegie Medals for Excellence |Fiction |{{Longlisted|Lang leet}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=2023 Winners {{!}} Andrew Carnegie Medals for Excellence |url=https://www.ala.org/carnegie-medals/2023-winners |access-date=7 June 2026 |website=www.ala.org |language=en}}</ref> |- |Polari Prize |Book of the Year |{{Nominated|Short leet}} |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Creamer |first=Ella |date=2023-11-24 |title=Julia Armfield and Jon Ransom win the Polari prizes for LGBTQ+ books |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/nov/24/julia-armfield-and-jon-ransom-win-the-polari-prizes-for-lgbtq-books |access-date=2026-06-07 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="3" |2026 | rowspan="3" |''John of John'' |Orwell Prize |Political Fiction |{{Nominated}} |<ref name=":9" /> |- |Booker Prize |— |{{Nominated|Short leet}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2026 |title=The shortlist for the Booker Prize 2026 has been announced, featuring two previous winners, a previous shortlistee, and three authors new to the prize |url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/features/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-booker-prize-2025-shortlist |access-date=22 September 2026| website=The Booker Prizes}}</ref> |- |Kirkus Prize |Fiction |{{Nominated|Finalist}} |<ref name=2026kirkus>{{Cite web |title=Finalists for the 2026 Kirkus Prize Revealed |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/news-and-features/articles/finalists-for-the-2026-kirkus-prize-revealed/|first= Michael |last=Schaub |date=August 27, 2026 |access-date=2026-10-21 |website=Kirkus Reviews}}</ref> |} == Warks == === Novels === * ''Shuggie Bain'' (2020). New York: Grove Press; UK: Picador. {{ISBN|978-0-8021-4804-9}} * ''Young Mungo'' (2022). New York: Grove Press; UK: Picador. {{ISBN|978-0-8021-5955-7}} * ''John of John'' (2026). Grove Press; UK: Picador. {{ISBN|978-0-8021-6719-4}} === Short stories === * [https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/01/13/found-wanting "Found Wanting"], ''The New Yorker'', 2020 * [https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/09/14/the-englishman "The Englishman"], ''The New Yorker'', 2020 * [https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2026/04/20/a-private-view-fiction-douglas-stuart "A Private View"], ''The New Yorker'', 2026 === Essays === * [https://lithub.com/poverty-anxiety-and-gender-in-scottish-working-class-literature/ "Poverty, Anxiety, and Gender in Scottish Working-Class Literature"], ''Literary Hub'', 2020 == References == {{Reflist}} == Freemit airtins == * {{Official website|https://www.douglasdstuart.com}} * Cressida Leyshon, [https://www.newyorker.com/books/this-week-in-fiction/douglas-stuart-01-13-20 "Douglas Stuart on Growing Up Queer Before the Internet"], ''The New Yorker'', 6 Januar 2020. * Lisa Allardice, [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/nov/21/booker-winner-douglas-stuart-i-owe-scotland-everything "Interview | Booker winner Douglas Stuart: 'I owe Scotland everything{{'"}}], ''The Guardian'', 21 November 2020. * Teddy Jamieson, [https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/20047828.douglas-stuart-sexuality-sectarianism-life-booker-love/ "Douglas Stuart on sexuality, sectarianism, life after the Booker and love"], ''The Herald'', 8 April 2022. {{DEFAULTSORT:Stuart, Douglas}} [[Category:1976 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:21st-century American novelists]] [[Category:LGBT fashion designers]] [[Category:LGBT fowk frae New York (state)]] [[Category:Scots emigrants tae the Unitit States]] [[Category:Writers frae Glesga]] [[Category:Writers frae New York Ceety]] f8u8jqepr4lcqva0dwsp67bkinvg17o 0 234245 926586 2026-11-08T04:31:32Z Monospaced 75295 Monospaced flittit page [[Airchaeology]] til [[Archaeology.]]: Misspelt title 926586 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Archaeology.]] 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