Wikipedia scowiki https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.3 first-letter Media Special Collogue Uiser Uiser collogue Wikipedia Wikipedia collogue File File collogue MediaWiki MediaWiki collogue Template Template collogue Help Help collogue Category Category collogue Portal Portal talk Define Define talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 3 926708 920527 2026-11-08T14:41:45Z Monospaced 75295 Spellin an grammar redd up: unco respellins an eye-dialect taen oot an makkit consistent, facts brocht up tae date (census 2022, Scottish Languages Act 2025), history soorced 926708 wikitext text/x-wiki {{itheruises|Scots fowk|Scots leid (disambiguation)}} {{Distinguish|Scots Inglis|Scots Gaelic}} {{Infobox leid |name=Scots |nativename=(''Braid'') ''Scots'', ''Lallans'' |states= [[Unitit Kinrick]], [[Republic o Ireland]] |region=Scotland: [[Scots Lawlands]], [[Northren Isles]], [[Caithness]], [[Isle o Arran|Arran]] an [[Cammeltoun]]<br>Ulster (Ireland): [[Coonties o Ireland|Coonties]] [[Coonty Doun|Doun]], [[Coonty Antrim|Antrim]], [[Coonty Derry|Derry]] an [[Coonty Donegal|Donegal]] |speakers=1,508,540 able tae spik Scots |date=2022 |ref=<ref name="govscots">{{cite web |title=Scots |url=https://www.gov.scot/policies/languages/scots/ |publisher=Scottish Government |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> |speakers2=2,444,659 wi some skill in Scots (2022)<ref name="govscots" /><br>In the 2011 census, mair nor 1.5 million fowk said they coud spik Scots.<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=Languages |url=https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/census-results/at-a-glance/languages/ |website=Scotland's Census |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> |familycolor=Indo-European |fam2=[[Germanic leids|Germanic]] |fam3=[[Wast Germanic leids|Wast Germanic]] |fam4=[[Anglo-Frisie leids|Anglo-Frisie]] |fam5=[[Anglic leids|Anglic]] |ancestor=[[Auld Inglis]] |ancestor2=[[Middle Inglis leid|Middle Inglis]] |ancestor3=[[Early Scots]] |ancestor4=[[Middle Scots]] |minority=[[Northren Ireland]] (as [[Ulster Scots leid|Ulster Scots]]) |nation=[[Scotland]] (official status syne 30 November 2025)<ref name="SLA2025">{{cite web |title=Scottish Languages Act 2025, section 33 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/asp/2025/10/part/2/chapter/1 |website=legislation.gov.uk |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref><ref name="Scottish official languages">{{Cite web |title=FACT: SCOTLAND'S OFFICIAL LANGUAGES ARE ENGLISH, SCOTS, GAELIC & BRITISH SIGN LANGUAGE |url=https://www.scotland.org/about-scotland/facts/scotlands-languages |access-date=March 27, 2023 |website=Scotland.org}}</ref> |agency=— [[Scotland]]: Nane, <small>altho the ''[[Dictionar o the Scots Leid]]'' carries muckle authoritie in the Scots Government's ''Partnership for a Better Scotland'' coalition agreement (2003) promises "support".</small>.<br />— [[Ireland]]: Nane, <small>altho the cross-border ''[[Boord o Ulstèr-Scotch]]'', established as an ootcome o the [[Guid Friday Agreement|''Guid Friday Greeance'']], promotes ussage.</small> |dia1=[[Central Scots|Central]] |dia2=[[Sooth Scots|Soothren]] |dia3=[[Ulster Scots leid|Ulster]] |dia4=[[Northren Scots|Northren]] |dia5=[[Insular Scots|Insular]] |script=[[Laitin script|Laitin]] |iso2=sco |iso3=sco |lingua=52-ABA-aa (varieties: <br>52-ABA-aaa to -aav) |map=Idioma escocés.png |mapcaption=Auries whaur the Scots leid wis spak in the 20t century<ref>Grant, William (1931) [http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/INTRO/map.php?num=2 Scottish National Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121173629/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/INTRO/map.php?num=2 |date=2012-01-21 }}</ref><ref>Gregg R.J. (1972) ''The Scotch-Irish Dialect Boundaries'' in Ulster in Wakelin M.F., Patterns in the Folk Speech of The British Isles, London</ref> }} '''Scots''' or '''Lawland Scots''' (Inglis: ''Scots'' or ''Lowland Scots''; {{lang-gd|Beurla Ghallta/Albais}}) is a [[Wast Germanic leids|Wast Germanic]] [[leid]] o the [[Anglic leids|Anglic]] group. It is spak in the [[Scots lawlands|Lawlands]] o [[Scotland]] an in the province o [[Ulster]] in [[Ireland]], whaur it is kent as [[Ulster Scots leid|"Ulster-Scots", "Scotch" or "Ullans"]]. In maist airts it is spak alangside [[Inglis leid|Inglis]]. Historically it wis kent as "[[Lallans]]" or "[[Doric Scots|Doric]]", but thir terms nou uisually mean mair soothren an northren byleids respectively. Scots haes official status in Scotland syne 30 November 2025, unner section 33 o the Scottish Languages Act 2025.<ref name="SLA2025" /><ref name="govnews2025">{{cite web |title=Growing Scotland's languages |url=https://www.gov.scot/news/growing-scotlands-languages/ |publisher=Scottish Government |date=30 November 2025 |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> The [[Unitit Kinrick]] recognised it unner Pairt II o the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages when it ratified the Charter in 2001.<ref name="slccharter">{{cite web |title=The European Charter |url=https://www.scotslanguage.com/articles/node/id/250 |publisher=Scots Language Centre |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> In the 2022 census, 1,508,540 fowk said they coud spik Scots, an 2,444,659 said they coud spik, read, write or unnerstaund it.<ref name="govscots" /> == History == Up tae the 15t [[yeirhunder]], ''Scottis'' (modren form ''Scots'') wis the nem o [[Gaelic leid|Gaelic]], the [[Celtic Leids|Celtic leid]] o the auncient Scots.<ref name="dostscottis">{{cite web |title=Scottis |url=https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/dost/scottis |work=A Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> Thaim that spoke Scots cried Gaelic ''Erse'' (meanin ''Irish''). The Gaelic o Scotland is nou maistly cried Scots Gaelic, an is still spak bi some in the wastren [[Scots Hielands]] an islands. For the maist pairt Scots comes frae the Northumbrian variety o [[Auld Inglis leid|Anglo-Saxon (Auld Inglis)]], tho wi muckle influence frae the [[Auld Norse]] o the Vikings, frae [[Dutch leid|Dutch]] an Law Saxon throu troke wi (an incomers frae) the Law Kintras, an frae [[Romance leids|Romance]] leids: the Latin o the Kirk an the law, Anglo-Norman, an mibbie Parisian French acause o the [[Auld Alliance]]. Anglian spikkers were weel stablished in sooth-east Scotland bi the 7t yeirhunder: [[Edinburgh]] wis mibbie taen frae the Britons in the reign o Oswald (633–41).<ref name="dslorigins">{{cite web |last1=Macafee |first1=Caroline |last2=Aitken |first2=A. J. |title=A History of Scots to 1700: The origins and spread of Scots |url=https://dsl.ac.uk/about-scots/history-of-scots/origins/ |website=Dictionaries of the Scots Language |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> Frae the reign o [[Dauvit I, King o Scots|David I]] in 1124, Norman laundowners an thair followers, spikkin Northumbrian [[Middle Inglis leid|Middle Inglis]], were brocht intae Scotland in muckle nummers.<ref name="dslorigins" /> The earliest texts in Scots are frae the 14t yeirhunder,<ref name="dslchron">{{cite web |last1=Macafee |first1=Caroline |last2=Aitken |first2=A. J. |title=A History of Scots to 1700: Chronology |url=https://dsl.ac.uk/about-scots/history-of-scots/chronology/ |website=Dictionaries of the Scots Language |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> an the leid than didnae differ muckle frae ither northren Inglis byleids. Syne the Anglian leid o Scotland growed in its ain wey. Bi the stairt o the 16t yeirhunder fowk saw the differs atween it an the leid spak faurer sooth, an Scots spikkers begoud tae cry thair leid ''Scottis''; the earliest record o the wird in that sense is frae [[Gavin Douglas]] in 1513.<ref name="dostscottis" /> Scots haes lend-wirds frae Gaelic acause the Scots fowk haed contack wi Gaelic spikkers. Thir lend-wirds are maistly for geographical an cultural things, sic as ''clan'' an ''loch''. Lik onie livin leid, Scots haes chynged ower the years, tho it haes arguably steyed naurer tae its Anglo-Saxon springheid nor Inglis haes. Monie Scots wirds hae become pairt o Inglis an aw: ''flit, greed, eerie, cuddle, clan, stob''. == Scrieved Scots == Monie writers the nou avoid apostrophes whaur they are thocht tae shaw letters that's "missin" frae Inglis (the [[apologetic apostrophe]]). Sic letters were niver missin in Scots at aw. For example, in the 14t yeirhunder [[John Barbour|Barbour]] spelt the Scots [[cognate]] o ''taken'' as ''tane''. Wi nae ''k'' in the wird for mair nor 700 year, shawin its want wi an apostrophe coud be cried specious. The modren spellin is uisually ''taen''. Vouel nummers are frae [[A.J. Aitken|Aitken]] an the phonetics is in [[Internaitional Phonetic ABC|IPA]]. For aw the established traditional spellin conventions descrived ablo, a wheen o proposals for spellin reform were pit forrit in the 20t yeirhunder. John Corbett (2003: 260) cries the devisin o a normative orthography for Scots ane o the greatest linguistic hobbies o the past century. Writin aboot the ootcome in ''Lallans'' 57, Caroline Macafee said that spellin reform haed caaed doun the kind o standartisation that awready existit, an that spellin haed become a free-for-aw, wi the traditional model run doun an nae popular replacement, leadin tae mair spellin variation, no less. ===Consonants=== Maist consonants are for ordinair soondit sic an sae as in Inglis bit: *'''c''': {{IPA|/k/}} or {{IPA|/s/}}, as in Inglis. *'''ch''': {{IPA|/x/}},<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.499">Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.499</ref> '''gh''' an aw. Medial 'cht' micht be {{IPA|/ð/}} in Northren dialects. ''loch'', ''nicht'', ''dochter'', ''dreich'', etc. Siclike til the German "Na'''ch'''t". *'''ch''': wird initial or whaur it follaes 'r' {{IPA|/tʃ/}}. ''airch'', ''mairch'', etc. *'''ck''': at the end o a syllable<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=2306&startset=4948443&query=C&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd |title=SND: C |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703205745/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=2306&startset=4948443&query=C&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd |url-status=dead }}</ref> an whan intervocalic<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=7690&startset=20617909&query=K&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND: K |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204657/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=7690&startset=20617909&query=K&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> efter a cuttie vouel e.g. ''bick'', ''geck'', ''muckle'', ''ruck'', etc. *'''gn''': {{IPA|/n/}}. In Northren dialects {{IPA|/ɡn/}} micht kythe.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.501">Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.501</ref> *'''kn''': {{IPA|/n/}}. In Northren dialects {{IPA|/kn/}} or {{IPA|/tn/}} micht kythe.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.501"/> ''knap'' ''knee'', ''knowe'', etc. *'''ng''': is aye {{IPA|/ŋ/}}.<ref>Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.510</ref> *'''nch''': for ordinair {{IPA|/nʃ/}}.<ref>Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.500</ref> ''brainch'', ''dunch'', etc. *'''r''': {{IPA|/r/}} or {{IPA|/ɹ/}} is pronoonced in aw positions,<ref>Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.510-511</ref> i.e. [[Rhotic consonant|rhotic]]. *'''s''' or '''se''': {{IPA|/s/}} or {{IPA|/z/}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=9474&startset=33999048&query=S&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND: S |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703205657/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=9474&startset=33999048&query=S&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> *'''t''': micht be a glottal stap atween vouels or wird final.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.501"/> In Ulster dentalised soondins micht kythe an aw, even for 'd'. *'''th''': {{IPA|/ð/}} or {{IPA|/θ/}} as is Inglis. In Mid Northren varieties an intervocalic {{IPA|/ð/}} micht be soondit {{IPA|/d/}}.<ref>Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.506</ref> Initial 'th' in ''thing'', ''think'' an ''thank'', etc. micht be {{IPA|/h/}}.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.507">Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.507</ref> *'''wh''': for ordinair {{IPA|/ʍ/}}, aulder {{IPA|/xʍ/}}.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.499"/> Northren byleids hae {{IPA|/f/}} an aw.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.507"/> *'''wr''': {{IPA|/wr/}} mair aften {{IPA|/r/}} bit micht be {{IPA|/vr/}} in Northren byleids.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.507"/> ''wrack'', ''wrang'', ''write'', ''wrocht'', etc. *'''z''': {{IPA|/jɪ/}} or {{IPA|/ŋ/}}, micht kythe in some wirds as a substitute for the aulder <{{lang|ang|ȝ}}> ([[yoch]]). For example: ''brulzie'', ''gaberlunzie'' an the names ''[[Menzies]]'', ''[[Finzean]]'', ''[[Culzean]]'', ''[[Mackenzie (surname)|Mackenzie]]'' etc. (As an affcome o the want o eddication in Scots, ''Mackenzie'' is nou generally soondit wi a {{IPA|/z/}} follaein the perceived soondin o the scrieved form, as mair controversial is whiles ''Menzies''.) ===Silent letters=== *The wird final 'd' in '''nd''' an '''ld'''<ref>Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.502-503</ref> bit aften soondit in derived forms. Whiles juist 'n' an 'l' or 'n&#39;' an 'l&#39;' e.g. ''auld'' an ''haund'' etc., as in the [[Dens leid]]. *'t' in medial '''cht''' ('ch' = {{IPA|/x/}}) an '''st''' an afore final '''en'''<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.509">Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.509</ref> e.g. ''fochten'', ''thristle'' an the 't' in ''aften'' etc. an aw., as in Inglis. *'t' in wird final '''ct''' an '''pt'''<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.509"/> bit aften soondit in derived forms e.g. ''respect'' an ''accept'' etc. ===Vouels=== For a historical luikower see the [[Phonological history o Scots|Phonological history o Scots]]. The vouel system o Scots (in [[Internaitional Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]):<ref>Aitken A.J. ‘How to Pronounce Older Scots’ in ‘Bards and Makars’. Glasgow Varsity Press 1977</ref> {| class="wikitable" border="1" |- | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 8a | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 |rowspan=2 style="font-size:75%" | 1. Generally merges wi vouels 2, 4 or 8.<br> 2. Merges wi vouels 1 an 8. in central dialects<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;an vowel 2 in Northren dialects.<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;Also {{IPA|/(j)u/}} or {{IPA|/(j)ʌ/}} afore {{IPA|/k/}} an {{IPA|/x/}} dependin on dialect.<br> 3. Vocalisation tae {{IPA|/o/}} micht kythe afore {{IPA|/k/}}.<br> 4. Antrin mergers wi vouel 5. |- | cuttie {{IPA|/əi/}}<br>lang {{IPA|/aɪ/}} | {{IPA|/i/}} | {{IPA|/e, i/}}¹ | {{IPA|/e/}} | {{IPA|/o/}} | {{IPA|/u/}} | {{IPA|/ø/}}² | {{IPA|/eː/}} | {{IPA|/əi/}} | {{IPA|/oe/}} | {{IPA|/əi/}} | {{IPA|/iː/}} | {{IPA|/ɑː, ɔː/}} | {{IPA|/ʌu/}}³ | {{IPA|/ju/}} | {{IPA|/ɪ/}} | {{IPA|/ɛ/}} | {{IPA|/ɑ, a/}} | {{IPA|/ɔ/}}⁴ | {{IPA|/ʌ/}} |} In Scots, [[vouel length]] is for ordinair conditioned bi the [[Scots Vouel Lenth Rule]]. Wirds that differ juist a bittie in soondin fae [[Scots English|Scots Inglis]] are for ordinair spelt as in Inglis. Ither wirds micht be spelt the same wa bit differ in soondin, for example: ''aunt'', ''swap'', ''want'' an ''wash'' wi {{IPA|/a/}}, ''bull'', ''full'' v. an ''pull'' wi {{IPA|/ʌ/}}, ''bind'', ''find'' an ''wind'' v., etc. wi {{IPA|/ɪ/}}. *The onstrest vouel {{IPA|/ə/}} micht be shawn bi onie vouel letter. *'''a''' (vowel 17): for ordinair {{IPA|/ɑ/}}, aften {{IPA|/ɑː/}} in sooth wast an Ulster byleids,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:A 1 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703211646/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> bit {{IPA|/aː/}} in Northren byleids. Maurk final ''a'' (vouel 12) in ''awa'', ''twa'' an ''wha'' micht be {{IPA|/ɑː/}}, {{IPA|/ɔː/}}, {{IPA|/aː/}} or {{IPA|/eː/}} an aw depending on the byleid.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:A 2 (1) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703211646/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> *'''au''', '''aw''' (vouel 12) {{IPA|/ɑː/}} or {{IPA|/ɔː/}} in Soothren, Central an Ulster byleids bit {{IPA|/aː/}} in Northren byleids, wi ''au'' for ordinair in medial positions<ref name="SND:A 4">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:A 4 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703211646/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="SND:U 2 1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:U 2 (1) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202753/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> an ''aw'' in final positions.<ref name="SND:A 4"/> Sometimes '''a''' or '''a&#39;''' representin [[L-vocalisation]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:A 2 (2) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703211646/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=9458&startset=45678332&query=W&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND W 6 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703212329/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=9458&startset=45678332&query=W&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> The digraph '''aa''' kythes an aw, specially in scrieved representations o the ({{IPA|/aː/}}) soondin in Northren an Insular byleids.<ref name="SND:U 2 1"/> The cluster 'auld' micht be {{IPA|/ʌul/}} in Ulster an aw, e.g. ''aw'', ''cauld'', ''braw'', ''faw'', ''snaw'', etc. *'''ai''' (vouel 8) in initial an medial positions<ref name="SND:A 5">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:A 5 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703211646/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> an '''a'''(consonant)'''e''' <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:A 3 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703211646/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowel 4). The graphemes '''ae'''<ref name="SND:A 5"/> (vouel 4) an '''ay''' (vouel 8) for ordinair in final positions.<ref name="SND:A 5"/><ref name="SND:E 3">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 3 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> Aw generally {{IPA|/e(ː)/}}. Aften {{IPA|/ɛ/}} afore {{IPA|/r/}}. The merger o vouel 8 wi 4 haes resultit in the digraph ''ai'' occurrin in some wirds wi vouel 4 an ''a''(consonant)''e'' occurrin in some wirds wi vouel 8, e.g. ''saip'', ''hale'', ''ane'', ''ance'', ''bane'', etc. an wird final ''brae'' an ''day'' etc. The digraph ''ae'' kythes for vouel 7 an aw in ''dae'', ''tae'' v. an ''shae''.<ref name="SND:E 3" /> In Northren byleids the vouel in the cluster 'ane' is aften {{IPA|/i/}}<ref>Grant, William; Dixon, James Main (1921) ''Manual of Modern Scots''. Cambridge, University Press. p.44</ref> an efter {{IPA|/w/}} an daurk {{IPA|/l/}} the soondin {{IPA|/əi/}} micht kythe.<ref>Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.461</ref> In Sooth Scots an monie Central an Ulster varieties ''ae'', ''ane'' an ''ance'' micht be soondit {{IPA|/jeː/}}, {{IPA|/jɪn/}} an {{IPA|/jɪns/}} aften scrieved ''yae'', ''yin'' an ''yince'' in byleid writin. *'''ea''',<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 3 (2) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''ei'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 3 (4) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vouel 3), haes generally merged wi {{IPA|/i(ː)/}} (vouel 2) or {{IPA|/e(ː)/}} (vouel 4 or 8) dependin on the byleid. {{IPA|/ɛ/}} micht kythe afore {{IPA|/r/}}. In Northren varieties the soondin micht be {{IPA|/əi/}} efter {{IPA|/w/}} an {{IPA|/ʍ/}} an in the faur north {{IPA|/əi/}} micht kythe in aw environments.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.455">Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.455</ref> ''deid'', ''heid'', ''meat'', ''clear'' etc. *'''ee'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 3 (3) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vouels 2 an 11), '''e'''(Consonant)'''e'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 1 (2) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vouel 2). Whiles '''ei''' an '''i.e.''' wi ''ei'' for ordinair afore ''ch'' ({{IPA|/x/}}), bit in a few ither wirds an aw, an ''ie'' for ordinair afore ''l'' an ''v''. The soondin is for ordinair {{IPA|/i(ː)/}} bit in Northren varieties micht be {{IPA|/əi/}} efter {{IPA|/w/}} an {{IPA|/ʍ/}}.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.455"/> Final vouel 11 ({{IPA|/iː/}}) micht be {{IPA|/əi/}} in Soothren byleids.<ref>Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.456</ref> e.g. ''e'', ''een'', ''speir'' , ''steek'', ''here'', etc. The digraph ''ea'' kythes in a few wirds lik ''sea'' an ''tea'' an aw. *'''e'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 1 (3) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vouel 16): {{IPA|/ɛ/}}. ''bed'', ''het'', ''yett'', etc. *'''eu'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 3 (5) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:U 2 (2) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202753/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vouel 7 afore {{IPA|/k/}} an {{IPA|/x/}} see ''ui''): {{IPA|/(j)u/}} or {{IPA|/(j)ʌ/}} dependin on dialect. Whiles ''u''(consonant)''e''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:U 2 (4) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202753/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> Whiles ''u'' phonetically an ''oo'' efter Standart Inglis kythes an aw, e.g. ''beuk'', ''eneuch'', ''keuk'', ''leuk'', ''teuk'' etc. *'''ew''' (vouel 14): {{IPA|/ju/}}. In Northren byleids a ruit final 'ew' micht be {{IPA|/jʌu/}}. ''few'', ''new'', etc. *'''i'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=9180&startset=19388917&query=I&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:I |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204720/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=9180&startset=19388917&query=I&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (Vouel 15): {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, but aften varies atween {{IPA|/ɪ/}} an {{IPA|/ʌ/}} specially efter 'w' an 'wh'.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:U 4 (2)(ii) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202753/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{IPA|/æ/}} kythes in Ulster an aw afore voiceless consonants. ''big'', ''fit'', ''wid'', etc. *'''i'''(consonant)'''e''', '''y'''(consonant)'''e''',<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=9180&startset=19388917&query=I&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:I 3 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204720/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=9180&startset=19388917&query=I&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''ey''' (vouels 1, 8a an 10): {{IPA|/əi/}} or {{IPA|/aɪ/}}. 'ay' is for ordinair {{IPA|/e/}} bit {{IPA|/əi/}} in ''ay'' an ''aye''. In Dundee it is a kenspeckle {{IPA|/ɛ/}}. *'''o'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:O |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202201/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vouel 18): {{IPA|/ɔ/}} bit aften mergin wi vouel 5 ({{IPA|/o/}}) aften spelt phonetically ''oa'' in byleid spellins lik ''boax'' (box), ''coarn'' (corn), ''Goad'' (God)''joab'' (job) an ''oan'' (on) etc.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:O 3 (1) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202201/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> *'''oa'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:O 3 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202201/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vouel 5): {{IPA|/o/}}. *'''oi''', '''oy''' (vouel 9) *'''ow''',<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:O 3 (4)(ii) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202201/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''owe''' (ruit final), seendle '''ou''' (vouel 13): {{IPA|/ʌu/}}. Afore 'k' vocalisation til {{IPA|/o/}} micht kythe specially in wastren an Ulster byleids. ''bowk'', ''bowe'', ''howe'', ''knowe'', ''cowp'', ''yowe'', etc. *'''ou''' the ordinair literary spellin<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND: U 3 (4)(i) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202201/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> o vouel 6. Whiles '''u'''(consonant)'''e''' in some wirds: {{IPA|/u/}} the foregane aften representit bi '''oo''', a 19t century lend fae Standart Inglis.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:O 5 (1) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202201/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ruit final {{IPA|/ʌu/}} micht kythe in Soothren byleids. ''cou'', ''broun'', ''hoose'', ''moose'' etc. *'''u'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:U 4 (2) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202753/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vouel 19): {{IPA|/ʌ/}}. ''but'', ''cut'', etc. *'''ui''', the ordinair literary spellin<ref name="SND:U 2 4i">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:U 2 (4)(i) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202753/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> o vouel 7 (binna afore {{IPA|/k/}} an {{IPA|/x/}} see '''eu'''), the spellin ''u''(consonant)''e'' whiles kythed, specially afore nasals,<ref name="SND:U 2 4i"/> an '''oo''' fae the spellin o Standart Inglis cognates: {{IPA|/ø/}} in conservative byleids. In pairts o [[Fife]], [[Dundee]] north [[Coonty Aintrim|Aintrim]] {{IPA|/e/}}. In Northren byleids for ordinair {{IPA|/i/}} bit {{IPA|/wi/}} efter {{IPA|/ɡ/}} an {{IPA|/k/}} aften spelt ''ee'' in byleid writin, an {{IPA|/u/}} an aw afore {{IPA|/r/}} in some airts e.g. ''fuird''. Mid Doun an Donegal byleids hae {{IPA|/i/}}. In central an north Doun byleids merger wi vouel 15 ({{IPA|/ɪ/}}) occurs whan cuttie an vouel 8 ({{IPA|/eː/}}) whan lang, aften scrieved ''ai'' in byleid writin, e.g. ''buird'', ''buit'', ''cuit'', ''fluir'', ''guid'', ''schuil'', etc. In central byleids ''uise'' v. an ''uiss'' an. (use) is {{IPA|[jeːz]}} an {{IPA|[jɪs]}}. == Some grammar features == === The definit airticle === ''The'' is bruikit afore the names o saisons, days o the week, monie nouns, illnesses, tredds, occupations, sciences an academic subjects. It's aften bruikit in stead o the indefinit airticle an instad o a possessive pronoun an aw: ''the hairst'', ''the Wadensday'', ''awa til the kirk'', ''the nou'', ''the dei'', ''the haingles'', ''the Laitin'', ''The deuk ett the bit breid'', ''the wife'' etc. === Nouns === Nouns for ordinair eik –(''e'')''s'' for the plural bit some irregular plurals kythe: ''ee''/''een'', ''cauf''/''caur'', ''horse''/''horse'', ''cou''/''kye'', ''shae''/''shuin''. Nouns o measure an quantitie bide the same in the plural ''fower fit'', ''twa mile'', ''five pund'', ''three hunnerwecht''. Regular plurals include ''laifs'', ''leafs'', ''shelfs'' an ''wifes'', etc. === Diminutives === Diminutives wi –''ie'', ''burnie'' (''wee burn''), ''feardie''/''feartie'', ''gamie'', ''kiltie'', ''postie'', ''wifie'', ''rhodie'', an wi ''ock'', ''bittock'', ''playock'', ''sourock'' an Northren –''ag'', ''bairnag'' (''wee bairn''), ''Cheordag'', -''ockie'', ''hooseockie'', ''wifeockie'', baith is influenced bi the Scots Gaelic diminutive -''ag''. === Modal verbs === The modal verbs ''mey'', ''ocht tae'', an ''sall'' arena aften uised in Scots an this is historic, bit is whiles still fund in anglified literary Scots. ''Can'', ''shid'', an ''will/wul'' are the preferred Scots maks. Scots employs double modal maks ''He'll no can come the day'', ''A micht cud come the morn'', ''A uised tae cud dae it, but no nou''. === Praisent tense o verbs === The praisent tense o verbs ends in –''s'' in aw persons an nummers cept whan a singil personal pronoun is nex til the verb, ''Thay say he's ower wee'', ''Thaim that says he's ower wee'', ''Thir lassies says he's ower wee'' etc. ''Thay'r cummin an aw'' bit ''Five o thaim's cummin'', ''The lassies? Thay'v went'' bit ''Ma brakes haes went''. ''Thaim that cums first is served first''. ''The trees growes green in the simmer''. ''Wis'' micht can tak the steid o ''war'', but na widdershins: ''Ye were''/''wis thaur''. === Past tense o verbs === The regular past form o the verb is –(''i'')''t'' or –(''e'')''d'', gaun bi the aforegaun consonant or vouel ''hurtit'', ''skelpit'', ''Mendit'', ''kent''/''kenned'', ''cleant''/''cleaned'', ''skreived'', ''telt''/''tauld'', ''dee'd''. Some verbs hae kenspeakle maks ''greet''/''grat''/''grutten'', ''fesh''/''fuish''/''fuishen'', ''lauch''/''leuch''/''lauchen'', ''gae''/''gaed''/''gane'', ''gie''/''gied''/''gien'', ''pit''/''pat''/''pitten'', ''git''/''gat''/''gotten''. === Wird order === Scots aften haes the wird order ''He turnt oot tha licht'' an na ''He turnt tha licht oot'' an ''Gie me it'' an na ''Gie it til me''. Antrin verbs are aften uised progressive ''He wis thinkin he wad tell her'', ''He wis wantin tae tell her''. Verbs o motion micht be drappit afore an adverb or adverb phrases o motion ''Ah'm awa til ma bed'', ''That's me awa hame'', ''Ah'll intil the hoose an see him''. Participles gae tae the end o the clause mair aften nor in Inglis whaur chynge o state is implied (particular in Ulster): ''He's awfu auld gettin'', ''Ah hae ma siller chynged''. === Ordinal nummers === Ordinal nummers end wi –''t'' ''seicont'', ''fowert'', ''fift'', ''saxt'' etc. ''first'', ''Thrid''/''third''. === Adverbs === Adverbs for ordinair tak the same mak as the verb ruit or adjective specially efter verbs. ''Haein ae real guid day''. ''She's gey fauchelt''.<br /> Adverbs are shaped wi –''s'', -''lies'', ''lins'', ''gate''(''s'') an ''wey''(''s'') – ''whyls'', ''mebbes'', ''brawlies'', ''geylies'', ''aiblins'', ''airselins'', ''hauflins'', ''hidlins'', ''maistlins'', ''awgates'', ''ilkagate'', ''oniegate'', ''ilkawey'', ''onywey''(''s''), ''endweys'', ''fit weys''. === Subordinate clauses === Verbless subordinate clauses are brocht in wi, ''n'' pittin ower surpreese or skunner ''She haed tae walk the hale length o the road n her sieven month pregnant'', ''He telt me tae rin n me wi ma sair leg''. === Negation === Negation is pitten ower bi bruikin the adverb ''na'', in the North Eist ''nae'', as in ''Ah'm na cummin'', or bi bruikin the suffix –''na'' (soondin lippens oan byleid), as in ''"A dinnae ken"'', ''Thay canna come'' an ''We coudna hae telt him''. The uiss wi ''na'' is for ordinair taen foreby –''na'' wi contractabil auxiliair verbs lik –''ll'' for ''will'', or in ay nae speirins wi onie auxiliair ''He'll na come'' an ''Did he na come?'' === Relative pronoun === The relative pronoun is ''that'' (''&#39;at'' is anither mak borraed fae the Norse bit it can come aboot bi contraction) for aw persons an nummers, bit micht be drappit ''Thaur's na monie fowk'' (''that'') ''bides in that glen''. The anglified maks ''wha'', ''wham'', ''whase'', an the auld-farrant ''whilk'' is juist literary pensfuness; ''whilk'' is alanerlie bruikit efter a statement ''He said he'd tint it, whilk wis na whit we wantit tae hear''. The possessive comes aboot bi eikin '''s'' or bi bruikin an appropriate pronoun ''The wifie that's hoose gat burnt'', ''the wumman that her dochter gat mairit''; ''the men that thair boat wis tint''. The thrid adjective/adverb ''yon''/''yonder'', ''thon''/''thonder'' pynts oot sommit that's faur fae the spikker an the listener, ''D'ye see yon''/''thon hoose ower yonder''/''thonder?'' The plurals o ''this'' an ''that'' are ''thae'' an ''thir''. Northren byleids tak ''this'' an ''that'' for the plural ava. == Hamelt leids == Scots haes monie hamelt leids, or ''byleids''. Thir include; * [[Sooth Scots]] * [[Doric]] * [[Shetlandic]] * Urban Scots (Scots as spak in the ceeties o Aiberdeen, Edinburgh, Dundee an Glesgae) * [[Central Scots]] * Northren Scots * [[Ulster Scots]] (Spak in Northren Ireland an Coonty Donegal) == See foreby == * [[IPA chairt for Scots]] * [[Scots Language Centre]] == References == {{Reflist|30em}} * Aitken, A.J. (1977) ''How to Pronounce Older Scots'' in ''Bards and Makars''. Glasgow, Glasgow University Press. * Aitken, A. J. (1987) ''The Nuttis Schell: Essays on the Scots Language''. Aberdeen, Aberdeen University Press. ISBN 0-08-034530-1 * Caldwell, S.J.G. (1974) ''The Pronoun in Early Scots''. Helsinki, Société Néophilique. * Corbett, John; McClure, Derrick; Stuart-Smith, Jane (Editors)(2003) ''The Edinburgh Companion to Scots''. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-1596-2 * Eagle, Andy (2005) ''Wir Ain Leid''. Scots-Online. Available in full at http://www.scots-online.org/airticles/WirAinLeid.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626053426/http://www.scots-online.org/airticles/WirAinLeid.pdf |date=2008-06-26 }} * Jones, Charles (1997) ''The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language''. Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh Press. ISBN 0-7486-0754-4 * Jones, Charles (1995) ''A Language Suppressed: The pronunciation of the Scots language in the 18th century''. Edinburgh, John Donald. ISBN 0-85976-427-3 * Kingsmore, Rona K. (1995) ''Ulster Scots Speech: A Sociolinguistic Study''. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 0-8173-0711-7 * McClure, J. Derrick (1997) ''Why Scots Matters''. Edinburgh, Saltire Society. ISBN 0-85411-071-2 * McKay, Girvan (2007) ''The Scots Tongue (La skota lingvo)'', Polyglot Publications, Tullamore, Ireland. * Niven, Liz; Jackson, Robin (Eds.) (1998) ''The Scots Language: its place in education''. Watergaw Publications. ISBN 0-9529978-5-1 * Robertson, T.A.; Graham, J.J. (1991) ''Grammar and Use of the Shetland Dialect''. Lerwick, The Shetland Times Ltd. * Ross, David; Smith, Gavin D. (Editors)(1999) ''Scots-English, English-Scots Practical Dictionary''. New York, Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-7818-0779-4 * Scottish Language Dictionaries (1985) ''Concise Scots Dictionary ''. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 1-902930-01-0 * Scottish Language Dictionaries (1990) ''Scots Thesaurus''. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 1-902930-03-7 * Warrack, Alexander (Editor)(1911) ''Chambers Scots Dictionary''. Chambers. * Yound, C.P.L. (2004) ''Scots Grammar''. Scotsgate. Available in full at http://www.scotsgate.com/scotsgate01.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050911120142/http://www.scotsgate.com/scotsgate01.pdf |date=2005-09-11 }} {{Commons|Scots language}} == Freemit airtins == {{Commonscat|Scots language}} * [http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/ Dictionar o the Scots Leid – 22 volumes o Scots] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220110231/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/ |date=2008-02-20 }} * [http://www.scots-online.org/grammar/pronunci.htm#cairt Byleid cairt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070331233953/http://www.scots-online.org/grammar/pronunci.htm#cairt |date=2007-03-31 }} * [http://www.scots-online.org/grammar Scots-online] * [http://www.lallans.co.uk/ The Scots Language Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625194417/http://www.lallans.co.uk/ |date=2009-06-25 }} * [http://www.scotsdictionaries.org.uk/ Scottish Language Dictionaries Ltd.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114220539/http://www.scotsdictionaries.org.uk/ |date=2013-01-14 }} * [http://www.scuilwab.org.uk/ SLD's Scuil Wab – for bairns o aw ages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307235813/http://scuilwab.org.uk/ |date=2009-03-07 }} * [http://www.scotstext.org/ ScotsteXt]—beuks, poems an texts in Scots * [http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/wirhoose/but/wan/index.htm A Tait Wanchancie.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011192838/http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/wirhoose/but/wan/index.htm |date=2012-10-11 }} * [http://www.scots-online.org/airticles/phonetics.htm SAMPA for Scots] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030811202058/http://www.scots-online.org/airticles/phonetics.htm |date=2003-08-11 }} * [http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/5to14/specialfocus/scots/index.asp Scots in Skuils] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040811152122/http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/5to14/specialfocus/scots/index.asp |date=2004-08-11 }} * [http://www.englang.ed.ac.uk/scots.html Scots at the Varsitie] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060818225430/http://www.englang.ed.ac.uk/scots.html |date=2006-08-18 }} * [http://www.stooryduster.co.uk/ Scottish words – illustrated] * [http://www.scottishcorpus.ac.uk/ Scottish Corpus of Texts & Speech] – a multimedia corpus o Scots an Scots Inglis * [http://www.scotslanguage.com/ Scots Language Centre] * [http://wordswithoutborders.org/article/scots-the-auld-an-nobill-tung/ ''Words Without Borders'' Peter Constantine: Scots: The Auld an Nobill Tung] * [https://scotssyntaxatlas.ac.uk/ Scots Syntax Atlas] {{Germanic leids}} [[Category:Scots leid| ]] [[Category:Leids o Scotland]] [[Category:Leids o Ireland]] [[Category:Inglis leids]] [[Category:SVO leids]] kflxltjqcksz5vwu2oml7wrhdvwxjgm 926709 926708 2026-11-08T14:51:42Z Monospaced 75295 Mair spellin fixes for consistency 926709 wikitext text/x-wiki {{itheruises|Scots fowk|Scots leid (disambiguation)}} {{Distinguish|Scots Inglis|Scots Gaelic}} {{Infobox leid |name=Scots |nativename=(''Braid'') ''Scots'', ''Lallans'' |states= [[Unitit Kinrick]], [[Republic o Ireland]] |region=Scotland: [[Scots Lawlands]], [[Northren Isles]], [[Caithness]], [[Isle o Arran|Arran]] an [[Cammeltoun]]<br>Ulster (Ireland): [[Coonties o Ireland|Coonties]] [[Coonty Doun|Doun]], [[Coonty Antrim|Antrim]], [[Coonty Derry|Derry]] an [[Coonty Donegal|Donegal]] |speakers=1,508,540 able tae spik Scots |date=2022 |ref=<ref name="govscots">{{cite web |title=Scots |url=https://www.gov.scot/policies/languages/scots/ |publisher=Scottish Government |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> |speakers2=2,444,659 wi some skill in Scots (2022)<ref name="govscots" /><br>In the 2011 census, mair nor 1.5 million fowk said they coud spik Scots.<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=Languages |url=https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/census-results/at-a-glance/languages/ |website=Scotland's Census |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> |familycolor=Indo-European |fam2=[[Germanic leids|Germanic]] |fam3=[[Wast Germanic leids|Wast Germanic]] |fam4=[[Anglo-Frisie leids|Anglo-Frisie]] |fam5=[[Anglic leids|Anglic]] |ancestor=[[Auld Inglis]] |ancestor2=[[Middle Inglis leid|Middle Inglis]] |ancestor3=[[Early Scots]] |ancestor4=[[Middle Scots]] |minority=[[Northren Ireland]] (as [[Ulster Scots leid|Ulster Scots]]) |nation=[[Scotland]] (official status syne 30 November 2025)<ref name="SLA2025">{{cite web |title=Scottish Languages Act 2025, section 33 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/asp/2025/10/part/2/chapter/1 |website=legislation.gov.uk |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref><ref name="Scottish official languages">{{Cite web |title=FACT: SCOTLAND'S OFFICIAL LANGUAGES ARE ENGLISH, SCOTS, GAELIC & BRITISH SIGN LANGUAGE |url=https://www.scotland.org/about-scotland/facts/scotlands-languages |access-date=March 27, 2023 |website=Scotland.org}}</ref> |agency=— [[Scotland]]: Nane, <small>altho the ''[[Dictionar o the Scots Leid]]'' carries muckle authoritie in the Scots Government's ''Partnership for a Better Scotland'' coalition agreement (2003) promises "support".</small>.<br />— [[Ireland]]: Nane, <small>altho the cross-border ''[[Boord o Ulstèr-Scotch]]'', established as an ootcome o the [[Guid Friday Agreement|''Guid Friday Greeance'']], promotes ussage.</small> |dia1=[[Central Scots|Central]] |dia2=[[Sooth Scots|Soothren]] |dia3=[[Ulster Scots leid|Ulster]] |dia4=[[Northren Scots|Northren]] |dia5=[[Insular Scots|Insular]] |script=[[Laitin script|Laitin]] |iso2=sco |iso3=sco |lingua=52-ABA-aa (varieties: <br>52-ABA-aaa to -aav) |map=Idioma escocés.png |mapcaption=Auries whaur the Scots leid wis spak in the 20t century<ref>Grant, William (1931) [http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/INTRO/map.php?num=2 Scottish National Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121173629/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/INTRO/map.php?num=2 |date=2012-01-21 }}</ref><ref>Gregg R.J. (1972) ''The Scotch-Irish Dialect Boundaries'' in Ulster in Wakelin M.F., Patterns in the Folk Speech of The British Isles, London</ref> }} '''Scots''' or '''Lawland Scots''' (Inglis: ''Scots'' or ''Lowland Scots''; {{lang-gd|Beurla Ghallta/Albais}}) is a [[Wast Germanic leids|Wast Germanic]] [[leid]] o the [[Anglic leids|Anglic]] group. It is spak in the [[Scots lawlands|Lawlands]] o [[Scotland]] an in the province o [[Ulster]] in [[Ireland]], whaur it is kent as [[Ulster Scots leid|"Ulster-Scots", "Scotch" or "Ullans"]]. In maist airts it is spak alangside [[Inglis leid|Inglis]]. Historically it wis kent as "[[Lallans]]" or "[[Doric Scots|Doric]]", but thir terms nou uisually mean mair soothren an northren byleids respectively. Scots haes official status in Scotland syne 30 November 2025, unner section 33 o the Scottish Languages Act 2025.<ref name="SLA2025" /><ref name="govnews2025">{{cite web |title=Growing Scotland's languages |url=https://www.gov.scot/news/growing-scotlands-languages/ |publisher=Scottish Government |date=30 November 2025 |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> The [[Unitit Kinrick]] recognised it unner Pairt II o the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages when it ratified the Charter in 2001.<ref name="slccharter">{{cite web |title=The European Charter |url=https://www.scotslanguage.com/articles/node/id/250 |publisher=Scots Language Centre |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> In the 2022 census, 1,508,540 fowk said they coud spik Scots, an 2,444,659 said they coud spik, read, write or unnerstaund it.<ref name="govscots" /> == History == Up tae the 15t [[yeirhunder]], ''Scottis'' (modren form ''Scots'') wis the nem o [[Gaelic leid|Gaelic]], the [[Celtic Leids|Celtic leid]] o the auncient Scots.<ref name="dostscottis">{{cite web |title=Scottis |url=https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/dost/scottis |work=A Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> Thaim that spoke Scots cried Gaelic ''Erse'' (meanin ''Irish''). The Gaelic o Scotland is nou maistly cried Scots Gaelic, an is still spak bi some in the wastren [[Scots Hielands]] an islands. For the maist pairt Scots comes frae the Northumbrian variety o [[Auld Inglis leid|Anglo-Saxon (Auld Inglis)]], tho wi muckle influence frae the [[Auld Norse]] o the Vikings, frae [[Dutch leid|Dutch]] an Law Saxon throu troke wi (an incomers frae) the Law Kintras, an frae [[Romance leids|Romance]] leids: the Latin o the Kirk an the law, Anglo-Norman, an mibbie Parisian French acause o the [[Auld Alliance]]. Anglian spikkers were weel stablished in sooth-east Scotland bi the 7t yeirhunder: [[Edinburgh]] wis mibbie taen frae the Britons in the reign o Oswald (633–41).<ref name="dslorigins">{{cite web |last1=Macafee |first1=Caroline |last2=Aitken |first2=A. J. |title=A History of Scots to 1700: The origins and spread of Scots |url=https://dsl.ac.uk/about-scots/history-of-scots/origins/ |website=Dictionaries of the Scots Language |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> Frae the reign o [[Dauvit I, King o Scots|David I]] in 1124, Norman laundowners an thair followers, spikkin Northumbrian [[Middle Inglis leid|Middle Inglis]], were brocht intae Scotland in muckle nummers.<ref name="dslorigins" /> The earliest texts in Scots are frae the 14t yeirhunder,<ref name="dslchron">{{cite web |last1=Macafee |first1=Caroline |last2=Aitken |first2=A. J. |title=A History of Scots to 1700: Chronology |url=https://dsl.ac.uk/about-scots/history-of-scots/chronology/ |website=Dictionaries of the Scots Language |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> an the leid than didnae differ muckle frae ither northren Inglis byleids. Syne the Anglian leid o Scotland growed in its ain wey. Bi the stairt o the 16t yeirhunder fowk saw the differs atween it an the leid spak faurer sooth, an Scots spikkers begoud tae cry thair leid ''Scottis''; the earliest record o the wird in that sense is frae [[Gavin Douglas]] in 1513.<ref name="dostscottis" /> Scots haes lend-wirds frae Gaelic acause the Scots fowk haed contack wi Gaelic spikkers. Thir lend-wirds are maistly for geographical an cultural things, sic as ''clan'' an ''loch''. Lik onie livin leid, Scots haes chynged ower the years, tho it haes arguably steyed naurer tae its Anglo-Saxon springheid nor Inglis haes. Monie Scots wirds hae become pairt o Inglis an aw: ''flit, greed, eerie, cuddle, clan, stob''. == Scrieved Scots == Monie writers the nou avoid apostrophes whaur they are thocht tae shaw letters that's "missin" frae Inglis (the [[apologetic apostrophe]]). Sic letters were niver missin in Scots at aw. For example, in the 14t yeirhunder [[John Barbour|Barbour]] spelt the Scots [[cognate]] o ''taken'' as ''tane''. Wi nae ''k'' in the wird for mair nor 700 year, shawin its want wi an apostrophe coud be cried specious. The modren spellin is uisually ''taen''. Vowel nummers are frae [[A.J. Aitken|Aitken]] an the phonetics is in [[Internaitional Phonetic ABC|IPA]]. For aw the established traditional spellin conventions descrived ablo, a wheen o proposals for spellin reform were pit forrit in the 20t yeirhunder. John Corbett (2003: 260) cries the devisin o a normative orthography for Scots ane o the greatest linguistic hobbies o the past century. Writin aboot the ootcome in ''Lallans'' 57, Caroline Macafee said that spellin reform haed caaed doun the kind o standartisation that awready existit, an that spellin haed become a free-for-aw, wi the traditional model run doun an nae popular replacement, leadin tae mair spellin variation, no less. ===Consonants=== Maist consonants are for ordinair soondit sic an sae as in Inglis bit: *'''c''': {{IPA|/k/}} or {{IPA|/s/}}, as in Inglis. *'''ch''': {{IPA|/x/}},<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.499">Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.499</ref> '''gh''' an aw. Medial 'cht' micht be {{IPA|/ð/}} in Northren dialects. ''loch'', ''nicht'', ''dochter'', ''dreich'', etc. Siclike til the German "Na'''ch'''t". *'''ch''': wird initial or whaur it follaes 'r' {{IPA|/tʃ/}}. ''airch'', ''mairch'', etc. *'''ck''': at the end o a syllable<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=2306&startset=4948443&query=C&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd |title=SND: C |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703205745/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=2306&startset=4948443&query=C&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd |url-status=dead }}</ref> an whan intervocalic<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=7690&startset=20617909&query=K&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND: K |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204657/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=7690&startset=20617909&query=K&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> efter a cuttie vowel e.g. ''bick'', ''geck'', ''muckle'', ''ruck'', etc. *'''gn''': {{IPA|/n/}}. In Northren dialects {{IPA|/ɡn/}} micht kythe.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.501">Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.501</ref> *'''kn''': {{IPA|/n/}}. In Northren dialects {{IPA|/kn/}} or {{IPA|/tn/}} micht kythe.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.501"/> ''knap'' ''knee'', ''knowe'', etc. *'''ng''': is aye {{IPA|/ŋ/}}.<ref>Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.510</ref> *'''nch''': for ordinair {{IPA|/nʃ/}}.<ref>Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.500</ref> ''brainch'', ''dunch'', etc. *'''r''': {{IPA|/r/}} or {{IPA|/ɹ/}} is pronoonced in aw positions,<ref>Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.510-511</ref> i.e. [[Rhotic consonant|rhotic]]. *'''s''' or '''se''': {{IPA|/s/}} or {{IPA|/z/}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=9474&startset=33999048&query=S&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND: S |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703205657/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=9474&startset=33999048&query=S&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> *'''t''': micht be a glottal stap atween vowels or wird final.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.501"/> In Ulster dentalised soondins micht kythe an aw, even for 'd'. *'''th''': {{IPA|/ð/}} or {{IPA|/θ/}} as is Inglis. In Mid Northren varieties an intervocalic {{IPA|/ð/}} micht be soondit {{IPA|/d/}}.<ref>Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.506</ref> Initial 'th' in ''thing'', ''think'' an ''thank'', etc. micht be {{IPA|/h/}}.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.507">Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.507</ref> *'''wh''': for ordinair {{IPA|/ʍ/}}, aulder {{IPA|/xʍ/}}.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.499"/> Northren byleids hae {{IPA|/f/}} an aw.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.507"/> *'''wr''': {{IPA|/wr/}} mair aften {{IPA|/r/}} bit micht be {{IPA|/vr/}} in Northren byleids.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.507"/> ''wrack'', ''wrang'', ''write'', ''wrocht'', etc. *'''z''': {{IPA|/jɪ/}} or {{IPA|/ŋ/}}, micht kythe in some wirds as a substitute for the aulder <{{lang|ang|ȝ}}> ([[yoch]]). For example: ''brulzie'', ''gaberlunzie'' an the names ''[[Menzies]]'', ''[[Finzean]]'', ''[[Culzean]]'', ''[[Mackenzie (surname)|Mackenzie]]'' etc. (As an affcome o the want o eddication in Scots, ''Mackenzie'' is nou generally soondit wi a {{IPA|/z/}} follaein the perceived soondin o the scrieved form, as mair controversial is whiles ''Menzies''.) ===Silent letters=== *The wird final 'd' in '''nd''' an '''ld'''<ref>Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.502-503</ref> bit aften soondit in derived forms. Whiles juist 'n' an 'l' or 'n&#39;' an 'l&#39;' e.g. ''auld'' an ''haund'' etc., as in the [[Dens leid]]. *'t' in medial '''cht''' ('ch' = {{IPA|/x/}}) an '''st''' an afore final '''en'''<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.509">Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.509</ref> e.g. ''fochten'', ''thristle'' an the 't' in ''aften'' etc. an aw., as in Inglis. *'t' in wird final '''ct''' an '''pt'''<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.509"/> bit aften soondit in derived forms e.g. ''respect'' an ''accept'' etc. ===Vowels=== For a historical luikower see the [[Phonological history o Scots|Phonological history o Scots]]. The vowel system o Scots (in [[Internaitional Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]):<ref>Aitken A.J. ‘How to Pronounce Older Scots’ in ‘Bards and Makars’. Glasgow Varsity Press 1977</ref> {| class="wikitable" border="1" |- | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 8a | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 |rowspan=2 style="font-size:75%" | 1. Generally merges wi vowels 2, 4 or 8.<br> 2. Merges wi vowels 1 an 8. in central dialects<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;an vowel 2 in Northren dialects.<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;Also {{IPA|/(j)u/}} or {{IPA|/(j)ʌ/}} afore {{IPA|/k/}} an {{IPA|/x/}} dependin on dialect.<br> 3. Vocalisation tae {{IPA|/o/}} micht kythe afore {{IPA|/k/}}.<br> 4. Antrin mergers wi vowel 5. |- | cuttie {{IPA|/əi/}}<br>lang {{IPA|/aɪ/}} | {{IPA|/i/}} | {{IPA|/e, i/}}¹ | {{IPA|/e/}} | {{IPA|/o/}} | {{IPA|/u/}} | {{IPA|/ø/}}² | {{IPA|/eː/}} | {{IPA|/əi/}} | {{IPA|/oe/}} | {{IPA|/əi/}} | {{IPA|/iː/}} | {{IPA|/ɑː, ɔː/}} | {{IPA|/ʌu/}}³ | {{IPA|/ju/}} | {{IPA|/ɪ/}} | {{IPA|/ɛ/}} | {{IPA|/ɑ, a/}} | {{IPA|/ɔ/}}⁴ | {{IPA|/ʌ/}} |} In Scots, [[vouel length|vowel length]] is for ordinair conditioned bi the [[Scots Vouel Lenth Rule|Scots Vowel Lenth Rule]]. Wirds that differ juist a bittie in soondin fae [[Scots English|Scots Inglis]] are for ordinair spelt as in Inglis. Ither wirds micht be spelt the same wa bit differ in soondin, for example: ''aunt'', ''swap'', ''want'' an ''wash'' wi {{IPA|/a/}}, ''bull'', ''full'' v. an ''pull'' wi {{IPA|/ʌ/}}, ''bind'', ''find'' an ''wind'' v., etc. wi {{IPA|/ɪ/}}. *The onstrest vowel {{IPA|/ə/}} micht be shawn bi onie vowel letter. *'''a''' (vowel 17): for ordinair {{IPA|/ɑ/}}, aften {{IPA|/ɑː/}} in sooth wast an Ulster byleids,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:A 1 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703211646/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> bit {{IPA|/aː/}} in Northren byleids. Maurk final ''a'' (vowel 12) in ''awa'', ''twa'' an ''wha'' micht be {{IPA|/ɑː/}}, {{IPA|/ɔː/}}, {{IPA|/aː/}} or {{IPA|/eː/}} an aw dependin on the byleid.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:A 2 (1) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703211646/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> *'''au''', '''aw''' (vowel 12) {{IPA|/ɑː/}} or {{IPA|/ɔː/}} in Soothren, Central an Ulster byleids bit {{IPA|/aː/}} in Northren byleids, wi ''au'' for ordinair in medial positions<ref name="SND:A 4">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:A 4 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703211646/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="SND:U 2 1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:U 2 (1) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202753/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> an ''aw'' in final positions.<ref name="SND:A 4"/> Sometimes '''a''' or '''a&#39;''' representin [[L-vocalisation]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:A 2 (2) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703211646/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=9458&startset=45678332&query=W&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND W 6 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703212329/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=9458&startset=45678332&query=W&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> The digraph '''aa''' kythes an aw, specially in scrieved representations o the ({{IPA|/aː/}}) soondin in Northren an Insular byleids.<ref name="SND:U 2 1"/> The cluster 'auld' micht be {{IPA|/ʌul/}} in Ulster an aw, e.g. ''aw'', ''cauld'', ''braw'', ''faw'', ''snaw'', etc. *'''ai''' (vowel 8) in initial an medial positions<ref name="SND:A 5">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:A 5 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703211646/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> an '''a'''(consonant)'''e''' <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:A 3 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703211646/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowel 4). The graphemes '''ae'''<ref name="SND:A 5"/> (vowel 4) an '''ay''' (vowel 8) for ordinair in final positions.<ref name="SND:A 5"/><ref name="SND:E 3">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 3 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> Aw generally {{IPA|/e(ː)/}}. Aften {{IPA|/ɛ/}} afore {{IPA|/r/}}. The merger o vowel 8 wi 4 haes resultit in the digraph ''ai'' occurrin in some wirds wi vowel 4 an ''a''(consonant)''e'' occurrin in some wirds wi vowel 8, e.g. ''saip'', ''hale'', ''ane'', ''ance'', ''bane'', etc. an wird final ''brae'' an ''day'' etc. The digraph ''ae'' kythes for vowel 7 an aw in ''dae'', ''tae'' v. an ''shae''.<ref name="SND:E 3" /> In Northren byleids the vowel in the cluster 'ane' is aften {{IPA|/i/}}<ref>Grant, William; Dixon, James Main (1921) ''Manual of Modern Scots''. Cambridge, University Press. p.44</ref> an efter {{IPA|/w/}} an daurk {{IPA|/l/}} the soondin {{IPA|/əi/}} micht kythe.<ref>Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.461</ref> In Sooth Scots an monie Central an Ulster varieties ''ae'', ''ane'' an ''ance'' micht be soondit {{IPA|/jeː/}}, {{IPA|/jɪn/}} an {{IPA|/jɪns/}} aften scrieved ''yae'', ''yin'' an ''yince'' in byleid writin. *'''ea''',<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 3 (2) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''ei'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 3 (4) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowel 3), haes generally merged wi {{IPA|/i(ː)/}} (vowel 2) or {{IPA|/e(ː)/}} (vowel 4 or 8) dependin on the byleid. {{IPA|/ɛ/}} micht kythe afore {{IPA|/r/}}. In Northren varieties the soondin micht be {{IPA|/əi/}} efter {{IPA|/w/}} an {{IPA|/ʍ/}} an in the faur north {{IPA|/əi/}} micht kythe in aw environments.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.455">Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.455</ref> ''deid'', ''heid'', ''meat'', ''clear'' etc. *'''ee'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 3 (3) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowels 2 an 11), '''e'''(Consonant)'''e'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 1 (2) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowel 2). Whiles '''ei''' an '''i.e.''' wi ''ei'' for ordinair afore ''ch'' ({{IPA|/x/}}), bit in a few ither wirds an aw, an ''ie'' for ordinair afore ''l'' an ''v''. The soondin is for ordinair {{IPA|/i(ː)/}} bit in Northren varieties micht be {{IPA|/əi/}} efter {{IPA|/w/}} an {{IPA|/ʍ/}}.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.455"/> Final vowel 11 ({{IPA|/iː/}}) micht be {{IPA|/əi/}} in Soothren byleids.<ref>Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.456</ref> e.g. ''e'', ''een'', ''speir'' , ''steek'', ''here'', etc. The digraph ''ea'' kythes in a few wirds lik ''sea'' an ''tea'' an aw. *'''e'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 1 (3) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowel 16): {{IPA|/ɛ/}}. ''bed'', ''het'', ''yett'', etc. *'''eu'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 3 (5) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:U 2 (2) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202753/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowel 7 afore {{IPA|/k/}} an {{IPA|/x/}} see ''ui''): {{IPA|/(j)u/}} or {{IPA|/(j)ʌ/}} dependin on dialect. Whiles ''u''(consonant)''e''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:U 2 (4) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202753/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> Whiles ''u'' phonetically an ''oo'' efter Standart Inglis kythes an aw, e.g. ''beuk'', ''eneuch'', ''keuk'', ''leuk'', ''teuk'' etc. *'''ew''' (vowel 14): {{IPA|/ju/}}. In Northren byleids a ruit final 'ew' micht be {{IPA|/jʌu/}}. ''few'', ''new'', etc. *'''i'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=9180&startset=19388917&query=I&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:I |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204720/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=9180&startset=19388917&query=I&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (Vowel 15): {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, but aften varies atween {{IPA|/ɪ/}} an {{IPA|/ʌ/}} specially efter 'w' an 'wh'.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:U 4 (2)(ii) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202753/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{IPA|/æ/}} kythes in Ulster an aw afore voiceless consonants. ''big'', ''fit'', ''wid'', etc. *'''i'''(consonant)'''e''', '''y'''(consonant)'''e''',<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=9180&startset=19388917&query=I&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:I 3 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204720/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=9180&startset=19388917&query=I&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''ey''' (vowels 1, 8a an 10): {{IPA|/əi/}} or {{IPA|/aɪ/}}. 'ay' is for ordinair {{IPA|/e/}} bit {{IPA|/əi/}} in ''ay'' an ''aye''. In Dundee it is a kenspeckle {{IPA|/ɛ/}}. *'''o'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:O |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202201/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowel 18): {{IPA|/ɔ/}} bit aften mergin wi vowel 5 ({{IPA|/o/}}) aften spelt phonetically ''oa'' in byleid spellins lik ''boax'' (box), ''coarn'' (corn), ''Goad'' (God)''joab'' (job) an ''oan'' (on) etc.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:O 3 (1) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202201/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> *'''oa'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:O 3 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202201/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowel 5): {{IPA|/o/}}. *'''oi''', '''oy''' (vowel 9) *'''ow''',<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:O 3 (4)(ii) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202201/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''owe''' (ruit final), seendle '''ou''' (vowel 13): {{IPA|/ʌu/}}. Afore 'k' vocalisation til {{IPA|/o/}} micht kythe specially in wastren an Ulster byleids. ''bowk'', ''bowe'', ''howe'', ''knowe'', ''cowp'', ''yowe'', etc. *'''ou''' the ordinair literary spellin<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND: U 3 (4)(i) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202201/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> o vowel 6. Whiles '''u'''(consonant)'''e''' in some wirds: {{IPA|/u/}} the foregane aften representit bi '''oo''', a 19t century lend fae Standart Inglis.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:O 5 (1) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202201/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ruit final {{IPA|/ʌu/}} micht kythe in Soothren byleids. ''cou'', ''broun'', ''hoose'', ''moose'' etc. *'''u'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:U 4 (2) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202753/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowel 19): {{IPA|/ʌ/}}. ''but'', ''cut'', etc. *'''ui''', the ordinair literary spellin<ref name="SND:U 2 4i">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:U 2 (4)(i) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202753/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> o vowel 7 (binna afore {{IPA|/k/}} an {{IPA|/x/}} see '''eu'''), the spellin ''u''(consonant)''e'' whiles kythed, specially afore nasals,<ref name="SND:U 2 4i"/> an '''oo''' fae the spellin o Standart Inglis cognates: {{IPA|/ø/}} in conservative byleids. In pairts o [[Fife]], [[Dundee]] north [[Coonty Aintrim|Aintrim]] {{IPA|/e/}}. In Northren byleids for ordinair {{IPA|/i/}} bit {{IPA|/wi/}} efter {{IPA|/ɡ/}} an {{IPA|/k/}} aften spelt ''ee'' in byleid writin, an {{IPA|/u/}} an aw afore {{IPA|/r/}} in some airts e.g. ''fuird''. Mid Doun an Donegal byleids hae {{IPA|/i/}}. In central an north Doun byleids merger wi vowel 15 ({{IPA|/ɪ/}}) occurs whan cuttie an vowel 8 ({{IPA|/eː/}}) whan lang, aften scrieved ''ai'' in byleid writin, e.g. ''buird'', ''buit'', ''cuit'', ''fluir'', ''guid'', ''schuil'', etc. In central byleids ''uise'' v. an ''uiss'' an. (use) is {{IPA|[jeːz]}} an {{IPA|[jɪs]}}. == Some grammar features == === The definit airticle === ''The'' is bruikit afore the names o saisons, days o the week, monie nouns, illnesses, tredds, occupations, sciences an academic subjects. It's aften bruikit insteid o the indefinit airticle an insteid o a possessive pronoun an aw: ''the hairst'', ''the Wadensday'', ''awa til the kirk'', ''the nou'', ''the dei'', ''the haingles'', ''the Laitin'', ''The deuk ett the bit breid'', ''the wife'' etc. === Nouns === Nouns for ordinair eik –(''e'')''s'' for the plural bit some irregular plurals kythe: ''ee''/''een'', ''cauf''/''caur'', ''horse''/''horse'', ''cou''/''kye'', ''shae''/''shuin''. Nouns o measure an quantitie bide the same in the plural ''fower fit'', ''twa mile'', ''five pund'', ''three hunnerwecht''. Regular plurals include ''laifs'', ''leafs'', ''shelfs'' an ''wifes'', etc. === Diminutives === Diminutives wi –''ie'', ''burnie'' (''wee burn''), ''feardie''/''feartie'', ''gamie'', ''kiltie'', ''postie'', ''wifie'', ''rhodie'', an wi ''ock'', ''bittock'', ''playock'', ''sourock'' an Northren –''ag'', ''bairnag'' (''wee bairn''), ''Cheordag'', -''ockie'', ''hooseockie'', ''wifeockie'', baith is influenced bi the Scots Gaelic diminutive -''ag''. === Modal verbs === The modal verbs ''mey'', ''ocht tae'', an ''sall'' arena aften uised in Scots an this is historic, bit is whiles still fund in anglified literary Scots. ''Can'', ''shid'', an ''will/wul'' are the preferred Scots maks. Scots employs double modal maks ''He'll no can come the day'', ''A micht cud come the morn'', ''A uised tae cud dae it, but no nou''. === Praisent tense o verbs === The praisent tense o verbs ends in –''s'' in aw persons an nummers cept whan a singil personal pronoun is nex til the verb, ''Thay say he's ower wee'', ''Thaim that says he's ower wee'', ''Thir lassies says he's ower wee'' etc. ''Thay'r cummin an aw'' bit ''Five o thaim's cummin'', ''The lassies? Thay'v went'' bit ''Ma brakes haes went''. ''Thaim that cums first is served first''. ''The trees growes green in the simmer''. ''Wis'' micht can tak the steid o ''war'', but na widdershins: ''Ye were''/''wis thaur''. === Past tense o verbs === The regular past form o the verb is –(''i'')''t'' or –(''e'')''d'', gaun bi the aforegaun consonant or vowel ''hurtit'', ''skelpit'', ''Mendit'', ''kent''/''kenned'', ''cleant''/''cleaned'', ''skreived'', ''telt''/''tauld'', ''dee'd''. Some verbs hae kenspeckle maks ''greet''/''grat''/''grutten'', ''fesh''/''fuish''/''fuishen'', ''lauch''/''leuch''/''lauchen'', ''gae''/''gaed''/''gane'', ''gie''/''gied''/''gien'', ''pit''/''pat''/''pitten'', ''git''/''gat''/''gotten''. === Wird order === Scots aften haes the wird order ''He turnt oot tha licht'' an na ''He turnt tha licht oot'' an ''Gie me it'' an na ''Gie it til me''. Antrin verbs are aften uised progressive ''He wis thinkin he wad tell her'', ''He wis wantin tae tell her''. Verbs o motion micht be drappit afore an adverb or adverb phrases o motion ''Ah'm awa til ma bed'', ''That's me awa hame'', ''Ah'll intil the hoose an see him''. Participles gae tae the end o the clause mair aften nor in Inglis whaur chynge o state is implied (particular in Ulster): ''He's awfu auld gettin'', ''Ah hae ma siller chynged''. === Ordinal nummers === Ordinal nummers end wi –''t'' ''seicont'', ''fowert'', ''fift'', ''saxt'' etc. ''first'', ''Thrid''/''third''. === Adverbs === Adverbs for ordinair tak the same mak as the verb ruit or adjective specially efter verbs. ''Haein ae real guid day''. ''She's gey fauchelt''.<br /> Adverbs are shaped wi –''s'', -''lies'', ''lins'', ''gate''(''s'') an ''wey''(''s'') – ''whyls'', ''mebbes'', ''brawlies'', ''geylies'', ''aiblins'', ''airselins'', ''hauflins'', ''hidlins'', ''maistlins'', ''awgates'', ''ilkagate'', ''oniegate'', ''ilkawey'', ''onywey''(''s''), ''endweys'', ''fit weys''. === Subordinate clauses === Verbless subordinate clauses are brocht in wi, ''n'' pittin ower surpreese or skunner ''She haed tae walk the hale length o the road n her sieven month pregnant'', ''He telt me tae rin n me wi ma sair leg''. === Negation === Negation is pitten ower bi bruikin the adverb ''na'', in the North Eist ''nae'', as in ''Ah'm na cummin'', or bi bruikin the suffix –''na'' (soondin lippens oan byleid), as in ''"A dinnae ken"'', ''Thay canna come'' an ''We coudna hae telt him''. The uiss wi ''na'' is for ordinair taen foreby –''na'' wi contractabil auxiliair verbs lik –''ll'' for ''will'', or in ay nae speirins wi onie auxiliair ''He'll na come'' an ''Did he na come?'' === Relative pronoun === The relative pronoun is ''that'' (''&#39;at'' is anither mak borraed fae the Norse bit it can come aboot bi contraction) for aw persons an nummers, bit micht be drappit ''Thaur's na monie fowk'' (''that'') ''bides in that glen''. The anglified maks ''wha'', ''wham'', ''whase'', an the auld-farrant ''whilk'' is juist literary pensfuness; ''whilk'' is alanerlie bruikit efter a statement ''He said he'd tint it, whilk wis na whit we wantit tae hear''. The possessive comes aboot bi eikin '''s'' or bi bruikin an appropriate pronoun ''The wifie that's hoose gat burnt'', ''the wumman that her dochter gat mairit''; ''the men that thair boat wis tint''. The thrid adjective/adverb ''yon''/''yonder'', ''thon''/''thonder'' pynts oot something that's faur fae the spikker an the listener, ''D'ye see yon''/''thon hoose ower yonder''/''thonder?'' The plurals o ''this'' an ''that'' are ''thae'' an ''thir''. Northren byleids tak ''this'' an ''that'' for the plural ava. == Hamelt leids == Scots haes monie hamelt leids, or ''byleids''. Thir include; * [[Sooth Scots]] * [[Doric]] * [[Shetlandic]] * Urban Scots (Scots as spak in the ceeties o Aiberdeen, Edinburgh, Dundee an Glesgae) * [[Central Scots]] * Northren Scots * [[Ulster Scots]] (Spak in Northren Ireland an Coonty Donegal) == See foreby == * [[IPA chairt for Scots]] * [[Scots Language Centre]] == References == {{Reflist|30em}} * Aitken, A.J. (1977) ''How to Pronounce Older Scots'' in ''Bards and Makars''. Glasgow, Glasgow University Press. * Aitken, A. J. (1987) ''The Nuttis Schell: Essays on the Scots Language''. Aberdeen, Aberdeen University Press. ISBN 0-08-034530-1 * Caldwell, S.J.G. (1974) ''The Pronoun in Early Scots''. Helsinki, Société Néophilique. * Corbett, John; McClure, Derrick; Stuart-Smith, Jane (Editors)(2003) ''The Edinburgh Companion to Scots''. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-1596-2 * Eagle, Andy (2005) ''Wir Ain Leid''. Scots-Online. Available in full at http://www.scots-online.org/airticles/WirAinLeid.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626053426/http://www.scots-online.org/airticles/WirAinLeid.pdf |date=2008-06-26 }} * Jones, Charles (1997) ''The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language''. Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh Press. ISBN 0-7486-0754-4 * Jones, Charles (1995) ''A Language Suppressed: The pronunciation of the Scots language in the 18th century''. Edinburgh, John Donald. ISBN 0-85976-427-3 * Kingsmore, Rona K. (1995) ''Ulster Scots Speech: A Sociolinguistic Study''. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 0-8173-0711-7 * McClure, J. Derrick (1997) ''Why Scots Matters''. Edinburgh, Saltire Society. ISBN 0-85411-071-2 * McKay, Girvan (2007) ''The Scots Tongue (La skota lingvo)'', Polyglot Publications, Tullamore, Ireland. * Niven, Liz; Jackson, Robin (Eds.) (1998) ''The Scots Language: its place in education''. Watergaw Publications. ISBN 0-9529978-5-1 * Robertson, T.A.; Graham, J.J. (1991) ''Grammar and Use of the Shetland Dialect''. Lerwick, The Shetland Times Ltd. * Ross, David; Smith, Gavin D. (Editors)(1999) ''Scots-English, English-Scots Practical Dictionary''. New York, Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-7818-0779-4 * Scottish Language Dictionaries (1985) ''Concise Scots Dictionary ''. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 1-902930-01-0 * Scottish Language Dictionaries (1990) ''Scots Thesaurus''. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 1-902930-03-7 * Warrack, Alexander (Editor)(1911) ''Chambers Scots Dictionary''. Chambers. * Yound, C.P.L. (2004) ''Scots Grammar''. Scotsgate. Available in full at http://www.scotsgate.com/scotsgate01.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050911120142/http://www.scotsgate.com/scotsgate01.pdf |date=2005-09-11 }} {{Commons|Scots language}} == Freemit airtins == {{Commonscat|Scots language}} * [http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/ Dictionar o the Scots Leid – 22 volumes o Scots] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220110231/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/ |date=2008-02-20 }} * [http://www.scots-online.org/grammar/pronunci.htm#cairt Byleid cairt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070331233953/http://www.scots-online.org/grammar/pronunci.htm#cairt |date=2007-03-31 }} * [http://www.scots-online.org/grammar Scots-online] * [http://www.lallans.co.uk/ The Scots Language Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625194417/http://www.lallans.co.uk/ |date=2009-06-25 }} * [http://www.scotsdictionaries.org.uk/ Scottish Language Dictionaries Ltd.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114220539/http://www.scotsdictionaries.org.uk/ |date=2013-01-14 }} * [http://www.scuilwab.org.uk/ SLD's Scuil Wab – for bairns o aw ages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307235813/http://scuilwab.org.uk/ |date=2009-03-07 }} * [http://www.scotstext.org/ ScotsteXt]—beuks, poems an texts in Scots * [http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/wirhoose/but/wan/index.htm A Tait Wanchancie.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011192838/http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/wirhoose/but/wan/index.htm |date=2012-10-11 }} * [http://www.scots-online.org/airticles/phonetics.htm SAMPA for Scots] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030811202058/http://www.scots-online.org/airticles/phonetics.htm |date=2003-08-11 }} * [http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/5to14/specialfocus/scots/index.asp Scots in Skuils] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040811152122/http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/5to14/specialfocus/scots/index.asp |date=2004-08-11 }} * [http://www.englang.ed.ac.uk/scots.html Scots at the Varsitie] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060818225430/http://www.englang.ed.ac.uk/scots.html |date=2006-08-18 }} * [http://www.stooryduster.co.uk/ Scottish words – illustrated] * [http://www.scottishcorpus.ac.uk/ Scottish Corpus of Texts & Speech] – a multimedia corpus o Scots an Scots Inglis * [http://www.scotslanguage.com/ Scots Language Centre] * [http://wordswithoutborders.org/article/scots-the-auld-an-nobill-tung/ ''Words Without Borders'' Peter Constantine: Scots: The Auld an Nobill Tung] * [https://scotssyntaxatlas.ac.uk/ Scots Syntax Atlas] {{Germanic leids}} [[Category:Scots leid| ]] [[Category:Leids o Scotland]] [[Category:Leids o Ireland]] [[Category:Inglis leids]] [[Category:SVO leids]] osvycdrfztz19su4kshtxvruuaoyo3f 926755 926709 2026-11-08T16:47:45Z Monospaced 75295 Ordinar ower ordinair 926755 wikitext text/x-wiki {{itheruises|Scots fowk|Scots leid (disambiguation)}} {{Distinguish|Scots Inglis|Scots Gaelic}} {{Infobox leid |name=Scots |nativename=(''Braid'') ''Scots'', ''Lallans'' |states= [[Unitit Kinrick]], [[Republic o Ireland]] |region=Scotland: [[Scots Lawlands]], [[Northren Isles]], [[Caithness]], [[Isle o Arran|Arran]] an [[Cammeltoun]]<br>Ulster (Ireland): [[Coonties o Ireland|Coonties]] [[Coonty Doun|Doun]], [[Coonty Antrim|Antrim]], [[Coonty Derry|Derry]] an [[Coonty Donegal|Donegal]] |speakers=1,508,540 able tae spik Scots |date=2022 |ref=<ref name="govscots">{{cite web |title=Scots |url=https://www.gov.scot/policies/languages/scots/ |publisher=Scottish Government |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> |speakers2=2,444,659 wi some skill in Scots (2022)<ref name="govscots" /><br>In the 2011 census, mair nor 1.5 million fowk said they coud spik Scots.<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=Languages |url=https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/census-results/at-a-glance/languages/ |website=Scotland's Census |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> |familycolor=Indo-European |fam2=[[Germanic leids|Germanic]] |fam3=[[Wast Germanic leids|Wast Germanic]] |fam4=[[Anglo-Frisie leids|Anglo-Frisie]] |fam5=[[Anglic leids|Anglic]] |ancestor=[[Auld Inglis]] |ancestor2=[[Middle Inglis leid|Middle Inglis]] |ancestor3=[[Early Scots]] |ancestor4=[[Middle Scots]] |minority=[[Northren Ireland]] (as [[Ulster Scots leid|Ulster Scots]]) |nation=[[Scotland]] (official status syne 30 November 2025)<ref name="SLA2025">{{cite web |title=Scottish Languages Act 2025, section 33 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/asp/2025/10/part/2/chapter/1 |website=legislation.gov.uk |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref><ref name="Scottish official languages">{{Cite web |title=FACT: SCOTLAND'S OFFICIAL LANGUAGES ARE ENGLISH, SCOTS, GAELIC & BRITISH SIGN LANGUAGE |url=https://www.scotland.org/about-scotland/facts/scotlands-languages |access-date=March 27, 2023 |website=Scotland.org}}</ref> |agency=— [[Scotland]]: Nane, <small>altho the ''[[Dictionar o the Scots Leid]]'' carries muckle authoritie in the Scots Government's ''Partnership for a Better Scotland'' coalition agreement (2003) promises "support".</small>.<br />— [[Ireland]]: Nane, <small>altho the cross-border ''[[Boord o Ulstèr-Scotch]]'', established as an ootcome o the [[Guid Friday Agreement|''Guid Friday Greeance'']], promotes ussage.</small> |dia1=[[Central Scots|Central]] |dia2=[[Sooth Scots|Soothren]] |dia3=[[Ulster Scots leid|Ulster]] |dia4=[[Northren Scots|Northren]] |dia5=[[Insular Scots|Insular]] |script=[[Laitin script|Laitin]] |iso2=sco |iso3=sco |lingua=52-ABA-aa (varieties: <br>52-ABA-aaa to -aav) |map=Idioma escocés.png |mapcaption=Auries whaur the Scots leid wis spak in the 20t century<ref>Grant, William (1931) [http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/INTRO/map.php?num=2 Scottish National Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121173629/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/INTRO/map.php?num=2 |date=2012-01-21 }}</ref><ref>Gregg R.J. (1972) ''The Scotch-Irish Dialect Boundaries'' in Ulster in Wakelin M.F., Patterns in the Folk Speech of The British Isles, London</ref> }} '''Scots''' or '''Lawland Scots''' (Inglis: ''Scots'' or ''Lowland Scots''; {{lang-gd|Beurla Ghallta/Albais}}) is a [[Wast Germanic leids|Wast Germanic]] [[leid]] o the [[Anglic leids|Anglic]] group. It is spak in the [[Scots lawlands|Lawlands]] o [[Scotland]] an in the province o [[Ulster]] in [[Ireland]], whaur it is kent as [[Ulster Scots leid|"Ulster-Scots", "Scotch" or "Ullans"]]. In maist airts it is spak alangside [[Inglis leid|Inglis]]. Historically it wis kent as "[[Lallans]]" or "[[Doric Scots|Doric]]", but thir terms nou uisually mean mair soothren an northren byleids respectively. Scots haes official status in Scotland syne 30 November 2025, unner section 33 o the Scottish Languages Act 2025.<ref name="SLA2025" /><ref name="govnews2025">{{cite web |title=Growing Scotland's languages |url=https://www.gov.scot/news/growing-scotlands-languages/ |publisher=Scottish Government |date=30 November 2025 |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> The [[Unitit Kinrick]] recognised it unner Pairt II o the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages when it ratified the Charter in 2001.<ref name="slccharter">{{cite web |title=The European Charter |url=https://www.scotslanguage.com/articles/node/id/250 |publisher=Scots Language Centre |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> In the 2022 census, 1,508,540 fowk said they coud spik Scots, an 2,444,659 said they coud spik, read, write or unnerstaund it.<ref name="govscots" /> == History == Up tae the 15t [[yeirhunder]], ''Scottis'' (modren form ''Scots'') wis the nem o [[Gaelic leid|Gaelic]], the [[Celtic Leids|Celtic leid]] o the auncient Scots.<ref name="dostscottis">{{cite web |title=Scottis |url=https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/dost/scottis |work=A Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> Thaim that spoke Scots cried Gaelic ''Erse'' (meanin ''Irish''). The Gaelic o Scotland is nou maistly cried Scots Gaelic, an is still spak bi some in the wastren [[Scots Hielands]] an islands. For the maist pairt Scots comes frae the Northumbrian variety o [[Auld Inglis leid|Anglo-Saxon (Auld Inglis)]], tho wi muckle influence frae the [[Auld Norse]] o the Vikings, frae [[Dutch leid|Dutch]] an Law Saxon throu troke wi (an incomers frae) the Law Kintras, an frae [[Romance leids|Romance]] leids: the Latin o the Kirk an the law, Anglo-Norman, an mibbie Parisian French acause o the [[Auld Alliance]]. Anglian spikkers were weel stablished in sooth-east Scotland bi the 7t yeirhunder: [[Edinburgh]] wis mibbie taen frae the Britons in the reign o Oswald (633–41).<ref name="dslorigins">{{cite web |last1=Macafee |first1=Caroline |last2=Aitken |first2=A. J. |title=A History of Scots to 1700: The origins and spread of Scots |url=https://dsl.ac.uk/about-scots/history-of-scots/origins/ |website=Dictionaries of the Scots Language |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> Frae the reign o [[Dauvit I, King o Scots|David I]] in 1124, Norman laundowners an thair followers, spikkin Northumbrian [[Middle Inglis leid|Middle Inglis]], were brocht intae Scotland in muckle nummers.<ref name="dslorigins" /> The earliest texts in Scots are frae the 14t yeirhunder,<ref name="dslchron">{{cite web |last1=Macafee |first1=Caroline |last2=Aitken |first2=A. J. |title=A History of Scots to 1700: Chronology |url=https://dsl.ac.uk/about-scots/history-of-scots/chronology/ |website=Dictionaries of the Scots Language |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> an the leid than didnae differ muckle frae ither northren Inglis byleids. Syne the Anglian leid o Scotland growed in its ain wey. Bi the stairt o the 16t yeirhunder fowk saw the differs atween it an the leid spak faurer sooth, an Scots spikkers begoud tae cry thair leid ''Scottis''; the earliest record o the wird in that sense is frae [[Gavin Douglas]] in 1513.<ref name="dostscottis" /> Scots haes lend-wirds frae Gaelic acause the Scots fowk haed contack wi Gaelic spikkers. Thir lend-wirds are maistly for geographical an cultural things, sic as ''clan'' an ''loch''. Lik onie livin leid, Scots haes chynged ower the years, tho it haes arguably steyed naurer tae its Anglo-Saxon springheid nor Inglis haes. Monie Scots wirds hae become pairt o Inglis an aw: ''flit, greed, eerie, cuddle, clan, stob''. == Scrieved Scots == Monie writers the nou avoid apostrophes whaur they are thocht tae shaw letters that's "missin" frae Inglis (the [[apologetic apostrophe]]). Sic letters were niver missin in Scots at aw. For example, in the 14t yeirhunder [[John Barbour|Barbour]] spelt the Scots [[cognate]] o ''taken'' as ''tane''. Wi nae ''k'' in the wird for mair nor 700 year, shawin its want wi an apostrophe coud be cried specious. The modren spellin is uisually ''taen''. Vowel nummers are frae [[A.J. Aitken|Aitken]] an the phonetics is in [[Internaitional Phonetic ABC|IPA]]. For aw the established traditional spellin conventions descrived ablo, a wheen o proposals for spellin reform were pit forrit in the 20t yeirhunder. John Corbett (2003: 260) cries the devisin o a normative orthography for Scots ane o the greatest linguistic hobbies o the past century. Writin aboot the ootcome in ''Lallans'' 57, Caroline Macafee said that spellin reform haed caaed doun the kind o standartisation that awready existit, an that spellin haed become a free-for-aw, wi the traditional model run doun an nae popular replacement, leadin tae mair spellin variation, no less. ===Consonants=== Maist consonants are for ordinar soondit sic an sae as in Inglis bit: *'''c''': {{IPA|/k/}} or {{IPA|/s/}}, as in Inglis. *'''ch''': {{IPA|/x/}},<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.499">Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.499</ref> '''gh''' an aw. Medial 'cht' micht be {{IPA|/ð/}} in Northren dialects. ''loch'', ''nicht'', ''dochter'', ''dreich'', etc. Siclike til the German "Na'''ch'''t". *'''ch''': wird initial or whaur it follaes 'r' {{IPA|/tʃ/}}. ''airch'', ''mairch'', etc. *'''ck''': at the end o a syllable<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=2306&startset=4948443&query=C&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd |title=SND: C |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703205745/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=2306&startset=4948443&query=C&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd |url-status=dead }}</ref> an whan intervocalic<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=7690&startset=20617909&query=K&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND: K |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204657/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=7690&startset=20617909&query=K&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> efter a cuttie vowel e.g. ''bick'', ''geck'', ''muckle'', ''ruck'', etc. *'''gn''': {{IPA|/n/}}. In Northren dialects {{IPA|/ɡn/}} micht kythe.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.501">Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.501</ref> *'''kn''': {{IPA|/n/}}. In Northren dialects {{IPA|/kn/}} or {{IPA|/tn/}} micht kythe.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.501"/> ''knap'' ''knee'', ''knowe'', etc. *'''ng''': is aye {{IPA|/ŋ/}}.<ref>Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.510</ref> *'''nch''': for ordinar {{IPA|/nʃ/}}.<ref>Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.500</ref> ''brainch'', ''dunch'', etc. *'''r''': {{IPA|/r/}} or {{IPA|/ɹ/}} is pronoonced in aw positions,<ref>Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.510-511</ref> i.e. [[Rhotic consonant|rhotic]]. *'''s''' or '''se''': {{IPA|/s/}} or {{IPA|/z/}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=9474&startset=33999048&query=S&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND: S |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703205657/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=9474&startset=33999048&query=S&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> *'''t''': micht be a glottal stap atween vowels or wird final.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.501"/> In Ulster dentalised soondins micht kythe an aw, even for 'd'. *'''th''': {{IPA|/ð/}} or {{IPA|/θ/}} as is Inglis. In Mid Northren varieties an intervocalic {{IPA|/ð/}} micht be soondit {{IPA|/d/}}.<ref>Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.506</ref> Initial 'th' in ''thing'', ''think'' an ''thank'', etc. micht be {{IPA|/h/}}.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.507">Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.507</ref> *'''wh''': for ordinar {{IPA|/ʍ/}}, aulder {{IPA|/xʍ/}}.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.499"/> Northren byleids hae {{IPA|/f/}} an aw.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.507"/> *'''wr''': {{IPA|/wr/}} mair aften {{IPA|/r/}} bit micht be {{IPA|/vr/}} in Northren byleids.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.507"/> ''wrack'', ''wrang'', ''write'', ''wrocht'', etc. *'''z''': {{IPA|/jɪ/}} or {{IPA|/ŋ/}}, micht kythe in some wirds as a substitute for the aulder <{{lang|ang|ȝ}}> ([[yoch]]). For example: ''brulzie'', ''gaberlunzie'' an the names ''[[Menzies]]'', ''[[Finzean]]'', ''[[Culzean]]'', ''[[Mackenzie (surname)|Mackenzie]]'' etc. (As an affcome o the want o eddication in Scots, ''Mackenzie'' is nou generally soondit wi a {{IPA|/z/}} follaein the perceived soondin o the scrieved form, as mair controversial is whiles ''Menzies''.) ===Silent letters=== *The wird final 'd' in '''nd''' an '''ld'''<ref>Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.502-503</ref> bit aften soondit in derived forms. Whiles juist 'n' an 'l' or 'n&#39;' an 'l&#39;' e.g. ''auld'' an ''haund'' etc., as in the [[Dens leid]]. *'t' in medial '''cht''' ('ch' = {{IPA|/x/}}) an '''st''' an afore final '''en'''<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.509">Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.509</ref> e.g. ''fochten'', ''thristle'' an the 't' in ''aften'' etc. an aw., as in Inglis. *'t' in wird final '''ct''' an '''pt'''<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.509"/> bit aften soondit in derived forms e.g. ''respect'' an ''accept'' etc. ===Vowels=== For a historical luikower see the [[Phonological history o Scots|Phonological history o Scots]]. The vowel system o Scots (in [[Internaitional Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]):<ref>Aitken A.J. ‘How to Pronounce Older Scots’ in ‘Bards and Makars’. Glasgow Varsity Press 1977</ref> {| class="wikitable" border="1" |- | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 8a | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 |rowspan=2 style="font-size:75%" | 1. Generally merges wi vowels 2, 4 or 8.<br> 2. Merges wi vowels 1 an 8. in central dialects<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;an vowel 2 in Northren dialects.<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;Also {{IPA|/(j)u/}} or {{IPA|/(j)ʌ/}} afore {{IPA|/k/}} an {{IPA|/x/}} dependin on dialect.<br> 3. Vocalisation tae {{IPA|/o/}} micht kythe afore {{IPA|/k/}}.<br> 4. Antrin mergers wi vowel 5. |- | cuttie {{IPA|/əi/}}<br>lang {{IPA|/aɪ/}} | {{IPA|/i/}} | {{IPA|/e, i/}}¹ | {{IPA|/e/}} | {{IPA|/o/}} | {{IPA|/u/}} | {{IPA|/ø/}}² | {{IPA|/eː/}} | {{IPA|/əi/}} | {{IPA|/oe/}} | {{IPA|/əi/}} | {{IPA|/iː/}} | {{IPA|/ɑː, ɔː/}} | {{IPA|/ʌu/}}³ | {{IPA|/ju/}} | {{IPA|/ɪ/}} | {{IPA|/ɛ/}} | {{IPA|/ɑ, a/}} | {{IPA|/ɔ/}}⁴ | {{IPA|/ʌ/}} |} In Scots, [[vouel length|vowel length]] is for ordinar conditioned bi the [[Scots Vouel Lenth Rule|Scots Vowel Lenth Rule]]. Wirds that differ juist a bittie in soondin fae [[Scots English|Scots Inglis]] are for ordinar spelt as in Inglis. Ither wirds micht be spelt the same wa bit differ in soondin, for example: ''aunt'', ''swap'', ''want'' an ''wash'' wi {{IPA|/a/}}, ''bull'', ''full'' v. an ''pull'' wi {{IPA|/ʌ/}}, ''bind'', ''find'' an ''wind'' v., etc. wi {{IPA|/ɪ/}}. *The onstrest vowel {{IPA|/ə/}} micht be shawn bi onie vowel letter. *'''a''' (vowel 17): for ordinar {{IPA|/ɑ/}}, aften {{IPA|/ɑː/}} in sooth wast an Ulster byleids,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:A 1 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703211646/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> bit {{IPA|/aː/}} in Northren byleids. Maurk final ''a'' (vowel 12) in ''awa'', ''twa'' an ''wha'' micht be {{IPA|/ɑː/}}, {{IPA|/ɔː/}}, {{IPA|/aː/}} or {{IPA|/eː/}} an aw dependin on the byleid.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:A 2 (1) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703211646/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> *'''au''', '''aw''' (vowel 12) {{IPA|/ɑː/}} or {{IPA|/ɔː/}} in Soothren, Central an Ulster byleids bit {{IPA|/aː/}} in Northren byleids, wi ''au'' for ordinar in medial positions<ref name="SND:A 4">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:A 4 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703211646/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="SND:U 2 1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:U 2 (1) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202753/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> an ''aw'' in final positions.<ref name="SND:A 4"/> Sometimes '''a''' or '''a&#39;''' representin [[L-vocalisation]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:A 2 (2) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703211646/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=9458&startset=45678332&query=W&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND W 6 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703212329/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=9458&startset=45678332&query=W&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> The digraph '''aa''' kythes an aw, specially in scrieved representations o the ({{IPA|/aː/}}) soondin in Northren an Insular byleids.<ref name="SND:U 2 1"/> The cluster 'auld' micht be {{IPA|/ʌul/}} in Ulster an aw, e.g. ''aw'', ''cauld'', ''braw'', ''faw'', ''snaw'', etc. *'''ai''' (vowel 8) in initial an medial positions<ref name="SND:A 5">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:A 5 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703211646/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> an '''a'''(consonant)'''e''' <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:A 3 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703211646/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowel 4). The graphemes '''ae'''<ref name="SND:A 5"/> (vowel 4) an '''ay''' (vowel 8) for ordinar in final positions.<ref name="SND:A 5"/><ref name="SND:E 3">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 3 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> Aw generally {{IPA|/e(ː)/}}. Aften {{IPA|/ɛ/}} afore {{IPA|/r/}}. The merger o vowel 8 wi 4 haes resultit in the digraph ''ai'' occurrin in some wirds wi vowel 4 an ''a''(consonant)''e'' occurrin in some wirds wi vowel 8, e.g. ''saip'', ''hale'', ''ane'', ''ance'', ''bane'', etc. an wird final ''brae'' an ''day'' etc. The digraph ''ae'' kythes for vowel 7 an aw in ''dae'', ''tae'' v. an ''shae''.<ref name="SND:E 3" /> In Northren byleids the vowel in the cluster 'ane' is aften {{IPA|/i/}}<ref>Grant, William; Dixon, James Main (1921) ''Manual of Modern Scots''. Cambridge, University Press. p.44</ref> an efter {{IPA|/w/}} an daurk {{IPA|/l/}} the soondin {{IPA|/əi/}} micht kythe.<ref>Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.461</ref> In Sooth Scots an monie Central an Ulster varieties ''ae'', ''ane'' an ''ance'' micht be soondit {{IPA|/jeː/}}, {{IPA|/jɪn/}} an {{IPA|/jɪns/}} aften scrieved ''yae'', ''yin'' an ''yince'' in byleid writin. *'''ea''',<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 3 (2) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''ei'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 3 (4) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowel 3), haes generally merged wi {{IPA|/i(ː)/}} (vowel 2) or {{IPA|/e(ː)/}} (vowel 4 or 8) dependin on the byleid. {{IPA|/ɛ/}} micht kythe afore {{IPA|/r/}}. In Northren varieties the soondin micht be {{IPA|/əi/}} efter {{IPA|/w/}} an {{IPA|/ʍ/}} an in the faur north {{IPA|/əi/}} micht kythe in aw environments.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.455">Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.455</ref> ''deid'', ''heid'', ''meat'', ''clear'' etc. *'''ee'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 3 (3) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowels 2 an 11), '''e'''(Consonant)'''e'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 1 (2) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowel 2). Whiles '''ei''' an '''i.e.''' wi ''ei'' for ordinar afore ''ch'' ({{IPA|/x/}}), bit in a few ither wirds an aw, an ''ie'' for ordinar afore ''l'' an ''v''. The soondin is for ordinar {{IPA|/i(ː)/}} bit in Northren varieties micht be {{IPA|/əi/}} efter {{IPA|/w/}} an {{IPA|/ʍ/}}.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.455"/> Final vowel 11 ({{IPA|/iː/}}) micht be {{IPA|/əi/}} in Soothren byleids.<ref>Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.456</ref> e.g. ''e'', ''een'', ''speir'' , ''steek'', ''here'', etc. The digraph ''ea'' kythes in a few wirds lik ''sea'' an ''tea'' an aw. *'''e'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 1 (3) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowel 16): {{IPA|/ɛ/}}. ''bed'', ''het'', ''yett'', etc. *'''eu'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 3 (5) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:U 2 (2) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202753/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowel 7 afore {{IPA|/k/}} an {{IPA|/x/}} see ''ui''): {{IPA|/(j)u/}} or {{IPA|/(j)ʌ/}} dependin on dialect. Whiles ''u''(consonant)''e''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:U 2 (4) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202753/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> Whiles ''u'' phonetically an ''oo'' efter Standart Inglis kythes an aw, e.g. ''beuk'', ''eneuch'', ''keuk'', ''leuk'', ''teuk'' etc. *'''ew''' (vowel 14): {{IPA|/ju/}}. In Northren byleids a ruit final 'ew' micht be {{IPA|/jʌu/}}. ''few'', ''new'', etc. *'''i'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=9180&startset=19388917&query=I&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:I |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204720/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=9180&startset=19388917&query=I&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (Vowel 15): {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, but aften varies atween {{IPA|/ɪ/}} an {{IPA|/ʌ/}} specially efter 'w' an 'wh'.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:U 4 (2)(ii) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202753/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{IPA|/æ/}} kythes in Ulster an aw afore voiceless consonants. ''big'', ''fit'', ''wid'', etc. *'''i'''(consonant)'''e''', '''y'''(consonant)'''e''',<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=9180&startset=19388917&query=I&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:I 3 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204720/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=9180&startset=19388917&query=I&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''ey''' (vowels 1, 8a an 10): {{IPA|/əi/}} or {{IPA|/aɪ/}}. 'ay' is for ordinar {{IPA|/e/}} bit {{IPA|/əi/}} in ''ay'' an ''aye''. In Dundee it is a kenspeckle {{IPA|/ɛ/}}. *'''o'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:O |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202201/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowel 18): {{IPA|/ɔ/}} bit aften mergin wi vowel 5 ({{IPA|/o/}}) aften spelt phonetically ''oa'' in byleid spellins lik ''boax'' (box), ''coarn'' (corn), ''Goad'' (God)''joab'' (job) an ''oan'' (on) etc.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:O 3 (1) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202201/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> *'''oa'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:O 3 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202201/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowel 5): {{IPA|/o/}}. *'''oi''', '''oy''' (vowel 9) *'''ow''',<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:O 3 (4)(ii) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202201/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''owe''' (ruit final), seendle '''ou''' (vowel 13): {{IPA|/ʌu/}}. Afore 'k' vocalisation til {{IPA|/o/}} micht kythe specially in wastren an Ulster byleids. ''bowk'', ''bowe'', ''howe'', ''knowe'', ''cowp'', ''yowe'', etc. *'''ou''' the ordinar literary spellin<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND: U 3 (4)(i) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202201/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> o vowel 6. Whiles '''u'''(consonant)'''e''' in some wirds: {{IPA|/u/}} the foregane aften representit bi '''oo''', a 19t century lend fae Standart Inglis.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:O 5 (1) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202201/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ruit final {{IPA|/ʌu/}} micht kythe in Soothren byleids. ''cou'', ''broun'', ''hoose'', ''moose'' etc. *'''u'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:U 4 (2) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202753/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowel 19): {{IPA|/ʌ/}}. ''but'', ''cut'', etc. *'''ui''', the ordinar literary spellin<ref name="SND:U 2 4i">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:U 2 (4)(i) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202753/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> o vowel 7 (binna afore {{IPA|/k/}} an {{IPA|/x/}} see '''eu'''), the spellin ''u''(consonant)''e'' whiles kythed, specially afore nasals,<ref name="SND:U 2 4i"/> an '''oo''' fae the spellin o Standart Inglis cognates: {{IPA|/ø/}} in conservative byleids. In pairts o [[Fife]], [[Dundee]] north [[Coonty Aintrim|Aintrim]] {{IPA|/e/}}. In Northren byleids for ordinar {{IPA|/i/}} bit {{IPA|/wi/}} efter {{IPA|/ɡ/}} an {{IPA|/k/}} aften spelt ''ee'' in byleid writin, an {{IPA|/u/}} an aw afore {{IPA|/r/}} in some airts e.g. ''fuird''. Mid Doun an Donegal byleids hae {{IPA|/i/}}. In central an north Doun byleids merger wi vowel 15 ({{IPA|/ɪ/}}) occurs whan cuttie an vowel 8 ({{IPA|/eː/}}) whan lang, aften scrieved ''ai'' in byleid writin, e.g. ''buird'', ''buit'', ''cuit'', ''fluir'', ''guid'', ''schuil'', etc. In central byleids ''uise'' v. an ''uiss'' an. (use) is {{IPA|[jeːz]}} an {{IPA|[jɪs]}}. == Some grammar features == === The definit airticle === ''The'' is bruikit afore the names o saisons, days o the week, monie nouns, illnesses, tredds, occupations, sciences an academic subjects. It's aften bruikit insteid o the indefinit airticle an insteid o a possessive pronoun an aw: ''the hairst'', ''the Wadensday'', ''awa til the kirk'', ''the nou'', ''the dei'', ''the haingles'', ''the Laitin'', ''The deuk ett the bit breid'', ''the wife'' etc. === Nouns === Nouns for ordinar eik –(''e'')''s'' for the plural bit some irregular plurals kythe: ''ee''/''een'', ''cauf''/''caur'', ''horse''/''horse'', ''cou''/''kye'', ''shae''/''shuin''. Nouns o measure an quantitie bide the same in the plural ''fower fit'', ''twa mile'', ''five pund'', ''three hunnerwecht''. Regular plurals include ''laifs'', ''leafs'', ''shelfs'' an ''wifes'', etc. === Diminutives === Diminutives wi –''ie'', ''burnie'' (''wee burn''), ''feardie''/''feartie'', ''gamie'', ''kiltie'', ''postie'', ''wifie'', ''rhodie'', an wi ''ock'', ''bittock'', ''playock'', ''sourock'' an Northren –''ag'', ''bairnag'' (''wee bairn''), ''Cheordag'', -''ockie'', ''hooseockie'', ''wifeockie'', baith is influenced bi the Scots Gaelic diminutive -''ag''. === Modal verbs === The modal verbs ''mey'', ''ocht tae'', an ''sall'' arena aften uised in Scots an this is historic, bit is whiles still fund in anglified literary Scots. ''Can'', ''shid'', an ''will/wul'' are the preferred Scots maks. Scots employs double modal maks ''He'll no can come the day'', ''A micht cud come the morn'', ''A uised tae cud dae it, but no nou''. === Praisent tense o verbs === The praisent tense o verbs ends in –''s'' in aw persons an nummers cept whan a singil personal pronoun is nex til the verb, ''Thay say he's ower wee'', ''Thaim that says he's ower wee'', ''Thir lassies says he's ower wee'' etc. ''Thay'r cummin an aw'' bit ''Five o thaim's cummin'', ''The lassies? Thay'v went'' bit ''Ma brakes haes went''. ''Thaim that cums first is served first''. ''The trees growes green in the simmer''. ''Wis'' micht can tak the steid o ''war'', but na widdershins: ''Ye were''/''wis thaur''. === Past tense o verbs === The regular past form o the verb is –(''i'')''t'' or –(''e'')''d'', gaun bi the aforegaun consonant or vowel ''hurtit'', ''skelpit'', ''Mendit'', ''kent''/''kenned'', ''cleant''/''cleaned'', ''skreived'', ''telt''/''tauld'', ''dee'd''. Some verbs hae kenspeckle maks ''greet''/''grat''/''grutten'', ''fesh''/''fuish''/''fuishen'', ''lauch''/''leuch''/''lauchen'', ''gae''/''gaed''/''gane'', ''gie''/''gied''/''gien'', ''pit''/''pat''/''pitten'', ''git''/''gat''/''gotten''. === Wird order === Scots aften haes the wird order ''He turnt oot tha licht'' an na ''He turnt tha licht oot'' an ''Gie me it'' an na ''Gie it til me''. Antrin verbs are aften uised progressive ''He wis thinkin he wad tell her'', ''He wis wantin tae tell her''. Verbs o motion micht be drappit afore an adverb or adverb phrases o motion ''Ah'm awa til ma bed'', ''That's me awa hame'', ''Ah'll intil the hoose an see him''. Participles gae tae the end o the clause mair aften nor in Inglis whaur chynge o state is implied (particular in Ulster): ''He's awfu auld gettin'', ''Ah hae ma siller chynged''. === Ordinal nummers === Ordinal nummers end wi –''t'' ''seicont'', ''fowert'', ''fift'', ''saxt'' etc. ''first'', ''Thrid''/''third''. === Adverbs === Adverbs for ordinar tak the same mak as the verb ruit or adjective specially efter verbs. ''Haein ae real guid day''. ''She's gey fauchelt''.<br /> Adverbs are shaped wi –''s'', -''lies'', ''lins'', ''gate''(''s'') an ''wey''(''s'') – ''whyls'', ''mebbes'', ''brawlies'', ''geylies'', ''aiblins'', ''airselins'', ''hauflins'', ''hidlins'', ''maistlins'', ''awgates'', ''ilkagate'', ''oniegate'', ''ilkawey'', ''onywey''(''s''), ''endweys'', ''fit weys''. === Subordinate clauses === Verbless subordinate clauses are brocht in wi, ''n'' pittin ower surpreese or skunner ''She haed tae walk the hale length o the road n her sieven month pregnant'', ''He telt me tae rin n me wi ma sair leg''. === Negation === Negation is pitten ower bi bruikin the adverb ''na'', in the North Eist ''nae'', as in ''Ah'm na cummin'', or bi bruikin the suffix –''na'' (soondin lippens oan byleid), as in ''"A dinnae ken"'', ''Thay canna come'' an ''We coudna hae telt him''. The uiss wi ''na'' is for ordinar taen foreby –''na'' wi contractabil auxiliair verbs lik –''ll'' for ''will'', or in ay nae speirins wi onie auxiliair ''He'll na come'' an ''Did he na come?'' === Relative pronoun === The relative pronoun is ''that'' (''&#39;at'' is anither mak borraed fae the Norse bit it can come aboot bi contraction) for aw persons an nummers, bit micht be drappit ''Thaur's na monie fowk'' (''that'') ''bides in that glen''. The anglified maks ''wha'', ''wham'', ''whase'', an the auld-farrant ''whilk'' is juist literary pensfuness; ''whilk'' is alanerlie bruikit efter a statement ''He said he'd tint it, whilk wis na whit we wantit tae hear''. The possessive comes aboot bi eikin '''s'' or bi bruikin an appropriate pronoun ''The wifie that's hoose gat burnt'', ''the wumman that her dochter gat mairit''; ''the men that thair boat wis tint''. The thrid adjective/adverb ''yon''/''yonder'', ''thon''/''thonder'' pynts oot something that's faur fae the spikker an the listener, ''D'ye see yon''/''thon hoose ower yonder''/''thonder?'' The plurals o ''this'' an ''that'' are ''thae'' an ''thir''. Northren byleids tak ''this'' an ''that'' for the plural ava. == Hamelt leids == Scots haes monie hamelt leids, or ''byleids''. Thir include; * [[Sooth Scots]] * [[Doric]] * [[Shetlandic]] * Urban Scots (Scots as spak in the ceeties o Aiberdeen, Edinburgh, Dundee an Glesgae) * [[Central Scots]] * Northren Scots * [[Ulster Scots]] (Spak in Northren Ireland an Coonty Donegal) == See foreby == * [[IPA chairt for Scots]] * [[Scots Language Centre]] == References == {{Reflist|30em}} * Aitken, A.J. (1977) ''How to Pronounce Older Scots'' in ''Bards and Makars''. Glasgow, Glasgow University Press. * Aitken, A. J. (1987) ''The Nuttis Schell: Essays on the Scots Language''. Aberdeen, Aberdeen University Press. ISBN 0-08-034530-1 * Caldwell, S.J.G. (1974) ''The Pronoun in Early Scots''. Helsinki, Société Néophilique. * Corbett, John; McClure, Derrick; Stuart-Smith, Jane (Editors)(2003) ''The Edinburgh Companion to Scots''. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-1596-2 * Eagle, Andy (2005) ''Wir Ain Leid''. Scots-Online. Available in full at http://www.scots-online.org/airticles/WirAinLeid.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626053426/http://www.scots-online.org/airticles/WirAinLeid.pdf |date=2008-06-26 }} * Jones, Charles (1997) ''The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language''. Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh Press. ISBN 0-7486-0754-4 * Jones, Charles (1995) ''A Language Suppressed: The pronunciation of the Scots language in the 18th century''. Edinburgh, John Donald. ISBN 0-85976-427-3 * Kingsmore, Rona K. (1995) ''Ulster Scots Speech: A Sociolinguistic Study''. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 0-8173-0711-7 * McClure, J. Derrick (1997) ''Why Scots Matters''. Edinburgh, Saltire Society. ISBN 0-85411-071-2 * McKay, Girvan (2007) ''The Scots Tongue (La skota lingvo)'', Polyglot Publications, Tullamore, Ireland. * Niven, Liz; Jackson, Robin (Eds.) (1998) ''The Scots Language: its place in education''. Watergaw Publications. ISBN 0-9529978-5-1 * Robertson, T.A.; Graham, J.J. (1991) ''Grammar and Use of the Shetland Dialect''. Lerwick, The Shetland Times Ltd. * Ross, David; Smith, Gavin D. (Editors)(1999) ''Scots-English, English-Scots Practical Dictionary''. New York, Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-7818-0779-4 * Scottish Language Dictionaries (1985) ''Concise Scots Dictionary ''. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 1-902930-01-0 * Scottish Language Dictionaries (1990) ''Scots Thesaurus''. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 1-902930-03-7 * Warrack, Alexander (Editor)(1911) ''Chambers Scots Dictionary''. Chambers. * Yound, C.P.L. (2004) ''Scots Grammar''. Scotsgate. Available in full at http://www.scotsgate.com/scotsgate01.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050911120142/http://www.scotsgate.com/scotsgate01.pdf |date=2005-09-11 }} {{Commons|Scots language}} == Freemit airtins == {{Commonscat|Scots language}} * [http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/ Dictionar o the Scots Leid – 22 volumes o Scots] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220110231/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/ |date=2008-02-20 }} * [http://www.scots-online.org/grammar/pronunci.htm#cairt Byleid cairt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070331233953/http://www.scots-online.org/grammar/pronunci.htm#cairt |date=2007-03-31 }} * [http://www.scots-online.org/grammar Scots-online] * [http://www.lallans.co.uk/ The Scots Language Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625194417/http://www.lallans.co.uk/ |date=2009-06-25 }} * [http://www.scotsdictionaries.org.uk/ Scottish Language Dictionaries Ltd.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114220539/http://www.scotsdictionaries.org.uk/ |date=2013-01-14 }} * [http://www.scuilwab.org.uk/ SLD's Scuil Wab – for bairns o aw ages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307235813/http://scuilwab.org.uk/ |date=2009-03-07 }} * [http://www.scotstext.org/ ScotsteXt]—beuks, poems an texts in Scots * [http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/wirhoose/but/wan/index.htm A Tait Wanchancie.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011192838/http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/wirhoose/but/wan/index.htm |date=2012-10-11 }} * [http://www.scots-online.org/airticles/phonetics.htm SAMPA for Scots] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030811202058/http://www.scots-online.org/airticles/phonetics.htm |date=2003-08-11 }} * [http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/5to14/specialfocus/scots/index.asp Scots in Skuils] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040811152122/http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/5to14/specialfocus/scots/index.asp |date=2004-08-11 }} * [http://www.englang.ed.ac.uk/scots.html Scots at the Varsitie] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060818225430/http://www.englang.ed.ac.uk/scots.html |date=2006-08-18 }} * [http://www.stooryduster.co.uk/ Scottish words – illustrated] * [http://www.scottishcorpus.ac.uk/ Scottish Corpus of Texts & Speech] – a multimedia corpus o Scots an Scots Inglis * [http://www.scotslanguage.com/ Scots Language Centre] * [http://wordswithoutborders.org/article/scots-the-auld-an-nobill-tung/ ''Words Without Borders'' Peter Constantine: Scots: The Auld an Nobill Tung] * [https://scotssyntaxatlas.ac.uk/ Scots Syntax Atlas] {{Germanic leids}} [[Category:Scots leid| ]] [[Category:Leids o Scotland]] [[Category:Leids o Ireland]] [[Category:Inglis leids]] [[Category:SVO leids]] j2wi9bvdbjzj5no7bn4vooevkpmmjc1 926840 926755 2026-11-08T18:50:02Z PurpleDinosaur585 129975 Sortit mair issues wi the airticle like spellins, graimmar, wird usage (e.g. aurie insteid o area). Addit a soorce frae the en version, and interleid airtins; pit in unsoorced template for the "graimmar" pairt. 926840 wikitext text/x-wiki {{itheruises|Scots fowk|Scots leid (disambiguation)}} {{Distinguish|Scots Inglis|Scots Gaelic}} {{Infobox leid |name=Scots |nativename=(''Braid'') ''Scots'', ''Lallans'' |states= [[Unitit Kinrick]], [[Republic o Ireland]] |region=Scotland: [[Scots Lawlands]], [[Northren Isles]], [[Caithness]], [[Isle o Arran|Arran]] an [[Cammeltoun]]<br>Ulster (Ireland): [[Coonties o Ireland|Coonties]] [[Coonty Doun|Doun]], [[Coonty Antrim|Antrim]], [[Coonty Derry|Derry]] an [[Coonty Donegal|Donegal]] |speakers=1,508,540 able tae spik Scots |date=2022 |ref=<ref name="govscots">{{cite web |title=Scots |url=https://www.gov.scot/policies/languages/scots/ |publisher=Scottish Government |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> |speakers2=2,444,659 wi some skill in Scots (2022)<ref name="govscots" /><br>In the 2011 census, mair nor 1.5 million fowk said they coud spik Scots.<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=Languages |url=https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/census-results/at-a-glance/languages/ |website=Scotland's Census |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> |familycolor=Indo-European |fam2=[[Germanic leids|Germanic]] |fam3=[[Wast Germanic leids|Wast Germanic]] |fam4=[[Anglo-Frisie leids|Anglo-Frisie]] |fam5=[[Anglic leids|Anglic]] |ancestor=[[Auld Inglis]] |ancestor2=[[Middle Inglis leid|Middle Inglis]] |ancestor3=[[Early Scots]] |ancestor4=[[Middle Scots]] |minority=[[Northren Ireland]] (as [[Ulster Scots leid|Ulster Scots]]) |nation=[[Scotland]] (official status syne 30 November 2025)<ref name="SLA2025">{{cite web |title=Scottish Languages Act 2025, section 33 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/asp/2025/10/part/2/chapter/1 |website=legislation.gov.uk |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref><ref name="Scottish official languages">{{Cite web |title=FACT: SCOTLAND'S OFFICIAL LANGUAGES ARE ENGLISH, SCOTS, GAELIC & BRITISH SIGN LANGUAGE |url=https://www.scotland.org/about-scotland/facts/scotlands-languages |access-date=March 27, 2023 |website=Scotland.org}}</ref> |agency=— [[Scotland]]: Nane, <small>altho the ''[[Dictionar o the Scots Leid]]'' carries muckle authoritie in the Scots Government's ''Partnership for a Better Scotland'' coalition agreement (2003) promises "support".</small>.<br />— [[Ireland]]: Nane, <small>altho the cross-border ''[[Boord o Ulstèr-Scotch]]'', established as an ootcome o the [[Guid Friday Agreement|''Guid Friday Greeance'']], promotes ussage.</small> |dia1=[[Central Scots|Central]] |dia2=[[Sooth Scots|Soothren]] |dia3=[[Ulster Scots leid|Ulster]] |dia4=[[Northren Scots|Northren]] |dia5=[[Insular Scots|Insular]] |script=[[Laitin script|Laitin]] |iso2=sco |iso3=sco |lingua=52-ABA-aa (varieties: <br>52-ABA-aaa to -aav) |map=Idioma escocés.png |mapcaption=Pairts o Scotland and Ulster whaur the Scots leid wis spak in the 20t century<ref>Grant, William (1931) [http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/INTRO/map.php?num=2 Scottish National Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121173629/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/INTRO/map.php?num=2 |date=2012-01-21 }}</ref><ref>Gregg R.J. (1972) ''The Scotch-Irish Dialect Boundaries'' in Ulster in Wakelin M.F., Patterns in the Folk Speech of The British Isles, London</ref> }} '''Scots''' or '''Lawland Scots''' (English: ''Scots'' or ''Lowland Scots''; {{lang-gd|Beurla Ghallta/Albais}}) is a [[Wast Germanic leids|Wast Germanic]] [[leid]] o the [[Anglic leids|Anglic]] group. It is spak in the [[Scots lawlands|Lawlands]] o [[Scotland]] an in the province o [[Ulster]] in [[Ireland]], whaur it is kent as [[Ulster Scots leid|"Ulster-Scots", "Scotch" or "Ullans"]]. In maist airts, it is spak alangside the [[Inglis leid|English leid.]] Historically, it wis kent as "[[Lallans]]" or "[[Doric Scots|Doric]]", but thir terms nou uisually mean mair soothren an northren byleids, respectively. Scots haes official status in Scotland syne 30 November 2025, unner section 33 o the Scottish Languages Act 2025.<ref name="SLA2025" /><ref name="govnews2025">{{cite web |title=Growing Scotland's languages |url=https://www.gov.scot/news/growing-scotlands-languages/ |publisher=Scottish Government |date=30 November 2025 |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> The [[Unitit Kinrick]] recognised it unner Pairt II o the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages whan it ratified the Charter in 2001.<ref name="slccharter">{{cite web |title=The European Charter |url=https://www.scotslanguage.com/articles/node/id/250 |publisher=Scots Language Centre |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> In the 2022 census, 1,508,540 fowk said they coud spik Scots, an 2,444,659 said they coud spik, read, write or unnerstaund it.<ref name="govscots" /> == History == Up tae the 15t [[yeirhunder]], ''Scottis'' (modren form ''Scots'') wis the nem o [[Gaelic leid|Gaelic]], the [[Celtic Leids|Celtic leid]] o the auncient Scots.<ref name="dostscottis">{{cite web |title=Scottis |url=https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/dost/scottis |work=A Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> Fowk that spoke Scots cried the Gaelic ''Erse'' (meanin ''Irish''). The Gaelic o Scotland is nou maistly cried Scottish Gaelic, an is still spak bi some in the wastren [[Scots Hielands]] an islands. For the maist pairt, Scots comes frae the Northumbrian form o [[Auld Inglis leid|Anglo-Saxon (Auld English)]], tho wi muckle influence frae the [[Auld Norse]] o the Vikings, frae [[Dutch leid|Dutch]] an Law Saxon throu troke wi (an incomers frae) the Law Kintras, an frae [[Romance leids|Romance]] leids: the Latin o the Kirk an the law, Anglo-Norman, an mibbie Parisian French acause o the [[Auld Alliance]]. Anglian spikkers were weel estaiblished in sooth-east Scotland bi the 7t yeirhunder. The name [[Edinburgh]] wis mibbie taen frae the Britons durin the reign o Oswald (633–41).<ref name="dslorigins">{{cite web |last1=Macafee |first1=Caroline |last2=Aitken |first2=A. J. |title=A History of Scots to 1700: The origins and spread of Scots |url=https://dsl.ac.uk/about-scots/history-of-scots/origins/ |website=Dictionaries of the Scots Language |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> Frae the reign o [[Dauvit I, King o Scots|David I]] in 1124, Norman laundowners an their followers, spikkin Northumbrian [[Middle Inglis leid|Middle English]], were brocht intae Scotland in muckle nummers.<ref name="dslorigins" /> The earliest texts in Scots are frae the 14t yeirhunder,<ref name="dslchron">{{cite web |last1=Macafee |first1=Caroline |last2=Aitken |first2=A. J. |title=A History of Scots to 1700: Chronology |url=https://dsl.ac.uk/about-scots/history-of-scots/chronology/ |website=Dictionaries of the Scots Language |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> an the leid than didnae differ muckle frae ither northren English byleids. Syne, the Anglian leid o Scotland growed in its ain wey. Bi the stairt o the 16t yeirhunder, fowk saw the differs atween it an the leid spak faurer sooth, an Scots spikkers begoud tae cry their leid ''Scottis''; the earliest record o the wird in that sense is frae [[Gavin Douglas]] in 1513.<ref name="dostscottis" /> Scots haes lend-wirds frae Gaelic acause the Scots fowk haed contack wi Gaelic spikkers. Thir lend-wirds are maistly for geographical an cultural things, sic as ''clan'' an ''loch''. Lik onie livin leid, Scots haes chynged ower the years, tho it haes arguably steyed naurer tae its Anglo-Saxon springheid nor English haes. Monie Scots wirds hae become pairt o Staundart English an aw: ''flit, greed, eerie, cuddle, clan, stob''. == Scrievit Scots == Monie writers the nou avoid apostrophes whaur they are thocht tae shaw letters that's "missin" frae English (the [[apologetic apostrophe]]). Sic letters were niver missin in Scots at aw. For example, in the 14t yeirhunder, [[John Barbour|Barbour]] spelt the Scots [[cognate]] o ''taken'' as ''tane''. Wi nae ''k'' in the wird for mair nor 700 year, shawin its want wi an apostrophe coud be cried specious. The modren spellin is uisually ''taen''. Vowel nummers are frae [[A.J. Aitken|Aitken]] an the phonetics is in [[Internaitional Phonetic ABC|IPA]]. For aw the established traditional spellin conventions descrived ablow, a wheen o proposals for spellin reform were pit forrit in the 20t yeirhunder. John Corbett (2003: 260) cries the devisin o a normative orthography for Scots "ane o the greatest linguistic hobbies o the past century." Writin aboot the ootcome in ''Lallans'' 57, Caroline Macafee said that spellin reform haed caaed doun the kind o standartisation that awready existit, an that spellin haed become a free-for-aw, wi the traditional model run doun an nae popular replacement, leadin tae mair spellin variation, no less.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Macafee|first=Caroline|date=2000|title=Lea the leid alane in Lallans 57|work=The Scots Language Society ISSN 1359-3587|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Consonants=== Maist consonants are for ordinar soondit sic an sae as in English bit: *'''c''': {{IPA|/k/}} or {{IPA|/s/}}, as in English. *'''ch''': {{IPA|/x/}},<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.499">Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.499</ref> '''gh''' an aw. Medial 'cht' micht be {{IPA|/ð/}} in Northren dialects. ''loch'', ''nicht'', ''dochter'', ''dreich'', etc. Similar til the German "Na'''ch'''t". *'''ch''': wird initial or whaur it follaes 'r' {{IPA|/tʃ/}}. ''airch'', ''mairch'', etc. *'''ck''': at the end o a syllable;<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=2306&startset=4948443&query=C&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd |title=SND: C |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703205745/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=2306&startset=4948443&query=C&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd |url-status=dead }}</ref> an whan intervocalic,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=7690&startset=20617909&query=K&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND: K |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204657/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=7690&startset=20617909&query=K&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> efter a cuttie vowel, e.g. ''bick'', ''geck'', ''muckle'', ''ruck'', etc. *'''gn''': {{IPA|/n/}}. In Northren dialects {{IPA|/ɡn/}} micht kythe.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.501">Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.501</ref> *'''kn''': {{IPA|/n/}}. In Northren dialects {{IPA|/kn/}} or {{IPA|/tn/}} micht kythe.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.501"/> ''knap'' ''knee'', ''knowe'', etc. *'''ng''': is aye {{IPA|/ŋ/}}.<ref>Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.510</ref> *'''nch''': for ordinar {{IPA|/nʃ/}}.<ref>Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.500</ref> ''brainch'', ''dunch'', etc. *'''r''': {{IPA|/r/}} or {{IPA|/ɹ/}} is pronoonced in aw positions,<ref>Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.510-511</ref> i.e. [[Rhotic consonant|rhotic]]. *'''s''' or '''se''': {{IPA|/s/}} or {{IPA|/z/}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=9474&startset=33999048&query=S&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND: S |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703205657/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=9474&startset=33999048&query=S&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> *'''t''': micht be a glottal stap atween vowels or wird final.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.501"/> In Ulster, dentalised soondins micht kythe an aw, even for 'd'. *'''th''': {{IPA|/ð/}} or {{IPA|/θ/}} as in English. In Mid Northren forms o Scots, an intervocalic {{IPA|/ð/}} micht be soondit {{IPA|/d/}}.<ref>Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.506</ref> Initial 'th' in ''thing'', ''think'' an ''thank'', etc. micht be {{IPA|/h/}}.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.507">Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.507</ref> *'''wh''': for ordinar {{IPA|/ʍ/}}, aulder {{IPA|/xʍ/}}.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.499"/> Northren byleids hae {{IPA|/f/}} an aw.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.507"/> *'''wr''': {{IPA|/wr/}} mair aften {{IPA|/r/}} bit micht be {{IPA|/vr/}} in Northren byleids.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.507"/> ''wrack'', ''wrang'', ''write'', ''wrocht'', etc. *'''z''': {{IPA|/jɪ/}} or {{IPA|/ŋ/}}, micht kythe in some wirds as a substitute for the aulder <{{lang|ang|ȝ}}> ([[yoch]]). For example: ''brulzie'', ''gaberlunzie'', an the names ''[[Menzies]]'', ''[[Finzean]]'', ''[[Culzean]]'', ''[[Mackenzie (surname)|Mackenzie]]'', etc. (As an affcome o the want o eddication in Scots, ''Mackenzie'' is nou generally soondit wi a {{IPA|/z/}} follaein the perceived soondin o the scrieved form, as mair controversial is whiles ''Menzies''.) ===Silent letters=== *The wird final 'd' in '''nd''' an '''ld''',<ref>Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.502-503</ref> bit aften soondit in derived forms. Whiles juist 'n' an 'l' or 'n&#39;' an 'l&#39;' e.g. ''auld'' an ''haund'' etc., as in the [[Dens leid]]. *'t' in medial '''cht''' ('ch' = {{IPA|/x/}}) an '''st''' an afore final '''en'''<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.509">Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.509</ref> e.g. ''fochten'', ''thristle'' an the 't' in ''aften'' etc. an aw., as in English. *'t' in wird final '''ct''' an '''pt''',<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.509"/> bit aften soondit in derived forms, e.g. ''respect'', an ''accept'', etc. ===Vowels=== For a historical luikower, tak a leuk at the {{Interleid airtin|Phonological history o Scots|en|Phonological_history_of_Scots}} The vowel system o Scots (in [[Internaitional Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]):<ref>Aitken A.J. ‘How to Pronounce Older Scots’ in ‘Bards and Makars’. Glasgow Varsity Press 1977</ref> {| class="wikitable" border="1" |- | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 8a | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 |rowspan=2 style="font-size:75%" | 1. Generally merges wi vowels 2, 4 or 8.<br> 2. Merges wi vowels 1 an 8. in central dialects<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;an vowel 2 in Northren dialects.<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;Also {{IPA|/(j)u/}} or {{IPA|/(j)ʌ/}} afore {{IPA|/k/}} an {{IPA|/x/}} dependin on dialect.<br> 3. Vocalisation tae {{IPA|/o/}} micht kythe afore {{IPA|/k/}}.<br> 4. Antrin mergers wi vowel 5. |- | cuttie {{IPA|/əi/}}<br>lang {{IPA|/aɪ/}} | {{IPA|/i/}} | {{IPA|/e, i/}}¹ | {{IPA|/e/}} | {{IPA|/o/}} | {{IPA|/u/}} | {{IPA|/ø/}}² | {{IPA|/eː/}} | {{IPA|/əi/}} | {{IPA|/oe/}} | {{IPA|/əi/}} | {{IPA|/iː/}} | {{IPA|/ɑː, ɔː/}} | {{IPA|/ʌu/}}³ | {{IPA|/ju/}} | {{IPA|/ɪ/}} | {{IPA|/ɛ/}} | {{IPA|/ɑ, a/}} | {{IPA|/ɔ/}}⁴ | {{IPA|/ʌ/}} |} In Scots, [[vouel length|vowel length]] is for ordinar conditioned bi the {{Interleid airtin|Scottish Vowel Lenth Rule|en|Scottish_vowel_length_rule}}. Wirds that differ juist a bittie in soondin fae [[Scots English|Scottish English]] are for ordinar spelt as they are in Staundart English. Ither wirds micht be spelt the same wey, bit differ in soondin. For example: ''aunt'', ''swap'', ''want'' an ''wash'' wi {{IPA|/a/}}, ''bull'', ''full'' v. an ''pull'' wi {{IPA|/ʌ/}}, ''bind'', ''find'' an ''wind'' v., etc. wi {{IPA|/ɪ/}}. *The onstress't vowel {{IPA|/ə/}} micht be shawn bi onie vowel letter. *'''a''' (vowel 17): for ordinar {{IPA|/ɑ/}}, aften {{IPA|/ɑː/}} in sooth wast an Ulster byleids,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:A 1 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703211646/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> bit {{IPA|/aː/}} in Northren byleids. Maurk final ''a'' (vowel 12) in ''awa'', ''twa'' an ''wha'' micht be {{IPA|/ɑː/}}, {{IPA|/ɔː/}}, {{IPA|/aː/}} or {{IPA|/eː/}} an aw dependin on the byleid.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:A 2 (1) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703211646/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> *'''au''', '''aw''' (vowel 12) {{IPA|/ɑː/}} or {{IPA|/ɔː/}} in Soothren, Central an Ulster byleids bit {{IPA|/aː/}} in Northren byleids, wi ''au'' for ordinar in medial positions<ref name="SND:A 4">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:A 4 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703211646/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="SND:U 2 1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:U 2 (1) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202753/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> an ''aw'' in final positions.<ref name="SND:A 4"/> Sometimes '''a''' or '''a&#39;''' representin [[L-vocalisation]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:A 2 (2) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703211646/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=9458&startset=45678332&query=W&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND W 6 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703212329/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=9458&startset=45678332&query=W&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> The digraph '''aa''' kythes an aw, specially in scrieved representations o the ({{IPA|/aː/}}) soondin in Northren an Insular byleids.<ref name="SND:U 2 1"/> The cluster 'auld' micht be {{IPA|/ʌul/}} in Ulster an aw, e.g. ''aw'', ''cauld'', ''braw'', ''faw'', ''snaw'', etc. *'''ai''' (vowel 8) in initial an medial positions<ref name="SND:A 5">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:A 5 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703211646/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> an '''a'''(consonant)'''e''' <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:A 3 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703211646/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowel 4). The graphemes '''ae'''<ref name="SND:A 5"/> (vowel 4) an '''ay''' (vowel 8) for ordinar in final positions.<ref name="SND:A 5"/><ref name="SND:E 3">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 3 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> Aw generally {{IPA|/e(ː)/}}. Aften {{IPA|/ɛ/}} afore {{IPA|/r/}}. The merger o vowel 8 wi 4 haes resultit in the digraph ''ai'' occurrin in some wirds wi vowel 4, an ''a''(consonant)''e'' occurrin in some wirds wi vowel 8, e.g. ''saip'', ''hale'', ''ane'', ''ance'', ''bane'', etc. an wird final ''brae'' an ''day'' etc. The digraph ''ae'' kythes for vowel 7 an aw in ''dae'', ''tae'' v. an ''shae''.<ref name="SND:E 3" /> In Northren byleids, the vowel in the cluster 'ane' is aften {{IPA|/i/}},<ref>Grant, William; Dixon, James Main (1921) ''Manual of Modern Scots''. Cambridge, University Press. p.44</ref> an efter {{IPA|/w/}} an daurk {{IPA|/l/}} the soondin {{IPA|/əi/}} micht kythe.<ref>Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.461</ref> In Sooth Scots an monie Central an Ulster varieties, ''ae'', ''ane'' an ''ance'' micht be soondit {{IPA|/jeː/}}, {{IPA|/jɪn/}} an {{IPA|/jɪns/}}, aften scrieved ''yae'', ''yin'' an ''yince'' in byleid writin. *'''ea''',<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 3 (2) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''ei'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 3 (4) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowel 3), haes generally merged wi {{IPA|/i(ː)/}} (vowel 2) or {{IPA|/e(ː)/}} (vowel 4 or 8), dependin on the byleid. {{IPA|/ɛ/}} micht kythe afore {{IPA|/r/}}. In Northren forms o Scots, the soondin micht be {{IPA|/əi/}} efter {{IPA|/w/}} an {{IPA|/ʍ/}}, an, in the faur north, {{IPA|/əi/}} micht kythe in aw environments.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.455">Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.455</ref> ''deid'', ''heid'', ''meat'', ''clear'' etc. *'''ee'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 3 (3) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowels 2 an 11), '''e'''(Consonant)'''e'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 1 (2) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowel 2). Whiles '''ei''' an '''i.e.''' wi ''ei'' for ordinar afore ''ch'' ({{IPA|/x/}}), bit in a few ither wirds an aw, an ''ie'' for ordinar afore ''l'' an ''v''. The soondin is for ordinar {{IPA|/i(ː)/}}, bit in Northren forms micht be {{IPA|/əi/}} efter {{IPA|/w/}} an {{IPA|/ʍ/}}.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.455"/> Final vowel 11 ({{IPA|/iː/}}) micht be {{IPA|/əi/}} in Soothren byleids,<ref>Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.456</ref> e.g. ''e'', ''een'', ''speir'', ''steek'', ''here'', etc. The digraph ''ea'' kythes in a few wirds lik ''sea'' an ''tea'' an aw. *'''e'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 1 (3) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowel 16): {{IPA|/ɛ/}}. ''bed'', ''het'', ''yett'', etc. *'''eu'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 3 (5) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:U 2 (2) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202753/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowel 7 afore {{IPA|/k/}} an {{IPA|/x/}} see ''ui''): {{IPA|/(j)u/}} or {{IPA|/(j)ʌ/}}, dependin on dialect. Whiles ''u''(consonant)''e''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:U 2 (4) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202753/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> Whiles ''u'' phonetically an ''oo'' efter Staundart English kythes an aw, e.g. ''beuk'', ''eneuch'', ''keuk'', ''leuk'', ''teuk'', etc. *'''ew''' (vowel 14): {{IPA|/ju/}}. In Northren byleids, a ruit final 'ew' micht be {{IPA|/jʌu/}}. ''few'', ''new'', etc. *'''i'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=9180&startset=19388917&query=I&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:I |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204720/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=9180&startset=19388917&query=I&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (Vowel 15): {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, but aften varies atween {{IPA|/ɪ/}} an {{IPA|/ʌ/}}, specially efter 'w' an 'wh'.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:U 4 (2)(ii) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202753/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{IPA|/æ/}} kythes in Ulster an aw afore voiceless consonants. ''big'', ''fit'', ''wid'', etc. *'''i'''(consonant)'''e''', '''y'''(consonant)'''e''',<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=9180&startset=19388917&query=I&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:I 3 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204720/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=9180&startset=19388917&query=I&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''ey''' (vowels 1, 8a an 10): {{IPA|/əi/}} or {{IPA|/aɪ/}}. 'ay' is for ordinar {{IPA|/e/}} bit {{IPA|/əi/}} in ''ay'' an ''aye''. In Dundee, it is a kenspeckle {{IPA|/ɛ/}}. *'''o'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:O |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202201/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowel 18): {{IPA|/ɔ/}} bit aften mergin wi vowel 5 ({{IPA|/o/}}); aften spelt phonetically ''oa'' in byleid spellins lik ''boax'' (box), ''coarn'' (corn), ''Goad'' (God)''joab'' (job) an ''oan'' (on), etc.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:O 3 (1) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202201/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> *'''oa'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:O 3 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202201/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowel 5): {{IPA|/o/}}. *'''oi''', '''oy''' (vowel 9) *'''ow''',<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:O 3 (4)(ii) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202201/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''owe''' (ruit final), seendle '''ou''' (vowel 13): {{IPA|/ʌu/}}. Afore 'k', vocalisation til {{IPA|/o/}} micht kythe, specially in wastren an Ulster byleids: ''bowk'', ''bowe'', ''howe'', ''knowe'', ''cowp'', ''yowe'', etc. *'''ou''' the ordinar literary spellin<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND: U 3 (4)(i) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202201/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> o vowel 6. Whiles '''u'''(consonant)'''e''' in some wirds: {{IPA|/u/}} the first ane aften representit bi '''oo''', a 19t century lend fae Staundart English.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:O 5 (1) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202201/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ruit final {{IPA|/ʌu/}} micht kythe in Soothren byleids. ''cou'', ''broun'', ''hoose'', ''moose'', etc. *'''u'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:U 4 (2) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202753/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowel 19): {{IPA|/ʌ/}}. ''but'', ''cut'', etc. *'''ui''', the ordinar literary spellin<ref name="SND:U 2 4i">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:U 2 (4)(i) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202753/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> o vowel 7 (binna afore {{IPA|/k/}} an {{IPA|/x/}} see '''eu'''), the spellin ''u''(consonant)''e'' whiles kythed, specially afore nasals,<ref name="SND:U 2 4i"/> an '''oo''' fae the spellin o Staundart English cognates: {{IPA|/ø/}} in conservative byleids. In pairts o [[Fife]], [[Dundee]] north [[Coonty Aintrim|Aintrim]] {{IPA|/e/}}. In Northren byleids, for ordinar {{IPA|/i/}} bit {{IPA|/wi/}} efter {{IPA|/ɡ/}} an {{IPA|/k/}}, aften spelt ''ee'' in byleid writin, an {{IPA|/u/}} an aw afore {{IPA|/r/}} in some airts, e.g. ''fuird''. Mid Doun an Donegal byleids hae {{IPA|/i/}}. In central an north Doun byleids, merger wi vowel 15 ({{IPA|/ɪ/}}) occurs whan cuttie, an vowel 8 ({{IPA|/eː/}}) whan lang, aften scrieved ''ai'' in byleid writin, e.g. ''buird'', ''buit'', ''cuit'', ''fluir'', ''guid'', ''schuil'', etc. In central byleids ''uise'' v. an ''uiss'' an. (use) is {{IPA|[jeːz]}} an {{IPA|[jɪs]}}. == Some grammar features == {{Needs Mair Soorces|pairt|date=November 2026|small=y}} === The definite airticle === ''The'' is uised afore the names o saisons, days o the week, monie nouns, troubles, tredds, occupations, sciences an academic subjects. It's aften uised insteid o the indefinite airticle as weel as insteid o a possessive pronoun: ''the hairst'', ''the Wadensday'', ''awa til the kirk'', ''the nou'', ''the dei'', ''the haingles'', ''the Laitin'', ''the deuk ett the bit breid'', ''the wife'', etc. === Nouns === Nouns for ordinar eik an –(''e'')''s'' ontae the plural, bit some irregular plurals kythe, sic as: ''ee''/''een'', ''cauf''/''caur'', ''horse''/''horse'', ''cou''/''kye'', ''shae''/''shuin''. Nouns o measure an quantity bides the same in the plural ''fower fit'', ''twa mile'', ''five pund'', ''three hunnerwecht''. Regular plurals include ''laifs'', ''leafs'', ''shelfs'' an ''wifes'', etc. === Diminutives === Diminutives wi –''ie'', ''burnie'' (''wee burn''), ''feardie''/''feartie'', ''gamie'', ''kiltie'', ''postie'', ''wifie'', ''rhodie'', an wi ''ock'', ''bittock'', ''playock'', ''sourock'' an Northren –''ag'', ''bairnag'' (''wee bairn''), ''Cheordag'', -''ockie'', ''hooseockie'', ''wifeockie''. Baith are influenced bi the Scottish Gaelic diminutive -''ag''. === Modal verbs === The modal verbs ''mey'', ''ocht tae'', an ''sall'' arena aften uised in Scots an this is historic, bit is whiles still fund in anglified literary Scots. ''Can'', ''shid'', an ''will/wul'' are the preferred Scots forms. Scots employs double modal forms: ''He'll no can come the day'', ''A micht cud come the morn'', ''A uised tae cud dae it, but no nou''. === Praisent tense o verbs === The praisent tense o verbs ends in –''s'' in aw bodies an nummers binna whan a single personal pronoun is nixt til the verb: ''They say he's ower wee'', ''Thaim that says he's ower wee'', ''Thir lassies says he's ower wee,'' etc. ''They're comin an aw'' bit, ''Five o thaim's comin'', ''The lassies? They'v went'' bit, ''Ma brakes haes went''. ''Thaim that comes first is served first''. ''The trees growes green in the simmer''. ''Wis'' micht can tak the steid o ''war'', but nae the ither wey roon: ''Ye were''/''wis there''. === Past tense o verbs === The regular past form o the verb is –(''i'')''t'' or –(''e'')''d'', gaun bi the aforegaun consonant or vowel: ''hurtit'', ''skelpit'', ''Mendit'', ''kent''/''kenned'', ''cleant''/''cleaned'', ''skreived'', ''telt''/''tauld'', ''dee'd''. Some verbs hae kenspeckle forms, sic as: ''greet''/''grat''/''grutten'', ''fesh''/''fuish''/''fuishen'', ''lauch''/''leuch''/''lauchen'', ''gae''/''gaed''/''gane'', ''gie''/''gied''/''gien'', ''pit''/''pat''/''pitten'', ''git''/''gat''/''gotten''. === Wird order === Scots aften haes the wird order ''He turnt oot the licht'' insteid o ''He turnt the licht oot'', an ''Gie me it'' insteid o ''Gie it til me''. Antrin verbs are aften uised progressive-like: ''He wis thinkin he wad tell her'', ''He wis wantin tae tell her''. Verbs o motion micht be drappit afore an adverb, or adverb phrases o motion: ''Ah'm awa til ma bed'', ''That's me awa hame'', ''Ah'll intil the hoose an see him''. Participles gae tae the end o the clause mair aften nor in English whan chynge o state is mintit (particular in Ulster): ''He's awfu auld gettin'', ''Ah hae ma siller chynged''. === Ordinal nummers === Ordinal nummers ends wi –''t'': ''saicont'', ''fowert'', ''fift'', ''saxt'' etc. ''first'', ''thrid''/''third''. === Adverbs === Adverbs maistly taks the same form as the verb ruit or adjective, specially efter verbs. For example: ''Haein ae real guid day'' an ''She's gey fauchelt''.<br /> Adverbs are shaped wi –''s'', -''lies'', ''lins'', ''gate''(''s'') an ''wey''(''s'') – ''whiles'', ''mebbes'', ''brawlies'', ''geylies'', ''aiblins'', ''airselins'', ''hauflins'', ''hidlins'', ''maistlins'', ''awgates'', ''ilkagate'', ''oniegate'', ''ilkawey'', ''onywey''(''s''), ''endweys'', ''fit weys''. === Subordinate clauses === Verbless subordinate clauses are brocht in wi an ''<nowiki/>'n','' pittin ower surpreese or scunner. For example, ''She haed tae walk the hale length o the road n her sieven month pregnant'', or ''He telt me tae rin n me wi ma sair leg''. === Negation === Negation is pitten ower bi uisin the adverb ''na''/''no'', in the Nor-East ''nae'', as in ''Ah'm no comin'', or bi uisin the suffix –''na'' or ''nae'' (the soondin depends on the byleid), as in ''A dinnae ken'', ''They canna come'' an ''We coudnae hae telt him''. The uiss wi ''na'' is for ordinar taen foreby –''na'' wi contractable auxiliary verbs lik –''ll'' for ''will'', or in ay-nae quastions wi onie auxiliary. For example: ''He'll nae come'' an ''Did he nae come?'' === Relative pronoun === The relative pronoun is ''that'' (''&#39;at'' is anither form that wis borraed fae the Norse, bit it can come aboot throu contraction) for aw bodies an nummers, bit micht be drappit. For example: ''There's nae monie fowk'' (''that'') ''bides in that glen''. The anglified forms ''wha'', ''wham'', ''whase'', an the auld-farrant ''whilk'', is juist literary pensefuness; ''whilk'' is allenarly uised efter a statement. For example: ''He said he'd tint it, whilk wisna whit we wantit tae hear''. The possessive comes aboot bi eikin an '''s'', or bi uisin an appropriate pronoun. For example: ''The wifie that's hoose gat burnt'', ''the wumman that her dochter gat mairriet''; ''the men that their boat wis tint''. The thrid adjective/adverb ''yon''/''yonder'', ''thon''/''thonder'' pynts oot something that's faur fae the spikker an the listener: ''D'ye see yon''/''thon hoose ower yonder''/''thonder?'' The plurals o ''this'' an ''that'' are ''thae'' an ''thir;'' northren byleids uise ''this'' an ''that'' for the plurals insteid. == Hamelt leids == Scots haes monie hamelt leids, or ''byleids.'' Amang them: * [[Sooth Scots]] * [[Doric]] * [[Shetlandic]] * Urban Scots (Scots as spak in the ceeties o Aiberdeen, Edinburgh, Dundee an Glesgae) * [[Central Scots]] * Northren Scots * [[Ulster Scots]] (Spak in Northren Ireland an Coonty Donegal) == See foreby == * [[IPA chairt for Scots]] * [[Scots Language Centre]] == References == {{Reflist|30em}} * Aitken, A.J. (1977) ''How to Pronounce Older Scots'' in ''Bards and Makars''. Glasgow, Glasgow University Press. * Aitken, A. J. (1987) ''The Nuttis Schell: Essays on the Scots Language''. Aberdeen, Aberdeen University Press. ISBN 0-08-034530-1 * Caldwell, S.J.G. (1974) ''The Pronoun in Early Scots''. Helsinki, Société Néophilique. * Corbett, John; McClure, Derrick; Stuart-Smith, Jane (Editors)(2003) ''The Edinburgh Companion to Scots''. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-1596-2 * Eagle, Andy (2005) ''Wir Ain Leid''. Scots-Online. Available in full at http://www.scots-online.org/airticles/WirAinLeid.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626053426/http://www.scots-online.org/airticles/WirAinLeid.pdf |date=2008-06-26 }} * Jones, Charles (1997) ''The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language''. Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh Press. ISBN 0-7486-0754-4 * Jones, Charles (1995) ''A Language Suppressed: The pronunciation of the Scots language in the 18th century''. Edinburgh, John Donald. ISBN 0-85976-427-3 * Kingsmore, Rona K. (1995) ''Ulster Scots Speech: A Sociolinguistic Study''. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 0-8173-0711-7 * McClure, J. Derrick (1997) ''Why Scots Matters''. Edinburgh, Saltire Society. ISBN 0-85411-071-2 * McKay, Girvan (2007) ''The Scots Tongue (La skota lingvo)'', Polyglot Publications, Tullamore, Ireland. * Niven, Liz; Jackson, Robin (Eds.) (1998) ''The Scots Language: its place in education''. Watergaw Publications. ISBN 0-9529978-5-1 * Robertson, T.A.; Graham, J.J. (1991) ''Grammar and Use of the Shetland Dialect''. Lerwick, The Shetland Times Ltd. * Ross, David; Smith, Gavin D. (Editors)(1999) ''Scots-English, English-Scots Practical Dictionary''. New York, Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-7818-0779-4 * Scottish Language Dictionaries (1985) ''Concise Scots Dictionary ''. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 1-902930-01-0 * Scottish Language Dictionaries (1990) ''Scots Thesaurus''. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 1-902930-03-7 * Warrack, Alexander (Editor)(1911) ''Chambers Scots Dictionary''. Chambers. * Yound, C.P.L. (2004) ''Scots Grammar''. Scotsgate. Available in full at http://www.scotsgate.com/scotsgate01.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050911120142/http://www.scotsgate.com/scotsgate01.pdf |date=2005-09-11 }} {{Commons|Scots language}} == Freemit airtins == {{Commonscat|Scots language}} * [http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/ Dictionar o the Scots Leid – 22 volumes o Scots] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220110231/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/ |date=2008-02-20 }} * [http://www.scots-online.org/grammar/pronunci.htm#cairt Byleid cairt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070331233953/http://www.scots-online.org/grammar/pronunci.htm#cairt |date=2007-03-31 }} * [http://www.scots-online.org/grammar Scots-online] * [http://www.lallans.co.uk/ The Scots Language Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625194417/http://www.lallans.co.uk/ |date=2009-06-25 }} * [http://www.scotsdictionaries.org.uk/ Scottish Language Dictionaries Ltd.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114220539/http://www.scotsdictionaries.org.uk/ |date=2013-01-14 }} * [http://www.scuilwab.org.uk/ SLD's Scuil Wab – for bairns o aw ages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307235813/http://scuilwab.org.uk/ |date=2009-03-07 }} * [http://www.scotstext.org/ ScotsteXt]—beuks, poems an texts in Scots * [http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/wirhoose/but/wan/index.htm A Tait Wanchancie.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011192838/http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/wirhoose/but/wan/index.htm |date=2012-10-11 }} * [http://www.scots-online.org/airticles/phonetics.htm SAMPA for Scots] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030811202058/http://www.scots-online.org/airticles/phonetics.htm |date=2003-08-11 }} * [http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/5to14/specialfocus/scots/index.asp Scots in Skuils] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040811152122/http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/5to14/specialfocus/scots/index.asp |date=2004-08-11 }} * [http://www.englang.ed.ac.uk/scots.html Scots at the Varsitie] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060818225430/http://www.englang.ed.ac.uk/scots.html |date=2006-08-18 }} * [http://www.stooryduster.co.uk/ Scottish words – illustrated] * [http://www.scottishcorpus.ac.uk/ Scottish Corpus of Texts & Speech] – a multimedia corpus o Scots an Scots English * [http://www.scotslanguage.com/ Scots Language Centre] * [http://wordswithoutborders.org/article/scots-the-auld-an-nobill-tung/ ''Words Without Borders'' Peter Constantine: Scots: The Auld an Nobill Tung] * [https://scotssyntaxatlas.ac.uk/ Scots Syntax Atlas] {{Germanic leids}} [[Category:Scots leid| ]] [[Category:Leids o Scotland]] [[Category:Leids o Ireland]] [[Category:Inglis leids]] [[Category:SVO leids]] c9u1fqr7vqryp7rs1hyct1f16lhi182 926846 926840 2026-11-08T18:53:05Z PurpleDinosaur585 129975 926846 wikitext text/x-wiki {{itheruises|Scots fowk|Scots leid (disambiguation)}} {{Distinguish|Scots Inglis|Scots Gaelic}} {{Infobox leid |name=Scots |nativename=(''Braid'') ''Scots'', ''Lallans'' |states= [[Unitit Kinrick]], [[Republic o Ireland]] |region=Scotland: [[Scots Lawlands]], [[Northren Isles]], [[Caithness]], [[Isle o Arran|Arran]] an [[Cammeltoun]]<br>Ulster (Ireland): [[Coonties o Ireland|Coonties]] [[Coonty Doun|Doun]], [[Coonty Antrim|Antrim]], [[Coonty Derry|Derry]] an [[Coonty Donegal|Donegal]] |speakers=1,508,540 able tae spik Scots |date=2022 |ref=<ref name="govscots">{{cite web |title=Scots |url=https://www.gov.scot/policies/languages/scots/ |publisher=Scottish Government |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> |speakers2=2,444,659 wi some skill in Scots (2022)<ref name="govscots" /><br>In the 2011 census, mair nor 1.5 million fowk said they coud spik Scots.<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=Languages |url=https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/census-results/at-a-glance/languages/ |website=Scotland's Census |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> |familycolor=Indo-European |fam2=[[Germanic leids|Germanic]] |fam3=[[Wast Germanic leids|Wast Germanic]] |fam4=[[Anglo-Frisie leids|Anglo-Frisie]] |fam5=[[Anglic leids|Anglic]] |ancestor=[[Auld Inglis]] |ancestor2=[[Middle Inglis leid|Middle Inglis]] |ancestor3=[[Early Scots]] |ancestor4=[[Middle Scots]] |minority=[[Northren Ireland]] (as [[Ulster Scots leid|Ulster Scots]]) |nation=[[Scotland]] (official status syne 30 November 2025)<ref name="SLA2025">{{cite web |title=Scottish Languages Act 2025, section 33 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/asp/2025/10/part/2/chapter/1 |website=legislation.gov.uk |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref><ref name="Scottish official languages">{{Cite web |title=FACT: SCOTLAND'S OFFICIAL LANGUAGES ARE ENGLISH, SCOTS, GAELIC & BRITISH SIGN LANGUAGE |url=https://www.scotland.org/about-scotland/facts/scotlands-languages |access-date=March 27, 2023 |website=Scotland.org}}</ref> |agency=— [[Scotland]]: Nane, <small>altho the ''[[Dictionar o the Scots Leid]]'' carries muckle authoritie in the Scots Government's ''Partnership for a Better Scotland'' coalition agreement (2003) promises "support".</small>.<br />— [[Ireland]]: Nane, <small>altho the cross-border ''[[Boord o Ulstèr-Scotch]]'', established as an ootcome o the [[Guid Friday Agreement|''Guid Friday Greeance'']], promotes ussage.</small> |dia1=[[Central Scots|Central]] |dia2=[[Sooth Scots|Soothren]] |dia3=[[Ulster Scots leid|Ulster]] |dia4=[[Northren Scots|Northren]] |dia5=[[Insular Scots|Insular]] |script=[[Laitin script|Laitin]] |iso2=sco |iso3=sco |lingua=52-ABA-aa (varieties: <br>52-ABA-aaa to -aav) |map=Idioma escocés.png |mapcaption=Pairts o Scotland and Ulster whaur the Scots leid wis spak in the 20t century<ref>Grant, William (1931) [http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/INTRO/map.php?num=2 Scottish National Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121173629/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/INTRO/map.php?num=2 |date=2012-01-21 }}</ref><ref>Gregg R.J. (1972) ''The Scotch-Irish Dialect Boundaries'' in Ulster in Wakelin M.F., Patterns in the Folk Speech of The British Isles, London</ref> }} '''Scots''' or '''Lawland Scots''' (English: ''Scots'' or ''Lowland Scots''; {{lang-gd|Beurla Ghallta/Albais}}) is a [[Wast Germanic leids|Wast Germanic]] [[leid]] o the [[Anglic leids|Anglic]] group. It is spak in the [[Scots lawlands|Lawlands]] o [[Scotland]] an in the province o [[Ulster]] in [[Ireland]], whaur it is kent as [[Ulster Scots leid|"Ulster-Scots", "Scotch" or "Ullans"]]. In maist airts, it is spak alangside the [[Inglis leid|English leid.]] Historically, it wis kent as "[[Lallans]]" or "[[Doric Scots|Doric]]", but thir terms nou uisually mean mair soothren an northren byleids, respectively. Scots haes official status in Scotland syne 30 November 2025, unner section 33 o the Scottish Languages Act 2025.<ref name="SLA2025" /><ref name="govnews2025">{{cite web |title=Growing Scotland's languages |url=https://www.gov.scot/news/growing-scotlands-languages/ |publisher=Scottish Government |date=30 November 2025 |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> The [[Unitit Kinrick]] recognised it unner Pairt II o the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages whan it ratified the Charter in 2001.<ref name="slccharter">{{cite web |title=The European Charter |url=https://www.scotslanguage.com/articles/node/id/250 |publisher=Scots Language Centre |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> In the 2022 census, 1,508,540 fowk said they coud spik Scots, an 2,444,659 said they coud spik, read, write or unnerstaund it.<ref name="govscots" /> == History == Up tae the 15t [[yeirhunder]], ''Scottis'' (modren form ''Scots'') wis the nem o [[Gaelic leid|Gaelic]], the [[Celtic Leids|Celtic leid]] o the auncient Scots.<ref name="dostscottis">{{cite web |title=Scottis |url=https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/dost/scottis |work=A Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> Fowk that spoke Scots cried the Gaelic ''Erse'' (meanin ''Irish''). The Gaelic o Scotland is nou maistly cried Scottish Gaelic, an is still spak bi some in the wastren [[Scots Hielands]] an islands. For the maist pairt, Scots comes frae the Northumbrian form o [[Auld Inglis leid|Anglo-Saxon (Auld English)]], tho wi muckle influence frae the [[Auld Norse]] o the Vikings, frae [[Dutch leid|Dutch]] an Law Saxon throu troke wi (an incomers frae) the Law Kintras, an frae [[Romance leids|Romance]] leids: the Latin o the Kirk an the law, Anglo-Norman, an mibbie Parisian French acause o the [[Auld Alliance]]. Anglian spikkers were weel estaiblished in sooth-east Scotland bi the 7t yeirhunder. The name [[Edinburgh]] wis mibbie taen frae the Britons durin the reign o Oswald (633–41).<ref name="dslorigins">{{cite web |last1=Macafee |first1=Caroline |last2=Aitken |first2=A. J. |title=A History of Scots to 1700: The origins and spread of Scots |url=https://dsl.ac.uk/about-scots/history-of-scots/origins/ |website=Dictionaries of the Scots Language |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> Frae the reign o [[Dauvit I, King o Scots|David I]] in 1124, Norman laundowners an their followers, spikkin Northumbrian [[Middle Inglis leid|Middle English]], were brocht intae Scotland in muckle nummers.<ref name="dslorigins" /> The earliest texts in Scots are frae the 14t yeirhunder,<ref name="dslchron">{{cite web |last1=Macafee |first1=Caroline |last2=Aitken |first2=A. J. |title=A History of Scots to 1700: Chronology |url=https://dsl.ac.uk/about-scots/history-of-scots/chronology/ |website=Dictionaries of the Scots Language |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> an the leid than didnae differ muckle frae ither northren English byleids. Syne, the Anglian leid o Scotland growed in its ain wey. Bi the stairt o the 16t yeirhunder, fowk saw the differs atween it an the leid spak faurer sooth, an Scots spikkers begoud tae cry their leid ''Scottis''; the earliest record o the wird in that sense is frae [[Gavin Douglas]] in 1513.<ref name="dostscottis" /> Scots haes lend-wirds frae Gaelic acause the Scots fowk haed contack wi Gaelic spikkers. Thir lend-wirds are maistly for geographical an cultural things, sic as ''clan'' an ''loch''. Lik onie livin leid, Scots haes chynged ower the years, tho it haes arguably steyed naurer tae its Anglo-Saxon springheid nor English haes. Monie Scots wirds hae become pairt o Staundart English an aw: ''flit, greed, eerie, cuddle, clan, stob''. == Scrievit Scots == Monie writers the nou avoid apostrophes whaur they are thocht tae shaw letters that's "missin" frae English (the [[apologetic apostrophe]]). Sic letters were niver missin in Scots at aw. For example, in the 14t yeirhunder, [[John Barbour|Barbour]] spelt the Scots [[cognate]] o ''taken'' as ''tane''. Wi nae ''k'' in the wird for mair nor 700 year, shawin its want wi an apostrophe coud be cried specious. The modren spellin is uisually ''taen''. Vowel nummers are frae [[A.J. Aitken|Aitken]] an the phonetics is in [[Internaitional Phonetic ABC|IPA]]. For aw the established traditional spellin conventions descrived ablow, a wheen o proposals for spellin reform were pit forrit in the 20t yeirhunder. John Corbett (2003: 260) cries the devisin o a normative orthography for Scots "ane o the greatest linguistic hobbies o the past century." Writin aboot the ootcome in ''Lallans'' 57, Caroline Macafee said that spellin reform haed caaed doun the kind o standartisation that awready existit, an that spellin haed become a free-for-aw, wi the traditional model run doun an nae popular replacement, leadin tae mair spellin variation, no less.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Macafee|first=Caroline|date=2000|title=Lea the leid alane in Lallans 57|work=The Scots Language Society ISSN 1359-3587|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Consonants=== Maist consonants are for ordinar soondit sic an sae as in English bit: *'''c''': {{IPA|/k/}} or {{IPA|/s/}}, as in English. *'''ch''': {{IPA|/x/}},<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.499">Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.499</ref> '''gh''' an aw. Medial 'cht' micht be {{IPA|/ð/}} in Northren dialects. ''loch'', ''nicht'', ''dochter'', ''dreich'', etc. Similar til the German "Na'''ch'''t". *'''ch''': wird initial or whaur it follaes 'r' {{IPA|/tʃ/}}. ''airch'', ''mairch'', etc. *'''ck''': at the end o a syllable;<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=2306&startset=4948443&query=C&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd |title=SND: C |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703205745/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=2306&startset=4948443&query=C&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd |url-status=dead }}</ref> an whan intervocalic,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=7690&startset=20617909&query=K&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND: K |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204657/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=7690&startset=20617909&query=K&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> efter a cuttie vowel, e.g. ''bick'', ''geck'', ''muckle'', ''ruck'', etc. *'''gn''': {{IPA|/n/}}. In Northren dialects {{IPA|/ɡn/}} micht kythe.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.501">Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.501</ref> *'''kn''': {{IPA|/n/}}. In Northren dialects {{IPA|/kn/}} or {{IPA|/tn/}} micht kythe.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.501"/> ''knap'' ''knee'', ''knowe'', etc. *'''ng''': is aye {{IPA|/ŋ/}}.<ref>Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.510</ref> *'''nch''': for ordinar {{IPA|/nʃ/}}.<ref>Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.500</ref> ''brainch'', ''dunch'', etc. *'''r''': {{IPA|/r/}} or {{IPA|/ɹ/}} is pronoonced in aw positions,<ref>Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.510-511</ref> i.e. [[Rhotic consonant|rhotic]]. *'''s''' or '''se''': {{IPA|/s/}} or {{IPA|/z/}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=9474&startset=33999048&query=S&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND: S |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703205657/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=9474&startset=33999048&query=S&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> *'''t''': micht be a glottal stap atween vowels or wird final.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.501"/> In Ulster, dentalised soondins micht kythe an aw, even for 'd'. *'''th''': {{IPA|/ð/}} or {{IPA|/θ/}} as in English. In Mid Northren forms o Scots, an intervocalic {{IPA|/ð/}} micht be soondit {{IPA|/d/}}.<ref>Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.506</ref> Initial 'th' in ''thing'', ''think'' an ''thank'', etc. micht be {{IPA|/h/}}.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.507">Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.507</ref> *'''wh''': for ordinar {{IPA|/ʍ/}}, aulder {{IPA|/xʍ/}}.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.499"/> Northren byleids hae {{IPA|/f/}} an aw.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.507"/> *'''wr''': {{IPA|/wr/}} mair aften {{IPA|/r/}} bit micht be {{IPA|/vr/}} in Northren byleids.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.507"/> ''wrack'', ''wrang'', ''write'', ''wrocht'', etc. *'''z''': {{IPA|/jɪ/}} or {{IPA|/ŋ/}}, micht kythe in some wirds as a substitute for the aulder <{{lang|ang|ȝ}}> ([[yoch]]). For example: ''brulzie'', ''gaberlunzie'', an the names ''[[Menzies]]'', ''[[Finzean]]'', ''[[Culzean]]'', ''[[Mackenzie (surname)|Mackenzie]]'', etc. (As an affcome o the want o eddication in Scots, ''Mackenzie'' is nou generally soondit wi a {{IPA|/z/}} follaein the perceived soondin o the scrieved form, as mair controversial is whiles ''Menzies''.) ===Silent letters=== *The wird final 'd' in '''nd''' an '''ld''',<ref>Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.502-503</ref> bit aften soondit in derived forms. Whiles juist 'n' an 'l' or 'n&#39;' an 'l&#39;' e.g. ''auld'' an ''haund'' etc., as in the [[Dens leid]]. *'t' in medial '''cht''' ('ch' = {{IPA|/x/}}) an '''st''' an afore final '''en'''<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.509">Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.509</ref> e.g. ''fochten'', ''thristle'' an the 't' in ''aften'' etc. an aw., as in English. *'t' in wird final '''ct''' an '''pt''',<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.509"/> bit aften soondit in derived forms, e.g. ''respect'', an ''accept'', etc. ===Vowels=== For a historical luikower, tak a leuk at the {{Interleid airtin|Phonological history o Scots|en|Phonological_history_of_Scots}} The vowel system o Scots (in [[Internaitional Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]):<ref>Aitken A.J. ‘How to Pronounce Older Scots’ in ‘Bards and Makars’. Glasgow Varsity Press 1977</ref> {| class="wikitable" border="1" |- | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 8a | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 |rowspan=2 style="font-size:75%" | 1. Generally merges wi vowels 2, 4 or 8.<br> 2. Merges wi vowels 1 an 8. in central dialects<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;an vowel 2 in Northren dialects.<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;Also {{IPA|/(j)u/}} or {{IPA|/(j)ʌ/}} afore {{IPA|/k/}} an {{IPA|/x/}} dependin on dialect.<br> 3. Vocalisation tae {{IPA|/o/}} micht kythe afore {{IPA|/k/}}.<br> 4. Antrin mergers wi vowel 5. |- | cuttie {{IPA|/əi/}}<br>lang {{IPA|/aɪ/}} | {{IPA|/i/}} | {{IPA|/e, i/}}¹ | {{IPA|/e/}} | {{IPA|/o/}} | {{IPA|/u/}} | {{IPA|/ø/}}² | {{IPA|/eː/}} | {{IPA|/əi/}} | {{IPA|/oe/}} | {{IPA|/əi/}} | {{IPA|/iː/}} | {{IPA|/ɑː, ɔː/}} | {{IPA|/ʌu/}}³ | {{IPA|/ju/}} | {{IPA|/ɪ/}} | {{IPA|/ɛ/}} | {{IPA|/ɑ, a/}} | {{IPA|/ɔ/}}⁴ | {{IPA|/ʌ/}} |} In Scots, [[vouel length|vowel length]] is for ordinar conditioned bi the {{Interleid airtin|Scottish Vowel Lenth Rule|en|Scottish_vowel_length_rule}}. Wirds that differ juist a bittie in soondin fae [[Scots English|Scottish English]] are for ordinar spelt as they are in Staundart English. Ither wirds micht be spelt the same wey, bit differ in soondin. For example: ''aunt'', ''swap'', ''want'' an ''wash'' wi {{IPA|/a/}}, ''bull'', ''full'' v. an ''pull'' wi {{IPA|/ʌ/}}, ''bind'', ''find'' an ''wind'' v., etc. wi {{IPA|/ɪ/}}. *The onstress't vowel {{IPA|/ə/}} micht be shawn bi onie vowel letter. *'''a''' (vowel 17): for ordinar {{IPA|/ɑ/}}, aften {{IPA|/ɑː/}} in sooth wast an Ulster byleids,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:A 1 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703211646/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> bit {{IPA|/aː/}} in Northren byleids. Maurk final ''a'' (vowel 12) in ''awa'', ''twa'' an ''wha'' micht be {{IPA|/ɑː/}}, {{IPA|/ɔː/}}, {{IPA|/aː/}} or {{IPA|/eː/}} an aw dependin on the byleid.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:A 2 (1) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703211646/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> *'''au''', '''aw''' (vowel 12) {{IPA|/ɑː/}} or {{IPA|/ɔː/}} in Soothren, Central an Ulster byleids bit {{IPA|/aː/}} in Northren byleids, wi ''au'' for ordinar in medial positions<ref name="SND:A 4">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:A 4 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703211646/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="SND:U 2 1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:U 2 (1) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202753/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> an ''aw'' in final positions.<ref name="SND:A 4"/> Sometimes '''a''' or '''a&#39;''' representin [[L-vocalisation]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:A 2 (2) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703211646/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=9458&startset=45678332&query=W&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND W 6 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703212329/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=9458&startset=45678332&query=W&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> The digraph '''aa''' kythes an aw, specially in scrieved representations o the ({{IPA|/aː/}}) soondin in Northren an Insular byleids.<ref name="SND:U 2 1"/> The cluster 'auld' micht be {{IPA|/ʌul/}} in Ulster an aw, e.g. ''aw'', ''cauld'', ''braw'', ''faw'', ''snaw'', etc. *'''ai''' (vowel 8) in initial an medial positions<ref name="SND:A 5">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:A 5 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703211646/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> an '''a'''(consonant)'''e''' <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:A 3 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703211646/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowel 4). The graphemes '''ae'''<ref name="SND:A 5"/> (vowel 4) an '''ay''' (vowel 8) for ordinar in final positions.<ref name="SND:A 5"/><ref name="SND:E 3">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 3 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> Aw generally {{IPA|/e(ː)/}}. Aften {{IPA|/ɛ/}} afore {{IPA|/r/}}. The merger o vowel 8 wi 4 haes resultit in the digraph ''ai'' occurrin in some wirds wi vowel 4, an ''a''(consonant)''e'' occurrin in some wirds wi vowel 8, e.g. ''saip'', ''hale'', ''ane'', ''ance'', ''bane'', etc. an wird final ''brae'' an ''day'' etc. The digraph ''ae'' kythes for vowel 7 an aw in ''dae'', ''tae'' v. an ''shae''.<ref name="SND:E 3" /> In Northren byleids, the vowel in the cluster 'ane' is aften {{IPA|/i/}},<ref>Grant, William; Dixon, James Main (1921) ''Manual of Modern Scots''. Cambridge, University Press. p.44</ref> an efter {{IPA|/w/}} an daurk {{IPA|/l/}} the soondin {{IPA|/əi/}} micht kythe.<ref>Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.461</ref> In Sooth Scots an monie Central an Ulster varieties, ''ae'', ''ane'' an ''ance'' micht be soondit {{IPA|/jeː/}}, {{IPA|/jɪn/}} an {{IPA|/jɪns/}}, aften scrieved ''yae'', ''yin'' an ''yince'' in byleid writin. *'''ea''',<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 3 (2) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''ei'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 3 (4) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowel 3), haes generally merged wi {{IPA|/i(ː)/}} (vowel 2) or {{IPA|/e(ː)/}} (vowel 4 or 8), dependin on the byleid. {{IPA|/ɛ/}} micht kythe afore {{IPA|/r/}}. In Northren forms o Scots, the soondin micht be {{IPA|/əi/}} efter {{IPA|/w/}} an {{IPA|/ʍ/}}, an, in the faur north, {{IPA|/əi/}} micht kythe in aw environments.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.455">Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.455</ref> ''deid'', ''heid'', ''meat'', ''clear'' etc. *'''ee'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 3 (3) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowels 2 an 11), '''e'''(Consonant)'''e'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 1 (2) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowel 2). Whiles '''ei''' an '''i.e.''' wi ''ei'' for ordinar afore ''ch'' ({{IPA|/x/}}), bit in a few ither wirds an aw, an ''ie'' for ordinar afore ''l'' an ''v''. The soondin is for ordinar {{IPA|/i(ː)/}}, bit in Northren forms micht be {{IPA|/əi/}} efter {{IPA|/w/}} an {{IPA|/ʍ/}}.<ref name="Johnston, Paul 1997 p.455"/> Final vowel 11 ({{IPA|/iː/}}) micht be {{IPA|/əi/}} in Soothren byleids,<ref>Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.456</ref> e.g. ''e'', ''een'', ''speir'', ''steek'', ''here'', etc. The digraph ''ea'' kythes in a few wirds lik ''sea'' an ''tea'' an aw. *'''e'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 1 (3) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowel 16): {{IPA|/ɛ/}}. ''bed'', ''het'', ''yett'', etc. *'''eu'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 3 (5) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&startset=10343167&query=E&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:U 2 (2) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202753/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowel 7 afore {{IPA|/k/}} an {{IPA|/x/}} see ''ui''): {{IPA|/(j)u/}} or {{IPA|/(j)ʌ/}}, dependin on dialect. Whiles ''u''(consonant)''e''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:U 2 (4) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202753/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> Whiles ''u'' phonetically an ''oo'' efter Staundart English kythes an aw, e.g. ''beuk'', ''eneuch'', ''keuk'', ''leuk'', ''teuk'', etc. *'''ew''' (vowel 14): {{IPA|/ju/}}. In Northren byleids, a ruit final 'ew' micht be {{IPA|/jʌu/}}. ''few'', ''new'', etc. *'''i'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=9180&startset=19388917&query=I&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:I |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204720/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=9180&startset=19388917&query=I&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (Vowel 15): {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, but aften varies atween {{IPA|/ɪ/}} an {{IPA|/ʌ/}}, specially efter 'w' an 'wh'.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:U 4 (2)(ii) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202753/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{IPA|/æ/}} kythes in Ulster an aw afore voiceless consonants. ''big'', ''fit'', ''wid'', etc. *'''i'''(consonant)'''e''', '''y'''(consonant)'''e''',<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=9180&startset=19388917&query=I&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:I 3 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204720/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=9180&startset=19388917&query=I&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''ey''' (vowels 1, 8a an 10): {{IPA|/əi/}} or {{IPA|/aɪ/}}. 'ay' is for ordinar {{IPA|/e/}} bit {{IPA|/əi/}} in ''ay'' an ''aye''. In Dundee, it is a kenspeckle {{IPA|/ɛ/}}. *'''o'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:O |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202201/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowel 18): {{IPA|/ɔ/}} bit aften mergin wi vowel 5 ({{IPA|/o/}}); aften spelt phonetically ''oa'' in byleid spellins lik ''boax'' (box), ''coarn'' (corn), ''Goad'' (God)''joab'' (job) an ''oan'' (on), etc.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:O 3 (1) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202201/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> *'''oa'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:O 3 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202201/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowel 5): {{IPA|/o/}}. *'''oi''', '''oy''' (vowel 9) *'''ow''',<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:O 3 (4)(ii) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202201/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''owe''' (ruit final), seendle '''ou''' (vowel 13): {{IPA|/ʌu/}}. Afore 'k', vocalisation til {{IPA|/o/}} micht kythe, specially in wastren an Ulster byleids: ''bowk'', ''bowe'', ''howe'', ''knowe'', ''cowp'', ''yowe'', etc. *'''ou''' the ordinar literary spellin<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND: U 3 (4)(i) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202201/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> o vowel 6. Whiles '''u'''(consonant)'''e''' in some wirds: {{IPA|/u/}} the first ane aften representit bi '''oo''', a 19t century lend fae Staundart English.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:O 5 (1) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202201/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&startset=27366693&query=O&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ruit final {{IPA|/ʌu/}} micht kythe in Soothren byleids. ''cou'', ''broun'', ''hoose'', ''moose'', etc. *'''u'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:U 4 (2) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202753/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> (vowel 19): {{IPA|/ʌ/}}. ''but'', ''cut'', etc. *'''ui''', the ordinar literary spellin<ref name="SND:U 2 4i">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:U 2 (4)(i) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202753/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&startset=44916040&query=U&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}</ref> o vowel 7 (binna afore {{IPA|/k/}} an {{IPA|/x/}} see '''eu'''), the spellin ''u''(consonant)''e'' whiles kythed, specially afore nasals,<ref name="SND:U 2 4i"/> an '''oo''' fae the spellin o Staundart English cognates: {{IPA|/ø/}} in conservative byleids. In pairts o [[Fife]], [[Dundee]] north [[Coonty Aintrim|Aintrim]] {{IPA|/e/}}. In Northren byleids, for ordinar {{IPA|/i/}} bit {{IPA|/wi/}} efter {{IPA|/ɡ/}} an {{IPA|/k/}}, aften spelt ''ee'' in byleid writin, an {{IPA|/u/}} an aw afore {{IPA|/r/}} in some airts, e.g. ''fuird''. Mid Doun an Donegal byleids hae {{IPA|/i/}}. In central an north Doun byleids, merger wi vowel 15 ({{IPA|/ɪ/}}) occurs whan cuttie, an vowel 8 ({{IPA|/eː/}}) whan lang, aften scrieved ''ai'' in byleid writin, e.g. ''buird'', ''buit'', ''cuit'', ''fluir'', ''guid'', ''schuil'', etc. In central byleids ''uise'' v. an ''uiss'' an. (use) is {{IPA|[jeːz]}} an {{IPA|[jɪs]}}. == Some grammar features == {{Needs Mair Soorces|pairt|date=November 2026|small=y}} === The definite airticle === ''The'' is uised afore the names o saisons, days o the week, monie nouns, troubles, tredds, occupations, sciences an academic subjects. It's aften uised insteid o the indefinite airticle as weel as insteid o a possessive pronoun: ''the hairst'', ''the Wadensday'', ''awa til the kirk'', ''the nou'', ''the dei'', ''the haingles'', ''the Laitin'', ''the deuk ett the bit breid'', ''the wife'', etc. === Nouns === Nouns for ordinar eik an –(''e'')''s'' ontae the plural, bit some irregular plurals kythe, sic as: ''ee''/''een'', ''cauf''/''caur'', ''horse''/''horse'', ''cou''/''kye'', ''shae''/''shuin''. Nouns o measure an quantity bides the same in the plural ''fower fit'', ''twa mile'', ''five pund'', ''three hunnerwecht''. Regular plurals include ''laifs'', ''leafs'', ''shelfs'' an ''wifes'', etc. === Diminutives === Diminutives wi –''ie'', ''burnie'' (''wee burn''), ''feardie''/''feartie'', ''gamie'', ''kiltie'', ''postie'', ''wifie'', ''rhodie'', an wi ''ock'', ''bittock'', ''playock'', ''sourock'' an Northren –''ag'', ''bairnag'' (''wee bairn''), ''Cheordag'', -''ockie'', ''hooseockie'', ''wifeockie''. Baith are influenced bi the Scottish Gaelic diminutive -''ag''. === Modal verbs === The modal verbs ''mey'', ''ocht tae'', an ''sall'' arena aften uised in Scots an this is historic, bit is whiles still fund in anglified literary Scots. ''Can'', ''shid'', an ''will/wul'' are the preferred Scots forms. Scots employs double modal forms: ''He'll no can come the day'', ''A micht cud come the morn'', ''A uised tae cud dae it, but no nou''. === Praisent tense o verbs === The praisent tense o verbs ends in –''s'' in aw bodies an nummers binna whan a single personal pronoun is nixt til the verb: ''They say he's ower wee'', ''Thaim that says he's ower wee'', ''Thir lassies says he's ower wee,'' etc. ''They're comin an aw'' bit, ''Five o thaim's comin'', ''The lassies? They'v went'' bit, ''Ma brakes haes went''. ''Thaim that comes first is served first''. ''The trees growes green in the simmer''. ''Wis'' micht can tak the steid o ''war'', but nae the ither wey roon: ''Ye were''/''wis there''. === Past tense o verbs === The regular past form o the verb is –(''i'')''t'' or –(''e'')''d'', gaun bi the aforegaun consonant or vowel: ''hurtit'', ''skelpit'', ''Mendit'', ''kent''/''kenned'', ''cleant''/''cleaned'', ''skreived'', ''telt''/''tauld'', ''dee'd''. Some verbs hae kenspeckle forms, sic as: ''greet''/''grat''/''grutten'', ''fesh''/''fuish''/''fuishen'', ''lauch''/''leuch''/''lauchen'', ''gae''/''gaed''/''gane'', ''gie''/''gied''/''gien'', ''pit''/''pat''/''pitten'', ''git''/''gat''/''gotten''. === Wird order === Scots aften haes the wird order ''He turnt oot the licht'' insteid o ''He turnt the licht oot'', an ''Gie me it'' insteid o ''Gie it til me''. Antrin verbs are aften uised progressive-like: ''He wis thinkin he wad tell her'', ''He wis wantin tae tell her''. Verbs o motion micht be drappit afore an adverb, or adverb phrases o motion: ''Ah'm awa til ma bed'', ''That's me awa hame'', ''Ah'll intil the hoose an see him''. Participles gae tae the end o the clause mair aften nor in English whan chynge o state is mintit (particular in Ulster): ''He's awfu auld gettin'', ''Ah hae ma siller chynged''. === Ordinal nummers === Ordinal nummers ends wi –''t'': ''saicont'', ''fowert'', ''fift'', ''saxt'' etc. ''first'', ''thrid''/''third''. === Adverbs === Adverbs maistly taks the same form as the verb ruit or adjective, specially efter verbs. For example: ''Haein ae real guid day'' an ''She's gey fauchelt''.<br /> Adverbs are shaped wi –''s'', -''lies'', ''lins'', ''gate''(''s'') an ''wey''(''s'') – ''whiles'', ''mebbes'', ''brawlies'', ''geylies'', ''aiblins'', ''airselins'', ''hauflins'', ''hidlins'', ''maistlins'', ''awgates'', ''ilkagate'', ''oniegate'', ''ilkawey'', ''onywey''(''s''), ''endweys'', ''fit weys''. === Subordinate clauses === Verbless subordinate clauses are brocht in wi an ''<nowiki/>'n','' pittin ower surpreese or scunner. For example, ''She haed tae walk the hale length o the road n her sieven month pregnant'', or ''He telt me tae rin n me wi ma sair leg''. === Negation === Negation is pitten ower bi uisin the adverb ''na''/''no'', in the Nor-East ''nae'', as in ''Ah'm no comin'', or bi uisin the suffix –''na'' or ''nae'' (the soondin depends on the byleid), as in ''A dinnae ken'', ''They canna come'' an ''We coudnae hae telt him''. The uiss wi ''na'' is for ordinar taen foreby –''na'' wi contractable auxiliary verbs lik –''ll'' for ''will'', or in ay-nae quastions wi onie auxiliary. For example: ''He'll nae come'' an ''Did he nae come?'' === Relative pronoun === The relative pronoun is ''that'' (''&#39;at'' is anither form that wis borraed fae the Norse, bit it can come aboot throu contraction) for aw bodies an nummers, bit micht be drappit. For example: ''There's nae monie fowk'' (''that'') ''bides in that glen''. The anglified forms ''wha'', ''wham'', ''whase'', an the auld-farrant ''whilk'', is juist literary pensefuness; ''whilk'' is allenarly uised efter a statement. For example: ''He said he'd tint it, whilk wisna whit we wantit tae hear''. The possessive comes aboot bi eikin an '''s'', or bi uisin an appropriate pronoun. For example: ''The wifie that's hoose gat burnt'', ''the wumman that her dochter gat mairriet''; ''the men that their boat wis tint''. The thrid adjective/adverb ''yon''/''yonder'', ''thon''/''thonder'' pynts oot something that's faur fae the spikker an the listener: ''D'ye see yon''/''thon hoose ower yonder''/''thonder?'' The plurals o ''this'' an ''that'' are ''thir'' an ''thae;'' northren byleids uise ''this'' an ''that'' for the plurals insteid. == Hamelt leids == Scots haes monie hamelt leids, or ''byleids.'' Amang them: * [[Sooth Scots]] * [[Doric]] * [[Shetlandic]] * Urban Scots (Scots as spak in the ceeties o Aiberdeen, Edinburgh, Dundee an Glesgae) * [[Central Scots]] * Northren Scots * [[Ulster Scots]] (Spak in Northren Ireland an Coonty Donegal) == See foreby == * [[IPA chairt for Scots]] * [[Scots Language Centre]] == References == {{Reflist|30em}} * Aitken, A.J. (1977) ''How to Pronounce Older Scots'' in ''Bards and Makars''. Glasgow, Glasgow University Press. * Aitken, A. J. (1987) ''The Nuttis Schell: Essays on the Scots Language''. Aberdeen, Aberdeen University Press. ISBN 0-08-034530-1 * Caldwell, S.J.G. (1974) ''The Pronoun in Early Scots''. Helsinki, Société Néophilique. * Corbett, John; McClure, Derrick; Stuart-Smith, Jane (Editors)(2003) ''The Edinburgh Companion to Scots''. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-1596-2 * Eagle, Andy (2005) ''Wir Ain Leid''. Scots-Online. Available in full at http://www.scots-online.org/airticles/WirAinLeid.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626053426/http://www.scots-online.org/airticles/WirAinLeid.pdf |date=2008-06-26 }} * Jones, Charles (1997) ''The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language''. Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh Press. ISBN 0-7486-0754-4 * Jones, Charles (1995) ''A Language Suppressed: The pronunciation of the Scots language in the 18th century''. Edinburgh, John Donald. ISBN 0-85976-427-3 * Kingsmore, Rona K. (1995) ''Ulster Scots Speech: A Sociolinguistic Study''. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 0-8173-0711-7 * McClure, J. Derrick (1997) ''Why Scots Matters''. Edinburgh, Saltire Society. ISBN 0-85411-071-2 * McKay, Girvan (2007) ''The Scots Tongue (La skota lingvo)'', Polyglot Publications, Tullamore, Ireland. * Niven, Liz; Jackson, Robin (Eds.) (1998) ''The Scots Language: its place in education''. Watergaw Publications. ISBN 0-9529978-5-1 * Robertson, T.A.; Graham, J.J. (1991) ''Grammar and Use of the Shetland Dialect''. Lerwick, The Shetland Times Ltd. * Ross, David; Smith, Gavin D. (Editors)(1999) ''Scots-English, English-Scots Practical Dictionary''. New York, Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-7818-0779-4 * Scottish Language Dictionaries (1985) ''Concise Scots Dictionary ''. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 1-902930-01-0 * Scottish Language Dictionaries (1990) ''Scots Thesaurus''. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 1-902930-03-7 * Warrack, Alexander (Editor)(1911) ''Chambers Scots Dictionary''. Chambers. * Yound, C.P.L. (2004) ''Scots Grammar''. Scotsgate. Available in full at http://www.scotsgate.com/scotsgate01.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050911120142/http://www.scotsgate.com/scotsgate01.pdf |date=2005-09-11 }} {{Commons|Scots language}} == Freemit airtins == {{Commonscat|Scots language}} * [http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/ Dictionar o the Scots Leid – 22 volumes o Scots] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220110231/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/ |date=2008-02-20 }} * [http://www.scots-online.org/grammar/pronunci.htm#cairt Byleid cairt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070331233953/http://www.scots-online.org/grammar/pronunci.htm#cairt |date=2007-03-31 }} * [http://www.scots-online.org/grammar Scots-online] * [http://www.lallans.co.uk/ The Scots Language Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625194417/http://www.lallans.co.uk/ |date=2009-06-25 }} * [http://www.scotsdictionaries.org.uk/ Scottish Language Dictionaries Ltd.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114220539/http://www.scotsdictionaries.org.uk/ |date=2013-01-14 }} * [http://www.scuilwab.org.uk/ SLD's Scuil Wab – for bairns o aw ages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307235813/http://scuilwab.org.uk/ |date=2009-03-07 }} * [http://www.scotstext.org/ ScotsteXt]—beuks, poems an texts in Scots * [http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/wirhoose/but/wan/index.htm A Tait Wanchancie.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011192838/http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/wirhoose/but/wan/index.htm |date=2012-10-11 }} * [http://www.scots-online.org/airticles/phonetics.htm SAMPA for Scots] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030811202058/http://www.scots-online.org/airticles/phonetics.htm |date=2003-08-11 }} * [http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/5to14/specialfocus/scots/index.asp Scots in Skuils] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040811152122/http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/5to14/specialfocus/scots/index.asp |date=2004-08-11 }} * [http://www.englang.ed.ac.uk/scots.html Scots at the Varsitie] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060818225430/http://www.englang.ed.ac.uk/scots.html |date=2006-08-18 }} * [http://www.stooryduster.co.uk/ Scottish words – illustrated] * [http://www.scottishcorpus.ac.uk/ Scottish Corpus of Texts & Speech] – a multimedia corpus o Scots an Scots English * [http://www.scotslanguage.com/ Scots Language Centre] * [http://wordswithoutborders.org/article/scots-the-auld-an-nobill-tung/ ''Words Without Borders'' Peter Constantine: Scots: The Auld an Nobill Tung] * [https://scotssyntaxatlas.ac.uk/ Scots Syntax Atlas] {{Germanic leids}} [[Category:Scots leid| ]] [[Category:Leids o Scotland]] [[Category:Leids o Ireland]] [[Category:Inglis leids]] [[Category:SVO leids]] j11gy5fh52tqyskx9unkpid0s7a637v 0 1685 926894 892666 2026-11-08T20:28:43Z Monospaced 75295 926894 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:But n ben.jpg|thumb|right|240px|The batters o the beuk ''But 'N' Ben A-Go-Go'']] '''Science fiction''' is scrievin that for ordinar taks place in the futur, an is quite weel-likit. Thare's monie forms o it sic as "Cyberpunk", "Hard Science Fiction", an "Soft Science Fiction". Monie fowk threaps that the novelle ''[[Frankenstein]]'' wis the first science feection novelle, but awtho it coud hae been the first it wisna till the "Dime Novels" o the 1920-30s, an the "pulps" o the 1950s that fowk taen tae it. [[Ray Bradbury]], [[Isaac Asimov]], [[Fred Pohl]], an [[Theodore Sturgeon]] is amang the maist kenspeckle science feection writers. An example o a science fiction novelle in the [[Scots leid]] is ''[[But'N'Ben A-Go-Go]]'' bi [[Matthew Fitt]]. {{Commonscat|Science fiction}} [[Category:Science feection| ]] {{Stub/Beuk}} 8fzvj7qbstnf8iuyqtpcof7c9f2540f 926910 926894 2026-11-08T20:41:46Z Monospaced 75295 Screivit anew frae the Inglis Wikipedia: definition, history, Scots science fiction, subgenres, film an television, awards; soorced 926910 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Culture's orbital.jpg|thumb|A 3D model o an Orbital, a muckle space habitat in [[Iain Banks|Iain M. Banks]]'s Culture novels]] '''Science fiction''' (aften cried '''sci-fi''' or '''SF''') is the [[genre]] o [[speculative fiction]] that imagines advanced an futuristic chynges in technology, scientific knawledge or livin systems. Its common themes hae growed ower the years: frae [[space exploration]], life on ither warlds, [[time travel]] an [[robot]]s, tae parallel universes, [[dystopia]]n societies an the manipulation o livin things, an, maist recently, information technology, transhumanism an environmental challenges. Science fiction aften luiks at hou fowk respond tae the consequences o sic scientific advances. The genre haes monie subgenres, amang them [[haurd science fiction]], that pits the weicht on scientific accuracy, an [[saft science fiction]], that luiks mair tae the social sciences. Science fiction haes influenced no anerly literature but an aw film, television an culture at lairge. It can criticise society the day an explore ither weys o livin, as weel as gie fowk entertainment an a ''sense o wonder''. == Definition == The genre haes lang been hard tae define. ''The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction'' (1993) gies a lang discussion o the problem.<ref name="sfe-def">{{cite encyclopedia |year=1993 |title=Definitions of SF |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Science Fiction |publisher=[[Orbit Books|Orbit]]/[[Little, Brown and Company]] |location=London |last=Stableford |first=Brian |author-link=Brian Stableford |editor=Clute, John |pages=311–314 |isbn=1-85723-124-4 |author2=Clute, John |author3=Nicholls, Peter |author3-link=Peter Nicholls (writer) |editor2=Nicholls, Peter |author2-link=John Clute}}</ref> [[Isaac Asimov]] wrote: "Science fiction can be defined as that branch of literature which deals with the reaction of human beings to changes in science and technology."<ref name="IANH">{{Cite journal |title=How Easy to See the Future! |journal=[[Natural History (magazine)|Natural History]] |last=Asimov |first=Isaac |date=April 1975|issue=4 |volume=84 |page=92 |via=Internet Archive |publisher=[[American Museum of Natural History]] |location=New York |issn=0028-0712 |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalhistory84newy/page/n379/mode/1up?view=theater}}</ref> [[Robert A. Heinlein]] cried it "realistic speculation about possible future events, based solidly on adequate knowledge of the real world, past and present, and on a thorough understanding of the nature and significance of the scientific method".<ref name="heinlein def">{{cite conference |chapter=Science Fiction: Its Nature, Faults and Virtues |book-title=The Science Fiction Novel: Imagination and Social Criticism |publisher=Advent Publishers |last=Heinlein |first=Robert A. |author2=Cyril Kornbluth |author3=Alfred Bester |author4=Robert Bloch |year=1959 |location=University of Chicago }}</ref> The writer an critic [[Damon Knight]] summed up the difficulty: "Science fiction is what we point to when we say it."<ref name="In Search of Wonder: Essays on Modern Science Fiction">{{cite book | last = Knight | first =Damon Francis | title = In Search of Wonder: Essays on Modern Science Fiction | url = https://archive.org/details/insearchofwonder00knig | url-access = registration | publisher = Advent Publishing | year =1967 | page = xiii | isbn = 978-0-911682-31-1 }}</ref> == History == === The 19t century === [[Mary Shelley]]'s ''[[Frankenstein]]'' (1818) an ''[[The Last Man (Mary Shelley novel)|The Last Man]]'' (1826) helped tae shape the science fiction novel, an [[Brian Aldiss]] argued that ''Frankenstein'' wis the first wark o science fiction.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.sfhomeworld.org/exhibits/homeworld/scifi_hof.asp?articleID=62 |title=Mary W. Shelley |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Science Fiction |first1=John |last1=Clute |first2=Peter |last2=Nicholls |name-list-style=amp |publisher=Orbit/Time Warner Book Group UK |year=1993 |access-date=17 January 2007 |archive-date=16 November 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061116075255/http://www.sfhomeworld.org/exhibits/homeworld/scifi_hof.asp?articleID=62 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Edgar Allan Poe]] wrote several stories that are seen as science fiction, amang them "The Unparalleled Adventure of One Hans Pfaall" (1835), aboot a trip tae the Muin.<ref>Tresch, John (2002). "Extra! Extra! Poe invents science fiction". In Hayes, Kevin J. The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 113–132. {{ISBN|978-0-521-79326-1}}.</ref> [[Jules Verne]] wis kent for his care wi detail an scientific accuracy, maist o aw in ''[[Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas]]'' (1870).<ref name="Roberts48">{{citation|last=Roberts |first= Adam |isbn =978-0-415-19205-7|title= Science Fiction|publisher=Routledge|location=London |year= 2000|page=48}}</ref> [[File:The War of the Worlds by Henrique Alvim Corrêa, original graphic 15.jpg|thumb|upright|An [[alien invasion]] in ''[[The War of the Worlds]]'' (1898) bi [[H. G. Wells]], drawn bi Henrique Alvim Corrêa in 1906]] Monie critics see [[H. G. Wells]] as ane o the maist important science fiction writers,<ref name="Roberts48" /> or even "the Shakespeare of science fiction".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wagar|first1=W. Warren |title=H.G. Wells: Traversing Time|date=2004|publisher=Wesleyan University Press|page=7}}</ref> His novels include ''[[The Time Machine]]'' (1895), ''The Island of Doctor Moreau'' (1896), ''The Invisible Man'' (1897) an ''[[The War of the Worlds]]'' (1898), that imagined alien invasion, biological engineering, invisibility an time travel. === The 20t century === In 1926 [[Hugo Gernsback]] stairtit the first American science fiction magazine, ''[[Amazing Stories]]''. In its first nummer he said that bi "scientifiction" he meant "the Jules Verne, H. G. Wells and Edgar Allan Poe type of story—a charming romance intermingled with scientific fact and prophetic vision".<ref>Originally published in the April 1926 issue of ''[[Amazing Stories]]''</ref><ref name="sfe-def" /> In 1937 [[John W. Campbell]] becam the editor o ''Astounding Science Fiction''; this is whiles seen as the stairt o the [[Golden Age o Science Fiction]], wi stories that celebratit scientific achievement an progress.<ref name="sf history nvcc">{{cite web |url=http://www.nvcc.edu/home/ataormina/scifi/history/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040326191128/http://nvcc.edu/home/ataormina/scifi/history/ |archive-date=26 March 2004 |title=A History of Science Fiction |first=Agatha |last=Taormina |publisher=Northern Virginia Community College |date=19 January 2005 |access-date=16 January 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Nichols |first1=Peter |last2=Ashley |first2=Mike |title=Golden Age of SF |url=https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/golden_age_of_sf |access-date=17 November 2022 |date=23 June 2021 |publisher=The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction}}</ref> In 1942 Asimov stairtit his ''[[Foundation (buik series)|Foundation]]'' series, aboot the rise an faw o galactic empires.<ref name="From Robots to Foundations" >{{cite book|last1=Codex|first1=Regius|title=From Robots to Foundations |publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform |date=2014|location=Wiesbaden/Ljubljana|isbn=978-1-4995-6982-7}}</ref> [[Theodore Sturgeon]]'s novel ''More Than Human'' (1953) luikit at the future evolution o humankind.<ref>"Time and Space", ''Hartford Courant'', 7 February 1954, p.SM19</ref> In the 1960s an 1970s, [[New Wave science fiction|New Wave]] science fiction wis kent for its experiments in form an content, an for a "literary" or "artistic" sensibility.<ref name="McGuirk">{{cite book|title=Fiction 2000|first=Carol|last=McGuirk|section=The 'New' Romancers|editor1-first=George Edgar|editor1-last=Slusser|editor2-first=T. A.|editor2-last=Shippey|publisher=University of Georgia Press|year=1992|isbn=978-0-8203-1449-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/fiction2000cyber0000unse/page/109 109–125]|url=https://archive.org/details/fiction2000cyber0000unse/page/109}}</ref> Published in 1969, ''[[The Left Hand of Darkness]]'' bi [[Ursula K. Le Guin]] is set on a planet whaur the fowk hae nae fixed gender; it is ane o the maist influential examples o social, feminist or anthropological science fiction.<ref>Stover, Leon E. "Anthropology and Science Fiction" ''Current Anthropology'', Vol. 14, No. 4 (Oct. 1973)</ref> In 1984, [[William Gibson]]'s first novel, ''[[Neuromancer]]'', gart [[cyberpunk]] catch on, alang wi the wird ''cyberspace''.<ref>Fitting, Peter (July 1991). "The Lessons of Cyberpunk". In Penley, C.; Ross, A. Technoculture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. pp. 295–315</ref> Ither science fiction writers that monie see as writers o "serious" literature include [[Ray Bradbury]], for ''[[Fahrenheit 451]]'' an ''The Martian Chronicles'',<ref name="NYT-20120606">{{cite news|last=Jonas|first=Gerald|title=Ray Bradbury, Master of Science Fiction, Dies at 91|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/07/books/ray-bradbury-popularizer-of-science-fiction-dies-at-91.html|date=6 June 2012|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=5 June 2012|archive-date=5 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405014134/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/07/books/ray-bradbury-popularizer-of-science-fiction-dies-at-91.html|url-status=live}}</ref> an [[Arthur C. Clarke]], for ''Childhood's End''.<ref>Barlowe, Wayne Douglas (1987). Barlowe's Guide to Extraterrestrials. Workman Publishing Company. {{ISBN|0-89480-500-2}}.</ref> == Subgenres == Science fiction haes lang been split intae ''haurd'' an ''saft'' kinds, dependin on hou feasible the science is.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bcls.lib.nj.us/genre-science-fiction | title=BCLS: Hard Versus Soft Science Fiction | access-date=23 August 2018 | archive-date=23 August 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823210402/https://www.bcls.lib.nj.us/genre-science-fiction | url-status=dead }}</ref> Ither subgenres include: {{columns-list|colwidth=18em| * [[Hard science fiction]] * [[Soft science fiction]] * [[Space opera]] * [[Cyberpunk]] * [[Steampunk]] * [[Dystopia]]n fiction * [[Climate fiction]] * Military science fiction * Apocalyptic an post-apocalyptic fiction }} == Film an television == The 1968 film ''[[2001: A Space Odyssey (film)|2001: A Space Odyssey]]'', directit bi [[Stanley Kubrick]] an based on stories bi [[Arthur C. Clarke]], wis faur better in scope an quality than maist science fiction films afore it, an it influenced later anes.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kazan |first=Casey |url=http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2009/07/ridley-scott-science-fiction-is-dead.html |title=Ridley Scott: "After 2001 -A Space Odyssey, Science Fiction is Dead" |publisher=Dailygalaxy.com |date=10 July 2009 |access-date= 22 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110321121445/http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2009/07/ridley-scott-science-fiction-is-dead.html |archive-date= 21 March 2011 }}</ref> The original ''[[Star Trek]]'' series, makkit bi Gene Roddenberry, first gaed oot in 1966 on NBC an ran for three seasons.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lhmw637JRgUC&pg=PA209|title=NBC: America's Network|last1=Hilmes|first1=Michele|last2=Henry|first2=Michael Lowell|date=1 August 2007|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-25079-6|language=en|access-date=28 October 2020|archive-date=4 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704184438/https://books.google.com/books?id=lhmw637JRgUC&pg=PA209|url-status=live}}</ref> == Awards == Amang the best-kent awards for science fiction are the [[Hugo Award]], gien at Worldcon an votit on bi fans,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wsfs.org/awards/|title=Awards|date=10 May 2016|website=The World Science Fiction Society|language=en-US|access-date=4 April 2019}}</ref> an the [[Nebula Award]], gien bi the Science Fiction an Fantasy Writers o America an votit on bi writers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fantasticfiction.com/awards/nebula.htm|title=Nebula Awards|website=www.fantasticfiction.com|access-date=4 April 2019|archive-date=31 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531161944/https://www.fantasticfiction.com/awards/nebula.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Scots science fiction == [[File:A Voyage to Arcturus first edition cover.jpg|thumb|The first edition o ''A Voyage to Arcturus'' (1920)]] Scots writers hae written science fiction for mair nor a century. [[Arthur Conan Doyle]]'s ''[[The Lost World (Arthur Conan Doyle novel)|The Lost World]]'' (1912) tells o an expedition tae a plateau in the Amazon whaur dinosaurs aye survive.<ref>[https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/lost_worlds Lost Worlds] in online ''Science Fiction Encyclopedia''</ref> [[David Lindsay (novelist)|David Lindsay]]'s ''[[A Voyage to Arcturus]]'' (1920) is set on an imaginary planet that circles the starn Arcturus; [[J. R. R. Tolkien]] said he read it "with avidity".<ref name=Tolkien>{{cite book |editor-last=Carpenter |editor-first=Humphrey |editor-link=Humphrey Carpenter |title=The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien|date=1981 |publisher=[[George Allen and Unwin]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-618-05699-6 |chapter=Letter 26 to Stanley Unwin, 4 March 1938 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/lettersofjrrtolk00tolk }}</ref> [[Naomi Mitchison]]'s ''[[Memoirs of a Spacewoman]]'' (1962) is kent for its views on the treatment o ither craiturs, that micht come frae Mitchison's ain views on the richts o beasts an on colonised fowk.<ref>Miller, Gavin. “Animals, Empathy, and Care in Naomi Mitchison's Memoirs of a Spacewoman.” Edinburgh Research Explorer, vol. 35, no. 2, 2008.</ref> [[Alasdair Gray]]'s ''[[Lanark (novel)|Lanark]]'' (1981) mixes realism wi dystopian, surrealist pictures o [[Glesga]], an Anthony Burgess cried Gray "the best Scottish novelist since Walter Scott".<ref>Cited in {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3DZ0qQgDjgC |title=Alasdair Gray |author=Bernstein, Steven |publisher=Bucknell University Press|year=1999|isbn=9780838754146|page=18}}</ref> [[Iain Banks]], that wrote his science fiction as Iain M. Banks, is best kent for his Culture novels; he said that his science fiction, the Culture series maist o aw, haed aye mattered deeply tae him.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/may/21/iain-banks-updates-fans-cancer |title=Iain Banks posts new update to fans on his cancer |first=Alison |last=Flood |newspaper=the Guardian |quote=Until the last few years or so, when the SF novels started to achieve something approaching parity in sales, the mainstream always out-sold the SF – on average, if my memory isn't letting me down, by a ratio of about three or four to one. I think a lot of people have assumed that the SF was the trashy but high-selling stuff... while I wrote the important, serious, non-genre literary novels. Never been the case, and I can't imagine that I'd have lied about this sort of thing, least of all as some sort of joke. The SF novels have always mattered deeply to me – the Culture series in particular – and while it might not be what people want to hear (academics especially), the mainstream subsidised the SF, not the other way round. |date=21 May 2013}}</ref> [[Ken MacLeod]], that wis born in [[Stornowa]] in 1954, is anither Scots science fiction writer.<ref name="sfsite">{{cite web |last=Raven |first=Paul |date=February 2007 |title=The New British Catastrophe |url=http://www.sfsite.com/02b/km242.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070423104925/http://www.sfsite.com/02b/km242.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 April 2007 |access-date=20 March 2012 |publisher=The SF Site}}</ref> [[Michel Faber]]'s first novel, ''[[Under the Skin (novel)|Under the Skin]]'' (2000), is set on the coast o Scotland an follaes an alien that taks human form.<ref>{{cite web |first=Nigel |last=Williamson |url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/books_group/article557935.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615182947/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/books_group/article557935.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 June 2011 |title=Alien world – interview with Michael Faber |work=The Times |date=29 January 2000 |access-date=3 November 2010 }}</ref> [[Matthew Fitt]]'s novel ''[[But'n'Ben A-Go-Go|But n Ben A-Go-Go]]'' (2000), written in Scots, wis descrived bi the Association for Scottish Literary Studies as "a fast-paced cyberpunk thriller" that, "with its groundbreaking use of the Scots language, it challenges orthodoxies".<ref>{{cite web |last=Robinson |first=Christine |title=Scotnote 22: But n Ben A-Go-Go |url=https://asls.org.uk/sn22/ |publisher=Association for Scottish Literary Studies |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-948877-67-4 |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat|Science fiction}} [[Category:Science feection| ]] [[Category:Genres]] [[Category:Fiction]] 0y2ndmlzk7sprm1diy1gq0k1iqc5s56 926912 926910 2026-11-08T20:43:45Z Monospaced 75295 Charles Stross addit, soorced 926912 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Culture's orbital.jpg|thumb|A 3D model o an Orbital, a muckle space habitat in [[Iain Banks|Iain M. Banks]]'s Culture novels]] '''Science fiction''' (aften cried '''sci-fi''' or '''SF''') is the [[genre]] o [[speculative fiction]] that imagines advanced an futuristic chynges in technology, scientific knawledge or livin systems. Its common themes hae growed ower the years: frae [[space exploration]], life on ither warlds, [[time travel]] an [[robot]]s, tae parallel universes, [[dystopia]]n societies an the manipulation o livin things, an, maist recently, information technology, transhumanism an environmental challenges. Science fiction aften luiks at hou fowk respond tae the consequences o sic scientific advances. The genre haes monie subgenres, amang them [[haurd science fiction]], that pits the weicht on scientific accuracy, an [[saft science fiction]], that luiks mair tae the social sciences. Science fiction haes influenced no anerly literature but an aw film, television an culture at lairge. It can criticise society the day an explore ither weys o livin, as weel as gie fowk entertainment an a ''sense o wonder''. == Definition == The genre haes lang been hard tae define. ''The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction'' (1993) gies a lang discussion o the problem.<ref name="sfe-def">{{cite encyclopedia |year=1993 |title=Definitions of SF |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Science Fiction |publisher=[[Orbit Books|Orbit]]/[[Little, Brown and Company]] |location=London |last=Stableford |first=Brian |author-link=Brian Stableford |editor=Clute, John |pages=311–314 |isbn=1-85723-124-4 |author2=Clute, John |author3=Nicholls, Peter |author3-link=Peter Nicholls (writer) |editor2=Nicholls, Peter |author2-link=John Clute}}</ref> [[Isaac Asimov]] wrote: "Science fiction can be defined as that branch of literature which deals with the reaction of human beings to changes in science and technology."<ref name="IANH">{{Cite journal |title=How Easy to See the Future! |journal=[[Natural History (magazine)|Natural History]] |last=Asimov |first=Isaac |date=April 1975|issue=4 |volume=84 |page=92 |via=Internet Archive |publisher=[[American Museum of Natural History]] |location=New York |issn=0028-0712 |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalhistory84newy/page/n379/mode/1up?view=theater}}</ref> [[Robert A. Heinlein]] cried it "realistic speculation about possible future events, based solidly on adequate knowledge of the real world, past and present, and on a thorough understanding of the nature and significance of the scientific method".<ref name="heinlein def">{{cite conference |chapter=Science Fiction: Its Nature, Faults and Virtues |book-title=The Science Fiction Novel: Imagination and Social Criticism |publisher=Advent Publishers |last=Heinlein |first=Robert A. |author2=Cyril Kornbluth |author3=Alfred Bester |author4=Robert Bloch |year=1959 |location=University of Chicago }}</ref> The writer an critic [[Damon Knight]] summed up the difficulty: "Science fiction is what we point to when we say it."<ref name="In Search of Wonder: Essays on Modern Science Fiction">{{cite book | last = Knight | first =Damon Francis | title = In Search of Wonder: Essays on Modern Science Fiction | url = https://archive.org/details/insearchofwonder00knig | url-access = registration | publisher = Advent Publishing | year =1967 | page = xiii | isbn = 978-0-911682-31-1 }}</ref> == History == === The 19t century === [[Mary Shelley]]'s ''[[Frankenstein]]'' (1818) an ''[[The Last Man (Mary Shelley novel)|The Last Man]]'' (1826) helped tae shape the science fiction novel, an [[Brian Aldiss]] argued that ''Frankenstein'' wis the first wark o science fiction.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.sfhomeworld.org/exhibits/homeworld/scifi_hof.asp?articleID=62 |title=Mary W. Shelley |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Science Fiction |first1=John |last1=Clute |first2=Peter |last2=Nicholls |name-list-style=amp |publisher=Orbit/Time Warner Book Group UK |year=1993 |access-date=17 January 2007 |archive-date=16 November 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061116075255/http://www.sfhomeworld.org/exhibits/homeworld/scifi_hof.asp?articleID=62 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Edgar Allan Poe]] wrote several stories that are seen as science fiction, amang them "The Unparalleled Adventure of One Hans Pfaall" (1835), aboot a trip tae the Muin.<ref>Tresch, John (2002). "Extra! Extra! Poe invents science fiction". In Hayes, Kevin J. The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 113–132. {{ISBN|978-0-521-79326-1}}.</ref> [[Jules Verne]] wis kent for his care wi detail an scientific accuracy, maist o aw in ''[[Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas]]'' (1870).<ref name="Roberts48">{{citation|last=Roberts |first= Adam |isbn =978-0-415-19205-7|title= Science Fiction|publisher=Routledge|location=London |year= 2000|page=48}}</ref> [[File:The War of the Worlds by Henrique Alvim Corrêa, original graphic 15.jpg|thumb|upright|An [[alien invasion]] in ''[[The War of the Worlds]]'' (1898) bi [[H. G. Wells]], drawn bi Henrique Alvim Corrêa in 1906]] Monie critics see [[H. G. Wells]] as ane o the maist important science fiction writers,<ref name="Roberts48" /> or even "the Shakespeare of science fiction".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wagar|first1=W. Warren |title=H.G. Wells: Traversing Time|date=2004|publisher=Wesleyan University Press|page=7}}</ref> His novels include ''[[The Time Machine]]'' (1895), ''The Island of Doctor Moreau'' (1896), ''The Invisible Man'' (1897) an ''[[The War of the Worlds]]'' (1898), that imagined alien invasion, biological engineering, invisibility an time travel. === The 20t century === In 1926 [[Hugo Gernsback]] stairtit the first American science fiction magazine, ''[[Amazing Stories]]''. In its first nummer he said that bi "scientifiction" he meant "the Jules Verne, H. G. Wells and Edgar Allan Poe type of story—a charming romance intermingled with scientific fact and prophetic vision".<ref>Originally published in the April 1926 issue of ''[[Amazing Stories]]''</ref><ref name="sfe-def" /> In 1937 [[John W. Campbell]] becam the editor o ''Astounding Science Fiction''; this is whiles seen as the stairt o the [[Golden Age o Science Fiction]], wi stories that celebratit scientific achievement an progress.<ref name="sf history nvcc">{{cite web |url=http://www.nvcc.edu/home/ataormina/scifi/history/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040326191128/http://nvcc.edu/home/ataormina/scifi/history/ |archive-date=26 March 2004 |title=A History of Science Fiction |first=Agatha |last=Taormina |publisher=Northern Virginia Community College |date=19 January 2005 |access-date=16 January 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Nichols |first1=Peter |last2=Ashley |first2=Mike |title=Golden Age of SF |url=https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/golden_age_of_sf |access-date=17 November 2022 |date=23 June 2021 |publisher=The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction}}</ref> In 1942 Asimov stairtit his ''[[Foundation (buik series)|Foundation]]'' series, aboot the rise an faw o galactic empires.<ref name="From Robots to Foundations" >{{cite book|last1=Codex|first1=Regius|title=From Robots to Foundations |publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform |date=2014|location=Wiesbaden/Ljubljana|isbn=978-1-4995-6982-7}}</ref> [[Theodore Sturgeon]]'s novel ''More Than Human'' (1953) luikit at the future evolution o humankind.<ref>"Time and Space", ''Hartford Courant'', 7 February 1954, p.SM19</ref> In the 1960s an 1970s, [[New Wave science fiction|New Wave]] science fiction wis kent for its experiments in form an content, an for a "literary" or "artistic" sensibility.<ref name="McGuirk">{{cite book|title=Fiction 2000|first=Carol|last=McGuirk|section=The 'New' Romancers|editor1-first=George Edgar|editor1-last=Slusser|editor2-first=T. A.|editor2-last=Shippey|publisher=University of Georgia Press|year=1992|isbn=978-0-8203-1449-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/fiction2000cyber0000unse/page/109 109–125]|url=https://archive.org/details/fiction2000cyber0000unse/page/109}}</ref> Published in 1969, ''[[The Left Hand of Darkness]]'' bi [[Ursula K. Le Guin]] is set on a planet whaur the fowk hae nae fixed gender; it is ane o the maist influential examples o social, feminist or anthropological science fiction.<ref>Stover, Leon E. "Anthropology and Science Fiction" ''Current Anthropology'', Vol. 14, No. 4 (Oct. 1973)</ref> In 1984, [[William Gibson]]'s first novel, ''[[Neuromancer]]'', gart [[cyberpunk]] catch on, alang wi the wird ''cyberspace''.<ref>Fitting, Peter (July 1991). "The Lessons of Cyberpunk". In Penley, C.; Ross, A. Technoculture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. pp. 295–315</ref> Ither science fiction writers that monie see as writers o "serious" literature include [[Ray Bradbury]], for ''[[Fahrenheit 451]]'' an ''The Martian Chronicles'',<ref name="NYT-20120606">{{cite news|last=Jonas|first=Gerald|title=Ray Bradbury, Master of Science Fiction, Dies at 91|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/07/books/ray-bradbury-popularizer-of-science-fiction-dies-at-91.html|date=6 June 2012|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=5 June 2012|archive-date=5 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405014134/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/07/books/ray-bradbury-popularizer-of-science-fiction-dies-at-91.html|url-status=live}}</ref> an [[Arthur C. Clarke]], for ''Childhood's End''.<ref>Barlowe, Wayne Douglas (1987). Barlowe's Guide to Extraterrestrials. Workman Publishing Company. {{ISBN|0-89480-500-2}}.</ref> == Subgenres == Science fiction haes lang been split intae ''haurd'' an ''saft'' kinds, dependin on hou feasible the science is.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bcls.lib.nj.us/genre-science-fiction | title=BCLS: Hard Versus Soft Science Fiction | access-date=23 August 2018 | archive-date=23 August 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823210402/https://www.bcls.lib.nj.us/genre-science-fiction | url-status=dead }}</ref> Ither subgenres include: {{columns-list|colwidth=18em| * [[Hard science fiction]] * [[Soft science fiction]] * [[Space opera]] * [[Cyberpunk]] * [[Steampunk]] * [[Dystopia]]n fiction * [[Climate fiction]] * Military science fiction * Apocalyptic an post-apocalyptic fiction }} == Film an television == The 1968 film ''[[2001: A Space Odyssey (film)|2001: A Space Odyssey]]'', directit bi [[Stanley Kubrick]] an based on stories bi [[Arthur C. Clarke]], wis faur better in scope an quality than maist science fiction films afore it, an it influenced later anes.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kazan |first=Casey |url=http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2009/07/ridley-scott-science-fiction-is-dead.html |title=Ridley Scott: "After 2001 -A Space Odyssey, Science Fiction is Dead" |publisher=Dailygalaxy.com |date=10 July 2009 |access-date= 22 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110321121445/http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2009/07/ridley-scott-science-fiction-is-dead.html |archive-date= 21 March 2011 }}</ref> The original ''[[Star Trek]]'' series, makkit bi Gene Roddenberry, first gaed oot in 1966 on NBC an ran for three seasons.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lhmw637JRgUC&pg=PA209|title=NBC: America's Network|last1=Hilmes|first1=Michele|last2=Henry|first2=Michael Lowell|date=1 August 2007|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-25079-6|language=en|access-date=28 October 2020|archive-date=4 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704184438/https://books.google.com/books?id=lhmw637JRgUC&pg=PA209|url-status=live}}</ref> == Awards == Amang the best-kent awards for science fiction are the [[Hugo Award]], gien at Worldcon an votit on bi fans,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wsfs.org/awards/|title=Awards|date=10 May 2016|website=The World Science Fiction Society|language=en-US|access-date=4 April 2019}}</ref> an the [[Nebula Award]], gien bi the Science Fiction an Fantasy Writers o America an votit on bi writers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fantasticfiction.com/awards/nebula.htm|title=Nebula Awards|website=www.fantasticfiction.com|access-date=4 April 2019|archive-date=31 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531161944/https://www.fantasticfiction.com/awards/nebula.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Scots science fiction == [[File:A Voyage to Arcturus first edition cover.jpg|thumb|The first edition o ''A Voyage to Arcturus'' (1920)]] Scots writers hae written science fiction for mair nor a century. [[Arthur Conan Doyle]]'s ''[[The Lost World (Arthur Conan Doyle novel)|The Lost World]]'' (1912) tells o an expedition tae a plateau in the Amazon whaur dinosaurs aye survive.<ref>[https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/lost_worlds Lost Worlds] in online ''Science Fiction Encyclopedia''</ref> [[David Lindsay (novelist)|David Lindsay]]'s ''[[A Voyage to Arcturus]]'' (1920) is set on an imaginary planet that circles the starn Arcturus; [[J. R. R. Tolkien]] said he read it "with avidity".<ref name=Tolkien>{{cite book |editor-last=Carpenter |editor-first=Humphrey |editor-link=Humphrey Carpenter |title=The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien|date=1981 |publisher=[[George Allen and Unwin]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-618-05699-6 |chapter=Letter 26 to Stanley Unwin, 4 March 1938 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/lettersofjrrtolk00tolk }}</ref> [[Naomi Mitchison]]'s ''[[Memoirs of a Spacewoman]]'' (1962) is kent for its views on the treatment o ither craiturs, that micht come frae Mitchison's ain views on the richts o beasts an on colonised fowk.<ref>Miller, Gavin. “Animals, Empathy, and Care in Naomi Mitchison's Memoirs of a Spacewoman.” Edinburgh Research Explorer, vol. 35, no. 2, 2008.</ref> [[Alasdair Gray]]'s ''[[Lanark (novel)|Lanark]]'' (1981) mixes realism wi dystopian, surrealist pictures o [[Glesga]], an Anthony Burgess cried Gray "the best Scottish novelist since Walter Scott".<ref>Cited in {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3DZ0qQgDjgC |title=Alasdair Gray |author=Bernstein, Steven |publisher=Bucknell University Press|year=1999|isbn=9780838754146|page=18}}</ref> [[Iain Banks]], that wrote his science fiction as Iain M. Banks, is best kent for his Culture novels; he said that his science fiction, the Culture series maist o aw, haed aye mattered deeply tae him.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/may/21/iain-banks-updates-fans-cancer |title=Iain Banks posts new update to fans on his cancer |first=Alison |last=Flood |newspaper=the Guardian |quote=Until the last few years or so, when the SF novels started to achieve something approaching parity in sales, the mainstream always out-sold the SF – on average, if my memory isn't letting me down, by a ratio of about three or four to one. I think a lot of people have assumed that the SF was the trashy but high-selling stuff... while I wrote the important, serious, non-genre literary novels. Never been the case, and I can't imagine that I'd have lied about this sort of thing, least of all as some sort of joke. The SF novels have always mattered deeply to me – the Culture series in particular – and while it might not be what people want to hear (academics especially), the mainstream subsidised the SF, not the other way round. |date=21 May 2013}}</ref> [[Ken MacLeod]], that wis born in [[Stornowa]] in 1954, is anither Scots science fiction writer.<ref name="sfsite">{{cite web |last=Raven |first=Paul |date=February 2007 |title=The New British Catastrophe |url=http://www.sfsite.com/02b/km242.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070423104925/http://www.sfsite.com/02b/km242.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 April 2007 |access-date=20 March 2012 |publisher=The SF Site}}</ref> [[Charles Stross]], that wis born in Leeds, bides in Edinburgh;<ref>{{cite web |title=Charles Stross: Future Vision |url=https://locusmag.com/2016/09/charles-stross-future-vision |work=Locus |date=September 2016 |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> his novella ''The Concrete Jungle'' wan the [[Hugo Award]] in 2005.<ref name=Hugo05>{{cite web|title=2005 Hugo Awards: Best Novella: The Concrete Jungle; Best Novel Nominee: Iron Sunrise |work=Official Site of The Hugo Awards |url=http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/credits/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110507072956/http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/credits/ |archive-date= 7 May 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref> [[Michel Faber]]'s first novel, ''[[Under the Skin (novel)|Under the Skin]]'' (2000), is set on the coast o Scotland an follaes an alien that taks human form.<ref>{{cite web |first=Nigel |last=Williamson |url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/books_group/article557935.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615182947/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/books_group/article557935.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 June 2011 |title=Alien world – interview with Michael Faber |work=The Times |date=29 January 2000 |access-date=3 November 2010 }}</ref> [[Matthew Fitt]]'s novel ''[[But'n'Ben A-Go-Go|But n Ben A-Go-Go]]'' (2000), written in Scots, wis descrived bi the Association for Scottish Literary Studies as "a fast-paced cyberpunk thriller" that, "with its groundbreaking use of the Scots language, it challenges orthodoxies".<ref>{{cite web |last=Robinson |first=Christine |title=Scotnote 22: But n Ben A-Go-Go |url=https://asls.org.uk/sn22/ |publisher=Association for Scottish Literary Studies |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-948877-67-4 |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat|Science fiction}} [[Category:Science feection| ]] [[Category:Genres]] [[Category:Fiction]] d0kjdfxcdjs70x70wqasevrf0ytx6an 927074 926912 2026-11-08T22:34:19Z Monospaced 75295 See an aw: Fantasy 927074 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Culture's orbital.jpg|thumb|A 3D model o an Orbital, a muckle space habitat in [[Iain Banks|Iain M. Banks]]'s Culture novels]] '''Science fiction''' (aften cried '''sci-fi''' or '''SF''') is the [[genre]] o [[speculative fiction]] that imagines advanced an futuristic chynges in technology, scientific knawledge or livin systems. Its common themes hae growed ower the years: frae [[space exploration]], life on ither warlds, [[time travel]] an [[robot]]s, tae parallel universes, [[dystopia]]n societies an the manipulation o livin things, an, maist recently, information technology, transhumanism an environmental challenges. Science fiction aften luiks at hou fowk respond tae the consequences o sic scientific advances. The genre haes monie subgenres, amang them [[haurd science fiction]], that pits the weicht on scientific accuracy, an [[saft science fiction]], that luiks mair tae the social sciences. Science fiction haes influenced no anerly literature but an aw film, television an culture at lairge. It can criticise society the day an explore ither weys o livin, as weel as gie fowk entertainment an a ''sense o wonder''. == Definition == The genre haes lang been hard tae define. ''The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction'' (1993) gies a lang discussion o the problem.<ref name="sfe-def">{{cite encyclopedia |year=1993 |title=Definitions of SF |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Science Fiction |publisher=[[Orbit Books|Orbit]]/[[Little, Brown and Company]] |location=London |last=Stableford |first=Brian |author-link=Brian Stableford |editor=Clute, John |pages=311–314 |isbn=1-85723-124-4 |author2=Clute, John |author3=Nicholls, Peter |author3-link=Peter Nicholls (writer) |editor2=Nicholls, Peter |author2-link=John Clute}}</ref> [[Isaac Asimov]] wrote: "Science fiction can be defined as that branch of literature which deals with the reaction of human beings to changes in science and technology."<ref name="IANH">{{Cite journal |title=How Easy to See the Future! |journal=[[Natural History (magazine)|Natural History]] |last=Asimov |first=Isaac |date=April 1975|issue=4 |volume=84 |page=92 |via=Internet Archive |publisher=[[American Museum of Natural History]] |location=New York |issn=0028-0712 |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalhistory84newy/page/n379/mode/1up?view=theater}}</ref> [[Robert A. Heinlein]] cried it "realistic speculation about possible future events, based solidly on adequate knowledge of the real world, past and present, and on a thorough understanding of the nature and significance of the scientific method".<ref name="heinlein def">{{cite conference |chapter=Science Fiction: Its Nature, Faults and Virtues |book-title=The Science Fiction Novel: Imagination and Social Criticism |publisher=Advent Publishers |last=Heinlein |first=Robert A. |author2=Cyril Kornbluth |author3=Alfred Bester |author4=Robert Bloch |year=1959 |location=University of Chicago }}</ref> The writer an critic [[Damon Knight]] summed up the difficulty: "Science fiction is what we point to when we say it."<ref name="In Search of Wonder: Essays on Modern Science Fiction">{{cite book | last = Knight | first =Damon Francis | title = In Search of Wonder: Essays on Modern Science Fiction | url = https://archive.org/details/insearchofwonder00knig | url-access = registration | publisher = Advent Publishing | year =1967 | page = xiii | isbn = 978-0-911682-31-1 }}</ref> == History == === The 19t century === [[Mary Shelley]]'s ''[[Frankenstein]]'' (1818) an ''[[The Last Man (Mary Shelley novel)|The Last Man]]'' (1826) helped tae shape the science fiction novel, an [[Brian Aldiss]] argued that ''Frankenstein'' wis the first wark o science fiction.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.sfhomeworld.org/exhibits/homeworld/scifi_hof.asp?articleID=62 |title=Mary W. Shelley |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Science Fiction |first1=John |last1=Clute |first2=Peter |last2=Nicholls |name-list-style=amp |publisher=Orbit/Time Warner Book Group UK |year=1993 |access-date=17 January 2007 |archive-date=16 November 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061116075255/http://www.sfhomeworld.org/exhibits/homeworld/scifi_hof.asp?articleID=62 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Edgar Allan Poe]] wrote several stories that are seen as science fiction, amang them "The Unparalleled Adventure of One Hans Pfaall" (1835), aboot a trip tae the Muin.<ref>Tresch, John (2002). "Extra! Extra! Poe invents science fiction". In Hayes, Kevin J. The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 113–132. {{ISBN|978-0-521-79326-1}}.</ref> [[Jules Verne]] wis kent for his care wi detail an scientific accuracy, maist o aw in ''[[Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas]]'' (1870).<ref name="Roberts48">{{citation|last=Roberts |first= Adam |isbn =978-0-415-19205-7|title= Science Fiction|publisher=Routledge|location=London |year= 2000|page=48}}</ref> [[File:The War of the Worlds by Henrique Alvim Corrêa, original graphic 15.jpg|thumb|upright|An [[alien invasion]] in ''[[The War of the Worlds]]'' (1898) bi [[H. G. Wells]], drawn bi Henrique Alvim Corrêa in 1906]] Monie critics see [[H. G. Wells]] as ane o the maist important science fiction writers,<ref name="Roberts48" /> or even "the Shakespeare of science fiction".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wagar|first1=W. Warren |title=H.G. Wells: Traversing Time|date=2004|publisher=Wesleyan University Press|page=7}}</ref> His novels include ''[[The Time Machine]]'' (1895), ''The Island of Doctor Moreau'' (1896), ''The Invisible Man'' (1897) an ''[[The War of the Worlds]]'' (1898), that imagined alien invasion, biological engineering, invisibility an time travel. === The 20t century === In 1926 [[Hugo Gernsback]] stairtit the first American science fiction magazine, ''[[Amazing Stories]]''. In its first nummer he said that bi "scientifiction" he meant "the Jules Verne, H. G. Wells and Edgar Allan Poe type of story—a charming romance intermingled with scientific fact and prophetic vision".<ref>Originally published in the April 1926 issue of ''[[Amazing Stories]]''</ref><ref name="sfe-def" /> In 1937 [[John W. Campbell]] becam the editor o ''Astounding Science Fiction''; this is whiles seen as the stairt o the [[Golden Age o Science Fiction]], wi stories that celebratit scientific achievement an progress.<ref name="sf history nvcc">{{cite web |url=http://www.nvcc.edu/home/ataormina/scifi/history/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040326191128/http://nvcc.edu/home/ataormina/scifi/history/ |archive-date=26 March 2004 |title=A History of Science Fiction |first=Agatha |last=Taormina |publisher=Northern Virginia Community College |date=19 January 2005 |access-date=16 January 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Nichols |first1=Peter |last2=Ashley |first2=Mike |title=Golden Age of SF |url=https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/golden_age_of_sf |access-date=17 November 2022 |date=23 June 2021 |publisher=The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction}}</ref> In 1942 Asimov stairtit his ''[[Foundation (buik series)|Foundation]]'' series, aboot the rise an faw o galactic empires.<ref name="From Robots to Foundations" >{{cite book|last1=Codex|first1=Regius|title=From Robots to Foundations |publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform |date=2014|location=Wiesbaden/Ljubljana|isbn=978-1-4995-6982-7}}</ref> [[Theodore Sturgeon]]'s novel ''More Than Human'' (1953) luikit at the future evolution o humankind.<ref>"Time and Space", ''Hartford Courant'', 7 February 1954, p.SM19</ref> In the 1960s an 1970s, [[New Wave science fiction|New Wave]] science fiction wis kent for its experiments in form an content, an for a "literary" or "artistic" sensibility.<ref name="McGuirk">{{cite book|title=Fiction 2000|first=Carol|last=McGuirk|section=The 'New' Romancers|editor1-first=George Edgar|editor1-last=Slusser|editor2-first=T. A.|editor2-last=Shippey|publisher=University of Georgia Press|year=1992|isbn=978-0-8203-1449-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/fiction2000cyber0000unse/page/109 109–125]|url=https://archive.org/details/fiction2000cyber0000unse/page/109}}</ref> Published in 1969, ''[[The Left Hand of Darkness]]'' bi [[Ursula K. Le Guin]] is set on a planet whaur the fowk hae nae fixed gender; it is ane o the maist influential examples o social, feminist or anthropological science fiction.<ref>Stover, Leon E. "Anthropology and Science Fiction" ''Current Anthropology'', Vol. 14, No. 4 (Oct. 1973)</ref> In 1984, [[William Gibson]]'s first novel, ''[[Neuromancer]]'', gart [[cyberpunk]] catch on, alang wi the wird ''cyberspace''.<ref>Fitting, Peter (July 1991). "The Lessons of Cyberpunk". In Penley, C.; Ross, A. Technoculture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. pp. 295–315</ref> Ither science fiction writers that monie see as writers o "serious" literature include [[Ray Bradbury]], for ''[[Fahrenheit 451]]'' an ''The Martian Chronicles'',<ref name="NYT-20120606">{{cite news|last=Jonas|first=Gerald|title=Ray Bradbury, Master of Science Fiction, Dies at 91|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/07/books/ray-bradbury-popularizer-of-science-fiction-dies-at-91.html|date=6 June 2012|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=5 June 2012|archive-date=5 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405014134/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/07/books/ray-bradbury-popularizer-of-science-fiction-dies-at-91.html|url-status=live}}</ref> an [[Arthur C. Clarke]], for ''Childhood's End''.<ref>Barlowe, Wayne Douglas (1987). Barlowe's Guide to Extraterrestrials. Workman Publishing Company. {{ISBN|0-89480-500-2}}.</ref> == Subgenres == Science fiction haes lang been split intae ''haurd'' an ''saft'' kinds, dependin on hou feasible the science is.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bcls.lib.nj.us/genre-science-fiction | title=BCLS: Hard Versus Soft Science Fiction | access-date=23 August 2018 | archive-date=23 August 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823210402/https://www.bcls.lib.nj.us/genre-science-fiction | url-status=dead }}</ref> Ither subgenres include: {{columns-list|colwidth=18em| * [[Hard science fiction]] * [[Soft science fiction]] * [[Space opera]] * [[Cyberpunk]] * [[Steampunk]] * [[Dystopia]]n fiction * [[Climate fiction]] * Military science fiction * Apocalyptic an post-apocalyptic fiction }} == Film an television == The 1968 film ''[[2001: A Space Odyssey (film)|2001: A Space Odyssey]]'', directit bi [[Stanley Kubrick]] an based on stories bi [[Arthur C. Clarke]], wis faur better in scope an quality than maist science fiction films afore it, an it influenced later anes.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kazan |first=Casey |url=http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2009/07/ridley-scott-science-fiction-is-dead.html |title=Ridley Scott: "After 2001 -A Space Odyssey, Science Fiction is Dead" |publisher=Dailygalaxy.com |date=10 July 2009 |access-date= 22 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110321121445/http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2009/07/ridley-scott-science-fiction-is-dead.html |archive-date= 21 March 2011 }}</ref> The original ''[[Star Trek]]'' series, makkit bi Gene Roddenberry, first gaed oot in 1966 on NBC an ran for three seasons.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lhmw637JRgUC&pg=PA209|title=NBC: America's Network|last1=Hilmes|first1=Michele|last2=Henry|first2=Michael Lowell|date=1 August 2007|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-25079-6|language=en|access-date=28 October 2020|archive-date=4 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704184438/https://books.google.com/books?id=lhmw637JRgUC&pg=PA209|url-status=live}}</ref> == Awards == Amang the best-kent awards for science fiction are the [[Hugo Award]], gien at Worldcon an votit on bi fans,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wsfs.org/awards/|title=Awards|date=10 May 2016|website=The World Science Fiction Society|language=en-US|access-date=4 April 2019}}</ref> an the [[Nebula Award]], gien bi the Science Fiction an Fantasy Writers o America an votit on bi writers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fantasticfiction.com/awards/nebula.htm|title=Nebula Awards|website=www.fantasticfiction.com|access-date=4 April 2019|archive-date=31 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531161944/https://www.fantasticfiction.com/awards/nebula.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Scots science fiction == [[File:A Voyage to Arcturus first edition cover.jpg|thumb|The first edition o ''A Voyage to Arcturus'' (1920)]] Scots writers hae written science fiction for mair nor a century. [[Arthur Conan Doyle]]'s ''[[The Lost World (Arthur Conan Doyle novel)|The Lost World]]'' (1912) tells o an expedition tae a plateau in the Amazon whaur dinosaurs aye survive.<ref>[https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/lost_worlds Lost Worlds] in online ''Science Fiction Encyclopedia''</ref> [[David Lindsay (novelist)|David Lindsay]]'s ''[[A Voyage to Arcturus]]'' (1920) is set on an imaginary planet that circles the starn Arcturus; [[J. R. R. Tolkien]] said he read it "with avidity".<ref name=Tolkien>{{cite book |editor-last=Carpenter |editor-first=Humphrey |editor-link=Humphrey Carpenter |title=The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien|date=1981 |publisher=[[George Allen and Unwin]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-618-05699-6 |chapter=Letter 26 to Stanley Unwin, 4 March 1938 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/lettersofjrrtolk00tolk }}</ref> [[Naomi Mitchison]]'s ''[[Memoirs of a Spacewoman]]'' (1962) is kent for its views on the treatment o ither craiturs, that micht come frae Mitchison's ain views on the richts o beasts an on colonised fowk.<ref>Miller, Gavin. “Animals, Empathy, and Care in Naomi Mitchison's Memoirs of a Spacewoman.” Edinburgh Research Explorer, vol. 35, no. 2, 2008.</ref> [[Alasdair Gray]]'s ''[[Lanark (novel)|Lanark]]'' (1981) mixes realism wi dystopian, surrealist pictures o [[Glesga]], an Anthony Burgess cried Gray "the best Scottish novelist since Walter Scott".<ref>Cited in {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3DZ0qQgDjgC |title=Alasdair Gray |author=Bernstein, Steven |publisher=Bucknell University Press|year=1999|isbn=9780838754146|page=18}}</ref> [[Iain Banks]], that wrote his science fiction as Iain M. Banks, is best kent for his Culture novels; he said that his science fiction, the Culture series maist o aw, haed aye mattered deeply tae him.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/may/21/iain-banks-updates-fans-cancer |title=Iain Banks posts new update to fans on his cancer |first=Alison |last=Flood |newspaper=the Guardian |quote=Until the last few years or so, when the SF novels started to achieve something approaching parity in sales, the mainstream always out-sold the SF – on average, if my memory isn't letting me down, by a ratio of about three or four to one. I think a lot of people have assumed that the SF was the trashy but high-selling stuff... while I wrote the important, serious, non-genre literary novels. Never been the case, and I can't imagine that I'd have lied about this sort of thing, least of all as some sort of joke. The SF novels have always mattered deeply to me – the Culture series in particular – and while it might not be what people want to hear (academics especially), the mainstream subsidised the SF, not the other way round. |date=21 May 2013}}</ref> [[Ken MacLeod]], that wis born in [[Stornowa]] in 1954, is anither Scots science fiction writer.<ref name="sfsite">{{cite web |last=Raven |first=Paul |date=February 2007 |title=The New British Catastrophe |url=http://www.sfsite.com/02b/km242.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070423104925/http://www.sfsite.com/02b/km242.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 April 2007 |access-date=20 March 2012 |publisher=The SF Site}}</ref> [[Charles Stross]], that wis born in Leeds, bides in Edinburgh;<ref>{{cite web |title=Charles Stross: Future Vision |url=https://locusmag.com/2016/09/charles-stross-future-vision |work=Locus |date=September 2016 |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> his novella ''The Concrete Jungle'' wan the [[Hugo Award]] in 2005.<ref name=Hugo05>{{cite web|title=2005 Hugo Awards: Best Novella: The Concrete Jungle; Best Novel Nominee: Iron Sunrise |work=Official Site of The Hugo Awards |url=http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/credits/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110507072956/http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/credits/ |archive-date= 7 May 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref> [[Michel Faber]]'s first novel, ''[[Under the Skin (novel)|Under the Skin]]'' (2000), is set on the coast o Scotland an follaes an alien that taks human form.<ref>{{cite web |first=Nigel |last=Williamson |url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/books_group/article557935.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615182947/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/books_group/article557935.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 June 2011 |title=Alien world – interview with Michael Faber |work=The Times |date=29 January 2000 |access-date=3 November 2010 }}</ref> [[Matthew Fitt]]'s novel ''[[But'n'Ben A-Go-Go|But n Ben A-Go-Go]]'' (2000), written in Scots, wis descrived bi the Association for Scottish Literary Studies as "a fast-paced cyberpunk thriller" that, "with its groundbreaking use of the Scots language, it challenges orthodoxies".<ref>{{cite web |last=Robinson |first=Christine |title=Scotnote 22: But n Ben A-Go-Go |url=https://asls.org.uk/sn22/ |publisher=Association for Scottish Literary Studies |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-948877-67-4 |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> == See an aw == * [[Fantasy]] == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat|Science fiction}} [[Category:Science feection| ]] [[Category:Genres]] [[Category:Fiction]] ftikovp3gn08frhxyeqahu1gepohzg1 0 1690 926994 924832 2026-11-08T22:03:42Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; infobox figures an recent history updatit, soorced 926994 wikitext text/x-wiki {{hatnote|For the landmass comprisin North an Sooth Americae, see [[America]]. For ither uisses, see [[America (disambiguation)]].}} {{Infobox kintra |conventional_long_name = Unitit States o Americae |common_name = Unitit States |native_name = {{lang-en|United States of America}}</br>{{lang-es|Estados Unidos de América|label=[[Spainish leid|Spainish]]}}</br>{{lang-chr|ᏌᏊᎢᏳᎾᎵᏍᏔᏅᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎺᏰᏟ}}</br>{{lang-nv|Wááshindoon Bikéyah Ałhidadiidzooígíí}} |image_flag = Flag of the United States.svg |image_coat = Great Seal of the United States (obverse).svg |symbol_type = Great Seal |national_motto = <div style="padding-bottom:0.2em;">"In God we trust" {{small|(offeecial)}}<ref>{{USC|36|302}} ''National motto''</ref><ref>[[#Simonson|Simonson, 2010]]</ref><ref>[[#God|Dept. of Treasury, 2011]]</ref></div> <div style="line-height:1.15em;">{{native phrase|la|"E pluribus unum"|italics=off}} {{small|(tradeetional)}} <br />{{small|"Oot o mony, ane"}} </div> |national_anthem = "[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]"<br /><center>[[File:Star Spangled Banner instrumental.ogg]]</center> |image_map = USA orthographic.svg |alt_map = Projection o North Americae wi the Unitit States in green |map_width = 220px |capital = [[Washington, D.C.]] |coordinates = {{Coord|38|53|N|77|01|W|type:city}} |largest_city = [[New York Ceety]] |official_languages = {{nowrap|None at [[Federal govrenment o the Unitit States|federal level]]{{ref label|engoffbox|a|}}}} |languages_type = Naitional leid |languages = [[Inglis leid|Inglis]]{{ref label|engfactobox|b|}}<!---NOTE: Just English, don't add "American English"---> |official_religion = none |demonym = [[America]]n |government_type = [[Federalism|Federal]] presidential [[constitutional republic]] |leader_title1 = [[Preses o the Unitit States|Preses]] |leader_name1 = {{nowrap|[[Donald Trump]] ([[Republican Pairty (Unitit States)|R]])}} |leader_title2 = [[Vice Preses o the Unitit States|Vice Preses]] |leader_name2 = {{nowrap|[[JD Vance]] (R)}} |leader_title3 = {{nowrap|Speaker o the Hoose}} |leader_name3 = {{nowrap|Mike Johnson (R)}} |leader_title4 = Chief Juistice |leader_name4 = John Roberts |legislature = [[Unitit States Congress|Congress]] |upper_house = [[Senate (Unitit States)|Senate]] |lower_house = [[Hoose o Representatives (Unitit States)|Hoose o Representatives]] |sovereignty_type = [[American Revolution|Unthirldom]] |sovereignty_note = from [[Kinrick o Great Breetain|Great Breetain]] |established_event1 = [[Unitit States Declaration o Unthirldom|Declared]] |established_date1 = 4 Julie 1776 |established_event2 = [[Treaty o Paris (1783)|Recognized]] |established_date2 = 3 September 1783 |established_event3 = {{nowrap|[[Unitit States Constitution|Constitution]]}} |established_date3 = 21 Juin 1788 |area_magnitude = 1 E12 |area_sq_mi = 3794101 |area_km2 = 9826675 |area_rank = 4t |area_footnote = <ref name="WF">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html |title=United States |publisher=CIA |work=The World Factbook |date=September 30, 2009 |accessdate=January 5, 2010 (area given in square kilometers) |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135647/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{ref label|areabox|c|}} |percent_water = 6.76 | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 341,784,857<ref name="Vintage2025">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-national-total.html |title=National Population Totals and Components of Change: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2025 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |date=January 27, 2026 |access-date=September 8, 2026}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 331,449,281<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2021/2020-census-apportionment-results.htmlpid=2020CENSUS&src=pt |url-status=dead |title=Census Bureau's 2020 Population Count |work=United States Census |access-date=April 26, 2021}} The 2020 census is as of April 1, 2020.</ref> | population_census_year = 2020 | population_census_rank = 3rd | population_density_sq_mi = 96.8 <!-- Figure based on (population/land) in July 2025. --> | population_density_rank = 180t | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $32.642&nbsp;trillion<ref name="IMFWEO.US">{{cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |title=World Economic Outlook Database (October 2026 Edition) |publisher=International Monetary Fund |website=www.imf.org |date=October 13, 2026 |access-date=October 13, 2026}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_rank = 2nt | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $95,212<ref name="IMFWEO.US" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 10t | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $32.642&nbsp;trillion<ref name="IMFWEO.US" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_rank = 1st | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $95,212<ref name="IMFWEO.US" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 8t | Gini = 41.8<!-- Number only. --> | Gini_year = 2024 | Gini_change = increase | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2025/demo/p60-286.html |title=Income in the United States: 2024 |work=Census.gov |page=52 |access-date=November 2, 2025}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.938<!-- Number only. --> | HDI_year = 2023 | HDI_change = increase<!-- Increase/decrease/steady. --> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web |date=May 6, 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=May 6, 2025 |access-date=May 6, 2025 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 17t |EF_year = 2007 |EF = {{decrease}} 8.0 gha<ref name="EF">{{cite web |url=http://www.footprintnetwork.org/images/uploads/Ecological_Footprint_Atlas_2010.pdf |title=Ecological Footprint Atlas 2010 |publisher=Global Footprint Network |accessdate=July 11, 2011 |archive-date=2011-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709224423/http://www.footprintnetwork.org/images/uploads/Ecological_Footprint_Atlas_2010.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |EF_rank = 6t |currency = [[{{#property:p38}}]] ($) |currency_code = USD |country_code = USA |utc_offset = −5 to −10 |utc_offset_DST = −4 to −10{{ref label|UTCbox|e|}} |calling_code = +1 |iso3166code = US |drives_on = richt{{ref label|driving|g|}} |cctld = {{nowrap|[[.us]]{{nbsp|3}}[[.gov]]{{nbsp|3}}.mil{{nbsp|3}}[[.edu]]}} |footnote_a = {{note|engoffbox}} Inglish is the offeecial leid o at least 28 states; some soorces gie heicher figurs, based on differin defineetions o "offeecial".{{big|<ref name=ILW>{{cite web |author=Feder, Jody |url= http://www.ilw.com/immigrationdaily/news/2007,0515-crs.pdf |title= English as the Official Language of the United States: Legal Background and Analysis of Legislation in the 110th Congress |date=January 25, 2007 |publisher= Ilw.com (Congressional Research Service) |accessdate= June 19, 2007}}</ref>}} Inglish an [[Hawaiian leid|Hawaiian]] are baith offeecial leids in the state o [[Hawaii]]. |footnote_b = {{note|engfactobox}} Inglis is the ''de facto'' leid o American govrenment an the sole leid spoken at home bi 80 percent o Americans aged five an aulder. Spainyie is the seicont maist commonly spoken leid. |footnote_c = {{note|areabox}} Whether the Unitit States or [[Cheenae]] is lairger haes been disputit. The figur gien is frae the U.S. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]'s ''The Warld Factbeuk''. Ither soorces gie smawer figurs. Aw authoritative calculations o the kintra's size include anly the 50 states an the Destrict o Columbia, nae the territories. |footnote_d = {{note|popbox}} The population estimate is o fowk whose uisual residence is within the 50 states an the Destrict o Columbia, regardless o naitionality. It daes nae include those livin in the territories (ower 4&nbsp;million fowk, maistly in [[Puerto Rico]]). |footnote_e = {{note|UTCbox}} See Time in the Unitit States for details aboot laws govrenin time zones in the Unitit States. |footnote_f = {{note|ISO3166box}} Daes nae include insular auries an Unitit States Minor Ootlyin Islands, which hae thair ain ISO 3166 codes. |footnote_g = {{note|driving}} Except [[Unitit States Virgin Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]. }} [[File:ReliefUSA map.gif|thumb|right|280px|A pictur o the lawer 48 states Americae.]] The '''Unitit States o Americae''' ({{lang-en|United States of America|link=yes}}, '''USA'''), commonly referred tae as the '''Unitit States''' ({{lang-en|United States|link=no}}, '''US''', '''U.S.''') or '''Americae''' ({{lang-en|America|link=no}}), is a [[Constitution|constitutional]] [[federal republic]] o 50 [[state o the Unitit States|federatit states]], the federal destrict [[Washington, D.C.|Washington D.C.]], five main sel-govrenin territories, an ither possessions.{{refn|group=fn|The five major territories are [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], the [[Northren Mariana Islands]], [[Puerto Rico]], an the [[Unitit States Virgin Islands]]. Thare are eleven smawer island auries withoot permanent populations: Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, an Palmyra Atoll. U.S. sovereignty ower Bajo Nuevo Bank, Navassa Island, Serranilla Bank, an Wake Island is disputit.<ref>U.S. State Department, [http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights], December 30, 2011, Item 22, 27, 80.— an U.S. General Accounting Office Report, [http://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229153648/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |date=2020-02-29 }}, November 1997, p. 1, 6, 39n. Both viewed April 6, 2016.</ref>}} Forty-aicht o the fifty states, an the federal destrict, mairch ilk ither an lie in [[North Americae]] atween [[Canadae]] an [[Mexico]]. The [[Alaska|state o Alaska]] is in the northwast neuk o North Americae, bordered bi Canadae tae the east an athort the [[Bering Strait]] frae [[Roushie]] tae the wast. The [[Hawaii|state o Hawaii]] is an [[airchipelago]] in the mid-[[Pacific Ocean]]. The U.S. territories are scattered ower the Pacific Ocean an the [[Caribbean Sea]]. The kintra spans nine time zones. Its geografie, climate an wildlife are unco diverse.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nwf.org/wildlife.aspx|title=Wildlife Library|publisher=National Wildlife Federation|accessdate= December 23, 2014}}</ref> At 3.8&nbsp;million squerr miles (9.8&nbsp;million km²)<ref name="State and other areas">"[https://www.census.gov/geo/reference/state-area.html State and other areas]", U.S. Census Bureau, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120620155719/http://www.govcomm.harris.com/solutions/products/census/maf-tiger.asp MAF/TIGER] database as of August 2010, excluding the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands. viewed October 22, 2014.</ref> an wi ower 340 million fowk, the Unitit States is the warld's [[Leet o sovereign states an dependencies bi aurie|fowert-lairgest kintra bi tot area]] (an fowert-lairgest bi laund area){{refn|group=fn|The follaein twa primary soorces (non-mirrored) gie the range (min./max.) o tot area for Cheenae an the Unitit States. Baith soorces ''exclude'' Taiwan frae the area o Cheenae. {{ordered list |1= The Encyclopædia Britannica leets Cheenae as the warld's third-lairgest kintra (efter Roushie an Canadae) wi a tot area o 9,572,900 sq km,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/111803/China-quick-facts|title=China|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|accessdate=January 31, 2010}}</ref> an the Unitit States as fowert-lairgest at 9,526,468 sq km. The figur for the Unitit States is less nor in the CIA Factbook acause it ''excludes'' coastal an territorial watters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/616563/United-States-quick-facts|title=United States|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|accessdate=January 31, 2010}}</ref> |2= The CIA World Factbook leets the Unitit States as the third-lairgest kintra (efter Roushie an Canadae) wi a tot area o 9,833,517 sq km,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html|title=United States|publisher=CIA|accessdate=June 10, 2016|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135647/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> an Cheenae as fowert-lairgest at 9,596,960 sq km.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html|title=China|publisher=CIA|accessdate=June 10, 2016|archive-date=2016-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013030611/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> This figur for the Unitit States is mair nor in the Encyclopædia Britannica acause it ''includes'' coastal an territorial watters.}}}} an the [[Leet o kintras an dependencies bi population|third-maist populous]]. It is ane o the warld's maist ethnically diverse an [[Multiculturalism|multicultural]] naitions, an is hame tae the warld's lairgest nummer o immigrants.<ref name="DD">Adams, J.Q.; Strother-Adams, Pearlie (2001). ''Dealing with Diversity''. Chicago: Kendall/Hunt. ISBN 0-7872-8145-X.</ref> Bi 2010 ower 80% o fowk bade in touns an ceeties, an megaregions are growin. The kintra's caipital is [[Washington, D.C.]] an its lairgest ceety is [[New York Ceety]]; the ither main metropolitan areas, aw wi aboot five million fowk or mair, are [[Los Angeles]], [[Chicago]], [[San Francisco]], [[Boston]], [[Dallas]], [[Philadelphia]], [[Houston]], [[Miami]], an [[Atlanta]]. Paleo-Indians migrated frae Asie tae the North American mainland at least 15,000 year ago.<ref name=earliest>{{cite news|title=Who was first? New info on North America's earliest residents|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2012/jul/12/science/la-sci-sn-paisley-caves-20120712|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|location=Los Angeles County, California|publisher=Los Angeles Times|date=July 12, 2012|first=Thomas H.|last=Maugh II|accessdate=February 25, 2015}}<br />{{cite web |url= http://anthropology.si.edu/HumanOrigins/faq/americas.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128083459/http://anthropology.si.edu/HumanOrigins/faq/americas.htm |archivedate=November 28, 2007 |ref=HumanOrigins |title=What is the earliest evidence of the peopling of North and South America? |publisher=Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History |date=June 2004 |accessdate=June 19, 2007}}<br />{{cite web |first=Nicolas |last=Kudeba |url=http://www.thehistoryofcanadapodcast.com/chapter-1-first-big-steppe/ |title=Chapter 1&nbsp;– The First Big Steppe&nbsp;– Aboriginal Canadian History |website=The History of Canada Podcast |date=February 28, 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301013552/http://www.thehistoryofcanadapodcast.com/chapter-1-first-big-steppe/ |archivedate=March 1, 2014 |deadurl=no}}<br />{{cite journal |author=Guy Gugliotta |title=When Did Humans Come to the Americas? |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/when-did-humans-come-to-the-americas-4209273/?all |journal=Smithsonian Magazine |location=Washington, DC |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |date=February 2013 |access-date=June 25, 2015 }}</ref> [[European colonisation o the Americas|European colonisation]] began in the 16t century. The Unitit States emerged frae [[Thirteen Colonies|13 Breetish colonies]] alang the East Coast. Monie disputes atween [[Kinrick o Great Breetain|Great Breetain]] an the colonies in the eftermath o the [[Seiven Years' War]] led tae the [[American Revolution]], that stairtit in 1775. On Julie 4, 1776, as the colonies war fechtin Great Breetain in the [[American Revolutionary War]], delegates frae the 13 colonies unanimously adoptit the [[Unitit States Declaration o Unthirldom|Declaration o Unthirldom]]. The war endit in 1783 wi [[Treaty o Paris (1783)|recogneetion o the unthirldom o the Unitit States]] bi [[Kinrick o Great Breetain|Great Breetain]], an it wis the first successfu war o unthirldom agin a European colonial empire.<ref>Greene, Jack P.; Pole, J.R., eds. (2008). ''A Companion to the American Revolution''. pp. 352–361.<br />{{cite book |author=Bender, Thomas |title=A Nation Among Nations: America's Place in World History |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wQHlrIz4gpYC&pg=PA61 |year=2006 |publisher=Hill & Wang |location=New York |page=61 |isbn=978-0-8090-7235-4}}<br />{{cite web |url=http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/era.cfm?eraid=4&smtid=1 |title=Overview of the Early National Period |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2014 |website=Digital History |publisher=University of Houston |access-date=February 25, 2015}}</ref> The [[Unitit States Constitution|current constitution]] wis adoptit in 1788, acause the [[Airticles o Confederation]], adoptit in 1781, war felt tae gie the federal govrenment ower little pouer. The first ten amendments, kent thegither as the [[Unitit States Bill o Richts|Bill o Richts]], war ratified in 1791 tae guarantee monie basic ceevil liberties. The Unitit States spreid athort North Americae throu the 19t century,<ref name="MD2007" /> displacin American Indian tribes, acquirin new territories, an gradually admittin new states till it spanned the continent in 1848.<ref name="MD2007">{{cite book |last=Carlisle |first=Rodney P. |first2=J. Geoffrey |last2=Golson |title=Manifest Destiny and the Expansion of America |series=Turning Points in History Series |url=https://books.google.com/?id=ka6LxulZaEwC&vq=annexation&dq=territorial+expansion+United+States+%22manifest+destiny%22 |year=2007 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-833-0 |page=238}}</ref> In the seicont hauf o the 19t century, the [[American Ceevil War]] led tae the end o legal slavery in the kintra.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2967.html|title=The Civil War and emancipation 1861–1865 |work=Africans in America |publisher=WGBH Educational Foundation|location=Boston, Massachusetts|year=1999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19991012054217/http://pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2967.html |archivedate=October 12, 1999 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-first=Jeffrey H. |editor1-last=Wallenfeldt |author=Britannica Educational Publishing |series=America at War |title=The American Civil War and Reconstruction: People, Politics, and Power |url=https://books.google.com/?id=T_0TrXXiDbUC&dq=slavery+%22American+Civil+War%22 |year=2009 |publisher=Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-61530-045-7 |page=264}}</ref> Bi the end o that century, the Unitit States extendit intae the Pacific Ocean,<ref name="AmCentNYT">{{cite book |url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/w/white-century.html |title=The American Century |author=White, Donald W. |year=1996 |isbn=0-300-05721-0 |publisher=Yale University Press |chapter=1: The Frontiers |accessdate=March 26, 2013}}</ref> an its economy, driven lairgely bi the [[Industrial Revolution]], stairtit tae grow faist.<ref>{{cite web|title=Work in the Late 19th Century|url=http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/riseind/work/|website=Library of Congress|accessdate=January 16, 2015}}</ref> The [[Spaingie–American War]] an {{nowrap|[[Warld War I]]}} confirmed the kintra's status as a global militar pouer. The Unitit States emerged frae {{nowrap|[[Warld War II]]}} as a global [[superpouer]], the first kintra tae develop nuclear wappens, the anly kintra tae [[Atomic bombins o Hiroshima an Nagasaki|uise them]] in warfare, an a permanent member o the [[Unitit Naitions Security Cooncil]]. It is a foondin member o the [[Organisation o American States]] (OAS) an various ither Pan-American an internaitional organisations. The end o the [[Cauld War]] an the [[Dissolution o the Soviet Union|end o the Soviet Union]] in 1991 left the Unitit States as the warld's sole superpouer.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Tony Judt|author2=Denis Lacorne|title=With Us Or Against Us: Studies in Global Anti-Americanism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nVDHAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA61|date=June 4, 2005|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-4039-8085-4|page=61}}<br />{{cite book|author=Richard J. Samuels|title=Encyclopedia of United States National Security|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K751AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT666|date=December 21, 2005|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-4522-6535-3|page=666}}<br />{{cite book|author=Paul R. Pillar|title=Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_GYklwy6booC&pg=PA57|date=January 1, 2001|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=0-8157-0004-0|page=57}}<br />{{cite book|author=Gabe T. Wang|title=China and the Taiwan Issue: Impending War at Taiwan Strait|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CbPJ7KZ9FvIC&pg=PA179|date=January 1, 2006|publisher=University Press of America|isbn=978-0-7618-3434-2|page=179}}<br />{{cite book|title=Understanding the "Victory Disease," From the Little Bighorn to Mogadishu and Beyond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qgdmiw4VUHsC&pg=PA1|publisher=DIANE Publishing|isbn=978-1-4289-1052-2|page=1}}<br />{{cite book|author1=Akis Kalaitzidis|author2=Gregory W. Streich|title=U.S. Foreign Policy: A Documentary and Reference Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tzwYzL9KcwEC&pg=PA313|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-38375-5|page=313}}</ref> The Unitit States is a heichly developed kintra, wi the warld's mucklest economy bi nominal GDP. It ranks heich in several meisures o socioeconomic performance, includin average wage,<ref>{{cite web|title=Average annual wages, 2013 USD PPPs and 2013 constant prices|url=http://stats.oecd.org//Index.aspx?QueryId=64115|website=OECD|accessdate=April 30, 2016}}</ref> [[Human Development Index|human development]], per capita GDP, an productivity per person.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-500395_162-3228735.html |title=U.S. Workers World's Most Productive |publisher=CBS News |date=February 11, 2009 |accessdate=April 23, 2013}}</ref> Tho the U.S. economy is coontit post-industrial, wi services an the knawledge economy dominant, its manufacturin sector is still the seicont-lairgest in the warld.<ref>{{cite web|title=Manufacturing, value added (current US$)|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD|website=World Bank Open Data|publisher=World Bank|accessdate=11 February 2017}}</ref> Tho its population is anly 4.3% o the warld's,<ref>{{cite web|title=U.S. and World Population Clock|url=http://www.census.gov/popclock/|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=July 11, 2016}}</ref> the Unitit States accoonts for nearly a quarter o warld GDP<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=23&pr.y=9&sy=2014&ey=2014&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDPD&grp=0&a=|title = World Economic Outlook Database, April 2015|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = }}</ref> an ower a third o global militar spendin,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://books.sipri.org/product_info?c_product_id=476 |title=Trends in world military expenditure, 2013 |publisher=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |date=April 2014 |accessdate=April 14, 2014 |archive-date=2015-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104033821/http://books.sipri.org/product_info?c_product_id=476 |url-status=dead }}</ref> makkin it the warld's leadin economic an [[Unitit States Airmed Forces|militar]] pouer. The Unitit States is a prominent poleetical an cultural force internaitionally, an a leader in scientific resairch an technological innovation.<ref>[[#Cohen|Cohen, 2004: History and the Hyperpower]]<br />[[#BBC18may|BBC, April 2008: Country Profile: United States of America]]<br />{{cite web|url=http://www.researchtrends.com/issue8-november-2008/geographical-trends-of-research-output/|title=Geographical trends of research output|publisher=Research Trends|accessdate=March 16, 2014|archive-date=2014-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317092424/http://www.researchtrends.com/issue8-november-2008/geographical-trends-of-research-output/|url-status=dead}}<br />{{cite web|url=http://www.openaccessweek.org/profiles/blogs/the-top-20-countries-for-scientific-output|title=The top 20 countries for scientific output|publisher=Open Access Week|accessdate=March 16, 2014|archive-date=2014-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317105014/http://www.openaccessweek.org/profiles/blogs/the-top-20-countries-for-scientific-output|url-status=dead}}<br />{{cite web|url=http://www.epo.org/about-us/annual-reports-statistics/annual-report/2012/statistics-trends/granted-patents.html|title=Granted patents|publisher=European Patent Office|accessdate=March 16, 2014|archive-date=2017-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621011611/http://www.epo.org/about-us/annual-reports-statistics/annual-report/2012/statistics-trends/granted-patents.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == History == Efter the European colonisation o the Americaes, aw thirteen o [[Kinrick o Great Breetain|Great Breetain]]'s American colonies broke awa frae the mither kintra an formed the Unitit States, the warld's first [[constitution]]al an [[democracy|democratic]] [[federation|federal]] [[republic]], efter thair [[American Declaration o Unthirldom|declaration o unthirldom]] in 1776 an the [[American Weir o Unthirldom|War o Unthirldom]] (1775–1783). Great Breetain signed a peace wi the rebels in the [[Treaty o Paris (1783)|Treaty o Pairis]] in 1783. Tae mak a stranger federal govrenment, the [[Philadelphia Convention]] met in 1787 an drew up a [[Unitit States Constitution|constitution]], that wis ratified in 1788, an the first Unitit States Senate, Hoose o Representatives an preses teuk office in 1789. [[George Washington]] wis the first preses. Differences o opinion an social order atween northren an soothren states in early Unitit States society, particularly ower the slavery o Black fowk, led in the end tae the American Ceevil War.<ref>{{cite book|author=Stuart Murray|title=Atlas of American Military History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJ_sy7mmmxQC&pg=PA76|year=2004|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-3025-5|page=76|accessdate=October 25, 2015}}<br />{{cite book|author=Harold T. Lewis|title=Christian Social Witness|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kr-xNru5vZkC&pg=PA53|date=January 1, 2001|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-56101-188-9|page=53}}</ref> Follaein the Union victory in 1865, three amendments war addit tae the U.S. Constitution: the Thirteent Amendment bannit slavery, the Fowerteent Amendment gied ceetizenship tae the near fower million [[African American]]s that haed been slaves,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1860a-02.pdf |title=1860 Census |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |accessdate=June 10, 2007}} Page 7 leets a tot sclave population o 3,953,760.</ref> an the Fifteent Amendment secured thair richt tae vote. The Unitit States bade neutral frae the stairt o [[Warld War I]], in 1914, till 1917 whan it jyned the war as an "associatit pouer", alangside the formal Allies o Warld War I, helpin tae turn the tide agin the [[Central Pouers]]. In 1920, the weemen's richts muivement wan passage o a constitutional amendment grantin weemen's suffrage.<ref name="voris">{{cite book |last1=Voris |first1=Jacqueline Van |title=Carrie Chapman Catt: A Public Life |url=https://archive.org/details/carriechapmancat0000vanv |series=Women and Peace Series |year=1996 |publisher=Feminist Press at CUNY |location=New York City |isbn=1-55861-139-8 |page=vii|quote=Carrie Chapmann Catt led an army of voteless women in 1919 to pressure Congress to pass the constitutional amendment giving them the right to vote and convinced state legislatures to ratify it in 1920.&nbsp;... Catt was one of the best-known women in the United States in the first half of the twentieth century and was on all lists of famous American women.}}</ref> The 1920s an 1930s saw the rise o [[radio]] for mass communication an the invention o early [[televeesion]].<ref>Winchester pp. 410–411</ref> The prosperity o the Roarin Twenties endit wi the [[Wall Street Crash o 1929]] an the onset o the [[Great Depression]]. Efter his election as preses in 1932, [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt]] respondit wi the [[New Deal]], that includit settin up the Social Security seestem.<ref>{{cite book |title=Social Welfare: A History of the American Response to Need |url=https://archive.org/details/socialwelfarehis0000axin_i6r5 |first1=June |last1=Axinn |first2=Mark J. |last2=Stern |isbn=978-0-205-52215-6 |edition=7th |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |location=Boston |year=2007}}</ref> At first the Unitit States wis neutral in aw but nem in [[Warld War II]], while Germany conquered muckle o continental Europe, but it stairtit supplyin material tae the Allies in Mairch 1941 throu the Lend-Lease programme. On December 7, 1941, the [[Empire o Japan]] launched a surprise [[attack on Pearl Harbor]], an the Unitit States jyned the Allies agin the [[Axis pouers]].<ref name="Pearl Harbor">{{cite web|last1=Yamasaki|first1=Mitch|title=Pearl Harbor and America's Entry into World War II: A Documentary History|url=http://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf|publisher=World War II Internment in Hawaii|accessdate=January 14, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213122046/http://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf|archivedate=December 13, 2014 }}</ref> The Unitit States developed the [[Manhattan Project|first nuclear wappens]] an uised them on Japan, [[Atomic bombins o Hiroshima an Nagasaki|on the ceeties o Hiroshima an Nagasaki]]. Japan surrendered on September 2, endin Warld War II.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2016/08/06/commentary/japan-surrender-world-war-ii/|title=Why did Japan surrender in World War II? {{!}} The Japan Times|newspaper=The Japan Times|access-date=2017-02-08|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>Pacific War Research Society (2006). ''Japan's Longest Day''. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 4-7700-2887-3.</ref> Efter Warld War II the Unitit States an the [[Soviet Union]] focht for pouer in whit becam kent as the [[Cauld War]], driven bi an ideological divide atween [[caipitalism]] an [[communism]]<ref name="WaggAndrews2012">{{cite book|last1=Wagg|first1=Stephen|last2=Andrews|first2=David|title=East Plays West: Sport and the Cold War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qmjLR5YyUhEC&pg=PR11|date=September 10, 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-24167-5|page=11}}</ref> an, accordin tae the schuil o [[geopolitics]], a divide atween the maritime Atlantic an the continental Eurasian camps. American truips focht communist Cheenese an [[North Korea]]n forces in the [[Korean War]] o 1950–53.<ref name="Proxy" /> The Soviet Union's launch o the [[Sputnik 1|first artificial satellite]] in 1957 an the first manned spaceflicht in 1961 stairtit a "[[Space Race]]", in that the Unitit States becam the first naition tae [[Apollo 11|laund a man on the mune]] in 1969.<ref name="Proxy">{{cite book |last=Collins |first=Michael |authorlink=Michael Collins (astronaut) |title=Liftoff: The Story of America's Adventure in Space |url=https://archive.org/details/liftoff00coll |location=New York |publisher=Grove Press |year=1988}}</ref> A proxy war in Sootheast Asie grew in the end intae the [[Vietnam War]], wi the Unitit States fully involved. At hame in the 1960s, the growin Ceevil Richts Muivement uised nonviolence tae confront segregation an discrimination, wi [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] its maist kent leader. The late 1980s, unner the presidency o [[Ronald Reagan]], brocht a "thowe" in relations wi the USSR, an [[Dissolution o the Soviet Union|its collapse]] in 1991 finally endit the Cauld War.<ref>{{cite book |last=Howell |first=Buddy Wayne |title=The Rhetoric of Presidential Summit Diplomacy: Ronald Reagan and the U.S.-Soviet Summits, 1985–1988 |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Rhetoric_of_Presidential_Summit_Dipl.html?id=LctvjhxJ-bsC |year=2006 |publisher=Texas A&M University |isbn=978-0-549-41658-6 |page=352 |accessdate=October 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Kissinger |first=Henry |authorlink=Henry Kissinger |title=Diplomacy |url=https://books.google.com/?id=0IZboamhb5EC&lpg=PA731 |year=2011 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-1-4391-2631-8 |pages=781–784 |accessdate=October 25, 2015}}<br />{{cite book |last=Mann |first=James |title=The Rebellion of Ronald Reagan: A History of the End of the Cold War |url=https://books.google.com/?id=BgZyXNIrvB4C&pg=PT12|year=2009 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-1-4406-8639-9 |page=432}}<br /></ref><ref>[[#Hayes|Hayes, 2009]]</ref><ref>[[#ushistory13|US History.org, 2013]]</ref> On [[September 11 attacks|September 11, 2001]], [[Al-Qaeda]] terrorists struck the [[Warld Trade Center (1973–2001)|Warld Trade Center]] in New York Ceety an [[the Pentagon]] near Washington, D.C., killin nearly 3,000 fowk.<ref>{{cite AV media |date=September 9, 2011 |title=Flashback 9/11: As It Happened |url=http://video.foxnews.com/v/1151859712001/flashback-911-as-it-happened/ |accessdate=March 6, 2013 |publisher=Fox News}}<br />{{cite news |title=America remembers Sept. 11 attacks 11 years later |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57510234/america-remembers-sept-11-attacks-11-years-later/ |publisher=CBS News |date=September 11, 2012 |accessdate=March 6, 2013 |archive-date=2013-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017215138/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57510234/america-remembers-sept-11-attacks-11-years-later/ |url-status=dead }}<br />{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/trade.center/multimedia.day.html |title=Day of Terror Video Archive |year=2005 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=March 6, 2013 }}</ref> In response, the Unitit States launched the [[War on Terror]], that includit [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|war in Afghanistan]] an the 2003–11 [[Iraq War]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The 'War on Terror' Is Critical to President George W. Bush's Legacy |author=Walsh, Kenneth T. |url=http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2008/12/09/the-war-on-terror-is-critical-to-president-george-w-bushs-legacy |newspaper=U.S. News & World Report |date=December 9, 2008 |accessdate=March 6, 2013}}<br />{{cite book |last=Atkins |first=Stephen E. |title=The 9/11 Encyclopedia: Second Edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PDDIgWRN_HQC&pg=PA210 |year=2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-921-9 |page=872 |accessdate=October 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Overview: The Iraq War |last=Wong |first=Edward |url=https://www.nytimes.com/ref/timestopics/topics_iraq.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=February 15, 2008 |accessdate=March 7, 2013 }}<br />{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=James Turner |title=The War to Oust Saddam Hussein: Just War and the New Face of Conflict |url=https://books.google.com/?id=SF7U27JsLC4C&dq=iraq+invasion+removes+hussein |year=2005 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7425-4956-2 |page=159 |accessdate=October 25, 2015 }}<br />{{cite news |title=Timeline: Key moments in the Iraq War |author=Durando, Jessica |author2=Green, Shannon Rae |agency=Associated Press |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/story/2011-12-21/iraq-war-timeline/52147680/1 |newspaper=USA Today |date=December 21, 2011 |accessdate=March 7, 2013 |archive-date=2020-09-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904084312/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/story/2011-12-21/iraq-war-timeline/52147680/1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Unner Preses [[Barack Obama]], maist American forces war taen oot o Iraq in 2009 an 2010, an the war thare wis declared offeecially ower in December 2011.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/16/world/middleeast/panetta-in-baghdad-for-iraq-military-handover-ceremony.html | work=The New York Times | first1=Thom | last1=Shanker | first2=Michael S. | last2=Schmidt | first3=Robert F. | last3=Worth | title=In Baghdad, Panetta Leads Uneasy Closure to Conflict | date=December 15, 2011}}</ref> The widrawal led tae an escalation o sectarian insurgency,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq%E2%80%99s-next-insurgency |title=The JRTN Movement and Iraq's Next Insurgency &#124; Combating Terrorism Center at West Point |publisher=United States Military Academy |accessdate=January 26, 2017 |archive-date=2011-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826043422/http://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq%E2%80%99s-next-insurgency |url-status=dead }}</ref> leadin tae the rise o the [[Islamic State o Iraq an the Levant]], the successor o al-Qaeda in the region.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.state.gov/p/nea/rls/rm/221274.htm|title=Al-Qaeda's Resurgence in Iraq: A Threat to U.S. Interests|publisher=U.S Department of State|accessdate=November 26, 2010|date=January 26, 2017|archive-date=2018-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141714/https://www.state.gov/p/nea/rls/rm/221274.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The U.S. housin bubble burst in 2007 wi the [[Great Recession]], the warst economic contraction syne the Great Depression.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Hilsenrath |first1=Jon |last2=Ng |first2=Serena |last3=Paletta |first3=Damian |date=September 18, 2008 |title=Worst Crisis Since '30s, With No End Yet in Sight |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122169431617549947 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=July 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225040616/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122169431617549947 |archive-date=December 25, 2014}}</ref> Frae the 2010s the Unitit States haes seen growin poleetical polarisation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> This wis seen violently in the [[Januar 6 Unitit States Capitol attack|Capitol attack o Januar 2021]], whan a mob o insurrectionists<ref name="Pape-2022">{{cite web |last1=Pape |first1=Robert |author1-link=Robert Pape |title=American Face of Insurrection: Analysis of Individuals Charged for Storming the US Capitol on January 6, 2021 |url=https://cpost.uchicago.edu/publications/american_face_of_insurrection/ |website=cpost.uchicago.edu |publisher=University of Chicago, Chicago Project on Security and Threats |access-date=September 13, 2024 |date=January 5, 2022}}</ref> that supportit Preses [[Donald Trump]] gaed intae the [[Unitit States Capitol|U.S. Capitol]] an socht tae stap [[Joe Biden|his successor]] frae takkin office.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rutenberg |first1=Jim |last2=Becker |first2=Jo |last3=Lipton |first3=Eric |last4=Haberman |first4=Maggie |last5=Martin |first5=Jonathan |last6=Rosenberg |first6=Matthew |last7=Schmidt |first7=Michael S. |title=77 Days: Trump's Campaign to Subvert the Election |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/31/us/trump-election-lie.html |work=The New York Times |date=January 31, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618033335/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/31/us/trump-election-lie.html |archive-date=June 18, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Trump wan the preses election again in 2024,<ref>{{cite news |title=2024 Presidential Election Results |url=https://apnews.com/projects/election-results-2024/ |date=November 25, 2024 |access-date=November 25, 2024 |work=[[AP News]]}}</ref> an teuk office for a seicont term in 2025. == Geografie, climate, an environs == The laund aurie o the [[contiguous Unitit States]] is {{convert|2959064|sqmi|km2|1}}. Alaska, separatit frae the contiguous Unitit States bi Canadae, is the mucklest state at {{convert|663268|sqmi|km2|1}}. [[Hawaii]], an airchipelago in the central [[Paceefic Ocean|Pacific]], soothwast o North Americae, is {{convert|10931|sqmi|km2|0}} in area. The populatit territories o [[Puerto Rico]], [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], [[Northren Mariana Islands]], an [[Unitit States Virgin Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]] thegither cover {{convert|9185|sqmi|km2|0}}.<ref name="Land Area of US and states">{{cite web|title=2010 Census Area|url=http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/cph-2-1.pdf|website=census.gov|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|page=41|accessdate=January 18, 2015}}</ref> Wi its muckle size an geografic variety, the Unitit States haes maist types o climate. Tae the east o the 100t meridian, the climate ranges frae humid continental in the north tae humid subtropical in the sooth.<ref>{{cite web|last=Boyden|first=Jennifer|title=Climate Regions of the United States|url=http://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html|website=Travel Tips|publisher=USA Today|accessdate=December 24, 2014|archive-date=2014-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225073246/http://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Great Plains wast o the 100t meridian are semi-arid. Muckle o the Wastren moontains hae an alpine climate. The climate is arid in the Great Basin, desert in the Soothwast, [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]] in coastal Californie, an [[oceanic climate|oceanic]] in coastal [[Oregon]] an [[Washington (state)|Washington]] an soothren Alaska. Maist o Alaska is subarctic or polar. Hawaii an the soothren tip o [[Florida]] are tropical, as are the populatit territories in the Caribbean an the Pacific.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Map of Köppen−Geiger Climate Classification|url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf|accessdate=August 19, 2015}}</ref> === Wildlife === The U.S. ecology is megadiverse: aboot 17,000 species o [[vascular plant]]s occur in the contiguous Unitit States an Alaska, an ower 1,800 species o flouerin plants are foond in Hawaii, few o that are foond on the mainland.<ref>{{cite web |author=Morin, Nancy |url=http://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724222726/http://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |title=Vascular Plants of the United States |publisher=National Biological Service |work=Plants |accessdate=October 27, 2008 |archivedate=July 24, 2013 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724222726/http://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |date=2013-07-24 }}</ref> The Unitit States is hame tae 428 mammal species, 784 bird species, 311 reptile species, an 295 amphibian species.<ref name="Current Results # of native species in the US">{{cite web|last1=Osborn|first1=Liz|title=Number of Native Species in United States|url=http://www.currentresults.com/Environment-Facts/Plants-Animals/number-of-native-species-in-united-states.php|publisher=Current Results Nexus|accessdate=January 15, 2015}}</ref> Aboot 91,000 insect species hae been describit.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/buginfo/bugnos.htm |title=Numbers of Insects (Species and Individuals) |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |accessdate=January 20, 2009}}</ref> The [[bauld eagle]] is baith the naitional bird an naitional ainimal o the Unitit States, an is a lastin symbol o the kintra itsel.<ref name=j23>{{cite journal |last1=Lawrence |first1=E.A. |year=1990 |title=Symbol of a Nation: The Bald Eagle in American Culture |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-american-culture_spring-1990_13_1/page/63 |journal=The Journal of American Culture |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=63–69|doi=10.1111/j.1542-734X.1990.1301_63.x }}</ref> == Cultur == The Unitit States is hame tae [[Multiculturalism|mony culturs]] an a wide variety o ethnic groups, tradeetions, an values.<ref name="DD" /><ref name="Society in Focus">Thompson, William; Hickey, Joseph (2005). ''Society in Focus''. Boston: Pearson. ISBN 0-205-41365-X.</ref> Forby the [[Indigenous fowks|Native American]], Native Hawaiian an Alaska Native populations, near aw Americans or thair forebears haes come tae the kintra in the past five centuries.<ref>Fiorina, Morris P.; Peterson, Paul E. (2000). ''The New American Democracy''. London: Longman, p. 97. ISBN 0-321-07058-5.</ref> Mainstream American cultur is a Wastren cultur that comes maistly frae the tradeetions o European incomers, wi influences frae monie ither soorces, sic as tradeetions brocht bi slaves frae Africae.<ref name="DD" /><ref>Holloway, Joseph E. (2005). ''Africanisms in American Culture'', 2d ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 18–38. ISBN 0-253-34479-4. Johnson, Fern L. (1999). ''Speaking Culturally: Language Diversity in the United States''. Thousand Oaks, Calif., London, and New Delhi: Sage, p. 116. ISBN 0-8039-5912-5.</ref> ===Cuisine=== Mainstream American cuisine is lik that in ither Wastren kintras. Typical dishes sic as aiple pie, fried chicken, pizza, hamburgers an het dugs come frae the recipes o different incomers. French fries, Mexican dishes sic as burritos an tacos, an pasta dishes freely adaptit frae Italian anes are widely eaten.<ref name="IFT">{{cite web |url=http://www.newswise.com/articles/what-when-and-where-americans-eat-in-2003|author=Klapthor, James N. |title=What, When, and Where Americans Eat in 2003 |publisher=Newswise/Institute of Food Technologists |date=August 23, 2003|accessdate=June 19, 2007}}</ref> Americans drink three times as muckle coffee as tea.<ref name=coffeeandtea>{{cite news|last1=H|first1=D|title=The coffee insurgency|url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2013/12/daily-chart-17|website=The Economist|accessdate=January 15, 2015}}</ref> Mercatin bi U.S. industries is lairgely why orange juice an milk are drunk at breakfast awgates.<ref>[[#Smith2004|Smith, 2004]], pp. 131–132</ref><ref>[[#Levenstein|Levenstein, 2003]], pp. 154–55</ref> ===Airts=== In literatur, [[Edgar Allan Poe|Edgar Allan Poe]], [[Emily Dickinson|Emily Dickinson]], [[Mark Twain]], [[William Faulkner]], [[Ernest Hemingway]], [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]], [[Herman Melville]], an [[John Steinbeck]] are amang the best-kent American writers, while [[Jackson Pollock]], [[Georgia O'Keeffe|Georgia O'Keeffe]] an [[Andy Warhol]] are some o the best-kent American painters. [[Hollywood]], a northren destrict o [[Los Angeles]], Californie, is ane o the leaders in motion pictur production.<ref>{{cite press release |url= http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=30707 |title=Nigeria surpasses Hollywood as world's second largest film producer |publisher=United Nations |date=May 5, 2009 |accessdate=February 17, 2013}}</ref> Syne the early 20t century, the U.S. film industry haes maistly been based in an aroond Hollywood, tho in the 21st century mair an mair films are no shot thare, an film companies hae been subject tae the forces o globalisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/john-landis-rails-studios-theyre-659222|title=John Landis Rails Against Studios: 'They're Not in the Movie Business Anymore'|publisher=''The Hollywood Reporter''|accessdate=January 24, 2015}}</ref> Muisic in Americae haes been influenced bi [[African-American]] cultur, wi [[Duke Ellington]] an [[Louis Armstrong]] pioneerin the [[Jazz]] genre. [[Elvis Presley]] an [[Buddy Holly]] war amang the pioneers o popular muisic in the 1950s. Syne then, the Unitit States haes produced mony popular airtists, includin [[Michael Jackson]], [[Whitney Houston]], [[Madonna]], [[Katy Perry]], [[Taylor Swift]], an [[Beyoncé]], amang mony ithers. ==Sport== [[American fitba]] is the maist popular sport in the Unitit States.<ref>{{cite web |author=Krane, David K. |title=Professional Football Widens Its Lead Over Baseball as Nation's Favorite Sport |url=http://www.harrisinteractive.com/Insights/HarrisVault8482.aspx?PID=337 |publisher=Harris Interactive |date=October 30, 2002 |accessdate=September 14, 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709111448/http://www.harrisinteractive.com/Insights/HarrisVault8482.aspx?PID=337 |archivedate=July 9, 2010 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709111448/http://www.harrisinteractive.com/Insights/HarrisVault8482.aspx?PID=337 |date=2010-07-09 }} MacCambridge, Michael (2004). ''America's Game: The Epic Story of How Pro Football Captured a Nation''. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-375-50454-0.</ref> The [[National Football League]] (NFL) haes the heichest average attendance o ony sports league in the warld, an the [[Super Bowl]] is watched bi millions globally. [[Basebaw]] haes been regairdit as the U.S. naitional sport syne the late 19t century, wi [[Major League Baseball]] (MLB) bein the tap league. [[Basketbaw]] an [[ice hockey]] are the kintra's next twa leadin professional team sports, wi the tap leagues bein the [[National Basketball Association]] (NBA) an the [[National Hockey League]] (NHL). Aicht [[Olympic Gemmes]] hae taen place in the Unitit States. As o 2014, the Unitit States haes wan 2,400 medals at the [[Simmer Olympic Gemmes]], mair nor ony ither kintra, an 281 in the [[Winter Olympic Gemmes]], the seicont maist behind Norawa.<ref>{{cite news |title= The 10 most fascinating facts about the all-time Winter Olympics medal standings |first= Chris |last= Chase |date= February 7, 2014 |work= USA Today |url= http://ftw.usatoday.com/2014/02/winter-olympics-medal-count-sochi-all-time-facts/ |accessdate= February 28, 2014 |archive-date= 2019-12-15 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191215084716/https://ftw.usatoday.com/2014/02/winter-olympics-medal-count-sochi-all-time-facts |url-status= dead }} {{cite news |title= With Sochi Olympics approaching, a history of Winter Olympic medals |date= February 6, 2014 |first= Dan |last= Loumena |work= Los Angeles Times |url= http://articles.latimes.com/2014/feb/06/sports/la-sp-a-history-of-the-winter-olympic-medals-20140206 |accessdate= February 28, 2014 }}</ref> == States o the Unitit States == {{main|U.S. state}} {| border="0" |----- | valign="top" | * [[Alabama]] * [[Alaska]] * [[Arizona]] * [[Arkansas]] * [[Californie]] * [[Colorado]] * [[Connecticut]] * [[Delaware]] * [[Florida]] * [[Georgie (U.S. state)|Georgie]] | valign="top" | * [[Hawaii]] * [[Idaho]] * [[Illinois]] * [[Indiana]] * [[Iowa]] * [[Kansas]] * [[Kentucky]] * [[Louisiana]] * [[Maine]] * [[Maryland]] | valign="top" | * [[Massachusetts]] * [[Michigan]] * [[Minnesota]] * [[Mississippi]] * [[Missouri]] * [[Montana]] * [[Nebraska]] * [[Nevada]] * [[New Hampshire]] * [[New Jersey]] | valign="top" | * [[New Mexico]] * [[New York]] * [[North Carolina]] * [[North Dakota]] * [[Ohio]] * [[Oklahoma]] * [[Oregon]] * [[Pennsylvanie]] * [[Rhode Island]] * [[Sooth Carolina]] | valign="top" | * [[Sooth Dakota]] * [[Tennessee]] * [[Texas]] * [[Utah]] * [[Vermont]] * [[Wast Virginie]] * [[Virginie]] * [[Washington (state)|Washington]] * [[Wisconsin]] * [[Wyoming]] |} ==Notes== <references group="fn"/> ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ===Soorces=== {{Commonscat|United States}} * {{cite book |last=Simonson |first=Peter |title=Refiguring Mass Communication: A History |url=https://archive.org/details/refiguringmassco0000simo |ref=Simonson |year=2010 |publisher=University of Illinois Press|quote=He held high the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the nation's unofficial motto, ''e pluribus unum'', even as he was recoiling from the party system in which he had long participated. |location=Urbana |isbn=978-0-252-07705-0}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=N6lrAmPlbvIC&pg=PA79&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false Beuk] * {{cite web |url= http://www.treasury.gov/about/education/Pages/in-god-we-trust.aspx |title=History of "In God We Trust" |ref=God |publisher=U.S. Department of the Treasury |date=March 8, 2011 |accessdate=February 23, 2013}} * {{cite news |title=Looking back 20 years: Who deserves credit for ending the Cold War? |author=Nick Hayes |ref=Hayes |url=http://www.minnpost.com/politics-policy/2009/11/looking-back-20-years-who-deserves-credit-ending-cold-war |newspaper=MinnPost |date=November 6, 2009 |accessdate=March 11, 2013}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.ushistory.org/us/59e.asp |title=59e. The End of the Cold War |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |work=U.S. History.org |ref=ushistory13|publisher=Independence Hall Association |accessdate=March 10, 2013}} * {{cite book |last=Smith |first= Andrew F. |year=2004 |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America'' |ref=Smith2004 |publisher=New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 131–32. ISBN 0-19-515437-1}} * {{cite book |last=Levenstein |first=Harvey |title=Revolution at the Table: The Transformation of the American Diet |url=https://archive.org/details/revolutionattabl0000leve_d6o6 |ref=Levenstein |publisher=University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles |year=2003 |isbn=0-520-23439-1}} {{Unitit States topics}} [[Category:Unitit States| ]] [[Category:1776 establishments in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Umwhile Breetish colonies]] [[Category:Umwhile confederations]] [[Category:G8 naitions]] [[Category:G20 naitions]] [[Category:Leeberal democracies]] [[Category:Member states o NATO]] [[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1776]] r5xn2go57hog8w5rxdvp1uim6of2wwy 0 1827 926908 877291 2026-11-08T20:35:42Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 926908 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Gelderland | native_name = | native_name_lang = nl | image_shield = Gelderland wapen.svg | image_flag = Gelderland-Flag.svg | settlement_type = [[Provinces o the Netherlands|Province o the Netherlands]] | image_map = Gelderland in the Netherlands.svg | map_caption = Location o Gelderland in the Netherlands | coordinates = {{coord|52.06|N|5.95|E|type:adm1st|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = [[Netherlands]] | established_title = <!-- Inclusion --> | established_date = | seat_type = Caipital | seat = [[Arnhem]] | seat1_type = Lairgest ceety | seat1 = [[Nijmegen]] | leader_title = [[Keeng's Commissioner]] | leader_name = [[John Berends]] | leader_party = [[Christian Democratic Appeal|CDA]] | anthem = "[[Ons Gelderland]]"<br><small>"Our Gelderland"</small> | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_total_km2 = 4,971.76 | total_type = Tot | area_water_km2 = 164.75 | area_rank = 1 | population_total = 2,026,578 | population_as_of = 1 Januar 2015 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_rank = [[Rankit leet o Dutch provinces#Bi density|6t]] | population_rank = [[Rankit leet o Dutch provinces#Bi population|4t]] | iso_code = NL-GE | website = [http://www.gelderland.nl www.gelderland.nl] | blank_name_sec1 = Releegion <small>(1999)</small> | blank_info_sec1 = 31% Protestant, 29% Catholic | blank_name_sec2 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2017) | blank_info_sec2 = 0.918<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{Cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|language=en|access-date=2018-09-13}}</ref><br/>{{color|green|very high}} · [[List of provinces of the Netherlands by Human Development Index|6th]] }} '''Gelderland''' ('''Guelders''') is a province o the [[Netherlands]]. Its caipital city is [[Arnhem]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gelderland {{!}} province, Netherlands {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Gelderland|access-date=2023-01-28|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> Ither important ceeties are [[Nijmegen]] an Apeldoorn, that are baith bigger nor Arnhem. Its size maks it the lairgest province o the Netherlands.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gelderland|url=https://www.gelderland.nl/en|access-date=2023-01-28|website=www.gelderland.nl|language=en}}</ref> In [[2005]] Gelderland haed 1&nbsp;970&nbsp;865 indwallers, 31% Protestant, 29% [[Catholicism|Catholic]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{Provinces o the Netherlands}} {{Stub/LawK}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Gelderland| ]] [[Category:NUTS 2 stateestical regions o the European Union]] [[Category:Provinces o the Netherlands]] ss7v7l6fr3wir54wj0niz4x7kg75gpk 0 2049 926988 926641 2026-11-08T21:59:55Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; lead, history an etymology addit, soorced 926988 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Math.jpg|right|200px|thumb|A mathematical equation written <!-- Leiterally! :P --> intae the saund on a strand]] '''Mathematics''' is a field o knawledge that deals wi abstract concepts sic as nummers, geometric shapes, sets, functions an probabilities. It uises logical raisonin an proof tae study an establish thair properties, that are aften set oot as theorems, formulas an equations. Mathematics is uised wide tae model an solve problems in [[science]], [[ingineerin]], technology, [[economics]] an ilkaday life. There are monie fields o mathematics, includin [[nummer theory]] (the study o integers an thair properties), [[algebra]] (the study o operations an the structurs thay form), [[geometry]] (the study o shapes an the spaces that haud them), [[Mathematical analysis|analysis]] (the quantitative study o approximation an convergence) an [[set theory]] (uised the nou as a foond for aw o mathematics). Mathematics deals wi the description an handlin o abstract objects that are aither abstractions frae naitur or purely abstract things that are laid doun tae hae certain properties, cried ''axioms''. Mathematics uises pure raison tae pruive the properties o objects throu ''[[mathematical proof|proofs]]'', that are a string o deductive rules applied tae results awready established. Thir results, cried ''theorems'', include theorems pruiven afore, axioms, an, whaur the abstraction is frae naitur, some basic properties that are taen as true stairtin pynts for the theory.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hipólito |first=Inês Viegas |editor1-last=Kanzian |editor1-first=Christian |editor2-last=Mitterer |editor2-first=Josef |editor2-link=Josef Mitterer |editor3-last=Neges |editor3-first=Katharina |date=August 9–15, 2015 |chapter=Abstract Cognition and the Nature of Mathematical Proof |pages=132–134 |title=Realismus – Relativismus – Konstruktivismus: Beiträge des 38. Internationalen Wittgenstein Symposiums |trans-title=Realism – Relativism – Constructivism: Contributions of the 38th International Wittgenstein Symposium |volume=23 |language=de, en |publisher=Austrian Ludwig Wittgenstein Society |location=Kirchberg am Wechsel, Austria |issn=1022-3398 |oclc=236026294 |url=https://www.alws.at/alws/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/papers-2015.pdf#page=133 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107221937/https://www.alws.at/alws/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/papers-2015.pdf#page=133 |archive-date=November 7, 2022 |access-date=January 17, 2024}}</ref> Mathematics is an indispensable tuil in the [[naitural science]]s, [[ingineerin]] an [[economics]], an it is uised in ilka field o knawledge an in ilkaday life, whaurever data is handled, shapes, patterns an structurs are studied, or logical raisonin is needit.<ref name=wigner1960>{{cite journal | title=The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences | last=Wigner | first=Eugene | author-link=Eugene Wigner | journal=Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics | volume=13 | issue=1 | pages=1–14 | year=1960 | doi=10.1002/cpa.3160130102 | bibcode=1960CPAM...13....1W | s2cid=6112252 | url=https://math.dartmouth.edu/~matc/MathDrama/reading/Wigner.html | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228152633/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~matc/MathDrama/reading/Wigner.html | archive-date=February 28, 2011 | df=mdy-all }}</ref> == History == The first written records o mathematics come frae Auncient [[Egyp]] an Mesopotamie, but the idea o proof, an the rigour that gangs wi it, stairtit in auncient Greek mathematics, as seen in [[Euclid]]'s ''Elements''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wise |first=David |url=http://jwilson.coe.uga.edu/EMT668/EMAT6680.F99/Wise/essay7/essay7.htm |title=Eudoxus' Influence on Euclid's Elements with a close look at The Method of Exhaustion|website=The University of Georgia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601004355/http://jwilson.coe.uga.edu/emt668/EMAT6680.F99/Wise/essay7/essay7.htm |archive-date=June 1, 2019 |access-date=January 18, 2024}}</ref> Mathematics wis maistly split intae [[geometry]] an [[arithmetic]] till the 16t an 17t centuries, whan algebra an infinitesimal [[calculus]] grew intae new fields. Syne then, new ideas in mathematics an new scientific discoveries hae driven ilk ither on.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Alexander |first=Amir |author-link=Amir Alexander |date=September 2011 |title=The Skeleton in the Closet: Should Historians of Science Care about the History of Mathematics? |journal=Isis |volume=102 |number=3 |pages=475–480 |doi=10.1086/661620 |mr=2884913 |pmid=22073771 }}</ref> At the end o the 19t century, the foondational crisis o mathematics led tae the systematic uiss o the axiomatic method,<ref name=Kleiner_1991>{{cite journal |last=Kleiner |first=Israel |author-link=Israel Kleiner (mathematician) |date=December 1991 |title=Rigor and Proof in Mathematics: A Historical Perspective |journal=Mathematics Magazine |publisher=Taylor & Francis, Ltd. |volume=64 |issue=5 |pages=291–314 |doi=10.1080/0025570X.1991.11977625 |jstor=2690647 |issn=0025-570X |eissn=1930-0980 |lccn=47003192 |mr=1141557 |oclc=1756877 }}</ref> that brocht a muckle rise in the nummer o mathematical fields an the weys thay coud be applied. The modren Mathematics Subject Classification lists mair nor 60 first-level fields o mathematics.<ref name=MSC>{{cite web |url=https://zbmath.org/static/msc2020.pdf |title=MSC2020-Mathematics Subject Classification System |website=zbMath |publisher=Associate Editors of Mathematical Reviews and zbMATH |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102023805/https://zbmath.org/static/msc2020.pdf |archive-date=January 2, 2024 |access-date=November 13, 2025}}</ref> == Etymology == The wird ''mathematics'' comes frae the [[Auncient Greek]] wird ''máthēma'' (μάθημα), meanin "something lairnt, knawledge, mathematics", an the expression ''mathēmatikḗ tékhnē'' (μαθηματικὴ τέχνη), meanin "mathematical science". In the auld days, ane o the twa main schuils o thocht amang the Pythagoreans wis kent as the ''mathēmatikoi'' (μαθηματικοί), that meant "lairners" at the time, raither nor "mathematicians" in the modren sense. It is thocht that the Pythagoreans war the first tae haud the wird tae the study o [[arithmetic]] an [[geometry]] alane. Bi the time o [[Aristotle]] (384–322&nbsp;BC), this meanin wis weel established.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Perisho |first=Margaret W. |date=Spring 1965 |title=The Etymology of Mathematical Terms |journal=Pi Mu Epsilon Journal |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=62–66 |issn=0031-952X |jstor=24338341 |lccn=58015848 |oclc=1762376}}</ref> In Laitin an Inglis, till aboot 1700, the term ''mathematics'' maistly meant "astrology" (or whiles "astronomy") raither nor "mathematics"; the meanin chynged bit bi bit tae the present ane atween aboot 1500 an 1800. This chynge haes led tae some wrang translations: for ensaumple, [[Augustinus|Saunt Augustine]]'s warnin that Christians shoud bewaur o ''mathematici'', meanin "astrologers", is whiles mistranslatit as a condemnation o mathematicians.<ref name="Boas">{{cite book |last=Boas |first=Ralph P. |author-link=Ralph P. Boas Jr. |editor-last1=Alexanderson |editor-first1=Gerald L. |editor-last2=Mugler |editor-first2=Dale H. |year=1995 |chapter=What Augustine Didn't Say About Mathematicians |page=257 |title=Lion Hunting and Other Mathematical Pursuits: A Collection of Mathematics, Verse, and Stories |publisher=Mathematical Association of America |isbn=978-0-88385-323-8 |lccn=94078313 |oclc=633018890}}</ref> == See an aw == {{div col|rules=yes}} * [[American Mathematical Society]] * [[Applee'd mathematics]] * [[Mathematical analysis]] ** [[Complex analysis]] ** [[Matrix analysis]] ** [[Numerical analysis]] * [[Mathematician]] * [[MathWorks]] * [[Mathematics Genealogy Project]] * [[Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics|{{lang|en|Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics}}]] * [[Wolfram Mathematica]] {{div col end}} == References == {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Mathematics|*]] h7sdaot1l108gk1rbaky7olnwcwxlka 927257 926988 2026-11-09T10:49:09Z Monospaced 75295 Fix broken link ({{lang}} oot o the link label) 927257 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Math.jpg|right|200px|thumb|A mathematical equation written <!-- Leiterally! :P --> intae the saund on a strand]] '''Mathematics''' is a field o knawledge that deals wi abstract concepts sic as nummers, geometric shapes, sets, functions an probabilities. It uises logical raisonin an proof tae study an establish thair properties, that are aften set oot as theorems, formulas an equations. Mathematics is uised wide tae model an solve problems in [[science]], [[ingineerin]], technology, [[economics]] an ilkaday life. There are monie fields o mathematics, includin [[nummer theory]] (the study o integers an thair properties), [[algebra]] (the study o operations an the structurs thay form), [[geometry]] (the study o shapes an the spaces that haud them), [[Mathematical analysis|analysis]] (the quantitative study o approximation an convergence) an [[set theory]] (uised the nou as a foond for aw o mathematics). Mathematics deals wi the description an handlin o abstract objects that are aither abstractions frae naitur or purely abstract things that are laid doun tae hae certain properties, cried ''axioms''. Mathematics uises pure raison tae pruive the properties o objects throu ''[[mathematical proof|proofs]]'', that are a string o deductive rules applied tae results awready established. Thir results, cried ''theorems'', include theorems pruiven afore, axioms, an, whaur the abstraction is frae naitur, some basic properties that are taen as true stairtin pynts for the theory.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hipólito |first=Inês Viegas |editor1-last=Kanzian |editor1-first=Christian |editor2-last=Mitterer |editor2-first=Josef |editor2-link=Josef Mitterer |editor3-last=Neges |editor3-first=Katharina |date=August 9–15, 2015 |chapter=Abstract Cognition and the Nature of Mathematical Proof |pages=132–134 |title=Realismus – Relativismus – Konstruktivismus: Beiträge des 38. Internationalen Wittgenstein Symposiums |trans-title=Realism – Relativism – Constructivism: Contributions of the 38th International Wittgenstein Symposium |volume=23 |language=de, en |publisher=Austrian Ludwig Wittgenstein Society |location=Kirchberg am Wechsel, Austria |issn=1022-3398 |oclc=236026294 |url=https://www.alws.at/alws/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/papers-2015.pdf#page=133 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107221937/https://www.alws.at/alws/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/papers-2015.pdf#page=133 |archive-date=November 7, 2022 |access-date=January 17, 2024}}</ref> Mathematics is an indispensable tuil in the [[naitural science]]s, [[ingineerin]] an [[economics]], an it is uised in ilka field o knawledge an in ilkaday life, whaurever data is handled, shapes, patterns an structurs are studied, or logical raisonin is needit.<ref name=wigner1960>{{cite journal | title=The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences | last=Wigner | first=Eugene | author-link=Eugene Wigner | journal=Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics | volume=13 | issue=1 | pages=1–14 | year=1960 | doi=10.1002/cpa.3160130102 | bibcode=1960CPAM...13....1W | s2cid=6112252 | url=https://math.dartmouth.edu/~matc/MathDrama/reading/Wigner.html | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228152633/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~matc/MathDrama/reading/Wigner.html | archive-date=February 28, 2011 | df=mdy-all }}</ref> == History == The first written records o mathematics come frae Auncient [[Egyp]] an Mesopotamie, but the idea o proof, an the rigour that gangs wi it, stairtit in auncient Greek mathematics, as seen in [[Euclid]]'s ''Elements''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wise |first=David |url=http://jwilson.coe.uga.edu/EMT668/EMAT6680.F99/Wise/essay7/essay7.htm |title=Eudoxus' Influence on Euclid's Elements with a close look at The Method of Exhaustion|website=The University of Georgia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601004355/http://jwilson.coe.uga.edu/emt668/EMAT6680.F99/Wise/essay7/essay7.htm |archive-date=June 1, 2019 |access-date=January 18, 2024}}</ref> Mathematics wis maistly split intae [[geometry]] an [[arithmetic]] till the 16t an 17t centuries, whan algebra an infinitesimal [[calculus]] grew intae new fields. Syne then, new ideas in mathematics an new scientific discoveries hae driven ilk ither on.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Alexander |first=Amir |author-link=Amir Alexander |date=September 2011 |title=The Skeleton in the Closet: Should Historians of Science Care about the History of Mathematics? |journal=Isis |volume=102 |number=3 |pages=475–480 |doi=10.1086/661620 |mr=2884913 |pmid=22073771 }}</ref> At the end o the 19t century, the foondational crisis o mathematics led tae the systematic uiss o the axiomatic method,<ref name=Kleiner_1991>{{cite journal |last=Kleiner |first=Israel |author-link=Israel Kleiner (mathematician) |date=December 1991 |title=Rigor and Proof in Mathematics: A Historical Perspective |journal=Mathematics Magazine |publisher=Taylor & Francis, Ltd. |volume=64 |issue=5 |pages=291–314 |doi=10.1080/0025570X.1991.11977625 |jstor=2690647 |issn=0025-570X |eissn=1930-0980 |lccn=47003192 |mr=1141557 |oclc=1756877 }}</ref> that brocht a muckle rise in the nummer o mathematical fields an the weys thay coud be applied. The modren Mathematics Subject Classification lists mair nor 60 first-level fields o mathematics.<ref name=MSC>{{cite web |url=https://zbmath.org/static/msc2020.pdf |title=MSC2020-Mathematics Subject Classification System |website=zbMath |publisher=Associate Editors of Mathematical Reviews and zbMATH |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102023805/https://zbmath.org/static/msc2020.pdf |archive-date=January 2, 2024 |access-date=November 13, 2025}}</ref> == Etymology == The wird ''mathematics'' comes frae the [[Auncient Greek]] wird ''máthēma'' (μάθημα), meanin "something lairnt, knawledge, mathematics", an the expression ''mathēmatikḗ tékhnē'' (μαθηματικὴ τέχνη), meanin "mathematical science". In the auld days, ane o the twa main schuils o thocht amang the Pythagoreans wis kent as the ''mathēmatikoi'' (μαθηματικοί), that meant "lairners" at the time, raither nor "mathematicians" in the modren sense. It is thocht that the Pythagoreans war the first tae haud the wird tae the study o [[arithmetic]] an [[geometry]] alane. Bi the time o [[Aristotle]] (384–322&nbsp;BC), this meanin wis weel established.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Perisho |first=Margaret W. |date=Spring 1965 |title=The Etymology of Mathematical Terms |journal=Pi Mu Epsilon Journal |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=62–66 |issn=0031-952X |jstor=24338341 |lccn=58015848 |oclc=1762376}}</ref> In Laitin an Inglis, till aboot 1700, the term ''mathematics'' maistly meant "astrology" (or whiles "astronomy") raither nor "mathematics"; the meanin chynged bit bi bit tae the present ane atween aboot 1500 an 1800. This chynge haes led tae some wrang translations: for ensaumple, [[Augustinus|Saunt Augustine]]'s warnin that Christians shoud bewaur o ''mathematici'', meanin "astrologers", is whiles mistranslatit as a condemnation o mathematicians.<ref name="Boas">{{cite book |last=Boas |first=Ralph P. |author-link=Ralph P. Boas Jr. |editor-last1=Alexanderson |editor-first1=Gerald L. |editor-last2=Mugler |editor-first2=Dale H. |year=1995 |chapter=What Augustine Didn't Say About Mathematicians |page=257 |title=Lion Hunting and Other Mathematical Pursuits: A Collection of Mathematics, Verse, and Stories |publisher=Mathematical Association of America |isbn=978-0-88385-323-8 |lccn=94078313 |oclc=633018890}}</ref> == See an aw == {{div col|rules=yes}} * [[American Mathematical Society]] * [[Applee'd mathematics]] * [[Mathematical analysis]] ** [[Complex analysis]] ** [[Matrix analysis]] ** [[Numerical analysis]] * [[Mathematician]] * [[MathWorks]] * [[Mathematics Genealogy Project]] * {{lang|en|[[Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics|Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics]]}} * [[Wolfram Mathematica]] {{div col end}} == References == {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Mathematics|*]] ghj8b15swshu7bj63t51kzuvdcbvcns 0 2132 927162 921786 2026-11-09T01:04:59Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; facts correctit, quotes back in Inglis, soorced 927162 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie | name = Alexander Graham Bell | image = Alexander Graham Bell.jpg | caption = Portrait photie taen atween 1914 an 1919 | birth_date = 3 Mairch 1847 | birth_place = [[Edinburgh]], Scotland | death_date = {{death date and age|1922|8|2|1847|3|3|mf=y}} | death_place = [[Beinn Bhreagh]], [[Nova Scotia]], Canadae | death_cause = Complications frae [[diabetes]]{{thinsp}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Gray |first=Charlotte |title=Reluctant Genius: The Passionate Life and Inventive Mind of Alexander Graham Bell |url={{google books|ujlCgf1uSJIC|plainurl=yes|page=151}} |year=2006 |publisher=Arcade |location=New York |p=419 |isbn=1-55970-809-3 |ref=harv}}</ref> | occupation = {{hlist |Inventor |Scientist}} {{hlist |Ingineer |Professor{{thinsp}}{{sup|a}}}} {{nowrap|Teacher o the deaf{{thinsp}}}} | residence = {{ublist|class=nowrap|Unitit Kinrick |Canadae |Unitit States}} | citizenship = {{Unbulleted list |class=nowrap | {{smaller|birth–1882}}{{nbsp|3}} Breetish{{refn|Bell an his parents immigratit tae Canadae in 1870, but Canadian ceetizenship didnae exist formally till 1910; aw immigrants frae the UK remeened "Breetish subjects". Canadae wis Bell's domicile frae 1870 til 1871 an, awtho sent bi his faither fur tae teach in Boston, Massachusetts, an mibbes ayont. He becam a U.S. ceetizen in 1882. |group="N"}} | {{smaller|1882–death}}&nbsp; American }} | alma_mater = {{ublist|class=nowrap |[[Varsity o Edinburgh]] |[[University College London]]}} | known_for = {{nowrap|[[Invention o the telephone]]{{thinsp}}}} | awards = {{ublist|class=nowrap |{{smaller|1902}}&nbsp; [[Albert Medal (Ryal Society o Airts)|Albert Medal]] |{{smaller|1907}}&nbsp; John Fritz Medal |{{smaller|1912}}&nbsp; Elliott Cresson Medal}} | spouse = {{marriage|[[Mabel Hubbard]]|()=smaller|1877|1922}} | parents = {{ublist|class=nowrap |[[Alexander Melville Bell]] |Eliza Grace Symonds Bell}} | signature = Alexander Graham Bell (signature).svg | children = fower{{thinsp}}{{sup|b}} | relatives = {{Unbulleted list |class=nowrap | Gardiner G. Hubbard {{small|(father-in-law)}} | David C. Bell {{small|(uncle)}} | Gilbert H. Grosvenor {{small|(son-in-law)}} | David Fairchild {{small|(son-in-law)}} | Melville Bell Grosvenor {{small|(grandson)}} | Mabel Grosvenor {{small|(granddaughter)}} | A. Graham Bell Fairchild {{small|(grandson)}} | Gilbert Grosvenor {{small|(great-grandson)}} | Edwin Grosvenor {{small|(great-grandson)}} | Chichester Bell {{small|(cousin)}} }} | module = {{Listen |pos=center |embed=yes |filename=Alexander Graham Bell's Voice.ogg |title={{big|Bell's vyce}}{{thinsp}}<ref name="voice">{{cite web |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/we-had-no-idea-what-alexander-graham-bell-sounded-like-until-now-37585123/?c=y&page=1 |title=We Had No Idea What Alexander Graham Bell Sounded Like. Until Now |work=Smithsonian |accessdate=February 13, 2014}}</ref> |type=speech |description=Re-identified in 2013, Bell made this wax-disc recording of his voice in 1885.}} | footnotes = {{ublist |{{sup|a}} Boston Varsity |{{sup|b}} Twa deed suin efter birth.}} }} '''Alexander Graham Bell''' (3 Mairch 1847 – 2 August 1922)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-03-07|title=Bell Homestead|url=https://www.brantford.ca/en/things-to-do/bell-homestead.aspx|access-date=2024-06-24|website=www.brantford.ca|language=en}}</ref> wis a Scots-born scientist an inventor that lived in [[Canadae]] an later in the [[Unitit States]]. He foondit [[Bell Canada]] an the {{lang|en|American Telephone and Telegraph Company}} ([[AT&T]]),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Transistorized: AT&T {{!}} PBS|url=https://www.pbs.org/transistor/background1/corgs/att.html|access-date=2024-06-24|website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> an he wis kent as the "faither o the [[telephone]]".<ref name="WDL">{{cite web |url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11375/ |title = Alexander Graham Bell Laboratory Notebook, 1875-1876 |website = World Digital Library |date = 1875-1876 |accessdate = 2013-07-24 |archive-date = 2015-02-03 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150203003124/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11375/ |url-status = dead }}</ref> As weel as his wark in [[telecommunications]], he wis responsible for several important advances in [[aviation]] an [[hydrofoil]] technology, an in [[genetics]].<ref name=":4" /> Baith his mither an his wife war profoondly deif, an the men o his faimily wirked on [[Speak|speech]] an elocution. This micht hae influenced Bell's ain research,<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Bruce|first=Robert V.|title=Bell: Alexander Graham Bell and the conquest of solitude|url=https://archive.org/details/bellalexandergra0000bruc_k0w1|date=1990|publisher=Cornell Univ. Press|isbn=978-0-8014-9691-2|edition=[Nachdr. der Ausg.] Boston, Little, Brown, 1973|location=Ithaca|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bellalexandergra0000bruc_k0w1/page/419 419], 37, 491, 388}}</ref> that led tae him gettin the first US patent for the telephone, on 7 Mairch 1876,<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Alexander Graham Bell: an inventive life|date=1999|publisher=Kids Can Press|isbn=978-1-55074-456-9|editor-last=MacLeod|editor-first=Elizabeth|location=Toronto|pages=19, 12-13}}</ref> tho he wadna hae a telephone in his ain study, acause it wad interrupt his ither research.<ref name=":0" /> He wis interestit in [[heredity]] an aw, an his wark on it wis cried "the soondest, an maist uissfae study o human heredity proponed in nineteenth-century America... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."<ref name=":1" /> He wis the second preses (1898–1903) o the [[National Geographic Society]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-02-02|title=NGS Celebrates 23rd Founders Day {{!}} National Geographic (blogs)|url=http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2011/05/26/ngs-celebrates-23rd-founders-day/|access-date=2024-06-24|website=web.archive.org|archive-date=2016-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202163557/http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2011/05/26/ngs-celebrates-23rd-founders-day/|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> == Early life an faimily == He wis born Alexander Bell in [[Edinburgh]] on 3 Mairch 1847. His faither wis Alexander Melville Bell, a phonetician that developed a system o visible speech, an his mither wis Eliza Grace Bell (''née'' Symonds);<ref>{{Cite news|date=1905-08-08|title=ALEXANDER M. BELL DEAD.; Father of Prof. A.G. Bell Developed Sign Language for Mutes.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1905/08/08/archives/alexander-m-bell-dead-father-of-prof-ag-bell-developed-sign.html|access-date=2024-06-24|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> the faimily bade in Charlotte Street. He askit his faither tae gie him a middle nem lik his twa brithers, an sae he wis named efter Alexander Graham, a lodger that his faither wis treatin; frae the age o eleiven he wis kent as Alexander Graham Bell.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-02-24|title=Alexander Graham Bell: Call Me Alexander Graham Bell|url=http://learn.fi.edu/learn/case-files/bell/agb.html|access-date=2024-06-24|website=web.archive.org|archive-date=2015-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224032704/http://learn.fi.edu/learn/case-files/bell/agb.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> His twa brithers, Melville James Bell (1845–1870) an Edward Charles Bell (1848–1867), baith deed o tuberculosis.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About this Collection {{!}} Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers at the Library of Congress {{!}} Digital Collections {{!}} Library of Congress|url=https://www.loc.gov/collections/alexander-graham-bell-papers/about-this-collection/|access-date=2024-06-24|website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}</ref> His mither wis deif frae when Bell wis twal, an he becam interestit in hou tae communicate wi her, an in acoustics.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mackay|first=James|title=Sounds out of silence: a life of Alexander Graham Bell|url=https://archive.org/details/soundsoutofsilen0000mack|date=1997|publisher=Mainstream Publ|isbn=978-1-85158-833-6|location=Edinburgh|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soundsoutofsilen0000mack/page/25 25]}}</ref> Bell wis musical an inventive as a bairn, an his parents encouraged him. His faither taucht him the Visible Speech method, an Bell coud pronoonce wirds in monie leids, sic as [[Laitin]], [[Scots Gaelic]] an [[Sanskrit]], athoot kennin hou thay war said.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Petrie|first=A. Roy|title=Alexander Graham Bell|date=1983|publisher=Fitzhenry & Whiteside|isbn=978-0-88902-209-6|series=The Canadians|location=Don Mills, Ont|pages=7-9}}</ref> He then bade wi his grandfaither in Lunnon for a year, afore he gaed tae be a pupil-teacher o elocution an music at Weston House Academy in [[Elgin, Moray]], whaur he studied Laitin an Greek himsel. Efter that he gaed tae the [[Varsity o Edinburgh]], gaed back tae Elgin, an then taucht in Bath, [[Somerset]]. He wis ill himsel at times, but his younger brither Edward never recovered an deed o tuberculosis in 1867, an his elder brither Melville deed an aw in 1870. Monie years afore, his faither haed got better in [[Newfoundland an Labrador|Newfoondland]], an sae, wi Bell ill an aw (he wis due tae stairt studyin at the [[Varsity o Lunnon]], an haed whiles taucht deif bairns in Lunnon wi his faither), the hale faimily flittit tae Canadae.<ref name=":1" /> Efter he haed foondit the Bell Telephone Company, he mairit Mabel Hubbard on 11 Julie 1877. Thay haed fower bairns: twa that deed as infants, an twa dochters, Elsie Mabel Bell an Marion Hubbard Bell.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Grosvenor|first=Edwin S.|url=http://archive.org/details/alexandergrahamb00gros|title=Alexander Graham Bell : the life and times of the man who invented the telephone|last2=Wesson|first2=Morgan|date=1997|publisher=New York : Harry Abrams|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-8109-4005-5|pages=104}}</ref> == Research an teachin == Bell's faither encouraged him an his brither Melville, that wirked wi him, tae dae aw kinds o experiments on soond an acoustics. Thay makkit a model o the [[thrapple]] (larynx) an skull, an uised bellaes tae mak it spik;<ref name=":2" /> in anither project he got a dug, a [[Skye Tarrie]] cried ''Trouve'', tae mak "human" soonds bi pressin on its thrapple an movin its lips wi his haunds.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Groundwater|first=Jennifer|title=Alexander Graham Bell: the spirit of invention; biography|url=https://archive.org/details/alexandergrahamb0000grou|date=2005|publisher=Altitude Pub. Canada|isbn=978-1-55439-006-9|series=Amazing stories|location=Canmore, Alta|pages=[https://archive.org/details/alexandergrahamb0000grou/page/30 30], 39}}</ref> In Canadae an then in [[Boston]], Bell wirked wi deif fowk alang wi his faither, an as a teacher in his ain schuil. Ane o his private pupils wis [[Helen Keller]], that wis blind an deif an coudna spik; Bell taucht her wi his faither's method. Monie years efter, she wis askit tae cut the sod for Bell's ain institute, the Volta Bureau, for "the increase and diffusion of knowledge relating to the deaf".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-05-28|title=Alexander Graham Bell {{!}} Biography, Education, Telephone, Inventions, & Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alexander-Graham-Bell|access-date=2024-06-24|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> In 1872 Bell becam professor o {{lang|en|Vocal Physiology and Elocution}} at the {{lang|en|Boston University School of Oratory}}. He taucht private pupils an held on experimentin wi transmittin soond an muisic, but he took ill again.<ref name=":3" /> == The telephone == Bell experimentit wi transmittin soond in different weys, includin a phonautograph, an uisin electric currents tae send the soonds.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Always inventing: a photobiography of Alexander Graham Bell|url=https://archive.org/details/alwaysinventingp0000matt|date=1999|publisher=National Geographic Society|isbn=978-0-7922-7391-2|editor-last=Matthews|editor-first=Tom L.|location=Washington, DC|pages=19-21}}</ref> In the 1870s the telegraph wis spreidin across Americae an Canadae. Bell telt twa walthy investors aboot his invention for sendin several tones on a telegraph line, an that stairtit the investment ahint his invention o the telephone in 1875 (an the patent tae protect it).<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Evenson|first=A. Edward|title=The telephone patent conspiracy of 1876: the Elisha Gray-Alexander Bell controversy and its many players|date=2000|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-0883-2|location=Jefferson, NC|pages=99}}</ref> Elisha Gray wis testin anither design an applyin for a patent at awmaist the same time, sae Gray challenged Bell's application.<ref name=":5" /> But the telephone patent, no. 174,465, wis issued tae Bell on 7 Mairch 1876 bi the US Patent Office. It protected "the method of, and apparatus for, transmitting vocal or other sounds telegraphically ... by causing electrical undulations, similar in form to the vibrations of the air accompanying the said vocal or other sound."<ref name=":0" /> Three days efter, on 10 Mairch 1876, Bell transmittit soond bi varyin electrical currents, but he developed a better model wi [[Electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic]] methods. He held on improvin it, an in August 1876 he sent soond (ae wey) fower mile frae his hame, an then aicht mile tae Paris, Ontario.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alexander Graham Bell and the Invention of the Telephone|url=https://www.telecommunications.ca/alexander-graham-bell-invention-telephone.htm|access-date=2024-06-24|website=www.telecommunications.ca}}</ref> His next step wis twa-wey conversation, an that cam aboot on 9 October 1876, atween [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] an Boston.<ref>{{Cite web|title=First Phone Call|url=https://historycambridge.org/innovation/First%20Phone%20Call.html|access-date=2024-06-24|website=historycambridge.org}}</ref> The follaein year the Bell Telephone Company wis set up, an within a decade aboot 150,000 fowk in the Unitit States awned a telephone. Within twa mair year Bell's demonstrations o the telephone haed gane naitionwide, an then internaitional efter a caw wi [[Queen Victoria]] on the [[Isle o Wight]] tae Southampton an Lunnon; Bell offered her a set o telephones for her ain uise.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ross|first=Stewart|title=Alexander Graham Bell|url=https://archive.org/details/alexandergrahamb00ross|date=2001|publisher=Raintree Steck-Vaughn|isbn=978-0-7398-4415-1|series=Scientists who made history|location=Austin, TX|pages=[https://archive.org/details/alexandergrahamb00ross/page/21 21]-22}}</ref> == Ither projects == === Photophone === Bell an his assistant, Charles Sumner Tainter, developed a photophone that sent soond an the human vyce ower a beam o licht. When it wis testit ower a distance o 700 feet on 21 Juin 1880, that wis aboot 19 year afore the first vyce radio transmission.<ref name=":1" /> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2002-02-19|title=First Radio Built by San Diego Resident|url=http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/recording/ar304.html|access-date=2024-06-25|website=web.archive.org|archive-date=2002-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020219111153/http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/recording/ar304.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Bell himsel thocht this wis his greatest invention.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alexander Graham Bell|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/alexander-graham-bell|access-date=2024-06-25|website=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca|language=en}}</ref> === Metal detector === Bell developed a kind o metal detector tae help find whaur the bullet haed gane when Preses [[James A. Garfield]] wis shot in 1881.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Grosvenor|first=Edwin S.|title=Alexander Graham Bell: the life and times of the man who invented the telephone|url=https://archive.org/details/alexandergrahamb0000gros|last2=Wesson|first2=Morgan|date=1997|publisher=Abrams|isbn=978-0-8109-4005-5|editor-last=AvRutick|editor-first=Sharon|location=New York, NY|pages=[https://archive.org/details/alexandergrahamb0000gros/page/106 107]}}</ref> Bell wrate an airticle aboot his invention an the search, published bi the American Association for the Advancement of Science.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bell|first=Alexander Graham|date=1883-01-01|title=Upon the electrical experiments to determine the location of the bullet in the body of the late President Garfield; and upon a successful form of induction balance for the painless detection of metallic masses in the human body|url=https://ajsonline.org/article/64003|journal=American Journal of Science|language=en|volume=s3-25|issue=145|pages=22–61|doi=10.2475/ajs.s3-25.145.22}}</ref> === Hydrofoil an aeronautics === Efter seein an ridin in the Forlanini hydrofoil on Lake Maggiore, Italy, in 1910–11, Bell an Frederick W. Baldwin improved the design, an then wirked wi the boatbigger Walter Pinaud (afore an efter the First Warld War), wi engines frae the US Navy, tae mak a hydrofoil that set the warld watter speed record o 70.86 mile an oor (114.04 kilometres an oor) on 19 September 1919. Thay held it for ten year.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Boileau|first=John|title=Fastest in the world: the saga of Canada's revolutionary hydrofoils|date=2005|publisher=Formac Publ|isbn=978-0-88780-621-6|location=Halifax, NS|pages=30}}</ref> Bell wis ahint the Aerial Experiment Association, that testit an flew "heavier than air" machines, wi money frae his wife Mabel. Its wark includit testin brent-new ideas sic as an enclosed cockpit an a kind o aileron for steerin. On 23 Februar 1909 he wis there when the AEA's ''Silver Dart'' makkit the first flicht in Canadae.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Phillips|first=Alan|title=Into the 20th century: 1900/1910|url=https://archive.org/details/into20thcentury10000unse|date=1977|publisher=Natural Science of Canada Ltd|isbn=978-0-919644-22-9|series=Canada's illustrated heritage|location=Toronto|pages=[https://archive.org/details/into20thcentury10000unse/page/95 95] -97}}</ref> === Heredity an genetics === Oot o their interest in deif fowk an in genetics ower monie years, Bell an his wife Mabel experimentit wi breedin sheep, tae develop anes wi mair teats for feedin their lambs.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Greenwald|first=Brian H.|date=2009|title=The Real “Toll” of A. G. Bell: Lessons about Eugenics|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26190555|journal=Sign Language Studies|volume=9|issue=3|pages=258–265|issn=0302-1475}}</ref> Acause o this an his ither studies in [[eugenics]], in 1921 Bell becam the honorary preses o the Second International Congress of Eugenics in New York, whaur he wis cried "a pioneering investigator in the field of human heredity".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Allen|first=Garland E.|date=January 1986|title=The Eugenics Record Office at Cold Spring Harbor, 1910-1940: An Essay in Institutional History|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/368657|journal=Osiris|language=en|volume=2|pages=225–264|doi=10.1086/368657|issn=0369-7827}}</ref> == Death == Bell deed o complications frae diabetes on 2 August 1922.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gray|first=Charlotte|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/ocm62118266|title=Reluctant genius: Alexander Graham Bell and the passion for invention|date=2006|publisher=Arcade Pub. : Distributed by Hachette Book Group USA|isbn=978-1-55970-809-8|edition=1st U.S. ed|location=New York|pages=419|oclc=ocm62118266}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> ==Notes== {{Reflist|group=N}} == References == <references/> {{Commonscat}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bell, Alexander Graham}} [[Category:1847 births]] [[Category:1922 daiths]] [[Category:19t-century Scots fowk]] [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Edinburgh]] [[Category:Alumni o University College London]] [[Category:American agnostics]] [[Category:American businessfowk]] [[Category:American inventors]] [[Category:American fowk o Scots strynd]] [[Category:American physicists]] [[Category:American Unitarians]] [[Category:Aviation]] [[Category:Canadian emigrants tae the Unitit States]] [[Category:Canadian inventors]] [[Category:Canadian fowk o Scots strynd]] [[Category:Canadian physicists]] [[Category:Fellaes o the American Academy o Airts an Sciences]] [[Category:History o telecommunications]] [[Category:IEEE Edison Medal recipients]] [[Category:Officiers o the Légion d'honneur]] [[Category:Fowk frae Brantford]] [[Category:Fowk frae Edinburgh]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at the Royal High School, Edinburgh]] [[Category:Fowk frae Boston]] [[Category:Fowk frae Washington, D.C.]] [[Category:Scots businessfowk]] [[Category:Scots emigrants tae Canadae]] [[Category:Scots emigrants tae the Unitit States]] [[Category:Scots inventors]] [[Category:Members o the Unitit States Naitional Academy o Sciences]] [[Category:Members o the American Filosofical Society]] [[Category:19t century ingineers]] a6xo0wzrb32i440sfrpu432cbjkfnkc 0 2209 926859 814291 2026-11-08T19:35:09Z Monospaced 75295 Rewritten frae soorces: the opinion taen oot, the original's pynts kept an soorced, examples an the 2020 Scots Wikipaedia case addit 926859 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Scotched English''' is a nem for writin that is maistly [[Inglis leid|Inglis]], wi Inglis grammar, idiom an wird order, but wi Scots wirds or Scots-luikin spellins pit in. Wikipaedia uisers uised the term in 2020 for airticles on the [[Scots Wikipaedia]] that were written this wey.<ref name="Telegraph">{{cite news |last=Cook |first=James |date=27 August 2020 |title=American teenager 'devastated' after filling thousands of Scots Wikipedia articles with 'gibberish' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2020/08/27/american-teenager-devastated-filling-thousands-scots-wikipedia/ |work=The Daily Telegraph |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> In the ''[[Dictionar o the Scots Leid|Scottish National Dictionary]]'', William Grant describit writin that differs "very little from St.Eng., except in the occasional use of a distinctively Scottish word or phrase", an cried it "spurious Scots".<ref name="Grant">{{cite book |last=Grant |first=William |year=1931 |chapter=Phonetic Description of Scottish Language and Dialects |title=The Scottish National Dictionary |volume=I |at=§§18.1–19 |url=https://dsl.ac.uk/about-scots/the-scots-language/ |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> A. J. Aitken uised the term ''scotticised'' for a text "predominantly English but including a sprinkling or more of phonological Scotticisms".<ref name="Aitken">{{cite journal |last=Aitken |first=A. J. |year=1997 |title=The pioneers of anglicised speech in Scotland: a second look |journal=Scottish Language |volume=16 |pages=1–36}} Prentit again in Caroline Macafee (ed.), ''Collected Writings on the Scots Language'', Scots Language Centre, 2015, [https://media.scotslanguage.com/library/document/aitken/The_Pioneers_of_anglicised_speech_in_Scotland.pdf online].</ref> == Hou it comes aboot == Writers on Scots hae pit forrit several raisons for it: * '''Schuilin in Inglis.''' Efter the Education (Scotland) Act o 1872, Inglis wis the leid o the schuil, an bairns were aften punished for spikkin Scots.<ref name="Needler">{{cite journal |last=Needler |first=Claire |year=2025 |title=Learning to write Scots: a school ethnography of Scots literacy development |journal=Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=524–539 |doi=10.1080/01434632.2024.2357719}}</ref>{{rp|525}} Till gey recent times, generations o Scots bairns learnt tae read anerly Inglis.<ref name="Needler" />{{rp|528}} Caroline Macafee (1980), as quotit bi David Purves, wrote that "in grammar more than at other linguistic levels, modern written Scots tends to adhere to the model instilled by literacy in standard English".<ref name="Purves">{{cite web |last=Purves |first=David |title=The Way Forward |url=https://electricscotland.com/POETRY/purves/Way_Forward.pdf |publisher=Electric Scotland |date=n.d. |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> * '''Thinkin in Inglis.''' Purves describit a guid deal o modren writin as "DIY Scots: back translations from English into personal notions of what Scots is", an argued that an Inglis passage "cannot be transformed into authentic Scots, simply by substituting Scots words for English words in an English syntactical context".<ref name="Purves" /> The linguist Robert McColl Millar said o ane mistak on the Scots Wikipaedia that it shawed "an English speaker carrying over their native system to one not fully understood".<ref name="i">{{cite news |last=McDonald |first=Karl |date=26 August 2020 |title=Scots Wikipedia taken over by American teenager who wrote thousands of 'very odd' articles without learning language |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/scotland/scots-wikipedia-language-articles-native-speaker-mistakes-610689 |work=i |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> * '''Dictionar wirds an makkit-up wirds.''' Wirds taen frae a dictionar can be uised oot o their context: on the Scots Wikipaedia, ''an aw'' wis uised "as a dictionary translation of the English word 'also'".<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news |last1=Brooks |first1=Libby |last2=Hern |first2=Alex |date=26 August 2020 |title=Shock an aw: US teenager wrote huge slice of Scots Wikipedia |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/aug/26/shock-an-aw-us-teenager-wrote-huge-slice-of-scots-wikipedia |work=The Guardian |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> Ither airticles there haed makkit-up wirds sic as ''pheesicist''.<ref name="Telegraph" /> Grant said monie writers gaed this wey "because it saves them the trouble of searching for the appropriate Scottish rhyme, word or phrase".<ref name="Grant" /> * '''Spellin.''' Purves notit that sic writin whiles tries tae mak up for no bein real Scots "by spelling English words in an unusual way".<ref name="Purves" /> Grant pit some o the blame on the "chaotic state of Scottish spelling".<ref name="Grant" /> * '''An anglicised dialect.''' Purves wrote that the regional dialects o Scots are "now seriously eroded and infiltrated by English", an that "it is arguable whether a substantial proportion of recent writing purporting to be in Scots, should be regarded as Scots at all".<ref name="Purves" /> Grant warned that seein "the English words and spellings" tends "to change our Scottish speech into a bastard English".<ref name="Grant" /> == Examples == * Purves picked oot a line bi [[Hugh MacDiarmid]], ''Yin canna thow the cockles o yin's hert'', that uises ''yin'' the wey Inglis uises "one". He said it wis "impossible to imagine anyone ever saying such a thing in Scots", ony mair nor Burns wad hae written ''Gin yin meet yin comin throu the rye!''<ref name="Purves" /> * Purves quotit Macafee's example ''Ah wouldnae of came if Ah had of knew'', an speired whether it shoud be seen "as a kind of Scots or simply as bad, or broken, English".<ref name="Purves" /> * On the Scots Wikipaedia, Millar fund ''thir'' ("these") uised on its ain, as Inglis can uise "these", whaur Scots needs a noun efter it.<ref name="i" /> == Tellin it apairt == Real Scots haes grammar o its ain, sic as negatives lik ''dinna'', the plurals ''thir'' an ''thae'' for "these" an "those", an, in some dialects, a rule that gies ''they say'' but ''them that says''.<ref name="DSL">{{cite web |title=Present-day Scots: a language or a dialect? |url=https://dsl.ac.uk/about-scots/a-language-or-a-dialect/ |publisher=Dictionaries of the Scots Language |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> Purves gied ''Auld men dees an bairns suin forgets'' as an example o the "distinctive features of Scots" that a text loses its "unique quality" wioot.<ref name="Purves" /> == The Scots Wikipaedia == In 2020 it came oot that a muckle pairt o the Scots Wikipaedia haed been written bi an American uiser that didnae spik Scots. ''[[The Guardian]]'' said the airticles did "little more than substitute occasional, and often wrongly spelled, Scots words into English grammatical constructions".<ref name="Guardian" /> It wis brocht tae licht on 25 August 2020 in posts on 4chan an Reddit.<ref name="SLC">{{cite web |title=Anent the Scots Wikipedia an Sunday's editathon |url=https://scotslanguage.com/articles/view/id/5952 |publisher=Scots Language Centre |date=2020 |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> The uiser that posted them said it luikit as if the writer haed luikit up ilka wird in an online Scots dictionar an swappit in the first result.<ref name="Vice">{{cite news|last=Ongweso|first=Edward Jr.|date=26 August 2020|website=VICE|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/most-of-scottish-wikipedia-written-by-american-in-mangled-english/|title=Most of Scottish Wikipedia Written By American in Mangled English|access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> Millar said the material shawed "a very limited knowledge both of Modern Scots and its earlier manifestations".<ref name="i" /> ''The Guardian'' notit that the project aften endit up giein support tae argiments that Scots isnae a leid in its ain richt.<ref name="Guardian" /> == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Scots leid]] 11g19bwfg7nfgo4q5t5ze6xvdukbgzv 0 2605 926702 898509 2026-11-08T13:46:45Z Monospaced 75295 Screivit anew frae the soorces: the grace, Burns at St Mary's Isle, the aulder Galloway Grace 926702 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Selkirk Grace''' is a short grace in Scots, said afore a meal. It is aften pit doon tae [[Robert Burns]], but a grace lik it wis kent lang afore his time.<ref name="sm">{{cite web |title=What Is The Selkirk Grace? |url=https://www.scotsmagazine.com/?p=71352 |website=The Scots Magazine |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref><ref name="abc">{{Cite web|title=Burns Supper at Alexandria's Robert Burns Club.|url=http://www.robertburns.org.uk/burns_supper.htm|access-date=2022-03-23|website=www.robertburns.org.uk}}</ref> It is best kent for bein said at the stairt o a [[Burns supper]].<ref name="sm" /> == The grace == The version maist aften heard at Burns suppers is this:<ref name="sm" /> <poem> Some hae meat and canna eat, And some wad eat that want it, But we hae meat and we can eat, Sae let the Lord be Thankit! </poem> Prentit versions differ in sma weys. The Alexandria Burns Club, for example, ends it "and sae the Lord be thankit".<ref name="abc" /> The Gebbie edition o Burns's warks (1909) gies an aulder form, wi "Some folk hae meat" in its openin line:<ref name="gebbie">{{cite book |author=Robert Burns |title=The Complete Works of Robert Burns (Self-Interpreting) |volume=4 |publisher=Gebbie |location=Philadelphia |year=1909 |pages=171–173 |url=https://archive.org/details/completeworksofr04burniala}}</ref> <poem> Some folk hae meat that canna eat, And some can eat that want it; But we hae meat, and we can eat, So let the Lord be thanket! </poem> == Burns an the Earl o Selkirk == The grace taks its nem frae the Earl o Selkirk. Stairtin on 27 Julie 1793, Burns gaed on a tour o [[Dumfries an Gallowa|Galloway]] wi his freend John Syme, an on the road they cam tae St Mary's Isle, the Earl's seat near Kirkcudbright.<ref name="gebbie" /> Burns's early biographer Allan Cunningham wrote that at ane o the meals there Burns wis asked tae say the grace, an that he gied whit is "usually styled 'The Selkirk Grace'".<ref name="gebbie" /> The Scots Magazine gies the year as 1794, an says it wis Basil William, Lord Daer, the Earl's son, that asked Burns tae St Mary's Isle. It notes an aw that St Mary's Isle is no an island but a peninsula.<ref name="sm" /> == An aulder grace == Burns didnae mak the grace up frae naething. Accordin tae the Scots Magazine, a grace lik it wis kent in the 17t century as the "Galloway Grace" or the "Covenanters' Grace", an Burns maist likly heard it on his traivels.<ref name="sm" /> The Alexandria Burns Club says it wis in uise afore Burns wis born.<ref name="abc" /> == At Burns suppers == The grace comes early in a Burns supper. Efter the chairman haes welcomed the guests an brocht in the speakers, the nicht stairts wi the Selkirk Grace, an syne the [[haggis]] is piped in an the "[[Address to a Haggis]]" is gien.<ref name="abc" /> It is aye said at Burns suppers on Burns Nicht, afore the guests sit doon tae the haggis.<ref name="sm" /> == References == <references /> {{Robert Burns}} [[Category:Scots leid]] [[en:Selkirk Grace]] l5j799nctzbaa5lwyajsevgp64i8fb9 1 2708 926911 892668 2026-11-08T20:43:16Z Monospaced 75295 926911 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talkpage}} {{Translatit page|en|Science fiction|version=1384458268}} Sae "soft science fiction" an "hard science fiction" are (accordin tae the summary o the chynge frae haurd an saft science feection) in quotes akis they're in Inglis. But I dinna see hou there's ony reason for them tae be in Inglis. [[User:Daibhid C|Daibhid C]] 16:38 28 September 2005 : Incorporatit in new owersettin (wi Scots specific additions) [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 20:43, 8 November 2026 (UTC) 6g3hxthnv3ku3hb6zyvlz92ixlhpgxx 0 2709 927042 864616 2026-11-08T22:25:38Z Monospaced 75295 Monospaced flittit page [[Fantasie]] til [[Fantasy]]: Misspelt title 864616 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Smaug par David Demaret.jpg|thumb]] '''Fantasie''' is a genre o [[leeteratur]] that deals wi [[gramarie]] an the [[supernaitral]]. It is aftimes foondit on [[meethologie]] an [[fowk tales]]. ==Scrievers== Scots scrievers o fantasie includes [[George MacDonald]], [[Robert Louis Stevenson]] an [[James Hogg]]. A few o [[Robert Burns]]' poems is fantasie, sic as ''[[Tam o Shanter]]'' an ''[[Death and Dr Hornbook]]''. Inglis scrievers o fantasie includes [[J. R. R. Tolkien]], [[J. K. Rowling]] an [[Terry Pratchett]]. {{Commonscat|Fantasy}} {{Stub/Beuk}} [[Category:Leeteratur]] cg504ian3dfmzn8a83k8ygymc954thh 927045 927042 2026-11-08T22:27:00Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927045 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Smaug par David Demaret.jpg|thumb]] '''Fantasy''' is a genre o [[leeteratur]] that deals wi [[gramarie]] an the [[supernaitral]]. It is aftimes foondit on [[meethologie]] an [[fowk tales]]. ==Scrievers== Scots scrievers o fantasy includes [[George MacDonald]], [[Robert Louis Stevenson]] an [[James Hogg]]. A few o [[Robert Burns]]' poems is fantasy, sic as ''[[Tam o Shanter]]'' an ''[[Death and Dr Hornbook]]''. Inglis scrievers o fantasy includes [[J. R. R. Tolkien]], [[J. K. Rowling]] an [[Terry Pratchett]]. {{Commonscat|Fantasy}} {{Stub/Beuk}} [[Category:Leeteratur]] 2zhb5up2ifms2bta2jodchtw6cgji0p 927069 927045 2026-11-08T22:32:47Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up an expandit: history, subgenres, Scots fantasy, soorced 927069 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Smaug par David Demaret.jpg|thumb|The [[Draigon|dragon]] Smaug, frae [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]'s ''The Hobbit'']] '''Fantasy''' is a [[genre]] o [[speculative fiction]] that taks in [[Supernaitural|supernatural]] or magic elements, aften wi hale imaginary warlds an craiturs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fantasy|url=https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Fantasy|access-date=2023-05-03|website=The Free Dictionary}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Definition of FANTASY |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fantasy |website=www.merriam-webster.com |access-date=4 September 2024 |language=en |date=3 September 2024}}</ref> The genre's ruits lie in fantasy [[Leeteratur|literature]] an drama. Frae the twintieth century on, it haes spread intae ither media an aw, sic as [[film]], television, graphic novels, [[manga]], [[animation]] an [[Video gemme|video gemmes]]. An auld spellin o the wird is ''phantasy''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2022-11-28|title=fantasy|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/fantasy-narrative-genre|access-date=2023-05-03|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> == Characteristics == Monie warks o fantasy uise [[magic]] or ither supernatural elements as a main pairt o the plot, theme or settin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=fantasy - Students |url=https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/fantasy/625314 |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=Britannica Kids |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en-US}}</ref> Magic, the fowk that practise it (sorcerers, witches an siclike) an magic craiturs are common in monie o thir warlds.<ref name=":0" /> Ane mark o fantasy is that the writer uises elements that dinna need tae follae history or naitur tae mak sense.<ref name="auto">ed. Edward James and Farah Mendlesohn, ''Cambridge Companion to Fantasy Literature'', {{ISBN|0-521-72873-8}}</ref> This sets it apairt frae realistic fiction, that haes tae heed the history an naitural laws o the real warld. In writin fantasy, the author biggs characters, situations an settins that micht no be possible in reality. Monie fantasy writers tak their inspiration frae real-warld fowklore an [[Meethologie|mythology]];<ref>John Grant and John Clute, ''The Encyclopedia of Fantasy'', "Fantasy", p 338 {{ISBN|0-312-19869-8}}</ref> an tho anither definin pairt o the genre is supernatural elements sic as magic,<ref>Diana Waggoner, ''The Hills of Faraway: A Guide to Fantasy'', p 10, 0-689-10846-X</ref> that disna aye hae tae be the case. Fantasy haes aften been compared wi [[science fiction]] an horror, acause thir are the main kinds o speculative fiction. A science fiction story can be aboot the unlikely, but it bides wi whit is scientifically possible, while fantasy stories big the impossible.<ref name="auto"/> Writers depend on the reader's ''suspension of disbelief'', acceptin the unbelievable or impossible for the sake o enjoyment. Fantasy an horror baith lean hivily on the supernatural, but thay can be telt apairt: horror maistly raises fear throu the main characters' wakeness or thair inability tae deal wi thair enemies.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://io9.gizmodo.com/the-key-difference-between-urban-fantasy-and-horror-1749628499 |title= The Key Difference Between Urban Fantasy and Horror|author=Charlie Jane Anders |date= 24 December 2015|publisher=io9 |access-date= 11 February 2017}}</ref> == History == === Early history === Elements o the supernatural an the fantastic hae been pairt o literature frae its stairt, an thay are foond in auncient releegious texts sic as the ''Epic of Gilgamesh''.<ref>{{cite book|author1-last=Grant|author1-first=John|author2-last=Clute|author2-first=John|date=1997|title=The Encyclopedia of Fantasy|article=Gilgamesh|location=London, England|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|page=410|isbn=0-312-19869-8}}</ref> The Babylonian creation epic, the ''Enûma Eliš'', whaur the god Marduk slays the goddess Tiamat,<ref name="Keefer2008">{{cite book |last1=Keefer |first1=Kyle |title=The New Testament as Literature: A Very Short Introduction |series=Very Short Introductions|volume=168|date=24 October 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, England |isbn=978-0195300208 |pages=109–113 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l2WloCyb9VkC&q=fantasy+literature+in+ancient+Mesopotamia&pg=PT109 }}</ref> shaws the theme o a cosmic fecht atween guid an ill that is typical o the modren fantasy genre.<ref name="Keefer2008"/> Myths wi fantastic elements, written for adults, war a major genre o auncient Greek literature.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hansen|first1=William F.|title=Anthology of Ancient Greek Popular Literature|date=1998|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=Bloomington, Indiana|isbn=0-253-21157-3|page=260|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fHHNZYgzV9IC&q=fantasy&pg=PA76}}</ref> [[Ovid]]'s ''Metamorphoses'' an Apuleius's ''The Golden Ass'' are baith warks that influenced the growth o the fantasy genre<ref name="Mathews2002">{{cite book|last1=Mathews|first1=Richard|title=Fantasy: The Liberation of Imagination|date=2002|orig-date=1997|publisher=Routledge|location=New York City, New York and London, England|isbn=0-415-93890-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vSpceyhof4IC&q=Lucius%2C+or+The+Ass+fantasy+elements&pg=PA12|pages=11–14}}</ref> bi takkin mythic elements an weavin them intae personal accoonts.<ref name="Mathews2002"/> The best kent fiction frae the Islamic warld is ''One Thousand and One Nights'' (''The Arabian Nights''), a collection o auncient an medieval fowk tales; characters frae it, sic as Aladdin, Sinbad an Ali Baba, hae become cultural icons in the Wast.<ref name="Chinoiserie">John Grant and John Clute, The Encyclopedia of Fantasy, "Chinoiserie", p 189 {{ISBN|0-312-19869-8}}</ref> ''[[Beowulf]]'' is ane o the best kent Auld Inglis tales, an it haes deeply influenced the fantasy genre; several fantasy warks hae retauld the story.<ref>John Grant and John Clute, ''The Encyclopedia of Fantasy'', "Beowulf", p 107 {{ISBN|0-312-19869-8}}</ref> [[Norse meethologie|Norse mythology]] includes sic figures as the god Odin, alang wi dwarfs, elves, [[Draigon|dragons]] an giants.<ref>John Grant and John Clute, ''The Encyclopedia of Fantasy'', "Nordic fantasy", p 691 {{ISBN|0-312-19869-8}}</ref> The fowklore o Ireland, Wales an Scotland haes whiles been uised withoot ony distinction for "Celtic" fantasy, sometimes wi great success; ither writers hae held tae a single soorce.<ref name="celtic">John Grant and John Clute, ''The Encyclopedia of Fantasy'', "Celtic fantasy", p 275 {{ISBN|0-312-19869-8}}</ref> The Welsh tradeetion haes been gey influential, acause o its link wi the legendary [[Keeng Arthur|King Arthur]] an its gaitherin intae a single wark, the ''Mabinogion''.<ref name="celtic" /> === Modren fantasy === [[File:Curdie went on after her, flashing his torch about..jpg|thumb|upright|An illustration frae a 1920 edeetion o [[George MacDonald]]'s ''The Princess and the Goblin'']] Tho [[John Ruskin]]'s story ''The King of the Golden River'' (1841) cam afore it, the history o modren fantasy literature is uisually said tae stairt wi [[George MacDonald]], the Scots author o novels sic as ''Phantastes'' (1858) an ''The Princess and the Goblin'' (1872); the first o thir is widely seen as the first fantasy novel ever written for adults. MacDonald wis a major influence on baith [[J. R. R. Tolkien]] an [[C. S. Lewis]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Stories about Stories: Fantasy and the Remaking of Myth |last=Attebery |first=Brian |author-link=Brian Attebery |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |date=2014 |chapter=Chapter 1: Fantasy as a Route to Myth |pages=27–29 |isbn=978-0-19-931607-6}}</ref> The ither major fantasy author o this time wis William Morris, an Inglis poet that wrate several novels late in the century, includin ''The Wood Beyond the World'' (1894) an ''The Well at the World's End'' (1896). Fantasy for bairns wis seen as mair acceptable nor fantasy for adults, an sae writers that wantit tae write fantasy for adults haed tae fit thair wark intae forms aimed at bairns.<ref>[[C. S. Lewis]], "On Juvenile Tastes", p 41, ''Of Other Worlds: Essays and Stories'', {{ISBN|0-15-667897-7}}</ref> Bi 1950, sword an sorcery fiction haed stairtit tae find a wider readership, wi the success o Robert E. Howard's [[Conan the Barbarian]] stories an Fritz Leiber's Fafhrd an the Gray Mouser stories.<ref>L. Sprague de Camp, ''Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers: The Makers of Heroic Fantasy'', p 135 {{ISBN|0-87054-076-9}}</ref> But it wis the comin o heich fantasy, abuin aw Tolkien's novels ''The Hobbit'' an ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', that reached new heichts o popularity in the late 1960s, that let fantasy come intae the mainstream.<ref name="Yolen">Jane Yolen, "Introduction" p vii–viii ''After the King: Stories in Honor of J.R.R. Tolkien'', ed, Martin H. Greenberg, {{ISBN|0-312-85175-8}}</ref> Ither series, sic as C. S. Lewis's ''The Chronicles of Narnia'' an [[Ursula K. Le Guin]]'s ''Earthsea'', helpit tae mak the genre's popularity siccar. == Subgenres == Fantasy taks in monie subgenres, merked oot bi thair themes or settins, or bi an owerlap wi ither genres. A basic split is atween '''heich fantasy''' an '''low fantasy''', that are telt apairt maistly bi thair settin, or the kind o warld that is descrived.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tymn |first1=Marshall B. |last2=Zahorski |first2=Kenneth J. |last3=Boyer |first3=Robert H. |title=Fantasy literature: a core collection and reference guide |date=1979 |publisher=R.R. Bowker |location=New York London |isbn=0-8352-1153-3 |page=5 |url=https://archive.org/details/fantasyliteratur00tymn/ |access-date=2 August 2026}}</ref> Heich fantasy taks place in a separate, secondary warld, whaur magic an the supernatural are pairt o the order o things; low fantasy taks place in oor ain warld, or ane that canna be telt apairt frae it, whaur magic happens athin an itherwise rational warld.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tymn |first1=Marshall B. |last2=Zahorski |first2=Kenneth J. |last3=Boyer |first3=Robert H. |title=Fantasy literature: a core collection and reference guide |date=1979 |publisher=R.R. Bowker |location=New York London |isbn=0-8352-1153-3 |page=5 |url=https://archive.org/details/fantasyliteratur00tymn/ |access-date=2 August 2026}}</ref> Ither subgenres include: * '''Epic fantasy''', lang stories o quests an wars in imaginary launds, aften pairt o heich fantasy * '''Sword an sorcery''', adventurs o warriors an wizards, sic as Howard's Conan stories * '''Dark fantasy''', that taks in elements o horror * '''Urban fantasy''' an '''contemporary fantasy''', set in the modren warld but wi magic or ither supernatural elements * '''Comic fantasy''', humorous in tone, sic as [[Terry Pratchett]]'s Discworld novels * '''Fairy tale''' fantasy, that draws on the themes o fairy tales * '''Historical fantasy''', historical fiction wi fantasy elements * '''Science fantasy''', that brings in elements frae [[science fiction]] sic as advanced technology an space traivel == Scots fantasy == [[File:George MacDonald 1860s.jpg|thumb|upright|[[George MacDonald]] in the 1860s]] Scotland haes a lang tradeetion o the supernatural in its literature, an Scots fowklore haes been uised for "Celtic" fantasy alang wi that o Ireland an Wales.<ref name="celtic" /> Scots writers o fantasy include [[George MacDonald]], [[Robert Louis Stevenson]] an [[James Hogg]]. A few o [[Robert Burns]]'s poems are fantasy, sic as ''[[Tam o Shanter]]'', whaur Tam sees witches dancin wi the Deil at Alloway Kirk, an ''[[Death and Dr Hornbook]]''. [[James Hogg]]'s ''The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner'' (1824) tells o a Calvinist that faws unner the pouer o the mysterious Gil-Martin. The American critics Anthony Boucher an J. Francis McComas cried it "a masterpiece of the supernatural".<ref>"[https://archive.org/details/Fantasy_Science_Fiction_v001n02_1950-Winter-Spring_AK/page/n107/mode/1up Recommended Reading]," ''The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction''. Winter-Spring 1950. 107</ref> [[Robert Louis Stevenson]]'s ''Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde'' (1886) is seen as a definin beuk o the gothic genre.<ref>{{cite news |title=Robert Louis Stevenson's Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde |url=https://www.britishlibrary.cn/en/works/jekyllandhyde/ |access-date=15 June 2023 |publisher=British Library}}</ref> MacDonald's ''Phantastes'' an his ither fantasies makkit him, for monie critics, the faither o modren fantasy.<ref>{{cite book |title=Stories about Stories: Fantasy and the Remaking of Myth |last=Attebery |first=Brian |author-link=Brian Attebery |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |date=2014 |chapter=Chapter 1: Fantasy as a Route to Myth |pages=27–29 |isbn=978-0-19-931607-6}}</ref> [[Andrew Lang]] is best kent for the ''Fairy Books'', collections o fairy tales that he editit wi his wife Nora, that took ower the editin in the 1890s;<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Day|first=Andrea|date=2017-09-19|title="Almost wholly the work of Mrs. Lang": Nora Lang, Literary Labour, and the Fairy Books|journal=Women's Writing |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=400–420 |url=https://www.growkudos.com/publications/10.1080%252F09699082.2017.1371938|doi=10.1080/09699082.2017.1371938|s2cid=164414996 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Anita Silvey wrate that he "is best recognized for the works he did ''not'' write".<ref>Anita Silvey, ''Children's Books and Their Creators'', Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1995; p. 387.</ref> [[J. M. Barrie]] wrate ''Peter Pan'' (1904), an Kenneth Grahame, born in [[Edinburgh]] in 1859,<ref name=ODNB>{{Cite ODNB|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-33511|title=Grahame, Kenneth (1859–1932) |year=2011 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/33511 }}</ref> wrate ''The Wind in the Willows'' (1908). In the twintieth century, David Lindsay's ''A Voyage to Arcturus'' (1920) is set on an imaginary planet; Tolkien said he read it "with avidity".<ref name=Tolkien>{{cite book |editor-last=Carpenter |editor-first=Humphrey |editor-link=Humphrey Carpenter |title=The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien|date=1981 |publisher=George Allen and Unwin |location=London |isbn=978-0-618-05699-6 |chapter=Letter 26 to Stanley Unwin, 4 March 1938 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/lettersofjrrtolk00tolk }}</ref> [[Alasdair Gray]]'s first novel, ''Lanark'' (1981), mixes realism wi dystopian an surreal picturs o [[Glesga]]; [[Anthony Burgess]] cried Gray "the best Scottish novelist since Walter Scott".<ref>Cited in {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3DZ0qQgDjgC |title=Alasdair Gray |author=Bernstein, Steven |publisher=Bucknell University Press|year=1999|isbn=9780838754146|page=18}}</ref> Inglis writers o fantasy include [[J. R. R. Tolkien]], [[J. K. Rowling]] an [[Terry Pratchett]]. == See an aw == * [[Science fiction]] == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat|Fantasy}} [[Category:Leeteratur]] holqvl9qfsvocxf9kmpx0gjlyf7tf1v 0 2790 926882 899619 2026-11-08T20:19:37Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 926882 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Conan doyle.jpg|thumb|180px|right|Arthur Conan Doyle in 1914]] '''Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle''' ([[22 Mey]] [[1859]] – [[7 Julie]] [[1930]]) wis a Scots writer an doctor, best kent for his stories aboot the detective [[Sherlock Holmes]], that are aften seen as a muckle innovation in [[crime feection]].<ref name="brit">{{Cite web|title=Arthur Conan Doyle {{!}} Biography, Books, Sherlock Holmes, Death, Fairies, & Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Arthur-Conan-Doyle|access-date=2022-01-18|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> He wis born in Edinburgh an deed in Crowborough, [[East Sussex]], in Ingland. He wis a thrang writer, an his ither warks include [[science feection]], historical novels, plays an romances, poetry an non-feection. == Early life == Conan Doyle's birthplace, 11 Picardy Place in Embro, haes a plaque.<ref name="brit" /> He went tae the [[Society o Jesus|Jesuit]] schuil Stonyhurst College,<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Pascal|first=Janet B.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/252615388|title=Arthur Conan Doyle : beyond Baker Street|date=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=1-4237-7436-1|location=New York|language=en|oclc=252615388}}</ref> an tae the Jesuit schuil Stella Matutina in Feldkirch, Austrick.<ref name=":0" />[[File:Arthur Conan Doyle (8361784988).jpg|left|thumb|Arthur Conan Doyle's birthplace in Embro]] == Medical career == [[File:2_Upper_Wimpole_st,_Marylebone,_London.jpg|thumb|Conan Doyle's surgery, 2 Upper Wimpole st, Marylebone, London|191x191px]]He studied medicine at the [[University o Edinburgh]] (1876–1881), an wrocht in touns in Ingland: [[Sheffield]], Aston an Ruyton.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Brown|first=Yoland|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18627580|title=Ruyton XI Towns : Unusual name, unusual history|date=1988|publisher=Brewin|isbn=0-947731-41-5|location=Studley|oclc=18627580}}</ref> Conan Doyle wis the doctor on the whaul ship ''Hope'', that sailed frae [[Peterheid]] tae Greenland.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Doyle|first=Arthur Conan|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/783150203|title=Dangerous work : diary of an Arctic adventure|date=2012|others=Jon L. Lellenberg, Daniel Stashower|isbn=978-0-226-00905-6|location=Chicago|oclc=783150203}}</ref> He wis surgeon on the ''SS Mayumba'' on a voyage tae Wast Africae an aw.<ref>{{Citation|title=Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan (1859–1930)|date=2018-02-06|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/odnb/9780192683120.013.32887|work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=2022-01-18}}</ref> Efter studyin the medicine o the ee (ophthalmology) in [[Vienna]], he wrocht in Lunnon. He haed no ower monie patients, sae he haed plenty time for his writin.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. A Biographical Introduction|url=https://victorianweb.org/authors/doyle/bio.html|access-date=2022-01-18|website=victorianweb.org}}</ref> == Literary career == Conan Doyle's earliest writin wis for magazines, an his first Sherlock Holmes story wis ''A Study in Scarlet'' (1887).{{fact}}[[File:ArthurConanDoyle_AStudyInScarlet.jpg|thumb|150x150px|ArthurConanDoyle AStudyInScarlet|left]] == Bibliography == For a leet o aw Conan Doyle's warks, see [[:en:Arthur Conan Doyle bibliography|Arthur Conan Doyle bibliography]] on the Inglis Wikipaedia. == See an aw == * [[Sherlock Holmes]] == Freemit airtins == * Conan Doyle's estate https://conandoyleestate.com/ * Conan Doyle's beliefs https://arthurconandoyle.co.uk/spiritualist an [https://www.cockburnassociation.org.uk/dod/sir-arthur-conan-doyle-centre/ Arthur Conan Doyle Centre] {{stub/Scotland}} == References == <references />{{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Conan Doyle, Arthur}} [[Category:Arthur Conan Doyle| ]] [[Category:1859 births]] [[Category:1930 daiths]] [[Category:19t-century Breetish novelists]] [[Category:19t-century Scots medical doctors]] [[Category:19t-century Scots writers]] [[Category:19t-century Breetish short story writers]] [[Category:20t-century Breetish novelists]] [[Category:20t-century Scots medical doctors]] [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Edinburgh]] [[Category:Breetish childer's writers]] [[Category:Breetish crime feection writers]] [[Category:Breetish detective writers]] [[Category:Breetish dramatists an playwrichts]] [[Category:Breetish essayists]] [[Category:Breetish fantasie writers]] [[Category:Breetish historical novelists]] [[Category:Breetish memoirists]] [[Category:Breetish meestery writers]] [[Category:Breetish non-feection writers]] [[Category:Breetish male novelists]] [[Category:Breetish occult writers]] [[Category:Breetish opera librettists]] [[Category:Breetish male poets]] [[Category:Breetish science feection writers]] [[Category:Breetish short story writers]] [[Category:Depute Lieutenants o Surrey]] [[Category:Daiths frae myocardial infarction]] [[Category:Edinburgh University RFC players]] [[Category:Umwhile Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Knichts Bachelor]] [[Category:Knichts o Grace o the Order o St John]] [[Category:Legion o Frontiersmen members]] [[Category:Leeberal Unionist Pairty pairlamentar candidates]] [[Category:Maritime writers]] [[Category:Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers]] [[Category:Mystics]] [[Category:Meethopoeic writers]] [[Category:Fowk connectit wi Plymouth]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Stonyhurst College]] [[Category:Scots cricketers]] [[Category:Scots Freemasons]] [[Category:Scots fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:Scots speeritualists]] [[Category:Victorian novelists]] [[Category:Writers frae Edinburgh]] [[Category:Writers o Gothic feection]] [[Category:Writers o historical feection set in Modren Age]] [[Category:19t-century male writers]] [[Category:20t-century Breetish male writers]] [[Category:Recipients o the Order o the Croun (Italy)]] ru2iundqh2ootqthmcda0m35t56kbwf 0 3188 926783 926642 2026-11-08T18:02:41Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; the River Don an the Yerls o Kintair addit 926783 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Kintore, Town House.jpg|thumb|275px|The Town House, Kintair.]] '''Kintair''' ([[Scots Gaelic]]: ''Ceann Tòrr'', heid o the craig) is a toun an umwhile [[ryal burgh]] near [[Innerurie]] in [[Aiberdeenshire]], [[Scotland]]. The [[A96]] atween [[Aiberdeen]] an [[Innerness]] nou gangs roond it. It sits on the banks o the [[River Don]]. Near haund are the ruins o [[Hallforest Castle]], the umwhile strenth o the Yerls o Kintair. {{coord|57.23604|N|2.34621|W|region:GB_source:enwiki-osgb36(NJ792162)|display=title}} {{stub}} [[Category:Touns in Aiberdeenshire]] [[Category:Ryal burghs]] 7u54tqk2o4dh3lr0z9krvueyhmk6zv7 926784 926783 2026-11-08T18:08:27Z Monospaced 75295 Soorces, the 1506 charter an Neolithic finds addit 926784 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Kintore, Town House.jpg|thumb|275px|The Town House, Kintair.]] '''Kintair''' ([[Scots Gaelic]]: ''Ceann Tòrr'', heid o the craig) is a toun an umwhile [[ryal burgh]] near [[Innerurie]] in [[Aiberdeenshire]], [[Scotland]].<ref name="gazetteer">{{Cite news|title=Kintore from The Gazetteer for Scotland|url=http://www.scottish-places.info/towns/townfirst177.html|access-date=2018-09-08}}</ref> The [[A96]] atween [[Aiberdeen]] an [[Innerness]] nou gangs roond it. It sits on the banks o the [[River Don]]. Near haund are the ruins o Hallforest Castle, the umwhile strenth o the Yerls o Kintair. It got its royal charter frae King James IV in 1506, but fowk hae bidit here syne prehistoric times: [[Neolithic]] finds date back tae at least 5000 BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kintore.org.uk/about-kintore|title=About Kintore|publisher=Royal Burgh of Kintore|access-date=27 June 2022}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{coord|57.23604|N|2.34621|W|region:GB_source:enwiki-osgb36(NJ792162)|display=title}} {{stub}} [[Category:Touns in Aiberdeenshire]] [[Category:Ryal burghs]] dm8sew844pl3zm9xluqdj7la8m0py2j 926785 926784 2026-11-08T18:09:04Z Monospaced 75295 926785 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Kintore, Town House.jpg|thumb|275px|The Town House, Kintair.]] '''Kintair''' ([[Scots Gaelic]]: ''Ceann Tòrr'', heid o the craig) is a toun an umwhile [[ryal burgh]] near [[Innerurie]] in [[Aiberdeenshire]], [[Scotland]].<ref name="gazetteer">{{Cite news|title=Kintore from The Gazetteer for Scotland|url=http://www.scottish-places.info/towns/townfirst177.html|access-date=2018-09-08}}</ref> The [[A96]] atween [[Aiberdeen]] an [[Innerness]] nou gangs roond it. It sits on the banks o the [[River Don]]. Near haund are the ruins o Hallforest Castle, the umwhile strenth o the Yerls o Kintair. It got its royal charter frae King James IV in 1506, but fowk hae bidit here syne prehistoric times: [[Neolithic]] finds date back tae at least 5000 BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kintore.org.uk/about-kintore|title=About Kintore|publisher=Royal Burgh of Kintore|access-date=27 June 2022}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{coord|57.23604|N|2.34621|W|region:GB_source:enwiki-osgb36(NJ792162)|display=title}} {{Stub/Places o Scotland}} [[Category:Touns in Aiberdeenshire]] [[Category:Ryal burghs]] 1intzz82m08medbu29e5cfcurykv8ly 0 3623 926775 906431 2026-11-08T17:43:07Z Monospaced 75295 Redd up: Scots spellin an grammar, claims soorced, Scots meanin o "slang", cantin dictionars, The Patter; unsoorced bits taen oot 926775 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Slang''' is a vocabular o wirds an phrases in an informal register, common in ilkaday crack but keepit oot o formal writin an spikkin.<ref>{{cite dictionary |title=Slang definition |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/slang |access-date=September 19, 2021 |archive-date=March 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308172607/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/slang |url-status=live }}</ref> It is aften the leid o a particular social group, uised tae shaw that a body belangs tae the group an tae keep ootsiders oot.<ref name="Mattiello">{{cite book|last=Mattiello|first=Elisa|title=An Introduction to English Slang - A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology|year=2008|publisher=Polimetrica|location=Milano|isbn=978-8876991134}}</ref> The wird ''slang'' is first fund in 1756, for the speak o "law" or disreputable fowk.<ref name ="oed">{{cite web | title = Slang | work = Oxford English Dictionary | publisher = Oxford University Press | url = http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50226993?query_type=word&queryword=slang | access-date = 4 March 2010}}</ref> In Scots it haes anither meanin an aw, "talk, chat, gossip",<ref>{{cite web|title=Dictionaries of the Scots Language|url=https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/slang_n1|access-date=7 March 2022|archive-date=March 7, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307102657/https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/slang_n1|url-status=live}}</ref> as in the Aiberdeen poet William Scott's line o 1832, "The slang gaed on aboot their war'ly care."<ref>{{cite book|title=''The Bards of Bon Accord''|year=1887|publisher=Edmond & Spark|isbn=9780365410966|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=du8VukP5yiMC&pg=PA457|access-date=7 March 2022|archive-date=April 17, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417120915/https://books.google.com/books?id=du8VukP5yiMC&pg=PA457|url-status=live}}</ref> == Functions an origins o slang == Slang is a wey o cleckin new wirds, or giein auld anes new meanins, throu playfu an creative uiss.<ref name="Coleman">{{cite book|last=Coleman|first=Julie|title=Life of slang|date=March 8, 2012|url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofslang0000cole|url-access=registration|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0199571994|edition=1. publ.}}</ref> It marks oot the members o a group an sinders them frae the society roond aboot them: young fowk, for example, uise slang tae shaw they belang tae a group, tae strengthen their ties wi their peers, an tae keep ootsiders oot.<ref name="Mattiello" /> In this it differs frae [[jargon]], the technical vocabular o a trade or field: baith can keep ootsiders frae follaein the crack, but slang hings on social context, whaur jargon is there tae mak communication within a field mair exact.<ref>{{cite book|last=Piekot|first=Tomasz|title=Język w grupie społecznej: wprowadzenie do analizy socjolektu|year=2008|isbn=9788388425387|location=Wałbrzych|publisher=Wydawnictwo Państwowej Wyższej Szkoły Zawodowej im. Angelusa Silesiusa|oclc=297524942|page=24|language=pl}}</ref> Slang is ae wey o gettin roond social taboos. A slang term aften taks the place o a weel-kent ordinar wird, tae evite the discomfort o the ordinar wird, an monie slang terms wad be taboo in ordinar speak wi fowk o higher social staundin.<ref name="Dumas&Lighter">{{Cite journal | last1 = Dumas | first1 = Bethany K. | last2 = Lighter | first2 = Jonathan | year = 1978 | title = Is Slang a Word for Linguists? | journal = American Speech | volume = 53 | issue = 5| pages = 14–15 | doi = 10.2307/455336 | jstor = 455336 }}</ref> Slang is aye chyngin. Monie slang terms dee oot, while ithers pass intae ordinar speak, an slang terms gang throu the same chynges o meanin as ither wirds.<ref name="Coleman" /><ref name="topical dictionary">{{cite book|last=Dickson|first=Paul|title=Slang: The Topical Dictionary of Americanisms|year=2010|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-0802718495}}</ref> == Examples o slang == Ane o the auldest kinds o slang is thieves' cant, the secret speak o beggars, thieves an ither "canting crew". It wis gaithert in cantin dictionars, sic as ''A New Dictionary of the Terms Ancient and Modern of the Canting Crew'' (aboot 1699)<ref>{{cite book |author=B. E., Gent. |title=A New Dictionary of the Terms Ancient and Modern of the Canting Crew, in its Several Tribes of Gypsies, Beggers, Thieves, Cheats, &c. |location=London |year=1699 |url=https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_a-new-dictionary-of-the-_e-b_1699_0}}</ref> an ''A New Canting Dictionary'' (1725).<ref>{{cite book |title=A New Canting Dictionary |location=London |year=1725 |url=https://archive.org/details/newcantingdictio00unse}}</ref> In Scotland the wanderin beggar wis the gaberlunzie, a licensed or professional beggar.<ref>[https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/gaberlunzie "GABERLUNZIE, n. [...] A licensed or professional beggar."] ''[[Dictionar o the Scots Leid]]''.</ref> === Fisherfowk slang for taboo wirds === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Fisherfowk slang !! Scots |- |bell-hoose |[[kirk]]<ref>[https://www.dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/snds726 "BELL-HOUSE, n. comb. Add to defin.: In fishermen's sea-taboo usage: a church (Sc. 1950 P. Anson Sc. Fisherfolk 36, e.g. in describing landmarks)."] ''[[Dictionar o the Scots Leid]]''.</ref> |- |kuna |[[wife]]<ref>[https://www.dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/kuna "KUNA, n. A fisherman's taboo-name for a wife, a married woman (Sh. 1866 Edm. Gl., 1914 Angus Gl.)."] ''[[Dictionar o the Scots Leid]]''.</ref> |- |shaveneshi, nyow |[[cat]]<ref>[https://www.dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/shavneshi "SHAVNESHI, n. A Sh. fisherman's taboo-name for a cat (Sh. 1915 Shetland News (21 Oct.), 1958 Ib. (30 Dec.) 4)."] ''[[Dictionar o the Scots Leid]]''.</ref><ref>[https://www.dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/nyow "NYOW, v., n. Also njau, njou. <nowiki>[...]</nowiki> II. n. A mew (Marw.; Sh. 1964); a fisherman's taboo-name for a cat (Jak.), also in the form njauer (Ib.)."] ''[[Dictionar o the Scots Leid]]''.</ref> |} === Glesga Rhymin Slang === '''Glesga rhymin slang''' is the kind o rhymin slang that's peculiar tae [[Glesga]] an the toun airts roond aboot it. As wi ither rhymin slang, a wird is swappit for a phrase that rhymes wi it, an aften anerly the first pairt o the phrase is said, sae the rhyme itsel is lost: "paraffin ile" for "style" can be cut tae "paraffin", as in "Ye've nae paraffin". That can mak the meanin hard tae follae for ootsiders.<ref name="A Dictionary of Scottish Phrase and Fable" /> Glesga talk an its slang were gaithert in Michael Munro's ''The Patter'' (1985), that the Scottish National Dictionary cites for Glesga uisage.<ref>{{cite web |title=Munro, Michael. The Patter. 1985 (Gsw.) |work=Scottish National Dictionary bibliography |publisher=Dictionaries of the Scots Language |url=https://www.dsl.ac.uk/bibliography/snd/bib017550 |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Rhymin Slang !! Scots |- | Bertie Auld || Cauld <ref name="A Dictionary of Scottish Phrase and Fable">{{cite book|last=Crofton |first=Ian |author-link= |title=A Dictionary of Scottish Phrase and Fable|year=2012 |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofscot0000crof |publisher=Birlinn |page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofscot0000crof/page/n410 395]-396 |isbn=9781841589770}}</ref> |- | Cabbitch (an Ribs) || Hibernian, Hibs <ref name="A Dictionary of Scottish Phrase and Fable" /> |- | Chorus (an Verse) || Airse <ref name="A Dictionary of Scottish Phrase and Fable" /> |- | Collie (Dug) || Mug <ref name="A Dictionary of Scottish Phrase and Fable" /> |- | Jam Tairts || Herts <ref name="A Dictionary of Scottish Phrase and Fable" /> |- | Malkie (Fraser) || Razor <ref name="A Dictionary of Scottish Phrase and Fable" /> |- | Nat King Cole || Hole <ref name="A Dictionary of Scottish Phrase and Fable" /> |- | Oscar (Slater) || Later <ref name="A Dictionary of Scottish Phrase and Fable" /> |- | Pan Breid || Deid <ref name="A Dictionary of Scottish Phrase and Fable" /> |- | Radio rental || Mental <ref name="A Dictionary of Scottish Phrase and Fable" /> |- | Scooby (Doo) || Clue <ref name="A Dictionary of Scottish Phrase and Fable" /> |- | Tin Fluit || Suit <ref name="A Dictionary of Scottish Phrase and Fable" /> |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Leid]] dqv4h071lud8288pe5wv5vuu99husso 0 4037 926732 922734 2026-11-08T16:10:35Z Monospaced 75295 Link 926732 wikitext text/x-wiki A '''makar''' in [[Scots leeteratur]] is a [[Poetry|poet]] or [[bard]], aften pairt o the ryal coort. The wird makar refers tae the craft o writin poetry (keek at [[scop]] forby). The wird can forby be uised fur ither forms o creaution.<ref name="CSD">{{Cite book|title=Concise Scots Dictionary|publisher=Scottish Language Dictionaries|year=2017|pages=146}}</ref> For ordinar the Scots Makars refers til a Scots leid leeterar genre o the late Middle Ages. [[William Dunbar]], a foregane Makar, wrate the ''[[Lament for the Makaris]]''. The maist weel kent o the makars wis [[John Barbour]], [[Blind Harry]] (cried Henry the Minstrel an aw), [[Robert Henryson]] (or Henrysoun), [[William Dunbar]], [[Gavin Douglas]] an [[David Lindsay]] but there wis mony mair o them that shoud be mynt an aw, sic as [[Alexander Scott]]. == The Scots Makar == [[File:First Minister - New Scots Makar (51387324285).jpg|thumb|[[Kathleen Jamie]], Scots Makar (2021-2024) & [[Nicola Sturgeon]]]] In modren [[Scotland]], The Scots Makar (cutty mak: The Makar) is the Scots' naitional poet, appyntit by the [[Scots Pairlament]],<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://news.scotland.gov.uk/News/Scotland-s-new-Makar-23dd.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315171958/http://news.scotland.gov.uk/News/Scotland-s-new-Makar-23dd.aspx|title=Scotland's new Makar|publisher=Scottish Government|date=16 Februar 2004|archive-date=2016-03-15|access-date=2020-08-30|url-status=dead}}</ref> an the equeevalent o the English [[Poet Laureate]]. * [[Edwin Morgan]] (2004 - 2010)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=The story of the Makar - National Poet of Scotland|url=https://www.scottishpoetrylibrary.org.uk/the-story-of-the-makar-national-poet-of-scotland/|access-date=2022-01-19|website=Scottish Poetry Library|language=en-GB}}</ref> * [[Liz Lochhead]] (2011 - 2016)<ref name=":0" /> * [[Jackie Kay]] (2016 - 2021)<ref name=":0" /> * [[Kathleen Jamie]] (2021 - 2024)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Makar - National Poet for Scotland|url=https://www.scottishpoetrylibrary.org.uk/poetry/our-national-poet/|access-date=2022-01-19|website=Scottish Poetry Library|language=en-GB|archive-date=2020-08-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814041746/https://www.scottishpoetrylibrary.org.uk/poetry/our-national-poet/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Pàdraig MacAoidh]] (Peter Mackay) (2024 - 2027)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Scotland's Makar - Our National Poet|url=https://www.scottishpoetrylibrary.org.uk/poetry/scotlands-makar/|access-date=2026-09-15|website=Scottish Poetry Library|language=en-GB}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{Makars}} {{Commonscat|Poets}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Scots Makars| ]] [[Category:Scots leid]] [[Category:Scots leeterar muivements]] [[Category:Scots poetry|M]] [[Category:Middle Scots poets]] {{Stub/Scotland}} {{Stub/Beuk}} {{stub/Makar}} 5qvlj78bj4cfv6g678jwq5lv7lfkmhc 926745 926732 2026-11-08T16:34:09Z Monospaced 75295 Sma redd-up: the auld makars an the modren Scots Makar pit apairt; Scots Government, no the Pairlament, appynts the Makar; spellin an grammar 926745 wikitext text/x-wiki A '''makar''' in [[Scots literature]] is a [[Poetry|poet]] or [[bard]], aften pairt o the ryal coort. The wird makar refers tae the craft o writin poetry (keek at [[scop]] forby). The wird can forby be uised for ither forms o creation.<ref name="CSD">{{Cite book|title=Concise Scots Dictionary|publisher=Scottish Language Dictionaries|year=2017|pages=146}}</ref> The wird is uised in twa weys. In its auld sense, '''the makars''' are the poets o Scots literature, maist o aw the coort poets o the late Middle Ages. In modren Scotland, '''the Scots Makar''' is an official post, the naitional poet (see [[#The Scots Makar|ablo]]). == The auld makars == [[William Dunbar]], a foregane Makar, wrate the ''[[Lament for the Makaris]]''. The maist weel kent o the makars were [[John Barbour]], [[Blind Harry]] (cried Henry the Minstrel an aw), [[Robert Henryson]] (or Henrysoun), [[William Dunbar]], [[Gavin Douglas]] an [[David Lindsay]] but there were monie mair o them that shoud be mynt an aw, sic as [[Alexander Scott]]. == The Scots Makar == [[File:First Minister - New Scots Makar (51387324285).jpg|thumb|[[Kathleen Jamie]], Scots Makar (2021-2024) & [[Nicola Sturgeon]]]] In modren [[Scotland]], the Scots Makar (cutty mak: the Makar) is Scotland's naitional poet, appyntit bi the [[Scots Govrenment|Scots Government]],<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://news.scotland.gov.uk/News/Scotland-s-new-Makar-23dd.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315171958/http://news.scotland.gov.uk/News/Scotland-s-new-Makar-23dd.aspx|title=Scotland's new Makar|publisher=Scottish Government|date=16 Februar 2004|archive-date=2016-03-15|access-date=2020-08-30|url-status=dead}}</ref> an is lik the Unitit Kinrick's Poet Laureate. * [[Edwin Morgan]] (2004 - 2010)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=The story of the Makar - National Poet of Scotland|url=https://www.scottishpoetrylibrary.org.uk/the-story-of-the-makar-national-poet-of-scotland/|access-date=2022-01-19|website=Scottish Poetry Library|language=en-GB}}</ref> * [[Liz Lochhead]] (2011 - 2016)<ref name=":0" /> * [[Jackie Kay]] (2016 - 2021)<ref name=":0" /> * [[Kathleen Jamie]] (2021 - 2024)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Makar - National Poet for Scotland|url=https://www.scottishpoetrylibrary.org.uk/poetry/our-national-poet/|access-date=2022-01-19|website=Scottish Poetry Library|language=en-GB|archive-date=2020-08-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814041746/https://www.scottishpoetrylibrary.org.uk/poetry/our-national-poet/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Pàdraig MacAoidh]] (Peter Mackay) (2024 - 2027)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Scotland's Makar - Our National Poet|url=https://www.scottishpoetrylibrary.org.uk/poetry/scotlands-makar/|access-date=2026-09-15|website=Scottish Poetry Library|language=en-GB}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{Makars}} {{Commonscat|Poets}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Scots Makars| ]] [[Category:Scots leid]] [[Category:Scots leeterar muivements]] [[Category:Scots poetry|M]] [[Category:Middle Scots poets]] {{Stub/Scotland}} {{Stub/Beuk}} {{stub/Makar}} tljlt3s9gjtoa3sm9mbjr4fco9zc5n4 0 4295 926997 926656 2026-11-08T22:05:22Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots an Unsoorced; infobox, history, teachins, demographics an persecution addit, soorced 926997 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox religion | name = Bahá'í Faith | image = File:Seat of the House of Justice.jpg | imagewidth = 250px | alt = A white biggin wi several columns an a domed ruif. | caption = The seat o the Universal Hoose o Juistice, the heid body o the Bahá'ís, in [[Haifa]] | main_classification = Abrahamic | theology = [[Monotheism|Monotheistic]] | founder = [[Bahá'u'lláh]] | founded_date = 19t century | founded_place = [[Persie]] | members = 7–8 million | website = [https://www.bahai.org/ bahai.org] }} The '''Bahá'í Faith''' is a [[releegion]] foondit bi [[Bahá'u'lláh]] in [[Persie]] (nou cried [[Iran]]) in the 19t century. It teaches that aw releegions are o worth in thairsels, an that aw fowk are ane.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Bahāʾī Faith |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bahai-Faith |access-date=29 November 2020 |archive-date=30 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630170904/http://www.britannica.com/topic/Bahai-Faith |url-status=live }}</ref> It first grew in Iran an pairts o Wastren Asie, whaur it haes been persecutit ever syne it stairtit.{{sfn|Affolter|2005}} The releegion haes 7–8 million follaers, cried '''Bahá'ís''', spreid ower maist o the warld's kintras an territories.{{sfn|Smith|2022a|p=509}} The Bahá'í Faith haes three central figures: [[the Báb]] (1819–1850), that wis executit for heresy; Bahá'u'lláh, that claimed in 1863 tae be the prophet the Báb haed foretauld;{{sfn|Hutter|2005|pp=737–740}} an his son, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá (1844–1921), that gaed on teachin traivels tae Europe an the [[Unitit States]] efter he wis lowsed frae confinement in 1908.{{sfn|Smith|2008|pp=52–53}} Efter ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's daith in 1921, the leadership o the releegion gaed tae his grandson Shoghi Effendi (1897–1957). Bahá'ís elect local, regional an naitional bodies ilka year tae rin the releegion's affairs, an ilka five year thare is an election for the Universal Hoose o Juistice, the nine-member body that governs the warldwide Bahá'í commonty frae [[Haifa]] in [[Israel]].{{sfn|Smith|2000|pp=71–72}} == History == [[File:Shrine Bab North West.jpg|thumb|upright|The Shrine o the Báb in [[Haifa]], [[Israel]]]] On the evenin o 22 Mey 1844, Siyyid ʻAlí-Muhammad o Shiraz gained his first convert an teuk the title "[[the Báb]]" (Arabic for "Yett").{{sfn|Affolter|2005}} As his teachins spreid, the Islamic clergy saw them as blasphemous, an his follaers war persecutit. The Báb himsel wis jiled an executit in 1850.{{sfn|MacEoin|2009|p=414}} Bahá'ís see the Báb as the forerinner o thair faith. His tomb on Moont Carmel in Haifa is an important place o pilgrimage for Bahá'ís.{{sfn|Hartz|2009|pp=75–76}} Mírzá Husayn ʻAlí Núrí, ane o the Báb's early follaers, later teuk the title Bahá'u'lláh. In 1863 he claimed tae be the messianic figur the Báb haed foretauld, an he wis exiled an jiled for the rest o his life.{{sfn|Hutter|2005|pp=737–740}} == Teachins == [[File:PikiWiki Israel 14823 Bahai Gardens.jpg|thumb|The Bahá'í gairdens in [[Haifa]]]] Accordin tae Bahá'í teachins, releegion is revealed bit bi bit, in order, bi ae [[God]] throu "Manifestations o God", the foonders o the warld's main releegions throu history. The [[Buddha]], [[Jesus]] an [[Muhammad]] are cited as the maist recent o thae afore the Báb an Bahá'u'lláh. Bahá'ís see the warld's main releegions as ane in thair purpose, but different in thair social practices an interpretations. The faith hauds the unity o aw fowk as its core teachin, an sae it rejects racism, sexism an naitionalism.{{sfn|Hatcher|Martin|1998}}{{sfn|Momen|2011}} When ʻAbdu'l-Bahá first traivelt tae Europe an Americae in 1911–1912, he gied public talks that set oot the basic principles o the faith, amang them the equality o men an weemen, the unity o races, an the need for warld peace.{{sfn|Smith|2008|pp=52–53}} Published summaries o the Bahá'í teachins aften include a leet o thir principles, but the leets vary.{{sfn|Iranica-The Faith|1988}} The maist important ane is the unity o humankind. The equality o races, an an end tae the extremes o walth an puirtith, come frae that unity.{{sfn|Stockman|2013|p=9}} Bahá'ís an aw caw for a unitit warld federation, an tae help mak it happen thay propose a universal leid, a standart economy an seestem o meisurement, universal compulsory eddication, an an internaitional court tae settle disputes atween naitions.{{sfn|Hartz|2009|p=21}} Some Bahá'ís are [[Esperanto|Esperantists]] acause o this. The teachins aften listit include: # Ae God # The unity o aw releegions # The unity o aw fowk, an an end tae prejudice o ony kind # The equality o men an weemen # Warld peace # The hairmony o releegion an science # The independent sairch for truith # Universal compulsory eddication # A universal seicont leid # An end tae the extremes o walth an puirtith == Demographics == As o 2020 thare war aboot 8 million Bahá'ís in the warld.{{sfn|Smith|2022a|p=509}} In 2013 twa scholars o demography wrate that the Bahá'í Faith wis the faistest-growin releegion atween 1910 an 2010, growin at least twice as fast as the population o awmaist ilka Unitit Naitions region.{{sfn|Johnson|Grim|2013}} The lairgest shares o Bahá'ís are in sub-Saharan Africae (29.9%) an Sooth Asie (26.8%), follit bi Sootheast Asie (12.7%) an Laitin Americae (12.2%).{{sfn|Smith|2022a|p=510}} == Persecution == Bahá'ís are still persecutit in some kintras whaur maist fowk are Muslim, whase leaders dinna recognise the Bahá'í Faith as a releegion in its ain richt but see it as apostasy frae Islam. The warst persecution haes been in Iran, whaur mair nor 200 Bahá'ís war executit atween 1978 an 1998.{{sfn|International Federation of Human Rights|2003}} == See an aw == * [[The Báb]] * [[Bahá'u'lláh]] == References == {{Reflist}} === Warks citit === {{refbegin}} *{{Cite journal |last=Affolter |first=Friedrich W. |date=January 2005 |title=The Specter of Ideological Genocide: The Baháʼís of Iran |journal=War Crimes, Genocide, & Crimes Against Humanity |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=75–114 |url=http://www.altoona.psu.edu/journals/war-crimes/articles/V1/v1n1a3.pdf |access-date=31 May 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722083412/http://www.altoona.psu.edu/journals/war-crimes/articles/V1/v1n1a3.pdf |archive-date=22 July 2012 }} *{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Cole |first=Juan |author-link=Juan Cole |date=15 December 1988 |publication-date=23 August 2011 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |article=BAHAISM i. The Faith |volume=III |issue=4 |pages=438–446 |article-url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bahaism-i |access-date=30 December 2012 |ref={{sfnref|Iranica-The Faith|1988}} |title=Archived copy |archive-date=23 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223082704/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bahaism-i |url-status=live }} *{{Cite book |last=Hartz |first=Paula |date=2009 |title=World Religions: Baha'i Faith |edition=3rd |url=https://bahai-library.com/hartz_bahai_faith |publisher=Chelsea House Publishers |location=New York, NY |isbn=978-1-60413-104-8 |archive-date=30 April 2025 |access-date=19 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430151010/https://bahai-library.com/hartz_bahai_faith |url-status=live }} *{{Cite book |last1=Hatcher |first1=W.S. |last2=Martin |first2=J.D. |year=1998 |title=The Baháʼí Faith: The Emerging Global Religion |publisher=Harper & Row |location=New York |isbn=0-06-065441-4 |url=https://bahai-library.com/hatcher_martin_global_religion |archive-date=31 March 2022 |access-date=27 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331090255/https://bahai-library.com/hatcher_martin_global_religion |url-status=live }} *{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Hutter |first=Manfred |year=2005 |contribution=Bahā'īs |editor-last=Jones |editor-first=Lindsay |title=Encyclopedia of Religion: Pius IX - Rivers. 11 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religion |edition=2nd |publisher=Macmillan Reference US |volume=2 |place=Detroit, MI |isbn=0-02-865733-0 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre0000unse_v8f2/page/737 737–740] |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre0000unse_v8f2/page/737 }} *{{Cite web |author=International Federation of Human Rights |date=August 2003 |title=Discrimination against religious minorities in Iran |publisher=FIDH |location=Paris |access-date=20 October 2006 |url=http://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/ir0108a.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061031221624/http://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/ir0108a.pdf |archive-date=31 October 2006 |url-status=live }} *{{Cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Todd M. |last2=Grim |first2=Brian J. |date=26 March 2013 |title=The World's Religions in Figures: An Introduction to International Religious Demography |chapter=Global Religious Populations, 1910–2010 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |pages=59–62 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CkFVF8nFiqkC&pg=PA59 |doi=10.1002/9781118555767.ch1 |isbn=978-1-118-55576-7 |archive-date=7 March 2023 |access-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307104942/https://books.google.com/books?id=CkFVF8nFiqkC&pg=PA59 |url-status=live }} *{{Cite book |last=MacEoin |first=Denis |author-link=Denis MacEoin |date=2009 |title=The Messiah of Shiraz: Studies in Early and Middle Babism |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-17035-3 |doi=10.1163/ej.9789004170353.i-740}} *{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Momen |first=Moojan |title=Baha'i |author-link=Moojan Momen |date=2011 |chapter=Bahaʼi |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Global Religion |editor1=Juergensmeyer |editor2=Roof |publisher=Sage Publications |isbn=978-0-7619-2729-7 |doi=10.4135/9781412997898.n61}} *{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Smith |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Smith (historian) |year=2000 |title=A Concise Encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith |publisher=Oneworld Publications |location=Oxford, UK |isbn=1-85168-184-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yhy9DwAAQBAJ |access-date=27 July 2022 |archive-date=8 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308090142/https://books.google.com/books?id=Yhy9DwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }} *{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Peter |year=2008 |title=An Introduction to the Baha'i Faith |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-86251-6 |location=Cambridge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z7zdDFTzNr0C |archive-date=10 March 2025 |access-date=17 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250310035328/https://books.google.com/books?id=z7zdDFTzNr0C |url-status=live }} *{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Smith (historian) |date=2022a |chapter=Ch. 41: The History of the Bábí and Bahá’í Faiths |pages=501–512 |url=https://www.routledge.com/The-World-of-the-Bahai-Faith/Stockman/p/book/9781138367722 |title=The World of the Bahá'í Faith |publisher=Routledge |location=Oxfordshire, UK |doi=10.4324/9780429027772-48 |isbn=978-1-138-36772-2 |s2cid=244705793 |editor-last=Stockman |editor-first=Robert H. |editor-link=Robert Stockman |archive-date=3 March 2025 |access-date=14 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250303203031/https://www.routledge.com/The-World-of-the-Bahai-Faith/Stockman/p/book/9781138367722 |url-status=live }} *{{Cite book |last=Stockman |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Stockman |date=2013 |title=Baháʼí Faith: A Guide For The Perplexed |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |location=New York, NY |isbn=978-1-4411-8781-9}} {{refend}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Bahá'í Faith]] i0m7p30yqc03mrp5b19cw7syqjpehj8 0 4299 926992 926044 2026-11-08T22:02:42Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; soorces addit 926992 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Schultenhof Mettingen Bauerngarten 8.jpg|thumb|Garden at the Schultenhof in Mettingen, [[North Rhine-Westphalia]], Germany]] '''Gairdenin''' is the practice o growin an cultivatin plants as pairt o horticultur.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-10 |title=Gardening {{!}} Definition, Types, Tools, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/gardening |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=Britannica }}</ref> In gardens, [[ornamental plant]]s are aften grown for thair [[flouer]]s, [[leaf|foliage]], or oweraw appearance; uisefu plants, sic as ruit vegetables, leaf vegetables, [[fruit]]s, an [[yerb]]s, are grown for consumption, for uise as [[dye]]s, or for [[Medicin|medicinal]] or cosmetic uise. A '''gairdener''' is a body that gairdens, aither as a job or as a [[Habby|hobby]]. Monie fowk find gairdenin a relaxin thing tae dae.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lovell |first1=Rebecca |last2=Husk |first2=Kerryn |last3=Bethel |first3=Alison |last4=Garside |first4=Ruth |title=What are the health and well-being impacts of community gardening for adults and children: a mixed method systematic review protocol |journal=Environmental Evidence |date=2014 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=20 |doi=10.1186/2047-2382-3-20 |bibcode=2014EnvEv...3...20L |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free |hdl=10871/19910 }}</ref> ==Aerlie history== Radiocarbon datin frae the region o the Levantine Corridor, the area frae the Deid Sea tae the Damascus Basin lats us ken o the cultivatin an domesticatin o plaunts somewey aboot 9000 BC. Humans cultivatit bi haund uisin wuiden sticks, an no wi the plou, an wi evidence pyntin tae sic plaunts bein growne as cereal an pulses it is aiblins better cryed fairmin nor gairdenin i the modren meanin. Whit we wad cry a Gairden nooadays, an whaur the practice o gairdenin as we ken it the day haed its springheid is Egyp some 4000 year syne.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/gardening/Choice-of-plants|title=Choice of Plants|last=|first=|date=|website=Britannica.com|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=13 December 2020}}</ref>Ower the time sen thae days monie a style haes spreid oot an athort the warld tae adapt tae sindrie airts an climates, tho the main structur o things haes bade the same. Egyptians haed Gairdens i the exack sense o whit we cry a Gairden the day, tho the auldest gairden pattren kent tae archeologie is aiblins the ane at Pasargadae athin modren day Iran. Anent the modren style o Gairdenin kythin in Europe we hae the auldest ensaumples at Pompeii i Italy. Tho maist weill kent for the muckle volcanic bluiterin at befawn the fowk o Pompeii bi [[Mount Vesuvius]] i 79 AD we hae frae thon period aroon 500 domesticatit Gairdens preserved.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gardenvisit.com/gardens/pompeii_gardens|title=Pompeii Gardens|last=|first=|date=|website=Gardenvisits.com|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=12 December 2020}}</ref> [[File:Ricostruzione del giardino della casa dei vetii di pompei (mostra al giardino di boboli, 2007) 01.JPG|thumb|250px|Reconstruction o the gairden o the Hoose o the Vettii in [[Pompeii]]]] ==Auld Warld Gairdenin== The airt an practice o Gairdenin micht hae kythed frae whan humans stairtit tae cultivate vegetables raither nor feild crops. Maistlins vegetable gairdens war steidit close tae the hame acause o the need for watter an for tae tak guid care o the plaunts. Aften sic a gairden area wad be rinkit in some wey for tae fend it frae livestock. Tho firstlins fowk wad hae a need tae be sel staundin wi fuid frae the gairden tae feed thairsels, in time the gairden wad hae ontaen a wey tae eik laund tae yer ain grunnd.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=History extra|url=https://www.historyextra.com/period/ancient-egypt/a-guide-to-ancient-gardening/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=A guide to ancient gardens}}</ref> Oot throu the auld warld the'r evidence athin leeterature, airt an archaeology o gairdenin frae [[Egyp]], Mesopotamie, Greece, Roum an the Byzantine Empire alang wi aerlie Islam. Gairdeners frae Kintraes at haed het simmer climates ontaen meisures tae evyte the scaudin o plaunts frae the Sun, maist aften bi plauntin trees at wad gie oot muckle leaf spreid an sicwyce perteck an gie needit shade tae monie a bruckle plaunt. Wi this, trees becam a gey important pairt o gairdenin. Athin ilk ane o the Auld Warld societies an culturs we can finnd a rowth o deities at wad watch ower fertility an agricultur, an alsae anes airtit taewards plaunts an crops. Monie a myth is thirled tae tane or tither parteiclar feature o plaunts, the lik o the Greek tales o Daphne or Narcissus, or the Mesopotamian tale o the tamarisk an the date palm. Legends anent gairdens o undeemous bewté war fell popular i the auld warld; whuther it's the Gairden o Eden i [[Christianity]] or the Gairden o Eram athin [[Islam]], maist auncient societies haed a tale o sic a paradise gairden. Aft times gairdeners wad haud thaur ain gairdens in compear wi thon mythical anes. Sib tae whit we see wi modren gairdeners, the [[Rose|rose]] wes a flooer o gret admeiration amang sic societies, an alang wi the [[Lily|lily]], sweet violet an narcissus, war thocht as the maist popular. The climate o sindrie lands wad hae airtit ilk people tae whit plaunts an Vegetables war maist suitit tae the area, an ower the year hunders monie culturs war tae spreid a fouth o varieties athort thair province an Impire. Aerlie Islamic Gairdeners wad inbring plaunts tae sooth Spain an sae we haed an innin tae fremmit species i medeival Europe. ==Medieval Gairdens an Gairdenin== The culture o gairdenin i this period is lik tae hae been maist seen athin Monasteries an Castles. Foondit i the 6t year hunders Monte Cassino Abbey i Campania, Italy wi its gairden haes becum an ensaumple tae be follit oot through Wastren an Central Europe. Sib til thon is the design funnd wi the preserved plan o the gairdens o the 9t century Abbey o St Gall<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=The Perfect Monastic Garden|url=https://thegardenstrust.blog/2019/08/31/the-perfect-monastic-garden/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=25 December 2020|website=The Gardens Trust}}</ref> in Switzerland. [[File:Pianta dell'abbazia di san gallo, 816-830, san gallo, stiftbibliothek.jpg|thumb|left|The Plan o St Gall, the ae survivin major architectural drawin frae the Early Middle Ages]] [[File:Saint Gall planta.PNG|thumb|The diagram version o the Plan]] Wi the needcessity for a Monasterie tae be self-staundin, orchards an vegetable gairdens wad hae been o gret import. Athin the monasterie, an Infirmary gairden wad hae been uised for tae growe herbs at wad gie heal tae onie smit or skaith at micht befaw the monks o a parteiclar Abbey, forby gien help tae the community ootby. Whit is seen frae the plans anent St Gall is at thir gairdens war ootset wi a rectangle shape wi narra paths atween growein plots at wad eith allou the ingaitherin o the growne crop. Tho substenance an haelth wes the main raeson for sic gairdens wi the growein o sich vegetables the lik o cabbage, ingans an radishes the releigious gate o St Benedict wad hae been follit bi Monks at alloued thaim tae ontak the manual labour side o monastic life. ==Gairdens an Gairdenin i Medieval Scotland== Sib tae European gairdens, medieval gairdens in Scotland war mainly uised for tae hail smits an seickness; hooanever, wi the Kirk an Lairds the gairden wes eikit til tae becum a thochtie place whaur a bodie micht gie ower tae thinkin upo gien aid tae savin thair sowels.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=The Medieval Gardens in Scotland|url=https://www.historicscottishgardens.co.uk/a-history-of-horticulture-in-scotland/medieval#:~:text=The%20Scottish%20Walled%20Garden,with%20walls%20and%20locked%20gates.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515115002/http://www.historicscottishgardens.co.uk/a-history-of-horticulture-in-scotland/medieval#:~:text=The%20Scottish%20Walled%20Garden,with%20walls%20and%20locked%20gates.|archive-date=2021-05-15|access-date=|website=Historic Scottish Gardens}}</ref> Hooses o the Nabs an Lairds in the era in Scotland war aften ramforced in some wey, an wi sich aftimes the gairden wes creatit athin a field ootby frae the main steid at wad gie peace frae the thrang. The rinkit waa gairden wes seen aw ower Scotland, maistlins adae wi the climate hereanent at wes conseidered caulder an laund at alloued depredation o crops bi deer an rabbits. Wi siclike gairdens allouin for the betterment o syle an the jealous pride o the Lairds assuirin at onlie sich as thairsels gat benefit frae it, aftimes a micro climate wes creatit that oot gied vegetables,fruits an herbs at war o a better staundard nor the common fowk haed. Taewards the late medieval years hedgin wes inpit tae the gairdens o Abbeys, an lairger Nab faimlies betimes biggit a maze at wad hae a speiritual an thochtie gate tae it, whaur aw the fankles an deid ennds war meant tae hae ye speir yersel anent God an the Scripturs. Inbrocht frae Europe wes the idea that the gairden wes for pleisure alsae, an no juist for substenance. The kythin o sic ideas brocht furth a wey o thinkin at wes tae blume wi the aerlie renaissance. Wi the renaissance in Scotland, maist gairdens o pleisure war gotten awa wi an onlie smaw pairts o them can be funnd the day. Pentins an drawins are maistweys whit we hae nooadays o sich medieval gairdens, tho twa sic Medieval wawed Gairdens bide hail. Ane is at [[Cawdor Castle]] near [[Nairn]] an the tither at Edzell Castle in [[Angus]].[[File:Edzell_garden.JPG|left|thumb|250px|The waa gairden o Edzell Castle, seen frae the uppermaist fluir o the touer hoose]] ==Aerlie Modren Era== The Auld Alliance atween Scotland an Fraunce haed inbrocht monie a Gairdenin style o gret importance tae wir Kintrae that war parteiclarly wrocht tae wir ain Scots climate. The maist faur kent gairden design wes that o the gairdens o the [[Pailace o Versailles]]. Buiks anent gairdenin frae Europe an Ingland haed kythed in Scotland an the buik cried ''The Scots Gard'ner'' wes ootset i 1683 bi John Reid, a respeckit gairdener o the day that haed wirkit at Niddrie Castle, Hamilton Castle an [[Drummond Castle]] aforehaund. He haed borraed frae an owersettin bi John Evelyn o Nicholas de Bonnefons's ''Le Jardinier françois'', an adaptit his ideas tae a Scots climate. The brawest ootsettin o the Versailles style gairdens i Scotland belanged the [[Yerl o Mar|Earl o Mar]] at his pailace in Alloa. Canals, parterres, stookies an ornamental trees war a wheen o the split new ferlies athin the Pailace Gairdens, alang wi the mair common sundials o the era. The [[Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh|Royal Botanic Gairden o Embra]] wes foondit i 1670 as whit is cried a physic gairden. It wes tae pit thegither the gaitherins o Dr Robert Sibbald an the botanist Andrew Balfour for tae create a soorce o medicine. A physic gairden wes foondit at the [[University o Glesga]] in 1703 an aw. ==18t Century== Gairdenin here in Scotland wesnae juist for The Nabs an Lairds. Ordinar common fowks an crofters wad hae haed thair ain gairdens roond aboot thair hooses: a smaa drystane area cried a plantiecrub in [[Orkney]] an [[Shetland]], an a kailyaird in the Lawlands whaur the lik o cabbage an kail wad hae been growne for substenance alang wi greens an tatties. The mair fantoosh an exotic type plaunts lik neeps, ingans an rhubarb, at firstlins wad hae kythed athin the Physic Gairdens o The Nabs an Lairds war tae ower time spreid oot intil uisse amang ordinar fowk. ==19t Century== New norries anent gairdenin war tae kythe wi the writins o Humphry Repton (1752-1818) an wi siclike wad forder the appearance o the mair furmal gairden near tae a Mains hoose. His ideas war ontaen bi John Claudius Loudon (1783-1843), wha wes ane o the maist eydent gairdenin authorities o thae days athort Britain an ayont, wi ideas o his bein wirkit intil the Gairdens at [[Drummond Castle]], Dunrobin an Drumlanrig.[[File:Drummond Castle sca2.jpg|thumb|Drummond Castle panoramic view frae the baroque gairden]] In the mids o the 19t Century we stairt tae see Public Parks aw ower Scotland wi the lik o the designer [[Joseph Paxton]] (1803-1865), creatin baith [[Kelvingrove Pairk]] an Queen's Pairk in [[Glesga]], alang wi the public pairk in [[Dunfaurlin]]. In wastren Scotland the betimes mair couthie climate an syle alloued for the makkin o plantsman's gairdens at Crarae, Arduaine an the Younger Botanic Gairden in [[Argyll]], Inverewe in [[Sutherland]], an Logan Botanic Gairden in Wigtownshire. ==20t Century== In the period atween the Twa Warld Wars Gairdenin wes gien encouragement bi central Govrenment tae be ontaen bi wir Wirkin Cless fowk. The upheezin o gairdenin wes tae allou for fowk tae haud wide frae less haelthy acteivities. The awnin o a gairden wes a thing at wes ootwith the maist feck o fowk in urban Scotland ower the heid o hoosin condeitions athin wir inner ceeties; hooanever thaim that war fortunate war liker tae growe for substenance ither nor wi the gairden suburb model at wes mair popular in Ingland. The kythin o allotments wes tae gie easment tae monie, an bi 1939 Scotland haed ower 20,000. Maistweys it wes amang the middle clesses at gairdenin becam popular in yon period,nae doots upheezed bi Horticultural Shows, Pairk Gairdens an betimes airticles at war prentit athin local newspapers. In the years efter the Seicont Warld War, radio firstlins, an efterhaund TV war tae ootgie mair entertainment norries anent gairdenin, an wi mair an mair fowk able for tae awn gairdens we hae in 1978 the first braidcastin o the aye popular Gairdenin programme ''[[The Beechgrove Garden]]'', filmed in [[Aiberdeen]] bi the [[BBC]], that wes airtit taewards mair suburban Gairdeners. Nooadays gairdenin is aye tae the fore amang wir populace an wi the ootsettin o a rowth o DIY gairdenin buiks an the fouth o wabsteids on the internet anent the subjeck, gairdenin is noo a weill staiblisht hobby for monie hame awners the day. ==Types o Gairdenin in Modren times== The'r a wheen sindrie weys a bodie can ontak gairdenin nooadays. The leet ablo gies a cuttie innin tae ilkane o the maist popular kinds.[[File:30 Rockefeller Center rooftop.jpg|thumb|Ruif gairden o the Rockefeller Center in Manhattan, USA|alt=Flat rooftop with greenery and a small rectangular pool]] *1. '''''Indoor Gairdenin''''' is the growin o plaunts inben a hoose, biggin or greenhoose, whiles lairge indoor warehooses for shows an exhibitions, or aiblins hotels. Aftimes indoor plaunt growin can eik til the ordinar growin season. *2. '''''Gairdenin wi hamelt plaunts''''' is tae uise an forder wir native species for tae perteck an hain habitats for wildlife. This gies yer gairden harmony wi the surroondin airts. Thir plaunts an species are naitral tae local pairts ,an sicwyce will lessen watter uisage an maintenance while gien interess tae native insect life. *3. '''''Watter Gairdenin''''' is the growin an uiss o plants at are adaptit tae puils an wat boggit grunnd. The maist easy type wad be a basic tub wi watter an plaunts. Sib til this area o gairdenin is aquascapin, or a gairden that is creatit athin an aquarium tank. *4. '''''Container Gairdenin''''' is adae wi growin plaunts inben containers, windae trochs, hingin baskets an plaunters,an betimes can be seen on patios an buinheid i ruiftap gairdens forby. *5. '''''Community Gairdenin''''' is gairdenin ontaen bi a curn fowk for tae forder thare local airts, whiles alsae tae gie oot fresh produce amang local fowk. This can aften foster community speirit an ingaither a neibourly environment. Aftimes the gairden is awned bi local Govrenment or Chairity. *6. '''''Gairden sharin''''' allous a bodie at haes want o a gairden tae help oot wi fowk at aiblins haes an owerplus o laund, an dinna hiv the abeility tae gairden sic laund thairsels. Maistlins wi sich a gairden the area is split atwa an aw produce is shared oot. {{Commonscat|Gardening}} [[Category:Horticultur an gairdenin| ]] == References == <references /> o8s24mdfdyko4jxxy33o4s5kefi0ywf 0 4342 927168 926583 2026-11-09T02:09:04Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 927168 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jainism''', kent an aw as '''Jain Dharma''', is a releegion that stairtit in [[India]]. It teaches that the saul can be freed frae the roond o rebirth throu a disciplined life, abuin aw throu daein nae hairm tae onie leevin thing.<ref name=pkshah5v>{{cite web |last=Shah |first=Pravin K. |title=Five Great Vows (Maha-vratas) of Jainism |url=http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~pluralsm/affiliates/jainism/jainedu/5greatvows.htm |publisher=[[Harvard University]] Literature Center |date=2011 |access-date=7 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231033127/http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~pluralsm/affiliates/jainism/jainedu/5greatvows.htm |archive-date=31 December 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=33}}{{sfn|Jaini|1998|pp=170–173}} The nem comes frae the Sanskrit ''ji'', "tae conquer": a ''jina'' is a "conqueror" that's owercome the passions an won tae aw-kennin, an the follaers o the releegion is cried Jains.{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2024|p=313}}{{sfn|Sangave|2006|p=15}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jr |first=Donald S. Lopez |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w9LgDwAAQBAJ |title=Asian Religions in Practice: An Introduction |date=2020-06-30 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-21478-8 |pages=20 |language=en}}</ref> Jains haud that thair faith is eternal, an that in this cycle o time it haes been led bi 24 ''tirthankaras'' ("ford-makkers"), the first o them Rishabhanatha.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=12–14}} The 23rd, Parshvanatha, wis likly a real historical body,{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=183}}{{sfn|Jaini|1998|p=10}} an he micht hae foondit an early ascetic community that Mahavira, the 24t an last ''tirthankara'', later brocht back tae life an reformed.{{sfn|Basham|1951|p=108}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=30–31}} Mahavira leeved in the 6t or 5t century BC at the same time as the [[Buddha]], an set up the ascetic order that's still there the day.{{sfn|Bronkhorst|2007|p=14}}<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Geen |first=Jonathan |date= |title=Jainism and Hinduism|url=https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/BEJO/COM-034872.xml?rskey=LPg8ed&result=1|encyclopedia=Religion Past and Present Online |location= |publisher=BRILL |access-date=}}</ref> Thare's atween fower an five million Jains, maistly in India: the 2011 census o India coontit 4.45 million, 0.37% o the population.<ref name=jaindemographics/> ==Main beliefs== Jainism hauds that the universe wisnae creatit an will lest for aye, wi nae creator, governor, juidge or destroyer.{{sfn|Long|2013|pp=83–85}}{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|pp=241–242}} Freein the saul is held tae come throu the three jewels (''ratnatraya'').{{sfn|Cort|2001a|pp=6–7}}{{sfn|Fohr|2015|pp=9–10, 37}} Jainism sets oot five ethical duties that it cries vows: the "smaa vows" (''anuvratas'') for laypeople an the "great vows" (''mahavratas'') for monks an nuns.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|pp=228–231}} The first an heichest is ''ahimsa'', daein nae hairm tae ither fowk or tae onie leevin thing, an abuin aw tae beasts. It covers whit a body says an thinks as weel as whit they dae.<ref name=pkshah5v/>{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=33}}{{sfn|Jaini|1998|pp=170–173}} Anither is ''aparigraha'', no hingin on tae possessions or grippin for mair: Jain monks an nuns gie up aw property an aw social ties.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=112}}{{sfn|Long|2013|p=109}}{{sfn|Jaini|1998|pp=177–178}} The doctrine o ''anekantavada'' ("monie-sidit reality") hauds that the truith is complex an that nae single view o it is hale. The great error, it says, is ''ekanta'' ("ae-sidedness"), takkin a pairt-truith for the hale truith.{{sfn|Schwartz|2018}} ==The twa main traditions== Jains is pairtit intae twa main traditions, the Digambaras ("sky-cled") an the Svetambaras ("white-cled"). Inscriptions frae as early as the first century AD shaws the split awready.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|p=49}} Digambara monks gang naked, an Svetambara monks weir white claes.{{sfn|Johnston|2000|pp=681–683}} The formal split is aften tied tae the Cooncil o Vallabhi in the 5t century AD.{{sfn|Price|2010|pp=104–105}}{{sfn|Fohr|2015|pp=21–22}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ===Sources=== * {{source-attribution| {{citation |last=Jain |first=Vijay K. |title=Acharya Amritchandra's Purushartha Siddhyupaya: Realization of the Pure Self, With Hindi and English Translation |url={{Google books|4iyUu4Fc2-YC|plainurl=yes}} |date=2012 |publisher=Vikalp Printers |isbn=978-81-903639-4-5 |ref={{sfnref|Vijay K. Jain|2012}} }} }} * {{citation |last=Jaini |first=Padmanabh S. | date =1998 | orig-date =1979 |title=The Jain Path of Purification |url={{Google books|wE6v6ahxHi8C|plainurl=yes}}|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |location=Delhi |isbn=978-81-208-1578-0 }} * {{citation |last=Singh |first=Upinder |author-link=Upinder Singh |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |url={{Google books|Pq2iCwAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=[[Pearson Education]] |year=2024 |orig-year=2016 |isbn=978-93-325-6996-6 |ref={{sfnref|Upinder Singh|2024}} }} * {{citation |last=Sangave |first=Vilas Adinath |title=Aspects of Jain religion |url={{Google books|8UhvGRoyAqMC|plainurl=yes}} |edition=5 |date=2006 |orig-date=1990 |publisher=[[Bharatiya Jnanpith]] |isbn=978-81-263-1273-3 }} * {{citation |last=Dundas |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Dundas |title=The Jains |url={{Google books|X8iAAgAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}} |edition=Second |date=2002 |orig-date=1992 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-26605-5 |location=London and New York }} * {{citation |last=Zimmer |first=Heinrich |author-link=Heinrich Zimmer |editor-last=Campbell |editor-first=Joseph |editor-link=Joseph Campbell |title=Philosophies Of India |year=1953 |orig-date=1952 |publisher=[[Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd]] |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/Philosophy.of.India.by.Heinrich.Zimmer |isbn=978-81-208-0739-6 }} * {{cite book | last=Basham | first=A.L. | title=History and Doctrines of the Ājīvikas: A Vanished Indian Religion | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass | series=Jainism Series | year=1951 | isbn=978-81-208-1204-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BiGQzc5lRGYC}} * {{citation |last=Bronkhorst |first=Johannes |title=Greater Magadha: Studies in the Culture of Early India |date=2007 |publisher=Brill |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4GNG5KuH73QC |isbn=9789004157194 }} * {{citation |last=Long | first=Jeffery D. |author-link=Jeffery D. Long |title=Jainism: An Introduction |url={{Google books|ajAEBAAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}} |year=2013 |orig-year=2009 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=978-0-85771-392-6 }} * {{citation |last=von Glasenapp |first=Helmuth |author-link=Helmuth von Glasenapp |others=Shridhar B. Shrotri (trans.) |title=Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation |trans-title=Der Jainismus: Eine Indische Erlosungsreligion |url={{Google books|WzEzXDk0v6sC|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] (Reprint: 1999) |year=1925 |location=Delhi |isbn=978-81-208-1376-2 }} * {{citation |last=Cort |first=John E. | date=2001a |title=Jains in the World : Religious Values and Ideology in India |url={{Google books|PZk-4HOMzsoC|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-513234-2 }} * {{citation |last=Fohr |first=Sherry |title=Jainism: A Guide for the Perplexed |url={{Google books|HMXuBQAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}} |year=2015 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-4411-5116-2 }} PB: {{ISBN|978-1-4411-6594-7}}; ePDF: {{ISBN|978-1-4742-2756-8}}; ePub: {{ISBN|978-1-4742-2755-1}} * {{citation | last =Shah | first=Natubhai | date =2004 |orig-date=1998 | title=Jainism: The World of Conquerors |url={{Google books|qLNQKGcDIhsC|plainurl=yes}} |volume=I |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-1938-2 |ref={{sfnref|Natubhai Shah|2004}} }} * {{citation |last=Schwartz |first=William Andrew |title=The Metaphysics of Paradox: Jainism, Absolute Relativity, and Religious Pluralism |date=2018 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-1-4985-6392-5 |url=https://rowman.com/ISBN/9781498563925/The-Metaphysics-of-Paradox-Jainism-Absolute-Relativity-and-Religious-Pluralism |access-date=23 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824002257/https://rowman.com/ISBN/9781498563925/The-Metaphysics-of-Paradox-Jainism-Absolute-Relativity-and-Religious-Pluralism |archive-date=24 August 2018 |url-status=dead }} * {{citation |last=Johnston |first=William M. |title=Encyclopedia of Monasticism: A–L |url={{Google books|GfC0TDkJJNgC|plainurl=yes}} |year=2000 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-57958-090-2 }} * {{citation |last=Price |first=Joan |title=Sacred Scriptures of the World Religions: An Introduction |url={{Google books|J0eycqQq9U4C|plainurl=yes}} |year=2010 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-0-8264-2354-2 }} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Jainism]] agr2xdixuehz7dmyvfh8g69wkqzvaqn 0 4358 927281 910132 2026-11-09T11:17:49Z Monospaced 75295 Remove Fix Scots; lead rewritten, 2026 Warld Cup addit 927281 wikitext text/x-wiki {{unsoorced}} {{Stub/Sport}} '''Fédération Internationale de Football Association''', better kent as '''FIFA''', is the internaitional bouk that rins [[fitbaa]], beach fitbaa an [[futsal]]. It wis foondit on 21 Mey 1904 tae ower-see internaitional competition atween the naitional associations o [[Belgium]], [[Denmark]], [[Fraunce]], [[Germany]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Spain]], [[Swaden]] an [[Swisserland]]. Its heidquarters is in [[Zurich]], Swisserland, an it haes 211 member associations. Its preses is [[Gianni Infantino]]. FIFA ower-sees chynges tae the rules<ref>{{Cite web|title=International Football Association Board {{!}} Laws of the Game {{!}} IFAB|url=https://www.theifab.com/|access-date=2025-11-10|website=www.theifab.com}}</ref> an organises the [[FIFA Warld Cup]] an ither tournaments.<ref>{{Cite web|title=FIFA|url=https://www.fifa.com/|url-status=live|access-date=2025-11-10|website=www.fifa.com}}</ref> Ilka member association maun belang tae ane o sax regional confederations an aw. The [[UEFA|Union of European Football Associations]] (UEFA) rins fitbaa in Europe.<ref>{{Cite web|last=UEFA.com|title=The official website for European football|url=https://www.uefa.com/errors/|access-date=2025-11-10|website=UEFA.com|language=en}}</ref> Its twa maist important competitions are the [[UEFA European Championship|European Championship]] for kintras an the [[UEFA Champions League|Champions League]] for clubs, that wis kent as the European Cup afore. == Tournaments == The maist important tournament is the Warld Cup, held ivery fower year an played for bi kintras. This is a leet o the winners up tae 2026. <ref>{{Cite web|title=World Cup 2026 Canada/Mexico/USA » History: List of Winners|url=https://www.worldfootball.net/competition/co139/fifa-world-cup/records-winners-list/|access-date=2025-11-10|website=www.worldfootball.net|language=en}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Year !Nation !Times wan |- |2026 |Spain<ref name="Tournaments">{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/tournaments |title=Tournaments |publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association |website=FIFA.com |access-date=11 October 2025 |archive-date=29 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529151512/https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/tournaments |url-status=live }}</ref> |(2.) |- |2022 |Argentina |(3.) |- |2018 |France |(2.) |- |2014 |Germany |(4.) |- |2010 |Spain |(1.) |- |2006 |Italy |(4.) |- |2002 |Brazil |(5.) |- |1998 |France |(1.) |- |1994 |Brazil |(4.) |- |1990 |Germany |(3.) |- |1986 |Argentina |(2.) |- |1982 |Italy |(3.) |- |1978 |Argentina |(1.) |- |1974 |Germany |(2.) |- |1970 |Brazil |(3.) |- |1966 |England |(1.) |- |1962 |Brazil |(2.) |- |1958 |Brazil |(1.) |- |1954 |Germany |(1.) |- |1950 |Uruguay |(2.) |- |1938 |Italy |(2.) |- |1934 |Italy |(1.) |- |1930 |Uruguay |(1.) |} This is a leet o the clubs recognised bi FIFA as warld champions, up tae 2020.<ref name=":F154233222">{{Cite web|url=https://resources.fifa.com/image/upload/fcwc-statskit-2019.pdf?cloudid=gqfp3nkwm0zh8ra3xgyi|title=FIFA Club World Cup Qatar 2019™|language=en|page=12|format=PDF|access-date=2021-01-22|archive-date=2020-11-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126075923/https://resources.fifa.com/image/upload/fcwc-statskit-2019.pdf?cloudid=gqfp3nkwm0zh8ra3xgyi|url-status=dead}}</ref> The offeecial competitions that gie this title are the [[Intercontinental Cup]] (1960–2004) an the [[FIFA Club World Cup|FIFA Club Warld Cup]]. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" !Club !Fitbaw association !Titles !Intercontinental Cup !FIFA Club Warld Cup |- |[[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] |{{ESP}} |'''7''' |3 (1960, 1998, 2002) |4 (2014, 2016, 2017, 2018) |- |[[A.C. Milan]] |{{ITA}} |'''4''' |3 (1969, 1989, 1990) |1 (2007) |- |[[FC Bayern Munich]] |{{DEU}} |'''4''' |2 (1976, 2001) |2 (2013, 2020) |- |[[C.A. Peñarol|Penarol]] |{{URY}} |'''3''' |3 (1961, 1966, 1982) | |- |[[Club Nacional de Football|Nacional]] |{{URY}} |'''3''' |3 (1971, 1980, 1988) | |- |[[Boca Juniors]] |{{ARG}} |'''3''' |3 (1977, 2000, 2003) | |- |[[São Paulo FC]] |{{BRA}} |'''3''' |2 (1992, 1993) |1 (2005) |- |[[Inter Milan]] |{{ITA}} |'''3''' |2 (1964, 1965) |1 (2010) |- |[[FC Barcelona]] |{{ESP}} |'''3''' | |3 (2009, 2011, 2015) |- |[[Santos FC]] |{{BRA}} |'''2''' |2 (1962, 1963) | |- |[[Club Atlético Independiente|Independiente]] |{{ARG}} |'''2''' |2 (1973, 1984) | |- |[[AFC Ajax]] |{{NLD}} |'''2''' |2 (1972, 1995) | |- |[[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]] |{{ITA}} |'''2''' |2 (1985, 1996) | |- |[[FC Porto|Porto]] |{{PRT}} |'''2''' |2 (1987, 2004) | |- |[[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] |{{ENG}} |'''2''' |1 (1999) |1 (2008) |- |[[Sport Club Corinthians Paulista|Corinthians]] |{{BRA}} |'''2''' | |2 (2000, 2012) |- |[[Racing Club de Avellaneda|Racing Club]] |{{ARG}} |'''1''' |1 (1967) | |- |[[Estudiantes de La Plata|Estudiantes]] |{{ARG}} |'''1''' |1 (1968) | |- |[[Feyenoord]] |{{NLD}} |'''1''' |1 (1970) | |- |[[Atlético Madrid|Atletico Madrid]] |{{ESP}} |'''1''' |1 (1974) | |- |[[Club Olimpia|Olimpia]] |{{PRY}} |'''1''' |1 (1979) | |- |[[C.R. Flamengo|Flamengo]] |{{BRA}} |'''1''' |1 (1981) | |- |[[Grêmio F.B.P.A.|Gremio]] |{{BRA}} |'''1''' |1 (1983) | |- |[[C.A. River Plate|River Plate]] |{{ARG}} |'''1''' |1 (1986) | |- |[[Red Star Belgrade]] |{{YUG}} |'''1''' |1 (1991) | |- |[[C.A. Vélez Sársfield|Vélez Sarsfield]] |{{ARG}} |'''1''' |1 (1994) | |- |[[Borussia Dortmund]] |{{DEU}} |'''1''' |1 (1997) | |- |[[S.C. Internacional|Internacional]] |{{BRA}} |'''1''' | |1 (2006) |- |[[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] |{{ENG}} |'''1''' | |1 (2019) |} {{Commonscat}} == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Fifa}} [[Category:FIFA| ]] kgg4tgde83gu6iadsnihus21fbys83u 0 4706 927149 901590 2026-11-08T23:42:44Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; later years tae the United Rugby Championship addit, soorced 927149 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Pro12''', that stairtit in 1999 as the '''Celtic League''', is an annual [[rugby union]] competeetion. It began wi teams frae the three Celtic kintras, [[Scotland]], [[Republic o Ireland|Ireland]] an [[Wales]], an it is nou kent as the '''United Rugby Championship''', wi professional teams frae Ireland, Italy, Scotland, Sooth Africae an Wales. == History == In 1999 the Welsh Premiership wis expandit tae tak in Glesga an Embro, an it wis cried the ''Welsh-Scottish League''. In 2001 the Irish, Scots an Welsh unions settled tae stairt a new competeetion that wad tak in the fower Irish provinces. === 2001–02 === Fifteen teams competit in the first season: the fower Irish provinces (Connacht, Leinster, Munster an Ulster), twa Scots teams (Edinburgh Reivers an Glesga) an aw nine Welsh Premier Division teams (Bridgend, Caerphilly, Cardiff, Ebbw Vale, Llanelli, Neath, Newport, Pontypridd an Swansea). While still playin in thair ain kintras' competeetions, the teams war split intae twa groups (o 8 an 7), an ilka team played ilka ither team in its group aince. The tap fower teams frae ilka group gaed throu tae a knockoot stage tae find the champion. Matches atween teams in the ''Welsh-Scottish League'' coontit for the new competeetion an aw. The Irish teams dominatit the 2001–02 competeetion: aw fower got tae the quarter-finals an three tae the semi-finals, an Leinster beat Munster 24–20 in the final at Lansdowne Road. === 2002–03 === The demands o the Celtic League led tae the Scots-Welsh league bein scrappit in 2002, an the Irish inter-provincial championship wis doongradit an aw. The format o the seicont season (2002–03) wis the same, but for the addeetion o a third Scots team, the newly re-estaiblished Scottish Borders. === 2003–04 === There wis a big chynge in the Celtic League's approach in the early pairt o 2003, pairtly acause o the commercial success o the league itsel but maistly acause o the financial pressures on Welsh rugby, that left Wales wi juist five professional teams. It wis decidit that the Celtic League wad be the anly professional league o the three kintras, wi aw fower Irish teams, three Scots teams an the five new Welsh teams (Cardiff Blues, Celtic Warriors, Llanelli Scarlets, Neath-Swansea Ospreys an Newport Gwent Dragons). The league wis reorganised intae a tradeetional roond-robin league, whaur ilka team played ilka ither team twice, aince at hame an aince awa, giein a 22-roond season. Wi stranger teams acause o the Welsh mergers, an Irish an Scots teams keepin thair big players, the league wis a success in rugby terms. The Celtic Cup, a straucht knockoot competeetion atween the 12 Celtic League teams, wis brocht in for the 2003–04 season an aw. But the timin o the league's launch, an puir organisation o the calendar, meant that the 2003 Rugby Warld Cup an the Sax Nations Championship keepit monie o the league's tap players frae playin in ower hauf the gemmes. This meant the league struggled commercially, parteecularly wi the newly creatit regions in Wales, whaur the gemme haed aye been played on a club basis an haed nane o the regional history o Ireland or Scotland. === 2004–05 === The league format wis refined at the end o the 2003–04 season. The teams decidit tae manage the dates o the gemmes better, sae as no tae clash wi the naitional squads an tae mak the league mair commercially viable. The league wis played till Aprile, an then the Celtic Cup wis contestit amang the tap echt teams in the league. The Welsh Rugby Union then wound up the Celtic Warriors region, bringin the nummer o teams doon tae eleiven. === 2005–06 === In 2005 there wis a dispute ower an Anglo-Welsh cup competeetion that some saw as unnermining the Celtic League. Though the Welsh gied assurances that the Anglo-Welsh tournament wadna interfere wi thair commitments tae the Celtic League, the SRU an IRFU pynted tae the fact that the WRU haed set up arrangements tae play gemmes on five weekends athoot ony regaird tae Celtic League fixtures. The Welsh sides war flung oot o the Celtic League in Juin 2005, but war taen back in. In spite o this, the league haed its maist successfu season, wi the record crood at a Celtic League match bein broken fower times, frae 12,436 at Cardiff Blues v Newport Gwent Dragons in December tae 15,327 for Cardiff Blues v Leinster at the Millennium Stadium. The total croods for the season war up near 50,000, tae 571,331 frae 521,449 the season afore. The league gaed doon tae the last roond, wi Ulster an Leinster baith in contention. Efter Leinster beat Embro, an wi Ulster lossin tae the Ospreys, it luikit as if the title wad gang tae Dublin, but David Humphreys kickit a last-meenit 40-metre drap goal tae win the gemme an the league for Ulster. === Later years === The league wis sponsored bi Magners frae 2006–07 tae 2010–11, an wis cried the '''Magners League'''. At the stairt o the 2010–11 season it expandit frae 10 tae 12 teams bi takkin in twa Italian teams, the first step ootside the Celtic kintras. Efter Magners' sponsorship endit, the league teuk the nem '''Pro12''' tae merk the muive ayont the Celtic kintras, wi RaboDirect as nemmin sponsor frae 2011–12 tae 2013–14.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thescore.ie/pro12-fixtures-201415-sponsor-1563532-Jul2014/ |title=Guinness Confirmed as pro12 sponsor |publisher=The Score |date=10 July 2014 |access-date=10 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714222431/http://www.thescore.ie/pro12-fixtures-201415-sponsor-1563532-Jul2014/ |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/rugby-union/13127244 |title=Magners to end six-year Celtic League backing |work=BBC News |date=19 April 2011 |access-date=20 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/rugbynation/swansea-ospreys/2011/06/08/celtic-league-to-be-called-pro-12-as-new-sponsor-unveiled-91466-28843270/ |title=Celtic League to be called PRO 12 as new sponsor unveiled |publisher=WalesOnline |date=8 June 2011 |access-date=12 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814172119/http://www.walesonline.co.uk/rugbynation/swansea-ospreys/2011/06/08/celtic-league-to-be-called-pro-12-as-new-sponsor-unveiled-91466-28843270/ |archive-date=14 August 2011 }}</ref> It expandit tae 14 teams, as the '''Pro14''', frae the 2017–18 season, wi twa Sooth African teams. Guinness sponsored the league frae the 2014–15 season till Julie 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=PRO14 Rugby thanks Guinness for seven years of unparalleled support |url=https://www.unitedrugby.com/latest/pro14/thankyou-guinness |website=www.unitedrugby.com |access-date=3 August 2021 |language=en |date=11 July 2021}}</ref> Whan the fower Sooth African Super Rugby franchises cam in, the league wis rebrandit as the '''United Rugby Championship''' (URC).<ref>{{cite web |title=Roc Nation and the United Rugby Championship announce a revolutionary partnership |url=https://www.unitedrugby.com/latest/news/roc-nation-and-the-united-rugby-championship-announce-a-revolutionary-partnership |website=www.unitedrugby.com |access-date=3 August 2021 |language=en |date=14 July 2021}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == Statistics == {| border=1 cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width=400 |- align=center bgcolor="#ffff99" !colspan=4|Celtic League |- align=center bgcolor="#ffff99" |Season||Teams||Winners||Runners-up |- align=center |2001/02||15||[[Leinster Rugby|Leinster]]||[[Munster Rugby|Munster]] |- align=center |2002/03||16||[[Munster Rugby|Munster]]||[[Neath RFC|Neath]] |- align=center |2003/04||12||[[Llanelli Scarlets|Scarlets]]||[[Ulster Rugby|Ulster]] |- align=center |2004/05||11||[[Ospreys (rugby union)|Ospreys]]||[[Munster Rugby|Munster]] |- align=center |2005/06||11||[[Ulster Rugby|Ulster]]||[[Leinster Rugby|Leinster]] |- align=center bgcolor="#ffff99" !colspan=4|Celtic Cup |- align=center bgcolor="#ffff99" |Season||Teams||Winners||Runners-up |- align=center |2003/04||12||[[Ulster Rugby|Ulster]]||[[Edinburgh Gunners|Edinburgh]] |- align=center |2004/05||8||[[Munster Rugby|Munster]]||[[Llanelli Scarlets|Scarlets]] |} <br /> Maist pynts scored bi a player in ae season: 276 ([[Felipe Contepomi]],[[Leinster]], 2005-2006) <br /> Maist tries scored bi a player in ae season: 12 (Jamie Robinson,[[Cardiff Blues]],2003-2004 & Kevin Morgan,[[Newport Gwent Dragons]],2004-2005)<br /> Biggest crood at a Celtic League match: 15,327 ([[Cardiff Blues]] Vs. [[Leinster]], 14t Mey 2006) == See an aw == * [[Heineken Cup]] * European Challenge Cup == External links == * [http://www.rabodirectpro12.com/ Pro12 (official site)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103095842/http://www.rabodirectpro12.com/ |date=2012-01-03 }} [[Category:Pro 12| ]] [[Category:European rugby union competitions]] [[Category:Inter-Celtic organisations|League]] [[Category:Professional sports leagues]] [[Category:Rugby union leagues in Ireland|1]] [[Category:Rugby union leagues in Scotland|1]] [[Category:Rugby union leagues in Wales|1]] sf48nwn22bcm4klu1v2o4e0427nnhhn 927213 927149 2026-11-09T10:03:46Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 927213 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Pro12''', that stairtit in 1999 as the '''Celtic League''', is an annual [[rugby union]] competeetion. It began wi teams frae the three Celtic kintras, [[Scotland]], [[Republic o Ireland|Ireland]] an [[Wales]], an it is nou kent as the '''United Rugby Championship''', wi professional teams frae Ireland, Italy, Scotland, Sooth Africae an Wales. == History == In 1999 the Welsh Premiership wis expandit tae tak in Glesga an Embro, an it wis cried the ''Welsh-Scottish League''. In 2001 the Irish, Scots an Welsh unions settled tae stairt a new competeetion that wad tak in the fower Irish provinces. === 2001–02 === Fifteen teams competit in the first season: the fower Irish provinces (Connacht, Leinster, Munster an Ulster), twa Scots teams (Edinburgh Reivers an Glesga) an aw nine Welsh Premier Division teams (Bridgend, Caerphilly, Cardiff, Ebbw Vale, Llanelli, Neath, Newport, Pontypridd an Swansea). While still playin in thair ain kintras' competeetions, the teams war split intae twa groups (o 8 an 7), an ilka team played ilka ither team in its group aince. The tap fower teams frae ilka group gaed throu tae a knockoot stage tae find the champion. Matches atween teams in the ''Welsh-Scottish League'' coontit for the new competeetion an aw. The Irish teams dominatit the 2001–02 competeetion: aw fower got tae the quarter-finals an three tae the semi-finals, an Leinster beat Munster 24–20 in the final at Lansdowne Road. === 2002–03 === The demands o the Celtic League led tae the Scots-Welsh league bein scrappit in 2002, an the Irish inter-provincial championship wis doongradit an aw. The format o the seicont season (2002–03) wis the same, but for the addeetion o a third Scots team, the newly re-estaiblished Scottish Borders. === 2003–04 === There wis a big chynge in the Celtic League's approach in the early pairt o 2003, pairtly acause o the commercial success o the league itsel but maistly acause o the financial pressures on Welsh rugby, that left Wales wi juist five professional teams. It wis decidit that the Celtic League wad be the anly professional league o the three kintras, wi aw fower Irish teams, three Scots teams an the five new Welsh teams (Cardiff Blues, Celtic Warriors, Llanelli Scarlets, Neath-Swansea Ospreys an Newport Gwent Dragons). The league wis reorganised intae a tradeetional roond-robin league, whaur ilka team played ilka ither team twice, aince at hame an aince awa, giein a 22-roond season. Wi stranger teams acause o the Welsh mergers, an Irish an Scots teams keepin thair big players, the league wis a success in rugby terms. The Celtic Cup, a straucht knockoot competeetion atween the 12 Celtic League teams, wis brocht in for the 2003–04 season an aw. But the timin o the league's launch, an puir organisation o the calendar, meant that the 2003 Rugby Warld Cup an the Sax Nations Championship keepit monie o the league's tap players frae playin in ower hauf the gemmes. This meant the league struggled commercially, parteecularly wi the newly creatit regions in Wales, whaur the gemme haed aye been played on a club basis an haed nane o the regional history o Ireland or Scotland. === 2004–05 === The league format wis refined at the end o the 2003–04 season. The teams decidit tae manage the dates o the gemmes better, sae as no tae clash wi the naitional squads an tae mak the league mair commercially viable. The league wis played till Aprile, an then the Celtic Cup wis contestit amang the tap echt teams in the league. The Welsh Rugby Union then wound up the Celtic Warriors region, bringin the nummer o teams doon tae eleiven. === 2005–06 === In 2005 there wis a dispute ower an Anglo-Welsh cup competeetion that some saw as unnermining the Celtic League. Though the Welsh gied assurances that the Anglo-Welsh tournament wadna interfere wi thair commitments tae the Celtic League, the SRU an IRFU pynted tae the fact that the WRU haed set up arrangements tae play gemmes on five weekends athoot ony regaird tae Celtic League fixtures. The Welsh sides war flung oot o the Celtic League in Juin 2005, but war taen back in. In spite o this, the league haed its maist successfu season, wi the record crood at a Celtic League match bein broken fower times, frae 12,436 at Cardiff Blues v Newport Gwent Dragons in December tae 15,327 for Cardiff Blues v Leinster at the Millennium Stadium. The total croods for the season war up near 50,000, tae 571,331 frae 521,449 the season afore. The league gaed doon tae the last roond, wi Ulster an Leinster baith in contention. Efter Leinster beat Embro, an wi Ulster lossin tae the Ospreys, it luikit as if the title wad gang tae Dublin, but David Humphreys kickit a last-meenit 40-metre drap goal tae win the gemme an the league for Ulster. === Later years === The league wis sponsored bi Magners frae 2006–07 tae 2010–11, an wis cried the '''Magners League'''. At the stairt o the 2010–11 season it expandit frae 10 tae 12 teams bi takkin in twa Italian teams, the first step ootside the Celtic kintras. Efter Magners' sponsorship endit, the league teuk the nem '''Pro12''' tae merk the muive ayont the Celtic kintras, wi RaboDirect as nemmin sponsor frae 2011–12 tae 2013–14.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thescore.ie/pro12-fixtures-201415-sponsor-1563532-Jul2014/ |title=Guinness Confirmed as pro12 sponsor |publisher=The Score |date=10 July 2014 |access-date=10 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714222431/http://www.thescore.ie/pro12-fixtures-201415-sponsor-1563532-Jul2014/ |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/rugby-union/13127244 |title=Magners to end six-year Celtic League backing |work=BBC News |date=19 April 2011 |access-date=20 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/rugbynation/swansea-ospreys/2011/06/08/celtic-league-to-be-called-pro-12-as-new-sponsor-unveiled-91466-28843270/ |title=Celtic League to be called PRO 12 as new sponsor unveiled |publisher=WalesOnline |date=8 June 2011 |access-date=12 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814172119/http://www.walesonline.co.uk/rugbynation/swansea-ospreys/2011/06/08/celtic-league-to-be-called-pro-12-as-new-sponsor-unveiled-91466-28843270/ |archive-date=14 August 2011 }}</ref> It expandit tae 14 teams, as the '''Pro14''', frae the 2017–18 season, wi twa Sooth African teams. Guinness sponsored the league frae the 2014–15 season till Julie 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=PRO14 Rugby thanks Guinness for seven years of unparalleled support |url=https://www.unitedrugby.com/latest/pro14/thankyou-guinness |website=www.unitedrugby.com |access-date=3 August 2021 |language=en |date=11 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222101207/https://www.unitedrugby.com/latest/pro14/thankyou-guinness |archive-date=2024-12-22 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Whan the fower Sooth African Super Rugby franchises cam in, the league wis rebrandit as the '''United Rugby Championship''' (URC).<ref>{{cite web |title=Roc Nation and the United Rugby Championship announce a revolutionary partnership |url=https://www.unitedrugby.com/latest/news/roc-nation-and-the-united-rugby-championship-announce-a-revolutionary-partnership |website=www.unitedrugby.com |access-date=3 August 2021 |language=en |date=14 July 2021}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == Statistics == {| border=1 cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width=400 |- align=center bgcolor="#ffff99" !colspan=4|Celtic League |- align=center bgcolor="#ffff99" |Season||Teams||Winners||Runners-up |- align=center |2001/02||15||[[Leinster Rugby|Leinster]]||[[Munster Rugby|Munster]] |- align=center |2002/03||16||[[Munster Rugby|Munster]]||[[Neath RFC|Neath]] |- align=center |2003/04||12||[[Llanelli Scarlets|Scarlets]]||[[Ulster Rugby|Ulster]] |- align=center |2004/05||11||[[Ospreys (rugby union)|Ospreys]]||[[Munster Rugby|Munster]] |- align=center |2005/06||11||[[Ulster Rugby|Ulster]]||[[Leinster Rugby|Leinster]] |- align=center bgcolor="#ffff99" !colspan=4|Celtic Cup |- align=center bgcolor="#ffff99" |Season||Teams||Winners||Runners-up |- align=center |2003/04||12||[[Ulster Rugby|Ulster]]||[[Edinburgh Gunners|Edinburgh]] |- align=center |2004/05||8||[[Munster Rugby|Munster]]||[[Llanelli Scarlets|Scarlets]] |} <br /> Maist pynts scored bi a player in ae season: 276 ([[Felipe Contepomi]],[[Leinster]], 2005-2006) <br /> Maist tries scored bi a player in ae season: 12 (Jamie Robinson,[[Cardiff Blues]],2003-2004 & Kevin Morgan,[[Newport Gwent Dragons]],2004-2005)<br /> Biggest crood at a Celtic League match: 15,327 ([[Cardiff Blues]] Vs. [[Leinster]], 14t Mey 2006) == See an aw == * [[Heineken Cup]] * European Challenge Cup == External links == * [http://www.rabodirectpro12.com/ Pro12 (official site)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103095842/http://www.rabodirectpro12.com/ |date=2012-01-03 }} [[Category:Pro 12| ]] [[Category:European rugby union competitions]] [[Category:Inter-Celtic organisations|League]] [[Category:Professional sports leagues]] [[Category:Rugby union leagues in Ireland|1]] [[Category:Rugby union leagues in Scotland|1]] [[Category:Rugby union leagues in Wales|1]] jkx0kktis69yp6fkb6sw7kolj7x24nc 0 4723 927146 880021 2026-11-08T23:41:11Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; World Rugby an history updatit, soorced 927146 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Rugby tackle cropped.jpg|right|220px]] {{Itheruises|Rugby (disambiguation)}} '''Rugby union''' (aften juist '''rugby''' or '''union''') is a variant o rugby fitba. Rugby union is played wi teams o 15 players, though there is rugby sevens an aw, a quicker gemme wi 7 players on ilka side. The nem comes frae the gemme's first governin body, the ''Rugby Football Union''. It is ane o the twa codes o rugby, the ither bein [[rugby league]]. The gemme grew oot o the rules uised tae play [[fitba]] at Rugby Schuil in [[Ingland]]. The main differ frae fitba is that in rugby the baw is oval, no roond, an the players are alloued tae lift the baw an rin wi it. The players can fling the baw frae player tae player, but no forrit: the baw maun gang sideweys or back whan it is flung. It is a popular gemme, parteecularly in [[New Zealand]], [[Fiji]], [[Tonga]], [[Samoa]], [[Wales]], [[Ingland]], [[Ireland]], [[Scotland]], [[Fraunce]], [[Australie]], [[Argentina]] an [[Sooth Africae]]. Rugby union haes been winnin mair players in [[Italy]], efter it wis taen intae the Sax Nations, an in [[Japan]], that hostit the 2019 [[Rugby Warld Cup]].<ref name="2015 bid">{{cite news | url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/rugby_union/8170488.stm | title=England will host 2015 World Cup | work=BBC Sport | date=28 July 2009 | access-date=7 February 2010 | archive-date=12 January 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112124727/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/8170488.stm | url-status=live }}</ref> Internaitional matches hae been played sin 1871, whan Scotland played Ingland in the first ever internaitional at Raeburn Place in [[Edinburgh]]. The gemme haes been governed sin 1886 bi World Rugby, that wis cried the Internaitional Rugby Football Board (IRFB) an the Internaitional Rugby Board (IRB) afore. It sets furth the gemme's [http://www.irb.com/EN/Laws+and+Regulations/ laws] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060815085127/http://www.irb.com/EN/Laws+and+Regulations/ |date=2006-08-15 }} an aw. It haes 116 full member kintras an 18 associate members. Accordin tae IRB figures, rugby is played in mair nor 100 kintras ower five continents bi men an weemen o aw ages. The governin body rins the [[Rugby Warld Cup]], the Weemen's Rugby Warld Cup, the Rugby Warld Cup Sevens an ither internaitional competeetions, an it hauds votes tae decide whaur thir events will be hauden. == Owerview == The gemme lasts for 80 meenits (twa hauf o 40 meenits) an is rin bi a referee, wi twa touch judges that gie him a haund. Ilka team attacks the opposition's goal an defends thair ain in turn. Thir goals are merkit at baith ends o the pitch bi twa lang (10 m or mair) posts set 5.6 m apairt, joined bi a crossbar 3 m abuin the grund, sae the hale thing maks the shape o a letter H. A team can score bi kickin the baw atween the posts an ower the crossbar, but the baw can anly be kickit frae the grund: aither frae a place kick efter a penalty is gien, or frae a drap kick in open play. A successfu kick at goal is wirth three pynts. The area ahint ilka set o posts is cried the ''in-goal area'', an the attackin team can score bi grundin the baw there: this is cried a "try" an is wirth five pynts. Efter scorin a try, the attackin team gets a free kick at goal (cried a conversion) for twa pynts mair. == Pitch == [[File:RugbyPitch.svg|200px|right]] A rugby union pitch haes a maximum playin area o 144 × 70 m on a girse surface. Lines are pentit on the field at regular intervals: the deid baw line, the try line, the 22 metre line (afore the metric seestem cam in, this wis the 25-yaird line), the 10 metre line an haufwey. Thir are mirrored on the ither side o the pitch. Ither lines are 5 metres frae the try line an the touchline, an 15 metres frae the touchline. The lenth frae try line tae try line is aye 100 metres; the anly distances on a rugby pitch that can vary are the width o the pitch an the distance frae the try line tae the deid baw line. Padded flags 1.2 metres heich are set aside the pitch tae merk the haufwey line, the 22, the try line an the deid baw line. The flags at the try line an deid baw line are set whaur thay meet the touchline, an thay are coontit oot if a player cairyin the baw, or the baw itsel, hits thaim. === Players === [[File:Fiji vs Canada RWC2007 lineout.jpg|left|300px|right|thumb|[[Fiji]] taks a line-oot agin [[Canadae|Canada]]]] A rugby union team haes 15 players: echt forwards, nummered 1 tae 8, an seiven backs, nummered 9 tae 15. Dependin on the competeetion, there can be up tae seiven replacements (substitutes or reserves). In professional rugby there can be seiven reserves, an a player can be substitutit anly aince, unless thay are a front rower replacin an injured front rower. Anither exception is the "bluid bin", whaur a player wi a bleedin hurt can leave the gemme for 10 meenits an then come back efter treatment. A player sent tae the bluid bin can be replaced bi anither player while thay are treatit; if the bleedin player comes back intae the gemme athin 10 meenits, it is no coontit as a substitution. The main job o the forwards is tae win an keep possession o the baw. Thay tak pairt in set pieces sic as the scrum an the line-oot. Forwards are uisually bigger nor the backs, that maks thaim stranger but slawer. Forwards hae a pairt in takkin the baw forrit an aw, but uisually dae it bi drivin intae the opposition forwards. The job o the backs is tae muive the gemme forrit bi rinnin or kickin the baw. The scrum-hauf gets the baw frae the forwards an uisually feeds it tae the stand-aff (no. 10), that then decides hou the attack will gang. The backs uisually score thair tries bi the tactical placement o players, makkin holes in the opposition's defensive line. A guid back line maks the opposition commit ower monie players at strategic pynts, sae that space opens up for the faster ootside backs (the wingers an fullback). Aw members o the stairtin 15 weir sarks nummered frae 1 tae 15 that match thair positions. The first echt players, kent as the ''forwards'' or ''the pack'', play in the ''scrum''. The ither seiven players play as the ''backs''. == References == {{Reflist}} {{Commons|Rugby union}} [[Category:Sports]] [[Category:Rugby]] bs2y1vg2js77ucj3yvg84m4n70o1bpm 0 4926 926778 805990 2026-11-08T17:51:55Z Monospaced 75295 Redirect tae the main IRA airticle until someane writes a proper ane; the stub wis thin an no in guid Scots 926778 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Irish Republican Army]] pl2m13rt3ou2uk4jbce4crc48mbt25e 0 4981 926996 925749 2026-11-08T22:05:01Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; lead an infobox figures updatit, soorced 926996 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|46|N|25|E|display=title}} {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Roumainie |common_name = Roumainie |native_name = {{native name|ro|România}} |image_flag = Flag of Romania.svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of Romania.svg |national_anthem = ''Deșteaptă-te, române!''<br />"Wauken, Roumainien!"<br /> <br /><center>[[File:Desteapta-te, romane!.ogg]]</center> |image_map = EU-Romania.svg |map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=daurk green |region=Europe |region_color=daurk grey |subregion=the [[European Union]] |subregion_color=green |legend=EU-Romania.svg}} |capital = [[Bucharest]] |coordinates = {{Coord|44|25|N|26|06|E|type:city}} |largest_city = capital |official_languages = [[Roumains leid|Roumains]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdep.ro/pls/dic/site.page?den=act2_2&par1=1#t1c0s0a13 |title=Constitution of Romania |publisher=Cdep.ro |accessdate=2 October 2013 |archive-date=2017-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907214119/http://www.cdep.ro/pls/dic/site.page?den=act2_2&par1=1#t1c0s0a13 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | languages2_type = Recognised minority <br /> leids<!--Protected and/or co-official (regional) languages--><ref>{{cite web|title=Reservations and Declarations for Treaty No.148 – European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages|url=http://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/148/declarations?p_auth=63PpH3zN|website=Council of Europe|publisher=Council of Europe|accessdate=3 December 2015}}</ref> | languages2 = {{hlist | [[Albanie leid|Albanie]] | [[Armenie leid|Armenie]] | [[Bulgarie leid|Bulgarie]] | [[Czech leid|Czech]] | [[Croatie leid|Croatie]] | [[German leid|German]] | [[Greek leid|Greek]] | [[Italian leid|Italian]] | [[Macedonian leid|Macedonian]] | [[Hungarian leid|Hungarian]] | [[Pols leid|Pols]] | [[Romani leid|Romani]] | [[Roushie leid|Roushie]] | [[Rusyn leid|Rusyn]] | [[Serbie leid|Serbian]] | [[Slovak leid|Slovak]] | [[Crimean Tatar leid|Tatar]] | [[Turkis leid|Turkis]] | [[Ukrainian leid|Ukrainian]] | [[Yiddish]]}} |ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 88.9% [[Roumainiens]] | 6.1% Ungairiens | 3.0% Roma | 0.2% Ukrainiens | 0.2% Germans }} |ethnic_groups_year = 2011<ref name="CensusRef">{{cite web |url=http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/REZULTATE-DEFINITIVE-RPL_2011.pdf |title=Romanian 2011 census (final results) |publisher=INSSE |accessdate=28 August 2012 |language=ro |archive-date=2013-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717125951/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/REZULTATE-DEFINITIVE-RPL_2011.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |demonym = [[Roumainiens|Roumainien]] |government_type = Unitar [[Semi-presidential seestem|semi-presidential]]<br />[[republic]] |leader_title1 = Preses |leader_name1 = [[Nicușor Dan]] |leader_title2 = Prime Meenister |leader_name2 = Luca Niculescu |legislature = Pairlament |upper_house = Senate |lower_house = Chaumer o Deputes |sovereignty_type = Formation |established_event1 = [[Dacia|Kinrick o Dacia]] |established_date1 = 168 BC |established_event2 = [[Roman Dacia|Roman conquest]] |established_date2 = 106 |established_event3 = Migration Period |established_date3 = 275 – 10t century |established_event4 = First Roumainien polities |established_date4 = 10t century – 1330 |established_event5 = [[Wallachie|Principality o Wallachie]] |established_date5 = 1330 |established_event6 = Principality o Moldavie |established_date6 = 1346 |established_event7 = Principality o Transylvanie |established_date7 = 1570 |established_event8 = First union unner [[Michael the Brave]] |established_date8 = 1600 |established_event9 = Unitit Principalities^a |established_date9 = 24 Januar 1859 |established_event10 = [[Roumainien War o Unthirldom|Unthirldom]] frae<br />the [[Ottoman Empire]] |established_date10 = 9 Mey 1877{{\}}1878^b |established_event11 = [[Kinrick o Roumainie]] |established_date11 = 14 Mairch 1881 |established_event12 = Great Union^c |established_date12 = 1 December 1918^d |area_km2 = 238,397 |area_rank = 83rd |area_sq_mi = 92,043 <!--Do not remove per WP:MOSNUM--> |percent_water = 3 |population_estimate = 19,041,322<ref>{{cite web |url=https://insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/poprez_ian2026e.pdf |title=The usually resident population as of January 1st 2026 |publisher= INS |website=www.insse.ro |date=28 August 2026 |access-date=28 August 2026}}</ref> 19,186,201<ref>{{cite web|url=https://insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/poprez_ian2021r.pdf|title=Populația rezidentă la 1 Ianuarie 2021|language=ro|trans-title=The usually resident population on 1 January 2021|publisher=National Institute of Statistics|website=Insse.ro|access-date=30 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/anexa_date/poprez_ian2021r.xls|title=Populaţia rezidentă pe sexe şi vârste, la 1 Ianuarie 2021|language=ro|publisher=National Institute of Statistics|website=Insse.ro|access-date=3 December 2021}}</ref> |population_census = 19,053,815<ref name="Census2021">{{cite web |url=https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Tabel-2.01.xls |title=Populația după etnie la recensămintele din perioada 1930–2021 |publisher=INS |website=www.insse.ro |access-date=4 March 2024 |language=ro |archive-date=28 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928063329/https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Tabel-2.01.xls |url-status=live }}</ref> |population_estimate_year = Januar 2026 |population_estimate_rank= 65t |population_census_year = 2021 |population_census_rank = 58t |population_density_km2 = 79.9 |population_density_sq_mi = 218.6 <!--Do not remove per WP:MOSNUM--> |population_density_rank = 132nd |GDP_PPP = $942.929 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.RO">{{cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |title=World Economic Outlook Database (October 2026 Edition) |publisher=International Monetary Fund |website=www.imf.org |date=13 October 2026 |access-date=13 October 2026}}</ref> |GDP_PPP_year = 2026 |GDP_PPP_rank = 37t |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $49,628<ref name="IMFWEO.RO" /> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 44t |GDP_nominal = $470.091 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.RO" /> |GDP_nominal_year = 2026 |GDP_nominal_rank = 38t |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $24,741<ref name="IMFWEO.RO" /> |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 53rd |Gini = 27.3 <!--number only--> |Gini_year = 2025 |Gini_change = steady<!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini_ref = <ref name=eurogini>{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en |title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey |publisher=Eurostat |access-date=1 April 2025 |archive-date=9 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009091832/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref> |Gini_rank = |HDI = 0.845 <!--number only--> |HDI_year = 2023 |HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> |HDI_rank = 55t |currency = Roumainien leu |currency_code = RON |time_zone = EET |utc_offset = +2 |utc_offset_DST = +3 |time_zone_DST = EEST |date_format = dd.mm.yyyy&nbsp;([[Anno Domini|AD]]) |drives_on = right |calling_code = +40 |patron_saint = Saunt Andra | iso3166code = RO |cctld = [[.ro]]^e |footnote_a = The dooble election o [[Alexandru Ioan Cuza]] in [[Moldavie]] an [[Wallachie]] (respectively, 5 an 24 Januar 1859). |footnote_b = Unthirldom proclaimed on 9 Mey 1877, internaitionally recognised in 1878. |footnote_c = The union o Roumainie wi [[Bessarabie]], [[Bukovina]] an [[Transylvanie]] in 1918. |footnote_d = Monarchy wis abolished on 30 December 1947 upon the proclamation o the [[Socialist Republic o Roumainie|Fowkrepublic]] an wis cheenged wi the new constitution upon its adoption on 21 August 1965 as the Socialist Republic. The Communist regime [[Roumainien Revolution|fell]] on 22 December 1989, the new democratic govrenment wis installed on 20 Mey 1990 an the new post-communist constitution wis adoptit on 21 November 1991. Roumainie jyned the [[European Union]] on 1 Januar 2007. |footnote_e = An aa [[.eu]], shared wi ither [[European Union]] member states. |area_magnitude = 1_E+11 }} [[File:Romanian license plate codes.png|thumb|The coonties o Roumainie]] '''Roumainie''' ({{lang|ro|România}} {{IPAc-ro|r|o|m|â|ˈ|n|I|.|a|audio=Ro-România.ogg}}) is a [[kintra]] in Central an Sootheastren Europe. It sits on the lawer coorse o the [[Danube]], north o the Balkan Peninsula, on the northwast shore o the [[Black Sea]]. It mairches [[Ukraine]] tae the north an east, [[Hungary]] tae the wast, [[Serbie]] tae the soothwast, [[Bulgarie]] tae the sooth, [[Moldovae]] tae the east, an the Black Sea tae the sootheast. It haes an area o {{convert|238397|km2|sqmi}} an a [[temperate climate|temperate]]-[[continental climate]]. Wi aboot 19 million fowk, it is the saxt maist populous member state o the [[European Union]]. Its caipital an lairgest ceety is [[Bucharest]], that haed a population o ower 1.7 million in 2021.<ref name="RPL2021">{{cite web |date=31 May 2023 |title=Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021 |trans-title=Resident population by age group, by counties and municipalities, towns, and communes, as of 1 December 2021 |url=https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Tabel-1.03_1.3.1-si-1.03.2.xls |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626052140/https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Tabel-1.03_1.3.1-si-1.03.2.xls |archive-date=26 June 2023 |access-date=10 June 2023 |publisher=INS |language=ro}}</ref> In 2011 the ceety haed 1,883,425 fowk, the saxt-lairgest in the [[European Union|EU]].<ref name="insse.ro">{{cite web|url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/statistici/comunicate/com_anuale/populatie/PopRez2014r.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=28 September 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113202626/http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/statistici/comunicate/com_anuale/populatie/PopRez2014r.pdf |archivedate=13 November 2014 |df= }}</ref> The [[Danube|River Danube]], Europe's seicont-langest river, rises in [[Germany]] an flowes maistly sootheast for {{convert|2857|km|mi|abbr=on}}, throu ten kintras, afore it empties intae Roumainie's [[Danube Delta]]. The [[Carpathian Moontains]], that cross Roumainie frae the north tae the soothwast, include Moldoveanu, at {{convert|2544|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aboutromania.com/geography.html|title=Romania Geography|publisher=aboutromania.com|accessdate=4 April 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328120717/http://www.aboutromania.com/geography.html|archivedate=28 March 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Modren Roumainie wis formed in 1859 throu a personal union o the Danubian Principalities o [[Moldavie]] an [[Wallachie]]. The new state, offeecially cried Roumainie syne 1866, wan its unthirldom frae the [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1877. At the end o [[Warld War I]], [[Transylvanie]], [[Bukovina]] an [[Bessarabie]] unitit wi the sovereign [[Kinrick o Roumainie]]. In [[Warld War II]], Roumainie wis an ally o [[Nazi Germany]] agin the [[Soviet Union]], fechtin alangside the [[Wehrmacht]] till 1944, whan it jyned the Allies an wis occupied bi the [[Reid Airmy]]. Roumainie lost several territories, tho Northren Transylvanie wis gotten back efter the war. Efter the war, Roumainie becam a socialist republic an a member o the [[Warsaw Pact]]. Efter the [[Roumainien Revolution|1989 Revolution]], Roumainie stairtit a transeetion tae democracy an a caipitalist mercat economy. In 2017 Roumainie wis coontit a developin kintra an ane o the puirest in the [[European Union]], rankit 50t in the [[Human Development Index]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.isi-web.org/index.php/resources/developing-countries |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2017-04-24 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425031145/https://www.isi-web.org/index.php/resources/developing-countries |archivedate=25 April 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://qz.com/763630/one-of-the-poorest-countries-in-the-eu-could-be-its-next-tech-startup-hub/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2017-09-24 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010094539/https://qz.com/763630/one-of-the-poorest-countries-in-the-eu-could-be-its-next-tech-startup-hub/ |archivedate=10 October 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> tho its economy wis growin at an estimatit 5% a year, level wi [[Maltae]] for the heichest in the EU.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2003rank.html |title="Country Comparison : GDP - Real Growth Rate", CIA World Factbook, accessed 26 July 2017 |publisher=Cia.gov |date= |accessdate=2017-07-26 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701201952/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2003rank.html |archivedate=1 July 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Syne then it haes grown faist, an the [[World Bank]] nou coonts it a heich-income economy.<ref name="WB GROUP">{{cite web |url=https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups |title=World Bank Country and Lending Groups |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=datahelpdesk.worldbank.org |access-date=19 March 2024 |archive-date=28 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028223324/https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups |url-status=live }}</ref> Its economy is maistly based on services, an it is a producer an net exporter o machines an electric energy, wi companies lik Automobile Dacia an OMV Petrom. It haes been a member o [[NATO]] syne 2004, an pairt o the [[European Union]] syne 2007. Maist o the population see thairsels as [[Eastren Orthodox Kirk|Eastren Orthodox Christians]] an are native spikkers o [[Roumains leid|Roumains]], a [[Romance leids|Romance leid]]. Roumainie is weel kent for its airtists, muisickers, inventors an sportsfowk. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat|Romania}} {{Kintras o the European Union (EU)}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Roumainie| ]] [[Category:1859 establishments in Europe]] [[Category:Balkan kintras]] [[Category:Leeberal democracies]] [[Category:Member states o NATO]] [[Category:Member states o the Cooncil o Europe]] [[Category:Member states o the European Union]] [[Category:Member states o the Union for the Mediterranean]] [[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:Romance kintras an territories]] [[Category:Roumains-speakin kintras an territories]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1859]] {{Stub/Balk}} syah54bu9jy0xujd8uiill8jnqsd06n 0 4993 926943 925545 2026-11-08T21:18:41Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; history an writin seestem addit, soorced 926943 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | altname = Castilian | name = Spainish | ethnicity = [[Spainyart]]s, [[Hispanic]]s, an [[Latino]]s | nativename = {{lang|es|español}} <br /> {{lang|es|castellano}} | pronunciation = {{IPA-es|espaˈɲol|}}, {{IPA-es |kasteˈʎano|}}, {{IPA-es |kaste'ʝano|}} | region = [[Spain]], [[Hispanic Americae]], [[Equatorial Guinea]] | speakers = {{sigfig|477|2}} million | date = 2017 | ref = <ref name=viva17>{{cite report |title=El español: una lengua viva – Informe 2017 |url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/espanol_lengua_viva/pdf/espanol_lengua_viva_2017.pdf |publisher=[[Instituto Cervantes]] |date=2017 |access-date=2018-06-15 |archive-date=2017-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721110755/http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/espanol_lengua_viva/pdf/espanol_lengua_viva_2017.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> | speakers2 = {{sigfig|572|2}} million total speakers<br />[[L2 speakers]]: {{sigfig|89.5|2}} million (na date)<ref name=EthnologueSp>{{e18|spa|Spanish}}<!--e18 is the first edition with this figure. The previous one was 59M (1991) in e14--></ref> | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Italic leids|Italic]] | fam3 = [[Romance leids|Romance]] | fam4 = [[Wastren Romance leids|Wastren]] | fam5 = [[Iberian Romance leids|Ibero-Romance]] | fam6 = [[Wast Iberie leids|Wast-Iberie]] | fam7 = [[Castilian leid]] | ancestor = [[Auld Spainish leid|Auld Spainish]] | script = [[Laitin script|Laitin]] ([[Spainish orthografie|Spainish alphabet]])<br />[[Spainish Braille]] | nation = {{Collapsible list | titlestyle = font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left; | title = [[Leet o kintras whaur Spainish is an offeecial leid|20 kintras]]| |{{flag|Argentinae}} |{{flag|Bolivie}} |{{flag|Chile}} |{{flag|Colombie}} |{{flag|Costa Rica}} |{{flag|Cuba}} |{{flag|Dominican Republic}} |{{flag|Ecuador}} |{{flag|El Salvador}} |{{flag|Equatorial Guinea}} |{{flag|Guatemala}} |{{flag|Honduras}} |{{flag|Mexico}} |{{flag|Nicaragua}} |{{flag|Panama}} |{{flag|Paraguay}} |{{flag|Peru}} |{{flag|Puerto Rico}} |{{flag|Spain}} |{{flag|Uruguay}} |{{flag|Venezuela}} }} <br />{{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=[[Leet o kintras whaur Spainish is an offeecial leid#Signeeficant minority leid|Signeeficant minority]]| |{{flag|Brazil}} |{{flag|France}} |{{flag|Israel}} |{{flag|Philippines}} |{{flag|Belize}} |{{flag|Scotland}} |{{flag|Unitit States}} }} | agency = [[Association o Spainish Leid Academies]]<br /><small>({{lang|es|[[Real Academia Española]]}} an 22 ither naitional Spainigie leid academies)</small> | iso1 = es | iso2 = spa | iso3 = spa | lingua = 51-AAA-b | map = Map-Hispanophone World.svg | mapcaption = Spainish leid in the warld | notice = IPA | sign = [[Signed Spainish]] (Mexico, Spain an presumably ensewhaur) | glotto = stan1288 | glottorefname = Staundart Spainish }} '''Spainish''' ({{lang|es|español}}) or '''Castilian''' ({{lang|es|castellano}}) is a [[Romance leids|Romance leid]] o the [[Indo-European leids|Indo-European]] faimily. It grew oot o the Laitin spak on the [[Iberie]]n Peninsula, an begoud in the Kinrick o Castile, in whit is nou the north-centre o [[Spainie]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/archivos/diversidad-linguistica/lenguas/castellano.html |title=Castellano |trans-title=Castilian |website=Ministerio de Cultura y Deporte |publisher=Gobierno de España |language=es |quote=Its origins lie in the northern third of the Iberian Peninsula, in the '''Kingdom of Castile''', where other dialects of Latin intermingled, such as Galician–Portuguese, Astur–Leonese, and Navarro–Aragonese. |access-date=11 November 2025}}</ref> It is spak bi aboot 580 million fowk,<ref>{{Cite web|last=dice|first=How to Learn Spanish Online: Best Options for Beginners|title=Spanish, a language spoken by 580 million people, and 483 million of them native « Blog del Instituto Cervantes de Londres|url=https://blogs.cervantes.es/londres/2019/10/15/spanish-a-language-spoken-by-580-million-people-and-only-483-million-of-them-native/|access-date=2023-01-28|language=es}}</ref> o wham aboot 519 million hae it as thair mither tongue, maistly in the [[Americas]] an Spainie.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=El Español en el mundo|url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_25/el_espanol_en_el_mundo_anuario_instituto_cervantes_2025.pdf |website=Instituto Cervantes}}</ref> It is the maist braidly spak Romance leid. Spainish is the naitional leid o [[Spainie]], [[Argentinae]], [[Bolivie]], [[Chile]], [[Colombie]], [[Costa Rica]], [[Cuba]], the [[Dominican Republic]], [[Ecuador]], [[El Salvador]], [[Equatorial Guinea]], [[Guatemala]], [[Honduras]], [[Mexico]], [[Nicaragua]], [[Panama]], [[Paraguay]], [[Peru]], [[Puerto Rico]], [[Uruguay]] an [[Venezuela]]. It is an official leid o the [[European Union]] an o [[New Mexico]] in the [[Unitit States]], an ane o the sax official leids o the [[Unitit Nations]].<ref name="un1">{{cite web | last=| first=| title=Official Languages | publisher=United Nations | url=https://www.un.org/en/our-work/official-languages | access-date=2024-01-05| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105190533/https://www.un.org/en/our-work/official-languages| archive-date=2024-01-05}}</ref> == History == Lik the ither Romance leids, Spainish grew oot o Vulgar Laitin, that the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] brocht tae the Iberie Peninsula in the [[Seicont Punic War]], frae 210 BC. Afore that, ither leids war spak there, amang them Proto-[[Basque leid|Basque]], Iberie, Lusitanian, Celtiberian an Gallaecian. The first documents that shaw traces o the forebear o modren Spainish come frae the 9t century. Throu the Middle Ages, Spainish taen wirds frae its Romance neebours, sic as [[Galicie leid|Galicie]], [[Portuguese leid|Portuguese]] an [[Catalan leid|Catalan]], an later [[French leid|French]] an [[Italian leid|Italian]], as weel as monie wirds frae Andalusi [[Arabic]] an a few frae Basque. == Writin seestem == Spainish is written in the [[Laitin alphabet]], wi the addeetion o the letter {{angle bracket|ñ}}. Aince the digraphs {{angle bracket|ch}} an {{angle bracket|ll}} war coontit as single letters an aw, but syne 1994 thay hae been treatit as pairs o letters for sortin.<ref>[http://buscon.rae.es/dpdI/SrvltConsulta?lema=ch Diccionario Panhispánico de Dudas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080416180544/http://buscon.rae.es/dpdI/SrvltConsulta?lema=ch |date=16 April 2008}}, 1st ed.</ref> The Spainish alphabet haes 27 letters: :{{lang|es|A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, Ñ, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z.}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat|Spanish language}} {{Stub/Leid}} [[Category:Leids o Spain]] [[Category:Leids o Andorrae]] [[Category:Leids o Argentinae]] [[Category:Leids o Belize]] [[Category:Leids o Bolivie]] [[Category:Leids o Chile]] [[Category:Leids o Colombie]] [[Category:Leids o Ecuador]] [[Category:Leids o Equatorial Guinea]] [[Category:Leids o Guatemala]] [[Category:Leids o Mexico]] [[Category:Leids o Paraguay]] [[Category:Leids o Peru]] [[Category:Leids o the Philippines]] [[Category:Leids o the Unitit States]] [[Category:Leids o Venezuela]] [[Category:Leids o Sooth Americae]] [[Category:SVO leids]] s8nkw7cztqmrbscng27ictifgi96hbg 0 4994 926743 919100 2026-11-08T16:30:16Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 926743 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Armenie | nativename = {{lang|hy|հայերէն/հայերեն}} ''hayeren'' | pronunciation = {{IPA-hy|hɑjɛˈɾɛn|}} | states = [[Armenie]] | speakers = 6.7 million | date = | dateprefix = c.&nbsp; | ref = e18 | familycolor = Indo-European | ancestor2 = [[Clessical Armenie]] | ancestor3 = [[Middle Armenie]] | stand1 = [[Eastren Armenie]] | stand2 = [[Wastren Armenie]] | script = {{plainlist| *[[Armenie alphabet]] *[[Armenie Braille]]}} | nation = {{plainlist| *{{flag|Armenie}}}} | minority = '''Offeecial ''(de jure)'' status:''' *{{flag|Cyprus}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://languagecharter.eokik.hu/sites/StatesParties/Cyprus.htm |title=Implementation of the Charter in Cyprus |work=Database for the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages |publisher=Public Foundation for European Comparative Minority Research |accessdate=16 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111024143749/http://languagecharter.eokik.hu/sites/StatesParties/Cyprus.htm |archivedate=24 October 2011 }} {{Cite web |url=http://languagecharter.eokik.hu/sites/StatesParties/Cyprus.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2022-09-14 |archive-date=2014-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140207055025/http://languagecharter.eokik.hu/sites/StatesParties/Cyprus.htm |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> *{{flag|Hungary}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://languagecharter.eokik.hu/sites/StatesParties/Hungary.htm |title=Implementation of the Charter in Hungary |work=Database for the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages |publisher=Public Foundation for European Comparative Minority Research |accessdate=16 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227004902/http://languagecharter.eokik.hu/sites/StatesParties/Hungary.htm |archivedate=27 February 2014 }} {{Cite web |url=http://languagecharter.eokik.hu/sites/StatesParties/Hungary.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2022-09-14 |archive-date=2014-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227004902/http://languagecharter.eokik.hu/sites/StatesParties/Hungary.htm |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> *{{flag|Iraq}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Iraqi Constitution: Article 4|url=http://www.iraqinationality.gov.iq/attach/iraqi_constitution.pdf|publisher=The Republic of Iraq Ministry of Interior General Directorate for Nationality|accessdate=16 June 2014|quote=The right of Iraqis to educate their children in their mother tongue, such as Turkmen, Syriac, and Armenian shall be guaranteed in government educational institutions in accordance with educational guidelines, or in any other language in private educational institutions.|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128152712/http://www.iraqinationality.gov.iq/attach/iraqi_constitution.pdf|archivedate=28 November 2016|df=}} {{Cite web |url=http://www.iraqinationality.gov.iq/attach/iraqi_constitution.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2022-09-14 |archive-date=2016-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128152712/http://www.iraqinationality.gov.iq/attach/iraqi_constitution.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> *{{flag|Kurdistan Region}}<ref>https://news.am/eng/news/244068.html</ref> *{{flag|Poland}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Territorial languages in the Republic of Poland|url=http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/education/minlang/report/PeriodicalReports/PolandPR1_en.pdf|publisher=[[European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]]|accessdate=16 June 2014|location=Strasbourg|page=9|date=30 September 2010}}</ref> *{{flag|Romanie}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://languagecharter.eokik.hu/sites/StatesParties/Romania.htm |title=Implementation of the Charter in Romania |work=Database for the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages |publisher=Public Foundation for European Comparative Minority Research |accessdate=16 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222161215/http://languagecharter.eokik.hu/sites/StatesParties/Romania.htm |archivedate=22 February 2012 }} {{Cite web |url=http://languagecharter.eokik.hu/sites/StatesParties/Romania.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2022-09-14 |archive-date=2012-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222161215/http://languagecharter.eokik.hu/sites/StatesParties/Romania.htm |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> *{{flag|Ukraine}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/5029-17|title=Law of Ukraine "On Principles of State Language Policy" (Current version – Revision from 01.02.2014)|publisher=rada.gov.ua|work=Document 5029-17, Article 7: Regional or minority languages Ukraine, Paragraph 2|date=1 February 2014|accessdate=30 April 2014|lang=uk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214125040/http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/5029-17|archive-date=2014-02-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> '''Semi-offeecial or unoffeecial ''(de facto)'' status:''' *{{flag|Georgie}}<br>([[Samtskhe-Javakheti]]){{efn|Armenie haes na legal status in Samtske-Javakheti, but it is widely spoken bi its Armenie population, that is concentratit in Ninotsminda an Akhalkalaki districts (ower 90% o the tot population in thir twa destricts).<ref>{{cite book|last=Hille|first=Charlotte|title=State Building and Conflict Resolution in the Caucasus|url=https://archive.org/details/statebuildingcon00hill|year=2010|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|location=Leiden, Netherlands|isbn=9789004179011|page=[https://archive.org/details/statebuildingcon00hill/page/241 241]}}</ref> Thare war 144 state-fundit schuils in the region as o 2010 whaur Armenie is the main leid o instruction.<ref>{{cite news|title=Javakhk Armenians Looks Ahead to Local Elections|url=http://asbarez.com/78867/georgias-armenian-minority-looks-ahead-toward-local-elections/|accessdate=26 May 2014|newspaper=[[Asbarez]]|date=31 March 2010|quote=Javakheti for use in the region's 144 Armenian schools&nbsp;...|archive-date=2017-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141439/http://asbarez.com/78867/georgias-armenian-minority-looks-ahead-toward-local-elections/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Mezhdoyan|first=Slava|title=Challenges and problems of the Armenian community of Georgia|url=http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/MinorityIssues/Session5/statements/ItemV/3.%20EuropeanArmenianFederationJustice%20andDemocracy.pdf|publisher=European Armenian Federation for Justice and Democracy|accessdate=26 May 2014|location=Tbilisi|date=28 November 2012|quote=Armenian schools in Georgia are fully funded by the government&nbsp;...}}</ref>}} *{{flag|Lebanon}}{{efn|The Lebanese govrenment recognises Armenian as a minority leid,<ref>{{cite web|title=About Lebanon|url=http://www.cas.gov.lb/index.php/about-lebanon-en|publisher=Central Administration of Statistics of the Republic of Lebanon|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140526152210/http://www.cas.gov.lb/index.php/about-lebanon-en|archivedate=26 May 2014|quote=Other Languages: French, English and Armenian}}</ref> pairteecularly for eddicational purposes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 44 of the Convention. Third periodic reports of states parties due in 2003: Lebanon|url=http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/45377eb00.pdf|publisher=[[Committee on the Rights of the Child]]|accessdate=26 May 2014|page=108|date=25 October 2005|quote=Right of minorities to learn their language. The Lebanese curriculum allows Armenian schools to teach the Armenian language as a basic language.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Sanjian|first=Ara|title=Armenians and the 2000 Parliamentary Elections in Lebanon|url=http://www.groong.org/ro/ro-20000907.html|work=Armenian News Network / Groong|publisher=[[University of Southern California]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140526153117/http://www.groong.org/ro/ro-20000907.html|archivedate=26 May 2014|quote=Moreover, the Lebanese government approved a plan whereby the Armenian language was to be considered from now on as one of the few 'second foreign languages' that students can take as part of the official Lebanese secondary school certificate (Baccalaureate) exams.}}</ref>}} *{{flag|Turkey}}{{efn|In eddication, accordin tae the [[Treaty o Lausanne (1923)|Treaty o Lausanne]]<ref>{{cite book|first=Jilali|last=Saib|contribution=Languages in Turkey|editor1-last=Extra|editor1-first=Guus|editor2-last=Gorter|editor2-first=Durk|title=The Other Languages of Europe: Demographic, Sociolinguistic and Educational Perspectives|url=https://archive.org/details/otherlanguagesof0000unse_r1e4|year=2001|publisher=Multilingual Matters|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9781853595097|page=[https://archive.org/details/otherlanguagesof0000unse_r1e4/page/422 423]|quote=No other language can be taught as a mother language other than Armenian, Greek and Hebrew, as agreed in the Lausanne Treaty&nbsp;...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Okçabol|first1=Rıfat|contribution=Secondary Education in Turkey|editor1-last=Nohl|editor1-first=Arnd-Michael|editor2-last=Akkoyunlu-Wigley|editor2-first=Arzu|editor3-last=Wigley|editor3-first=Simon|title=Education in Turkey|year=2008|publisher=Waxmann Verlag|location=Berlin|isbn=9783830970699|page=65|quote=Private Minority Schools are the school established by Greek, Armenian and Hebrew minorities during the era of the Ottoman Empire and covered by Lausanne Treaty.}}</ref>}} *{{flag|Iran}} | agency = Institute o Leid ([[Armenie Naitional Academy o Sciences]])<ref>{{cite web|title=H. Acharian Institute of Language|url=http://www.sci.am/resorgs.php?oid=34&langid=1|website=sci.am|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141005040613/http://www.sci.am/resorgs.php?oid=34&langid=1|archivedate=5 October 2014|quote=Main Fields of Activity: investigation of the structure and functioning, history and comparative grammar of the Armenian language, exploration of the literary Eastern and Western Armenian Language, dialectology, regulation of literary language, development of terminology}}</ref> | iso1 = hy | iso2b = arm | iso2t = hye | lc1 = hye | ld1 = Eastren Armenie | lc2 = hyw | ld2 = Wastren Armenie | lc3 = xcl | ld3 = [[Clessical Armenie]] | lc4 = axm | ld4 = [[Middle Armenie]] | lingua = 57-AAA-a | map = Map-of-speakers-of-armenian.png | mapcaption = {{Legend|#023858|Offeecial leid spoken bi the majority}} {{Legend|#0570b0|Recognised minority leid}} {{Legend|#74a9cf|Signeeficant nummer o speakers}} | notice = IPA | protoname = [[Proto-Armenie]] | glotto = arme1241 | glottorefname = Armenic }} '''Armenie''' (''հայերեն լեզու'', ''hayeren lezu'' or ''hayeren'') is a [[Indo-European leids|Indo-European]] leid. It is the naitional leid o the [[Armenie|Republic o Armenie]] an is spak in pairts o [[Georgie (kintra)|Georgie]] an aw. It haes aboot sieven million speakers athort the warld. ==Notes== {{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat|Armenian language}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Armenie leid| ]] [[Category:Armenie leids| ]] [[Category:Subject–object–verb leids]] [[Category:Leids o Armenie]] [[Category:Leids o Roushie]] [[Category:Leids o Turkey]] [[Category:Leids o Kazakhstan]] [[Category:Leids o Iran]] [[Category:Leids o Lebanon]] [[Category:Leids o Georgie (kintra)]] [[Category:Leids o the Caucasus]] [[Category:Leids o Cyprus]] [[Category:Leids attestit frae the 5t century]] {{Stub/Armenie}} {{Stub/Leid}} 01xubvvusl34lwwt1gi7y2xc70fcl5w 0 5609 927145 877501 2026-11-08T23:39:23Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; Gowf in Scotland section addit, soorced 927145 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Golf player putting green 2003.jpg|200px|thumb|A body playin gowf]] '''Gowf''' (Inglis: ''Golf'') is a sport whaur the body playin the gemme tries tae dunt a sma baw intae a bore at the end o a field cried a gowf coorse. Gowf wis first played in the [[Netherlands]] an [[Scotland]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-12-15|title=The origins of golf in the Netherlands and Scotland|url=https://www.thevintagenews.com/2016/12/15/the-origins-of-golf-in-the-netherlands-and-scotland/|access-date=2023-01-28|website=thevintagenews|language=en}}</ref> == Origin == Fowk haes lang raxt their harns ower hou gowf cam aboot, at the hinderend naebody will richt ken. Gowf wis ane o the mony baw an stick gemmes that wis played oot-throu the middle ages. Thir can be sindert intae twa-three groups, sic as duntin a stelt baw wi a stick (gowf, frae aulder Dutch ''kolf'', a club), stick tae stick gemmes sic as [[shinty]] or [[caitch]] or duntin a muivin baw wi a stick ([[cricket]] or [[basebaw]]): Frae thon its nae surprise tae find that mony sindry sorts o baw an stick gemmes haes been played oot-throu history at different times in different kintras. Whit maiters maist is no sae muckle whaur an whan a particular gemme stairtit but whaur it teuk ruit an frae there spreid tae ither airts. Wi sicna sicht it can be seen that gowf cam tae the fore in middle ages Scotland an spreid tae the lave o the warld in the 18t century.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ABC of golf at the Wayback Machine|url=http://www.abc-of-golf.com/golf-basics/golf-history.asp|url-status=bot: unknown|access-date=2023-01-28|archive-date=2012-05-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516003553/http://www.abc-of-golf.com/golf-basics/golf-history.asp}}</ref> It is tae Scotland that the cultural tradition o gowf is ocht. == Gowf in Scotland == The modren gemme o gowf stairtit in Scotland in the 15t century, an Scotland is aften cried "the hame o gowf".<ref>{{cite web |title=St Andrews Links: The Home of Golf |url=https://standrews.com/homepage |website=standrews.com |access-date=16 July 2026 |archive-date=17 July 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260717084009/https://standrews.com/homepage |url-status=live }}</ref> The first written record o gowf is [[James II o Scotland|James II]] banning the gemme in 1457, acause it teuk fowk awa frae practisin archery.<ref>[http://www.golf-information.info/history-of-golf.html History Of Golf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529180825/http://www.golf-information.info/history-of-golf.html |date=29 May 2017 }} Golf Information.info.</ref> Gowf is recordit bein played on Musselburgh Links in East Lothian as early as 2 Mairch 1672, an ''Guinness World Records'' certifies it as the auldest gowf coorse in the warld.<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=17 March 2009 |title=Links plays into the record books |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/edinburgh_and_east/7949045.stm |work=BBC News |location= |access-date=24 September 2011 |archive-date=21 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090321081222/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/edinburgh_and_east/7949045.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> The auldest rules o gowf that survive war written in Mairch 1744 for the Company of Gentlemen Golfers, that played at Leith.<ref>[http://www.ruleshistory.com/ "Historical Rules of Golf"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100813181323/http://www.ruleshistory.com/ |date=13 August 2010 }}. ruleshistory.com. Retrieved 8 September 2010.</ref> In 1764 the standart 18-bore coorse wis creatit at [[St Andrews]], whan the members chynged the coorse frae 22 bores tae 18.<ref>Forrest L. Richardson (2002). ''Routing the Golf Course: The Art & Science That Forms the Golf Journey''. p. 46. John Wiley & Sons</ref> The auldest gowf tournament in the warld, The Open Championship, wis first played on 17 October 1860 at Prestwick Golf Club in Ayrshire, an Scots gowfers wan the earliest majors.<ref>[http://www.pgatour.com/2007/travel/07/16/trans_071607/index.html The Open Championship – More Scottish than British] PGA Tour. Retrieved 23 September 2011 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002214520/http://www.pgatour.com/2007/travel/07/16/trans_071607/index.html |date=2 October 2012}}</ref> == Rules == The ettle o gowf is tae putt the baw intae a hole in the grund whauras ither baw an stick gemmes is ettelt at winnin tae a dale or tairget abuin the grund, mony o thir played in weel merkit coorts, whaur the ettle is tae dunt the baw throu a gird or siclike, Ither gemmes is played athort the kintra-side wi trees or doors as the tairget. Dutch 'kolf' is played athort the kintra-side, in toun gates an on ice ettlin tae win at a tairget abuin the grund. Gowf is played on a bit grund cried a gowf coorse. A coorse consists o a raw o wee bores, ilk ane haein a teein area, fairwey, roch an ither hinderances, an the green wi the pin an cup. A typical gowf coorse for ordinar haes aichteen bores, but mony haes juist nine. Ilka gemme o gowf is adae wi playing a nummer o bores in a gien order. A typical roond consists o 18 bores played gaun bi the coorse layoot. On a nine-bore coorse, gaun roond twice gies a roond. A bore or 'hole' in gowf consists o duntin a baw frae a tee in the teein box (a bit grund merkit for the first shot at a bore) cried a tee shot, ance the baw comes tae rest, duntin it ower. This cairies on till the baw is in the cup. Ance the baw is on the green (A bit grund wi weel mawen girse) the baw is for ordinar puttit alang the grund intae the bore. The ettle is tae get the baw intae the bore in as few straiks as possible. This micht be hindert bi hinderances, sic as bunkers an dubs. In maist ordinar gemmes, ilka player plays their baw frae the tee till it is puttit intae the bore. Players can walk or drive ower the coorse in wee motor cairts, aither alane or in groups o twa, three, or fower, whiles convoyed bi caddies that cairies an mauns the players' graith an gies them advisement. Ilka player aften acts as scorer for ae ither player in the group, that is, they record the score on a score caird. In straik play the score consists o the nummer o straiks played an ony penalty straiks gotten. Penalty straiks isna richt straiks but penalty pynts that's eikit tae the score for brakkin the rules or daein things a player shoudna. '''Paur''' A bore is clessified bi its paur, the nummer o straiks a skeelie gowfer needs tae pit the baw in the bore. '''Penalties''' Penalty straiks is coontit in certain situations. Maist aften whan a player haes duntit the baw some place whaur they canna or winna play the baw as it is, for example in a watter-hinderance, or acause thay hae tint thair baw (ootwi the boonds (OB)) an maun play anither. Penalty straiks is coontit as an extrae straik at the aw. Ony rule brakkin can lead tae penalty straiks. '''Scorin''' In ilka form o play, the ettle is tae play sae few straiks per roond as a body can. == Gowf clubs == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Traditional name ! Modren name |- | Drivin Putter (Drivin Putter) | Driver |- | Bressie | 2 or 3 Wid |- | Spuins | 3, 4 or 5 Wids |- | Airn | 1 Airn |- | Drivin Cleek | 2 or 3 Airn |- | Drivin Cleek | 2 or 3 Airn |- | Mid-Airn | 4 Airn |- | Mid-Mashie | 5 Airn |- | Mashie Airn | 6 or 7 Airn |- | Spade Mashie | 7 Airn |- | Mashie Niblock | 7 or 8 Airn |- | Pickin Niblock | 7 or 8 Airn |- | Niblock | 8 or 9 Airn |- | Putter | Putter |} {{See an aa|Umwhile gowf clubs}} {{Commonscat|Golf}} [[Category:Gowf| ]] [[Category:Preceesion sports]] [[Category:Baw gemmes]] [[Category:Baw an bat gemmes]] [[Category:Sports oreeginatin in Scotland]] [[Category:Leisur activities]] {{Stub/Scotland}} {{Stub/Sport}} == References == <references /> 48gfqw45zqg8xpjhgo63fkumer5yn9j 927153 927145 2026-11-09T00:11:20Z CiphriusKane 74958 /* Gowf clubs */ 927153 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Golf player putting green 2003.jpg|200px|thumb|A body playin gowf]] '''Gowf''' (Inglis: ''Golf'') is a sport whaur the body playin the gemme tries tae dunt a sma baw intae a bore at the end o a field cried a gowf coorse. Gowf wis first played in the [[Netherlands]] an [[Scotland]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-12-15|title=The origins of golf in the Netherlands and Scotland|url=https://www.thevintagenews.com/2016/12/15/the-origins-of-golf-in-the-netherlands-and-scotland/|access-date=2023-01-28|website=thevintagenews|language=en}}</ref> == Origin == Fowk haes lang raxt their harns ower hou gowf cam aboot, at the hinderend naebody will richt ken. Gowf wis ane o the mony baw an stick gemmes that wis played oot-throu the middle ages. Thir can be sindert intae twa-three groups, sic as duntin a stelt baw wi a stick (gowf, frae aulder Dutch ''kolf'', a club), stick tae stick gemmes sic as [[shinty]] or [[caitch]] or duntin a muivin baw wi a stick ([[cricket]] or [[basebaw]]): Frae thon its nae surprise tae find that mony sindry sorts o baw an stick gemmes haes been played oot-throu history at different times in different kintras. Whit maiters maist is no sae muckle whaur an whan a particular gemme stairtit but whaur it teuk ruit an frae there spreid tae ither airts. Wi sicna sicht it can be seen that gowf cam tae the fore in middle ages Scotland an spreid tae the lave o the warld in the 18t century.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ABC of golf at the Wayback Machine|url=http://www.abc-of-golf.com/golf-basics/golf-history.asp|url-status=bot: unknown|access-date=2023-01-28|archive-date=2012-05-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516003553/http://www.abc-of-golf.com/golf-basics/golf-history.asp}}</ref> It is tae Scotland that the cultural tradition o gowf is ocht. == Gowf in Scotland == The modren gemme o gowf stairtit in Scotland in the 15t century, an Scotland is aften cried "the hame o gowf".<ref>{{cite web |title=St Andrews Links: The Home of Golf |url=https://standrews.com/homepage |website=standrews.com |access-date=16 July 2026 |archive-date=17 July 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260717084009/https://standrews.com/homepage |url-status=live }}</ref> The first written record o gowf is [[James II o Scotland|James II]] banning the gemme in 1457, acause it teuk fowk awa frae practisin archery.<ref>[http://www.golf-information.info/history-of-golf.html History Of Golf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529180825/http://www.golf-information.info/history-of-golf.html |date=29 May 2017 }} Golf Information.info.</ref> Gowf is recordit bein played on Musselburgh Links in East Lothian as early as 2 Mairch 1672, an ''Guinness World Records'' certifies it as the auldest gowf coorse in the warld.<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=17 March 2009 |title=Links plays into the record books |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/edinburgh_and_east/7949045.stm |work=BBC News |location= |access-date=24 September 2011 |archive-date=21 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090321081222/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/edinburgh_and_east/7949045.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> The auldest rules o gowf that survive war written in Mairch 1744 for the Company of Gentlemen Golfers, that played at Leith.<ref>[http://www.ruleshistory.com/ "Historical Rules of Golf"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100813181323/http://www.ruleshistory.com/ |date=13 August 2010 }}. ruleshistory.com. Retrieved 8 September 2010.</ref> In 1764 the standart 18-bore coorse wis creatit at [[St Andrews]], whan the members chynged the coorse frae 22 bores tae 18.<ref>Forrest L. Richardson (2002). ''Routing the Golf Course: The Art & Science That Forms the Golf Journey''. p. 46. John Wiley & Sons</ref> The auldest gowf tournament in the warld, The Open Championship, wis first played on 17 October 1860 at Prestwick Golf Club in Ayrshire, an Scots gowfers wan the earliest majors.<ref>[http://www.pgatour.com/2007/travel/07/16/trans_071607/index.html The Open Championship – More Scottish than British] PGA Tour. Retrieved 23 September 2011 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002214520/http://www.pgatour.com/2007/travel/07/16/trans_071607/index.html |date=2 October 2012}}</ref> == Rules == The ettle o gowf is tae putt the baw intae a hole in the grund whauras ither baw an stick gemmes is ettelt at winnin tae a dale or tairget abuin the grund, mony o thir played in weel merkit coorts, whaur the ettle is tae dunt the baw throu a gird or siclike, Ither gemmes is played athort the kintra-side wi trees or doors as the tairget. Dutch 'kolf' is played athort the kintra-side, in toun gates an on ice ettlin tae win at a tairget abuin the grund. Gowf is played on a bit grund cried a gowf coorse. A coorse consists o a raw o wee bores, ilk ane haein a teein area, fairwey, roch an ither hinderances, an the green wi the pin an cup. A typical gowf coorse for ordinar haes aichteen bores, but mony haes juist nine. Ilka gemme o gowf is adae wi playing a nummer o bores in a gien order. A typical roond consists o 18 bores played gaun bi the coorse layoot. On a nine-bore coorse, gaun roond twice gies a roond. A bore or 'hole' in gowf consists o duntin a baw frae a tee in the teein box (a bit grund merkit for the first shot at a bore) cried a tee shot, ance the baw comes tae rest, duntin it ower. This cairies on till the baw is in the cup. Ance the baw is on the green (A bit grund wi weel mawen girse) the baw is for ordinar puttit alang the grund intae the bore. The ettle is tae get the baw intae the bore in as few straiks as possible. This micht be hindert bi hinderances, sic as bunkers an dubs. In maist ordinar gemmes, ilka player plays their baw frae the tee till it is puttit intae the bore. Players can walk or drive ower the coorse in wee motor cairts, aither alane or in groups o twa, three, or fower, whiles convoyed bi caddies that cairies an mauns the players' graith an gies them advisement. Ilka player aften acts as scorer for ae ither player in the group, that is, they record the score on a score caird. In straik play the score consists o the nummer o straiks played an ony penalty straiks gotten. Penalty straiks isna richt straiks but penalty pynts that's eikit tae the score for brakkin the rules or daein things a player shoudna. '''Paur''' A bore is clessified bi its paur, the nummer o straiks a skeelie gowfer needs tae pit the baw in the bore. '''Penalties''' Penalty straiks is coontit in certain situations. Maist aften whan a player haes duntit the baw some place whaur they canna or winna play the baw as it is, for example in a watter-hinderance, or acause thay hae tint thair baw (ootwi the boonds (OB)) an maun play anither. Penalty straiks is coontit as an extrae straik at the aw. Ony rule brakkin can lead tae penalty straiks. '''Scorin''' In ilka form o play, the ettle is tae play sae few straiks per roond as a body can. == Gowf clubs == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Traditional name ! Modren name |- | Drivin Putter (Drivin Putter) | Driver |- | Bressie | 2 or 3 Wid |- | Spuins | 3, 4 or 5 Wids |- | Airn | 1 Airn |- | Drivin Cleek | 2 or 3 Airn |- | Drivin Cleek | 2 or 3 Airn |- | Mid-Airn | 4 Airn |- | Mid-Mashie | 5 Airn |- | Mashie Airn | 6 or 7 Airn |- | Spade Mashie | 7 Airn |- | Mashie Niblock | 7 or 8 Airn |- | Pickin Niblock | 7 or 8 Airn |- | Niblock | 8 or 9 Airn |- | Putter | Putter |} {{Commonscat|Golf}} [[Category:Gowf| ]] [[Category:Preceesion sports]] [[Category:Baw gemmes]] [[Category:Baw an bat gemmes]] [[Category:Sports oreeginatin in Scotland]] [[Category:Leisur activities]] {{Stub/Scotland}} {{Stub/Sport}} == References == <references /> cdp2oxrv1hklcwzf0c8z3wygl62pgww 0 5711 926711 926688 2026-11-08T15:09:13Z CiphriusKane 74958 Undae revision [[Special:Diff/926688|926688]] bi [[Special:Contributions/Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[User talk:Monospaced|Tauk]])Gauna flit iss ti preserve the history 926711 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Antropology''' is the studie o human beins. Antropologie is a social science that helps fowk learn whit wey groups o fowk is the same, an whit wey they differ in aw the airts o the warld. Antropologists dis research in mony airts an leuks at the wey fowk leeves the nou an hou they micht hae leeved in the bygane (uisin the study o [[Airchaeologie]]). They daes research in modren ceeties, wee veelage tribes, an in the landwart airts. They study whit wey thae groups o fowk conseeders time, space, life an ither things. The fower basic kynds o antropologie is as follaes: * [[Airchaeology]] - The study o relics left fae auncient societies. * [[Physical Antropology]] - The study o human biologie an whit wey human beins haes chynged ower time (evolution). * [[Linguistic Antropology]] - The study o whit wey fowk speaks an whit wey their leids haes chynged ower time. * [[Cultural Antropologie]] - The study o whit wey fowk leeves their lifes an whit wey they micht hae leeved lang syne. {{Stub/Science}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Anthropology]] i9a831rdfwc10r91r97hl8dgr2nvhfz 926712 926711 2026-11-08T15:10:08Z CiphriusKane 74958 CiphriusKane flittit page [[Antropology]] til [[Anthropology]]: Misspelt title 926711 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Antropology''' is the studie o human beins. Antropologie is a social science that helps fowk learn whit wey groups o fowk is the same, an whit wey they differ in aw the airts o the warld. Antropologists dis research in mony airts an leuks at the wey fowk leeves the nou an hou they micht hae leeved in the bygane (uisin the study o [[Airchaeologie]]). They daes research in modren ceeties, wee veelage tribes, an in the landwart airts. They study whit wey thae groups o fowk conseeders time, space, life an ither things. The fower basic kynds o antropologie is as follaes: * [[Airchaeology]] - The study o relics left fae auncient societies. * [[Physical Antropology]] - The study o human biologie an whit wey human beins haes chynged ower time (evolution). * [[Linguistic Antropology]] - The study o whit wey fowk speaks an whit wey their leids haes chynged ower time. * [[Cultural Antropologie]] - The study o whit wey fowk leeves their lifes an whit wey they micht hae leeved lang syne. {{Stub/Science}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Anthropology]] i9a831rdfwc10r91r97hl8dgr2nvhfz 0 5798 926921 923283 2026-11-08T20:47:21Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 926921 wikitext text/x-wiki {{dablink|For ither uises, see [[New York (disambiguation)]].}} {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = New York | official_name = The Ceety o New York | settlement_type = [[Admeenistrative diveesions o New York#Ceety|Ceety]] | image_skyline = NYC Montage 2011.jpg | imagesize = 275px | image_caption = Clockwise frae top: [[Midtown Manhattan]], the [[Unitit Naitions Heidquairters]], the [[Statue o Liberty]], the [[Brooklyn Bridge]], [[Central Park]], [[Times Square]], an the [[Unisphere]] in [[Queens]] | image_flag = Flag of New York City.svg | image_seal = | nickname = [[Big Apple|The Big Apple]], Gotham, Center o the Universe, The Ceety That Neier Sleeps,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hotword.dictionary.com/big-apple-gotham/|title=Why is New York City known as "the Big Apple" and "Gotham?"|publisher=Dictionary.com, LLC|accessdate=2011-06-16|archive-date=2012-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215214452/http://hotword.dictionary.com/big-apple-gotham/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Caipital o the Warld<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mpiweb.org/Archive?id=2972 |title=Showcase Destinations New York City: Capital of the World |publisher=Mpiweb.org |date=September 22, 1924 |accessdate=2011-06-16 |archive-date=2011-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930082527/http://www.mpiweb.org/Archive?id=2972 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/lmec/html/about/nycapital.shtml|title=About New York City|publisher=The City of New York|accessdate=2011-06-16|archive-date=2014-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407134046/http://www.nyc.gov/html/lmec/html/about/nycapital.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.baruch.cuny.edu/nycdata/forward.htm|title=FORWARD New York – Capital of the Modern World|author=Eugene J. Sherman|publisher=The Weissman Center for International Business Baruch College/CUNY 2011|accessdate=2011-06-16|archive-date=2008-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002112343/http://www.baruch.cuny.edu/nycdata/forward.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> | image_map = Map of New York Highlighting New York City.svg | map_caption = Location in the state o [[New York]] | pushpin_map = USA | pushpin_label_position = left | pushpin_label = New York | pushpin_map_caption = Location in the [[Unitit States]] | coordinates = {{coord|40|39|51|N|73|56|19|W|display=inline}} | coordinates_footnotes = {{GR|1|dateform=mdy}} | subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]] | subdivision_name = [[United States]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Leet o kintras|Historic Countries]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Ingland]], [[Dutch Republic]] | subdivision_type2 = [[U.S. State|State]] | subdivision_name2 = [[New York]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Colony|Historic Colony]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Colony o New York]] | subdivision_type4 = [[Coonty (Unitit States)|Coonties]] | subdivision_name4 = [[The Bronx|Bronx]], [[Brooklyn|Kings]], [[Manhattan|New York]], [[Queens]], [[Staten Island|Richmond]] | established_title = Settled | established_date = 1624 | established_title1 = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporatit]] | established_date1 = 1898 | government_footnotes = <ref name="MayorsOffice">{{cite web |url=http://www.nyc.gov/portal/site/nycgov/menuitem.e985cf5219821bc3f7393cd401c789a0/ |title=Biography |accessdate=2010-01-08 |publisher=New York, City of |author=the Mayor, New York City Office of |date=January 8, 2010 |archive-date=2010-03-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100317115700/http://www.nyc.gov/portal/site/nycgov/menuitem.e985cf5219821bc3f7393cd401c789a0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | government_type = [[Mayor–cooncil govrenment|Mayor–Cooncil]] | leader_party = [[Unthirlt (politeecian)|D]] | governing_body = [[New York City Council]] | leader_title = [[Mayor o New York Ceety|Mayor]] | leader_name = [[Zohran Mamdani]] | area_footnotes = {{GR|1|dateform=mdy}} | area_total_sq_mi = 468.48 | area_land_sq_mi = 302.64 | area_water_sq_mi = 165.84 | elevation_footnotes = {{GR|3|dateform=mdy}} | elevation_ft = 33 | elevation_m = 10 | population_footnotes = {{GR|2|dateform=mdy}} | population_total = 8336697 ([[Leet o Unitit States ceeties bi population|1st]]) | population_as_of = [[2010 Unitit States Census|2010]] | population_total = 8336697 ([[Leet o Unitit States ceeties bi population|1st]]) | population_as_of = 2012 [[Unitit States Census Bureau|Unitit States Census]] estimates<ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/05/nyregion/census-estimates-for-2011-show-population-growth-in-new-york.html|title=Population Growth in New York City Is Outpacing 2010 Census, 2011 Estimates Show|author=Sam Roberts|publisher=© 2012 The New York Times Company|date=April 5, 2012|accessdate=2012-04-24}}</ref> | population_density_sq_mi= 27243.06 | population_metro = 18897109 ([[Table o Unitit States Metropolitan Statistical Auries|1st]]) | population_blank1_title = [[Unitit States combined statistical aurie|CSA]] | population_blank1 = 22085649 ([[Table o Unitit States Combined Statistical Auries|1st]]) | population_demonym = New Yorker | timezone1 = [[Eastren Time Zone (North Americae)|EST]] | utc_offset1 = -5 | timezone1_DST = [[Eastren Time Zone (North Americae)|EDT]] | utc_offset1_DST = -4 | postal_code_type = [[ZIP code|ZIP code(s)]] | postal_code = 100xx–104xx, 11004–05, 111xx–114xx, 116xx | area_code = [[Aurie code 212|212]], [[Aurie code 347|347]], [[Aurie code 646|646]], [[Aurie code 718|718]], [[Aurie code 917|917]], [[Aurie code 929|929]] | blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]] | blank_info = 36-51000 | blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] featur ID | blank1_info = 975772 | website = {{URL|www.nyc.gov}} | footnotes = }}'''New York Ceety''' ({{lang-en|New York City|link=no}}) is the maist populous ceety in the [[Unitit States]] an the centre o the [[New York metropolitan aurie]], that is ane o the maist populous metropolitan auries in the warld. New York Ceety haes a significant impact on global commerce, finance, media, culture, airt, fashion, research, eddication, an entertainment. As host o the Unitit Naitions Heidquarters, it is an important centre an aw for internaitional affairs. The ceety is aften referred tae as '''New York Ceety''' or the '''Ceety o New York''' tae distinguish it frae the [[New York (state)|state o New York]], that it is pairt o. Sittin on a lairge naitural harbour on the Atlantic coast o the Northeastren Unitit States, the ceety consists o five boroughs: The Bronx, [[Brooklyn]], Manhattan, [[Queens]], an [[Staten Island]]. The ceety's 2009 estimatit population approached 8.4 million, an wi a laund aurie o 305 square mile (790 km2), New York Ceety is the maist densely populatit major ceety in the Unitit States. The [[New York metropolitan aurie]]'s population is the USA's mucklest, estimatit at 19.1 million fowk ower 6,720 square mile (17,400 km2). The Combined Statistical Aurie contained 22.2 million fowk as o 2009 Census estimates, the mucklest in the Unitit States an aw. New York wis foondit as a commercial tredin post bi the [[Dutch Republic|Dutch]] in 1624. The dounset wis cried New Amsterdam till 1664 whan the colony cam unner [[Kinrick o Ingland|Inglis]] control. Monie destricts an laundmerks in the ceety hae become weel kent tae ootsiders. The [[Statue o Liberty]] greetit millions o immigrants as they cam tae Americae in the late 19t an early 20t centuries. Times Square, kent as "The Crossroads o the Warld", is the brichtly illuminatit hub o the Broadway theatre destrict, ane o the warld's busiest pedestrian intersections, an a major centre o the warld's entertainment industry. Anchored bi [[Wall Street]], in Lawer Manhattan, New York vies wi [[Lunnon]] as the financial caipital o the warld an is hame tae the [[New York Stock Exchynge]], the warld's mucklest stock exchynge bi mercat caipitalisation o its leetit companies. The original Manhattan Chinatown attracts thrangs o tourists tae its bustlin sidewalks an retail establishments. Warld-cless schuils an varsities sic as Columbia Varsity, New York Varsity an Fordham Varsity are in New York Ceety an aw. == Sister ceeties == New York Ceety haes ten [[toun twinnin|sister ceeties]] recognisit bi Sister Cities International (SCI):<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/unccp/scp/html/sc/main.shtml|title=New York City Global Partners|year=2010|publisher=The City of New York|accessdate=27 January 2010|archive-date=2008-05-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080521052322/http://www.nyc.gov/html/unccp/scp/html/sc/main.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:white" width=70% |- style="color:white;" ! ! style="background:#659ec7; width: 4%"| Airms ! ! style="background:#659ec7; width:10%;"| Ceety ! ! style="background:#659ec7; width:24%;"| Geographical location ! ! style="background:#659ec7; width:22%;"| Naition ! ! style="background:#659ec7; width: 5%;"| Syne |- |! !| [[File:Emblem of Tokyo Metropolis.svg|25px|]] |! ! bgcolor=lemonchiffon| '''[[Tokyo]]''' |! ! align=left| [[Kantō region]] ([[Honshū]] island) |! ! align=left| {{Flag|Japan|size=30px}} |! !| 1960 |- |! !| &nbsp; |! ! bgcolor=lemonchiffon| '''[[Beijing]]''' |! !| &nbsp; |! ! align=left| {{Flag|Cheenae|size=30px}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/|title=Sister Cities|publisher=Beijing Municipal Government|accessdate=2009-06-23|archive-date=2010-01-17|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5mq6B2fdq?url=http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |! !| 1980 |- |! !| &nbsp; |! ! bgcolor=lemonchiffon| '''[[Cairo]]''' |! ! align=left| [[Cairo Govrenorate]] |! ! align=left| {{Flag|Egyp|size=30px}} |! !| 1982 |- |! !| [[File:Escudo de Madrid.svg|25px]] |! ! bgcolor=lemonchiffon| '''[[Madrid]]''' |! ! align=left| [[File:Flag of the Community of Madrid.svg|30px]] [[Community o Madrid]] |! ! align=left| {{Flag|Spain|size=30px}} <ref name="hermanadas">{{cite web| title = Mapa Mundi de las ciudades hermanadas|publisher = Ayuntamiento de Madrid|url = http://www.munimadrid.es/portal/site/munimadrid/menuitem.dbd5147a4ba1b0aa7d245f019fc08a0c/?vgnextoid=4e84399a03003110VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=4e98823d3a37a010VgnVCM100000d90ca8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=especial1&idContenido=1da69a4192b5b010VgnVCM100000d90ca8c0RCRD}}</ref> |! !| 1982 |- |! !| [[File:Escudo de Santo Domingo de Guzmán.svg|30px]] |! ! bgcolor=lemonchiffon| '''[[Santo Domingo]]''' |! ! align=left| [[Distrito Nacional|Naitional Destrict]] |! ! align=left| {{Flag|Dominican Republic|size=30px}} |! !|1983 |- |! !| [[File:Coa Hungary Town Budapest big.svg|50px]] |! ! bgcolor=lemonchiffon| '''[[Budapest]]''' |! ! align=left| [[Central Hungary]] |! ! align=left| {{Flag|Hungary|size=30px}} |! !| 1992 |- |! !| |! ! bgcolor=lemonchiffon| '''[[Roum]]''' |! ! align=left| [[File:Lazio Flag.svg|30px]] [[Lazio]] ([[Latium]]) |! ! align=left| {{Flag|Italy|size=30px}} |! !| 1992 |- |! !| [[File:Emblem_of_Jerusalem.svg|25px]] |! ! bgcolor=lemonchiffon| '''[[Jerusalem]]''' |! ! align=left| [[Jerusalem Destrict]] |! ! align=left| {{Flag|Israel|size=30px}} |! !| 1993 |- |! !| [[File:Arms of the Greater London Council.svg|22px]] |! ! bgcolor=lemonchiffon| '''[[Lunnon]]''' |! ! align=left| {{Flag|Ingland|size=30px}} |! ! align=left| {{Flagcountry|UK|size=30px}} |! !| 2001 |- |! !| [[File:Coat of Arms of Johannesburg.svg|45px]] |! ! bgcolor=lemonchiffon| '''[[Johannesburg]]''' |! ! align=left| [[Gauteng]]<ref>It occupies pairt o the umwhile province o [[Transvaal]].</ref> |! ! align=left| {{Flag|Sooth Africae|size=30px}} |! !| 2003 |} Lik New York Ceety, aw except Beijing are the maist populous ceeties o thair respective kintras.<ref>''[[The Statesman's Yearbook]] 2003'', editit bi Barry Turner, [[Palgrave Macmillan]] ([[Basingstoke]], London and New York), 2002, ISBN 0-333-98096-4</ref> Unlik New York Ceety, aw but Johannesburg serve as ''de facto'' or ''de jure'' naitional political caipitals. New York an her sister ceeties are aw major economic centres, but few o the sister ceeties share New York's status as a major seaport.<ref>"Countries of the World", ''[[Whitaker's Almanack]] 1999'' (Standard Edition), [[The Stationery Office]], Lunnon, 1998, ISBN 0-11-702240-3, pp. 781–785, 907</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} ==See also== * [[New York Ceety draucht riots]] {{Commonscat|New York City}} [[Category:New York Ceety| ]] [[Category:Ceeties in New York]] [[Category:Umwhile caipitals o the Unitit States]] [[Category:Umwhile naitional caipitals]] [[Category:Umwhile Unitit States state caipitals]] [[Category:Govrenment o New York Ceety]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1624]] [[Category:Populatit places on the Hudson River]] [[Category:Port ceeties an touns o the Unitit States Atlantic coast]] [[Category:1624 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies]] {{Stub/USA}} {{Stub/Ceety}} j56z7fcpouguit7inih47641w0sir5w 0 6009 926703 910948 2026-11-08T14:12:05Z Monospaced 75295 Screivit anew frae the soorces; Cliff Hanley's full wirds taen oot (still in copyricht), twa lines quotit 926703 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox anthem |title = Scotland the Brave |prefix = Unofficial |country = Scotland |composer = Traditional |author = Cliff Hanley |lyrics_date = 1950 |sound = Scotland the Brave (1995) - Pipe Band - United States Air Force Reserve Band.mp3 |sound_title = "Scotland the Brave", United States Air Force Reserve Pipe Band }} "'''Scotland the Brave'''" is a Scots patriotic sang. The tune is traditional, an the wirds maist aften sung the day were written aboot 1950 bi the Glesga journalist an writer Cliff Hanley.<ref name="ibiblio.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/fiddlers/SC.htm#SCOTLAND_THE_BRAVE|title=SCAFFIES CAIRET|website=ibiblio.org}}</ref><ref name="birlinn">{{cite web |url=https://birlinn.co.uk/contributor/clifford-hanley/ |title=Clifford Hanley |publisher=Birlinn |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> It is ane o the sangs that's aften cried an unofficial naitional anthem o Scotland, alang wi "[[Flouer o Scotland|Flower of Scotland]]" an "[[Scots Wha Hae]]".<ref name="birlinn" /><ref name="pj">{{cite news |url=https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/politics/scottish-politics/470462/international-support-for-flower-of-scotland-to-be-national-anthem/ |title=International support for Flower of Scotland to be national anthem |work=Press and Journal |date=28 January 2015 |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> == The tune == Naebody kens wha makkit the tune. The earliest prentin yet fund wis in [[Salt Lake City]], in the Januar 1878 nummer o the ''Utah Musical Bouquet'', published bi {{lang|en|John Daynes and Sons}}; the Latter-day Saints in [[Utah]] sang their hymn "Praise to the Man" tae a version o it.<ref name="Latter-day Saint Hymnody">{{cite web|url=https://ldshymnology.wordpress.com/2022/05/09/praise-to-the-man/|title=Praise to the Man|website=ldshymnology.wordpress.com|date=9 May 2022 }}</ref> The National Library of Scotland gies its first appearance in Scotland as ''The National Choir'' (1891).<ref name="Latter-day Saint Hymnody" /> It wis published in Keith Norman MacDonald's ''Gesto Collection of Highland Music'' in the early 1890s, unner the names "Brave Scotland" an "Scotland for Ever". A pipe tune buik o the Boys' Brigade frae aboot 1911 gies it as "Scotland, the Brave!!!".<ref name="ibiblio.org" /> In Scotland it is played as a [[bagpipe]] march, an in the north-wast o Ingland it is a morris dance tune an aw.<ref name="ibiblio.org" /> == The wirds == Cliff Hanley set wirds tae the tune in 1950. Accordin tae ae account, it wis mibbie hauf a joke, as Hanley packed the sang wi aw the Scots clichés he could fin.<ref name="ibiblio.org" /> The owerword stairts "Towering in gallant fame, / Scotland my mountain hame".<ref name="kerr">{{cite book |author=Cliff Hanley |others=Arranged bi Marion McClurg |title=Scotland the Brave |publisher=James S. Kerr |location=Glesga |year=1952}}</ref> The story gangs that the singer Robert Wilson asked him for the wirds, an that Wilson wadnae let Hanley keep the copyricht o the sang.<ref name="ibiblio.org" /> Hanley, a weel-kent Glesga journalist, broadcaster an novelist that died in 1999, is best kent the day for thir wirds.<ref name="birlinn" /> == "Let Italy Boast" == The poet James Hyslop (1798–1827) wrote a poem, "Let Italy Boast", that ends wi the line "Victor in battle is Scotland the brave!"<ref name="wilson">{{cite book |editor=James Grant Wilson |title=The Poets and Poetry of Scotland |volume=2 |year=1876 |page=189 |url=https://archive.org/details/poetspoetryofsco02wils}}</ref> Its first verse gangs: <poem> Let Italy boast of her bloom-shaded waters, Her bowers, and her vines, and her warm sunny skies, Of her sons drinking love from the eyes of her daughters, While freedom expires 'mid their softness and sighs. Scotland's bleak mountains wild, Where hoary cliffs are piled, Towering in grandeur, are dearer to me! Land of the misty cloud— Land of the tempest loud— Land of the brave and proud—land of the free! </poem> == As an anthem == At the [[FIFA Warld Cup]]s o 1982 an 1986, the [[Scotland naitional fitbaw team|Scotland fitba team]] uised "Scotland the Brave" as its anthem. In 1982 it wis the first time the team cam oot tae an unofficial naitional anthem. Papers released bi the National Archives of Scotland in 2010 shawed that [[Margaret Thatcher]]'s government haed been worried aboot the chynge.<ref name="express">{{cite news |url=http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/156884/Thatcher-was-terrified-by-Scotland-the-Brave |title=Thatcher was terrified by Scotland the Brave |work=Daily Express |first=Rod |last=Mills |date=8 February 2010 |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> Later on, the fitba team took up "Flower of Scotland" insteid, efter it haed been a success wi the [[Rugby union|rugby]] team.<ref name="express" /> At the Commonwealth Games, "Scots Wha Hae" wis played for Scots winners up tae 1958, an "Scotland the Brave" wis the anthem efter that; the athletes said again afore the 2002 Games that they wantit tae keep it.<ref name="ts2009">{{cite web |url=https://www.teamscotland.scot/scots-asked-to-pick-the-winning-tune/ |title=Scots Asked To Pick The Winning Tune |publisher=Team Scotland |date=9 November 2009 |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> Afore the [[Delhi]] Games in 2010 the athletes were asked tae choose again, an efter their vote "Flower of Scotland" took the place o "Scotland the Brave" as Team Scotland's anthem.<ref name="ts2014">{{cite web |url=https://www.teamscotland.scot/orchestra-records-medal-winners-anthem/ |title=Orchestra Records Medal-Winners’ Anthem |publisher=Team Scotland |date=13 June 2014 |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> In 2006 the Royal Scottish National Orchestra ran a poll on the internet tae fin the favourite anthem, an aboot 10,000 fowk taen pairt. "Flower of Scotland" cam first wi 41% o the votes, "Scotland the Brave" seicont wi 29%, an "[[Highland Cathedral]]" third wi 16%.<ref name="pj" /> == References == <references /> [[Category:Scots sang]] c6ey04qftl4k4g01n4kf7i31oyebhbz 0 6054 927022 901533 2026-11-08T22:15:48Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 927022 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name=Finnish |nativename=''suomen kieli'' |pronunciation={{IPA-fi|ˈsuo̯mi|IPA}} |ethnicity=[[Finns]] |states=[[Finland]], Swaden, Norawa (anerly verra smaw pairts in [[Troms]] an [[Finnmark]]), Roushie |region = |speakers= {{sigfig|5.39|2}} million |date=2009–2012 |ref=e18 |familycolor=Uralic |fam2=[[Finnic leids|Finnic]] |script=[[Laitin script|Latin]] ([[Finnish alphabet]])<br />Finnish Braille |sign=Signed Finnish |nation='''{{FIN}}'''<br /><br />{{EU}} |minority= {{flag|Roushie}} ({{flag|Karelie}})<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gov.karelia.ru/Legislation/lawbase.html?lid=1751 |script-title=ru:О государственной поддержке карельского, вепсского и финского языков в Республике Карелия |language=ru |publisher=Gov.karelia.ru |date= |accessdate=2011-12-06 |archive-date=2017-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011113305/http://gov.karelia.ru/Legislation/lawbase.html?lid=1751 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br>{{flag|Swaden}}<ref>Finnish is ane o the offeecial minority leids o Swaden</ref> <br>{{flag|Norawa}} ([[Finnmark]]) |agency=Leid Plannin Depairtment o the Institute for the Leids o Finland |iso1=fi |iso2=fin |iso3=fin |glotto=finn1318 |glottorefname=Finnish |lingua=41-AAA-a |map=Finnish language map, detailed areas.png |mapcaption= {{legend|#010080|Offeecial leid.}} {{legend|#008283|Spoken bi a minority.}} |notice=IPA }} '''Finnish''' ({{lang|fi|suomi}} or {{lang|fi|suomen kieli}}) is a [[Finnic leids|Finnic leid]] o the [[Uralic leids|Uralic]] faimily, spak bi aboot 5.4 million fowk, maistly in [[Finland]], whaur it is the main leid. It is spak an aw in [[Swaden]], whaur it is an official minority leid, an in [[Norawa]] an [[Roushie]]. Finnish is sib tae [[Estonie leid|Estonian]], its ae near kin. [[Hungarian leid|Hungarian]] is the ither main Finno-Ugrian leid, but syne the twa branches pairtit some twa thoosand year syne, thay arna gey seemilar ava. == History == Finnish grew oot o the Finno-Ugric group, an bi the Middle Ages it wis the leid spak bi maist Finns. But syne Finland wis subject tae [[Swaden]] frae the stairt o the Middle Ages, it haed nae status in its ain kintra. Govrenment wis aye cairied oot in [[Swadish leid|Swadish]], an aw releegious maiters war in [[Laitin]]. The law status o Finnish meant that it didna develop a written form till the 16t century: aw eddication, leeteratur an sic war written in aither Swadish or Laitin. As thare wis nae staundart written form, it wis haurd for fowk tae learn it or tae uise it for written communication. Monie leids warna staundartised at this time, but Finnish haed tae deal wi its laich status an aw. It taen the wark o the Lutheran beeshop Mikael Agricola, in his owersettin o ''[[New Testament|The New Testament]]'' intae Finnish, tae gie it a staundart form. Syne a central pynt o the [[Reformation]] wis pittin oot the [[Bible]] in vernacular leids, Agricola wis keen tae gie the Finns the Scriptur in thair ain leid. His phonetic spellin seestem wisna hale consistent, but it gied Finnish a framewark that the current seestem comes frae. For aw the wark o Agricola, Finnish still haed nae official status at the stairt o the 19t century, as Swadish wis still uised in aw official spheres, eddication an aw. But when the Finnish naitional epic ''[[Kalevala]]'' wis pitten oot in 1835, it raised a guid deal o naitional speerit, an wi it the wiss tae big up an promote the Finnish leid. As fowk becam mair determined tae uise Finnish, it grew an slawly becam the main leid in govrenment an eddication, an got official status in 1863. The fecht tae raise Finnish frae its unco law status in the 19t century is kent as the [[Finnish Leid Strauchle]]. The day it is the maist uised leid in Finland (spak bi 91.7% o the kintra), an alang wi Swadish it is ane o the twa official leids o the kintra. == Spellin an soondin == Finnish uises a phonetic spellin seestem. Ilka soond is shawn bi ae letter, an ilka letter is soondit. === Consonants === Finnish haes 13 consonants, soondit lik this: '''D''' lik the ''d'' in ''dae''. It niver stairts a wird o Finnish oreegin, an it disna end ane aither (e.g. '''''taide''''', that means ''airt'') '''G''' anerly comes efter '''n'''. The '''ng''' is soondit as in ''lang'' ( '''''sangen''''' -''gey'')<!--the g in ng isna soondit in Scots!--> '''H''' lik ''h'' in ''haver'', but hairder ('''''heti''''' - ''at ance'', '''''Lahti''''' - a Finnish clachan) '''J''' lik ''y'' in ''yett'' ('''''ja''''' - ''an'', '''''kirja''''' - ''beuk'') '''K''' lik ''k'' in ''ken'' ('''''koira''''' - ''dug'') '''L''' lik ''l'' in ''lang'' ('''''talo''''' - ''hoose'') '''M''' lik ''m'' in ''maun'' ('''''huonompi''''' - ''waur'') '''N''' lik ''n'' in ''nae'', but afore '''g''' an '''k''' as in ''lang'' ('''''niin''''' - ''sae'', '''''sangen''''' - ''gey'') '''P''' lik ''p'' in ''poke'' ('''''lapsi''''' - ''bairn'') '''R''' rowed as it is in Scots ('''''raha''''' - ''siller'') '''S''' lik ''s'' in ''sned'' ('''''iso''''' - ''muckle'') '''T''' lik ''t'' in ''tae'' ('''''musta''''' - ''black'') '''V''' lik ''v'' in ''vane'' ('''''voi''''' - ''butter'') '''B''', '''C''', '''F''', '''Sh''' an ithers anerly come in a few wirds frae ither leids, an ar soondit mair or less as in the oreeginal. For ordinar, but, Finns adapt borraed wirds tae thair ain soond seestem: sae the [[Inglis leid|Inglis]] wird ''bomb'' becomes '''''pommi''''' in Finnish. === Vowels === '''A''' lik ''a'' in ''Aibertay'' ('''''asua''''' - ''tae bide'') '''E''' lik ''e'' in ''ken'' ('''''hevonen''''' - ''cuddy'') '''I''' lik ''i'' in ''nip'' ('''''ihminen''''' - ''wicht'') '''O''' lik ''aw'' in ''waw'' ('''''olla''''' - ''tae be'') '''U''' lik ''u'' in ''buit''(?) ('''''hupsu''''' - ''glaikit'') '''Y''' lik ''u'' in French ''entendu'' or the German ''ü''. Gin ye shape yer mooth as if tae say ''oo'' an syne ettle tae say the short ''i'' in ''nip'', ye'll no be faur wrang. ('''''yksi''''' - ''ane'') '''Ä''' lik ''a'' in ''hat'' ('''''äkkiä''''' - ''suddent'') '''Ö''' lik ''er'' in ''Erse'' ('''''tyttö''''' - ''lassie'') === Dooble letters === Ilka letter is soondit in Finnish, includin dooble consonants an dooble vouels. '''''kuka'''' means ''wha''; '''''kukka''''' means ''flouer'' (here the twa ''k'' soonds ar a bit lik thaim in ''tick coat''). '''''katua''''' means ''tae regret''; '''''kaatua''''' means ''tae faw'' (here the dooble vouel maks the ''a'' soond langer) '''''muta''''' (''glaur''), '''''mutta''''' (''but'', but can mean ''ither'' an aw), '''''muuttaa''''' (''tae chynge''). === Stress === The stress aye faws on the first syllable. Sae the caipital ceety o [[Finland]], [[Helsinki]], is soondit ''Hel''sinki an no Hel''sin''ki, as forriners aften say it. In compoond wirds (that Finnish haes monie o), the first syllable o ilka pairt taks the stress. == Grammar == Finnish grammar is gey complicatit an haurd tae learn. For ensaumple, it haes 15 cases, a guid wheen mair nor maist leids, that for ordinar hae aicht or fewer. Insteid o uisin [[preposeetion]]s sic as ''tae'', ''frae'' an ''in'', as maist leids dae, Finnish uises a wheen o suffixes tae shaw case. Thir ar eikit tae [[noon]]s, pronoons, [[adjective]]s an infinitives, o that thare ar fower. It haes 15 equivalent plural forms an aw, that micht need consonant or vowel chynges. === Airticles === Unlik the feck o leids, Finnish haes nae airticles o ony kynd, definite or indefinite. Sae the wird ''voileipä'' can mean ''a piece'', ''the piece'' or juist ''piece'', dependin on the context. === Gender === Finnish haes nae grammatical genders, an it maks nae distinction atween "he" an "she". The pronoon ''hän'' is uised for baith. == Ensaumples == * '''''Kyllä''''' - ''Aye'' * '''''Ei''''' - ''Nae'' * '''''Olkaa hyvä''''' - ''Please'' * '''''Kiitos''''' - ''Thank ye'' * '''''Hyvää huomenta''''' - ''Guid mornin'' * '''''Hyvää päivää''''' - ''Guid efternuin'' * '''''Hyvää iltaa''''' - ''Guid forenicht'' * '''''Hyvää yötä''''' - ''Guid nicht'' * '''''Kuinka voitte?''''' - ''Hou ar ye?'' * '''''Kiitos hyvin. Entä te?''''' - ''Gey weel, thanks. An yersel?'' == See an aw == * ''[[Kalevala]]'' * [[Finnish Leid Strauchle]] * [[Finland]] ==References== {{Reflist}} == Freemit airtins == * [http://www.kotus.fi/?l=en&s=1 Research Institute fer the Leids of Finland] * [http://www.cs.tut.fi/~jkorpela/Finnish.html The Finnish language --- Resources] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050212112025/http://www.cs.tut.fi/~jkorpela/Finnish.html |date=2005-02-12 }} * [http://virtual.finland.fi/netcomm/news/showarticle.asp?intNWSAID=25831 Section anent the leid on Virtual Finland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070906011935/http://virtual.finland.fi/netcomm/news/showarticle.asp?intNWSAID=25831 |date=2007-09-06 }} * [http://www.tracetech.net/sanat/ Inglis-Finnish-Inglis Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324021845/http://www.tracetech.net/sanat/ |date=2006-03-24 }} {{Commonscat|Finnish language}} [[Category:Agglutinative leids]] [[Category:Leids o Finland]] [[Category:Leids o Swaden]] [[Category:Leids o Estonie]] [[Category:Leids o Roushie]] [[Category:Leids o Norawa]] [[Category:Vouel-hermony leids]] [[Category:SVO leids]] idw9pcnfl359uc38rsp1zmwo4pdp3oa 0 6745 926701 926582 2026-11-08T13:31:38Z Monospaced 75295 Spellin 926701 wikitext text/x-wiki '''History''' is the study o the past, maistly the past o fowk.<ref>{{harvnb|Kragh|1987|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=OX7d7u_2rF4C&pg=PA41 41]}}; {{harvnb|Little|2020|loc=§ 1. History and its representation}}; {{harvnb|Collingwood|1967|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=MWDxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT133 § 4. History and the Philosophy of History]}}; {{harvnb|Ritter|1986|pp=193–194}}; {{harvnb|Collingwood|1993|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pTucAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA9 9]}}</ref> As an academic discipline, it gaithers an weighs up evidence tae set oot whit happened. It then ettles tae expleen hou an why things happened as they did, an in whit settin.<ref>{{harvnb|Little|2020|loc=§ 1. History and its representation}}; {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=140–143}}; {{harvnb|Munslow|2001}}; {{harvnb|Evans|2001}}</ref> The wird ''history'' is uised for the past itsel an aw, an ''a history'' is a text that tells o the past. A history can chynge as historians fin new evidence or read auld soorces in a new licht, but the past itsel disnae chynge.<ref>{{harvnb|Tucker|2011|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=FeVdNxyFiKsC&pg=PA2 xii, 2]}}; {{harvnb|Arnold|2000|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-lSsDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 5]}}; {{harvnb|Evans|2002|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8-zMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 1–2]}}; {{harvnb|Ritter|1986|pp=193–194}}; {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=140–143}}</ref> Some historians haud that the main ettle o history is tae fin oot the truith aboot the past;<ref>{{harvnb|Southgate|2005|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=rHXrMbXUsQ8C&pg=PR11 xi–xii, 1, 57]}}; {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=50–52}}</ref> ithers say its wirth is in the lessons it gies for the present, sic as no makkin the same mistaks again.<ref>{{harvnb|Arnold|2000|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-lSsDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA120 120–121]}}; {{harvnb|Southgate|2005|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=rHXrMbXUsQ8C&pg=PA11 11–12, 57–58]}}; {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=26, 50–52}}</ref> Writin history as a field o inquiry stairtit in auncient times, an it becam mair professional in the 19t century. ==Soorces an method== Historians warks frae evidence, an thay split it intae primary an secondary soorces.<ref>{{harvnb|Kamp|Legêne|Rossum|Rümke|2020|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vt_IDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA35 35]}}; {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=57–58}}; {{harvnb|Ritter|1986|pp=143–144}}</ref> A primary soorce comes frae the period that's bein studied: offeecial documents, letters, diaries, the accoonts o fowk that saw whit happened, photographs an recordins, an forby the remains that archaeology an the ither sciences howk up. Primary soorces gie the maist direct evidence o whit happened.<ref>{{harvnb|Kamp|Legêne|Rossum|Rümke|2020|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vt_IDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 36]}}; {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=54–58}}; {{harvnb|Storey|2013|p=32}}</ref> A secondary soorce is ane that analyses or interprets the information in ither soorces.<ref>{{harvnb|Kamp|Legêne|Rossum|Rümke|2020|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vt_IDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA37 37]}}; {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=57–58}}</ref> Soorce criticism is the wark o weighin up a soorce. It aften stairts wi ootward criticism, that tests whether a soorce is genuine: whan an whaur it wis makkit, wha makkit it an why, an whether it haes been chynged syne.<ref>{{harvnb|Kamp|Legêne|Rossum|Rümke|2020|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vt_IDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA70 70–71]}}; {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=59, 87–88}}; {{harvnb|Topolski|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=OMZ9CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA432 432]}}; {{harvnb|Ritter|1986|pp=84–86}}</ref> ==Periods, places an themes== Historians aften splits the past intae periods, ilk ane mairked oot bi the themes an events that shapes it. A period micht be as short as ten year or langer nor several centuries.<ref>{{harvnb|Kamp|Legêne|Rossum|Rümke|2020|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vt_IDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA78 78]}}; {{harvnb|Christian|2008|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=BYLrRXaZrAkC&pg=PA97 97–99]}}; {{harvnb|Jordanova|2000|p=34}}</ref> Ae lang-staundin wey o splittin human history is intae prehistory, auncient history, post-clessical history, early modren history an modren history.<ref>{{harvnb|Van Nieuwenhuyse|2020|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=bhLbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA375 375]}}; {{harvnb|Christian|2008|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=BYLrRXaZrAkC&pg=PA98 98–99]}}; {{harvnb|Stearns|2001|loc=Table of Contents}}; {{harvnb|Christian|2015|p=7}}</ref> History can be studied bi place an aw, frae a single clachan tae hale continents lik Africa, Asia or Europe.<ref>{{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=108–109}}; {{harvnb|Jordanova|2000|pp=46–47}}</ref> Monie historians keep tae ae theme; some split the subject intae three main themes: political, economic an social history, though the mairches atween them isnae aye clear.<ref>{{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=109, 122}}; {{harvnb|Jordanova|2000|pp=34–35}}; {{harvnb|Gardiner|1988|pp=1–3}}</ref> ==Hou the discipline grew== Afore writin wis inventit, kennin o the past wis hauden an passed on bi wird o mooth.<ref>{{harvnb|Fagan|Durrani|2019|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=dB24DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT54 § Written Records, Oral History, and Archaeology]}}; {{harvnb|Wright|2006}}; {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=1–3, 295}}</ref> Early history-writin mixed fact wi myth, as in the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' frae auncient Mesopotamia an the ''Odyssey'' o Homer.<ref>{{harvnb|Woolf|2019|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1lN-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA20 20–21]}}; {{harvnb|Wright|2006}}; {{harvnb|Lefkowitz|2008|pp=353–354}}</ref> The ''Histories'' o [[Herodotus]], frae the 5t century BC, wis ane o the foondin texts o the wastren tradition: it pit mair wecht on reason an evidence nor the tales o the poets afore him.<ref>{{harvnb|Woolf|2019|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1lN-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA21 21–23]}}; {{harvnb|Wright|2006}}; {{harvnb|Jensen|loc=§ 1. Ancient through Medieval}}; {{harvnb|Lefkowitz|2008|pp=354–355}}</ref> Anither lang tradition o historical writin grew up in auncient China,<ref>{{harvnb|Woolf|2019|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1lN-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA35 35–39, 41–42]}}; {{harvnb|Morgan|2006|pp=14–15}}</ref> an in the Islamic warld Ibn Khaldun thocht on the patterns that shapes historical chynge an on the leemits o historical truith.<ref>{{harvnb|Woolf|2019|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1lN-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA57 57, 60]}}; {{harvnb|Wright|2006}}; {{harvnb|Breisach|2005|loc=§ Islamic Traditional Historiography}}; {{harvnb|Morgan|2006|pp=11, 14}}</ref> In the 19t century history-writin becam mair professional an scientific. Efter the wark o Leopold von Ranke, a systematic method o soorce criticism wis taen up, an universities set up history depairtments, wi professional societies an journals forby.<ref>{{harvnb|Wright|2006}}; {{harvnb|Woolf|2019|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1lN-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA174 174–177]}}; {{harvnb|Jensen|loc=§ 5. 19th Century Scientific Historiography}}; {{harvnb|Moloughney|Zarrow|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=cs89EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2 2]}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ===Sources=== * {{cite book |last1=Kragh |first1=Helge |title=An Introduction to the Historiography of Science |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-38921-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OX7d7u_2rF4C&pg=PA41 |language=en |date=1987}} * {{cite web |last1=Little |first1=Daniel |title=Philosophy of History |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/history/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=7 November 2024 |date=2020}} * {{cite book |last1=Collingwood |first1=R. G. |title=Essays in the Philosophy of History |publisher=University of Texas Press |oclc=17517213 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/essaysinphilosop0000unse_l9z1/page/n9/mode/2up |language=en |chapter=The Nature and Aims of a Philosophy of History |date=1967 |author-link=R. G. Collingwood |pages=34–56}} * {{cite book |last1=Ritter |first1=Harry |title=Dictionary of Concepts in History |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0-313-22700-4 |date=1986}} * {{cite book |last1=Collingwood |first1=R. G. |title=The Idea of History |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-285306-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pTucAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA9 |language=en |date=1993 }} * {{cite book |last1=Tosh |first1=John |title=The Pursuit of History: Aims, Methods and New Directions in the Study of Modern History |publisher=Pearson Education |isbn=978-0-582-77254-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bM1mAAAAMAAJ |language=en |date=2002}} * {{cite journal |last1=Munslow |first1=Alun |title=What History Is |journal=History in Focus |issue=2 |url=https://archives.history.ac.uk/history-in-focus/Whatishistory/munslow6.html |publisher=University of London – Institute of Historical Research |date=2001}} * {{cite journal |last1=Evans |first1=Richard J. |title=The Two Faces of E. H. Carr |journal=History in Focus |issue=2 |url=https://archives.history.ac.uk/history-in-focus/Whatishistory/evans10.html |publisher=University of London – Institute of Historical Research |date=2001}} * {{cite book |last1=Tucker |first1=Aviezer |editor-last1=Tucker |editor-first1=Aviezer |title=A Companion to the Philosophy of History and Historiography |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-4443-5152-1 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FeVdNxyFiKsC&pg=PA1 |language=en |date=2011 |chapter=Introduction |pages=1–6 |doi=10.1002/9781444304916.ch1}} * {{cite book |last1=Arnold |first1=John |title=History: A Very Short Introduction |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-285352-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-lSsDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 |language=en |date=2000 |doi=10.1093/actrade/9780192853523.001.0001}} * {{cite book |last1=Evans |first1=Richard J. |editor1-last=Cannadine |editor1-first=D. |title=What Is History Now? |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-20452-2 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8-zMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 |language=en |chapter=Prologue: What Is History? – Now |date=2002 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.1057/9780230204522_1}} * {{cite book |last1=Southgate |first1=Beverley C. |title=What Is History For? |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-35098-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rHXrMbXUsQ8C&pg=PA1 |language=en |date=2005}} * {{cite book |last1=Kamp |first1=Jeannette |last2=Legêne |first2=Susan |last3=Rossum |first3=Matthias van |last4=Rümke |first4=Sebas |title=Writing History!: A Companion for Historians |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |isbn=978-90-485-3762-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vt_IDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 |language=en |date=2020}} * {{cite book |last1=Storey |first1=William Kelleher |title=Writing History: A Guide for Students |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-983004-6 |edition=4 |date=2013}} * {{cite book |last1=Topolski |first1=Y. |title=Methodology of History |publisher=D. Reidel Publishing Company |isbn=978-94-010-1123-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OMZ9CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA432 |language=en |date=2012}} * {{cite book |last1=Christian |first1=David |title=This Fleeting World: A Short History of Humanity |publisher=Berkshire Publishing |isbn=978-1-933782-04-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BYLrRXaZrAkC&pg=PA102 |language=en |date=2008}} * {{cite book |last1=Jordanova |first1=Ludmilla |title=History in Practice |publisher=Arnold Publishers |isbn=978-0-340-66331-8 |language=en |date=2000}} * {{cite book |last1=Van Nieuwenhuyse |first1=Karel |editor1-last=Berg |editor1-first=Christopher W. |editor2-last=Christou |editor2-first=Theodore M. |title=The Palgrave Handbook of History and Social Studies Education |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-030-37210-1 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bhLbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA375 |language=en |chapter=From Knowing the National Past to Doing History |date=2020 |pages=355–386 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-37210-1_14}} * {{cite book |last1=Stearns |first1=Peter N. |title=The Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, Chronologically Arranged |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |isbn=978-0-395-65237-4 |language=en |date=2001}} * {{cite book |last1=Christian |first1=David |editor1-last=Christian |editor1-first=David |title=The Cambridge World History |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-76333-2 |chapter=Introduction and Overview |date=2015 |volume=1 |pages=1–38 |doi=10.1017/CBO9781139194662 |chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-world-history/F3021D314888B26D40EF701D7F060799}} * {{cite book |last1=Gardiner |first1=Juliet |title=What Is History Today ... ? |publisher=Macmillan Education UK |isbn=978-1-349-19161-1 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-349-19161-1_1 |language=en |chapter=Introduction |date=1988 |pages=1–3 |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-19161-1_1 |doi-broken-date=23 August 2026 |editor-last1=Gardiner |editor-first1=Juliet}} * {{cite book |last1=Fagan |first1=Brian M. |last2=Durrani |first2=Nadia |title=World Prehistory: A Brief Introduction |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-77280-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dB24DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT54 |language=en |date=2019 |edition=10th}} * {{cite book |editor1-last=Wright |editor1-first=Edmund |title=A Dictionary of World History |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-280700-7 |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095938853 |chapter=Historiography |date=2006}} * {{cite book |last1=Woolf |first1=Daniel |title=A Concise History of History: Global Historiography from Antiquity to the Present |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-42619-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lN-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 |language=en |date=2019}} * {{cite book |last1=Lefkowitz |first1=Mary |author-link=Mary Lefkowitz |editor1-last=Tucker |editor1-first=Aviezer |title=A Companion to the Philosophy of History and Historiography |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-4443-0491-6 |chapter-url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781444304916.ch31 |language=en |chapter=Historiography and Myth |date=2008 |pages=353–361 |doi=10.1002/9781444304916.ch31}} * {{cite web |last1=Jensen |first1=Anthony K. |title=History, Philosophy of |url=https://iep.utm.edu/history/ |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=30 November 2024}} * {{cite book |last1=Morgan |first1=David |editor1-last=Bentley |editor1-first=Michael |title=Companion to Historiography |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-97023-0 |language=en |chapter=The Evolution of Two Asian Historiographical Traditions |date=2006 |pages=9–19}} * {{cite book |last1=Breisach |first1=Ernst |editor1-last=Jones |editor1-first=Lindsay |title=Encyclopedia of Religion |publisher=Macmillan Reference |isbn=978-0-02-865981-7 |edition=2nd |chapter-url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/historiography-overview |chapter=Historiography: An Overview |date=2005 |pages=4024–4035}} * {{cite book |last1=Moloughney |first1=Brian |last2=Zarrow |first2=Peter |editor1-last=Moloughney |editor1-first=Brian |editor2-last=Zarrow |editor2-first=Peter |title=Transforming History: The Making of a Modern Academic Discipline in Twentieth-Century China |publisher=The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press |isbn=978-962-996-479-5 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cs89EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2 |language=en |chapter=Making History Modern: The Transformation of Chinese Historiography, 1895–1937 |date=2012 }} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:History| ]] kdwjnckhro9cndotjasjbpn5oqe8si3 0 7343 926942 917091 2026-11-08T21:18:29Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; infobox, map an soorces addit 926942 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Geordie | altname = Tyneside Inglis, Newcastle Inglis | states = [[Ingland]] | region = Tyneside | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Germanic leids|Germanic]] | fam3 = Wast Germanic | fam4 = Anglo-Frisian | fam5 = [[Northumbrian dialect|Northumbrian]] | ancestor = [[Auld Inglis]] | map = TynesideBUA.png | mapcaption = The biggit-up airt o Tyneside, wi Newcastle in reid }} '''Geordie''' is the [[byleid]] o the fowk o [[Newcastle upon Tyne]] an the wider Tyneside airt o North East [[Ingland]], an a nem for the fowk thairsels an aw. It is ane o the main dialects o northren Ingland, an comes doun frae the aulder [[Northumbrian dialect]].<ref name=ene>{{cite web|url=https://englandsnortheast.co.uk/geordie-origins/|title=Geordie Accent and Dialect Origins|access-date=19 August 2017|publisher=englandsnortheast.co.uk|year=2016|archive-date=6 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180606102500/http://englandsnortheast.co.uk/geordie-origins/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bl.uk/british-accents-and-dialects/articles/geordie-a-regional-dialect-of-english|title=Geordie: A regional dialect of English|website=The British Library|access-date=19 May 2020|archive-date=5 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505185130/https://www.bl.uk/british-accents-and-dialects/articles/geordie-a-regional-dialect-of-english|url-status=dead}}</ref> It haes a muckle vocabulary an distinctive [[pronunciation]]s o wirds no uised in ither pairts o Ingland. Geordie haes muckle o its oreegins in the leid spak bi [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] [[Mercenary|mercenaries]], that the Auncient Breetish fowk taen on tae fecht [[Pechts|Pechtish]] invaders efter the Romans left Breetain in the 4t century. This leid wis the forebear o [[Inglis|Modren Inglis]], but while the byleids o ither Inglis regions hae been muckle chynged bi ither furrin leids, [[Laitin leid|Laitin]] an [[Norman leid|Norman–French]] in parteecular, Geordie hauds tae monie features o the auld leid. == Vocabulary == {{wikt|category:Geordie}} Geordie haes a muckle vocabular no heard elsewhaur in Ingland, tho some o it is shared wi (or seemilar tae) [[Scots]]. Wirds still in ordinar uiss the day include the follaein (the owersets ar gien in Inglis tae compare them): *''[[wikt:alreet|alreet]]'' ({{IPA|/'a:lri:t/}} a variant o [[wikt:alright|alright]]) *''[[wikt:cannit|cannit]]'' 'can nae' *''[[wikt:canny|canny]]'' for "pleasant" or tae mean 'very', sae a body coud be 'canny canny'. *''[[wikt:geet|geet]]'' for "very", *''[[wikt:muckle|muckle]]'' an aw (uised mair in Northumberland) *''[[wikt:hyem|hyem]]'' for "home" *''[[wikt:deeky|deeky]]'' for "look at" *''[[wikt:kets|kets]]'' for "sweets/treats" *''[[wikt:knaa|knaa]]'' for "to know/know" *''[[wikt:divint|divint]]'' for "don't"/ *''[[wikt:bairn|bairn]]/[[wikt:grandbairn|grandbairn]]'' for "child/grandchild" *''[[wikt:hacky|hacky]]'' for "dirty" *''[[wikt:gan|gan]]'' for "to go/go" *''[[wikt:hoy|hoy]]'' for "to throw"<ref name="Dorphy dialog">{{cite web | title = Dorphy dialog | url = http://website.lineone.net/~d.ord/Dorphy.htm | accessdate = 2007-11-04 | archive-date = 2003-04-13 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20030413133406/http://website.lineone.net/~d.ord/Dorphy.htm | url-status = bot: unknown }}</ref> *''[[wikt:toon|toon]]'' for "Town" *''[[wikt:nettie|nettie|bog]]'' for "toilet" *''[[wikt:naa|naa]]'' for "no" *''[[wikt:ayee|ayee|yerr]]'' for "yes" *''[[wikt:neb|neb]]'' for "nose" (nebby=nosey) *''[[wikt:banter|banter]]'' for "chat/gossip" *''[[wikt:clart|clart]]'' for "mud" as in "there's clarts on yar boots" *''[[wikt:hadaway|hadaway]]'' for "get away" *''[[wikt:hinny|hinny]]'' a term o endearment - "Honey"<ref name="Dorphy dialog"/> *''[[wikt:haad|haad]]'' for {{lang|en|"hold/ ie keep a hadd/ keep a hold/ had yer gob/ keep quiet/ that polite little notice in the parks aboot keepin' yor dog on a lead ye cud hev Keep A-Hadden Yor Dog}}<ref name="Dorphy dialog"/> *''[[wikt:divvie|divvie]]'' for "stupid person" *''[[wikt:tab|tab]]'' for "cigarette" *''[[wikt:chor|chor]]'' "to steal" *''[[wikt:chiv|chiv]]'' for "knife" *''[[wikt:wor|wor]]'' for "our", uised maistly in [[wikt:wor kid|wor kid]], meanin 'friend', yer brither or sister, or literally 'our kid'; maistly uised for a faimily member. *''[[wikt:nowt|nowt]]'' for "nothing"<ref name="Dorphy dialog"/> ''[[wikt:howay|Howay]]'' or ''[[wikt:haway|Haway]]'' is braidly lik the Inglis "Come on!" or the [[French leid|French]] "Allez!" ("Go on!"): "Howay" is the Geordie form an "Haway" the 'Mackem' form o the same wird. Ensaumples o common uiss include ''Howay man!'' or ''Haway man!'', meanin "come on" or "hurry up", ''Howay the lads!'' or ''Haway the lads!'' tae cheer on a sports team, or ''Ho'way!?'' (wi the stress on the seicont syllable) tae shaw disbelief.<ref name="Dorphy dialog"/> The opposite o this wird is "Haddaway" (gang awa), that isna as common as Howay, but is aften uised in the phrase "Haddaway an' shite" (Tom Hadaway, Figure 5.2 {{lang|en|Haddaway an' shite; ’Cursing like sleet blackening the buds, raging at the monk of Jarrow scribbling his morality and judgement into a book.’}}<ref>{{Cite book | last =Colls | first =Robert | author-link = | last2 =Lancaster | first2 =Bill | author2-link = | last3 =Bryne | first3 =David | author3-link = | last4 =Carr | first4 =Barry | author4-link = | last5 =Hadaway | first5 =Tom | author5-link = | last6 =Knox | first6 =Elaine | author6-link = | last7 =Plater | first7 =Alan | author7-link = | last8 =Taylor | first8 =Harvey | author8-link = | last9 =Williamson | first9 = | author9-link = | last10 =Younger | first10 =Paul | author10-link = | title =Geordies | quote = Hadaway an’ shite; ’Cursing like sleet blackening the buds, raging at the monk of Jarrow scribbling his morality and judgement into a book.’ | place= | page = 90 | publisher = Northumbria University Press | year =2005 | location = | volume = | edition = | url = http://www.amazon.co.uk/Geordies-Roots-Regionalism-Robert-Colls/dp/1904794122/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196421632&sr=8-1 | isbn =1904794122}}</ref>). ''Divvie'' or ''divvy'' seems tae come frae the Co-op dividend,<ref>{{Cite book | last = | first = | author-link = | title = IMS: Customer Satisfaction: BIP2005 (Integrated Management Systems) | quote = An early example, which may be remembered by older readers was the Co-op dividend or 'divvie'. On paying their bill, shoppers would quote a number recorded ... | place= | publisher = BSI Standards | year =2003 | location = | page = 10 | volume = | edition = | url = | isbn =0580414264}}</ref> or frae the twa Davy lamps (the mair dangerous Scotch Davy<ref>{{Citation |last = Henderson |first = Clarks |author-link = |title = NEIMME: Lamps - No. 14. SCOTCH DAVY LAMP. |quote = CONSTRUCTION. Gauzes. Cylindrical, 2 ins diameter. 41/2" high with conical top, a double gauze 1 ins. in depth at the peak. 24 mesh iron. Light. Candle. |url = http://www.mininginstitute.org.uk/lamps/Davy.html |accessdate = 2007-12-02 |archive-date = 2008-11-20 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081120122607/http://www.mininginstitute.org.uk./lamps/Davy.html |url-status = dead }}</ref> uised in 1850, that a commission disapproved o in 1886; its inventor isna kent, an the nem Scotch Davy wis likly gien it bi north-east miners that uised the Stephenson Lamp<ref>{{cite book | last = Smiles | first = Samuel | authorlink = | title = The Life of George Stephenson, Railway Engineer | quote = As to the value of the invention of the safety lamp, there could be no doubt; and the colliery owners of Durham and Northumberland, to testify their sense of its importance, determined to present a testimonial to its inventor. | publisher = | year =1859 | location = | page =[https://archive.org/details/storyoflifeofgeo00smiluoft/page/120 120] | url =https://archive.org/details/storyoflifeofgeo00smiluoft | isbn = }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last = Henderson |first = Clarks |author-link = |title = NEIMME: Lamps - No. 16. STEPHENSON (GEORDIE) LAMP. |date = |url = http://www.mininginstitute.org.uk/lamps/Stephenson.html |accessdate = 2007-12-02 |archive-date = 2008-11-20 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081120145729/http://www.mininginstitute.org.uk/lamps/Stephenson.html |url-status = dead }}</ref>, an the later, better Davy lamp designed bi Humphry Davy, that wis cried the Divvy an aw.<ref>{{Citation | last = Henderson | first = Clarks | author-link = | title = NEIMME: Lamps - No. 1 - DAVY LAMP. | date = | url = http://www.mininginstitute.org.uk/lamps/Davy.html | accessdate = 2007-12-02 | archive-date = 2008-11-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081120122607/http://www.mininginstitute.org.uk./lamps/Davy.html | url-status = dead }}</ref>) A north-east miner micht say {{lang|en|‘Marra, ye keep way from me if ye usin a divvy.'}} It seems the wird divvie syne cam tae mean a daft lad or lass, aiblins acause a body wad be thocht daft tae gang doun a mine wi a Scotch Divvy when thare war safer lamps, lik the Geordie or the Davy. The Geordie wird ''[[wikt:netty|netty]]'', meanin a toilet<ref>{{Citation | last =Graham | first =Frank | author-link = | title = The Geordie Netty: A Short History and Guide | place= | publisher = Butler Publishing; New Ed edition | date =November 1986 | location = | volume = | edition = | url =http://www.amazon.co.uk/Geordie-Netty-Short-History-Guide/dp/0946928088/ref=sr_1_1/026-5166506-7385210?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1194978041&sr=8-1 | isbn = 0946928088 }}</ref> or bathroom, micht come frae the [[Italian leid|Italian]] wird ''gabinetto'', tho monie etymologists think it comes frae the [[Auld Inglis]] wird ''neid''<ref>Griffiths, Bill (2005-12-01). A Dictionary of North East Dialect. Northumbria University Press, p. 122. ISBN 1904794165. "Netty outside toilet, Ex.JG Annfield Plain 1930s. “nessy or netty”Newbiggin-in-Teesdale C20/mid; “outside netties” Dobson Tyne 1972; ‘lavatory’ Graham Geordie 1979. EDD distribution to 1900: N’d. NE 2001: in circulation. ?C18 nessy from necessary; ? Ital. cabinette; Raine MS locates a possible early ex. “Robert Hovyngham sall make… at the other end of hys house knyttyng” York 1419, in which case root could be OE nid ‘necessity’. Plus “to go to the Necessary” (public toilet) Errington p.67 Newcastle re 1800s: “lav” Northumbrian III C20/2 re Crawcrook; “oot back” G’head 2001 Q; “larty – toilet, a children’s word, the school larties’” MM S.Shields C20/2 lavatory"</ref> or the [[Inglis|Modren Inglis]] ''needy''<ref name=Neddy23>{{cite book | last = Trotter Brockett | first = John | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = A glossary of north country words, in use. From an original manuscript, with additions. | quote = NEDDY, NETTY, a certain place that will not bear a written explanation; but which is depleted to the very life in a tail-piece in the first edition of Bewick’s Land Birds, p. 285. In the second edition a bar is placed against the offending part of this broad display of native humour. Etymon needy, a place of need or necessity. | publisher = Oxford University | date = 1829 | location = | pages = 214 | url = http://books.google.co.uk/books/pdf/A_glossary_of_north_country_words__in_us.pdf?id=m-8IAAAAQAAJ&output=pdf&sig=ACfU3U246jcCHcRmESGyTIkP9603yOaDZg | doi = | id = | isbn = }}</ref>. A poem cried ‘YAM’, read bi its writer Douglas Kew, shaws the uiss o monie Geordie wirds<ref>{{cite video |people = |date=2007-07-29 |title = YAM narrated by author Douglas Kew |url = http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1kKTaOCJROc |format = |medium = |publisher = |location = |accessdate = 2008-01-02 |time = |quote = CAN YOU BELIEVE THIS IS ENGLISH!? "YAM" Pitmatic poem from a Trimdon Lad. From the book "A TRAVELER'S TALE" by Douglas Kew.; DouglasKew TRIMDON Poet YAM pitmatic Geordie }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Kew | first = Douglas | authorlink = | title = A Traveller's Tale | publisher = Trafford Publishing | date = 2001-02-07 | location = | pages = | url = http://www.amazon.co.uk/Travellers-Tale-Douglas-Kew/dp/1552125521/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1198626070&sr=8-1 | isbn =1552125521}}</ref> == See an aw == * [[Mackem]] (spak in [[Sunderland]] an athort Wearside) * [[Northumbrian dialect|Northumbrian]] (spak in [[Northumberland]], seemilar tae Geordie) * [[Pitmatic]] (spak in monie [[Durham]] an Northumberland minin commonties) * Potteries (spak in [[Stoke-on-Trent]]) * [[Scouse]] (spak in [[Merseyside]]) * Yorkshire an [[Lancashire]] byleids, that baith vary athort the coonties an merge wi ilk ither in the mairch airts == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Leids o the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Fowk frae Tyne an Wear]] f7re3llnlowjqhfornlq74h98xjvnxg 0 7592 926825 879266 2026-11-08T18:45:17Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; eye-dialect taen oot 926825 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kenneth MacAlpin''' or ''Cináed mac Ailpín'' ([[Scots Gaelic leid|Modren Gaelic]]: ''Coinneach mac Ailpein''),<ref>''Cináed mac Ailpín'' is the Mediaeval Gaelic form. A mair exact renderin in modren Gaelic wad be ''Cionaodh mac Ailpein'', acause Coinneach is historically anither nem; but in the modren leid the twa nems hae come thegither.</ref> kent in maist modren regnal leets as '''Kenneth I''' (deed [[13 Februar]] 858), wis king o the [[Pechts]] an, accordin tae naitional myth, the first [[keeng o Scots|king o Scots]]. Lang syne he wis gien the eik-nem '''An Ferbasach''', "The Subduer".<ref>Skene, ''Chronicles'', p. 83.</ref> He succeedit Drest the Ninth in Pechtland, an wis the first king o baith Pechtland an Scotland.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BBC - Scotland's History - Kenneth MacAlpin (Cináed mac Ailpín)|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/history/articles/kenneth_macalpin/|access-date=2023-03-22|website=www.bbc.co.uk|language=en-GB}}</ref> He wis succeedit bi [[Donald MacAlpin|Donald I]]. [[File:Kenneth MacAlpin.jpg|thumb|Kenneth]] His reign micht hae stairtit in 843,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Kings and Queens of Scotland {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kings-and-Queens-of-Scotland-1856934|access-date=2023-03-22|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> but this is disputit, an some say it stairtit in 848.{{fact}} Precedit bi: [[Drest X o Pechtland|Drest X (King o the Pechts)]] Succeedit bi: [[Donald MacAlpin|Donald I (King o Scotland an the Pechts)]]<ref name=":0" /> == Notes == <references/> {{DEFAULTSORT:MacAlpin, Kenneth}} [[Category:Scots monarchs]] {{Stub/Ryal}} 326xg5ukz24990yw3yabqr4ld7x7azd 0 7851 926704 905214 2026-11-08T14:18:59Z Monospaced 75295 Screivit anew an expandit frae the soorces: hou it wis written, the Kilmarnock edition, the Standard Habbie, themes 926704 wikitext text/x-wiki '''"To a Mouse"''' (in fou, "To a Mouse, On turning her up in her Nest with the Plough, November, 1785") is a poem in [[Scots leid|Scots]] bi [[Robert Burns]]. The title is whiles written in Scots as '''"Tae a Moose"'''.<ref name="slc">{{cite web |title=Tae a Moose |publisher=Scots Language Centre |date=14 January 2008 |url=https://www.scotslanguage.com/news/769/calendar/Jan_2008 |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> Burns wrote it in November 1785, an it wis prentit in his first buik, ''Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect'', that John Wilson published in [[Kilmaurnock]] in 1786.<ref name="ecpa">{{cite web |title=To a Mouse, On turning her up in her Nest with the Plough, November, 1785 |work=Eighteenth-Century Poetry Archive |url=https://www.eighteenthcenturypoetry.org/works/cbu86-w0140.shtml |access-date=8 November 2026 |quote=Kilmarnock: printed by John Wilson, M,DCC,LXXXVI., 1786, [pp. 138-140.]}}</ref> The poet speaks tae a moose whase nest he haes turnt up wi his pleuch. Alang wi "Puir Mailie", it is ane o the poems in that buik that shaw Burns's tenderness taewart beasts.<ref name="gutenberg">{{cite web |title=Poems and Songs of Robert Burns |publisher=Project Gutenberg |id=eBook #1279 |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1279 |access-date=8 November 2026 |quote=a group like "Puir Mailie" and "To a Mouse," which, in the tenderness of their treatment of animals, revealed one of the most attractive sides of Burns' personality}}</ref> The poem's seivent verse gies the weel-kent lines "The best laid schemes o' Mice an' Men, / Gang aft agley",<ref name="ecpa" /> an John Steinbeck teuk the title o his novel ''Of Mice and Men'' frae them.<ref name="phrasefinder">{{cite web |last=Martin |first=Gary |title=The best laid schemes of mice and men |work=The Phrase Finder |url=https://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/the-best-laid-schemes-of-mice-and-men.html |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> == Hou it wis written == Burns wrote the poem while he wis farmin at Mossgiel, near [[Mauchlin]] in [[Ayrshire]]. His brither Gilbert said that "To a Mouse" wis written while Burns wis haudin the pleuch, that he coud pynt oot the verra spot, an that haudin the pleuch wis "a favorite situation with Robert for poetic composition".<ref name="wardlock">{{cite book |title=The Poetical Works of Robert Burns |publisher=Ward, Lock and Co. |year=1910 |url=https://www.litscape.com/author/Robert_Burns/To_A_Mouse.html |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref><ref name="rpo">{{cite web |title=To a Mouse |work=Representative Poetry Online |publisher=University of Toronto Libraries |editor=G. G. Falle |url=https://rpo.library.utoronto.ca/content/mouse-0 |access-date=8 November 2026 |quote=Burns's brother Gilbert is responsible for the story that the poem was composed while the poet was ploughing.}}</ref> The biographer Robert Chambers gied a fuller story, that he haed frae John Blane, a ferm servant at Mossgiel at the time, wha wis still livin in Kilmaurnock in 1838. Burns wis haudin the pleuch, wi Blane drivin, whan the moose ran across the field. Blane ran efter it wi the pettle tae kill it, but Burns stappit him, "asking what ill the poor mouse had ever done him". Burns wis quiet the rest o the efternuin, an that nicht he waukent Blane, read him the new poem, an "asked what he thought of the mouse now".<ref name="wardlock" /> == Publication == The poem wis prentit on pages 138 tae 140 o the Kilmarnock edition o 1786, unner the title "To a Mouse, On turning her up in her Nest with the Plough, November, 1785".<ref name="ecpa" /> It begins: <poem> WEE, sleeket, cowran, tim'rous beastie, O, what a panic's in thy breastie! Thou need na start awa sae hasty, Wi' bickering brattle! I wad be laith to rin an' chase thee, Wi' murd'ring pattle! </poem> <ref name="ecpa" /> == Form == "To a Mouse" haes aucht verses o sax lines.<ref name="ecpa" /> They are written in the stanza that [[Allan Ramsay]] cried the "Standart Habby", or Standard Habbie: it rhymes ''aaabab'', an the short ''b'' lines mak a "bob-wheel". The form taks its nem frae ''The Piper of Kilbarchan'', a mock elegy for the piper Habbie Simpson that is ascribed tae Robert Sempill o Beltrees, aboot 1640; Ramsay, [[Robert Fergusson|Fergusson]] an Burns gied it its popularity.<ref name="sndhabbie">{{cite web |title=Habbie |work=Dictionary of the Scots Language (Scottish National Dictionary) |url=https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd00072399 |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> Burns uised it that aften that it is whiles cried the "Burns stanza".<ref name="waits">{{cite web |title=Notes & Queries – The Piper of Kilbarchan |publisher=The Guild of Town Pipers |url=https://townwaits.org.uk/?p=5660 |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> == Themes == The poet taks the blame for brakin up the moose's hame, an he says: <poem> I'm truly sorry Man's dominion Has broken Nature's social union, An' justifies that ill opinion, Which makes thee startle, At me, thy poor, earth-born companion, An' fellow-mortal! </poem> <ref name="ecpa" /> The seivent verse warns that foresicht can come tae naething for mice an men alike, an in the hintmaist verse the poet turns tae his ain case: the moose kens anerly the praisent, but he leuks back on "prospects drear" an forrit wi fear.<ref name="ecpa" /> George Wilkie reads that last verse as shawin "the absolute despondency that Burns was feeling at this stage in his life", whan he wis a young man o 26.<ref name="wilkie">{{cite web |last=Wilkie |first=George |title=To a Mouse |work=Electric Scotland (from ''Understanding Robert Burns'') |url=https://electricscotland.com/burns/mouse.html |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} == Freemit airtins == {{wikisource}} *[[iarchive:primerofburns00burniala/page/10|The text o the poem, wi fou notes]] *[http://youtube.com/watch?v=tpzK73_lF8s&feature=related Dawn Steele recitin the poem] {{Robert Burns}} [[Category:Scots leeteratur]] rloao8l3i5fooufsdbk2pfan2m3ak1y 926705 926704 2026-11-08T14:21:54Z Monospaced 75295 /* Publication */ The hale poem, as prentit in 1786 926705 wikitext text/x-wiki '''"To a Mouse"''' (in fou, "To a Mouse, On turning her up in her Nest with the Plough, November, 1785") is a poem in [[Scots leid|Scots]] bi [[Robert Burns]]. The title is whiles written in Scots as '''"Tae a Moose"'''.<ref name="slc">{{cite web |title=Tae a Moose |publisher=Scots Language Centre |date=14 January 2008 |url=https://www.scotslanguage.com/news/769/calendar/Jan_2008 |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> Burns wrote it in November 1785, an it wis prentit in his first buik, ''Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect'', that John Wilson published in [[Kilmaurnock]] in 1786.<ref name="ecpa">{{cite web |title=To a Mouse, On turning her up in her Nest with the Plough, November, 1785 |work=Eighteenth-Century Poetry Archive |url=https://www.eighteenthcenturypoetry.org/works/cbu86-w0140.shtml |access-date=8 November 2026 |quote=Kilmarnock: printed by John Wilson, M,DCC,LXXXVI., 1786, [pp. 138-140.]}}</ref> The poet speaks tae a moose whase nest he haes turnt up wi his pleuch. Alang wi "Puir Mailie", it is ane o the poems in that buik that shaw Burns's tenderness taewart beasts.<ref name="gutenberg">{{cite web |title=Poems and Songs of Robert Burns |publisher=Project Gutenberg |id=eBook #1279 |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1279 |access-date=8 November 2026 |quote=a group like "Puir Mailie" and "To a Mouse," which, in the tenderness of their treatment of animals, revealed one of the most attractive sides of Burns' personality}}</ref> The poem's seivent verse gies the weel-kent lines "The best laid schemes o' Mice an' Men, / Gang aft agley",<ref name="ecpa" /> an John Steinbeck teuk the title o his novel ''Of Mice and Men'' frae them.<ref name="phrasefinder">{{cite web |last=Martin |first=Gary |title=The best laid schemes of mice and men |work=The Phrase Finder |url=https://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/the-best-laid-schemes-of-mice-and-men.html |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> == Hou it wis written == Burns wrote the poem while he wis farmin at Mossgiel, near [[Mauchlin]] in [[Ayrshire]]. His brither Gilbert said that "To a Mouse" wis written while Burns wis haudin the pleuch, that he coud pynt oot the verra spot, an that haudin the pleuch wis "a favorite situation with Robert for poetic composition".<ref name="wardlock">{{cite book |title=The Poetical Works of Robert Burns |publisher=Ward, Lock and Co. |year=1910 |url=https://www.litscape.com/author/Robert_Burns/To_A_Mouse.html |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref><ref name="rpo">{{cite web |title=To a Mouse |work=Representative Poetry Online |publisher=University of Toronto Libraries |editor=G. G. Falle |url=https://rpo.library.utoronto.ca/content/mouse-0 |access-date=8 November 2026 |quote=Burns's brother Gilbert is responsible for the story that the poem was composed while the poet was ploughing.}}</ref> The biographer Robert Chambers gied a fuller story, that he haed frae John Blane, a ferm servant at Mossgiel at the time, wha wis still livin in Kilmaurnock in 1838. Burns wis haudin the pleuch, wi Blane drivin, whan the moose ran across the field. Blane ran efter it wi the pettle tae kill it, but Burns stappit him, "asking what ill the poor mouse had ever done him". Burns wis quiet the rest o the efternuin, an that nicht he waukent Blane, read him the new poem, an "asked what he thought of the mouse now".<ref name="wardlock" /> == Publication == The poem wis prentit on pages 138 tae 140 o the Kilmarnock edition o 1786, unner the title "To a Mouse, On turning her up in her Nest with the Plough, November, 1785".<ref name="ecpa" /> The hale poem, as it wis prentit in 1786:<ref name="ecpa" /> <poem> WEE, sleeket, cowran, tim'rous beastie, O, what a panic's in thy breastie! Thou need na start awa sae hasty, Wi' bickering brattle! I wad be laith to rin an' chase thee, Wi' murd'ring pattle! I'm truly sorry Man's dominion Has broken Nature's social union, An' justifies that ill opinion, Which makes thee startle, At me, thy poor, earth-born companion, An' fellow-mortal! I doubt na, whyles, but thou may thieve; What then? poor beastie, thou maun live! A daimen-icker in a thrave 'S a sma' request: I'll get a blessin wi' the lave, An' never miss't! Thy wee-bit housie, too, in ruin! It's silly wa's the win's are strewin! An' naething, now, to big a new ane, O' foggage green! An' bleak December's winds ensuin, Baith snell an' keen! Thou saw the fields laid bare an' wast, An' weary Winter comin fast, An' cozie here, beneath the blast, Thou thought to dwell, Till crash! the cruel coulter past Out thro' thy cell. That wee-bit heap o' leaves an' stibble, Has cost thee monie a weary nibble! Now thou's turn'd out, for a' thy trouble, But house or hald, To thole the Winter's sleety dribble, An' cranreuch cauld! But Mousie, thou art no thy-lane, In proving foresight may be vain: The best laid schemes o' Mice an' Men, Gang aft agley, An' lea'e us nought but grief an' pain, For promis'd joy! Still, thou art blest, compar'd wi' me! The present only toucheth thee: But Och! I backward cast my e'e, On prospects drear! An' forward, tho' I canna see, I guess an' fear! </poem> == Form == "To a Mouse" haes aucht verses o sax lines.<ref name="ecpa" /> They are written in the stanza that [[Allan Ramsay]] cried the "Standart Habby", or Standard Habbie: it rhymes ''aaabab'', an the short ''b'' lines mak a "bob-wheel". The form taks its nem frae ''The Piper of Kilbarchan'', a mock elegy for the piper Habbie Simpson that is ascribed tae Robert Sempill o Beltrees, aboot 1640; Ramsay, [[Robert Fergusson|Fergusson]] an Burns gied it its popularity.<ref name="sndhabbie">{{cite web |title=Habbie |work=Dictionary of the Scots Language (Scottish National Dictionary) |url=https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd00072399 |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> Burns uised it that aften that it is whiles cried the "Burns stanza".<ref name="waits">{{cite web |title=Notes & Queries – The Piper of Kilbarchan |publisher=The Guild of Town Pipers |url=https://townwaits.org.uk/?p=5660 |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> == Themes == The poet taks the blame for brakin up the moose's hame, an he says: <poem> I'm truly sorry Man's dominion Has broken Nature's social union, An' justifies that ill opinion, Which makes thee startle, At me, thy poor, earth-born companion, An' fellow-mortal! </poem> <ref name="ecpa" /> The seivent verse warns that foresicht can come tae naething for mice an men alike, an in the hintmaist verse the poet turns tae his ain case: the moose kens anerly the praisent, but he leuks back on "prospects drear" an forrit wi fear.<ref name="ecpa" /> George Wilkie reads that last verse as shawin "the absolute despondency that Burns was feeling at this stage in his life", whan he wis a young man o 26.<ref name="wilkie">{{cite web |last=Wilkie |first=George |title=To a Mouse |work=Electric Scotland (from ''Understanding Robert Burns'') |url=https://electricscotland.com/burns/mouse.html |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} == Freemit airtins == {{wikisource}} *[[iarchive:primerofburns00burniala/page/10|The text o the poem, wi fou notes]] *[http://youtube.com/watch?v=tpzK73_lF8s&feature=related Dawn Steele recitin the poem] {{Robert Burns}} [[Category:Scots leeteratur]] 27a8549yb3emmfi3rpcxhymirsk8bz0 926706 926705 2026-11-08T14:22:33Z Monospaced 75295 /* Themes */ 926706 wikitext text/x-wiki '''"To a Mouse"''' (in fou, "To a Mouse, On turning her up in her Nest with the Plough, November, 1785") is a poem in [[Scots leid|Scots]] bi [[Robert Burns]]. The title is whiles written in Scots as '''"Tae a Moose"'''.<ref name="slc">{{cite web |title=Tae a Moose |publisher=Scots Language Centre |date=14 January 2008 |url=https://www.scotslanguage.com/news/769/calendar/Jan_2008 |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> Burns wrote it in November 1785, an it wis prentit in his first buik, ''Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect'', that John Wilson published in [[Kilmaurnock]] in 1786.<ref name="ecpa">{{cite web |title=To a Mouse, On turning her up in her Nest with the Plough, November, 1785 |work=Eighteenth-Century Poetry Archive |url=https://www.eighteenthcenturypoetry.org/works/cbu86-w0140.shtml |access-date=8 November 2026 |quote=Kilmarnock: printed by John Wilson, M,DCC,LXXXVI., 1786, [pp. 138-140.]}}</ref> The poet speaks tae a moose whase nest he haes turnt up wi his pleuch. Alang wi "Puir Mailie", it is ane o the poems in that buik that shaw Burns's tenderness taewart beasts.<ref name="gutenberg">{{cite web |title=Poems and Songs of Robert Burns |publisher=Project Gutenberg |id=eBook #1279 |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1279 |access-date=8 November 2026 |quote=a group like "Puir Mailie" and "To a Mouse," which, in the tenderness of their treatment of animals, revealed one of the most attractive sides of Burns' personality}}</ref> The poem's seivent verse gies the weel-kent lines "The best laid schemes o' Mice an' Men, / Gang aft agley",<ref name="ecpa" /> an John Steinbeck teuk the title o his novel ''Of Mice and Men'' frae them.<ref name="phrasefinder">{{cite web |last=Martin |first=Gary |title=The best laid schemes of mice and men |work=The Phrase Finder |url=https://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/the-best-laid-schemes-of-mice-and-men.html |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> == Hou it wis written == Burns wrote the poem while he wis farmin at Mossgiel, near [[Mauchlin]] in [[Ayrshire]]. His brither Gilbert said that "To a Mouse" wis written while Burns wis haudin the pleuch, that he coud pynt oot the verra spot, an that haudin the pleuch wis "a favorite situation with Robert for poetic composition".<ref name="wardlock">{{cite book |title=The Poetical Works of Robert Burns |publisher=Ward, Lock and Co. |year=1910 |url=https://www.litscape.com/author/Robert_Burns/To_A_Mouse.html |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref><ref name="rpo">{{cite web |title=To a Mouse |work=Representative Poetry Online |publisher=University of Toronto Libraries |editor=G. G. Falle |url=https://rpo.library.utoronto.ca/content/mouse-0 |access-date=8 November 2026 |quote=Burns's brother Gilbert is responsible for the story that the poem was composed while the poet was ploughing.}}</ref> The biographer Robert Chambers gied a fuller story, that he haed frae John Blane, a ferm servant at Mossgiel at the time, wha wis still livin in Kilmaurnock in 1838. Burns wis haudin the pleuch, wi Blane drivin, whan the moose ran across the field. Blane ran efter it wi the pettle tae kill it, but Burns stappit him, "asking what ill the poor mouse had ever done him". Burns wis quiet the rest o the efternuin, an that nicht he waukent Blane, read him the new poem, an "asked what he thought of the mouse now".<ref name="wardlock" /> == Publication == The poem wis prentit on pages 138 tae 140 o the Kilmarnock edition o 1786, unner the title "To a Mouse, On turning her up in her Nest with the Plough, November, 1785".<ref name="ecpa" /> The hale poem, as it wis prentit in 1786:<ref name="ecpa" /> <poem> WEE, sleeket, cowran, tim'rous beastie, O, what a panic's in thy breastie! Thou need na start awa sae hasty, Wi' bickering brattle! I wad be laith to rin an' chase thee, Wi' murd'ring pattle! I'm truly sorry Man's dominion Has broken Nature's social union, An' justifies that ill opinion, Which makes thee startle, At me, thy poor, earth-born companion, An' fellow-mortal! I doubt na, whyles, but thou may thieve; What then? poor beastie, thou maun live! A daimen-icker in a thrave 'S a sma' request: I'll get a blessin wi' the lave, An' never miss't! Thy wee-bit housie, too, in ruin! It's silly wa's the win's are strewin! An' naething, now, to big a new ane, O' foggage green! An' bleak December's winds ensuin, Baith snell an' keen! Thou saw the fields laid bare an' wast, An' weary Winter comin fast, An' cozie here, beneath the blast, Thou thought to dwell, Till crash! the cruel coulter past Out thro' thy cell. That wee-bit heap o' leaves an' stibble, Has cost thee monie a weary nibble! Now thou's turn'd out, for a' thy trouble, But house or hald, To thole the Winter's sleety dribble, An' cranreuch cauld! But Mousie, thou art no thy-lane, In proving foresight may be vain: The best laid schemes o' Mice an' Men, Gang aft agley, An' lea'e us nought but grief an' pain, For promis'd joy! Still, thou art blest, compar'd wi' me! The present only toucheth thee: But Och! I backward cast my e'e, On prospects drear! An' forward, tho' I canna see, I guess an' fear! </poem> == Form == "To a Mouse" haes aucht verses o sax lines.<ref name="ecpa" /> They are written in the stanza that [[Allan Ramsay]] cried the "Standart Habby", or Standard Habbie: it rhymes ''aaabab'', an the short ''b'' lines mak a "bob-wheel". The form taks its nem frae ''The Piper of Kilbarchan'', a mock elegy for the piper Habbie Simpson that is ascribed tae Robert Sempill o Beltrees, aboot 1640; Ramsay, [[Robert Fergusson|Fergusson]] an Burns gied it its popularity.<ref name="sndhabbie">{{cite web |title=Habbie |work=Dictionary of the Scots Language (Scottish National Dictionary) |url=https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd00072399 |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> Burns uised it that aften that it is whiles cried the "Burns stanza".<ref name="waits">{{cite web |title=Notes & Queries – The Piper of Kilbarchan |publisher=The Guild of Town Pipers |url=https://townwaits.org.uk/?p=5660 |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> == Themes == The poet taks the blame for brakin up the moose's hame: in the seicont verse he is "truly sorry Man's dominion / Has broken Nature's social union".<ref name="ecpa" /> The seivent verse warns that foresicht can come tae naething for mice an men alike, an in the hintmaist verse the poet turns tae his ain case: the moose kens anerly the praisent, but he leuks back on "prospects drear" an forrit wi fear.<ref name="ecpa" /> George Wilkie reads that last verse as shawin "the absolute despondency that Burns was feeling at this stage in his life", whan he wis a young man o 26.<ref name="wilkie">{{cite web |last=Wilkie |first=George |title=To a Mouse |work=Electric Scotland (from ''Understanding Robert Burns'') |url=https://electricscotland.com/burns/mouse.html |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} == Freemit airtins == {{wikisource}} *[[iarchive:primerofburns00burniala/page/10|The text o the poem, wi fou notes]] *[http://youtube.com/watch?v=tpzK73_lF8s&feature=related Dawn Steele recitin the poem] {{Robert Burns}} [[Category:Scots leeteratur]] tw26dmvu87mi1ayrfooocx8va3heio9 926707 926706 2026-11-08T14:26:00Z Monospaced 75295 Themes: Steinbeck an the sayin expandit; Form: the rhyme scheme explained 926707 wikitext text/x-wiki '''"To a Mouse"''' (in fou, "To a Mouse, On turning her up in her Nest with the Plough, November, 1785") is a poem in [[Scots leid|Scots]] bi [[Robert Burns]]. The title is whiles written in Scots as '''"Tae a Moose"'''.<ref name="slc">{{cite web |title=Tae a Moose |publisher=Scots Language Centre |date=14 January 2008 |url=https://www.scotslanguage.com/news/769/calendar/Jan_2008 |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> Burns wrote it in November 1785, an it wis prentit in his first buik, ''Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect'', that John Wilson published in [[Kilmaurnock]] in 1786.<ref name="ecpa">{{cite web |title=To a Mouse, On turning her up in her Nest with the Plough, November, 1785 |work=Eighteenth-Century Poetry Archive |url=https://www.eighteenthcenturypoetry.org/works/cbu86-w0140.shtml |access-date=8 November 2026 |quote=Kilmarnock: printed by John Wilson, M,DCC,LXXXVI., 1786, [pp. 138-140.]}}</ref> The poet speaks tae a moose whase nest he haes turnt up wi his pleuch. Alang wi "Puir Mailie", it is ane o the poems in that buik that shaw Burns's tenderness taewart beasts.<ref name="gutenberg">{{cite web |title=Poems and Songs of Robert Burns |publisher=Project Gutenberg |id=eBook #1279 |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1279 |access-date=8 November 2026 |quote=a group like "Puir Mailie" and "To a Mouse," which, in the tenderness of their treatment of animals, revealed one of the most attractive sides of Burns' personality}}</ref> The poem's seivent verse gies the weel-kent lines "The best laid schemes o' Mice an' Men, / Gang aft agley",<ref name="ecpa" /> an John Steinbeck teuk the title o his novel ''Of Mice and Men'' frae them.<ref name="phrasefinder">{{cite web |last=Martin |first=Gary |title=The best laid schemes of mice and men |work=The Phrase Finder |url=https://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/the-best-laid-schemes-of-mice-and-men.html |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> == Hou it wis written == Burns wrote the poem while he wis farmin at Mossgiel, near [[Mauchlin]] in [[Ayrshire]]. His brither Gilbert said that "To a Mouse" wis written while Burns wis haudin the pleuch, that he coud pynt oot the verra spot, an that haudin the pleuch wis "a favorite situation with Robert for poetic composition".<ref name="wardlock">{{cite book |title=The Poetical Works of Robert Burns |publisher=Ward, Lock and Co. |year=1910 |url=https://www.litscape.com/author/Robert_Burns/To_A_Mouse.html |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref><ref name="rpo">{{cite web |title=To a Mouse |work=Representative Poetry Online |publisher=University of Toronto Libraries |editor=G. G. Falle |url=https://rpo.library.utoronto.ca/content/mouse-0 |access-date=8 November 2026 |quote=Burns's brother Gilbert is responsible for the story that the poem was composed while the poet was ploughing.}}</ref> The biographer Robert Chambers gied a fuller story, that he haed frae John Blane, a ferm servant at Mossgiel at the time, wha wis still livin in Kilmaurnock in 1838. Burns wis haudin the pleuch, wi Blane drivin, whan the moose ran across the field. Blane ran efter it wi the pettle tae kill it, but Burns stappit him, "asking what ill the poor mouse had ever done him". Burns wis quiet the rest o the efternuin, an that nicht he waukent Blane, read him the new poem, an "asked what he thought of the mouse now".<ref name="wardlock" /> == Publication == The poem wis prentit on pages 138 tae 140 o the Kilmarnock edition o 1786, unner the title "To a Mouse, On turning her up in her Nest with the Plough, November, 1785".<ref name="ecpa" /> The hale poem, as it wis prentit in 1786:<ref name="ecpa" /> <poem> WEE, sleeket, cowran, tim'rous beastie, O, what a panic's in thy breastie! Thou need na start awa sae hasty, Wi' bickering brattle! I wad be laith to rin an' chase thee, Wi' murd'ring pattle! I'm truly sorry Man's dominion Has broken Nature's social union, An' justifies that ill opinion, Which makes thee startle, At me, thy poor, earth-born companion, An' fellow-mortal! I doubt na, whyles, but thou may thieve; What then? poor beastie, thou maun live! A daimen-icker in a thrave 'S a sma' request: I'll get a blessin wi' the lave, An' never miss't! Thy wee-bit housie, too, in ruin! It's silly wa's the win's are strewin! An' naething, now, to big a new ane, O' foggage green! An' bleak December's winds ensuin, Baith snell an' keen! Thou saw the fields laid bare an' wast, An' weary Winter comin fast, An' cozie here, beneath the blast, Thou thought to dwell, Till crash! the cruel coulter past Out thro' thy cell. That wee-bit heap o' leaves an' stibble, Has cost thee monie a weary nibble! Now thou's turn'd out, for a' thy trouble, But house or hald, To thole the Winter's sleety dribble, An' cranreuch cauld! But Mousie, thou art no thy-lane, In proving foresight may be vain: The best laid schemes o' Mice an' Men, Gang aft agley, An' lea'e us nought but grief an' pain, For promis'd joy! Still, thou art blest, compar'd wi' me! The present only toucheth thee: But Och! I backward cast my e'e, On prospects drear! An' forward, tho' I canna see, I guess an' fear! </poem> == Form == "To a Mouse" haes aucht verses o sax lines.<ref name="ecpa" /> They are written in the stanza that [[Allan Ramsay]] cried the "Standart Habby", or Standard Habbie: it rhymes ''aaabab'', an the short ''b'' lines mak a "bob-wheel".<ref name="sndhabbie" /> Ilka verse haes fower lang lines (the first, seicont, third an fift) that rhyme thegither, an twa short anes (the fowert an saxt) that rhyme wi ilk ither. In the first verse, ''beastie'', ''breastie'', ''hasty'' an ''chase thee'' are the ''a'' rhymes, an ''brattle'' an ''pattle'' the ''b'' rhymes.<ref name="ecpa" /> The form taks its nem frae ''The Piper of Kilbarchan'', a mock elegy for the piper Habbie Simpson that is ascribed tae Robert Sempill o Beltrees, aboot 1640; Ramsay, [[Robert Fergusson|Fergusson]] an Burns gied it its popularity.<ref name="sndhabbie">{{cite web |title=Habbie |work=Dictionary of the Scots Language (Scottish National Dictionary) |url=https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd00072399 |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> Burns uised it that aften that it is whiles cried the "Burns stanza".<ref name="waits">{{cite web |title=Notes & Queries – The Piper of Kilbarchan |publisher=The Guild of Town Pipers |url=https://townwaits.org.uk/?p=5660 |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> == Themes == The poet taks the blame for brakin up the moose's hame: in the seicont verse he is "truly sorry Man's dominion / Has broken Nature's social union".<ref name="ecpa" /> The seivent verse warns that foresicht can come tae naething for mice an men alike.<ref name="ecpa" /> Its lines "The best laid schemes o' Mice an' Men, / Gang aft agley" are noo a sayin, meanin that the maist carefu plans can gang wrang. John Steinbeck teuk baith the title an the theme o his novel ''Of Mice and Men'' (1937) frae the poem.<ref name="phrasefinder" /> In the hintmaist verse the poet turns tae his ain case: the moose kens anerly the praisent, but he leuks back on "prospects drear" an forrit wi fear.<ref name="ecpa" /> George Wilkie reads that last verse as shawin "the absolute despondency that Burns was feeling at this stage in his life", whan he wis a young man o 26.<ref name="wilkie">{{cite web |last=Wilkie |first=George |title=To a Mouse |work=Electric Scotland (from ''Understanding Robert Burns'') |url=https://electricscotland.com/burns/mouse.html |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} == Freemit airtins == {{wikisource}} *[[iarchive:primerofburns00burniala/page/10|The text o the poem, wi fou notes]] *[http://youtube.com/watch?v=tpzK73_lF8s&feature=related Dawn Steele recitin the poem] {{Robert Burns}} [[Category:Scots leeteratur]] i6pu7aphz88zf07ktl2ao6mcyr47hqc 0 7950 927040 722339 2026-11-08T22:23:23Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; infobox an map addit 927040 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Judaeo-Spaingie | altname = Ladino | nativename = {{lang|lad-Latn|djudeo-espanyol}} | states = [[Israel]], [[Turkey]], [[Greece]], [[Bosnie an Herzegovinae]], [[Spainie]] | ethnicity = [[Sephardi Jews]] | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Romance leids|Romance]] | fam3 = Ibero-Romance | fam4 = Castilian | ancestor = Auld Spainish | script = Maistly [[Laitin alphabet|Laitin]]; Hebrew an aw | iso2 = lad | iso3 = lad | glotto = ladi1251 | glottoname = Ladino | map = Judeo-Spanish mediterranean speech communities.svg | mapcaption = Historical Judaeo-Spaingie speech commonties roond the Mediterranean; ringed circles shaw modren speech commonties }} '''Judaeo-Spaingie''' ({{lang|lad-Latn|Djudeo-Espanyol}}),<ref name="Lekute Tefilot">{{cite book|last1=Koen|first1=Hajim Mordehaj|title=ЛЕКУТЕ ТЕФИЛОТ (ОРАСJОНИС ЕСКУЖИДАС)|date=1927|location=Belgrade|language=lad}}</ref> or '''Ladino''', is an Iberie [[Romance leids|Romance leid]] that comes frae Auld Castilian [[Spainish]], spak bi [[Sephardi Jews]] in [[Israel]], [[Turkey]] an ither kintras. The leid grew up efter the first king an queen o [[Spainie]], Ferdinand an Isabel, declared that Jewish fowk coud nae langer bide in the lands o the new unitit kinrick o Spain. This wis cried the Alhambra decree, o 31 Mairch 1492. Jewish fowk that haed been bidin in Iberie, speakin leids that cam frae [[Laitin]], war gart find new kintras tae bide in. The fowk that flittit frae Spain fand new hames aw ower north [[Africae]] an the sooth-east o [[Europe]], whaur thair descendants bade, speakin the leid, for generations. Ladino haes a wheen o wirds frae [[Ebreu leid|Hebrew]], an frae [[French leid|French]], [[Greek leid|Greek]] an [[Turkis leid|Turkis]] an aw, but maist o its wirds come frae Auld Castilian. Monie soonds that hae vanisht in modren Castilian ar still uised in Ladino, juist as in Auld Castilian. In [[Israel]], 100,000 fowk say thay can speak Ladino. Thare ar 8,000 speakers an aw in [[Turkey]], 1,000 in [[Greece]], 300 in the [[Unitit States]] an 150 in [[Bosnie an Herzegovinae]]. == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat|Ladino}} ==Freemit airtins== * <span dir="LTR">[http://lad.wikipedia.org lad.wikipedia.org]</span>, <span dir="LTR">La Vikipedya en Judeo-Español</span>, <span dir="RTL">לה בֿיקיפידייה אין גֿודיו־איספאנײל</span> [[Category:Leids o Turkey]] [[Category:Leids o Greece]] [[Category:Leids o Spain]] l2b5xnb320kch3a1scsxz4sv89f8f1l 927052 927040 2026-11-08T22:28:17Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927052 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox leid | name = Judaeo-Spaingie | altname = Ladino | nativename = {{lang|lad-Latn|djudeo-espanyol}} | states = [[Israel]], [[Turkey]], [[Greece]], [[Bosnie an Herzegovinae]], [[Spainie]] | ethnicity = [[Sephardi Jews]] | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Romance leids|Romance]] | fam3 = Ibero-Romance | fam4 = Castilian | ancestor = Auld Spainish | script = Maistly [[Laitin alphabet|Laitin]]; Hebrew an aw | iso2 = lad | iso3 = lad | glotto = ladi1251 | glottoname = Ladino | map = Judeo-Spanish mediterranean speech communities.svg | mapcaption = Historical Judaeo-Spaingie speech commonties roond the Mediterranean; ringed circles shaw modren speech commonties }} '''Judaeo-Spaingie''' ({{lang|lad-Latn|Djudeo-Espanyol}}),<ref name="Lekute Tefilot">{{cite book|last1=Koen|first1=Hajim Mordehaj|title=ЛЕКУТЕ ТЕФИЛОТ (ОРАСJОНИС ЕСКУЖИДАС)|date=1927|location=Belgrade|language=lad}}</ref> or '''Ladino''', is an Iberie [[Romance leids|Romance leid]] that comes frae Auld Castilian [[Spainish]], spak bi [[Sephardi Jews]] in [[Israel]], [[Turkey]] an ither kintras. The leid grew up efter the first king an queen o [[Spainie]], Ferdinand an Isabel, declared that Jewish fowk coud nae langer bide in the lands o the new unitit kinrick o Spain. This wis cried the Alhambra decree, o 31 Mairch 1492. Jewish fowk that haed been bidin in Iberie, speakin leids that cam frae [[Laitin]], war gart find new kintras tae bide in. The fowk that flittit frae Spain fand new hames aw ower north [[Africae]] an the sooth-east o [[Europe]], whaur thair descendants bade, speakin the leid, for generations. Ladino haes a wheen o wirds frae [[Ebreu leid|Hebrew]], an frae [[French leid|French]], [[Greek leid|Greek]] an [[Turkis leid|Turkis]] an aw, but maist o its wirds come frae Auld Castilian. Monie soonds that hae vanisht in modren Castilian ar still uised in Ladino, juist as in Auld Castilian. In [[Israel]], 100,000 fowk say thay can speak Ladino. Thare ar 8,000 speakers an aw in [[Turkey]], 1,000 in [[Greece]], 300 in the [[Unitit States]] an 150 in [[Bosnie an Herzegovinae]]. == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat|Ladino}} ==Freemit airtins== * <span dir="LTR">[http://lad.wikipedia.org lad.wikipedia.org]</span>, <span dir="LTR">La Vikipedya en Judeo-Español</span>, <span dir="RTL">לה בֿיקיפידייה אין גֿודיו־איספאנײל</span> [[Category:Leids o Turkey]] [[Category:Leids o Greece]] [[Category:Leids o Spain]] 2yxe0pmje8z70v2tn6f1afaw0lv7d53 0 7955 926944 888279 2026-11-08T21:18:51Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; classification, history an grammar addit, soorced 926944 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Turkis |nativename = ''Türk dili'' (noon) <br/> ''Türkçe'' (noon, adverb) |pronunciation = {{IPA-tr|ˈtyɾctʃe||Tr-Türkçe.oga}} |states = [[Turkey]] (offeecial), [[Northren Cyprus]] (offeecial), [[Cyprus]] (offeecial), [[Azerbaijan]], [[Iraq]], [[Sirie]], [[Lebanon]], [[Israel]], [[Greece]], [[Bulgarie]], [[Romanie]], [[Kosovo]], [[North Macedonie]], [[Bosnie an Herzegovinae]] |region = [[Anatolie]], [[Balkans]], [[Cyprus]], [[Mesopotamie]], [[Levant]], [[Transcaucasie]] |ethnicity = [[Turkis fowk]] |speakers = 75.7 million<ref>{{cite book |last1=Katzner |first1=Kenneth |title=Languages of the World |url=https://archive.org/details/languagesworld00katz |date=2002 |publisher=Routledge, An imprint of Taylor & Francis Books Ltd. |location=loca |isbn=978-0-415-25004-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/languagesworld00katz/page/n163 153]|edition=Third |quote=Turkish is the national language of Turkey, spoken by about 60 million people, or 90 percent of the country’s population. There are also some 750,000 speakers in [[Bulgaria]], 150,000 in [[Cyprus]], and 100,000 in [[Greece]]. In recent decades a large Turkish-speaking community has formed in [[Germany]], numbering over 2 million people, and smaller ones exist in [[Fraunce|France]], [[Austrick|Austria]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Belgium]], and other [[Europe]]an countries. (90% of 2018 population would be 73 million)}}</ref> |speakers2 = 88 million ({{small|[[First leid|L1]] + [[Seicont leid|L2]]}})<ref name=kuribayashi-2012>{{cite journal |last1=Kuribayashi |first1=Yuu |title=Transitivity in Turkish: A study of valence orientation |journal=Asian and African Languages and Linguistics |date=2012 |volume=7 |pages=39–51 |url=http://repository.tufs.ac.jp/bitstream/10108/73105/1/aall7_4.pdf |access-date=2019-07-18 |archive-date=2021-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226214406/http://repository.tufs.ac.jp/bitstream/10108/73105/1/aall7_4.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |date = 2002–2018 |familycolor = Turkic |fam1 = [[Turkic leids|Turkic]] |fam2 = [[Common Turkic leids|Common Turkic]] |fam3 = [[Oghuz leids|Oghuz]] |fam4 = Wastren Oghuz |ancestor=[[Auld Anatolian Turkis]] |ancestor2=[[Ottoman Turkis leid|Ottoman Turkis]] |dia1=[[Karamanli Turkis]] |dia2=[[Cypriot Turkis]] |stand1=[[Turkis Radio an Televeesion Corporation|TRT]] Turkis |script = [[Laitin script|Laitin]] ([[Turkis alphabet]])<br />[[Turkis Braille]] |nation = {{TUR}}<br />{{TRNC}}<br />{{CYP}} |minority= {{flag|Bosnie an Herzegovinae}}<br>{{flag|Greece}}<br>{{flag|Iraq}}<br>{{flag|Kosovo}}<br>{{flag|North Macedonie}}<br>{{flag|Romanie}} |iso1 = tr |iso2 = tur |iso3 = tur |lingua = pairt o [[Oghuz leids|44-AAB-a]] |imagecaption = '''{{transl|tr|Türkçe}}''' written in [[Turkis alphabet]] |map= Map of Turkish Language.svg |mapcaption= {{legend|#004DFF|Kintras whaur Turkis is an offeecial leid}} {{legend|#88C4FF|Kintras whaur it is recognised as a minority leid}} |notice=IPA |glotto=nucl1301 |glottorefname=Turkish |agency={{ubl|[[Turkis Leid Association|TDK]] (grammar, vocabulary, spellin)|[[Turkis Radio an Televeesion Corporation|TRT]] (pronunciation, vocabular)}} }} '''Turkis''' ({{lang|tr|Türkçe}} or {{lang|tr|Türk dili}}) is a [[Turkic leids|Turkic leid]] spak bi aboot 88 million fowk.<ref name=kuribayashi-2012 /> It is the maist braidly spak o the Turkic leids. It is the naitional leid o [[Turkey]] an ane o the twa official leids o [[Cyprus]], an it is spak in [[Bulgarie]], [[Greece]] an ither kintras that war aince pairt o the [[Ottoman Empire]]. Monie fowk hae left thae pairts in recent years tae bide elsewhaur, sae thare ar several million speakers o Turkis in ither pairts o [[Europe]], an a few in [[Australie]] an [[North Americae]]. == Classification == Turkis is maist nearly relatit tae ither [[Turkic leids]], sic as [[Uzbek leid|Uzbek]], [[Turkmen leid|Turkmen]] an [[Kazakh leid|Kazakh]]. Thare is a theory an aw that the Turkic leids ar pairt o a muckler [[Altaic leids|Altaic leid faimily]] that includes [[Japanese leid|Japanese]], [[Mongolien leid|Mongolien]] an [[Korean leid|Korean]]. == History == The auldest kent inscriptions in Auld Turkic ar the three muckle Orkhon inscriptions, foond in whit is nou [[Mongolie]] an datin frae the Seicont Turkic Khaganate (682–744 AD).<ref>{{cite book|last=Erdal|first=Marcel|title=A Grammar Of Old Turkic|date=March 2004}}</ref> In the [[Ottoman Empire]], Turkis haed a rich leeteratur, an monie beuks war written in it. Turkis wis written in the [[Arabic alphabet]] frae aboot 900 AD tae 1928, when [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] chynged it tae the [[Laitin alphabet]], acause he wantit his kintra tae be closer tae the wastren kintras an tae tak the guid o thair technical advances. As a result, maist Turks the day canna read text written afore the chynge. == Grammar == Turkis grammar is agglutinative an for ordinar gey regular.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Student Grammar of Turkish |url=https://www.cambridge.org/universitypress/subjects/languages-linguistics/arabic-and-middle-eastern-language-and-linguistics/student-grammar-turkish |access-date=2026-07-28 |website=Cambridge University Press & Assessment |language=gb}}</ref> The basic wird order is subject–object–verb (SOV): an SOV sentence in Scots wad gang lik "The [[dug]] the hen ett." Turkis is ane o the few human leids wi ''vowel harmony'', that sets which vowel soonds can come thegither athin a wird: vowels that ar unlike canna staund ower near ilk ither. Ither leids that hae this ar [[Mongolien leid|Mongolien]] an [[Manchu leid|Manchu]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat|Turkish language}} [[Category:Agglutinative leids]] [[Category:Subject–object–verb leids]] [[Category:Leids o Azerbaijan]] [[Category:Leids o Bulgarie]] [[Category:Leids o Cyprus]] [[Category:Leids o Germany]] [[Category:Leids o Kosovo]] [[Category:Leids o Roushie]] [[Category:Leids o the Republic o Macedonie]] [[Category:Leids o Turkey]] [[Category:Turkic leids]] [[Category:Vouel-hermony leids]] {{Stub/Turkey}} {{Stub/Europe}} {{Stub/Leid}} 00md69wpf0ms86urng6c75sjlp60wjc 0 8307 926777 865426 2026-11-08T17:51:07Z Monospaced 75295 Stub rebuilt wi soorces: the Auld IRA, info on the splits tae haud up redirects 926777 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Erse Republican Airmy''' ([[Erse leid|Erse]]: ''Óglaigh na hÉireann''; [[Inglis leid|Inglis]]: ''Irish Republican Army''), kent as the '''IRA''', is a nem that a nummer o militant organisations in [[Ireland]] hae uised in the 20t an 21st centuries. They hae aw held that the hale o Ireland shoud be an independent republic, free o Breetish rule.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ansionnachfionn.com/2014/09/27/the-origins-of-the-name-irish-republican-army-or-ira/|work=An Sionnach Fionn Blog|title=Origins of the IRA name|date=27 September 2014|access-date=18 May 2015|archive-date=10 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710044747/http://ansionnachfionn.com/2014/09/27/the-origins-of-the-name-irish-republican-army-or-ira/|url-status=live}}</ref> The later IRAs hae ilk claimed tae be the anerly richtfu heir o the original IRA. == The Auld IRA == The original IRA, nou aften cried the '''Auld IRA''', wis raised in 1919 frae members o the Irish Volunteers an the Irish Citizen Army, an later Irishmen that haed focht in the [[Breetish Airmy]] in the First Warld War jyned it. It focht agin Breetain in the [[Erse Weir o Unthirldom]]. In Erse law it wis the airmy o the [[Erse Republic]] that its pairlament, [[Dáil Éireann]], declared in 1919.<ref>Lawlor, Sheila. ''Britain and Ireland, 1914–23''. Gill and Macmillan, 1983. p. 38</ref> Efter the [[Anglo-Erse Treaty]] the IRA split, an the side that wis agin the Treaty focht in the [[Erse Ceevil War]]. Later the IRA cairied oot the [[Border Campaign]] o 1956–1962. == The split o 1969 == In December 1969, shortly efter the Troubles began in [[Norlin Airlan|Northren Ireland]], the IRA split intae twa, the Offeecial IRA an the Proveesional IRA.<ref name="taylorsplit">{{harvnb|Taylor|1998|pp=66–67.}}</ref> Baith caa'd theirsels "the IRA", an ilk ane said the ither haed nae richt tae the nem. === The Offeecial IRA === The Offeecial IRA wantit tae tak Northren Ireland oot o the [[Unitit Kinrick]] an set up a "workers' republic" for the hale o Ireland.<ref>Statement from Cathal Goulding, C/S of the Official IRA, in early 1972, quoted in ''On Our Knees'' by Rosita Sweetman, Pan Books, London. 1972. {{ISBN|0-330-23320-3}}. p. 146</ref> Its members were [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninists]]. In Belfast they were cried the "Stickies".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Keefe |first=Patrick Radden |author-link=Patrick Radden Keefe |title=Say Nothing: A Tale of Murder and Mystery in Ireland |title-link=Say Nothing (book) |publisher=[[HarperCollins#Imprints|William Collins]] |year=2018 |isbn=978-0008159252 |chapter=Chapter 4 |quote=On the streets of Belfast, they were often distinguished as the 'Provos' and the 'Stickies', because Officials would supposedly wear commemorative Easter lilies stuck onto their shirtfronts with adhesive, whereas the more dyed-in-the wool Provos wore paper lilies affixed with a pin.}}</ref> The Offeecial IRA declared a ceasefire on 30 Mey 1972.<ref name="bbc2973759">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/30/newsid_2973000/2973759.stm|title=30 May 1972: Official IRA declares ceasefire|work=On this day| date=30 May 1972 |publisher=[[BBC Online]]|access-date=13 June 2013|archive-date=2 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102225127/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/30/newsid_2973000/2973759.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> === The Proveesional IRA === The Proveesional IRA, kent as the '''Provos''', wis the maist active republican paramilitary group in the Troubles. It focht agin the Breetish Airmy an the [[Ryal Ulster Constabular]], an cairied oot a bombin campaign in Northren Ireland an Ingland. Efter it declared a ceasefire in Julie 1997, its poleetical wing, [[Sinn Féin]], wis let intae the talks that brocht aboot the [[Good Friday Agreement]] in Aprile 1998.<ref name="taylor354">{{harvnb|Taylor|1998|p=354.}}</ref> In 2005 the IRA declared an end tae its airmed campaign, an said it wad wirk for its aims anerly bi peacefu poleetical means.<ref name="boyne408">{{harvnb|Boyne|2006|p=408.}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} === Soorces === {{Refbegin}} * {{cite book|last = Boyne|first = Sean|title = Gunrunners: The Covert Arms Trail to Ireland|publisher = [[O'Brien Press]]|year = 2006|isbn = 0-86278-908-7}} * {{cite book|last = Taylor|first = Peter|author-link = Peter Taylor (journalist)|title = Provos The IRA & Sinn Féin|publisher = [[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|year = 1998|isbn = 0-7475-3818-2}} {{Refend}} {{Commonscat|Irish Republican Army}} [[Category:Naitional liberation airmies]] [[Category:Guerrilla organisations]] [[Category:Irish Republican Army| ]] [[Category:Naitional leeberation muivements]] [[Category:Republicanism in Ireland]] [[Category:Erse War o Unthirldom]] spl15454la9a73f48tccer16057purg 0 8309 926776 623339 2026-11-08T17:50:01Z Monospaced 75295 Redirect tae the main IRA airticle until abody writes a proper ane; poor Scots, unsoorced an wrang on the date 926776 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Irish Republican Army]] pl2m13rt3ou2uk4jbce4crc48mbt25e 0 8595 927278 926698 2026-11-09T11:07:41Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 927278 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Scots novelist an poet (1850–1894)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}} {{Infobox writer | name = Robert Louis Stevenson | image = Robert louis stevenson.jpg | caption = Stevenson in 1892 | birth_name = Robert Lewis Balfour Stevenson | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1850|11|13}} | birth_place = [[Edinburgh]], Scotland | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1894|12|3|1850|11|13}} | death_place = Vailima, Upolu, [[Samoa]] | resting_place = Mount Vaea | education = [[University o Edinburgh]] | occupation = {{flatlist| * Novelist * poet * traivel writer}} | notable_works = {{plainlist| *''Treasure Island'' *''A Child's Garden of Verses'' *''Kidnapped'' *''[[Unco Case o Dr Jekyll an Mr Hyde|Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde]]''}} | spouse = {{marriage|Fanny Van de Grift Osbourne|1880}} | parents = Thomas Stevenson (faither) | relatives = Robert Stevenson (grandfaither on his faither's side)<br />Lloyd Osbourne (stepson)<br />Isobel Osbourne (stepdochter)<br />Edward Salisbury Field (stepdochter's man) }} '''Robert Louis Stevenson'''<ref name="pronunciation"/> (born '''Robert Lewis Balfour Stevenson'''; 13 November 1850 – 3 December 1894) wis a Scots novelist, essayist, poet an traivel writer.<ref name="britannica">{{Cite web|title=Robert Louis Stevenson {{!}} British author {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-Louis-Stevenson|access-date=2022-05-12|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> He is best kent for the novels ''Treasure Island'' (1883), ''[[Unco Case o Dr Jekyll an Mr Hyde|Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde]]'' (1886) an ''Kidnapped'' (1886), an for the collection o poems ''A Child's Garden of Verses'' (1885). Stevenson wis born an eddicatit in Edinburgh. For maist o his life he haed bad bronchial trouble, but for aw his puir heal he wrote a great deal an traivelt faur. As a young man he muived in the literary circles o London, whaur he wis encouraged bi Sidney Colvin, [[Andrew Lang]], Edmund Gosse,<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Stevenson, Robert Lewis Balfour |volume= 25 |last= Gosse |first= Edmund William |author-link= Edmund William Gosse| pages = 907&ndash;910|short = 1}}</ref> Leslie Stephen an W.&nbsp;E.&nbsp;Henley, the last o wham may hae gien him the model for Long John Silver in ''Treasure Island''. In 1890 he settled in [[Samoa]]. Thare, alairmed at the growin European an American influence in the [[Polynesie|Sooth Sea islands]], he turned frae romance an adventure fiction taewart a daurker realism. He died o a stroke in his island hame in 1894, aged 44.<ref name=":0" />{{rp||pp=264}} Stevenson wis a celebrity in his ain lifetime. His nem amang the critics haes gaen up an doon syne his daith, but the day his warks are weel thocht o generally. In 2018 he wis rankit the 26t maist owerset writer in the warld, jist ahint [[Charles Dickens]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Osborn |first=Jacob |title=49 most-translated authors from around the world |url=https://stacker.com/stories/720/49-most-translated-authors-around-world?page=3 |access-date=26 October 2020 |website=Stacker |archive-date=22 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222232017/https://stacker.com/stories/720/49-most-translated-authors-around-world?page=3 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Early life== === Bairnhood === [[File:Robert Louis Stevenson daguerreotype portrait as a child.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Daguerreotype portrait o Stevenson as a bairn]]Stevenson wis born at 8 Howard Place, [[Edinburgh]], Scotland, on 13 November 1850. His faither wis Thomas Stevenson (1818–1887), a leadin lighthoose ingineer, an his mither wis Margaret Isabella (born Balfour, 1829–1897). He wis christened Robert Lewis Balfour Stevenson. At aboot 18 he chynged the spellin o "Lewis" tae "Louis", an in 1873 he drapped "Balfour".<ref name="pronunciation">Mehew (2004). The spelling "Lewis" is said to have been rejected because his father violently disliked another person of the same name, and the new spelling was not accompanied by a change of pronunciation (Balfour (1901) I, 29 n. 1.</ref><ref name=":5">Furnas, J. C. (1952) ''Voyage to Windward: The Life of Robert Louis Stevenson'', London: Faber and Faber.</ref>{{rp||pp=23-24}} Designin lighthooses wis the faimily trade. Thomas's faither (Robert's grandfaither) wis the civil ingineer Robert Stevenson, an Thomas's brithers (Robert's uncles) Alan an David wrocht in the same field.<ref name="Paxton 2004">Paxton (2004).</ref> Thomas's grandfaither on his mither's side, Thomas Smith, haed been in the same trade an aw. Robert's mither's faimily, but, wis gentry, an they traced their line back tae Alexander Balfour, that held the launds o Inchrye in Fife in the fifteent century.<ref>{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6pTWDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22alexander+Balfour%22+%22robert+louis+stevenson%22+inchrye&pg=PT24|isbn = 9781786568007|title = The Life of Robert Louis Stevenson by Sir Graham Balfour - Delphi Classics (Illustrated)|date = 17 July 2017|publisher = Delphi Classics|access-date = 19 March 2023|archive-date = 18 April 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230418123628/https://books.google.com/books?id=6pTWDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22alexander+Balfour%22+%22robert+louis+stevenson%22+inchrye&pg=PT24|url-status = live}}</ref> Her faither, Lewis Balfour (1777–1860), wis a meenister o the [[The Kirk|Kirk o Scotland]] at Colinton nearhaund,<ref name=":0" />{{rp||pp=10-12}} an amang her brithers were the doctor George William Balfour an the marine ingineer James Balfour. Stevenson spent maist o his bairnhood holidays in his grandfaither's hoose at Colinton. "Now I often wonder what I inherited from this old minister," Stevenson wrote. "I must suppose, indeed, that he was fond of preaching sermons, and so am I, though I never heard it maintained that either of us loved to hear them."<ref>''[[Memories and Portraits]]'' (1887), [https://web.archive.org/web/20080803075907/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/s/stevenson/robert_louis/s848mp/chapter7.html Chapter VII. The Manse] .</ref>[[File:Robert Louis Stevenson childhood home, Heriot Row.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Stevenson's bairnhood hame in Heriot Row]] Lewis Balfour an his dochter baith haed weak chests, sae they aften needit tae bide in warmer climates for their heal. Stevenson heired a tendency tae coughs an fivvers, an it got waur when the faimily flittit in 1851 tae a damp, cauld hoose at 1 Inverleith Terrace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Robert Louis Stevenson Timeline (born Nov. 13th 1850 in Edinburgh, died Dec. 3rd 1894 in Samoa) |url=http://www.robert-louis-stevenson.org/timeline |access-date=14 May 2012 |website=robert-louis-stevenson.org |archive-date=14 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414112818/http://www.robert-louis-stevenson.org/timeline |url-status=live }}</ref> When Stevenson wis sax the faimily flittit again, tae the sunnier 17 Heriot Row, but he wis still terrible no weel ilka winter till he wis 11. Ill heal cam back again an again in his grown-up life, an left him unco thin.<ref name=":5" />{{rp||pp=25-28}} At the time it wis thocht he haed tuberculosis, but mair recent opinion is that it wis bronchiectasis<ref>{{Cite book |last=Holmes |first=Lowell |url=https://archive.org/details/treasuredislands00holm |title=Treasured Islands: Cruising the South Seas with Robert Louis Stevenson |publisher=Sheridan House, Inc. |year=2002 |isbn=1-57409-130-1}}</ref> or sarcoidosis.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=O. P. |year=2005 |title=Murray Kornfeld, American College of Chest Physician, and sarcoidosis: a historical footnote: 2004 Murray Kornfeld Memorial Founders Lecture |journal=Chest |volume=128 |issue=3 |pages=1830–35 |doi=10.1378/chest.128.3.1830 |pmid=16162793}}</ref> For Stevenson's heal an his mither's, the faimily spent simmers in the [[Spa toun|spae toun]] o [[Brig Allan|Bridge of Allan]], in [[North Berrick|North Berwick]] an in [[Peebles]]. "Stevenson's cave" in Bridge of Allan is said tae hae inspired the cave whaur the character Ben Gunn bides in Stevenson's 1883 novel ''Treasure Island''.<ref name="BridgeofAllan">{{Cite web |title=RLS in Stirlingshire |url=https://robert-louis-stevenson.org/?page_id=22021 |access-date=3 September 2023 |website=robert-louis-stevenson.org |archive-date=11 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611000505/https://robert-louis-stevenson.org/?page_id=22021 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:The Bookman RLS special 1913 illustration at page 049.png|thumb|"My second mother, my first wife. The angel of my infant life— From the sick child, now well and old, Take, nurse, the little book you hold!" ⁠Dedication o ''A Child's Garden of Verses'': ⁠⁠"To Alison Cunningham. From her Boy."<ref name="Bookman1913">{{citation|title=Robert Louis Stevenson: A Bookman Extra Number, 1913 |date=1913 |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |language=en}}</ref>]] Stevenson's faither an mither were baith devout [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterians]], but the hoosehauld didnae haud strict tae Calvinist principles. His nurse, Alison Cunningham, kent tae the faimily as Cummy,<ref name="NYT1913">{{Cite news |date=10 August 1913 |title=Stevenson's Nurse Dead: Alison Cunningham ("Cummy") lived to be over 91 years old |page=3 |work=The New York Times |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1913/08/10/100273280.pdf |access-date=13 June 2018 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308035108/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1913/08/10/100273280.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> wis mair fervent still in her releegion. Her mixter o Calvinism an fowk beliefs gied the bairn nichtmares early on, an he showed a concern for releegion faur ayont his years.<ref>Furnas (1952), 28–32; Mehew (2004).</ref> But she cared for him tenderly an aw when he wis no weel, readin tae him frae John Bunyan an the Bible as he lay sick in his bed, an tellin him tales o the Covenanters. He minded thae times o sickness efterhaun in "The Land of Counterpane" in ''A Child's Garden of Verses'' (1885),<ref>Available at [http://www.bartleby.com/188/117.html Bartleby] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080609081833/http://www.bartleby.com/188/117.html |date=9 June 2008 }} and elsewhere.</ref> a buik he dedicatit tae his nurse.<ref name=":5" />{{rp||pp=29}} Stevenson wis an ae bairn, baith unco-leukin an eccentric. He fund it hard tae fit in when he wis sent tae a schuil nearhaund at sax. It wis the same again at 11, when he gaed on tae the Edinburgh Academy, but he got on weel in lively gemmes wi his cousins in the simmer holidays at Colinton.<ref name=":5" />{{rp||pp=34-36}} His sickness aften kept him awa frae his first schuil, sae for lang spells he wis taucht bi private tutors. He wis late tae read, learnin at seiven or aicht, but even afore that he tellt stories tae his mither an his nurse for them tae write doon,<ref name="Mehew 2004">Mehew (2004).</ref> an aw through his bairnhood he couldnae stop writin stories. His faither wis prood o this. He haed written stories himsel in his spare time, till his ain faither fund them an tellt him tae "give up such nonsense and mind your business."<ref name="Paxton 2004" /> He peyed for the prentin o Robert's first publication, at 16: ''The Pentland Rising: A Page of History, 1666'', an account o the Covenanters' rebellion, published in 1866, the 200t anniversary o the event.<ref name=":0" />{{rp||pp=67}}<ref name=":5" />{{rp||pp=43-45}} ===Eddication=== [[File:Robert Louis Stevenson mit 7 Jahren.jpg|thumb|Stevenson at seiven|left|277x277px]] In September 1857, when he wis sax, Stevenson gaed tae ''Mr Henderson's School'' in India Street, Edinburgh, but acause o his puir heal he bade anerly a few weeks, an didnae gang back till October 1859, when he wis aicht. Throu his monie absences he wis taucht bi private tutors. In October 1861, aged ten, he gaed tae Edinburgh Academy, an independent schuil for laddies, an bade thare aff an on for aboot fifteen month. In the hairst o 1863 he spent a term at an English boardin schuil at Spring Grove in Isleworth in [[Middlesex]] (nou a pairt o wast Lunnon). In October 1864, efter his heal got better, the 13-year-auld wis sent tae Robert Thomson's private schuil in Frederick Street, Edinburgh, whaur he bade till he gaed tae the varsity.<ref>[http://www.oxforddnb.com/templates/article.jsp?articleid=26438&back= Stevenson, Robert Louis (1850–1894) – Childhood and schooling] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809143428/http://www.oxforddnb.com/templates/article.jsp?articleid=26438&back= |date=9 August 2016 }}. ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]''. Retrieved: 1 August 2013.</ref> In November 1867 Stevenson stairtit at the [[University o Edinburgh]] tae study ingineerin. Frae the stairt he showed nae enthusiasm for his studies, an pit a lot o energy intae jinkin lectures. Mair important at this time were the freendships he struck up wi ither students in The Speculative Society (an exclusive debatin club), abuin aw wi Charles Baxter, that wad later become Stevenson's financial agent, an wi a professor, Fleeming Jenkin. Jenkin's hoose pit on amateur drama that Stevenson took pairt in, an Stevenson wad later write his biography.<ref>Furnas (1952), 51–54, 60–62; Mehew (2004)</ref> Mibbie the maist important o aw at this pynt in his life wis a cousin, Robert Alan Mowbray Stevenson (kent as "Bob"), a lively, licht-hertit young man that haed chosen tae study airt insteid o the faimily trade.<ref>Balfour (1901) I, 86–8; 90–4; Furnas (1952), 64–9</ref> ===Holidays at Swanston=== In 1867 Stevenson's faimily took a lease on Swanston Cottage, in the clachan o Swanston at the fit o the Pentland Hills, as a hoose for simmer holidays. They held the lease till 1880. Throu that time the young Robert Louis uised the cottage a great deal, drawn bi the lown kintra life an the feelin o bein faur awa frae awthing. The time he spent thare likly shaped his later writin an his wider ootleuk on life, abuin aw his luve o naitur an wild places. The hoose an its romantic settin is thocht tae hae inspired several o his warks.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grant |first1=Will |title=Pentland Days and Country Ways |publisher=Thomas Nelson and Sons |location=Edinburgh|pages=177-189}} Based on a paper presented to the R.L. Stevenson Club on 10 October 1929.</ref><ref name="Hills">{{cite book |last1=Watt |first1=Lauchlan MacLean |title=The Hills of Home |date=1914 |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/stream/hillsofhomewithp00wattuoft/hillsofhomewithp00wattuoft_djvu.txt}}</ref> ===Lighthoose inspections=== Ilka year in his varsity holidays Stevenson traivelt an aw tae inspect the faimily's ingineerin warks. In 1868 this took him tae [[Ainster|Anstruther]], an for six weeks tae [[Weik|Wick, Caithness]], whaur his faimily wis biggin a sea wa an haed biggit a lighthoose afore. He wad gang back tae Wick several times in his life, an he pit it in his traivel writin.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=RLS in the Highlands and Islands |url=https://robert-louis-stevenson.org/highlands-and-islands |access-date=26 August 2024 |website=RLS Website |language=en}}</ref> In 1869 he gaed wi his faither on his official tour o the lighthooses o [[Orkney]] an [[Shetland]], an in 1870 he spent three weeks on the island o Erraid. He likit the traivels mair for the material they gied him for his writin than for ony interest in ingineerin. The vaige wi his faither pleased him acause a siclike journey bi [[Walter Scott]] wi Robert Stevenson haed gien Scott the idea for his 1822 novel ''The Pirate''.<ref name=":0" />{{rp||pp=70-72}} In Aprile 1871 Stevenson tellt his faither he haed decidit on a life o letters. His faither wis disappointit, as ye wad expect, but it cannae hae been a muckle surprise, an Stevenson's mither said he wis "wonderfully resigned" tae his son's choice. Tae gie him some security, it wis greed that Stevenson wad study law (again at Edinburgh University) an be cried tae the Scots bar.<ref name=":0" />{{rp||pp=85-86}} In his 1887 collection o poems ''Underwoods'', Stevenson thinks on hou he turned awa frae the faimily trade:<ref>''Underwoods'' (1887), Poem XXXVIII</ref> [[File:Stevenson age 14.jpg|thumb|Stevenson at 14|327x327px]] <blockquote><poem>Say not of me that weakly I declined The labours of my sires, and fled the sea, The towers we founded and the lamps we lit, To play at home with paper like a child. But rather say: ''In the afternoon of time'' ''A strenuous family dusted from its hands'' ''The sand of granite, and beholding far'' ''Along the sounding coast its pyramids'' ''And tall memorials catch the dying sun,'' ''Smiled well content, and to this childish task'' ''Around the fire addressed its evening hours.''</poem></blockquote> ==="An Apology for Idlers"=== In 1877, tae justify turnin his back on an established profession, Stevenson offered "An Apology for Idlers". "A happy man or woman", he argued, "is a better thing to find than a five-pound note. He or she is a radiating focus of goodwill" an a practical demonstration o "the great Theorem of the Liveableness of Life". Sae if fowk cannae be happy in the "handicap race for sixpenny pieces", let them tak their ain "by-road".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Robert Louis Stevenson "An Apology for Idlers" (first appeared in Cornhill Magazine, July 1877) |url=https://www.wired.com/beyond-the-beyond/2018/01/robert-louis-stevenson-apology-idlers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411112110/https://www.wired.com/beyond-the-beyond/2018/01/robert-louis-stevenson-apology-idlers/ |archive-date=11 April 2021 |access-date=18 March 2021 |magazine=Wired |language=en-us |issn=1059-1028}}</ref> == Releegious views == [[File:Stevenson at Barbizon in 1876.jpg|thumb|Stevenson at 26, in 1876 at Barbizon, Fraunce|left|273x273px]] In ither weys tae, Stevenson wis muivin awa frae his upbringin. His claes got mair Bohemian: he aready wore his hair lang, but nou he took tae weirin a velveteen jaicket, an he seldom gaed tae pairties in the uisual evenin claes.<ref name=":5" />{{rp||pp=69-70}} Within the limits o a ticht allouance, he gaed tae cheap pubs an brothels.<ref name=":5" />{{rp||pp=53-57}} Mair important, he haed come tae reject Christianity, an declared himsel an [[Atheism|atheist]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Theo Tait |date=30 January 2005 |title=Like an intelligent hare – Theo Tait reviews Robert Louis Stevenson by Claire Harman |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3635932/Like-an-intelligent-hare.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3635932/Like-an-intelligent-hare.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |access-date=4 August 2013 |work=The Telegraph |quote=A decadent dandy who envied the manly Victorian achievements of his family, a professed atheist haunted by religious terrors, a generous and loving man who fell out with many of his friends – the Robert Louis Stevenson of Claire Harman's biography is all of these and, of course, a bed-ridden invalid who wrote some of the finest adventure stories in the language. [...] Worse still, he affected a Bohemian style, haunted the seedier parts of the Old Town, read Charles Darwin and Herbert Spencer, and declared himself an atheist. This caused a painful rift with his father, who damned him as a "careless infidel".}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In Januar 1873, when he wis 22, his faither cam across the constitution o the LJR (Liberty, Justice, Reverence) Club, that Stevenson an his cousin Bob belanged tae. It stairtit: "Disregard everything our parents have taught us." When he speired at his son aboot his beliefs, he fund oot the truith.<ref name=":5" />{{rp||pp=69 n.15, 72-76}} Stevenson nae langer believed in God, an he wis wearied o pretendin tae be something he wisnae: "am I to live my whole life as one falsehood?" His faither said he wis devastatit: "You have rendered my whole life a failure." His mither cried it "the heaviest affliction" that haed ever come on her. "O Lord, what a pleasant thing it is", Stevenson wrote tae his freend Charles Baxter, "to have just damned the happiness of (probably) the only two people who care a damn about you in the world."<ref name="Stevenson letters">{{Cite book |last=Stevenson |first=Robert Loui |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h269hZQCyHoC&pg=PA29 |title=Selected Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson |date=2001 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=0-300-09124-9 |location=New Haven, CT |page=29 |access-date=23 October 2020}}</ref> Stevenson's stand against his faither an mither's faith disnae seem tae hae turned intae lifelang atheism or agnosticism.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ratnapalan |first=Michael |date=2021 |title=Missionary Christianity and Culture in Robert Louis Stevenson's "The Beach of Falesá" |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27254136 |journal=Religion & Literature |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=47–62 |jstor=27254136 |issn=0888-3769}}</ref> In Februar 1878, in a letter tae his faither tae mak things up, the 27-year-auld Stevenson wrote:<ref>Colvin, Sidney, ed. (1917). ''The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson'', Vol. 1: 1868–1880. New York: Scribner's. [[iarchive:lettersofrob01stev/page/258/mode/2up|pp. 259–260]].</ref> <blockquote>Christianity is among other things, a very wise, noble and strange doctrine of life ... You see, I speak of it as a doctrine of life, and as a wisdom for this world ... I have a good heart, and believe in myself and my fellow-men and the God who made us all ... There is a fine text in the Bible, I don't know where, to the effect that all things work together for good for those who love the Lord. Strange as it may seem to you, everything has been, in one way or the other, bringing me nearer to what I think you would like me to be. 'Tis a strange world, indeed, but there is a manifest God for those who care to look for him.</blockquote> {{Quote box | quote = Grant that we here before Thee may be set free from the fear of vicissitude and the fear of death, may finish what remains before us of our course without dishonour to ourselves or hurt to others, and, when the day comes, may die in peace. Deliver us from fear and favour: from mean hopes and cheap pleasures. Have mercy on each in his deficiency; let him be not cast down; support the stumbling on the way, and give at last rest to the weary. | author = Robert Lewis Stevenson | source = ''Prayers Written at Vailima'', "For Grace".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prayers written at Vailimia, by Robert Louis Stevenson |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/616/616-h/616-h.htm |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> | width = 35% | align = right }}Stevenson didnae stairt gaun tae the kirk again in Scotland, but in his last years in Samoa he taucht Sunday Schuil, an he wrote an led prayers that were published efter his daith.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stevenson |first=Robert Louis |date=8 December 1912 |title=Prayers written at Vailima |url=http://archive.org/details/prayerswrittenat00stev |accessdate=8 December 2022 |publisher=New York, : C. Scribner's sons |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> An yet, afore he set oot in 1888 on the vaige that took him tae Samoa, ''Scribner's Magazine'' published "Pulvis et Umbra" (the title is a line frae Horace: "We are but dust and shadow").<ref>{{Cite web |title=Across the Plains with Other Memories and Essays, 1892 {{!}} Robert Louis Stevenson |url=https://robert-louis-stevenson.org/works/across-the-plains-with-other-memories-and-essays-1892/ |access-date=2025-10-23 |language=en-GB}}</ref> In this essay Stevenson pits it forrit that "[o]ur religions and moralities have been trimmed to flatter us, ... and only please and weaken", an remarks that "[t]he human race is a thing more ancient than the ten commandments".<ref name=":1" /> Ae critic, tryin tae square thir contrar signs o Stevenson's speeritual ootleuk, haes suggestit that the writer wis interestit anerly in the leid o releegion, an wantit "to evoke a sense of awe and importunity associated with [the King James Bible's] intense spirituality and great literary beauty."<ref>Menikoff, Barry (2003). "Prayers at Sunset". In ''Robert Louis Stevenson Reconsidered: New Critical Perspectives'', edited by William B. Jones, Jr. Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Company. pp.210–211</ref> ==Early writin an traivels== ===Literary an airtistic connections=== [[File:Rls-pc1.jpg|thumb|Stevenson at 30|312x312px]] Late in 1873, when he wis 23, Stevenson wis veesitin a cousin in Ingland when he met twa fowk that wad come tae mean a great deal tae him: Fanny (Frances Jane) Sitwell an Sidney Colvin. Sitwell wis a woman o 34 wi a son, separatit frae her husband. Monie that met her were devotit tae her, Colvin amang them, an he mairit her in 1901. Stevenson wis drawn tae her an aw, an for several years they kept up a warm correspondence, in which he swithered atween the pairt o a suitor an the pairt o a son (he cried her "Madonna"). Colvin becam Stevenson's literary adviser, an efter Stevenson's daith he wis the first editor o his letters. It wis Colvin that placed Stevenson's first peyed piece, an essay cried "Roads", in ''The Portfolio''.<ref name=":5" />{{rp||pp=81-89}} Stevenson wis suin active in the literary life o Lunnon, an got tae ken monie o the writers o the time, amang them [[Andrew Lang]], Edmund Gosse<ref name=":5" />{{rp||pp=95, 101}} an Leslie Stephen, the editor o ''The Cornhill Magazine'', that took an interest in Stevenson's wark. Stephen took Stevenson tae veesit a patient at the Edinburgh Infirmary cried William Ernest Henley, an energetic, blether o a poet wi a widden leg. Henley becam a close freend an whiles a literary collaborator, till a cast-oot ended the freendship in 1888, an he is aften thocht tae be the inspiration for Long John Silver in ''Treasure Island''.<ref>Balfour (1901) I, 123-4; Furnas (1952) 105–6; Mehew (2004)</ref> In November 1873, efter his heal brak doon, Stevenson wis sent tae [[Menton]] on the French Riviera tae recover. He cam back in better heal in Aprile 1874 an settled doon tae his studies, but efter that he gaed back tae Fraunce several times.<ref name=":5" />{{rp||pp=89-95}} He gaed on lang an frequent trips tae the Forest o Fontainebleau, bidin at Barbizon, Grez-sur-Loing an Nemours an becomin a member o the airtists' colonies thare. He traivelt tae Paris an aw, tae veesit galleries an theatres.<ref>Balfour (1901) I, 128–37</ref> In Julie 1875, aged 24, he qualified for the Scots bar, an his faither pit a brass plate on the hoose in Heriot Row that read "R.L. Stevenson, Advocate". His law studies did hae an influence on his buiks, but he niver practised law;<ref name=":5" />{{rp||pp=100-101}} aw his energy gaed intae traivel an writin. Ane o his journeys wis a canoe vaige in Belgium an Fraunce wi Sir Walter Simpson, a freend frae the Speculative Society, a frequent traivellin companion, an the writer o ''The Art of Golf'' (1887). This trip wis the foond o his first traivel buik, ''An Inland Voyage'' (1878).<ref>Balfour (1901) I, 127</ref> Stevenson kept up a lang correspondence wi his fellae Scot [[J. M. Barrie|J.M. Barrie]]. He askit Barrie tae veesit him in [[Samoa]], but the twa o them niver met.<ref>Shaw, Michael (ed.) (2020), ''A Friendship in Letters: Robert Louis Stevenson & J.M. Barrie'', Sandstone Press, Inverness {{ISBN|978-1-913207-02-1}}</ref> ===Mairriage an Californie=== [[File:Fanny Osbourne 1.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Fanny Van de Grift Osbourne, c. 1876]] The canoe vaige wi Simpson brocht Stevenson tae Grez-sur-Loing in September 1876. Thare he met Fanny Van de Grift Osbourne (1840–1914), born in [[Indianapolis]] in the Unitit States. She haed mairit at 17, an flittit tae [[Nevada]] tae jine her husband Samuel again efter he haed fochten in the American Civil War. Their bairns were Isobel (or "Belle"), Lloyd an Hervey (that died in 1875). But anger ower her husband's unfaithfulness led tae a nummer o separations, an in 1875 she haed taen her bairns tae Fraunce, whaur she an Isobel studied airt.<ref name=":5" />{{rp||pp=122-129}} Bi the time Stevenson met her, Fanny wis hersel a writer o short stories for magazines, o kent ability.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Van de Grift Sanchez |first=Nellie |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/24332?msg=welcome_stranger |title=The Life of Mrs. Robert Louis Stevenson |date=1920 |publisher=C. Scribner's Sons |location=New York |access-date=25 October 2020 |archive-date=13 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113210833/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/24332?msg=welcome_stranger |url-status=live }}</ref> Stevenson gaed back tae Breetain no lang efter this first meetin, but Fanny seems tae hae bidden in his thochts, an he wrote the essay "On falling in love" for ''The Cornhill Magazine''.<ref>Balfour (1901) I, 145–6; Mehew (2004)</ref> They met again early in 1877 an becam luvers. Stevenson spent muckle o the follaein year wi her an her bairns in Fraunce.<ref name=":5" />{{rp||pp=130-136}} In August 1878 she gaed back tae [[San Francisco]], an Stevenson bade in Europe, makkin the walkin trip that wis the foond o ''Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes'' (1879). In August 1879, aged 28, he set aff tae jine her, against his freends' advice an withoot tellin his faither an mither. He took a seicont-cless passage on the steamship ''Devonia'', pairtly tae save siller, but pairtly an aw tae learn hou ither fowk traivelt, an tae mak the journey mair o an adventure.<ref>Balfour (1901) I, 164–5; Furnas (1952), 142–6; Mehew (2004)</ref> Syne he traivelt ower laund bi train frae [[New York Ceety]] tae [[Californie]]. He wrote aboot it later in ''The Amateur Emigrant''. It wis guid for his writin, but it brak his heal. [[File:Robert Louis Stevenson House, 530 Houston Street, Monterey (Monterey County, California).jpg|thumb|The French Hotel (nou "Stevenson House"), Monterey, Californie, whaur he bade in 1879]] [[File:Robert Louis Stevenson and family.jpg|thumb|right|The faimily in 1893: Fanny; Stevenson; his stepdochter Isobel; an his mither, Margaret Balfour]] He wis near deid when he arrived in Monterey, Californie, whaur some local ranchers nursed him back tae heal. For a time he bade at the French Hotel at 530 Houston Street, nou a museum tae his memory cried the "Stevenson House". While he wis thare, he aften dined "on the cuff", as he pit it, at a restaurant nearhaund run bi a Frenchman cried Jules Simoneau, that stuid whaur Simoneau Plaza is nou. Several year later he sent Simoneau a signed copy o his novel ''[[Unco Case o Dr Jekyll an Mr Hyde|Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde]]'' (1886), writin that it wad be a stranger case yet if Robert Louis Stevenson ever forgot Jules Simoneau. In Monterey he wrote an evocative piece aboot "the Old Pacific Capital". Bi December 1879, aged 29, Stevenson's heal haed come back eneuch for him tae gang on tae San Francisco. Thare he focht "all alone on forty-five cents a day, and sometimes less, with quantities of hard work and many heavy thoughts,"<ref>Letter to Sidney Colvin, January 1880, ''The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson'', Volume 1, [[S:The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson Volume 1/Chapter IV|Chapter IV]]</ref> tryin tae mak a livin bi his writin. But bi the end o the winter his heal wis broken again, an he wis at daith's door. Fanny wis nou divorced an haed got ower her ain illness, an she cam tae his bedside an nursed him back tae heal. "After a while," he wrote, "my spirit got up again in a divine frenzy, and has since kicked and spurred my vile body forward with great emphasis and success."<ref>"To Edmund Gosse, Monterey, Monterey Co., California, 8 October 1879," ''The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson'', Volume 1, [[S:The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson Volume 1/Chapter IV|Chapter IV]]</ref> When his faither heard hou his son wis, he cabled him siller tae help him throu. Fanny an Robert were mairit in Mey 1880. She wis 40; he wis 29. He said he wis "a mere complication of cough and bones, much fitter for an emblem of mortality than a bridegroom."<ref>"To P. G. Hamerton, Kinnaird Cottage, Pitlochry [July 1881]," ''The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson'', Volume 1, [[S:The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson Volume 1/Chapter V|Chapter V]]</ref> He traivelt wi his new wife an her son Lloyd<ref>Isobel was married to artist Joseph Strong.</ref> north o San Francisco tae the Napa Valley, an spent a simmer honeymuin at a desertit minin camp on Mount Saint Helena (the day designatit Robert Louis Stevenson State Park). ''The Silverado Squatters'' is his account o that time. He met Charles Warren Stoddard, co-editor o the ''Overland Monthly'' an writer o ''South Sea Idylls'', that urged Stevenson tae traivel tae the Sooth Pacific, an idea that cam back tae him monie years later. In August 1880 he sailed wi Fanny an Lloyd frae New York tae Breetain, an fund his faither an mither an his freend Sidney Colvin on the quay at [[Liverpuil|Liverpool]], gled tae see him come hame. Bit bi bit his wife wis able tae patch up the differences atween faither an son, an wan her wey intae the faimily throu her chairm an wit. ===Ingland, an back tae the Unitit States=== {{Multiple image | direction = vertical | width = 210 | image1 = The life of Robert Louis Stevenson for boys and girls (1915) (14778510921).jpg | image2 = Alum Chine, Bournemouth (460750) (9456761328).jpg | caption1 = Stevenson's hoose Skerryvore in the sooth English coast toun o [[Bournemouth]], whaur he wrote the maist o his best-likit wark | caption2 = Commemorative plaque in Bournemouth, whaur Stevenson bade atween 1884 an 1887 | align = left | total_width = }} The Stevensons gaed back an forrit atween Scotland an the Continent (twice winterin in Davos)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Switzerland {{!}} Robert Louis Stevenson |url=https://robert-louis-stevenson.org/switzerland/#:~:text=The%20Stevenson%20family%20(RLS,%20his,found%20it%20stifling%20and%20depressing. |access-date=9 February 2025 |language=en-GB}}</ref> afore settlin at last, in 1884, in Westbourne in the sooth-coast English toun o [[Bournemouth]]. Stevenson haed flittit thare for the guid o the sea air.<ref>{{cite book | last=Hainsworth | first=J. J. | title=Jack the Ripper—Case Solved, 1891 | location=Jefferson, NC | publisher=McFarland | year=2015 | isbn=978-0-7864-9676-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZhDNCgAAQBAJ | access-date=15 June 2023 | page=141}}</ref> They bade in a hoose Stevenson cried 'Skerryvore', efter a Scots lighthoose biggit bi his uncle Alan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bournemouth {{!}} Robert Louis Stevenson |url=http://robert-louis-stevenson.org/bournemouth/ |access-date=29 January 2021 |website=robert-louis-stevenson.org |archive-date=23 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123180039/http://robert-louis-stevenson.org/bournemouth/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Frae Aprile 1885 the 34-year-auld Stevenson haed the company o the novelist Henry James. They haed met afore in Lunnon, an no lang syne haed swappit views in journal articles on the "art of fiction", an efter that in letters in which they said hou muckle they admired ilk ither's wark. James haed flittit tae Bournemouth tae help support his invalid sister, Alice, an he took up the invitation tae veesit Skerryvore ilka day for crack at the Stevensons' dinner table.<ref name="O">{{Cite journal |last=O'Hagan |first=Andrew |date=2020 |title=Bournemouth |url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v42/n10/andrew-o-hagan/bournemouth |journal=The London Review of Books |volume=42 |issue=10 |issn=0260-9592 |access-date=4 November 2020 |archive-date=1 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101051455/https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v42/n10/andrew-o-hagan/bournemouth |url-status=live }}</ref> Stevenson, maistly lyin in his bed, said he wis livin "like a weevil in a biscuit." Yet, for aw his ill heal, his three year in Westbourne gied us the maist o his best-likit wark. Amang it were ''Treasure Island'', ''Kidnapped'', ''A Child's Garden of Verses'', ''Underwoods'' an ''[[Unco Case o Dr Jekyll an Mr Hyde|Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde]]'', the buik that spreid his nem faur an wide. [[File:StevensonAdirondackHome.JPG|thumb|Stevenson's "Cure Cottage" at Saranac Lake, New York]] Thomas Stevenson died in 1887, an his 36-year-auld son felt free tae tak his doctor's advice an try a complete chynge o climate. Stevenson set aff for Colorado wi his weedae mither an his faimily. But efter they landit in New York, they decidit tae spend the winter in the Adirondacks, at a cure cottage nou kent as Stevenson Cottage, at Saranac Lake, New York. In the bitter cauld winter Stevenson wrote some o his best-kent essays, amang them "Pulvis et Umbra".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Essays of Robert Louis Stevenson by Robert Louis Stevenson: Pulvis et Umbra |url=https://www.online-literature.com/stevenson/essays-of-stevenson/9/ |access-date=2025-10-23 |website=www.online-literature.com}}</ref> He stairtit ''The Master of Ballantrae'' an aw, an licht-hertitly plannit a cruise tae the sooth Pacific Ocean for the follaein simmer.<ref>"To W.E. Henley, Pitlochry, if you please, [August] 1881," ''The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson'', Volume 1, [[S:The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson Volume 1/Chapter V|Chapter V]]</ref> {{clear}} ==Thochts on the airt o writin== {{Quote box | quote = Whenever I read a book or a passage that particularly pleased me, in which a thing was said or an effect rendered with propriety, in which there was either some conspicuous force or some happy distinction in the style, I must sit down at once and set myself to ape that quality. I was unsuccessful, and I knew it; and tried again, and was again unsuccessful and always unsuccessful; but at least in these vain bouts, I got some practice in rhythm, in harmony, in construction and the co-ordination of parts. I have thus played the sedulous ape to Hazlitt, to Lamb, to Wordsworth, to Sir Thomas Browne, to Defoe, to [[Nathaniel Hawthorne|Hawthorne]], to [[Michel de Montaigne|Montaigne]], to [[Charles Baudelaire|Baudelaire]] and to Obermann. | author = Robert Lewis Stevenson | source = ''Memories and Portraits'', chaipter IV, on hou he practised writin in his youth | width = 40% | align = right }} Stevenson's critical essays on literature hae "few sustained analyses of style or content".<ref name="Brandeis">{{Cite web |title=Robert Louis Stevenson Biography |url=http://people.brandeis.edu/~teuber/stevensonbio.html |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=people.brandeis.edu |publisher=Brandeis University |archive-date=23 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210223153315/http://people.brandeis.edu/~teuber/stevensonbio.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In "A Penny Plain and Two-pence Coloured" (1884) he suggests that his ain approach owed a great deal tae the owerdone, romantic warld he haed steppit intae as a bairn, as the prood owner o Skelt's Juvenile Drama, a toy set o cairdboard characters that played in melodramas. "A Gossip on Romance" (1882) an "A Gossip on a Novel of Dumas's" (1887) baith hint that entertainin readers coonts for mair nor instructin them.<ref name="Brandeis" /> Stevenson saw himsel very muckle in the mould o Sir Walter Scott: a storyteller wi the knack o cairyin his readers awa frae themsels an their circumstances. He took issue wi whit he saw as the wey French realism dwelt on sordidness an ugliness. In "The Lantern-Bearer" (1888) he seems tae tak Emile Zola tae task for no seekin oot nobility in his main characters.<ref name="Brandeis" /> "A Humble Remonstrance" is Stevenson's answer tae Henry James, wha haed claimed in "The Art of Fiction" (1884) that the novel competes wi life. Stevenson objects that nae novel can ever hope tae match life's complexity; it anerly abstracts frae life tae mak a harmonious pattern o its ain.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stevenson |first=Robert Louis |title=A Humble Remonstrance |url=http://virgil.org/dswo/courses/novel/stevenson-remonstrance.pdf |access-date=27 October 2020 |archive-date=1 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201171651/http://virgil.org/dswo/courses/novel/stevenson-remonstrance.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><blockquote>Man's one method, whether he reasons or creates, is to half-shut his eyes against the dazzle and confusion of reality...Life is monstrous, infinite, illogical, abrupt and poignant; a work of art, in comparison, is neat, finite, self-contained, rational, flowing, and emasculate...The novel, which is a work of art, exists, not by its resemblances to life, which are forced and material ... but by its immeasurable difference from life, which is designed and significant.</blockquote> It isnae clear, but, that thare wis ony real grund here for disagreein wi James.<ref name="O" /> Stevenson haed gien James a copy o ''Kidnapped'', but it wis ''Treasure Island'' that James likit best. Stevenson haed written it as a story for laddies, an thocht it haed "no need of psychology or fine writing", but its success is creditit wi freein bairns' writin frae the "chains of Victorian didacticism".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Livesey |first=Margot |date=November 1994 |title=The Double Life of Robert Louis Stevenson |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1994/11/the-double-life-of-robert-louis-stevenson/306474/ |journal=The Atlantic |access-date=26 October 2020 |archive-date=28 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028113016/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1994/11/the-double-life-of-robert-louis-stevenson/306474/ |url-status=live }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Political an social commentary== [[File:Robert-louis-stevenson.jpg|thumb|Photograph portrait, c. 1887|left|244x244px]] Stevenson's nem as a political radical is argued ower. As the writer o a string o "rebellion novels" (endin in 1893 wi ''Catriona'', the sequel tae ''Kidnapped''), Stevenson is said tae hae spent his "entire writing life" steerin up feelin against tyranny, empire an corruption.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Faktorovich |first=Anna |date=2012 |title=Robert Louis Stevenson: Patronage and Rebellion |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CH1420120858&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=03624145&sw=w&p=LitRC&userGroupName=anon%7E4921e1b6&aty=open-web-entry |journal=Children's Literature Review |volume=204 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> Stevenson minded the college youth that wrote the first o thir novels, the Covenanter adventure ''Pentland Rising'' (1866), as a "red-hot socialist".<ref name=":03">{{Cite book |last=Stevenson, Robert Louis |title=Crabbed Age and Youth and Other Essays |publisher=Thomas B. Mosher |year=1907 |location=Portland, Maine |pages=11–12 |chapter=Crabbed Age and Youth |orig-year=originally written 1877 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqsNAAAAYAAJ&q=robert%20louis%20stevenson%20crabbed%20age%20and%20youth&pg=PA11}}</ref> Yet bi the age o 26 Stevenson wis aready writin that he leukit back on his early political enthusiasms "with something like regret. ... Now I know that in thus turning Conservative with years, I am going through the normal cycle of change and travelling in the common orbit of men's opinions."<ref name=":03" /> His cousin an biographer Sir Graham Balfour claimed that Stevenson "probably throughout life would, if compelled to vote, have always supported the [[Tory an Unionist Pairty|Conservative]] candidate".<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EE29rkc7DM0C&pg=PA30 |title=Robert Louis Stevenson: Interviews and Recollections |publisher=U of Iowa P |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-87745-512-7 |editor-last=Terry |editor-first=R. C. |location=Iowa City |page=}}</ref>{{rp||pp=30}} He is kent tae hae taen pairt in ae election, a student ballot for the Lord Rectorship o the University o Edinburgh. Thare he did favour a Tory, the future [[Prime Meenister o the Unitit Kinrick|prime meenister]] Benjamin Disraeli, but the challenger wis the historian [[Thomas Carlyle]], kent for bein illiberal.<ref name=":12" />{{rp|49|pp=49}} Ae readin o ''Treasure Island'' (1883) an ''Kidnapped'' (1886) sees Stevenson, no as a conservative, but as an individualist takkin up whit is "essentially a form of [[Social Darwinism]]".<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Weltman |first=Burton |date=2020 |title=Social Darwinism in the stories of Robert Louis Stevenson. “Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde,” “The Wrong Box,” “Treasure Island,” and “Kidnapped.” |url=https://historyaschoice.com/2020/12/29/social-darwinism-in-the-stories-of-robert-louis-stevenson-dr-jekyll-and-mr-hyde-the-wrong-box-treasure-island-and-kidnapped-promoting-knee-jerk-right-wing-reactions-to-social-problems/ |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=historyaschoice |language=en}}</ref> In baith stories "an orphaned or fatherless boy of genteel stock" fechts wi a "lower-class rabble and vicious ruffians in a zero-sum, survival-of-the-strongest" battle tae win or win back walth. This celebration o "self-reliant individualism" is said tae be the "cornerstone" o a "right-wing ideology" that is taen faurer in Stevenson's twa best-likit novels for grown-ups, ''Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde'' (1886) an ''The Wrong Box'' (1889). Thir are describit as tales in which fawen individuals are fated tae defy society in follaein their ain ends, wi selfishness lurkin ahint whit seems lik acts o altruism, that aften cause greater misfortune.<ref name=":2" /> Libertarians hae claimed Stevenson,<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Stevenson |first=Bov |date=1978 |title=Robert Louis Stevenson: Champion of Liberty |url=https://fee.org/articles/robert-louis-stevenson-champion-of-liberty/ |access-date=26 April 2026 |website=Foundation for Economic Education}}</ref> citin "The Day After Tomorrow", an essay that appeared in 1887 in ''The Contemporary Review.''<ref>Stevenson, Robert Louis (1887), ''The Contemporary Review'', Vol. LI, April, pp. 472–479.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://digital.nls.uk/rlstevenson/browse/archive/90460506|title=Robert Louis Stevenson – National Library of Scotland|website=digital.nls.uk|accessdate=8 December 2022|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927013717/https://digital.nls.uk/rlstevenson/browse/archive/90460506|url-status=dead}}</ref> Efter an unheard-o "burst of social legislation" in Disraeli's last term o office,<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Kingdom - Gladstone and Disraeli {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/United-Kingdom/Gladstone-and-Disraeli|access-date=2023-01-30|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> Stevenson pit it forrit that "we are all becoming Socialists without knowing it". Legislation "grows authoritative, grows philanthropical, bristles with new duties and new penalties, and casts a spawn of inspectors, who now begin, note-book in hand, to darken the face of England". The "new waggon-load of laws" pynts tae a future in which our grandbairns micht "taste the pleasures of existence in something far liker an ant-heap than any previous human polity". Whiles left oot when the essay is cited is the concession Stevenson maks tae critics o the clessic Whiggish notion o [[Laissez-faire|laissez faire]]. "Liberty",<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ambrosini |first=Richard |url= |title=Robert Louis Stevenson: Writer of Boundaries |last2=Dury |first2=Richard |date=2006-04-04 |publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press |isbn=978-0-299-21223-0 |pages=171 |language=en}}</ref> Stevenson wrote, "has served us a long while", but lik aw ither virtues "she has taken wages".<ref name=":3" /> <blockquote>[Liberty] has dutifully served Mammon; so that many things we were accustomed to admire as the benefits of freedom and common to all, were truly benefits of wealth, and took their value from our neighbour's poverty...Freedom to be desirable, involves kindness, wisdom, and all the virtues of the free; but the free man as we have seen him in action has been, as of yore, only the master of many helots; and the slaves are still ill-fed, ill-clad, ill-taught, ill-housed, insolently entreated, and driven to their mines and workshops by the lash of famine.</blockquote> Though it wis shapit bi real events (the oceanic colonialism that Stevenson witnessed), ''The Ebb-Tide'' (1894) haes been pit forrit as "paradigmatic" o "seasteading", the libertarian ideal o independence on the sea. Attwater's secret island fishery, abuin aw, "anticipates core elements of the modern seasteading movement", that in the 21st century fins some favour amang billionaire secessionists.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wexler |first=Ivey |date=2025 |title=Is Seasteading Another Word for Colonialism? |url=https://edgeeffects.net/seasteading/ |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=Edge Effects |language=en-US}}</ref> In 1883 Stevenson wrote in private aboot the chief propagandist an organiser o the Fenian dynamite campaign in Ingland, Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa: "If that is the new world ... damn, deracinate and destroy him, root and branch, self and company, world without end".<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Ó Donghaile |first=Deaglán |date=2018 |title="Parliament in Burning": Dynamite Terrorism and the English novel |journal=LJMU Research Online |pages=1-2}}</ref> This fury cam afore "The Dynamiter" (1885), ane o a collection o linked stories (''More New Arabian Nights: The Dynamiter''). Stevenson wrote the collection in open collaboration wi his wife, Fanny, at a time when a nummer o ailments kept him in his bed in a daurkent room.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fielding |first=Penny |date=2017 |title=A Dangerous Collaboration |url=https://dangerouswomenproject.org/2017/01/06/a-dangerous-collaboration/ |access-date=2026-04-28 |website=Dangerous Women Project |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327075223/http://dangerouswomenproject.org/2017/01/06/a-dangerous-collaboration/ |archive-date=27 March 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A satirical tale, it brocht the Fenian fecht against Breetish rule in Ireland doon tae a "'private and barbarous war' rinsed of any ideological motivation".<ref name=":4" /> In Januar 1888, aged 37, in repone tae American press coverage o the Laund War in Ireland, Stevenson sent ''Scribner's'' ''Magazine'' an essay in which he argued the case for "staying internal violence by rigid law". For aw its title, "Confessions of a Unionist", Stevenson defends naither the union wi Breetain (she haed "majestically demonstrated her incapacity to rule Ireland") nor "landlordism" (haurdly mair defensible in Ireland than, as he haed seen it, in the gowdfields o Californie).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hayes-McCoy |first=G. A. |date=1950 |title=Robert Louis Stevenson and the Irish Question |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30099839 |journal=Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review |volume=39 |issue=154 |pages=130–140 |issn=0039-3495}}</ref> Raither, he objects tae the readiness tae pass "lightly" ower crimes ("unmanly murders and the harshest extremes of boycotting") whaur thir are deemed "political". This, he argues, is tae "defeat law" (that is aye a "compromise") an tae invite "anarchy": it is "the sentimentalist preparing the pathway for the brute".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stevenson |first=Robert Louis |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044086813177&view=1up&seq=10 |title=Confessions of a Unionist |date=1921 |publisher=Privately Printed by G.G. Winchip |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |access-date=27 October 2020 |archive-date=15 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815023342/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044086813177&view=1up&seq=10 |url-status=live }}</ref> Stevenson withdrew the essay afore it wis published, an it didnae appear in his lifetime.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Teal |first=Karen Kurt |date=2007 |title=Robert Louis Stevenson and the Colonial Imagination (review) |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/214199 |journal=Victorian Periodicals Review |language=en |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=80–83 |doi=10.1353/vpr.2007.0024 |issn=1712-526X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> It wis anerly in his last years, when he witnessed colonial encroachment in the Sooth Seas, that he stairtit tae mak direct political representations.<ref name="Calder" /> In thir, an in his remainin fiction, the biographer Julia Reid fins that Stevenson resists confident assumptions aboot evolutionary social progress, sae that he uises Darwinian ideas, no tae justify European colonial expansion, but tae criticise its destructive effect.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Reid |first=Julia |title=Robert Louis Stevenson, Science, and the Fin de Siècle |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-230-23032-3 |location=Basingstoke |pages=147, 176}}</ref> ==Last years in the Pacific== ===Pacific vaiges=== [[File:Robert Louis Stevenson playing his flageolet, published 1902.jpg|thumb|Stevenson playin a flageolet in Hawaii, c. 1889]] [[File:Robert Louis Stevenson and King Kalakaua and his Singing Boys.jpg|thumb|Stevenson an King Kalākaua o Hawaii, c. 1889]] In Juin 1888 Stevenson hired the yacht ''Casco'' frae Samuel Merritt, an the faimily set sail frae San Francisco. The ship "plowed her path of snow across the empty deep, far from all track of commerce, far from any hand of help."<ref>Quoted from Stevenson's diary in Overton, Jacqueline M. ''[http://www.gutenberg.org/files/15547/15547-h/15547-h.htm The Life of Robert Louis Stevenson for Boys and Girls] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012041600/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/15547/15547-h/15547-h.htm |date=12 October 2008 }}''. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1933</ref> The sea air an the thrill o adventure brocht back his heal for a time, an for near three year he wandered the eastren an central Pacific. He bade for lang spells in the Hawaiian Islands, whaur he becam guid freends wi King Kalākaua, an he befreendit the king's niece Princess Victoria Kaiulani, that haed Scots heritage an aw. Alang the wey he bade a while in the Gilbert Islands, Tahiti, New Zealand an the Samoan Islands. In this time he feenisht ''The Master of Ballantrae'', wrote twa ballads based on the legends o the islanders, an wrote ''The Bottle Imp''. He keepit the experience o thir years in his letters, an in his ''In the South Seas'' (published efter his daith).<ref>''In the South Seas'' (1896) & (1900) Chatto & Windus; republished by The Hogarth Press (1987). A collection of Stevenson's articles and essays on his travels in the Pacific</ref> In 1889 he gaed on a vaige wi Lloyd on the tradin schooner ''Equator'', veesitin Butaritari, Mariki, Apaiang an Abemama in the [[Kiribati|Gilbert Islands]].<ref name="South Seas 1896">''In the South Seas'' (1896)& (1900) Chatto & Windus; republished by The Hogarth Press (1987)</ref> They spent several month on Abemama wi the tyrant chief Tem Binoka, that Stevenson describit in ''In the South Seas''.<ref name="South Seas 1896" /> In 1889 Stevenson veesitit the leper colony on Molokaʻi, Hawaii, whaur leper lassies were cared for bi the Sisters o Saunt Francis, led bi Mother Marianne Cope. He brocht a croquet set an learnt the lassies tae play. He spent a week thare, an efter he left he haed a piano shippit tae them frae Honolulu.<ref> ''Pilgrimage and Exile: Mother Marianne of Moloka‘i'' by Sister Mary Laurence Hanley, Order of Saint Francis, and O. A. Bushnell (Honolulu: Mutual Publishing, 2009)</ref> In Aprile 1890 Stevenson left [[Sydney]], Australie, on the ''Janet Nicoll'' for his third an last vaige amang the Sooth Sea islands.<ref name="fanny1914">[https://archive.org/details/cruiseofjanetnic00stevuoft ''The Cruise of the Janet Nichol Among the South Sea Islands''], Mrs Robert Louis Stevenson, [[Charles Scribner's Sons]], New York, 1914</ref> He meant tae write anither traivel buik tae follae ''In the South Seas'', but in the end it wis his wife that published her journal o their third vaige. (Fanny gets the ship's nem wrang in her account, ''The Cruise of the Janet Nichol''.)<ref>''The Cruise of the Janet Nichol among the South Sea Islands'' A Diary by Mrs Robert Louis Stevenson (first published 1914), republished 2004, editor, Roslyn Jolly (U. of Washington Press/U. of New South Wales Press)</ref> Ane o his fellae passengers wis Jack Buckland, whase stories o life as an island trader inspired the character o Tommy Hadden in ''The Wrecker'' (1892), that Stevenson an Lloyd Osbourne wrote thegither.<ref name="Jack Buckland 2001 p. 418">Selected Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson, ed. by Ernest Mehew (New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 2001) p. 418, n. 3</ref><ref>Robert Louis Stevenson, The Wrecker, in Tales of the South Seas: Island Landfalls; The Ebb-Tide; The Wrecker (Edinburgh: Canongate Classics, 1996), ed. and introduced by Jenni Calder</ref> In 1894 Buckland cam tae see the Stevensons at Vailima.<ref>'Memories of Vailima' by Isobel Strong & Lloyd Osbourne, Archibald Constable & Co: Westminster (1903)</ref> {{clear}} ===Politics in Samoa=== [[File:Stevenson vailima.jpg|thumb|The writer wi his wife an their hoosehauld at Vailima, Samoa, c. 1892]] In December 1889 the 39-year-auld Stevenson an his extendit faimily arrived at the port o Apia in the Samoan islands, an thare he an Fanny decidit tae settle. In Januar 1890 they bocht {{cvt|314+1/4|acre}} at Vailima, a few mile inland frae Apia, the capital, an on it they biggit the islands' first twa-storey hoose. Fanny's sister, Nellie Van de Grift Sanchez, wrote that "it was in Samoa that the word 'home' first began to have a real meaning for these gypsy wanderers".<ref name="Farrell 2019">{{Cite news |last=Farrell |first=Joseph |date=8 September 2019 |title=The story of Samoa's love for Robert Louis Stevenson |work=The National |url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/17887450.story-samoas-love-robert-louis-stevenson/ |access-date=24 October 2020 |archive-date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027063302/https://www.thenational.scot/news/17887450.story-samoas-love-robert-louis-stevenson/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In Mey 1891 Stevenson's mither, Margaret, cam tae jine them. While his wife set aboot managin an wirkin the estate, the 40-year-auld Stevenson took the native nem Tusitala (Samoan for "Teller of Tales"), an stairtit gaitherin local stories. Aften he wad swap thir for his ain tales. The first wark o literature in Samoan wis his owersettin o ''The Bottle Imp'' (1891),<ref name="Farrell 2019" /> that sets a moral fable in a community spreid ower the hale Pacific. Steepin himsel in the islands' culture brocht on a "political awakening": it pit Stevenson "at an angle" tae the rival [[Great pouer|great pouers]], Breetain, [[German Empire|Germany]] an the Unitit States, whase warships were a common sicht in Samoan herbours.<ref name="Jamie">{{Cite news |last=Jamie |first=Kathleen |date=20 August 2017 |title=Scot of the South Seas: Robert Louis Stevenson in Samoa |work=New Statesman |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/books/2017/08/scot-south-seas-robert-louis-stevenson-samoa |access-date=24 October 2020 |archive-date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027052324/https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/books/2017/08/scot-south-seas-robert-louis-stevenson-samoa |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Farrell" /> He unnerstuid that, as in the [[Scots Hielands]] (comparisons wi his hame kintra "came readily"), an indigenous clan society wisnae ready for the arrival o forreiners that played on its existin rivalries an divisions. As the ootside pressures on Samoan society grew, the tensions suin gaed doon intae several wars atween clans.<ref name="Calder">Jenni Calder, Introduction, {{Cite book |last=Stevenson |first=Robert Louis |title=Island Landfalls |date=1987 |publisher=Cannongate |isbn=0-86241-144-0 |location=Edinburgh}}</ref> Nae langer content tae be a "romancer", Stevenson becam a reporter an an agitator, firin aff letters tae ''The Times'' that "rehearsed with an ironic twist that surely owed something to his Edinburgh legal training" a tale o European an American misconduct.<ref name="Calder" /> His concern for the Polynesians is fund an aw in the ''South Sea Letters'', published in magazines in 1891 (an syne as a buik, ''In the South Seas'', in 1896). In an effort he feared micht get him deportit, Stevenson helped tae get twa European officials cried back. ''A Footnote to History: Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa'' (1892) wis a detailed chronicle o hou the rivalries o the great pouers crossed wi the first Samoan Civil War.[[File:Robert Louis Stevenson birthday fete, Samoa 1896.jpg|thumb|left|Stevenson's birthday fete at Vailima, November 1894]] For aw he said he couldnae thole politics ("I used to think meanly of the plumber", he wrote tae his freend Sidney Colvin, "but how he shines beside the politician!"<ref>Letter to Sidney Colvin, 17 April 1893, ''Vailima Letters'', [[S:Vailima Letters/Chapter XXVIII|Chapter XXVIII]]</ref>) Stevenson felt he haed tae tak sides. He sided openly wi the chief Mataafa, whase rival Malietoa wis backit bi the Germans, whase firms were stairtin tae monopolise the processin o copra an cocoa beans.<ref name="Farrell" /> Abuin aw, Stevenson wis alairmed bi whit he saw as the Samoans' economic innocence: their failin tae mak siccar their claim tae awn the laund (in a [[John Locke|Lockean]] sense)<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Graeber |first1=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X8gZEAAAQBAJ |title=The Dawn of Everything: A New History of Humanity |last2=Wengrow |first2=David |date=19 October 2021 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-0-241-40245-0 |pages=149 |language=en}}</ref> throu better management an labour. In 1894, jist months afore his daith, he spak tae the island chiefs:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lang |first=Andrew |url=https://www.readcentral.com/mobile/chapters/Andrew-Lang/The-Works-of-Robert-Louis-Stevenson-Vol-25/011 |title=The Works of Robert Louis Stevenson Vol 25, Appendix II |date=1911 |publisher=Chatto and Windus |location=London |access-date=23 October 2020 |archive-date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027055506/https://www.readcentral.com/mobile/chapters/Andrew-Lang/The-Works-of-Robert-Louis-Stevenson-Vol-25/011 |url-status=live }}</ref><blockquote>There is but one way to defend Samoa. Hear it before it is too late. It is to make roads, and gardens, and care for your trees, and sell their produce wisely, and, in one word, to occupy and use your country... if you do not occupy and use your country, others will. It will not continue to be yours or your children's, if you occupy it for nothing. You and your children will, in that case, be cast out into outer darkness".</blockquote> He haed "seen these judgments of God", no anerly in Hawaii, whaur desertit native kirks stuid lik heidstanes "over a grave, in the midst of the white men's sugar fields", but in Ireland an aw, an "in the mountains of my own country Scotland".<blockquote>These were a fine people in the past brave, gay, faithful, and very much like Samoans, except in one particular, that they were much wiser and better at that business of fighting of which you think so much. But the time came to them as it now comes to you, and it did not find them ready...</blockquote> Five year efter Stevenson's daith, the Samoan Islands were pairtit atween Germany an the Unitit States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=German Colonies in the Pacific |url=https://www.nla.gov.au/selected-library-collections/german-colonies-in-the-pacific |access-date=29 January 2021 |website=National Library of Australia |archive-date=3 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203191950/https://www.nla.gov.au/selected-library-collections/german-colonies-in-the-pacific |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Last warks== [[File:Stevenson Barnett.jpg|thumb|upright|Portrait bi Henry Walter Barnett, 1893]] Stevenson wrote aboot 700,000 wirds in his years on Samoa. He feenisht ''The Beach of Falesá'', the tale, telt in the first person, o a Scots copra trader on a Sooth Sea island, a man that is nae hero, naither in his actions nor in his ain saul. Raither, he is a man o limitit unnerstaundin an imagination, at hame wi his ain prejudices: whaur, he wonders, can he fin "whites" for his "half caste" dochters? The villains are white, an their wey wi the islanders is ruthlessly twa-faced.{{Citation needed|date=Mairch 2026}} Stevenson saw "The Beach of Falesá" as the grund-breakin wark in his turn awa frae romance tae realism. He wrote tae his freend Sidney Colvin: <blockquote>It is the first realistic South Seas story; I mean with real South Sea character and details of life. Everybody else that has tried, that I have seen, got carried away by the romance, and ended in a kind of sugar candy sham epic, and the whole effect was lost... Now I have got the smell and look of the thing a good deal. You will know more about the South Seas after you have read my little tale than if you had read a library.<ref name="owc">Roslyn Jolly (editor). ''Robert Louis Stevenson: South Sea Tales''. The World's Classics. Oxford University Press. 1996. See "Introduction".</ref></blockquote> ''The Ebb-Tide'' (1894), the misadventures o three ne'er-dae-weels left stranded in the Tahitian port o Papeete, haes been describit as giein "a microcosm of imperialist society, directed by greedy but incompetent whites, the labour supplied by long-suffering natives who fulfil their duties without orders and are true to the missionary faith which the Europeans make no pretence of respecting".<ref name="sst">Roslyn Jolly, "Introduction" in ''Robert Louis Stevenson: South Sea Tales'' (1996)</ref> It confirmed the new realistic turn in Stevenson's writin, awa frae romance an adolescent adventure. The first sentence reads: "Throughout the island world of the Pacific, scattered men of many European races and from almost every grade of society carry activity and disseminate disease". Stevenson wis nae langer writin aboot human naitur "in terms of a contest between Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde": "the edges of moral responsibility and the margins of moral judgement were too blurred".<ref name="Calder" /> As wi ''The Beach of Falesà'', reviewers at the time saw parallels in ''The Ebb Tide'' wi several o Conrad's warks: ''Almayer's Folly'', ''An Outcast of the Islands'', ''The Nigger of the 'Narcissus<nowiki>'</nowiki>'', ''Heart of Darkness'' an ''Lord Jim''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tabachnick |first=Stephen |date=January 2011 |title=Robert Louis Stevenson and Joseph Conrad: Writers of Transition (review) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236819296 |journal=English Literature in Transition 1880–1920 |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=247–250 |access-date=24 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="Sandison">{{Cite book |last=Sandison |first=Alan |title=Robert Louis Stevenson and the Appearance of Modernism |date=1996 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-349-39295-7 |location=London |pages=317–368}}</ref><ref name="Farrell">{{Cite book |last=Farrell |first=Joseph |title=Robert Louis Stevenson in Samoa |date=2017 |publisher=Maclehose Press |isbn=978-0-85705-995-6 |location=London}}</ref> Wi his imagination still bidin in Scotland, an gaun back tae his earlier form, Stevenson wrote ''Catriona'' (1893) an aw, a sequel tae his earlier novel ''Kidnapped'' (1886), cairyin on the adventures o its hero, David Balfour.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Robert Louis Stevenson – Bibliography: Detailed list of works |url=https://www.robert-louis-stevenson.org/works |website=robert-louis-stevenson.org |access-date=20 April 2008 |archive-date=4 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204193447/http://robert-louis-stevenson.org/works |url-status=live }}</ref> As a writer he felt that "there was never any man had so many irons in the fire",<ref>Letter to [[Sidney Colvin]], 3 January 1892, ''Vailima Letters'', [[S:Vailima Letters/Chapter XIV|Chapter XIV]].</ref> but bi the end o 1893 he wis feart he haed "overworked" an wurn oot his creative vein.<ref>Letter to Sidney Colvin, December 1893, ''Vailima Letters'', [[S:Vailima Letters/Chapter XXXV|Chapter XXXV]]</ref> His writin wis pairtly driven bi the need tae meet the costs o Vailima. But in a last burst o energy he stairtit wark on ''Weir of Hermiston''. "It's so good that it frightens me," he is said tae hae cried oot.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stevenson |first=Robert Louis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y_yVz2M7C38C&pg=PR16 |title=An Inland Voyage, Including Travels with a Donkey |publisher=Cosimo, Inc. |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-59605-823-1 |editor-last=Robert Allen Armstrong |page=xvi}}</ref> He felt it wis the best wark he haed duin.<ref>"To H. B. Baildon, Vailima, Upolu [undated, but written in 1891].," ''The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson'', Volume 2, [[S:The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson Volume 2/Chapter XI|Chapter XI]]</ref> Set in aichteent-century Scotland, it is the story o a society that, however different, is seein, lik Samoa, a brakdoon o social rules an structures that leads tae growin moral ambivalence.<ref name="Calder" /> ==Daith== On 3 December 1894, while he wis restin at his hame in Vailima, Stevenson wis talkin tae his wife an strauchlin tae open a bottle o wine when aw at ance he cried oot, "What's that?", then speired at his wife, "Does my face look strange?", an collapsed.<ref name=":0">Balfour, Graham (1906). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=GrA5nEhnLh0C The Life of Robert Louis Stevenson]'' London: Methuen. </ref> (Some soorces hae said that he wis tryin tae mak mayonnaise insteid when he collapsed.)<ref name="Farrell 2017 p. 199">{{cite book | last=Farrell | first=J. | title=Robert Louis Stevenson in Samoa | publisher=Quercus Publishing | year=2017 | isbn=978-1-84866-882-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KI9EDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT199 | access-date=10 March 2023 | page=199 | archive-date=10 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310054215/https://books.google.com/books?id=KI9EDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT199 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Theroux 2017 p. 507">{{cite book | last=Theroux | first=A. | title=Einstein's Beets | publisher=Fantagraphics Books | series=Mersion: Emergent Village Resources for Communities of Faith Series | year=2017 | isbn=978-1-60699-976-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-XpSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA507 | language=de | access-date=10 March 2023 | page=507 | archive-date=10 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310054215/https://books.google.com/books?id=-XpSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA507 | url-status=live }}</ref> He died within a few oors, aged 44, mibbie frae a brain haemorrhage.<ref>{{cite web |title=Letter tells of final hours of Robert Louis Stevenson |url=https://media.nls.uk/news/letter-tells-of-final-hours-of-robert-louis-stevenson |website=National Library of Scotland Newsroom |access-date=16 December 2024 |date=2 December 2016}}</ref> Research published in 2000 suggests that Stevenson micht hae haed hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (Osler-Rendu-Weber Syndrome). This wad explain his lang-staundin trouble wi his breathin, the haemorrhages o the lungs that kept comin back, an his early daith. It micht explain an aw a stroke his mither seems tae hae haed at 38, that wisnae reportit afore.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Guttmacher |first1=Alan E. |last2=Callahan |first2=J.R. |title=Did Robert Louis Stevenson have hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia? |journal=American Journal of Medical Genetics |date=6 March 2000 |volume=91 |issue=1 |pages=62–65 |doi=10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(20000306)91:1<62::aid-ajmg11>3.0.co;2-3|pmid=10751091 }}</ref> Efter his daith the Samoans wad hae a watch kept roond his body throu the nicht, an they cairied him on their shooders tae Mount Vaea nearhaund. Thare they buried him on a spot owerleukin the sea, on laund gien bi the Breetish Actin Vice Consul Thomas Trood.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stevenson's tomb |url=http://www.nls.uk/rlstevenson/pics/picture-i3.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208193430/http://www.nls.uk/rlstevenson/pics/picture-i3.html |archive-date=8 December 2008 |access-date=20 October 2008 |publisher=National Library of Scotland }}</ref> This epitaph, based on Stevenson's poem "Requiem",<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stevenson |first=Robert Louis |url=https://archive.org/details/underwoods00stevrich/page/43/mode/1up |title=Underwoods |year=1887 |location=London |publisher=Chatto and Windus |page=43}}</ref> is cut on his tomb:<ref>{{cite web|title=Wide and Starry Sky|last=Mattix|first=Micah|website=Washington Examiner|date=4 November 2018|url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/weekly-standard/wide-and-starry-sky|access-date=21 November 2022|archivedate=7 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107231947/https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/weekly-standard/wide-and-starry-sky|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Grave of Robert Louis Stevenson 1909.jpg|thumb|His tomb on Mount Vaea, c. 1909]] <blockquote><poem>Under the wide and starry sky Dig the grave and let me lie Glad did I live and gladly die And I laid me down with a will This be the verse you grave for me Here he lies where he longed to be Home is the sailor home from the sea And the hunter home from the hill</poem></blockquote> Stevenson wis luved bi the Samoans, an the epitaph on his heidstane wis owerset intae a Samoan sang o grief.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jolly |first=Roslyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=72BxumU5mlsC&pg=PA160 |title=Robert Louis Stevenson in the Pacific: Travel, Empire, and the Author's Profession |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-7546-6195-5 |page=160}}</ref> The requiem is on the east side o the grave. On the wast side is cut the passage frae the Bible, Ruth 1:16–17: <blockquote><poem>Whither thou goest, I will go; and where thou lodgest, I will lodge: And thy people shall be my people, and thy God shall be my God: Where thou diest will I die, and there will I be buried.<ref>Harry J. Moors, ''With Stevenson in Samoa'', Boston: Small, Maynard, 1910, [https://archive.org/details/withstevensonins00mooruoft/page/214/mode/2up?q=cooper p. 214].</ref></poem></blockquote> The ensign flag that wis drapit ower his coffin in Samoa wis brocht back tae Edinburgh, an nou hings in a gless case abuin the fireplace in rooms in Edinburgh University's Old College that belang tae The Speculative Society, that he wis a member o.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://canmore.org.uk/site/254527/edinburgh-south-bridge-university-of-edinburgh-old-college-rooms-of-the-speculative-society |title=Edinburgh, South Bridge, University of Edinburgh, Old College, Rooms of the Speculative Society |date= |website=Canmore |publisher=Historic Environment Scotland |access-date=9 July 2024}}</ref> ==Airtistic reception== [[File:Picture of Stevenson by Barrie.jpg|thumb|upright|Portrait bi Henry Walter Barnett in 1893, sent bi Stevenson tae [[J. M. Barrie]]|left]] Hauf o Stevenson's original manuscripts are lost, amang them thae o ''Treasure Island'', ''The Black Arrow'' an ''The Master of Ballantrae''. His heirs selt his papers throu the [[Warld War I|First Warld War]], an monie o his documents were roupit in 1918.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 July 2010 |title=Bid to trace lost Robert Louis Stevenson manuscripts |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10569471 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=25 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925134702/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10569471 |url-status=live }}</ref> Stevenson wis a celebrity in his ain time, an monie ither writers admired him, amang them Marcel Proust, [[Arthur Conan Doyle]], Henry James, [[J. M. Barrie]],<ref name="Chaney">{{Cite book |last=Chaney |first=Lisa |title=Hide-and-seek with Angels: The Life of J. M. Barrie |publisher=Arrow Books |year=2006 |isbn=0-09-945323-1 |location=London}}</ref> [[Rudyard Kipling]] an Emilio Salgari, an later Cesare Pavese, Bertolt Brecht, [[Ernest Hemingway]], Jack London, Vladimir Nabokov<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dillard |first=R. H. W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3f2ne_bk-xoC&pg=PR13 |title=Introduction to Treasure Island |publisher=Signet Classics |year=1998 |isbn=0-451-52704-6 |location=New York |page=xiii |author-link=R. H. W. Dillard |no-pp=true}}</ref> an G. K. Chesterton, that said Stevenson "seemed to pick the right word up on the point of his pen, like a man playing spillikins".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chesterton |first=Gilbert Keith |url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Victorian_Age_in_Literature/Chapter_IV |title=The Victorian Age in Literature |publisher=Henry Holt and Co. |year=1913 |location=London |page=246 |author-link=G. K. Chesterton |access-date=28 July 2008 |archive-date=29 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080629105004/http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Victorian_Age_in_Literature/Chapter_IV |url-status=live }}</ref> For muckle o the 20t century Stevenson wis seen as a seicont-cless writer. He wis pit doon tae bairns' literature an horror,<ref name="arata" /> condemned bi literary figures sic as Virginia Woolf (dochter o his early mentor Leslie Stephen) an her husband Leonard Woolf, an bit bi bit he wis left oot o the canon o literature taucht in schuils.<ref name="arata" /> His exclusion wis at its warst in the 2,000-page ''Oxford Anthology of English Literature'' o 1973, that didnae mention him at aw, an ''The Norton Anthology of English Literature'' left him oot frae 1968 tae 2000 (1st–7t editions), anerly pittin him in the aicht edition (2006).<ref name=arata/> The late 20t century brocht a fresh leuk at Stevenson as an airtist o great range an insicht, a literary theorist, an essayist an social critic, a witness tae the colonial history o the Pacific Islands, an a humanist.<ref name=arata/> Roger Lancelyn Green, ane o the Oxford Inklings, praised him as a writer o a consistently heich level o "literary skill or sheer imaginative power", an a pioneer o the Age o the Story Tellers alangside H. Rider Haggard.<ref>introduction to 1965 [[Everyman's Library]] edition of the one-volume ''[[The Prisoner of Zenda]]'' and ''[[Rupert of Hentzau]]''</ref> He is nou thocht o as a peer o writers sic as Joseph Conrad (that Stevenson influenced wi his Sooth Seas fiction) an Henry James, wi new scholarly studies an organisations devotit tae him.<ref name="arata">Stephen Arata (2006). "Robert Louis Stevenson". David Scott Kastan (ed.). ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature''. Vol. 5: 99–102</ref> Throu aw the ups an doons o his scholarly reception, Stevenson haes bidden popular aw ower the warld. Accordin tae the Index Translationum, Stevenson is rankit the 26t maist owerset writer in the warld, aheid o [[Oscar Wilde]] an [[Edgar Allan Poe]].<ref name="indextrans">{{Cite web |title=Top 50 Authors |url=http://www.unesco.org/xtrans/bsstatexp.aspx?crit1L=5&nTyp=min&topN=50 |access-date=17 January 2019 |website=Index Translationum |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |archive-date=12 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140612072938/http://www.unesco.org/xtrans/bsstatexp.aspx?crit1L=5&nTyp=min&topN=50 |url-status=live }}</ref> On Stevenson's modren nem, the American film critic [[Roger Ebert]] wrote in 1996: <blockquote>I was talking to a friend the other day who said he'd never met a child who liked reading Robert Louis Stevenson's ''Treasure Island''. Neither have I, I said. And he'd never met a child who liked reading Stevenson's ''Kidnapped''. Me neither, I said. My early exposure to both books was via the Classics Illustrated comic books. But I did read the books later, when I was no longer a kid, and I enjoyed them enormously. Same goes for Stevenson's ''Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde''. The fact is, Stevenson is a splendid writer of stories for adults, and he should be put on the same shelf with Joseph Conrad and Jack London instead of in between Winnie the Pooh and Peter Pan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1996-02-16 |title=Muppet Treasure Island |work=[[Chicago Sun Times]] |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/muppet-treasure-island-1996 |access-date=2019-05-07 |archive-date=25 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125073540/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/muppet-treasure-island-1996 |url-status=live }}</ref></blockquote> ==Stevenson an Scots== Stevenson wrote in Scots as weel as English. The seicont buik o ''Underwoods'' (1887) is "In Scots": saxteen poems, amang them "The Maker to Posterity", "A Mile an' a Bittock" an "A Lowden Sabbath Morn".<ref name="underwoods">{{cite book |last=Stevenson |first=Robert Louis |title=Underwoods |year=1887 |publisher=Chatto & Windus |location=London |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/438 |via=Project Gutenberg |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> The Scots Language Centre cries this "a radical decision for his time".<ref>{{cite web |title=New RLS Website Now Live |url=https://www.scotslanguage.com/articles/view/id/1618 |website=Scots Language Centre |date=23 November 2009 |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> Afore the Scots poems Stevenson pit a note on hou he wrote the leid. He said he "simply wrote my Scots as well as I was able, not caring if it hailed from Lauderdale or Angus, from the Mearns or Galloway", but the speech in his lug wis that o the Lothians: "it is there I heard the language spoken about my childhood".<ref name="underwoods" /> He wis fond o "the tongue of Fergusson and of Sir Walter", baith Edinburgh men, but Burns, he said, "has always sounded in my ear like something partly foreign".<ref name="underwoods" /> He thocht Scots wis deein oot, an wrote that he wantit "to have my hour as a native Maker, and be read by my own countryfolk in our own dying language".<ref name="underwoods" /> His short story "Thrawn Janet", gaithered intae ''The Merry Men and Other Tales and Fables'' (1887), is telt maistly in Scots.<ref>{{cite book |last=Stevenson |first=Robert Louis |title=The Merry Men, and Other Tales and Fables |year=1887 |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/344 |via=Project Gutenberg |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> Henry James cried it "a masterpiece in thirteen pages", a tale o the supernatural "related in the Scotch dialect".<ref>{{cite book |last=James |first=Henry |chapter=Robert Louis Stevenson |title=Partial Portraits |year=1888 |publisher=Macmillan |location=London |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/58471 |via=Project Gutenberg |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> Scots is in his novels an aw. ''Kidnapped'' (1886) is telt in English, but its dialogue is in "a Scots partly remembered from Stevenson's Edinburgh youth, including the language used by his family servants".<ref>{{cite web |last=Axford |first=Martin |title=Robert Louis Stevenson's Kidnapped: Teaching Notes |publisher=Association for Scottish Literary Studies |year=2007 |page=2 |url=https://asls.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/teachingnotes206.pdf |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> In ''Weir of Hermiston'', no feenisht at his daith, the characters gang back an forrit atween the twa leids: Archie, speakin wi Kirstie, is shawn "lapsing into the broad Scots".<ref>{{cite book |last=Stevenson |first=Robert Louis |title=Weir of Hermiston: An Unfinished Romance |year=1896 |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/380 |via=Project Gutenberg |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> Syne his time some o his wark haes been owerset intae Scots. ''The Unco Case o' Dr Jekyll an' Mr Hyde'' (2008) is a graphic novel in Scots based on his novel, owerset bi James P. Spence,<ref>{{cite web |title=Unco Case o' Dr Jekyll an' Mr Hyde |url=https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9781902407593 |website=Open Library |publisher=Waverley Books |date=19 February 2008 |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jekyll and Hyde in Scots |url=https://www.scotslanguage.com/articles/view/id/1055 |website=Scots Language Centre |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> an Sheena Blackhall owerset the novel intae North-East Scots as ''Fey Case o Dr Jekyll an Mr Hyde'' (2018).<ref>{{cite web |title=Fey Case o Dr Jekyll an Mr Hyde |url=https://www.evertype.com/books/jekyll-sco.html |publisher=Evertype |year=2018 |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> ==Monuments an commemoration== ===Unitit Kinrick=== [[File:Robert Louis Stevenson sculpture in St. Giles' cathedral.jpg|thumb|Bronze relief memorial tae Stevenson in [[St Giles' Cathedral|St. Giles' Cathedral]], Edinburgh|left]] [[File:Robert Louis Stevenson head.JPG|thumb|Profile bust o Stevenson, [[Writers' Museum]], Edinburgh]]The [[Writers' Museum]] near Edinburgh's [[Ryal Mile|Royal Mile]] gies a room ower tae Stevenson, wi some o his personal belangins frae his bairnhood tae his grown-up years. In the Moray Aisle o [[St Giles' Cathedral]] in Edinburgh thare is a bronze relief memorial tae Stevenson, designed in 1904 bi the American sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Robert Louis Stevenson Memorial |url=http://www.stgilescathedral.org.uk/history/architecture/rlsmemorial.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828033429/http://www.stgilescathedral.org.uk/history/architecture/rlsmemorial.html |archive-date=28 August 2008 |access-date=20 October 2008 |publisher=St Giles' Cathedral }}</ref> A smaller version o this relief bi Saint-Gaudens is in the collection o the Montclair Art Museum in New Jersey.<ref>[50.199.148.5:8081/view/objects/asitem/45/97/primaryMaker-asc?t:state:flow=92095637-f394-4ee3-9846-f82e8985400e Saint-Gaudens, Augustus (American, 1848–1907): Robert Louis Stevenson, 1887–88 (cast after 1895)], accessed 26 February 2015</ref> Anither smaa version, that shows Stevenson wi a cigarette in his haund raither than the pen he hauds in the St Giles memorial, is on show in the Nichols House Museum in Beacon Hill, Boston.<ref>Petronella, Mary Melvin, ed., ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Qg_uLLXLY5kC&pg=PA107 Victorian Boston Today: Twelve Walking Tours]'' (Lebanon, N.H.: University Press of New England, 2004), p. 107.</ref> In the West Princes Street Gardens ablo [[Edinburgh Castle]], a plain upricht stane, makkit bi the sculptor Ian Hamilton Finlay in 1987, is cut wi the wirds "RLS – A Man of Letters 1850–1894".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Robert Louis Stevenson Memorial Grove |url=http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/directory_record/139197/robert_louis_stevenson_memorial_grove |access-date=27 October 2013 |publisher=City of Edinburgh Council |archive-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029190654/http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/directory_record/139197/robert_louis_stevenson_memorial_grove |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2013 a statue o Stevenson as a bairn wi his dug wis unveiled bi the writer [[Ian Rankin]] ootside Colinton Pairish Kirk.<ref name="BBCRLS">(27 October 2013) [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-24685842 Robert Louis Stevenson statue unveiled by Ian Rankin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028192850/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-24685842 |date=28 October 2018 }} BBC News Scotland, Retrieved 27 October 2013</ref> The sculptor wis Alan Herriot, an the siller tae pit it up wis raised bi the Colinton Community Conservation Trust.<ref name = BBCRLS/> Stevenson's hoose Skerryvore, at the heid o Alum Chine, wis badly damaged bi bombs in a destructive an deidly raid in the Bournemouth Blitz. For aw a campaign tae save it, the biggin wis dung doon.<ref name="O'Connor2014">{{Cite book |author=Sean O'Connor |title=Handsome Brute: The True Story of a Ladykiller |date=27 February 2014 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4711-0135-9}}</ref> In 1957 the Bournemouth Corporation laid oot a gairden as a memorial tae Stevenson, on the site o his Westbourne hoose, "Skerryvore", that he bade in frae 1885 tae 1887. Thare is a statue o the Skerryvore lighthoose on the site. Westbourne haes a Robert Louis Stevenson Avenue, named efter him.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bach |first=Eric |title=Robert Louis Stevenson – he gave us the phrase "Jekyll and Hyde" |url=https://britishheritage.org/robert-louis-stevenson |access-date=13 April 2024 |website=British Heritage |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Robert Louis Stevenson statue.JPG|thumb|Statue o Stevenson as a bairn, ootside Colinton Pairish Kirk in Edinburgh|left]] The smaa hotel in Wick whaur Stevenson bade in the simmer o 1868 is nou cried Stevenson House, an is merkit wi a plaque. The hoose is near the herbour, in the pairt o Wick kent as Pultneytown.<ref name="auto"/> In 1994, tae merk the 100t anniversary o Stevenson's daith, the Royal Bank of Scotland issued a series o commemorative [[Fowk on Clydesdale Bank notes|£1 notes]], wi a quill pen an Stevenson's signature on the front, an Stevenson's face on the back. Alangside Stevenson's portrait are scenes frae some o his buiks, an his hoose in Wastren Samoa.<ref name="commemorative">{{Cite web |title=Royal Bank Commemorative Notes |url=http://www.rampantscotland.com/SCM/royalcomm.htm |access-date=14 October 2008 |publisher=Rampant Scotland |archive-date=25 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525031728/http://www.rampantscotland.com/SCM/royalcomm.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Twa million notes were issued, ilk ane wi a serial nummer stairtin "RLS". The first note aff the press wis sent tae Samoa jist in time for their centenary celebrations on 3 December 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Banknotes: Commemorative Banknote |url=http://www.rbs.com/about03.asp?id=ABOUT_US/OUR_HERITAGE/OUR_HISTORY/OUR_BANKNOTES/COMMEMORATIVE_BANKNOTES |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015003123/http://www.rbs.com/about03.asp?id=ABOUT_US%2FOUR_HERITAGE%2FOUR_HISTORY%2FOUR_BANKNOTES%2FCOMMEMORATIVE_BANKNOTES |archive-date=15 October 2007 |access-date=20 October 2008 |publisher=The Royal Bank of Scotland }}</ref> In 2024 it wis annoonced that a sculpture on the theme o Jekyll an Hyde wad be pit up near whaur Skerryvore ance stuid.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2024 |title=Jekyll and Hyde-themed sculpture to honour Robert Louis Stevenson |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cn019r6y4ego |access-date=14 November 2024 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> ===Unitit States=== The Stevenson House at 530 Houston Street in Monterey, Californie, ance the French Hotel, minds on Stevenson's stay in 1879 in "the Old Pacific Capital", when he wis crossin the Unitit States tae jine his future wife, Fanny Osbourne. The Stevenson House museum haes a bas-relief o the sickly writer writin in his bed. Spyglass Hill Golf Course, first cried Pebble Beach Pines Golf Club, wis renamed "Spyglass Hill" bi Samuel F. B. Morse (1885–1969), the foonder o the Pebble Beach Company, efter a place in Stevenson's ''Treasure Island''. Aw the holes at Spyglass Hill are named efter characters an places in the novel. The Robert Louis Stevenson Museum in St. Helena, Californie, is hame tae ower 11,000 objects an artifacts, the maist o them Stevenson's ain. It appent in 1969, an hauds sic traisures as his bairnhood rockin chair, his writin desk, his toy sodgers an his personal writins, amang monie ither things. The museum is free tae the public, an serves as an academic archive for students, writers an fowk keen on Stevenson. The Robert Louis Stevenson Cottage is a smaa memorial museum tae Stevenson, stappit wi artifacts an information, that gies an excellent introduction tae the writer an his warks. It is at Saranac Lake, NY, a few mile frae Lake Placid.<ref>{{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |title=Robert Louis Stevenson Cottage (Baker Cottage), Saranac Lake |url=https://robert-louis-stevenson.org/107-baker-cottage-saranac-lake/ |website=RLS Website |access-date=4 July 2025}}</ref> Portsmouth Square in [[San Francisco]] haes an ootdoor Robert Louis Stevenson Memorial. In 2024 thare wis controversy ower the San Francisco statue. Jenny Leung, executive director o the Chinese Culture Center, said "There were a lot of vocal opinions about how ... Robert Louis Stevenson had nothing to do with Chinatown."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Sydney |date=25 January 2024 |orig-date=25 January 2024 |title=SF Chinatown Weighs in on Controversial Monuments in Portsmouth Square {{!}} KQED |url=https://www.kqed.org/news/11973503/sf-chinatown-weighs-in-on-controversial-monuments-in-portsmouth-square |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516215416/https://www.kqed.org/news/11973503/sf-chinatown-weighs-in-on-controversial-monuments-in-portsmouth-square |archive-date=16 May 2024 |access-date=11 August 2024 |website=www.kqed.org |language=en}}</ref> At least sax public an private schuils in the US are named efter Stevenson, amang them on the Upper West Side o Manhattan in New York Ceety,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Robert Louis Stevenson School |url=http://www.stevenson-school.org/ |access-date=8 June 2015 |website=stevenson-school.org |archive-date=23 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723000427/http://www.stevenson-school.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> in Fridley, Minnesota,<ref>"[http://www.fridley.k12.mn.us/page.cfm?p=1703 R. L. Stevenson Elementary School] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219034036/http://www.fridley.k12.mn.us/page.cfm?p=1703 |date=19 December 2014 }}". Fridley Public Schools. Retrieved 26 January 2014.</ref> in Burbank, Californie,<ref>"[https://www.burbankusd.org/rlses Robert Louis Stevenson Elementary School] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227144937/https://www.burbankusd.org/rlses |date=27 December 2022 }}", Burbank Unified School District. Retrieved 27 December 2022.</ref> in Grandview Heights, Ohio, in [[San Francisco]], Californie,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Robert Louis Stevenson Elementary |url=http://www.robertlouisstevensonschool.org/ |access-date=29 October 2016 |website=robertlouisstevensonschool.org |archive-date=28 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028211428/http://www.robertlouisstevensonschool.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> an in Merritt Island, Florida.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Stevenson Elementary School: FAQ's |language=en |work=Edline |url=http://www.edline.net/pages/RLStevenson_Elementary/About_Us/FAQ_s |access-date=26 March 2018 |archive-date=26 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326142150/http://www.edline.net/pages/RLStevenson_Elementary/About_Us/FAQ_s |url-status=live }}</ref> Thare is an R. L. Stevenson middle schuil in [[Honolulu]], Hawaii, an in Saint Helena, Californie. Stevenson School in Pebble Beach, Californie, wis set up in 1952 an is still gaun as a college preparatory boardin schuil. Robert Louis Stevenson State Park near Calistoga, Californie, taks in the place whaur he an Fanny spent their honeymuin in 1880.<ref>"[http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=472 Robert Louis Stevenson SP] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015234559/http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=472 |date=15 October 2017 }}". California Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved 18 July 2014.</ref> A street in Honolulu's Waikiki District, whaur Stevenson bade while he wis in the Hawaiian Islands, wis named efter his Samoan nem, Tusitala.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Farrell |first=Joseph |title=Robert Louis Stevenson and his meeting with a princess in Hawaii |work=The National |url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/17950082.robert-louis-stevenson-meeting-princess-hawaii/ |access-date=6 May 2020 |archive-date=3 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703005509/https://www.thenational.scot/news/17950082.robert-louis-stevenson-meeting-princess-hawaii/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Samoa=== [[File:Stephenson_Museum_Apia_banner.jpg|thumb|RLS Museum, Samoa]] Stevenson's former hame at Vailima, Samoa, is nou a museum devotit tae the later years o his life. The Robert Louis Stevenson Museum shows the hoose as it wis at the time o his daith, alang wi twa ither biggins addit tae Stevenson's original ane, makkin the museum three times the size. The peth tae Stevenson's grave at the tap o Mount Vaea stairts at the museum.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Robert Louis Stevenson Museum |url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/robert-louis-stevenson-museum |access-date=16 May 2021 |website=Atlas Obscura |language=en |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516185526/https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/robert-louis-stevenson-museum |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Fraunce=== The Chemin de Stevenson (GR 70) is a popular lang-distance fitpath in Fraunce that follaes rouchly the road Stevenson describit in ''Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes''. Thare are monie monuments an businesses named efter him alang the wey, amang them a fountain in the toun o Saint-Jean-du-Gard, whaur Stevenson selt his cuddy Modestine an took a stagecoach tae [[Alès]].<ref name="castle">{{Cite book |last=Castle |first=Alan |title=The Robert Louis Stevenson Trail |date=2007 |publisher=Cicerone |isbn=978-1-85284-511-7 |edition=2nd}}</ref> ==Gallery== <gallery mode="packed"> File:Count Girolamo Nerli - Robert Louis Stevenson, 1850 - 1894. Essayist, poet and novelist - Google Art Project.jpg|Portrait bi Girolamo Nerli, 1892 File:Robert Louis Stevenson and Kalakaua in the King's boathouse (PP-96-14-008).jpg|Wi Kalākaua in the King's boathoose File:Robert Louis Stevenson by Sargent.jpg|Portrait bi John Singer Sargent, 1887 File:Sargent - Robert Louis Stevenson and His Wife.jpg|Stevenson walks up an doon his dinin room in an 1885 portrait bi John Singer Sargent. His wife Fanny, sittin in an Indian dress, can be seen in the bottom richt corner. File:Robert Louis Stevenson's Photograph.jpg|Anither portrait bi Barnett in 1893, a wee bit different frae the mair weel-kent ane. File:Robert stevenson.JPG|Portrait bi William Blake Richmond, 1886 File:Robert Louis Stevenson c.1890 slnsw.jpg|Robert Louis Stevenson an his wife Fanny, Nan Tok an Natakanti, Butaritari Island, Kiribati, c. 1890 </gallery> ==Warks== ===Novels=== [[File:Kidnapped p58 (WBHole).jpg|thumb|upright|Illustration frae ''Kidnapped''. Caption: "Hoseason turned upon him with a flash" (chaipter VII, "I Go to Sea in the Brig "Covenant" of Dysart")]] * ''The Hair Trunk or The Ideal Commonwealth'' (1877): no feenisht an no published.<ref>{{Cite news |last=McCracken |first=Edd |date=20 March 2011 |title=Found: Louis Stevenson's missing masterpiece |work=Sunday Herald |location=Glasgow |url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/home-news/found-louis-stevenson-s-missing-masterpiece-1.1091457 |access-date=20 March 2011 |archive-date=9 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309204423/http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/home-news/found-louis-stevenson-s-missing-masterpiece-1.1091457 |url-status=live }}</ref> An annotatit edition o the original manuscript, editit an introduced bi Roger G. Swearingen, wis published as ''The Hair Trunk or The Ideal Commonwealth: An Extravaganza'' in August 2014. * ''Treasure Island'' (1883): his first muckle success, a tale o [[Piracy|piracy]], buried traisure an adventure, that haes been filmed monie times. In a letter tae W. E. Henley in 1881 he gied the earliest title kent, "The Sea Cook, or Treasure Island: a Story for Boys". * ''Prince Otto'' (1885): Stevenson's third full-lenth narrative, an action romance set in the imaginar Germanic state o Grünewald. * ''[[Unco Case o Dr Jekyll an Mr Hyde|Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde]]'' (1886): a novella aboot a dooble personality, adaptit monie times for stage an film. It wis influential an aw in the growth o unnerstaundin o the subconscious mind, throu its story o a kind, clever doctor that turns intae a [[Psychopathy|psychopathic]] monster efter takkin a drug meant tae separate guid frae evil in a personality. * ''Kidnapped'' (1886): a historical novel that tells o the laddie David Balfour's ettle tae win his inheritance, an his alliance wi Allan Breck Stewart in the intrigues o the [[Jacobitism|Jacobite]] troubles in Scotland. * ''The Black Arrow'' (1888): a historical adventure novel an romance set in the Wars o the Roses. * ''The Master of Ballantrae'' (1889): a tale o revenge set in Scotland, America an Indie. * ''The Wrong Box'' (1889): written wi Lloyd Osbourne. A comic novel aboot a tontine; filmed in 1966, wi John Mills, Ralph Richardson an [[Michael Caine]]. * ''The Wrecker'' (1892): written wi Lloyd Osbourne. The last pairt wis filmed in 1957 as an episode o the television series ''Maverick'', wi James Garner an Jack Kelly, an full credit tae Stevenson an Osbourne. * ''Catriona'' (1893): kent an aw as ''David Balfour''; a sequel tae ''Kidnapped'' that tells o Balfour's faurer adventures. * ''The Ebb-Tide'' (1894): written wi Lloyd Osbourne. * ''Weir of Hermiston'' (1896): no feenisht at the time o Stevenson's daith; thocht tae hae promised great airtistic growth. * ''St Ives'' (1897): no feenisht at the time o Stevenson's daith; feenisht bi Arthur Quiller-Couch. * ''Sophia Scarlet'': notes frae 1892 for a novel he niver feenisht, editit bi Robert Hoskins in ''Sophia Scarlet and Other Pacific Writings'' (Auckland: AUT Media, 2008) ===Collections o short stories=== [[File:Portrait of R. L. Stevenson at the age of thirty-seven.jpg|thumb|upright|{{center|Stevenson at 37}}]] *''New Arabian Nights'' (1882) (11 stories) *''More New Arabian Nights: The Dynamiter'' (1885) (written wi Fanny Van de Grift Stevenson) *''The Merry Men and Other Tales and Fables'' (1887) (6 stories) *''Island Nights' Entertainments'' (1893) (3 stories) *''Fables'' (1896) (20 stories: "The Persons of the Tale", "The Sinking Ship", "The Two Matches", "The Sick Man and the Fireman", "The Devil and the Innkeeper", "The Penitent", "The Yellow Paint", "The House of Eld", "The Four Reformers", "The Man and His Friend", "The Reader", "The Citizen and the Traveller", "The Distinguished Stranger", "The Carthorses and the Saddlehorse", "The Tadpole and the Frog", "Something in It", "Faith, Half Faith and No Faith at All", "The Touchstone", "The Poor Thing" an "The Song of the Morrow") *''Tales and Fantasies'' (1905) (3 stories) *''South Sea Tales'' (1996) (6 stories: "The Beach of Falesá", "The Bottle Imp", "The Isle of Voices", "The Ebb-Tide: A Trio and Quartette", "The Cart-Horses and the Saddle-Horse" an "Something in It") ===Short stories=== This is a list o his short stories in the order they were written<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://robert-louis-stevenson.org/|title=Robert Louis Stevenson|website=robert-louis-stevenson.org|accessdate=8 December 2022|archive-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208073658/https://www.robert-louis-stevenson.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> (leavin oot the stories he wrote wi Fanny in ''More New Arabian Nights: The Dynamiter''). {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Title !Date !Collection !Notes |- |"An Old Song" |1875 |No collectit |Stevenson's first published fiction, in ''London'', 1877, wi nae name pit tae it. Republished in 1982 bi R. Swearingen. |- |"When the Devil Was Well" |1875 |No collectit |First published in 1921, bi the Boston Bibliophile Society. |- |"Edifying Letters of the Rutherford Family" |1877 |No collectit |No feenisht. No richtly a short story. First published in 1982 bi R. Swearingen. |- |"Will o' the Mill" |1877 |''The Merry Men and Other Tales and Fables'', 1887 ||First published in ''The Cornhill Magazine'', 1878 |- |"A Lodging for the Night" |1877 |''New Arabian Nights'', 1882 |First published in ''Temple Bar'' in 1877 |- |"The Sire De Malétroit's Door" |1877 |''New Arabian Nights'', 1882 |First published in ''Temple Bar'' in 1878 |- |"The Suicide Club" |1878 |''New Arabian Nights'', 1882 |First published in ''London'' in 1878. Three linkit stories: "Story of the Young Man with the Cream Tarts", "Story of the Physician and the Saratoga Trunk" an "The Adventure of the Hansom Cab". Pairt o the ''Later-day Arabian Nights''. |- |"The Rajah's Diamond" |1878 |''New Arabian Nights'', 1882 |First published in ''London'' in 1878. Fower linkit stories: "Story of the Bandbox", "Story of the Young Man in Holy Orders", "Story of the House with the Green Blinds" an "The Adventure of Prince Florizel and a Detective". Pairt o the ''Later-day Arabian Nights''. |- |"Providence and the Guitar" |1878 |''New Arabian Nights'', 1882 |First published in ''London'' in 1878 |- |"The Story of a Lie" |1879 |''Tales and Fantasies'', 1905 |First published in ''New Quarterly Magazine'' in 1879. |- |"The Pavilion on the Links" |1880 |''New Arabian Nights'', 1882 |First published in ''The Cornhill Magazine'' in 1880. Telt in 9 wee chaipters. Later pit in ''New Arabian Nights'', wi a few bits cut. In 1890 [[Arthur Conan Doyle|Conan Doyle]] cried it the first English short story. |- |"Thrawn Janet" |1881 |''The Merry Men and Other Tales and Fables'', 1887 |First published in ''The Cornhill Magazine'', 1881 |- |"The Body Snatcher" |1881 |''Tales and Fantasies'', 1905 |First published in the Christmas 1884 edition o ''The Pall Mall Gazette''. |- |"The Merry Men" |1882 |''The Merry Men and Other Tales and Fables'', 1887 |First published in ''The Cornhill Magazine'' in 1882. Later pit, wi chynges, in ''The Merry Men and Other Tales and Fables''. |- |"Diogenes" |1882 |No collectit |Twa sketches: "Diogenes in London" an "Diogenes at the Savile Club". |- |"The Treasure of Franchard" |1883 |''The Merry Men and Other Tales and Fables'', 1887 |First published in ''Longman's Magazine'', 1883 |- |"Markheim" |1884 |''The Merry Men and Other Tales and Fables'', 1887 |First published in the ''Broken Shaft. Unwin's Annual.'', 1885 |- |"Olalla" |1885 |''The Merry Men and Other Tales and Fables'', 1887 |First published in ''The Court and Society Review'', 1885 |- |"The Great North Road" |1885 |No collectit |No feenisht bi Stevenson. First published in ''Illustrated London News''/''The Cosmopolitan'', 1895. Feenisht bi Stuart Campbell in 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dick |first1=Sandra |title=Scottish author's tale abandoned 140 years ago finally gets an ending |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/life_style/25562070.lost-robert-louis-stevenson-book-finally-ending/ |access-date=24 November 2025 |work=The Herald |date=24 November 2025 |location=Glasgow |page=3 |language=en}}</ref> |- |"The Story of a Recluse" |1885 |No collectit |No feenisht. First published by the Boston Bibliophile Society, 1921. Feenisht bi [[Alasdair Gray]] in 1985. |- |"[[Unco Case o Dr Jekyll an Mr Hyde|Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde]]" |1886 |On its ain, 1886 |Novella. Whiles cried, mair seldom, a short novel.<ref>''Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde and Other Tales'', Robert Louis Stevenson. Oxford World's Classics.</ref> |- |"The Misadventures of John Nicholson" |1887 |''Tales and Fantasies'', 1905 |Novella, wi the subtitle "A Christmas Story". First published in ''Yule Tide'', 1887 |- |"The Clockmaker" |1880s |No collectit |Ane o twa fables no pit in the 1896 collection.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Parfect |first=Ralph |date=2005 |title=Robert Louis Stevenson's "The Clockmaker" and "The Scientific Ape": Two Unpublished Fables |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/366388 |journal=English Literature in Transition, 1880–1920 |language=en |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=387–400 |doi=10.2487/Y008-J320-0428-0742 |issn=1559-2715}}</ref> |- |"The Scientific Ape" |1880s |No collectit |Ane o twa fables no pit in the 1896 collection. |- |"The Enchantress" |1889 |No collectit |First published in the hairst 1989 issue o ''The Georgia Review''. |- |"Adventures of Henry Shovel" |1891 |No collectit |No feenisht. First published in the ''Vailima Edition'', Vol. 25. Published alang wi three ither short fragments: "The Owl", "Cannonmills" an "Mr Baskerville and His Ward". |- |"The Bottle Imp" |1891 |''Island Nights' Entertainments'', 1893 |First published in ''Black and White'', 1891 |- |"The Beach of Falesá" |1892 |''Island Nights' Entertainments'', 1893 |Novella. First published in ''The Illustrated London News'' in 1892 |- |"The Isle of Voices" |1892 |''Island Nights' Entertainments'', 1893 |First published in ''National Observer'', 1893 |- |"The Waif Woman" |1892 |No collectit |No feenisht. First published in the ''Scribner's Magazine'', 1914 |- |"The Young Chevalier" |1893 |No collectit |No feenisht. First published in the ''Edinburgh Edition'', Vol. 26, 1897 |- |"Heathercat" |1894 |No collectit |No feenisht. First published in the ''Edinburgh Edition'', Vol. 20, 1897 |} ===Non-fiction=== [[File:Pen and Ink Sketch of Stevenson.jpg|thumb|upright|Pen-an-ink sketch bi Wyatt Eaton, 1888]] *{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Béranger, Pierre Jean de|short=x}}: first published in the 9t edition (1875–1889). *''Virginibus Puerisque, and Other Papers'' (1881), wi the essays ''Virginibus Puerisque i'' (1876); ''Virginibus Puerisque ii'' (1881); ''Virginibus Puerisque iii: On Falling in Love'' (1877); ''Virginibus Puerisque iv: The Truth of Intercourse'' (1879); ''Crabbed Age and Youth'' (1878); ''An Apology for Idlers'' (1877); ''Ordered South'' (1874); ''Aes Triplex'' (1878); ''El Dorado'' (1878); ''The English Admirals'' (1878); ''Some Portraits by Raeburn'' (no published afore); ''Child's Play'' (1878); ''Walking Tours'' (1876); ''Pan's Pipes'' (1878); ''A Plea for Gas Lamps'' (1878). *''Familiar Studies of Men and Books'' (1882), wi ''Preface, by Way of Criticism'' (no published afore); ''Victor Hugo's Romances'' (1874); ''Some Aspects of Robert Burns'' (1879); ''The Gospel According to Walt Whitman'' (1878); ''Henry David Thoreau: His Character and Opinions'' (1880); ''Yoshida-Torajiro'' (1880); ''François Villon, Student, Poet, Housebreaker'' (1877); ''Charles of Orleans'' (1876); ''Samuel Pepys'' (1881); ''John Knox and his Relations to Women'' (1875). *''Memories and Portraits'' (1887), a collection o essays. *''On the Choice of a Profession'' (1887) *''The Day After Tomorrow'' (1887) *''Memoir of Fleeming Jenkin'' (1888) *''Father Damien: an Open Letter to the Rev. Dr. Hyde of Honolulu'' (1890) *''A Footnote to History: Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa'' (1892) *''Vailima Letters'' (1895) *''Prayers Written at Vailima'' (1904) *''Essays in the Art of Writing'' (1905) *''Lay Morals and Other Papers'' (published efter his daith, in 1911, bi Chatto & Windus): the unrevised notes for a plannit treatise on ethics, written in Edinburgh in the spring o 1879 *''The New Lighthouse on the Dhu Heartach Rock, Argyllshire'' (1995): based on a manuscript o 1872, editit bi R. G. Swearingen. Californie. Silverado Museum. ===Poetry=== *''Moral Emblems'' (1882) *''A Child's Garden of Verses'' (1885): written for bairns but popular wi their faithers an mithers an aw. It includes sic favourites as "My Shadow" an "The Lamplighter", an is aften thocht tae gie a positive pictur o the writer's sickly bairnhood. *''Underwoods'' (1887), a collection o poetry written in baith English an [[Scots leid|Scots]]<ref name="rlsworks">{{Cite web|title=Works {{!}} Robert Louis Stevenson|url=http://robert-louis-stevenson.org/rlsworks/|access-date=2022-05-12|language=en-GB|archive-date=2022-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412020910/http://robert-louis-stevenson.org/rlsworks/|url-status=dead}}</ref> *''Ballads'' (1891): includes "Ticonderoga: A Legend of the West Highlands" (1887), based on a weel-kent Scots ghaist story, an "Heather Ale", arguably Stevenson's maist famous poem *''Songs of Travel and Other Verses'' (1896) *''Poems Hitherto Unpublished'', 3 vol. 1916, 1916, 1921, Boston Bibliophile Society, republished in ''New Poems'' ===Plays=== *''Three Plays'' (1892), written wi William Ernest Henley. It includes the plays ''Deacon Brodie'', ''Beau Austin'' an ''Admiral Guinea''. ===Traivel writin=== [[File:Robert Louis Stevenson with the Native Chief Tui-Ma-Le-Alh-Fano.jpg|thumb|upright|Stevenson wi the native chief Tui-Ma-Le-Alh-Fano]] *''An Inland Voyage'' (1878): traivels wi a freend in a ''Rob Roy'' canoe frae [[Antwerp]] (Belgium) tae Pontoise, jist north o Paris. *''Edinburgh: Picturesque Notes'' (1878): a hymn o praise tae his birthplace, that gies Stevenson's ain introduction tae ilka pairt o the ceety, an some o the history ahint its different pairts an its maist famous biggins. *''Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes'' (1879): a twa-week ramble on his lane (wi Modestine tae cairy his gear) in the Cévennes muntains (sooth-central Fraunce), ane o the first buiks tae present hikin an campin as ploys for pleesure. It tells o him gettin ane o the first sleepin bags ever makkit. *''The Silverado Squatters'' (1883): an unconventional honeymuin trip tae a desertit minin camp in the Napa Valley wi his new wife Fanny an her son Lloyd. He saw afore its time that the Californie wine industry wad be ane tae reckon wi. *''Across the Plains'' (written in 1879–80, published in 1892): the seicont stage o his journey, bi train frae New York tae Californie (efter that ''The Silverado Squatters'' taks up the tale). It includes ither traivel essays an aw. *''The Amateur Emigrant'' (written 1879–80, published 1895): an account o the first stage o his journey tae Californie, bi ship frae Europe tae New York. Andrew Noble (''From the Clyde to California: Robert Louis Stevenson's Emigrant Journey'', 1985) thinks it is his finest wark. *''The Old and New Pacific Capitals'' (1882): an account o his stay in Monterey, Californie, an [[San Francisco]] frae August tae December 1879.<ref>Stevenson,&nbsp;Robert Louis. ''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_amateur_emigrant_The_old_and_new_pac/ul0h1ivRBYYC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA146 The Amateur Emigrant. The Silverado Squatters. The Silverado Diary]''.&nbsp;The Works of Robert Louis Stevenson, South Seas Edition, Volume IV. New York: Scribner's,&nbsp;1925. 146.</ref><ref>Stevenson, Robert Louis. ''[https://archive.org/details/bwb_S0-EEW-772/page/n10/mode/1up From Scotland to Silverado]''. Edited by James D. Hart. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of [[Harvard University Press]] 1966. vf.</ref> ::"[https://archive.org/details/sim_frasers-magazine_1880-11_22_131/page/647/mode/1up The Old Pacific Capital]", ''Fraser's Magazine''. November, 1880. 647–57. ::"[https://archive.org/details/sim_magazine-of-art-1878_1883_6/page/272/mode/1up A Modern Cosmopolis]", ''The Magazine of Art''. Mey, 1883. 272–6. *''Essays of Travel'' (London: Chatto & Windus, 1905) *Sawyers, June Skinner (ed.) (2002), ''Dreams of Elsewhere: The Selected Travel Writings of Robert Louis Stevenson'', The In Pin, Glasgow, {{isbn|1-903238-62-5}} ===Island literature=== Though they're no weel kent, his island fiction an non-fiction is amang the maist valuable an collectit o the 19t-century body o wark aboot the Pacific. *''In the South Seas'' (1896): a collection o Stevenson's airticles an essays on his traivels in the Pacific. *''A Footnote to History, Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa'' (1892). ==See an aw== * [[Writers' Museum]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Soorces== *Graham Balfour (1901), ''The Life of Robert Louis Stevenson'', London: Methuen *Calder, Jenni (1980), ''RLS: A Life Study'', London: Hamish Hamilton, {{isbn|0-241-10374-6}} *{{Cite book |last=Callow |first=Philip |title=Louis: A Life of Robert Louis Stevenson |publisher=Constable |year=2001 |isbn=0-09-480180-0 |location=London}} *John Jay Chapman (1969), "Robert Louis Stevenson", in ''Emerson, and Other Essays''. New York: AMS Press, 1969, {{ISBN|0-404-00619-1}} (reprinted from the edition of 1899) *David Daiches (1973), ''Robert Louis Stevenson and His World'', London: Thames and Hudson, {{ISBN|0-500-13045-0}} *Malcolm Elwin (1950), ''The Strange Case of Robert Louis Stevenson'', London: Macdonald. *Farrell, Joseph (2017), ''Robert Louis Stevenson in Samoa''. London: Maclehose Press. {{ISBN|978-0-85705-995-6}}. *J.C. Furnas (1952), ''Voyage to Windward: The Life of Robert Louis Stevenson'', London: Faber and Faber. *Claire Harman (2005), ''Robert Louis Stevenson: A Biography'', HarperCollins, {{ISBN|0-00-711321-8}} [reviewed by Matthew Sturgis in ''The Times Literary Supplement'', 11 March 2005, page 8] * Knight, Alanna (ed.) (1986), ''R.L.S. in the South Seas: An Intimate Photographic Record'', Edinburgh: Mainstream. {{ISBN|978-185158013-2}} *McLynn, Frank (1993), ''Robert Louis Stevenson. A Biography''. London: Hutchinson. *Rosaline Masson (1912), ''Robert Louis Stevenson''. London: The People's Books. *——— (1923), ''The Life of Robert Louis Stevenson''. Edinburgh & London: W. & R. Chambers. *——— (ed.) (1923), ''I Can Remember Robert Louis Stevenson''. Edinburgh & London: W. & R. Chambers. *Ernest Mehew (2004), "Robert Louis Stevenson", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford: OUP. Retrieved 29 September 2008 * {{Cite book |last=Pinero |first=Arthur Wing |title=Robert Louis Stevenson: The Dramatist |date=1903 |publisher=Philosophical Institution of Edinburgh |location=London |author-link=Arthur Wing Pinero}} *Pope-Hennessy, James (1974), ''Robert Louis Stevenson. A Biography'', London: Cape. {{ISBN|0-224-01007-7}} *Reid, Julia (2009), ''Robert Louis Stevenson, Science, and the Fin de Siècle'', Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-23032-3 *Eve Blantyre Simpson (1898), ''Robert Louis Stevenson's Edinburgh Days'', London: Hodder & Stoughton. *——— (1912), ''The Robert Louis Stevenson Originals'', [With illustrations and facsimiles], London & Edinburgh: T. N. Foulis. * {{Cite book |last=Stephen |first=Leslie |title=Studies of a Biographer |publisher=Duckworth & Co. |year=1902 |volume=4 |location=London |pages=206–246 |chapter=Robert Louis Stevenson |author-link=Leslie Stephen}} ==Faurer readin== * Capus, Alex. ''Sailing by Starlight: In Search of Treasure Island. A Conjecture'', London, Haus Publishing, 2010. {{isbn|978-1-90659-878-5}} * Clunas, Alex, ''R.L. Stevenson, Precursor of the Post-Moderns?'', in Murray, Glen (ed.), ''Cencrastus'' No. 6, Autumn 1981, pp.&nbsp;9 – 11 * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Stevenson, Robert Lewis Balfour | volume= 25 |last= Gosse |first= Edmund William |author-link= Edmund William Gosse| pages = 907&ndash;910 }} * Hammond, J. R. ''A Robert Louis Stevenson Chronology'', Macmillan Press, 1997. {{isbn|978-0-333-63888-0}} * Hubbard, Tom (1996), "Debut at Antwerp: The [[Flanders]] Chapters of Robert Louis Stevenson's ''An Inland Voyage'', in Hubbard, Tom (2022), ''Invitation to the Voyage: Scotland, Europe and Literature'', Rymour, pp. 48 – 52, {{isbn|9-781739-596002}} * Hubbard, Tom (2009), "Writing Scottishly on Non-Scottish Matters", in Hubbard, Tom (2022), ''Invitation to the Voyage: Scotland, Europe and Literature'', Rymour, pp.&nbsp;135 – 138, {{isbn|9-781739-596002}} * Mintz, Steven. ''A Prison of Expectations: The Family in Victorian Culture'', New York University Press, 1983. * Shaw, Michael (ed.), ''A Friendship in Letters: Robert Louis Stevenson & J.M. Barrie'', Sandstone Press, Inverness, 2020, {{isbn|978-1-913207-02-1}} ==Freemit airtins== {{wikisource|works=or}} {{Wikiquote}} {{Library resources box}} * {{Gutenberg author |id=35}} * {{Internet Archive author |sname=Robert Louis Stevenson}} * {{Librivox author |id=115}} *[https://digital.nls.uk/rlstevenson/browse/archive/84240597 Early editions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224192822/https://digital.nls.uk/rlstevenson/browse/archive/84240597 |date=24 February 2024 }}, includin buiks, collectit an uncollectit essays an serialisations frae the National Library of Scotland *[http://www.bl.uk/people/robert-louis-stevenson Robert Louis Stevenson] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922151730/http://www.bl.uk/people/robert-louis-stevenson |date=22 September 2021 }} at the British Library *Archive material at [https://explore.library.leeds.ac.uk/special-collections-explore/7440/robert_louis_stevenson_correspondence_and_literar Leeds University Library] * [https://rose.library.emory.edu/ Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library], Emory University: [http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/8zg0n Robert Louis Stevenson collection, circa 1890–1923]{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} * Edwin J. Beinecke Collection of Robert Louis Stevenson. General Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University. * Robert Louis Stevenson Collection. General Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University. {{Commonscat}} {{Makars}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Stevenson, Robert Louis}} [[Category:Robert Louis Stevenson| ]] [[Category:1850 births]] [[Category:1894 daiths]] [[Category:19t-century Scots novelists]] [[Category:19t-century Scots poets]] [[Category:19t-century Scots writers]] [[Category:19t-century Breetish short story writers]] [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Edinburgh]] [[Category:Breetish non-feection ootdoors writers]] [[Category:Fabulists]] [[Category:Lallans poets]] [[Category:Maritime writers]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Edinburgh Academy]] [[Category:Samoan writers]] [[Category:Scots childer's writers]] [[Category:Scots historical novelists]] [[Category:Scots horror writers]] [[Category:Scots novelists]] [[Category:Scots poets]] [[Category:Scots Presbyterians]] [[Category:Scots short story writers]] [[Category:Scots traivel writers]] [[Category:Victorian novelists]] [[Category:Writers frae Edinburgh]] [[Category:Childer's poets]] [[Category:Writers o Gothic feection]] a62u3szl5corna1p6bi528vspmnk0o2 0 8734 926909 875286 2026-11-08T20:36:05Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; jet propulsion an size addit, soorced 926909 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | fossil_range = {{Fossil range | Early Devonian | Recent | refs = <ref>see [[Boletzkyida]], [[Belemnite]]</ref>}} | image = Sepioteuthis sepioidea (Caribbean Reef Squid).jpg | image_alt = Caribbean reef squid ("Sepioteuthis sepioidea") | image_caption = [[Caribbean reef squid]] (''Sepioteuthis sepioidea'') | display_parents = 2 | taxon = Decapodiformes | authority = [[William Elford Leach|Leach]], 1817<ref name=tolweb>Young, R. E., Vecchione, M., Mangold, K. M. (2008). [http://tolweb.org/Decapodiformes/ Decapodiformes Leach, 1817. Squids, cuttlefishes and their relatives]. in The [[Tree of Life Web Project]]</ref> | synonyms = *Decembrachiata <small>[[Ronald Winckworth|Winckworth]], 1932</small> | synonyms_ref = | subdivision_ranks = Orders<ref>MolluscaBase (2019). Decapodiformes. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=325342 on 2019-02-11</ref> | subdivision = *[[Myopsida]] <small></small> *[[Oegopsida]] <small>[[Alcide d'Orbigny|d'Orbigny]], 1845</small> *[[Sepiida]] <small>[[Karl Alfred von Zittel|Zittel]], 1895</small> *[[Spirulida]] <small>[[Stolley]], 1919</small> *[[Teuthida]] <small>[[Adolf Naef|Naef]], 1916</small> (''[[nomen dubium]]'') *Decapodiformes ''[[incertae sedis]]'' **[[Bathyteuthoidea]] <small>[[Michael Vecchione|Vecchione]], [[Richard E. Young|Young]], & [[Michael J. Sweeney|Sweeney]], 2004</small> **[[Idiosepiidae]] <small>[[Adolf Appellöf|Appellöf]], 1898</small> }} '''Ink-fish''' (squid) are ocean [[cephalopod]]s, [[Mollusca|molluscs]] o the order ''Teuthida'', that taks in aboot 300 species. Lik ither cephalopods, ink-fish hae a distinct [[heid]], [[bilateral symmetry]], a mantle an airms. Lik [[cuttlefish]], they hae aucht airms an twa [[tentacle]]s arranged in pairs. (The anerly kent exception is the bigfin ink-fish group, that haes ten gey lang, thin airms o equal lenth.) Ink-fish muive bi jet propulsion, forcin watter oot throu a funnel.<ref name=Johnson1972>{{Cite journal | last1=Johnson | first1=W. | last2=Soden | first2=P. D. | last3=Trueman | first3=E. R. | year=1972 | title=A Study in Jet Propulsion: An analysis of the motion of the squid, ''Loligo vulgaris'' | journal=Journal of Experimental Biology | volume=56 | issue=1 | pages=155–165| doi=10.1242/jeb.56.1.155 | bibcode=1972JExpB..56..155J }}</ref> Maist ink-fish are nae mair nor {{cvt|60|cm}} lang, tho the giant ink-fish can grow tae {{cvt|13|m|ft}}.<ref name=OShea>{{cite web |last=O'Shea |first=S. |year=2003 |url=http://www.tonmo.com/science/public/giantsquidfacts.php |title=Giant Squid and Colossal Squid Fact Sheet |publisher=The Octopus News Magazine Online}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat|Cephalopoda}} {{taxonbar|from=Q81900|from2=Q843338}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Squid| ]] [[Category:Edible cephalopods]] [[Category:Commercial molluscs]] [[Category:Cenozoic cephalopods]] [[Category:Cretaceous cephalopods]] [[Category:Extant Late Cretaceous first appearances]] {{Stub/Ainimal}} heeata5cf6vxcqjezhp8guzm3o800p2 0 8806 926981 900410 2026-11-08T21:44:13Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; soorces addit 926981 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:JohnnyCash1969.jpg|thumb|Johnny Cash in 1969]] '''Johnny Cash''' (born '''J. R. Cash'''; 26 Februar 1932 – 12 September 2003) wis an [[Unitit States|American]] sangster-sangwriter. He is ane o the maist weel-kent an maist influential muisickers o the 20t century. Muckle o his muisic haes themes o sorrae, moral trauchle an redemption, maistly the sangs frae the later pairt o his career.<ref name="Parales">{{cite news |last1=Pareles |first1=Jon |title=Pop Review; Johnny Cash, Austerely Direct From Deep Within |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/09/16/arts/pop-review-johnny-cash-austerely-direct-from-deep-within.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=February 26, 2019 |date=September 16, 1994 |archive-date=December 26, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226021711/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/09/16/arts/pop-review-johnny-cash-austerely-direct-from-deep-within.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Mulligan">{{Citation|last=Mulligan|first=J.|title=Johnny Cash: American VI: Ain't No Grave|date=February 24, 2010|url=http://entertainment.ie/album-review/Johnny-Cash--American-VI-Ain%27t-No-Grave/6891.htm|website=Entertainment.ie|type=album review|access-date=March 22, 2010|archive-date=January 27, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127061702/http://entertainment.ie/album-review/Johnny-Cash--American-VI-Ain%27t-No-Grave/6891.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> == Bairnheid an early life == Johnny Cash wis born J.R. Cash in Kingsland, [[Arkansas]], tae Ray an Carrie (née Rivers) Cash, an raised in Dyess, Arkansas. It is thocht that he wis gien the nem J.R. acause his paurents coudna gree whit tae cry him, anely the initials. Houaniver, whan he jynt the Unitit States Air Force, they wadna accept J.R., so he chynged it tae John R. Cash. He wis ane o sieven bairns: Jack, Joanne Cash Yates, Louise Garrett, Reba Hancock, Roy, an Tommy. Bi the time he wis five, he wis awreadies wirkin in the cotton fields on his faimlies ferm. In 1944, Johnny's brither, wha he wis gey close tae, wis killt in an amshach in a mill whaur he wirkit. Cash aft spake o feelin guiltfu ower the incident, as Jack wis meant tae gae fishin wi Cash that day but insistit on gaun tae wirk, as the faimlie needit the siller. As a young lad, he leart guitar, an stairtit tae scrieve sangs. He wis influenced bi gospel muisic. In schuil, he even sang on the local radio station. Cash listit in the Unitit States Air Force, serrin as a morse code decoder on Roushie transmissions in [[Germany]]. Efter he wis honourably discharged in 1954, he gaed back tae Texas. Durin basic trainin he met Vivian Liberto, wha he mairit whan he gat back fae Germany in 1954. They haed fower dochters Rosanne (born 24 Mey 1955), Kathy (born 16 Aprile 1956), Cindy (born 29 Julie 1958) an Tara (born 24 August 1961). == Career == === Early career === Cash an Vivian flittit tae [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]], [[Tennessee]] in 1954, whaur he stairtit a baun wi Luther Perkins an Marshall Grant. Thay decidit tae audition for Sam Phillips o Sun Records, but he wisna impressed wi thair gospel muisic, thiknin he coudna sell gospel onymair. Cash wan ower Phillips wi mair sangs that war mair kintra. His first sangs "Hey Porter" an "Cry Cry Cry" war met wi complowsible success. His neist sang, "Folsom Prison Blues", makkit the kintra muisic chairt Tap 5, an "I Walk the Line" becam a kintra muisic nummer 1 an makkit the pop chairts Tap 20. He left Sun Records an jynt Columbia Records, an becam ane o thair maist successfu airtists. In the early 60s, he tourt wi the Carter Familie, whaur he met June Carter, wha he wuid gae on tae mairy. === Eemage === [[File:JohnnyCashJuneCarterCash1969.jpg|thumb|right|Johnny Cash wi June his seicont wife, June Carter Cash, in 1969]] In the early 60s, he stairtit drinkin a heap an becam addictit tae amphetamines an barbiturates. E'en tho his addiction war gaun oot on guidal, he still haed muisickal success, wi ane o his maist weel-kent sangs, "Ring of Fire", bein released durin this time. In 1965, his truck caucht fire, causin a forest fire that brunt hunders o acres o Los Padres National Forest, California, killin 49 o the forest's 53 endangert condors, an the government sued him for $82,001. Altho Cash haed an ootlaw eemage, he niver gaed tae preeson. Houaniver, he did spend a nicht in jile on sieven occasions, for misdemeanours. His addiction tae drogs wis at its warst at this pynt, an it led tae a divorce fae his wife. Houaniver in 1968, Cash quat uisin drogs, efter a spiritual epiphany in Nickajack Cove. He haed gaed intae the cove tae commit suicide unner the influence o drogs. He gaed deep intae the cove tryin tae tyne hissel, but he passt oot. Whan he woke up he chynged his mynd, an managed tae git oot o the cove bi follaein a faint licht an a breeze. The Carter faimlie muived him intae thair hame tae help him bate his addiction. He proponed tae [[June Carter Cash|June Carter]] onstage in London, [[Ontario]], an thay gat mairit a week efter. He then rediskivert his Christian faith. === The Man in Black === In the late 60s, he stairtit tae perform in preesons. Thir led tae twa gey successfu albums, ''At Folsom Prison'' an ''At San Quentin''. This included the single "A Boy Named Sue", a sang that raucht nummer 1 on the kintra chairts an nummer 2 on the pop chairts. He pleyed at a Swadish preeson an aw. Fae 1969 tae 1971 he haed his ain T.V. shaw, ''The Johnny Cash Show'', wi guests lik [[Bob Dylan]], [[Ray Charles]] an [[Kris Kristofferson]]. Bi the early 70s, he wis weel-kent for performin aw in black, an wis kent as The Man in Black, e'en releasin a sang o the same nem. He becam pals wi ilka Preses o the Unitit States, stairtin wi [[Richard Nixon]], but he wis closest tae [[Jimmy Carter]]. His first autobiography, ''Man in Black'', wis published in 1975 an selt 1.3 million copies. === Later career === Durin the 80s he wis inductit intae the Kintra Muisic Haw o Fame, but didna hae muckle success wi his muisic. Houaniver, in the 90s he wis signed bi American Recordings, a record label maist weel-kent for rap an rock. It wis wi thaim he recordit the album ''American Recordings'' in 1994. It wis a muckle hit, an wan a Grammy for Best Contemporar Folk Album. He gat a gey guid reception at Glastonbury Festival in 1994, whilk he said wis ane o the heichlichts o his career. He scrieved anither autobiography, ''Cash: The Autobiography'', an aw. In 1997 he wis diagnosed wi Shy-Drager Syndrome. The albums ''American III: Solitary Man'' (2000) an ''American IV: The Man Comes Around'' (2002) conteened Cash's response tae his unweelness in the furm o sangs o a mair sombre tone nor the first twa American albums. Thay war ruised bi critics an war gey popular. His wife, June, deed on 15 Mey 2003, at the age o sieventy-ane. Johnny Cash deed less nor fower month efter his wife, on 12 September 2003, while hospitalised at Baptist Hospital in [[Nashville, Tennessee]]. He wis birriet neist tae his wife in Hendersonville Memory Gardens naurhaund his hame in Hendersonville, Tennessee. == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cash, Johnny}} [[Category:Johnny Cash| ]] [[Category:1932 births]] [[Category:2003 daiths]] [[Category:20t-century American sangsters]] [[Category:21st-century American sangsters]] [[Category:Male actors frae Arkansas]] [[Category:American autobiografers]] [[Category:American bass-baritones]] [[Category:American country guitarists]] [[Category:American country sangster-sangwriters]] [[Category:American folk guitarists]] [[Category:American folk sangsters]] [[Category:American male film actors]] [[Category:American male sangster-sangwriters]] [[Category:American male televeesion actors]] [[Category:American male vyce actors]] [[Category:American fowk o Inglis strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Scots strynd]] [[Category:American performers o Christian muisic]] [[Category:American Christians]] [[Category:American Christian writers]] [[Category:American acoustic guitarists]] [[Category:American male guitarists]] [[Category:Buirials in Tennessee]] [[Category:Cash–Carter faimily]] [[Category:Charly Records airtists]] [[Category:Columbia Records airtists]] [[Category:Country Music Hall of Fame inductees]] [[Category:Country muisickers frae Arkansas]] [[Category:Daiths frae diabetes]] [[Category:Disease-relatit daiths in Tennessee]] [[Category:Grammy Legend Awaird winners]] [[Category:Grammy Lifetime Achievement Awaird winners]] [[Category:Grand Ole Opry members]] [[Category:Guitarists frae Arkansas]] [[Category:Guitarists frae Tennessee]] [[Category:Kennedy Center honourees]] [[Category:Members o the Country Music Association]] [[Category:Muisickers frae Nashville, Tennessee]] [[Category:Native Americans' richts activists]] [[Category:Fowk frae Arkansas]] [[Category:Fowk frae Cleveland Coonty, Arkansas]] [[Category:Fowk frae Hendersonville, Tennessee]] [[Category:Rock and roll muisickers]] [[Category:American rockabilly muisickers]] [[Category:Southern gospel performers]] [[Category:Sun Records airtists]] [[Category:The Highwaymen (country supergroup) members]] [[Category:Unitit States Air Force airmen]] [[Category:20t-century American guitarists]] [[Category:20t-century American male actors]] rveps9z4z4ko9pbh0ve7859umhso3i6 926993 926981 2026-11-08T22:03:08Z Monospaced 75295 Expandit an soorced: early life, career, personal life, daith an legacy 926993 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:JohnnyCash1969.jpg|thumb|Johnny Cash in 1969]] '''Johnny Cash''' (born '''J. R. Cash'''; 26 Februar 1932 – 12 September 2003) wis an [[Unitit States|American]] sangster-sangwriter. He is ane o the maist weel-kent an maist influential muisickers o the 20t century. Maist o his muisic haes themes o sorrae, moral trauchle an redemption, especially the sangs frae the later pairt o his career.<ref name="Parales">{{cite news |last1=Pareles |first1=Jon |title=Pop Review; Johnny Cash, Austerely Direct From Deep Within |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/09/16/arts/pop-review-johnny-cash-austerely-direct-from-deep-within.html |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=February 26, 2019 |date=September 16, 1994 |archive-date=December 26, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226021711/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/09/16/arts/pop-review-johnny-cash-austerely-direct-from-deep-within.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Mulligan">{{Citation|last=Mulligan|first=J.|title=Johnny Cash: American VI: Ain't No Grave|date=February 24, 2010|url=http://entertainment.ie/album-review/Johnny-Cash--American-VI-Ain%27t-No-Grave/6891.htm|website=Entertainment.ie|type=album review|access-date=March 22, 2010|archive-date=January 27, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127061702/http://entertainment.ie/album-review/Johnny-Cash--American-VI-Ain%27t-No-Grave/6891.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> He wis kent for his deep bass-baritone vyce, a rebellious streak an the free concerts he gied in preesons.<ref name="Fox">{{Citation|last=Fox|first=JA|title=Hard time's never a 'circus'|date=October 17, 2005|url=http://www.baylor.edu/pr/bitn/news.php?action=story&story=37416|newspaper=The Boston Herald|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060920020148/http://www.baylor.edu/pr/bitn/news.php?action=story&story=37416|publisher=Baylor University|access-date=March 22, 2010|archive-date=September 20, 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref> Born tae puir cotton fermers in Kingsland, [[Arkansas]], Cash grew up on gospel muisic an sang on a local radio station at the heich schuil. He served fower year in the [[Unitit States Air Force]], maist o it in Wast Germany, an cam tae fame in the mid-1950s in the rockabilly scene in [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]]. He wore black on stage, that gat him the nem "the Man in Black". Wi mair nor 90 million records selt, he is ane o the best-sellin muisickers o aw time.<ref>{{Citation|last=Holden|first=Stephen|title=Johnny Cash, Country Music Bedrock, Dies at 71|date=September 13, 2003|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/13/arts/johnny-cash-country-music-bedrock-dies-at-71.html|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=February 25, 2013|archive-date=November 4, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104172511/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/13/arts/johnny-cash-country-music-bedrock-dies-at-71.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Jones|first=Rebecca|date=January 14, 2014|title=More Johnny Cash material will be released says son|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-25725837|access-date=February 13, 2016|archive-date=March 30, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330162002/http://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-25725837|url-status=live}}</ref> Few ither airtists hae been inductit intae baith the [[Country Music Hall of Fame]] an the {{lang|en|[[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]]}}.<ref name="RS Cash">{{cite news |title=Johnny Cash: Remembering the Incomparable Legend of Country, Rock and Roll |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/johnny-cash-remembering-the-incomparable-legend-of-country-rock-and-roll-244037/ |first=Anthony |last=DeCurtis |magazine=Rolling Stone |date=October 16, 2003 |archive-date=December 8, 2019 |access-date=April 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208035634/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/johnny-cash-remembering-the-incomparable-legend-of-country-rock-and-roll-244037/ |url-status=live }}</ref> His life story wis tellt in the 2005 film ''[[Walk the Line]]''.<ref name=BOM>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=walktheline.htm |title=Walk the Line (2005) |publisher=Boxofficemojo.com |access-date=April 14, 2012}}</ref> == Early life == Johnny Cash wis born J. R. Cash on 26 Februar 1932 in Kingsland, Arkansas,<ref>Ellis, A. (2004, 01). "The man in black: Johnny cash, 1932–2003". ''Guitar Player'', 38, 31–32, 34.</ref> tae Carrie Cloveree (née Rivers) an Ray Cash. He wis ane o sieven bairns: Roy, Margaret Louise, Jack, Reba, Joanne an Tommy, that becam a kintra sangster an aw.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia | url=https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/johnny-cash-9/ | title=Johnny Cash (1932–2003) | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Arkansas | access-date=January 25, 2026 | archive-date=January 23, 2026 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260123230326/https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/johnny-cash-9/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.wkrn.com/news/local-news/celebrating-the-man-in-black-things-you-might-not-know-about-johnny-cash/ | title=Celebrating the Man in Black: Things you might not know about Johnny Cash | first=Erin | last=McCullough | work=WKRN-TV | date=February 26, 2023 | archive-date=May 4, 2025 | access-date=January 25, 2026 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250504115850/https://www.wkrn.com/news/local-news/celebrating-the-man-in-black-things-you-might-not-know-about-johnny-cash/ | url-status=live }}</ref> His mither wantit tae cry him John an his faither wantit Ray, sae thay gied him juist the initials "J. R." insteid.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Streissguth|first=M.|year=2006 |url=https://archive.org/details/johnnycashbiogra00stre_0|url-access=registration|title=Johnny Cash: a biography|place=Philadelphia, PA|publisher=Da Capo|page=[https://archive.org/details/johnnycashbiogra00stre_0/page/6 6]|isbn=978-0-306-81591-1}}</ref> The Air Force wadna tak initials for a first nem, sae he becam John R. Cash, an later Johnny Cash whan he signed wi [[Sun Records]] in 1955.<ref name="Streissguth_profile">{{Cite book|last=Streissguth|first=M.|url=https://archive.org/details/johnnycashbiogra00stre_0|title=Johnny Cash: a biography|publisher=Da Capo|year=2006|isbn=9780306813689|place=Philadelphia, PA|page=[https://archive.org/details/johnnycashbiogra00stre_0/page/196 196]|url-access=registration}}</ref> In Mairch 1935, whan he wis three, the faimlie flittit tae Dyess, Arkansas, a New Deal colony set up durin the Great Depression unner Preses [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]].<ref name=Bowden>{{cite news|last1=Bowden|first1=Bill|title=National Register accepts Johnny Cash boyhood home in Arkansas|url=http://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2018/may/05/national-register-accepts-cash-boyhood-/|access-date=May 7, 2018|work=ArkansasOnline|publisher=Arkansas Democrat-Gazette|date=May 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505231153/http://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2018/may/05/national-register-accepts-cash-boyhood-/|archive-date=May 5, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Frae the age o five, Cash wirkit in the cotton fields wi his faimlie, singin wi thaim as thay wirkit. A spate on the ferm in his bairnheid becam his sang "Five Feet High and Rising".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cash |first1=Johnny |last2=Carr |first2=Patrick |title=Cash: The Autobiography |date=2003 |publisher=Harper Collins |page=20 |url=https://books.google.com/books |isbn=0-06-072753-5 |access-date=February 26, 2019 |archive-date=July 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719062708/https://books.google.com/books |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1944 his aulder brither Jack, that he wis gey close tae, wis near cuttit in twa bi a table saw at his wirk an deed o his wounds a week efter.<ref>{{Cite magazine | url=https://www.billboard.com/photos/johnny-cash-his-life-in-photos-5694927/2-johnny-cash-aint-no-grave-600/ | title=Johnny Cash: His Life in Photos | magazine=Billboard | date=February 26, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Cash |first1=Johnny |last2=Carr |first2=Patrick |title=Cash: The Autobiography |date=2003 |publisher=Harper Collins |pages=24–26 |url=https://books.google.com/books |isbn=0-06-072753-5 |access-date=February 26, 2019 |archive-date=July 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719062708/https://books.google.com/books |url-status=live }}</ref> Jack wis meant tae gae fishin wi Cash that day, but insistit on gaun tae wirk acause the faimlie needit the siller. Cash aft spak o the guilt he felt ower it, an said he wis lookin forrit tae "meeting [his] brother in Heaven".<ref name="Streissguth_profile" /> He grew up on gospel muisic an the radio, an his mither an a freend leart him the guitar; he stairtit scrievin sangs at 12, an his heich tenor vyce later drapped tae a bass-baritone.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gross |first1=Terry |title=All I Did Was Ask: Conversations with Writers, Actors Musicians, and Artists |date=2004 |publisher=Hachette Books |page=31 |edition=Hardcover}}</ref> Cash jynt the Air Force on 7 Julie 1950, no lang efter the [[Korean War]] stairtit.<ref>{{cite web|first=William|last=Abbott|url=http://www.southernmusic.net/johnnycash.html|title=Johnny Cash&nbsp;– February 26, 1932&nbsp;– September 12, 2003|website=Southernmusic.net|access-date=December 31, 2011|archive-date=April 14, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414225853/http://www.southernmusic.net/johnnycash.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Efter his trainin in [[San Antonio]], Texas, he wis postit tae Landsberg in Wast Germany as a [[Morse code]] operator listenin in on Soviet Airmy transmissions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.clashmusic.com/news/so-was-johnny-cash-the-first-american-to-learn-of-joseph-stalins-death/ |title=So, Was Johnny Cash The First American To Learn Of Joseph Stalin's Death? |last=Murray |first=Robin |website=Clash Music |date=March 8, 2023 |publisher=mtc. |access-date=March 10, 2023 |archive-date=June 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601023056/https://www.clashmusic.com/news/so-was-johnny-cash-the-first-american-to-learn-of-joseph-stalins-death |url-status=live }}</ref> He wis honourably dischairged as a staff sergeant on 3 Julie 1954 an gaed back tae Texas.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.war.gov/News/Feature-Stories/Story/Article/4157671/singer-johnny-cash-served-in-the-air-force-during-the-cold-war/ | title=Singer Johnny Cash Served in the Air Force During the Cold War | first=David | last=Vergun | work=United States Department of Defense | date=April 17, 2025 | access-date=January 25, 2026 | archive-date=January 26, 2026 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260126022532/https://www.war.gov/News/Feature-Stories/Story/Article/4157671/singer-johnny-cash-served-in-the-air-force-during-the-cold-war/ | url-status=live }}</ref> == Career == === Sun Records an the 1950s === In 1954 Cash an his wife Vivian flittit tae Memphis, whaur he pleyed wi the guitarist Luther Perkins an the bassist Marshall Grant, kent as the Tennessee Two. He gaed tae the Sun Records studio hopin for a recordin contract.<ref>{{cite web|title=Johnny Cash Biography and Interview|website=Achievement.org|publisher=American Academy of Achievement|url=https://www.achievement.org/achiever/johnny-cash/#interview|access-date=April 9, 2019|archive-date=January 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115050038/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/johnny-cash#interview|url-status=live}}</ref> He auditioned for Sam Phillips wi maistly gospel sangs, but Phillips tellt him he didna record gospel onymair. Cash wan him ower wi new sangs in his early rockabilly style, an his first Sun records, "Hey, Porter" an "Cry! Cry! Cry!", cam oot in 1955 an did weel on the kintra chairts. His neist record, "[[Folsom Prison Blues]]", gat intae the kintra tap five, an "I Walk the Line" wis nummer ane on the kintra chairts an gat intae the pop tap 20. === Columbia, Folsom Prison an San Quentin === In 1958 Cash left Sun for a weel-peyed contract wi Columbia Records, an becam ane o thair maist successfu airtists. In the early 1960s he tourt wi the Carter Faimlie, whaur he met June Carter. His version o "Ring of Fire" wis a crossower hit, nummer ane on the kintra chairts an in the pop tap 20. The mariachi-style horns on it war Cash's idea.<ref name=pc10>{{Pop Chronicles|10|3}}</ref> In the late 1950s Cash stairtit giein concerts in preesons, the first notable ane at San Quentin State Prison in Californie on 1 Januar 1958.<ref name="cash1958">[http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/inmate-merle-haggard-hears-johnny-cash-play-san-quentin-state-prison "Inmate Merle Haggard hears Johnny Cash play San Quentin State Prison"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410161423/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/inmate-merle-haggard-hears-johnny-cash-play-san-quentin-state-prison |date=April 10, 2016 }}, history.com; accessed June 24, 2014.</ref> Twa o thae concerts war released as ''At Folsom Prison'' (1968) an ''At San Quentin'' (1969), baith nummer ane on the ''Billboard'' kintra album chairt.<ref>Edwards, Leigh H. "Cash, Johnny." Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press.</ref> ''At San Quentin'' haed the hit "A Boy Named Sue", that wis nummer ane on the kintra chairts an nummer twa on the pop chairts. In 1972 he pleyed at Österåker Preeson in Swaden an aw. === The Johnny Cash Show === Frae Juin 1969 tae Mairch 1971 Cash haed his ain televeesion shaw, ''The Johnny Cash Show'', on the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] network, recordit at the Ryman Auditorium in Nashville.<ref name="The Vintage News-2017">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thevintagenews.com/2017/08/10/johnny-cashs-excellent-music-variety-tv-show-ran-58-episodes-but-was-canceled-in-a-rural-purge/|title=Johnny Cash's excellent music variety TV show ran 58 episodes but was canceled in a "rural purge"|date=August 10, 2017|work=The Vintage News|access-date=November 8, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> He brocht on guests frae ootside kintra muisic, amang thaim [[Bob Dylan]], [[Ray Charles]] an Joni Mitchell.<ref name="The Vintage News-2017" /> The shaw gied a muckle heeze tae [[Kris Kristofferson]]: whan Cash sang his "Sunday Mornin' Comin' Down" on the shaw, he wadna chynge the wirds for the network, an sang the line "I'm wishin', Lord, that I was stoned" as it stuid.<ref>{{Citation|title=The Best of the Johnny Cash TV Show 1969–1971|volume=Disc 1 (of 2)|publisher=Reverse Angle Production|year=2007}}</ref> Bi the early 1970s Cash wis weel kent as the Man in Black, an even released a sang o that nem. He said he wore black for the puir an the hungert, for the "prisoner who has long paid for his crime", an for thaim betrayed bi age or drogs.<ref name="85-86">{{cite book |last1=Cash |first1=Johnny |last2=Carr |first2=Patrick |title=Cash: The Autobiography |date=2003 |publisher=Harper Collins |pages=85–86 |url=https://books.google.com/books |isbn=0060727535 |access-date=February 26, 2019 |archive-date=July 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719062708/https://books.google.com/books |url-status=live }}</ref> He wis freends wi ilka Preses o the Unitit States frae [[Richard Nixon]] on, but he wis closest tae [[Jimmy Carter]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cash |first1=Johnny |last2=Carr |first2=Patrick |title=Cash: The Autobiography |date=2003 |publisher=Harper Collins |url=https://books.google.com/books |isbn=0060727535 |access-date=February 26, 2019 |archive-date=July 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719062708/https://books.google.com/books |url-status=live }}</ref> His first autobiography, ''Man in Black'', cam oot in 1975 an selt 1.3 million copies; a seicont, ''Cash: The Autobiography'', follit in 1997. === American Recordings wi Rick Rubin === In 1980 Cash becam the youngest leevin inductee o the Country Music Hall of Fame, but his records did less weel in the 1980s, though he tourt wi [[Willie Nelson]], Waylon Jennings an Kris Kristofferson as the Highwaymen. Efter Columbia drapped him an a short spell wi Mercury, he wis offert a contract bi Rick Rubin's label American Recordings, better kent for rap an [[Haurd rock|haurd rock]]. Unner Rubin, Cash recordit ''American Recordings'' (1994) in his livin room wi juist his guitar, maistly covers o modren airtists that Rubin pickit. It wis a muckle success wi critics an buyers, an wan a Grammy for Best Contemporary Folk Album.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/our-country/rick-rubin-remembers-johnny-cash-s--american-recordings---20-years-on-195915753.html | title=Rick Rubin Remembers Johnny Cash's 'American Recordings,' 20 Years On | first=Chris | last=Willman | work=Yahoo | date=April 25, 2014}}</ref> Cash wrate that his reception at the Glastonbury Festival in 1994 wis ane o the heichlichts o his career.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://variety.com/gallery/glastonbury-festival-10-best-moments-50-years/johnny-cash-2/ | title=The 10 Best Moments From Glastonbury Festival's 50 Year History | first=Ellise | last=Shafer | work=Variety | date=June 15, 2020 | archive-date=January 22, 2021 | access-date=January 25, 2026 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122011828/https://variety.com/gallery/glastonbury-festival-10-best-moments-50-years/johnny-cash-2/ | url-status=live }}</ref> === "Hurt" === Late in his career Cash released ''American III: Solitary Man'' (2000) an ''American IV: The Man Comes Around'' (2002), wi sangs o a mair sombre tone nor afore. ''American IV'' haed covers o late 20t-century rock sangs, amang thaim "Hurt" bi Nine Inch Nails an "Personal Jesus" bi Depeche Mode.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/1331-american-iv-the-man-comes-around/|title=Johnny Cash, ''American IV: The Man Comes Around''|last=Carr|first=Eric|date=November 7, 2002|work=Pitchfork|access-date=May 12, 2017|archive-date=May 6, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506130157/http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/1331-american-iv-the-man-comes-around/|url-status=live}}</ref> Trent Reznor o Nine Inch Nails said he wis dootfu at first aboot Cash coverin "Hurt", but wis impressed an muived whan he heard it.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.theninhotline.net/archives/articles/manager/display_article.php?id=11 |title=Geoff Rickly interviews Trent Reznor |magazine=Alternative Press |date=June 26, 2004 |access-date=October 15, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015203101/http://www.theninhotline.net/archives/articles/manager/display_article.php?id=11 |archive-date=October 15, 2017 }}</ref> The video for "Hurt" wis ruised bi critics an the public alike, an wan a Grammy Award.<ref>{{cite news |title=The 30 All-TIME Best Music Videos – Johnny Cash, 'Hurt' (2003) |url=https://entertainment.time.com/2011/07/28/the-30-all-time-best-music-videos/slide/johnny-cash-hurt-2003/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926214843/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2085389_2085359_2085375,00.html |url-status=live |archive-date=September 26, 2011 |magazine=Time |access-date=October 19, 2024 |first=Glen |last=Levy |date=July 26, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=100 Greatest Music Videos|url=https://www.nme.com/list/100-greatest-music-videos/217342/page/10|publisher=NME|access-date=December 15, 2012|date=June 2, 2011|archive-date=May 10, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510091711/http://www.nme.com/list/100-greatest-music-videos/217342/page/10|url-status=live}}</ref> == Personal life == [[File:JohnnyCashJuneCarterCash1969.jpg|thumb|right|Johnny Cash wi his seicont wife, June Carter Cash, in 1969]] On 18 Julie 1951, durin his basic trainin, Cash met Vivian Liberto, a 17-year-auld Italian-American, at a roller-skatin rink in San Antonio.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Hate Groups Went After Johnny Cash in the 1960s |url=https://www.history.com/news/why-hate-groups-went-after-johnny-cash-in-the-1960s |website=History |date=August 2, 2017 |access-date=November 7, 2018 |language=en |archive-date=March 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306173306/https://www.history.com/news/why-hate-groups-went-after-johnny-cash-in-the-1960s |url-status=live }}</ref> Efter three weeks thegither he wis postit tae Germany, an thay wrate hunders o luve letters. Thay mairit on 7 August 1954 an haed fower dochters: Rosanne (born 24 Mey 1955), Kathy (born 16 Aprile 1956), Cindy (born 29 Julie 1958) an Tara (born 24 August 1961). Thay divorced in 1966. Cash met June Carter o the Carter Faimlie on tour. In 1968, 13 year efter thay first met backstage at the Grand Ole Opry, he proponed tae her on stage in London, Ontario,<ref>{{Citation|place=London, UK|last=Sweeting|first=Adam|date=September 12, 2003|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2003/sep/12/johnnycash|type=Obituary|title=Johnny Cash|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=January 26, 2009|archive-date=September 19, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919131745/http://www.guardian.co.uk/culture/2003/sep/12/johnnycash|url-status=live}}</ref> an thay mairit on 1 Mairch 1968 in Franklin, Kentucky; she haed greed tae mairy him aince he haed "cleaned up".<ref>{{cite book|last=Zwonitzer|first=Mark|title=Will You Miss Me When I'm Gone: The Carter Family and Their Legacy in American Music|url=https://archive.org/details/willyoumissmewhe0000zwon|url-access=registration|publisher=Simon & Schuster |year= 2002|isbn= 978-0-684-85763-3}}</ref> Thay haed ae son, John Carter Cash, born in 1970. Throu thair mairiage [[June Carter Cash|June]] tried tae keep him aff amphetamines, an stuid bi him throu aw his treatment.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.insp.com/stories/the-june-carter-cash-story/ | title=The June Carter Cash Story | work=INSP | last=Cah | first=Darlene | date=August 6, 2025 | access-date=January 27, 2026}}</ref> As his career teuk aff in the late 1950s, Cash stairtit drinkin a heap an becam addictit tae amphetamines an barbiturates. In Juin 1965 his camper caucht fire in Los Padres National Forest in Californie. The fire drave aff 49 o the 53 endangert [[Californie condor|condors]] there,<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.vcstar.com/story/entertainment/2016/10/26/johnny-cashs-first-wife-tells-of-romance-heartbreak-june-carter-vivian-cash-/92772320/ | title=The Man in Black's first wife, Vivian Cash, tells of romance, heartbreak | first=Brett | last=Johnson | work=Ventura County Star | date=October 26, 2016 | archive-date=January 9, 2026 | access-date=January 25, 2026 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260109124947/https://www.vcstar.com/story/entertainment/2016/10/26/johnny-cashs-first-wife-tells-of-romance-heartbreak-june-carter-vivian-cash-/92772320/ | url-status=live }}</ref> an he peyed the federal government $82,001 in a settlement.<ref>Williford, Stanley and Howard Hertel. "Singer Johnny Cash Pays $82,000 to U.S. in Fire Case", ''Los Angeles Times'', July 3, 1969, p. A3.</ref> Altho he haed an ootlaw image, he niver served a preeson sentence, but he wis held in jile for a nicht seiven times for misdemeanours. In 1965 he wis arrestit in [[El Paso, Texas]], wi hunders o pills in his guitar case.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://articles.latimes.com/2013/oct/12/entertainment/la-et-ms-johnny-cash-calif/3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219065356/http://articles.latimes.com/2013/oct/12/entertainment/la-et-ms-johnny-cash-calif/3|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 19, 2013|title=Johnny Cash's dark California days|last=Hilburn|first=Robert|date=October 12, 2013|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=November 8, 2018|language=en-US|issn=0458-3035}}</ref> "I was taking the pills for awhile, and then the pills started taking me," he said in 1997.<ref>Gross (2004). p. 34</ref> In 1968 Cash gaed intae Nickajack Cave in Tennessee tae end his life unner the influence o drogs, but he passed oot; whan he woke he chynged his mynd, an fund his wey oot bi follaein a faint licht an a breeze. June's faimlie flittit intae his hoose tae help him come aff drogs, though Marshall Grant said he didna stop aw thegither till efter his son wis born.<ref name="Grant page 92">{{cite book|last=Grant|first=Marshall|title=I Was There When It Happened&nbsp;– My Life With Johnny Cash|pages=[https://archive.org/details/iwastherewhenith00mars/page/92 92, 177]|publisher=Cumberland House|year=2005|isbn=978-1-58182-510-7|url=https://archive.org/details/iwastherewhenith00mars/page/92}}</ref> He gaed back tae amphetamines in 1977 an wis in treatment mair nor aince, the last time in 1992.<ref name=Grant>{{cite book|last=Grant|first=Marshall|title=I Was There When It Happened&nbsp;– My Life With Johnny Cash|publisher=Cumberland House|year=2005|isbn=978-1-58182-510-7|url=https://archive.org/details/iwastherewhenith00mars}}</ref> Cash wis brocht up in the Christian faith. In 1944 he becam a Christian at the Central Baptist Kirk in Dyess an stairtit singin in public there,<ref>Stephen L. Betts, [https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-country/johnny-cash-mothers-day-unlcouded-day-834181/ A Tribute to the Legacy of Johnny Cash in Word and Song] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251102194127/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-country/johnny-cash-mothers-day-unlcouded-day-834181/ |date=November 2, 2025 }}, rollingstone.com, USA, May 10, 2019</ref> an he wis baptised suin efter in the Tyronza River.<ref name="Man In Black">{{Citation|title=Man in Black|author=Johnny Cash|isbn=978-99924-31-58-0|publisher=Zondervan}}</ref> On 9 Mey 1971 he answert the altar call at Evangel Temple in Nashville.<ref>Dave Urbanski, ''The Man Comes Around: The Spiritual Journey of Johnny Cash.'' Relevant Books, 2003, p.99.</ref> He wrate a Christian novel, ''Man in White'' (1986), an whan a reporter speired if it wis written frae a Baptist, Catholic or Jewish pynt o view, he said: "I'm a Christian. Don't put me in another box."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cash |first1=Johnny |title=Man in White |date=2008 |publisher=Thomas Nelson |isbn=978-1595548368 |page=xiii |edition=Paperback |quote="I'm a Christian" [I said.] "Don't put me in another box."}}</ref> == Daith an legacy == In 1997 Cash wis diagnosed wi Shy–Drager syndrome, a form o multiple system atrophy.<ref>{{cite book |title=Cash: The Autobiography |url=https://archive.org/details/cashautobiograph00cash |url-access=registration |last1=Cash |first1=Johnny |last2=Carr |first2=Patrick |date=1998 |orig-year=1997 |isbn=0061013579 |location=New York, NY, USA |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers |pages=[https://archive.org/details/cashautobiograph00cash/page/400 400–403] |author-link=Johnny Cash}}</ref> The diagnosis wis later chynged tae autonomic neuropathy airisin frae diabetes. June deed on 15 Mey 2003, aged 73, efter complications frae hert surgery.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/16/arts/june-carter-cash-a-fixture-in-country-music-dies-at-73.html | title=June Carter Cash, a Fixture In Country Music, Dies at 73 | first=Ben | last=Ratliff | work=The New York Times | date=May 16, 2003 | url-access=limited | archive-date=February 28, 2024 | access-date=January 25, 2026 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228200738/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/16/arts/june-carter-cash-a-fixture-in-country-music-dies-at-73.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.npr.org/2003/05/15/1265360/singer-june-carter-cash-dies-at-73 | title=Singer June Carter Cash Dies at 73 | work=NPR | date=May 15, 2003 | archive-date=August 11, 2025 | access-date=January 25, 2026 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250811030347/https://www.npr.org/2003/05/15/1265360/singer-june-carter-cash-dies-at-73 | url-status=live }}</ref> He recordit 60 sangs in the last fower month o his life, believin his muisic wis his ae reason for livin.<ref>Puterbaugh, Parke. "Essential Johnny Cash." ''Rolling Stone'', October 16, 2003: 78. International Index to Music Periodicals Full Text [ProQuest]. Web. June 12, 2016.</ref> Cash deed o complications frae diabetes at Baptist Hospital in [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]] on 12 September 2003, aged 71, less nor fower month efter his wife. [[George W. Bush|Preses Bush]] cawed him a "music legend and American icon".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement on the Death of Johnny Cash {{!}} The American Presidency Project |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/statement-the-death-johnny-cash |access-date=2026-09-11 |website=www.presidency.ucsb.edu}}</ref> He wis buried aside his wife in Hendersonville Memory Gardens, near his hame in Hendersonville, Tennessee.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-sep-16-et-cash16-story.html|title=An everyman luminary, Cash is laid to rest|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=September 16, 2003}}</ref> Cash wis inductit intae the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1977, the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1980, the {{lang|en|Rock and Roll Hall of Fame}} in 1992, the Gospel Music Hall of Fame in 2010 an the Memphis Music Hall of Fame in 2013.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://nashvillesongwritersfoundation.com/Site/inductee?entry_id=1493 | title=Johnny Cash | work=Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame | access-date=January 25, 2026 | archive-date=November 17, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251117103446/https://nashvillesongwritersfoundation.com/Site/inductee?entry_id=1493 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://gospelmusichalloffame.org/hall-of-fame-inductees-and-honorees/johnny-cash | title=Johnny Cash | work=Gospel Music Hall of Fame | date=April 17, 2024 | access-date=January 25, 2026 | archive-date=February 12, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250212163812/https://gospelmusichalloffame.org/hall-of-fame-inductees-and-honorees/johnny-cash | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://memphismusichalloffame.com/inductee/johnnycash/ | title=Johnny Cash | work=Memphis Music Hall of Fame | access-date=January 25, 2026 | archive-date=November 14, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251114233305/https://memphismusichalloffame.com/inductee/johnnycash/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Forby Elvis Presley, he wis the anly airtist inductit as a performer intae baith the Country Music Hall of Fame an the {{lang|en|Rock and Roll Hall of Fame}}.<ref name="RS Cash"/> In 2005 his life story wis tellt in the biographical film ''Walk the Line'', wi [[Joaquin Phoenix]] as Cash an Reese Witherspoon as June Carter.<ref name=BOM/> == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cash, Johnny}} [[Category:Johnny Cash| ]] [[Category:1932 births]] [[Category:2003 daiths]] [[Category:20t-century American sangsters]] [[Category:21st-century American sangsters]] [[Category:Male actors frae Arkansas]] [[Category:American autobiografers]] [[Category:American bass-baritones]] [[Category:American country guitarists]] [[Category:American country sangster-sangwriters]] [[Category:American folk guitarists]] [[Category:American folk sangsters]] [[Category:American male film actors]] [[Category:American male sangster-sangwriters]] [[Category:American male televeesion actors]] [[Category:American male vyce actors]] [[Category:American fowk o Inglis strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Scots strynd]] [[Category:American performers o Christian muisic]] [[Category:American Christians]] [[Category:American Christian writers]] [[Category:American acoustic guitarists]] [[Category:American male guitarists]] [[Category:Buirials in Tennessee]] [[Category:Cash–Carter faimily]] [[Category:Charly Records airtists]] [[Category:Columbia Records airtists]] [[Category:Country Music Hall of Fame inductees]] [[Category:Country muisickers frae Arkansas]] [[Category:Daiths frae diabetes]] [[Category:Disease-relatit daiths in Tennessee]] [[Category:Grammy Legend Awaird winners]] [[Category:Grammy Lifetime Achievement Awaird winners]] [[Category:Grand Ole Opry members]] [[Category:Guitarists frae Arkansas]] [[Category:Guitarists frae Tennessee]] [[Category:Kennedy Center honourees]] [[Category:Members o the Country Music Association]] [[Category:Muisickers frae Nashville, Tennessee]] [[Category:Native Americans' richts activists]] [[Category:Fowk frae Arkansas]] [[Category:Fowk frae Cleveland Coonty, Arkansas]] [[Category:Fowk frae Hendersonville, Tennessee]] [[Category:Rock and roll muisickers]] [[Category:American rockabilly muisickers]] [[Category:Southern gospel performers]] [[Category:Sun Records airtists]] [[Category:The Highwaymen (country supergroup) members]] [[Category:Unitit States Air Force airmen]] [[Category:20t-century American guitarists]] [[Category:20t-century American male actors]] o4bolvq1aht000pdgil45avy4ik1njj 0 8905 926710 911632 2026-11-08T14:57:33Z Monospaced 75295 Unsoorced 926710 wikitext text/x-wiki {{unsoorced}} {{fixscots}} {{speciesbox | name = Sheep | status = DOM | image = Flock of sheep.jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = A flock o sheep. | genus = Ovis | species = aries | authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10t edeetion o Systema Naturae|1758]] }} The '''sheep''' (''Ovis aries'') is a [[quadruped]]al, [[ruminant]] [[mammal]] teepically keept as [[fermstockin]]. Lik aw ruminants, sheep are members o the order Artiodactyla, the [[even-taed ungulate]]s. Awtho the name "sheep" applees tae mony species in the genus ''[[Ovis]]'', in everyday uisage it awmaist alweys refers tae ''Ovis aries''. Nummerin a little ower ane billion, domestic sheep are an aa the maist numerous species o sheep. An adult female sheep is referred tae as a ''yowe'', an intact male as a ''tuip'', a [[Castration|libbit]] male as a ''wedder'', an a younger sheep as a ''lamm''. Sheep are maist likely descendit frae the wild [[mouflon]] o Europe an Asie. Ane o the earliest ainimals tae be domesticatit for [[agricultur]]al purposes, sheep are raised for [[oo|fleece]], meat (lamm, hogget or mutton) an [[sheep milk|milk]]. A sheep's [[oo]] is the maist widely uised ainimal feebre, an is uisually hairstit bi [[sheep shearin|shearin]]. Ovine meat is cried [[lamm an mutton|lamm]] when frae younger ainimals an [[Lamm an mutton|mutton]] when frae aulder anes. Sheep conteenue tae be important for oo an meat the day, an are an aa occasionally raised for [[Sheepskin (material)|pelts]], as [[dairy]] ainimals, or as [[model organism]]s for science. [[Sheep husbandry]] is practised ootthrou the majority o the inhabitit warld, an haes been fundamental tae mony ceevilisations. In the modren era, [[Australie]], [[New Zealand]], the soothren an central [[Sooth Americae|Sooth America]]n naitions, an the [[Breetish Isles]] are maist closely associatit wi sheep production. Sheepraisin haes a lairge [[glossary o sheep husbandry|lexicon o unique terms]] which vary conseederably bi region an [[dialect]]. Uise o the wird ''sheep'' began as a derivation o the [[Auld Inglis]] wird ''{{lang|ang|scēap}}''; it is baith the singular an plural name for the ainimal. A group o sheep is cried a hirsel, flock, [[herd]] or mob. Mony ither speceefic terms for the various life stages o sheep exeest, generally relatit tae lammin, shearin, an age. Bein a key ainimal in the history o fermin, sheep hae a deeply entrenched place in human cultur, an find representation in much modren leid an [[seembology]]. As livestock, sheep are maist eften associatit wi [[pastoral]], [[Arcadia (utopia)|Arcadian]] eemagery. Sheep feegur in mony [[meethology|meethologies]]—sic as the [[Gowden Fleece]]—an major releegions, especially the [[Aubrahamic]] tradeetions. In baith auncient an morden releegious ritual, sheep are uised as [[ainimal saicrifeece|saicrifeecial ainimals]]. {{Commonscat|Ovis aries}} [[Category:Sheep]] [[Category:Megafauna]] [[Category:Yerbivorous ainimals]] [[Category:Ainimals descrived in 1758]] [[Category:Fermstockin]] lyxql5lfyrm4q9khyb0jy9eddvogxvm 0 8909 927173 913166 2026-11-09T03:20:59Z ~2026-59677-12 139958 i ate chees on toosday 927173 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Cheese platter.jpg|300px|thumb|A platter wi cheese an garnishes]] '''Cheese''' is (SO AMAZING MUST EAT CHEESE ON TOOSDAY) a fuid conseestin o fats an proteins, for ordinar makkit frae the [[milk]] o [[cou]]s, [[gait]]s an [[sheep]]. An auncient fuid that's oreegin pre-dates recordit history. It is made bi the gealin o the milk protein [[casein]]. The milk is acidifee'd an whan [[rennel]] is eikit til it, hit causes it geal. Syne the solit pairts is sindered an pressed intil its feenished furm. The're mony hunder sindry kynds o cheese wi mony texturs an flavours. {{Commonscat|Cheese}} '''Springheid''' Humans maist like discuivered cheese bi mistak whan carrien Milk frae ae place til tither athin pokes made frae the intimmers o Sheep,Gaits an Coo's. I the hyne awa times afore Refridgeration thon wes the maist common wey tae presser Milk. Tho we kenna whaur Cheese firstlins wes discuivered heistorians hae funnd evidence o the makkin o cheese athin The Middle Aest ,Europe an Central Asia frae as ferr back as 8000 BC.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thespruceeats.com/the-history-of-cheese-1328765|title=Cheese|last=|first=|date=|website=The Spruce Eats|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027035841/https://www.thespruceeats.com/the-history-of-cheese-1328765|archive-date=2020-10-27|access-date=25 October 2020}}Cite web</ref> '''Europe''' Cheesemakkin skeills is thocht tae hae been inbrocht til Europe bi traivelin tredds fowk frae Asia throu The Roman Impire. Frae the times o The Roman Impire the skeill o makkin cheese haed becum a Airt Furm at haes nae gret differs frae cheesemakkin the day. Thare war muckle varietie o cheese made an the mensefu an skeillie makkers haed thairsels lairned sindrie weys o stowin cheese at gied a rowth o flavours an textures. Wi the forderance o The Roman Impire cam the inbringin o cheese til airts whaur the like haedna been seen or preed afore alang wi the skeills o the cheesemakker. [[Category:Cheese| ]] [[Category:Dairy products]] '''Reference''' kv9lyaxiczbbwolngaz3scq3xj887lr 927187 927173 2026-11-09T08:36:49Z Monospaced 75295 Undae revision [[Special:Diff/927173|927173]] bi [[Special:Contributions/~2026-59677-12|~2026-59677-12]] ([[User talk:~2026-59677-12|Tauk]]) 927187 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Cheese platter.jpg|300px|thumb|A platter wi cheese an garnishes]] '''Cheese''' is a fuid conseestin o fats an proteins, for ordinar makkit frae the [[milk]] o [[cou]]s, [[gait]]s an [[sheep]]. An auncient fuid that's oreegin pre-dates recordit history. It is made bi the gealin o the milk protein [[casein]]. The milk is acidifee'd an whan [[rennel]] is eikit til it, hit causes it geal. Syne the solit pairts is sindered an pressed intil its feenished furm. The're mony hunder sindry kynds o cheese wi mony texturs an flavours. {{Commonscat|Cheese}} '''Springheid''' Humans maist like discuivered cheese bi mistak whan carrien Milk frae ae place til tither athin pokes made frae the intimmers o Sheep,Gaits an Coo's. I the hyne awa times afore Refridgeration thon wes the maist common wey tae presser Milk. Tho we kenna whaur Cheese firstlins wes discuivered heistorians hae funnd evidence o the makkin o cheese athin The Middle Aest ,Europe an Central Asia frae as ferr back as 8000 BC.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thespruceeats.com/the-history-of-cheese-1328765|title=Cheese|last=|first=|date=|website=The Spruce Eats|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027035841/https://www.thespruceeats.com/the-history-of-cheese-1328765|archive-date=2020-10-27|access-date=25 October 2020}}Cite web</ref> '''Europe''' Cheesemakkin skeills is thocht tae hae been inbrocht til Europe bi traivelin tredds fowk frae Asia throu The Roman Impire. Frae the times o The Roman Impire the skeill o makkin cheese haed becum a Airt Furm at haes nae gret differs frae cheesemakkin the day. Thare war muckle varietie o cheese made an the mensefu an skeillie makkers haed thairsels lairned sindrie weys o stowin cheese at gied a rowth o flavours an textures. Wi the forderance o The Roman Impire cam the inbringin o cheese til airts whaur the like haedna been seen or preed afore alang wi the skeills o the cheesemakker. [[Category:Cheese| ]] [[Category:Dairy products]] '''Reference''' 2jod135w3mgu5ueujo5v8xn9bbvey2o 0 9058 926958 925553 2026-11-08T21:28:31Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 926958 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | show_name = Teletubbies | image = Teletubbies Logo.png | caption = | creator = [[Anne Wood]]<br/>[[Andrew Davenport]] | developer = [[Ragdoll Productions]]<br/>Darrall Macqueen Ltd<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.c21media.net/nickelodeon-takes-teletubbies-reboot/|title=Nickelodeon takes Teletubbies reboot|publisher=C21 Media|date=6 November 2015|last=Franks|first=Nico|accessdate=27 May 2016}}</ref> | starring = <small>'''Original series:'''</small><br/>Dave Thompson<br/>Simon Shelton<br/>John Simmit<br/>Nikky Smedley<br/>Pui Fan Lee<br/><small>'''Revival series:'''</small><br/>Nick Kellington<br/>Rebecca Hyland<br/>Jeremiah Krage<br/>Rachelle Beinart | voices = <small>'''Original series:'''</small><br/>Toyah Willcox<br/>Eric Sykes<br/>Mark Heenehan<br/><small>'''Revival series:'''</small><br/>Jane Horrocks<br/>[[Jim Broadbent]]<br/>Fearne Cotton<br/>[[David Walliams]]<br/>Rochelle Humes<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapacks/teletubbies2</ref> | narrated = Tim Whitnall<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-32201894|title=Teletubbies voices revealed for new series|publisher=[[BBC|British Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=7 April 2015|accessdate=27 May 2016}}</ref><br/>Daniel Rigby<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2015-06-16/from-bt-adverts-and-teletubbies-to-undercover---the-screen-journey-of-daniel-rigby|title=From BT adverts and Teletubbies to Undercover - the screen journey of Daniel Rigby|publisher=[[Radio Times]]|date=16 June 2015|last=Fullerton|first=Huw|accessdate=27 May 2016|archive-date=2017-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170127204747/http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2015-06-16/from-bt-adverts-and-teletubbies-to-undercover---the-screen-journey-of-daniel-rigby|url-status=dead}}</ref> | opentheme = "Teletubbies say 'Eh-oh!'" | country = United Kingdom | language = English | num_episodes = 425 | list_episodes = List of Teletubbies episodes and videos | location = [[Stratford-upon-Avon]], [[Warwickshire]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/uh-oh--teletubbies-grassy-home-flooded---after-owner-becomes-sick-of-tourists-trying-to-visit-iconic-set-161625219.html#wFd1b6V|title=Uh-oh! Teletubbies grassy home flooded - after owner becomes sick of tourists trying to visit iconic set|publisher=Uk.news.yahoo.com|date=2 September 2013|accessdate=23 December 2015|archive-date=2020-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811102739/https://uk.news.yahoo.com/uh-oh--teletubbies-grassy-home-flooded---after-owner-becomes-sick-of-tourists-trying-to-visit-iconic-set-161625219.html#wFd1b6V|url-status=dead}}</ref> | executive_producer = David G. Hiller<br/>Vic Finch | runtime = 25 minutes | distributor = [[Pinewood Studios]]<ref name="InsiderMedia">{{cite news| title=Teletubbies joint venture|url=http://www.insidermedia.com/insider/southeast/47394-teletubbies-joint-venture-sale|date=14 February 2011|accessdate=4 January 2014|publisher=Insider Media}}</ref><br/>DHX Media<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dhxmedia.com/newsreleases/say-eh-oh-to-the-new-look-teletubbies/|title=Say 'Eh-Oh!' to the New-Look Teletubbies|publisher=DHX Media|date=3 June 2015|accessdate=28 May 2016|archive-date=2016-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816203839/http://www.dhxmedia.com/newsreleases/say-eh-oh-to-the-new-look-teletubbies/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br/>Viacom International<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nickpress.com/press-releases/2016/05/12/eh-oh-the-teletubbies-are-back-beloved-characters-return-in-all-new-preschool-series-on-nick-jr-channel-while-classic-original-episodes-launch-on-the-noggin-app|title=Eh-oh, the Teletubbies are back! Beloved characters return in all-new series on Nick Jr. channel|publisher=Viacom International, Inc.|date=12 May 2016|accessdate=28 May 2016|archive-date=2017-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506041711/http://www.nickpress.com/press-releases/2016/05/12/eh-oh-the-teletubbies-are-back-beloved-characters-return-in-all-new-preschool-series-on-nick-jr-channel-while-classic-original-episodes-launch-on-the-noggin-app|url-status=dead}}</ref> | network = [[CBeebies]] | picture_format = {{plainlist| * 480i (1997–2001) * 1080i (2015–present) }} | first_aired = <small>'''Original series:'''</small><br />{{Start date|1997|3|31|df=y}} – <br />{{End date|2001|2|16|df=y}}<br/> <small>'''Revival series:'''</small><br />{{Start date|2015|11|9|df=y}} – present | website = http://www.teletubbies.com }} '''''Teletubbies''''' is a Breetish [[pre-schuil]] [[bairns' televeesion series]] creatit bi [[Ragdoll Productions]]' [[Anne Wood]] an [[Andrew Davenport]] for the [[BBC]]. The programme follaes fower creatures o different colours kent as the Teletubbies, that are named for the telly screens on thair wames. Kent throu [[popular culture]] for the antennae that stick oot frae thair heids, the Teletubbies spik maistly in gibberish, an thay war designed tae leuk lik wee bairns.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bridging real world and toddler fantasy, Teletubbies reaches youngest audience|url=http://current.org/files/archive-site/ch/ch803t.html|accessdate=20 May 2016|work=Current.org|date=16 February 1998|last=Everhart|first=Karen|archive-date=2016-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817235434/http://current.org/files/archive-site/ch/ch803t.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kent for its heich production values, the series sune becam a commercial success in Britain an abroad. It wan several [[BAFTA|BAFTA]] awairds an wis nominatit for twa [[Daytime Emmy Award|Daytime Emmys]] throughout its run.<ref name="BBC News Entertainment: Tubbies toast another three years">{{cite news|title=Tubbies toast another three years|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/287940.stm|accessdate=3 June 2015|work=BBC News|date=1 March 1999}}</ref><ref name="bafta-2002">{{cite web|url=http://www.bafta.org/awards/childrens/nominations/?year=2002|title=Past Winners and Nominees&nbsp;– Children's&nbsp;– Awards&nbsp;– 2002|publisher=[[BAFTA]]|accessdate=13 January 2010}}</ref> A single based on the shaw's theme sang reached nummer 1 in the [[UK Singles Chart]] in December 1997 an remained in the Tap 75 for 32 weeks, selling ower a million copies.<ref name="Spilsbury2012">{{cite book|author=Richard Spilsbury|title=Simon Cowell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xzHagb095xgC&pg=PA16|date=1 July 2012|publisher=Heinemann Library|isbn=978-1-4329-6434-4|pages=16–}}</ref> Tho production on the first 365 episodes haed been annoonced cancelled in 2002,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/news/multi-platform/news/cbbc-wants-first-tenders/1177573.article|title=CBBC wants first tenders &#124; News &#124; Broadcast|publisher=Broadcast now.co.uk|date=29 June 2001|accessdate=10 July 2010}}</ref> sixty new episodes war ordered in 2014.<ref name="The Guardian">{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/media/2014/jun/13/bbc-cbeebies-orders-new-teletubbies-episodes|first=Mark|last=Sweeney|title=BBC’s CBeebies orders 60 new Teletubbies episodes|date=13 June 2014|work=www.theguardian.com|publisher=The Guardian}}</ref> Thay war shawn on [[CBeebies]] in the Unitit Kinrick an on Nick Jr. in the Unitit States.<ref>{{cite news|title=Teletubbies Reboot Coming to Nickelodeon|url=http://www.complex.com/pop-culture/2015/06/nickelodeon-gets-american-rights-for-bbc-teletubbies-reboot|date=12 June 2015|accessdate=20 May 2016|work=Complex|publisher=Complex Media, Inc.|archive-date=2017-09-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914130818/http://www.complex.com/pop-culture/2015/06/nickelodeon-gets-american-rights-for-bbc-teletubbies-reboot|url-status=dead}}</ref> Re-runs o the oreeginal 1997–2001 series hae been shawn on telly channels aw ower the warld. == Plot == The programme takes place in a gressy, floral landscape populated bi rabbits wi bird calls audible in the background. The main shelter o the fower Teletubbies is an earth house kent as the "Tubbytronic Superdome" implanted in the grund an accessed throu a hole at the tap or an especially lairge semicircular door at the dome's fit. The creatures co-exist wi a nummer o strange contraptions sic as the Noo-noo, the group's anthropomorphic blue [[vacuum cleaner]], an the Voice Trumpets. The shaw's colourfu, psychedelic setting wis designed specifically tae appeal tae the attention spans o infants an unlock different sections o the mind whiles an aw educatin young bairns o transitions that can be expected in life. An assortment o rituals are performed throughout the course o every episode, sic as the playful interactions atween the Teletubbies an the Voice Trumpets, the mishaps caused bi the Noo-noo, the footage o live bairns displayed on the screens in the Teletubbies' stomachs, an the magical event that occurs ance per episode. The event differs each time; it is eften caused inexplicably an is frequently strange yet whimsical. Each episode is closed bi the Voice Trumpets an the narrator tae the disappointed, reluctant, but eventually obedient Teletubbies, that bid fareweel tae the viewer as thay go back tae the Tubbytronic Superdome whiles the Sun baby sets. == Chairacters == ===Main chairacters=== *'''Tinky Winky''' (played bi Dave Thompson an Simon Shelton in the oreeginal series an bi Jeremiah Krage in the revival series)<ref name=Unmasked>{{cite news|title=The Teletubbies unmasked! The people behind the iconic children's TV characters|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2366611/The-Teletubbies-unmasked-The-people-iconic-childrens-TV-characters.html|accessdate=28 May 2016|work=Daily Mail|publisher=Daily Mail and General Trust|date=17 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Showreel: Jeremiah Krage|url=http://www.jeremiahkrage.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404182836/http://www.jeremiahkrage.com/|archivedate=4 April 2016|accessdate=22 April 2016|last=Krage|first=Jeremiah}}</ref> is the first Teletubby, as weel as the lairgest an auldest o the group. He is covered in purpie terrycloth an haes a [[triangle|triangular]] [[Antenna (radio)|antenna]] on his heid. He awmaist always cairies a reid bag. *'''Dipsy''' (played bi John Simmit in the oreeginal series an bi Nick Kellington in the revival series)<ref name="Zap2it Cast">{{cite web | url=http://tvlistings.zap2it.com/tv/teletubbies/cast/EP00224776?aid=zap2it|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530124458/http://tvlistings.zap2it.com/tv/teletubbies/cast/EP00224776?aid=zap2it|archivedate=30 May 2013|title=Teletubbies Cast - Zap2it|publisher=Zap2it}}</ref> is the seicont Teletubby. He is green an named efter his antenna, which resembles a dipstick. Dipsy is the maist stubborn o the Teletubbies, an will occasionally refuse tae go alang wi the others' group opinion. His face is notably darker than the rest o the Teletubbies, an the creators hae stated that he is black.<ref name="16things">{{cite news| title=Teletubbies: 16 things you didn't know|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/10903566/Teletubbies-16-things-you-didnt-know.html|date=24 December 2014|accessdate=5 April 2016|work=The Daily Telegraph|publisher=Telegraph Media Group}}</ref> *'''Laa-Laa''' (played bi Nikky Smedley in the oreeginal series an bi Rebecca Hyland in the revival series)<ref name="Zap2it Cast" /> is the third Teletubby. She is yellae an haes a curly antenna. Laa-Laa is very sweet, likes tae sing an dance, an is eften shawn leukin oot for the ither Teletubbies. Her favorite toy is an orange rubber ball. *'''Po''' (played bi Pui Fan Lee in the oreeginal series an bi Rachelle Beinart in the revival series)<ref name="Zap2it Cast" /> is the fowert Teletubby, as weel as the shortest an youngest. She is reid an haes an antenna shaped lik a stick uised for blowing soap bubbles. Po normally speaks in a saft vyce an haes been stated bi the shaw's creators tae be Cantonese.<ref name="16things" /> ===Supporting chairacters=== *The '''Noo-noo''' (operated bi Mark Dean in the oreeginal series)<ref name="Teletubbies Credits">{{cite web | url=http://www.worldcat.org/title/teletubbies-all-together-teletubbies-playful-pals-and-delightful-days/oclc/60547993#details-allauthors|archivedate=30 June 2015|title=Teletubbies Authors}}</ref> is a conscientious vacuum cleaner that acts as baith the Teletubbies' guardian an housekeeper. He hardly ever ventures ootside the Tubbytronic Superdome, instead remainin indoors an constantly cleaning wi his sucker-lik neb. He communicates throu a series o slurping an sucking noises. *The '''Voice Trumpets''' (voiced bi Fearne Cotton, [[Jim Broadbent]] an Antonia Thomas in the revival series)<ref name="Teletubbies Characters">{{cite web | url=http://us.teletubbies.com/about-teletubbies/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528005723/http://us.teletubbies.com/about-teletubbies/|archivedate=28 May 2016|title=About Teletubbies: The Characters}}</ref> are several devices resembling periscopes that rise frae the grund an interact wi the Teletubbies, eften engaging in gemmes wi them an serving as supervisors. Thay are the anly residents o Teletubbyland that spik in complete sentences. *The '''Sun Baby''' (played bi Jess Smith in the oreeginal series)<ref name=TDT>{{cite news|title=The baby from Teletubbies reveals herself|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/11310883/The-baby-from-Teletubbies-reveals-herself.html|accessdate=23 December 2014|agency=Unknown|publisher=The Daily Telegraph|date=23 December 2014}}</ref> appears at the beginnin an end o each episode. She acts as a wake-up caw for the Teletubbies. *Numerous '''rabbits''' are foond throughout Teletubbyland, an are depicted bi several Flemish Giant rabbits. The Teletubbies enjoy watching them hop an play. The rabbits are the anly teep o Yird ainimal foond in the laund, an tak residence in rabbit holes an bushes. *The '''Tubby Phone''' (voiced bi Jane Horrocks)<ref name="Teletubbies Characters" /> is a character in the revival series, that transports the Teletubbies tae the modren warld. *The '''Tiddlytubbies''' (voiced bi Teresa Gallagher) are baby Teletubbies appearin in the revival series. Thair names are Mi-Mi, Daa Daa, Baa, Ping, RuRu, Nin, Duggle Dee an Umby Pumby.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/dhx-media-announces-teletubbies-season-two-574465461.html|title=DHX Media Announces Teletubbies Season Two|publisher=PR Newswire|date=4 April 2016|accessdate=24 May 2016}}</ref> == Release == On 31 Mairch 1997, the first episode o ''Teletubbies'' aired on [[BBC2]]. It filled a timeslot previously held bi ''Playdays''. This schedule chynge initially received backlash frae parents, but the shaw wis nae moved.<ref name="Tegna">{{cite news| title=To Teletubby or not to Teletubby|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/to-teletubby-or-not-to-teletubby-1235645.html|date=12 October 1997|accessdate=27 May 2016|publisher=Tegna, Inc.|work=Tegna WTSP}}</ref> The programme's unconventional format quickly received attention frae the media, an it wis attracting twa million viewers per episode bi August.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/teletubbies-to-get-grown-up-help-with-their-baby-talk-1247240.html|title=Teletubbies to get grown-up help with their baby talk|publisher=The Independent|date=24 August 1997|accessdate=24 May 2016|last=McCann|first=Paul|archive-date=2017-02-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226014818/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/teletubbies-to-get-grown-up-help-with-their-baby-talk-1247240.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Februar 1998, ''The Sydney Morning Herald'' noted that it haed "reached cult status" in less nor a year on the air.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/120712794/|title=Padded sells|publisher=The Sydney Morning Herald|work=Newspapers.com|date=1 February 1998|accessdate=24 May 2016}}</ref> ''Teletubbies'' haes been aired in ower 120 countries in 45 different leids.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nickelodeon snaps up broadcast and on-demand rights to new Teletubbies|url=http://www.licensing.biz/news/read/nickelodeon-snaps-up-us-broadcast-and-on-demand-rights-to-new-teletubbies/042196|date=11 June 2015|accessdate=23 May 2016|work=Licensing.biz|publisher=NewBay Media|archive-date=2017-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630142506/http://www.licensing.biz/news/read/nickelodeon-snaps-up-us-broadcast-and-on-demand-rights-to-new-teletubbies/042196|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usmagazine.com/entertainment/news/teletubbies-will-return-to-tv-after-14-years-which-actor-will-star-201584|title=Teletubbies Will Return After 14 Years: See Which British Actor Will Star in New TV Show!|work=Us Weekly|publisher=Wenner Media LLC|date=4 August 2015}}</ref> In the Unitit States, the series airs on [[Nickelodeon]] as pairt o the Nick Jr. block.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/06/11/teletubbies-reboot_n_7561434.html|title=Nickelodeon Is Rebooting The 'Teletubbies'|publisher=Verizon Communications|work=The Huffington Post|date=11 June 2015|accessdate=24 June 2015|last=Whitney|first=Erin}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dhxmedia.com/newsreleases/major-tv-deal-for-brand-new-incarnation-of-hit-preschool-series/|title=DHX Media's ''Teletubbies'' heads to the US with Nick Jr. and the Noggin app|work=DHX Media|date=11 June 2015|access-date=2017-05-30|archive-date=2017-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170127183651/http://www.dhxmedia.com/newsreleases/major-tv-deal-for-brand-new-incarnation-of-hit-preschool-series/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Episodes are an aa released throu the Nick Jr. mobile application an on-demand services.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ew.com/article/2015/06/11/bbcs-teletubbies-reboot-picked-nickelodeon|title=Teletubbies reboot picked up by Nickelodeon|work=Entertainment Weekly|publisher=Time Inc.|date=11 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://us.teletubbies.com/about-teletubbies/where-to-watch/|title=Teletubbies: Where to Watch|work=Teletubbies.com|publisher=Viacom International, Inc.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160523235523/http://us.teletubbies.com/about-teletubbies/where-to-watch/|archivedate=23 May 2016|accessdate=28 May 2016}}</ref> The oreeginal series is available as pairt o the Noggin subscription service in North Americae.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.streamingmedia.com/PressRelease/Noggin-Nickelodeons-Preschool-Video-Subscription-Service-Expands-to-New-Platforms-and-Adds-Eight-Premium-Series-to-Content-Slate_40093.aspx|title=Noggin, Nickelodeon's Preschool Video Subscription Service, Expands to New Platforms and Adds Eight Premium Series to Content Slate|work=Streaming Media|publisher=Viacom International, Inc.|date=11 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://nutmegcreative.com/work/noggin-teletubbies/|title=Noggin's Teletubbies|work=Nutmeg Creative|accessdate=28 May 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528213348/http://nutmegcreative.com/work/noggin-teletubbies/|archivedate=28 May 2016}}</ref> It haed aired on PBS Kids until 2008. BBC Worldwide channels cairy the series in maist o Africae, Asia an Poland.<ref name="animation">{{cite web|url=http://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/dhx-inks-ten-teletubbies-broadcast-deals/|title=DHX inks ten ''Teletubbies'' broadcast deals|work=AnimationMagazine.net}}</ref> A Spaingie dub airs on Clan in Spain.<ref name="newswire">{{cite web|url=http://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/dhx-media-adds-10-more-broadcast-deals-for-the-new-teletubbies-573339351.html|title=DHX Media adds 10 more broadcast deals for the new ''Teletubbies''|work=Newswire.ca}}</ref> In Greece, the series airs on Nickelodeon Greece.<ref>{{cite news| title=Teletubbies - Nickelodeon Greece|url=http://www.nickelodeon.gr/seires/teletubbies|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506052613/http://www.nickelodeon.gr/seires/teletubbies|archivedate=6 May 2016|accessdate=23 May 2016|publisher=Viacom International, Inc.}}</ref> NPO Zappelin cairies the shaw in the Netherlands an MTVA airs it in Hungary.<ref name="animation" /> In Australia an New Zealand, the series airs on CBeebies Australia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbeebies.com/australia/teletubbies|title=Teletubbies - CBeebies Australia|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation|date=|accessdate=30 June 2015|archive-date=2015-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150812093452/http://www.cbeebies.com/australia/teletubbies|url-status=dead}}</ref> an ABC Kids. JimJam's Benelux feed airs the series an Ultra airs it in Serbia.<ref name="newswire" /> ''Teletubbies'' an aa airs on SIC in Portugal an e-Junior in the Middle East.<ref name="animation" /> == Promotion == === Merchandising === [[File:The Teletubbies are still here 2011 (6592747791).jpg|thumb|A kiddie ride at Chuck E. Cheese's featurin the ''Teletubbies'' characters.]] The toy company {{lang|en|Golden Bear Toys}} distributed the first line o ''Teletubbies'' dolls shortly efter the programme's debut.<ref>{{cite news| title=Start young, work hard and keep on trusting in success|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/yourbusiness/2876392/Start-young-work-hard-and-keep-on-trusting-in-success.html|date=9 February 2004|accessdate=14 April 2016|work=The Daily Telegraph|publisher=Telegraph Media Group|last=Tyler|first=Richard}}</ref> Thay war sauld internationally, wi talking toys available in multiple leids.<ref>{{cite news| title=Achtung, Teletubby is teaching baby to speak German|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1313325/Achtung-Teletubby-is-teaching-baby-to-speak-German.html|date=5 January 2001|accessdate=14 April 2016|work=The Daily Telegraph|publisher=Telegraph Media Group|last=Stokes|first=Paul}}</ref> [[Hasbro]] signed on tae develop a new range o products in 1998.<ref>{{cite news|title=Toy store pulls Teletubby doll|url=http://lubbockonline.com/stories/102398/LA0773.shtml#.V0rlNJMrI_U|date=23 October 1998|accessdate=25 May 2016|work=Lubbock Avalanche-Journal|publisher=Morris Communications|archive-date=2016-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701095359/http://lubbockonline.com/stories/102398/LA0773.shtml#.V0rlNJMrI_U|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1999, [[Microsoft|Microsoft UK]] released a set o interactive "ActiMates" toys based on the characters.<ref>{{cite news| title=Eh-oh! What is Bill Gates doing to our Tubbies?|url=http://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/1999/jan/31/life1.lifemagazine3|date=31 January 1999|accessdate=29 May 2016|work=[[The Guardian]]|last=McClellen|first=Jim|publisher=Guardian Media Group}}</ref> The Rasta Imposta company introduced ''Teletubbies'' costumes for childer an adults in the same year.<ref name="Blythe2011">{{cite book|author=Daniel Blythe|title=Collecting Gadgets and Games from the 1950s-90s|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nLhiBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA167|date=13 December 2011|publisher=Pen and Sword|isbn=978-1-84468-105-1|pages=167–}}</ref> Twa educational [[Video gemme|video game]]s featurin the characters war an aa released throughout the series' run.<ref>{{cite web| title=Teletubbies 2: Favourite Games|url=http://www.museumofplay.org/online-collections/22/66/109.10907|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528205014/http://www.museumofplay.org/online-collections/22/66/109.10907|archivedate=28 May 2016|publisher=The National Museum of Play|accessdate=28 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=Play with the Teletubbies: Early Childhood Game Review|url=http://www.ign.com/games/play-with-the-teletubbies/ps-15049|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528204915/http://www.ign.com/games/play-with-the-teletubbies/ps-15049|archivedate=28 May 2016|publisher=IGN|accessdate=28 May 2016}}</ref> ''Teletubbies'' dolls war the tap-selling Christmas toy in 1997.<ref>{{cite news| title=Top-selling Christmas toy from each of the past 30 years revealed|url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/lifestyle/family/top-selling-christmas-toy-each-6940354|date=3 December 2015|accessdate=14 April 2016|work=Daily Mirror|publisher=Trinity Mirror}}</ref><ref name="Holland2004">{{cite book|author=Patricia Holland|title=Picturing Childhood: The Myth of the Child in Popular Imagery|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TEsBAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA67|date=23 January 2004|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-0-85771-564-7|pages=67–}}</ref> Demand outstripped supply at maist retailers, reportedly prompting monie shops tae ration them tae ane for ilka customer.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/30764.stm|title=Teletubbies bigger than Buzz|date=13 November 1997|accessdate=14 April 2016|publisher=[[BBC|British Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref> In some cases, shoppers camped ootside stores overnicht in hopes o purchasing ''Teletubbies'' merchandise.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.dailypress.com/1998-03-29/features/9803270293_1_teletubby-items-toys-plush|title=Toy Stores Preparing For The Inevitable Craze For Teletubby Items|last=Lenz|first=Kimberly|date=29 March 1998|accessdate=14 April 2016|work=Daily Press|publisher=Tribune Publishing|archive-date=2017-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170127183925/http://articles.dailypress.com/1998-03-29/features/9803270293_1_teletubby-items-toys-plush|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.tes.com/article.aspx?storycode=74716|title=Toy stories 1997|last=Ghouri|first=Nadene|date=26 December 1997|accessdate=14 April 2016|work=TES|publisher=TGP Capital}}</ref> Fights ower the toys broke oot amang parents an collectors on occasion.<ref name="Company2012">{{cite book|author=Official Charts Company|title=Million Sellers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0zQDAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT311|date=20 November 2012|publisher=Music Sales Group|isbn=978-0-85712-882-9|pages=311–}}</ref><ref name="Brewer2013">{{cite book|author=Susan Brewer|title=Famous Character Dolls|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y95laWk98uoC&pg=PA64|year=2013|publisher=Casemate Publishers|isbn=978-1-84468-094-8|pages=64–}}</ref> Ower ane million dolls war sauld in Britain bi 25 December o that year, wi Golden Bear representatives estimating that sales coud hae reached three million if supplies haed been available.<ref>{{cite news| title=Teletubbies are top toy|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/news/teletubbies-are-top-toy-1.140411|date=24 December 1997|accessdate=14 April 2016|publisher=The Irish Times}}</ref> The plush toys war named "Toy of the Year" bi the British Association of Toy Retailers in 1998.<ref>{{cite web| title=Toy of the Year 1997: Eh-oh! It's the Teletubbies!|url=http://www.toyretailersassociation.co.uk/toy-year-1997|accessdate=14 April 2016|publisher=British Association of Toy Retailers}}</ref> Kids' meal tie-ins hae been released at fast-food restaurants throughout North Americae. In Mey 1999, [[Burger King]] distributed a set o sax ''Teletubbies'' plush toys.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fries with your Teletubby? Fast food titans fight for market share with toys|url=http://money.cnn.com/1999/05/21/busunu/fast_food_pkg/|date=21 May 1999|publisher=[[CNN|CNN Money]]|access-date=2017-05-30|archive-date=2017-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517013702/http://money.cnn.com/1999/05/21/busunu/fast_food_pkg/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Thay an aa included chicken nuggets shaped lik the characters on thair menu for a brief period o time.<ref name="RubinRubin2008">{{cite book|author1=Jordan Rubin|author2=Nicki Rubin|title=Great Physician's Rx for Children's Health|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GTBoaJPAIkoC&pg=PA7|date=1 January 2008|publisher=Thomas Nelson Inc|isbn=978-1-4185-7240-2|pages=7–}}</ref> Keychains modelled efter the characters war available at [[McDonald's]] in Apryle 2000.<ref>{{cite web| title=Time for Teletubbies...at McDonald's, April 2000|url=https://www.qsrmagazine.com/news/time-teletubbiesat-mcdonalds-april-2000|date=14 April 2000|publisher=QSR|work=QSR Magazine}}</ref> Thir promotions becam controversial amang adults that believed thay war intendit tae attract toddlers tae heich-fat food.<ref name="Schor2014">{{cite book|author=Juliet B. Schor|title=Born to Buy: The Commercialized Child and the New Consumer Cult|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5VMCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT258|date=19 August 2014|publisher=Scribner|isbn=978-1-4391-3090-2|pages=258–}}</ref> Psychiatrist Alvin Francis Poussaint considered the deals "troubling."<ref>{{cite web| title=Is advertising to kids wrong? Marketers respond|url=http://kidscreen.com/2000/11/01/30304-20001101/|date=1 November 2000|publisher=[[Playback (magazine)|Kidscreen]]}}</ref> He voiced his opinion on the matter publicly, but did nae tak action against the companies.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.br-online.de/jugend/izi/english/e-elliott.htm|title=Television and the Teletubbies: A reflection from early childhood service providers in Australia|last=Elliott|first=Roslyn|publisher=Bayerischer Rundfunk}}</ref> Twa kiddie rides featurin the characters war manufactured bi Jolly Roger.<ref>{{cite web| title=New licensed character ride for Jolly Roger|url=http://yourguides.net/vending/companies/jolly-roger-amusement-rides-ltd/news|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619235606/http://yourguides.net/vending/companies/jolly-roger-amusement-rides-ltd/news|archivedate=19 June 2010 |publisher=YourGuides|accessdate=29 May 2016}}</ref> Thay war available at select amusement parks an arcades, sic as Chuck E. Cheese's an Fantasy Island.<ref>{{cite web| title=Teletubbies Carousel Ride|url=http://www.photo-me.co.uk/retailers/kiddies-rides/carousels/teletubbies-carousel/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029125329/http://www.photo-me.co.uk/retailers/kiddies-rides/carousels/teletubbies-carousel/|archivedate=29 October 2014|publisher=Photo-Me|accessdate=29 May 2016}}</ref> Overseas ''Teletubbies'' merchandise sales throughout the 1990s delivered €136 million in profits for the BBC.<ref>{{cite news| title=Mini millionaires: Five who made their fortunes from children's cartoons|url=http://www.thejournal.ie/mini-millionaires-five-who-made-their-fortunes-from-childrens-cartoons-147125-Jun2011/|date=1 June 2011|accessdate=5 April 2016|work=TheJournal.ie|publisher=Distilled Media}}</ref> Bi the time o the programme's cancellation, ''Teletubbies'' toys haed generated ower £200 million in revenue for co-creautor Anne Wood alone.<ref>{{cite news| title=Ragdoll puts sales joint venture with BBC Worldwide on the market|url=http://www.theguardian.com/media/2013/jan/29/ragdoll-end-sales-joint-venture-bbc-worldwide|date=29 January 2013|accessdate=27 May 2016|work=[[The Guardian]]|last=Sweney|first=Mark|publisher=Guardian Media Group}}</ref> In 2005, Chris Hastings an Ben Jones o ''The Daily Telegraph'' cried ''Teletubbies'' "the most lucrative show in BBC television history."<ref>{{cite news| title=Teletubbies top BBC overseas sales at £120m|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1499688/Teletubbies-top-BBC-overseas-sales-at-120m.html|date=2 October 2005|accessdate=5 April 2016|work=The Daily Telegraph|publisher=Telegraph Media Group}}</ref> === Live events === Tae merk the tenth anniversary o the premiere o ''Teletubbies'', a series o events teuk place frae Mairch tae Apryle 2007.<ref name="tenth anniversary">{{cite news | author=Rusak, Gary | date=12 March 2007 | title=Teletubbies celebrate 10th anniversary in high style | publisher=KidScreen Magazine | url=http://www.kidscreen.com/articles/daily/20070312/teletubbies.html}}</ref> The characters headlined an invitation-anly event in [[London]] on 21 Mairch 2007. Thay appeared in [[New York City]]'s Times Square, Grand Central Terminal, an Apollo Theater. Thay war an aa interviewed on ''The Today Show'' in an episode that included the first televised appearance o the actors wioot thair costumes. A partnership wis formed wi Isaac Mizrahi in which Mizrahi designed Teletubbies-inspired bags tae be auctioned off tae benefit charities. A new line o claedin wis launched at the Pop-Up Shop<ref name="popup shop">{{cite news | title=Teletubbies Pop-Up Shop | url=http://www.taketheteletubbiestest.com/love_it/ | access-date=2017-05-30 | archive-date=2016-01-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130042602/http://www.taketheteletubbiestest.com/love_it/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> an ither specialty stores. New York City mayor [[Michael Bloomberg|Mike Bloomberg]] annoonced 28 Mairch 2007 "Teletubbies Day" an gae the key tae the ceety tae the Teletubbies. Efter thair shaw in New York, the Teletubbies went on thair first live European tour, performing in London, [[Paris]], [[Bremen]], [[Darmstadt]], Halle, [[Hamburg]], [[Cologne|Köln]], an [[Hannover]].<ref>{{cite news| title=Teletubbies reunite for free tour|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/6014858/Teletubbies-reunite-for-free-tour.html|date=12 August 2009|accessdate=20 May 2016|work=The Daily Telegraph|publisher=Telegraph Media Group}}</ref> In Januar 2016, costumed ''Teletubbies'' characters appeared at the American International Toy Fair.<ref>{{cite news|title=TOY FAIR 2016: Teletubbies join Character Options for toy unveiling|url=http://www.toynews-online.biz/news/read/toy-fair-2016-teletubbies-join-character-options-for-toy-unveiling/045926|date=26 January 2016|accessdate=17 April 2016|publisher=ToyNews|archive-date=2017-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212084124/http://www.toynews-online.biz/news/read/toy-fair-2016-teletubbies-join-character-options-for-toy-unveiling/045926|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Apryle 2016, the series' premiere on the Greek Nickelodeon channel wis advertised wi a series o appearances bi the Teletubbies at malls throughout [[Athens]].<ref>{{cite news| title=Eλάτε να γνωρίσετε τα Teletubbies από κοντά το Σάββατο 16/04 στο Avenue!|url=http://www.nickelodeon.gr/nea/story/3127/elate-na-gnorisete-ta-teletubbies-apo-konta-to-savvato-16-04-sto-avenue|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529191138/http://www.nickelodeon.gr/nea/story/3127/elate-na-gnorisete-ta-teletubbies-apo-konta-to-savvato-16-04-sto-avenue|archivedate=29 May 2016|date=13 April 2016|accessdate=29 May 2016|publisher=Viacom International, Inc.|work=Nickelodeon Greece}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title=Ραντεβού με τα Teletubbies|url=http://www.athinorama.gr/child/article/rantebou_me_ta_teletubbies__-2513592.html|date=16 April 2016|accessdate=23 May 2016|publisher=Athinorama}}</ref> This began wi a live shaw at Avenue Mall on 16 Apryle, which featurt baith the Teletubbies an a host frae the network.<ref>{{cite news|title=Τα TELETUBBIES αποκλειστικά για μια μέρα στην ΑΘήνα|url=https://pamebolta.gr/event/2016/04/14613/ta-teletubbies-apokleistika-gia-mia-mera-stin-athina|date=16 April 2016|accessdate=23 May 2016|publisher=Avenue Mall Athens|work=Pamebolta.gr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809010409/https://pamebolta.gr/event/2016/04/14613/ta-teletubbies-apokleistika-gia-mia-mera-stin-athina|archive-date=2016-08-09|url-status=dead}}</ref> Throughout Mey 2016, the characters appeared on various [[breakfast television|breakfast television programmes]] tae promote the upcoming series' debut on Nickelodeon in the Unitit States.<ref>{{cite news|title=Teletubbies Takeover Chicago's WGN Morning News|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/daily-southtown/community/chi-ugc-article-teletubbies-takeover-chicagos-wgn-morning-ne-1-2016-05-19-story.html|date=18 May 2016|accessdate=27 May 2016|publisher=The Chicago Tribune|archive-date=2016-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520113942/http://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/daily-southtown/community/chi-ugc-article-teletubbies-takeover-chicagos-wgn-morning-ne-1-2016-05-19-story.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Teletubbies return to TV|url=http://www.wtsp.com/entertainment/television/studio10/the-teletubbies-return-to-tv-1/198776346|date=18 May 2016|accessdate=27 May 2016|publisher=Tegna, Inc.|work=Tegna WTSP}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Reception == === Critical reception === The series received mixed reviews frae critics. Common Sense Media's Emily Ashby foond that "while the show's examples of cooperative play, wonder, and simple joys are gentle and pleasing, the creatures can still be a little grating to parents watching along."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.commonsensemedia.org/tv-reviews/teletubbies-2016|title=Teletubbies TV Review - Common Sense Media|work=Common Sense Media|last=Ashby|first=Emily|accessdate=28 May 2016}}</ref> Caryn James o ''[[The New York Times]]'' stated in her review that the episodes "offer a genuinely appealing combination: cute and slightly surreal."<ref>{{cite news| title=TELEVISION REVIEW; Teletubbies Say Eh-Oh, And Others Say Uh-Oh|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/04/06/arts/television-review-teletubbies-say-eh-oh-and-others-say-uh-oh.html|date=6 April 1998|accessdate=5 June 2014|last=James|first=Caryn|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Upon the shaw's release, some critics feared that the characters' uise o babbling in place o complete sentences wad negatively affect young viewers' ability tae communicate. The ''Daily Mirror'' reportit in 1997 that monie parents objected tae its "goo-goo style" an "said the show was a bad influence on their children."<ref>{{cite news|title=TELETUBBIES: Are They Harmless Fun or Bad for Our Children?|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-61096732.html|work=Daily Mirror|date=23 May 1997|access-date=2017-05-30|archive-date=2017-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201040217/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-61096732.html|url-status=dead}}{{subscription required|via=HighBeam}}</ref> Marina Krcmar, a professor o communication at the Wake Forest University, told interviewers in 2007 that "toddlers learn more from an adult speaker than they do from a program such as ''Teletubbies''."<ref>{{cite news| title=Teletubbies can't beat people in teaching first words|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/us-education-toddlers-teletubbies-idUSL2889488920070701|date=1 July 2007|accessdate=27 May 2016|publisher=Thomson Reuters|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> Psychiatrist Aric Sigman haes expressed his belief that "''Teletubbies'' is as bad for your child as a violent video game."<ref>{{cite news| title=Teletubbies is as bad for your child as a violent video game, says leading psychologist|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-1311139/Teletubbiesbad-child-violent-video-games.html|date=11 September 2010|accessdate=27 May 2016|publisher=Daily Mail and General Trust|work=Daily Mail}}</ref> Houiver, Paul McCann o ''The Independent'' defended this aspect o the shaw, statin that "''Teletubbies'' upsets those who automatically assume that progressive and creative learning is trendy nonsense. Those who believe that education should be strictly disciplined and functional, even when you're 18 months old. Thankfully ''Teletubbies'' isn't for them. It's for kids."<ref name="Tegna" /> === Tinky Winky controversy === Tinky Winky stairtit a controversy in 1999 acause he cairies a bag that leuks gey lik a woman's handbag<!--not "purse", which has a different meaning in UK English--> (awtho he wis first "outed" bi the academic an cultural critic Andy Medhurst in a letter o Julie 1997 tae ''The Face'').<ref>{{cite news| title=The Outing of Tinky Winky|url=http://priceonomics.com/the-outing-of-tinky-winky/|accessdate=27 May 2016|publisher=Priceonomics}}</ref> He aroused the interest o Jerry Falwell in 1999 when Falwell alleged that the character wis a "[[gay]] role model". Falwell issued an attack in his ''National Liberty Journal'', citing a ''[[The Washington Post|Washington Post]]'' "In/Out" column which stated that [[lesbian]] comedian [[Ellen DeGeneres]] wis "out" as the chief naitional gay representative, while trendy Tinky Winky wis "in". He warned parents that Tinky Winky coud be a covert homosexual seembol, acause "he is purple, the gay pride colour, and his antenna is shaped like a triangle: the gay pride symbol."<ref>{{cite news| title=Falwell Sees Gay in a Teletubby | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/11/us/national-news-briefs-falwell-sees-gay-in-a-teletubby.html|date=11 February 1999|accessdate=6 November 2010}}</ref> The BBC gied an offeecial response, expleenin that "Tinky Winky is simply a sweet, technological baby with a magic bag."<ref name="Kraidy2007">{{cite book|author=Kraidy|title=Hybridity, OR the Cultural Logic of Globalization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7-c1qL_VMIC&pg=PA106|date=1 September 2007|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1100-2|pages=106–}}</ref> Ken Viselman o Itsy-Bitsy Entertainment commented, "He's not gay. He's not [[heterosexuality|straight]]. He's just a character in a children's series."<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Ms7azOI8UgC|pages=106–107|title=Hybridity, Or the Cultural Logic of Globalization|author=Marwan Kraidy|isbn=978-1-59213-144-0|year=2005}}</ref> In Mey 2007, Pols Ombudsman for Childer Ewa Sowińska revisited the matter, an planned tae order an investigation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6698753.stm|title=Poland targets 'gay' Teletubbies|author=Adam Easton|publisher=BBC News|date=28 May 2007}}</ref> "I noticed that he has a woman's handbag, but I didn't realise he's a boy," Sowińska said in a public statement. She asked her office's [[psychologist]]s tae leuk intae the allegations. Efter the research in late 2007, she stated: "The opinion of a leading [[sexologist]], who maintains that this series has no negative effects on a child's psychology, is perfectly credible. As a result I have decided that it is no longer necessary to seek the opinion of other psychologists."<ref>{{Cite news|title=Polish watchdog backs away from Teletubbies probe|publisher=CBC|date=30 May 2007|url=http://www.cbc.ca/arts/tv/story/2007/05/30/teletubby-poland-noprobe.html}}</ref> Despite the objections, the ''Independent on Sunday''{{'}}s editors included Tinky Winky as the anly fictional character in the 2008 inaugural "Happy List", alongside 99 real-life adults recognised for makin Britain a better an happier place.<ref name=list2009>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/the-ios-happy-list-2008--the-100-816335.html|title=The IoS Happy List 2008 - the 100|work=The Independent|accessdate=24 May 2015|archive-date=2015-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925180156/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/the-ios-happy-list-2008--the-100-816335.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Cult follaein === Awtho the programme is aimed at childer atween the ages o ane an fower, it haed a substantial cult follaein wi aulder generations, mainly [[university]] an [[college]] [[student]]s.<ref name="Company2012"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Deconstructing Teletubbies: Differences between UK and US college students' reading of the children's television programme.|last=Gutenko|first=Gregory|publisher = College of Arts & Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City|location=Kansas City, Missouri, USA}}</ref><ref name="Brewer2010">{{cite book|author=Susan Brewer|title=Collecting Classic Girls' Toys|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J92wBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA153|date=19 July 2010|publisher=Remember When|isbn=978-1-78337-521-9|pages=153–}}</ref> The mixture o bricht colours, unusual designs, repetitive non-verbal dialogue, ritualistic format, an occasional forays intae physical comedy appealed tae monie fowk that saw the programme as haein psychedelic qualities.<ref>{{cite news| title=Uh-Oh! The 'Teletubbies' Are Making A Psychedelic Comeback|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/06/16/teletubbies-bbc-_n_5499988.html|date=16 June 2014|accessdate=27 May 2016|work=The Huffington Post|last=Toomer|first=Jessica|publisher=Verizon Communications}}</ref> === Awards an nominations === {| class="wikitable" style="width:99%" |- ! Year !! Presenter !! Award/Category !! Nominee !! Status !! Ref. |- | rowspan="3" | 1997 | [[Birmingham|City of Birmingham Awards]] | Best Midlands-Produced Childer's Television Production | rowspan="4" | [[Ragdoll Productions]] | rowspan="5" {{won}} | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbcworldwide.com/report/highligh/awards/page00.htm|title=BBC worldwide awards 97/98|publisher=[[BBC|British Broadcasting Corporation]]|accessdate=27 May 2016}}</ref> |- | NHK Japan Prize | Grand Prize (Pre-School Eddication) | <ref>{{cite web|title=1997 Japan Prize Winners|url=http://www.nhk.or.jp/jp-prize/english/1997/gprix.html|work=NHK.or.jp|publisher=[[NHK]]|accessdate=12 January 2015|archive-date=2017-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170127184531/http://www.nhk.or.jp/jp-prize/english/1997/gprix.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | Royal Television Society | Childer's Entertainment Award | <ref>{{cite web|title=Educational Television Award Winners 1997|url=https://rts.org.uk/award/educational-television-awards-1997|work=RTS.org.uk|publisher=Royal Television Society|accessdate=12 January 2015}}</ref> |- | rowspan="5" | 1998 | [[BAFTA|British Academy of Film and Television Arts]] | Best Pre-School Programme | <ref name="bafta-1998">{{cite web|url=http://www.bafta.org/awards/childrens/nominations/?year=1998|title=Past Winners and Nominees&nbsp;– Children's&nbsp;– Awards&nbsp;– 1998|publisher=[[BAFTA]]|accessdate=13 January 2010|archive-date=2012-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523180502/http://www.bafta.org/awards/childrens/nominations/?year=1998|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | Marketing Society Awards | New Product o the Year | Golden Bear Toys | <ref>{{cite news|title=Teletubbies win award|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-60918943.html|work=Birmingham Evening Mail|date=25 April 1998|access-date=2017-05-30|archive-date=2016-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911025738/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-60918943.html|url-status=dead}}{{subscription required|via=HighBeam}}</ref> |- | Online Film & Television Association | Best Childer's Series | rowspan="10" | [[Ragdoll Productions]] | rowspan="2" {{nominated}} | <ref name="Awards-17">{{cite news|title=Ragdoll Productions Awards|url=http://www.ragdoll.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Awards-17-Nov-15.pdf|work=Ragdoll.co.uk|date=17 November 2015|accessdate=30 December 2015|archive-date=2016-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701102800/http://www.ragdoll.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Awards-17-Nov-15.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | Television Critics Association | Outstanding Achievement in Childer's Programming | <ref name="Awards-17" /> |- | UK Independent Television Productions Awards | NATS Childer's Award | {{won}} | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dhxmedia.com/newsreleases/dhx-media-announces-licensing-deals-in-china-for-teletubbies-and-in-the-night-garden/|title=DHX Media Announces Licensing Deals in China for Teletubbies and In the Night Garden...|publisher=DHX Media|date=24 April 2014|accessdate=2 December 2014|archive-date=2017-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607181251/http://www.dhxmedia.com/newsreleases/dhx-media-announces-licensing-deals-in-china-for-teletubbies-and-in-the-night-garden/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" | 1999 | [[Daytime Emmy Award|Daytime Emmy Awards]] | Outstanding Pre-School Childer's Series | {{nominated}} | <ref>{{cite news| title=Teletubbies Nominated for Emmy Award|url=http://www.cwn.org.uk/business/a-z/r/ragdoll/1999/04/990408-emmy.htm|date=8 April 1999|accessdate=4 January 2014|publisher=Coventry & Warwickshire|last=Bates|first=Chris}}</ref> |- | Licensing Industry Merchandiser's Association | Oweraw License o the Year | rowspan="2" {{won}} | <ref>{{cite news|title=Itsy Bitsy fulfills license 'Po'-tential|url=https://business.highbeam.com/2012/article-1G1-54852759/itsy-bitsy-fulfills-license-potential|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=8 June 1999|access-date=2017-05-30|archive-date=2016-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805013513/https://business.highbeam.com/2012/article-1G1-54852759/itsy-bitsy-fulfills-license-potential|url-status=dead}}{{subscription required|via=HighBeam}}</ref> |- | Independent Television Productions Awards | Nickelodeon UK Childer's Award | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dhxmedia.com/newsreleases/agreements-signed-with-bbc-worldwide-asia-and-shanghai-v-pop-for-china/|title=Agreements signed with BBC Worldwide Asia and Shanghai V-Pop for China|publisher=DHX Media|date=24 April 2014|accessdate=2 December 2014|archive-date=2017-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712015309/http://www.dhxmedia.com/newsreleases/agreements-signed-with-bbc-worldwide-asia-and-shanghai-v-pop-for-china/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | Television Critics Association | Outstanding Achievement in Childer's Programming | {{nominated}} | <ref>{{cite news|title=TV Notes: WPXI to add anchor; where is Avedesian?|url=http://old.post-gazette.com/tv/19990615tv4.asp|work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|date=15 June 1999|accessdate=30 December 2015|last=Owen|first=Rob|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065930/http://old.post-gazette.com/tv/19990615tv4.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" | 2000 | Independent Television Productions Awards | Audiocall Indie Childer's Award | {{won}} | <ref name="Publications2003">{{cite book|author=Europa Publications|title=The International Who's Who 2004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sR4Ch1dMe8IC&pg=PA1830|year=2003|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-1-85743-217-6|pages=1830–}}</ref> |- | [[Daytime Emmy Award|Daytime Emmy Awards]] | Outstanding Pre-School Childer's Series | {{nominated}} | <ref>{{cite news| title=Teletubbies shortlisted for daytime Emmy|url=http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/teletubbies-shortlisted-for-daytime-emmy/1192638.article|date=29 March 2000|accessdate=4 January 2014|publisher=Broadcast}}</ref> |- | Royal Television Society | Eddication Award | rowspan="7" {{won}} | <ref>{{cite web|title=Educational Television Award Winners 2000|url=https://rts.org.uk/award/educational-television-awards-2000|work=RTS.org.uk|publisher=Royal Television Society|accessdate=12 January 2015}}</ref> |- | [[BAFTA|British Academy of Film and Television Arts]] | Outstanding Contreibution in Childer's Television and Film | [[Anne Wood]] | <ref>{{cite news| title=Children's favourites honoured|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1020282.stm|date=12 November 2000|accessdate=4 January 2014|publisher=[[BBC|British Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref> |- | 2002 | [[BAFTA|British Academy of Film and Television Arts]] | Best Pre-School Live Action Series | rowspan="5" | [[Ragdoll Productions]] | <ref name="bafta-2002" /> |- | rowspan="2" | 2014 | rowspan="2" | Prix Jeunesse | "Most Edgy" Programme o the Last 50 Years | <ref name="PJWinners">{{cite news|title=PRIX 2014 Prize Winners|url=http://prixjeunesse.de/images/PDF/PRIX_2014_PrizeWinners.pdf|date=12 November 2000|accessdate=4 January 2014|publisher=Prix Jeunesse International|archive-date=2017-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170127183415/http://prixjeunesse.de/images/PDF/PRIX_2014_PrizeWinners.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | Greatest Impact Programme o the Last 50 Years | <ref name="PJWinners" /> |} == Ither media == === In popular culture === * In episode 12 o ''The Vicar of Dibley'', Laa-Laa an Po are bridesmaids. Thay haud the wedding-dress train o Alice Springs Horton (née Tinker). * In an episode o ''[[The Simpsons]]'' titled "Hello Gutter, Hello Fadder", Homer dresses up lik a Teletubby tae entertain Maggie. * In the eleventh episode o the seicont series o ''The Chaser's War on Everything'', the possibility o Tinky Winky bein homosexual wis parodied when the Chaser's testit the Peel Hotel (in Collingwood, [[Melbourne]], [[Victoria|Victoria]])'s gaydar wi a Tinky Winky costumed figure that acted in a stereotypical homosexual fashion. * In 2012, during a full seicont an third series o tvN's ''Saturday Night Live Korea'', the programme wis referenced as ''Yeouido Teletubbies'' (여의도 텔레토비) tae portray the 2012 presidential election campaign. This experimental skit caused the popularity o SNL Korea's 'Crew', Kim Seul-gie an Kim Min-kyo that played the main candidates, tae rocket.<ref>[http://english.khan.co.kr/khan_art_view.html?code=710100&artid=201211071443357 Laugh and Enjoy a Satire of the Presidential Election, "Yeouido Teletubbies"], Kyunghyang Shinmun, 7 November 2012, Retrieved on 19 January 2013.</ref> === CD single === In December 1997, BBC Worldwide released a CD single frae the series, based on the shaw's theme sang, cried "Teletubbies say 'Eh-oh!'" It is the anly single frae ''Teletubbies'', makin the characters a one-hit wonder in the Unitit Kinrick. The sang wis written bi Andrew McCrorie-Shand an [[Andrew Davenport]], an produced bi McCrorie-Shand an Steve James. The single reached nummer 1 in the UK Singles Chart in December 1997, an remained in the Tap 75 for 32 weeks efter its release.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/37712.stm|title=Teletubbies top the charts|publisher=[[BBC|British Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=7 December 1997|accessdate=29 December 2008}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist|30em}} == Fremmit airtins == {{Sister project links|v=no|s=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|species=no|d=Q41403|n=Category:Teletubbies|b=no}} * [https://www.facebook.com/teletubbies Official Facebook page] * [https://twitter.com/teletubbieshq Official Twitter page] * [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCOk55dAgB8VnMlhaTEMeX5A Official YouTube channel] * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/cbeebies/teletubbies/ ''Teletubbies'' on CBeebies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061004150928/http://www.bbc.co.uk/cbeebies/teletubbies/ |date=2006-10-04 }} * [http://www.nickjr.com/teletubbies ''Teletubbies'' on NickJr.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529092202/http://www.nickjr.com/teletubbies/ |date=2017-05-29 }} * [http://www.nickpress.com/series/teletubbies ''Teletubbies'' on Nickelodeon Press] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616121956/http://www.nickpress.com/series/teletubbies |date=2017-06-16 }} * {{AllMovie title|161778|Teletubbies}} * {{TV.com show|teletubbies}} * {{IMDb title|0142055}} {{portal bar|BBC|Nickelodeon|Television in the United Kingdom}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:1990s Breetish bairns' televeesion series]] [[Category:1997 Breetish televeesion programme debuts]] [[Category:2000s Breetish bairns' televeesion series]] [[Category:2010s Nickelodeon shaws]] [[Category:BBC bairns' televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Inglis-leid televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Feectional species an races]] [[Category:Nick Jr. shaws]] [[Category:PBS Kids shaws]] [[Category:Preschuil eddication televeesion series]] [[Category:Teletubbies]] [[Category:Televeesion programmes featurin anthropomorphic chairacters]] [[Category:Televeesion programmes featurin puppetry]] [[Category:Televeesion series aboot freendship]] [[Category:Televeesion series bi DHX Media]] [[Category:Televeesion series produced at Pinewood Studios]] [[Category:PBS netwirk shaws]] [[Category:S4C televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Treehouse TV shaws]] [[Category:Childer's televeesion series]] [[Category:2010s Breetish televeesion series]] jk9hb6eqsrli73pxjgq761rw3n90qyj 0 9064 927221 856807 2026-11-09T10:11:03Z Monospaced 75295 Remove Fix Scots; lead rebuilt (retired 2017, nou a broadcaster), stale statistics taen oot 927221 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox NASCAR driver |name = Dale Earnhardt Jr. |image = Dale Earnhardt, Jr. - Sarah Stierch 04.jpg |caption = Earnhardt Jr. at the [[:en:2015 Toyota/Save Mart 350|2015 Toyota/Save Mart 350]] |birth_name=Ralph Dale Earnhardt Jr. |birth_date = {{birth date and age |1974|10|10}} |birth_place = Kannapolis, North Carolina |height = {{Height|ft=6|in=0}} |weight = {{convert|165|lb|kg|abbr=on}} |achievements = [[:en:1998 NASCAR Busch Series|1998]], [[:en:1999 NASCAR Busch Series|1999 Busch Series]] Champion<br/>[[:en:2004 Daytona 500|2004]], [[:en:2014 Daytona 500]] Winner<br/>2000 [[:en:NASCAR Sprint All-Star Race|The Winston]] Winner<br/>2003, [[:en:2008 Budweiser Shootout|2008]] Budweiser Shootout Winner<br/>[[:en:2003 NASCAR Winston Cup Series|2003]], [[:en:2004 NASCAR Nextel Cup Series|2004]], [[:en:2008 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series|2008]], [[:en:2015 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series|2015]], [[:en:2016 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series|2016]] Can-Am Duel Winner |awards = [[:en:2003 NASCAR Winston Cup Series|2003]]–[[:en:2016 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series|2016 Sprint Cup Series]] [[:en:NASCAR's Most Popular Driver Award|Most Popular Driver]] (14 times)<br/>[[:en:1999 NASCAR Busch Series|1999 Busch Series]] [[:en:NASCAR's Most Popular Driver Award|Most Popular Driver]] |Total_Cup_Races = 595 |Years_In_Cup = 18 |Cup_Car_Team = |Prev_Cup_Pos = 32nd |Previous_Year = 2016 |Best_Cup_Pos = 3rd ([[:en:2003 NASCAR Winston Cup Series|2003]]) |First_Cup_Race = [[:en:1999 NASCAR Winston Cup Series|1999]] Coca-Cola 600 (Charlotte) |Last_Cup_Race = [[:en:2016 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series|2016]] [[:en:2016 Quaker State 400|Quaker State 400]] (Kentucky) |First_Cup_Win = [[:en:2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series|2000]] [[:en:2000 DirecTV 500|DirecTV 500]] (Texas) |Last_Cup_Win = [[:en:2015 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series|2015]] [[:en:2015 Quicken Loans Race for Heroes 500|Quicken Loans Race for Heroes 500]] (Phoenix) |Cup_Wins = 26 |Cup_Top_Tens = 252 |Cup_Poles = 13 |Total_Busch_Races = 137 |Years_In_Busch = 20 |Busch_Car_Team = No. 88 ([[JR Motorsports]]) |Prev_Busch_Pos = 91st |Prev_Busch_Year = 2016 |Best_Busch_Pos = 1st ([[:en:1998 NASCAR Busch Series|1998]], [[:en:1999 NASCAR Busch Series|1999]]) |First_Busch_Race = [[:en:1996 NASCAR Busch Series|1996]] Carolina Pride / Red Dog 250 (Myrtle Beach) |Last_Busch_Race = [[:en:2016 NASCAR Xfinity Series|2016]] Toyota Care 250 (Richmond) |First_Busch_Win = [[:en:1998 NASCAR Busch Series|1998]] [[:en:Coca-Cola 300 (Texas)|Coca-Cola 300]] (Texas) |Last_Busch_Win = [[:en:2016 NASCAR Xfinity Series|2016]] Toyota Care 250 (Richmond) |Busch_Wins = 24 |Busch_Top_Tens = 90 |Busch_Poles = 10 |updated = July 9, 2016 }} '''Ralph Dale Earnhardt Jr.''' (born October 10, 1974), kent as '''Dale Jr''' or juist '''Junior''', is an American [[stock caur racin]] driver, team awner, broadcaster, podcaster an businessman. He is the son o the seiven-time [[NASCAR Cup Series]] champion [[Dale Earnhardt]]. He stapped racin full-time efter the 2017 season, but haes raced in a wheen o [[NASCAR Xfinity Series]] races syne for [[JR Motorsports]], a team he foondit an co-awns. Earnhardt Jr. drove the No. 8 caur for Dale Earnhardt, Inc., his faither's team, frae his first Cup race in 1999 till 2007. In 2008 he muived tae [[Hendrick Motorsports]] tae drive thair No. 88 caur, an bade thare till his last full-time season in 2017. He haes 26 wins in the Cup Series, an he wan the series nou cried the O'Reilly Auto Parts Series twice, in 1998 an 1999, whan it wis kent as the Busch Series.<ref>{{Cite web|title=All-Time NASCAR Cup Series Winners List - MRN|url=https://www.mrn.com/all-time-nascar-cup-series-winners/|access-date=November 10, 2020|website=MRN - Motor Racing Network|language=en-US|archive-date=September 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922085316/https://www.mrn.com/all-time-nascar-cup-series-winners/|url-status=live}}</ref> Efter he retired frae full-time drivin, he becam a commentator for NASCAR on NBC in 2018. Syne 2025 he haes commentated for Amazon Prime Video an TNT Sports.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nascar.com/news-media/2024/05/07/tnt-sports-dale-earnhardt-jr-broadcast-team-2025/ |title=TNT Sports, Amazon Prime add Dale Earnhardt Jr. to broadcast team starting in 2025 |website=NASCAR.com |publisher=NASCAR Digital Media, LLC |date=May 7, 2024 |access-date=May 9, 2024 |archive-date=May 9, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509005158/https://www.nascar.com/news-media/2024/05/07/tnt-sports-dale-earnhardt-jr-broadcast-team-2025/ |url-status=live }}</ref> {{Commonscat}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Earnhardt, Dale Jr.}} [[Category:Dale Earnhardt Jr.| ]] [[Category:Dale Earnhardt]] [[Category:20t-century American racin drivers]] [[Category:21st-century American racin drivers]] [[Category:Earnhardt famiily|Dale Jr.]] [[Category:1974 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:24 Oors o Daytona drivers]] [[Category:American Le Mans Series drivers]] [[Category:American fowk o German strynd]] [[Category:International Race of Champions drivers]] [[Category:Motorsport annooncers]] [[Category:NASCAR drivers]] [[Category:NASCAR Xfinity Series champions]] [[Category:NASCAR team awners]] [[Category:North Carolina Republicans]] [[Category:Oak Ridge Military Academy alumni]] [[Category:Fowk frae Kannapolis, North Carolina]] [[Category:Racin drivers frae North Carolina]] 0zr4cxgjzgjgi7cdx6gpblctstbzcab 0 10323 926766 867394 2026-11-08T17:14:57Z Monospaced 75295 Sma redd-up: spellin an grammar, quotes nae langer pit intae Scots, Inglis heidin; the Scots versions left as they are 926766 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg|300px|thumb|''The [[Sermon on the Mount]]'' bi [[Carl Heinrich Bloch]].]] The '''Lord's Prayer''' is the maist kenspeckle [[prayer]] in the [[Christian]] releegion. It is kent as the '''Oor Faither''' an aw (frae the first twa wirds o the prayer) or '''Pater noster''' (the [[Laitin]] for "Oor Faither").<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kang|first=K.Connie|date=8 April 2007|title=Across the globe, Christians are united by Lord's Prayer", Los Angeles Times, in Houston Chronicle|page=A13|work=Los Angeles Times, in Houston Chronicle|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Pater Noster in Cantus Planus.png|thumb|Pater Noster in Laitin|442x442px]] The Lord's Prayer is the prayer that [[Jesus]] teacht the fowk tae say whan prayin tae [[God]]. It can be fund in twa places in the [[New Testament]]: ane in the Gospel o Matthew (Chaipter 6, verses 9-13)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bible Gateway passage: Matthew 6:9 - New Revised Standard Version|url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew%206%3A9&version=NRSV|access-date=2022-03-23|website=Bible Gateway|language=en}}</ref> that's pairt o the [[Sermon on the Munt|Sermon on the Mount]], an the ither in the Gospel o Luke (Chaipter 11: verses 2-4)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bible Gateway passage: Luke 11:2 - New Revised Standard Version|url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke%2011%3A2&version=NRSV|access-date=2022-03-23|website=Bible Gateway|language=en}}</ref>. The prayer haes been pitten intae Aramaic, Jesus's mither tongue<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jeremias|first=Joachim|title=The Lord's Prayer|url=https://archive.org/details/lordsprayer0000jere|last2=http://media.sabda.org/|publisher=Fortress Press|year=1964}}</ref> an intae monie leids ower twa millennia. The [[Bible]] haes been pitten ower intae [[Inglis leid|Inglis]] mony times ower the years.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cook|first=Albert S.|date=1891|title=The Evolution of the Lord's Prayer in English|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/287989|journal=The American Journal of Philology|volume=12|issue=1|pages=59–66|doi=10.2307/287989|issn=0002-9475}}</ref> Sae thare's a wheen o versions in uise that differ a bittie frae ilk ither. Monie theologians in the different Christian traditions hae analysed Jesus's prayer in detail. [[John Wesley]], the early Methodist, said that it hauds aw that we can reasonably pray for.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wesley|first=John|date=1911|title=Commentary on the Lord's Prayer|url=https://www.cslewisinstitute.org/webfm_send/299|url-status=live|access-date=23 March 2022|website=C.S.Lewis Institute}}</ref> The umwhile Archbishop o Canterbury [[Rowan Williams]] said it wis the Christian faith in a nutshell, an a prayer tae set us free.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BBC - Religions - Christianity: The Lord's Prayer|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/prayer/lordsprayer_1.shtml|access-date=2022-03-23|website=www.bbc.co.uk|language=en-GB}}</ref> The Scots meenister [[William Barclay (theologian)|William Barclay]] wrote in 1976 aboot hou the prayer helps fowk tae bring aboot God's kingdom on earth, bi daein God's will.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Barclay|first=William|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6SslPwAACAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en|title=The Mind of Jesus|date=1976-01-28|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-06-060451-6|language=en}}</ref> [[Pape Francis|Pope Francis]] caused controversy whan he said that God disnae lead fowk intae temptation, an that the prayer shoud raither ask God no tae let us faw intae it.<ref>{{Cite web|last=WIlliams2019-06-12T00:00:00+01:00|first=Peter D.|title=Where Pope Francis went wrong with his new translation of the Lord's Prayer|url=https://www.premierchristianity.com/home/where-pope-francis-went-wrong-with-his-new-translation-of-the-lords-prayer/2181.article|access-date=2022-03-23|website=Premier Christianity|language=en}}</ref> == The Lord's Prayer in Scots == [[Kirk o Scotland|The Kirk]] gies three versions o the Lord's prayer:<ref>{{cite news |title=Three Versions o the Lord's Prayer.wps |url=http://www.churchofscotland.org.uk/worship/downloads/wpscotsblaudslordsprayer.pdf |access-date=22 September 2020 |work=[[Kirk o Scotland]] |date=5 December 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205084830/http://www.churchofscotland.org.uk/worship/downloads/wpscotsblaudslordsprayer.pdf |archive-date=2010-12-05 |format=PDF |url-status=dead }}</ref> An edition o W. L. Lorimer's Scots owersettin o the [[New Testament]] wis published in 2012.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/808080894|title=The New Testament in Scots|date=2012|publisher=Canongate|others=William Laughton Lorimer, R. L. C. Lorimer|isbn=978-0-85786-285-3|location=Edinburgh|oclc=808080894}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! W. L. Lorimer !! In Doric bi David Ogston !! Anon. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | :Our Faither in heiven, :be hallowt thy name ; :thy Kíngdom come; :thy will be dune :on the yird, as in heiven. :Gíe us our breid for this incomin day; :forgíe us the wrangs we hae wrocht, :as we hae foríen the wrangs we hae dree’d; :an sey-us-na sairlie, but sauf us :frae the Ill Ane: :for the Kíngdom, the pouer an the glorie ar thine :for ivver an aye. Amen. || :Faither o us aa, :Faa’s hame is Heiven, :We haud up Your name. :Lat Your Kingly wark gyang forrit, :An lat Your wye win throwe doon here amang hiz :The same as it daes abeen. :Gie us this day the mait we need. :Gin we hae deen wrang, dicht aff the sclate agin’s :Like we wid dee for een anither. :Keep’s airted awa fae faar we’re like tae tummle, :An rax us free o coorseness: :For Your’s is the Croon :An the Micht :An the Glorie, :Aawye an aawye. :Sae lat it be. || :Wir Faither in Hivin, :Yir name be keepit in awe, :Yir ring begin, :i the warld as in Hivin. :Gie us ilk day wir breid :for the day, :An forgie whit we are awin tae Yirsel, :As we forgie ithers whit is awin tae us. :An dinna trachle us sairly, :but free us frae the Deil; :fur the Croun is yir ain, :An the micht an the glorie, :Warld upo warld. :Sae be it. |} ==The Lord's Prayer in the Inglis== The tradeetional an best-kent version in [[Inglis leid|Inglis]] is the ane frae the "Book of Common Prayer" (1662):<ref>{{Cite book|last=Church of England|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/71231587|title=The book of common prayer and administration of the sacraments and other rites and ceremonies of the Church according to the use of the Church of England : together with the Psalter or Psalms of David, pointed as they are to be sung or said in churches : and the form or manner of making, ordaining and consecrating of bishops, priests and deacons.|date=1662|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521600934|edition=Standard ed|location=Cambridge, U.K.|publication-date=2005|oclc=71231587}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Order for Morning Prayer|url=https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/book-common-prayer/order-morning-prayer|access-date=2022-03-23|website=The Church of England|language=en}}</ref> <blockquote> :Our Father, which art in heaven, :hallowed be thy name; :thy kingdom come; :thy will be done, :in earth as it is in heaven. :Give us this day our daily bread. :And forgive us our trespasses, :as we forgive them that trespass against us. :And lead us not into temptation; :but deliver us from evil. :For thine is the kingdom, :the power, and the glory, :For ever and ever. :Amen. </blockquote> == References == {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat|Pater noster}} [[File:Lord's prayer fragment from Lindisfarne Gorpels.png|thumb|A fragment o the Lord's Prayer frae the Lindisfarne Gospels|left]] [[Category:Christian Bible]] [[Category:Prayer]] [[Category:Bible versions an translations]] [[Category:Bible content]] [[Category:Kirk o Ingland]] [[Category:Catholic Kirk]] [[Category:Methodist Kirk o Great Breetain fowk]] fzd858qqz6oau1zgislswwfn9dq06q7 0 10378 926878 876905 2026-11-08T20:18:34Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; Scots Musical Museum an the wirds glossed, soorced 926878 wikitext text/x-wiki "'''There's Cauld Kail in Aberdeen'''" is a Scots sang that [[Robert Burns]] collectit.<ref>{{Cite web|title=There's Cauld Kail In Aberdeen|url=http://www.robertburnsfederation.com/poems/translations/541.htm|access-date=2023-01-23|website=www.robertburnsfederation.com}}</ref> It is kent an aw bi its first lines, "There's cauld [[kail]] in [[Aiberdeen|Aberdeen]], an castocks in [[Strabogie]]". Burns's version wis prentit in the ''Scots Musical Museum'' (volume II, sang 162).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.burnsscotland.com/items/v/volume-ii,-song-162,-page-170-cauld-kail-in-aberdeen.aspx |title=The 'Scots Musical Museum' - Volume II, song 162, page 170 - 'Cauld Kail in Aberdeen' |publisher=Burns Scotland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221101856/http://www.burnsscotland.com/items/v/volume-ii,-song-162,-page-170-cauld-kail-in-aberdeen.aspx |archive-date=2015-02-21}}</ref> == Wirds == The sang is a cheerie ane. The singer's ''coggie'' is a wee wooden bowl for eatin an drinkin oot o,<ref>{{cite web |title=Cog n.1 |url=https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/cog_n1 |work=Dictionaries of the Scots Language |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> an ''castocks'' are the stalks o kail plants.<ref>{{cite web |title=Castock |url=https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/castock |work=Dictionaries of the Scots Language |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> == The sang == Owerword (efter ilka verse): <blockquote> :Ma coggie, Sirs, ma coggie, Sirs, :I cannae want ma coggie: :I wadna gie ma three-girr'd cap, :For e'er a quean on Bogie. :1. :There's cauld "kail" in Aberdeen*, :An "castocks" in Strabogie, :When ilka lad maun hae 'is lass, :Then fye, gie me ma coggie. :2. :There's Johnie Smith has got a wife :That scrimps him o' his coggie, :If she were mine, upon ma life :I wad douk her in a bogie. </blockquote> == Recordins == Ewan MacColl sang it on his album ''Songs of Robert Burns''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ewan MacColl: Songs of Robert Burns|url=https://mainlynorfolk.info/ewan.maccoll/records/songsofrobertburns.html|access-date=2023-01-23|website=mainlynorfolk.info}}</ref> == Freemit airtins == * [http://www.burnsscotland.com/items/v/volume-ii,-song-162,-page-170-cauld-kail-in-aberdeen.aspx The 'Scots Musical Museum' - Volume II, song 162, page 170 - 'Cauld Kail in Aberdeen'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221101856/http://www.burnsscotland.com/items/v/volume-ii,-song-162,-page-170-cauld-kail-in-aberdeen.aspx |date=2015-02-21 }} (Burns Scotland) * [http://www.glasgowguide.co.uk/wjmc/cauldkai.shtml Cauld Kail in Aberdeen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306075745/http://glasgowguide.co.uk/wjmc/cauldkai.shtml |date=2013-03-06 }} (Glasgow Guide) {{Stub/Burns}} == References == <references /> {{Robert Burns}} [[Category:Scots sang]] [[Category:Poetry]] [[Category:Sang]] [[Category:Scots leeteratur]] 3qxi9bpmv8lpulf1vas27qy78dlqv8x 0 10747 927026 851770 2026-11-08T22:18:43Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 927026 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Mongolien | nativename = монгол хэл<br /> {{Mousetext|[[File:Monggol kele.svg|27px]]|mongɣol xele}} <!--{{MongolUnicode|ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ|font-size=2em}} --> | pronunciation = {{IPA|/mɔŋɢɔ̆ɮ xeɮ/}} | states = [[Mongolien Plateau|Mongolie]] | region = Aw o state [[Mongolie]] an [[Inner Mongolie]]; [[Buryatia]], [[Kalmykia]], pairts o [[Irkutsk Oblast]], [[Zabaykalsky Krai]] in [[Roushie]]; pairts o [[Liaoning]], [[Jilin]], [[Heilongjiang]], [[Xinjiang]], [[Gansu]] an [[Qinghai]] provinces in [[Cheenae]]; Issyk-Kul Region in [[Kyrgyzstan]] | speakers = 5.2 million | date = 2005 | ref = <ref name="ReferenceA">Estimate from Svantesson ''et al.'' 2005: 141.</ref> | familycolor = Mongolic | fam1 = [[Mongolic leids|Mongolic]] | fam3 = Central Mongolic | ancestor = [[Middle Mongolie]] | ancestor2 = [[Clessical Mongolie]] | dia1 = [[Khalkha Mongolie|Khalkha]] | dia2 = Chakhar | dia3 = Khorchin | dia5 = [[Baarin Mongolie|Baarin]] | dia6 = Xilingol | dia7 = Darkhad | stand1 = [[Khalkha Mongolie|Khalkha]] (Mongolie) | stand2 = Chakhar (Cheenae) | script = Mongolie alphabets: <br>[[Tradeetional Mongolie alphabet]]<br>(in Cheenae), <br>Mongolie Cyrillic alphabet (in Mongolie), <br>Mongolie Braille | nation = {{MGL}}<br> {{CHN}} * [[Inner Mongolie Autonomous Region]]<ref>{{cite web |title= China |url = http://www.ethnologue.com/country/CN/status|website= Ethnologue}}</ref> | agency = Mongolia:<br>State Leid Cooncil,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.edulaws.pmis.gov.mn/edulaws/web/index.php?modules=law&viewid=2&law_id=189 |title = Törijn alban josny helnij tuhaj huul<nowiki>'</nowiki> |publisher= MongolianLaws.com|date= 2003-05-15 |access-date = 2009-03-27 |dead-url = yes |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090822084246/http://www.edulaws.pmis.gov.mn/edulaws/web/index.php?modules=law&viewid=2&law_id=189 |archive-date= 2009-08-22 }} The decisions of the council have to be ratified by the government.</ref><br>China:<br>Council for Language and Literature Work<ref>"Mongγul kele bičig-ün aǰil-un ǰöblel". See Sečenbaγatur ''et al.'' 2005: 204.</ref> | iso1 = mn | iso2 = mon | iso3 = mon | lc1 = khk | ld1 = Khalkha Mongolie | lc2 = mvf | ld2 = Peripheral Mongolie (part) | lingua = part of 44-BAA-b | map = Mongols-map.png | mapcaption = Geografic distribution o Mongolic fowks athort Asie (reid) | notice = IPA | glotto = mong1331 | glottorefname = Mongolian }} The '''Mongolien leid''' ( [[File:Monggol kele.svg|17px]], ''{{lang|mvf-Latn|Mongγol kele}}''; [[Mongolien Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic]]: {{lang|khk-Cyrl|Монгол хэл}}, ''{{lang|khk-Latn|Mongol khel}}'' ) is a [[Mongolic leids|Mongolic leid]] spak in [[Mongolie]], [[Cheenae]] an [[Roushie]] bi aboot 5.7 million fowk, an the best-kent member o the Mongolic faimily. Its speakers include ower 90% o the fowk o Mongolie<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.org/show_country.asp?name=MN |title=Ethnologue, Mongolia page |access-date=2010-07-11 |archive-date=2010-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707054236/http://www.ethnologue.org/show_country.asp?name=MN |url-status=dead }}</ref> an monie o the [[Mongols|Mongolien]] fowk o [[Inner Mongolie]], an autonomous region o Cheenae. In Mongolie, the Khalkha dialect o Mongolien, written in Cyrillic, is the main ane; in Inner Mongolie, the leid haes mair [[dialect]]s an is written in the tradeetional Mongolien script. Mongolien haes vowel harmony, an a complex syllable structur for a Mongolic leid, that allous up tae three consonants at the end o a syllable. It is a teepical agglutinative leid that relies on chains o suffixes on verbs an noons. While the basic wird order is subject–object–predicate, the order athin a noon phrase is fairly free, sae the roles o wirds ar shawn bi a seestem o aboot aicht grammatical cases. Thare ar five voices. Verbs ar merked for voice, aspect, tense an epistemic modality or evidentiality. Converbs play a special role in linkin sentences. Modren Mongolien grew oot o Middle Mongolien, the leid spak in the [[Mongol Empire]] in the 13t an 14t centuries. In the chynge, the vowel harmony seestem shiftit a guid deal, lang vowels developed, the case seestem wis chynged a wee, an the verb seestem wis restructured. == References == <references/> {{Stub/Asie}} {{Stub/Leid}} [[Category:Agglutinative leids]] [[Category:Leids o Mongolie]] [[Category:Leids o Cheenae]] [[Category:Leids o Roushie]] [[Category:Subject–object–verb leids]] [[Category:Vouel-hermony leids]] huiyznt167sf9dpqz1hhgxllmpdgsoe 0 10749 926950 881358 2026-11-08T21:21:51Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; infobox, map, classification an history addit, soorced 926950 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Galicie | nativename = {{lang|gl|galego}} | region = [[Galicie (commonty)|Galicie]] an neebourin airts o [[Asturias]] an [[Castile an León]] | speakers = {{significant figures|2.355|2}} million | date = 2012 | ref = e18 | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Romance leids|Romance]] | fam3 = Ibero-Romance | fam4 = [[Galicie-Portuguese]] | script = [[Laitin alphabet|Laitin]] | nation = [[Spainie]] ([[Galicie (commonty)|Galicie]]) | agency = Real Academia Galega | iso1 = gl | iso2 = glg | iso3 = glg | glotto = gali1258 | glottorefname = Galician | map = Idioma gallego bloques y áreas lingüísticas.png | mapcaption = The dialects o Galicie in Spainie an the faur north o Portugal }} '''Galicie''' ({{lang|gl|galego}}) is a leid o the [[Romance leids|Wastren Ibero-Romance]] branch. It is spak in [[Galicie (commonty)|Galicie]], an [[Autonomous commonties o Spain|autonomous commonty]] in the north-wast o [[Spainie]], whaur it is official alang wi [[Spainish]], an in sma borderin airts o the neebourin commonties o [[Asturias]] an [[Castile an León]], as weel as in the north o [[Portugal]]. Aboot 58% o the fowk o Galicie, aboot 1.56 million, hae it as thair first leid.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.observatoriodalinguagalega.org/?q=node/115&ambito=1&subambito=1&bloque=14&apartado=2&miga=Cidadan%EDa%3ACidadan%EDa%3ALingua+habitual+e+inicial%3ALingua+inicial+%3ALingua+inicial+da+cidadan%EDa||title=Observatorio da Lingua Galega |publisher=Observatorio da Lingua Galega |access-date=17 October 2015 }}</ref> In medieval times Galicie an [[Portuguese leid|Portuguese]] war ae leid, that linguists caw [[Galicie-Portuguese]], Medieval Galicie or Auld Portuguese, spak in the lands first ruled bi the medieval [[Kinrick o Galicie]]. == Classification an history == Galicie an Portuguese baith come frae thon common medieval leid, that grew oot o Vulgar Laitin in the auld Kinrick o Galicie an the north o Portugal. In the 13t century it becam a written leid wi twa main varieties.{{sfn|Fernández Rei|2003|p=17}} The first document written hale in Galicie dates frae 1230, an the first mention o Galicie-Portuguese as an internaitional leid o culture comes in 1290, in the ''Regles de Trobar'' bi the Catalan writer Jofre de Foixà, whaur it is cried simply Galicie (''gallego'').{{sfn|Mariño Paz|1998|p=142}} Frae the 14t century the twa grew apairt, maistly acause o chynges in Portuguese,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Valls Alecha |first1=Esteve |last2=González González |first2=Manuel |date=2016 |title=Variación e distancia lingüística na Romania Antiqua: unha contribución dialectométrica ao debate sobre o grao de individuación da lingua galega |trans-title=Linguistic variation and distance in the Romania Antiqua: A dialectometric contribution to the debate about the degree of individuality of the Galician language |url=https://www.usc.es/revistas/index.php/elg/article/view/3175 |journal=Estudos de Lingüística Galega |language=gl |volume=8 |pages=229–246 |doi=10.15304/elg.8.3175 |doi-access=free|hdl=20.500.12328/1532 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> but in the kintra dialects Galicie still forms a [[dialect continuum]] wi Portuguese in the sooth.<ref name="instituto-camoes1971">{{Citation |last=Lindley |first=Luís F. |title=Nova Proposta de Classificação dos Dialectos Galego-Portugueses |date=1971 |url=http://www.instituto-camoes.pt/cvc/hlp/biblioteca/novaproposta.pdf |work=Boletim de Filologia, Lisboa, Centro de Estudos Filológicos |language=pt |trans-title=New Proposal for the Classification of Galician-Portuguese Dialects |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 November 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061102180041/http://www.instituto-camoes.pt/cvc/hlp/biblioteca/novaproposta.pdf}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} === Soorces === {{Refbegin}} *{{citation|last=Fernández Rei|first=Francisco|title=Dialectoloxía da lingua galega|year=2003|publisher=Edicións Xerais de Galicia|location=Vigo|isbn=978-84-7507-472-6|edition=3rd|language=gl}} *{{Citation|last=Mariño Paz|first=Ramón|year=1998|title=Historia da lingua galega|edition=2nd|place=Santiago de Compostela|publisher=Sotelo Blanco|isbn=978-84-7824-333-4|language=gl}} {{Refend}} {{Commonscat|Galician language}} [[Category:Leids o Spain]] {{Stub/Leid}} qhjvwp7pu66fug4rj3w0hc4yvk2v4pa 926951 926950 2026-11-08T21:22:18Z Monospaced 75295 926951 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Galicie | nativename = {{lang|gl|galego}} | region = [[Galicie (commonty)|Galicie]] an neebourin airts o [[Asturias]] an [[Castile an León]] | speakers = {{significant figures|2.355|2}} million | date = 2012 | ref = e18 | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Romance leids|Romance]] | fam3 = Ibero-Romance | fam4 = [[Galicie-Portuguese]] | script = [[Laitin alphabet|Laitin]] | nation = [[Spainie]] ([[Galicie (commonty)|Galicie]]) | agency = Real Academia Galega | iso1 = gl | iso2 = glg | iso3 = glg | glotto = gali1258 | glottorefname = Galician | map = Idioma gallego bloques y áreas lingüísticas.png | mapcaption = The dialects o Galicie in Spainie an the faur north o Portugal }} '''Galicie''' ({{lang|gl|galego}}) is a leid o the [[Romance leids|Wastren Ibero-Romance]] branch. It is spak in [[Galicie (commonty)|Galicie]], an [[Autonomous commonties o Spain|autonomous commonty]] in the north-wast o [[Spainie]], whaur it is official alang wi [[Spainish]], an in sma borderin airts o the neebourin commonties o [[Asturias]] an [[Castile an León]], as weel as in the north o [[Portugal]]. Aboot 58% o the fowk o Galicie, aboot 1.56 million, hae it as thair first leid.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.observatoriodalinguagalega.org/?q=node/115&ambito=1&subambito=1&bloque=14&apartado=2&miga=Cidadan%EDa%3ACidadan%EDa%3ALingua+habitual+e+inicial%3ALingua+inicial+%3ALingua+inicial+da+cidadan%EDa||title=Observatorio da Lingua Galega |publisher=Observatorio da Lingua Galega |access-date=17 October 2015 }}</ref> In medieval times Galicie an [[Portuguese leid|Portuguese]] war ae leid, that linguists caw [[Galicie-Portuguese]], Medieval Galicie or Auld Portuguese, spak in the lands first ruled bi the medieval [[Kinrick o Galicie]]. == Classification an history == Galicie an Portuguese baith come frae a common medieval leid, that grew oot o Vulgar Laitin in the auld Kinrick o Galicie an the north o Portugal. In the 13t century it becam a written leid wi twa main varieties.{{sfn|Fernández Rei|2003|p=17}} The first document written hale in Galicie dates frae 1230, an the first mention o Galicie-Portuguese as an internaitional leid o culture comes in 1290, in the ''Regles de Trobar'' bi the Catalan writer Jofre de Foixà, whaur it is cried simply Galicie (''gallego'').{{sfn|Mariño Paz|1998|p=142}} Frae the 14t century the twa grew apairt, maistly acause o chynges in Portuguese,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Valls Alecha |first1=Esteve |last2=González González |first2=Manuel |date=2016 |title=Variación e distancia lingüística na Romania Antiqua: unha contribución dialectométrica ao debate sobre o grao de individuación da lingua galega |trans-title=Linguistic variation and distance in the Romania Antiqua: A dialectometric contribution to the debate about the degree of individuality of the Galician language |url=https://www.usc.es/revistas/index.php/elg/article/view/3175 |journal=Estudos de Lingüística Galega |language=gl |volume=8 |pages=229–246 |doi=10.15304/elg.8.3175 |doi-access=free|hdl=20.500.12328/1532 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> but in the kintra dialects Galicie still forms a [[dialect continuum]] wi Portuguese in the sooth.<ref name="instituto-camoes1971">{{Citation |last=Lindley |first=Luís F. |title=Nova Proposta de Classificação dos Dialectos Galego-Portugueses |date=1971 |url=http://www.instituto-camoes.pt/cvc/hlp/biblioteca/novaproposta.pdf |work=Boletim de Filologia, Lisboa, Centro de Estudos Filológicos |language=pt |trans-title=New Proposal for the Classification of Galician-Portuguese Dialects |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 November 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061102180041/http://www.instituto-camoes.pt/cvc/hlp/biblioteca/novaproposta.pdf}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} === Soorces === {{Refbegin}} *{{citation|last=Fernández Rei|first=Francisco|title=Dialectoloxía da lingua galega|year=2003|publisher=Edicións Xerais de Galicia|location=Vigo|isbn=978-84-7507-472-6|edition=3rd|language=gl}} *{{Citation|last=Mariño Paz|first=Ramón|year=1998|title=Historia da lingua galega|edition=2nd|place=Santiago de Compostela|publisher=Sotelo Blanco|isbn=978-84-7824-333-4|language=gl}} {{Refend}} {{Commonscat|Galician language}} [[Category:Leids o Spain]] {{Stub/Leid}} 25zffant14xkfne3f2lh6ju9i698bwh 927139 926951 2026-11-08T23:23:02Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 927139 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Galicie | nativename = {{lang|gl|galego}} | region = [[Galicie (commonty)|Galicie]] an neebourin airts o [[Asturias]] an [[Castile an León]] | speakers = {{significant figures|2.355|2}} million | date = 2012 | ref = e18 | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Romance leids|Romance]] | fam3 = Ibero-Romance | fam4 = [[Galicie-Portuguese]] | script = [[Laitin alphabet|Laitin]] | nation = [[Spainie]] ([[Galicie (commonty)|Galicie]]) | agency = Real Academia Galega | iso1 = gl | iso2 = glg | iso3 = glg | glotto = gali1258 | glottorefname = Galician | map = Idioma gallego bloques y áreas lingüísticas.png | mapcaption = The dialects o Galicie in Spainie an the faur north o Portugal }} '''Galicie''' ({{lang|gl|galego}}) is a leid o the [[Romance leids|Wastren Ibero-Romance]] branch. It is spak in [[Galicie (commonty)|Galicie]], an [[Autonomous commonties o Spain|autonomous commonty]] in the north-wast o [[Spainie]], whaur it is official alang wi [[Spainish]], an in sma borderin airts o the neebourin commonties o [[Asturias]] an [[Castile an León]], as weel as in the north o [[Portugal]]. Aboot 58% o the fowk o Galicie, aboot 1.56 million, hae it as thair first leid.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.observatoriodalinguagalega.org/?q=node/115&ambito=1&subambito=1&bloque=14&apartado=2&miga=Cidadan%EDa%3ACidadan%EDa%3ALingua+habitual+e+inicial%3ALingua+inicial+%3ALingua+inicial+da+cidadan%EDa |1= |title=Observatorio da Lingua Galega |publisher=Observatorio da Lingua Galega |access-date=17 October 2015 }} {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In medieval times Galicie an [[Portuguese leid|Portuguese]] war ae leid, that linguists caw [[Galicie-Portuguese]], Medieval Galicie or Auld Portuguese, spak in the lands first ruled bi the medieval [[Kinrick o Galicie]]. == Classification an history == Galicie an Portuguese baith come frae a common medieval leid, that grew oot o Vulgar Laitin in the auld Kinrick o Galicie an the north o Portugal. In the 13t century it becam a written leid wi twa main varieties.{{sfn|Fernández Rei|2003|p=17}} The first document written hale in Galicie dates frae 1230, an the first mention o Galicie-Portuguese as an internaitional leid o culture comes in 1290, in the ''Regles de Trobar'' bi the Catalan writer Jofre de Foixà, whaur it is cried simply Galicie (''gallego'').{{sfn|Mariño Paz|1998|p=142}} Frae the 14t century the twa grew apairt, maistly acause o chynges in Portuguese,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Valls Alecha |first1=Esteve |last2=González González |first2=Manuel |date=2016 |title=Variación e distancia lingüística na Romania Antiqua: unha contribución dialectométrica ao debate sobre o grao de individuación da lingua galega |trans-title=Linguistic variation and distance in the Romania Antiqua: A dialectometric contribution to the debate about the degree of individuality of the Galician language |url=https://www.usc.es/revistas/index.php/elg/article/view/3175 |journal=Estudos de Lingüística Galega |language=gl |volume=8 |pages=229–246 |doi=10.15304/elg.8.3175 |doi-access=free|hdl=20.500.12328/1532 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> but in the kintra dialects Galicie still forms a [[dialect continuum]] wi Portuguese in the sooth.<ref name="instituto-camoes1971">{{Citation |last=Lindley |first=Luís F. |title=Nova Proposta de Classificação dos Dialectos Galego-Portugueses |date=1971 |url=http://www.instituto-camoes.pt/cvc/hlp/biblioteca/novaproposta.pdf |work=Boletim de Filologia, Lisboa, Centro de Estudos Filológicos |language=pt |trans-title=New Proposal for the Classification of Galician-Portuguese Dialects |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 November 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061102180041/http://www.instituto-camoes.pt/cvc/hlp/biblioteca/novaproposta.pdf}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} === Soorces === {{Refbegin}} *{{citation|last=Fernández Rei|first=Francisco|title=Dialectoloxía da lingua galega|year=2003|publisher=Edicións Xerais de Galicia|location=Vigo|isbn=978-84-7507-472-6|edition=3rd|language=gl}} *{{Citation|last=Mariño Paz|first=Ramón|year=1998|title=Historia da lingua galega|edition=2nd|place=Santiago de Compostela|publisher=Sotelo Blanco|isbn=978-84-7824-333-4|language=gl}} {{Refend}} {{Commonscat|Galician language}} [[Category:Leids o Spain]] {{Stub/Leid}} 0e96bxypwf3boas9iweavgtjh8dl0y0 0 10795 926845 833606 2026-11-08T18:53:00Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; soorces addit 926845 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Haggis scoticus.jpg|thumb|300px|right|A fictional wild haggis, ''Haggis scoticus'', as shawn in the Kelvingrove gallery in [[Glesga]], neist a cookit ane.<ref name=NYT/>]] '''Wild haggis''' (gien the joke Laitin nem ''Haggis scoticus'') is a craitur o Scots fowklair<ref name=green>[[Jonathan Green (speculative fiction writer)|Jonathan Green]], ''Scottish Miscellany: Everything You Always Wanted to Know about Scotland the Brave'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ol56FSFMLe4C&pg=PA128 p. 128]</ref> that's said tae be native tae the [[Scots Hielands]].<ref name=NYT>[http://travel.nytimes.com/travel/guides/europe/britain/scotland/glasgow/attraction-detail.html?vid=1154683241450 Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum] in ''[[The New York Times]]'', accessed 9 February 2009 ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221043957/http://travel.nytimes.com/travel/guides/europe/britain/scotland/glasgow/attraction-detail.html?vid=1154683241450 |date=21 February 2009 }})</ref> It is said in jest tae be whaur [[haggis]] comes frae, the traditional Scots dish that's really makkit frae the [[Emmledeug|emmlins]] o [[sheep]], includin the [[hert]], the [[buffs|lichts]] an the liver.<ref name=guardian/> Accordin tae some soorces, the wild haggis's left legs are a different lenth frae its richt legs, sae it can rin fast roond the stey hills an braes that it bides on, but anly the ae wey.<ref name=green/><ref name=article>A. M. King, L. Cromarty, C. Paterson, J. S. Boyd, "[http://www.maths.ed.ac.uk/~s0681349/Haggis.pdf Applications of ultrasonography in the reproductive management of Dux magnus gentis venteris saginati] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226234413/http://www.maths.ed.ac.uk/~s0681349/Haggis.pdf |date=2012-02-26 }}" in ''The Veterinary Record'', January 20, 2007</ref> Some say there are twa kinds o haggis, ane wi langer left legs an the ither wi langer richt legs. The first kind can rin deasil roond a hill (seen frae abuin), an the seicont kind can rin widdershins.<ref>[http://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/usfeatures/haggis/wildhaggis.html Wild Haggis] at Undiscovered Scotland.co.uk, accessed February 9, 2009</ref> The twa kinds live thegither peacefu, but they canna breed in the wild: for the male o ane kind tae mate wi a female o the ither, he maun turn tae face the same wey as her, an then he tummles ower afore he can moont her. Acause o this, the differs in leg lenth amang haggises get bigger.<ref name=article/> == Haggis abroad == The notion o the wild haggis is weel kent, tho no aye wi the maikless legs. Accordin tae an online survey that the haggis makkers Hall's o Broxburn peyed for, published on 26 November 2003, a third o US visitors tae Scotland believed the wild haggis wis a real craitur.<ref name=guardian>John Carvel, "[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2003/nov/27/travelnews.travel Majestic haggis of the glens proves elusive for US tourists]" in ''[[The Guardian]]'', Thursday 27 November 2003 02.18</ref><ref>"[http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/11/26/1069825845544.html?from=storyrhs US tourists want to hunt wild haggis]" in the ''[[Sydney Morning Herald]]'', November 27, 2003</ref> == See an aw == * [[Haggis]] == References == {{reflist|2}} [[Category:Ainimals in meethology]] [[Category:Feectional ainimals]] [[Category:Scots fowklair]] suwxlktrctidtpitfyodypvp223iq9w 0 10927 926995 924354 2026-11-08T22:04:19Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; lead expandit, infobox figures updatit, soorced 926995 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|23|S|58|W|display=title}} {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Republic o Paraguay |native_name = {{unbulleted list|item_style=font-size:88%; |{{native name|es|República del Paraguay}} |{{native name|gn|Tetã Paraguái}}}} |common_name = Paraguay |image_flag = Flag of Paraguay.svg |flag_caption = Banner (front) |image_coat = Coat of arms of Paraguay.svg |symbol_type = {{nowrap|[[Coat o airms o Paraguay|Coat o airms]]{{tsp}}{{#tag:ref |The reverse side o the Coat o airms o Paraguay:<br/><center>[[File:Coat of arms of Paraguay (reverse).svg|100px]]</center> |group="nb"}}<!--(end nowrap:)-->}} |image_map = Paraguay (orthographic projection).svg |national_motto = {{native phrase|es|"Paz y justicia"|italics=off|nolink=on}}<br/>{{small|"Peace an juistice"}} |national_anthem = <br/>{{native name|es|Paraguayos, República o Muerte|nolink=on}}<br/>{{small|''Paraguayans, Republic or Daith''}}<br /><center>[[File:Paraguayan national anthem.oga]]</center> |languages_type = [[Offeecial leid]]s<ref name=languages>{{cite journal |url=http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/pa00000_.html#A140_ |title=Paraguay – Constitution, Article 140 About Languages |publisher=International Constitutional Law Project |accessdate=3 December 2007 }} (see [http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/pa__indx.html translator's note])</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf |title=8 LIZCANO |publisher=Convergencia.uaemex.mx |accessdate=5 October 2012 |archive-date=2014-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224061845/http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |official_languages = {{unbulleted list |[[Spaingie leid|Spaingie]] |[[Guarani leid|Guarani]]}} |demonym = Paraguayan |ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 95% mestizo | 5% ither }} |ethnic_groups_year = 2016<ref name=CIA>{{cite web |author=Central Intelligence Agency |title=Paraguay |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |location=Langley, Virginia |year=2016 |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pa.html |accessdate=January 1, 2017 |archive-date=2015-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104205444/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pa.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |capital = [[Asunción]] |coordinates = {{Coord|25|16|S|57|40|W|type:city}} |largest_city = Asunción |government_type = Unitar presidential republic |leader_title1 = Preses |leader_name1 = [[Pedro Alliana]] |leader_title2 = Vice Preses |leader_name2 = Antonio Barrios |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |legislature = Congress |upper_house = Chaumer o Senators |lower_house = Chaumer o Deputes |area_rank = 59t |area_magnitude = 1 E11 |area_km2 = 406752 |percent_water = 2.3 |population_estimate = 6,460,159<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ine.gov.py/Publicaciones/Biblioteca/documento/293/Estimaciones_y%20proyecciones%20_Departamental.%20Revisi%C3%B3n%202025.xlsx|title=Departmental Estimates and Projections, 2000-2035. Revision 2025|date=31 May 2025|website=INE Paraguay|language=ES|access-date=31 May 2025|archive-date=1 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250901220330/https://www.ine.gov.py/Publicaciones/Biblioteca/documento/293/Estimaciones_y%20proyecciones%20_Departamental.%20Revisi%C3%B3n%202025.xlsx|url-status=dead}}</ref> |population_estimate_rank = 113t |population_estimate_year = 2026 |population_census = |population_census_year = |population_density_km2 = 15.1 |population_density_sq_mi = 39 |population_density_rank = 223rd |GDP_PPP = $152.860 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.PY">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/PRY|title=World Economic Outlook Database: Paraguay |date=October 2026 |website=IMF.org |publisher=International Monetary Fund |access-date=13 October 2026}}</ref> |GDP_PPP_rank = 92nt |GDP_PPP_year = 2026 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $23,662<ref name="IMFWEO.PY" /> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 86t |GDP_nominal_year = 2026 |GDP_nominal = $64.001 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.PY" /> |GDP_nominal_rank = 92nt |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $9,907<ref name="IMFWEO.PY" /> |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 92nt |sovereignty_type = Unthirldom {{nobold|frae [[Spain]]}} |established_event1 = Declared |established_date1 = 14 May 1811 |established_event2 = Recognised |established_date2 = 25 November 1842 |Gini_year = 2023 |Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini = 44.4 <!--number only--> |Gini_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gini index - Paraguay |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=PY |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=World Bank Open Data |archive-date=5 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205203227/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=PY |url-status=live }}</ref> |Gini_rank = |HDI_year = 2023 |HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI = 0.756 <!--number only--> |HDI_ref = <ref>{{cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> |HDI_rank = 99t |currency = Guaraní |currency_code = PYG |country_code = PRY |time_zone = PYT |utc_offset = –4 |time_zone_DST = PYST |utc_offset_DST = –3 |drives_on = right |calling_code = +595 |cctld = [[.py]] |footnote_a = Mixed European an Amerindian. }} '''Paraguay''', offeecially the '''Republic o Paraguay''' ({{lang|es|República del Paraguay}}; {{lang|gn|Paraguái Tavakuairetã}}), is a landlockit kintra in the middle o [[Sooth Americae]]. It mairches [[Bolivie]] tae the northwast an north, [[Brazil]] tae the northeast an east, an [[Argentinae]] tae the sootheast, sooth an wast. Paraguay can win tae the [[Atlantic Ocean]] bi the Paraná–Paraguay Watterwey, a seestem o channels for boats that five kintras share.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.agroindustria.gob.ar/sitio/areas/ss_mercados_agropecuarios/infraestructura/_archivos/000070_Hidrov%C3%ADas/000010_Hidrov%C3%ADa%20Paran%C3%A1%20Paraguay.pdf|title=Paraná-Paraguay Waterway|language=es|access-date=20 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085649/https://www.agroindustria.gob.ar/sitio/areas/ss_mercados_agropecuarios/infraestructura/_archivos/000070_Hidrov%C3%ADas/000010_Hidrov%C3%ADa%20Paran%C3%A1%20Paraguay.pdf|archive-date=27 March 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> The kintra is a unitar presidential republic, wi a caipital destrict an seiventeen depairtments. Its caipital an lairgest ceety is [[Asunción]]. It dates its unthirldom frae [[Spain]] tae 1811. Paraguay sits on baith banks o the Paraguay River, that rins throu the middle o the kintra frae north tae sooth. Acause it is in the middle o Sooth Americae, it is whiles cried ''Corazón de América'', the "Hert o Americae". The indigenous Guaraní fowk haed bidden in eastren Paraguay for at least a thoosand year afore Spaingie conquistadors cam in 1524. The ceety o Asunción wis foondit in 1537 as the first caipital o the Govrenorate o the Río de la Plata in the [[Spain|Spaingie Empire]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Paraguay: Cómo Asunción se convirtió en 'madre' de más de 70 ciudades de Sudamérica hace 480 años |series=BBC News Mundo |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-40920828|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918202538/https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-40920828|archive-date=18 September 2018}}</ref> In the 17t century Paraguay wis the centre o Jesuit missions, whaur the native fowk war convertit tae [[Christianity]] an brocht intae European cultur.<ref>{{cite book |last=Caraman |first=Philip |title=The Lost Paradise: The Jesuit republic in South America |publisher=Seabury Press |location=New York City |year=1976}}</ref> Efter the Jesuits war pit oot o Spaingie territories in 1767, Paraguay becam mair an mair a colony on the edge. Efter unthirldom in the early 19t century, Paraguay wis ruled bi a string o authoritarian govrenments. That ended wi the disastrous [[Paraguayan War|War o the Triple Alliance]] (1864–1870), whan the kintra lost hauf its population an aboot 25–33% o its territory. Paraguay won anither muckle war in the 20t century, the [[Chaco War]] wi Bolivie (1932–1935). Syne it wis ruled bi a string o militar dictators, endin wi the 35-year regime o [[Alfredo Stroessner]]. He wis cowped in 1989 bi a militar coup, that stairtit Paraguay's present democratic era. Paraguay is a developin kintra, rankit 99t in the [[Human Development Index]].<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database |date=April 2019 |publisher=International Monetary Fund |website=IMF.org |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weoselco.aspx?g=2200&sg=All+countries+%2f+Emerging+market+and+developing+economies |url-status=live |access-date=29 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010203013/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weoselco.aspx?g=2200&sg=All+countries+%2F+Emerging+market+and+developing+economies |archive-date=10 October 2020}}</ref> As o 2024 it haed ane o the faistest-growin economies in the Wastren Hemisphere, driven bi exports o beef an soya beans, manufacturin an biggin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Blair |first=Laurence |title=Paraguay's Boom Has Yet to Fully Deliver |url=https://americasquarterly.org/article/paraguays-boom/ |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=Americas Quarterly |language=en-US |archive-date=5 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251005153021/https://www.americasquarterly.org/article/paraguays-boom/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Maist o Paraguay's 6 million fowk are ''mestizo'', an Guaraní cultur is still strang: mair nor 90% o the population spiks [[Guaraní leid|Guaraní]] alangside Spaingie, the heichest rate o fluency in an indigenous leid in [[Laitin Americae]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-03 |title=Paraguay {{!}} History, Geography, Maps, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Paraguay |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=Britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=25 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225183757/https://www.britannica.com/place/Paraguay |url-status=live }}</ref> In a 2014 Positive Experience Index based on global pollin, Paraguay wis rankit the "world's happiest place".<ref>{{cite news |title=World's happiest country? Would you believe Paraguay? |website=NBC News (nbcnews.com) |date=21 May 2014 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/worlds-happiest-country-would-you-believe-paraguay-n110981 |url-status=live |access-date=19 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914163313/https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/worlds-happiest-country-would-you-believe-paraguay-n110981 |archive-date=14 September 2018}}</ref> == Etymology == Thare are at least fower accoonts o whaur the nem Paraguay comes frae. Translatit wird for wird frae [[Guaraní leid|Guaraní]], ''Para'' means "o monie kinds"; ''Gua'' means "frae", "belangin tae" or "place"; an ''Y'' means "watter", "river" or "loch". == Geografie == {{Main|Geografie o Paraguay}} [[File:Pa-map.png|thumb|250px|left|Cairt o Paraguay]] [[File:Paraguay regions map 2.svg|thumb|The kintra's regions]] The Río Paraguay divides Paraguay intae the eastren region, cried Eastren Paraguay (''Paraguay Oriental'') an kent as the Paraná region, an the wastren region, offeecially cried Wastren Paraguay (''Paraguay Occidental'') an kent as the [[Gran Chaco|Chaco]] an aw. In the east the laund is gressy plains an wuidit hills. Tae the wast it is maistly law, mossy plains. === Climate === {{Main|Climate o Paraguay}} The [[climate]] gangs frae subtropical tae [[temperate climate|temperate]], wi a guid deal o rain in the east, but it gets semi-arid in the faur wast. ==Notes== {{reflist|group=nb}} ==References== {{Reflist}} == Freemit airtins == ; Govrenment * [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-p/paraguay.html Chief o State an Cabinet Members] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528053421/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-p/paraguay.html |date=2010-05-28 }} * {{es}} [http://www.senatur.gov.py/ Naitional Department o Tourism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520071223/http://www.senatur.gov.py/ |date=2015-05-20 }} * {{es}} [http://www.hacienda.gov.py/ Ministry o Finance, wi economic an govrenment information, in Inglis an aw] ; General information * [http://www.britannica.com/nations/Paraguay Paraguay] frae the [[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] * {{CIA World Factbook link|pa|Paraguay}} * [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/paraguay.htm Paraguay] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607085416/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/paraguay.htm |date=2008-06-07 }} at ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{dmoz|Regional/South_America/Paraguay}} * {{Wikiatlas|Paraguay}} ; News media * {{es}} ['''https://web.archive.org/web/20090916131713/http://www.larueda.com.py/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090916131713/https://web.archive.org/web/20090916131713/http://www.larueda.com.py/ |date=2009-09-16 }} La Rueda - Weekly reviews]''' * {{es}} [http://www.abc.com.py/ ABC Color] * {{es}} [http://www.ultimahora.com.py/ Última Hora] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201100434/http://www.ultimahora.com.py/ |date=2008-12-01 }} * {{es}} [http://www.lanacion.com.py/ La Nación] * {{es}} [http://www.paraguay.com/ Paraguay.com] * {{es}} [http://www.nanduti.com.py/ Ñanduti] ; Traivel * [http://www.asu-cvb.org.py/servicios/lacuidad_en.html Paraguay Convention & Visitor's Bureau]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.Paraguay.com/ Paraguay.com: Tradition, Culture, Maps, Tourism] * {{Wikivoyage|Paraguay}} * {{es}}[http://www.turismo.com.py/ Tourism in Paraguay: information, pictures an mair. Turismo.com.py] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202113657/http://www.turismo.com.py/ |date=2008-12-02 }} {{Paraguay}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Paraguay| ]] [[Category:Kintras in Sooth Americae]] [[Category:Landlocked kintras]] [[Category:Umwhile Spaingie colonies]] [[Category:Spaingie-speakin kintras an territories]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1811]] [[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]] 9bmiceyfsb2q48ohzhsze1ya1db7ere 0 11288 927207 627624 2026-11-09T09:59:54Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; lead rebuilt, Celtic styles (Scots backhaud) addit, soorced 927207 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Warstlin''' is a [[mairtial airts|mairtial airt]], a combat sport an a form o entertainment that involves [[grapplin]] wi an opponent an ettlin tae win a better position wi different thraws an techniques, unner a set o rules. It uises grapplin techniques sic as clinch fechtin, thraws an takdouns, jynt locks, pins an ither grapplin hauds. A bout is atween twa (whiles mair) competitors or sparrin pairtners. Monie warstlin techniques hae been taen intae ither mairtial airts, combat sports an [[militar]] haun-tae-haun combat seestems. The maist popular form is [[professional warstlin]], that is a kind o athletic theatre. Ither competitive forms are the Olympic styles ([[Greco-Roman warstlin|Greco-Roman]] an [[freestyle warstlin|freestyle]]), fowk warstlin an submission warstlin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Wrestling Hall of Fame |url=https://nwhof.org/national-wrestling-hall-of-fame/pages/the-oldest-sport |access-date=2026-07-30 |website=nwhof.org |language=en}}</ref> Warstlin first appeared at the [[ancient Olympic Gemmes]] at the 18t Olympiad in 708 BC.<ref>[https://uww.org/organisation/history-wrestling-uww History of Wrestling & UWW]. ''United World Wrestling''. Retrieved January 1, 2023.</ref> Thare is a braid range o styles wi different rules, baith traditional an modren. == Celtic styles == The Celtic styles o warstlin, sic as [[Scottish Backhold|Scots backhaud]], Cornish an Cumberland warstlin, are a group o fowk styles wi thair ain governin bodies. The International Federation of Celtic Wrestling (FILC) hauds internaitional competitions atween warstlers frae thir styles.<ref name="Jacket 1">Guy Jaouen and Matthew Bennett Nicols: ''Celtic Wrestling, The Jacket Styles'', Fédération Internationale des Luttes Associées (Switzerland) 2007, p1-183.</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat|Wrestling}} [[Category:Warstlin]] {{Stub/Sport}} en5lbgcjpvfgof9x7vu863ffqhpfsct 0 11341 927252 450204 2026-11-09T10:40:20Z Monospaced 75295 Category:Formula 1; prose redd up, members an preses updatit wi soorces 927252 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile''', commonly cried the '''FIA''', is a non-profit association that wis set up as the Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus (AIACR) on 20 Juin 1904 tae staund for motorin organisations an motor caur uisers. Tae the general public, the FIA is maistly kent as the governin body for monie [[Auto racin|auto racin]] events. Its heidquarters is at [[Place de la Concorde|8, Place de la Concorde, Paris]], an the FIA haes 245 member organisations in 149 kintras warldwide.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fia.com/members |title=Members |publisher=Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile |access-date=20 November 2023 |archive-date=5 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105133656/https://www.fia.com/members |url-status=live }}</ref> Its preses is [[Mohammed Ben Sulayem]].<ref name="Sulayem">{{Cite web |date=17 December 2021 |title=Mohammed Ben Sulayem elected FIA President |url=https://www.fia.com/news/mohammed-ben-sulayem-elected-fia-president |access-date=17 December 2021 |archive-date=10 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110075633/https://www.fia.com/news/mohammed-ben-sulayem-elected-fia-president |url-status=live }}</ref> Lik fitbaw's [[FIFA]], the FIA is maistly kent bi its French nem an acronym, even in kintras whaur French isna spoken, but it is whiles cried the ''Internaitional Automobile Federation''. Its maist prominent role is the licensin an arbitration o [[Formula 1]] [[motor racin]]. The FIA, alang wi the [[Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme|FIM]], certifies [[land speed record|laund speed record]] attempts an aw. == References == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Federation Internationale De L'automobile}} [[Category:Auto racin organisations]] [[Category:Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile| ]] [[Category:Formula 1]] [[Category:Internaitional nongovrenmental organisations]] [[Category:Internaitional sports federations]] [[Category:Organisations based in Paris]] [[Category:Organisations established in 1904]] g7nekrrqh8vvnsrpi0vxfiezypc2ytt 0 11342 927219 901210 2026-11-09T10:10:32Z Monospaced 75295 Monospaced flittit page [[Formula Ane]] til [[Formula One]] ower reguidal: Misspelt title: Trademarked brand in Inglis, shouldnae be owerset intae Scots 901210 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mercedes W 196 mit 3-l-Motor (Fangio) 1986-08-16.jpg|thumb|Formula Ane (1986)]] '''Formula Ane''' ({{lang-en|'''Formula One'''}}), forby kent as '''Formula 1''' or '''F1''', an offeecially referred tae as the '''FIA Formula Ane Warld Championship''', is the heichest cless o single seater auto racin approven bi the [[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile]] (FIA). The "[[formula racin|formula]]" in the nem refers tae a set o rules wi which aw participants' caurs maun comply. {{Commonscat|Formula One}} [[Category:Formula Ane| ]] [[Category:Formula racin series|1]] [[Category:Racin formulas|1]] [[Category:1947 introductions]] gxpyqha0xaqegr8otuw48drkvk9ty5v 927222 927219 2026-11-09T10:12:35Z Monospaced 75295 927222 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mercedes W 196 mit 3-l-Motor (Fangio) 1986-08-16.jpg|thumb|Formula Ane (1986)]] '''Formula One''', forby kent as '''Formula 1''' or '''F1''', an offeecially referred tae as the '''FIA Formula One World Championship''', is the heichest cless o single seater auto racin approven bi the [[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile]] (FIA). The "[[formula racin|formula]]" in the nem refers tae a set o rules wi which aw participants' caurs maun comply. {{Commonscat|Formula One}} [[Category:Formula Ane| ]] [[Category:Formula racin series|1]] [[Category:Racin formulas|1]] [[Category:1947 introductions]] tocxhdwz591boakusbc0yxp9ly0duak 927224 927222 2026-11-09T10:14:32Z Monospaced 75295 Formula One no Formula Ane, shouldnae be owerset, same raison the FIA is in French 927224 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mercedes W 196 mit 3-l-Motor (Fangio) 1986-08-16.jpg|thumb|Formula One (1986)]] '''Formula One''', forby kent as '''Formula 1''' or '''F1''', an offeecially referred tae as the '''FIA Formula One World Championship''', is the heichest cless o single seater auto racin approven bi the [[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile]] (FIA). The "[[formula racin|formula]]" in the nem refers tae a set o rules wi which aw participants' caurs maun comply. {{Commonscat|Formula One}} [[Category:Formula Ane| ]] [[Category:Formula racin series|1]] [[Category:Racin formulas|1]] [[Category:1947 introductions]] dffovk5fm9b7germv3dcbbmyby5eoij 927235 927224 2026-11-09T10:19:26Z Monospaced 75295 Monospaced flittit page [[Formula One]] til [[Formula 1]]: Leids except Inglis aye use 1 ower One 927224 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mercedes W 196 mit 3-l-Motor (Fangio) 1986-08-16.jpg|thumb|Formula One (1986)]] '''Formula One''', forby kent as '''Formula 1''' or '''F1''', an offeecially referred tae as the '''FIA Formula One World Championship''', is the heichest cless o single seater auto racin approven bi the [[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile]] (FIA). The "[[formula racin|formula]]" in the nem refers tae a set o rules wi which aw participants' caurs maun comply. {{Commonscat|Formula One}} [[Category:Formula Ane| ]] [[Category:Formula racin series|1]] [[Category:Racin formulas|1]] [[Category:1947 introductions]] dffovk5fm9b7germv3dcbbmyby5eoij 927241 927235 2026-11-09T10:23:55Z Monospaced 75295 Expandit frae soorces: history, races, caurs, Scots drivers; Formula 1 throughoot 927241 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox motorsport championship |name = Formula 1 |category = Single-seater formula [[Auto racin|auto racin]] |country/region = Warldwide |inaugural2 = 1950 |drivers = 22 |constructors = 11 |tyres = [[Pirelli]] |champion driver = Kimi Antonelli (2026)<br />(Mercedes) |constructor = Mercedes (2026) |website = {{URL|https://formula1.com}} }} [[File:Mercedes W 196 mit 3-l-Motor (Fangio) 1986-08-16.jpg|thumb|Fangio's Mercedes W 196 in 1986]] '''Formula 1''' ('''F1''') is the heichest cless o warldwide [[Motor racin|racin]] for single-seater formula racin caurs wi open wheels. It is run bi the Formula One Group an sanctioned bi the [[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile]] (FIA). The '''FIA Formula One World Championship''' haes been ane o the warld's tap kinds o motorsport syne its first season in 1950, an is aften thocht the heicht o motorsport. The wird ''formula'' in the nem means the set o rules that aw the caurs takkin pairt maun follae. A Formula 1 season is a run o races cried Grands Prix, that tak place in monie countries an continents, on circuits biggit for the purpose or on closed roads uised as street circuits. A points system is uised at the Grands Prix tae decide twa warld championships ilka year: ane for the drivers, an ane for the constructors, that are the same thing as the teams noo. Ilka driver maun haud a valid Super Licence, the heichest cless o racin licence the FIA gies oot, an the races maun be run on Grade One tracks, the heichest grade the FIA gies tae circuits. == History == Formula 1 cam oot o the World Manufacturers' Championship (1925–1927) an the European Drivers' Championship (1931–1939). Afore [[Warld War II]], a wheen Grand Prix racin organisations pit forrit ideas for a new championship tae tak the place o the European Championship, but acause racin wis stoppit durin the war, a new International Formula for caurs wisnae formally settled till efter it. Formula 1 wis a formula greed on in 1946 tae come intae force officially in 1947. The first Grand Prix run unner the new rules wis the 1946 Turin Grand Prix, afore the formula's official stairt. The new warld championship wis set up tae begin in 1950.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/lastampa_1946-09-01/page/n1/mode/2up?view=theater |title=La Stampa (1946-09-01) |date=1 September 1946 |publisher=Editrice La Stampa S.p.A. |others=CSI Piemonte |pages=3 |language=Italian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 1946 |title=L'Équipe : le stade, l'air, la route |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bd6t5100156g/f2.item.zoom |access-date=13 September 2024 |website=Gallica }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cooper |first=Adam |date=13 May 2020 |title=Remembering F1's first world championship race 70 years on |url=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/first-f1-race-silverstone-1950/4791619/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606181346/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/first-f1-race-silverstone-1950/4791619/ |archive-date=6 June 2020 |access-date=11 September 2024 |website=motorsport.com}}</ref> The first warld championship race, the 1950 British Grand Prix, wis run at [[Silverstone Circuit]] in the [[Unitit Kinrick]] on 13 Mey 1950.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2021 |title=Facts you may not know about Silverstone Circuit and its place on the F1 calendar |url=https://www.silverstonemuseum.co.uk/about-us/our-organisation/blog/facts-you-may-not-know-about-silverstone-circuit/ |access-date=18 May 2023 |work=Silverstone Museum |archive-date=18 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518141045/https://www.silverstonemuseum.co.uk/about-us/our-organisation/blog/facts-you-may-not-know-about-silverstone-circuit/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Giuseppe Farina, drivin for [[Alfa Romeo]], wan the first Drivers' World Championship, juist beatin his teammate [[Juan Manuel Fangio]]. Fangio wan the championship in 1951, 1954, 1955, 1956 an 1957.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=13 October 2003 |title=Michael Schumacher surclasse ses rivaux et dépasse Juan Manuel Fangio |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/2003/10/13/michael-schumacher-surclasse-ses-rivaux-et-depasse-juan-manuel-fangio_337886_1819218.html |access-date=18 May 2023 |newspaper=Le Monde |archive-date=18 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518140148/https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/2003/10/13/michael-schumacher-surclasse-ses-rivaux-et-depasse-juan-manuel-fangio_337886_1819218.html |url-status=live }}</ref> That set the record for the maist warld championships wan bi ae driver, a record that stuid for 46 year till [[Michael Schumacher]] wan his saxt championship in 2003.<ref name=":1" /> A Constructors' Championship wis addit in the 1958 season. Stirling Moss, tho he is aften thocht ane o the best Formula One drivers o the 1950s an 1960s, niver wan the championship.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lawton |first=James |date=18 September 2011 |title=Hamilton still on track to greatness |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/motor-racing/james-lawton-hamilton-still-on-track-to-greatness-397525.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/motor-racing/james-lawton-hamilton-still-on-track-to-greatness-397525.html |archive-date=25 May 2022 |access-date=2 November 2021 |newspaper = The Independent |location=London}}</ref> The first muckle technical chynge in the series wis [[Bugatti]] bringin in mid-engined caurs. [[Jack Brabham]], warld champion in 1959, 1960 an 1966, suin shawed that the mid-engine wis better nor ony ither engine position, an bi 1961 aw the teams haed chynged tae mid-engined caurs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gpracing.net192.com/cars/data/186.cfm|title=Ferguson P99|access-date =17 November 2007|publisher=GP Racing|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080330231253/http://www.gpracing.net192.com/cars/data/186.cfm|archive-date=30 March 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1962 Lotus brocht in a caur wi an aluminium-sheet monocoque chassis insteid o the traditional space-frame design. This turned oot tae be the biggest technical step forrit syne mid-engined caurs cam in.<ref>{{cite web |title=See how technology has changed Formula One for the better |url=https://www.redbull.com/in-en/7-times-new-technology-changed-the-f1-game |work=Red Bull |access-date=23 August 2025 |date=28 March 2018}}</ref> Frae the 1970s, [[Bernie Ecclestone]] rearranged the management o Formula 1's commercial richts, an monie fowk gie him the credit for turnin the series intae the multi-billion-dollar business it is noo.<ref name="guardian280397">{{cite news |first=Richard |last=Williams|title=The Formula for Striking It Rich|newspaper=The Guardian |date=28 March 1997}}</ref><ref name="mrformula">{{cite news |date=13 March 1997 |title=Mr Formula One |page=72 |newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/business/1997/03/13/mr-formula-one |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250820215519/https://www.economist.com/business/1997/03/13/mr-formula-one |archive-date= 2025-08-20}}</ref> When Ecclestone bocht the Brabham team in 1971 he got a seat on the Formula 1 Constructors' Association (FOCA), an in 1978 he becam its president.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bernie Ecclestone timeline|url=http://en.espnf1.com/f1/motorsport/story/32358.html|access-date=18 January 2022|website=ESPN UK|archive-date=17 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817112028/http://en.espnf1.com/f1/motorsport/story/32358.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The rivalry atween [[Ayrton Senna]] an Alain Prost becam the main focus o F1 in 1988 an gaed on till Prost retired at the end o 1993.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Slater |first1=Luke |title='I had a front-row seat for the explosive Senna-Prost rivalry' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/formula-1/2025/05/22/front-row-seat-explosive-ayrton-senna-alain-prost-rivalry/ |website=The Telegraph |access-date=3 November 2025 |date=22 May 2025}}</ref> Senna deed at the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix efter crashin intae a waw on the wey oot o the Tamburello corner.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ayrton Senna: Remembering a racing legend 30 years on |url=https://www.silverstone.co.uk/news/ayrton-senna-remembering-racing-legend-30-years |website=Silverstone |access-date=3 November 2025 }}</ref> [[Roland Ratzenberger]] deed an aw, in an accident durin the Setterday qualifyin that weekend.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tremayne |first1=Sam |title=A racer through and through – Roland Ratzenberger remembered |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/a-racer-through-and-through-ratzenberger-remembered.4GgLrhjq9vSL5anb023G7 |website=Formula 1® |access-date=3 November 2025 }}</ref> Michael Schumacher an [[Ferrari]] wan five Drivers' Championships in a raw an sax Constructors' Championships in a raw. Schumacher set monie new records, amang them the records for Grand Prix wins, wins in a season, an maist Drivers' Championships.<ref>{{cite news |title=Schumacher makes history |work=BBC Sport |date=21 July 2002 |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/formula_one/2141834.stm |access-date=12 September 2006 |archive-date=5 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505185104/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/2141834.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> His run o championships endit on 25 September 2005, when the Renault driver [[Fernando Alonso]] becam Formula 1's youngest champion at that time (till [[Lewis Hamilton]] in 2008, an efter him [[Sebastian Vettel]] in 2010).<ref>{{cite web |title=The youngest Formula 1 world champions – Where does Max Verstappen rank alongside Vettel, Alonso and Hamilton? |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/the-youngest-world-champions-where-does-verstappen-rank-alongside-vettel.5maXjugCVIKMSrPdky0p7Q |website=Formula 1®|access-date=23 August 2025 }}</ref> A muckle chynge tae the rules in 2014 saw the 2.4-litre naturally aspirated V8 engines replaced bi 1.6-litre turbocharged hybrid pouer units.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Benson |first1=Andrew |title=Formula 1 bosses confirm engines will not change until 2014 |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/formula1/13878359 |website=BBC Sport |access-date=23 August 2025 |date=22 June 2011}}</ref> Mercedes cam oot as the dominant team, wi Hamilton winnin the championship, closely follit bi his main rival an teammate, [[Nico Rosberg]], an the team winnin 16 o the 19 races that season.<ref name="twenty fourteen">{{cite web |title=2014 Race Results |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/results/2014/races |website=formula1.com |access-date=23 August 2025 }}</ref> In 2021 the Red Bull team, wi Honda engines, stairtit tae challenge Mercedes in earnest, wi [[Max Verstappen]] beatin Hamilton tae the Drivers' Championship efter a fecht that lastit the hale season an saw the pair swap the lead o the championship monie times.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mortlidge |first1=Matt |title=Max Verstappen vs Lewis Hamilton: The story and escalating drama of a remarkable Formula 1 title fight |url=https://www.skysports.com/f1/news/12433/12488949/max-verstappen-vs-lewis-hamilton-the-story-and-escalating-drama-of-a-remarkable-formula-1-title-fight |website=Sky Sports |access-date=23 August 2025}}</ref> In 2022 the F1 governin body annoonced a muckle chynge tae the rules an tae caur design, meant tae gie closer racin throu ground effects, new aerodynamics, bigger wheels wi low-profile tyres, an new nose an wing rules.<ref name="2022Car">{{Cite web |title=10 things you need to know about the all-new 2022 F1 car |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.10-things-you-need-to-know-about-the-all-new-2022-f1-car.4OLg8DrXyzHzdoGrbqp6ye.html |access-date=9 January 2023 |website= formula1.com |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525004734/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.10-things-you-need-to-know-about-the-all-new-2022-f1-car.4OLg8DrXyzHzdoGrbqp6ye.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=7 key rule changes for the 2022 season |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.7-key-rule-changes-for-the-2022-season.2E7JH9MywymU8xxw6r5yDS.html |access-date=9 January 2023 |website= formula1.com |archive-date=25 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425005024/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.7-key-rule-changes-for-the-2022-season.2E7JH9MywymU8xxw6r5yDS.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Red Bull cam oot as the dominant team efter the shake-up. The 2022 an 2023 Constructors' an Drivers' championships war wan bi Red Bull an Verstappen, wi monie races tae spare.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Parkes |first=Ian |date=9 December 2022 |title=This Formula 1 Season Was All Max Verstappen and Red Bull |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/09/sports/autoracing/f1-max-verstappen-red-bull.html |url-access=registration |access-date=9 January 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=9 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109030145/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/09/sports/autoracing/f1-max-verstappen-red-bull.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramaswami |first=Sundaram|title=The F1 records Verstappen and Red Bull broke in 2022 |url=https://us.motorsport.com/f1/news/the-f1-records-verstappen-and-red-bull-broke-in-2022/10403498/ |access-date=9 January 2023 |website=motorsport.com |date=21 November 2022 |archive-date=9 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109030143/https://us.motorsport.com/f1/news/the-f1-records-verstappen-and-red-bull-broke-in-2022/10403498/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Parkes |first=Ian |date=13 December 2023 |title=For Red Bull and Max Verstappen, 2023 Was a Dominant Year |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/13/sports/autoracing/f1-red-bull-max-verstappen-2023.html |url-access=registration |access-date=15 January 2024 |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=14 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114170342/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/13/sports/autoracing/f1-red-bull-max-verstappen-2023.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Joseph |first=Samuel |date=9 October 2023 |title=Why Red Bull's RB19 is one of the most dominant F1 cars ever |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/06/sport/red-bull-rb19-f1-motorsport-spt-intl/index.html |access-date=15 January 2024 |work=CNN |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115131543/https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/06/sport/red-bull-rb19-f1-motorsport-spt-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> == Races an the championship == A Formula 1 Grand Prix rins ower a weekend. It maistly stairts wi twa free practice sessions on the Friday an a third on the Setterday. Extra drivers (commonly cried third drivers) are allooed tae rin on Fridays, but only twa caurs can be uised bi ilka team, sae a race driver haes tae gie up their seat. A qualifyin session is held efter the last free practice session, an it sets the stairtin order for the race on the Sunday.<ref name="QDetail2">{{cite web|url=http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/rules_and_regulations/sporting_regulations/8686/|title=Practice and qualifying|website= formula1.com|access-date=21 October 2009|archive-date=16 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100516014918/http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/rules_and_regulations/sporting_regulations/8686/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="DriveChang">{{cite web|title=Driver changes and additional drivers|url=http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/rules_and_regulations/sporting_regulations/8694/|website= formula1.com|date=10 June 2011|access-date=10 June 2011|archive-date=20 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110620024651/http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/rules_and_regulations/sporting_regulations/8694/|url-status=live}}</ref> The current qualifyin format, kent as "knock-out" qualifyin, cam in for the 2006 season. It is pairtit intae three stages, cried Q1, Q2 an Q3. Drivers can rin as monie laps as they want tae get throu tae the neist stage, an the slowest drivers are pit oot at the end o ilka roond.<ref name=Qual>{{cite web|title=Sporting regulations: Practice and qualifying|url=http://www.formula1.com/content/fom-website/en/championship/inside-f1/rules-regs/Practice_qualifying_and_race_start_procedure.html|website=formula1.com|access-date=3 January 2016|archive-date=1 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501104833/http://www.formula1.com/content/fom-website/en/championship/inside-f1/rules-regs/Practice_qualifying_and_race_start_procedure.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Throu the race, drivers can mak pit stops tae chynge tyres an sort damage. Three dry tyre compounds, wi different wear an grip, are available tae the drivers. In weet conditions drivers can chynge tae ane o twa special weet-wather tyres wi extra grooves. Ower the race, drivers maun mak at least ae pit stop an uise twa different tyre compounds.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Asher |first1=Richard |last2=Braybrook |first2=Rebecca |title=F1 tyres: What are the Pirelli compounds and 2024 rules |url=https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/f1-tyres-what-are-the-compounds-and-what-do-they-mean/10344284/ |website=autosport.com |access-date=15 September 2025 |date=15 September 2025}}</ref> Different systems for giein championship points hae been uised syne 1950. The current system, in place syne 2010, gies points tae the tap ten caurs in the Drivers' an Constructors' Championships, wi the winner gettin 25 points. The points wan at ilka race are added up, an the driver an constructor wi the maist points at the end o the season are croont warld champions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sporting regulations: Points|url=http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/rules_and_regulations/sporting_regulations/8681/|website= formula1.com|access-date=12 January 2015|archive-date=3 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003050849/http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/rules_and_regulations/sporting_regulations/8681/|url-status=live}}</ref> A Formula 1 constructor is the body creditit wi designin the chassis an the engine.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Verlin|first=Kurt|date=10 October 2017|title=Quick Guide to Formula One Constructors|url=https://thenewswheel.com/quick-guide-to-formula-one-constructors/|access-date=2 December 2020|website=The News Wheel|archive-date=31 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231220547/https://thenewswheel.com/quick-guide-to-formula-one-constructors/|url-status=live}}</ref> If baith are designed bi the same company, that company gets sole credit as the constructor (for example [[Ferrari]]). If they are designed bi different companies, baith are creditit, wi the nem o the chassis designer comin afore that o the engine designer (for example [[McLaren]]-Mercedes). Aw constructors are scored on their ain, even if they share a chassis or engine wi anither constructor.<ref>{{Cite web|title=1983 Constructor Standings|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/results.html/1983/team.html|access-date=2 December 2020|website= formula1.com|archive-date=1 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201065752/https://www.formula1.com/en/results.html/1983/team.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The nummer o Grands Prix held in a season haes chynged ower the years. The first warld championship season, in 1950, haed only seven races,<ref name="inaugural season">{{cite web |title=1950 RACE RESULTS |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/results/1950/races |website=formula1.com |access-date=23 August 2025}}</ref> alang wi a wheen non-championship Formula 1 events.<ref>{{cite web |title=Non World Championship Grand Prix - 1950|url=https://www.statsf1.com/en/1950-hc.aspx |website=statsf1.com |access-date=23 August 2025}}</ref> Thae non-championship races, however, cam tae an end in 1983.<ref name="lastnopointsrace">{{Cite web |last=Cooper |first=Adam |date=10 April 2021 |title=The beer and curry secret of F1's last non-points race |url=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/f1-race-champions-sullivan-1983/4779232/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708190942/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/f1-race-champions-sullivan-1983/4779232/ |archive-date=8 July 2023 |access-date=3 September 2024 |website=motorsport.com}}</ref> The 2024 season haed 24 races, the maist warld championship races in ae season.<ref name="2024 calendar">{{cite web |title=F1 2024 calendar revealed: Saturday night Grands Prix in Bahrain and Saudi Arabia to kick off record 24-race season |url=https://www.skysports.com/f1/news/12433/12915418/f1-2024-calendar-revealed-saturday-night-grands-prix-in-bahrain-and-saudi-arabia-to-kick-off-record-24-race-season |access-date=5 July 2023 |website=Sky Sports |archive-date=8 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708215051/https://www.skysports.com/f1/news/12433/12915418/f1-2024-calendar-revealed-saturday-night-grands-prix-in-bahrain-and-saudi-arabia-to-kick-off-record-24-race-season |url-status=live}}</ref> The British an Italian Grands Prix are the only events that hae been held in ilka Formula 1 season.<ref>{{cite web |title=Which country has hosted the most F1 races? |url=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/which-country-hosted-most-f1-races/10560961/ |website=motorsport.com |access-date=23 August 2025}}</ref> The [[Monaco Grand Prix]] wis first held in 1929 an haes run ilka year syne 1955, except in 2020,<ref>{{cite web |title=Monaco announce cancellation of 2020 F1 race due to coronavirus |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/monaco-announce-cancellation-2020-f1-race.4tpwalvxWpDL0uwRMnV9TI |website=Formula 1® |access-date=23 August 2025 }}</ref> an monie fowk think it ane o the maist important an prestigious motor races in the warld.<ref>{{cite web|title=His Serene Highness Prince Rainier of Monte Carlo awarded the first FIA Gold Medal for Motor Sport|website=Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile|date=14 October 2004|url=http://www.fia.com/mediacentre/Press_Releases/FIA_Sport/2004/141004-01.html|access-date=23 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071115023910/http://www.fia.com/mediacentre/Press_Releases/FIA_Sport/2004/141004-01.html|archive-date=15 November 2007}}</ref> Aw Grands Prix war run in daylicht till the first Singapore Grand Prix held the first Formula 1 nicht race in 2008.<ref name="night race">{{cite web|url=http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2007/5/6063.html |title=Singapore confirms 2008 night race |website= formula1.com |date=11 May 2007 |access-date=30 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100517074908/http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2007/5/6063.html |archive-date=17 May 2010 }}</ref> == Caurs == Modren Formula 1 caurs are mid-engined hybrid single-seaters wi open wheels an a semi-open cockpit. The chassis is maistly carbon-fibre composites, sae it is licht but awfu stiff an strang. The hale caur, includin the driver but no the fuel, weighs only {{convert|800|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, the minimum wecht set bi the rules.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Elshebiny |first=Yara |date=23 March 2025 |title=The F1 Car Weight Rule That Cost Leclerc And Gasly 2025 Chinese GP Results |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/yaraelshebiny/2025/03/23/the-f1-car-weight-rule-that-cost-leclerc-and-gasly-2025-chinese-gp-results/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250323141021/https://www.forbes.com/sites/yaraelshebiny/2025/03/23/the-f1-car-weight-rule-that-cost-leclerc-and-gasly-2025-chinese-gp-results/ |archive-date=23 March 2025 |access-date=9 April 2025 |work=Forbes }}</ref> Aerodynamic downforce, frae the "wings" at the front an back o the caurs an frae the ground effect o low air pressure unner the flat bottom o the caur, plays a muckle pairt in hou weel the caur can be handled at heich speeds.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.redbull.com/us-en/evolution-of-f1-cars|title=Evolution of F1 cars|work=Red Bull Racing|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> Frae 1998 tae 2008 Formula 1 tyres war no "slicks" as in maist ither circuit racin series; insteid, ilka tyre haed fower muckle grooves roond its surface, meant tae limit hou fast the caurs could tak corners.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/understanding_the_sport/5283.html |title=Tyres |access-date=4 July 2008 |website= formula1.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218202246/http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/understanding_the_sport/5283.html |archive-date=18 December 2008 }}</ref> Slick tyres cam back in Formula 1 in the 2009 season, an are noo supplied only bi [[Pirelli]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Beginner's guide to F1 tyres |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/the-beginners-guide-to-formula-1-tyres.61SvF0Kfg29UR2SPhakDqd |website=formula1.com |access-date=14 September 2025 }}</ref> In 2014 the engines war chynged frae a 2.4-litre naturally aspirated V8 tae turbocharged 1.6-litre V6 pouer units.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2011/6/12134.html|title=2013 engine changes approved, but postponement possible|date=3 June 2011|access-date=16 December 2012|website= formula1.com|archive-date=17 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117085257/http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2011/6/12134.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> They rin on unleaded fuel gey near the same as the petrol selt tae the public, get a guid pairt o their pouer frae electric motors, an hae energy recovery technology.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/rules_and_regulations/technical_regulations/6852/default.html|title=FIA Sporting Regulations&nbsp;– Fuel|access-date=23 May 2008|website= formula1.com|archive-date=8 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100908052019/http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/rules_and_regulations/technical_regulations/6852/default.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Current caurs can gang faster nor {{convert|350|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} at some circuits.<ref>{{cite web |title=Grand Prix of Italy |url=http://www.fia.com/sport/Championships/F1/F1_Circuits/2006/Italy/circuit.html |access-date=12 October 2006 |publisher=Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609113707/http://www.fia.com/sport/Championships/F1/F1_Circuits/2006/Italy/circuit.html |archive-date=9 June 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The heichest straicht-line speed recordit durin a Grand Prix wis {{convert|372.6|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}, set bi [[Juan Pablo Montoya]] at the 2005 Italian Grand Prix.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fastest speed outright in a Formula One Grand Prix |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/fastest-speed-outright-in-a-formula-one-grand-prix |website=Guinness World Records |access-date=19 August 2025}}</ref> == Scots drivers == [[Jim Clark]] wan the World Drivers' Championship in 1963 an 1965 wi Lotus.<ref name="Jim Clark">{{cite web |url=http://www.formula1.com/en/championship/drivers/hall-of-fame/Jim_Clark.html |title=Jim Clark |publisher=formula1.com |access-date=27 November 2016 |archive-date=3 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703093109/http://www.formula1.com/en/championship/drivers/hall-of-fame/Jim_Clark.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He deed in a racin accident at the Hockenheimring in [[Wast Germany]] on 7 Aprile 1968.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 April 1968 |title=Jim Clark dies in 170mph crash |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/1968/apr/08/formulaone |access-date=27 December 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=7 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141207232955/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/1968/apr/08/formulaone |url-status=live }}</ref> A life-size statue o him in his racin overalls stauns bi the brig ower a wee burn in Kilmany in [[Fife]], the clachan whaur he wis born.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=July 1993 |title=Clark memorial |url=https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/july-1993/79/clark-memorial/ |access-date=2024-02-16 |magazine=Motor Sport |issue=79 |archive-date=16 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216175301/https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/july-1993/79/clark-memorial/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1997-02-21 |title=Tribute to a supreme Scottish sportsman Statue will honour twice world champion Jim Clark's place in history |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12075218.tribute-to-a-supreme-scottish-sportsman-statue-will-honour-twice-world-champion-jim-clarks-place-in-history/ |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=The Herald |archive-date=16 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216175259/https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12075218.tribute-to-a-supreme-scottish-sportsman-statue-will-honour-twice-world-champion-jim-clarks-place-in-history/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1997-05-30 |title=The enigmatic, complex and superfast Jim Clark |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12321342.the-enigmatic-complex-and-superfast-jim-clark/ |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=The Herald |archive-date=16 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216175301/https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12321342.the-enigmatic-complex-and-superfast-jim-clark/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Jackie Stewart]] wan the championship three times, in 1969, 1971 an 1973.<ref name="Jackie Stewart">{{cite web|url=http://www.formula1.com/en/championship/drivers/hall-of-fame/Jackie_Stewart.html|title=Jackie Stewart|publisher=formula1.com|access-date=27 November 2016|archive-date=5 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705053512/http://www.formula1.com/en/championship/drivers/hall-of-fame/Jackie_Stewart.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Till 2015 he wis the only British driver tae hae wan three championships; Lewis Hamilton, that went on tae be warld champion seven times, beat that record.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Weaver |first=Paul |date=2015-10-25 |title=Lewis Hamilton 'overwhelmed' after winning third F1 world championship |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/oct/25/lewis-hamilton-overwhelmed-third-f1-world-championship |access-date=2024-02-14 |work=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-27 |title=Lewis Hamilton's F1 peers heap praise on three-time champion |url=https://www.skysports.com/f1/news/24181/10039745/how-the-drivers-rate-hamilton |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=Sky Sports |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214235028/https://www.skysports.com/f1/news/24181/10039745/how-the-drivers-rate-hamilton |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Pryson |first=Mike |date=2022-06-23 |title=Jackie Stewart Says 7-Time F1 Champ Lewis Hamilton Missed His Chance To Go Out On Top |url=https://www.autoweek.com/racing/formula-1/a40397255/jackie-stewart-says-7-time-f1-champ-lewis-hamilton-missed-his-chance-to-go-out-on-top/ |magazine=Autoweek |issn=0192-9674 |access-date=2024-02-14 |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214235028/https://www.autoweek.com/racing/formula-1/a40397255/jackie-stewart-says-7-time-f1-champ-lewis-hamilton-missed-his-chance-to-go-out-on-top/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[David Coulthard]] wis born on 27 Mairch 1971 in [[Twynham, Dumfries an Gallowa|Twynholm]], Kirkcudbrightshire.<ref name=DandG>{{cite web|title=David Coulthard - Hall of Fame - Dumfries and Galloway|url=http://www.dumfries-and-galloway.co.uk/people/coulthard.htm|work=Dumfries and Galloway Online|access-date=19 August 2014}}</ref> His best placin in the Drivers' Championship wis second, in 2001, 58 points ahint the warld champion, Michael Schumacher.<ref name="MMagBio">{{cite web|title=David Coulthard|url=https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/database/drivers/david-coulthard/|work=Motor Sport|accessdate=31 July 2021}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{Commons category|Formula 1}} [[Category:Formula 1| ]] [[Category:Formula racin series|1]] [[Category:Racin formulas|1]] [[Category:1947 introductions]] 5xyxo5vd27p8cr7cshsg4tjhmjc1lj0 0 11910 927263 884717 2026-11-09T10:52:06Z Monospaced 75295 Remove Fix Scots; lead rewritten, honours an manager updatit, soorced 927263 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox fitbaw club |clubname = Birmingham City F.C. |current = 2014–15 Birmingham City F.C. season |image = |fullname = Birmingham City Football Club |nickname = Blues |shortname = BCFC |founded = {{nowrap|1875 as ''Small Heath Alliance''}} |dissolved = |ground = [[St Andrew's (stadium)|St Andrew's]] |capacity = 30,016<ref name=capacity>{{cite web |url=http://www.bcfc.com/tickets/New_To_St_Andrews.aspx |title=New to St. Andrew's? |publisher=Birmingham City F.C |accessdate=5 February 2013 |archive-date=2013-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215215541/http://www.bcfc.com/tickets/New_To_St_Andrews.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> |coordinates = {{coord|52|28|32|N|1|52|04|W|display=it}} |owntitle = Owner |owner = Shelby Companies Ltd. (96.64%)<ref name="Oct 23 Board">{{cite news |url=https://www.bcfc.com/more/club/board-management |title=Board Management |publisher=Birmingham City F.C. |date=October 2023 |access-date=2 January 2024 |archive-date=22 May 2024 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20240522110515/https://www.bcfc.com/more/club/board-management |url-status=live }}</ref> |chairman = Tom Wagner<ref name="Oct 23 Board" /> |mgrtitle = Manager |manager = Chris Davies<ref name="Chris Davies in">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/articles/c722n8g27y0o |title=Birmingham appoint Spurs' Davies as new manager |website=BBC Sport |date=6 June 2024 |access-date=6 June 2024 |archive-date=6 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606170942/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/articles/c722n8g27y0o |url-status=live }}</ref> |league = {{English football updater|BirmingC}} |season = {{English football updater|BirmingC2}} |position = {{English football updater|BirmingC3}} |website = http://www.bcfc.com |pattern_la1=| pattern_b1=_bluesides|pattern_ra1=|pattern_sh1=|pattern_so1= |leftarm1=0000FF|body1=FFFFFF|rightarm1=0000FF|shorts1=ffffff|socks1=0000FF |pattern_la2=_blue_panel|pattern_b2=_bluecollar_2|pattern_ra2=_blue_panel|pattern_sh2=|pattern_so2=|leftarm2=FFFF00|body2=FFFF00|rightarm2=FFFF00|shorts2=1F3B88|socks2=1F3B88 }} '''Birmingham City Football Club''' ({{pron-en|ˈbɜrmɪŋɡəm ˈsɪti}}) is a professional [[fitbaw|association fitbaw]] club based in the ceety o [[Birmingham]], Ingland. It wis formed in 1875 as '''Small Heath Alliance''', an becam '''Small Heath''' in 1888, '''Birmingham''' in 1905, an at lang last Birmingham City in 1943. The club plays in the [[EFL Championship|Championship]], the second tier o Inglis fitbaw. As Small Heath, they war foondin members an the first iver champions o the Fitbaa League Second Division. The maist successful period in thair history wis in the 1950s an early 1960s. Thair heichest league poseetion wis saxt in the [[Football League First Division|First Division]], in the 1955–56 season, an the same season they reached the 1956 FA Cup Final. They reached the final o the [[Inter-Cities Fairs Cup]] in 1960 an 1961, an wan thair first major trophy, the [[Football League Cup|League Cup]], in 1963, beatin [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]] 3–1 on aggregate. They wan the latter for the second time in 2011. They hae played in the top tier o Inglis fitbaw for aboot hauf o thair history.<ref name="footballsite">{{cite web |url=http://www.footballsite.co.uk/Statistics/ClubbyClub/ClubHistories/Birmingham.htm |title=Birmingham City |access-date=5 February 2017 |publisher=Football Facts and Figures |archive-date=7 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080107023446/http://www.footballsite.co.uk/Statistics/ClubbyClub/ClubHistories/Birmingham.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Thair langest spell ootside the top diveesion, atween 1986 an 2002, includit twa short spells in the third tier, durin which time they twice wan the [[Football League Trophy]]. [[St Andrew's (stadium)|St Andrew's]] haes been thair hame grund syne 1906. They hae a lang-staundin an fierce rivalry wi Aston Villa, thair nearest neighbours, wi whom they play the Second Ceety derby. The club's nickname is '''Blues''', efter the colour o thair kit, an thair fans are kent as Bluenoses. == Honours == * Second Division / Division One / [[EFL Championship|The Championship]] (level 2) ** Champions: [[:en:1892-93 in English fitbaw|1892–93]], [[:en:1920-21 in English fitbaw|1920–21]], [[:en:1947-48 in English fitbaw|1947–48]], [[:en:1954-55 in English fitbaw|1954–55]] ** Runners up: [[:en:1893-94 in English fitbaw|1893–94]], [[:en:1900-01 in English fitbaw|1900–01]], [[:en:1902-03 in English fitbaw|1902–03]], [[:en:1971-72 in English fitbaw|1971–72]], [[:en:1984-85 in English fitbaw|1984–85]], [[:en:2006-07 in English fitbaw|2006–07]], [[:en:2008-09 in English fitbaw|2008–09]] ** Play-aff winners: [[:en:2001-02 in English fitbaw|2001–02]] * Third Division / Division Two (level 3) ** Champions: [[:en:1994-95 in English fitbaw|1994–95]] ** Runners up: [[:en:1991-92 in English fitbaw|1991–92]] * [[FA Cup]] ** Runners up: [[:en:1931 FA Cup Final|1931]], [[:en:1956 FA Cup Final|1956]] * [[Football League Cup|League Cup]] ** Winners: [[:en:1963 Football League Cup Final|1963]], [[:en:2011 Fitball League Cup Final|2011]] ** Runners up: [[:en:2001 Football League Cup Final|2001]] * [[Inter-Cities Fairs Cup]] ** Runners up: [[:en:Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 1958-60|1960]], [[:en:Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 1960-61|1961]] * [[Football League Trophy|Associate Members Cup / Football League Trophy]] ** Winners: 1991, 1995 * Birmingham Senior Cup ** Winners: 1905 ==References== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} {{Commonscat|Birmingham City F.C.}} [[Category:Birmingham City F.C.| ]] [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1875]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Ingland]] [[Category:Sport in Birmingham, Wast Midlands]] [[Category:Premier League clubs]] [[Category:Football League Championship clubs]] [[Category:Football League clubs]] [[Category:Football League Cup winners]] [[Category:Football League Trophy winners]] [[Category:1870s establishments in Europe]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Birmingham, Wast Midlands]] {{Stub/Ingland}} {{Stub/Sport}} a8a9alpbs516vom6t5dyk3ggybzpnu2 0 12103 927184 925675 2026-11-09T07:53:34Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 927184 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Newfoundland Erse''' ([[Erse leid|Erse]]:''Gaeilge Thalamh an Éisc'') is an extinct dialect o the [[Erse leid]] specific tae the island o [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]], [[Canadae]]. It wis verra seimlar tae [[Munster Erse]], as spoken in the sootheast o [[Ireland]], due tae muckle immigration frae the coonties [[Coonty Waterford|Waterford]], [[Coonty Wexford|Wexford]], [[Coonty Kilkenny|Kilkenny]], [[Coonty Tipperary|Tipperary]], an [[Coonty Cork|Cork]]. ==Erse settlement o Newfoundland== Seiven [[Ingland|Inglis]] colonies wur established bi royal charter in Newfoundland atween 1610 an 1628, an [[Lunnon]]-based mercantile companies uised [[Celtic leids|Celtic]]-speakin peasants tae settle ilka ane. The colonists wur primarily [[Welsh leid|Welsh]] peasants but there wur forby mony Erse paisants wha uisually spak the [[Erse leid|Erse]]. The leid wis fur common spoken in rural auries till the mid-20t century. There is evidence tae suggest that as mony as 90% o the Erse immigrants tae Newfoundland in the 17t an 18t centuries ae spak Irish. Court records shaws that defenders aften required Erse-speakin interpreters, whilk indicates that the dominant leid in mony auries o the [[Avalon Peninsula]] wis Erse rather than [[Inglis leid|Inglis]]<ref name="mcginn">[http://ics.leeds.ac.uk/papers/vp01.cfm?outfit=ids&folder=158&paper=159 Newfoundland: The Most Irish Place Outside of Ireland], Brian McGinn, the Irish Diaspora Studies scholarly network</ref>. Ecclesiastical documents bowsters this case; for example, in the mid-1760s a [[Methodist]] missionary named Reverend Laurence Coughlan convertit virtually the hail North Shore tae [[Methodism]]. Observers creeditit the thrift o his evangelical upcocklin at [[Carbonear]] an [[Harbour Grace]] tae the fact that he wis fluent bilingual in Inglis an Erse. The [[Roman Catholic]] bishops forby realised the importance o Erse-speakin priests - in letters tae [[Dublin]], Bishop [[James Louis O'Donel]] requeestit a [[Franciscan]] missionary for the parishes o [[St. Mary's, Newfoundland an Labrador|St. Mary's]] an [[Trepassey, Newfoundland an Labrador|Trepassey]], indicatin that it wis absolute necessar that he shoud speak Erse<ref name="mcginn" />. ==Current status== A 2001 census report myntit that ten fowk in Newfoundland haed a [[Gaelic leid]] as their mither tongue{{PDFlink|[http://www.stats.gov.nl.ca/Statistics/Census2001/PDF/2001MotherTongue_NL_CMA_WEB.PDF]|8.25&nbsp;KB}}. However, the report does no specify whilk leids is includit in this figure. Scholars at [[Memorial University o Newfoundland]] concludit that Newfoundland Erse became extinct durin the 20t century<ref>[http://www.heritage.nf.ca/society/language.html Language: Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417124822/http://www.heritage.nf.ca/society/language.html |date=2015-04-17 }}, Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Web site</ref>. ==See also== *[[Erse Newfoundlanders]] *[[Scots Gaelic in Canadae]] *[[Newfoundland Inglis]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== *[http://ics.leeds.ac.uk/papers/vp01.cfm?outfit=ids&folder=158&paper=159 Newfoundland: The Most Irish Place Outside of Ireland] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20230705050802/https://www.heritage.nf.ca/dictionary/ Dictionary of Newfoundland English Online] *{{PDFlink|[http://www.stats.gov.nl.ca/Statistics/Census2001/PDF/LAN_2001_Mother_Tongue_NL_CMA_WEB.PDF Statistics Canada 2001 Census Information]|8.25&nbsp;KB}} {{Irish linguistics}} [[Category:Erse leid]] [[Category:Erse dialects]] [[Category:Leids o Canadae]] [[Category:Canadian Gaelic]] [[Category:Endangered Indo-European leids]] [[Category:Extinct leids o North Americae]] 17ebbl52h4y3g6k81xtdsy40s0u3dgb 0 12111 926922 902848 2026-11-08T21:08:46Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 926922 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''''Dictionar o the Scots Leid''''' (DSL) is an onwab [[Scots leid|Scots]]-[[Inglis leid|Inglis]] dictionar, ran bi [[Scottish Language Dictionaries]] Ltd, a cherity an leemitit company. The dictionar is freely appen on the wab an compreises the twa leadin dictionar o the [[Scots leid]]: *the 12-volume [[Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue]] (DOST; '''Scots''': Dictionar o the auld Scots tung) *the 10-volume [[Scottish National Dictionary]] (SND; '''Scots''': National Dictionar o Scotland) DOST contains information aboot [[Aulder Scots]] wirds in uise frae the 12t tae the end o the 17t yearhunners ([[Early Scots|Early]] an [[Middle Scots]]); an SND contains information anent Scots wirds in uise frae 1700 tae the 1970s ([[Modren Scots]]). Thegither thon 22 volume gies a comprehensive history o Scots. The SND Bibliography an the DOST Register o Titles haes been digitised an aw, an can be sairched in the same wey as the main data files. A new supplement, compilit bi Scottish Language Dictionaries Ltd, wis addit in 2005. The digitisation project, that ran frae Februar 2001 tae Januar 2004, wis based at the [[Varsity o Dundee]], wi some ither pootch stoop frae the Scottish Executive, the Arts and Humanities Research Board, Scottish Language Dictionaries Ltd, the Russell Trust, an the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland. The project wis direckit bi Victor Skretkowicz an editit bi Susan Rennie.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://app.dundee.ac.uk/pressoffice/contact/2002/may/scotsweb.htm | title=Scots wha hae web access | work=[[Contact Magazine]] | date=May 2002 | access-date=14 April 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121143509/http://app.dundee.ac.uk/pressoffice/contact/2002/may/scotsweb.htm | archive-date=2021-01-21 | url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://app.dundee.ac.uk/pressreleases/prjun02/mspscotslanguage.htm | title=MSP supports Scots language project | date=June 2002 | access-date=6 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/3565117.stm | title=Online move for Scots language | date=March 2004 | access-date=8 July 2020}}</ref> ==See an aw== * [[Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue]] ==Freemit Airtins== *[http://www.dsl.ac.uk Dictionar o the Scots Leid] *[http://www.scotsdictionaries.org.uk/ Scottish Language Dictionaries Ltd] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114220539/http://www.scotsdictionaries.org.uk/ |date=2013-01-14 }} *[http://www.nls.uk/catalogues/online/cnmi/inventories/acc11936.pdf (PDF file) Inventory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605110039/http://www.nls.uk/catalogues/online/cnmi/inventories/acc11936.pdf |date=2011-06-05 }} of the Scottish National Dictionary Association at the National Library of Scotland ==References== <references/> [[Category:2000s establishments]] [[Category:Scots leid| ]] o6u0rykw9l6cp8ntry4jbvivar2tsrl 0 12657 927287 916953 2026-11-09T11:30:06Z Monospaced 75295 Remove Fix Scots; history, honours an stadium addit, infobox updatit, soorced 927287 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox fitbaw club | clubname = 1. FC Kaiserslautern | image = [[File:Logo 1 FC Kaiserslautern.svg|150px|Club crest]] | current = 2013–14 1. FC Kaiserslautern saison | fullname = 1. Fußball-Club Kaiserslautern e. V. | nickname = ''Die roten Teufel'' (The Reid Devils) | founded = 2 Juin 1900 | ground = [[Fritz-Walter-Stadion]]<br />[[Kaiserslautern]]<br />Germany | capacity = 49,780 | chairman = Gero Scira (chairman)<br>Johannes B. Remy (depute chairman)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fck.de/de/fck-der-club/struktur/ |title=Verwaltungsrat des e.V. |trans-title=Board of Directors of the eV |website=FCK.de |publisher=1. FC Kaiserslautern |access-date=1 June 2024 |language=German }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> | manager = Torsten Lieberknecht | league = | season = | position = | pattern_la1 = | pattern_b1 = _kaiserslautern2324h | pattern_ra1 = | pattern_sh1 = | pattern_so1 = | leftarm1 = A40000 | body1 = FF0000 | rightarm1 = A40000 | shorts1 = FF0000 | socks1 = FF0000 | pattern_la2 = _nikestrike4b | pattern_b2 = _kaiserslautern2324a | pattern_ra2 = _nikestrike4b | pattern_sh2 = | pattern_so2 = | leftarm2 = 000000 | body2 = 000000 | rightarm2 = 000000 | shorts2 = 000000 | socks2 = 000000 | pattern_la3 = _nikestrike4bv | pattern_b3 = _kaiserslautern2324t | pattern_ra3 = _nikestrike4bv | pattern_sh3 = | pattern_so3 = | leftarm3 = CCCDC8 | body3 = CCCDC8 | rightarm3 = CCCDC8 | shorts3 = CCCDC8 | socks3 = CCCDC8 | website = https://fck.de }} '''1. Fußball-Club Kaiserslautern''', kent as '''1. FCK''', '''FCK''' or juist '''Lautern''' an aw, is a [[Germany|German]] sports club based in [[Kaiserslautern]], [[Rhineland-Palatinate]], best kent for its [[fitbaw]] team. On 2 Juin 1900, ''Germania 1896'' an ''FG Kaiserslautern'' mergit tae mak ''FC 1900''. In 1909 the club jyned wi ''FC Palatia'' (foondit in 1901) an ''FC Bavaria'' (foondit in 1902) tae form ''FV 1900 Kaiserslautern''. In 1929 it mergit wi ''SV Phönix'' tae becam ''FV Phönix-Kaiserslautern'', afore takin on its present nem in 1933. As a foondin member o the [[Fußball-Bundesliga|Bundesliga]], FCK played in the tap diveesion athoot a brak frae 1963 tae 1996. It haes wan fower German championships, twa [[DFB-Pokal]]s an ae Supercup. It wan the Bundesliga in 1991, an again in 1997–98, the anly team iver tae win it the season efter promotion. It reached the quarter-finals o the [[UEFA Champions League|Champions League]] in 1999 an the semi-finals o the [[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cup]] twice. Efter sax year in the second tier, it wis relegatit tae the [[3. Liga]] for the first time in 2018, but it wan promotion back tae the [[2. Fußball-Bundesliga|2. Bundesliga]] in 2022. Syne 1920 the club's hame grund haes been the [[Fritz-Walter-Stadion]], named in 1985 efter [[Fritz Walter]], the captain o the [[Wast Germany]] team that wan the 1954 Warld Cup, that played his hale career at Kaiserslautern. ==Honours== * German champions: 1950–51, 1952–53, 1990–91, 1997–98 * Südwestdeutscher Meister: 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1963 * Französischer Zonenmeister: 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950 * [[DFB-Pokal]]: 1990, 1996 * [[DFB-Supercup]]: [[DFB-Supercup|1991]] * [[DFB-Pokal]]: Runners-up: 1961, 1972, 1976, 1981, 2003 * [[2. Fußball-Bundesliga|2. Bundesliga]]: 1996–97, 2009–10 * [[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cup]] semi-final: 1982, 2001 * [[UEFA Champions League]] quarter-final: 1999 * Westkreis-Liga: 1909 * South West Cup: 1979, 1997, 2008 * DFB-Nachwuchsrunde: 1979, 1980 ==References== {{reflist}} {{commonscat}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kaiserslautern, 1. Fc}} [[Category:1. FC Kaiserslautern| ]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Rhineland-Palatinate]] [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1900]] [[Category:1900 establishments in Europe]] {{stub/Sport}} 4gk7elc7ttuel4fjlxmlh071ltqtpa8 0 12682 927253 853222 2026-11-09T10:41:53Z Monospaced 75295 Remove Fix Scots; lead rewritten (Championship), manager an ainers updatit, soorced 927253 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox fitbaw club | clubname = Queens Park Rangers | current = 2014–15 Queens Park Rangers F.C. season | image = Queens_Park_Rangers_crest.svg | upright = 0.9 | alt = Queens Park Rangers crest | fullname = Queens Park Rangers Football Club | nickname = The Hoops<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/clubs/profile.overview.html/qpr |title=Queens Park Rangers Football Club |work=premierleague.com |publisher=Premier League |accessdate=10 December 2012 |archive-date=2012-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227075214/http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/clubs/profile.overview.html/qpr |url-status=dead }}</ref> The R's | founded = {{start date and age|df=yes|1882}} | ground = [[Loftus Road|Loftus Road Stadium]] | capacity = 18,489<ref>{{cite web|title=Queens Park Rangers|url=http://www.football-league.co.uk/clubs/20130814/queens-park-rangers_2293498_692404|publisher=The Football League|access-date=2014-07-07|archive-date=2013-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130924164026/http://www.football-league.co.uk/clubs/20130814/queens-park-rangers_2293498_692404|url-status=dead}}</ref> | owner = {{plainlist| *Ruben Gnanalingam *Richard Reilly *Lakshmi Mittal}} | chairman = Lee Hoos | manager = Julien Stéphan | league = {{English football updater|QueensPR}} | season = {{English football updater|QueensPR2}} | position = {{English football updater|QueensPR3}} | topscorer = George Goddard (186) | pattern_la1 = _qpr1920h | pattern_b1 = _qpr1920h | pattern_ra1 = _qpr1920h | pattern_sh1 = | pattern_so1 = | leftarm1 = FFFFFF | body1 = 0033FF | rightarm1 = FFFFFF | shorts1 = FFFFFF | socks1 = FFFFFF | pattern_la2 = _qpr1920a | pattern_b2 = _qpr1920a | pattern_ra2 = _qpr1920a | pattern_sh2 = | pattern_so2 = | leftarm2 = 7FFFD4 | body2 = 7FFFD4 | rightarm2 = 7FFFD4 | shorts2 = 7FFFD4 | socks2 = 7FFFD4 | pattern_la3 = _qpr1819a | pattern_b3 = _qpr1819a | pattern_ra3 = _qpr1819a | pattern_sh3 = _qpr1819a | pattern_so3 = _qpr1819a | leftarm3 = FD35C8 | body3 = FD147E | rightarm3 = FD35C8 | shorts3 = 040143 | socks3 = FF33CC | website = http://www.qpr.co.uk/ }} '''Queens Park Rangers Football Club''' (uisually cried '''QPR''', an kent as '''the Rangers''', '''the Rs''' or '''the Hoops''' an aw) is an Inglis professional [[fitbaw]] club based in [[Shepherd's Bush]], [[London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham|{{lang|en|Hammersmith and Fulham}}]], in wast [[Lunnon]]. The team plays in the [[EFL Championship]], the second tier o Inglis fitbaw. Its honours include winnin the [[Football League Cup|League Cup]] in 1967, an bein runners-up in the auld [[Football League First Division|First Division]] in 1975–76 an in the [[FA Cup]] in 1982. The club wis foondit as Christchurch Rangers in 1882, an teuk its present nem efter mergin wi St Judes Institute fower year later, near the Queen's Park an Kensal airts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=QPR History in 125 years |url=https://www.kilburntimes.co.uk/news/22041438.qpr-history-125-years/ |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=Brent & Kilburn Times |date=27 September 2010 |language=en}}</ref> Its traditional colours are blue an white. In the early years the club played at monie different grunds afore settlin at [[Loftus Road]], whaur it haes played its hame gemmes syne 1917, apairt frae twa short spells at the White City Stadium. QPR wis electit tae the [[Football League]] in 1920, an wan its anly major trophy tae date, the League Cup, in 1966–67. It wis a foondin member o the [[Premier League]] in 1992, wis relegatit in 1996, an haes played maistly in the Championship syne 2015. Acause it is sae near ither wast Lunnon clubs, QPR haes lang-staundin rivalries wi several o them. The maist notable are [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]], [[Fulham F.C.|Fulham]] an [[Brentford F.C.|Brentford]], an thair gemmes are kent as Wast Lunnon derbies. == Honours == '''League''' * [[Football League First Division|Division One]] Runners-up 1975–76 * Division Twa Champions 1982–83 * Division Twa Runners-up 1967–68, 1972–73 * Division Three Champions 1966–67 * Nationwide Division Twa Runners-up 2003-04 * Division Three (Sooth) Champions 1947-48, * Division Three (Sooth) Runners-up 1946-47 * Division Three Sooth (North Region) Champions 1945-46 * Soothren League Champions 1907-08, 1911-12 * Westren League Champions 1905-06 * Westren League Runners-up 1906-07, 1908-09 '''Cup''' * [[FA Cup]] Runners-up 1981–82 * [[Football League Cup|League Cup]] Winners 1966–67 * [[Football League Cup|League Cup]] Runners-up 1985-86 * [[FA Community Shield]] Runners-up 1907-08, 1911-12 * Wast Lunnon Challenge Cup Finalist 1890-91 * Wast Lunnon Observer Cup Winners 1892-93, 1893-94 * Lunnon Cup Winners 1895 * Soothren Charity Cup Winners 1913 ==References== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} {{Commonscat|Queens Park Rangers F.C.}} [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1882]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Ingland]] [[Category:Queens Park Rangers F.C.| ]] [[Category:Premier League clubs]] [[Category:Football League clubs]] [[Category:Football League Cup winners]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Lunnon]] [[Category:Southern Football League clubs]] {{stub/Sport}} 62is62taa59hxoj58qg62ngzqj5764b 927254 927253 2026-11-09T10:44:08Z Monospaced 75295 Fix broken link ({{lang}} oot o the link label) 927254 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox fitbaw club | clubname = Queens Park Rangers | current = 2014–15 Queens Park Rangers F.C. season | image = Queens_Park_Rangers_crest.svg | upright = 0.9 | alt = Queens Park Rangers crest | fullname = Queens Park Rangers Football Club | nickname = The Hoops<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/clubs/profile.overview.html/qpr |title=Queens Park Rangers Football Club |work=premierleague.com |publisher=Premier League |accessdate=10 December 2012 |archive-date=2012-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227075214/http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/clubs/profile.overview.html/qpr |url-status=dead }}</ref> The R's | founded = {{start date and age|df=yes|1882}} | ground = [[Loftus Road|Loftus Road Stadium]] | capacity = 18,489<ref>{{cite web|title=Queens Park Rangers|url=http://www.football-league.co.uk/clubs/20130814/queens-park-rangers_2293498_692404|publisher=The Football League|access-date=2014-07-07|archive-date=2013-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130924164026/http://www.football-league.co.uk/clubs/20130814/queens-park-rangers_2293498_692404|url-status=dead}}</ref> | owner = {{plainlist| *Ruben Gnanalingam *Richard Reilly *Lakshmi Mittal}} | chairman = Lee Hoos | manager = Julien Stéphan | league = {{English football updater|QueensPR}} | season = {{English football updater|QueensPR2}} | position = {{English football updater|QueensPR3}} | topscorer = George Goddard (186) | pattern_la1 = _qpr1920h | pattern_b1 = _qpr1920h | pattern_ra1 = _qpr1920h | pattern_sh1 = | pattern_so1 = | leftarm1 = FFFFFF | body1 = 0033FF | rightarm1 = FFFFFF | shorts1 = FFFFFF | socks1 = FFFFFF | pattern_la2 = _qpr1920a | pattern_b2 = _qpr1920a | pattern_ra2 = _qpr1920a | pattern_sh2 = | pattern_so2 = | leftarm2 = 7FFFD4 | body2 = 7FFFD4 | rightarm2 = 7FFFD4 | shorts2 = 7FFFD4 | socks2 = 7FFFD4 | pattern_la3 = _qpr1819a | pattern_b3 = _qpr1819a | pattern_ra3 = _qpr1819a | pattern_sh3 = _qpr1819a | pattern_so3 = _qpr1819a | leftarm3 = FD35C8 | body3 = FD147E | rightarm3 = FD35C8 | shorts3 = 040143 | socks3 = FF33CC | website = http://www.qpr.co.uk/ }} '''Queens Park Rangers Football Club''' (uisually cried '''QPR''', an kent as '''the Rangers''', '''the Rs''' or '''the Hoops''' an aw) is an Inglis professional [[fitbaw]] club based in [[Shepherd's Bush]], {{lang|en|[[London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham|Hammersmith and Fulham]]}}, in wast [[Lunnon]]. The team plays in the [[EFL Championship]], the second tier o Inglis fitbaw. Its honours include winnin the [[Football League Cup|League Cup]] in 1967, an bein runners-up in the auld [[Football League First Division|First Division]] in 1975–76 an in the [[FA Cup]] in 1982. The club wis foondit as Christchurch Rangers in 1882, an teuk its present nem efter mergin wi St Judes Institute fower year later, near the Queen's Park an Kensal airts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=QPR History in 125 years |url=https://www.kilburntimes.co.uk/news/22041438.qpr-history-125-years/ |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=Brent & Kilburn Times |date=27 September 2010 |language=en}}</ref> Its traditional colours are blue an white. In the early years the club played at monie different grunds afore settlin at [[Loftus Road]], whaur it haes played its hame gemmes syne 1917, apairt frae twa short spells at the White City Stadium. QPR wis electit tae the [[Football League]] in 1920, an wan its anly major trophy tae date, the League Cup, in 1966–67. It wis a foondin member o the [[Premier League]] in 1992, wis relegatit in 1996, an haes played maistly in the Championship syne 2015. Acause it is sae near ither wast Lunnon clubs, QPR haes lang-staundin rivalries wi several o them. The maist notable are [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]], [[Fulham F.C.|Fulham]] an [[Brentford F.C.|Brentford]], an thair gemmes are kent as Wast Lunnon derbies. == Honours == '''League''' * [[Football League First Division|Division One]] Runners-up 1975–76 * Division Twa Champions 1982–83 * Division Twa Runners-up 1967–68, 1972–73 * Division Three Champions 1966–67 * Nationwide Division Twa Runners-up 2003-04 * Division Three (Sooth) Champions 1947-48, * Division Three (Sooth) Runners-up 1946-47 * Division Three Sooth (North Region) Champions 1945-46 * Soothren League Champions 1907-08, 1911-12 * Westren League Champions 1905-06 * Westren League Runners-up 1906-07, 1908-09 '''Cup''' * [[FA Cup]] Runners-up 1981–82 * [[Football League Cup|League Cup]] Winners 1966–67 * [[Football League Cup|League Cup]] Runners-up 1985-86 * [[FA Community Shield]] Runners-up 1907-08, 1911-12 * Wast Lunnon Challenge Cup Finalist 1890-91 * Wast Lunnon Observer Cup Winners 1892-93, 1893-94 * Lunnon Cup Winners 1895 * Soothren Charity Cup Winners 1913 ==References== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} {{Commonscat|Queens Park Rangers F.C.}} [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1882]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Ingland]] [[Category:Queens Park Rangers F.C.| ]] [[Category:Premier League clubs]] [[Category:Football League clubs]] [[Category:Football League Cup winners]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Lunnon]] [[Category:Southern Football League clubs]] {{stub/Sport}} ln11nkk5czqpw43kp0u1tk6cj8slwiq 0 12683 926915 891308 2026-11-08T20:45:29Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 926915 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club | clubname = Middlesbrough F.C. | image = [[File:Middlesbrough FC crest.svg|190px|Middlesbrough Football Club Crest]] | caption = | fullname = Middlesbrough Football Club | nickname = The Boro, [[Smoggie]]s<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/society/2009/09/steel-industry-middlesbrough |title=How is Britain coping with the recession? – Middlesbrough – Smoggies steel themselves |first=Dan |last=Hancox |publisher=[[New Statesman]] |date=10 September 2009 |accessdate=2 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gazettelive.co.uk/news/local-news/teesside-mp-uses-word-smoggie-3690423 |title=Teesside MP uses the word "smoggie" in Parliament speech |publisher=[[Evening Gazette (Teesside)]] |date=11 July 2011 |accessdate=29 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/hi/music/newsid_8011000/8011813.stm |title=Maximo Park fear for footy teams |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=22 April 2009 |accessdate=29 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="Nichola Ridley">{{cite web |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2296819/Frustrated-Teesside-mother-pens-Smoggie-dictionary-help-friends-family-understand-her.html |title=Janoaworramean? Frustrated Teesside mother pens 'Smoggie dictionary' with translations into Standard English to help others understand her |first=Helen |last=Lawson |publisher=[[Daily Mail]] |date=21 March 2013 |accessdate=29 September 2013}}</ref> | shortname = MFC | founded = 1876 | formernames = Beck | dissolved = | ground = [[Riverside Stadium]], [[Middlesbrough]] | capacity = 34,742<ref name="StadiumInfo">{{cite web | url=http://www.mfc.co.uk/page/club/stadium-story/0,,1~2321257,00.html | title=The Riverside Stadium Info | publisher=Middlesbrough F.C. | accessdate=25 June 2011 | archive-date=2014-02-26 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226012458/http://www.mfc.co.uk/page/club/stadium-story/0,,1~2321257,00.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> | owntitle = Awner | owner = [[Steve Gibson (businessman)|Steve Gibson]] | chrtitle = Chairman | chairman = [[Steve Gibson (businessman)|Steve Gibson]] | manager = [[Aitor Karanka]] | mgrtitle = Head Coach | league = {{English football updater|Middboro}} | season = {{English football updater|Middboro2}} | position = {{English football updater|Middboro3}} | website = http://www.mfc.co.uk | firstgame = | largestwin = | worstdefeat = | topscorer = | fansgroup = | honours = | American = | current = 2023–24 Middlesbrough F.C. season |pattern_la1 = _middlesbrough2324h |pattern_b1 = _middlesbrough2324h |pattern_ra1 = _middlesbrough2324h |pattern_sh1 = _middlesbrough2324h |pattern_so1 = _middlesbrough2324hl |leftarm1 = FF0000 |body1 = FF0000 |rightarm1 = FF0000 |shorts1 = FF0000 |socks1 = FF0000 |pattern_la2 = _middlesbrough2324a |pattern_b2 = _middlesbrough2324a |pattern_ra2 = _middlesbrough2324a |pattern_sh2 = _middlesbrough2324a |pattern_so2 = _middlesbrough2324al |leftarm2 = 001C56 |body2 = 001C56 |rightarm2 = 001C56 |shorts2 = 001C56 |socks2 = 001C56 |pattern_la3 = _middlesbrough2223t |pattern_b3 = _middlesbrough2223t |pattern_ra3 = _middlesbrough2223t |pattern_sh3 = _middlesbrough2223t |pattern_so3 = _middlesbrough2223tl |leftarm3 = |body3 = |rightarm3 = |shorts3 = |socks3 = }} '''Middlesbrough Football Club''' ({{pron-en|ˈmɪdəlzbrə}}), forby kent as ''The Boro'', are an Inglis [[fitbaw]] club based in [[Middlesbrough]], that play the noo in the [[Football League Championship]]. Formed in 1876, they hae played at the [[Riverside Stadium]] syne August 1995,<ref name="RSStadium">{{cite web | url=http://www.gazettelive.co.uk/boro-fc/boro-club-info/ | title=Boro FC club info |work=gazettelive.co.uk | accessdate=2008-05-27}}</ref> their third grund syne turnin professional in 1889. Their langest-servin hame wis [[Ayresome Park]], whaur they played for 92 years, frae 1903 til 1995. They war ane o the foondin members o the Premier League in 1992. The club's main rivals are [[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]] an [[Sunderland A.F.C.|Sunderland]].<ref name="fan survey"/> The club forby take pairt in Yorkshire derbies wi several ither Yorkshire clubs, maist notably [[Leeds United A.F.C.|Leeds United]].<ref name="fan survey"/> ==Honours== ===Domestic=== ====League==== *'''[[Fitbaa League Seicont Division]] / [[Fitbaa League Division Ane]]'''<ref name="LeagueResults"/><ref name="tier2">[[Inglis fitbaw league system#Structure|Seicont tier]] o Inglis fitbaw.</ref>: :Champions: 1926&ndash;27, 1928&ndash;29, 1973&ndash;74, 1994&ndash;95; runners-up: 1901&ndash;02, 1991&ndash;92, 1997&ndash;98 *'''[[Fitbaa League Third Division]]'''<ref name="LeagueResults"/><ref name="tier3">[[Inglis fitba league system#Structure|Third tier]] o Inglis fitbaw.</ref> :Runners-up: 1966&ndash;67, 1986&ndash;87 *'''[[Northren League Division Ane|Northren League]]'''<ref name="MFCHistBk1"/> :Champions 1893&ndash;94, 1894&ndash;95, 1896&ndash;97; runners-up 1890&ndash;91, 1891&ndash;92, 1897&ndash;98 ====Cup==== *'''[[Fitbaa League Cup|League Cup]]'''<ref name="LgCpFinal"/> :Winners [[Fitbaa League Cup Final 2004|2004]]; runners up [[Fitbaa League Cup Final 1997|1997]], [[Fitbaa League Cup Final 1998|1998]] *'''[[FA Cup]]'''<ref name="Hist86-Pres"/> :Runners up [[FA Cup Final 1997|1997]] *'''[[FA Amateur Cup]]'''<ref name="MFCHistBk1"/> :Winners 1894&ndash;95, 1897&ndash;98 *'''[[Full Members Cup]]'''<ref name="Losingfinals">{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/fa_cup/1923695.stm | title=Boro's nearly men |work=BBC Sport | accessdate=2008-05-26 | date=12 April 2002}}</ref> :Runners up 1990 *'''[[FA Youth Cup]]''' :Winners [[2004]] ===Internaitional=== *'''[[UEFA Cup]]'''<ref name="Results0506"/> :Runners up [[UEFA Cup 2005-06|2005&ndash;06]] *'''[[Anglo-Scots Cup]]'''<ref name="OtherRecords">{{cite web |url=http://mfc1986.co.uk/news/loadsngl.asp?cid=ED21 |publisher=mfc1986.co.uk |accessdate=2007-08-31 |title=Other Records |archive-date=2007-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820193337/http://www.mfc1986.co.uk/news/loadsngl.asp?cid=ED21 |url-status=dead }}</ref> :Winners 1976 *'''[[Kirin Cup]]'''<ref name="KirinCup">{{cite web|url=http://www.rsssf.com/tablesk/kirin.html |title=Kirin Cup |accessdate=2007-08-31}}</ref> :Winners 1980 ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Ingland]] [[Category:Middlesbrough F.C.| ]] [[Category:Middlesbrough]] [[Category:Sport in North Yorkshire]] [[Category:Premier League clubs]] [[Category:Football League clubs]] [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1876]] [[Category:North Yorkshire fitbaw clubs]] [[Category:Football League Cup winners]] [[Category:Football League Championship clubs]] l5op28tkiou81li3pxku21e6q0j7xga 926967 926915 2026-11-08T21:35:15Z Monospaced 75295 Missin soorces restored 926967 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club | clubname = Middlesbrough F.C. | image = [[File:Middlesbrough FC crest.svg|190px|Middlesbrough Football Club Crest]] | caption = | fullname = Middlesbrough Football Club | nickname = The Boro, [[Smoggie]]s<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/society/2009/09/steel-industry-middlesbrough |title=How is Britain coping with the recession? – Middlesbrough – Smoggies steel themselves |first=Dan |last=Hancox |publisher=[[New Statesman]] |date=10 September 2009 |accessdate=2 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gazettelive.co.uk/news/local-news/teesside-mp-uses-word-smoggie-3690423 |title=Teesside MP uses the word "smoggie" in Parliament speech |publisher=[[Evening Gazette (Teesside)]] |date=11 July 2011 |accessdate=29 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/hi/music/newsid_8011000/8011813.stm |title=Maximo Park fear for footy teams |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=22 April 2009 |accessdate=29 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="Nichola Ridley">{{cite web |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2296819/Frustrated-Teesside-mother-pens-Smoggie-dictionary-help-friends-family-understand-her.html |title=Janoaworramean? Frustrated Teesside mother pens 'Smoggie dictionary' with translations into Standard English to help others understand her |first=Helen |last=Lawson |publisher=[[Daily Mail]] |date=21 March 2013 |accessdate=29 September 2013}}</ref> | shortname = MFC | founded = 1876 | formernames = Beck | dissolved = | ground = [[Riverside Stadium]], [[Middlesbrough]] | capacity = 34,742<ref name="StadiumInfo">{{cite web | url=http://www.mfc.co.uk/page/club/stadium-story/0,,1~2321257,00.html | title=The Riverside Stadium Info | publisher=Middlesbrough F.C. | accessdate=25 June 2011 | archive-date=2014-02-26 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226012458/http://www.mfc.co.uk/page/club/stadium-story/0,,1~2321257,00.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> | owntitle = Awner | owner = [[Steve Gibson (businessman)|Steve Gibson]] | chrtitle = Chairman | chairman = [[Steve Gibson (businessman)|Steve Gibson]] | manager = [[Aitor Karanka]] | mgrtitle = Head Coach | league = {{English football updater|Middboro}} | season = {{English football updater|Middboro2}} | position = {{English football updater|Middboro3}} | website = http://www.mfc.co.uk | firstgame = | largestwin = | worstdefeat = | topscorer = | fansgroup = | honours = | American = | current = 2023–24 Middlesbrough F.C. season |pattern_la1 = _middlesbrough2324h |pattern_b1 = _middlesbrough2324h |pattern_ra1 = _middlesbrough2324h |pattern_sh1 = _middlesbrough2324h |pattern_so1 = _middlesbrough2324hl |leftarm1 = FF0000 |body1 = FF0000 |rightarm1 = FF0000 |shorts1 = FF0000 |socks1 = FF0000 |pattern_la2 = _middlesbrough2324a |pattern_b2 = _middlesbrough2324a |pattern_ra2 = _middlesbrough2324a |pattern_sh2 = _middlesbrough2324a |pattern_so2 = _middlesbrough2324al |leftarm2 = 001C56 |body2 = 001C56 |rightarm2 = 001C56 |shorts2 = 001C56 |socks2 = 001C56 |pattern_la3 = _middlesbrough2223t |pattern_b3 = _middlesbrough2223t |pattern_ra3 = _middlesbrough2223t |pattern_sh3 = _middlesbrough2223t |pattern_so3 = _middlesbrough2223tl |leftarm3 = |body3 = |rightarm3 = |shorts3 = |socks3 = }} '''Middlesbrough Football Club''' ({{pron-en|ˈmɪdəlzbrə}}), forby kent as ''The Boro'', are an Inglis [[fitbaw]] club based in [[Middlesbrough]], that play the noo in the [[Football League Championship]]. Formed in 1876, they hae played at the [[Riverside Stadium]] syne August 1995,<ref name="RSStadium">{{cite web | url=http://www.gazettelive.co.uk/boro-fc/boro-club-info/ | title=Boro FC club info |work=gazettelive.co.uk | accessdate=2008-05-27}}</ref> their third grund syne turnin professional in 1889. Their langest-servin hame wis [[Ayresome Park]], whaur they played for 92 years, frae 1903 til 1995. They war ane o the foondin members o the Premier League in 1992. The club's main rivals are [[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]] an [[Sunderland A.F.C.|Sunderland]].<ref name="fan survey">{{cite web |url=http://www.footballfanscensus.com/issueresults/Club_Rivalries_Uncovered_Results.pdf |title=Club rivalries uncovered |publisher=footballfancensus |access-date=13 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020074918/http://www.footballfanscensus.com/issueresults/Club_Rivalries_Uncovered_Results.pdf |archive-date=20 October 2013 }}</ref> The club forby take pairt in Yorkshire derbies wi several ither Yorkshire clubs, maist notably [[Leeds United A.F.C.|Leeds United]].<ref name="fan survey"/> ==Honours== ===Domestic=== ====League==== *'''[[Fitbaa League Seicont Division]] / [[Fitbaa League Division Ane]]'''<ref name="LeagueResults">{{cite web |url=http://www.englandfootballonline.com/Seas1900-39/1923-24/1923-24FL.html |title=Football League 1923-24 |publisher=England Football Online |access-date=2026-08-08}}</ref><ref name="tier2">[[Inglis fitbaw league system#Structure|Seicont tier]] o Inglis fitbaw.</ref>: :Champions: 1926&ndash;27, 1928&ndash;29, 1973&ndash;74, 1994&ndash;95; runners-up: 1901&ndash;02, 1991&ndash;92, 1997&ndash;98 *'''[[Fitbaa League Third Division]]'''<ref name="LeagueResults"/><ref name="tier3">[[Inglis fitba league system#Structure|Third tier]] o Inglis fitbaw.</ref> :Runners-up: 1966&ndash;67, 1986&ndash;87 *'''[[Northren League Division Ane|Northren League]]'''<ref name="MFCHistBk1">{{cite book |last=Glasper |first=Harry |title=Middlesbrough A Complete Record 1876–1989 |year=1989 |publisher=Breedon Books Sport |isbn=0-907969-53-4}}</ref> :Champions 1893&ndash;94, 1894&ndash;95, 1896&ndash;97; runners-up 1890&ndash;91, 1891&ndash;92, 1897&ndash;98 ====Cup==== *'''[[Fitbaa League Cup|League Cup]]'''<ref name="LgCpFinal">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/league_cup/3507795.stm |title=Boro lift Carling Cup |access-date=21 May 2007 |date=29 February 2004 |work=BBC Sport |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322002207/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/league_cup/3507795.stm |archive-date=22 March 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> :Winners [[Fitbaa League Cup Final 2004|2004]]; runners up [[Fitbaa League Cup Final 1997|1997]], [[Fitbaa League Cup Final 1998|1998]] *'''[[FA Cup]]'''<ref name="Hist86-Pres">{{cite web |url=http://www.mfc.co.uk/page/club/club-history/0,,1~352502,00.html |title=Club History – Winners at Last! 1986 to present |access-date=14 February 2014 |publisher=Middlesbrough F.C. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120726204352/http://www.mfc.co.uk/page/club/club-history/0,,1~352502,00.html |archive-date=26 July 2012}}</ref> :Runners up [[FA Cup Final 1997|1997]] *'''[[FA Amateur Cup]]'''<ref name="MFCHistBk1"/> :Winners 1894&ndash;95, 1897&ndash;98 *'''[[Full Members Cup]]'''<ref name="Losingfinals">{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/fa_cup/1923695.stm | title=Boro's nearly men |work=BBC Sport | accessdate=2008-05-26 | date=12 April 2002}}</ref> :Runners up 1990 *'''[[FA Youth Cup]]''' :Winners [[2004]] ===Internaitional=== *'''[[UEFA Cup]]'''<ref name="Results0506">{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/0252-0cd9b1313b03-1633022547b9-1000--sevilla-run-away-with-the-trophy/ |title=Sevilla run away with trophy |date=10 May 2006 |access-date=14 February 2014 |publisher=UEFA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222162408/http://www.uefa.com/news/newsid=420487.html |archive-date=22 February 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> :Runners up [[UEFA Cup 2005-06|2005&ndash;06]] *'''[[Anglo-Scots Cup]]'''<ref name="OtherRecords">{{cite web |url=http://mfc1986.co.uk/news/loadsngl.asp?cid=ED21 |publisher=mfc1986.co.uk |accessdate=2007-08-31 |title=Other Records |archive-date=2007-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820193337/http://www.mfc1986.co.uk/news/loadsngl.asp?cid=ED21 |url-status=dead }}</ref> :Winners 1976 *'''[[Kirin Cup]]'''<ref name="KirinCup">{{cite web|url=http://www.rsssf.com/tablesk/kirin.html |title=Kirin Cup |accessdate=2007-08-31}}</ref> :Winners 1980 ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Ingland]] [[Category:Middlesbrough F.C.| ]] [[Category:Middlesbrough]] [[Category:Sport in North Yorkshire]] [[Category:Premier League clubs]] [[Category:Football League clubs]] [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1876]] [[Category:North Yorkshire fitbaw clubs]] [[Category:Football League Cup winners]] [[Category:Football League Championship clubs]] ptsmf4aakb12vkra28vecgx85u7vxfr 0 12729 926888 853665 2026-11-08T20:22:45Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; soorces addit 926888 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox automobile | image = Mazda-Navajo.jpg | name = Mazda Navajo | manufacturer = [[Ford Motor Company]] | production = 1991&ndash;1994 | successor = [[Mazda Tribute]] | assembly = [[Louisville, Kentucky]] | class = Mid-size [[SUV]] | body_style = 3-door [[sport utility vehicle|SUV]] | related = [[Ford Explorer]]<br>[[Ford Ranger]] (North American)<br>[[Mazda B-Series]] (North American)<br>[[Ford Aerostar]] | engine = 4.0 liter [[Cologne V6]] {{Convert|160|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} | transmission = Ford C3-based A4LD 4-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]]<br>Mazda 5-speed [[manual transmission|manual]] | wheelbase = {{convert|102.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} | length = {{convert|175.3|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|70.2|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} | height = {{convert|68.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} | layout = [[Front-ingine design|Front ingine]], [[rear-wheel drive]] / [[fower-wheel drive]] }} The '''Mazda Navajo''' wis a 2-door [[SUV]] introduced in 1991, an Mazda's vera first aff-roader. The Navajo wis Mazda's ae truck-based SUV an aw. Available as a [[fower-wheel drive]], twa-door vehicle, the Navajo wis essentially a [[badge ingineered|rebadged]] [[Ford Explorer Sport]].<ref name=JR18>{{cite web|url=https://autoweek.com/article/classic-cars/rare-anywhere-mazda-navajo|title=Rare anywhere: Mazda Navajo|date=2018-03-15|website=Autoweek|language=en| first = Jay | last = Ramey | publisher = Hearst Autos, Inc. }}</ref> It wis mercatit in the [[Unitit States]], as [[Mazda Canadae]] didnae want tae mercat an SUV. Aw Navajos war biggit in [[Louisville, Kentucky]], whaur the [[Ford Explorer|Explorer]] wis biggit. Tae set the twa apairt, the Navajo haed a different grille, taillichts an wheels. Inside, it wis even haurder tae tell ane frae the ither, as seat fabrics, typeface on the instrument cluster (but the same design) an the steerin wheel hub war the anerly differs ye coud see. Twa trim levels for the Navajo war offert, base an LX. The base version offert pouer windaes, pouer locks an pouer mirrors as standard. The LX addit features sic as extra interior trim an a leather-wrapt steerin wheel. An optional premium package laidit up the Navajo wi luxuries includin air conditionin, a stereo seestem wi cassette deck, cruise control, sport seats wi pouer lumbar adjustment an a pop-up/removable muinruif. A [[rear-wheel drive]] Navajo wis available for 1992, aimed at fowk that liked the sporty image o an SUV, but didnae need fower-wheel drive.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Martin |first=Murilee |date=December 26, 2022 |title=Junkyard Gem: 1991 Mazda Navajo |url=https://www.autoblog.com/2022/12/26/junkyard-gem-1991-mazda-navajo/ |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=Autoblog}}</ref> Base models war nou cried the DX, mair in keepin wi the Japanese manufacturer's wey o referrin tae thair base versions (sic as Mazda's ain [[Mazda 626|626]] DX). Itherwise, the Navajo chynged sae little that maist o the photography uised in the 1991 brochure wis reuised for the 1992 brochure. As expectit, the 1993 Navajo picked up the same mechanical upgrades as the Explorer, sic as increast pouer for the V6 ingine an fower-wheel [[anti-lock brakes]]. Unlik the Explorer, housomeivver, the ither chynge wis an optional CD player. New five-spoke alloy wheels for the Navajo LX war the chynge for 1994, that wis the Navajo's last year. Sales war puir an the Navajo wis eventually replaced wi [[Mazda Tribute]] (based on the [[Ford Escape]]) in 2001, seiven years efter the Navajo wis discontinued. The Navajo wis ''[[Motor Trend]]'' magazine's [[Caur o the Year|Truck o the Year]] for 1991.<ref name=JR18/> == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Mazda vehicles|Navajo]] [[Category:SUVs]] [[Category:Rear-wheel-drive vehicles]] [[Category:Aw-wheel-drive vehicles]] [[Category:Vehicles introduced in 1991]] [[Category:1990s automobiles]] b5u94hh9fuh3cgu40z3qbese2prmnaf 0 12809 927012 925522 2026-11-08T22:08:41Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 927012 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Republic o Equatorial Guinea | native_name = {{vunblist|item_style=font-size:88%; |{{native name|es|República de Guinea Ecuatorial}} |<small>{{native name|fr|République de Guinée équatoriale}}</small> |<small>{{native name|pt|República da Guiné Equatorial}}</small>}} | |common_name = Equatorial Guinea |image_flag = Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of Equatorial Guinea.svg |symbol_type = Coat o airms |image_map = Location Equatorial Guinea AU Africa.svg |map_caption = {{map caption |countryprefix= |location_color=dark blue |region=Africa |region_color=dark grey |subregion=the [[African Union]] |subregion_color=light blue}} |national_motto = {{unbulleted list |{{native name|es|"Unidad, Paz, Justicia"|italics=off|nolink=on}} |{{small|"Unity, Peace, Justice"}}}} |national_anthem = {{native name|es|[[Caminemos pisando las sendas de nuestra inmensa felicidad]]|nolink=yes}}<br/>{{small|''Let us walk the paths of our immense happiness''}} |official_languages = [[Spaingie leid|Spaingie]] (naitional leid)<br>[[French leid|French]]<br>[[Portuguese leid|Portuguese]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=5434 |title=Equatorial Guinea, member of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries|author=Government of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea}} </ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/equatorial-guinea-adds-portuguese-as-the-countrys-third-official-language-131882808.html |title=Equatorial Guinea Adds Portuguese as the Country's Third Official Language |accessdate=July 18, 2015 |author=PRNewsWire}}</ref> |regional_languages =[[Fang language|Fang]]<br>[[Bube language|Bube]]<br>[[Igbo language|Igbo]]<br>[[West African Pidgin English|Pidgin English]]<br>[[Annobonese language|Annobonese]]<ref>{{cite web |title=World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Equatorial Guinea : Overview |publisher=[[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|UNHCR]] |date=20 May 2008 |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,MRGI,,GNQ,,4954ce2a2,0.html |accessdate=18 December 2012 |archive-date=2013-01-13 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130113125024/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,MRGI,,GNQ,,4954ce2a2,0.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><!-- --><ref>{{cite book |title=Africa 2012 |first=James Tyler |last=Dickovick |publisher=Stryker Post |year=2012|isbn= 1610488822 |page=180 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NdyYjQxd7uEC&pg=PA180 |accessdate=18 December 2012}}</ref> |ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 85.7% [[Fang fowk|Fang]] | 6.5% [[Bubi fowk|Bubi]] | 3.6% [[Demographics o Equatorial Guinea#Fowks considered as natives|Ndowe]] | 1.6% [[Annobon]] | 1.1% [[Kwasio fowk|Bujeba {{small|(Kwasio)}}]] | 1.4% ithers^a }} |ethnic_groups_year = 1994<ref name=CIA>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ek.html Equatorial Guinea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831000148/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ek.html |date=2020-08-31 }}. Cia World Factbook.</ref> |demonym = {{unbulleted list |Equatorial Guinean |{{nowrap|Equatoguinean}}}} |capital = [[Malabo]]^b |coordinates = {{Coord|3|45|N|8|47|E|type:city}} |lats=7.43 |longs=5.13 |largest_city = [[Bata, Equatorial Guinea|Bata]] |government_type = [[Dominant-pairty seestem|Dominant-pairty]] [[Presidential seestem|presidential republic]] |leader_title1 = [[Leet o Preses o Equatorial Guinea|President]] |leader_name1 = [[Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo]] |leader_title2 = [[Vice Preses o the Equatorial Guinea|Vice Preses]] |leader_name2 = [[Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue]] |leader_title3 = [[Leet o Prime Meenisters o Equatorial Guinea|Prime Meenister]] |leader_name3 = [[Francisco Pascual Obama Asue]] |legislature = [[Pairlament o Equatorial Guinea|Parliament]] |upper_house = [[Senate (Equatorial Guinea)|Senate]] |lower_house = [[Chamber o Deputies (Equatorial Guinea)|Chamber o Deputies]] |area_rank = 144th |area_magnitude = 1 E10 |area_km2 = 28,050 |area_sq_mi = 10,830 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |percent_water = negligible |population_estimate = 722,254<ref name="cia">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2119.html|title=The World Factbook -- Field Listing - Population - CIA|accessdate=2015-03-07|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225195601/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2119.html%20|url-status=dead}}</ref> |population_estimate_rank = 150t |population_estimate_year = 2014 <!--Do not remove http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL--> |population_census = |population_census_year = 2010 |population_density_km2 = 24.1 |population_density_sq_mi = 62.4 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = 187t |GDP_PPP_year = 2010 |GDP_PPP = $19.286 billion<ref name=weo>{{cite web|title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2013|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=49&pr.y=9&sy=2010&ey=2013&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=642&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=|publisher=IMF|accessdate=21 July 2013}}</ref> |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $25,929<ref name=weo/> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = <!--Do not edit!--> |GDP_nominal = $15.580 billion<ref name=weo/> |GDP_nominal_year = 2013 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $20,581<ref name=weo/> |sovereignty_type = Unthirldom |established_event1 = frae [[Francoist Spain|Spain]] |established_date1 = 12 October 1968 |Gini_year = |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini = <!--number only--> |Gini_ref = |Gini_rank = |HDI_year = 2014<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> |HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI = 0.587 <!--number only--> |HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr_2015_statistical_annex.pdf |title=2015 Human Development Report |date=2015 |accessdate=14 December 2015 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |}}</ref> |HDI_rank = 138th |currency = [[Central African CFA franc]] |currency_code = XAF |country_code = |time_zone = [[Wast Africae Time|WAT]] |utc_offset = +1 |time_zone_DST = nae observed |utc_offset_DST = +1 |drives_on = right |calling_code = [[+240]] |cctld = [[.gq]] |footnote_a = {{nowrap|Includin [[Equatoguinean Spainyie]] (''Español ecuatoguineano'').}} |footnote_b = [[Oyala]] (unner construction). }} '''Equatorial Guinea''', offeecially the '''Republic o Equatorial Guinea''' ({{lang-es|República de Guinea Ecuatorial}}, {{IPA-es|reˈpuβlika ðe ɣiˈne.a ekwatoˈɾjal|pron}}; {{lang-fr|République de Guinée Équatoriale}}, {{IPA-fr|ʁepyblik də gi'ne ekatɔʁjal}}; {{lang-pt|República da Guiné Equatorial}}, {{IPA-pt|ʁɛˈpublikɐ dɐ ɡiˈnɛ ikwɐtuɾiaɫ|pron}}) is a kintra locatit in [[Middle Africae]]. Wi an aurie o 28,000 square kilometres (11,000 sq mi) it is ane o the smawest kintras in continental [[Africae]]. It is an aa the maist prosperous; housomeivver, the wealth is concentratit in govrenment an elite haunds, wi 70% o the population livin unner the Unitit Naitions Poverty Threshold o $2/day. It haes a population o 1,014,999.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.republicofequatorialguinea.net/about/index.cfm?PageID=9 |title=The official website of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea |publisher=Republicofequatorialguinea.net |date= |accessdate=2010-05-03 |archive-date=2010-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428062653/http://www.republicofequatorialguinea.net/About/index.cfm?PageID=9 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It comprises twa pairts: a Continental Region ([[Río Muni]]), includin several smaw affshore islands lik [[Corisco]], [[Elobey Grande]] an [[Elobey Chico]]; an an [[Islands o Equatorial Guinea|insular region]] containin [[Annobón Province|Annobón]] island an [[Bioko]] island (umwhilie ''Fernando Po'') whaur the caipital [[Malabo]] is situatit. Annobón is the sootherenmaist island o Equatorial Guinea an is situatit juist sooth o the [[equator]]. Bioko island is the northrenmaist pynt o Equatorial Guinea. Atween the twa islands an tae the east is the mainland region. Equatorial Guinea is bordered bi [[Cameroon]] on the north, [[Gabon]] on the sooth an east, an the [[Gulf o Guinea]] on the wast, whaur the island naition o [[São Tomé an Príncipe]] is locatit atween Bioko an Annobón. Umwhilie the [[colony]] o [[Spainyie Guinea]], its post-unthirldom name is suggestive o its location near baith the equator an the Gulf o Guinea. It is ane o the few territories in mainland Africae whaur [[Spaingie leid|Spaingie]] is an offeecial leid, besides the [[Spain]]gie ceeties o [[Ceuta]] an [[Melilla]]. Equatorial Guinea is the third smawest kintra in continental Africae in terms o population.<ref>[[Seychelles]], [[Gambie|The Gambia]], [[Djibouti]], [[Rwanda]], [[Burundi]], [[Cape Verde]], [[Comoros]], [[Swaziland]], an [[São Tomé an Príncipe]] are smawer in terms o aurie, an [[Djibouti]] an the [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]] hae smawer populations, although the population o the latter is disputit</ref> It is an aa the seicont smawest [[Unitit Naitions]] (UN) member frae continental Africae. The discovery o sizeable [[petroleum]] reserves in recent years is alterin the economic an poleetical status o the kintra. Equatorial Guinea haes been citit as an example o the ''[[natural resource curse]]'' {{Citation needed|date=February 2010}}; its gross domestic product ([[GDP]]) per capita ranks 31st in the world;<ref>'''[[The World Factbook|CIA World Factbook]]''': [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html GDP - per capita (PPP)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424075526/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html |date=2013-04-24 }}, [[The World Factbook]], [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. Data last updatit on April 23, 2009. Retrieved Aprile 24, 2009.</ref> housomeivver, maist o the kintra's considerable ile wealth actually lies in the haunds o ae a few fowk. Equatorial Guinea haes ane o the worst human rights records in the warld, consistently rankin amon the "worst o the worst" in [[Freedom House]]'s annual survey o poleetical an civil rights<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://freedomhouse.org/uploads/special_report/88.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-10-23 |archive-date=2010-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122180016/http://freedomhouse.org/uploads/special_report/88.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> an [[Reporters Without Borders]] ranks Preses [[Teodoro Obiang]] amang its "predators" o press freedom.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://en.rsf.org/equatorial-guinea.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-10-23 |archive-date=2010-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101015033438/http://en.rsf.org/equatorial-guinea.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Oot o 44 sub-Saharan kintras, Equatorial Guinea ranks 9t in terms o the [[Human Development Index]] (HDI) an 115th oweraw, which is amang the “medium” HDI kintras. === Administrative Divisions === {{Main|Provinces o Equatorial Guinea}} [[File:Equatorial Guinea provinces numbered.png|right|thumb|250px|Provinces o Equatorial Guinea]] Equatorial Guinea is dividit intae seiven [[province]]s (caipitals appear in parentheses): # [[Annobón Province]] ([[San Antonio de Palé]]) # [[Bioko Norte Province]] ([[Malabo]]) # [[Bioko Sur Province]] ([[Luba, Equatorial Guinea|Luba]]) # [[Centro Sur Province]] ([[Evinayong]]) # [[Kié-Ntem Province]] ([[Ebebiyín]]) # [[Litoral Province (Equatorial Guinea)|Litoral Province]] ([[Bata, Equatorial Guinea|Bata]]) # [[Wele-Nzas Province]] ([[Mongomo]]) The provinces are further dividit intae districts. == Notes == {{reflist}} == Freemit airtins == ; General information * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1023151.stm Country Profile] frae [[BBC News]] * {{CIA World Factbook link|ek|Equatorial Guinea}} * [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/equatorialguinea.htm Equatorial Guinea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607084803/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/equatorialguinea.htm |date=2008-06-07 }} frae ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{dmoz|Regional/Africa/Equatorial_Guinea}} * {{wikiatlas|Equatorial Guinea}} * [http://www.iradier.org/colaboracion5.htm Topographical map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911170006/http://www.iradier.org/colaboracion5.htm |date=2007-09-11 }} (Spaingie) * {{Wikivoyage|Equatorial Guinea}} <!-- * [http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/eqg.html Stanford University - Africa South of the Sahara: ''Equatorial Guinea''] directory category * [http://www.afrika.no/index/Countries/Equatorial_Guinea/ The Index on Africa - ''Equatorial Guinea''] * [http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Country_Specific/Eq_Guinea.html University of Pennsylvania - African Studies Center: ''Equatorial Guinea''] directory category * [http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107493.html Equatorial Guinea History Geography and Culture] * [http://dir.yahoo.com/Regional/Countries/Equatorial_Guinea/ Yahoo! - ''Equatorial Guinea''] directory category --> ; News media * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210516201857/http://allafrica.com/equatorialguinea/ Equatorial Guinea news headline links] frae [[AllAfrica.com]] * [http://www.guinea-ecuatorial.net/ms/main.asp Guinea-Ecuatorial.net] (Spainyie, some French) ; Languages * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110511204730/http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/thesaurus/pdf/39/TH_39_123_190_0.pdf Las lenguas de Guinea Ecuatorial: Materiales bibliográficos para su estudio] (in Spaingie) ; Cultural * [http://www.thebubis.com/ The Bubis of Fernando Po] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202112211/http://thebubis.com/ |date=2011-02-02 }} history o first indwallers o Bioko Island, nou an endangered fowl * [http://www.culturabubi.org/ Cultura Bubi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725212400/http://www.culturabubi.org/ |date=2011-07-25 }} * [http://www.thebubis.com/ Cultures de Mon: Los Bubis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202112211/http://thebubis.com/ |date=2011-02-02 }} * [http://www.pygmies.org/ African Pygmies] cultur an muisic o the first indwallers o Equatorial Guinea, wi photos an ethnographic notes ; Ither * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120803103219/http://www.maec.es/es/Home/Paginas/planafrica2006_08.aspx Spanish Ministry's Plan for Africa 2006-2008] - (Spaingie), Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores y de Cooperación de España. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121101170323/http://www.maec.es/es/Home/Paginas/planafrica2009_12.aspx Spanish Ministry's Plan for Africa 2009-2012] - (Spaingie), Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores y de Cooperación de España. * [http://www.icex.es/staticFiles/GuineaEcuatorial_6814_.pdf "Guia Pais: Guinea Ecuatorial"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121124094752/http://www.icex.es/staticFiles/GuineaEcuatorial_6814_.pdf |date=2012-11-24 }} - (Spaingie), bi The Office for Economic an Commercial Affairs, Embassy o Spain in [[Lagos]], [[Nigerie]], Mairch 2004 * [http://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/episodes/once-upon-a-coup/history-of-equatorial-guinea/5475/ History of Equatorial Guinea] PBS WIDE ANGLE interactive timeline * [http://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/episodes/once-upon-a-coup/introduction/5309/ Once Upon a Coup] PBS WIDE ANGLE documentary aboot the 2004 coup attempt {{Template group |title = Geographic locale |list = {{Countries of Africa}} }} {{Template group |title = Internaitional membership |list = {{Member states o the African Union}} {{Sooth Atlantic Peace an Cooperation Zone}} {{La Francophonie}} {{Niger-Congo-speakin}} {{Community o Portuguese Leid Kintras (CPLP)}} }} {{Coord|1|55|29.34|N|10|06|41.94|E|type:country|display=title}} {{Commonscat}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Equatorial Guinea| ]] [[Category:Kintras in Africae]] [[Category:African Union member states]] [[Category:Kintras borderin the Atlantic Ocean]] [[Category:Member states o La Francophonie]] [[Category:Spaingie-speakin kintras an territories]] [[Category:French-speakin kintras]] [[Category:Least Developed Kintras]] [[Category:Umwhile Spaingie colonies]] [[Category:Umwhile Portuguese colonies]] [[Category:1968 establishments]] [[Category:States an territories established in the 1960s]] [[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]] <!--Other languages--> rx0njxnvbeyjuoqdfijk0qrys1lj6ml 0 13244 927038 818299 2026-11-08T22:23:02Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; infobox addit 927038 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Guernésiais | altname = Dgèrnésiais, Guernsey French | nativename = {{lang|nrf-GG|guernésiais}}, {{lang|nrf-GG|dgèrnésiais}} | states = [[Guernsey]] | speakers = {{sigfig|200|2}} | date = 2014 | ref = e18 | nation = [[Guernsey]] | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Romance leids|Romance]] | fam3 = Oïl | fam4 = [[Norman leid|Norman]] | isoexception = dialect | lingua = 51-AAA-hc | glotto = dger1238 | glottorefname = Dgernesiais | script = [[Laitin alphabet|Laitin]] }} '''Guernésiais''', kent as '''Dgèrnésiais''', '''Guernsey French''', an '''Guernsey Norman French''' an aw, is a [[Romance leids|Romance leid]] o the [[Indo-European leids|Indo-European]] faimily: the variety o the [[Norman leid]] spak in [[Guernsey]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lefeuvre |first=Gwenaelle |date=2018-03-02 |title=Creating Memes in the Guernésiais Language to Join the "Big Friendly Family of Tiny Languages" |url=https://rising.globalvoices.org/blog/2018/03/02/creating-memes-in-the-guernesiais-language-to-join-the-big-friendly-family-of-tiny-languages/ |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=Rising Voices |language=en}}</ref> whaur aboot 200 fowk spik it. On the island it is whiles kent bi the hauf-disparagin nem "[[patois]]". As ane o the Oïl leids, it haes its ruits in [[Laitin]], but it haes haen a strang influence frae baith [[Norse leid|Norse]] an [[Inglis leid|Inglis]] at different times in its history. Its spikkers can unnerstaund (wi some difficulty) spikkers o [[Jèrriais]] frae [[Jersey]] an Norman spikkers frae mainland [[Normandy]]. Guernésiais is maist lik the Norman [[dialect]] o La Hague in the [[Cotentin Peninsulae]] (Cotentinais). Guernésiais haes been influenced less bi [[French leid|French]] nor Jèrriais haes, but mair bi [[Inglis leid|Inglis]]. New wirds hae been brocht in for modren things, sic as "le bike" an "le gas-cooker". == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Guernesiais}} [[Category:Leids o Europe]] [[Category:Norman leid]] {{Stub/Chainel}} {{Stub/Leid}} np02szec6cu8qvmrrdm1lbci034a4hk 927054 927038 2026-11-08T22:28:37Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927054 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox leid | name = Guernésiais | altname = Dgèrnésiais, Guernsey French | nativename = {{lang|nrf-GG|guernésiais}}, {{lang|nrf-GG|dgèrnésiais}} | states = [[Guernsey]] | speakers = {{sigfig|200|2}} | date = 2014 | ref = e18 | nation = [[Guernsey]] | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Romance leids|Romance]] | fam3 = Oïl | fam4 = [[Norman leid|Norman]] | isoexception = dialect | lingua = 51-AAA-hc | glotto = dger1238 | glottorefname = Dgernesiais | script = [[Laitin alphabet|Laitin]] }} '''Guernésiais''', kent as '''Dgèrnésiais''', '''Guernsey French''', an '''Guernsey Norman French''' an aw, is a [[Romance leids|Romance leid]] o the [[Indo-European leids|Indo-European]] faimily: the variety o the [[Norman leid]] spak in [[Guernsey]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lefeuvre |first=Gwenaelle |date=2018-03-02 |title=Creating Memes in the Guernésiais Language to Join the "Big Friendly Family of Tiny Languages" |url=https://rising.globalvoices.org/blog/2018/03/02/creating-memes-in-the-guernesiais-language-to-join-the-big-friendly-family-of-tiny-languages/ |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=Rising Voices |language=en}}</ref> whaur aboot 200 fowk spik it. On the island it is whiles kent bi the hauf-disparagin nem "[[patois]]". As ane o the Oïl leids, it haes its ruits in [[Laitin]], but it haes haen a strang influence frae baith [[Norse leid|Norse]] an [[Inglis leid|Inglis]] at different times in its history. Its spikkers can unnerstaund (wi some difficulty) spikkers o [[Jèrriais]] frae [[Jersey]] an Norman spikkers frae mainland [[Normandy]]. Guernésiais is maist lik the Norman [[dialect]] o La Hague in the [[Cotentin Peninsulae]] (Cotentinais). Guernésiais haes been influenced less bi [[French leid|French]] nor Jèrriais haes, but mair bi [[Inglis leid|Inglis]]. New wirds hae been brocht in for modren things, sic as "le bike" an "le gas-cooker". == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Guernesiais}} [[Category:Leids o Europe]] [[Category:Norman leid]] {{Stub/Chainel}} {{Stub/Leid}} sbke9auqrpsajo9atmarafusbhe9nfv 0 13448 927024 905180 2026-11-08T22:17:38Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; infobox an soorce addit 927024 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Rundi | nativename = {{lang|rn|Ikirundi}} | states = [[Burundi]] | ethnicity = [[Hutu]], [[Tutsi]], [[Twa]] | speakers = {{sigfig|13.185850|2}} million | date = 2021 | familycolor = Niger-Congo | fam2 = [[Bantu leid|Bantu]] | fam3 = Northeast Bantu | fam4 = Rwanda-Rundi | script = [[Laitin alphabet|Laitin]] | nation = {{BDI}} | iso1 = rn | iso2 = run | iso3 = run | glotto = rund1242 | glottoname = Rundi | guthrie = JD.62 | notice = IPA }} '''Rundi''' (commonly seen in its native form, '''''Kirundi''''') is a [[Bantu leid]] (D62 in Guthrie's classification) spak bi some 8.7 million fowk in [[Burundi]] an neebourin pairts o [[Tanzanie]] an [[Congo-Kinshasa]], as weel as in [[Uganda]]. It is the naitional leid o Burundi.<ref name="ethn">{{Ethnologue15|run}}</ref> O its spikkers, 84% ar [[Hutu]], 15% ar [[Tutsi]] an 1% ar [[Twa]]. Rundi is near relatit tae the [[Rwanda leid]], the main leid o the neebourin kintra o [[Rwanda]], an tae [[Ha leid|Ha]], a leid spak in the wast o [[Tanzanie]]. Rundi an Rwanda ar mutually intelligible. The fowk o Rwanda an Burundi belang tae three different [[ethnic group]]s: the [[Hutu]], the [[Tutsi]] an the [[Twa]] (a pygmy fowk). That thir ethnic groups share the same leid is thocht tae come o the Hutu ootnummerin the ither twa groups (see [[Hutu]] for a fuller historical account). Rundi is aften citit as a leid whaur Meeussen's rule, a rule that describes a certain pattren o tonal chynge in Bantu leids, is active. In 2020 the Rundi Academy wis set up tae help staundartise an promote the leid.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rigumye |first=Mariette |title=Longtemps attendue, l'Académie Rundi ouvre sous peu |lang=fr |website=IWACU |url=https://www.iwacu-burundi.org/longtemps-attendue-lacademie-rundi-ouvre-sous-peu/ |access-date=2021-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104091005/https://www.iwacu-burundi.org/longtemps-attendue-lacademie-rundi-ouvre-sous-peu/ |archive-date=2020-11-04 |url-status=live}}</ref> {|class="wikitable" !colspan="2"|Ensaumple owersets |- | Ego || Aye |- | Oya || Naw |- | Uravuga icongereza? || Dae ye spik Inglis? |- | Bite? || Whit lik? |- | Mwaramutse || Hi/Guid Mornin |- | Ikirundi n'ikinyarwanda bisa nk'igi czek n'igi slovak|| Rundi an Rwanda ur closely relatit lik Czech an Slovak |- | Amata || Milk |- | Ejo || Yestreen |- | Eejo° || The morra |- | Nzoza ejo/Nzoz'ejo || A will come the morra |- | Ubu || Noo |- | Faransa/Ubufaransa || Fraunce |- | Ngereza/Ubwongereza || Ingland |- | Leta zunz'ubumwe z'amerika || Unitit States o Americae |- | Ubudagi || Germany |- | Ububirigi || Belgium |- | Uburaya || Europe |- |colspan="2"|°N.B. ''eejo'' is pronoonced the same as ''ejo'':<br />the ither ''e'' is written tae tell thaim apairt. |} == References == {{reflist}} === Soorces === * Meeussen, A.E. (1959) ''Essai de grammaire Rundi'' Annales du Musée Royal du Congo Belge, Série Sciences Humaines - Linguistique, vol. 24. Tervuren == External links == {{InterWiki|code=rn}} *[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=run Ethnologue on Rundi] *[http://marston.freemethodistchurch.org/Dictionaries/Hi-Res/english-kirundi%20dictionary.pdf Free English-Kirundi Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726064720/http://marston.freemethodistchurch.org/Dictionaries/Hi-Res/english-kirundi%20dictionary.pdf |date=2011-07-26 }} *[http://marston.freemethodistchurch.org/Dictionaries/Hi-Res/kirundi-english%20dictionary.pdf Free Kirundi-English Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726064811/http://marston.freemethodistchurch.org/Dictionaries/Hi-Res/kirundi-english%20dictionary.pdf |date=2011-07-26 }} *[http://www.panafril10n.org/wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/RwandaRundi PanAfrican L10n page on Kirundi...] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070321212136/http://www.panafril10n.org/wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/RwandaRundi |date=2007-03-21 }} *[http://cecilia.ls.fi.upm.es/~jmartinez/wiki/index.php/Learning_Kirundi Learning Kirundi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513124329/http://cecilia.ls.fi.upm.es/~jmartinez/wiki/index.php/Learning_Kirundi |date=2008-05-13 }} (in Spanish) *[http://amajambo.ijuru.com Online Kirundi/English dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080801021745/http://amajambo.ijuru.com/ |date=2008-08-01 }} [[Category:Leids o Burundi]] [[Category:Leids o the Democratic Republic o the Congo]] [[Category:Leids o Uganda]] [[Category:Leids o Africae]] o33khd8jo19e2ofa4lo5huaecadp34v 0 13454 926945 902660 2026-11-08T21:19:00Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; vocabulary an writin seestem addit, soorced 926945 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Vietnamese |nativename = {{lang|vi|''tiếng Việt''}} |pronunciation = {{IPA-vi|tĭəŋ vìəˀt|}} (Northren)<br>{{IPA-vi|tǐəŋ jìək|}} (Soothren) |states = [[Vietnam]], [[Vietnamese diaspora]] |ethnicity=[[Vietnamese fowk|Kinh]]/[[Gin fowk|Gin]] fowk |speakers = >100 million |date = 2012 |ref = <ref>[[Nationalencyklopedin]] "Världens 100 största språk 2007" The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007</ref> |familycolor = Austroasiatic |fam2 = [[Vietic leids|Vietic]] |fam3 = [[Viet–Muong]] |nation = {{flag|Vietnam}}<ref name=Vietnamese:official>{{cite web|title=CIA World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/vm.html|publisher=CIA|accessdate=12 April 2012|archive-date=2020-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517025916/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/vm.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |agency= |script = [[Latin script|Latin]] ([[Vietnamese alphabet]])<br>[[Vietnamese Braille]] |iso1 = vi |iso2 = vie |iso3 = vie |glotto = viet1252 |glottorefname = Vietnamese Language |lingua = 46-EBA<!-- http://web.archive.org/web/20060102201830/www.linguasphere.org/major.pdf --> |map = Natively Vietnamese-speaking areas.png |mapcaption = Airts o Vietnam whaur maist fowk speak Vietnamese |notice= }} '''Vietnamese''' ({{lang|vi|''tiếng Việt''}}, or less commonly {{lang|vi|''Việt ngữ''}}<ref>Anither variant, ''tiếng Việt Nam'', is rarely uised bi native speakers an is likely a neologism from translatin literally frae a foreign leid. It is maist aften uised bi non-native speakers an maistly foond in documents translatit frae anither leid. Vietnamese wis kent as ''Annamese'' in aulder literature an aw, due tae is name unner French colonization (''see [[Annam (French Colony)|Annam]]'').</ref>) is an [[Austroasiatic leids|Austroasiatic leid]] o the Vietic branch,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=K. W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P2HP31kOSA4C&dq=Vietic+peoples&pg=PA51 |title=A History of the Vietnamese |date=9 May 2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-87586-8 |pages=51 |language=en}}</ref> spak in [[Vietnam]] bi mair nor 70 million fowk.<ref>{{cite book|last=Driem|first=George van|author-link=George van Driem|title=Languages of the Himalayas, Volume One|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fiavPYCz4dYC&pg=PA264|year=2001|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-12062-9|page=264|quote= Of the approximately 90 millions speakers of Austroasiatic languages, over 70 million speak Vietnamese, nearly ten million speak Khmer and roughly five million speak Santali.}}</ref> It is the naitional an [[offeecial leid|official leid]] o Vietnam, an the [[mither tongue]] o 86% o the fowk o Vietnam an o aboot three million [[owerseas Vietnamese]]. Monie [[ethnic group|ethnic minorities]] in Vietnam speak it as a seicont leid an aw. It haes the maist speakers o ony Austroasiatic leid bi a lang wey: several times mair nor aw the ither Austroasiatic leids pit thegither. == Vocabulary == As wi [[Korean leid|Korean]] an [[Japanese leid|Japanese]], a feck o the vocabulary haes been borraed frae [[Cheenese leid|Cheenese]], maistly wirds for abstract ideas (in the same wey as European leids borrae frae Laitin an Greek). Acause o French colonial rule, the leid shaws some influence frae [[French leid|French]] an aw. == Writin seestem == Efter Cheenese rule endit in 939, the Vietnamese state taen up Literary Cheenese for official uiss.<ref>{{cite book | title = Asia's Orthographic Dilemma | surname = Hannas | given = Wm. C. | publisher = University of Hawaii Press | year = 1997 | isbn = 978-0-8248-1892-0 | pages = 78–79, 82 }}</ref> Vietnamese wis aince written wi the [[Cheenese character|Cheenese writin seestem]], in a cheenged form an wi the local pronunciation. The [[Vietnamese alphabet|Vietnamese writin seestem]] in uiss the day is an adaptit version o the [[Laitin alphabet]], wi extra [[diacreetic]]s for tones an for certain letters. == References == {{reflist}} == External Links == * [http://www.informatik.uni-leipzig.de/~duc/Dict/index.html Vietnamese Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013093753/http://www.informatik.uni-leipzig.de/~duc/Dict/index.html |date=2018-10-13 }} * [http://vietnamesetranslate.net/ Vietnamese Translator] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125110923/http://vietnamesetranslate.net/ |date=2010-11-25 }} {{Commonscat|Vietnamese language}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Vietnamese Leid}} [[Category:Leids o Vietnam]] [[Category:Isolatin leids]] [[Category:Tonal leids]] [[Category:SVO leids]] {{stub/Leid}} 8pinj5d7ykp6gmvc4l6t3fhz7f57c4n 926949 926945 2026-11-08T21:21:00Z Monospaced 75295 Lang template errors fixed, spik 926949 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Vietnamese |nativename = {{lang|vi|tiếng Việt}} |pronunciation = {{IPA-vi|tĭəŋ vìəˀt|}} (Northren)<br>{{IPA-vi|tǐəŋ jìək|}} (Soothren) |states = [[Vietnam]], [[Vietnamese diaspora]] |ethnicity=[[Vietnamese fowk|Kinh]]/[[Gin fowk|Gin]] fowk |speakers = >100 million |date = 2012 |ref = <ref>[[Nationalencyklopedin]] "Världens 100 största språk 2007" The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007</ref> |familycolor = Austroasiatic |fam2 = [[Vietic leids|Vietic]] |fam3 = [[Viet–Muong]] |nation = {{flag|Vietnam}}<ref name=Vietnamese:official>{{cite web|title=CIA World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/vm.html|publisher=CIA|accessdate=12 April 2012|archive-date=2020-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517025916/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/vm.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |agency= |script = [[Latin script|Latin]] ([[Vietnamese alphabet]])<br>[[Vietnamese Braille]] |iso1 = vi |iso2 = vie |iso3 = vie |glotto = viet1252 |glottorefname = Vietnamese Language |lingua = 46-EBA<!-- http://web.archive.org/web/20060102201830/www.linguasphere.org/major.pdf --> |map = Natively Vietnamese-speaking areas.png |mapcaption = Airts o Vietnam whaur maist fowk speak Vietnamese |notice= }} '''Vietnamese''' ({{lang|vi|tiếng Việt}}, or less commonly {{lang|vi|Việt ngữ}}<ref>Anither variant, ''tiếng Việt Nam'', is rarely uised bi native speakers an is likely a neologism from translatin literally frae a foreign leid. It is maist aften uised bi non-native speakers an maistly foond in documents translatit frae anither leid. Vietnamese wis kent as ''Annamese'' in aulder literature an aw, due tae is name unner French colonization (''see [[Annam (French Colony)|Annam]]'').</ref>) is an [[Austroasiatic leids|Austroasiatic leid]] o the Vietic branch,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=K. W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P2HP31kOSA4C&dq=Vietic+peoples&pg=PA51 |title=A History of the Vietnamese |date=9 May 2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-87586-8 |pages=51 |language=en}}</ref> spak in [[Vietnam]] bi mair nor 70 million fowk.<ref>{{cite book|last=Driem|first=George van|author-link=George van Driem|title=Languages of the Himalayas, Volume One|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fiavPYCz4dYC&pg=PA264|year=2001|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-12062-9|page=264|quote= Of the approximately 90 millions speakers of Austroasiatic languages, over 70 million speak Vietnamese, nearly ten million speak Khmer and roughly five million speak Santali.}}</ref> It is the naitional an [[offeecial leid|official leid]] o Vietnam, an the [[mither tongue]] o 86% o the fowk o Vietnam an o aboot three million owerseas Vietnamese. Monie [[ethnic group|ethnic minorities]] in Vietnam speak it as a seicont leid an aw. It haes the maist speakers o ony Austroasiatic leid bi a lang wey: several times mair nor aw the ither Austroasiatic leids pit thegither. == Vocabulary == As wi [[Korean leid|Korean]] an [[Japanese leid|Japanese]], a feck o the vocabulary haes been borraed frae [[Cheenese leid|Cheenese]], maistly wirds for abstract ideas (in the same wey as European leids borrae frae Laitin an Greek). Acause o French colonial rule, the leid shaws some influence frae [[French leid|French]] an aw. == Writin seestem == Efter Cheenese rule endit in 939, the Vietnamese state taen up Literary Cheenese for official uiss.<ref>{{cite book | title = Asia's Orthographic Dilemma | surname = Hannas | given = Wm. C. | publisher = University of Hawaii Press | year = 1997 | isbn = 978-0-8248-1892-0 | pages = 78–79, 82 }}</ref> Vietnamese wis aince written wi the [[Cheenese character|Cheenese writin seestem]], in a cheenged form an wi the local pronunciation. The [[Vietnamese alphabet|Vietnamese writin seestem]] in uiss the day is an adaptit version o the [[Laitin alphabet]], wi extra [[diacreetic]]s for tones an for certain letters. == References == {{reflist}} == External Links == * [http://www.informatik.uni-leipzig.de/~duc/Dict/index.html Vietnamese Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013093753/http://www.informatik.uni-leipzig.de/~duc/Dict/index.html |date=2018-10-13 }} * [http://vietnamesetranslate.net/ Vietnamese Translator] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125110923/http://vietnamesetranslate.net/ |date=2010-11-25 }} {{Commonscat|Vietnamese language}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Vietnamese Leid}} [[Category:Leids o Vietnam]] [[Category:Isolatin leids]] [[Category:Tonal leids]] [[Category:SVO leids]] {{stub/Leid}} gxeryfismxgk4m4h524wuul8vhmwypa 0 13644 927030 817950 2026-11-08T22:20:41Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; infobox an map addit 927030 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Gulf Arabic | altname = Khaliji | nativename = {{lang|afb|اللهجة الخليجية}} | states = [[Kuwait]], [[Oman]], [[Qatar]], [[Unitit Arab Emirates]], [[Iraq]], [[Saudi Arabie]], [[Bahrain]] | speakers = {{sigfig|10.928500|2}} million | date = 2018–2021 | familycolor = Afroasiatic | fam2 = [[Semitic leids|Semitic]] | fam3 = Central Semitic | fam4 = [[Arabic]] | script = Arabic alphabet | iso3 = afb | glotto = gulf1241 | glottorefname = Gulf Arabic | map = Árabe del Golfo.PNG | mapcaption = Airts whaur Gulf Arabic is spak (daurk blue whaur it is the leid o the maist fowk) }} '''Gulf Arabic''' (kent as Khaliji an aw, ''al-lahja al-khalijiya'' اللهجة الخليجية) is a [[Varieties o Arabic|variety]] o the [[Arabic leid]], a [[Semitic leids|Semitic]] leid, spak bi aboot 11 million fowk aroond baith shores o the [[Persie Gulf]], in [[Kuwait]], [[Saudi Arabie]], [[Bahrain]], [[Qatar]], the [[Unitit Arab Emirates]] an [[Oman]],<ref name = a/> an bi some Arabs in [[Iran]].<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/country/ir/languages Languages of Iran] ''Ethnologue''</ref> Features that set it apairt frae ither Arabian dialects ar its [[Persian leid|Persian]] [[loanwird]]s an the pronunciation o ''k'' as ''ch'' (''kalb'' "dog" is said ''chalb''), o ''q'' as ''g'' (''daqiqa'' "minute" is said ''dagiga''), an whiles o ''j'' as ''y'' (''jeeb'' "bring" (masc.) is said ''yeeb''). ==References== {{reflist| <ref name = a>{{cite web | url = http://www.gulfarabic.com/ | title = Gulf Arabic | publisher = GulfArabic.com}}</ref> }} == See an aw == * [[Varieties o Arabic]] * [[Arabic leid]] <!--{{Varieties o Arabic}}--> [[Category:Persie Gulf]] [[Category:Leids o Iraq]] [[Category:Leids o Saudi Arabie]] [[Category:Leids o Bahrain]] [[Category:Leids o Qatar]] [[Category:Central Semitic leids]] [[Category:Arabic leids]] {{Stub/Asie}} {{Stub/Leid}} {{authority control}} 71y1ogudmek7zzs109803r8uqerox68 0 13843 926836 804083 2026-11-08T18:48:08Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; soorce addit 926836 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Scots Cant''' (aften simply '''Cant''') is a [[cant (leid)|cant]] spak in [[Scotland]] bi [[Scots Travellers]].<ref name="Queen's">Kirk, J. & Ó Baoill, D. ''Travellers and their Language'' (2002) [[Queen's University Belfast]] ISBN 0-85389-832-4</ref> ==Classification== Tho a fair few [[Romani leid|Romani]] wirds hae come intae Scots Cant throu mairriage wi Breetish Romanis, Scots Travellers are an [[Indigenous fowks|autochthonous]] group o traivellin fowk, an no tae be ramfeeselt wi Breetish New Age Travellers. Scots Cant essentially remains a [[Germanic leid]].<ref name = Queen's/> The [[Goidelic leids|Goidelic]] ([[Erse leid|Erse]] an [[Scots Gaelic|Gaelic]]) element in Scots Cant is pit onywhaur atween 0.8% an 20%.<ref name = Queen's/> ==Uise o auld Scots== Scots Cant uises terms frae Scots that are nae langer uised in [[Modren Scots]] as spak bi ither fowk, sic as ''mowdit'' "buried", ''mools'' "earth", baith frae ''muild(s)'', an ''gellie'', frae ''gailey'' (galley), "a bothy".<ref name = Queen's/> ==Gaelic influences== Loans frae Gaelic include wirds lik:<ref name = Queen's/> * ''cluishes'' "ears" (Gaelic ''cluasan'' or ''cluais'', a [[dative case|dative]] form o ''cluas'' "ear") * ''shan'' "bad" (Gaelic ''sean'' "auld") ==Romani influences== Up tae 50% o the wirds o Scots Cant are said tae come frae [[Romani leid|Romani]];<ref name="Economy 2002">Wilde 1889, cited in Not just lucky white heather and clothes pegs: putting European Gypsies and Traveller economic niches in context. In: Ethnicity and Economy:Race and class revisited. C. Clark (2002). Strathclyde University.</ref> some examples are:<ref name = Queen's/> * ''gadgie'' "man" (Romani ''[[Gadjo (non-Romani)|gadžó]]'' "a non-Romani person") * ''pannie'' "watter" (Romani ''paní'') ==References== <references/> ==See an aw== * [[Beurla Reagaird]] * [[Shelta]] {{Germanic leids}}{{Stub/Scotland}}{{Stub/Leid}} [[Category:Scots leid| ]] [[Category:Leids o Ireland]] [[Category:Leids o Scotland]] [[Category:Inglis leids]] aoxe1rpznpehkajgo6cy47aoqui20p8 926844 926836 2026-11-08T18:52:41Z Monospaced 75295 Pit back the sections lost in my last edit (Goidelic element, auld Scots, Gaelic an Romani borraeins), wi spellin fixed 926844 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Scots Cant''' (aften simply '''Cant''') is a [[cant (leid)|cant]] spak in [[Scotland]] bi [[Scots Travellers]].<ref name="Queen's">Kirk, J. & Ó Baoill, D. ''Travellers and their Language'' (2002) [[Queen's University Belfast]] ISBN 0-85389-832-4</ref> ==Classification== Tho a fair few [[Romani leid|Romani]] wirds hae come intae Scots Cant throu mairriage wi Breetish Romanis, Scots Travellers are an [[Indigenous fowks|autochthonous]] group o traivellin fowk, an no tae be ramfeeselt wi Breetish New Age Travellers. Scots Cant essentially remains a [[Germanic leid]].<ref name = Queen's/> The [[Goidelic leids|Goidelic]] ([[Erse leid|Erse]] an [[Scots Gaelic|Gaelic]]) element in Scots Cant is pit onywhaur atween 0.8% an 20%.<ref name = Queen's/> ==Uise o auld Scots== Scots Cant uises terms frae Scots that are nae langer uised in [[Modren Scots]] as spak bi ither fowk, sic as ''mowdit'' "buried", ''mools'' "earth", baith frae ''muild(s)'', an ''gellie'', frae ''gailey'' (galley), "a bothy".<ref name = Queen's/> ==Gaelic influences== Loans frae Gaelic include wirds lik:<ref name = Queen's/> * ''cluishes'' "ears" (Gaelic ''cluasan'' or ''cluais'', a [[dative case|dative]] form o ''cluas'' "ear") * ''shan'' "bad" (Gaelic ''sean'' "auld") ==Romani influences== Up tae 50% o the wirds o Scots Cant are said tae come frae [[Romani leid|Romani]];<ref name="Economy 2002">Wilde 1889, cited in Not just lucky white heather and clothes pegs: putting European Gypsies and Traveller economic niches in context. In: Ethnicity and Economy:Race and class revisited. C. Clark (2002). Strathclyde University.</ref> The [[Goidelic leids|Goidelic]] ([[Erse leid|Erse]] an [[Scots Gaelic|Gaelic]]) element in Scots Cant is put onywhaur atween 0.8% an 20%.<ref name = Queen's/> ==Uise o auld Scots== Scots Cant uises terms derived frae Scots that are nae langer uised in [[Modren Scots]] as spak bi non-Travellers, sic as ''mowdit'' "buried", ''mools'' "earth", baith frae ''muild(s)'', an ''gellie'', frae ''gailey'' (galley), "a bothy".<ref name = Queen's/> ==Gaelic influences== Borraeins frae Gaelic include wirds lik:<ref name = Queen's/> * ''cluishes'' "ears" (Gaelic ''cluasan'' or ''cluais'', a [[dative case|dative]] form o ''cluas'' "ear") * ''shan'' "bad" (Gaelic ''sean'' "auld") ==Romani influences== Thare are [[Romani leid|Romani]] loans as weel, an Romani borraeins are said tae mak up as muckle as 50% o the [[lexicon]]. Some examples are:<ref name = Queen's/> * ''gadgie'' "man" (Romani ''[[Gadjo (non-Romani)|gadžó]]'' "a non-Romani person") * ''pannie'' "watter" (Romani ''paní'') ==References== <references/> ==See an aw== * [[Beurla Reagaird]] * [[Shelta]] {{Germanic leids}}{{Stub/Scotland}}{{Stub/Leid}} [[Category:Scots leid| ]] [[Category:Leids o Ireland]] [[Category:Leids o Scotland]] [[Category:Inglis leids]] bx8z6wv4udwb26q1k81k5gv2ottok7x 0 14086 927025 890423 2026-11-08T22:18:31Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 927025 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Pashto | nativename = {{lang|ps|پښتو }}<br />''{{transl|ps|Pax̌tō}}'' | pronunciation = {{IPA-ps|ˈpəʂt̪oː&#93;, &#91;ˈpʊxt̪oː|}} | states = [[Afghanistan]] an [[Pakistan]] | region = Sooth Asia, Central Asie | ethnicity = Pashtuns | speakers = 50–60 million<!--to nearest 5M; one source has 38.6M--> | date = 2007–2009 | ref = <ref name="Penzl">{{Cite book |title=A Grammar of Pashto a Descriptive Study of the Dialect of Kandahar, Afghanistan |last1=Penzl |first1=Herbert |author2=Ismail Sloan |volume= |year=2009 |publisher=Ishi Press International |location= |isbn=0-923891-72-2 |pages=210 |quote=Estimates of the number of Pashto speakers range from 40 million to 60 million... |url=https://books.google.com/?id=zvRePgAACAAJ |accessdate=2010-10-25}}</ref><ref>Nationalencyklopedin "Världens 100 största språk 2007" The World's 38 Largest Languages in 2007 (39 million)</ref><ref>{{ELL2|Pashto}}</ref> | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = Indo-Iranian | fam3 = Iranian | fam4 = Eastren Iranian | dialects = ~20 dialects | stand1 = Central Pashto | stand2 = Northren Pashto | stand3 = Soothren Pashto | script = * Perso-Arabic script | nation = {{AFG}}<ref name="AC">[[Constitution o Afghanistan]] – [http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/af00000_.html ''Chapter 1 The State, Article 16 (Languages) and Article 20 (Anthem)'']</ref> | minority = {{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title={{PAK}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC&pg=PA845|date=6 April 2010|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-08-087775-4|pages=845–}}</ref>| |{{flag|Khyber Pakhtunkhwa}} |{{flag|Balochistan}} }} | agency = Academy o Sciences o Afghanistan, Pashto Academy, [[Pakistan]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Sebeok |first=Thomas Albert |title=Current Trends in Linguistics: Index |year=1976 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |pages=705}}</ref> | iso1 = ps | iso1comment = – Pashto, Pushto | iso2 = pus | iso2comment = – Pushto, Pashto | iso3 = pus | iso3comment = – Pashto, Pushto | lc1 = pst | ld1 = Central Pashto | lc2 = pbu | ld2 = Northern Pashto | lc3 = pbt | ld3 = Southern Pashto | lc4 = wne | ld4 = Wanetsi | lingua = 58-ABD-a | image = Pashto.svg | imagecaption = The wird ''Pax̌tō'' written in the Pashto alphabet | map = | mapcaption = Auries whaur Pashto is a mither tongue | notice = IPA | image_size = 200px | glotto = pash1269 | glottoname = Pashto }} '''Pashto''' (Naskh: {{lang|ps|پښتو}} {{IPA-ps|paʂˈto|}}; an aw transliteratit ''Pakhto'', ''Pushto'', ''Pukhto'', ''Pashtu'', or ''Pushtu''), cried '''Afghani'''<ref>Dictionary.com, "Afghani," in The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Source location: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Afghani. Accessed: July 14, 2010.</ref> an aw, is an Eastren Iranian leid o the [[Indo-European leids|Indo-European]] faimily, spak bi aboot 50–60 million fowk.<ref name="Penzl" /> It is spak maistly bi the Pashtun fowk in [[Afghanistan]] an [[Pakistan]], an bi the Pashtun diaspora aroond the warld.<ref name="Omniglot">{{cite web|url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/pashto.htm|title=Pashto|quote=''The exact number o Pashto speakers is no kent for sure, but maist estimates range frae 45 million tae 55 million.''|publisher=Omniglot.com|accessdate=2010-10-25|archive-date=2015-09-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905061758/http://www.omniglot.com/writing/pashto.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is ane o the twa official leids o Afghanistan.<ref name="AC" /> == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat|Pashto language}} {{Stub/Asie}} {{Stub/Leid}} [[Category:Leids o Afghanistan]] [[Category:Leids o Pakistan]] [[Category:Indo-European leids]] [[Category:Subject–object–verb leids]] 3uffysmplxopv015yuzwxttw195o8rx 0 14098 926767 922002 2026-11-08T17:18:27Z Monospaced 75295 Stub 926767 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox philosopher | region = Wastren philosophy | era = [[Auncient philosophy]] | image = Plato Silanion Musei Capitolini MC1377.jpg | caption = Roman copy o a portrait bust bi [[Silanion]] for the Academia in Athens ({{circa|lk=no}} 370 BC) | name = Plato | birth_date = 428/427 or 424/423 BC | birth_place = [[Clessical Athens|Athens]], Greece | death_date = 348/347 BC (age {{circa|80}}) | death_place = Athens, Greece |ethnicity = [[Greeks|Greek]] | school_tradition = [[Platonism]] | main_interests = [[Rhetoric]], [[airt]], [[leeteratur]], [[epistemology]], [[juistice]], [[virtue]], [[politics]], [[eddication]], [[faimily]], [[militarism]], [[freendship]], [[luve]] | notable_works = ''[[Apology (Plato)|Apology]]''<br>''[[Phaedo]]''<br>''[[Symposium (Plato)|Symposium]]''<br>''[[Republic (Plato)|Republic]]'' | notable_ideas = [[Theory o Forms]], [[Platonic idealism]], [[philosopher king]], [[Platonic realism]], [[Plato's tripartite theory o saul]], ''[[hyperuranion]]'', ''[[metaxy]]'', ''[[khôra]]'', ''[[methexis]]'', ''[[theia mania]]'', ''[[agathos kai sophos]]'', ''[[poiesis]]'', ''[[philotimon]]'' | influences = [[Socrates]], [[Homer]], [[Hesiod]], [[Aristophanes]], [[Aesop]], [[Protagoras]], [[Parmenides]], [[Pythagoras]], [[Heraclitus]], [[Orphism (releegion)|Orphism]] | influenced = Maist o [[Western philosophy]] that cam efter his warks }} '''Plato''' (or '''Platae''') ({{IPA-en|ˈpleɪtoʊ}}; [[Ancient Greek language|Greek]]: {{polytonic|[[wikt:Πλάτων|Πλάτων]]}}, ''Plátōn'', "broad"<ref>[[Diogenes Laertius]] 3.4; p. 21, David Sedley, [http://assets.cambridge.org/052158/4922/sample/0521584922ws.pdf ''Plato's Cratylus''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910051058/http://assets.cambridge.org/052158/4922/sample/0521584922ws.pdf |date=2008-09-10 }}, Cambridge University Press 2003</ref>; 427/428 BC{{Ref_label|A|a|none}} – 347/348 BC), wis a [[Classical Greece|Classical]] [[Greeks|Greek]] [[philosopher]], [[mathematician]], writer o philosophical dialogues, an foonder o the [[Platonic Academy|Academy]] in [[Ancient Athens|Athens]], the first institution o heicher learnin in the [[Wastren warld]]. Alang wi his mentor, [[Socrates]], an his student, [[Aristotle]], Plato helped tae lay the foondations o [[Wastren philosophy]] an [[science]].<ref name="Br">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Plato|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica|year=2002}}</ref> Plato wis oreeginally a student o Socrates, an wis as muckle influenced bi his thinkin as bi his apparently unjuist execution. Plato's sophistication as a writer is evident in his [[Socratic dialogues]]; thirtie-sax dialogues an thirteen letters hae been ascribed tae him. Plato's writins hae been published in several fashions; this haes led tae several conventions regardin the namin an referencin o Plato's texts. Plato's dialogues hae been uised tae teach a range o subjects, includin [[philosophy]], [[logic]], [[rhetoric]] an [[mathematics]]. {{Stub}} == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Plato}} [[Category:420s BC births]] [[Category:340s BC daiths]] [[Category:4t-century BC Greek fowk]] [[Category:4t-century BC philosophers]] [[Category:4t-century BC poets]] [[Category:Academic philosophers]] [[Category:Auncient Athenian philosophers]] [[Category:Auncient Greek philosophers]] [[Category:Auncient Greek physicists]] [[Category:Auncient Greek wrestlers]] [[Category:Auncient Greeks selt as sclaves]] [[Category:Auncient Syracuse]] [[Category:Attic Greek writers]] [[Category:Epigrammatists o the Greek Anthology]] [[Category:Ontologists]] [[Category:Philosophers o eddication]] [[Category:Philosophers o leid]] [[Category:Philosophers o law]] [[Category:Plato|*]] [[Category:Platonism|*]] [[Category:Poleetical philosophers]] [[Category:Pupils o Socrates]] 82ye1m8827386y40tilv21swxep1tj2 0 14143 927172 926119 2026-11-09T02:20:50Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 927172 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fixscots}} {{Short descreeption|Federal subject o the Roushie Federation in the Roushie Far East}} {{Use dmy dates|date=Julie 2026}} {{Infobox Roushie federal subject | en_name=Jewish Autonomous Oblast | ru_name=Еврейская автономная область | loc_lang1=Yiddish | loc_name1={{Script/Hebrew|ייִדישע אװטאָנאָמע געגנט‎}} | image_map=Map of Russia (2014–2022) - Jewish Autonomous Oblast (Crimea disputed).svg | coordinates={{coord|48|36|N|132|12|E|type:adm1st_region:RU|display=inline,title}} | image_coa=Coat of arms of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast.svg | image_flag=Flag of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast.svg | flag_size=125px | anthem= | anthem_ref= | political_status=Autonomous oblast | political_status_link=Autonomous oblasts of Russia | federal_district=[[Far Eastern Federal District|Far Eastren]] | economic_region=[[Far Eastern economic region|Far Eastren]] | adm_ctr_type=Admeenistrative centre | adm_ctr_name=[[Birobidzhan]] | adm_ctr_ref=<ref>Charter of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Article&nbsp;5</ref> | pop_2021census=150453 | pop_2021census_rank=80th | urban_pop_2021census=70.8% | rural_pop_2021census=29.2% | pop_2021census_ref=<ref>{{Cite web |title=Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx |access-date=1 September 2022 |publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service]] |archive-date=September 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901194902/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx |url-status=dead }}</ref> | pop_latest= | pop_latest_ref= | pop_latest_date= | demographics_type2=GDP {{nobold|(nominal, 2024)}} | demographics2_footnotes=<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/statistics/accounts# |title=Валовой региональный продукт - Врп с 1998-2024 года |website=rosstat.gov.ru}}</ref> | demographics2_title1=Awthegither | demographics2_info1=[[Russian ruble|₽]]{{FXConvert|RUS|102|b|lk=on}} | demographics2_title2=Per heid | demographics2_info2=₽{{FXConvert|RUS|697097|lk=on}} | area_km2=36271 | area_km2_rank=61st | established_date=7 Mey 1934 | established_date_ref=<ref>Charter of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Article&nbsp;4</ref> | license_plates=79 | ISO=RU-YEV | leader_title=[[Governor of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast|Governor]] | leader_title_ref=<ref>Charter of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Article&nbsp;22</ref> | leader_name=[[Maria Kostyuk]] | leader_name_ref=<ref>Official website of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast. [http://eao.ru/?p=6 Alexander Borisovich Levintal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417185911/https://www.eao.ru/?p=6 |date=April 17, 2021 }}, Governor of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast {{in lang|ru|yi}}</ref> | legislature=[[Legislative Assembly of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast|Legislative Assembly]] | legislature_ref=<ref>Charter of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Article&nbsp;15</ref> | website=[http://www.eao.ru www.eao.ru] }} The '''Jewish Autonomous Oblast''' ('''JAO'''){{efn|{{langx|ru|Еврейская автономная область (ЕАО)|Yevreyskaya avtonomnaya oblast}} {{IPA|ru|jɪˈvrʲejskəjə ɐftɐˈnomnəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ (ˌje‿ˌa‿ˈo)|ipa}}; {{langx|yi|{{Script/Hebrew|ייִדישע אװטאָנאָמע געגנט}}|Yidishe Avtonome Gegnt}}, {{IPA|yi|ˈjɪdɪʃə avtɔˈnɔmə ˈɡɛɡn̩t|ipa}}; {{langx|yi|{{Script/Hebrew|ייִדישע אױטאָנאָמע געגנט}}|Yidishe Oytonome Gegnt|label=Staundart Yiddish}}, {{IPA|yi|ˈjɪdɪʃə ɔɪtɔˈnɔmə ˈɡɛɡn̩t|ipa}}}} is a [[federal subjects of Russia|federal subject]] o [[Roushie]] in the [[Russian Far East|far east]] o the kintra. It mairches wi [[Khabarovsk Krai]] an [[Amur Oblast]] in Roushie, an wi [[Heilongjiang]] province in [[Cheena]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eran Laor Cartographic Collection. The National Library of Israel |title=Map of Manchuria and region, 1942 |url=http://primo.nli.org.il/primo_library/libweb/action/dlDisplay.do?vid=NLI&docId=NNL_MAPS_JER003509115 |access-date=January 23, 2019 |archive-date=May 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529021008/http://primo.nli.org.il/primo-explore/fulldisplay?vid=NLI&docid=NNL_MAPS_JER003509115&context=L |url-status=dead }}</ref> Its [[administrative centre]] is the toun o [[Birobidzhan]]. An official Soviet decree set the JAO aside in 1928, an it wis formally establisht in 1934. At its heicht in the late 1940s, the [[Jews|Jewish]] population o the region rase tae aboot 46,000–50,000, or near 25% o aw its indwallers.<ref name="Holley-2005" /> The share o Jews gaed steadily doun efter that. The [[2021 Russian census]] recordit juist 837 ethnic Jews in the JAO (0.6%). Article 65 o the [[Constitution of Russia]] sets oot that the JAO is Roushie's anerly [[Autonomous oblasts of Russia|autonomous oblast]]. It is ane o the twa officially Jewish jurisdictions in the warld, the ither bein [[Israel]].<ref>{{Cite news |title='Sad And Absurd': The U.S.S.R.'s Disastrous Effort To Create A Jewish Homeland |language=en |work=NPR.org |url=https://www.npr.org/2016/09/07/492962278/sad-and-absurd-the-u-s-s-r-s-disastrous-effort-to-create-a-jewish-homeland |access-date=2022-10-15 |archive-date=March 11, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311203924/https://www.npr.org/2016/09/07/492962278/sad-and-absurd-the-u-s-s-r-s-disastrous-effort-to-create-a-jewish-homeland |url-status=live }}</ref> It is ane o the few places in the warld whaur [[Yiddish]] is a recognised [[minority language|minority leid]].<ref name=jao-ustav>{{cite web|url=http://constitution.garant.ru/region/ustav_evreis/chapter/1/|title=Устав Еврейской автономной области от 8 октября 1997 г. N 40-ОЗ (с изменениями и дополнениями) Глава I. Общие положения. Статья 6.2 [Charter of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast N 40-ОЗ (with the Amendments and Additions of 8 October 1997): Chapter I. General situation. Article 6.2]|website=Сайт Конституции Российской Федерации [Site of the Constitution of the Russian Federation]|publisher=Garant|access-date=2023-06-16|archive-date=2015-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221205825/http://constitution.garant.ru/region/ustav_evreis/chapter/1/#block_1000|url-status=live|quote=В области создаются условия для сохранения, изучения и развития языков еврейского народа и других народов, проживающих на территории области.|trans-quote=In the oblast the conditions will be created for the protection, study and growth of the languages of the Jewish peoples and other peoples living on the territory of the oblast.}}</ref> == Historie == {{Main|History of the Jews in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast}} {{See also|History of the Jews in Russia|History of the Jews in the Soviet Union}} === Backgrund === ==== The Roushie annexation o the Amur region ==== Afore 1858, the laund that maks up the Jewish Autonomous Oblast the day wis ruled, ae efter anither, bi a wheen o [[Dynasties in Chinese history|Cheenese imperial dynasties]]. In 1858, the north bank o the [[Amur River]], includin the laund o the modren JAO, wis sindert frae the [[Qing dynasty|Qing Cheenese]] territory o [[Manchuria under Qing rule|Manchurie]] an brocht intae the [[Russian Empire|Roushie Empire]] unner the [[Treaty of Aigun]] (1858) an the [[Convention of Peking]] (1860). ==== Militar colonisation ==== In December 1858, the Roushie govrenment authorised the settin-up o the [[Amur Cossacks|Amur Cossack Host]] for tae hain the sooth-east mairch o Siberie an the communication routes alang the Amur an [[Ussuri]] rivers.<ref name="Pereltsvaig-2014"/> Settlers frae [[Transbaikalia]] cam as pairt o this militar colonisation. Atween 1858 an 1882, mony settlements o widden hooses war foondit.<ref name="Ravenstein-1861">{{Cite book |last=Ravenstein |first=Ernst Georg |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_XEEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA156 |title=The Russians on the Amur: its discovery, conquest, and colonization, with a description of the country, its inhabitants, productions, and commercial capabilities ... |publisher=Trübner and co. |year=1861 |page=156 |author-link=Ernst Georg Ravenstein}}</ref> As mony as 40,000 men frae the Roushie militar are thocht tae hae flittit tae the region.<ref name="Ravenstein-1861"/> Expeditions o scientists—amang thaim geographers, ethnographers, naturalists an botanists sic as [[Mikhail Ivanovich Venyukov]], [[Leopold von Schrenck]], [[Karl Maximovich]], [[Gustav Radde]] an [[Vladimir Leontyevich Komarov]]—helpit forder research in the area.<ref name="Pereltsvaig-2014"/> ==== Biggin the Trans-Siberian Railway ==== {{Multi image | direction=vertical | image1=Trans siberian railroad large.png | alt1= | caption1=Map o the Trans-Siberian Railway: the first route in reid an the Baikal–Amur Mainline in green. | image2=Yevrey03.png | total_width=250 | caption2=The Jewish Autonomous Oblast, wi its admeenistrative centre Birobidzhan unnerlined. | align=right | width=250 }} In 1899, wark begoud on the regional section o the [[Trans-Siberian Railway]] atween [[Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai|Chita]] an [[Vladivostok]]. The project brocht a muckle influx o new settlers an led tae new settlements bein foondit. Atween 1908 an 1912, stations opened at Volochayevka, [[Obluchye]], [[Bira, Russia|Bira]], [[Birakan]], [[Londoko]], [[In, Russia|In]] an [[Tikhonkaya, Jewish Autonomous Oblast|Tikhonkaya]]. The railway wis feenisht in October 1916, whan the {{convert|2590|m|adj=on}} [[Khabarovsk Bridge]] ower the Amur at [[Khabarovsk]] opened. At that time, afore the [[Russian Revolution|revolution o 1917]], maist o the local fowk war fermers.<ref name="Pereltsvaig-2014"/> The Tungussky timmer-mill wis the anerly industrial concern, tho gowd wis howkit frae the Sutara River an thare wis a wheen o wee railway warkshops.<ref name="Pereltsvaig-2014"/> ==== Roushie Civil War ==== In 1922, durin the [[Russian Civil War|Roushie Civil War]], the laund o the future Jewish Autonomous Oblast wis the scene o the [[Battle of Volochayevka]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.prlib.ru/en-us/History/Pages/Item.aspx?itemid=990 |title=Anniversary of the Battle of Volochayevka |access-date=April 18, 2025 |archive-date=June 14, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614154849/http://www.prlib.ru/en-us/History/Pages/Item.aspx?itemid=990 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Soviet policies anent the Jews ==== Altho [[Judaism]] as a religion ran agin the [[Bolsheviks|Bolshevik Pairty]]'s atheist policy, an organised Jewish commonties war hauden doun throu the closin o synagogues an the harassment o believers, [[Vladimir Lenin]] socht an aw tae content minority groups, win thair support an shaw examples o tolerance.<ref name=siegel/><ref name="Gessen-2016">{{Cite book |authorlink=Masha Gessen|last=Gessen |first=Masha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IfW4DAAAQBAJ |title=Where the Jews Aren't: The Sad and Absurd Story of Birobidzhan, Russia's Jewish Autonomous Region |date=2016-08-23 |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-8052-4246-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Weinberg |first=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6UwDwAAQBAJ&q=autonomous |title=Stalin's Forgotten Zion: Birobidzhan and the Making of a Soviet Jewish Homeland: An Illustrated History, 1928–1996 |date=1998-05-25 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-20990-9 |language=en|location=Berkeley}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Srebrnik |first=Henry Felix |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1zxsj1m |title=Dreams of Nationhood: American Jewish Communists and the Soviet Birobidzhan Project, 1924-1951 |date=2010 |publisher=Academic Studies Press |doi=10.2307/j.ctt1zxsj1m |jstor=j.ctt1zxsj1m |isbn=978-1-936235-11-7}}</ref> In 1924, mair nor 30% o Jews had nae wark,<ref name="Kipnis-JVL">{{Cite web |last=Kipnis |first=Mark |title=Komzet |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0012_0_11427.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116155108/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0012_0_11427.html |archive-date=16 January 2017 |website=[[Jewish Virtual Library]] |publisher=Encyclopaedia Judaica}}</ref> in pairt acause Soviet policies agin private property keepit thaim frae wirkin as craftworkers or wee business owners, as mony had dune afore the revolution.<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Masha |last1=Gessen |date=September 7, 2016 |title='Sad And Absurd': The U.S.S.R.'s Disastrous Effort To Create A Jewish Homeland |url=https://www.npr.org/2016/09/07/492962278/sad-and-absurd-the-u-s-s-r-s-disastrous-effort-to-create-a-jewish-homeland |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref> Ettlin tae get Jews back intae wark as mair productive members o society, the govrenment set up [[Komzet]], the committee for the agricultural settlement o Jews.<ref name="Kipnis-JVL"/> The Soviet govrenment conseedert resettlin aw the Jews in the USSR in a set territory, whaur they coud follae a wey o life that wis “socialist in content an national in form”. The Roushies socht tae offer an alternative tae [[Zionism]] an tae the [[Mandate for Palestine]] as a Jewish hameland. [[Socialist Zionist]]s sic as [[Ber Borochov]] war winnin followers at the time. Zionism wis the favoured ideology in the warld's political economy o the Yiddish interpretations, which war fundamentally at odds wi the USSR acause the Yiddish muivement's opposition—seen, for example, in [[Emma Goldman]]—tae the ethno-nationalism that shaped the Soviet states wis growin.<ref name="Pereltsvaig-2014" /> [[Crimea]] wis first conseedert in the early 1920s, whan it awready had a sizeable Jewish population.<ref name="Pereltsvaig-2014">{{Cite web |first1=Asya |last1=Pereltsvaig |author-link=Asya Pereltsvaig |date=October 9, 2014 |title=Birobidzhan: Frustrated Dreams of a Jewish Homeland |url=https://www.languagesoftheworld.info/russia-ukraine-and-the-caucasus/birobidzhan-frustrated-dreams-jewish-homeland.html}}</ref> Twa Jewish districts ({{lang|ru|raiony}}) war set up in Crimea an three in sooth Ukraine.<ref name="Kipnis-JVL"/><ref>{{Cite book |first1=Yaacov |last1=Ro'i |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJBH5pxzSyMC&pg=PA193 |title=Jews and Jewish Life in Russia and the Soviet Union |publisher=Frank Cass & Co. |year=2004 |isbn=9780714646190 |page=193}}</ref> Houaniver, an alternative plan, thocht tae hae mair advantages, wis pitten intae practice.<ref name="Pereltsvaig-2014"/> {{Multiple image | image1= | caption1= | image2=Chapel of St. Dmitry Donskoy.jpg | caption2=The Chapel o St Dmitry Donskoy. | image3=Волочаевский бой фото5.jpg | caption3=A monument tae the [[Battle of Volochayevka]]. | direction=vertical | width=250 | align=right | image4=Government-hq.jpg | caption4=A Yiddish–Roushie sign on the JAO govrenment heidquarters. }} === Early historie === ==== Establishment ==== In the end, the Soviet leadership wale [[Birobidzhan]], in whit is nou the JAO, as the steid for the Jewish region.<ref name="Rosen-2004">{{Cite web |first1=Arthur |last1=Rosen |date=February 2004 |title=Birobidzhan – the Almost Soviet Jewish Autonomous Region |url=https://www.jewishmag.com/75mag/birobidzhan/birobidzhan.htm |access-date=April 18, 2025 |archive-date=January 26, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126003718/http://www.jewishmag.com/75mag/birobidzhan/birobidzhan.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Komzet wis taen aback bi the wale: the area had been waled for militar an economic raisons.<ref name=siegel/> Cheenese groups aften gaed intae the region, while [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] wantit Roushie tae loss the provinces o the [[Soviet Far East]]. At the time, anerly aboot 30,000 fowk bade in the area. Maist war descendants o Trans-Baikal [[Cossacks]] resettled thare bi the tsarist authorities, alang wi Koreans, Kazakhs an the [[Tungusic peoples]].<ref>{{Cite book |first1=Nora |last1=Levin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Nz0N5GBW6MC |title=The Jews in the Soviet Union Since 1917: Paradox of Survival, Volume 1 |publisher=New York University Press |year=1990 |isbn=9780814750513 |page=283}}</ref> The Soviet govrenment socht tae bring mair settlers tae the remote [[Russian Far East]], abuin aw alang the exposed mairch wi Cheena. General [[Pavel Sudoplatov]] wrate o the govrenment's raison for walin the area in the Far East: {{quote|Stalin ordert the establishment o the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in Birobidzhan in 1928 anerly as a wey tae strenthen the Far Eastren mairch wi an ootpost, no as a favour tae the Jews. Cheenese an White Roushie resistance groups war aye gaun intae the area, an the ettle wis tae hain the territory bi settin up a colony whase indwallers wad be fremmit tae the [[White émigré|White Roushie émigrés]], abuin aw the Cossacks. The region wis cannily gien the status o an autonomous district, no an autonomous republic. That meant it coud hae nae local legislature, heich coort or govrenment post at ministerial rank. It wis an autonomous area, but a bare frontier raither nor a political centre.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Pavel |last1=Sudoplatov |first2=Anatolii |last2=Sudoplatov |first3=Jerrold L. |last3=Schecter |first4=Leona P. |last4=Schecter |title=[[Special Tasks|Special Tasks: The Memoirs of an Unwanted Witness – A Soviet Spymaster]] |location=Boston, Massachusetts |publisher=Little, Brown & Co. |year=1994 |page=[https://archive.org/details/specialtasksmemo00sudo/page/289 289]}}</ref>}} On 28 Mairch 1928, the Presidium o the General Executive Committee o the USSR passed the decree “On the attaching for Komzet of free territory near the Amur River in the Russian Far East for settlement of the working Jews”.<ref name="Britton-2012"/> The decree opened “a possibility of establishment of a Jewish administrative territorial unit on the territory of said region”.<ref name="Pereltsvaig-2014"/><ref name="Britton-2012">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7QLiAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA105|title=Behind Communism|first=Frank L.|last=Britton|date=November 19, 2012|publisher=Lulu|isbn=978-1-300-06605-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> The new territory wis first cried the [[Birobidzhan]] Jewish National Raion.<ref name=siegel/> Birobidzhan's geography an climate war baith sair. It wis muntainous, happit in unbrocken forests o aik, pine an cedar, an had boggy laund an aw. Onie new settlers wad hae tae big thair lives frae the grund up. For tae mak colonisation mair ettlin, the Soviet govrenment alloued private ownership o laund. This brocht mony non-Jews tae settle in the oblast for tae get a free ferm.<ref>{{Cite book |first1=Richard |last1=Overy |url=https://archive.org/details/dictators00rich |title=The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia |publisher=W.W. Norton Company, Inc |year=2004 |isbn=9780393020304 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dictators00rich/page/567 567] |url-access=registration}}</ref> In the spring o 1928, 654 Jews cam for tae settle in the area. By October, houaniver, 49.7% o thaim had left acause o the sair conditions.<ref name=siegel/> In the simmer o 1928, torrential rain fludit the craps an an ootbrak o [[anthrax]] killt the nowt.<ref name="Gessen-2016" /> On 7 Mey 1934, the Presidium o the General Executive Committee acceptit a decree turnin it intae the Jewish Autonomous Region athin the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]].<ref name="Pereltsvaig-2014"/> In 1938, whan the [[Khabarovsk Krai|Khabarovsk Territory]] wis formed, the Jewish Autonomous Region (JAR) wis taen intae its structure.<ref name="Britton-2012"/> ==== Growthe o Jewish commonties in the early 1930s ==== {{Multiple image | direction=vertical | image1=Щедрые дары еврейской земли, рынок у пос. Николаевка ф2.JPG | alt1= | width=250 | align=right | image2=Биробиджан, вокзал (cropped).jpg | caption1=Mercat near the clachan o Nikolaevka. | caption2=A menorah ower the forepairt o Birobidzhan railway station. | image3=Село Владимировка ЕАО фото.JPG | caption3=Vladimirovka clachan. }} In the 1930s, a Soviet promotional campaign ettled tae draw mair Jewish settlers tae the region. It uised the common Soviet promotional tuils o the time, includin posters an Yiddish-leid novelles that descrived a socialist utopie thare. On ae occasion, leaflets promotin Birobidzhan war drappit frae an aeroplane ower a Jewish neebourheid in Belarus. On anither, a govrenment-made Yiddish film cried ''[[Seekers of Happiness]]'' tellt o a Jewish faimily frae owerseas biggin a new life in Birobidzhan.<ref name="Pereltsvaig-2014"/> The early Jewish settlements includit [[Valdgeym]], foondit in 1928, whaur the first [[collective farm]] in the oblast wis set up;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stalin's forgotten Zion: the harsh realities of Birobidzhan |url=http://www.swarthmore.edu/Home/News/biro/html/panel13.html |publisher=Swarthmore}}</ref> [[Amurzet]], the centre o Jewish settlement sooth o Birobidzhan frae 1929 tae 1939;<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2004 |title=A Jew Receives State Award in Jewish Autonomous Republic |url=http://fjc.ru/news/newsArticle.asp?AID=170388&cid=84435&media=80392&NewsType=80052&origMedia=80392&scope=3806&start=30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927015959/http://fjc.ru/news/newsArticle.asp?AID=170388&cid=84435&media=80392&NewsType=80052&origMedia=80392&scope=3806&start=30 |archive-date=2007-09-27 |access-date=2026-07-15 |publisher=The Federation of Jewish Communities of the CIS |location=Birobidjan, RU }}</ref> an [[Smidovich]]. The [[Organization for Jewish Colonisation in the Soviet Union]], a Jewish Communist organisation in North Americae, successfully encouragit a wheen o US indwallers tae flit thare. Amang thaim wis the faimily o the future spy [[George Koval]], wha cam in 1932.<ref name="Pereltsvaig-2014"/><ref>{{Cite magazine |first1=Michael |last1=Walsh |date=May 2009 |title=George Koval: Atomic Spy Unmasked |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/george-koval-atomic-spy-unmasked-125046223/ |magazine=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] |access-date=January 12, 2017 |archive-date=September 7, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907033651/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/george-koval-atomic-spy-unmasked-125046223/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Aboot 1,200 Jews frae ootwith the Soviet Union chose tae settle in Birobidzhan.<ref name="Pereltsvaig-2014"/><ref name="Rosen-2004"/> As the Jewish population grew, sae did the influence o [[Yiddish culture]] on the region. The settlers set up a Yiddish newspaper, the ''[[Birobidzhaner Shtern]]''; a theatre company wis formed; an streets in the new ceety war nemmit efter kenspeckle Yiddish authors sic as [[Sholom Aleichem]] an [[I. L. Peretz]].<ref name="Srebrnik-2006" /> ==== Stalin's time an the Seicont Warld War ==== The Jewish population o the JAO rase tae a pre-war heicht o 20,000 in 1937.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzhq85nPrdsC&pg=PA326|title=A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581-1990|first=James|last=Forsyth|date=September 8, 1994|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-47771-0 |via=Google Books}}</ref> The 1939 census recordit 17,695 Jews in the region, or 16% o its haill population.<ref name="Britton-2012"/><ref name="atlas">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-w9JCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA257|title=Russian Political Atlas – Political Situation, Elections, Foreign Policy |date=July 31, 2015 |publisher=Lulu Press, Incorporated |isbn=978-1-329-39045-4 }}</ref> Efter the war endit in 1945, interest kythit up again in Birobidzhan as a possible hame for Jewish refugees. In 1948 the region's Jewish population rase tae aboot 46,000–50,000, near a quarter o aw the JAO's indwallers.<ref name="Holley-2005" /> ==== Cauld War ==== The census o 1959 fand that the Jewish population o the JAO had gane doun bi aboot a hauf, tae 14,269 fowk.<ref name=atlas/> A synagogue opened at the end o the Seicont Warld War, but sneckit in the mid-1960s efter a fire duin it muckle skaith.<ref name="Frank-2012">{{Cite web |first1=Ben G. |last1=Frank |date=April 15, 2012 |title=A Visit to the 'Soviet Jerusalem' |url=http://crownheights.info/something-jewish/43151/a-visit-to-the-soviet-jerusalem/ |publisher=CrownHeights.info |access-date=January 13, 2017 |archive-date=January 16, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116151306/http://crownheights.info/something-jewish/43151/a-visit-to-the-soviet-jerusalem/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1980, a Yiddish schuil opened in [[Valdgeym]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pinkus |first=Benjamin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=52Ew77pZsNUC |title=The Jews of the Soviet Union: the History of a national minority |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-521-38926-6 |page=272 |chapter=The Post-Stalin period, 1953–83 |access-date=2009-02-18 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=52Ew77pZsNUC&pg=PA272}}</ref> In 1987, the reformin Soviet govrenment led bi [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] pardoned mony political prisoners an tellt the American Jewish commonty that it wad allou 11,000 Jewish [[refusenik]]s tae emigrate.{{sfnm|1a1=Doder|1a2=Branson|1y=1990|1p=195}} The 1989 Soviet census recordit 8,887 Jews in the JAO, 4% o its haill population o 214,085.<ref name="siegel">{{Cite web |last=Siegel |first=William R. |title=Nation Making in Russia's Jewish Autonomous Oblast |url=https://www2.gwu.edu/~ieresgwu/assets/docs/demokratizatsiya%20archive/05-03_siegel.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160902184547/https://www.gwu.edu/~ieresgwu/assets/docs/demokratizatsiya%20archive/05-03_siegel.pdf |archive-date=September 2, 2016 |access-date=January 13, 2017}}</ref> === Post-Soviet historie === [[File:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - Jewish Agency Representatives.jpg|thumb|Fowk frae [[Birobidzhan]] [[1990s post-Soviet aliyah|arrivin in Israel]], 23 Mairch 1993.]] In 1991, efter the Soviet Union brak up, the Jewish Autonomous Oblast becam a [[Federal subjects of Russia|federal subject]] o Roushie an wis nae langer unner [[Khabarovsk Krai]]. By then, houaniver, maist Jews had emigrate frae the Soviet Union, an the Jews left ahint makkit up less nor 2% o the local population.<ref name="Srebrnik-2006">{{Cite web |first1=Henry |last1=Srebrnik |date=July 2006 |title=Birobidzhan: A Remnant of History |url=http://jewishcurrents.org/old-site/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Birobidzhan.pdf |publisher=[[Jewish Currents]]}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> In early 1996, 872 fowk—20% o the Jewish population at the time—emigrate tae [[Tel Aviv]] on charter flichts.<ref name="Brook-1996">{{Cite news |first1=James |last1=Brook |date=July 11, 1996 |title=Birobidzhan Journal;A Promised Land in Siberia? Well, Thanks, but ... |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/07/11/world/birobidzhan-journal-a-promised-land-in-siberia-well-thanks-but.html |archive-date=August 16, 2017 |access-date=February 17, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816065041/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/07/11/world/birobidzhan-journal-a-promised-land-in-siberia-well-thanks-but.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2002, 2,357 Jews bade in the JAO.<ref name=atlas/> An airticle frae 2004 said the nummer o Jews in the region wis “nou growin”.<ref name="Strauss-2004">{{Cite news |first1=Julius |last1=Strauss |date=August 17, 2004 |title=Jewish enclave created in Siberia by Stalin stages a revival |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/1469623/Jewish-enclave-created-in-Siberia-by-Stalin-stages-a-revival.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/1469623/Jewish-enclave-created-in-Siberia-by-Stalin-stages-a-revival.html |archive-date=January 12, 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref> By 2005, [[Amurzet]] had a wee but active Jewish commonty.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 10, 2005 |title=Remote Far East Village Mobilizes for Purim |url=http://www.fjc.ru/news/newsArticle.asp?AID=267005 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204000238/http://www.fjc.ru/news/newsArticle.asp?AID=267005 |archive-date=February 4, 2009 |publisher=Federation of Jewish Communities of the CIS}}</ref> An airticle in ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'' in Apryle 2007 threapit that the Jewish population had grown tae aboot 4,000. It citit [[Mordechai Scheiner]], the [[Chief Rabbi]] o the JAO frae 2002 tae 2011, wha said that Jewish cultur wis seein a religious an cultural revival at the time.<ref name="Gur-2007">{{Cite news |first1=Haviv |last1=Rettig Gur |author-link1=Haviv Rettig Gur|date=April 17, 2007 |title=Yiddish returns to Birobidzhan |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |url=https://www.jpost.com/Jewish-World/Jewish-Features/Yiddish-returns-to-Birobidzhan}}</ref> Accordin tae Roushie census data, houaniver, by 2010 aboot 1,600 fowk o Jewish descent war left in the JAO—1% o its population—while ethnic Roushies makkit up 93%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 20, 2016 |title=Russia's Jewish Autonomous Region In Siberia 'Ready' To House European Jews. |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-jewish-autonomous-region-house-european-jews/27498765.html |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe]]}}</ref> Accordin tae an airticle frae 2000, Birobidzhan had a wheen o state-run schuils that taucht Yiddish, a Yiddish schuil for religious teachin, an a nursery. Bairns atween five an seiven had twa lessons ilka week for tae learn spoken Yiddish, alang wi Jewish sangs, dance an traditions.<ref name="Steen-2000">{{Cite news |last=Steen |first=Michael |date=January 13, 2000 |title=Soviet-era Jewish homeland struggles on |work=Utusan Online |url=http://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2000&dt=0113&pub=Utusan_Express&sec=Features&pg=fe_02.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=January 12, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113171700/http://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2000&dt=0113&pub=Utusan_Express&sec=Features&pg=fe_02.htm |archive-date=January 13, 2017}}</ref> An airticle in ''[[The Washington Times]]'' in 2006 said that Yiddish wis taucht in the schuils, a Yiddish radio station wis rinnin, an the ''Birobidzhaner Shtern'' newspaper had a section in Yiddish.<ref name="washingtontimes.com">{{Cite news |date=7 January 2006 |title=Jewish life revived in Russia |work=The Washington Times |url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2006/jan/7/20060107-104818-4703r/}}</ref> [[File:OmqBXApVTdk.tif|thumb|Memorial tae the Jewish poet [[Isaac Leibovich Bronfman]].]] In 2002, [[The Cinema Guild]] released ''[[L'Chayim, Comrade Stalin!]]'', a documentary anent Stalin's creation an settlement o the Jewish Autonomous Region. As weel as tellin the historie o the Jewish Autonomous Oblast's creation, the film shaws life in modren Birobidzhan an interviews wi Jewish indwallers.<ref name="Kehr-2003">{{Cite web |last=Kehr|first=Dave |author-link=Dave Kehr |date=January 31, 2003 |title=Film Review; When Soviet Jews Sought Paradise in Siberian Swamps and Snow |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/31/movies/film-review-when-soviet-jews-sought-paradise-in-siberian-swamps-and-snow.html |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Accordin tae an airticle frae 2010, Yiddish wis the leid o teachin in juist ane o Birobidzhan's fourteen state schuils. Twa schuils, wi a quarter o the ceety's pupils, gied compulsory Yiddish lessons tae bairns frae sax tae ten year auld.<ref name="Herszenhorn-2012"/><ref>{{Cite news |first1=Alfonso |last1=Daniels |date=June 7, 2010 |title=Why some Jews would rather live in Siberia than Israel |work=[[Christian Science Monitor]] |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2010/0607/Why-some-Jews-would-rather-live-in-Siberia-than-Israel}}</ref> As o 2012, the ''[[Birobidzhaner Shtern]]'' wis aye prentin twa or three pages in Yiddish ilka week, an ae local primary schuil wis aye teachin Yiddish.<ref name="Herszenhorn-2012">{{Cite news |first1=David M. |last1=Herszenhorn |date=October 3, 2012 |title=Despite Predictions, Jewish Homeland in Siberia Retains Its Appeal |work=[[New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/04/world/europe/jewish-homeland-in-birobidzhan-russia-retains-appeal.html |archive-date=March 31, 2017 |access-date=February 17, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331040710/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/04/world/europe/jewish-homeland-in-birobidzhan-russia-retains-appeal.html |url-status=live }}</ref> An airticle frae 2012 said that “anerly a gey wee minority, maistly aulder fowk, speak Yiddish”; that a new synagogue sponsort bi [[Chabad]] had opened at 14a Sholom-Aleichem Street; an that the [[Sholem Aleichem Amur State University]] gied a Yiddish course.<ref name="Frank-2012"/> Accordin tae an airticle frae 2015, kosher meat cam bi train frae [[Moscow]] ilka few weeks; a Sunday schuil wis rinnin; an thare wis a [[minyan]] on Friday nichts an [[Shabbat]].<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Ben G. |last1=Frank |date=May 27, 2015 |title=A Railway Sign In Yiddish? – Only in Siberia |url=http://www.jewishpress.com/sections/features/features-on-jewish-world/a-railway-sign-in-yiddish-only-in-siberia/2015/05/27/ |work=[[Jewish Press]]}}</ref> An airticle in ''[[The Guardian]]'' frae November 2017, cried “Revival of a Soviet Zion: Birobidzhan celebrates its Jewish heritage”, leukit at the ceety's state at the time. It said that, tho the Jewish Autonomous Region in Roushie's far east wis nou haurdly 1% Jewish, officials howpit tae bring back fowk wha had left efter the Soviet collapse.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Walker |first=Shaun |date=27 September 2017 |title=Revival of a Soviet Zion: Birobidzhan celebrates its Jewish heritage |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/27/revival-of-a-soviet-zion-birobidzhan-celebrates-its-jewish-heritage}}</ref> ==== Proposals in 2013 for tae merge the JAO wi neebourin regions ==== In 2013, proposals war pitten forrit for tae merge the JAO wi [[Khabarovsk Krai]] or [[Amur Oblast]].<ref name="Pereltsvaig-2014"/> The proposals led tae protests<ref name="Pereltsvaig-2014"/> an war rejectit bi the indwallers,<ref>{{Cite news |first1=Ilan |last1=Goren |date=August 24, 2013 |title=In Eastern Russia, the Idea of a Jewish Autonomy Is Being Brought Back to Life |work=[[Haaretz]] |url=https://www.haaretz.com/2013-08-24/ty-article/.premium/reviving-stalins-idea-for-jewish-autonomy/0000017f-f7de-d044-adff-f7ff19830000 |archive-date=September 27, 2017 |access-date=April 18, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927052456/http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-1.543221 |url-status=live }}</ref> an bi the Jewish commonty o Roushie. Speirins war raised an aw anent whether the [[Constitution of Russia]] wad allou sic a merger, an whether it wad need a national referendum.<ref name="Pereltsvaig-2014"/> == Cultur == The JAO an its historie are shawn in the documentary film ''[[L'Chayim, Comrade Stalin!]]''.<ref name="Kehr-2003"/> Released in 2002, the film tells hou [[Joseph Stalin]] creatit the Jewish Autonomous Oblast an hou thoosands o [[Russian language|Roushie]]- an [[Yiddish]]-speakin [[Jew]]s pairtly settled it. As weel as tellin the historie o the proposed [[Jewish homeland|Jewish hameland]], the film shaws life in modren Birobidzhan an interviews wi Jewish indwallers. == Geography == The north an wast o the oblast are muntainous, wi ranges sic as the [[Lesser Khingan]] an the [[Bureya Range]]. [[Mount Studencheskaya]], in the Bureya Range, is the heichest pynt in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast at {{convert|1421|m|ft}}. The sooth an east are pairt o the [[Amur valley]], wi juist a wheen o wee residual riggs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Еврейская автономная область - Географическое положение и рельеф |url=https://www.eao.ru/o-eao/obshchie-svedeniya/geograficheskoe-polozhenie-i-relef--1/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220035252/https://www.eao.ru/o-eao/obshchie-svedeniya/geograficheskoe-polozhenie-i-relef--1/ |archive-date=December 20, 2021 |access-date=December 20, 2021}}</ref> === Climate === The territory haes a [[monsoon]]al an [[anticyclonic]] [[climate]]. The [[East Asia]]n monsoon brings warm, wat an muggy simmers, while the [[Siberian High|Siberian heich-pressure seestem]] brings cauld, dry an windy winters. == Govrenment == {{Multi image | direction=vertical | image1=Life expectancy in Russian subject -Jewish Autonomous Oblast.png | caption1=Life expectancy at birth in the JAO. | align=right | image2=Proportion of Jews in the general population of the Jewish Autonomous Region by year.jpg | width= | caption2=Share o Jews in the haill population o the JAO bi year. | total_width=350 }} Article 65 o the [[Constitution of Russia]] sets oot that the JAO is Roushie's anerly [[Autonomous oblasts of Russia|autonomous oblast]]. === Admeenistrative diveesions === {{Main|Administrative divisions of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast}} The Jewish Autonomous Oblast is sindert intae five [[Raion|districts]], ane o thaim bein Birobidzhan, a toun wi [[City of federal subject significance|district status]]. The oblast haes ae ither toun, [[Obluchye, Jewish Autonomous Oblast|Obluchye]], an eleven [[urban-type settlements]] forby. == Economy == The Jewish Autonomous Oblast is pairt o the [[Far Eastern Economic Region]]. It haes industry an agriculture, an a transport netwark o roads, railways an watterweys. Tho it haes nae sea coast, it is a [[free economic zone]]. The oblast's minerals an its biggin an finishin materials are socht efter in the [[Economy of Russia|Roushie mercat]]. [[Nonferrous metallurgy]], ingineerin, metalwarkin, biggin-materials, forestry, [[woodworking]], [[light industry]] an [[food industry|food production]] are its maist weel-developit industrial sectors.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 5, 2004 |title=Jewish Autonomous Region |url=http://www.kommersant.com/p-31/r_374/Jewish_Autonomous_Region/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104062851/http://www.kommersant.com/p-31/r_374/Jewish_Autonomous_Region/ |archive-date=November 4, 2011 |access-date=December 22, 2011 |website=Kommersant Moscow |publisher=Kommersant. Publishing House |df=mdy-all}}</ref> Agriculture is the Jewish Autonomous Oblast's main economic sector acause o its fertile grund an [[Moisture|wat climate]]. The region's lairgest companies include the Kimkano–Sutarsky Minin an Processin Plant, wi income o ${{to USD|6800|RUS|year=2017}} million in 2017; the Teploozersky Cement Plant, wi ${{to USD|1700|RUS|year=2017}} million; an Brider Trading Hoose, wi ${{to USD|1400|RUS|year=2017}} million.<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ru:Выписки ЕГРЮЛ и ЕГРИП, проверка контрагентов, ИНН и КПП организаций, реквизиты ИП и ООО |url=https://sbis.ru/contragents?p=companies |access-date=20 October 2018 |website=СБИС |language=ru |archive-date=October 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021024515/https://sbis.ru/contragents?p=companies |url-status=live }}</ref> === Transport === The region's weel-developit transport netwark haes {{convert|530|km|mi|sigfig=2|abbr=on}} o railway, includin the Trans-Siberian Railway frae the time o the tsars; {{convert|600|km|mi|sigfig=2|abbr=on}} o watterwey on the Amur an Tunguska rivers; an {{convert|1900|km|mi|sigfig=2|abbr=on}} o roads, includin {{convert|1600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}} wi a paved surface. The maist important road is the Khabarovsk–Birobidzhan–Obluchye–Amur Region heichwey, wi a ferry ower the Amur. The [[Birobidzhan Yuzhniy Airfield]], in the middle o the region, links Birobidzhan wi Khabarovsk an wi the ootby district centres. ==== Tongjiang–Nizhneleninskoye railway brig ==== {{Main|Tongjiang-Nizhneleninskoye railway bridge}} The Tongjiang–Nizhneleninskoye railway brig is {{convert|2.215|km|mi|sigfig=3|abbr=on}} lang an cost $355 million. It links [[Nizhneleninskoye]] in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast wi [[Tongjiang, Heilongjiang|Tongjiang]] in [[Heilongjiang Province]], [[Cheena]]. The brig opened in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Lilit |last1=Marcus |date=August 20, 2021 |title=First cross-river railway bridge between China and Russia completed |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/tongjiang-china-russia-bridge-complete-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=2022-07-14 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-date=July 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714135547/https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/tongjiang-china-russia-bridge-complete-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> an cairries mair nor {{convert|3|e6t|e6ST e6LT|abbr=off|sigfig=2}} o freight an 1.5 million passengers ilka year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 25, 2016 |title=Work Starts On First China-Russia Highway Bridge |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-china-amur-river-highway-bridge-border-trade/28195627.html |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe]] |access-date=April 18, 2025 |archive-date=June 12, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250612095119/https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-china-amur-river-highway-bridge-border-trade/28195627.html |url-status=live }}</ref> == Demography == {{Historical populations|3=1926|4=35540|5=1939|6=108900|7=1959|8=162856|9=1970|10=172449|11=1979|12=190219|13=1989|14=215937|15=2002|16=190915|17=2010|18=176558|19=2021|20=150453|type=|footnote=Soorce: census data}} The JAO's population haes gane doun bi mair nor 40% syne 1989, lairgely acause o the muckle exodus atween 1989 an 1996. The recordit population wis {{ru-census|p1989=215,937|punct=}} in 1989 an {{ru-census|p2021=150,453|punct=.}} in 2021. === Ethnic groups === {| class="wikitable" |+ Ethnicities in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ru:Национальный состав населения |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx |access-date=30 December 2022 |publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service]] |archive-date=December 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230204643/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx |url-status=live }}</ref> |- ! Ethnicity ! Population !! Percent |- | [[Russians|Roushies]] | 133,625 || 88.8% |- | [[Ukrainians]] | 1,292 || 0.9% |- | [[Jews]] | 837 || 0.6% |- | [[Tatars]] | 431 || 0.3% |- | [[Azerbaijanis]] | 411 || 0.3% |- | [[Tajiks]] | 371 || 0.2% |- | Ither ethnicities | 2,712 || 1.8% |- | Ethnicity no gien | 10,774 || 7.2% |} In the late 1940s, the [[Jews|Jewish]] population o the region rase tae aboot 46,000–50,000, near 25% o aw its indwallers.<ref name="Holley-2005">{{Cite news |first1=David |last1=Holley |date=August 7, 2005 |title=In Russia's Far East, a Jewish Revival |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-aug-07-fg-enclave7-story.html}}</ref> The 1959 census fand that the Jewish population o the JAO had gane doun bi aboot a hauf, tae 14,269 fowk.<ref name=atlas/> In 1987, the reformin Soviet govrenment led bi [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] pardoned mony political prisoners an tellt the American Jewish commonty it wad allou 11,000 Jewish [[refusenik]]s tae emigrate.{{sfnm|1a1=Doder|1a2=Branson|1y=1990|1p=195}} The 1989 Soviet census recordit 8,887 Jews in the JAO, 4% o its haill population o 214,085.<ref name="siegel"/> Efter the Soviet Union brak up in 1991, the JAO becam a [[Federal subjects of Russia|federal subject]] o Roushie an wis nae langer unner [[Khabarovsk Krai]]. By that time, maist o the Jews had emigrate, an the Jews left ahint makkit up less nor 2% o the local population.<ref name="Srebrnik-2006"/><ref>{{Cite news |title='Sad And Absurd': The U.S.S.R.'s Disastrous Effort To Create A Jewish Homeland |language=en |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2016/09/07/492962278/sad-and-absurd-the-u-s-s-r-s-disastrous-effort-to-create-a-jewish-homeland |access-date=2022-10-15}}</ref> In early 1996, 872 fowk, or 20% o the Jewish population at the time, emigrate tae Israel.<ref name="Brook-1996"/> In 2002, 2,357 Jews bade in the JAO.<ref name=atlas/> An airticle frae 2004 said the nummer o Jews in the region wis “nou growin”.<ref name="Strauss-2004"/> An airticle in ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'' frae Apryle 2007 threapit that the Jewish population had grown tae aboot 4,000. It citit [[Mordechai Scheiner]], the [[Chief Rabbi]] o the JAO frae 2002 tae 2011, wha said Jewish cultur wis seein a religious an cultural revival at the time.<ref name="Gur-2007"/> The [[2021 Russian census]], houaniver, recordit juist 837 ethnic Jews, or 0.6% o the JAO's population. '''Vital statistics for 2024:'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2025 |script-title=ru:Естественное движение населения в разрезе субъектов российской федерации за декабрь 2024 года |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/EDN_12-2024.htm |url-status=live |access-date=25 February 2025 |website=Rosstat |archive-date=February 26, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226232433/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/EDN_12-2024.htm }}</ref> * Births: 1,120 (7.7 per 1,000) * Daiths: 2,193 (15.1 per 1,000) '''Total fertility rate (2024):'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-25 |script-title=ru:Рейтинг рождаемости в регионах: кто в лидерах, а кто в аутсайдерах {{!}} Москва |url=https://fedpress.ru/article/3365231 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=ФедералПресс |language=ru-RU}}</ref> * 1.35 bairns per wumman '''Life expectancy (2021):'''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/folder/210/document/13207 |script-title=ru:Демографический ежегодник России |publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service of Russia]] (Rosstat) |access-date=2022-06-01 |language=ru |trans-title=The Demographic Yearbook of Russia |archive-date=December 15, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215223757/https://rosstat.gov.ru/folder/210/document/13207 |url-status=live }}</ref> * Awthegither – 66.12 year * Men&nbsp;– 61.73 * Weemen&nbsp;– 70.58 === Leids spoken === In the Soviet Union thare wis an ettle tae mak Yiddish an official leid athin Birobidzhan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://old.ipkpr.ru/index.php/pedagogicheskij-vestnik-eao/item/633|title=Идиш в ЕАО: традиции, опыт, современность|access-date=November 25, 2024|archive-date=March 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322115050/http://old.ipkpr.ru/index.php/pedagogicheskij-vestnik-eao/item/633|url-status=dead}}</ref> Unner the JAO's statute o 1997, Yiddish is ane o its recognised [[minority language|minority leids]].<ref name=jao-ustav/> Yiddish is taucht in three schuils in the region, but near aw the commonty speaks Roushie.<ref>{{Cite magazine |first1=Gal |last1=Beckerman |date=August 31, 2016 |title=A Promised Land in the U.S.S.R. |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/136493/promised-land-ussr |magazine=[[The New Republic]]}}</ref> Accordin tae an airticle frae 2000, Birobidzhan had a wheen o state-run schuils that taucht Yiddish, a Yiddish schuil for religious teachin, an a nursery. Bairns atween five an seiven had twa lessons ilka week for tae learn spoken Yiddish, alang wi Jewish sangs, dance an traditions.<ref name="Steen-2000"/> An airticle in ''[[The Washington Times]]'' in 2006 said that Yiddish wis taucht in the schuils, a Yiddish radio station wis rinnin, an the ''Birobidzhaner Shtern'' newspaper had a section in Yiddish.<ref name="washingtontimes.com"/> === Religion === {{Bar box | title=Religion in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in 2012 (Sreda Arena Atlas)<ref name="2012ArenaAtlas">[https://sreda.org/en/arena "Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206100344/http://sreda.org/en/arena |date=December 6, 2017 }}. Sreda, 2012.</ref><ref>[http://c2.kommersant.ru/ISSUES.PHOTO/OGONIOK/2012/034/ogcyhjk2.jpg 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps]. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 21/04/2017. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170421154615/http://c2.kommersant.ru/ISSUES.PHOTO/OGONIOK/2012/034/ogcyhjk2.jpg Archived].</ref> | float=right | bars= {{Bar percent|[[Russian Orthodoxy|Roushie Orthodoxy]]|DarkOrchid|23}} {{Bar percent|Ither [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Orthodox]]|MediumOrchid|6}} {{Bar percent|Ither [[Christianity in Russia|Christians]]|DeepSkyBlue|10}} {{Bar percent|[[Islam in Russia|Islam]]|Green|1}} {{Bar percent|[[Judaism]]|Blue|1}} {{Bar percent|[[Spiritual but not religious|Spiritual but no religious]]|DarkSlateGray|35}} {{Bar percent|[[Atheism]] an [[irreligion]]|Black|22}} {{Bar percent|Ither or no gien|Gray|3}} }} Accordin tae a survey frae 2012, 23% o the Jewish Autonomous Oblast's population follae [[Russian Orthodox Church|Roushie Orthodoxy]]. Anither 6% are [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Orthodox Christians]] unner ither kirk jurisdictions, or Orthodox believers wha belang tae nae kirk; an 9% are [[Nondenominational Christianity|unaffiliatit]] or general Christians.<ref name="2012ArenaAtlas" /> [[Judaism]], tho it is the religion associatit wi the oblast's titular ethno-religious group, is practised bi juist 1% o the population. That is anerly a bittie abuin the national average an near the figure for commonties in ither federal subjects. Forby, 35% cried thairsels “spiritual but no religious”, while 22% professit [[atheism]]. This maks the Jewish Autonomous Oblast ane o the least religious regions in Roushie. Awthegither, 5% follaed ither religions or wadna answer the speirin.<ref name="2012ArenaAtlas" /> Archbishop Ephraim (Prosyanka) (2015) is heid o the Roushie Orthodox Eparchy (Diocese) o Birobidzhan, establisht in 2002. == See an aw == {{Portal|Judaism|Russia}} * [[History of the Jews in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast]] * [[Beit T'shuva|Beit T'shuva Synagogue]] * [[East Asian Jews]] * ''[[In Search of Happiness]]'', documentary film frae 2005 * ''[[L'Chayim, Comrade Stalin!]]'', documentary film frae 2002 * [[Boris Kaufman (rabbi)|Boris Kaufman]] * [[Pale of Settlement]] * [[Proposals for a Jewish state]] == References == === Notes === {{Notelist}} === Citations === {{Reflist}} === Soorces === * {{RussiaBasicLawRef|yev}} * {{Cite book |last1=Doder |first1=Dusko |url=https://archive.org/details/gorbachevheretic00dode/ |title=Gorbachev: Heretic in the Kremlin |last2=Branson |first2=Louise |publisher=Futura |year=1990 |isbn=978-0708849408 |location=London}} == For mair readin == * [[American Committee for the Settlement of Jews in Birobidjan]], ''Birobidjan: The Jewish Autonomous Territory in the USSR.'' New York: American Committee for the Settlement of Jews in Birobidjan, 1936. * Melech Epstein, ''The Jew and Communism: The Story of Early Communist Victories and Ultimate Defeats in the Jewish Community, USA, 1919–1941.'' New York: Trade Union Sponsoring Committee, 1959. * Henry Frankel, ''The Jews in the Soviet Union and Birobidjan.'' New York: American Birobidjan Committee, 1946. * Ber Boris Kotlerman and Shmuel Yavin, ''Bauhaus in Birobidzhan.'' Tel Aviv: Bauhaus Center, 2009. * Nora Levin, ''The Jews in the Soviet Union Since 1917: Paradox of Survival: Volume 1.'' New York: New York University Press, 1988. * James N. Rosenberg, ''How the Back-to-the-Soil Movement Began: Two Years of Blazing the New Jewish "Covered Wagon" Trail Across the Russian Prairies.'' Philadelphia: United Jewish Campaign, 1925. * Anna Shternshis, ''Soviet and Kosher: Jewish Popular Culture in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939.'' Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2006. == Ootby airtins == {{Commons category|Jewish Autonomous Oblast}} * [http://www.eao.ru/en/ Official wabsteid o the Jewish Autonomous Oblast] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114120929/http://eao.ru/en/ |date=January 14, 2017 }} * [http://www.swarthmore.edu/Home/News/biro/ ''Stalin's Forgotten Zion: Birobidzhan and the Making of a Soviet Jewish Homeland: An Illustrated History, 1928–1996''] * [https://archive.org/details/TheJewishAutonomousRegion A Soviet pamphlet frae 1939 anent the JAO] * [https://www.sovietzion.com/ ''SOVIET ZION: The New Musical Drama'' — a modren opera set in the Jewish Autonomous Region] * [http://frontiers.loc.gov/intldl/mtfhtml/mfdigcol/nlrph.html#j_eng ''Meeting of the Frontiers: The Birobidzhan Album'' (photographs o Birobidzhan frae the 1920s an 1930s)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224221634/http://frontiers.loc.gov/intldl/mtfhtml/mfdigcol/nlrph.html#j_eng |date=February 24, 2021 }} {{Jewish Autonomous Oblast}} {{Subdiveesions o Roushie}} {{Russian Far East}} {{Autonomous Oblasts of the Soviet Union}} {{Authority control}} {{Jews in the Soviet Union}} [[Category:Jewish Autonomous Oblast| ]] [[Category:Jewish Roushie an Soviet history]] [[Category:Manchurie]] [[Category:Roushie-speakin kintras an territories]] [[Category:Yiddish cultur]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1934]] 779bfwt5fy9p0jcjttooid5a41c28bg 0 16086 926718 916530 2026-11-08T15:17:45Z Monospaced 75295 'and' tae 'an' 926718 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fixscots}} {{Automatic taxobox |name = Birds |fossil_range = |image = Bird Diversity 2013.png |image_caption = A composite image shawin the diversity o birds; 18 biological orders are depictit in this image (frae tap, left tae richt): [[Cuculiformes]], [[Ciconiiformes]], [[Phaethontiformes]], [[Accipitriformes]], [[Gruiformes]], [[Galliformes]], [[Anseriformes]], [[Trochiliformes]], [[Charadriiformes]], [[Casuariiformes]], [[Psittaciformes]], [[Phoenicopteriformes]], [[Sphenisciformes]], [[Pelecaniformes]], [[Suliformes]], [[Coraciiformes]], [[Strigiformes]], [[Piciformes]]. |taxon = Aves | parent_authority = [[Jacques Gauthier|Gauthier]], 1986 |display_parents = 3 |authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree.aspx?id=80129&tree=0.1 | title=Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification, Class Aves | accessdate=11 June 2012 | last=Brands | first=Sheila | date=14 August 2008 | work=Project: The Taxonomicon | archive-date=2008-05-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080505214909/http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree.aspx?id=80129&tree=0.1 | url-status=dead }}</ref> |subdivision_ranks = [[Class (biology)|Subclasses]] |subdivision = *{{extinct}}[[Archaeornithes]] [[Paraphyly|*]] *{{extinct}}[[Enantiornithes]] *{{extinct}}[[Hesperornithes]] *{{extinct}}[[Ichthyornithes]] *[[Neornithes]] An see text }} '''Birds''' (Aves) are a group o endothermic vertebrates, characterised bi feathers, tuithless beakit jaws, the layin o haurd-shelled eggs, a heich metabolic rate, a fower-chaumbered hert, an a lichtweicht bit pure teugh skelet. Birds bide warldwide an range in size fae the 5&nbsp;cm (2&nbsp;in) bee hummingbird tae the 2.75&nbsp;m (9&nbsp;ft) ostrich. Thay rank as the cless o tetrapods wi the maist livin species, at aboot ten thoosand, wi mair nor hauf o thae bein passerines, whiles kent as perching birds or, less richtly, as sangbirds. The fossil record indicates that birds are the lest surviving dinosaurs, termed avian dinosaurs, haed evolved frae feathered ancestors inwith the theropod group o saurischian dinosaurs. True birds erest appeared while the Cretaceous feck, aroond 100 million years aby. DNA-evident shaws that birds diversified dramatically aroond the time o the cretaceous–paleogene extinction event that kilt aff a ither dinosaurs. Birds in [[Sooth Americae|Sooth America]] owercome this event an syne migrated tae ither bits o the warld via multiple laund brigs, while diversifying while periods o global cooling. primitive bird-lik dinosaurs that lie ootdoors cless aves proper, in the broader group avialae, hae bin fun datin back tae the mid-Jurassic period. Mony o thae earlie "stem-birds", sic as archaeopteryx, wur nae yit capable o fully powered flicht, an mony keepit primitive characteristics like tuithie jaws in steid o beaks, an lang banie tails. Birds hae weengs thae are mair or less made dependin oan the species; the ainlie kent groups wioot wings are the extinct moas an elephant birds. Wings, thae evolved fae forelimbs, gie maist birds the ability tae flee, althoogh further speciation haes led tae some flichtless birds, anaw ratites, penguins, an diverse endemic islan species o birds. the digestive an respiratory seestems o birdsarean a uniquely adapted fur flicht. Some doo species o aquatic environments, espeicially the aforementioned flichtless penguins, an a members o the deuck fowk, hae an a evolved fur soummin`. Birds, specifically Darwin's finches, played an important pairt in the inception o Darwin's theory o evolution bi naitural selection. Some birds, especially corvids an parrots, are amang the maist genious ainimals; mony species mak an uise tuils, an mony social species bygae oan knowledge ower generations, thae is considered a form o cultur. Mony species annually migrate stoatin distances. Birdsaresocial, communicating wi visual signals, caws, an doo sangs, an pairteecipatin in sic social behaviours as cooperative breedin an huntin, flocking, an mobbing o predators. The vast maist folk o doo species are socially monogamous, uisually fur yin breedin saison at a time, whiles fur years, bit seendle fur lee. Ither species hae polygynous ("mony females") or, seendle, polyandrous ("mony males") breedin seestems. Birds produce affspring bi laying eggs thae are fertilised throu sexual reproduction. Thayre forordinar leid in a nest an incubated bi the paurents. Maist birds hae an extendit period o paurental care efter hatching. Some birds, sic as hens, lay eggs even whin nae fertilised, tho unfertilised eggs dinnae produce affspring. Mony species o birds are economically important. Tame an wild birds (poutrie an gemme) are important soorces o eggs, bridie, an feathers. Sangbirds, parrots, an ither species are popular as pets. Guano (bird darn) is harvested fur uise as a manure. Birds prominently figure oothrou human cultur. Aboot 120–130 species hae acome extinct due tae human activity sin the 17t yearhunner, an hunners mair afore then. Human acteevity threitens aboot 1,200 bird species wi extinction, tho efforts are underwey tae proteck thaim. Recreational birdwatching is an important pairt o the ecotourism industry. == References == {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat|Aves}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q5113}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Birds| ]] [[Category:Dinosaurs]] [[Category:Santonian first appearances]] [[Category:Extant Late Cretaceous first appearances]] [[Category:Feathered dinosaurs]] [[Category:Taxa named bi Carl Linnaeus]] 43t8fiwzxu90sb24bdzd1mau77cz5n7 926721 926718 2026-11-08T15:24:53Z CiphriusKane 74958 926721 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fixscots}} {{Automatic taxobox |name = Birds |fossil_range = |image = Bird Diversity 2013.png |image_caption = A composite image shawin the diversity o birds; 18 biological orders are depictit in this image (frae tap, left tae richt): [[Cuculiformes]], [[Ciconiiformes]], [[Phaethontiformes]], [[Accipitriformes]], [[Gruiformes]], [[Galliformes]], [[Anseriformes]], [[Trochiliformes]], [[Charadriiformes]], [[Casuariiformes]], [[Psittaciformes]], [[Phoenicopteriformes]], [[Sphenisciformes]], [[Pelecaniformes]], [[Suliformes]], [[Coraciiformes]], [[Strigiformes]], [[Piciformes]]. |taxon = Aves | parent_authority = [[Jacques Gauthier|Gauthier]], 1986 |display_parents = 3 |authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree.aspx?id=80129&tree=0.1 | title=Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification, Class Aves | accessdate=11 June 2012 | last=Brands | first=Sheila | date=14 August 2008 | work=Project: The Taxonomicon | archive-date=2008-05-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080505214909/http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree.aspx?id=80129&tree=0.1 | url-status=dead }}</ref> |subdivision_ranks = [[Class (biology)|Subclasses]] |subdivision = *{{extinct}}[[Archaeornithes]] [[Paraphyly|*]] *{{extinct}}[[Enantiornithes]] *{{extinct}}[[Hesperornithes]] *{{extinct}}[[Ichthyornithes]] *[[Neornithes]] An see text }} '''Birds''' (Aves) are a group o endothermic vertebrates, characterised bi feathers, tuithless beakit jaws, the layin o haurd-shelled eggs, a heich metabolic rate, a fower-chaumbered hert, an a lichtweicht bit pure teugh skelet. Birds bide warldwide an range in size fae the 5&nbsp;cm (2&nbsp;in) bee hummingbird tae the 2.75&nbsp;m (9&nbsp;ft) ostrich. Thay rank as the cless o tetrapods wi the maist livin species, at aboot ten thoosand, wi mair nor hauf o thae bein passerines, whiles kent as perching birds or, less richtly, as sangbirds. The fossil record indicates that birds are the lest surviving dinosaurs, termed avian dinosaurs, haed evolved frae feathered ancestors inwith the theropod group o saurischian dinosaurs. True birds erest appeared while the Cretaceous feck, aroond 100 million years aby. DNA-evident shaws that birds diversified dramatically aroond the time o the cretaceous–paleogene extinction event that kilt aff a ither dinosaurs. Birds in [[Sooth Americae|Sooth America]] owercome this event an syne migrated tae ither bits o the warld via multiple laund brigs, while diversifying while periods o global cooling. primitive bird-lik dinosaurs that lie ootdoors cless aves proper, in the broader group avialae, hae bin fun datin back tae the mid-Jurassic period. Mony o thae earlie "stem-birds", sic as archaeopteryx, wur nae yit capable o fully powered flicht, an mony keepit primitive characteristics like tuithie jaws in steid o beaks, an lang banie tails. Birds hae weengs thae are mair or less made dependin oan the species; the ainlie kent groups wioot wings are the extinct moas an elephant birds. Wings, thae evolved fae forelimbs, gie maist birds the ability tae flee, althoogh further speciation haes led tae some flichtless birds, anaw ratites, penguins, an diverse endemic islan species o birds. the digestive an respiratory seestems o birdsarean a uniquely adapted fur flicht. Some doo species o aquatic environments, espeicially the aforementioned flichtless penguins, an a members o the deuck fowk, hae an a evolved fur soummin`. Birds, specifically Darwin's finches, played an important pairt in the inception o Darwin's theory o evolution bi naitural selection. Some birds, especially corvids an parrots, are amang the maist genious ainimals; mony species mak an uise tuils, an mony social species bygae oan knowledge ower generations, thae is considered a form o cultur. Mony species annually migrate stoatin distances. Birdsaresocial, communicating wi visual signals, caws, an doo sangs, an pairteecipatin in sic social behaviours as cooperative breedin an huntin, flocking, an mobbing o predators. The vast maist folk o doo species are socially monogamous, uisually fur yin breedin saison at a time, whiles fur years, bit seendle fur lee. Ither species hae polygynous ("mony females") or, seendle, polyandrous ("mony males") breedin seestems. Birds produce affspring bi laying eggs thae are fertilised throu sexual reproduction. Thayre forordinar leid in a nest an incubated bi the paurents. Maist birds hae an extendit period o paurental care efter hatching. Some birds, sic as hens, lay eggs even whin nae fertilised, tho unfertilised eggs dinnae produce affspring. Mony species o birds are economically important. Tame an wild birds (poutrie an gemme) are important soorces o eggs, bridie, an feathers. Sangbirds, parrots, an ither species are popular as pets. Guano (bird darn) is harvested fur uise as a manure. Birds prominently figure oothrou human cultur. Aboot 120–130 species hae become extinct due tae human activity sin the 17t yearhunner, an hunners mair afore then. Human acteevity threitens aboot 1,200 bird species wi extinction, tho efforts are underwey tae proteck thaim. Recreational birdwatching is an important pairt o the ecotourism industry. == References == {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat|Aves}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q5113}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Birds| ]] [[Category:Dinosaurs]] [[Category:Santonian first appearances]] [[Category:Extant Late Cretaceous first appearances]] [[Category:Feathered dinosaurs]] [[Category:Taxa named bi Carl Linnaeus]] jogu54ap45j5fb6yhkw53i6nhsnqkne 0 16308 927203 819058 2026-11-09T09:56:37Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; career addit, soorced 927203 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Percy Montgomery kick.jpg|200px|thumb|Percy Montgomery]] '''Percival Colin "Percy" Montgomery''' (born 15 Mairch 1974 in [[Walvis Bay]], [[Sooth Wast Africae]], nou [[Namibie]]) is a retired [[Sooth Africae|Sooth African]] [[rugby union]] player. Whan he endit his internaitional career in August 2008, he held the aw-time records for baith caps an points for [[Sooth Africae naitional rugby union team|Sooth Africae's naitional team]], kent as the Springboks an aw, an he is coontit ane o the best fullbacks o aw time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Percy Montgomery {{!}} Rugby Union {{!}} Players and Officials |url=http://www.espnscrum.com/southafrica/rugby/player/12597.html |access-date=2021-01-16 |publisher=ESPNscrum}}</ref> ==Career== Montgomery gaed tae the Sooth African College Schuils in [[Cape Toun]], ane o the auldest schuils in the kintra.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Percival Colin Montgomery |url=https://www.barbarianfc.co.uk/player/montgomery-percival-colin/ |access-date=2026-08-19 |website=Barbarian FC |language=en-GB}}</ref> He played for Western Province in the [[Currie Cup]] an the Stormers in [[Super Rugby]] afore flittin tae [[Wales]] in 2002 tae jyne Newport RFC, an he jyned the Newport Gwent Dragons efter Welsh rugby wis reorganised intae regions in 2003.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020 |title=Dragon News : Ultimate XV: Percy Montgomery |url=https://dragonsrfc.wales/news/2020/may/ultimate-xv-percy-montgomery.html |access-date=2026-08-19 |website=dragonsrfc.wales |language=en}}</ref> On 13 Mey 2003, playin for Newport, he wis sent aff for pushin a touch judge tae the grund. He wis fined hivily an gien a twa-year ban, wi 18 month o it suspendit, for "assaulting a match official".<ref>Wyn Griffiths: "Rugby Union: Montgomery suspended for pushing touch judge." ''The Independent'', London, 4 June 2003.</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rees |first=Paul |date=2003-06-04 |title=World Cup ban for Montgomery |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2003/jun/04/rugbyunion.paulrees |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260819002331/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2003/jun/04/rugbyunion.paulrees |archive-date=2026-08-19 |access-date=2026-08-19 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB}}</ref> He missed the 2003 [[Rugby Warld Cup]] acause o it, an cam back tae play in Wales at the stairt o December 2003.<ref>[http://www.ercrugby.co.uk/eng/5018_3012.php "Montgomery Returns."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015091948/http://ercrugby.co.uk/eng/5018_3012.php |date=15 October 2007 }} ''European Rugby Cup'' website, 5 December 2003.</ref> For the 2007–08 season he signed for the French club [[Perpignan]], an in Mey 2008 he signed tae gang back tae Western Province, playin for thaim an the Stormers till 2009.<ref>[http://www.thetimes.co.za/Sport/Article.aspx?id=775774 "WP sign Montgomery."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629072741/http://www.thetimes.co.za/Sport/Article.aspx?id=775774 |date=29 June 2009 }}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Montgomery, Percy}} [[Category:Rugby]] [[Category:1974 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Walvis Bay]] [[Category:Namibie fowk o Sooth African strynd]] [[Category:Sooth African fowk o Scots strynd]] {{stub/Sport}} 39lzpdjuocagvnjigyvhsgn3grx5yu6 927205 927203 2026-11-09T09:58:46Z Monospaced 75295 Fix awkward 'an aw' 927205 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Percy Montgomery kick.jpg|200px|thumb|Percy Montgomery]] '''Percival Colin "Percy" Montgomery''' (born 15 Mairch 1974 in [[Walvis Bay]], [[Sooth Wast Africae]], nou [[Namibie]]) is a retired [[Sooth Africae|Sooth African]] [[rugby union]] player. Whan he endit his internaitional career in August 2008, he held the aw-time records for baith caps an points for [[Sooth Africae naitional rugby union team|Sooth Africae's naitional team]], the Springboks, an he is coontit ane o the best fullbacks o aw time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Percy Montgomery {{!}} Rugby Union {{!}} Players and Officials |url=http://www.espnscrum.com/southafrica/rugby/player/12597.html |access-date=2021-01-16 |publisher=ESPNscrum}}</ref> ==Career== Montgomery gaed tae the Sooth African College Schuils in [[Cape Toun]], ane o the auldest schuils in the kintra.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Percival Colin Montgomery |url=https://www.barbarianfc.co.uk/player/montgomery-percival-colin/ |access-date=2026-08-19 |website=Barbarian FC |language=en-GB}}</ref> He played for Western Province in the [[Currie Cup]] an the Stormers in [[Super Rugby]] afore flittin tae [[Wales]] in 2002 tae jyne Newport RFC, an he jyned the Newport Gwent Dragons efter Welsh rugby wis reorganised intae regions in 2003.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020 |title=Dragon News : Ultimate XV: Percy Montgomery |url=https://dragonsrfc.wales/news/2020/may/ultimate-xv-percy-montgomery.html |access-date=2026-08-19 |website=dragonsrfc.wales |language=en}}</ref> On 13 Mey 2003, playin for Newport, he wis sent aff for pushin a touch judge tae the grund. He wis fined hivily an gien a twa-year ban, wi 18 month o it suspendit, for "assaulting a match official".<ref>Wyn Griffiths: "Rugby Union: Montgomery suspended for pushing touch judge." ''The Independent'', London, 4 June 2003.</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rees |first=Paul |date=2003-06-04 |title=World Cup ban for Montgomery |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2003/jun/04/rugbyunion.paulrees |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260819002331/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2003/jun/04/rugbyunion.paulrees |archive-date=2026-08-19 |access-date=2026-08-19 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB}}</ref> He missed the 2003 [[Rugby Warld Cup]] acause o it, an cam back tae play in Wales at the stairt o December 2003.<ref>[http://www.ercrugby.co.uk/eng/5018_3012.php "Montgomery Returns."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015091948/http://ercrugby.co.uk/eng/5018_3012.php |date=15 October 2007 }} ''European Rugby Cup'' website, 5 December 2003.</ref> For the 2007–08 season he signed for the French club [[Perpignan]], an in Mey 2008 he signed tae gang back tae Western Province, playin for thaim an the Stormers till 2009.<ref>[http://www.thetimes.co.za/Sport/Article.aspx?id=775774 "WP sign Montgomery."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629072741/http://www.thetimes.co.za/Sport/Article.aspx?id=775774 |date=29 June 2009 }}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Montgomery, Percy}} [[Category:Rugby]] [[Category:1974 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Walvis Bay]] [[Category:Namibie fowk o Sooth African strynd]] [[Category:Sooth African fowk o Scots strynd]] {{stub/Sport}} 4d4jinlu8zj6ajzig8c2gtyh7o4nw01 0 16574 926991 899485 2026-11-08T22:02:05Z Monospaced 75295 Remove Fix Scots; government throughoot, soorces addit 926991 wikitext text/x-wiki A '''government''' is the seestem or group o fowk that leads a [[State (polity)|state]].<ref name=":0">{{cite book | last1=McLean | first1=Iain | last2=McMillan | first2=Alistair | title=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics | date=26 February 2009 | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-101827-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8JkyAwAAQBAJ&dq=dictionary%20of%20politics&pg=PT275 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web | title=Government | url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/government |website=Cornell Law School}}</ref><ref name="EncBrit">{{cite web | title=Government &#124; Definition, History, & Facts &#124; Britannica | url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/government }}</ref> It rules ower a territory, sic as a [[kintra]], a state or province athin a kintra, or a region, accordin tae the [[law]]. Governments hae come in monie forms, whether rin bi ae body ([[autocracy]]), a sma rulin cless ([[oligarchy]]), or the mass o the fowk ([[democracy]]).<ref name="EncBrit"/> Governments ordinarly: * mak [[law]]s, rules an regulations, gaither taxes an prent [[siller]]; * rin seestems o [[juistice]] that set oot whit acts are against the law an the punishment for brakkin it; * keep [[polis]] forces tae mak siccar that fowk follae the law; * send diplomats tae spik wi the governments o ither kintras, tae redd problems an argiments, help kintras keep oot o war, mak trade agreements, an swap cultural an social experiences an knawledge; * keep militar forces sic as an [[airmy]], that defend the kintra gin ither kintras attack it, or that can be uised tae attack an invade ither kintras. The leader o a government an thair advisers can be cried thegither the admeenistration. The main types o modren poleetical seestem are democracies, totalitarian regimes an authoritarian regimes, wi a wheen o hybrid regimes an some exceptions, sic as monarchies that keep auld forms o tradeetional legitimacy.<ref name="Dobratz 2015 p. 47">{{Cite book |last=Dobratz |first=B.A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RoK9CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA47 |title=Power, Politics, and Society: An Introduction to Political Sociology |date=2015 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-317-34529-9 |page=47 |access-date=Apr 30, 2023}}</ref><ref name="LinzLinz2000">{{Cite book |last=Linz |first=Juan José |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8cYk_ABfMJIC&pg=PA143 |title=Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes |date=2000 |publisher=Lynne Rienner Publisher |isbn=978-1-55587-890-0 |page=30, 51–54, 61–63, 143–144 |oclc=1172052725 |author-link=Juan José Linz |access-date=20 October 2022}}</ref> == Types o government == '''[[Democracy]]''' * The maist common form in the Wastren warld is [[democracy]]. In a democracy, aw the citizens o a kintra can vote in elections for the representatives or poleetical pairty thay think best. The fowk can elect representatives that sit in a legislatur, sic as a pairliament or a congress. Poleetical pairties are organisations o fowk that hae similar ideas aboot hou a kintra or region shoud be rin, an different pairties hae different ideas aboot hou the government shoud deal wi problems. In a constitutional democracy, the pouers o the majority are uised athin representative democracy, but the [[constitution]] limits majority rule, ordinarly bi giein aw fowk certain richts, sic as freedom o speech or freedom o association.<ref name="britannica">{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Watkins |first=Frederick |date=1970 |title=Democracy |edition=Expo '70 hardcover |volume=7 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |publisher=William Benton |pages=215–223 |language=en |isbn=978-0-85229-135-1}}</ref> '''[[Monarchy]]''' * A monarchy is a government rin bi a king or a queen that heirs thair poseetion frae thair faimily, aften cried the "royal faimily". There are twa kinds o monarchy: [[absolute monarchy|absolute monarchies]] an [[constitutional monarchy|constitutional monarchies]]. In an absolute monarchy, the ruler haes nae limits on thair commands or pouers. In a constitutional monarchy, the ruler's pouers are limitit bi a document cried a [[constitution]]. '''[[Autocracy]]''' * An autocracy is a seestem o government whaur the supreme pouer is in the hauns o ae body, that's decisions are subject naither tae ootside legal limits nor tae ony regular weys for the fowk tae control them (except mebbe the threat o a coup or a rising).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Paul M. |title=Autocracy: A Glossary of Political Economy Terms |url=http://www.auburn.edu/~johnspm/gloss/autocracy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226063927/http://www.auburn.edu/~johnspm/gloss/autocracy%20 |archive-date=26 December 2018 |access-date=14 September 2012 |publisher=Auburn.edu}}</ref> Absolute monarchy is a form o autocracy that wis common in history. Ither forms o autocracy include tyranny, despotism an dictatorship. '''Aristocracy''' * Aristocracy (frae the Greek ''aristos'', "excellent", an ''kratos'', "pouer") is a form o government that pits pouer in the hauns o a sma rulin cless, sic as a heritable nobility or a privileged caste. Monie monarchies war aristocracies, tho in modren constitutional monarchies the monarch micht hae little real pouer. The term ''aristocracy'' coud refer an aw tae the classes in [[feudalism]] that war naither peasants, servants nor toonsfowk.<ref>{{cite book |last=Blickle |first=P. |date=1997 |title=Resistance, representation and community |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> '''Dictatorship''' * Unner a dictatorship, the government is rin bi ae body that haes absolute pouer ower the fowk in a kintra. At first, the [[Roman Republic]] appointit dictators tae lead in times o war. The Roman dictators (an the Greek tyrants) warna aye ill, an the Roman dictators held pouer for a limitit time only. In modren times, a dictator's rule isna limitit bi ony laws, constitutions or ither social an poleetical institutions. Efter the [[Warld War II|Seicont Warld War]], monie governments in Laitin Americae, Asie an Africae war rin bi dictators. Ensaumples o dictators include Idi Amin, [[Muammar Gaddafi]] an Gamal Abdel Nasser. '''Oligarchy''' * An oligarchy is a government rin bi a sma group o pouerfu fowk. Thir fowk micht share pouer equally or no. An oligarchy is different frae a true democracy acause gey few fowk get the chance tae chynge things. An oligarchy disna hae tae be heritable, passed doun frae faither tae son, an it disna hae ae clear ruler, but several pouerfu fowk. == History an theory o government == Naebody kens whan or whaur human government first stairtit, but history records the formation o early governments. Ane o the reasons gien for the rise o governments is [[agricultur]]. Syne the Neolithic Revolution, fermin haes been an efficient wey tae grow mair fuid nor fowk need. That let fowk tak on wark that wisna fermin, an some o them coud rule ower ithers as an ootside authority. Ithers tried oot different weys o rinnin society. Baith thir activities laid the foonds o government.<ref name="Eagly99">{{cite journal |author1=Eagly, Alice H. |author2=Wood, Wendy |date=June 1999 |title=The Origins of Sex Differences in Human Behavior: Evolved Dispositions Versus Social Roles |url=http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/anthro/faculty/fiske/facets/eagly%26wood.htm |journal=American Psychologist |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=408–423 |doi=10.1037/0003-066x.54.6.408 |bibcode=1999AmPsy..54..408E |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000817071347/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/anthro/faculty/fiske/facets/eagly%26wood.htm |archive-date=17 August 2000 |url-access=subscription |access-date=1 September 2023 }}</ref> The simplest idea o government is them that rule ower fowk an [[laund]]. This micht be as sma as a commonty wi a board that luiks efter the affairs o thaim that bide in it, or something a bit bigger lik a [[clachan]], or as muckle as a [[continent]] (lik [[Australie]]). Thaim that rule the laund can let ithers awn it. It is a deed bi a government that gies this richt, in the wey the laws set oot. Some fowk think thay hae the richt tae haud laund withoot the government's leave; this view is cried libertarianism. Ithers think thay can dae this thegither as a group, gin thay bide in peace, withoot a government; this view is cried [[anarchism]]. Maist ilka pairt o the [[Yird]] belangs tae ae government an ae government only. The places withoot a government are places whaur fowk follae tradeetion insteid o government rules, sma disputit areas, an the continent o [[Antarcticae]], whaur haurdly onybody bides. For ilka place on the Yird there is a government that claims [[sovereignty]] ower it. Governments o clachans, [[ceety|ceeties]], kintras an ither commonties are aw unner the government o the state or province whaur thay are, an then that o the kintra. Modren governments an nation states come frae kings an [[feudalism]]. The [[caipital]] o a kintra, for ensaumple, wis whaur the king kept his wealth. Governments control fowk an decide whit morality tae accept or punish. In monie kintras there are strict rules aboot sex an [[drog]]s that are pairt o the [[law]], an fowk that brak them are punished. [[Tax]] is hou government is peyed for in maist kintras. Fowk that buy, sell, import, invest, awn a hoose or laund, or earn siller hae tae pey some o thair siller tae a government. There are monie theories o hou best tae organise a government. Acause government is rin bi fowk that can be greedy, monie think leaders shoud be chosen bi some kind o democracy, sae that gin a government disna act richt, it can be replaced at the next election. Still an on, the governments o monie kintras arena democracies but ither forms whaur juist a few fowk hae pouer. Thir theories are pairt o [[politics]]. {{Commonscat|Government}} == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Govrenment| ]] [[Category:Govrenment institutions]] [[Category:Poleetical terminology]] s7ks3bb5pcao50oi14ke6qut2o74t34 0 16637 926751 745767 2026-11-08T16:39:44Z Monospaced 75295 Removed redirect to [[Govrenment]] 926751 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete|Redirect in the wey o muivin [[Govrenment]] back tae [[Government]]; "Govrenment" is a respellin wi nae record in the dictionars}} #REDIRECT [[Govrenment]] 11kf2jl5rfeavbi77x7rc1xz2krk4z8 926752 926751 2026-11-08T16:40:02Z Monospaced 75295 Reguidin tae [[Govrenment]] 926752 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Govrenment]] {{delete|Redirect in the wey o muivin [[Govrenment]] back tae [[Government]]; "Govrenment" is a respellin wi nae record in the dictionars}} sqwaw85wvh3qjpoabkw46l2go2g9y4u 0 16717 927018 922654 2026-11-08T22:13:36Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 927018 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Errol Cross.jpg|thumb|left|Unicorn atop Errol's Mercat Cross]] '''Errol''' is a [[veelage]] in [[Pairth an Kinross]], [[Scotland]] aboot haufway atween [[Dundee]] an [[Pairth]]. It is ane o the principal settlements o the [[Carse o Gowrie]]. Errol is kent for its reeds, whilk uised tae be collectit up tae a few year syne tae mak thatched ruifs. Thir reeds grow in the banks o the [[River Tay]] an act as hame tae a fairly uncommon bird cried the [[Bearded Reedling|bearded tit]]. Errol haes a lairge kirk, built in 1831, kent as the "Cathedral o The Carse" whilk can be seen frae maist pairts o the veelage an frae far aroond. Errol is an aa kent for its local brick factory. Errol Primary Schuil is ower a century auld an is whaur mony local childer gang tae lear. Errol haes twa general grocery shops; ither local amenities include a chip shop, post office, ane pub/restaurant, community centre, a doctors' surgery, pharmacy an hairdresser. The local winery Cairn o' Mhor haes wan mony awards for its wines made frae local produce lik aik sap, rhubarb an brambles an is situatit on the same fermyard as Gillies & Mackay Ltd, a local shed company. Errol lees on the [[National Cycle Network]] [[National Cycle Route 77|NCN 77]] frae Dundee tae Pitlochry an is situatit aboot a mile frae the [[A90 road|A90]] [[Perth, Scotland|Perth]] tae [[Dundee]] Road. This maks it popular for fowk wha commute tae wirk. Errol is surroondit bi agricultural flat fields an haes a prominent attractive location athin this settin. The site o the wartime [[RAF Errol]] [[airfield]] is situatit approximately ane mile east o the veelage. It hosts the Errol [[car buit sale]] ivery Sunday, bringin in mony fowk frae surroondin auries includin Perth an Dundee. The veelage haed a railway station on the line atween [[Perth railway station|Perth]] an [[Dundee railway station|Dundee]] till the mid-1980s. [[British Rail]] annoonced its decision tae close it on 30 September 1985.<ref name="DFT-StationClosures">{{cite web|title=List of dates from 1 January 1985 to 20 January 2006 of last passenger trains at closed BR (or Network Rail stations since privatisation)|url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.dft.gov.uk/foi/responses/2006/feb/closuredatesformerbrstations/listofclosuredatestopassenge2682|accessdate=2008-08-09|publisher=Department for Transport|year=2006|work=Department for Transport Website: Freedom of Information Act responses, February 2006}}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==See an aa== * [[Earl o Erroll]] ==References== {{reflist}} == Freemit airtins == *{{oscoor gbx|NO250227}} *[http://www.carseofgowrie.com/Gallery/gallery.htm Errol Kirk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050207215852/http://carseofgowrie.com/Gallery/gallery.htm |date=2005-02-07 }} *[http://www.errolprimary.co.uk/index.php Errol Primary Schuil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311010409/http://www.errolprimary.co.uk/index.php |date=2007-03-11 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110225164239/http://www.carseweather.co.uk/ Carse o Gowrie Weather] *[http://www.errolvillage.org.uk Errol Veelage Wabsited] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218123554/http://errolvillage.org.uk/ |date=2014-12-18 }} *[http://www.gilliesandmackay.com Gillies & Mackay Ltd] {{#invoke:coordinates|coord|display=title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Errol, Perth An Kinross}} [[Category:Veelages in Perth an Kinross]] 4rnmab1f59m22s9unioih0w5rzq3zv7 0 17852 926772 627597 2026-11-08T17:32:53Z Monospaced 75295 Screivit anew frae the Inglis Wikipedia an the 1911 sheet muisic: the hale sang, its recordins; collector's notes on pressins taen oot 926772 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox sang | name = Roamin' in the Gloamin' | cover = Roamin-In-The-Gloamin-1911.jpg | caption = The cover o the sheet muisic, 1911 | language = Scots | published = 1911 | writer = [[Harry Lauder]] }} "'''Roamin' in the Gloamin''''" is a popular sang written bi [[Harry Lauder]] in 1911. It tells o a man an his lass coortin in the gloamin, the Scots wird for the evenin twilicht. The title comes frae the owerword. == The wirds == The sang haes three verses, ilk ane follit bi the owerword. The wirds are gien here as they are prentit in the sheet muisic:<ref>{{cite web |author=Harry Lauder |title=Roamin' in the gloamin' (sheet music) |publisher=Harms, Inc., New York (copyright 1911 bi Francis, Day & Hunter) |via=Internet Archive (University of Alberta) |url=https://archive.org/details/SM001927 |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> <poem> I've seen lots o' bonnie lassies travellin' far and wide, But my heart is centred noo' on bonnie Kate McBride. And altho' I'm no a chap that throws a word away, I'm surprised mysel' sometimes at a' I've got to say, ''Roamin' in the gloamin' on the bonnie banks o' Clyde. Roamin' in the gloamin' wae my lassie by my side. When the sun has gone to rest, That's the time that we love best — O, it's lovely roamin' in the gloamin'!'' One nicht in the gloamin' we were trippin' side by side, I kissed her twice, and asked her once if she would be my bride. She was shy, so was I, we were baith the same, But I got brave and braver on the journey comin' hame. Last nicht efter strollin' we got hame at half-past nine, Sittin' at the kitchen fire I asked her to be mine. When she promised, I got up and danced the Hielan' fling. I've just been at the jew'ller's and I've picked a nice wee ring, </poem> == Recordins == The sang wis a hit for Lauder, that wis born in [[Portobello]], Edinburgh, in 1870, baith in his music hall shaws an on his 1912 recordin. It haes been recordit monie times syne, amang them a new version bi [[Bing Crosby]] an Rosemary Clooney on their 1965 album ''That Travelin' Two-Beat''. == In popular culture == * Late in the 1938 baseball season, Gabby Hartnett's hame run for the Chicago Cubs, whan the gemme wis near stappit acause o the daurk, wis cried the "Homer in the Gloamin'". * In the film ''Harry and Tonto'' (1974), Harry Coombes, played bi [[Art Carney]], sings the sang tae his cat Tonto as Tonto dees, near the end o the film. Carney wan the Academy Award for Best Actor for the pairt. * The sang is mentioned in [[Ray Bradbury]]'s short story "There Was An Old Lady", in the collection ''The October Country''. * In the Inglis owersettins o the ''Asterix'' buiks it is parodied as "Roman in the Gloamin".<ref>http://asterix.openscroll.org/books/asterix_the_gladiator.html</ref> == References == {{reflist}} == Soorces == {{Refbegin}} *Lauder, Harry. "Roamin' In The Gloamin'" (sheet music). New York: T.B. Harms & Francis Day & Hunter (1911). *Szasz, Ferenc Morton. ''Scots in the North American West, 1790-1917''. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press (2000). {{Refend}} [[Category:Scots sang]] bl9ztzo7xszxj0nhkibljgurr4qgkzj 0 21326 927218 915866 2026-11-09T10:08:12Z Monospaced 75295 Remove Fix Scots; daith addit wi ODNB soorce, caption an links tidied 927218 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox F1 driver| name = James Hunt | image = James Hunt 1978.jpg | caption = Hunt at Brands Hatch in a McLaren M26 | nationality = {{flagicon|UK}} [[Unitit Kinrick|Breetish]] | birth_date = {{birth date|1947|8|29|df=y}} | death_date = {{death date and age|1993|6|15|1947|8|29|df=y}} | Years = {{F1|1973}}-{{F1|1979}} | Team(s) = [[Hesketh Racing|Hesketh]], [[McLaren]], Wolf | Races = 93 (92 starts) | Championships = 1 ([[:en:1976 Formula One season|1976]])| Wins = 10 | Podiums = 23 | Poles = 14 | Fastest laps = 8 | Points = 179 | First race = 1973 Monaco Grand Prix | First win = 1975 Dutch Grand Prix | Last win = 1977 Japanese Grand Prix | Last race = 1979 Monaco Grand Prix | }} '''James Simon Wallis Hunt''' (29 August 1947 &ndash; 15 Juin 1993)<ref name=autocourse>{{cite web |title= DRIVER: Hunt, James |url= http://www.autocoursegpa.com/driver~driver_id~11822.htm |work= Autocourse Grand Prix Archive |accessdate= 2007-10-14 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071104012818/http://www.autocoursegpa.com/driver~driver_id~11822.htm |archivedate= 2007-11-04 |url-status= dead }}</ref> wis a [[Unitit Kinrick|Breetish]] racin driver frae [[England]] that wan the [[Formula One]] Warld Championship in {{F1|1976}} wi [[McLaren]]. His aften wild drivin on the track got him the nickname "Hunt the Shunt". Efter he retired frae drivin, Hunt becam a [[BBC]] commentator an a businessman. He never teuk hissel ower seriously, an his chairm wan ower the Breetish public an brocht a hale new fanbase tae Formula One. Hunt stairtit his racin career in [[tourin caur racin]] an muived up intae [[Formula Three]], whaur he caught the ee o the [[Hesketh Racing]] team, that suin teuk him unner thair wing. Hunt entered Formula One in {{F1|1973}}, drivin a March 731 entered bi the [[Hesketh Racing]] team. He gaed on tae win for Hesketh, drivin thair ain Hesketh 308 caur, in baith Warld Championship an non-Championship races, afore joinin the [[McLaren]] team at the end o {{F1|1975}}. In his first year wi McLaren, Hunt wan the Warld Drivers' Championship, an he bade wi the team for twa mair year, tho wi less success, afore muivin tae the Wolf team in early {{F1|1979}}. But efter a string o races that he didnae feenish, Hunt retired frae drivin hauf wey throu the 1979 season. He is weel minded an aw for his commentary on Formula One for the BBC, that he teuk up efter he retired an held on wi till he deed o a hert attack at his hame in [[Wimbledon, London|Wimbledon]] in 1993, aged 45.<ref>{{cite ODNB |last1=Thoms |first1=David |chapter=Hunt, James Simon Wallis (1947–1993), racing driver and commentator |title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |date=23 September 2004 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/52127}}</ref> ==Complete Formula One Warld Championship results== (Races in '''bauld''' indicate pole position, races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap) {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%" ! Year ! Entrant ! Chassis ! Ingine ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! 7 ! 8 ! 9 ! 10 ! 11 ! 12 ! 13 ! 14 ! 15 ! 16 ! 17 ! WDC ! [[:en:List of Formula One World Championship points scoring systems|Pts.]] |- | [[:en:1973 Formula One season|1973]] ! [[Hesketh Racing]] ! March 731 ! [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] V8 || [[:en:1973 Argentine Grand Prix|ARG]] || [[:en:1973 Brazilian Grand Prix|BRA]] || [[:en:1973 South African Grand Prix|RSA]] || [[:en:1973 Spanish Grand Prix|ESP]] || [[:en:1973 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]] |bgcolor="#CFCFFF"| [[:en:1973 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]<br /><small>9</small> || [[:en:1973 Swedish Grand Prix|SWE]] |bgcolor="#DFFFDF"| [[:en:1973 French Grand Prix|FRA]]<br /><small>6</small> |bgcolor="#DFFFDF"| ''[[:en:1973 British Grand Prix|GBR]]''<br /><small>4</small> |bgcolor="#FFDF9F"| [[:en:1973 Dutch Grand Prix|NED]]<br /><small>3</small> || [[:en:1973 German Grand Prix|GER]] |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1973 Austrian Grand Prix|AUT]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#FFFFFF"| [[:en:1973 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]]<br /><small>DNS</small> |bgcolor="#CFCFFF"| [[:en:1973 Canadian Grand Prix|CAN]]<br /><small>7</small> |bgcolor="#DFDFDF"| ''[[:en:1973 United States Grand Prix|USA]]''<br /><small>2</small> | | ! 8t ! 14 |- |rowspan="2"| [[:en:1974 Formula One season|1974]] !rowspan="2"| [[Hesketh Racing]] ! March 731 ! [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] V8 |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1974 Argentine Grand Prix|ARG]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#CFCFFF"| [[:en:1974 Brazilian Grand Prix|BRA]]<br /><small>9</small> | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | !rowspan="2"| 8t !rowspan="2"| 15 |- ! [[Hesketh Racing|Hesketh]] 308 ! [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] V8 | | |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1974 South African Grand Prix|RSA]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#CFCFFF"| [[:en:1974 Spanish Grand Prix|ESP]]<br /><small>10</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1974 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1974 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#FFDF9F"| [[:en:1974 Swedish Grand Prix|SWE]]<br /><small>3</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1974 Dutch Grand Prix|NED]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1974 French Grand Prix|FRA]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1974 British Grand Prix|GBR]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1974 German Grand Prix|GER]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#FFDF9F"| [[:en:1974 Austrian Grand Prix|AUT]]<br /><small>3</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1974 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#DFFFDF"| [[:en:1974 Canadian Grand Prix|CAN]]<br /><small>4</small> |bgcolor="#FFDF9F"| [[:en:1974 United States Grand Prix|USA]]<br /><small>3</small> | | |- |rowspan="2"| [[:en:1975 Formula One season|1975]] !rowspan="2"| [[Hesketh Racing]] ! [[Hesketh Racing|Hesketh]] 308B ! [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] V8 |bgcolor="#DFDFDF"| ''[[:en:1975 Argentine Grand Prix|ARG]]''<br /><small>2</small> |bgcolor="#DFFFDF"| [[:en:1975 Brazilian Grand Prix|BRA]]<br /><small>6</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1975 South African Grand Prix|RSA]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1975 Spanish Grand Prix|ESP]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1975 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1975 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1975 Swedish Grand Prix|SWE]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#FFFFBF"| [[:en:1975 Dutch Grand Prix|NED]]<br /><small>1</small> |bgcolor="#DFDFDF"| [[:en:1975 French Grand Prix|FRA]]<br /><small>2</small> |bgcolor="#DFFFDF"| [[:en:1975 British Grand Prix|GBR]]<br /><small>4</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1975 German Grand Prix|GER]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#DFDFDF"| [[:en:1975 Austrian Grand Prix|AUT]]<br /><small>2</small> | | | | | !rowspan="2"| 4t !rowspan="2"| 33 |- ! [[Hesketh Racing|Hesketh]] 308C ! [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] V8 | | | | | | | | | | | | |bgcolor="#DFFFDF"| [[:en:1975 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]]<br /><small>5</small> |bgcolor="#DFFFDF"| [[:en:1975 United States Grand Prix|USA]]<br /><small>4</small> | | | |- | [[:en:1976 Formula One season|1976]] ! Marlboro [[McLaren|Team McLaren]] ! [[McLaren]] M23 ! [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] V8 |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| '''[[:en:1976 Brazilian Grand Prix|BRA]]'''<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#DFDFDF"| '''[[:en:1976 South African Grand Prix|RSA]]'''<br /><small>2</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1976 United States Grand Prix West|USW]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#FFFFBF"| '''[[:en:1976 Spanish Grand Prix|ESP]]'''<br /><small>1</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1976 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1976 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#DFFFDF"| [[:en:1976 Swedish Grand Prix|SWE]]<br /><small>5</small> |bgcolor="#FFFFBF"| '''[[:en:1976 French Grand Prix|FRA]]'''<br /><small>1</small> |bgcolor="#000000" style="color:#FFFFFF"| [[:en:1976 British Grand Prix|<font color=white>GBR</font>]]<br /><small>DSQ</small> |bgcolor="#FFFFBF"| '''[[:en:1976 German Grand Prix|GER]]'''<br /><small>1</small> |bgcolor="#DFFFDF"| '''''[[:en:1976 Austrian Grand Prix|AUT]]'''''<br /><small>4</small> |bgcolor="#FFFFBF"| [[:en:1976 Dutch Grand Prix|NED]]<br /><small>1</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1976 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#FFFFBF"| '''[[:en:1976 Canadian Grand Prix|CAN]]'''<br /><small>1</small> |bgcolor="#FFFFBF"| '''''[[:en:1976 United States Grand Prix|USA]]'''''<br /><small>1</small> |bgcolor="#FFDF9F"| [[:en:1976 Japanese Grand Prix|JPN]]<br /><small>3</small> | |bgcolor="#FFFFBF"| '''1st''' |bgcolor="#FFFFBF"| '''69''' |- |rowspan="2"| [[:en:1977 Formula One season|1977]] !rowspan="2"| Marlboro [[McLaren|Team McLaren]] ! [[McLaren]] M23 ! [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] V8 |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| '''''[[:en:1977 Argentine Grand Prix|ARG]]'''''<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#DFDFDF"| '''''[[:en:1977 Brazilian Grand Prix|BRA]]'''''<br /><small>2</small> |bgcolor="#DFFFDF"| '''[[:en:1977 South African Grand Prix|RSA]]'''<br /><small>4</small> |bgcolor="#CFCFFF"| [[:en:1977 United States Grand Prix West|USA]]<br /><small>7</small> | |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1977 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]<br /><small>Ret</small> | | | | | | | | | | | !rowspan="2"| 5t !rowspan="2"| 40 |- ! [[McLaren]] M26 ! [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] V8 | | | | |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1977 Spanish Grand Prix|ESP]]<br /><small>Ret</small> | |bgcolor="#CFCFFF"| [[:en:1977 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]]<br /><small>7</small> |bgcolor="#CFCFFF"| [[:en:1977 Swedish Grand Prix|SWE]]<br /><small>12</small> |bgcolor="#FFDF9F"| [[:en:1977 French Grand Prix|FRA]]<br /><small>3</small> |bgcolor="#FFFFBF"| '''''[[:en:1977 British Grand Prix|GBR]]'''''<br /><small>1</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1977 German Grand Prix|GER]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1977 Austrian Grand Prix|AUT]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1977 Dutch Grand Prix|NED]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| '''[[:en:1977 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]]'''<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#FFFFBF"| '''[[:en:1977 United States Grand Prix|USA]]'''<br /><small>1</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1977 Canadian Grand Prix|CAN]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#FFFFBF"| [[:en:1977 Japanese Grand Prix|JPN]]<br /><small>1</small> |- | [[:en:1978 Formula One season|1978]] ! Marlboro [[McLaren|Team McLaren]] ! [[McLaren]] M26 ! [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] V8 |bgcolor="#DFFFDF"| [[:en:1978 Argentine Grand Prix|ARG]]<br /><small>4</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1978 Brazilian Grand Prix|BRA]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1978 South African Grand Prix|RSA]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1978 United States Grand Prix West|USW]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1978 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1978 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#DFFFDF"| [[:en:1978 Spanish Grand Prix|ESP]]<br /><small>6</small> |bgcolor="#CFCFFF"| [[:en:1978 Swedish Grand Prix|SWE]]<br /><small>8</small> |bgcolor="#FFDF9F"| [[:en:1978 French Grand Prix|FRA]]<br /><small>3</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1978 British Grand Prix|GBR]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#000000" style="color:#FFFFFF"| [[:en:1978 German Grand Prix|<font color=white>GER</font>]]<br /><small>DSQ</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1978 Austrian Grand Prix|AUT]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#CFCFFF"| [[:en:1978 Dutch Grand Prix|NED]]<br /><small>10</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1978 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#CFCFFF"| [[:en:1978 United States Grand Prix|USA]]<br /><small>7</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1978 Canadian Grand Prix|CAN]]<br /><small>Ret</small> | ! 13t ! 8 |- |rowspan="2"| [[:en:1979 Formula One season|1979]] !rowspan="2"| Olympus Cameras Wolf Racing ! Wolf WR7 ! [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] V8 |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1979 Argentine Grand Prix|ARG]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1979 Brazilian Grand Prix|BRA]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#CFCFFF"| [[:en:1979 South African Grand Prix|RSA]]<br /><small>8</small> | |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1979 Spanish Grand Prix|ESP]]<br /><small>Ret</small> | | | | | | | | | | | | !rowspan="2"| NC !rowspan="2"| 0 |- ! Wolf WR8 ! [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] V8 | | | |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1979 United States Grand Prix West|USW]]<br /><small>Ret</small> | |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1979 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1979 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]<br /><small>Ret</small> | [[:en:1979 French Grand Prix|FRA]] | [[:en:1979 British Grand Prix|GBR]] | [[:en:1979 German Grand Prix|GER]] | [[:en:1979 Austrian Grand Prix|AUT]] | [[:en:1979 Dutch Grand Prix|NED]] | [[:en:1979 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]] | [[:en:1979 Canadian Grand Prix|CAN]] | [[:en:1979 United States Grand Prix|USA]] | | |} ==References== {{Reflist|2}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.grandprix.com/gpe/drv-hunjam.html GrandPrix.com biography] *[http://www.connectingrod.it/Glories/Hunt/jameshunt_eng.html ConnectingRod airticle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722031200/http://www.connectingrod.it/Glories/Hunt/jameshunt_eng.html |date=2011-07-22 }} *[http://bodieofci5.tripod.com/jameshunt/ James Hunt appreciation wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717102400/http://bodieofci5.tripod.com/jameshunt/ |date=2011-07-17 }} *[http://www.champ76.co.uk/ Fan website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912045527/http://www.champ76.co.uk/ |date=2011-09-12 }} *[http://www.4mula1.ro/history/driver/James_Hunt James Hunt statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226222234/http://www.4mula1.ro/history/driver/James_Hunt |date=2010-12-26 }} *[http://www.f1video.tv/2008/07/14/james-hunt-9-points-and-a-lot-fo-happiness/ Video of James Hunt just after he won the 1976 British Grand Prix]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{s-start}} {{s-sports}} {{succession box|title=[[:en:BRDC International Trophy|BRDC International Trophy winner]] |before=[[Jackie Stewart]]|after=[[Niki Lauda]]|years=1974}} {{succession box|title=[[:en:BRDC International Trophy|BRDC International Trophy winner]] |before=[[Niki Lauda]]|after=[[Keke Rosberg]]|years=1976}} {{succession box|title=[[:en:List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions|Formula Ane Warld Champion]] |before=[[Niki Lauda]]|after=[[Niki Lauda]]|years={{F1|1976}}}} {{succession box|title=[[:en:Race of Champions (Brands Hatch)|Brands Hatch Race o Champions winner]] |before=Tom Pryce|after=[[Gilles Villeneuve]]|years=1976-1977}} {{s-ach}} {{succession box | title=[[:en:Hawthorn Memorial Trophy]] | before=Denny Hulme | after=John Watson| years=1975-1977}} {{s-end}} {{Formula Ane Warld Drivers' Champions}} {{McLaren}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hunt, James}} [[Category:1947 births]] [[Category:1993 daiths]] [[Category:BRDC Gold Star winners]] [[Category:Breetish Formula Three Championship drivers]] [[Category:Burials at Putney Vale Cemetery]] [[Category:Daiths frae myocardial infarction]] [[Category:Inglis Formula Ane drivers]] [[Category:McLaren Formula Ane drivers]] [[Category:Formula Ane Warld Drivers' Champions]] [[Category:Inglis racin drivers]] [[Category:European Formula Twa Championship drivers]] [[Category:International Race o Champions drivers]] [[Category:Old Wellingtonians]] [[Category:Fowk frae Sutton, Lunnon]] [[Category:Sports commentators]] [[Category:Motorsport announcers]] m7z73js961la4mhjomt222f3upgkoxm 0 21509 926722 892197 2026-11-08T15:31:47Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 926722 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Autonomous Republic o Adjara | native_name = აჭარის ავტონომიური რესპუბლიკა | common_name = Adjara | image_flag = Flag of Adjara.svg | symbol_type = Coat o airms | image_coat = Coat of arms of Adjara.svg | image_map = Adjara in Georgia (Georgian view).svg | map_caption = | image_map2 = Adjara map.png | map_caption2 = A mair detailed map o Adjara. | national_motto = | national_anthem = | official_languages = [[Georgie leid|Georgie]] | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 96,04% [[Georgies]] ([[Adjarians]]) | 1,64% [[Armenies]] | 1,10% [[Roushies]] | 0.24% [[Ukrainians]] | 0,17% [[Greeks]] | 0.8% ithers }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2014 | capital = [[Batumi]] | coordinates = {{Coord|41|39|N|42|0|E|type:city}} | largest_city = | government_type = | leader_title1 = [[Chairman o the Govrenment o Adjara|Chairman o<br/>the Govrenment]] | leader_name1 = <br/>{{nowrap|[[Tornike Rizhvadze]]}} | legislature = [[Supreme Cooncil o the Autonomous Republic o Adjara|Supreme Cooncil]] | sovereignty_type = [[Admeenistrative republic]] | established_event1 = Pairt o unifee'd<br/>[[History o Georgie (kintra)#Medieval Georgie|Georgie Kinrick]] | established_date1 = <br/>9t century | established_event2 = Conquered bi<br/>[[Ottoman Empire]] | established_date2 = <br/>1614 | established_event3 = Cedit tae [[Roushie Empire]] | established_date3 = 1878 | established_event4 = [[Adjar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic|Adjar ASSR]] | established_date4 = 1921 | established_event5 = Independent but nae recognized state | established_date5 = <br/>1991 | established_event6 = Admeenistrative republic<br/>o [[Georgie (kintra)|Georgie]] | established_date6 = <br/>2004 | area_rank = | area_magnitude = | area_km2 = 2,880 | area_sq_mi = 1,120 | percent_water = negligible | population_estimate = | population_estimate_year = | population_census = 333,953<ref name="აღწერა 2014">{{cite web |url=http://www.geostat.ge/index.php?action=page&p_id=2152&lang=geo |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919174004/http://www.geostat.ge/index.php?action=page&p_id=2152&lang=geo |archive-date=2016-09-19 |title=mosakhleobis saq’oveltao aghts’era |script-title=ka:მოსახლეობის საყოველთაო აღწერა |trans-title=General population census |date=November 2014 |publisher=National Statistical Service of Georgia |access-date=26 July 2016 |language=ka }}</ref> | population_census_year = 2014 | population_density_km2 = 115.96 | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = | HDI = 0.781 | HDI_year = 2017 | HDI_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|language=en|access-date=3 December 2018}}</ref> | currency = [[Georgian lari]] | currency_code = GEL | time_zone = [[UTC]] | utc_offset = +4 | time_zone_DST = nae observed | utc_offset_DST = | calling_code = }} '''Adjara''' ({{lang-ka|აჭარა}} {{IPA-ka|ɑtʃʼɑrɑ||Adjara.ogg}}), offeecially the '''Autonomous Republic o Adjara''' (აჭარის ავტონომიური რესპუბლიკა; {{IPA-ka|ɑtʃʼɑris ɑvtʼɔnɔmiuri rɛspʼublikʼɑ||Autonomous Republic of Adjara (KA).ogg}}), is an [[autonomous republic]] o [[Georgie (kintra)|Georgie]]. Adjara is locatit in the soothwastren corner o Georgie, bordered bi [[Turkey]] tae the sooth an the eastren end o the [[Black Sea]]. Adjara is a hame tae the [[Adjarians|Adjar]] ethnic subgroup o [[Georgies]]. Adjara is kent as '''Ajara''', '''Adzhara''', '''Ajaria''', '''Adjaria''', '''Adzharia''', '''Achara''', an '''Acharia''' an aw. Umwhile Adjara wis kent as '''Acara''' unner [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] rule. It became the Adjarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic ([[Adjar ASSR]]) unner the Soviet Union. == References == {{reflist}} == Freemit airtins == *[http://www.adjara.gov.ge/eng/ Govrenment o Adjara] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610055026/http://www.adjara.gov.ge/eng/ |date=2007-06-10 }} *[http://www.sca.ge Supreme Cooncil o Adjara] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030411/http://www.tourismadjara.ge/ Tourism & Resords Depairtment o Adjara] *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/3520322.stm Georgie territories: Ajaria - BBC profile] *[http://ist-socrates.berkeley.edu/~bsp/publications/2004_04-sani.pdf Islam and Islamic Practices in Georgia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051016090536/http://ist-socrates.berkeley.edu/~bsp/publications/2004_04-sani.pdf |date=2005-10-16 }} *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_pictures/3687487.stm In pictures: Ajaria's 'velvet revolution' 2004] {{Commonscat|Adjara}} {{Kintras an regions o the Caucasus}} {{Kintras borderin the Black Sea}} {{Admeenistrative diveesions o Georgie}} {{Georgie historical regions}} [[Category:Adjara| ]] [[Category:Caucasus]] [[Category:Umwhile provinces o Georgie (kintra)]] [[Category:Autonomous republics o Georgie (kintra)]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1991]] 14j4fuz46lkb8aacfnt9stgl2hp3mu0 0 22180 926923 926001 2026-11-08T21:10:59Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 926923 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist | name = Dir En Grey<!--STOP: Do not change the capitalization of this without first proposing the change on the talk page! The artist name must use standard English formatting and capitalization rules per [[MOS:JP]] and [[MOS:TM]]. Any undiscussed name changes WILL be reverted.--> | image = Dir en grey 2009.jpg | alt = | caption = Dir En Grey in [[Saarbrücken]] in 2009 | landscape = yes | background = group_or_band | origin = [[Osaka]], [[Japan]] | genre = [[Avant-garde metal|Experimental metal]], [[alternative metal]],<br> [[metalcore]], [[daith metal]],<br> [[progressive metal]], [[nu metal]],<br> [[hard rock]]<!--STOP: Do not change the genres listed without first proposing the changes on the talk page! Any undiscussed genre changes WILL be reverted.--> | years_active = 1997–present | label = [[Free-Will#Sub-divisions|Firewall Div.]], [[Sony Music Entertainment Japan|SMEJ]],<br> [[Okami Records|Okami]], [[The End Records|The End]],<br> [[Gan-Shin]], [[Warcon Enterprises]] | associated_acts = La:Sadie's | website = {{URL|www.direngrey.co.jp}} | current_members = [[Kyo (muisicker)|Kyo]]<br />[[Kaoru (muisicker)|Kaoru]]<br />[[Die (muisicker)|Die]]<br />[[Toshiya (muisicker)|Toshiya]]<br />[[Shinya (muisicker)|Shinya]] }} '''Dir En Grey''' (stylized as '''DIR EN GREY''' an previously as '''Dir en grey''') is a Japanese [[hivy metal|metal]] baund formit in 1997 an currently signed tae Firewall Div., a sub-diveesion o [[Free-Will]]. As o 2014, they hae recordit nine full-lenth records. While the group's lineup haes remained consistent syne its inception, numerous stylistic chynges hae made the [[Muisic genre|genre]] o their muisic difficult tae determine (though it is generally considered tae be a form o metal). Oreeginally a [[visual kei]] baund, the baund haes optit for less dramatic attire in recent years.<ref name="blistering_deg">{{cite web |last = Mascia |first = Mike |title = Dir En Grey feature interview |publisher = ''[[Blistering]]'' |url = http://www.blistering.com/fastpage/fpengine.php/link/1/templateid/12842/tempidx/5/menuid/3 |accessdate = 2007-08-07 |archive-date = 2007-09-26 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070926235505/http://www.blistering.com/fastpage/fpengine.php/link/1/templateid/12842/tempidx/5/menuid/3 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="kerrang_kyo_interview">{{Citation | last = Brannigan | first = Paul | title = The Perfect Stranger | newspaper = [[Kerrang!]] | pages = 42–43 | date = 2008-11-19 | url = http://www2.kerrang.com/2008/11/kerrang_magazine_19112008.html | access-date = 2012-02-11 | archive-date = 2009-01-16 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090116064207/http://www2.kerrang.com/2008/11/kerrang_magazine_19112008.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> Dir En Grey haes toured through [[Asie]], [[Europe]], [[Sooth Americae]], an [[North Americae]];<ref name="amg_tmoab"> {{cite web | last = Jurek | first = Thom | title = ''The Marrow of a Bone'' review | work = allmusic.com | url = {{Allmusic|class=album|id=r950208/review|pure_url=yes}} | accessdate = 2007-08-07 }} {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="grammy_kabuki">{{cite web | last = Reesman | first = Brian | title = Kabuki Rock | work = grammy.com | date = 2006-11-30 | url = http://www.grammylive.com/Latin/News/Default.aspx?newsID=2278 | accessdate = 2007-09-24 | archive-date = 2007-09-28 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928204954/http://www.grammylive.com/Latin/News/Default.aspx?newsID=2278 | url-status = dead }}</ref> ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' commentin on the group's internaitional fanbase, that the baund "haes transcendit the leid barrier in the Unitit States through its muisic" an "gained its audience athoot singin in Inglis".<ref name="billboard_forefront">{{cite web |last = Titus |first = Christa |title = Underground Support Brings Dir En Grey to Forefront |publisher = ''Billboard'' |date = 2006-04-17 |url = http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/feature/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1002345276 |accessdate = 2007-11-05 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071017054021/http://billboard.com/bbcom/feature/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1002345276 |archivedate = 2007-10-17 |url-status = dead }}</ref> ==Muisical style== <!--When editing this section, please consider that throwing unnecessarily many genres at the unsuspecting reader does little to provide an accessible overview.--> Dir En Grey haes been categorisit in mony genres such as [[alternative metal]], [[daith metal]], [[experimental metal|experimental]], [[avant-garde metal|avant-garde]] an various ithers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sputnikmusic.com/review_27998 |title=Dir en grey - Uroboros (album review) |publisher=Sputnikmusic.com |date=2008-11-17 |accessdate=2011-10-29}}</ref> Dir En Grey's format has been subject to change throughout their career, initially being a rather experimental form of [[alternative rock]]. Some tracks of their debut album ''[[Gauze (album)|Gauze]]'' an aw demonstrated a destinct [[pop muisic|pop]] appeal, which wis lairgely dropped in favor o a mair [[progressive rock|progressive]] soond on the follaein albums, ''[[Macabre (album)|Macabre]]'' an ''[[Kisou]]''. While up tae that point some sangs haed awready been mair fast-pacit, raw an aggressive than ithers, the baund's muisic teuk a decisive turn wi the release o the EP ''[[Six Ugly]]'', frae then on sportin mair [[hivy metal|metal]] influences in general. Dir En Grey's style haes syne gravitated towards [[riff]]s an [[sang structur (popular muisic)|sang structurs]] mair alang the lines o contemporary North American fusion genres, such as [[nu metal]] an [[metalcore]], though their album, ''[[Uroboros (album)|Uroboros]]'', sees them return tae the mair experimental an oriental soond o their earlier albums. Syne its release mony sources hae begun classifyin Dir En Grey as [[progressive metal]]. Kyo's singin is considered a pivotal aspect o the baund, an he haes gained recognition for his distinctive vocal wirk an for his lairge range an versatility, being able tae "houl, croon, emote cleanly, scream, shriek, groul, bellae, an mak nearly inhuman soonds",<ref name="amg_tmoab"/> and he has been compared favorably to singer and avant garde metal musician [[Mike Patton]].<ref name="allmusic">{{cite web|url={{Allmusic|class=album|id=r1441066/review|pure_url=yes}}|title=Uroboros > Review}} {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In their review o Uroboros, Sputnik Music says anerlie o Kyo's singin, "A challenge you tae fynd ane sangster in ony genre wi mair range than this guy."<ref name="sputnikmusic">{{cite web|url=http://www.sputnikmusic.com/review_27998|title=Dir En Grey - Uroboros Review|publisher=sputnikmusic}}</ref> Aw leerics are written bi Kyo an deal wi subjects such as society, mass media as well as sexual obsessions an love, uisually wi negative implications. The vocabulary varies frae subtle tae explicit an several sangs rely hivily on [[double entendre]]s an ither wirdplay, aften involvin the multiple meanins o a [[kanji]] character.<ref name="centigrade_translations">{{cite web |last = Stewart |first = Brian |coauthors = Sakuma, Takako |title = Lyrics translations with notes |work = centigrade-j.com |url = http://www.centigrade-j.com/translations/direngrey.htm |accessdate = 2007-08-07 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070324061146/http://www.centigrade-j.com/translations/direngrey.htm |archivedate = 2007-03-24 |url-status = live }}</ref> ==Members== The members o Dir En Grey are creditit wi their [[Given name|given]] or [[stage name]]s, wi the names o {{nihongo|Kyo|京}} an {{nihongo|Kaoru|薫}} uisually being written in kanji.<!--Please refrain from adding supposed birth names without presenting reliable sources (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:BLP).--> * [[Kyo (muisicker)|Kyo]] – [[Singin|vocals]] * [[Kaoru (muisiker)|Kaoru]] – [[guitar]], [[backin vocals]] * [[Die (muisicker)|Die]] – [[guitar]], [[backin vocals]] * [[Toshiya (muisicker)|Toshiya]] – [[Bass guitar|bass]], [[backin vocals]] * [[Shinya (muisicker)|Shinya]] – [[Drum kit|drums]] ==Discography== {{main|Dir En Grey discography}} ; Studio albums * ''[[Gauze (album)|Gauze]]'' (1999) * ''[[Macabre (album)|Macabre]]'' (2000) * ''[[Kisou]]'' (2002) * ''[[Vulgar (album)|Vulgar]]'' (2003) * ''[[Withering to Death.]]'' (2005) * ''[[The Marrow of a Bone]]'' (2007) * ''[[Uroboros (album)|Uroboros]]'' (2008) * ''[[Dum Spiro Spero (album)|Dum Spiro Spero]]'' (2011) * ''Arche'' (2014) * ''The Insulated World'' (2018) * ''Phalaris'' (2022) ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commonscat|Dir en grey}} * {{Official website|http://www.direngrey.co.jp}} * [http://www.facebook.com/direngreyofficial Offeecial Facebook] * [http://twitter.com/#!/DIRENGREY_web Offeecial Twitter] [[Category:Dir En Grey]] [[Category:Gan-Shin airtists]] [[Category:Sony Music Japan airtists]] [[Category:Visual kei muisical groups]] [[Category:Japanese alternative metal muisical groups]] [[Category:Japanese avant-garde metal muisical groups]] [[Category:Japanese daith metal muisical groups]] [[Category:Japanese metalcore muisical groups]] [[Category:Japanese nu metal muisical groups]] [[Category:Japanese progressive metal muisical groups]] [[Category:Muisical groups established in 1997]] [[Category:Muisical quintets]] 4eq09koktyssahcplmetcfhsis241zc 1 23935 927264 316097 2026-11-09T10:52:49Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin ref 927264 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talkpage}} {{Translatit page|en|Birmingham City F.C.|version=1381558607}} gicwiw53pbony9ubvo3k2awu2xdoi7d 0 32743 927085 855290 2026-11-08T22:37:43Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; unsoorced claims aboot livin fowk taen oot 927085 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Needs mair soorces}} {{Infobox person | name = Sussan Taunton | imagesize = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1970|2|13}} | birthname = Sussan Grace Taunton Thomas | birth_place = [[Image:Flag of Chile.svg|25px]] [[Santiago]], [[Chile]] | height = 1.73 m | spouse = Hector Soberon }} '''Sussan Taunton Thomas''' (born 13 Februar 1970) is a [[Chile]]an-[[Mexico|Mexican]] actress that is best kent for her roles in telenovelas.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 September 2011 |title=Sussan Taunton a la pantalla chica |url=https://www.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/noticia/2011/sussan-taunton-a-la-pantalla-chica.html |access-date=2024-08-19 |work=El Siglo de Torreón |language=es}}</ref> ==Biography== Taunton studied actin at Televisa's Centro de Educación Artística for ower three year, alang wi Jorge Salinas. She cam tae Mexico in 1988 an soon haed weel-kent roles in Televisa's maist important telenovelas. She haes makkit ower a hunder television adverts, an haes been the face o brands sic as Calvin Klein Latin America, Marinela (Bimbo) an Scribe, an o magazines sic as ''Vogue'' an ''¡Hola! México''. She haes performed in monie plays, maistly in Mexico an some in Chile, an wis nominatit for a Latin Grammy in 1995.{{fact}} In Julie 1999, on the late-nicht show ''Otro Rollo'' wi Adal Ramones, she said that she haed been kidnapped for ower twa month when she wis 12 year auld, in Durango in Mexico.{{fact}} ==Family== She haes twa dochters an fower brithers an sisters. ==Telenovelas== * ''El Milagro de vivir'' (1990) <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fotech.cl/teleseries/teleserie.php?id=60 |title=Milagro de Vivir, El - Teleseries Chilenas - Fotech.cl<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2012-03-30 |archive-date=2008-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218115113/http://www.fotech.cl/teleseries/teleserie.php?id=60 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * * ''La Picara Soñadora'' (1991) televeesion series * ''Magica Juventud'' (1992–1993) televeesion series ....Claudia * ''Volver a Empezar'' (1994) televeesion series ....Rita * ''El premio mayor'' (1995) televeesion series ....Déborah * ''Luz Clarita'' (1996–1997) televeesion series ....Erika * ''Camila'' (1998–1999) televeesion series * ''El niño que vino del mar'' (1999) televeesion series .... Bernardette * ''Cuando me enamoro (2010)'' televeesion series ... Luciana ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Taunton, Sussan}} [[Category:Chilean emigrants tae Mexico]] [[Category:Mexican televnovela actresses]] [[Category:Mexican televeesion actresses]] [[Category:Fowk frae Santiago]] 1oghidb7tmu10h93dnb9ghq6m5kqkf9 927087 927085 2026-11-08T22:37:54Z Monospaced 75295 927087 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Sussan Taunton | imagesize = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1970|2|13}} | birthname = Sussan Grace Taunton Thomas | birth_place = [[Image:Flag of Chile.svg|25px]] [[Santiago]], [[Chile]] | height = 1.73 m | spouse = Hector Soberon }} '''Sussan Taunton Thomas''' (born 13 Februar 1970) is a [[Chile]]an-[[Mexico|Mexican]] actress that is best kent for her roles in telenovelas.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 September 2011 |title=Sussan Taunton a la pantalla chica |url=https://www.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/noticia/2011/sussan-taunton-a-la-pantalla-chica.html |access-date=2024-08-19 |work=El Siglo de Torreón |language=es}}</ref> ==Biography== Taunton studied actin at Televisa's Centro de Educación Artística for ower three year, alang wi Jorge Salinas. She cam tae Mexico in 1988 an soon haed weel-kent roles in Televisa's maist important telenovelas. She haes makkit ower a hunder television adverts, an haes been the face o brands sic as Calvin Klein Latin America, Marinela (Bimbo) an Scribe, an o magazines sic as ''Vogue'' an ''¡Hola! México''. She haes performed in monie plays, maistly in Mexico an some in Chile, an wis nominatit for a Latin Grammy in 1995.{{fact}} In Julie 1999, on the late-nicht show ''Otro Rollo'' wi Adal Ramones, she said that she haed been kidnapped for ower twa month when she wis 12 year auld, in Durango in Mexico.{{fact}} ==Family== She haes twa dochters an fower brithers an sisters. ==Telenovelas== * ''El Milagro de vivir'' (1990) <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fotech.cl/teleseries/teleserie.php?id=60 |title=Milagro de Vivir, El - Teleseries Chilenas - Fotech.cl<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2012-03-30 |archive-date=2008-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218115113/http://www.fotech.cl/teleseries/teleserie.php?id=60 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * * ''La Picara Soñadora'' (1991) televeesion series * ''Magica Juventud'' (1992–1993) televeesion series ....Claudia * ''Volver a Empezar'' (1994) televeesion series ....Rita * ''El premio mayor'' (1995) televeesion series ....Déborah * ''Luz Clarita'' (1996–1997) televeesion series ....Erika * ''Camila'' (1998–1999) televeesion series * ''El niño que vino del mar'' (1999) televeesion series .... Bernardette * ''Cuando me enamoro (2010)'' televeesion series ... Luciana ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Taunton, Sussan}} [[Category:Chilean emigrants tae Mexico]] [[Category:Mexican televnovela actresses]] [[Category:Mexican televeesion actresses]] [[Category:Fowk frae Santiago]] q9ve547xh6iosdmg1hgcn6i6it5pfao 927100 927087 2026-11-08T22:41:59Z CiphriusKane 74958 Gien foo the feck o the airticle isna soorced, iss is warrantit still a hink 927100 wikitext text/x-wiki {{needs mair soorces}} {{Infobox person | name = Sussan Taunton | imagesize = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1970|2|13}} | birthname = Sussan Grace Taunton Thomas | birth_place = [[Image:Flag of Chile.svg|25px]] [[Santiago]], [[Chile]] | height = 1.73 m | spouse = Hector Soberon }} '''Sussan Taunton Thomas''' (born 13 Februar 1970) is a [[Chile]]an-[[Mexico|Mexican]] actress that is best kent for her roles in telenovelas.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 September 2011 |title=Sussan Taunton a la pantalla chica |url=https://www.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/noticia/2011/sussan-taunton-a-la-pantalla-chica.html |access-date=2024-08-19 |work=El Siglo de Torreón |language=es}}</ref> ==Biography== Taunton studied actin at Televisa's Centro de Educación Artística for ower three year, alang wi Jorge Salinas. She cam tae Mexico in 1988 an soon haed weel-kent roles in Televisa's maist important telenovelas. She haes makkit ower a hunder television adverts, an haes been the face o brands sic as Calvin Klein Latin America, Marinela (Bimbo) an Scribe, an o magazines sic as ''Vogue'' an ''¡Hola! México''. She haes performed in monie plays, maistly in Mexico an some in Chile, an wis nominatit for a Latin Grammy in 1995.{{fact}} In Julie 1999, on the late-nicht show ''Otro Rollo'' wi Adal Ramones, she said that she haed been kidnapped for ower twa month when she wis 12 year auld, in Durango in Mexico.{{fact}} ==Family== She haes twa dochters an fower brithers an sisters. ==Telenovelas== * ''El Milagro de vivir'' (1990) <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fotech.cl/teleseries/teleserie.php?id=60 |title=Milagro de Vivir, El - Teleseries Chilenas - Fotech.cl<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2012-03-30 |archive-date=2008-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218115113/http://www.fotech.cl/teleseries/teleserie.php?id=60 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * * ''La Picara Soñadora'' (1991) televeesion series * ''Magica Juventud'' (1992–1993) televeesion series ....Claudia * ''Volver a Empezar'' (1994) televeesion series ....Rita * ''El premio mayor'' (1995) televeesion series ....Déborah * ''Luz Clarita'' (1996–1997) televeesion series ....Erika * ''Camila'' (1998–1999) televeesion series * ''El niño que vino del mar'' (1999) televeesion series .... Bernardette * ''Cuando me enamoro (2010)'' televeesion series ... Luciana ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Taunton, Sussan}} [[Category:Chilean emigrants tae Mexico]] [[Category:Mexican televnovela actresses]] [[Category:Mexican televeesion actresses]] [[Category:Fowk frae Santiago]] 2qujpekko6np7gnqibm4z341jgveagk 927122 927100 2026-11-08T23:02:33Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927122 wikitext text/x-wiki {{needs mair soorces}} {{Infobox bodie | name = Sussan Taunton | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1970|2|13}} | birthname = Sussan Grace Taunton Thomas | birth_place = [[Santiago]], Chile | height = 1.73 m | spouse = Hector Soberon }} '''Sussan Taunton Thomas''' (born 13 Februar 1970) is a [[Chile]]an-[[Mexico|Mexican]] actress that is best kent for her roles in telenovelas.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 September 2011 |title=Sussan Taunton a la pantalla chica |url=https://www.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/noticia/2011/sussan-taunton-a-la-pantalla-chica.html |access-date=2024-08-19 |work=El Siglo de Torreón |language=es}}</ref> ==Biography== Taunton studied actin at Televisa's Centro de Educación Artística for ower three year, alang wi Jorge Salinas. She cam tae Mexico in 1988 an soon haed weel-kent roles in Televisa's maist important telenovelas. She haes makkit ower a hunder television adverts, an haes been the face o brands sic as Calvin Klein Latin America, Marinela (Bimbo) an Scribe, an o magazines sic as ''Vogue'' an ''¡Hola! México''. She haes performed in monie plays, maistly in Mexico an some in Chile, an wis nominatit for a Latin Grammy in 1995.{{fact}} In Julie 1999, on the late-nicht show ''Otro Rollo'' wi Adal Ramones, she said that she haed been kidnapped for ower twa month when she wis 12 year auld, in Durango in Mexico.{{fact}} ==Family== She haes twa dochters an fower brithers an sisters. ==Telenovelas== * ''El Milagro de vivir'' (1990) <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fotech.cl/teleseries/teleserie.php?id=60 |title=Milagro de Vivir, El - Teleseries Chilenas - Fotech.cl<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2012-03-30 |archive-date=2008-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218115113/http://www.fotech.cl/teleseries/teleserie.php?id=60 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * * ''La Picara Soñadora'' (1991) televeesion series * ''Magica Juventud'' (1992–1993) televeesion series ....Claudia * ''Volver a Empezar'' (1994) televeesion series ....Rita * ''El premio mayor'' (1995) televeesion series ....Déborah * ''Luz Clarita'' (1996–1997) televeesion series ....Erika * ''Camila'' (1998–1999) televeesion series * ''El niño que vino del mar'' (1999) televeesion series .... Bernardette * ''Cuando me enamoro (2010)'' televeesion series ... Luciana ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Taunton, Sussan}} [[Category:Chilean emigrants tae Mexico]] [[Category:Mexican televnovela actresses]] [[Category:Mexican televeesion actresses]] [[Category:Fowk frae Santiago]] n24ikcwbnb7rewsgt7q06a91e79uyky 0 33020 926726 900992 2026-11-08T15:56:32Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 926726 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist | <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | name = Alcest | image = Alcest.jpg | caption = Neige (Stéphane Paut) performin in a Alcest show in 2011. | image_size = | background = group_or_band | birth_name = | alias = | origin = [[Bagnols-sur-Cèze]], [[Fraunce]] | instrument = | genre = [[Shoegazing]]<ref>{{cite web |author=Jurek, Thom |title=''The Secret'' review |url=http://allmusic.com/album/le-secret-r2172227/review |publisher=[[Allmusic]] |accessdate=2012-01-05}} {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br>[[Black metal]] (early)<ref>{{cite web |author=True, Chris |title=Alcest biography |url=http://allmusic.com/artist/alcest-p979555/biography |publisher=[[Allmusic]] |accessdate=2012-01-05}}</ref> <!-- Please refrain from adding post-rock as a genre unless you can cite valid sources as to why Alcest is part of that genre of music! --> | occupation = | years_active = 2000–present | label = Drakkar Productions<br />Northern Silence Productions<br />[[Prophecy Productions]] | associated_acts = [[Peste Noire]] (2001-2005)<br />Phest (2003-2004)<br />Mortifera (2004-2006)<br />[[Amesoeurs]] (2004-2009) <br />[[Les Discrets]] (2009-present) | website = [http://www.alcest-music.com/ alcest-music.com] | current_members = Neige (2000-) <br/> Winterhalter (2009-) | past_members = Aegnor (2000-2001) <br /> Argoth (2000-2001) | notable_instruments = }} '''Alcest''' is a [[France|French]] muisical project frae [[Bagnols-sur-Cèze]], [[Fraunce]], foondit an lead bi Neige (Stéphane Paut).<ref name="Ratliff">Ratliff, Ben (2012) "[http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/15/arts/music/new-cds-from-jade-alston-jeremy-pelt-and-alcest.html Spooky Cathedrals and Twilight Moods]", ''[[New York Times]]'', 13 January 2012, retrieved 2012-02-13</ref> It began in 2000 as a black metal solo project bi Neige, suin a [[Trio (muisic)|trio]], but follaein the release o [[Tristesse Hivernale|their first demo]] in 2001, baund members Aegnor an Argoth left the baund, leavin Neige as the sole member. This marked a chynge in style, as Alcest's subsequent releases hae mair aften been describit as [[shoegazing]] mixin numerous rock an metal influences, includin black metal an [[post-metal]]. In 2009 Winterhalter frae [[Les Discrets]] joined Alcest as drummer, efter aicht years wi Neige as the sole full time member. == Concept == As a child, Neige haed experiences<ref>{{cite web | url=http://avantgarde-metal.com/content/stories2.php?id=202 | title=ALCEST : Transcending Human Boundaries. (Interview with Neige) | access-date=2012-04-12 | archive-date=2015-09-09 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909062800/http://avantgarde-metal.com/content/stories2.php?id=202 | url-status=dead }}</ref> o being in contact wi a "far aff kintra", which he generically refers tae as "Fairy Land". Alcest serves as the muisical adaptation o the memories frae this "itherwarld".<ref name="True" /><ref name="atmf.net">{{cite web | url=http://www.atmf.net/webzine/interview.php?id=2 | title=Interview with Neige for ATMF Webzine | accessdate=2007-07-06 | archive-date=2007-09-20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070920203624/http://www.atmf.net/webzine/interview.php?id=2 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Neige intends for Alcest tae be a journey for the listener tae this warld through his memories. This chynge in concept was first introduced on Le Secret. ''Souvenirs d'un autre monde'' will serve as a literal summation o the concept ahint the baund.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.todestrieb.co.uk/featured/Amesoeurs/ | title=Interview with Neige for Todestrieb Records | accessdate=2007-07-06 | archive-date=2007-10-08 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008082643/http://www.todestrieb.co.uk/featured/Amesoeurs/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> == Baund members == === Current members === * Neige - [[lead vocalist|vocals]], [[Guitar|guitars]], [[keybouids]] (2000-present), [[Bass guitar|bass]] (2001-present), [[drums]] (2007) * Winterhalter - drums, [[percussion]] (2009-present) === Live members === * Indria - bass * Zero - guitar, [[Backin vocalist|backin vocals]] === Past members === * Aegnor - lead guitar (2000-2001) * Argoth - bass (2000-2001) * Fursy Teyssier - bass (live member) == Discography == === Studio albums === *''[[Souvenirs d'un autre monde]]'' (2007) *''[[Écailles de Lune]]'' (2010) *''[[Les Voyages de l'Âme]]'' (2012) *''[[Shelter]]'' (2014) *''[[Kodama]]'' (2016) *''[[Spiritual Instinct]]'' (2019) *''Les Chants de l'Aurore'' (2024) === EPs === *''[[Le Secret]]'' (2005) *''[[Le Secret (Reissue)]]'' (2011) *''Protection EP'' (2019) === Split releases === *''[[Aux Funérailles du Monde.../Tristesse Hivernale]]'' wi Angmar (2007) *''[[Alcest / Les Discrets]]'' wi [[Les Discrets]] (2009) ===Demos=== *''[[Tristesse Hivernale]]'' (2001) === Singles === * ”Autre Temps” (2011) * ”Opale” (2013) * ”Protection” (2019) * ”Sapphire” (2019) === Music videos === * "Autre Temps" (2011) * "Les Voyages de l'Âme" (2012) * "Opale" (2013) * "Protection" (2019) * "Sapphire" (2019) ==Notes an references == {{reflist}} == Freemit airtins == *[http://www.alcest-music.com/ Offeecial Alcest wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110310124609/http://www.alcest-music.com/ |date=2011-03-10 }} *[http://www.rockline.it/interview229.html Interview with Neige] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20110722051957/http://www.rockline.it/interview229.html |date=2011-07-22 }} {{it}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Alcest}} [[Category:Shoegazing muisical groups]] [[Category:French black metal muisical groups]] [[Category:Muisical groups established in 2000]] 4yvov5pueyyc0bn9x3u2i3j7bf2av8d 10 33782 927048 725306 2026-11-08T22:27:51Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Mr.Murdoch78 flittit page [[Template:Infobox language]] til [[Template:Infobox leid]] ower reguidal 725306 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | bodyclass = vevent | bodystyle = {{#if:{{{boxsize|}}}|width: {{{boxsize}}};}} | abovestyle = font-size:130%; 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}}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul> }}}}}}}}}}}</div>}} | label10 = {{longitem|{{#if:{{{ancestor2|}}}|Early forms|Early form}}}} | data10 = {{#if:{{{protoname|}}}{{{ancestor|}}}|<div style="text-align:left;">{{{protoname|{{{ancestor|}}}}}} {{#if:{{{ancestor2|}}}|<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li>{{{ancestor2}}} {{#if:{{{ancestor3|}}}|<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li>{{{ancestor3}}} {{#if:{{{ancestor4|}}}|<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li>{{{ancestor4}}} {{#if:{{{ancestor5|}}}|<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li>{{{ancestor5}}} </li></ul>}} </li></ul>}} </li></ul>}} </li></ul>}} </div>}} | label11 = {{longitem|Staundart forms}} | data11 = 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1yyeymuirxqezofazj37ifej3et8vkp 0 36584 927192 926318 2026-11-09T09:38:16Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; brocht up tae date (22 majors, retiral 2024), soorced 927192 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox tennis biography |name = Rafael Nadal |fullname = Rafael Nadal Parera |image= Nadal Japan Open 2011.jpg |caption = Rafael Nadal in 2011 |country = {{flagicon|Spain}} Spain |nickname = ''Rafa''<br />''The King of Clay''<br />''The Matador''<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/sport/tennis/australian-open/the-man-from-majorca-breathes-the-sweet-scent-of-victory/2009/02/02/1233423135781.html |title=The man from Majorca breathes scent of victory | last=Niall | first=Jake | work=The Age | date=3 February 2009 | accessdate=5 April 2010 | location=Melbourne}}</ref> |residence = [[Manacor]], Majorca, [[Balearic Islands]], Spain |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1986|6|3}} |birth_place = Manacor, Majorca, Balearic Islands, Spain |height = 1.85 m (6&nbsp;ft 1&nbsp;in) |weight = {{convert|85|kg|lb st|abbr=on}} |turnedpro = 2001 |retired = 19 November 2024<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/rafael-nadal-retirement-longform-tribute|title=Rafael Nadal: The Warrior Next Door|date=19 November 2024|website=ATPTour|last=Schlecht|first=Neil Edward|access-date=20 November 2024|archive-date=19 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241119233212/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/rafael-nadal-retirement-longform-tribute|url-status=live}}</ref> |plays = Corrie-haundit (twa-haundit backhaund) |careerprizemoney = US$134,946,100<ref name="career-prize-money-leaders">{{cite web |title=ATP Prize Money Leaders|url=http://www.protennislive.com/posting/ramr/career_prize.pdf}}</ref> *<small>&nbsp;3rd&nbsp;aw-time&nbsp;leader&nbsp;in&nbsp;earnins</small> |singlesrecord = 1080–228 (82.6%) |singlestitles = 92 <small>(5t in the Open Era)</small> |highestsinglesranking = No. '''1''' (18 August 2008) |AustralianOpenresult = '''W''' (2009) |FrenchOpenresult = '''W''' (2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020) |Wimbledonresult = '''W''' (2008, 2010) |USOpenresult = '''W''' (2010, 2013, 2017, 2019) |Othertournaments = Aye |MastersCupresult = F (2010, 2013) |Olympicsresult = [[File:Gold medal.svg|20px]] '''Gold medal''' (2008) |doublesrecord = {{#property:P555}} |doublestitles = 11 |currentdoublesranking = |highestdoublesranking = No. 26 (8 August 2005) |grandslamsdoublesresults = Aye |AustralianOpenDoublesresult = 3R (2004, 2005) |WimbledonDoublesresult = 2R (2005) |USOpenDoublesresult = SF (2004) |OthertournamentsDoubles = Aye |OlympicsDoublesresult = [[File:Gold medal.svg|20px]] '''Gold medal''' (2016) |Team=yes |DavisCupresult = '''W''' (2004, 2008, 2009, 2011) | medaltemplates-expand = yes | medaltemplates = {{MedalCountry | {{ESP}} }} {{MedalSport|Men's Tennis}} {{MedalGold|[[2008 Simmer Olympics|2008 Beijing]]|Singles}} {{MedalGold|[[2016 Simmer Olympics|2016 Rio de Janeiro]]|Doobles}} }} '''Rafael''' "'''Rafa'''" '''Nadal Parera''' ({{IPA-ca|rəfəˈɛɫ nəˈðaɫ pəˈɾeɾə|lang}}, {{IPA-es|rafaˈel naˈðal paˈɾeɾa|lang}}; born 3 Juin 1986) is a Spaingie umwhile professional [[tennis]] player. He wis rankit warld No. 1 in men's singles bi the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) for 209 weeks, an feenished as year-end No. 1 five times. Nadal wan 92 ATP Tour singles titles, amang thaim 22 major titles, includin a record 14 French Open titles, as weel as 36 Masters titles an twa Olympic gowd medals. He is ane o three men tae complete the career Golden Slam in singles. He is widely regardit as ane o the greatest [[clay court]] player in history{{efn|See<ref name="TIME Why Djoikovic's">{{cite news |last=Dodds |first=Eric |title=Why Djokovic’s French Open Loss Is A Win for Men’s Tennis |url=http://keepingscore.blogs.time.com/2013/06/07/why-djokovics-french-open-loss-is-a-win-for-mens-tennis/ |accessdate=11 June 2013 |work=Time |date=7 June 2013 |archive-date=2013-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130610014527/http://keepingscore.blogs.time.com/2013/06/07/why-djokovics-french-open-loss-is-a-win-for-mens-tennis/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="LA Times Rafael Nadal wins record eighth">{{cite news |last=Chu |first=Henry |title=Rafael Nadal wins a record eig"hth French Open tennis title |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2013/jun/09/sports/la-sp-french-open-men-20130610 |accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=9 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu The king and his court">{{cite news |title=The king and his court |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/the-king-and-his-court/article4801157.ece |accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=11 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="SB Nation French Open results 2013">{{cite news |last=Rothstein |first=Ethan |title=French Open results 2013: Rafael Nadal advances to final with 5-set victory over Novak Djokovic |url=http://www.sbnation.com/tennis/2013/6/7/4405760/french-open-tennis-2013-results-scores-roland-garros-novak-djokovic-rafael-nadal-semifinal |accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=SB Nation |date=7 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="NY Times Nadal Embraces History">{{cite news |last=Bishop |first=Greg |title=Nadal Embraces History With a Record Seventh Title on the Clay of Roland Garros |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/12/sports/tennis/nadal-finishes-off-djokovic-for-seventh-french-open-title.html?_r=1&ref=tennis |accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=11 June 2012}}</ref>}} an wis nicknamed "The King of Clay."{{efn|See<ref name="Plain Dealer King of Clay">{{cite news |title='King of Clay' Rafael Nadal outlasts Novak Djokovic in stirring French Open semifinal |url=http://www.cleveland.com/sports/index.ssf/2013/06/king_of_clay_rafael_nadal_outl.html |accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |date=7 June 2013 |agency=Associated Press}}</ref><ref name="LA Times French Open 2013">{{cite news |last=McMahon |first=James| title=French Open 2013: Breaking Down Why Rafael Nadal is so Dominant on Clay |url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1666425-french-open-2013-breaking-down-why-rafael-nadal-is-so-dominant-on-clay |accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=8 June 2013|agency=Bleacher Report}}</ref><ref name="NBC Sports Nadal Shakes Off">{{cite news |last=Sarkar |first=Pritha |title=Nadal Shakes Off Protessters, Ferrer to Win French Open |url=http://www.nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/52148421 |accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=NBC Sports |date=9 June 2013 |agency=Reuters |archive-date=2013-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612103854/http://www.nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/52148421 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="USA Today Nadal takes down Djokovic">{{cite news |last=Robson |first=Douglas |title=Nadal takes down Djokovic, reaches French Open final |url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/tennis/2013/06/07/rafael-nadal-novak-djokovic-french-open-mens-semifinals/2400029/|accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=USA Today |date=7 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="Boston Herald Rafael Nadal overcomes">{{cite news |title=Rafael Nadal overcomes doubts to win 8th French title |url=http://bostonherald.com/sports/other/tennis/2013/06/rafael_nadal_overcomes_doubts_to_win_8th_french_title |accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=Boston Herald |date=10 June 2013 |agency=Associated Press |archive-date=2013-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108192340/http://bostonherald.com/sports/other/tennis/2013/06/rafael_nadal_overcomes_doubts_to_win_8th_french_title |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Fox Sports Nadal roars back">{{cite news |last=Evans |first=Richard |title=Nadal roars back to King of Clay throne |url=http://msn.foxsports.com/tennis/story/rafael-nadal-retakes-king-of-clay-title-with-french-open-win-060610 |accessdate=11 June 2013 |work=Fox Sports |date=6 June 2010 |archive-date=2010-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704182501/http://msn.foxsports.com/tennis/story/rafael-nadal-retakes-king-of-clay-title-with-french-open-win-060610 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} His growth intae a threat on aw surfaces established him as ane o the greatest players in tennis,{{efn|See<ref name="Atlantic Greatest Mens' Tennis Player">{{cite news |last=St. John |first=Allen |title=The Greatest Men's Tennis Player of All Time Is at the French Open |url=http://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2012/06/the-greatest-mens-tennis-player-of-all-time-is-at-the-french-open/258262/|accessdate=11 June 2013|newspaper=The Atlantic|date=7 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="LA Times Where Rafael Nadal Fits">{{cite news |last=Eckstein |first=Jeremy |title=Where Rafael Nadal Fits in the Greatest of All Time Debate |url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1666069-whose-legacy-is-greatest-rafael-nadal-roger-federer-or-pete-sampras |accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=9 June 2013 |agency=Bleacher Report}}</ref><ref name="HuffPost Could Rafa Nadal Be the Greatest">{{cite news |last=Goldring |first=Fred |title=Could Rafa Nadal Be the Greatest Tennis Player of All Time? |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/fred-goldring/nadal-french-_b_871946.html |accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=Huffington Post |date=6 June 2011}}</ref><ref name="WP Who's the best">{{cite news |last=Bowen |first=Fred |title=Who's the best tennis player of all time? |url=http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2011-08-31/lifestyle/35270499_1_tennis-player-bjorn-borg-roy-emerson |accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=31 August 2011 |archive-date=2013-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613014812/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2011-08-31/lifestyle/35270499_1_tennis-player-bjorn-borg-roy-emerson |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Business Insider Rafael Nadal is Challenging">{{cite news |last=Gaines |first=Cork |title=Rafael Nadal Is Challenging Roger Federer for the Title Of 'Greatest of All Time'|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/chart-why-rafael-nadal-is-making-case-as-the-greatest-of-all-time-2013-6 |accessdate=11 June 2013 |work=Business Insider |date=10 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="Chattanooga Nadal may now argue">{{cite news |last=Wiedmer |first=Mark |title=Wiedmer: Nadal may now argue for best ever |url=http://timesfreepress.com/news/2013/jun/10/nadal-may-now-argue-for-best-ever/ |accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=Chattanooga Times Free Press |date=10 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="ESPN Becker questions">{{cite news |last=Palmer |first=Kevin |title=Becker questions whether Federer is greatest ever |url=http://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/177649.html |accessdate=11 June 2013 |publisher=ESPN |date=4 November 2012 |archive-date=2013-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105222423/http://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/177649.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Fox Sports">{{cite news |title=Roger Federer is greatest player of all time says Australian tennis legend Rod Laver |url=http://www.foxsports.com.au/tennis/roger-federer-is-greatest-player-of-all-time-says-australian-tennis-legend-rod-laver/story-e6frf4mu-1226418545853#.UbdoXpwQNxV |accessdate=11 June 2013 |work=Fox Sports |date=6 July 2012}}</ref>}} wi some considering Nadal tae be the greatest player o aw time.<ref name="ftw.usatoday.com">{{cite news |last=Chase |first=Chris |url=http://ftw.usatoday.com/2014/01/roger-federer-rafael-nadal-australian-open/ |title=Roger Federer just made Rafael Nadal's case for greatest of all time |work=USA Today |date=24 January 2014 |accessdate=16 June 2014 |archive-date=2017-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211161047/http://ftw.usatoday.com/2014/01/roger-federer-rafael-nadal-australian-open |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Heveldt |first1=Guy |last2=Walker |first2=Nick |last3=Smith |first3=Elliott |title=Tennis: Nadal will overtake Federer - Sampras |url=http://www.newstalkzb.co.nz/auckland/news/spten/299691324-tennis--nadal-will-overtake-federer---sampras |work=Newstalk ZB |date=26 January 2014 |accessdate=24 June 2014 |archive-date=2014-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020025909/http://www.newstalkzb.co.nz/auckland/news/spten/299691324-tennis--nadal-will-overtake-federer---sampras |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Andre Agassi picks Rafael Nadal ahead of Roger Federer as tennis's greatest all-time player |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/rafaelnadal/10816170/Andre-Agassi-picks-Rafael-Nadal-ahead-of-Roger-Federer-as-tenniss-greatest-all-time-player.html |accessdate=8 June 2014 |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |date=8 May 2014}}</ref> For near twa decades Nadal wis a leadin figure in men's tennis alangside [[Roger Federer]] an [[Novak Djokovic]], the "Big Three". Early in his career he wis ane o the maist successfu teenagers in ATP Tour history, reachin No. 2 in the warld an winnin 16 titles afore he turned 20, includin his first major title at the 2005 French Open. He becam warld No. 1 for the first time in 2008 efter beatin Federer in a historic Wimbledon final, his first major off clay, an follaed it wi Olympic singles gowd at the 2008 Beijing Olympics. Bi beatin Djokovic in the 2010 US Open final, he becam the youngest man in the Open Era at the time tae complete a career Grand Slam, at 24. Nadal wan major singles titles in 10 year in a raw frae 2005 tae 2014, an again ilka year frae 2017 tae 2020. He wan 11 doubles titles an aw, includin an Olympic gowd medal at the 2016 Rio Olympics. At the 2022 Australian Open he brak his joint record wi Djokovic an Federer for the maist Grand Slam men's singles titles. He wis a member o the winnin [[Spain Davis Cup team]] five times, an he wis nemmed the [[Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsman of the Year|Laureus World Sportsman of the Year]] in 2011 an 2021.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.laureus.com/awards/2011|title=Awards 2011|publisher=Laureus World Sports Awards|accessdate=13 August 2014|archive-date=2015-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701234042/http://www.laureus.com/awards/2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> He retired efter playin for Spain at the 2024 Davis Cup Finals. Bi 2015 Nadal haed wan a record 28 ATP World Tour Masters 1000 titles at the time.<ref name="ESPN Cinc">{{cite news |title=Nadal captures Cincinnati crown |url=http://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/231081.html |accessdate=19 July 2014 |work=ESPN |date=18 August 2013 |archive-date=2015-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110093810/http://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/231081.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Tworld Cinc">{{cite web|url=http://www.tennisworldusa.org/Rafael-Nadal-beats-Isner-to-win-26th-Masters-1000-title-in-Cincinnati-articolo12228.html |title=Rafael Nadal beats Isner to win 26th Masters 1000 title in Cincinnati |publisher=Tennisworldusa.org |date=18 August 2013 |accessdate=31 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite news |title=Rafael Nadal wins Madrid Masters after Kei Nishikori retires |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/27368033 |work=BBC Sport |date=11 May 2014 |accessdate=24 June 2014}}</ref> In 2014 he an Mats Wilander war the anly twa male players in history that haed wan at least twa Grand Slam titles on three different surfaces: haurd court, gress an clay.<ref name=surface>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/09/36-US-Open-Week-2/US-Open-Monday-Final-Nadal-Completes-Career-Slam.aspx|title=US Open Final - Nadal Completes Career Grand Slam - Tennis - ATP World Tour|work=ATP World Tour}}</ref> Bi winnin the 2014 French Open, Nadal becam the first male player tae win a single Grand Slam tournament nine times, an the first tae win at least ae Grand Slam tournament ten year in a raw, brakkin the record o aicht year in a raw that wis shared bi [[Björn Borg]], [[Pete Sampras]] an [[Roger Federer]]. In 2012 he set the record for the maist titles in a raw at a particular tournament, winnin his echt straucht Monte-Carlo Masters. ==Early life== Rafael Nadal wis born in [[Manacor]], Balearic Islands, Spain, tae Sebastián Nadal, a businessman that ains an insurance company, a gless an windae company, Vidres Mallorca, an manages his ain restaurant, Sa Punta. His mither is Ana María Parera, a housewife. He haes a younger sister named María Isabel. His uncle, Miguel Ángel Nadal, is a retired professional [[association fitbaw|footballer]], that played for [[RCD Mallorca]], [[FC Barcelona]], an the [[Spain naitional fitbaw team|Spanish naitional team]].<ref name="times">{{cite news | first=Christopher | last=Clarey | title=Rafael Nadal, Barely 19, He's Got Game, Looks and Remarkably Good Manners | date=6 June 2005 | work=[[The New York Times]] | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/06/sports/tennis/06nadal.html|accessdate=5 April 2010}}</ref> Nadal supports football clubs [[Real Madrid]] an RCD Mallorca.<ref>{{cite news | title=Sportsround meets Rafael Nadal | date=11 November 2006 | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/newsid_6130000/newsid_6135900/6135996.stm |publisher=BBC Sports | accessdate =6 April 2010}}</ref> Recognizing that Nadal haed a naitural talent for tennis, anither uncle, [[Toni Nadal]], a umwhile professional tennis player, introduced him tae tennis whan he wis three year auld.<ref name="Rajaraman">{{cite web|url=http://www.insidetennis.com/archive/0608_french_open_nadal.html|first=Aarthi|last=Rajaraman|title=At Home with Humble yet Ambitious Nadal|date=1 June 2008|work=Inside Tennis|accessdate=5 April 2010|archive-date=2010-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609141023/http://www.insidetennis.com/archive/0608_french_open_nadal.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> At age aicht, Nadal won an unner-12 regional tennis championship at a time whan he wis an aa a promising football player.<ref name="timesonline">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/article708386.ece|title=The Big Interview: Rafael Nadal|work=The Sunday Times|date=23 April 2006|first=Alison|last=Kervin|accessdate=5 April 2010|location=London|archive-date=2011-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907070717/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/article708386.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref> This pushed Toni Nadal tae intensify training, an at that time he encouraged Nadal tae play left-handed for a naitural advantage on the tennis court, as he noticed Nadal played forehand shots wi twa haunds.<ref name="timesonline"/> This mey be due tae the fact he is ambidextrous, playin tennis wi his left haund, an writing wi his right.<ref>{{cite news | title = Rafael Nadal | url = http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Rafael-Nadal.aspx | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150602193546/http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Rafael-Nadal.aspx | archivedate = 2015-06-02 | publisher = ATP | accessdate = 22 February 2014 | url-status = bot: unknown }}</ref> When Nadal wis 12, he won the Spanish an European tennis teetles in his age group an wis playin tennis an football aw the time.<ref name="timesonline"/> Nadal's faither gart him choose atween football an tennis sae that his schuil wirk wad nae deteriorate entirely. Nadal said: "I chose tennis. Football had to stop straight away."<ref name="timesonline"/> When he wis 14, the Spanish tennis federation requestit that he leave Mallorca an muive tae [[Barcelona]] tae continue his tennis training. Nadal's faimily turned doun this request, partly acause thay feared it wad hurt his eddication,<ref name="timesonline"/> but an aa acause Toni said that "I don't want to believe that you have to go to America, or other places to be a good athlete. You can do it from your home."<ref name="Rajaraman"/> The decision tae stay hame meant that Nadal received less financial support frae the federation; insteid, Nadal's faither covered the costs. In Mey 2001, he defeatit umwhile Grand Slam tournament champion Pat Cash in a clay-court exhibition match.<ref name="times"/> Nadal turned professional at the age o 15,<ref name="rafarenaissance">{{cite news|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/DEUCE-Tennis/DEUCE-May-2010/Rafael-Nadal.aspx |title=The Rafa Renaissance | work=atpworldtour | first=Joel | last=Drucker | date=18 May 2010}}</ref> an participatit in twa events on the [[International Tennis Federation|ITF]] junior circuit. In 2002, at the age o 16, Nadal reached the semifeenals o the Boy's Singles tournament at Wimbledon, in his first ITF junior event.<ref name="ITFTennis">{{cite web|url=http://www.itftennis.com/juniors/players/player/profile.aspx?playerid=100007935|title=ITF Tennis – Juniors – Player Activity|accessdate=15 June 2012|archive-date=2013-07-19|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6IET2x3WX?url=http://www.itftennis.com/juniors/players/player/profile.aspx?playerid=100007935|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bi the age o 17, he beat [[Roger Federer]] the first time thay played an acame the youngest man tae reach the third roond at Wimbledon syne [[Boris Becker]]. At 18, he helped pace Spain ower the US in the junior [[Davis Cup]] in his second, an feenal, appearance on the ITF junior circuit. At 19, Nadal won the French Open the first time he played it, a feat nae accomplished in Paris for mair nor 20 years. He eventually won it the first fower times he played at Roland Garros.<ref name="rafarenaissance"/> In 2003, he haed won the ATP Newcomer of the Year Award. Early in his career, Nadal acame kent for his habit o bitin the trophies he won.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1653408,00.html |title=10 Questions for Rafael Nadal |accessdate=14 September 2010 |work=Time |first=Nathan |last=Thornburgh |date=15 August 2007 |archive-date=2013-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812171900/http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1653408,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Tennis career== ===2002–2004=== In Aprile 2002, at 15 years an 10 month, the warld No. 762 Nadal won his first [[Association of Tennis Professionals|ATP]] match, defeatin Ramón Delgado, an acame the ninth player in the [[Open Era]] tae dae sae afore the age o 16.<ref name="Tennis.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.tennis.com/features/general/features.aspx?id=10488 |title=Wimbledon 2006: The Duel |last=Tignor |first=Stephen |date=20 June 2006 |work=Tennis Magazine |accessdate=8 November 2008 |archive-date=2013-07-19 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6IET4ENJL?url=http://www.tennis.com/players-rankings/features/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The follaein year, Nadal won twa Challenger teetles an finished the year in the tap 50. At his Wimbledon debut in 2003, Nadal acame the youngest man tae reach the third roond syne [[Boris Becker]] in 1984.<ref>{{cite news | first=Christopher | last=Clarey |title=Wimbledon Tennis: An unusual comfort zone | date=26 June 2003 | url =http://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/26/sports/26iht-tennis_ed3__12.html | work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=5 April 2010}}</ref> Nadal reached the third roond o the 2004 Australian Open whaur he lost in three sets against Australian Lleyton Hewitt. Interestingly, haed he won, he wad hae faced Roger Federer in the next roond.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2004-01-24/hewitt-sets-up-federer-clash/124708 |title=Hewitt sets up Federer clash |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|accessdate=24 November 2012}}</ref> Later that year, Nadal played his first match against warld No. 1 Roger Federer at the 2004 Miami Masters, an won in straucht sets, afore losin tae [[Fernando González]] in the fowert roond. He wis ane o the sax players that defeatit Federer that year (alang wi Tim Henman, Albert Costa, Gustavo Kuerten, Dominik Hrbatý, an [[Tomáš Berdych]]). He missed maist o the clay court saison, includin the French Open, acause o a stress fracture in his left ankle.<ref name="times"/> Nadal, at 18 years an sax month, acame the youngest player tae register a singles veectory in a [[Davis Cup]] feenal for a winning naition.<ref name="telenadkno1">{{cite news | first=Emily | last=Benammar | title=Rafael Nadal: All you need to know | date=8 July 2008 | url =http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/atptour/2305040/Rafael-Nadal-All-you-need-to-know.html | work=The Daily Telegraph | accessdate =5 April 2010 | location=London}}</ref> Bi beatin warld No. 2 [[Andy Roddick]], he helped Spain clinch the 2004 teetle ower the Unitit States in a 3–2 win. He finished the year rankit warld No. 51. ===2005: First Grand Slam title=== At the 2005 Australian Open, Nadal lost in the fowert roond tae eventual runner-up Lleyton Hewitt. Twa month later, Nadal reached the feenal o the 2005 Miami Masters, an despite bein twa pynts frae a straucht-sets veectory, he wis defeatit in five sets bi warld No. 1 Roger Federer. Baith performances war considered tae be breakthroughs for Nadal.<ref>{{cite news | title=Brave Hewitt battles past Nadal | date=24 January 2005 | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4200919.stm |publisher=BBC Sports | accessdate =6 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Nadal proves to be the real deal | date=5 April 2005 | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/4412667.stm |publisher=BBC Sports | accessdate =6 April 2010}}</ref> He then dominatit the spring clay court saison. He won 24 consecutive singles matches, which broke [[Andre Agassi]]'s Open Era record o consecutive match wins for a male teenager.<ref>{{cite news | title=Teen Nadal gives Spain reign over French Open | date=5 June 2006 | url =http://www.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/french/2005-06-05-day-14_x.htm | agency=Associated Press |work=USA Today | accessdate =6 April 2010}}</ref> Nadal won the Torneo Conde de Godó in Barcelona an beat 2004 French Open runner-up Guillermo Coria in the feenals o the 2005 Monte Carlo Masters an the 2005 Rome Masters. Thir victories raised his ranking tae warld No. 5<ref name="ranking2005">{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Rafael-Nadal.aspx?t=rh |title=ATP Rankings History: Rafael Nadal |accessdate=6 April 2010 |publisher=ATP Tour }}</ref> an pit him amang the favourites at his career-first French Open. On his 19t birthday, Nadal defeatit Federer in the 2005 French Open semifeenals, bein ane o anly fower players that defeatit the tap-seedit player that year (alang wi [[Marat Safin]], Richard Gasquet, an David Nalbandian). Twa days later, he defeatit Mariano Puerta in the feenal, acomin the second male player efter Mats Wilander tae win the French Open on his first attempt. He an aa acame the first teenager tae win a Grand Slam singles teetle syne [[Pete Sampras]] won the 1990 US Open at age 19.<ref name="times"/> Winning the French Open improved Nadal's ranking tae warld No. 3.<ref name="ranking2005"/> Three days efter his veectory in Paris, Nadal's 24-match winning streak wis snapped in the first roond o the grass coort Gerry Weber Open in Halle, Germany, whaur he lost tae the German Alexander Waske.<ref>{{cite news | title=Waske snaps Nadal's winning streak | date=10 June 2005 | url =http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/sport/archives/2005/06/10/2003258798 | agency=Associated Press | accessdate =6 April 2010}}</ref> He then lost in the second roond o 2005 Wimbledon tae Gilles Müller o Luxembourg. Immediately efter Wimbledon, Nadal won 16 consecutive matches an three consecutive tournaments, bringin his ranking tae warld No. 2 on 25 Julie 2005. Nadal stairtit his North American summer haurd-court saison bi defeatin Agassi in the feenal o the 2005 Canada Masters, but lost in the first roond o the 2005 Cincinnati Masters. Nadal wis seedit second at the 2005 US Open, whaur he wis upset in the third roond bi warld No. 49 James Blake in fower sets. In September, he defeatit Coria in the feenal o the China Open in Beijing an won baith o his [[Davis Cup]] matches against Italy. In October, he won his fowert ATP Masters Series teetle o the year, defeatin Ivan Ljubičić in the feenal o the 2005 Madrid Masters. He then suffered a fit injury that preventit him frae competin in the year-endin Tennis Masters Cup.<ref>{{cite news | first=Julian | last=Linden | title=Foot injury delays Rafael Nadal's comeback | date=5 January 2006 | url =http://www.rediff.com/sports/2006/jan/05nadal.htm | agency=Reuters| accessdate =6 April 2010}}</ref> Baith Nadal an Federer won eleven singles teetles an fower ATP Masters Series teetles in 2005. Nadal broke Mats Wilander's previous teenage record o nine in 1983.<ref name=2005eleven>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/tennis/1/en/2008news/nadal_newno1.asp|title=Rafael Nadal No. 1 Tribute|accessdate=7 July 2009|date=18 August 2008|work=ATP World Tour}}{{Dead link|date=April 2010}}</ref> Nine o Nadal's teetles war on clay, an the remainder war on haurd courts. Nadal won 79 matches, second anly tae Federer's 81. Nadal won the Golden Bagel Award for 2005, wi eleven 6–0 sets during the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sidespinproductions.com/news9.php |title=Nadal Grabs the Golden Bagel |accessdate=6 April 2010 |date=11 December 2005 |publisher=SideSpin Productions }}</ref> An aa, he earned the heichest year-end ranking ever bi a Spaniard an the ATP Maist Improved Player o the Year award. ===2006: Second French Open title=== Nadal missed the Australian Open acause o a fit injury.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4561684.stm|title=Champion Safin out of Aussie Open|work=BBC Sport|date=10 January 2006|accessdate=13 November 2008}}</ref> In Februar, he lost in the semifeenals o the first tournament he played, the Open 13 tournament in [[Marseille]], Fraunce. Twa weeks later, he handed Roger Federer his first loss o the year in the feenal o the Dubai Duty Free Men's Open (in 2006, Rafael Nadal an [[Andy Murray]] war the anly twa men that defeatit Federer). Tae complete the spring haurd-court saison, Nadal wis upset in the semifeenals o the Pacific Life Open in Indian Wells, California, bi James Blake, an wis upset in the second roond o the 2006 Miami Masters. On European [[clay court|clay]], Nadal won aw fower tournaments he entered an 24 consecutive matches. He defeatit Federer in the feenal o the Masters Series Monte Carlo in fower sets. The follaein week, he defeatit [[Tommy Robredo]] in the feenal o the Open Sabadell Atlántico tournament in [[Barcelona]]. Efter a ane-week break, Nadal won the Masters Series Internazionali BNL d'Italia in Rome, defeatin Federer in a fift-set tiebreaker in the feenal, efter saving twa match pynts an equaling [[Björn Borg]]'s tally o 16 ATP teetles won as a teenager. Nadal broke Argentinian Guillermo Vilas's 29-year male record o 53 consecutive clay-court match victories bi winning his first roond match at the French Open. Vilas presentit Nadal wi a trophy, but commentit later that Nadal's feat wis less impressive than his ain acause Nadal's winning streak covered twa years an wis accomplished bi adding easy tournaments tae his schedule.<ref>{{cite web| first=Greg | last=Garber | title=With Vilas in stands, Nadal makes history | date=31 May 2006 | url =http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/french06/news/story?id=2462389&lpos=spotlight&lid=tab4pos1 | work=ESPN Tennis/French06|publisher=ESPN |accessdate=13 November 2008}}</ref> Nadal went on tae play Federer in the feenal o the French Open. The first twa sets o the match war hardly competitive, as the rivals traded 6–1 sets. Nadal won the third set easily an served for the match in the fowert set afore Federer broke him an forced a tiebreaker. Nadal won the tiebreaker an acame the first player tae defeat Federer in a Grand Slam tournament feenal.<ref>{{cite web| first=Greg | last=Garber | title=Roger's reign on hold with Nadal's dominance | date=12 June 2006 | work=ESPN Tennis/French06|publisher=ESPN | url =http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/french06/news/story?id=2479425 | accessdate =13 November 2008 }}</ref> [[File:Image-Nadal photographié-cropped.jpg|thumb|left|upright|2006 [[French Open|Roland Garros]] champion]] Nadal injured his shouder while playin a quarterfeenal match against Lleyton Hewitt at the Artois Championships, played on grass at the Queen's Club in Lunnon.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D03EEDA1131F934A25755C0A9609C8B63|title=Shoulder Forces Nadal To Quit London Match|date=17 June 2006|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=13 November 2008}}</ref> Nadal wis unable tae complete the match, which ended his 26-match winning streak. Nadal wis seedit second at Wimbledon, but wis twa pynts frae defeat against American qualifier Robert Kendrick in the second roond afore coming back tae win in five sets. In the third roond, Nadal defeatit warld No. 20 [[Andre Agassi]] in straucht sets at Agassi's last career match at Wimbledon. Nadal an aa won his next three matches in straucht sets, which set up his first Wimbledon feenal, which wis against Federer, that haed won this tournament the three previous years. Nadal wis the first Spanish man syne Manuel Santana in 1966, tae reach the Wimbledon feenal, but Federer won the match in fower sets tae win his fowert consecutive Wimbledon teetle. During the lead up tae the US Open, Nadal played the twa Masters Series tournaments in North Americae. He wis upset in the third roond o the Rogers Cup in Toronto an the quarterfeenals o the Western & Southern Financial Group Masters in [[Cincinnati]]. Nadal wis seedit second at the US Open, but lost in the quarterfeenals tae warld No. 54 Mikhail Youzhny o Roushie in fower sets. Nadal played anly three tournaments the remainder o the year. Joachim Johansson, rankit warld No. 690, upset Nadal in the second roond o the Stockholm Open. The follaein week, Nadal lost tae [[Tomáš Berdych]] in the quarterfeenals o the year's last Masters Series tournament, the Mutua Madrileña Masters in Madrid. During the roond-robin stage o the year-endin Tennis Masters Cup, Nadal lost tae James Blake but defeatit Nikolay Davydenko an Robredo. Acause o thae twa victories, Nadal qualified for the semifeenals, whaur he lost tae Federer. This wis Nadal's third loss in nine career matches wi Federer. Nadal went on tae acome the first player syne [[Andre Agassi]] in 1994–95 tae finish the year as the warld No. 2 in consecutive years. ===2007: Third French Open title=== {{Main|2007 Rafael Nadal tennis season}} Nadal stairtit the year bi playin in sax haurd-court tournaments. He lost in the semifeenals an first roond o his first twa tournaments an then lost in the quarterfeenals o the Australian Open tae eventual runner-up [[Fernando González]]. Efter anither quarterfeenal loss at the Dubai Tennis Championships, he won the 2007 Indian Wells Masters, afore [[Novak Djoković]] defeatit him in the quarterfeenals o the 2007 Miami Masters. He haed comparatively mair success efter returning tae Europe tae play five clay-court tournaments. He won the teetles at the Masters Series Monte Carlo, the Open Sabadell Atlántico in Barcelona, an the Masters Series Internazionali BNL d'Italia in Rome, afore losin tae Roger Federer in the feenal o the Masters Series Hamburg. This defeat ended his 81-match winning streak on clay, which is the male Open Era record for consecutive wins on a single surface. He then rebounded tae win the French Open for the third straucht year, defeatin Federer ance again in the feenal. Atween the tournaments in Barcelona an Rome, Nadal defeatit Federer in the "Battle o Surfaces" exhibeetion match in Mallorca, Spain, wi the tennis court bein hauf grass an hauf clay.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thebattleofsurfaces.com/ |title=The Battle of Surfaces |accessdate=4 April 2007 |archive-date=2019-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124221707/http://www.thebattleofsurfaces.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nadal played the Artois Championships at the Queen's Club in Lunnon for the second consecutive year. As in 2006, Nadal wis upset in the quarterfeenals. Nadal then won consecutive five-set matches during the third an fowert roonds o Wimbledon afore bein beaten bi Federer in the five-set feenal. This wis Federer's first five-set match at Wimbledon syne 2001.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6280788.stm|title=Wimbledon 2007|publisher=BBC Sport |first=Caroline|last=Cheese|date=7 July 2007|accessdate=13 November 2008}}</ref> In Julie, Nadal won the clay court Mercedes Cup in [[Stuttgart]], which proved tae be his last teetle o the year. He played three important tournaments during the North American summer haurd court saison. He wis a semifeenaleet at the Masters Series Rogers Cup in Montreal afore losin his first match at the Western & Southern Financial Group Masters in [[Cincinnati]]. He wis the second-seedit player at the US Open, but wis defeatit in the fowert roond bi David Ferrer. Efter a month-lang break frae tournament tennis, Nadal played the Mutua Madrileña Masters in Madrid an the BNP Paribas Masters in Paris. David Nalbandian upset him in the quarterfeenals an feenal o thae tournaments. Tae end the year, Nadal won twa o his three roond robin matches tae advance tae the semifeenals o the Tennis Masters Cup in Shanghai, whaur Federer defeatit him in straucht sets. During the second hauf o the year, Nadal battled a knee injury suffered during the Wimbledon feenal. In addition, thare war rumors at the end o the year that the fit injury he suffered during 2005, caused lang-term damage, which war gien credence bi coach [[Toni Nadal]]'s claim that the problem wis "serious". Nadal an his spokesman strangly denied this, houiver, wi Nadal himsel calling the story "totally false".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7117076.stm|title=Nadal plays down foot injury fear |work=BBC Sport Tennis|first=Piers|last= Newbury|date=28 November 2007|accessdate =11 February 2009 }}</ref> ===2008: French Open, Wimbledon, Olympic gowd an warld No. 1=== {{Main|2008 Rafael Nadal tennis season}} Nadal began the year in Indie, whaur he wis comprehensively beaten bi Mikhail Youzhny in the feenal o the Chennai Open. Nadal then reached the semifeenals o the Australian Open for the first time. [[Jo-Wilfried Tsonga]] defeatit Nadal in the semifeenal o 2008 Australian Open. Nadal an aa reached the feenal o the Miami Masters for the second time. During the spring clay-court saison, Nadal won fower singles teetles an defeatit Roger Federer in three feenals. He beat Federer at the Masters Series Monte Carlo for the third straucht year, capturing his [[Open Era]] record fowert consecutive teetle thare. He won in straucht sets, despite Federer's holding a 4–0 lead in the second set.<ref name="therivalry">{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/Rivalries/Nadal-Federer-Rivalry.aspx|title= Roger & Rafa: The Rivalry|date=14 March 2013|publisher=ATPtennis.com|accessdate=11 April 2013}}</ref> Nadal then won his fowert consecutive teetle at the Open Sabadell Atlántico tournament in [[Barcelona]]. A few weeks later, Nadal won his first teetle at the Masters Series Hamburg, defeatin Federer in the three-set feenal. He then won the French Open, acomin the fift man in the [[Open Era]] tae win a Grand Slam singles teetle wioot losin a set.<ref>{{cite news | title = Men's Grand Slam Titles Without Losing A Set | url = http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/06/09/sports/TEN-Mens-Grand-Slam-Titles-No-Lost-Sets.php | agency=Associated Press | work=International Herald Tribune. Sports | date=9 June 2008 | accessdate =9 August 2008}}</ref> He defeatit Federer in the feenal for the third straucht year, but this wis the maist lopsided o aw thair matches, as Nadal anly lost fower gemmes an gae Federer his first bagel syne 1999.<ref name="therivalry"/> This wis Nadal's fowert consecutive French teetle, tying [[Björn Borg]]'s aw-time record. Nadal acame the fowert male player during Open era tae win the same Grand Slam singles tournament fower consecutive years (the others bein Borg, [[Pete Sampras]], an Federer). [[File:236 - Centre Court - R Nadal.JPG|thumb|left|Nadal against Andreas Beck in the 2008 Wimbledon Championships first roond]] Nadal then played Federer in the feenal o Wimbledon for the third consecutive year, in the maist anticipatit match o [[Federer–Nadal rivalry|thair rivalry]].<ref name="wim2008pre">{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/sports/story/2008/07/05/wimbledon-federer-nadal.html|title= Federer, Nadal set for Wimbledon showdown|agency=Associated Press| work=CBCSport|publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |date=5 June 2008| accessdate=11 February 2009 }}</ref><ref name="nadaledge">{{cite web| url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/wimbledon08/columns/story?columnist=ubha_ravi&id=3473804|title= Nadal enters Wimbledon final with clear mental edge|first= Ravi |last= Ubha |publisher=ESPN |date=5 June 2008| accessdate=11 February 2009 }}</ref> Nadal entered the feenal on a 23-match winning streak, includin his first career grass-court teetle at the Artois Championships staged at the Queen's Club in Lunnon prior tae Wimbledon. Federer haed won his record fift grass-court teetle at the Gerry Weber Open in Halle, an then reached the Wimbledon feenal wioot losin a set. Unlik thair previous twa Wimbledon feenals, tho, Federer wis nae the prohibitive favorite, an mony analysts picked Nadal tae win.<ref name="nadaledge"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/blog/index?entryID=3474615&name=bodo_peter | title= Karma on Nadal's side|first= Bodo |last= Peter |publisher=ESPN |date=5 June 2008| accessdate=11 February 2009}}</ref> Thay played the langest (in terms o time on coort, nae in terms o nummers o gemmes) feenal in Wimbledon history, an acause o rain delays, Nadal won the fift set 9–7 in near-darkness. The match wis widely lauded as the greatest Wimbledon feenal ever, wi some tennis critics even calling it the greatest match in tennis history.<ref name="asgoodasitgets">{{cite news|work=International Herald Tribune (Associated Press)|title=Federer-Nadal rivalry as good as it gets|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/07/07/sports/TEN-On-Tennis-Rafa---Roger.php|date=7 July 2008|accessdate=14 February 2009|archive-date=2008-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080823030306/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/07/07/sports/TEN-On-Tennis-Rafa---Roger.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="greatestmatchever">{{cite news|first = Bruce|last = Jenkins|title = The Greatest Match Ever|url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/07/06/SPP711KSLR.DTL|date = 7 July 2008|accessdate = 7 August 2008|work = The San Francisco Chronicle|archive-date = 2009-02-11|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090211000035/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2008%2F07%2F06%2FSPP711KSLR.DTL|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref name="McEnroe">{{cite news | first = Richard|last= Alleyne | title = Wimbledon 2008: John McEnroe hails Rafael Nadal victory as greatest final ever | url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wimbledon/2305019/Wimbledon-2008-John-McEnroe-hails-Rafael-Nadal-victory-as-greatest-final-ever.html|date = 7 July 2008 | accessdate =7 August 2008 | work=The Daily Telegraph | location=London}}</ref><ref name="wertheimgreatest">{{cite news|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2008/writers/jon_wertheim/07/09/wertheim.mailbag/index.html|first=Jon|last=Wertheim|title=Without a doubt, it's the greatest|work=Sports Illustrated|date=9 July 2008|accessdate=4 April 2009|archive-date=2013-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813175621/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2008/writers/jon_wertheim/07/09/wertheim.mailbag/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Alistair Magowan|title=Roger v Rafa – the best final ever?| url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7493099.stm|publisher=BBC Sport |date =7 July 2008| accessdate =8 July 2008}}</ref> Bi winning his first Wimbledon teetle, Nadal acame the third man in the open era tae win baith the French Open an Wimbledon in the same year, efter [[Rod Laver]] in 1969, an Borg in 1978–80, (Federer later accomplished this the follaein year) as weel as the second [[Spainyarts|Spaniard]] tae win Wimbledon. He an aa ended Federer's record streak o five consecutive Wimbledon teetles an 65 straucht wins on grass courts. This wis an aa the first time that Nadal won twa Grand Slam tournaments back-tae-back. Efter Wimbledon, Nadal extendit his winning streak tae a career-best 32 matches. He won his second Rogers Cup teetle in Toronto, an then got � the semifeenals o the Western & Southern Financial Group Masters in [[Cincinnati]]. As a result, Nadal clinched the US Open Series an, combined wi Federer's early-roond losses in baith o thae tournaments, feenally earned the warld No. 1 ranking on 18 August, offeecially endin Federer's record fower-an-a-hauf-year reign at the tap. At the [[2008 Simmer Olympics|2008 Beijing Olympics]], Nadal defeatit [[Novak Djoković]] in the semifeenals an [[Fernando González]] o Chile in the feenal tae win his first Olympic gowd medal. Nadal acame the first male player rankit in the tap five tae win the gowd medal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tennis.com/news/news.aspx?id=142024|title=Nadal wins Olympic gold over Gonzalez|publisher=Tennis.com|date=17 August 2008|accessdate=5 April 2009|archive-date=2009-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615205322/http://tennis.com/news/news.aspx?id=142024|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the US Open, Nadal wis the tap-seedit player for the first time at a Grand Slam tournament. He did nae lose a set during his first three matches, defeatin qualifiers in the first an second roonds an Viktor Troicki in the third roond. He then needed fower sets tae defeat baith Sam Querrey in the fowert roond an Mardy Fish in the quarterfeenals. In the semifeenals, he lost tae eventual runner up, Andy Murray. Later in the year in [[Madrid]], Nadal helped Spain defeat the Unitit States in the [[Davis Cup]] semifeenals. At the Mutua Madrileña Masters in Madrid, Nadal lost in the semifeenals tae Gilles Simon. Houiver, his performance at the event guaranteed that he wad acome the first Spaniard during the open era tae finish the year as the warld No. 1.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atptennis.com/1/en/2008news/nadalno1.asp|title=Nadal Clinches Year End No. 1 For First Time|publisher=ATPtennis.com|date=18 August 2008|accessdate=20 October 2008|archive-date=2008-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022030531/http://www.atptennis.com/1/en/2008news/nadalno1.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 24 October at the Campoamor theatre in Oviedo, Spain, Nadal wis gien the Prince o Asturias Awaird for Sports, in recognition o his achievements in tennis.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fpa.es/en/awards/2008/rafael-nadal-1/ |title=2008 Prince of Asturias Award for Sports |accessdate=5 April 2010 |publisher=Fundación Principe de Asturias |archive-date=2013-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824003930/http://www.fpa.es/en/awards/2008/rafael-nadal-1/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Twa weeks efter the Madrid Masters at the BNP Paribas Masters in Fraunce, Nadal reached the quarterfeenals, whaur he faced Nikolay Davydenko. Nadal lost the first set 6–1, afore retiring in the second wi a knee injury.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://uk.reuters.com/article/tennisNews/idUKLV49845520081031|title= UPDATE 2-Tennis-Knee injury forces Nadal to retire in Paris|first= Julien|last= Pretot|agency= Reuters|accessdate= 5 April 2009|date= 31 October 2008|archive-date= 2019-08-22|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190822004126/https://uk.reuters.com/article/tennis-men-masters-nadal/update-2-tennis-knee-injury-forces-nadal-to-retire-in-paris-idUKLV49845520081031|url-status= dead}}</ref> The follaein week, Nadal annoonced his widrawal frae the year-endin Tennis Masters Cup in Shanghai, citing tendinitis o the knee. On 10 November, Nadal widrew frae Spain's Davis Cup feenal against Argentina, as his knee injury haed nae healed completely.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://tennis.com/news/news.aspx?id=151554.asp| title=Nadal withdraws from Masters Cup| date=3 November 2008| publisher=Tennis.com| accessdate=4 November 2008| archive-date=2009-06-15| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615204253/http://tennis.com/news/news.aspx?id=151554.asp| url-status=dead}}</ref> ===2009: Australian Open title an defeat in Paris=== {{Main|2009 Rafael Nadal tennis season}} Nadal's first offeecial ATP tour event for the year wis the 250 series Qatar Open in [[Doha]]. Efter his first-roond match wi Fabrice Santoro, Nadal wis awairdit the 2008 ATP World Tour Champion trophy.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nadal, Murray, Federer Off the Mark in 2009|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2009/01/dohatuesday.aspx|date=6 January 2009|accessdate=15 June 2012|publisher=ATP World Tour}}</ref> Nadal eventually lost in the quarterfeenals tae [[Gaël Monfils]]. Nadal an aa entered an won the tournament's doubles event wi pairtner Marc López, defeatin the warld No. 1 doubles team o Daniel Nestor an [[Nenad Zimonjić]] in the feenal. As notit bi statistician Greg Sharko, this wis the first time syne 1990 the warld No. 1 singles player haed played the warld No. 1 doubles player in a feenal.<ref>{{cite web|title=DEUCE Australian Open 2009 Shark Bites|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/DEUCE-Tennis/DEUCE-Australian-Open-2009/Shark-Bites.aspx|date=16 January 2009|accessdate=15 June 2012|first=Greg|last=Sharko|publisher=ATP World Tour}}</ref> At the 2009 Australian Open, Nadal won his first five matches wioot dropping a set, afore defeatin compatriot [[Fernando Verdasco]] in the semifeenals in the second langest match in Australian Open history at 5 oors an 14 meenits.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/aus09/columns/story?columnist=ubha_ravi&id=3871740|title=One for the record books|publisher=ESPN|first=Ravi|last=Ubha|date=30 January 2009|accessdate=20 June 2012}}</ref> This win set up a championship match wi Roger Federer, thair first meetin ever in a haurd-court Grand Slam tournament an thair [[Federer–Nadal rivalry#Analysis|nineteent meetin overall]]. Nadal defeatit Federer in five sets tae earn his first haurd-court Grand Slam singles teetle,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.australianopen.com/en_AU/players/cmatch/atpn409.html|title=Rafael Nadal Completed Matches, 2009 Australian Open|publisher=Tennis Australia|date=30 January 2009|accessdate=30 January 2009|archive-date=2009-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202120557/http://www.australianopen.com/en_AU/players/cmatch/atpn409.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> makin him the first Spaniard tae win the Australian Open an the fowert male tennis player—efter [[Jimmy Connors]], Mats Wilander, an [[Andre Agassi]]—tae win Grand Slam singles teetles on three different surfaces. Wi this win Nadal becam the first male tennis player tae haud three Grand Slam singles teetles on three different surfaces at the same time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennishead.net/on-tour/Features/2009/record-breaking-rafa-notches-up-another-first|title=Record-breaking Rafa Notches Up Another First|publisher=Tennishead|date=4 February 2009|accessdate=4 February 2009|archive-date=2009-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090716191125/http://www.tennishead.net/on-tour/Features/2009/record-breaking-rafa-notches-up-another-first/|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament in [[Rotterdam]], Nadal lost in the feenal tae second-seedit Andy Murray in three sets. During the feenal, Nadal cried a trainer tae attend tae a tendon problem wi his right knee, which notably affectit his play in the feenal set.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2009/feb/16/tennis-andy-murray-rafael-nadal |title=Murray takes title to complete hat-trick over crocked Nadal |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=16 February 2009 |accessdate=16 February 2009 | first=Simon | last=Cambers}}</ref> Awtho this knee problem wis nae associatit wi Nadal's right knee tendonitis, it wis serious eneuch tae cause him tae widraw frae the Barclays Dubai Tennis Championships a week later.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7895679.stm| title=Injured Nadal pulls out of Dubai |publisher=BBC Sport |date=19 February 2009 |accessdate=19 February 2009 }}</ref> In Mairch, Nadal helped Spain defeat Serbia in a [[Davis Cup]] World Group first-roond tie on clay in [[Benidorm]], Spain. Nadal defeatit [[Janko Tipsarević]] an Novak Djokovic. The win ower warld No. 3 Djokovic wis Nadal's twalt consecutive Davis Cup singles match win an boostit his career win–loss record against Djokovic tae 11–4, includin 6–0 on clay.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nadal beats Djokovic to help Spain clinch win|url=http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/29580139/|agency=Associated Press|publisher=NBC Sports|accessdate=13 June 2010|date=8 March 2009|archive-date=2012-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011224054/http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/29580139/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Rogers|first=Iain|title=Nadal beats Djokovic to put Spain through|url=http://ca.reuters.com/article/sportsNews/idCATRE5270T420090308?sp=true|agency=Reuters|accessdate=13 June 2010|date=8 March 2009|archive-date=2012-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525063244/http://ca.reuters.com/article/sportsNews/idCATRE5270T420090308?sp=true|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the 2009 Indian Wells Masters, Nadal won his thirteent Masters 1000 series tournament. In the fowert roond, Nadal saved five match pynts, afore defeatin David Nalbandian for the first time.<ref>{{cite news|last=Oberjuerge|first=Paul|title=Nadal Shows Why He's No. 1, and Safina Shows Why She Isn't|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/20/sports/tennis/20nadal.html|accessdate=9 July 2010|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=19 March 2009}}</ref> Nadal defeatit [[Juan Martín del Potro]] in the quarterfeenals an [[Andy Roddick]] in the semifeenals, afore defeatin Murray in the feenal. The next ATP tour event wis the 2009 Miami Masters. Nadal advanced tae the quarterfeenals, whaur he again faced Argentinian del Potro, this time losin the match. This wis the first time del Potro haed defeatit Nadal in five career matches.<ref>[http://www.atpworldtour.com/tennis/3/en/players/headtohead/?player1=Del+Potro%2C+Juan+Martin&player2=nadal Head to Head Player Details]</ref> Nadal began his European clay court saison at the 2009 Monte Carlo Masters, whaur he won a record fift consecutive singles teetle thare.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8007021.stm|title=Nadal seals fifth Monte Carlo win |date=19 April 2009|publisher=BBC Sport |accessdate=20 April 2009}}</ref> He defeatit Novak Djokovic in the feenal for his fift consecutive win, a record in the open era. Nadal is the first male player tae win the same ATP Master series event for five consecutive years. Nadal then competit in the ATP 500 event in Barcelona. He advanced tae his fift consecutive Barcelona feenal, whaur he faced David Ferrer. Nadal went on tae beat Ferrer tae record five consecutive Barcelona victories.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8019528.stm|title=Nadal storms to Barcelona victory |date=26 April 2009|publisher=BBC Sport |accessdate=26 April 2009}}</ref> At the Rome Masters, Nadal reached the feenal, whaur he defeatit Novak Djokovic tae improve his overall record tae 13–4 an clay record tae 8–0 against the Serb.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8031729.stm|title=Nadal regains Rome Masters title |date=3 May 2009|publisher=BBC Sport |accessdate=6 May 2009}}</ref> He acame the first player tae win fower Rome teetles. [[File:Nadal Miami 2009 1.jpg|thumb|upright|Nadal at 2009 Sony Ericsson Open, Miami, Florida, United States]] Efter winning twa clay-court Masters, he participatit in the Madrid Open. He lost tae Roger Federer in the feenal. This wis the first time that Nadal haed lost tae Federer syne the semifeenals o the 2007 Tennis Masters Cup. On 19 Mey, the ATP World Tour annoonced that Nadal wis the first player oot o aicht tae qualify for the 2009 ATP World Tour Finals, tae be played at the O2 Arena in Lunnon.<ref>{{cite news|last=Herman|first=Martyn|title=Nadal seals spot for ATP season finale in London|url=http://ca.reuters.com/article/sportsNews/idCATRE54I3JX20090519|agency=Reuters|accessdate=13 June 2010|date=19 May 2009|archive-date=2012-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525063306/http://ca.reuters.com/article/sportsNews/idCATRE54I3JX20090519|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bi beatin Lleyton Hewitt in the third roond o 2009 French Open, Nadal (2005–09 French Open) set a record o 31 consecutive wins at Roland Garros, beatin the previous record o 28 bi [[Björn Borg]] (1978–81 French Open). Nadal haed won 32 consecutive sets at Roland Garros (syne winning the last 2 sets at the 2007 French Open feenal against Federer), the second-langest winning streak in the tournament's history behind Björn Borg's record o 41 consecutive sets. This run came tae an end on 31 Mey 2009, whan Nadal lost tae eventual runner-up, Robin Söderling in the 4t roond. This wis Nadal's first an, till 2015, anly loss at the French Open. Efter his surprise defeat at Roland Garros, Nadal widrew frae the AEGON Championships. It wis confirmed that Nadal wis sufferin frae tendinitis in baith o his knees.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/news/story?id=4245078 |title=Rafael Nadal has problems in both knees, will try to rehab in time for Wimbledon |publisher=ESPN |date=9 June 2009 |accessdate=6 June 2010}}</ref> On 19 Juin, Nadal widrew frae the 2009 Wimbledon Championship, citing his recurring knee injury.<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8085394.stm |publisher=BBC News | title=Champion Nadal out of Wimbledon | date=19 June 2009 | accessdate=22 May 2010}}</ref> He wis the first champion nae tae defend the teetle syne Goran Ivanišević in 2001.<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk"/> Roger Federer went on tae win the teetle, an Nadal consequently dropped back tae warld No. 2 on 6 Julie 2009. Nadal later annoonced his widrawal frae the Davis Cup. On 4 August, Nadal's uncle, Toni Nadal, confirmed that Nadal wad return tae play at the Rogers Cup in Montreal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gototennisblog.com/2009/08/04/rafael-nadal-on-his-return-to-montreal-roger-federer-and-davis-cup/ |title=Rafael Nadal returns to tennis at Montreal Masters |date=4 August 2009 |work=GOTOTENNIS |accessdate=5 August 2009 |archive-date=2009-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806204201/http://www.gototennisblog.com/2009/08/04/rafael-nadal-on-his-return-to-montreal-roger-federer-and-davis-cup/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Thare, in his first tournament syne Roland Garros, Nadal lost in the quarterfeenals tae [[Juan Martín del Potro]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sportinglife.com/tennis/news/story_get.cgi?STORY_NAME=tennis/09/08/15/manual_073518.html |title=Nadal Suffers Montreal Setback |date=15 August 2009 |work=Sporting Life |location=UK |accessdate=15 August 2009 |archive-date=2012-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118065911/http://www.sportinglife.com/tennis/news/story_get.cgi?STORY_NAME=tennis%2F09%2F08%2F15%2Fmanual_073518.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wi this loss, he relinquished the No. 2 spot tae Andy Murray on 17 August 2009, ranking ootside the tap twa for the first time syne 25 Julie 2005. In the quarterfeenals o the US Open he defeatit Fernando Gonzálezin a rain-delayed encounter.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8249729.stm|title=Nadal finishes Gonzalez with ease |date=12 September 2009|publisher=BBC Sport |accessdate=13 September 2009}}</ref> Houiver, lik his previous US Open campaign, he fell in the semifeenals, this time losin tae eventual champion Juan Martín del Potro.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8253542.stm|title=Del Potro thrashes Nadal in semis |date=13 September 2009|publisher=BBC Sport |accessdate=13 September 2009}}</ref> Despite the loss, he regained the No. 2 ranking efter Andy Murray's early exit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edinburghnews.scotsman.com/tennis/Tennis-Nadal-knees-hold-up.5629994.jp|title=Tennis: Nadal knees hold up as he regains No. 2 spot with victory|date=9 September 2009|work=The Edinburgh Paper|accessdate=13 September 2009|archive-date=2011-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615114206/http://edinburghnews.scotsman.com/tennis/Tennis-Nadal-knees-hold-up.5629994.jp|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the World Tour Finals, Nadal lost aw three o his matches against Robin Söderling, Nikolay Davydenko, an [[Novak Djokovic]] respectively wioot winning a set. In December, Nadal participatit in the second Davis Cup feenal o his career. He defeatit [[Tomáš Berdych]] in his first singles rubber tae gie the Spanish Davis Cup Team thair first pynt in the tie. Efter the [[Spain Davis Cup team|Spanish Davis Cup team]] haed secured its fowert [[Davis Cup]] veectory, Nadal defeatit Jan Hájek in the first Davis Cup dead rubber o his career. The win gae Nadal his 14t consecutive singles veectory at Davis Cup (his 13t on clay). Nadal finished the year as No. 2 for the fowert time in five years. Nadal won the Golden Bagel Award for the third time in 2009, wi nine 6–0 sets during the year. In daein sae he set a new record o Awaird wins, syne matched anly bi Novak Djokovic. ===2010: Back tae No. 1 an career Grand Slam=== {{Main|2010 Rafael Nadal tennis season}} Nadal began the year bi pairteecipatin in the Capitala World Tennis Championship in [[Abu Dhabi]], Unitit Arab Emirates. He defeatit compatriot David Ferrer tae reach his second feenal in the exhibition tournament. In the feenal, Nadal defeatit Robin Söderling in straucht sets.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8437851.stm|title=Rafael Nadal wins Abu Dhabi exhibition title |date=2 January 2010|publisher=BBC Sport |accessdate=4 January 2010}}</ref> Nadal participatit in an Australian Open warm-up tournament, the Qatar ExxonMobil Open ATP 250 event in Doha, whaur he lost in the feenals tae Nikolay Davydenko.<ref name="bbcqatar"/><ref name="bbcqatar">{{cite news | title=Davydenko shocks Nadal in final | date=9 January 2010 | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8450315.stm | work=The British Broadcasting Corporation | accessdate =9 January 2010}}</ref> In the Australian Open, Nadal defeatit Peter Luczak, Lukáš Lacko, Philipp Kohlschreiber, an [[Ivo Karlović]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8474055.stm |publisher=BBC News | title=Champion Nadal reaches round four | date=22 January 2010 | accessdate=22 May 2010}}</ref> In the quarterfeenals, Nadal pulled oot at 3–0 doun in the third set against [[Andy Murray]], haein lost the first twa sets.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8478297.stm |publisher=BBC News | title=Murray through after Nadal injury | date=26 January 2010 | accessdate=22 May 2010}}</ref> Efter examining Nadal's knees, doctors told him that he should tak twa weeks o rest, an then twa weeks o rehabilitation. Nadal reached the semifeenals in singles at the BNP Paribas Open in Indian Wells, whaur he wis the defendin champion; houiver, eventual champion Ivan Ljubičić defeatit him in three sets.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bnpparibasopen.org/News/Tennis/2010/Tournament/ATP-Saturday2-Ljubicic-Shows-Fight-In-SF-Comeback.aspx |title=Ljubicic Shows Heart in semi-final Win Over Nadal |publisher=BNP Paribas Open |date=20 March 2010 |accessdate=6 June 2010 |archive-date=2010-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323001822/http://www.bnpparibasopen.org/News/Tennis/2010/Tournament/ATP-Saturday2-Ljubicic-Shows-Fight-In-SF-Comeback.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> He an countryman López won the doubles teetle, tho, as wildcard entrants against nummer ane seeds Daniel Nestor an [[Nenad Zimonjić]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bnpparibasopen.org/News/Tennis/2010/Tournament/ATP-Saturday2-Nadal-Lopez-Take-Doubles-Title.aspx |title=Lopez/Nadal Upset Top Seeds To Take Doubles Title |publisher=BNP Paribas Open |date=20 March 2010 |accessdate=6 June 2010 |archive-date=2017-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913183003/http://www.bnpparibasopen.org/News/Tennis/2010/Tournament/ATP-Saturday2-Nadal-Lopez-Take-Doubles-Title.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> This boostit his doubles ranking 175 places<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Rankings/Doubles.aspx?d=22.03.2010&r=1&c=# |title=Emirates ATP Doubles Ranking on 22.03.2010 |publisher=Atpworldtour.com |accessdate=6 April 2013}}</ref> tae warld nummer 66, whauras he wis 241st afore Indian Wells.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Rafael-Nadal.aspx |title=Tennis – ATP World Tour – Tennis Players – Rafael Nadal |publisher=ATP World Tour |accessdate=6 June 2010}}</ref> Efter Indian Wells, Nadal reached the semifeenals o the Sony Ericsson Open, whaur he lost tae eventual champion [[Andy Roddick]] in three sets.<ref>{{cite news | title=Roddick edges Nadal in three sets | date=3 April 2010 | publisher=ESPN News | url =http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/news/story?id=5050939 | agency=Associated Press | accessdate =5 April 2010}}</ref> Nadal reached the feenal o the Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters in Monaco, efter beatin fellae Spaniard David Ferrer in the semifeenals. This wis Nadal's first tour feenal syne [[Doha]] earlier in the year. He won the feenal in straucht sets ower his compatriot [[Fernando Verdasco]]. He lost 14 gemmes throughout aw five matches, the fewest he haed ever lost en route tae a championship, an the feenal wis the shortest Masters 1000 feenal in terms o gemmes. Wi this win, Nadal acame the first player in the open era tae win a tournament teetle for sax straucht years.<ref>{{cite news | title=Unstoppable Nadal Captures Sixth Straight Title | date=18 April 2010 | publisher=ATP World Tour | url=http://www.monte-carlorolexmasters.com/News/Tennis/2010/Tournament/Sunday-Singles-Final.aspx | work=James Buddell | accessdate=18 April 2010 | archive-date=2010-04-21 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100421003655/http://www.monte-carlorolexmasters.com/News/Tennis/2010/Tournament/Sunday-Singles-Final.aspx | url-status=dead }}</ref> Unlik in previous years, Nadal next chose tae skip the Barcelona tournament (despite bein that event's five-time defendin champion), an his next tournament wis the 2010 Internazionali BNL d'Italia. He defeatit Philipp Kohlschreiber, Victor Hănescu, an Stanlias Wawrinka, aw in straucht sets, tae win his 57th straucht match in Aprile. In the semis, he faced a resilient Ernests Gulbis, that defeatit Roger Federer earlier in the tournament an teuk Nadal tae three sets for the first time this clay-court saison. Nadal eventually prevailed in 2 oors an 40minutes. He then defeatit compatriot David Ferrer in the feenal for his fift teetle at Rome tae equal [[Andre Agassi]]'s record o winnin 17 ATP Masters teetles. [[File:Nadal 2010 Madrid 01.jpg|thumb|left|Nadal at the 2010 Mutua Madrileña Madrid Open, Madrid, Spain]] Nadal then entered the 2010 Mutua Madrileña Madrid Open, whaur he haed finished runner-up the previous year. Bein ane o the tap aicht seeds, he received a bye in the first roond. In the second roond, he defeatit qualifier Oleksandr Dolgopolov, Jr. in straucht sets. He then played the sax-fit-nine-inch American John Isner. Nadal comfortably came throu in straucht sets. He defeatit [[Gaël Monfils]] in the quarterfeenals an his countryman Nicolás Almagro in the next roond, that wis playin in his first Masters 1000 semifeenal. The first set o his match against Almagro wad be juist the second set he lost on clay up tae this pynt in 2010. Nadal then defeatit longtime rival Roger Federer, avenging his 2009 feenals loss tae Federer. The win gae him his 18t Masters teetle, breaking the aw-time record. He acame the first player tae win aw three clay-court Masters teetles in a single year an the first player tae win three consecutive Masters events. Nadal moved back tae No. 2 the follaein day. Entering the French Open, mony war expecting anither Nadal-Federer feenal. Houiver, this acame impossible whan rival Robin Söderling defeatit Federer in the quarterfeenals.<ref>{{cite news | title=Soderling Stuns Federer For Semi-final Berth; Battle For No. 1 Intensifies | date=1 June 2010 | publisher=ATP World Tour | url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/05/Roland-Garros/Roland-Garros-Tuesday2-Soderling-Stuns-Federer.aspx | work=James Buddell | accessdate=6 June 2010}}</ref> The failure o Federer tae reach the semifeenals allowed Nadal tae regain the warld No. 1 ranking if he war tae win the tournament. Nadal advanced tae the feenal an defeatit Soderling. The win gae Nadal his seivent Grand Slam tournament teetle, tying him wi [[John McEnroe]], John Newcombe, an Mats Wilander on the aw-time leet, an allaed Nadal tae reclaim the poseetion o warld No. 1, denyin his biggest rival [[Roger Federer]] the aw-time record for weeks at No. 1.<ref>{{cite news | title=Nadal Sets Up Soderling Re-Match; Bidding For Fifth Title & Return To No. 1 | date=4 June 2010 | publisher=ATP World Tour | url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/05/Roland-Garros/Roland-Garros-Friday-2-Nadal-Eyes-Fifth-Title.aspx | work=James Buddell | accessdate=6 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Nadal Reclaims No. 1 Ranking With Fifth Roland Garros Title | date=6 June 2010 | publisher=ATP World Tour | url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/05/Roland-Garros/Roland-Garros-Final-Nadal-Wins-Fifth-Title.aspx | work=ATP Staff | accessdate=6 June 2010}}</ref> Bi this win, Nadal acame the first man tae win the three Masters series on clay an the French Open. The veectory at Roland Garros merked the second time (2008) that Nadal haed won the French Open wioot dropping a single set (tying the record held bi Björn Borg). Wi the win in Paris he an aa booked his place at the World Tour Finals in Lunnon an acame the first player tae win five French Open teetles in sax years. In Juin, Nadal entered the AEGON Championships, which he haed won in 2008, at the prestigious Queen's Club. He played singles an doubles at this grass court tournament as a warmup for Wimbledon. Bein ane o the tap aicht seeds, he received a bye in the first roond. In the second roond, whaur he played his first match on grass syne winning Wimbledon 2008, he defeatit Marcos Daniel. In the third roond, he played Denis Istomin o Uzbekistan, whom he defeatit tae advance tae the quarterfeenals. Houiver, he wis defeatit bi compatriot [[Feliciano López]]. At the Wimbledon Championships, Nadal beat [[Kei Nishikori]] an Robin Haase in the openin roonds. He defeatit Philipp Petzschner in the third roond, winning efter five sets o play. During his match wi Petzschner, Nadal wis warned twice for allegedly receivin coachin frae his coach an uncle, [[Toni Nadal]], resultin in a $2000 fine bi Wimbledon officials.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/wimbledon10/news/story?id=5337651|title=Nadal fined for receiving coaching|publisher=ESPN |agency=Associated Press|date=28 June 2010|accessdate=15 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Brooks|first=Xan|title=Wimbledon 2010: Rafael Nadal v Tomáš Berdych – as it happened|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2010/jul/04/wimbledon-2010-rafael-nadal-tomas-berdych|date=4 July 2010|accessdate=6 June 2010|location=London|work=The Guardian|quote=During the final match at Wimbledon 2010 between Nadal and Tomáš Berdych, someone, allegedly Toni Nadal, yelled "I love you, Rafa!"}}</ref> He defeatit Paul-Henri Mathieu o Fraunce in the roond o 16 an in the quarterfeenals, he beat Robin Söderling o Swaden in fower sets. He defeatit Andy Murray in straucht sets tae reach his fowert Wimbledon feenal. Nadal won the 2010 Wimbledon men's title bi defeatin [[Tomáš Berdych]] in straucht sets. Efter the win, Nadal said that winning Wimbledon wis "mair than a dream" for him, an thanked the crowd for bein baith kynd an supportive tae him an his adversary during the match an in the semifeenal against Andy Murray.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gkNZrTZDvv_4f2PAU2cXA-kRxarg|title=AFP: Nadal reclaims Wimbledon crown in style|last=Millard|first=Robin|date=4 July 2010|agency=Agence France-Presse|accessdate=4 July 2010|archive-date=2010-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707095210/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gkNZrTZDvv_4f2PAU2cXA-kRxarg|url-status=dead}}</ref> The win gae him a second Wimbledon teetle an an aicht career major teetle<ref name="BBC-8784861">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8784861.stm|title=Wimbledon 2010: Rafael Nadal beats Berdych in final|date=4 July 2010|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=4 July 2010|first=Piers|last=Newbery}}</ref> juist past the age o 24.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://thetennistimes.com/rafael-nadal-2010-wimbledon-champion/ | work=The Tennis Times | title=Tennis News: Nadal is Champion Again! | date=22 January 2010 | accessdate=22 May 2010 | archive-date=2010-07-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707023650/http://thetennistimes.com/rafael-nadal-2010-wimbledon-champion/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> The win an aa gae Nadal his first "Old World Triple"; the last person tae achieve this wis [[Björn Borg]] in 1978 ("Old World Triple" is a term gien tae winning the Italian Open, French Open, an Wimbledon in the same year). In his first haurd-court tournament syne Wimbledon, Nadal advanced tae the semifeenals o the Rogers Cup, alang wi No. 2 Novak Djokovic, No. 3 Roger Federer, an No. 4 Andy Murray, efter coming back frae a ane-set deficit tae defeat Philipp Kohlschreiber.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tennistalk.com/en/match_report/Rogers_Cup/2010/Rafael_Nadal_-_Philipp_Kohlschreiber|title=Nadal rallies to reach Rogers Cup semifinal|work=Tennis Talk|date=14 August 2010|accessdate=14 August 2010|archive-date=2010-11-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101118103647/http://www.tennistalk.com/en/match_report/Rogers_Cup/2010/Rafael_Nadal_-_Philipp_Kohlschreiber|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the semifeenal, defendin champion Murray defeatit Nadal, acomin the anly player tae triumph ower the Spaniard twice in 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbssports.com/tennis/story/13761191/murray-upsets-nadal-in-rogers-cup-semifinal|title=Murray upsets Nadal in Rogers Cup semifinal|work=CBS Sports|date=14 August 2010|accessdate=14 August 2010|archive-date=2011-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911171111/http://www.cbssports.com/tennis/story/13761191/murray-upsets-nadal-in-rogers-cup-semifinal|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nadal an aa competit in the doubles wi Djokovic in a ane-time, heich-profile pairtnership o the warld No. 1 an No. 2, the first sic team syne the [[Jimmy Connors]] an Arthur Ashe team in 1976.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.tennisty.com/tennis-players-updates/nadal-and-djokovic-to-play-double-together/ |title=Nadal and Djokovic to play double together |publisher=News.tennisty.com |accessdate=11 December 2010 |archive-date=2011-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716210527/http://news.tennisty.com/tennis-players-updates/nadal-and-djokovic-to-play-double-together/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Houiver, Nadal an Djokovic lost in the first roond tae Canadians [[Milos Raonic]] an Vasek Pospisil. The next week, Nadal wis the tap seed at the Cincinnati Masters, losin in the quarterfeenals tae 2006 Australian Open feenaleet Marcos Baghdatis. At the 2010 US Open, Nadal wis the tap seed for the second time in three years. He defeatit Teymuraz Gabashvili, Denis Istomin, Gilles Simon, nummer 23 seed [[Feliciano López]], nummer 8 seed [[Fernando Verdasco]], an nummer 12 seed Mikhail Youzhny aw wioot dropping a set, tae reach his first US Open feenal, acomin anly the aicht man in the Open Era tae reach the feenal o aw fower majors, an at age 24 the second youngest ever tae dae sae, behind anly Jim Courier. In the feenal, he defeatit [[Novak Djokovic]], which completit the [[Grand Slam (tennis)#Career Grand Slam|Career Grand Slam]] for Nadal; he an aa acame the second male efter [[Andre Agassi]] tae complete a Career Golden Slam.<ref name=goldenslam>{{cite news|url=http://www.tsn.ca/tennis/story/?id=333700|title=Nadal Captures U.S. Open To Complete Career Grand Slam|publisher=The Sports Network (TSN)|date=14 September 2010|accessdate=12 June 2012|quote=Nadal...also owns an Olympic gold medal, which makes him one of only two men to corral the career Golden Slam, with the great Agassi being the other.|archive-date=2013-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109202116/http://www.tsn.ca/tennis/story/?id=333700|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nadal's US Open veectory meant that he an aa acame the first man tae win majors on clay, grass, an haurd court in the same year, an the first tae win the French Open, Wimbledon, an the US Open in the same year syne [[Rod Laver]] in 1969. Nadal an Mats Wilander are the anly male players tae win at least twa Grand Slams each on clay, grass, an hardcourts in thair careers.<ref name=surface/> Nadal an aa acame the first left-handed man tae win the US Open syne [[John McEnroe]] in 1984.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8992563.stm|title=Rafael Nadal wins US Open to seal career Grand Slam |date=14 September 2010|publisher=BBC Sport |accessdate=14 September 2010}}</ref> Nadal's veectory an aa clinched the year-end No. 1 ranking for 2010, makin Nadal anly the third player (efter Ivan Lendl in 1989 an Roger Federer in 2009) tae regain the year-end nummer ane ranking efter haein lost it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/09/Other/Nadal-ATP-World-Tour-Champion.aspx |title=Nadal Clinches Year-End No. 1 For Second Time |publisher=Atpworldtour.com |date=16 September 2010 |accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref> [[File:Rafa Nadal 7738 2 Japan Open Tennis Tokio 2010.jpg|thumb|upright|Nadal serving in Tokyo]] Nadal began his Asian tour at the 2010 PTT Thailand Open in [[Bangkok]] whaur he reached the semifeenals, losin tae compatriot [[Guillermo García-López]]. Nadal wis able tae regroup, an at the 2010 Rakuten Japan Open Tennis Championships in Tokyo (debut), he defeatit Santiago Giraldo, [[Milos Raonic]], an Dmitry Tursunov. In the semifeenals against Viktor Troicki, Nadal saved twa match pynts in the deciding set tiebreaker tae win it 9–7 in the end. In the feenal, Nadal comfortably defeatit [[Gaël Monfils]] for his seivent teetle o the saison. Nadal next played in the 2010 Shanghai Rolex Masters in Shanghai, whaur he wis the tap seed, but lost tae warld No. 12 Jürgen Melzer in the third roond, snapping his record streak o 21 consecutive Masters quarterfeenals. On 5 November, Nadal annoonced that he wis pulling oot o the Paris Masters due tae tendinitis in his left shouder.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/11/Other/Nadal-Withdraws-From-Paris.aspx |title=Nadal withdraws from fatigue at the Paris |publisher=Atpworldtour.com |accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref> On 21 November 2010, in Lunnon, Nadal won the Stefan Edberg Sportsmanship Awaird for the first time.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nadal wins Stefan Edberg Sportsmanship Award|date=20 November 2010|url=http://www.tennis.com/articles/templates/news.aspx?articleid=8843|publisher=Tennis.com (Associated Press)|accessdate=20 June 2012}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> At the 2010 ATP Warld Tour Finals in Lunnon, Nadal defeatit Roddick<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/atptour/8152867/ATP-World-Tour-Finals-Rafael-Nadal-defeats-Andy-Roddick-in-nervy-encounter-at-Londons-O-Arena.html|title=ATP World Tour Finals: Rafael Nadal defeats Andy Roddick in nervy encounter at London's O² Arena |accessdate=22 November 2010}}</ref> in the first match, Djokovic in the second match, an Berdych in the third match, tae advance tae the semifeenals for the third time in his career. This wis the first time that Nadal achieved three wins in the roond-robin stage. In the semifeenal, he defeatit Murray in a haurd-focht match tae reach his first feenal at the tournament. In anly thair second meetin o the year, Federer beat Nadal in the feenal. Efter the match, Nadal stated, "Roger is probably the mair complete player of the warld. I'm not gaun to say I lost that match because I was tired." This wis a reference tae his marathon veectory ower Murray on Saturday. "I tried my best this afternoon, but Roger was simply better than me."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/i-tried-my-best-roger-was-better-me |title=Nadal after end of the ATP World Tour Finals final "I tried my best, but Roger was better than me" |publisher=Rafaelnadal.com |accessdate=11 December 2010 |archive-date=2010-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218024516/http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/i-tried-my-best-roger-was-better-me |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nadal ended the 2010 saison haein won three Grand Slams an three Masters 1000 tournaments, an haein regained the No. 1 ranking. Next up for Nadal wis a twa-match exhibition against Federer for the Roger Federer Foundation. The first match teuk place in [[Zürich]] on 21 December 2010, an the second in Madrid the next day. ===2011: Saxt French Open title=== {{Main|2011 Rafael Nadal tennis season}} Nadal stairtit 2011, bi pairteecipatin in the Mubadala World Tennis Championship in [[Abu Dhabi]], Unitit Arab Emirates. He defeatit [[Tomáš Berdych]] tae reach his third feenal in the exhibition tournament. In the feenal, he won ower his main rival Roger Federer. At the Qatar ExxonMobil Open ATP 250 event in [[Doha]], Qatar, Nadal barely struggled past his first three opponents, Karol Beck, Lukáš Lacko, an Ernests Gulbis, citin fiver as the primary reason for his puir performance. He fell in straicht sets tae a resurgent Nikolay Davydenko in the semifeenals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.live-tennis.com/category/Tennis-News/Rafael-Nadal-struggles-with-fever-in-Doha-201101080008/|title=Rafael Nadal – Nadal struggles with fever in Doha|publisher=Live-tennis.com|date=8 January 2011|accessdate=3 June 2011|archive-date=2019-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402073346/https://www.live-tennis.com/category/tennis-news/rafael-nadal-struggles-with-fever-in-doha-201101080008/|url-status=dead}}</ref> He an countryman López won the doubles teetle bi defeatin the Italian duo Daniele Bracciali an [[Andreas Seppi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/rafa-wins-doubles-will-delay-trip-australia|title=Rafa wins doubles will delay trip australia|work=The official nadal website|date=7 January 2011|accessdate=7 January 2011|archive-date=2012-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101031917/http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/rafa-wins-doubles-will-delay-trip-australia|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Rafael Nadal at the 2011 Australian Open14.jpg|thumb|left|Nadal at the 2011 Australian Open]] In the first roond o the Australian Open, Nadal defeatit Marcos Daniel. In the second roond, he beat upcoming qualifier Ryan Sweeting. In the third roond, he wis testit bi emergin player Bernard Tomic o Australie, but Nadal wis victorious in straucht sets. He went on tae defeat Marin Čilić o Croatie, in the fowert roond. He suffered an apparent hamstring injury against felloae Spaniard David Ferrer early in the pair's quarterfeenal match an ultimately lost in straicht sets, sicweys endin his effort tae win fower major tournaments in a row.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gleeson|first=Michael|title=Rafa slammed: run at history falls short as Ferrer KOs ailing ace|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=27 January 2011|url=http://www.smh.com.au/sport/australian-open/rafa-slammed-run-at-history-falls-short-as-ferrer-kos-ailing-ace-20110126-1a5hr.html|accessdate=27 January 2011}}</ref> On 7 Februar 2011, in [[Abu Dhabi]], Unitit Arab Emirates, Nadal won the [[Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsman of the Year|Laureus World Sportsman of the Year]] for the first time, ahead o footballer [[Lionel Messi]], [[Sebastian Vettel]], Spain's [[Andres Iniesta]], [[Los Angeles Lakers|Lakers]] basketball player [[Kobe Bryant]], an [[Filipino fowk|Filipino]] boxer Manny Pacquiao.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nadal, Vonn win top Laureus awards|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/SPORT/02/08/laureus.nadal.vonn.awards/index.html|date=8 February 2011|accessdate=20 June 2012|publisher=CNN|archive-date=2018-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924191932/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/SPORT/02/08/laureus.nadal.vonn.awards/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Mairch, Nadal helped Spain defeat Belgium in a 2011 Davis Cup World Group first-roond tie on haurd indoor courts in the Spiroudome in [[Charleroi]], Belgium. Nadal defeatit Ruben Bemelmans.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rafael Nadal Wins in Davis Cup in Belgium, Gives Spain Lead|date=4 March 2011|url=http://latiNo.foxnews.com/latino/sports/2011/03/04/rafael-nadal-wins-davis-cup-belgium-gives-spain-lead/|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=4 March 2011|publisher=Fox News Channel|archive-date=2011-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307092454/http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/sports/2011/03/04/rafael-nadal-wins-davis-cup-belgium-gives-spain-lead/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Efter Spain's veectory in three matches, Nadal won a second dead rubber against Olivier Rochus.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rafael Nadal Wins Second Match in Davis Cup, Helps Spain Dominate Belgium|date=6 March 2011|url=http://latiNo.foxnews.com/latino/sports/2011/03/07/rafael-nadal-wins-second-match-davis-cup-helps-spain-dominate-belgium/|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=6 March 2011|publisher=Fox News Channel|archive-date=2013-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812205953/http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/sports/2011/03/07/rafael-nadal-wins-second-match-davis-cup-helps-spain-dominate-belgium/|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the 2011 BNP Paribas Open in Indian Wells, Nadal defeatit upcoming qualifier Rik de Voest in his first match. In the third roond, he beat qualifier Ryan Sweeting He then defeatit qualifier Somdev Devvarman in the fowert roond. In the quarterfeenals, Nadal haed a haurd time against Croatian [[Ivo Karlović]], an in the semifeenals he met Juan Martín del Potro. The last three confrontations atween the players war in favor o del Potro, but despite some difficulties, Nadal won in straucht sets. He reached his third feenal at Indian Wells, an lost against Novak Djokovic.<ref>{{cite news|title=Djokovic beats Nadal to win BNP Paribas Open|date=20 March 2011|url=http://sports.yahoo.com/tennis/news?slug=ap-indianwells|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=20 March 2011|archive-date=2012-03-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311063523/http://sports.yahoo.com/tennis/news?slug=ap-indianwells|url-status=dead}}</ref> The next day, Nadal an Djokovic played a friendly match in [[Bogotá]], Colombia, which Nadal won.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nadal beats Djokovic in Colombia's most important tennis match ever|date=21 March 2011|url=http://colombiareports.com/colombia-news/sports/15046-nadal-beats-djokovic-in-colombias-most-important-tennis-match-ever.html|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=21 March 2011|archive-date=2011-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110325082047/http://colombiareports.com/colombia-news/sports/15046-nadal-beats-djokovic-in-colombias-most-important-tennis-match-ever.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nadal stairtit the 2011 Sony Ericsson Open wi a win ower [[Kei Nishikori]] then met his compatriot [[Feliciano López]] in the third roond, whom he defeatit. In the fowert roond, he defeatit Alexandr Dolgopolov. In the quarterfeenals, Nadal haed the first real test o the tournament whan he met the warld No. 7 Tomáš Berdych, that he defeatit in three sets. In the semifeenals, Nadal met his main rival Roger Federer, thair first meetin in a semifeenal syne the 2007 Masters Cup. Nadal won in straucht sets. For the second time in twa weeks, Nadal faced Novak Djokovic in the feenal. As in the Indian Wells tournament, Nadal won the first set, an Djokovic the second. The third set ended in a tiebreak, wi Djokovic winning.<ref>{{cite news|title=HARD FINAL IN MIAMI|date=4 April 2011|url =http://rafaelnadal.com/content/hard-final-miami|agency=Associated Press|accessdate =4 April 2011 }}{{dead link|date=June 2011}}</ref> This wis the first time Nadal reached the feenals o Indian Wells an Miami in the same year. Nadal began his clay-court saison bi winning the 2011 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters wi the loss o juist ane set. Nadal defeatit Jarkko Nieminen, Richard Gasquet, Ivan Ljubičić, an Andy Murray tae reach his seivent consecutive feenal in Monte Carlo. In the feenal, Nadal avenged his defeat bi David Ferrer in the quarterfeenals o the 2011 Australian Open. He acame the first man tae win the same tournament seiven times in a row at the ATP level in the open era.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nadal won seven tournaments in a row at the ATP|date=17 April 2011|url=http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/nadal-wins-7th-straight-montecarlo-title|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=17 April 2011|archive-date=2012-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101024426/http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/nadal-wins-7th-straight-montecarlo-title|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nadal chalked up his 37th straucht win at the clay-court event, whaur he haes nae lost syne the 2003 Monte Carlo Masters. It wis his 44th career teetle an 19t at a Masters event.<ref>{{cite news|title=The last loss in Monte Carlo was in 2003|date=17 April 2011|url=http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/nadal-wins-7th-straight-montecarlo-title|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=17 April 2011|archive-date=2012-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101024426/http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/nadal-wins-7th-straight-montecarlo-title|url-status=dead}}</ref> It wis his first teetle syne winning the Japan Open. Nadal shares third place wi [[Björn Borg]] an Manuel Orantes in the leet o players wi the maist teetles on clay.<ref>{{cite news|title=NADAL WINS 7TH STRAIGHT MONTECARLO TITLE|date=17 April 2011|url=http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/nadal-wins-7th-straight-montecarlo-title|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=17 April 2011|archive-date=2012-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101024426/http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/nadal-wins-7th-straight-montecarlo-title|url-status=dead}}</ref> Juist a week later, Nadal won his saxt Barcelona Open crown, winning the 2011 Barcelona Open Banco Sabadell feenal against Ferrer in straucht sets. In daein sae, Nadal acame the first man in the open era tae hae won twa tournaments at least sax times each. Nadal wis then the leader in terms o matches won in the year, wi 29. He did nae gain ony pynts for this veectory, houiver, as anly fower ATP 500 tournaments can be countit taewart a players ranking at ane time, but thay will gang intae effect 8 August 2011, whan the result o the 2010 Legg Mason Tennis Classic expires.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Rafael-Nadal.aspx?t=rb|title=Ranking Breakdown Rafael Nadal|date = 9 June 2011|work= ATP Worldtour|accessdate=9 June 2011}}</ref> At the 2011 Mutua Madrid Open in Mey, he defeatit Marcos Baghdatis, haed a walkover against [[Juan Martín del Potro]], an defeatit Michaël Llodra an Roger Federer, afore losin the feenal tae Novak Djokovic in twa sets.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/09/sports/tennis/09madrid.html|title=Djokovic Tops Nadal in Another Final|date= 8 May 2011|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=7 June 2011}}</ref> Nadal again lost in straucht sets tae Novak Djokovic in the Rome Masters final.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2011/may/15/novak-djokovic-rafael-nadal-rome|title=Novak Djokovic rolls on with defeat of Rafael Nadal in Rome final|date= 15 May 2011|work=The Guardian|accessdate=7 June 2011|location=London|first=Kevin|last=Mitchell}}</ref> This merked the first time that Nadal haes lost twice on clay tae the same player in a single saison.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/2011-05-15-italian-open_N.htm|title=Djokovic beats Nadal in Rome in French Open warm-up|date= 17 May 2011|work=USA Today|accessdate=7 June 2011}}</ref> Houiver, Nadal retained his No. 1 rankin during the clay-coort saison an won his saxt French Open teetle bi defeatin Roger Federer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/french11/news/story?id=6628276|title=Rafael Nadal wins sixth French Open|date= 6 June 2011|publisher=ESPN|accessdate=7 June 2011}}</ref> During the first three roonds o Wimbledon, Nadal beat Michael Russell, Ryan Sweeting, an Gilles Müller. He then faced Juan Martín del Potro in the fowert roond an Mardy Fish in the quarterfeenals, defeatin baith players in fower sets. His semifeenal opponent wis warld No. 4 Andy Murray. Nadal lost the first set, then won the next three. This set up a feenal against warld No. 2 Novak Djokovic, that haed beaten Nadal in aw fower o thair matches in 2011 (aw in Masters feenals). Efter dropping the third set, Djokovic defeatit Nadal in the fowert. This wis the first Grand Slam tournament feenal that Nadal haed lost tae someone ither than Roger Federer an his first loss at Wimbledon syne his five-set loss tae Federer in the 2007 feenal. The loss ended Nadal's winning streak in Grand Slam feenals at seiven, preventin him frae tying the Open-Era record o aicht victories in a row set bi [[Pete Sampras]]. Djokovic's success at the tournament an aa meant that the Serb ascended tae warld No. 1 for the first time, breaking the dominance o Federer an Nadal on the poseetion, which ane o them haed held for every week syne 2 Februar 2004. Nadal fell tae warld No. 2 in the rankings for the first time syne Juin 2010. Efter restin for a month frae a fit injury sustained during Wimbledon, he contestit the 2011 Rogers Cup, whaur he wis shocked bi Croatian Ivan Dodig in a third-set tiebreak. He next played in the 2011 Cincinnati Masters, whaur he lost tae Mardy Fish in the quarterfeenals. At the 2011 US Open, Nadal defeatit Andrey Golubev in straicht sets an advanced tae the third roond efter Frenchman [[Nicolas Mahut]] retired. Efter defeatin David Nalbandian on 4 September, Nadal collapsed in his post-match press conference due tae severe cramps.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/14783093.stm | publisher=BBC News | title=Nadal collapses in front of media | date=4 September 2011}}</ref> Nadal lost tae Novak Djokovic in the feenal in fower sets. Efter the US Open, Nadal reached the � o the Japan Open Tennis Championships. Nadal, that wis the 2010 champion, wis defeatit bi Andy Murray. At the Shanghai Masters, Nadal wis tap seed wi the absence o Novak Djokovic, but wis upset in the third roond bi No. 23 rankit Florian Mayer in straucht sets. At the 2011 ATP World Tour Finals, Nadal wis defeatit bi Roger Federer in the roond-robin stage, in ane o the quickest matches atween the twa, lasting juist 60 meenits. In the follaein match, Nadal wis defeatit bi Jo-Wilfried Tsonga, an wis eliminatit frae the tournament. In the Davis Cup feenal in December, Nadal haed a quick straucht-set win ower Juan Mónaco in his first match. In his second match against Juan Martín del Potro, Nadal did nae win a single service gemme in the first set but came back tae win the match.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.daviscup.com/en/home.aspx |title=Davis Cup site |publisher=Daviscup.com |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-date=2012-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608021306/http://www.daviscup.com/en/home.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nadal ended his tennis saison wi the Mubadala World Tennis Championship, an exhibeetion tournament nae affiliatit wi the ATP. The tournament, normally held in early Januar, wis held frae 29 tae 31 December 2011. Nadal haed a bye intae the semifeenals an played against David Ferrer, that defeatit Jo-Wilfried Tsonga in the quarterfeenals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mubadalawtc.com/NewsDetails/11-12-28/LEGENDS_LOOK_FORWARD_TO_MUBADALA_WORLD_TENNIS_CHAMPIONSHIP_FOR_THE_START_OF_GLOBAL_TENNIS_SEASON.aspx|title=Legends Look Forward to Mubadala World Tennis Championship for the Start of Global Tennis Season|date=28 December 2011}}{{dead link|date=January 2012}}</ref> Ferrer won the match in straucht sets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mubadalawtc.com/NewsDetails/11-12-30/DJOKOVIC_DOMINATES_TO_SECURE_PLACE_IN_FINAL_AGAINST_IMPRESSIVE_FERRER.aspx|title=Djokovic dominates to secure place in final against impressive Ferrer|date=30 December 2011|access-date=2015-06-03|archive-date=2012-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114134639/http://www.mubadalawtc.com/NewsDetails/11-12-30/DJOKOVIC_DOMINATES_TO_SECURE_PLACE_IN_FINAL_AGAINST_IMPRESSIVE_FERRER.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nadal wis then relegatit tae the third place match against Roger Federer. Nadal won in straucht sets. ===2012: Seivent French Open title=== {{Main|2012 Rafael Nadal tennis season}} [[File:Nadal Monte Carlo 2012.JPG|thumb|right|Nadal during the finals of the Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters]] Nadal began his ATP World Tour saison at the Qatar Open. He beat Philipp Kohlschreiber an qualifier Denis Gremelmayr in roonds ane an twa an then won against seivent-seedit Mikhail Youzhny.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.yahoo.com/tennis/news?slug=reu-mendoha|title=Federer and Nadal stay on course for final showdown|publisher=Yahoo Sports|date=5 January 2012|access-date=2015-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250609105054/https://sports.yahoo.com/tennis/news/?slug=reu-mendoha|archive-date=2025-06-09|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the semifeenal he lost tae Gaël Monfils in twa sets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.yahoo.com/ten/news?slug=ap-qataropen|title=Monfils tops Nadal, faces Tsonga in final|date=6 January 2012|publisher=Yahoo Sports|access-date=2015-06-03|archive-date=2003-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030213071930/http://sports.yahoo.com/ten/news?slug=ap-qataropen|url-status=dead}}{{failed verification|date=April 2012}}</ref> In the Australian Open Nadal began the tournament bi breezing past qualifier Alex Kuznetsov o Unitit States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.yahoo.com/ten/news?slug=ap-australianopen-nadal|title=Nadal eases to 1st-round win at Australian Open|date=16 January 2012|publisher=Yahoo Sports}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The second roond against Tommy Haas, that haes never won a set against Rafael, wis tighter, but Nadal again advanced in three straucht sets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.yahoo.com/ten/news?slug=afp-tennis_aus_open_men_20120118|title=Nadal beats Haas as Federer puts feet up at Aussie Open|date=18 January 2012|publisher=Yahoo Sports}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He defeatit Feliciano López in the fowert roond, then won in his quarterfeenal an semifeenal matches against Tomáš Berdych an Roger Federer respectively. Bi daein sae, he haes reached the feenals o aw fower majors consecutively. In the feenal, on 29 Januar, he wis beaten bi Novak Djokovic in a five-set match that lastit 5 oors an 53 meenits, the langest ever match for a Grand Slam teetle. The pair set a new warld record, breaking the latest langest major singles feenal atween Mats Wilander an Ivan Lendl, which lastit 4 oors an 54 meenits, at the US Open in 1988.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/tennis/aus12/story/_/id/7515950/2012-australian-open-novak-djokovic-outlasts-rafael-nadal-longest-grand-slam-final|title=Longest Men's Singles Championship Final|date=30 January 2012|publisher=ESPN Sports}}</ref> Nadal got � the semifeenals in Indian Wells, whaur he wis beaten in straucht sets bi eventual champion Roger Federer. He an aa reached the � in Miami, but widrew acause o knee problems. As the clay court saison stairtit, Nadal wis seedit 2nt at the 2012 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters. He defeatit Jarkko Nieminen, Mikhael Kukushkin, [[Stanislas Wawrinka]], an Gilles Simon afore topping warld No. 1 Novak Djokovic tae win his 8t consecutive Monte Carlo trophy. This ended a streak o seiven straucht feenal losses tae Djokovic, which began at the 2011 Indian Wells Masters feenal. A day efter the Monte Carlo Masters Final, Nadal traveled tae Barcelona whaur he received a bye in the first roond. His tremendous record on clay continued as he beat compatriot David Ferrer in a haurd focht feenal tae clinch his seivent teetle in aicht years at the Barcelona Open. The Mutua Madrileña Madrid Open did nae gang very well for Nadal. He beat Nikolay Davydenko, ane o the few players tae haud a positive heid tae heid record ower Nadal, in straucht sets. He then lost tae [[Fernando Verdasco]], that he held a 13–0 record against in the third roond 7–5 in the third, efter blowing a 4–0 feenal set lead. Nadal statit that he wis very unhappy wi the new blue-coloured clay an threatened nae tae attend in the future if the surface wis nae changed back tae red clay. Several ither players (sic as Novak Djokovic) voiced seemilar criticism.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.incyprus.com.cy/en-gb/tennis/4172/27612/stars-not-happy-with-madrid |title=Stars not happy with Madrid |publisher=Incyprus.com.cy |date=11 May 2012 |accessdate=24 November 2012 |archive-date=2013-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825034412/http://www.incyprus.com.cy/en-gb/tennis/4172/27612/stars-not-happy-with-madrid |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the last tournament afore the French Open, Nadal went tae the Internazionali BNL d'Italia in Rome. He advanced tae his 7t feenal efter defeatin Florian Mayer, Marcel Granollers, Tomáš Berdych, an David Ferrer aw in straucht sets, setting up anither feenals showdown wi warld nummer ane Novak Djokovic. Nadal defeatit Djokovic in a tight straucht sets encounter. This wis his second veectory ower Novak Djokovic in 2012 an his third teetle o the saison, as weel as his 6t Rome teetle overall. At the 2012 French Open, Nadal dropped anly 30 gemmes against his first five opponents, wioot losin a set. In the semifeenal he faced a friend an compatriot in David Ferrer. Unlik thair previous twa encounters in Barcelona an Rome, Nadal showed awmaist no flaws, dismantling Ferrer tae set up anither championship teetle fecht wi warld No. 1 Novak Djokovic. This merked the first time whaur twa opposing players faced ilk ither in fower consecutive Grand Slam tournament feenals. Thay an aa acame the anly players tae hae faced the same opponent in the feenals o aw fower Majors. Nadal won the first twa sets afore Djokovic claimed the third. Play wis suspended in the fowert set due tae rain. When the match resumed the follaein day, Nadal won whan Djokovic dooble faultit on match pynt, sealing a record 7t Roland Garros teetle for Nadal.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ca.reuters.com/article/sportsNews/idCABRE85A0LW20120611?pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0&sp=true|title=Nadal wins record seventh French Open|agency=Reuters|first=Toby|last=Davis|date=11 June 2012|accessdate=11 June 2012|archive-date=2013-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105222136/http://ca.reuters.com/article/sportsNews/idCABRE85A0LW20120611?pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0&sp=true|url-status=dead}}</ref> Throughout the tournament, Nadal lost anly ane set, occurring in the feenal. Bi winning his seivent teetle<ref>{{cite news|url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/french-open-2012/top-stories/Rafael-Nadal-beats-Novak-Djokovic-to-win-record-seventh-French-Open-title/articleshow/14026658.cms|title=Rafael Nadal beats Novak Djokovic to win record seventh French Open title|date=11 June 2012 | work=The Times of India}}</ref> at Roland Garros, Nadal surpassed Borg's overall teetles record<ref name=RG7>{{cite news|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2012/06/23/Roland-Garros-Final-Nadal-Beats-Djokovic-To-Make-History.aspx|title=Nadal Tops Djokovic To Break Borg's Paris Record|publisher=ATP World Tour|date=11 June 2012|accessdate=11 June 2012}}</ref> tae acome the maist successfu tennis player in French Open history.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/18395750|title=Rafael Nadal beats Novak Djokovic to win seventh French Open|publisher=BBC Sport|first=Mike|last=Henson|date=11 June 2012|accessdate=11 June 2012}}</ref> Nadal anly lost a tot o three sets in the 2012 clay court saison. In his first grass court tournament o the saison at Halle, Nadal advanced tae quarterfeenals, whaur he lost tae Philipp Kohlschreiber.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/Rafael-Nadal-bombs-out-in-quarterfinals-at-Halle/articleshow/14152923.cms|title= Rafael Nadal bombs out in quarterfinals at Halle|date=15 June 2012 | work=The Times of India}}</ref> At Wimbledon, Nadal beat Thomaz Bellucci in the first roond. He then met Lukáš Rosol in the second roond, a player that wis then rankit 100th in the warld an haed never advanced beyond the first qualifying roond in his five previous Wimbledons. In ane o the biggest upsets in Grand Slam history, Rosol defeatit Nadal in five sets. This wis the first time syne the Wimbledon 2005 championships that Nadal haed failed tae progress past the 2nt roond o a Grand Slam tournament.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rafael Nadal falls to shock Wimbledon defeat by Lukas Rosol|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/18627648|accessdate=28 June 2012|publisher=BBC News|date=28 June 2012}}</ref> In Julie 2012, Nadal widrew frae the 2012 Olympics due tae tendinitis in his knee, which subsequently an aa led tae him pulling oot o baith the Rogers Cup an Cincinnati Masters. On 15 August, Nadal annoonced his widrawal frae the US Open in New York, as he felt he still wis nae healthy eneuch tae compete.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.express.co.uk/posts/view/354475/Rafa-Nadal-withdraws-from-Paris-and-London-tournaments|title= Nadal withdraws from Paris and London tournaments|accessdate=26 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/news/tennis/2012/07/features/london-olympics-nadal-pulls-out-with-injury.aspx|title=Reigning Champion Nadal Withdraws From London Olympics|accessdate=19 July 2012}}</ref> On 11 September 2012, Nadal fell tae a warld No. 4 ranking, his lowest syne 2010, as 2012 US Open winner Andy Murray climbed tae No. 3.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.livetennisguide.com/2012/09/11/rafael-nadal-falls-as-andy-murray-climbs-in-atp-rankings/ |title=Rafael Nadal falls, as Andy Murray climbs in ATP Rankings |publisher=Livetennisguide.com |accessdate=24 November 2012 |archive-date=2017-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803171825/http://www.livetennisguide.com/2012/09/11/rafael-nadal-falls-as-andy-murray-climbs-in-atp-rankings/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nadal ended 2012 rankit No. 4 in the warld, the first time in aicht years that he haes nae been rankit 1st or 2nt at the end o the year. ===2013: Echt French Open, second US Open title, back tae No. 1=== {{Main|2013 Rafael Nadal tennis season}} Twa weeks prior tae the 2013 Australian Open, Nadal offeecially widrew frae the tournament citing a painch virus.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://espn.go.com/tennis/story/_/id/8786752/rafael-nadal-pulls-australian-open-due-virus | title=Rafael Nadal out of Aussie Open | publisher=ESPN | date=28 December 2012 | accessdate=29 December 2012}}</ref> Nadal's widrawal subsequently saw him drop oot o the ATP's Tap Four for the first time syne 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2013-01-28/nadal-out-of-top-four-serena-williams-rises-on-rankings |title=Nadal Out of Top Four, Serena Williams Rises on Rankings |date=28 January 2013 |work=Business Week}}</ref> Playin in his first tournaments in South Americae syne 2005, Nadal cam back at the Latin American Golden Swing, stairtin his 2013 saison at the 2013 VTR Open in Chile,<ref>{{cite web|last=Clarke|first=Patrice|title=Rafael Nadal Smart to Make Long-Awaited Return on Clay at 2013 ATP VTR Open|url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1506335-rafael-nadal-smart-to-make-long-awaited-return-on-clay-at-2013-atp-vtr-open|publisher=Bleacher Report|accessdate=1 February 2013}}</ref> whaur he advanced tae the feenal wioot dropping a set but wis beaten bi Argentine warld No. 73 journeyman Horacio Zeballos. He an aa lost in the doubles feenal (wi Juan Mónaco). At the 2013 Brasil Open, at [[São Paulo]], Nadal struggled in the openin roonds, dropping sets tae Berlocq an qualifier Alund. Despite the poor clay surface, which wis the subject o player complaints, he reached the feenal, whaur he defeatit David Nalbandian.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/21036474| title=Rafael Nadal to make comeback from knee injury at Brazil Open | work=BBC Sport | date=15 January 2013 | accessdate=27 January 2013}}</ref> In the teetle match o the 2013 Abierto Mexicano Telcel in Acapulco, Nadal defeatit warld No. 4 David Ferrer, losin juist twa gemmes in the match. Nadal then returned tae the American haurd courts efter a year, playin the Indian Wells Masters as the fift seed. He lost anly ane set, an defeatit warld No. 2 [[Roger Federer]] an warld No. 6 [[Tomáš Berdych]] in the matches leadin up tae the feenal. Nadal recovered frae bein ane set doun in the feenal, tae defeat Juan Martín del Potro. This wis his third Indian Wells Masters teetle an his first hardcourt teetle syne October 2010, an left Nadal the player wi the maist Masters 1000s wins. Efter widrawing frae Miami, Nadal attemptit tae defend his teetle at the 2013 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters, but, despite reachin the feenal for the ninth consecutive year, he wis beaten bi Djokovic in straucht sets. He then won at the 2013 Barcelona Open Banco Sabadell ower Almagro, in straucht sets. This wis his 8t veectory thare, makin him the first man tae win twa different tournaments aicht or mair times each. It wis an aa his fowert teetle o the saison, an his saxt consecutive feenal. Nadal won his 23rd ATP Masters 1000 tournament at the 2013 Mutua Madrid Open, beatin Wawrinka, despite previously haein been twa pynts frae defeat in his quarterfeenal against David Ferrer. The blue clay that haed troubled him the previous year thare haed been exchanged for the traditional red clay. In Mey, he won his record 24t Masters 1000 teetle, beatin Roger Federer for his 7t championship at the 2013 Rome Masters. It wis his 6t teetle o the saison an his aicht consecutive feenal. Thir victories raised his ranking tae warld No. 4. Nadal won the 2013 French Open efter beatin Djokovic in the [[Big Four (tennis)#2013 French Open semifinal|semifinal]] an Ferrer in the feenal. His match wi Djokovic wis widely considered ane o the greatest clay court matches ever played, as Nadal came back frae doun a break in the fift set tae tak oot a haurd-focht 4-oor, 37-meenit veectory. Houiver, acause o the nuances o how rankings are calculatit (includin an improvement in performance bi the then warld No. 5 David Ferrer at the French Open), Nadal's warld ranking dropped frae No. 4 tae No. 5, wi Ferrer replacing him at No. 4. Nadal then lost his first-roond match at the 2013 Wimbledon Championships in straucht sets tae unseedit Belgian Steve Darcis (rankit No. 135), makin it the second time in a row he failed tae reach the third roond at Wimbledon an the first ever time Nadal haed lost in the first roond o a Grand Slam. Darcis is the lowest-rankit player ever tae beat Nadal in a Grand Slam tournament. In August 2013, Nadal won the semifeenal match in Montreal, denying Djokovic his fowert Rogers Cup teetle.<ref name="CO2013">{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2013/08/32/Montreal-Saturday-Djokovic-Nadal.aspx |title=Nadal Edges Djokovic In Montreal Thriller, Faces Raonic in Final |publisher=ATP World Tour |date=30 September 2011 |accessdate=31 July 2014}}</ref> Nadal proceeded tae win the teetle efter beatin [[Milos Raonic]] in the feenal in straucht sets. This wis Nadal's 25t Masters 1000 teetle an third teetle at the Canadian Open.<ref name="TGaM">{{cite web|author=Canada |url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/sports/more-sports/rafael-nadal-dominates-milos-raonic-in-rogers-cup-final/article13704194/ |title=Rafael Nadal dominates Milos Raonic in Rogers Cup final |publisher=Theglobeandmail.com |date=11 August 2013 |accessdate=31 July 2014}}</ref> He won his 26t ATP Masters 1000 in Cincinnati on Sunday 18 August efter beatin John Isner in the feenal.<ref name="ESPN Cinc"/> Nadal concluded a brilliant North American haurd court saison wi his 4t haurd court teetle o the year, defeatin Djokovic at the 2013 US Open feenal in fower sets, bringin his Slam count tae 13 an giein Nadal a male tennis record paycheck o $3.6 million.<ref>{{cite web |last=Newbery |first=Piers |title=Rafael Nadal beats Novak Djokovic to win second US Open title |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/24027678 |work=BBC Sport |date=10 September 2013 |accessdate=19 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Not the real prizemoney: Rafael Nadal and Serena Williams lament tax impact on record purse |url=http://www.smh.com.au/sport/tennis/not-the-real-prizemoney-rafael-nadal-and-serena-williams-lament-tax-impact-on-record-purse-20130910-2thqc.html |accessdate=19 July 2014 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=10 September 2013}}</ref> Later in September, Nadal helped Spain secure thair Davis Cup World Group Playoff spot for 2014, wi a veectory against Sergiy Stakhovsky an a doubles win wi Marc Lopez. In October, he reached the feenal o the China Open, guaranteeing he wad acome warld nummer ane for the third time efter losin it in Julie 2011.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rafael Nadal reaches China Open final to become world number one |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/24409808 |work=BBC Sport |date=5 October 2013 |accessdate=10 June 2014}}</ref> In the feenal, he wis beaten bi Djokovic in straucht sets.<ref>{{cite web |title=Novak Djokovic beats Rafael Nadal in China Open final |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/24418035 |work=BBC Sport |date=6 October 2013 |accessdate=10 June 2014}}</ref> At the 2013 Shanghai Rolex Masters, Nadal reached the semi-feenals but wis defeatit bi Del Potro. In November 2013, Nadal played his feenal event o the saison in Lunnon at the 2013 ATP Warld Tour Finals whaur he secured the year end Warld Nummer Ane spot. Nadal beat David Ferrer, Stanislas Wawrinka an Tomáš Berdych in the Roond Robin stage tae set up a semi feenal an veectory ower Roger Federer. Nadal met Djokovic in the feenal, losin in straicht sets. ===2014: Nint French Open title an struggles wi form=== {{Main|2014 Rafael Nadal tennis season}} [[File:IBI14 Rafa Nadal.jpg|thumb|Nadal during a press conference at the 2014 Internazionali BNL d'Italia]] Rafael Nadal began his 2014 saison at the Qatar Open in Doha, defeatin Lukáš Rosol in the first roond<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-01-01/nadal-evens-the-ledger-against-rosol-in-doha/5180650?section=sport Rafael Nadal beats Czech Republic player Lukas Rosol to advance to second round of Qatar Open], ''ABC Grandstand Sport (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)'', 1 January 2014</ref> an he won the teetle efter defeatin [[Gaël Monfils]] in the feenal.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rafael Nadal beats Gael Monfils to win Qatar title |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/25606655 |accessdate=19 July 2014 |work=BBC Sport |date=4 January 2014}}</ref> It wis annoonced in Februar 2014 that "After compiling one of the greatest comeback seasons on the ATP World Tour in 2013, World No. 1 Rafael Nadal is a contender to be nominated for the Laureus World Comeback of the Year Award."<ref>{{cite news | title = Nadal a Possible Nominee for Laureus Award | url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2014/02/8/Nadal-Laureus-Nomination.aspx | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222171023/http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2014/02/8/Nadal-Laureus-Nomination.aspx | archivedate = 22 February 2014 | publisher = ATP | accessdate = 22 February 2014 }}</ref> At the Australian Open, he defeatit [[Roger Federer]] tae reach his third Australian Open feenal, improving his career record against Federer tae 23–10. This merked Nadal's 11t consecutive veectory in a Major semifeenal (second anly tae Borg's aw-time record o 14), an advanced him tae his 19t Major feenal, tyin him wi Lendl for second aw-time behind Federer's 24. It an aa merked Nadal's saxt consecutive veectory ower Federer in a Major. In the feenal, he faced [[Stanislas Wawrinka]], against whom he entered the match wi a 12-0 record, haein won aw o thair previous 26 sets. Efter losin the first set, Nadal suffered a back injury doun 2-0 in the second set, an awtho he won a set, he lost the match in fower sets. The first tournament he played efter that wis the inaugural Rio Open which he won efter defeatin Alexandr Dolgopolov in the feenal extendin his record o ATP 500 teetles tae 15. Houiver, at the Indian Wells Masters, Dolgopolov wad avenge his loss, defeatin Nadal in three sets in the third roond. He reached the feenal o the Miami Masters afore fawin tae [[Novak Djokovic]] in straucht sets. Nadal began his clay court saison wi a quarterfeenal loss tae David Ferrer in the Monte-Carlo Masters. He wis stunned bi Nicolas Almagro in the quarterfeenals o the Barcelona Open. Nadal won the Madrid Open efter [[Kei Nishikori]] retired in the third set.<ref name="bbc.co.uk"/> On 8 Juin 2014, Nadal defeatit Novak Djokovic in the Men's Singles French Open final tae win his 9t French Open teetle an a 5t straicht win at Roland Garros. Nadal dropped the first set but came back in the gemme tae win the next three sets tae lift the trophy. Nadal equaled Pete Sampras' tot o 14 Grand Slam wins, the second heichest nummer o single Grand Slam titles efter Roger Federer.<ref name="2014 French open">{{cite news |last1=Newbery |first1=Piers |title=Rafael Nadal beats Novak Djokovic to win ninth French Open title |url=http://www.bbc.com/sport/0/tennis/27753534 |date=8 June 2014 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref> Nadal lost in the second roond o the Halle Open tae Dustin Brown the follaein week.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://espn.go.com/tennis/story/_/id/11070600/rafael-nadal-falls-halle-1st-match-french |title=Rafael Nadal ousted in Halle |date=12 June 2014 |accessdate=14 June 2014 |publisher=[[ESPN]]}}</ref> Nadal then entered the Wimbledon Championships in a bid tae win the tournament for the third time an tae win his 15t Grand Slam teetle overall. In the first three roonds he faced Martin Kližan, Lukáš Rosol (tae whom he suffered a shock defeat at the same stage o the tournament twa years earlier) an Mikhail Kukushkin. In each o thir matches he lost the first set afore takin command an winnin them in fower sets. In the fowert roond he faced Australian teenager Nick Kyrgios (rankit 143 places lawer than Nadal) an again lost the first set, but despite winning the second set, he wis unable tae turn the tide an eventually lost in fower sets.<ref name="Wimbledon 2014">{{cite news |last1=Newbery |first1=Piers |title=Rafael Nadal beaten by Nick Kyrgios at Wimbledon |url=http://www.bbc.com/sport/0/tennis/28118239 |date=1 July 2014 |accessdate=1 July 2014 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref> Nadal widrew frae the American swing due tae a wrist injury. He cam back at the 2014 China Open. He wis defeatit bi Martin Klizan in three sets. At the 2014 Shanghai Rolex Masters, he suffered frae appendicitis, therefore he eventually went doun bi [[Feliciano López|Feliciano Lopez]] in straucht sets. Later, he wis upset bi Borna Coric at the quarterfeenals o the 2014 Swiss Indoors. Efter the loss, he annoonced that he will skip the rest o the saison. ===2015: Struggles on clay=== {{main|2015 Rafael Nadal tennis season}} Nadal began the year as the defendin Champion at Qatar, but suffered a shocking three set defeat tae Michael Berrer in roond ane o the Qatar Open.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/30702154 |title=Rafael Nadal suffers shock defeat by Michael Berrer in Doha |date=6 January 2015 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref> He won the doubles teetle wi Juan Monaco. At the Australian Open, Nadal beat Mikhail Youzhny in the first roond in straucht sets, afore prevailing in a tough five-setter against American Tim Smyczek in the second roond, despite bein visibly unwell at times during the gemme. He then beat Dudi Sela an Kevin Anderson in straucht sets tae advance tae his 28t career quarterfeenal. Nadal lost in straucht sets tae [[Tomáš Berdych]] in the quarterfeenal, sicweys endin a 17-match winning streak against the seivent-seedit Czech.<ref>{{cite news |last=Newbery |first=Piers |title=Rafael Nadal beaten by Tomas Berdych at Australian Open |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/30996172 |accessdate=24 May 2015 |work=BBC Sport |date=27 January 2015}}</ref> Nadal lost in the semifeenal tae Fabio Fognini at the Rio Open, afore gaun on tae win his 46th career clay-court teetle against Juan Monaco at the Argentina Open.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/31687217 |title=Rafael Nadal: Argentina Open win equals clay-court title record |date=1 March 2015 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref> In Mey, Nadal lost in the quarterfeenals o the Rome Masters tae [[Stan Wawrinka]] in straucht sets. On Juin 3rd, his 29t birthday, Nadal lost tae Novak Djokovic in the quarterfeenals o the French Open, endin his winning streak o 39 consecutive victories in Paris syne his defeat bi Robin Söderling in 2009. Efter the tournament, Nadal will drop tae nummer 10 in the ATP-rankings, his lowest ranking in ower a decade. ===2016–2024: Mair majors an retiral=== In 2017 Nadal wan his tent title at Monte Carlo, the maist wins bi ony player at a single tournament in the Open Era.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/39686964|title=Monte Carlo Masters: Rafael Nadal beats Albert Ramos-Vinolas for record 10th title|date=23 April 2017|publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=12 February 2018|archive-date=23 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523224227/http://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/39686964|url-status=live}}</ref> At the 2019 US Open he beat Daniil Medvedev in the final for his fowert US Open title an his 19t major.<ref>{{cite news|title=US Open 2019: Rafael Nadal beats Daniil Medvedev to win 19th Grand Slam title |work=BBC Sport |date=9 September 2019 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/49629579 |access-date=10 September 2019 |archive-date=10 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910010653/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/49629579 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2020 he wan his 13t French Open, beatin Djokovic in straucht sets in the final, an wi that his 20t Grand Slam title, equallin Federer's record for men's singles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uk.sports.yahoo.com/news/nadal-wins-13th-french-open-155926111.html|title=King Nadal continues Paris reign with record-equalling 20th Slam|website=uk.sports.yahoo.com|date=11 October 2020|access-date=13 December 2020|archive-date=26 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026160419/https://uk.sports.yahoo.com/news/nadal-wins-13th-french-open-155926111.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/rafael-nadal-wins-his-20th-grand-slam-title-with-french-open-victory-11602431520|title=Rafael Nadal Wins His 20th Grand Slam Title With French Open Victory|first=Joshua|last=Robinson|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=11 October 2020|via=wsj.com|access-date=13 December 2020|archive-date=22 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022185740/https://www.wsj.com/articles/rafael-nadal-wins-his-20th-grand-slam-title-with-french-open-victory-11602431520|url-status=live}}</ref> He wan the Australian Open for the second time in 2022, his 21st major title, comin back frae twa sets doon tae beat Medvedev in the final, an sae brak the record for the maist men's singles major titles.<ref>{{cite news|last=Braidwood |first=Jamie |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/australian-open-final-result-nadal-medvedev-b2003655.html |title=Rafael Nadal produces epic comeback to defeat Daniil Medvedev and win record-breaking Australian Open title |work=The Independent |date=30 January 2022 |access-date=30 January 2022 |archive-date=30 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130141512/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/australian-open-final-result-nadal-medvedev-b2003655.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Efter years o injuries, on 10 October 2024 Nadal annoonced that he wad retire efter playin for Spain at the Davis Cup Finals in Málaga in November.<ref>{{cite web |last=Jurejko |first=Jonathan |title=Rafael Nadal retires: 22-time Grand Slam champion confirms retirement from tennis aged 38 |website=BBC Sport |date=2024-10-10 |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/articles/ckgv9n5jj8jo |access-date=2024-10-10}}</ref> ==Rivalries== {{see also|Big Four (tennis)}} ===Nadal vs. Federer=== {{Main|Federer–Nadal rivalry}} [[File:Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal at the 2006 Wimbledon Championships.jpg|thumb|Nadal an Federer during the 2006 Wimbledon Championships final]] [[Roger Federer|Federer]] an Nadal hae been playin ilk ither syne 2004, an thair rivalry is a significant pairt o baith men's careers.<ref name="asgoodasitgets"/><ref name="moveoverborgmac">{{cite news|first=Paul|last=Weaver|title = Move over McEnroe and Borg, this one will run and run in the memory|url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2008/jul/07/wimbledon.tennis4|work=The Guardian|location=London|date = 7 July 2008|accessdate =14 February 2009 }}</ref><ref name="asgoodassportgets">{{cite news|first = Martin|last = Flanagan|title = Federer v Nadal as good as sport gets|work = The Age|location = Melbourne|url = http://www.theage.com.au/news/tennis/federer-v-nadal-as-good-as-|access-date = 2015-06-03|archive-date = 2013-08-14|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130814212515/http://www.atpworldtour.com/Players/Head-To-Head.aspx?pId=N409&oId=F324|url-status = dead}}</ref> Thay held the tap twa rankings on the ATP Tour frae Julie 2005 until 14 August 2009, whan Nadal fell tae warld No. 3 (Andy Murray acame the new No. 2).<ref>{{cite news|first = Richard|last = Jago|title = Murray reaches world No.2|date = 15 August 2009|url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2009/aug/15/andy-murray-montreal-masters-jo-wilfried-tsonga|work=The Observer|accessdate =16 August 2010|location=London}}</ref> Thay are the anly pair o men tae hae ever finished fower consecutive calendar years at the tap.<ref>{{cite web|title=Roger Federer Ranking History|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Roger-Federer.aspx?t=rh|publisher=Association of Tennis Professionals|accessdate=9 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Rafael Nadal|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Rafael-Nadal.aspx?t=rh|publisher=Associate of Tennis Professionals|accessdate=9 February 2013}}</ref> Nadal ascended tae No. 2 in Julie 2005 an held this spot for a record 160 consecutive weeks afore surpassing Federer in August 2008.<ref name="nadalnum1">{{cite web|url=http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/25978842/|title=It's official: Nadal will pass Federer for No. 1|date=1 August 2008|publisher=NBC Sports (Associated Press)|accessdate=14 February 2009|archive-date=2008-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081019231656/http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/25978842/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Thay hae played 33 times, an Nadal leads thair heid-tae-heid series 23–10 overall an 9–2 in Grand Slam tournaments. Fifteen o thair matches hae been on clay, which is statistically Nadal's best surface.<ref name="FedEx ATP Reliability Index">{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Reliability-Zone/Reliability-Clay-Career-List.aspx|title=FedEx ATP Reliability Index|accessdate=1 April 2012|archive-date=2013-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029212601/http://www.atpworldtour.com/Reliability-Zone/Reliability-Clay-Career-List.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Federer haes a winning record on grass (2–1) an indoor haurd courts (4–1) while Nadal leads the outdoor haurd courts bi 8–2 an clay bi 13–2.<ref name="atp-headtohead">{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/Rivalries/Nadal-Federer-Rivalry.aspx|title=Head to Head player details|publisher=ATP World Tour|accessdate=14 April 2013}}</ref> As tournament seedings are based on rankings, 20 o thair matches hae been in tournament feenals, includin an aw-time record 8 Grand Slam tournament feenals.<ref name="atp-therivalry">{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/Rivalries/Nadal-Federer-Rivalry.aspx|title= Rafa & Roger: The Rivalry|date=18 March 2012|publisher=ATP World Tour|accessdate=15 June 2012}}</ref> Frae 2006 tae 2008, thay played in every French Open an Wimbledon feenal, an an aa met in the teetle match o the 2009 Australian Open an the 2011 French Open.<ref name="atp-therivalry"/> Nadal won sax o the aicht, losin the first twa Wimbledon feenals. Three o thir matches war five set-matches (2007 an 2008 Wimbledon, 2009 Australian Open), an the 2008 Wimbledon feenal haes been lauded as the greatest match ever bi mony lang-time tennis analysts.<ref name="greatestmatchever"/><ref name="McEnroe-greatestmatch">{{cite news|first = Richard|last = Alleyne|title = Wimbledon 2008: John McEnroe hails Rafael Nadal victory as greatest final ever|work=The Telegraph|url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wimbledon/2305019/Wimbledon-2008-John-McEnroe-hails-Rafael-Nadal-victory-as-greatest-final-ever.html|date = 7 July 2008|accessdate =14 February 2009|location=London}}</ref><ref name="wertheim-greatestmatch">{{cite news|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2008/writers/jon_wertheim/07/09/wertheim.mailbag/index.html|title=Without a doubt, it's the greatest|last=Wertheim|first=Jon|date=9 July 2008|work=Tennis Mailbag|accessdate=14 February 2009|archive-date=2013-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813175621/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2008/writers/jon_wertheim/07/09/wertheim.mailbag/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="tignor-greatestmatch">{{cite web|url=http://tennisworld.typepad.com/thewrap/2008/07/w-report-cards.html|title=W: Report Cards|last=Tignor|first=Steve|work=Concrete Elbow|publisher=Tennis.com|date=8 July 2008|accessdate=14 February 2009}}</ref> ===Nadal vs. Djokovic=== {{Main|Djokovic–Nadal rivalry}} [[Novak Djokovic]] an Nadal hae met 43 times (mair nor ony ither players in the Open Era) wi Nadal haein a 23–20 advantage.<ref name="CO2013"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Featured Columnist |url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1800155-analyzing-importance-of-novak-djokovics-china-open-win-vs-rafael-nadal |title=Analyzing Importance of Novak Djokovic's China Open Win vs. Rafael Nadal |publisher=Bleacherreport.com |date=6 October 2013 |accessdate=31 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="FEDEX ATP HEAD 2 HEADs">{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Players/Head-To-Head.aspx?pId=N409&oId=D643|title=FEDEX ATP HEAD 2 HEADs|accessdate=19 August 2011}}</ref> Nadal leads on grass 2–1 an clay 14–5, but Djokovic leads on haurd courts 14–7.<ref name="CO2013"/><ref name="FEDEX ATP HEAD 2 HEADs"/> In 2009, this rivalry wis listit as the third greatest o the previous 10 years bi ATPwarldtour.com.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2009/12/Decade-In-Review-Rivalries.aspx|title=RIVALRIES OF THE DECADE|accessdate=19 August 2011}}</ref> Djokovic is ane o anly twa players tae hae at least ten match wins against Nadal (the ither bein Federer) an the anly person tae defeat Nadal seiven consecutive times an twa times consecutively on clay. The twa earlier shared the record for the langest match played in a best o three sets (4 oors an 3 meenits) at the 2009 Mutua Madrid Open semifeenals until the match atween [[Roger Federer]] an [[Juan Martín del Potro]] in the London 2012 Olympics Semifinal, which is the langest best-of-three-set match bi time (at 4 oors an 26 meenits).<ref name=OlympicEpic>{{cite web|url= http://www.worldtennismagazine.com/archives/7566|title= Roger Federer’s History-Making Olympic Epic Over Juan Martin del Potro|author= Walker, Randy|publisher= World Tennis Magazine|date= 3 August 2012|accessdate= 4 August 2012|archive-date= 2018-07-25|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180725111408/http://www.worldtennismagazine.com/archives/7566|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.london2012.com/news/articles/federer-edges-epic-encounter.html |title= Federer edges epic encounter |publisher= London2012.com |date= 3 August 2012 |accessdate= 4 August 2012|url-status= dead }}</ref> Thay hae an aa played in a record 12 Masters Series feenals. In the 2011 Wimbledon feenal, Djokovic won in fower sets for his first Slam feenal ower Nadal.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/04/sports/tennis/2011-wimbledon-mens-final-novak-djokovic-defeats-rafael-nadal.html?amp=&pagewanted=all|title=Djokovic Overwhelms Nadal for Wimbledon Title|accessdate=3 July 2011 | work=The New York Times|first=Christopher|last=Clarey|date=3 July 2011}}</ref> Djokovic an aa defeatit Nadal in the 2011 US Open Final. In 2012, Djokovic defeatit Nadal in the Australian Open feenal for a third consecutive Slam feenal win ower Nadal. This wis the langest Grand Slam tournament feenal in Open era history at 5 hrs, 53 mins.<ref>{{cite news|author=Paul Gittings|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2012-01-29/tennis/sport_tennis_tennis-djokovic-nadal-australia_1_mallorcan-djokovic-nadal-victory?_s=PM:TENNIS|title=Djokovic beats Nadal in marathon classic to win Australian Open|publisher=CNN|date=29 January 2012|accessdate=8 June 2012|archive-date=2013-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303015240/http://articles.cnn.com/2012-01-29/tennis/sport_tennis_tennis-djokovic-nadal-australia_1_mallorcan-djokovic-nadal-victory?_s=PM:TENNIS|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nadal won thair last three 2012 meetins in the feenal o Monte Carlo Masters, Rome Masters an French Open in Aprile, in Mey an in Juin 2012, respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/18150412|title= Rafael Nadal|accessdate=21 May 2012}}</ref> In 2013, Djokovic defeatit Nadal in straucht sets in the feenal at Monte Carlo, endin Nadal's record aicht consecutive teetles thare, but Nadal got revenge at the French Open in an epic five-setter 9–7 in the fift. In August 2013, Nadal won in Montreal, denying Djokovic his fowert Rogers Cup teetle.<ref name="CO2013"/> Nadal an aa defeatit Djokovic in the 2013 US Open Final. In thair third clash o 2014 Nadal defeatit Djokovic in the 2014 French Open feenal. ===Nadal vs. Murray=== {{Main|Murray–Nadal rivalry}} [[File:Murray and Nadal Tokyo (1) (1).jpg|thumbnail|Nadal an Murray in Tokyo]] Nadal an [[Andy Murray]] hae met on 21 occasions syne 2007, wi Nadal leadin 15–6. Nadal leads 6–1 on clay, 3–0 on grass an 6–5 on haurd courts (includin 5–3 in outdoor courts, but Murray leads 2–1 on indoor haurd courts). The pair ance met regularly at [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] level, wi aicht oot o thair twinty-ane meetins coming in slams, wi Nadal leadin 6–2 (3–0 at [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]], 1–0 at the French Open, 1–1 at the Australian Open & 1–1 at the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Players/Head-To-Head.aspx?pId=N409&oId=MC10|title=Nadal v Murray Head to Head|publisher=atpworldtour.com|accessdate=6 August 2012}}</ref> Seiven o thir aicht appearances hae been at quarterfeenal an semifeenal level, makin the rivalry an important pairt o baith men's careers. Thay hae never met in a Slam feenal, houiver, Murray leads 3–1 in [[Association of Tennis Professionals|ATP]] feenals, wi Nadal winning at Indian Wells in 2009<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7958375.stm|title=Nadal blows Murray away in final|work=BBC Sport|date=22 March 2009|accessdate=6 February 2012}}</ref> an Murray winnin in Rotterdam the same year,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7891311.stm|title=Murray beats Nadal to take title|work=BBC Sport|date=15 February 2009|accessdate=6 February 2012}}</ref> Tokyo<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/15231444|title=Andy Murray defeats Rafael Nadal in Japan Open final|work=BBC Sport|date=9 October 2011|accessdate=6 February 2012}}</ref> in 2011, an Madrid in 2015. Murray lost three consecutive Grand Slam semifeenals tae Nadal in 2011 frae the French Open tae the US Open. Remarkably, o the past 19 Grand Slam drawsheets, thay hae been drawn in the same hauf 16 times. The pair did nae meet in 2012, haein been scheduled tae meet in the semifeenal o the Miami Masters afore Nadal widrew wi injury.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/17560498|title=Andy Murray to play Djokovic in Miami final after Nadal withdraws|work=BBC Sport|date=1 April 2012|accessdate=6 February 2012}}</ref> ==Playin style== [[File:Rafael Nadal at the 2010 US Open 06.jpg|thumbnail|left|Nadal's forehand]] Nadal generally plays an aggressive, behind-the-baseline gemme foondit on hivy topspin groundstrokes, consistency, speedy footwork an tenacious coort coverage, sicweys makin him an aggressive counterpuncher.<ref name="ESPN">{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/wimbledon08/columns/story?columnist=garber_greg&id=3472238|title=Nadal Has Improved Virtually Every Aspect of His Game|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=3 July 2008|accessdate=30 January 2009}}</ref> Kent for his athleticism an speed aroond the court, Nadal is an excellent defender<ref name="about bio">{{cite news | first=Jeff | last=Cooper | title=Rafael Nadal&nbsp;– Game Profile | url=http://tennis.about.com/od/playersmale/a/nadalgp.htm | accessdate=30 July 2007 | archive-date=2016-11-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107033909/http://tennis.about.com/od/playersmale/a/nadalgp.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> that hits well on the run, biggin winning plays frae seemingly defensive poseetions. He an aa plays very fine dropshots, which wirk especially well acause his hivy topspin eften forces opponents tae the back o the court.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennis.com/yourgame/instructionarticles/netgame/netgame.aspx?id=123244|title=Rafael Nadal's Drop Volley|work=Tennis Magazine|date=27 March 2008|accessdate=30 January 2009|archive-date=2009-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026221750/http://www.tennis.com/yourgame/instructionarticles/netgame/netgame.aspx?id=123244|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Nadal 4 Monte Carlo 2007.jpg|thumb|Nadal playin on clay]] Nadal employs a semi-wastren grip forehand, eften wi a "lasso-whip" follae throu, whaur his left arm hits throu the baw andfinishes abuin his left shouder – as opposed tae a mair traditional finish athort the body or aroond his opposite shouder.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.elitetennistraining.com/free-online-tennis-lessons/gripping-the-tennis-racquet/ | title=How To Hold A Tennis Racket | accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.essentialtennis.com/category/video/grips/ | title=Essential Tennis - Rafael Nadal’s Forehand Grip Revealed | accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> Nadal's forehand groundstroke form allows him tae hit shots wi hivy topspin – mair sae than mony o his contemporaries.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/27/sports/tennis/27tennis.html |title=More and More Players Deliver Slap to Classic Forehand|work=[[The New York Times]] |date=27 June 2006|accessdate=30 January 2009 | first=Christopher | last=Clarey}}</ref> San Francisco tennis researcher John Yandell uised a heich-speed video camera an special software tae count the average nummer o revolutions o a tennis ball hit full force bi Nadal. While Nadal's shots tend tae laund short o the baseline, the characteristically heich bounces his forehands achieve tend tae mitigate the advantage an opponent wad normally gain frae capitalizing on a short ball.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennis.com/yourgame/instructionarticles/forehand/forehand.aspx?id=56544|title=The Forehand of Rafael Nadal|work=Tennis Magazine|date=15 December 2006|accessdate=30 January 2009|archive-date=2009-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304142514/http://tennis.com/yourgame/instructionarticles/forehand/forehand.aspx?id=56544|url-status=dead}}</ref> Awtho his forehand is based on hivy topspin, he can hit the ball deep an flat wi a mair orthodox follae throu for clean winners. {{rquote|right|"The first guys we did were Sampras an Agassi. They were hitting forehands that in general were spinning about 1,800 to 1,900 revolutions per meenit. Federer is hitting with an amazing amount of spin, too, right? 2,700 revolutions per meenit. Well, we measured one forehand Nadal hit at 4,900. His average was 3,200."|John Yandell, San Francisco-based tennis researcher.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ripped. (Or Torn Up?) |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/21/magazine/21nadal-t.html |work=[[The New York Times]] | first=Cynthia | last=Gorney | date=17 June 2009 | accessdate=22 May 2010}}</ref>}} Nadal's serve wis initially considered a waik pynt in his gemme, awtho his improvements in baith first-serve pynts won an break pynts saved syne 2005 hae allowed him tae consistently compete for an win major teetles on faster surfaces. Nadal relies on the consistency o his serve tae gain a strategic advantage in pynts, rather than gaun for service winners.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wimbledon/2304937/Rafael-Nadal-determined-to-keep-one-step-ahead-of-Roger-Federer.html|title=Rafael Nadal Determined to Keep One Step Ahead of Roger Federer|work=The Daily Telegraph |location=UK |date=6 July 2008|accessdate=30 January 2009 | first=Clive | last=White}}</ref> Houiver, afore the 2010 US Open, he altered his service motion, arrivin in the trophy pose earlier an pullin the racket lawer during the trophy pose. Afore the 2010 U.S. Open, Nadal modified his service grip tae a mair continental ane. Thir twa changes in his serve increased his average speed bi aroond 10&nbsp;mph during the 2010 US Open, maxing oot at 135&nbsp;mph (217&nbsp;km), allouin him tae win mair free pynts on his serve.<ref>{{cite web|author=Tony Kurdzuk/The Star-Ledger |url=http://www.nj.com/sports/njsports/index.ssf/2010/09/rafael_nadal_has_gotten_a_grip.html |title=12 September 2010 |work=The Star-Ledger |accessdate=3 June 2011}}</ref> Houiver, syne the 2010 US Open, Nadal's serve speed haes dropped back doun tae previous levels an haes again been citit as a need for improvement.<ref>{{cite web|author=Timothy Rapp |url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1044134-rafael-nadal-rafa-must-improve-serve-to-beat-novak-djokovic |title=Rafael Nadal: Rafa Must Improve Serve to Beat Novak Djokovic |publisher=Bleacher Report |date= 30 January 2012|accessdate=3 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Thomas Skuzinski |url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/815240-2011-us-open-biggest-weaknesses-in-the-top-8-men#/articles/815240-2011-us-open-biggest-weaknesses-in-the-top-8-men/page/5 |title=Rafael Nadal's Serve, and 7 Other Weak Shots Among the Top 8 Men |publisher=Bleacher Report |date= 22 August 2011|accessdate=3 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Naharnet Newsdesk |url=http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/14931 |title=Beaten Nadal Vows to Turn Tables on Djokovic |publisher=Naharnet |date= 13 September 2011|accessdate=3 May 2012}}</ref> Nadal is a clay court specialeet in the sense that he haes been extremely successfu on that surface. Syne 2005, he won nine times at Roland Garros, aicht times at Monte Carlo an seiven at Rome. Houiver, Nadal haes shed that label due tae his success on ither surfaces, includin holding simultaneous Grand Slam tournament teetles on grass, haurd courts, an clay on twa separate occasions, winning aicht Masters series teetles on hardcourt, an winning the Olympic gowd medal on hardcourt.<ref name="ESPN"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/aus09/columns/story?columnist=harwitt_sandra&id=3876694|title=No limit to what Nadal can accomplish|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=1 February 2009|accessdate=1 February 2009}}</ref> Despite praise for Nadal's talent an skill, some hae questioned his longevity in the sport, citing his big an playin style as conducive tae injury.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/usopen07/news/story?id=2996956|title=Style of play catching up with Rafa?|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=30 August 2007|accessdate=30 January 2009}}</ref> Nadal himsel haes admittit tae the physical toll haurd courts place on [[Association of Tennis Professionals|ATP Tour]] players, calling for a reevaluatit tour schedule featurin fewer haurd court tournaments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tennis.com/tournaments/2009/australianopen/australianopen.aspx?id=163626|title=Oz Champ Nadal Wants Changes in Tennis Schedule|work=Tennis Magazine|date=2 February 2009|accessdate=2 February 2009|archive-date=2009-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615164042/http://tennis.com/tournaments/2009/australianopen/australianopen.aspx?id=163626|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Public image== ===Equipment an endorsements=== [[File:Nadal vs Federer RG 2007.jpg|thumb|Nike sleeveless shirt wi matching headband & wrist bands and Babolat AeroPro Drive GT at [[French Open|Roland Garros]] 2007]] Nadal haes been sponsored bi [[Kia Motors]] syne 2006. He haes appeared in advertising campaigns for Kia as a global ambassador for the company. In Mey 2008, Kia released a claymation viral ad featurin Nadal in a tennis match wi an alien.<ref>[http://paultan.org/archives/2008/05/24/kias-bizarre-nadal-versus-alien-video/ Kia Nadal versus Alien Video].</ref> In Mey 2015, Nadal extendit his partnership wi Kia for anither five years.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rafael Nadal and Kia Motors double up for another five years|url=http://www.hyundaimotorgroup.com/MediaCenter/News/Press-Releases/kia-motor-Rafael-Nadal-support-eng-150504.hub|website=Hyundai Motor Group|accessdate=25 May 2015|archive-date=2015-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525181424/http://www.hyundaimotorgroup.com/MediaCenter/News/Press-Releases/kia-motor-Rafael-Nadal-support-eng-150504.hub|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nike serves as Nadal's clothing an shae sponsor. Nadal's signature on-court attire entailed a variety o sleeveless shirts paired wi 3/4 lenth capri pants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nymag.com/fashion/08/fall/49256|title=The Beefcake in the Backcourt|work=New York|date=17 August 2008|accessdate=30 January 2009}}</ref> For the 2009 saison, Nadal adoptit mair-traditional on-court apparel. Nike encouraged Nadal tae update his leuk in order tae reflect his new status as the sport's tap player at that time<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/aus09/columns/story?columnist=tandon_kamakshi&id=3837536&campaign=rss&source=TENNISHeadlines|title=Rafa Needs More Than a New Look|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=17 January 2009|accessdate=30 January 2009}}</ref> an associate Nadal wi a style that, while less distinctive than his "pirate" leuk, wad be mair widely emulatit bi consumers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/article/123520|title=Rafael Nadal to Launch New, More Traditional Image at US Open|work=Sports Business Daily|date=1 August 2008|accessdate=30 January 2009|archive-date=2008-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202122241/http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/article/123520|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnbc.com/id/28854928|title=Nadal's Wardrobe Malfunction|publisher=CNBC|date=26 January 2009|accessdate=30 January 2009}}</ref> At warmup tournaments in Abu Dhabi an Doha, Nadal played matches in a polo shirt specifically designed for him bi Nike,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cornedbeefhash.wordpress.com/2009/01/20/fashion-focus-rafa-after-a-hiccup-finally-grows-up/|title=Fashion Focus: Rafael Nadal|publisher=Tennis Served Fresh|date=20 January 2009|accessdate=30 January 2009}}</ref> paired wi shorts cut abuin the knee. Nadal's new, mair conventional style carried ower tae the 2009 Australian Open, whaur he wis outfittit wi Nike's Bold Crew Men's Tee<ref>{{cite web|url=http://store.nike.com/index.jsp?sitesrc=USLP&country=US&lang_locale=en_US#l=shop,pdp,ctr-inline/cid-1/pid-204467/pgid-204469|title=Nike Bold New Tennis Crew|publisher=Nike Store|date=30 January 2009|accessdate=30 January 2009}}</ref> an Nadal Lang Check Shorts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://store.nike.com/index.jsp?sitesrc=USLP&country=US&lang_locale=en_US#l=shop,pdp,ctr-inline/cid-1/pid-204474/pgid-204476|title=Nadal Long Check Shortsbhnu|publisher=Nike Store|date=30 January 2009|accessdate=30 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://cornedbeefhash.wordpress.com/2009/01/24/rafas-costume-change-part-deux/|title=Rafa's Costume Change|publisher=Tennis Served Fresh|date=24 January 2009|accessdate=30 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennis.com/uploadedImages/Features/Photo_Galleries/TENNIS_Gallery/2009_01_22_pg22.jpg|title=Emperor's New Clothes|work=Tennis Magazine|date=24 January 2009|accessdate=30 January 2009|archive-date=2009-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205003824/http://www.tennis.com/uploadedImages/Features/Photo_Galleries/TENNIS_Gallery/2009_01_22_pg22.jpg|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nadal wears Nike's Air CourtBallistec 2.3 tennis shuin,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tenniswarehouse-europe.com/descpageMSNIKEH-NMACBT.html |title=Nike Air CourtBallistec 1.3 |accessdate=5 September 2007 |archive-date=2009-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224005406/http://tenniswarehouse-europe.com/descpageMSNIKEH-NMACBT.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> bearing various customizations throughout the saison, includin his nickname "Rafa" on the right shae an a stylized bull logo on the left. He acame the face o Lanvin's ''L'Homme Sport'' cologne in Aprile 2009.<ref>{{cite web |author=Marie-Helene Wagner |url=http://www.mimifroufrou.com/scentedsalamander/2009/03/lanvin_lhomme_sport_2009_front.html |title=Lanvin L'Homme Sport (2009): Fronted by Rafael Nadal |publisher=Mimifroufrou.com |date=3 March 2009 |accessdate=3 June 2011 |archive-date=2019-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402082901/http://www.mimifroufrou.com/scentedsalamander/2009/03/lanvin_lhomme_sport_2009_front.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nadal uses an AeroPro Drive racquet wi a 4{{frac|1|4}}-inch L2 grip. {{As of|2010|alt=As of the 2010 season}}, Nadal's racquets are paintit tae resemble the new Babolat AeroPro Drive wi Cortex GT racquet in order tae mercat a current model which Babolat sells.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tt.tennis-warehouse.com/showthread.php?t=154451|title=Nadal Doesn't Use an APDC|publisher=Talk Tennis|date=1 September 2007|accessdate=30 January 2009|archive-date=2014-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129163905/http://tt.tennis-warehouse.com/showthread.php?t=154451|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/usopen04/news/story?id=1872892|title=The Tennis Racket|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=2 September 2004|accessdate=30 January 2009}}</ref> Nadal uses no replacement grip, an insteid wraps twa overgrips aroond the haundle. He uised Duralast 15L strings until the 2010 saison, whan he switched tae Babolat's new, black-coloured, RPM Blast string. Nadal's rackets are ayeweys strung at {{convert|55|lb|abbr=on}}, regairdless o which surface or conditions he is playin on.{{Citation needed|daye=January 2011|date=January 2011}} {{As of|2010|January}}, Nadal is the international ambassador for Quely, a company frae his native [[Mallorca]] that manufactures biscuits, bakery an chocolate coatit products; he haes consumed thair products ever syne he wis a young bairn.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/rafa-nadal-quelys-embassador |title=Rafa Nadal is Quely's embassador |publisher=Rafaelnadal.com |date=21 December 2009 |accessdate=3 June 2011 |archive-date=2011-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208130450/http://rafaelnadal.com/content/rafa-nadal-quelys-embassador |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2010, luxury watchmaker Richard Mille annoonced that he haed developed an ultra-licht wristwatch in collaboration wi Nadal cried the Richard Mille RM027 Tourbillon watch.<ref name="watchmaker">{{cite news | first=Rob | last=Corder | title=Rafael Nadal to wear $525,000 Richard Mille watch | date=5 April 2010 | publisher=Professional Jeweller}}</ref> The watch is makkit o titanium an lithium an is valued at US$525,000; Nadal wis involved in the design an testin o the watch on the tennis court.<ref name="watchmaker"/> During the 2010 French Open, Men's Fitness reportit that Nadal wore the Richard Mille watch on the court as pairt o a sponsorship deal wi the Swiss watchmaker.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mensfitness.com/sports_and_recreation/athletes/224|title=Nadal Wears $525K Watch at French Open|publisher=mensfitness.com|accessdate=6 July 2010}}</ref> Nadal replaced [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] as the new face o Emporio Armani Underwear an Armani Jeans for the spring/summer 2011 collection.<ref name="TS">{{cite web |url=http://www.typicallyspanish.com/news/publish/article_28805.shtml |title=Rafael Nadal strips to his undies for Armani |publisher=Typicallyspanish.com |date=20 January 2011 |accessdate=3 June 2011 |archive-date=2012-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330060410/http://www.typicallyspanish.com/news/publish/article_28805.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> This wis the first time that the label haes chosen a tennis player for the job; association football haes ruled lately prior tae Ronaldo, [[David Beckham]] graced the ads syne 2008.<ref>{{cite web|last=Cowles |first=Charlotte |url=http://nymag.com/daily/fashion/2010/12/raphael_nadal_replaces_cristia.html |title=Rafael Nadal Replaces Cristiano Ronaldo as the New Face of Emporio Armani Underwear |work=New York |accessdate=3 June 2011}}</ref> Armani said that he selectit Nadal as his latest male unnerwear model acause "...he is ideal as he represents a healthy and positive model for youngsters."<ref name="TS"/> In Juin 2012, Nadal jynt the group o sports endorsers o the PokerStars online poker cardroom.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tennis Champion Rafael Nadal Joins Team PokerStars |url=http://www.pokernews.com/news/2012/06/tennis-champion-rafael-nadal-joins-team-pokerstars-12909.htm |work=Poker News |accessdate=19 July 2014}}</ref> In December 2013, Nadal won a charity poker tournament against retired Brazilian football player [[Ronaldo]] an fower ither competitors.<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/tennis/article-2761579/Ronaldo-challenges-Rafael-Nadal-live-head-head-poker-duel.html "Ronaldo challenges Rafael Nadal to live head-to-head poker duel"]. ''Daily Mail''. Retrieved 29 September 2014</ref> ===In popular culture=== In Februar 2010, Rafael Nadal wis featurt in the muisic video o [[Shakira]]'s "Gypsy".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_3-GiVIE8gc |title=Music video for "Gypsy" by Shakira featuring Rafael Nadal |publisher=YouTube |accessdate=6 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dvH5KbwjCoo |title=Shakira – Gypsy |publisher=YouTube |accessdate=6 June 2010 |archive-date=2018-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408001342/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dvH5KbwjCoo |url-status=dead }}</ref> an pairt o her album release ''She Wolf''. In expleenin why she chose Nadal for the video, Shakira wis quotit as saying in an interview wi the ''Latin American Herald Tribune'': "I thought that maybe I needed someone I could in some way identify with. And Rafael Nadal is a person that has been totally committed to his career since he was very young. Since he was 17, I believe."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=352754&CategoryId=13003 |title=Shakira: I Chose Nadal for Video Because I "Identify with Him" |work=Latin American Herald Tribune |accessdate=6 June 2010 |archive-date=2019-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519190554/http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=352754&CategoryId=13003 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Source: Penny Newton |url=http://www.mtv.com.au/news/3347ebee-shakira-gypsy-mtv-exclusive/ |title=Shakira's Sexy New Video ''Gypsy'' |publisher=MTV |date=24 February 2010 |accessdate=6 June 2010 |archive-date=2012-06-04 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/68AHQTnyt?url=http://www.mtv.com.au/news/3347ebee-shakira-gypsy-mtv-exclusive/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Asteroid=== 128036 Rafaelnadal is a [[Asteroid belt|main belt]] asteroid discovered in 2003 at the Observatorio Astronómico de Mallorca an named efter Nadal.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2008/07/nadalasteroid.aspx|title=Asteroid Named After Rafael Nadal|publisher=ATP World Tour|date=13 July 2012|accessdate=12 June 2012}}</ref> ==Off the court== ===Fitba=== Nadal is an avid fan o association football club [[Real Madrid]]. On 8 Julie 2010, it wis reportit that he haed acome a shareholder o [[RCD Mallorca]], his local club bi birth, in an attempt tae assist the club frae debt.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKLDE66727020100708 | agency=[[Reuters]] | title=Soccer-Rafa Nadal becomes shareholder at troubled Real Mallorca | date=9 July 2010 | access-date=2015-06-03 | archive-date=2010-07-12 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100712103356/http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKLDE66727020100708 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Nadal reportedly ains 10 percent an wis offered the role o vice preses, but he rejectit that offer.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.realmallorca.co.uk/news/club/2010/sale-of-the-club-completed | work=[[Real Mallorca]] | title=Sale of the club completed | date=7 September 2010 | access-date=2015-06-03| url-status=dead }}</ref> His uncle Miguel Ángel Nadal, acame assistant coach unner [[Michael Laudrup]]. Nadal remains a passionate [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]] supporter; ''ESPN.com'' writer Graham Hunter wrote, "He's as ''Merengue'' as [Real Madrid icons] [[Raúl (fitbawer)|Raúl]], [[Iker Casillas]] and [[Alfredo Di Stéfano]]." Shortly efter acquiring his interest in Mallorca, Nadal cried oot [[UEFA]] for apparent hypocrisy in ejecting the club frae the 2010–11 UEFA Europa League for excessive debts, saying throu a club spokesperson, "Well, if thae are the criteria upon which UEFA is operating, then European competition will only comprise two or three clubs because all the rest are in debt, too."<ref name=Football>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/sports/soccer/news/_/id/5542102/rafael-nadal-tries-save-mallorca-football-club |title=Rafa to the rescue |first=Graham |last=Hunter |publisher=[[ESPN]] |date=9 September 2010 |accessdate=21 December 2010}}</ref> He is a fervent supporter o the [[Spain naitional fitbaw team|Spanish naitional team]], ane o anly sax people nae affiliatit wi the team or the [[Ryal Spaingie Fitbaw Federation|naitional federation]] allowed intae the team's locker room immediately follaein Spain's veectory in the 2010 FIFA World Cup Final.<ref name=Football/> ===Chairity work=== Nadal teuk pairt in Thailand's "A Million Trees for the King" project, planting a tree in honour o Keeng Bhumibol Adulyadej on a veesit tae Hua Hin during his Thailand Open 2010. "For me it's an honour to part of this project", said Nadal. "It's a very good project. I want to congratulate the Thai people and congratulate the King for this unbelievable day. I wish all the best for this idea. It's very, very nice."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/10/39/Bangkok-Nadal-Plants-Tree.aspx |title=Nadal Lends Hand To Million Trees Project |publisher=ATP World Tour |date=28 September 2010 |accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref> ====Fundación Rafa Nadal==== The creation o the Fundación Rafa Nadal teuk place in November 2007, an its offeecial presentation wis in Februar 2008, at the Manacor Tennis Club in Mallorca, Spain. The foundation will focus on social wirk an development aid parteecularly on childhood an youth.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fundacionrafanadal.org/ |title=Rafa Nadal Foundation |publisher=Fundacionrafanadal.com |accessdate=3 June 2011}}</ref> On deciding why tae stairt a foundation, Nadal said "This can be the beginning of my future, when I retire and have mair time, [...] I am doing very well and I owe society, [...] A month-and-a-half ago I was in [[Chennai]], in India. The truth is we live great here....I can contribute something with my image..." Nadal wis inspired bi the Red Cross benefit match against malaria wi Real Madrid goalkeeper [[Iker Casillas]], recalling, "We raised an amount of money that we would never have imagined. I have to thank Iker, my project partner, that went all out for it, [...] That is why the time has come to set up my own foundation and determine the destination of the money." Nadal's mither, Ana Maria Parera, chairs the charitable organisation an faither Sebastian is vice-chairman. Coach an uncle Toni Nadal an his agent, umwhile tennis player Carlos Costa, are an aa involved. Roger Federer haes gien Nadal advice on getting involved in philanthropy. Despite the fact that poverty in Indie struck him parteecularly haurd, Nadal wants tae stairt bi helpin "people close by, in the [[Balearic Islands]], in Spain, and then, if possible, abroad."<ref>{{cite news |agency=Deutsche Presse-Agentur |url=http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/news/185574,rafael-nadal-launches-foundation--feature.html |title=Rafael Nadal launches foundation |publisher=Earth Times News |date=13 February 2008 |accessdate=3 June 2011 |archive-date=2019-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519231644/http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/news/185574,rafael-nadal-launches-foundation--feature.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 16 October 2010, Nadal traveled tae Indie for the first time tae veesit his tennis academy for unnerprivileged childer at Anantapur Sports Village, in the Anantapur City, Andhra Pradesh. His foundation haes an aa worked in the Anantapur Educational Center project, in collaboration wi the Vicente Ferrer Foundation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/rafa-and-his-foundation-india |title=Rafa and his foundation in India |publisher=The Official Rafa Nadal Website |accessdate=3 June 2011 |archive-date=2011-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001054734/http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/rafa-and-his-foundation-india |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rafa in India to promote tennis school |first=Sreenivas |last=Janyala |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/rafa-in-india-to-promote-tennis-school/698828/ |work=The Indian Express |location=Mumbai |date=18 October 2010}}</ref> ===Personal life=== Nadal lived wi his parents an younger sister Maria Isabel in a five-story apartment biggin in thair hometown o Manacor, Mallorca. In Juin 2009, Spanish newspaper ''La Vanguardia'', an then ''[[The New York Times]]'', reportit that his parents, Ana Maria an Sebastian, haed separated. This news came efter weeks o speculation in Internet posts an message boards ower Nadal's personal issues as the cause o his setback.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/wimbledon09/columns/story?columnist=garber_greg&id=4280346 | publisher=ESPN | title=Personal woes affecting Rafa? | date=23 July 2009}}</ref> Nadal haes revealed himsel tae be [[Agnosticism|agnostic]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2010/writers/jon_wertheim/07/16/nadal.interview/index.html | work=Sports Illustrated | title=Q&A with Rafael Nadal | date=16 July 2010 | access-date=2015-06-03 | archive-date=2013-11-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105222559/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2010/writers/jon_wertheim/07/16/nadal.interview/index.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> As a young boy, he wad rin hame frae schuil tae watch Goku in his favorite Japanese anime, ''Dragon Ball''. [[CNN]] released an article aboot Nadal's childhood inspiration, an cried him "the Dragon Ball of tennis" due tae his unorthodox style "from another planet."<ref>{{cite news|last=Johnson|first=Christopher|title=Rafael Nadal: The 'Dragon Ball' of tennis|url=http://www.cnngo.com/tokyo/play/rafael-nadal-dragon-ball-tennis-216638|accessdate=31 December 2011|newspaper=CNN International|date=8 October 2010}}</ref> In addition tae tennis an football, Nadal enjoys golf an an aa poker.<ref>{{cite news |first=Bill |last=Smith |title=Away from tennis court, Rafael Nadal seeks a golf course |work=The Miami Herald |date=28 March 2012 |accessdate=29 April 2012}}</ref> In Aprile 2014 he played the warld's nummer 1 female poker player, Vanessa Selbst, in a poker gemme in Monaco.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/RafaelNadal/status/454703137358901248/photo/1 |title=Twitter / RafaelNadal: Great experience playing with |publisher=Twitter.com |date=11 April 2014 |accessdate=31 July 2014}}</ref> Nadal's autobiography, ''Rafa'' (Hyperion, 2012, ISBN 1401310923), written wi assistance frae John Carlin, wis published in August 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/tennis/usopen11/story/_/id/6896793/us-open-twenty-things-learn-rafael-nadal-autobiography|title=U.S. Open – Twenty things we learn in Rafael Nadal's autobiography|last=Tandon|first=Kamakshi|date=26 August 2011|publisher=ESPN|accessdate=31 May 2013}}</ref> ==Notes== <references group="lower-alpha"/> ==References== {{reflist}} == Freemit airtins == *{{official website|http://www.rafaelnadal.com}} *{{twitter|RafaelNadal|Rafael Nadal}} *{{Facebook|Nadal|Rafael Nadal}} *{{ATP|N409|Rafael Nadal}} *{{ITF male profile|100007935|Rafael Nadal}} *{{DavisCup player|100007935|Rafael Nadal}} {{Tap ten tennis players|atpsingles=y}} {{navboxes|title=Rafael Nadal in the Grand Slam toornaments |list1= {{Australian Open men's singles champions}} {{French Open men's singles champions}} {{Wimbledon men's singles champions}} {{US Open men's singles champions}} {{Tennis Career Grand Slam Champions}} {{Tennis men grand slam three and over}} {{Men's tennis players who won two or more Grand Slam singles titles in one calendar year}} }} {{navboxes|title=Rafael Nadal achievements |list1= {{Tennis Warld ATP Nummer Anes (men)}} {{Footer Olympic Champions Tennis Men}} {{Laureus World Sportsman of the Year}} {{Spanish Sportsman of the Year}} {{Top ten tennis players|atpsingles=y}} {{Top ten male singles tennis players of countries belonging to Tennis Europe}} {{Top ten Spanish male singles tennis players}} }} {{ATP Masters Series tournament winners}} {{ATP Masters Series tournament doubles winners}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nadal, Rafael}} [[Category:1986 births]] [[Category:Australian Open (tennis) champions]] [[Category:French Open champions]] [[Category:Laureus Warld Sports Awairds winners]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Olympic gowd medallists for Spain]] [[Category:Olympic medallists in tennis]] [[Category:Olympic tennis players o Spain]] [[Category:Fowk frae Manacor]] [[Category:Rafael Nadal| ]] [[Category:Spaingie agnostics]] [[Category:Spaingie fitbaw chairmen an investors]] [[Category:Spaingie male tennis players]] [[Category:Tennis players at the 2004 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Tennis players at the 2008 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:US Open (tennis) champions]] [[Category:Wimbledon champions]] [[Category:Warld No. 1 tennis players]] a81wnkx2kasq9yejedk1oamrlspw3s7 927251 927192 2026-11-09T10:39:13Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 927251 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox tennis biography |name = Rafael Nadal |fullname = Rafael Nadal Parera |image= Nadal Japan Open 2011.jpg |caption = Rafael Nadal in 2011 |country = {{flagicon|Spain}} Spain |nickname = ''Rafa''<br />''The King of Clay''<br />''The Matador''<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/sport/tennis/australian-open/the-man-from-majorca-breathes-the-sweet-scent-of-victory/2009/02/02/1233423135781.html |title=The man from Majorca breathes scent of victory | last=Niall | first=Jake | work=The Age | date=3 February 2009 | accessdate=5 April 2010 | location=Melbourne}}</ref> |residence = [[Manacor]], Majorca, [[Balearic Islands]], Spain |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1986|6|3}} |birth_place = Manacor, Majorca, Balearic Islands, Spain |height = 1.85 m (6&nbsp;ft 1&nbsp;in) |weight = {{convert|85|kg|lb st|abbr=on}} |turnedpro = 2001 |retired = 19 November 2024<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/rafael-nadal-retirement-longform-tribute|title=Rafael Nadal: The Warrior Next Door|date=19 November 2024|website=ATPTour|last=Schlecht|first=Neil Edward|access-date=20 November 2024|archive-date=19 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241119233212/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/rafael-nadal-retirement-longform-tribute|url-status=live}}</ref> |plays = Corrie-haundit (twa-haundit backhaund) |careerprizemoney = US$134,946,100<ref name="career-prize-money-leaders">{{cite web |title=ATP Prize Money Leaders|url=http://www.protennislive.com/posting/ramr/career_prize.pdf}}</ref> *<small>&nbsp;3rd&nbsp;aw-time&nbsp;leader&nbsp;in&nbsp;earnins</small> |singlesrecord = 1080–228 (82.6%) |singlestitles = 92 <small>(5t in the Open Era)</small> |highestsinglesranking = No. '''1''' (18 August 2008) |AustralianOpenresult = '''W''' (2009) |FrenchOpenresult = '''W''' (2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020) |Wimbledonresult = '''W''' (2008, 2010) |USOpenresult = '''W''' (2010, 2013, 2017, 2019) |Othertournaments = Aye |MastersCupresult = F (2010, 2013) |Olympicsresult = [[File:Gold medal.svg|20px]] '''Gold medal''' (2008) |doublesrecord = {{#property:P555}} |doublestitles = 11 |currentdoublesranking = |highestdoublesranking = No. 26 (8 August 2005) |grandslamsdoublesresults = Aye |AustralianOpenDoublesresult = 3R (2004, 2005) |WimbledonDoublesresult = 2R (2005) |USOpenDoublesresult = SF (2004) |OthertournamentsDoubles = Aye |OlympicsDoublesresult = [[File:Gold medal.svg|20px]] '''Gold medal''' (2016) |Team=yes |DavisCupresult = '''W''' (2004, 2008, 2009, 2011) | medaltemplates-expand = yes | medaltemplates = {{MedalCountry | {{ESP}} }} {{MedalSport|Men's Tennis}} {{MedalGold|[[2008 Simmer Olympics|2008 Beijing]]|Singles}} {{MedalGold|[[2016 Simmer Olympics|2016 Rio de Janeiro]]|Doobles}} }} '''Rafael''' "'''Rafa'''" '''Nadal Parera''' ({{IPA-ca|rəfəˈɛɫ nəˈðaɫ pəˈɾeɾə|lang}}, {{IPA-es|rafaˈel naˈðal paˈɾeɾa|lang}}; born 3 Juin 1986) is a Spaingie umwhile professional [[tennis]] player. He wis rankit warld No. 1 in men's singles bi the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) for 209 weeks, an feenished as year-end No. 1 five times. Nadal wan 92 ATP Tour singles titles, amang thaim 22 major titles, includin a record 14 French Open titles, as weel as 36 Masters titles an twa Olympic gowd medals. He is ane o three men tae complete the career Golden Slam in singles. He is widely regardit as ane o the greatest [[clay court]] player in history{{efn|See<ref name="TIME Why Djoikovic's">{{cite news |last=Dodds |first=Eric |title=Why Djokovic’s French Open Loss Is A Win for Men’s Tennis |url=http://keepingscore.blogs.time.com/2013/06/07/why-djokovics-french-open-loss-is-a-win-for-mens-tennis/ |accessdate=11 June 2013 |work=Time |date=7 June 2013 |archive-date=2013-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130610014527/http://keepingscore.blogs.time.com/2013/06/07/why-djokovics-french-open-loss-is-a-win-for-mens-tennis/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="LA Times Rafael Nadal wins record eighth">{{cite news |last=Chu |first=Henry |title=Rafael Nadal wins a record eig"hth French Open tennis title |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2013/jun/09/sports/la-sp-french-open-men-20130610 |accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=9 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu The king and his court">{{cite news |title=The king and his court |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/the-king-and-his-court/article4801157.ece |accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=11 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="SB Nation French Open results 2013">{{cite news |last=Rothstein |first=Ethan |title=French Open results 2013: Rafael Nadal advances to final with 5-set victory over Novak Djokovic |url=http://www.sbnation.com/tennis/2013/6/7/4405760/french-open-tennis-2013-results-scores-roland-garros-novak-djokovic-rafael-nadal-semifinal |accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=SB Nation |date=7 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="NY Times Nadal Embraces History">{{cite news |last=Bishop |first=Greg |title=Nadal Embraces History With a Record Seventh Title on the Clay of Roland Garros |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/12/sports/tennis/nadal-finishes-off-djokovic-for-seventh-french-open-title.html?_r=1&ref=tennis |accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=11 June 2012}}</ref>}} an wis nicknamed "The King of Clay."{{efn|See<ref name="Plain Dealer King of Clay">{{cite news |title='King of Clay' Rafael Nadal outlasts Novak Djokovic in stirring French Open semifinal |url=http://www.cleveland.com/sports/index.ssf/2013/06/king_of_clay_rafael_nadal_outl.html |accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |date=7 June 2013 |agency=Associated Press}}</ref><ref name="LA Times French Open 2013">{{cite news |last=McMahon |first=James| title=French Open 2013: Breaking Down Why Rafael Nadal is so Dominant on Clay |url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1666425-french-open-2013-breaking-down-why-rafael-nadal-is-so-dominant-on-clay |accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=8 June 2013|agency=Bleacher Report}}</ref><ref name="NBC Sports Nadal Shakes Off">{{cite news |last=Sarkar |first=Pritha |title=Nadal Shakes Off Protessters, Ferrer to Win French Open |url=http://www.nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/52148421 |accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=NBC Sports |date=9 June 2013 |agency=Reuters |archive-date=2013-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612103854/http://www.nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/52148421 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="USA Today Nadal takes down Djokovic">{{cite news |last=Robson |first=Douglas |title=Nadal takes down Djokovic, reaches French Open final |url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/tennis/2013/06/07/rafael-nadal-novak-djokovic-french-open-mens-semifinals/2400029/|accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=USA Today |date=7 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="Boston Herald Rafael Nadal overcomes">{{cite news |title=Rafael Nadal overcomes doubts to win 8th French title |url=http://bostonherald.com/sports/other/tennis/2013/06/rafael_nadal_overcomes_doubts_to_win_8th_french_title |accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=Boston Herald |date=10 June 2013 |agency=Associated Press |archive-date=2013-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108192340/http://bostonherald.com/sports/other/tennis/2013/06/rafael_nadal_overcomes_doubts_to_win_8th_french_title |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Fox Sports Nadal roars back">{{cite news |last=Evans |first=Richard |title=Nadal roars back to King of Clay throne |url=http://msn.foxsports.com/tennis/story/rafael-nadal-retakes-king-of-clay-title-with-french-open-win-060610 |accessdate=11 June 2013 |work=Fox Sports |date=6 June 2010 |archive-date=2010-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704182501/http://msn.foxsports.com/tennis/story/rafael-nadal-retakes-king-of-clay-title-with-french-open-win-060610 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} His growth intae a threat on aw surfaces established him as ane o the greatest players in tennis,{{efn|See<ref name="Atlantic Greatest Mens' Tennis Player">{{cite news |last=St. John |first=Allen |title=The Greatest Men's Tennis Player of All Time Is at the French Open |url=http://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2012/06/the-greatest-mens-tennis-player-of-all-time-is-at-the-french-open/258262/|accessdate=11 June 2013|newspaper=The Atlantic|date=7 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="LA Times Where Rafael Nadal Fits">{{cite news |last=Eckstein |first=Jeremy |title=Where Rafael Nadal Fits in the Greatest of All Time Debate |url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1666069-whose-legacy-is-greatest-rafael-nadal-roger-federer-or-pete-sampras |accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=9 June 2013 |agency=Bleacher Report}}</ref><ref name="HuffPost Could Rafa Nadal Be the Greatest">{{cite news |last=Goldring |first=Fred |title=Could Rafa Nadal Be the Greatest Tennis Player of All Time? |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/fred-goldring/nadal-french-_b_871946.html |accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=Huffington Post |date=6 June 2011}}</ref><ref name="WP Who's the best">{{cite news |last=Bowen |first=Fred |title=Who's the best tennis player of all time? |url=http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2011-08-31/lifestyle/35270499_1_tennis-player-bjorn-borg-roy-emerson |accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=31 August 2011 |archive-date=2013-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613014812/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2011-08-31/lifestyle/35270499_1_tennis-player-bjorn-borg-roy-emerson |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Business Insider Rafael Nadal is Challenging">{{cite news |last=Gaines |first=Cork |title=Rafael Nadal Is Challenging Roger Federer for the Title Of 'Greatest of All Time'|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/chart-why-rafael-nadal-is-making-case-as-the-greatest-of-all-time-2013-6 |accessdate=11 June 2013 |work=Business Insider |date=10 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="Chattanooga Nadal may now argue">{{cite news |last=Wiedmer |first=Mark |title=Wiedmer: Nadal may now argue for best ever |url=http://timesfreepress.com/news/2013/jun/10/nadal-may-now-argue-for-best-ever/ |accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=Chattanooga Times Free Press |date=10 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="ESPN Becker questions">{{cite news |last=Palmer |first=Kevin |title=Becker questions whether Federer is greatest ever |url=http://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/177649.html |accessdate=11 June 2013 |publisher=ESPN |date=4 November 2012 |archive-date=2013-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105222423/http://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/177649.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Fox Sports">{{cite news |title=Roger Federer is greatest player of all time says Australian tennis legend Rod Laver |url=http://www.foxsports.com.au/tennis/roger-federer-is-greatest-player-of-all-time-says-australian-tennis-legend-rod-laver/story-e6frf4mu-1226418545853#.UbdoXpwQNxV |accessdate=11 June 2013 |work=Fox Sports |date=6 July 2012}}</ref>}} wi some considering Nadal tae be the greatest player o aw time.<ref name="ftw.usatoday.com">{{cite news |last=Chase |first=Chris |url=http://ftw.usatoday.com/2014/01/roger-federer-rafael-nadal-australian-open/ |title=Roger Federer just made Rafael Nadal's case for greatest of all time |work=USA Today |date=24 January 2014 |accessdate=16 June 2014 |archive-date=2017-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211161047/http://ftw.usatoday.com/2014/01/roger-federer-rafael-nadal-australian-open |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Heveldt |first1=Guy |last2=Walker |first2=Nick |last3=Smith |first3=Elliott |title=Tennis: Nadal will overtake Federer - Sampras |url=http://www.newstalkzb.co.nz/auckland/news/spten/299691324-tennis--nadal-will-overtake-federer---sampras |work=Newstalk ZB |date=26 January 2014 |accessdate=24 June 2014 |archive-date=2014-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020025909/http://www.newstalkzb.co.nz/auckland/news/spten/299691324-tennis--nadal-will-overtake-federer---sampras |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Andre Agassi picks Rafael Nadal ahead of Roger Federer as tennis's greatest all-time player |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/rafaelnadal/10816170/Andre-Agassi-picks-Rafael-Nadal-ahead-of-Roger-Federer-as-tenniss-greatest-all-time-player.html |accessdate=8 June 2014 |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |date=8 May 2014}}</ref> For near twa decades Nadal wis a leadin figure in men's tennis alangside [[Roger Federer]] an [[Novak Djokovic]], the "Big Three". Early in his career he wis ane o the maist successfu teenagers in ATP Tour history, reachin No. 2 in the warld an winnin 16 titles afore he turned 20, includin his first major title at the 2005 French Open. He becam warld No. 1 for the first time in 2008 efter beatin Federer in a historic Wimbledon final, his first major off clay, an follaed it wi Olympic singles gowd at the 2008 Beijing Olympics. Bi beatin Djokovic in the 2010 US Open final, he becam the youngest man in the Open Era at the time tae complete a career Grand Slam, at 24. Nadal wan major singles titles in 10 year in a raw frae 2005 tae 2014, an again ilka year frae 2017 tae 2020. He wan 11 doubles titles an aw, includin an Olympic gowd medal at the 2016 Rio Olympics. At the 2022 Australian Open he brak his joint record wi Djokovic an Federer for the maist Grand Slam men's singles titles. He wis a member o the winnin [[Spain Davis Cup team]] five times, an he wis nemmed the [[Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsman of the Year|Laureus World Sportsman of the Year]] in 2011 an 2021.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.laureus.com/awards/2011|title=Awards 2011|publisher=Laureus World Sports Awards|accessdate=13 August 2014|archive-date=2015-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701234042/http://www.laureus.com/awards/2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> He retired efter playin for Spain at the 2024 Davis Cup Finals. Bi 2015 Nadal haed wan a record 28 ATP World Tour Masters 1000 titles at the time.<ref name="ESPN Cinc">{{cite news |title=Nadal captures Cincinnati crown |url=http://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/231081.html |accessdate=19 July 2014 |work=ESPN |date=18 August 2013 |archive-date=2015-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110093810/http://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/231081.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Tworld Cinc">{{cite web|url=http://www.tennisworldusa.org/Rafael-Nadal-beats-Isner-to-win-26th-Masters-1000-title-in-Cincinnati-articolo12228.html |title=Rafael Nadal beats Isner to win 26th Masters 1000 title in Cincinnati |publisher=Tennisworldusa.org |date=18 August 2013 |accessdate=31 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite news |title=Rafael Nadal wins Madrid Masters after Kei Nishikori retires |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/27368033 |work=BBC Sport |date=11 May 2014 |accessdate=24 June 2014}}</ref> In 2014 he an Mats Wilander war the anly twa male players in history that haed wan at least twa Grand Slam titles on three different surfaces: haurd court, gress an clay.<ref name=surface>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/09/36-US-Open-Week-2/US-Open-Monday-Final-Nadal-Completes-Career-Slam.aspx|title=US Open Final - Nadal Completes Career Grand Slam - Tennis - ATP World Tour|work=ATP World Tour}}</ref> Bi winnin the 2014 French Open, Nadal becam the first male player tae win a single Grand Slam tournament nine times, an the first tae win at least ae Grand Slam tournament ten year in a raw, brakkin the record o aicht year in a raw that wis shared bi [[Björn Borg]], [[Pete Sampras]] an [[Roger Federer]]. In 2012 he set the record for the maist titles in a raw at a particular tournament, winnin his echt straucht Monte-Carlo Masters. ==Early life== Rafael Nadal wis born in [[Manacor]], Balearic Islands, Spain, tae Sebastián Nadal, a businessman that ains an insurance company, a gless an windae company, Vidres Mallorca, an manages his ain restaurant, Sa Punta. His mither is Ana María Parera, a housewife. He haes a younger sister named María Isabel. His uncle, Miguel Ángel Nadal, is a retired professional [[association fitbaw|footballer]], that played for [[RCD Mallorca]], [[FC Barcelona]], an the [[Spain naitional fitbaw team|Spanish naitional team]].<ref name="times">{{cite news | first=Christopher | last=Clarey | title=Rafael Nadal, Barely 19, He's Got Game, Looks and Remarkably Good Manners | date=6 June 2005 | work=[[The New York Times]] | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/06/sports/tennis/06nadal.html|accessdate=5 April 2010}}</ref> Nadal supports football clubs [[Real Madrid]] an RCD Mallorca.<ref>{{cite news | title=Sportsround meets Rafael Nadal | date=11 November 2006 | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/newsid_6130000/newsid_6135900/6135996.stm |publisher=BBC Sports | accessdate =6 April 2010}}</ref> Recognizing that Nadal haed a naitural talent for tennis, anither uncle, [[Toni Nadal]], a umwhile professional tennis player, introduced him tae tennis whan he wis three year auld.<ref name="Rajaraman">{{cite web|url=http://www.insidetennis.com/archive/0608_french_open_nadal.html|first=Aarthi|last=Rajaraman|title=At Home with Humble yet Ambitious Nadal|date=1 June 2008|work=Inside Tennis|accessdate=5 April 2010|archive-date=2010-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609141023/http://www.insidetennis.com/archive/0608_french_open_nadal.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> At age aicht, Nadal won an unner-12 regional tennis championship at a time whan he wis an aa a promising football player.<ref name="timesonline">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/article708386.ece|title=The Big Interview: Rafael Nadal|work=The Sunday Times|date=23 April 2006|first=Alison|last=Kervin|accessdate=5 April 2010|location=London|archive-date=2011-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907070717/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/article708386.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref> This pushed Toni Nadal tae intensify training, an at that time he encouraged Nadal tae play left-handed for a naitural advantage on the tennis court, as he noticed Nadal played forehand shots wi twa haunds.<ref name="timesonline"/> This mey be due tae the fact he is ambidextrous, playin tennis wi his left haund, an writing wi his right.<ref>{{cite news | title = Rafael Nadal | url = http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Rafael-Nadal.aspx | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150602193546/http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Rafael-Nadal.aspx | archivedate = 2015-06-02 | publisher = ATP | accessdate = 22 February 2014 | url-status = bot: unknown }}</ref> When Nadal wis 12, he won the Spanish an European tennis teetles in his age group an wis playin tennis an football aw the time.<ref name="timesonline"/> Nadal's faither gart him choose atween football an tennis sae that his schuil wirk wad nae deteriorate entirely. Nadal said: "I chose tennis. Football had to stop straight away."<ref name="timesonline"/> When he wis 14, the Spanish tennis federation requestit that he leave Mallorca an muive tae [[Barcelona]] tae continue his tennis training. Nadal's faimily turned doun this request, partly acause thay feared it wad hurt his eddication,<ref name="timesonline"/> but an aa acause Toni said that "I don't want to believe that you have to go to America, or other places to be a good athlete. You can do it from your home."<ref name="Rajaraman"/> The decision tae stay hame meant that Nadal received less financial support frae the federation; insteid, Nadal's faither covered the costs. In Mey 2001, he defeatit umwhile Grand Slam tournament champion Pat Cash in a clay-court exhibition match.<ref name="times"/> Nadal turned professional at the age o 15,<ref name="rafarenaissance">{{cite news|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/DEUCE-Tennis/DEUCE-May-2010/Rafael-Nadal.aspx |title=The Rafa Renaissance | work=atpworldtour | first=Joel | last=Drucker | date=18 May 2010}}</ref> an participatit in twa events on the [[International Tennis Federation|ITF]] junior circuit. In 2002, at the age o 16, Nadal reached the semifeenals o the Boy's Singles tournament at Wimbledon, in his first ITF junior event.<ref name="ITFTennis">{{cite web|url=http://www.itftennis.com/juniors/players/player/profile.aspx?playerid=100007935|title=ITF Tennis – Juniors – Player Activity|accessdate=15 June 2012|archive-date=2013-07-19|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6IET2x3WX?url=http://www.itftennis.com/juniors/players/player/profile.aspx?playerid=100007935|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bi the age o 17, he beat [[Roger Federer]] the first time thay played an acame the youngest man tae reach the third roond at Wimbledon syne [[Boris Becker]]. At 18, he helped pace Spain ower the US in the junior [[Davis Cup]] in his second, an feenal, appearance on the ITF junior circuit. At 19, Nadal won the French Open the first time he played it, a feat nae accomplished in Paris for mair nor 20 years. He eventually won it the first fower times he played at Roland Garros.<ref name="rafarenaissance"/> In 2003, he haed won the ATP Newcomer of the Year Award. Early in his career, Nadal acame kent for his habit o bitin the trophies he won.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1653408,00.html |title=10 Questions for Rafael Nadal |accessdate=14 September 2010 |work=Time |first=Nathan |last=Thornburgh |date=15 August 2007 |archive-date=2013-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812171900/http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1653408,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Tennis career== ===2002–2004=== In Aprile 2002, at 15 years an 10 month, the warld No. 762 Nadal won his first [[Association of Tennis Professionals|ATP]] match, defeatin Ramón Delgado, an acame the ninth player in the [[Open Era]] tae dae sae afore the age o 16.<ref name="Tennis.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.tennis.com/features/general/features.aspx?id=10488 |title=Wimbledon 2006: The Duel |last=Tignor |first=Stephen |date=20 June 2006 |work=Tennis Magazine |accessdate=8 November 2008 |archive-date=2013-07-19 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6IET4ENJL?url=http://www.tennis.com/players-rankings/features/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The follaein year, Nadal won twa Challenger teetles an finished the year in the tap 50. At his Wimbledon debut in 2003, Nadal acame the youngest man tae reach the third roond syne [[Boris Becker]] in 1984.<ref>{{cite news | first=Christopher | last=Clarey |title=Wimbledon Tennis: An unusual comfort zone | date=26 June 2003 | url =http://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/26/sports/26iht-tennis_ed3__12.html | work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=5 April 2010}}</ref> Nadal reached the third roond o the 2004 Australian Open whaur he lost in three sets against Australian Lleyton Hewitt. Interestingly, haed he won, he wad hae faced Roger Federer in the next roond.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2004-01-24/hewitt-sets-up-federer-clash/124708 |title=Hewitt sets up Federer clash |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|accessdate=24 November 2012}}</ref> Later that year, Nadal played his first match against warld No. 1 Roger Federer at the 2004 Miami Masters, an won in straucht sets, afore losin tae [[Fernando González]] in the fowert roond. He wis ane o the sax players that defeatit Federer that year (alang wi Tim Henman, Albert Costa, Gustavo Kuerten, Dominik Hrbatý, an [[Tomáš Berdych]]). He missed maist o the clay court saison, includin the French Open, acause o a stress fracture in his left ankle.<ref name="times"/> Nadal, at 18 years an sax month, acame the youngest player tae register a singles veectory in a [[Davis Cup]] feenal for a winning naition.<ref name="telenadkno1">{{cite news | first=Emily | last=Benammar | title=Rafael Nadal: All you need to know | date=8 July 2008 | url =http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/atptour/2305040/Rafael-Nadal-All-you-need-to-know.html | work=The Daily Telegraph | accessdate =5 April 2010 | location=London}}</ref> Bi beatin warld No. 2 [[Andy Roddick]], he helped Spain clinch the 2004 teetle ower the Unitit States in a 3–2 win. He finished the year rankit warld No. 51. ===2005: First Grand Slam title=== At the 2005 Australian Open, Nadal lost in the fowert roond tae eventual runner-up Lleyton Hewitt. Twa month later, Nadal reached the feenal o the 2005 Miami Masters, an despite bein twa pynts frae a straucht-sets veectory, he wis defeatit in five sets bi warld No. 1 Roger Federer. Baith performances war considered tae be breakthroughs for Nadal.<ref>{{cite news | title=Brave Hewitt battles past Nadal | date=24 January 2005 | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4200919.stm |publisher=BBC Sports | accessdate =6 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Nadal proves to be the real deal | date=5 April 2005 | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/4412667.stm |publisher=BBC Sports | accessdate =6 April 2010}}</ref> He then dominatit the spring clay court saison. He won 24 consecutive singles matches, which broke [[Andre Agassi]]'s Open Era record o consecutive match wins for a male teenager.<ref>{{cite news | title=Teen Nadal gives Spain reign over French Open | date=5 June 2006 | url =http://www.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/french/2005-06-05-day-14_x.htm | agency=Associated Press |work=USA Today | accessdate =6 April 2010}}</ref> Nadal won the Torneo Conde de Godó in Barcelona an beat 2004 French Open runner-up Guillermo Coria in the feenals o the 2005 Monte Carlo Masters an the 2005 Rome Masters. Thir victories raised his ranking tae warld No. 5<ref name="ranking2005">{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Rafael-Nadal.aspx?t=rh |title=ATP Rankings History: Rafael Nadal |accessdate=6 April 2010 |publisher=ATP Tour }}</ref> an pit him amang the favourites at his career-first French Open. On his 19t birthday, Nadal defeatit Federer in the 2005 French Open semifeenals, bein ane o anly fower players that defeatit the tap-seedit player that year (alang wi [[Marat Safin]], Richard Gasquet, an David Nalbandian). Twa days later, he defeatit Mariano Puerta in the feenal, acomin the second male player efter Mats Wilander tae win the French Open on his first attempt. He an aa acame the first teenager tae win a Grand Slam singles teetle syne [[Pete Sampras]] won the 1990 US Open at age 19.<ref name="times"/> Winning the French Open improved Nadal's ranking tae warld No. 3.<ref name="ranking2005"/> Three days efter his veectory in Paris, Nadal's 24-match winning streak wis snapped in the first roond o the grass coort Gerry Weber Open in Halle, Germany, whaur he lost tae the German Alexander Waske.<ref>{{cite news | title=Waske snaps Nadal's winning streak | date=10 June 2005 | url =http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/sport/archives/2005/06/10/2003258798 | agency=Associated Press | accessdate =6 April 2010}}</ref> He then lost in the second roond o 2005 Wimbledon tae Gilles Müller o Luxembourg. Immediately efter Wimbledon, Nadal won 16 consecutive matches an three consecutive tournaments, bringin his ranking tae warld No. 2 on 25 Julie 2005. Nadal stairtit his North American summer haurd-court saison bi defeatin Agassi in the feenal o the 2005 Canada Masters, but lost in the first roond o the 2005 Cincinnati Masters. Nadal wis seedit second at the 2005 US Open, whaur he wis upset in the third roond bi warld No. 49 James Blake in fower sets. In September, he defeatit Coria in the feenal o the China Open in Beijing an won baith o his [[Davis Cup]] matches against Italy. In October, he won his fowert ATP Masters Series teetle o the year, defeatin Ivan Ljubičić in the feenal o the 2005 Madrid Masters. He then suffered a fit injury that preventit him frae competin in the year-endin Tennis Masters Cup.<ref>{{cite news | first=Julian | last=Linden | title=Foot injury delays Rafael Nadal's comeback | date=5 January 2006 | url =http://www.rediff.com/sports/2006/jan/05nadal.htm | agency=Reuters| accessdate =6 April 2010}}</ref> Baith Nadal an Federer won eleven singles teetles an fower ATP Masters Series teetles in 2005. Nadal broke Mats Wilander's previous teenage record o nine in 1983.<ref name=2005eleven>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/tennis/1/en/2008news/nadal_newno1.asp|title=Rafael Nadal No. 1 Tribute|accessdate=7 July 2009|date=18 August 2008|work=ATP World Tour}}{{Dead link|date=April 2010}}</ref> Nine o Nadal's teetles war on clay, an the remainder war on haurd courts. Nadal won 79 matches, second anly tae Federer's 81. Nadal won the Golden Bagel Award for 2005, wi eleven 6–0 sets during the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sidespinproductions.com/news9.php |title=Nadal Grabs the Golden Bagel |accessdate=6 April 2010 |date=11 December 2005 |publisher=SideSpin Productions }}</ref> An aa, he earned the heichest year-end ranking ever bi a Spaniard an the ATP Maist Improved Player o the Year award. ===2006: Second French Open title=== Nadal missed the Australian Open acause o a fit injury.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4561684.stm|title=Champion Safin out of Aussie Open|work=BBC Sport|date=10 January 2006|accessdate=13 November 2008}}</ref> In Februar, he lost in the semifeenals o the first tournament he played, the Open 13 tournament in [[Marseille]], Fraunce. Twa weeks later, he handed Roger Federer his first loss o the year in the feenal o the Dubai Duty Free Men's Open (in 2006, Rafael Nadal an [[Andy Murray]] war the anly twa men that defeatit Federer). Tae complete the spring haurd-court saison, Nadal wis upset in the semifeenals o the Pacific Life Open in Indian Wells, California, bi James Blake, an wis upset in the second roond o the 2006 Miami Masters. On European [[clay court|clay]], Nadal won aw fower tournaments he entered an 24 consecutive matches. He defeatit Federer in the feenal o the Masters Series Monte Carlo in fower sets. The follaein week, he defeatit [[Tommy Robredo]] in the feenal o the Open Sabadell Atlántico tournament in [[Barcelona]]. Efter a ane-week break, Nadal won the Masters Series Internazionali BNL d'Italia in Rome, defeatin Federer in a fift-set tiebreaker in the feenal, efter saving twa match pynts an equaling [[Björn Borg]]'s tally o 16 ATP teetles won as a teenager. Nadal broke Argentinian Guillermo Vilas's 29-year male record o 53 consecutive clay-court match victories bi winning his first roond match at the French Open. Vilas presentit Nadal wi a trophy, but commentit later that Nadal's feat wis less impressive than his ain acause Nadal's winning streak covered twa years an wis accomplished bi adding easy tournaments tae his schedule.<ref>{{cite web| first=Greg | last=Garber | title=With Vilas in stands, Nadal makes history | date=31 May 2006 | url =http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/french06/news/story?id=2462389&lpos=spotlight&lid=tab4pos1 | work=ESPN Tennis/French06|publisher=ESPN |accessdate=13 November 2008}}</ref> Nadal went on tae play Federer in the feenal o the French Open. The first twa sets o the match war hardly competitive, as the rivals traded 6–1 sets. Nadal won the third set easily an served for the match in the fowert set afore Federer broke him an forced a tiebreaker. Nadal won the tiebreaker an acame the first player tae defeat Federer in a Grand Slam tournament feenal.<ref>{{cite web| first=Greg | last=Garber | title=Roger's reign on hold with Nadal's dominance | date=12 June 2006 | work=ESPN Tennis/French06|publisher=ESPN | url =http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/french06/news/story?id=2479425 | accessdate =13 November 2008 }}</ref> [[File:Image-Nadal photographié-cropped.jpg|thumb|left|upright|2006 [[French Open|Roland Garros]] champion]] Nadal injured his shouder while playin a quarterfeenal match against Lleyton Hewitt at the Artois Championships, played on grass at the Queen's Club in Lunnon.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D03EEDA1131F934A25755C0A9609C8B63|title=Shoulder Forces Nadal To Quit London Match|date=17 June 2006|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=13 November 2008}}</ref> Nadal wis unable tae complete the match, which ended his 26-match winning streak. Nadal wis seedit second at Wimbledon, but wis twa pynts frae defeat against American qualifier Robert Kendrick in the second roond afore coming back tae win in five sets. In the third roond, Nadal defeatit warld No. 20 [[Andre Agassi]] in straucht sets at Agassi's last career match at Wimbledon. Nadal an aa won his next three matches in straucht sets, which set up his first Wimbledon feenal, which wis against Federer, that haed won this tournament the three previous years. Nadal wis the first Spanish man syne Manuel Santana in 1966, tae reach the Wimbledon feenal, but Federer won the match in fower sets tae win his fowert consecutive Wimbledon teetle. During the lead up tae the US Open, Nadal played the twa Masters Series tournaments in North Americae. He wis upset in the third roond o the Rogers Cup in Toronto an the quarterfeenals o the Western & Southern Financial Group Masters in [[Cincinnati]]. Nadal wis seedit second at the US Open, but lost in the quarterfeenals tae warld No. 54 Mikhail Youzhny o Roushie in fower sets. Nadal played anly three tournaments the remainder o the year. Joachim Johansson, rankit warld No. 690, upset Nadal in the second roond o the Stockholm Open. The follaein week, Nadal lost tae [[Tomáš Berdych]] in the quarterfeenals o the year's last Masters Series tournament, the Mutua Madrileña Masters in Madrid. During the roond-robin stage o the year-endin Tennis Masters Cup, Nadal lost tae James Blake but defeatit Nikolay Davydenko an Robredo. Acause o thae twa victories, Nadal qualified for the semifeenals, whaur he lost tae Federer. This wis Nadal's third loss in nine career matches wi Federer. Nadal went on tae acome the first player syne [[Andre Agassi]] in 1994–95 tae finish the year as the warld No. 2 in consecutive years. ===2007: Third French Open title=== {{Main|2007 Rafael Nadal tennis season}} Nadal stairtit the year bi playin in sax haurd-court tournaments. He lost in the semifeenals an first roond o his first twa tournaments an then lost in the quarterfeenals o the Australian Open tae eventual runner-up [[Fernando González]]. Efter anither quarterfeenal loss at the Dubai Tennis Championships, he won the 2007 Indian Wells Masters, afore [[Novak Djoković]] defeatit him in the quarterfeenals o the 2007 Miami Masters. He haed comparatively mair success efter returning tae Europe tae play five clay-court tournaments. He won the teetles at the Masters Series Monte Carlo, the Open Sabadell Atlántico in Barcelona, an the Masters Series Internazionali BNL d'Italia in Rome, afore losin tae Roger Federer in the feenal o the Masters Series Hamburg. This defeat ended his 81-match winning streak on clay, which is the male Open Era record for consecutive wins on a single surface. He then rebounded tae win the French Open for the third straucht year, defeatin Federer ance again in the feenal. Atween the tournaments in Barcelona an Rome, Nadal defeatit Federer in the "Battle o Surfaces" exhibeetion match in Mallorca, Spain, wi the tennis court bein hauf grass an hauf clay.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thebattleofsurfaces.com/ |title=The Battle of Surfaces |accessdate=4 April 2007 |archive-date=2019-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124221707/http://www.thebattleofsurfaces.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nadal played the Artois Championships at the Queen's Club in Lunnon for the second consecutive year. As in 2006, Nadal wis upset in the quarterfeenals. Nadal then won consecutive five-set matches during the third an fowert roonds o Wimbledon afore bein beaten bi Federer in the five-set feenal. This wis Federer's first five-set match at Wimbledon syne 2001.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6280788.stm|title=Wimbledon 2007|publisher=BBC Sport |first=Caroline|last=Cheese|date=7 July 2007|accessdate=13 November 2008}}</ref> In Julie, Nadal won the clay court Mercedes Cup in [[Stuttgart]], which proved tae be his last teetle o the year. He played three important tournaments during the North American summer haurd court saison. He wis a semifeenaleet at the Masters Series Rogers Cup in Montreal afore losin his first match at the Western & Southern Financial Group Masters in [[Cincinnati]]. He wis the second-seedit player at the US Open, but wis defeatit in the fowert roond bi David Ferrer. Efter a month-lang break frae tournament tennis, Nadal played the Mutua Madrileña Masters in Madrid an the BNP Paribas Masters in Paris. David Nalbandian upset him in the quarterfeenals an feenal o thae tournaments. Tae end the year, Nadal won twa o his three roond robin matches tae advance tae the semifeenals o the Tennis Masters Cup in Shanghai, whaur Federer defeatit him in straucht sets. During the second hauf o the year, Nadal battled a knee injury suffered during the Wimbledon feenal. In addition, thare war rumors at the end o the year that the fit injury he suffered during 2005, caused lang-term damage, which war gien credence bi coach [[Toni Nadal]]'s claim that the problem wis "serious". Nadal an his spokesman strangly denied this, houiver, wi Nadal himsel calling the story "totally false".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7117076.stm|title=Nadal plays down foot injury fear |work=BBC Sport Tennis|first=Piers|last= Newbury|date=28 November 2007|accessdate =11 February 2009 }}</ref> ===2008: French Open, Wimbledon, Olympic gowd an warld No. 1=== {{Main|2008 Rafael Nadal tennis season}} Nadal began the year in Indie, whaur he wis comprehensively beaten bi Mikhail Youzhny in the feenal o the Chennai Open. Nadal then reached the semifeenals o the Australian Open for the first time. [[Jo-Wilfried Tsonga]] defeatit Nadal in the semifeenal o 2008 Australian Open. Nadal an aa reached the feenal o the Miami Masters for the second time. During the spring clay-court saison, Nadal won fower singles teetles an defeatit Roger Federer in three feenals. He beat Federer at the Masters Series Monte Carlo for the third straucht year, capturing his [[Open Era]] record fowert consecutive teetle thare. He won in straucht sets, despite Federer's holding a 4–0 lead in the second set.<ref name="therivalry">{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/Rivalries/Nadal-Federer-Rivalry.aspx|title= Roger & Rafa: The Rivalry|date=14 March 2013|publisher=ATPtennis.com|accessdate=11 April 2013}}</ref> Nadal then won his fowert consecutive teetle at the Open Sabadell Atlántico tournament in [[Barcelona]]. A few weeks later, Nadal won his first teetle at the Masters Series Hamburg, defeatin Federer in the three-set feenal. He then won the French Open, acomin the fift man in the [[Open Era]] tae win a Grand Slam singles teetle wioot losin a set.<ref>{{cite news | title = Men's Grand Slam Titles Without Losing A Set | url = http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/06/09/sports/TEN-Mens-Grand-Slam-Titles-No-Lost-Sets.php | agency=Associated Press | work=International Herald Tribune. Sports | date=9 June 2008 | accessdate =9 August 2008}}</ref> He defeatit Federer in the feenal for the third straucht year, but this wis the maist lopsided o aw thair matches, as Nadal anly lost fower gemmes an gae Federer his first bagel syne 1999.<ref name="therivalry"/> This wis Nadal's fowert consecutive French teetle, tying [[Björn Borg]]'s aw-time record. Nadal acame the fowert male player during Open era tae win the same Grand Slam singles tournament fower consecutive years (the others bein Borg, [[Pete Sampras]], an Federer). [[File:236 - Centre Court - R Nadal.JPG|thumb|left|Nadal against Andreas Beck in the 2008 Wimbledon Championships first roond]] Nadal then played Federer in the feenal o Wimbledon for the third consecutive year, in the maist anticipatit match o [[Federer–Nadal rivalry|thair rivalry]].<ref name="wim2008pre">{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/sports/story/2008/07/05/wimbledon-federer-nadal.html|title= Federer, Nadal set for Wimbledon showdown|agency=Associated Press| work=CBCSport|publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |date=5 June 2008| accessdate=11 February 2009 }}</ref><ref name="nadaledge">{{cite web| url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/wimbledon08/columns/story?columnist=ubha_ravi&id=3473804|title= Nadal enters Wimbledon final with clear mental edge|first= Ravi |last= Ubha |publisher=ESPN |date=5 June 2008| accessdate=11 February 2009 }}</ref> Nadal entered the feenal on a 23-match winning streak, includin his first career grass-court teetle at the Artois Championships staged at the Queen's Club in Lunnon prior tae Wimbledon. Federer haed won his record fift grass-court teetle at the Gerry Weber Open in Halle, an then reached the Wimbledon feenal wioot losin a set. Unlik thair previous twa Wimbledon feenals, tho, Federer wis nae the prohibitive favorite, an mony analysts picked Nadal tae win.<ref name="nadaledge"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/blog/index?entryID=3474615&name=bodo_peter | title= Karma on Nadal's side|first= Bodo |last= Peter |publisher=ESPN |date=5 June 2008| accessdate=11 February 2009}}</ref> Thay played the langest (in terms o time on coort, nae in terms o nummers o gemmes) feenal in Wimbledon history, an acause o rain delays, Nadal won the fift set 9–7 in near-darkness. The match wis widely lauded as the greatest Wimbledon feenal ever, wi some tennis critics even calling it the greatest match in tennis history.<ref name="asgoodasitgets">{{cite news|work=International Herald Tribune (Associated Press)|title=Federer-Nadal rivalry as good as it gets|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/07/07/sports/TEN-On-Tennis-Rafa---Roger.php|date=7 July 2008|accessdate=14 February 2009|archive-date=2008-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080823030306/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/07/07/sports/TEN-On-Tennis-Rafa---Roger.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="greatestmatchever">{{cite news|first = Bruce|last = Jenkins|title = The Greatest Match Ever|url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/07/06/SPP711KSLR.DTL|date = 7 July 2008|accessdate = 7 August 2008|work = The San Francisco Chronicle|archive-date = 2009-02-11|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090211000035/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2008%2F07%2F06%2FSPP711KSLR.DTL|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref name="McEnroe">{{cite news | first = Richard|last= Alleyne | title = Wimbledon 2008: John McEnroe hails Rafael Nadal victory as greatest final ever | url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wimbledon/2305019/Wimbledon-2008-John-McEnroe-hails-Rafael-Nadal-victory-as-greatest-final-ever.html|date = 7 July 2008 | accessdate =7 August 2008 | work=The Daily Telegraph | location=London}}</ref><ref name="wertheimgreatest">{{cite news|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2008/writers/jon_wertheim/07/09/wertheim.mailbag/index.html|first=Jon|last=Wertheim|title=Without a doubt, it's the greatest|work=Sports Illustrated|date=9 July 2008|accessdate=4 April 2009|archive-date=2013-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813175621/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2008/writers/jon_wertheim/07/09/wertheim.mailbag/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Alistair Magowan|title=Roger v Rafa – the best final ever?| url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7493099.stm|publisher=BBC Sport |date =7 July 2008| accessdate =8 July 2008}}</ref> Bi winning his first Wimbledon teetle, Nadal acame the third man in the open era tae win baith the French Open an Wimbledon in the same year, efter [[Rod Laver]] in 1969, an Borg in 1978–80, (Federer later accomplished this the follaein year) as weel as the second [[Spainyarts|Spaniard]] tae win Wimbledon. He an aa ended Federer's record streak o five consecutive Wimbledon teetles an 65 straucht wins on grass courts. This wis an aa the first time that Nadal won twa Grand Slam tournaments back-tae-back. Efter Wimbledon, Nadal extendit his winning streak tae a career-best 32 matches. He won his second Rogers Cup teetle in Toronto, an then got � the semifeenals o the Western & Southern Financial Group Masters in [[Cincinnati]]. As a result, Nadal clinched the US Open Series an, combined wi Federer's early-roond losses in baith o thae tournaments, feenally earned the warld No. 1 ranking on 18 August, offeecially endin Federer's record fower-an-a-hauf-year reign at the tap. At the [[2008 Simmer Olympics|2008 Beijing Olympics]], Nadal defeatit [[Novak Djoković]] in the semifeenals an [[Fernando González]] o Chile in the feenal tae win his first Olympic gowd medal. Nadal acame the first male player rankit in the tap five tae win the gowd medal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tennis.com/news/news.aspx?id=142024|title=Nadal wins Olympic gold over Gonzalez|publisher=Tennis.com|date=17 August 2008|accessdate=5 April 2009|archive-date=2009-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615205322/http://tennis.com/news/news.aspx?id=142024|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the US Open, Nadal wis the tap-seedit player for the first time at a Grand Slam tournament. He did nae lose a set during his first three matches, defeatin qualifiers in the first an second roonds an Viktor Troicki in the third roond. He then needed fower sets tae defeat baith Sam Querrey in the fowert roond an Mardy Fish in the quarterfeenals. In the semifeenals, he lost tae eventual runner up, Andy Murray. Later in the year in [[Madrid]], Nadal helped Spain defeat the Unitit States in the [[Davis Cup]] semifeenals. At the Mutua Madrileña Masters in Madrid, Nadal lost in the semifeenals tae Gilles Simon. Houiver, his performance at the event guaranteed that he wad acome the first Spaniard during the open era tae finish the year as the warld No. 1.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atptennis.com/1/en/2008news/nadalno1.asp|title=Nadal Clinches Year End No. 1 For First Time|publisher=ATPtennis.com|date=18 August 2008|accessdate=20 October 2008|archive-date=2008-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022030531/http://www.atptennis.com/1/en/2008news/nadalno1.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 24 October at the Campoamor theatre in Oviedo, Spain, Nadal wis gien the Prince o Asturias Awaird for Sports, in recognition o his achievements in tennis.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fpa.es/en/awards/2008/rafael-nadal-1/ |title=2008 Prince of Asturias Award for Sports |accessdate=5 April 2010 |publisher=Fundación Principe de Asturias |archive-date=2013-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824003930/http://www.fpa.es/en/awards/2008/rafael-nadal-1/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Twa weeks efter the Madrid Masters at the BNP Paribas Masters in Fraunce, Nadal reached the quarterfeenals, whaur he faced Nikolay Davydenko. Nadal lost the first set 6–1, afore retiring in the second wi a knee injury.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://uk.reuters.com/article/tennisNews/idUKLV49845520081031|title= UPDATE 2-Tennis-Knee injury forces Nadal to retire in Paris|first= Julien|last= Pretot|agency= Reuters|accessdate= 5 April 2009|date= 31 October 2008|archive-date= 2019-08-22|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190822004126/https://uk.reuters.com/article/tennis-men-masters-nadal/update-2-tennis-knee-injury-forces-nadal-to-retire-in-paris-idUKLV49845520081031|url-status= dead}}</ref> The follaein week, Nadal annoonced his widrawal frae the year-endin Tennis Masters Cup in Shanghai, citing tendinitis o the knee. On 10 November, Nadal widrew frae Spain's Davis Cup feenal against Argentina, as his knee injury haed nae healed completely.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://tennis.com/news/news.aspx?id=151554.asp| title=Nadal withdraws from Masters Cup| date=3 November 2008| publisher=Tennis.com| accessdate=4 November 2008| archive-date=2009-06-15| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615204253/http://tennis.com/news/news.aspx?id=151554.asp| url-status=dead}}</ref> ===2009: Australian Open title an defeat in Paris=== {{Main|2009 Rafael Nadal tennis season}} Nadal's first offeecial ATP tour event for the year wis the 250 series Qatar Open in [[Doha]]. Efter his first-roond match wi Fabrice Santoro, Nadal wis awairdit the 2008 ATP World Tour Champion trophy.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nadal, Murray, Federer Off the Mark in 2009|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2009/01/dohatuesday.aspx|date=6 January 2009|accessdate=15 June 2012|publisher=ATP World Tour}}</ref> Nadal eventually lost in the quarterfeenals tae [[Gaël Monfils]]. Nadal an aa entered an won the tournament's doubles event wi pairtner Marc López, defeatin the warld No. 1 doubles team o Daniel Nestor an [[Nenad Zimonjić]] in the feenal. As notit bi statistician Greg Sharko, this wis the first time syne 1990 the warld No. 1 singles player haed played the warld No. 1 doubles player in a feenal.<ref>{{cite web|title=DEUCE Australian Open 2009 Shark Bites|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/DEUCE-Tennis/DEUCE-Australian-Open-2009/Shark-Bites.aspx|date=16 January 2009|accessdate=15 June 2012|first=Greg|last=Sharko|publisher=ATP World Tour}}</ref> At the 2009 Australian Open, Nadal won his first five matches wioot dropping a set, afore defeatin compatriot [[Fernando Verdasco]] in the semifeenals in the second langest match in Australian Open history at 5 oors an 14 meenits.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/aus09/columns/story?columnist=ubha_ravi&id=3871740|title=One for the record books|publisher=ESPN|first=Ravi|last=Ubha|date=30 January 2009|accessdate=20 June 2012}}</ref> This win set up a championship match wi Roger Federer, thair first meetin ever in a haurd-court Grand Slam tournament an thair [[Federer–Nadal rivalry#Analysis|nineteent meetin overall]]. Nadal defeatit Federer in five sets tae earn his first haurd-court Grand Slam singles teetle,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.australianopen.com/en_AU/players/cmatch/atpn409.html|title=Rafael Nadal Completed Matches, 2009 Australian Open|publisher=Tennis Australia|date=30 January 2009|accessdate=30 January 2009|archive-date=2009-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202120557/http://www.australianopen.com/en_AU/players/cmatch/atpn409.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> makin him the first Spaniard tae win the Australian Open an the fowert male tennis player—efter [[Jimmy Connors]], Mats Wilander, an [[Andre Agassi]]—tae win Grand Slam singles teetles on three different surfaces. Wi this win Nadal becam the first male tennis player tae haud three Grand Slam singles teetles on three different surfaces at the same time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennishead.net/on-tour/Features/2009/record-breaking-rafa-notches-up-another-first|title=Record-breaking Rafa Notches Up Another First|publisher=Tennishead|date=4 February 2009|accessdate=4 February 2009|archive-date=2009-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090716191125/http://www.tennishead.net/on-tour/Features/2009/record-breaking-rafa-notches-up-another-first/|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament in [[Rotterdam]], Nadal lost in the feenal tae second-seedit Andy Murray in three sets. During the feenal, Nadal cried a trainer tae attend tae a tendon problem wi his right knee, which notably affectit his play in the feenal set.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2009/feb/16/tennis-andy-murray-rafael-nadal |title=Murray takes title to complete hat-trick over crocked Nadal |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=16 February 2009 |accessdate=16 February 2009 | first=Simon | last=Cambers}}</ref> Awtho this knee problem wis nae associatit wi Nadal's right knee tendonitis, it wis serious eneuch tae cause him tae widraw frae the Barclays Dubai Tennis Championships a week later.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7895679.stm| title=Injured Nadal pulls out of Dubai |publisher=BBC Sport |date=19 February 2009 |accessdate=19 February 2009 }}</ref> In Mairch, Nadal helped Spain defeat Serbia in a [[Davis Cup]] World Group first-roond tie on clay in [[Benidorm]], Spain. Nadal defeatit [[Janko Tipsarević]] an Novak Djokovic. The win ower warld No. 3 Djokovic wis Nadal's twalt consecutive Davis Cup singles match win an boostit his career win–loss record against Djokovic tae 11–4, includin 6–0 on clay.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nadal beats Djokovic to help Spain clinch win|url=http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/29580139/|agency=Associated Press|publisher=NBC Sports|accessdate=13 June 2010|date=8 March 2009|archive-date=2012-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011224054/http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/29580139/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Rogers|first=Iain|title=Nadal beats Djokovic to put Spain through|url=http://ca.reuters.com/article/sportsNews/idCATRE5270T420090308?sp=true|agency=Reuters|accessdate=13 June 2010|date=8 March 2009|archive-date=2012-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525063244/http://ca.reuters.com/article/sportsNews/idCATRE5270T420090308?sp=true|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the 2009 Indian Wells Masters, Nadal won his thirteent Masters 1000 series tournament. In the fowert roond, Nadal saved five match pynts, afore defeatin David Nalbandian for the first time.<ref>{{cite news|last=Oberjuerge|first=Paul|title=Nadal Shows Why He's No. 1, and Safina Shows Why She Isn't|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/20/sports/tennis/20nadal.html|accessdate=9 July 2010|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=19 March 2009}}</ref> Nadal defeatit [[Juan Martín del Potro]] in the quarterfeenals an [[Andy Roddick]] in the semifeenals, afore defeatin Murray in the feenal. The next ATP tour event wis the 2009 Miami Masters. Nadal advanced tae the quarterfeenals, whaur he again faced Argentinian del Potro, this time losin the match. This wis the first time del Potro haed defeatit Nadal in five career matches.<ref>[http://www.atpworldtour.com/tennis/3/en/players/headtohead/?player1=Del+Potro%2C+Juan+Martin&player2=nadal Head to Head Player Details]</ref> Nadal began his European clay court saison at the 2009 Monte Carlo Masters, whaur he won a record fift consecutive singles teetle thare.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8007021.stm|title=Nadal seals fifth Monte Carlo win |date=19 April 2009|publisher=BBC Sport |accessdate=20 April 2009}}</ref> He defeatit Novak Djokovic in the feenal for his fift consecutive win, a record in the open era. Nadal is the first male player tae win the same ATP Master series event for five consecutive years. Nadal then competit in the ATP 500 event in Barcelona. He advanced tae his fift consecutive Barcelona feenal, whaur he faced David Ferrer. Nadal went on tae beat Ferrer tae record five consecutive Barcelona victories.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8019528.stm|title=Nadal storms to Barcelona victory |date=26 April 2009|publisher=BBC Sport |accessdate=26 April 2009}}</ref> At the Rome Masters, Nadal reached the feenal, whaur he defeatit Novak Djokovic tae improve his overall record tae 13–4 an clay record tae 8–0 against the Serb.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8031729.stm|title=Nadal regains Rome Masters title |date=3 May 2009|publisher=BBC Sport |accessdate=6 May 2009}}</ref> He acame the first player tae win fower Rome teetles. [[File:Nadal Miami 2009 1.jpg|thumb|upright|Nadal at 2009 Sony Ericsson Open, Miami, Florida, United States]] Efter winning twa clay-court Masters, he participatit in the Madrid Open. He lost tae Roger Federer in the feenal. This wis the first time that Nadal haed lost tae Federer syne the semifeenals o the 2007 Tennis Masters Cup. On 19 Mey, the ATP World Tour annoonced that Nadal wis the first player oot o aicht tae qualify for the 2009 ATP World Tour Finals, tae be played at the O2 Arena in Lunnon.<ref>{{cite news|last=Herman|first=Martyn|title=Nadal seals spot for ATP season finale in London|url=http://ca.reuters.com/article/sportsNews/idCATRE54I3JX20090519|agency=Reuters|accessdate=13 June 2010|date=19 May 2009|archive-date=2012-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525063306/http://ca.reuters.com/article/sportsNews/idCATRE54I3JX20090519|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bi beatin Lleyton Hewitt in the third roond o 2009 French Open, Nadal (2005–09 French Open) set a record o 31 consecutive wins at Roland Garros, beatin the previous record o 28 bi [[Björn Borg]] (1978–81 French Open). Nadal haed won 32 consecutive sets at Roland Garros (syne winning the last 2 sets at the 2007 French Open feenal against Federer), the second-langest winning streak in the tournament's history behind Björn Borg's record o 41 consecutive sets. This run came tae an end on 31 Mey 2009, whan Nadal lost tae eventual runner-up, Robin Söderling in the 4t roond. This wis Nadal's first an, till 2015, anly loss at the French Open. Efter his surprise defeat at Roland Garros, Nadal widrew frae the AEGON Championships. It wis confirmed that Nadal wis sufferin frae tendinitis in baith o his knees.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/news/story?id=4245078 |title=Rafael Nadal has problems in both knees, will try to rehab in time for Wimbledon |publisher=ESPN |date=9 June 2009 |accessdate=6 June 2010}}</ref> On 19 Juin, Nadal widrew frae the 2009 Wimbledon Championship, citing his recurring knee injury.<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8085394.stm |publisher=BBC News | title=Champion Nadal out of Wimbledon | date=19 June 2009 | accessdate=22 May 2010}}</ref> He wis the first champion nae tae defend the teetle syne Goran Ivanišević in 2001.<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk"/> Roger Federer went on tae win the teetle, an Nadal consequently dropped back tae warld No. 2 on 6 Julie 2009. Nadal later annoonced his widrawal frae the Davis Cup. On 4 August, Nadal's uncle, Toni Nadal, confirmed that Nadal wad return tae play at the Rogers Cup in Montreal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gototennisblog.com/2009/08/04/rafael-nadal-on-his-return-to-montreal-roger-federer-and-davis-cup/ |title=Rafael Nadal returns to tennis at Montreal Masters |date=4 August 2009 |work=GOTOTENNIS |accessdate=5 August 2009 |archive-date=2009-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806204201/http://www.gototennisblog.com/2009/08/04/rafael-nadal-on-his-return-to-montreal-roger-federer-and-davis-cup/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Thare, in his first tournament syne Roland Garros, Nadal lost in the quarterfeenals tae [[Juan Martín del Potro]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sportinglife.com/tennis/news/story_get.cgi?STORY_NAME=tennis/09/08/15/manual_073518.html |title=Nadal Suffers Montreal Setback |date=15 August 2009 |work=Sporting Life |location=UK |accessdate=15 August 2009 |archive-date=2012-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118065911/http://www.sportinglife.com/tennis/news/story_get.cgi?STORY_NAME=tennis%2F09%2F08%2F15%2Fmanual_073518.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wi this loss, he relinquished the No. 2 spot tae Andy Murray on 17 August 2009, ranking ootside the tap twa for the first time syne 25 Julie 2005. In the quarterfeenals o the US Open he defeatit Fernando Gonzálezin a rain-delayed encounter.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8249729.stm|title=Nadal finishes Gonzalez with ease |date=12 September 2009|publisher=BBC Sport |accessdate=13 September 2009}}</ref> Houiver, lik his previous US Open campaign, he fell in the semifeenals, this time losin tae eventual champion Juan Martín del Potro.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8253542.stm|title=Del Potro thrashes Nadal in semis |date=13 September 2009|publisher=BBC Sport |accessdate=13 September 2009}}</ref> Despite the loss, he regained the No. 2 ranking efter Andy Murray's early exit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edinburghnews.scotsman.com/tennis/Tennis-Nadal-knees-hold-up.5629994.jp|title=Tennis: Nadal knees hold up as he regains No. 2 spot with victory|date=9 September 2009|work=The Edinburgh Paper|accessdate=13 September 2009|archive-date=2011-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615114206/http://edinburghnews.scotsman.com/tennis/Tennis-Nadal-knees-hold-up.5629994.jp|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the World Tour Finals, Nadal lost aw three o his matches against Robin Söderling, Nikolay Davydenko, an [[Novak Djokovic]] respectively wioot winning a set. In December, Nadal participatit in the second Davis Cup feenal o his career. He defeatit [[Tomáš Berdych]] in his first singles rubber tae gie the Spanish Davis Cup Team thair first pynt in the tie. Efter the [[Spain Davis Cup team|Spanish Davis Cup team]] haed secured its fowert [[Davis Cup]] veectory, Nadal defeatit Jan Hájek in the first Davis Cup dead rubber o his career. The win gae Nadal his 14t consecutive singles veectory at Davis Cup (his 13t on clay). Nadal finished the year as No. 2 for the fowert time in five years. Nadal won the Golden Bagel Award for the third time in 2009, wi nine 6–0 sets during the year. In daein sae he set a new record o Awaird wins, syne matched anly bi Novak Djokovic. ===2010: Back tae No. 1 an career Grand Slam=== {{Main|2010 Rafael Nadal tennis season}} Nadal began the year bi pairteecipatin in the Capitala World Tennis Championship in [[Abu Dhabi]], Unitit Arab Emirates. He defeatit compatriot David Ferrer tae reach his second feenal in the exhibition tournament. In the feenal, Nadal defeatit Robin Söderling in straucht sets.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8437851.stm|title=Rafael Nadal wins Abu Dhabi exhibition title |date=2 January 2010|publisher=BBC Sport |accessdate=4 January 2010}}</ref> Nadal participatit in an Australian Open warm-up tournament, the Qatar ExxonMobil Open ATP 250 event in Doha, whaur he lost in the feenals tae Nikolay Davydenko.<ref name="bbcqatar"/><ref name="bbcqatar">{{cite news | title=Davydenko shocks Nadal in final | date=9 January 2010 | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8450315.stm | work=The British Broadcasting Corporation | accessdate =9 January 2010}}</ref> In the Australian Open, Nadal defeatit Peter Luczak, Lukáš Lacko, Philipp Kohlschreiber, an [[Ivo Karlović]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8474055.stm |publisher=BBC News | title=Champion Nadal reaches round four | date=22 January 2010 | accessdate=22 May 2010}}</ref> In the quarterfeenals, Nadal pulled oot at 3–0 doun in the third set against [[Andy Murray]], haein lost the first twa sets.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8478297.stm |publisher=BBC News | title=Murray through after Nadal injury | date=26 January 2010 | accessdate=22 May 2010}}</ref> Efter examining Nadal's knees, doctors told him that he should tak twa weeks o rest, an then twa weeks o rehabilitation. Nadal reached the semifeenals in singles at the BNP Paribas Open in Indian Wells, whaur he wis the defendin champion; houiver, eventual champion Ivan Ljubičić defeatit him in three sets.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bnpparibasopen.org/News/Tennis/2010/Tournament/ATP-Saturday2-Ljubicic-Shows-Fight-In-SF-Comeback.aspx |title=Ljubicic Shows Heart in semi-final Win Over Nadal |publisher=BNP Paribas Open |date=20 March 2010 |accessdate=6 June 2010 |archive-date=2010-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323001822/http://www.bnpparibasopen.org/News/Tennis/2010/Tournament/ATP-Saturday2-Ljubicic-Shows-Fight-In-SF-Comeback.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> He an countryman López won the doubles teetle, tho, as wildcard entrants against nummer ane seeds Daniel Nestor an [[Nenad Zimonjić]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bnpparibasopen.org/News/Tennis/2010/Tournament/ATP-Saturday2-Nadal-Lopez-Take-Doubles-Title.aspx |title=Lopez/Nadal Upset Top Seeds To Take Doubles Title |publisher=BNP Paribas Open |date=20 March 2010 |accessdate=6 June 2010 |archive-date=2017-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913183003/http://www.bnpparibasopen.org/News/Tennis/2010/Tournament/ATP-Saturday2-Nadal-Lopez-Take-Doubles-Title.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> This boostit his doubles ranking 175 places<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Rankings/Doubles.aspx?d=22.03.2010&r=1&c=# |title=Emirates ATP Doubles Ranking on 22.03.2010 |publisher=Atpworldtour.com |accessdate=6 April 2013}}</ref> tae warld nummer 66, whauras he wis 241st afore Indian Wells.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Rafael-Nadal.aspx |title=Tennis – ATP World Tour – Tennis Players – Rafael Nadal |publisher=ATP World Tour |accessdate=6 June 2010}}</ref> Efter Indian Wells, Nadal reached the semifeenals o the Sony Ericsson Open, whaur he lost tae eventual champion [[Andy Roddick]] in three sets.<ref>{{cite news | title=Roddick edges Nadal in three sets | date=3 April 2010 | publisher=ESPN News | url =http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/news/story?id=5050939 | agency=Associated Press | accessdate =5 April 2010}}</ref> Nadal reached the feenal o the Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters in Monaco, efter beatin fellae Spaniard David Ferrer in the semifeenals. This wis Nadal's first tour feenal syne [[Doha]] earlier in the year. He won the feenal in straucht sets ower his compatriot [[Fernando Verdasco]]. He lost 14 gemmes throughout aw five matches, the fewest he haed ever lost en route tae a championship, an the feenal wis the shortest Masters 1000 feenal in terms o gemmes. Wi this win, Nadal acame the first player in the open era tae win a tournament teetle for sax straucht years.<ref>{{cite news | title=Unstoppable Nadal Captures Sixth Straight Title | date=18 April 2010 | publisher=ATP World Tour | url=http://www.monte-carlorolexmasters.com/News/Tennis/2010/Tournament/Sunday-Singles-Final.aspx | work=James Buddell | accessdate=18 April 2010 | archive-date=2010-04-21 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100421003655/http://www.monte-carlorolexmasters.com/News/Tennis/2010/Tournament/Sunday-Singles-Final.aspx | url-status=dead }}</ref> Unlik in previous years, Nadal next chose tae skip the Barcelona tournament (despite bein that event's five-time defendin champion), an his next tournament wis the 2010 Internazionali BNL d'Italia. He defeatit Philipp Kohlschreiber, Victor Hănescu, an Stanlias Wawrinka, aw in straucht sets, tae win his 57th straucht match in Aprile. In the semis, he faced a resilient Ernests Gulbis, that defeatit Roger Federer earlier in the tournament an teuk Nadal tae three sets for the first time this clay-court saison. Nadal eventually prevailed in 2 oors an 40minutes. He then defeatit compatriot David Ferrer in the feenal for his fift teetle at Rome tae equal [[Andre Agassi]]'s record o winnin 17 ATP Masters teetles. [[File:Nadal 2010 Madrid 01.jpg|thumb|left|Nadal at the 2010 Mutua Madrileña Madrid Open, Madrid, Spain]] Nadal then entered the 2010 Mutua Madrileña Madrid Open, whaur he haed finished runner-up the previous year. Bein ane o the tap aicht seeds, he received a bye in the first roond. In the second roond, he defeatit qualifier Oleksandr Dolgopolov, Jr. in straucht sets. He then played the sax-fit-nine-inch American John Isner. Nadal comfortably came throu in straucht sets. He defeatit [[Gaël Monfils]] in the quarterfeenals an his countryman Nicolás Almagro in the next roond, that wis playin in his first Masters 1000 semifeenal. The first set o his match against Almagro wad be juist the second set he lost on clay up tae this pynt in 2010. Nadal then defeatit longtime rival Roger Federer, avenging his 2009 feenals loss tae Federer. The win gae him his 18t Masters teetle, breaking the aw-time record. He acame the first player tae win aw three clay-court Masters teetles in a single year an the first player tae win three consecutive Masters events. Nadal moved back tae No. 2 the follaein day. Entering the French Open, mony war expecting anither Nadal-Federer feenal. Houiver, this acame impossible whan rival Robin Söderling defeatit Federer in the quarterfeenals.<ref>{{cite news | title=Soderling Stuns Federer For Semi-final Berth; Battle For No. 1 Intensifies | date=1 June 2010 | publisher=ATP World Tour | url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/05/Roland-Garros/Roland-Garros-Tuesday2-Soderling-Stuns-Federer.aspx | work=James Buddell | accessdate=6 June 2010}}</ref> The failure o Federer tae reach the semifeenals allowed Nadal tae regain the warld No. 1 ranking if he war tae win the tournament. Nadal advanced tae the feenal an defeatit Soderling. The win gae Nadal his seivent Grand Slam tournament teetle, tying him wi [[John McEnroe]], John Newcombe, an Mats Wilander on the aw-time leet, an allaed Nadal tae reclaim the poseetion o warld No. 1, denyin his biggest rival [[Roger Federer]] the aw-time record for weeks at No. 1.<ref>{{cite news | title=Nadal Sets Up Soderling Re-Match; Bidding For Fifth Title & Return To No. 1 | date=4 June 2010 | publisher=ATP World Tour | url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/05/Roland-Garros/Roland-Garros-Friday-2-Nadal-Eyes-Fifth-Title.aspx | work=James Buddell | accessdate=6 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Nadal Reclaims No. 1 Ranking With Fifth Roland Garros Title | date=6 June 2010 | publisher=ATP World Tour | url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/05/Roland-Garros/Roland-Garros-Final-Nadal-Wins-Fifth-Title.aspx | work=ATP Staff | accessdate=6 June 2010}}</ref> Bi this win, Nadal acame the first man tae win the three Masters series on clay an the French Open. The veectory at Roland Garros merked the second time (2008) that Nadal haed won the French Open wioot dropping a single set (tying the record held bi Björn Borg). Wi the win in Paris he an aa booked his place at the World Tour Finals in Lunnon an acame the first player tae win five French Open teetles in sax years. In Juin, Nadal entered the AEGON Championships, which he haed won in 2008, at the prestigious Queen's Club. He played singles an doubles at this grass court tournament as a warmup for Wimbledon. Bein ane o the tap aicht seeds, he received a bye in the first roond. In the second roond, whaur he played his first match on grass syne winning Wimbledon 2008, he defeatit Marcos Daniel. In the third roond, he played Denis Istomin o Uzbekistan, whom he defeatit tae advance tae the quarterfeenals. Houiver, he wis defeatit bi compatriot [[Feliciano López]]. At the Wimbledon Championships, Nadal beat [[Kei Nishikori]] an Robin Haase in the openin roonds. He defeatit Philipp Petzschner in the third roond, winning efter five sets o play. During his match wi Petzschner, Nadal wis warned twice for allegedly receivin coachin frae his coach an uncle, [[Toni Nadal]], resultin in a $2000 fine bi Wimbledon officials.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/wimbledon10/news/story?id=5337651|title=Nadal fined for receiving coaching|publisher=ESPN |agency=Associated Press|date=28 June 2010|accessdate=15 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Brooks|first=Xan|title=Wimbledon 2010: Rafael Nadal v Tomáš Berdych – as it happened|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2010/jul/04/wimbledon-2010-rafael-nadal-tomas-berdych|date=4 July 2010|accessdate=6 June 2010|location=London|work=The Guardian|quote=During the final match at Wimbledon 2010 between Nadal and Tomáš Berdych, someone, allegedly Toni Nadal, yelled "I love you, Rafa!"}}</ref> He defeatit Paul-Henri Mathieu o Fraunce in the roond o 16 an in the quarterfeenals, he beat Robin Söderling o Swaden in fower sets. He defeatit Andy Murray in straucht sets tae reach his fowert Wimbledon feenal. Nadal won the 2010 Wimbledon men's title bi defeatin [[Tomáš Berdych]] in straucht sets. Efter the win, Nadal said that winning Wimbledon wis "mair than a dream" for him, an thanked the crowd for bein baith kynd an supportive tae him an his adversary during the match an in the semifeenal against Andy Murray.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gkNZrTZDvv_4f2PAU2cXA-kRxarg|title=AFP: Nadal reclaims Wimbledon crown in style|last=Millard|first=Robin|date=4 July 2010|agency=Agence France-Presse|accessdate=4 July 2010|archive-date=2010-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707095210/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gkNZrTZDvv_4f2PAU2cXA-kRxarg|url-status=dead}}</ref> The win gae him a second Wimbledon teetle an an aicht career major teetle<ref name="BBC-8784861">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8784861.stm|title=Wimbledon 2010: Rafael Nadal beats Berdych in final|date=4 July 2010|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=4 July 2010|first=Piers|last=Newbery}}</ref> juist past the age o 24.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://thetennistimes.com/rafael-nadal-2010-wimbledon-champion/ | work=The Tennis Times | title=Tennis News: Nadal is Champion Again! | date=22 January 2010 | accessdate=22 May 2010 | archive-date=2010-07-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707023650/http://thetennistimes.com/rafael-nadal-2010-wimbledon-champion/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> The win an aa gae Nadal his first "Old World Triple"; the last person tae achieve this wis [[Björn Borg]] in 1978 ("Old World Triple" is a term gien tae winning the Italian Open, French Open, an Wimbledon in the same year). In his first haurd-court tournament syne Wimbledon, Nadal advanced tae the semifeenals o the Rogers Cup, alang wi No. 2 Novak Djokovic, No. 3 Roger Federer, an No. 4 Andy Murray, efter coming back frae a ane-set deficit tae defeat Philipp Kohlschreiber.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tennistalk.com/en/match_report/Rogers_Cup/2010/Rafael_Nadal_-_Philipp_Kohlschreiber|title=Nadal rallies to reach Rogers Cup semifinal|work=Tennis Talk|date=14 August 2010|accessdate=14 August 2010|archive-date=2010-11-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101118103647/http://www.tennistalk.com/en/match_report/Rogers_Cup/2010/Rafael_Nadal_-_Philipp_Kohlschreiber|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the semifeenal, defendin champion Murray defeatit Nadal, acomin the anly player tae triumph ower the Spaniard twice in 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbssports.com/tennis/story/13761191/murray-upsets-nadal-in-rogers-cup-semifinal|title=Murray upsets Nadal in Rogers Cup semifinal|work=CBS Sports|date=14 August 2010|accessdate=14 August 2010|archive-date=2011-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911171111/http://www.cbssports.com/tennis/story/13761191/murray-upsets-nadal-in-rogers-cup-semifinal|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nadal an aa competit in the doubles wi Djokovic in a ane-time, heich-profile pairtnership o the warld No. 1 an No. 2, the first sic team syne the [[Jimmy Connors]] an Arthur Ashe team in 1976.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.tennisty.com/tennis-players-updates/nadal-and-djokovic-to-play-double-together/ |title=Nadal and Djokovic to play double together |publisher=News.tennisty.com |accessdate=11 December 2010 |archive-date=2011-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716210527/http://news.tennisty.com/tennis-players-updates/nadal-and-djokovic-to-play-double-together/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Houiver, Nadal an Djokovic lost in the first roond tae Canadians [[Milos Raonic]] an Vasek Pospisil. The next week, Nadal wis the tap seed at the Cincinnati Masters, losin in the quarterfeenals tae 2006 Australian Open feenaleet Marcos Baghdatis. At the 2010 US Open, Nadal wis the tap seed for the second time in three years. He defeatit Teymuraz Gabashvili, Denis Istomin, Gilles Simon, nummer 23 seed [[Feliciano López]], nummer 8 seed [[Fernando Verdasco]], an nummer 12 seed Mikhail Youzhny aw wioot dropping a set, tae reach his first US Open feenal, acomin anly the aicht man in the Open Era tae reach the feenal o aw fower majors, an at age 24 the second youngest ever tae dae sae, behind anly Jim Courier. In the feenal, he defeatit [[Novak Djokovic]], which completit the [[Grand Slam (tennis)#Career Grand Slam|Career Grand Slam]] for Nadal; he an aa acame the second male efter [[Andre Agassi]] tae complete a Career Golden Slam.<ref name=goldenslam>{{cite news|url=http://www.tsn.ca/tennis/story/?id=333700|title=Nadal Captures U.S. Open To Complete Career Grand Slam|publisher=The Sports Network (TSN)|date=14 September 2010|accessdate=12 June 2012|quote=Nadal...also owns an Olympic gold medal, which makes him one of only two men to corral the career Golden Slam, with the great Agassi being the other.|archive-date=2013-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109202116/http://www.tsn.ca/tennis/story/?id=333700|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nadal's US Open veectory meant that he an aa acame the first man tae win majors on clay, grass, an haurd court in the same year, an the first tae win the French Open, Wimbledon, an the US Open in the same year syne [[Rod Laver]] in 1969. Nadal an Mats Wilander are the anly male players tae win at least twa Grand Slams each on clay, grass, an hardcourts in thair careers.<ref name=surface/> Nadal an aa acame the first left-handed man tae win the US Open syne [[John McEnroe]] in 1984.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8992563.stm|title=Rafael Nadal wins US Open to seal career Grand Slam |date=14 September 2010|publisher=BBC Sport |accessdate=14 September 2010}}</ref> Nadal's veectory an aa clinched the year-end No. 1 ranking for 2010, makin Nadal anly the third player (efter Ivan Lendl in 1989 an Roger Federer in 2009) tae regain the year-end nummer ane ranking efter haein lost it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/09/Other/Nadal-ATP-World-Tour-Champion.aspx |title=Nadal Clinches Year-End No. 1 For Second Time |publisher=Atpworldtour.com |date=16 September 2010 |accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref> [[File:Rafa Nadal 7738 2 Japan Open Tennis Tokio 2010.jpg|thumb|upright|Nadal serving in Tokyo]] Nadal began his Asian tour at the 2010 PTT Thailand Open in [[Bangkok]] whaur he reached the semifeenals, losin tae compatriot [[Guillermo García-López]]. Nadal wis able tae regroup, an at the 2010 Rakuten Japan Open Tennis Championships in Tokyo (debut), he defeatit Santiago Giraldo, [[Milos Raonic]], an Dmitry Tursunov. In the semifeenals against Viktor Troicki, Nadal saved twa match pynts in the deciding set tiebreaker tae win it 9–7 in the end. In the feenal, Nadal comfortably defeatit [[Gaël Monfils]] for his seivent teetle o the saison. Nadal next played in the 2010 Shanghai Rolex Masters in Shanghai, whaur he wis the tap seed, but lost tae warld No. 12 Jürgen Melzer in the third roond, snapping his record streak o 21 consecutive Masters quarterfeenals. On 5 November, Nadal annoonced that he wis pulling oot o the Paris Masters due tae tendinitis in his left shouder.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/11/Other/Nadal-Withdraws-From-Paris.aspx |title=Nadal withdraws from fatigue at the Paris |publisher=Atpworldtour.com |accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref> On 21 November 2010, in Lunnon, Nadal won the Stefan Edberg Sportsmanship Awaird for the first time.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nadal wins Stefan Edberg Sportsmanship Award|date=20 November 2010|url=http://www.tennis.com/articles/templates/news.aspx?articleid=8843|publisher=Tennis.com (Associated Press)|accessdate=20 June 2012}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> At the 2010 ATP Warld Tour Finals in Lunnon, Nadal defeatit Roddick<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/atptour/8152867/ATP-World-Tour-Finals-Rafael-Nadal-defeats-Andy-Roddick-in-nervy-encounter-at-Londons-O-Arena.html|title=ATP World Tour Finals: Rafael Nadal defeats Andy Roddick in nervy encounter at London's O² Arena |accessdate=22 November 2010}}</ref> in the first match, Djokovic in the second match, an Berdych in the third match, tae advance tae the semifeenals for the third time in his career. This wis the first time that Nadal achieved three wins in the roond-robin stage. In the semifeenal, he defeatit Murray in a haurd-focht match tae reach his first feenal at the tournament. In anly thair second meetin o the year, Federer beat Nadal in the feenal. Efter the match, Nadal stated, "Roger is probably the mair complete player of the warld. I'm not gaun to say I lost that match because I was tired." This wis a reference tae his marathon veectory ower Murray on Saturday. "I tried my best this afternoon, but Roger was simply better than me."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/i-tried-my-best-roger-was-better-me |title=Nadal after end of the ATP World Tour Finals final "I tried my best, but Roger was better than me" |publisher=Rafaelnadal.com |accessdate=11 December 2010 |archive-date=2010-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218024516/http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/i-tried-my-best-roger-was-better-me |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nadal ended the 2010 saison haein won three Grand Slams an three Masters 1000 tournaments, an haein regained the No. 1 ranking. Next up for Nadal wis a twa-match exhibition against Federer for the Roger Federer Foundation. The first match teuk place in [[Zürich]] on 21 December 2010, an the second in Madrid the next day. ===2011: Saxt French Open title=== {{Main|2011 Rafael Nadal tennis season}} Nadal stairtit 2011, bi pairteecipatin in the Mubadala World Tennis Championship in [[Abu Dhabi]], Unitit Arab Emirates. He defeatit [[Tomáš Berdych]] tae reach his third feenal in the exhibition tournament. In the feenal, he won ower his main rival Roger Federer. At the Qatar ExxonMobil Open ATP 250 event in [[Doha]], Qatar, Nadal barely struggled past his first three opponents, Karol Beck, Lukáš Lacko, an Ernests Gulbis, citin fiver as the primary reason for his puir performance. He fell in straicht sets tae a resurgent Nikolay Davydenko in the semifeenals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.live-tennis.com/category/Tennis-News/Rafael-Nadal-struggles-with-fever-in-Doha-201101080008/|title=Rafael Nadal – Nadal struggles with fever in Doha|publisher=Live-tennis.com|date=8 January 2011|accessdate=3 June 2011|archive-date=2019-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402073346/https://www.live-tennis.com/category/tennis-news/rafael-nadal-struggles-with-fever-in-doha-201101080008/|url-status=dead}}</ref> He an countryman López won the doubles teetle bi defeatin the Italian duo Daniele Bracciali an [[Andreas Seppi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/rafa-wins-doubles-will-delay-trip-australia|title=Rafa wins doubles will delay trip australia|work=The official nadal website|date=7 January 2011|accessdate=7 January 2011|archive-date=2012-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101031917/http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/rafa-wins-doubles-will-delay-trip-australia|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Rafael Nadal at the 2011 Australian Open14.jpg|thumb|left|Nadal at the 2011 Australian Open]] In the first roond o the Australian Open, Nadal defeatit Marcos Daniel. In the second roond, he beat upcoming qualifier Ryan Sweeting. In the third roond, he wis testit bi emergin player Bernard Tomic o Australie, but Nadal wis victorious in straucht sets. He went on tae defeat Marin Čilić o Croatie, in the fowert roond. He suffered an apparent hamstring injury against felloae Spaniard David Ferrer early in the pair's quarterfeenal match an ultimately lost in straicht sets, sicweys endin his effort tae win fower major tournaments in a row.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gleeson|first=Michael|title=Rafa slammed: run at history falls short as Ferrer KOs ailing ace|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=27 January 2011|url=http://www.smh.com.au/sport/australian-open/rafa-slammed-run-at-history-falls-short-as-ferrer-kos-ailing-ace-20110126-1a5hr.html|accessdate=27 January 2011}}</ref> On 7 Februar 2011, in [[Abu Dhabi]], Unitit Arab Emirates, Nadal won the [[Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsman of the Year|Laureus World Sportsman of the Year]] for the first time, ahead o footballer [[Lionel Messi]], [[Sebastian Vettel]], Spain's [[Andres Iniesta]], [[Los Angeles Lakers|Lakers]] basketball player [[Kobe Bryant]], an [[Filipino fowk|Filipino]] boxer Manny Pacquiao.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nadal, Vonn win top Laureus awards|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/SPORT/02/08/laureus.nadal.vonn.awards/index.html|date=8 February 2011|accessdate=20 June 2012|publisher=CNN|archive-date=2018-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924191932/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/SPORT/02/08/laureus.nadal.vonn.awards/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Mairch, Nadal helped Spain defeat Belgium in a 2011 Davis Cup World Group first-roond tie on haurd indoor courts in the Spiroudome in [[Charleroi]], Belgium. Nadal defeatit Ruben Bemelmans.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rafael Nadal Wins in Davis Cup in Belgium, Gives Spain Lead|date=4 March 2011|url=http://latiNo.foxnews.com/latino/sports/2011/03/04/rafael-nadal-wins-davis-cup-belgium-gives-spain-lead/|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=4 March 2011|publisher=Fox News Channel|archive-date=2011-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307092454/http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/sports/2011/03/04/rafael-nadal-wins-davis-cup-belgium-gives-spain-lead/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Efter Spain's veectory in three matches, Nadal won a second dead rubber against Olivier Rochus.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rafael Nadal Wins Second Match in Davis Cup, Helps Spain Dominate Belgium|date=6 March 2011|url=http://latiNo.foxnews.com/latino/sports/2011/03/07/rafael-nadal-wins-second-match-davis-cup-helps-spain-dominate-belgium/|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=6 March 2011|publisher=Fox News Channel|archive-date=2013-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812205953/http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/sports/2011/03/07/rafael-nadal-wins-second-match-davis-cup-helps-spain-dominate-belgium/|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the 2011 BNP Paribas Open in Indian Wells, Nadal defeatit upcoming qualifier Rik de Voest in his first match. In the third roond, he beat qualifier Ryan Sweeting He then defeatit qualifier Somdev Devvarman in the fowert roond. In the quarterfeenals, Nadal haed a haurd time against Croatian [[Ivo Karlović]], an in the semifeenals he met Juan Martín del Potro. The last three confrontations atween the players war in favor o del Potro, but despite some difficulties, Nadal won in straucht sets. He reached his third feenal at Indian Wells, an lost against Novak Djokovic.<ref>{{cite news|title=Djokovic beats Nadal to win BNP Paribas Open|date=20 March 2011|url=http://sports.yahoo.com/tennis/news?slug=ap-indianwells|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=20 March 2011|archive-date=2012-03-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311063523/http://sports.yahoo.com/tennis/news?slug=ap-indianwells|url-status=dead}}</ref> The next day, Nadal an Djokovic played a friendly match in [[Bogotá]], Colombia, which Nadal won.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nadal beats Djokovic in Colombia's most important tennis match ever|date=21 March 2011|url=http://colombiareports.com/colombia-news/sports/15046-nadal-beats-djokovic-in-colombias-most-important-tennis-match-ever.html|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=21 March 2011|archive-date=2011-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110325082047/http://colombiareports.com/colombia-news/sports/15046-nadal-beats-djokovic-in-colombias-most-important-tennis-match-ever.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nadal stairtit the 2011 Sony Ericsson Open wi a win ower [[Kei Nishikori]] then met his compatriot [[Feliciano López]] in the third roond, whom he defeatit. In the fowert roond, he defeatit Alexandr Dolgopolov. In the quarterfeenals, Nadal haed the first real test o the tournament whan he met the warld No. 7 Tomáš Berdych, that he defeatit in three sets. In the semifeenals, Nadal met his main rival Roger Federer, thair first meetin in a semifeenal syne the 2007 Masters Cup. Nadal won in straucht sets. For the second time in twa weeks, Nadal faced Novak Djokovic in the feenal. As in the Indian Wells tournament, Nadal won the first set, an Djokovic the second. The third set ended in a tiebreak, wi Djokovic winning.<ref>{{cite news|title=HARD FINAL IN MIAMI|date=4 April 2011|url =http://rafaelnadal.com/content/hard-final-miami|agency=Associated Press|accessdate =4 April 2011 }}{{dead link|date=June 2011}}</ref> This wis the first time Nadal reached the feenals o Indian Wells an Miami in the same year. Nadal began his clay-court saison bi winning the 2011 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters wi the loss o juist ane set. Nadal defeatit Jarkko Nieminen, Richard Gasquet, Ivan Ljubičić, an Andy Murray tae reach his seivent consecutive feenal in Monte Carlo. In the feenal, Nadal avenged his defeat bi David Ferrer in the quarterfeenals o the 2011 Australian Open. He acame the first man tae win the same tournament seiven times in a row at the ATP level in the open era.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nadal won seven tournaments in a row at the ATP|date=17 April 2011|url=http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/nadal-wins-7th-straight-montecarlo-title|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=17 April 2011|archive-date=2012-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101024426/http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/nadal-wins-7th-straight-montecarlo-title|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nadal chalked up his 37th straucht win at the clay-court event, whaur he haes nae lost syne the 2003 Monte Carlo Masters. It wis his 44th career teetle an 19t at a Masters event.<ref>{{cite news|title=The last loss in Monte Carlo was in 2003|date=17 April 2011|url=http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/nadal-wins-7th-straight-montecarlo-title|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=17 April 2011|archive-date=2012-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101024426/http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/nadal-wins-7th-straight-montecarlo-title|url-status=dead}}</ref> It wis his first teetle syne winning the Japan Open. Nadal shares third place wi [[Björn Borg]] an Manuel Orantes in the leet o players wi the maist teetles on clay.<ref>{{cite news|title=NADAL WINS 7TH STRAIGHT MONTECARLO TITLE|date=17 April 2011|url=http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/nadal-wins-7th-straight-montecarlo-title|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=17 April 2011|archive-date=2012-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101024426/http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/nadal-wins-7th-straight-montecarlo-title|url-status=dead}}</ref> Juist a week later, Nadal won his saxt Barcelona Open crown, winning the 2011 Barcelona Open Banco Sabadell feenal against Ferrer in straucht sets. In daein sae, Nadal acame the first man in the open era tae hae won twa tournaments at least sax times each. Nadal wis then the leader in terms o matches won in the year, wi 29. He did nae gain ony pynts for this veectory, houiver, as anly fower ATP 500 tournaments can be countit taewart a players ranking at ane time, but thay will gang intae effect 8 August 2011, whan the result o the 2010 Legg Mason Tennis Classic expires.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Rafael-Nadal.aspx?t=rb|title=Ranking Breakdown Rafael Nadal|date = 9 June 2011|work= ATP Worldtour|accessdate=9 June 2011}}</ref> At the 2011 Mutua Madrid Open in Mey, he defeatit Marcos Baghdatis, haed a walkover against [[Juan Martín del Potro]], an defeatit Michaël Llodra an Roger Federer, afore losin the feenal tae Novak Djokovic in twa sets.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/09/sports/tennis/09madrid.html|title=Djokovic Tops Nadal in Another Final|date= 8 May 2011|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=7 June 2011}}</ref> Nadal again lost in straucht sets tae Novak Djokovic in the Rome Masters final.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2011/may/15/novak-djokovic-rafael-nadal-rome|title=Novak Djokovic rolls on with defeat of Rafael Nadal in Rome final|date= 15 May 2011|work=The Guardian|accessdate=7 June 2011|location=London|first=Kevin|last=Mitchell}}</ref> This merked the first time that Nadal haes lost twice on clay tae the same player in a single saison.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/2011-05-15-italian-open_N.htm|title=Djokovic beats Nadal in Rome in French Open warm-up|date= 17 May 2011|work=USA Today|accessdate=7 June 2011}}</ref> Houiver, Nadal retained his No. 1 rankin during the clay-coort saison an won his saxt French Open teetle bi defeatin Roger Federer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/french11/news/story?id=6628276|title=Rafael Nadal wins sixth French Open|date= 6 June 2011|publisher=ESPN|accessdate=7 June 2011}}</ref> During the first three roonds o Wimbledon, Nadal beat Michael Russell, Ryan Sweeting, an Gilles Müller. He then faced Juan Martín del Potro in the fowert roond an Mardy Fish in the quarterfeenals, defeatin baith players in fower sets. His semifeenal opponent wis warld No. 4 Andy Murray. Nadal lost the first set, then won the next three. This set up a feenal against warld No. 2 Novak Djokovic, that haed beaten Nadal in aw fower o thair matches in 2011 (aw in Masters feenals). Efter dropping the third set, Djokovic defeatit Nadal in the fowert. This wis the first Grand Slam tournament feenal that Nadal haed lost tae someone ither than Roger Federer an his first loss at Wimbledon syne his five-set loss tae Federer in the 2007 feenal. The loss ended Nadal's winning streak in Grand Slam feenals at seiven, preventin him frae tying the Open-Era record o aicht victories in a row set bi [[Pete Sampras]]. Djokovic's success at the tournament an aa meant that the Serb ascended tae warld No. 1 for the first time, breaking the dominance o Federer an Nadal on the poseetion, which ane o them haed held for every week syne 2 Februar 2004. Nadal fell tae warld No. 2 in the rankings for the first time syne Juin 2010. Efter restin for a month frae a fit injury sustained during Wimbledon, he contestit the 2011 Rogers Cup, whaur he wis shocked bi Croatian Ivan Dodig in a third-set tiebreak. He next played in the 2011 Cincinnati Masters, whaur he lost tae Mardy Fish in the quarterfeenals. At the 2011 US Open, Nadal defeatit Andrey Golubev in straicht sets an advanced tae the third roond efter Frenchman [[Nicolas Mahut]] retired. Efter defeatin David Nalbandian on 4 September, Nadal collapsed in his post-match press conference due tae severe cramps.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/14783093.stm | publisher=BBC News | title=Nadal collapses in front of media | date=4 September 2011}}</ref> Nadal lost tae Novak Djokovic in the feenal in fower sets. Efter the US Open, Nadal reached the � o the Japan Open Tennis Championships. Nadal, that wis the 2010 champion, wis defeatit bi Andy Murray. At the Shanghai Masters, Nadal wis tap seed wi the absence o Novak Djokovic, but wis upset in the third roond bi No. 23 rankit Florian Mayer in straucht sets. At the 2011 ATP World Tour Finals, Nadal wis defeatit bi Roger Federer in the roond-robin stage, in ane o the quickest matches atween the twa, lasting juist 60 meenits. In the follaein match, Nadal wis defeatit bi Jo-Wilfried Tsonga, an wis eliminatit frae the tournament. In the Davis Cup feenal in December, Nadal haed a quick straucht-set win ower Juan Mónaco in his first match. In his second match against Juan Martín del Potro, Nadal did nae win a single service gemme in the first set but came back tae win the match.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.daviscup.com/en/home.aspx |title=Davis Cup site |publisher=Daviscup.com |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-date=2012-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608021306/http://www.daviscup.com/en/home.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nadal ended his tennis saison wi the Mubadala World Tennis Championship, an exhibeetion tournament nae affiliatit wi the ATP. The tournament, normally held in early Januar, wis held frae 29 tae 31 December 2011. Nadal haed a bye intae the semifeenals an played against David Ferrer, that defeatit Jo-Wilfried Tsonga in the quarterfeenals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mubadalawtc.com/NewsDetails/11-12-28/LEGENDS_LOOK_FORWARD_TO_MUBADALA_WORLD_TENNIS_CHAMPIONSHIP_FOR_THE_START_OF_GLOBAL_TENNIS_SEASON.aspx|title=Legends Look Forward to Mubadala World Tennis Championship for the Start of Global Tennis Season|date=28 December 2011}}{{dead link|date=January 2012}}</ref> Ferrer won the match in straucht sets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mubadalawtc.com/NewsDetails/11-12-30/DJOKOVIC_DOMINATES_TO_SECURE_PLACE_IN_FINAL_AGAINST_IMPRESSIVE_FERRER.aspx|title=Djokovic dominates to secure place in final against impressive Ferrer|date=30 December 2011|access-date=2015-06-03|archive-date=2012-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114134639/http://www.mubadalawtc.com/NewsDetails/11-12-30/DJOKOVIC_DOMINATES_TO_SECURE_PLACE_IN_FINAL_AGAINST_IMPRESSIVE_FERRER.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nadal wis then relegatit tae the third place match against Roger Federer. Nadal won in straucht sets. ===2012: Seivent French Open title=== {{Main|2012 Rafael Nadal tennis season}} [[File:Nadal Monte Carlo 2012.JPG|thumb|right|Nadal during the finals of the Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters]] Nadal began his ATP World Tour saison at the Qatar Open. He beat Philipp Kohlschreiber an qualifier Denis Gremelmayr in roonds ane an twa an then won against seivent-seedit Mikhail Youzhny.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.yahoo.com/tennis/news?slug=reu-mendoha|title=Federer and Nadal stay on course for final showdown|publisher=Yahoo Sports|date=5 January 2012|access-date=2015-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250609105054/https://sports.yahoo.com/tennis/news/?slug=reu-mendoha|archive-date=2025-06-09|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the semifeenal he lost tae Gaël Monfils in twa sets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.yahoo.com/ten/news?slug=ap-qataropen|title=Monfils tops Nadal, faces Tsonga in final|date=6 January 2012|publisher=Yahoo Sports|access-date=2015-06-03|archive-date=2003-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030213071930/http://sports.yahoo.com/ten/news?slug=ap-qataropen|url-status=dead}}{{failed verification|date=April 2012}}</ref> In the Australian Open Nadal began the tournament bi breezing past qualifier Alex Kuznetsov o Unitit States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.yahoo.com/ten/news?slug=ap-australianopen-nadal|title=Nadal eases to 1st-round win at Australian Open|date=16 January 2012|publisher=Yahoo Sports}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The second roond against Tommy Haas, that haes never won a set against Rafael, wis tighter, but Nadal again advanced in three straucht sets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.yahoo.com/ten/news?slug=afp-tennis_aus_open_men_20120118|title=Nadal beats Haas as Federer puts feet up at Aussie Open|date=18 January 2012|publisher=Yahoo Sports}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He defeatit Feliciano López in the fowert roond, then won in his quarterfeenal an semifeenal matches against Tomáš Berdych an Roger Federer respectively. Bi daein sae, he haes reached the feenals o aw fower majors consecutively. In the feenal, on 29 Januar, he wis beaten bi Novak Djokovic in a five-set match that lastit 5 oors an 53 meenits, the langest ever match for a Grand Slam teetle. The pair set a new warld record, breaking the latest langest major singles feenal atween Mats Wilander an Ivan Lendl, which lastit 4 oors an 54 meenits, at the US Open in 1988.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/tennis/aus12/story/_/id/7515950/2012-australian-open-novak-djokovic-outlasts-rafael-nadal-longest-grand-slam-final|title=Longest Men's Singles Championship Final|date=30 January 2012|publisher=ESPN Sports}}</ref> Nadal got � the semifeenals in Indian Wells, whaur he wis beaten in straucht sets bi eventual champion Roger Federer. He an aa reached the � in Miami, but widrew acause o knee problems. As the clay court saison stairtit, Nadal wis seedit 2nt at the 2012 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters. He defeatit Jarkko Nieminen, Mikhael Kukushkin, [[Stanislas Wawrinka]], an Gilles Simon afore topping warld No. 1 Novak Djokovic tae win his 8t consecutive Monte Carlo trophy. This ended a streak o seiven straucht feenal losses tae Djokovic, which began at the 2011 Indian Wells Masters feenal. A day efter the Monte Carlo Masters Final, Nadal traveled tae Barcelona whaur he received a bye in the first roond. His tremendous record on clay continued as he beat compatriot David Ferrer in a haurd focht feenal tae clinch his seivent teetle in aicht years at the Barcelona Open. The Mutua Madrileña Madrid Open did nae gang very well for Nadal. He beat Nikolay Davydenko, ane o the few players tae haud a positive heid tae heid record ower Nadal, in straucht sets. He then lost tae [[Fernando Verdasco]], that he held a 13–0 record against in the third roond 7–5 in the third, efter blowing a 4–0 feenal set lead. Nadal statit that he wis very unhappy wi the new blue-coloured clay an threatened nae tae attend in the future if the surface wis nae changed back tae red clay. Several ither players (sic as Novak Djokovic) voiced seemilar criticism.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.incyprus.com.cy/en-gb/tennis/4172/27612/stars-not-happy-with-madrid |title=Stars not happy with Madrid |publisher=Incyprus.com.cy |date=11 May 2012 |accessdate=24 November 2012 |archive-date=2013-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825034412/http://www.incyprus.com.cy/en-gb/tennis/4172/27612/stars-not-happy-with-madrid |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the last tournament afore the French Open, Nadal went tae the Internazionali BNL d'Italia in Rome. He advanced tae his 7t feenal efter defeatin Florian Mayer, Marcel Granollers, Tomáš Berdych, an David Ferrer aw in straucht sets, setting up anither feenals showdown wi warld nummer ane Novak Djokovic. Nadal defeatit Djokovic in a tight straucht sets encounter. This wis his second veectory ower Novak Djokovic in 2012 an his third teetle o the saison, as weel as his 6t Rome teetle overall. At the 2012 French Open, Nadal dropped anly 30 gemmes against his first five opponents, wioot losin a set. In the semifeenal he faced a friend an compatriot in David Ferrer. Unlik thair previous twa encounters in Barcelona an Rome, Nadal showed awmaist no flaws, dismantling Ferrer tae set up anither championship teetle fecht wi warld No. 1 Novak Djokovic. This merked the first time whaur twa opposing players faced ilk ither in fower consecutive Grand Slam tournament feenals. Thay an aa acame the anly players tae hae faced the same opponent in the feenals o aw fower Majors. Nadal won the first twa sets afore Djokovic claimed the third. Play wis suspended in the fowert set due tae rain. When the match resumed the follaein day, Nadal won whan Djokovic dooble faultit on match pynt, sealing a record 7t Roland Garros teetle for Nadal.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ca.reuters.com/article/sportsNews/idCABRE85A0LW20120611?pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0&sp=true|title=Nadal wins record seventh French Open|agency=Reuters|first=Toby|last=Davis|date=11 June 2012|accessdate=11 June 2012|archive-date=2013-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105222136/http://ca.reuters.com/article/sportsNews/idCABRE85A0LW20120611?pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0&sp=true|url-status=dead}}</ref> Throughout the tournament, Nadal lost anly ane set, occurring in the feenal. Bi winning his seivent teetle<ref>{{cite news|url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/french-open-2012/top-stories/Rafael-Nadal-beats-Novak-Djokovic-to-win-record-seventh-French-Open-title/articleshow/14026658.cms|title=Rafael Nadal beats Novak Djokovic to win record seventh French Open title|date=11 June 2012 | work=The Times of India}}</ref> at Roland Garros, Nadal surpassed Borg's overall teetles record<ref name=RG7>{{cite news|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2012/06/23/Roland-Garros-Final-Nadal-Beats-Djokovic-To-Make-History.aspx|title=Nadal Tops Djokovic To Break Borg's Paris Record|publisher=ATP World Tour|date=11 June 2012|accessdate=11 June 2012}}</ref> tae acome the maist successfu tennis player in French Open history.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/18395750|title=Rafael Nadal beats Novak Djokovic to win seventh French Open|publisher=BBC Sport|first=Mike|last=Henson|date=11 June 2012|accessdate=11 June 2012}}</ref> Nadal anly lost a tot o three sets in the 2012 clay court saison. In his first grass court tournament o the saison at Halle, Nadal advanced tae quarterfeenals, whaur he lost tae Philipp Kohlschreiber.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/Rafael-Nadal-bombs-out-in-quarterfinals-at-Halle/articleshow/14152923.cms|title= Rafael Nadal bombs out in quarterfinals at Halle|date=15 June 2012 | work=The Times of India}}</ref> At Wimbledon, Nadal beat Thomaz Bellucci in the first roond. He then met Lukáš Rosol in the second roond, a player that wis then rankit 100th in the warld an haed never advanced beyond the first qualifying roond in his five previous Wimbledons. In ane o the biggest upsets in Grand Slam history, Rosol defeatit Nadal in five sets. This wis the first time syne the Wimbledon 2005 championships that Nadal haed failed tae progress past the 2nt roond o a Grand Slam tournament.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rafael Nadal falls to shock Wimbledon defeat by Lukas Rosol|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/18627648|accessdate=28 June 2012|publisher=BBC News|date=28 June 2012}}</ref> In Julie 2012, Nadal widrew frae the 2012 Olympics due tae tendinitis in his knee, which subsequently an aa led tae him pulling oot o baith the Rogers Cup an Cincinnati Masters. On 15 August, Nadal annoonced his widrawal frae the US Open in New York, as he felt he still wis nae healthy eneuch tae compete.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.express.co.uk/posts/view/354475/Rafa-Nadal-withdraws-from-Paris-and-London-tournaments|title= Nadal withdraws from Paris and London tournaments|accessdate=26 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/news/tennis/2012/07/features/london-olympics-nadal-pulls-out-with-injury.aspx|title=Reigning Champion Nadal Withdraws From London Olympics|accessdate=19 July 2012}}</ref> On 11 September 2012, Nadal fell tae a warld No. 4 ranking, his lowest syne 2010, as 2012 US Open winner Andy Murray climbed tae No. 3.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.livetennisguide.com/2012/09/11/rafael-nadal-falls-as-andy-murray-climbs-in-atp-rankings/ |title=Rafael Nadal falls, as Andy Murray climbs in ATP Rankings |publisher=Livetennisguide.com |accessdate=24 November 2012 |archive-date=2017-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803171825/http://www.livetennisguide.com/2012/09/11/rafael-nadal-falls-as-andy-murray-climbs-in-atp-rankings/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nadal ended 2012 rankit No. 4 in the warld, the first time in aicht years that he haes nae been rankit 1st or 2nt at the end o the year. ===2013: Echt French Open, second US Open title, back tae No. 1=== {{Main|2013 Rafael Nadal tennis season}} Twa weeks prior tae the 2013 Australian Open, Nadal offeecially widrew frae the tournament citing a painch virus.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://espn.go.com/tennis/story/_/id/8786752/rafael-nadal-pulls-australian-open-due-virus | title=Rafael Nadal out of Aussie Open | publisher=ESPN | date=28 December 2012 | accessdate=29 December 2012}}</ref> Nadal's widrawal subsequently saw him drop oot o the ATP's Tap Four for the first time syne 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2013-01-28/nadal-out-of-top-four-serena-williams-rises-on-rankings |title=Nadal Out of Top Four, Serena Williams Rises on Rankings |date=28 January 2013 |work=Business Week}}</ref> Playin in his first tournaments in South Americae syne 2005, Nadal cam back at the Latin American Golden Swing, stairtin his 2013 saison at the 2013 VTR Open in Chile,<ref>{{cite web|last=Clarke|first=Patrice|title=Rafael Nadal Smart to Make Long-Awaited Return on Clay at 2013 ATP VTR Open|url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1506335-rafael-nadal-smart-to-make-long-awaited-return-on-clay-at-2013-atp-vtr-open|publisher=Bleacher Report|accessdate=1 February 2013}}</ref> whaur he advanced tae the feenal wioot dropping a set but wis beaten bi Argentine warld No. 73 journeyman Horacio Zeballos. He an aa lost in the doubles feenal (wi Juan Mónaco). At the 2013 Brasil Open, at [[São Paulo]], Nadal struggled in the openin roonds, dropping sets tae Berlocq an qualifier Alund. Despite the poor clay surface, which wis the subject o player complaints, he reached the feenal, whaur he defeatit David Nalbandian.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/21036474| title=Rafael Nadal to make comeback from knee injury at Brazil Open | work=BBC Sport | date=15 January 2013 | accessdate=27 January 2013}}</ref> In the teetle match o the 2013 Abierto Mexicano Telcel in Acapulco, Nadal defeatit warld No. 4 David Ferrer, losin juist twa gemmes in the match. Nadal then returned tae the American haurd courts efter a year, playin the Indian Wells Masters as the fift seed. He lost anly ane set, an defeatit warld No. 2 [[Roger Federer]] an warld No. 6 [[Tomáš Berdych]] in the matches leadin up tae the feenal. Nadal recovered frae bein ane set doun in the feenal, tae defeat Juan Martín del Potro. This wis his third Indian Wells Masters teetle an his first hardcourt teetle syne October 2010, an left Nadal the player wi the maist Masters 1000s wins. Efter widrawing frae Miami, Nadal attemptit tae defend his teetle at the 2013 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters, but, despite reachin the feenal for the ninth consecutive year, he wis beaten bi Djokovic in straucht sets. He then won at the 2013 Barcelona Open Banco Sabadell ower Almagro, in straucht sets. This wis his 8t veectory thare, makin him the first man tae win twa different tournaments aicht or mair times each. It wis an aa his fowert teetle o the saison, an his saxt consecutive feenal. Nadal won his 23rd ATP Masters 1000 tournament at the 2013 Mutua Madrid Open, beatin Wawrinka, despite previously haein been twa pynts frae defeat in his quarterfeenal against David Ferrer. The blue clay that haed troubled him the previous year thare haed been exchanged for the traditional red clay. In Mey, he won his record 24t Masters 1000 teetle, beatin Roger Federer for his 7t championship at the 2013 Rome Masters. It wis his 6t teetle o the saison an his aicht consecutive feenal. Thir victories raised his ranking tae warld No. 4. Nadal won the 2013 French Open efter beatin Djokovic in the [[Big Four (tennis)#2013 French Open semifinal|semifinal]] an Ferrer in the feenal. His match wi Djokovic wis widely considered ane o the greatest clay court matches ever played, as Nadal came back frae doun a break in the fift set tae tak oot a haurd-focht 4-oor, 37-meenit veectory. Houiver, acause o the nuances o how rankings are calculatit (includin an improvement in performance bi the then warld No. 5 David Ferrer at the French Open), Nadal's warld ranking dropped frae No. 4 tae No. 5, wi Ferrer replacing him at No. 4. Nadal then lost his first-roond match at the 2013 Wimbledon Championships in straucht sets tae unseedit Belgian Steve Darcis (rankit No. 135), makin it the second time in a row he failed tae reach the third roond at Wimbledon an the first ever time Nadal haed lost in the first roond o a Grand Slam. Darcis is the lowest-rankit player ever tae beat Nadal in a Grand Slam tournament. In August 2013, Nadal won the semifeenal match in Montreal, denying Djokovic his fowert Rogers Cup teetle.<ref name="CO2013">{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2013/08/32/Montreal-Saturday-Djokovic-Nadal.aspx |title=Nadal Edges Djokovic In Montreal Thriller, Faces Raonic in Final |publisher=ATP World Tour |date=30 September 2011 |accessdate=31 July 2014}}</ref> Nadal proceeded tae win the teetle efter beatin [[Milos Raonic]] in the feenal in straucht sets. This wis Nadal's 25t Masters 1000 teetle an third teetle at the Canadian Open.<ref name="TGaM">{{cite web|author=Canada |url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/sports/more-sports/rafael-nadal-dominates-milos-raonic-in-rogers-cup-final/article13704194/ |title=Rafael Nadal dominates Milos Raonic in Rogers Cup final |publisher=Theglobeandmail.com |date=11 August 2013 |accessdate=31 July 2014}}</ref> He won his 26t ATP Masters 1000 in Cincinnati on Sunday 18 August efter beatin John Isner in the feenal.<ref name="ESPN Cinc"/> Nadal concluded a brilliant North American haurd court saison wi his 4t haurd court teetle o the year, defeatin Djokovic at the 2013 US Open feenal in fower sets, bringin his Slam count tae 13 an giein Nadal a male tennis record paycheck o $3.6 million.<ref>{{cite web |last=Newbery |first=Piers |title=Rafael Nadal beats Novak Djokovic to win second US Open title |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/24027678 |work=BBC Sport |date=10 September 2013 |accessdate=19 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Not the real prizemoney: Rafael Nadal and Serena Williams lament tax impact on record purse |url=http://www.smh.com.au/sport/tennis/not-the-real-prizemoney-rafael-nadal-and-serena-williams-lament-tax-impact-on-record-purse-20130910-2thqc.html |accessdate=19 July 2014 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=10 September 2013}}</ref> Later in September, Nadal helped Spain secure thair Davis Cup World Group Playoff spot for 2014, wi a veectory against Sergiy Stakhovsky an a doubles win wi Marc Lopez. In October, he reached the feenal o the China Open, guaranteeing he wad acome warld nummer ane for the third time efter losin it in Julie 2011.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rafael Nadal reaches China Open final to become world number one |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/24409808 |work=BBC Sport |date=5 October 2013 |accessdate=10 June 2014}}</ref> In the feenal, he wis beaten bi Djokovic in straucht sets.<ref>{{cite web |title=Novak Djokovic beats Rafael Nadal in China Open final |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/24418035 |work=BBC Sport |date=6 October 2013 |accessdate=10 June 2014}}</ref> At the 2013 Shanghai Rolex Masters, Nadal reached the semi-feenals but wis defeatit bi Del Potro. In November 2013, Nadal played his feenal event o the saison in Lunnon at the 2013 ATP Warld Tour Finals whaur he secured the year end Warld Nummer Ane spot. Nadal beat David Ferrer, Stanislas Wawrinka an Tomáš Berdych in the Roond Robin stage tae set up a semi feenal an veectory ower Roger Federer. Nadal met Djokovic in the feenal, losin in straicht sets. ===2014: Nint French Open title an struggles wi form=== {{Main|2014 Rafael Nadal tennis season}} [[File:IBI14 Rafa Nadal.jpg|thumb|Nadal during a press conference at the 2014 Internazionali BNL d'Italia]] Rafael Nadal began his 2014 saison at the Qatar Open in Doha, defeatin Lukáš Rosol in the first roond<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-01-01/nadal-evens-the-ledger-against-rosol-in-doha/5180650?section=sport Rafael Nadal beats Czech Republic player Lukas Rosol to advance to second round of Qatar Open], ''ABC Grandstand Sport (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)'', 1 January 2014</ref> an he won the teetle efter defeatin [[Gaël Monfils]] in the feenal.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rafael Nadal beats Gael Monfils to win Qatar title |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/25606655 |accessdate=19 July 2014 |work=BBC Sport |date=4 January 2014}}</ref> It wis annoonced in Februar 2014 that "After compiling one of the greatest comeback seasons on the ATP World Tour in 2013, World No. 1 Rafael Nadal is a contender to be nominated for the Laureus World Comeback of the Year Award."<ref>{{cite news | title = Nadal a Possible Nominee for Laureus Award | url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2014/02/8/Nadal-Laureus-Nomination.aspx | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222171023/http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2014/02/8/Nadal-Laureus-Nomination.aspx | archivedate = 22 February 2014 | publisher = ATP | accessdate = 22 February 2014 }}</ref> At the Australian Open, he defeatit [[Roger Federer]] tae reach his third Australian Open feenal, improving his career record against Federer tae 23–10. This merked Nadal's 11t consecutive veectory in a Major semifeenal (second anly tae Borg's aw-time record o 14), an advanced him tae his 19t Major feenal, tyin him wi Lendl for second aw-time behind Federer's 24. It an aa merked Nadal's saxt consecutive veectory ower Federer in a Major. In the feenal, he faced [[Stanislas Wawrinka]], against whom he entered the match wi a 12-0 record, haein won aw o thair previous 26 sets. Efter losin the first set, Nadal suffered a back injury doun 2-0 in the second set, an awtho he won a set, he lost the match in fower sets. The first tournament he played efter that wis the inaugural Rio Open which he won efter defeatin Alexandr Dolgopolov in the feenal extendin his record o ATP 500 teetles tae 15. Houiver, at the Indian Wells Masters, Dolgopolov wad avenge his loss, defeatin Nadal in three sets in the third roond. He reached the feenal o the Miami Masters afore fawin tae [[Novak Djokovic]] in straucht sets. Nadal began his clay court saison wi a quarterfeenal loss tae David Ferrer in the Monte-Carlo Masters. He wis stunned bi Nicolas Almagro in the quarterfeenals o the Barcelona Open. Nadal won the Madrid Open efter [[Kei Nishikori]] retired in the third set.<ref name="bbc.co.uk"/> On 8 Juin 2014, Nadal defeatit Novak Djokovic in the Men's Singles French Open final tae win his 9t French Open teetle an a 5t straicht win at Roland Garros. Nadal dropped the first set but came back in the gemme tae win the next three sets tae lift the trophy. Nadal equaled Pete Sampras' tot o 14 Grand Slam wins, the second heichest nummer o single Grand Slam titles efter Roger Federer.<ref name="2014 French open">{{cite news |last1=Newbery |first1=Piers |title=Rafael Nadal beats Novak Djokovic to win ninth French Open title |url=http://www.bbc.com/sport/0/tennis/27753534 |date=8 June 2014 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref> Nadal lost in the second roond o the Halle Open tae Dustin Brown the follaein week.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://espn.go.com/tennis/story/_/id/11070600/rafael-nadal-falls-halle-1st-match-french |title=Rafael Nadal ousted in Halle |date=12 June 2014 |accessdate=14 June 2014 |publisher=[[ESPN]]}}</ref> Nadal then entered the Wimbledon Championships in a bid tae win the tournament for the third time an tae win his 15t Grand Slam teetle overall. In the first three roonds he faced Martin Kližan, Lukáš Rosol (tae whom he suffered a shock defeat at the same stage o the tournament twa years earlier) an Mikhail Kukushkin. In each o thir matches he lost the first set afore takin command an winnin them in fower sets. In the fowert roond he faced Australian teenager Nick Kyrgios (rankit 143 places lawer than Nadal) an again lost the first set, but despite winning the second set, he wis unable tae turn the tide an eventually lost in fower sets.<ref name="Wimbledon 2014">{{cite news |last1=Newbery |first1=Piers |title=Rafael Nadal beaten by Nick Kyrgios at Wimbledon |url=http://www.bbc.com/sport/0/tennis/28118239 |date=1 July 2014 |accessdate=1 July 2014 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref> Nadal widrew frae the American swing due tae a wrist injury. He cam back at the 2014 China Open. He wis defeatit bi Martin Klizan in three sets. At the 2014 Shanghai Rolex Masters, he suffered frae appendicitis, therefore he eventually went doun bi [[Feliciano López|Feliciano Lopez]] in straucht sets. Later, he wis upset bi Borna Coric at the quarterfeenals o the 2014 Swiss Indoors. Efter the loss, he annoonced that he will skip the rest o the saison. ===2015: Struggles on clay=== {{main|2015 Rafael Nadal tennis season}} Nadal began the year as the defendin Champion at Qatar, but suffered a shocking three set defeat tae Michael Berrer in roond ane o the Qatar Open.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/30702154 |title=Rafael Nadal suffers shock defeat by Michael Berrer in Doha |date=6 January 2015 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref> He won the doubles teetle wi Juan Monaco. At the Australian Open, Nadal beat Mikhail Youzhny in the first roond in straucht sets, afore prevailing in a tough five-setter against American Tim Smyczek in the second roond, despite bein visibly unwell at times during the gemme. He then beat Dudi Sela an Kevin Anderson in straucht sets tae advance tae his 28t career quarterfeenal. Nadal lost in straucht sets tae [[Tomáš Berdych]] in the quarterfeenal, sicweys endin a 17-match winning streak against the seivent-seedit Czech.<ref>{{cite news |last=Newbery |first=Piers |title=Rafael Nadal beaten by Tomas Berdych at Australian Open |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/30996172 |accessdate=24 May 2015 |work=BBC Sport |date=27 January 2015}}</ref> Nadal lost in the semifeenal tae Fabio Fognini at the Rio Open, afore gaun on tae win his 46th career clay-court teetle against Juan Monaco at the Argentina Open.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/31687217 |title=Rafael Nadal: Argentina Open win equals clay-court title record |date=1 March 2015 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref> In Mey, Nadal lost in the quarterfeenals o the Rome Masters tae [[Stan Wawrinka]] in straucht sets. On Juin 3rd, his 29t birthday, Nadal lost tae Novak Djokovic in the quarterfeenals o the French Open, endin his winning streak o 39 consecutive victories in Paris syne his defeat bi Robin Söderling in 2009. Efter the tournament, Nadal will drop tae nummer 10 in the ATP-rankings, his lowest ranking in ower a decade. ===2016–2024: Mair majors an retiral=== In 2017 Nadal wan his tent title at Monte Carlo, the maist wins bi ony player at a single tournament in the Open Era.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/39686964|title=Monte Carlo Masters: Rafael Nadal beats Albert Ramos-Vinolas for record 10th title|date=23 April 2017|publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=12 February 2018|archive-date=23 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523224227/http://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/39686964|url-status=live}}</ref> At the 2019 US Open he beat Daniil Medvedev in the final for his fowert US Open title an his 19t major.<ref>{{cite news|title=US Open 2019: Rafael Nadal beats Daniil Medvedev to win 19th Grand Slam title |work=BBC Sport |date=9 September 2019 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/49629579 |access-date=10 September 2019 |archive-date=10 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910010653/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/49629579 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2020 he wan his 13t French Open, beatin Djokovic in straucht sets in the final, an wi that his 20t Grand Slam title, equallin Federer's record for men's singles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uk.sports.yahoo.com/news/nadal-wins-13th-french-open-155926111.html|title=King Nadal continues Paris reign with record-equalling 20th Slam|website=uk.sports.yahoo.com|date=11 October 2020|access-date=13 December 2020|archive-date=26 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026160419/https://uk.sports.yahoo.com/news/nadal-wins-13th-french-open-155926111.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/rafael-nadal-wins-his-20th-grand-slam-title-with-french-open-victory-11602431520|title=Rafael Nadal Wins His 20th Grand Slam Title With French Open Victory|first=Joshua|last=Robinson|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=11 October 2020|via=wsj.com|access-date=13 December 2020|archive-date=22 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022185740/https://www.wsj.com/articles/rafael-nadal-wins-his-20th-grand-slam-title-with-french-open-victory-11602431520|url-status=live}}</ref> He wan the Australian Open for the second time in 2022, his 21st major title, comin back frae twa sets doon tae beat Medvedev in the final, an sae brak the record for the maist men's singles major titles.<ref>{{cite news|last=Braidwood |first=Jamie |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/australian-open-final-result-nadal-medvedev-b2003655.html |title=Rafael Nadal produces epic comeback to defeat Daniil Medvedev and win record-breaking Australian Open title |work=The Independent |date=30 January 2022 |access-date=30 January 2022 |archive-date=30 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130141512/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/australian-open-final-result-nadal-medvedev-b2003655.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Efter years o injuries, on 10 October 2024 Nadal annoonced that he wad retire efter playin for Spain at the Davis Cup Finals in Málaga in November.<ref>{{cite web |last=Jurejko |first=Jonathan |title=Rafael Nadal retires: 22-time Grand Slam champion confirms retirement from tennis aged 38 |website=BBC Sport |date=2024-10-10 |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/articles/ckgv9n5jj8jo |access-date=2024-10-10}}</ref> ==Rivalries== {{see also|Big Four (tennis)}} ===Nadal vs. Federer=== {{Main|Federer–Nadal rivalry}} [[File:Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal at the 2006 Wimbledon Championships.jpg|thumb|Nadal an Federer during the 2006 Wimbledon Championships final]] [[Roger Federer|Federer]] an Nadal hae been playin ilk ither syne 2004, an thair rivalry is a significant pairt o baith men's careers.<ref name="asgoodasitgets"/><ref name="moveoverborgmac">{{cite news|first=Paul|last=Weaver|title = Move over McEnroe and Borg, this one will run and run in the memory|url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2008/jul/07/wimbledon.tennis4|work=The Guardian|location=London|date = 7 July 2008|accessdate =14 February 2009 }}</ref><ref name="asgoodassportgets">{{cite news|first = Martin|last = Flanagan|title = Federer v Nadal as good as sport gets|work = The Age|location = Melbourne|url = http://www.theage.com.au/news/tennis/federer-v-nadal-as-good-as-|access-date = 2015-06-03|archive-date = 2013-08-14|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130814212515/http://www.atpworldtour.com/Players/Head-To-Head.aspx?pId=N409&oId=F324|url-status = dead}}</ref> Thay held the tap twa rankings on the ATP Tour frae Julie 2005 until 14 August 2009, whan Nadal fell tae warld No. 3 (Andy Murray acame the new No. 2).<ref>{{cite news|first = Richard|last = Jago|title = Murray reaches world No.2|date = 15 August 2009|url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2009/aug/15/andy-murray-montreal-masters-jo-wilfried-tsonga|work=The Observer|accessdate =16 August 2010|location=London}}</ref> Thay are the anly pair o men tae hae ever finished fower consecutive calendar years at the tap.<ref>{{cite web|title=Roger Federer Ranking History|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Roger-Federer.aspx?t=rh|publisher=Association of Tennis Professionals|accessdate=9 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Rafael Nadal|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Rafael-Nadal.aspx?t=rh|publisher=Associate of Tennis Professionals|accessdate=9 February 2013}}</ref> Nadal ascended tae No. 2 in Julie 2005 an held this spot for a record 160 consecutive weeks afore surpassing Federer in August 2008.<ref name="nadalnum1">{{cite web|url=http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/25978842/|title=It's official: Nadal will pass Federer for No. 1|date=1 August 2008|publisher=NBC Sports (Associated Press)|accessdate=14 February 2009|archive-date=2008-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081019231656/http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/25978842/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Thay hae played 33 times, an Nadal leads thair heid-tae-heid series 23–10 overall an 9–2 in Grand Slam tournaments. Fifteen o thair matches hae been on clay, which is statistically Nadal's best surface.<ref name="FedEx ATP Reliability Index">{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Reliability-Zone/Reliability-Clay-Career-List.aspx|title=FedEx ATP Reliability Index|accessdate=1 April 2012|archive-date=2013-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029212601/http://www.atpworldtour.com/Reliability-Zone/Reliability-Clay-Career-List.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Federer haes a winning record on grass (2–1) an indoor haurd courts (4–1) while Nadal leads the outdoor haurd courts bi 8–2 an clay bi 13–2.<ref name="atp-headtohead">{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/Rivalries/Nadal-Federer-Rivalry.aspx|title=Head to Head player details|publisher=ATP World Tour|accessdate=14 April 2013}}</ref> As tournament seedings are based on rankings, 20 o thair matches hae been in tournament feenals, includin an aw-time record 8 Grand Slam tournament feenals.<ref name="atp-therivalry">{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/Rivalries/Nadal-Federer-Rivalry.aspx|title= Rafa & Roger: The Rivalry|date=18 March 2012|publisher=ATP World Tour|accessdate=15 June 2012}}</ref> Frae 2006 tae 2008, thay played in every French Open an Wimbledon feenal, an an aa met in the teetle match o the 2009 Australian Open an the 2011 French Open.<ref name="atp-therivalry"/> Nadal won sax o the aicht, losin the first twa Wimbledon feenals. Three o thir matches war five set-matches (2007 an 2008 Wimbledon, 2009 Australian Open), an the 2008 Wimbledon feenal haes been lauded as the greatest match ever bi mony lang-time tennis analysts.<ref name="greatestmatchever"/><ref name="McEnroe-greatestmatch">{{cite news|first = Richard|last = Alleyne|title = Wimbledon 2008: John McEnroe hails Rafael Nadal victory as greatest final ever|work=The Telegraph|url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wimbledon/2305019/Wimbledon-2008-John-McEnroe-hails-Rafael-Nadal-victory-as-greatest-final-ever.html|date = 7 July 2008|accessdate =14 February 2009|location=London}}</ref><ref name="wertheim-greatestmatch">{{cite news|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2008/writers/jon_wertheim/07/09/wertheim.mailbag/index.html|title=Without a doubt, it's the greatest|last=Wertheim|first=Jon|date=9 July 2008|work=Tennis Mailbag|accessdate=14 February 2009|archive-date=2013-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813175621/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2008/writers/jon_wertheim/07/09/wertheim.mailbag/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="tignor-greatestmatch">{{cite web|url=http://tennisworld.typepad.com/thewrap/2008/07/w-report-cards.html|title=W: Report Cards|last=Tignor|first=Steve|work=Concrete Elbow|publisher=Tennis.com|date=8 July 2008|accessdate=14 February 2009}}</ref> ===Nadal vs. Djokovic=== {{Main|Djokovic–Nadal rivalry}} [[Novak Djokovic]] an Nadal hae met 43 times (mair nor ony ither players in the Open Era) wi Nadal haein a 23–20 advantage.<ref name="CO2013"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Featured Columnist |url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1800155-analyzing-importance-of-novak-djokovics-china-open-win-vs-rafael-nadal |title=Analyzing Importance of Novak Djokovic's China Open Win vs. Rafael Nadal |publisher=Bleacherreport.com |date=6 October 2013 |accessdate=31 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="FEDEX ATP HEAD 2 HEADs">{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Players/Head-To-Head.aspx?pId=N409&oId=D643|title=FEDEX ATP HEAD 2 HEADs|accessdate=19 August 2011}}</ref> Nadal leads on grass 2–1 an clay 14–5, but Djokovic leads on haurd courts 14–7.<ref name="CO2013"/><ref name="FEDEX ATP HEAD 2 HEADs"/> In 2009, this rivalry wis listit as the third greatest o the previous 10 years bi ATPwarldtour.com.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2009/12/Decade-In-Review-Rivalries.aspx|title=RIVALRIES OF THE DECADE|accessdate=19 August 2011}}</ref> Djokovic is ane o anly twa players tae hae at least ten match wins against Nadal (the ither bein Federer) an the anly person tae defeat Nadal seiven consecutive times an twa times consecutively on clay. The twa earlier shared the record for the langest match played in a best o three sets (4 oors an 3 meenits) at the 2009 Mutua Madrid Open semifeenals until the match atween [[Roger Federer]] an [[Juan Martín del Potro]] in the London 2012 Olympics Semifinal, which is the langest best-of-three-set match bi time (at 4 oors an 26 meenits).<ref name=OlympicEpic>{{cite web|url= http://www.worldtennismagazine.com/archives/7566|title= Roger Federer’s History-Making Olympic Epic Over Juan Martin del Potro|author= Walker, Randy|publisher= World Tennis Magazine|date= 3 August 2012|accessdate= 4 August 2012|archive-date= 2018-07-25|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180725111408/http://www.worldtennismagazine.com/archives/7566|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.london2012.com/news/articles/federer-edges-epic-encounter.html |title= Federer edges epic encounter |publisher= London2012.com |date= 3 August 2012 |accessdate= 4 August 2012 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120805000153/http://www.london2012.com/news/articles/federer-edges-epic-encounter.html |archive-date= 2012-08-05 }}</ref> Thay hae an aa played in a record 12 Masters Series feenals. In the 2011 Wimbledon feenal, Djokovic won in fower sets for his first Slam feenal ower Nadal.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/04/sports/tennis/2011-wimbledon-mens-final-novak-djokovic-defeats-rafael-nadal.html?amp=&pagewanted=all|title=Djokovic Overwhelms Nadal for Wimbledon Title|accessdate=3 July 2011 | work=The New York Times|first=Christopher|last=Clarey|date=3 July 2011}}</ref> Djokovic an aa defeatit Nadal in the 2011 US Open Final. In 2012, Djokovic defeatit Nadal in the Australian Open feenal for a third consecutive Slam feenal win ower Nadal. This wis the langest Grand Slam tournament feenal in Open era history at 5 hrs, 53 mins.<ref>{{cite news|author=Paul Gittings|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2012-01-29/tennis/sport_tennis_tennis-djokovic-nadal-australia_1_mallorcan-djokovic-nadal-victory?_s=PM:TENNIS|title=Djokovic beats Nadal in marathon classic to win Australian Open|publisher=CNN|date=29 January 2012|accessdate=8 June 2012|archive-date=2013-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303015240/http://articles.cnn.com/2012-01-29/tennis/sport_tennis_tennis-djokovic-nadal-australia_1_mallorcan-djokovic-nadal-victory?_s=PM:TENNIS|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nadal won thair last three 2012 meetins in the feenal o Monte Carlo Masters, Rome Masters an French Open in Aprile, in Mey an in Juin 2012, respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/18150412|title= Rafael Nadal|accessdate=21 May 2012}}</ref> In 2013, Djokovic defeatit Nadal in straucht sets in the feenal at Monte Carlo, endin Nadal's record aicht consecutive teetles thare, but Nadal got revenge at the French Open in an epic five-setter 9–7 in the fift. In August 2013, Nadal won in Montreal, denying Djokovic his fowert Rogers Cup teetle.<ref name="CO2013"/> Nadal an aa defeatit Djokovic in the 2013 US Open Final. In thair third clash o 2014 Nadal defeatit Djokovic in the 2014 French Open feenal. ===Nadal vs. Murray=== {{Main|Murray–Nadal rivalry}} [[File:Murray and Nadal Tokyo (1) (1).jpg|thumbnail|Nadal an Murray in Tokyo]] Nadal an [[Andy Murray]] hae met on 21 occasions syne 2007, wi Nadal leadin 15–6. Nadal leads 6–1 on clay, 3–0 on grass an 6–5 on haurd courts (includin 5–3 in outdoor courts, but Murray leads 2–1 on indoor haurd courts). The pair ance met regularly at [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] level, wi aicht oot o thair twinty-ane meetins coming in slams, wi Nadal leadin 6–2 (3–0 at [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]], 1–0 at the French Open, 1–1 at the Australian Open & 1–1 at the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Players/Head-To-Head.aspx?pId=N409&oId=MC10|title=Nadal v Murray Head to Head|publisher=atpworldtour.com|accessdate=6 August 2012}}</ref> Seiven o thir aicht appearances hae been at quarterfeenal an semifeenal level, makin the rivalry an important pairt o baith men's careers. Thay hae never met in a Slam feenal, houiver, Murray leads 3–1 in [[Association of Tennis Professionals|ATP]] feenals, wi Nadal winning at Indian Wells in 2009<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7958375.stm|title=Nadal blows Murray away in final|work=BBC Sport|date=22 March 2009|accessdate=6 February 2012}}</ref> an Murray winnin in Rotterdam the same year,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7891311.stm|title=Murray beats Nadal to take title|work=BBC Sport|date=15 February 2009|accessdate=6 February 2012}}</ref> Tokyo<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/15231444|title=Andy Murray defeats Rafael Nadal in Japan Open final|work=BBC Sport|date=9 October 2011|accessdate=6 February 2012}}</ref> in 2011, an Madrid in 2015. Murray lost three consecutive Grand Slam semifeenals tae Nadal in 2011 frae the French Open tae the US Open. Remarkably, o the past 19 Grand Slam drawsheets, thay hae been drawn in the same hauf 16 times. The pair did nae meet in 2012, haein been scheduled tae meet in the semifeenal o the Miami Masters afore Nadal widrew wi injury.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/17560498|title=Andy Murray to play Djokovic in Miami final after Nadal withdraws|work=BBC Sport|date=1 April 2012|accessdate=6 February 2012}}</ref> ==Playin style== [[File:Rafael Nadal at the 2010 US Open 06.jpg|thumbnail|left|Nadal's forehand]] Nadal generally plays an aggressive, behind-the-baseline gemme foondit on hivy topspin groundstrokes, consistency, speedy footwork an tenacious coort coverage, sicweys makin him an aggressive counterpuncher.<ref name="ESPN">{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/wimbledon08/columns/story?columnist=garber_greg&id=3472238|title=Nadal Has Improved Virtually Every Aspect of His Game|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=3 July 2008|accessdate=30 January 2009}}</ref> Kent for his athleticism an speed aroond the court, Nadal is an excellent defender<ref name="about bio">{{cite news | first=Jeff | last=Cooper | title=Rafael Nadal&nbsp;– Game Profile | url=http://tennis.about.com/od/playersmale/a/nadalgp.htm | accessdate=30 July 2007 | archive-date=2016-11-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107033909/http://tennis.about.com/od/playersmale/a/nadalgp.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> that hits well on the run, biggin winning plays frae seemingly defensive poseetions. He an aa plays very fine dropshots, which wirk especially well acause his hivy topspin eften forces opponents tae the back o the court.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennis.com/yourgame/instructionarticles/netgame/netgame.aspx?id=123244|title=Rafael Nadal's Drop Volley|work=Tennis Magazine|date=27 March 2008|accessdate=30 January 2009|archive-date=2009-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026221750/http://www.tennis.com/yourgame/instructionarticles/netgame/netgame.aspx?id=123244|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Nadal 4 Monte Carlo 2007.jpg|thumb|Nadal playin on clay]] Nadal employs a semi-wastren grip forehand, eften wi a "lasso-whip" follae throu, whaur his left arm hits throu the baw andfinishes abuin his left shouder – as opposed tae a mair traditional finish athort the body or aroond his opposite shouder.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.elitetennistraining.com/free-online-tennis-lessons/gripping-the-tennis-racquet/ | title=How To Hold A Tennis Racket | accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.essentialtennis.com/category/video/grips/ | title=Essential Tennis - Rafael Nadal’s Forehand Grip Revealed | accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> Nadal's forehand groundstroke form allows him tae hit shots wi hivy topspin – mair sae than mony o his contemporaries.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/27/sports/tennis/27tennis.html |title=More and More Players Deliver Slap to Classic Forehand|work=[[The New York Times]] |date=27 June 2006|accessdate=30 January 2009 | first=Christopher | last=Clarey}}</ref> San Francisco tennis researcher John Yandell uised a heich-speed video camera an special software tae count the average nummer o revolutions o a tennis ball hit full force bi Nadal. While Nadal's shots tend tae laund short o the baseline, the characteristically heich bounces his forehands achieve tend tae mitigate the advantage an opponent wad normally gain frae capitalizing on a short ball.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennis.com/yourgame/instructionarticles/forehand/forehand.aspx?id=56544|title=The Forehand of Rafael Nadal|work=Tennis Magazine|date=15 December 2006|accessdate=30 January 2009|archive-date=2009-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304142514/http://tennis.com/yourgame/instructionarticles/forehand/forehand.aspx?id=56544|url-status=dead}}</ref> Awtho his forehand is based on hivy topspin, he can hit the ball deep an flat wi a mair orthodox follae throu for clean winners. {{rquote|right|"The first guys we did were Sampras an Agassi. They were hitting forehands that in general were spinning about 1,800 to 1,900 revolutions per meenit. Federer is hitting with an amazing amount of spin, too, right? 2,700 revolutions per meenit. Well, we measured one forehand Nadal hit at 4,900. His average was 3,200."|John Yandell, San Francisco-based tennis researcher.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ripped. (Or Torn Up?) |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/21/magazine/21nadal-t.html |work=[[The New York Times]] | first=Cynthia | last=Gorney | date=17 June 2009 | accessdate=22 May 2010}}</ref>}} Nadal's serve wis initially considered a waik pynt in his gemme, awtho his improvements in baith first-serve pynts won an break pynts saved syne 2005 hae allowed him tae consistently compete for an win major teetles on faster surfaces. Nadal relies on the consistency o his serve tae gain a strategic advantage in pynts, rather than gaun for service winners.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wimbledon/2304937/Rafael-Nadal-determined-to-keep-one-step-ahead-of-Roger-Federer.html|title=Rafael Nadal Determined to Keep One Step Ahead of Roger Federer|work=The Daily Telegraph |location=UK |date=6 July 2008|accessdate=30 January 2009 | first=Clive | last=White}}</ref> Houiver, afore the 2010 US Open, he altered his service motion, arrivin in the trophy pose earlier an pullin the racket lawer during the trophy pose. Afore the 2010 U.S. Open, Nadal modified his service grip tae a mair continental ane. Thir twa changes in his serve increased his average speed bi aroond 10&nbsp;mph during the 2010 US Open, maxing oot at 135&nbsp;mph (217&nbsp;km), allouin him tae win mair free pynts on his serve.<ref>{{cite web|author=Tony Kurdzuk/The Star-Ledger |url=http://www.nj.com/sports/njsports/index.ssf/2010/09/rafael_nadal_has_gotten_a_grip.html |title=12 September 2010 |work=The Star-Ledger |accessdate=3 June 2011}}</ref> Houiver, syne the 2010 US Open, Nadal's serve speed haes dropped back doun tae previous levels an haes again been citit as a need for improvement.<ref>{{cite web|author=Timothy Rapp |url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1044134-rafael-nadal-rafa-must-improve-serve-to-beat-novak-djokovic |title=Rafael Nadal: Rafa Must Improve Serve to Beat Novak Djokovic |publisher=Bleacher Report |date= 30 January 2012|accessdate=3 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Thomas Skuzinski |url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/815240-2011-us-open-biggest-weaknesses-in-the-top-8-men#/articles/815240-2011-us-open-biggest-weaknesses-in-the-top-8-men/page/5 |title=Rafael Nadal's Serve, and 7 Other Weak Shots Among the Top 8 Men |publisher=Bleacher Report |date= 22 August 2011|accessdate=3 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Naharnet Newsdesk |url=http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/14931 |title=Beaten Nadal Vows to Turn Tables on Djokovic |publisher=Naharnet |date= 13 September 2011|accessdate=3 May 2012}}</ref> Nadal is a clay court specialeet in the sense that he haes been extremely successfu on that surface. Syne 2005, he won nine times at Roland Garros, aicht times at Monte Carlo an seiven at Rome. Houiver, Nadal haes shed that label due tae his success on ither surfaces, includin holding simultaneous Grand Slam tournament teetles on grass, haurd courts, an clay on twa separate occasions, winning aicht Masters series teetles on hardcourt, an winning the Olympic gowd medal on hardcourt.<ref name="ESPN"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/aus09/columns/story?columnist=harwitt_sandra&id=3876694|title=No limit to what Nadal can accomplish|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=1 February 2009|accessdate=1 February 2009}}</ref> Despite praise for Nadal's talent an skill, some hae questioned his longevity in the sport, citing his big an playin style as conducive tae injury.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/usopen07/news/story?id=2996956|title=Style of play catching up with Rafa?|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=30 August 2007|accessdate=30 January 2009}}</ref> Nadal himsel haes admittit tae the physical toll haurd courts place on [[Association of Tennis Professionals|ATP Tour]] players, calling for a reevaluatit tour schedule featurin fewer haurd court tournaments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tennis.com/tournaments/2009/australianopen/australianopen.aspx?id=163626|title=Oz Champ Nadal Wants Changes in Tennis Schedule|work=Tennis Magazine|date=2 February 2009|accessdate=2 February 2009|archive-date=2009-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615164042/http://tennis.com/tournaments/2009/australianopen/australianopen.aspx?id=163626|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Public image== ===Equipment an endorsements=== [[File:Nadal vs Federer RG 2007.jpg|thumb|Nike sleeveless shirt wi matching headband & wrist bands and Babolat AeroPro Drive GT at [[French Open|Roland Garros]] 2007]] Nadal haes been sponsored bi [[Kia Motors]] syne 2006. He haes appeared in advertising campaigns for Kia as a global ambassador for the company. In Mey 2008, Kia released a claymation viral ad featurin Nadal in a tennis match wi an alien.<ref>[http://paultan.org/archives/2008/05/24/kias-bizarre-nadal-versus-alien-video/ Kia Nadal versus Alien Video].</ref> In Mey 2015, Nadal extendit his partnership wi Kia for anither five years.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rafael Nadal and Kia Motors double up for another five years|url=http://www.hyundaimotorgroup.com/MediaCenter/News/Press-Releases/kia-motor-Rafael-Nadal-support-eng-150504.hub|website=Hyundai Motor Group|accessdate=25 May 2015|archive-date=2015-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525181424/http://www.hyundaimotorgroup.com/MediaCenter/News/Press-Releases/kia-motor-Rafael-Nadal-support-eng-150504.hub|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nike serves as Nadal's clothing an shae sponsor. Nadal's signature on-court attire entailed a variety o sleeveless shirts paired wi 3/4 lenth capri pants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nymag.com/fashion/08/fall/49256|title=The Beefcake in the Backcourt|work=New York|date=17 August 2008|accessdate=30 January 2009}}</ref> For the 2009 saison, Nadal adoptit mair-traditional on-court apparel. Nike encouraged Nadal tae update his leuk in order tae reflect his new status as the sport's tap player at that time<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/aus09/columns/story?columnist=tandon_kamakshi&id=3837536&campaign=rss&source=TENNISHeadlines|title=Rafa Needs More Than a New Look|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=17 January 2009|accessdate=30 January 2009}}</ref> an associate Nadal wi a style that, while less distinctive than his "pirate" leuk, wad be mair widely emulatit bi consumers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/article/123520|title=Rafael Nadal to Launch New, More Traditional Image at US Open|work=Sports Business Daily|date=1 August 2008|accessdate=30 January 2009|archive-date=2008-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202122241/http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/article/123520|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnbc.com/id/28854928|title=Nadal's Wardrobe Malfunction|publisher=CNBC|date=26 January 2009|accessdate=30 January 2009}}</ref> At warmup tournaments in Abu Dhabi an Doha, Nadal played matches in a polo shirt specifically designed for him bi Nike,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cornedbeefhash.wordpress.com/2009/01/20/fashion-focus-rafa-after-a-hiccup-finally-grows-up/|title=Fashion Focus: Rafael Nadal|publisher=Tennis Served Fresh|date=20 January 2009|accessdate=30 January 2009}}</ref> paired wi shorts cut abuin the knee. Nadal's new, mair conventional style carried ower tae the 2009 Australian Open, whaur he wis outfittit wi Nike's Bold Crew Men's Tee<ref>{{cite web|url=http://store.nike.com/index.jsp?sitesrc=USLP&country=US&lang_locale=en_US#l=shop,pdp,ctr-inline/cid-1/pid-204467/pgid-204469|title=Nike Bold New Tennis Crew|publisher=Nike Store|date=30 January 2009|accessdate=30 January 2009}}</ref> an Nadal Lang Check Shorts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://store.nike.com/index.jsp?sitesrc=USLP&country=US&lang_locale=en_US#l=shop,pdp,ctr-inline/cid-1/pid-204474/pgid-204476|title=Nadal Long Check Shortsbhnu|publisher=Nike Store|date=30 January 2009|accessdate=30 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://cornedbeefhash.wordpress.com/2009/01/24/rafas-costume-change-part-deux/|title=Rafa's Costume Change|publisher=Tennis Served Fresh|date=24 January 2009|accessdate=30 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennis.com/uploadedImages/Features/Photo_Galleries/TENNIS_Gallery/2009_01_22_pg22.jpg|title=Emperor's New Clothes|work=Tennis Magazine|date=24 January 2009|accessdate=30 January 2009|archive-date=2009-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205003824/http://www.tennis.com/uploadedImages/Features/Photo_Galleries/TENNIS_Gallery/2009_01_22_pg22.jpg|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nadal wears Nike's Air CourtBallistec 2.3 tennis shuin,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tenniswarehouse-europe.com/descpageMSNIKEH-NMACBT.html |title=Nike Air CourtBallistec 1.3 |accessdate=5 September 2007 |archive-date=2009-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224005406/http://tenniswarehouse-europe.com/descpageMSNIKEH-NMACBT.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> bearing various customizations throughout the saison, includin his nickname "Rafa" on the right shae an a stylized bull logo on the left. He acame the face o Lanvin's ''L'Homme Sport'' cologne in Aprile 2009.<ref>{{cite web |author=Marie-Helene Wagner |url=http://www.mimifroufrou.com/scentedsalamander/2009/03/lanvin_lhomme_sport_2009_front.html |title=Lanvin L'Homme Sport (2009): Fronted by Rafael Nadal |publisher=Mimifroufrou.com |date=3 March 2009 |accessdate=3 June 2011 |archive-date=2019-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402082901/http://www.mimifroufrou.com/scentedsalamander/2009/03/lanvin_lhomme_sport_2009_front.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nadal uses an AeroPro Drive racquet wi a 4{{frac|1|4}}-inch L2 grip. {{As of|2010|alt=As of the 2010 season}}, Nadal's racquets are paintit tae resemble the new Babolat AeroPro Drive wi Cortex GT racquet in order tae mercat a current model which Babolat sells.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tt.tennis-warehouse.com/showthread.php?t=154451|title=Nadal Doesn't Use an APDC|publisher=Talk Tennis|date=1 September 2007|accessdate=30 January 2009|archive-date=2014-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129163905/http://tt.tennis-warehouse.com/showthread.php?t=154451|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/usopen04/news/story?id=1872892|title=The Tennis Racket|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=2 September 2004|accessdate=30 January 2009}}</ref> Nadal uses no replacement grip, an insteid wraps twa overgrips aroond the haundle. He uised Duralast 15L strings until the 2010 saison, whan he switched tae Babolat's new, black-coloured, RPM Blast string. Nadal's rackets are ayeweys strung at {{convert|55|lb|abbr=on}}, regairdless o which surface or conditions he is playin on.{{Citation needed|daye=January 2011|date=January 2011}} {{As of|2010|January}}, Nadal is the international ambassador for Quely, a company frae his native [[Mallorca]] that manufactures biscuits, bakery an chocolate coatit products; he haes consumed thair products ever syne he wis a young bairn.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/rafa-nadal-quelys-embassador |title=Rafa Nadal is Quely's embassador |publisher=Rafaelnadal.com |date=21 December 2009 |accessdate=3 June 2011 |archive-date=2011-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208130450/http://rafaelnadal.com/content/rafa-nadal-quelys-embassador |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2010, luxury watchmaker Richard Mille annoonced that he haed developed an ultra-licht wristwatch in collaboration wi Nadal cried the Richard Mille RM027 Tourbillon watch.<ref name="watchmaker">{{cite news | first=Rob | last=Corder | title=Rafael Nadal to wear $525,000 Richard Mille watch | date=5 April 2010 | publisher=Professional Jeweller}}</ref> The watch is makkit o titanium an lithium an is valued at US$525,000; Nadal wis involved in the design an testin o the watch on the tennis court.<ref name="watchmaker"/> During the 2010 French Open, Men's Fitness reportit that Nadal wore the Richard Mille watch on the court as pairt o a sponsorship deal wi the Swiss watchmaker.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mensfitness.com/sports_and_recreation/athletes/224|title=Nadal Wears $525K Watch at French Open|publisher=mensfitness.com|accessdate=6 July 2010}}</ref> Nadal replaced [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] as the new face o Emporio Armani Underwear an Armani Jeans for the spring/summer 2011 collection.<ref name="TS">{{cite web |url=http://www.typicallyspanish.com/news/publish/article_28805.shtml |title=Rafael Nadal strips to his undies for Armani |publisher=Typicallyspanish.com |date=20 January 2011 |accessdate=3 June 2011 |archive-date=2012-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330060410/http://www.typicallyspanish.com/news/publish/article_28805.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> This wis the first time that the label haes chosen a tennis player for the job; association football haes ruled lately prior tae Ronaldo, [[David Beckham]] graced the ads syne 2008.<ref>{{cite web|last=Cowles |first=Charlotte |url=http://nymag.com/daily/fashion/2010/12/raphael_nadal_replaces_cristia.html |title=Rafael Nadal Replaces Cristiano Ronaldo as the New Face of Emporio Armani Underwear |work=New York |accessdate=3 June 2011}}</ref> Armani said that he selectit Nadal as his latest male unnerwear model acause "...he is ideal as he represents a healthy and positive model for youngsters."<ref name="TS"/> In Juin 2012, Nadal jynt the group o sports endorsers o the PokerStars online poker cardroom.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tennis Champion Rafael Nadal Joins Team PokerStars |url=http://www.pokernews.com/news/2012/06/tennis-champion-rafael-nadal-joins-team-pokerstars-12909.htm |work=Poker News |accessdate=19 July 2014}}</ref> In December 2013, Nadal won a charity poker tournament against retired Brazilian football player [[Ronaldo]] an fower ither competitors.<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/tennis/article-2761579/Ronaldo-challenges-Rafael-Nadal-live-head-head-poker-duel.html "Ronaldo challenges Rafael Nadal to live head-to-head poker duel"]. ''Daily Mail''. Retrieved 29 September 2014</ref> ===In popular culture=== In Februar 2010, Rafael Nadal wis featurt in the muisic video o [[Shakira]]'s "Gypsy".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_3-GiVIE8gc |title=Music video for "Gypsy" by Shakira featuring Rafael Nadal |publisher=YouTube |accessdate=6 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dvH5KbwjCoo |title=Shakira – Gypsy |publisher=YouTube |accessdate=6 June 2010 |archive-date=2018-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408001342/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dvH5KbwjCoo |url-status=dead }}</ref> an pairt o her album release ''She Wolf''. In expleenin why she chose Nadal for the video, Shakira wis quotit as saying in an interview wi the ''Latin American Herald Tribune'': "I thought that maybe I needed someone I could in some way identify with. And Rafael Nadal is a person that has been totally committed to his career since he was very young. Since he was 17, I believe."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=352754&CategoryId=13003 |title=Shakira: I Chose Nadal for Video Because I "Identify with Him" |work=Latin American Herald Tribune |accessdate=6 June 2010 |archive-date=2019-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519190554/http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=352754&CategoryId=13003 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Source: Penny Newton |url=http://www.mtv.com.au/news/3347ebee-shakira-gypsy-mtv-exclusive/ |title=Shakira's Sexy New Video ''Gypsy'' |publisher=MTV |date=24 February 2010 |accessdate=6 June 2010 |archive-date=2012-06-04 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/68AHQTnyt?url=http://www.mtv.com.au/news/3347ebee-shakira-gypsy-mtv-exclusive/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Asteroid=== 128036 Rafaelnadal is a [[Asteroid belt|main belt]] asteroid discovered in 2003 at the Observatorio Astronómico de Mallorca an named efter Nadal.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2008/07/nadalasteroid.aspx|title=Asteroid Named After Rafael Nadal|publisher=ATP World Tour|date=13 July 2012|accessdate=12 June 2012}}</ref> ==Off the court== ===Fitba=== Nadal is an avid fan o association football club [[Real Madrid]]. On 8 Julie 2010, it wis reportit that he haed acome a shareholder o [[RCD Mallorca]], his local club bi birth, in an attempt tae assist the club frae debt.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKLDE66727020100708 | agency=[[Reuters]] | title=Soccer-Rafa Nadal becomes shareholder at troubled Real Mallorca | date=9 July 2010 | access-date=2015-06-03 | archive-date=2010-07-12 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100712103356/http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKLDE66727020100708 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Nadal reportedly ains 10 percent an wis offered the role o vice preses, but he rejectit that offer.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.realmallorca.co.uk/news/club/2010/sale-of-the-club-completed | work=[[Real Mallorca]] | title=Sale of the club completed | date=7 September 2010 | access-date=2015-06-03 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224025502/http://www.realmallorca.co.uk/news/club/2010/sale-of-the-club-completed | archive-date=2019-12-24 }}</ref> His uncle Miguel Ángel Nadal, acame assistant coach unner [[Michael Laudrup]]. Nadal remains a passionate [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]] supporter; ''ESPN.com'' writer Graham Hunter wrote, "He's as ''Merengue'' as [Real Madrid icons] [[Raúl (fitbawer)|Raúl]], [[Iker Casillas]] and [[Alfredo Di Stéfano]]." Shortly efter acquiring his interest in Mallorca, Nadal cried oot [[UEFA]] for apparent hypocrisy in ejecting the club frae the 2010–11 UEFA Europa League for excessive debts, saying throu a club spokesperson, "Well, if thae are the criteria upon which UEFA is operating, then European competition will only comprise two or three clubs because all the rest are in debt, too."<ref name=Football>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/sports/soccer/news/_/id/5542102/rafael-nadal-tries-save-mallorca-football-club |title=Rafa to the rescue |first=Graham |last=Hunter |publisher=[[ESPN]] |date=9 September 2010 |accessdate=21 December 2010}}</ref> He is a fervent supporter o the [[Spain naitional fitbaw team|Spanish naitional team]], ane o anly sax people nae affiliatit wi the team or the [[Ryal Spaingie Fitbaw Federation|naitional federation]] allowed intae the team's locker room immediately follaein Spain's veectory in the 2010 FIFA World Cup Final.<ref name=Football/> ===Chairity work=== Nadal teuk pairt in Thailand's "A Million Trees for the King" project, planting a tree in honour o Keeng Bhumibol Adulyadej on a veesit tae Hua Hin during his Thailand Open 2010. "For me it's an honour to part of this project", said Nadal. "It's a very good project. I want to congratulate the Thai people and congratulate the King for this unbelievable day. I wish all the best for this idea. It's very, very nice."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/10/39/Bangkok-Nadal-Plants-Tree.aspx |title=Nadal Lends Hand To Million Trees Project |publisher=ATP World Tour |date=28 September 2010 |accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref> ====Fundación Rafa Nadal==== The creation o the Fundación Rafa Nadal teuk place in November 2007, an its offeecial presentation wis in Februar 2008, at the Manacor Tennis Club in Mallorca, Spain. The foundation will focus on social wirk an development aid parteecularly on childhood an youth.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fundacionrafanadal.org/ |title=Rafa Nadal Foundation |publisher=Fundacionrafanadal.com |accessdate=3 June 2011}}</ref> On deciding why tae stairt a foundation, Nadal said "This can be the beginning of my future, when I retire and have mair time, [...] I am doing very well and I owe society, [...] A month-and-a-half ago I was in [[Chennai]], in India. The truth is we live great here....I can contribute something with my image..." Nadal wis inspired bi the Red Cross benefit match against malaria wi Real Madrid goalkeeper [[Iker Casillas]], recalling, "We raised an amount of money that we would never have imagined. I have to thank Iker, my project partner, that went all out for it, [...] That is why the time has come to set up my own foundation and determine the destination of the money." Nadal's mither, Ana Maria Parera, chairs the charitable organisation an faither Sebastian is vice-chairman. Coach an uncle Toni Nadal an his agent, umwhile tennis player Carlos Costa, are an aa involved. Roger Federer haes gien Nadal advice on getting involved in philanthropy. Despite the fact that poverty in Indie struck him parteecularly haurd, Nadal wants tae stairt bi helpin "people close by, in the [[Balearic Islands]], in Spain, and then, if possible, abroad."<ref>{{cite news |agency=Deutsche Presse-Agentur |url=http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/news/185574,rafael-nadal-launches-foundation--feature.html |title=Rafael Nadal launches foundation |publisher=Earth Times News |date=13 February 2008 |accessdate=3 June 2011 |archive-date=2019-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519231644/http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/news/185574,rafael-nadal-launches-foundation--feature.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 16 October 2010, Nadal traveled tae Indie for the first time tae veesit his tennis academy for unnerprivileged childer at Anantapur Sports Village, in the Anantapur City, Andhra Pradesh. His foundation haes an aa worked in the Anantapur Educational Center project, in collaboration wi the Vicente Ferrer Foundation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/rafa-and-his-foundation-india |title=Rafa and his foundation in India |publisher=The Official Rafa Nadal Website |accessdate=3 June 2011 |archive-date=2011-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001054734/http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/rafa-and-his-foundation-india |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rafa in India to promote tennis school |first=Sreenivas |last=Janyala |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/rafa-in-india-to-promote-tennis-school/698828/ |work=The Indian Express |location=Mumbai |date=18 October 2010}}</ref> ===Personal life=== Nadal lived wi his parents an younger sister Maria Isabel in a five-story apartment biggin in thair hometown o Manacor, Mallorca. In Juin 2009, Spanish newspaper ''La Vanguardia'', an then ''[[The New York Times]]'', reportit that his parents, Ana Maria an Sebastian, haed separated. This news came efter weeks o speculation in Internet posts an message boards ower Nadal's personal issues as the cause o his setback.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/wimbledon09/columns/story?columnist=garber_greg&id=4280346 | publisher=ESPN | title=Personal woes affecting Rafa? | date=23 July 2009}}</ref> Nadal haes revealed himsel tae be [[Agnosticism|agnostic]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2010/writers/jon_wertheim/07/16/nadal.interview/index.html | work=Sports Illustrated | title=Q&A with Rafael Nadal | date=16 July 2010 | access-date=2015-06-03 | archive-date=2013-11-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105222559/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2010/writers/jon_wertheim/07/16/nadal.interview/index.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> As a young boy, he wad rin hame frae schuil tae watch Goku in his favorite Japanese anime, ''Dragon Ball''. [[CNN]] released an article aboot Nadal's childhood inspiration, an cried him "the Dragon Ball of tennis" due tae his unorthodox style "from another planet."<ref>{{cite news|last=Johnson|first=Christopher|title=Rafael Nadal: The 'Dragon Ball' of tennis|url=http://www.cnngo.com/tokyo/play/rafael-nadal-dragon-ball-tennis-216638|accessdate=31 December 2011|newspaper=CNN International|date=8 October 2010}}</ref> In addition tae tennis an football, Nadal enjoys golf an an aa poker.<ref>{{cite news |first=Bill |last=Smith |title=Away from tennis court, Rafael Nadal seeks a golf course |work=The Miami Herald |date=28 March 2012 |accessdate=29 April 2012}}</ref> In Aprile 2014 he played the warld's nummer 1 female poker player, Vanessa Selbst, in a poker gemme in Monaco.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/RafaelNadal/status/454703137358901248/photo/1 |title=Twitter / RafaelNadal: Great experience playing with |publisher=Twitter.com |date=11 April 2014 |accessdate=31 July 2014}}</ref> Nadal's autobiography, ''Rafa'' (Hyperion, 2012, ISBN 1401310923), written wi assistance frae John Carlin, wis published in August 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/tennis/usopen11/story/_/id/6896793/us-open-twenty-things-learn-rafael-nadal-autobiography|title=U.S. Open – Twenty things we learn in Rafael Nadal's autobiography|last=Tandon|first=Kamakshi|date=26 August 2011|publisher=ESPN|accessdate=31 May 2013}}</ref> ==Notes== <references group="lower-alpha"/> ==References== {{reflist}} == Freemit airtins == *{{official website|http://www.rafaelnadal.com}} *{{twitter|RafaelNadal|Rafael Nadal}} *{{Facebook|Nadal|Rafael Nadal}} *{{ATP|N409|Rafael Nadal}} *{{ITF male profile|100007935|Rafael Nadal}} *{{DavisCup player|100007935|Rafael Nadal}} {{Tap ten tennis players|atpsingles=y}} {{navboxes|title=Rafael Nadal in the Grand Slam toornaments |list1= {{Australian Open men's singles champions}} {{French Open men's singles champions}} {{Wimbledon men's singles champions}} {{US Open men's singles champions}} {{Tennis Career Grand Slam Champions}} {{Tennis men grand slam three and over}} {{Men's tennis players who won two or more Grand Slam singles titles in one calendar year}} }} {{navboxes|title=Rafael Nadal achievements |list1= {{Tennis Warld ATP Nummer Anes (men)}} {{Footer Olympic Champions Tennis Men}} {{Laureus World Sportsman of the Year}} {{Spanish Sportsman of the Year}} {{Top ten tennis players|atpsingles=y}} {{Top ten male singles tennis players of countries belonging to Tennis Europe}} {{Top ten Spanish male singles tennis players}} }} {{ATP Masters Series tournament winners}} {{ATP Masters Series tournament doubles winners}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nadal, Rafael}} [[Category:1986 births]] [[Category:Australian Open (tennis) champions]] [[Category:French Open champions]] [[Category:Laureus Warld Sports Awairds winners]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Olympic gowd medallists for Spain]] [[Category:Olympic medallists in tennis]] [[Category:Olympic tennis players o Spain]] [[Category:Fowk frae Manacor]] [[Category:Rafael Nadal| ]] [[Category:Spaingie agnostics]] [[Category:Spaingie fitbaw chairmen an investors]] [[Category:Spaingie male tennis players]] [[Category:Tennis players at the 2004 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Tennis players at the 2008 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:US Open (tennis) champions]] [[Category:Wimbledon champions]] [[Category:Warld No. 1 tennis players]] 04nj5yreuxi1m264e4h9flu96x9a28a 0 38097 926816 864339 2026-11-08T18:42:10Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; soorces addit 926816 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Hughmacdiarmid.jpg|thumb|Hugh MacDiarmid bi Anthony Morrow]] '''Hugh MacDiarmid''' is the pen nem o '''Christopher Murray Grieve''' ([[11 August]] [[1892]], [[Langholm]] – [[9 September]] [[1978]], [[Edinburgh]]), a famous Scots poet o the 20t century. He wis instrumental in creatin a Scots version o [[modrenism]]. He wrote in baith Inglis an literary Scots. His lang poem ''A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle'', published in 1926, is for ordinar held tae be his maist famous an influential wark.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Grieve, Christopher Murray (Hugh MacDiarmid) genealogy Scotland – ScotlandsPeople |url=http://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk/content/help/index.aspx?1115 |access-date=2015-09-28 |website=www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk}}</ref> He wis a foonder member o the National Party o Scotland.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Writing Scotland – Hugh MacDiarmid |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/profiles/60m5vt5DBNq4q02PQtpFqzq/hugh-macdiarmid |access-date=2015-09-28 |website=BBC Two}}</ref> He wis in a flyting wi [[Hamish Henderson]] in the [[Scuil o Scots Studies]] at the [[Varsity o Edinburgh]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=About Hamish Henderson|url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/information-services/library-museum-gallery/crc/research-resources/scottish-literature/hamish-henderson-archive/about-hamish-henderson|access-date=2022-01-23|website=The University of Edinburgh|language=en}}</ref> == References == <references /> ==See an aw== [[Portal:Scotland]] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Macdiarmid, Hugh}} [[Category:1892 births]] [[Category:1978 daiths]] [[Category:Scots non-feection writers]] [[Category:Lallans poets]] [[Category:Breetish Airmy personnel o Warld War I]] [[Category:Scots essayists]] [[Category:Scots jurnalists]] [[Category:Scots National Pairty politeecians]] [[Category:Scots poets]] [[Category:Scots Makars]] [[Category:Scots sodgers]] [[Category:Scots translators]] [[Category:Scots Renaissance]] [[Category:Scots linguists]] [[Category:Scots-leid writers]] [[Category:20t-century Scots writers]] [[Category:20t-century Scots poets]] [[Category:Scots male poets]] [[Category:20t-century translators]] [[Category:Alumni o the Edinburgh College of Art]] [[Category:20t-century essayists]] {{Stub/Scotland}} {{stub/scotpol}} 9xceldwvmjc5u1tbh7b1u77bg82obx9 926817 926816 2026-11-08T18:42:30Z Monospaced 75295 926817 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Hughmacdiarmid.jpg|thumb|Hugh MacDiarmid bi Anthony Morrow]] '''Hugh MacDiarmid''' is the pen nem o '''Christopher Murray Grieve''' ([[11 August]] [[1892]], [[Langholm]] – [[9 September]] [[1978]], [[Edinburgh]]), a famous Scots poet o the 20t century. He wis instrumental in creatin a Scots version o [[modrenism]]. He wrote in baith Inglis an literary Scots. His lang poem ''A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle'', published in 1926, is for ordinar held tae be his maist famous an influential wark.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Grieve, Christopher Murray (Hugh MacDiarmid) genealogy Scotland – ScotlandsPeople |url=http://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk/content/help/index.aspx?1115 |access-date=2015-09-28 |website=www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk}}</ref> He wis a foonder member o the National Party o Scotland.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Writing Scotland – Hugh MacDiarmid |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/profiles/60m5vt5DBNq4q02PQtpFqzq/hugh-macdiarmid |access-date=2015-09-28 |website=BBC Two}}</ref> He wis in a flyting wi [[Hamish Henderson]] in the [[Scuil o Scots Studies]] at the [[Varsity o Edinburgh]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=About Hamish Henderson|url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/information-services/library-museum-gallery/crc/research-resources/scottish-literature/hamish-henderson-archive/about-hamish-henderson|access-date=2022-01-23|website=The University of Edinburgh|language=en}}</ref> == References == <references /> {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Macdiarmid, Hugh}} [[Category:1892 births]] [[Category:1978 daiths]] [[Category:Scots non-feection writers]] [[Category:Lallans poets]] [[Category:Breetish Airmy personnel o Warld War I]] [[Category:Scots essayists]] [[Category:Scots jurnalists]] [[Category:Scots National Pairty politeecians]] [[Category:Scots poets]] [[Category:Scots Makars]] [[Category:Scots sodgers]] [[Category:Scots translators]] [[Category:Scots Renaissance]] [[Category:Scots linguists]] [[Category:Scots-leid writers]] [[Category:20t-century Scots writers]] [[Category:20t-century Scots poets]] [[Category:Scots male poets]] [[Category:20t-century translators]] [[Category:Alumni o the Edinburgh College of Art]] [[Category:20t-century essayists]] {{Stub/Scotland}} {{stub/scotpol}} 27j2vwzf6dom77zqakmfltt12qeew0h 0 38218 926794 673051 2026-11-08T18:13:07Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; best-kent role an BAFTAs addit 926794 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Annette Crosbie''', [[Order o the Breetish Empire|OBE]] (born [[12 Februar]] 1934 in Gorebridge, [[Midlowden]]) is a Scots actress.<ref name="bfidata">[http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2ba61f3335 Annette Crosbie filmography at the Bfi database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915091525/http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2ba61f3335 |date=15 September 2015 }} accessed 7 January 2016.</ref> She is best kent as Margaret Meldrew in the [[BBC]] sitcom ''One Foot in the Grave'' (1990–2000). She wan the BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress twice, for ''The Six Wives of Henry VIII'' in 1971 an for ''Edward the Seventh'' in 1976.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actress |url=https://www.bafta.org/awards/television/actress-television |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=Bafta |language=en}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Crosbie, Annette}} [[Category:Alumni o Bristol Old Vic Theatre School]] [[Category:BAFTA winners (fowk)]] [[Category:Officers o the Order o the Breetish Empire]] [[Category:Fowk frae Midlowden]] [[Category:Scots televeesion actresses]] [[Category:Scots film actresses]] [[Category:Scots radio actresses]] [[Category:Scots stage actresses]] [[Category:1934 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Boroughmuir High School]] [[Category:20t-century Scots actresses]] [[Category:21st-century Scots actresses]] {{Stub/Scotland}} t8kgni8w9wv3zfwzjcbh552vmhx24e4 0 38312 927212 893058 2026-11-09T10:03:38Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; BMO Field, 19 Grey Cups an ainers updatit, soorced 927212 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox American fitbaw team | name = Toronto Argonauts | current = 2026 Toronto Argonauts saison | uniform = | uniformsize = 230px | helmet = | logo = | founded = October 4, 1873 | location = [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]], Canadae | field = [[BMO Field]] (2016–present)<ref>{{cite web |title=TSN|url=http://www.tsn.ca/cfl/story/?id=432322|publisher=tsn.ca|accessdate=September 20, 2013}}</ref><br>[[Rogers Centre]] (1989–2015)<br>Exhibition Stadium (1959–1988)<br>University Stadium (1916–1958)<br>University Athletic Grounds (1898–1907)<br>Rosedale Field (1874–1897, 1908–1915) | league = [[Canadian Football League]] | division = East Division | colours = Cambridge Blue, Oxford Blue<ref>{{cite web|title=Toronto Argonauts Club Profile & History|url=https://d3ham790trbkqy.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/CFL-Book-2017-Perfect-Bind.pdf#page=16|publisher=Canadian Football League|work=2017 CFL Guide & Record Book|accessdate=December 1, 2017|archive-date=2017-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203043108/https://d3ham790trbkqy.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/CFL-Book-2017-Perfect-Bind.pdf#page=16|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />{{color box|#6699FF}} {{color box|#002147}} | nickname = Argos, Boatmen, Double Blue, Scullers, Love Boat | coach = Mike Miller | manager = Pinball Clemons | owner = Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment<ref name="cfl.ca">{{cite web|url=https://www.cfl.ca/2018/01/19/mlse-completes-acquisition-argos-name-manning-president/|title=MLSE completes acquisition of Argos; name Manning as President|date=January 19, 2018}}</ref> | league_champ_type = [[Grey Cup]] wins | league_champs = 19 (1914, 1921, 1933, 1937,<br> 1938, 1945, 1946, 1947,<br>1950, 1952, 1983, 1991,<br>1996, 1997, 2004, 2012, 2017,<br>2022, 2024) | mascot = | website = {{URL|www.argonauts.ca}} }} The '''Toronto Argonauts''' are a professional [[Canadian fitbaa]] team based in [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]]. The Argonauts are memmers o the East Division o the [[Canadian Football League]]. The team wis foondit in 1873, an is the auldest professional sports team in [[North Americae]] still uisin its original nem.<ref>''2009 Canadian Football League Facts, Figures & Records'', Canadian Football League Properties/Publications, Toronto, Ontario, ISBN 978-0-9739425-4-5, p. 23</ref> The [[Chicago Cubs]] (1870) an the [[Atlanta Braves]] (1871) o [[Major League Baseball]] are aulder, but baith teams hae chynged thair nem mair nor aince, an the Braves hae flittit ceeties an aw. The Argos hae played thair hame gemmes at [[BMO Field]] syne 2016. Afore that thay played at the [[Rogers Centre]] frae 1989 tae 2015, at Exhibition Stadium frae 1959 tae 1988, an afore 1959 at University Stadium, on the campus o the [[University of Toronto]]. The Argonauts hae wan the [[Grey Cup]] a record 19 times. Thair latest win wis in 2024, whan thay beat the [[Winnipeg Blue Bombers]] 41–24 in the 111t Grey Cup.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://toronto.ctvnews.ca/toronto-argonauts-defeat-winnipeg-blue-bombers-to-win-2024-grey-cup-1.7113509|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241118074500/https://toronto.ctvnews.ca/toronto-argonauts-defeat-winnipeg-blue-bombers-to-win-2024-grey-cup-1.7113509|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 18, 2024|title=Toronto Argonauts defeat Winnipeg Blue Bombers to win 2024 Grey Cup|website=CTV News|date=November 17, 2024|access-date=November 17, 2024}}</ref> == See an aa == *[[Toronto Maple Leafs]] == References == <references/> [[Category:Canadian Fitbaa League teams]] [[Category:Sports clubs established in 1873]] [[Category:Canadian fitbaa teams in Toronto|Argonauts]] [[Category:Toronto Argonauts]] {{Stub/Canadae}} pau85atcgjdpvld07b4ynjpo8gtlfyu 0 38347 926830 867124 2026-11-08T18:46:36Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; soorce for his birth addit 926830 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Gentle Giant.jpg|thumb|Derek Shulman]] '''Derek Shulman''' (born '''Derek Victor Shulman''', [[11 Februar]] 1947, in [[the Gorbals]], [[Glesga]])<ref>{{Cite web |last=Henry |first=Charlotte |date=2026-02-26 |title=Musician, singer and record executive Derek Shulman has written his life story |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/musician-singer-and-record-executive-derek-shulman-has-written-his-life-story/ |access-date=2026-06-26 |website=Jewish News |language=en-US}}</ref> is a Scots muisicker an sangster, multi-instrumentalist, an record executive. Frae 1970 tae 1980, he wis the lead sangster o the [[progressive rock]] baund [[Gentle Giant]].<ref name="Eder">{{cite web|url={{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p4353/biography|pure_url=yes}}|title=Biography: Gentle Giant|last=Elder|first=Bruce|publisher=[[Allmusic]]|accessdate=13 June 2010}}</ref> ==References== <references/> {{DEFAULTSORT:Shulman, Derek}} [[Category:1947 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Inglis fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Glesga]] [[Category:Scots male sangsters]] [[Category:Scots rock sangsters]] {{Stub/Ingland}} {{Stub/Scotland}} bxpqvzm868ho7w8wbo5pq9keo4oypge 0 38354 926832 867001 2026-11-08T18:47:05Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; soorce addit 926832 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Al Stewart performing, McCabe's Guitar Shop, Santa Monica, California (Feb. 2010).jpg|thumb|Al Stewart (2010)]] '''Al Stewart''' (born '''Alastair Ian Stewart''', [[5 September]] 1945 in Glesga) is a Scots<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vh1.com/artists/az/stewart_al/bio.jhtml |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-09-26 |archive-date=2008-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404101758/http://www.vh1.com/artists/az/stewart_al/bio.jhtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> sanger-sangwriter an [[fowk rock]] muisicker. Stewart is best kent for his 1976 hit single "Year of the Cat", the title sang frae the platinum album o the [[Year of the Cat (album)|same nem]].<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.songwriteruniverse.com/al-stewart-interview-2021/,%20https://www.songwriteruniverse.com/al-stewart-interview-2021/|title=Al Stewart Interview - Writing Songs "Year Of The Cat," "Time Passages"|date=10 November 2021|website=www.songwriteruniverse.com}}</ref> ==References== <references/> {{DEFAULTSORT:Stewart, Al}} [[Category:1945 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Inglis fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Glesga]] [[Category:Scots male sangsters]] {{Stub/Ingland}} {{Stub/Scotland}} 8ycjh7mialptuhl433lldvnj22zu8y0 0 38732 926779 891020 2026-11-08T17:56:55Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 926779 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Royal & Ancient Clubhouse.jpg|thumb|300px|The clubhoose o the R&A.]] The '''{{lang|en|Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews}}''' is ane o the auldest an maist prestigious [[gowf]] clubs in the warld (the auldest bein the [[Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers]] at [[Muirfield]]). It is based in [[St Andrews]], [[Fife]], Scotland, an is regardit as the warldwide "Hame o Gowf".<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Pinehurst Resort |url=http://pinehurstmedia.com/news/pinehurst-and-st-andrews-form-lasting-bond |title=Pinehurst And St. Andrews Form Lasting Bond |date=11 April 2005 |accessdate=27 August 2012 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075110/http://pinehurstmedia.com/news/pinehurst-and-st-andrews-form-lasting-bond |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is a private club for its members. It wis aince kent as "The R&A", but in 2004 a new organisation cried The R&A wis set up tae tak ower the club's wark as ane o the bodies that govern the gemme, an tae run tournaments sic as the [[Open Championship|Open]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Royal-and-Ancient-Golf-Club-of-St-Andrews |title=Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews |access-date=1 November 2020}}</ref> The club disnae awn ony o the [[St Andrews Links]] courses, the [[Old Course at St Andrews|Auld Course]] amang them. The local cooncil awns them throu the St Andrews Links Trust, an they are open tae the public. ==See an aw== *[[Gowf in Scotland]] *[[St Andrews Links]] *[[Old Course at St Andrews]] *[[British Golf Museum]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Gowf in Scotland]] {{Stub/Scotland}} hlgd7dqy53kfn7ayvl912hcz1w2qyu1 10 38849 926746 860671 2026-11-08T16:35:41Z Monospaced 75295 Pàdraig MacAoidh addit (Scots Makar frae 2024) 926746 wikitext text/x-wiki {{navbox | name = Makars | title = [[makar|Scots makar]]s |listclass = hlist | group1 = c. 1370 – c. 1460 | list1 = * [[John Barbour (poet)|John Barbour]] * [[Huchoun]] * [[James I, Keeng o Scots|James I]] * [[Gilbert Hay (poet)|Sir Gilbert Hay]] * [[Andrew o Wyntoun]] * [[Richard Holland]] | group2 = c. 1460 – c. 1560 | list2 = * [[Blind Harry|Blind Hary]] * [[Robert Henryson]] * [[Walter Kennedy]] * [[William Dunbar]] * [[Gavin Douglas]] * [[David Lyndsay]] * [[Richard Maitland]] * [[John Stewart o Baldynneis]] * [[William Stewart (makar)|William Stewart]] | group3 = c. 1560 – 17t century | list3 = * [[Alexander Scott]] * [[Alexander Montgomerie]] * [[James VI, Keeng o Scots|James VI]] * [[Castalian Band]] * [[William Fowler (makar)|William Fowler]] * [[Elizabeth Melville]] * [[Alexander Hume]] * [[Robert Sempill]] * [[Robert Sempill the younger]] * [[Francis Sempill]] * [[William Drummond o Hawthornden|William Drummond]] | group4 = 18t century – 20t century | list4 = * [[Allan Ramsay (poet)|Allan Ramsay]] * [[Robert Fergusson]] * [[Robert Burns]] * [[Robert Louis Stevenson]] * [[Alicia Ann Spottiswoode]] * [[William Soutar]] * [[Robert Garioch]] * [[Sydney Goodsir Smith]] * [[Tom Scott (poet)|Tom Scott]] * [[George Campbell Hay]] * [[Alexander Scott (20t century poet)|Alexander Scott]] * [[Hamish Henderson]] * [[William Neill (poet)|William Neill]] | group5 = Official appointment<br>(frae 2004) | list5 = * [[Edwin Morgan]] * [[Liz Lochhead]] * [[Jackie Kay]] * [[Kathleen Jamie]] * [[Pàdraig MacAoidh]] }} 6x5sdg67dme21mlg19kpp8rmtd0mkh8 0 38935 926853 669507 2026-11-08T18:56:01Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; stage career an the Charleson Awards addit, soorced 926853 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ian Charleson''' ([[11 August]] [[1949]] &ndash; [[6 Januar]] [[1990]]) wis a Scots stage an film [[actor]]. He is best kent internationally for his starrin role as [[Olympic]] athlete an missionary [[Eric Liddell]], in the [[Academy Award|Oscar]]-winnin 1981 film ''[[Chariots of Fire]]''. He is weel kent an aw for playin the Rev. [[Charlie Andrews]] in the 1982 Oscar-winnin film ''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]''. He wis a weel-kent actor on the Breetish stage as weel, an played monie [[Shakespeare]]an pairts. In 1991 the yearly Ian Charleson Awards were set up in his honour, for the best classical stage performances in Breetain bi actors unner 30.<ref name="Stairway">{{cite news|author-link=John Peter (critic)|last=Peter |first=John|url=https://www.thetimes.com/culture/tv-radio/article/stairway-to-success-vc3jnrh3hz6 |title=Stairway to success |newspaper=[[The Sunday Times]]|date=20 June 2010}}</ref> The ''Houghton Mifflin Dictionary of Biography'' cries him "one of the finest British actors of his generation".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=f7QnoaxNKeUC&dq=%22Charleson%2C+Ian%22&pg=PA308 ''The Houghton Mifflin Dictionary of Biography''.] [[Houghton Mifflin]], 2003. p. 308.</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Charleson, Ian}} [[Category:1949 births]] [[Category:1990 daiths]] [[Category:male actors frae Edinburgh]] [[Category:Fowk associatit wi Edinburgh]] [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Edinburgh]] [[Category:Alumni o the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at the Royal High School, Edinburgh]] [[Category:Scots male Shakespearean actors]] [[Category:Scots male film actors]] [[Category:Scots male stage actors]] [[Category:Scots male muisical theatre actors]] [[Category:Scots male televeesion actors]] [[Category:Royal Shakespeare Company members]] [[Category:Edinburgh Festival performers]] [[Category:AIDS-relatit daiths in Ingland]] [[Category:Gay actors]] [[Category:LGBT enterteeners frae Scotland]] [[Category:LGBT enterteeners frae Ingland]] [[Category:Ian Charleson Awairds]] [[Category:20t-century Scots male actors]] [[Category:20t-century Breetish sangsters]] {{Stub/Scotland}} 078baqnq693pqo53pc4bjg5j3w4eu7g 927011 926853 2026-11-08T22:08:30Z Monospaced 75295 Award nems as published 927011 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ian Charleson''' ([[11 August]] [[1949]] &ndash; [[6 Januar]] [[1990]]) wis a Scots stage an film [[actor]]. He is best kent internationally for his starrin role as [[Olympic]] athlete an missionary [[Eric Liddell]], in the [[Academy Awards|Oscar]]-winnin 1981 film ''[[Chariots of Fire]]''. He is weel kent an aw for playin the Rev. [[Charlie Andrews]] in the 1982 Oscar-winnin film ''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]''. He wis a weel-kent actor on the Breetish stage as weel, an played monie [[Shakespeare]]an pairts. In 1991 the yearly Ian Charleson Awards were set up in his honour, for the best classical stage performances in Breetain bi actors unner 30.<ref name="Stairway">{{cite news|author-link=John Peter (critic)|last=Peter |first=John|url=https://www.thetimes.com/culture/tv-radio/article/stairway-to-success-vc3jnrh3hz6 |title=Stairway to success |newspaper=[[The Sunday Times]]|date=20 June 2010}}</ref> The ''Houghton Mifflin Dictionary of Biography'' cries him "one of the finest British actors of his generation".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=f7QnoaxNKeUC&dq=%22Charleson%2C+Ian%22&pg=PA308 ''The Houghton Mifflin Dictionary of Biography''.] [[Houghton Mifflin]], 2003. p. 308.</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Charleson, Ian}} [[Category:1949 births]] [[Category:1990 daiths]] [[Category:male actors frae Edinburgh]] [[Category:Fowk associatit wi Edinburgh]] [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Edinburgh]] [[Category:Alumni o the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at the Royal High School, Edinburgh]] [[Category:Scots male Shakespearean actors]] [[Category:Scots male film actors]] [[Category:Scots male stage actors]] [[Category:Scots male muisical theatre actors]] [[Category:Scots male televeesion actors]] [[Category:Royal Shakespeare Company members]] [[Category:Edinburgh Festival performers]] [[Category:AIDS-relatit daiths in Ingland]] [[Category:Gay actors]] [[Category:LGBT enterteeners frae Scotland]] [[Category:LGBT enterteeners frae Ingland]] [[Category:Ian Charleson Awairds]] [[Category:20t-century Scots male actors]] [[Category:20t-century Breetish sangsters]] {{Stub/Scotland}} rvtxlm1ghe2fz6l7ljtpz65fw9gm5x0 0 38970 926929 925733 2026-11-08T21:13:24Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; early life, Bond, politics an daith addit, soorced 926929 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie | honorific_prefix = [[Sir]] | name = Sean Connery | image = Sean Connery 1999 crop.jpg | caption = Connery in 1999 | birth_name = Thomas Sean Connery | birth_date = {{Birth date|1930|8|25|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Fountainbridge]], [[Edinburgh]], Scotland | death_date = {{Death date and age|2020|10|31|1930|8|25|df=y}} | death_place = [[Nassau, Bahamas|Nassau]], The Bahamas | occupation = Actor | years_active = 1954–2012 | works = [[Sean Connery filmography|Full list]] | spouse = {{unbulleted list|{{marriage|[[Diane Cilento]]|1962|1973|end=divorced}}|{{marriage|Micheline Roquebrune|1975}}}} | children = [[Jason Connery]] | relatives = [[Neil Connery]] (brother) | website = {{Official URL}} | signature = Signature of Sean Connery.svg | module = {{Infobox military person | embed = yes | allegiance = United Kingdom | branch = {{navy|United Kingdom}} | serviceyears = 1946–1949 | rank = [[Able seaman (rank)|Able Seaman]] | unit = {{HMS|Formidable|67|6}} }} }} '''Sir Thomas Sean Connery''' (25 August 1930 - 31 October 2020)<ref>{{cite book|title=Hollywood hunks and heroes|url=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodhunkshe0000cohe|last1=Cohen|first1=Susan|last2=Cohen|first2=Daniel|isbn=0-671-07528-4|oclc=12644589|location=New York City, New York|year=1985|publisher=Exeter Books|page=[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodhunkshe0000cohe/page/33 33]|language=Inglis}}</ref><ref name="BBC">{{cite news |title=Sean Connery: James Bond actor dies aged 90 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-54761824 |accessdate=31 October 2020 |agency=BBC}}</ref> wis a [[Scots fowk|Scots]] actor. He wis the first actor tae play the fictional Breetish secret agent [[James Bond]] in films, an starred in seiven Bond films atween 1962 an 1983.<ref name="NYT-20201031">{{cite news |last=Harmetz |first=Aljean |title=Sean Connery, Who Embodied James Bond and More, Dies at 90 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/31/movies/sean-connery-dead.html |date=31 October 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=31 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="WP-20201031">{{cite news |last=Shapiro |first=T. Rees |title=Sean Connery, first James Bond of film, dies at 90 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/sean-connery-first-james-bond-of-film-dies-at-90/2020/10/31/6cbff0a6-1b75-11eb-82db-60b15c874105_story.html |date=31 October 2020 |work=[[The Washington Post]] |accessdate=31 October 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/4799550.stm |title=Profile: Sean Connery|work=BBC News|accessdate=19 March 2007|date=12 March 2006}}</ref> ==Early life== Connery wis born at the Royal Maternity Hospital in [[Edinburgh]] on 25 August 1930.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pendreigh |first=Brian |title=Obituary: The Sean Connery I knew |url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/people/obituary-sean-connery-i-knew-3021532 |work=The Scotsman |date=1 November 2020 |access-date=1 February 2021}}</ref> He wis brocht up at 176 Fountainbridge, a tenement that haes syne been dung doun.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sir Sean visits site of his childhood Edinburgh home |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10342320 |publisher=BBC News |date=17 June 2010 |access-date=1 February 2021}}</ref> His first job wis as a milkman in Edinburgh wi St Cuthbert's Co-operative Society.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://heritage.scotsman.com/greatscots.cfm?id=2275262005|title=From the Co-op with love ... the days Sir Sean earned £1 a week|newspaper=The Scotsman|access-date=29 September 2007|date=21 November 2005|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013215418/http://heritage.scotsman.com/greatscots.cfm?id=2275262005|archive-date=13 October 2007}}</ref> In 1946, at the age o 16, he jyned the [[Ryal Navy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://seanconnery.com/biography/|title=The Official Website of Sir Sean Connery – Biography|publisher=Seanconnery.com|access-date=10 March 2010}}</ref> ==Career== Connery first played Bond in ''Dr. No'' (1962), an syne in ''From Russia with Love'' (1963), ''Goldfinger'' (1964), ''Thunderball'' (1965), ''You Only Live Twice'' (1967) an ''Diamonds Are Forever'' (1971). His last turn as Bond wis in ''Never Say Never Again'' (1983).<ref name="NYT-20201031" /> In 1988 Connery wan the Academy Awaird for Best Supportin Actor for his role in ''[[The Untouchables (film)|The Untouchables]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.popculturemadness.com/Trivia/Oscars/Top-1987-O.html|title=popculture.com's Oscar Winners Archive|publisher=popculturemadness.com|accessdate=13 May 2008|language=Inglis|archive-date=2011-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301054111/http://www.popculturemadness.com/Trivia/Oscars/Top-1987-O.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> His ither films include ''[[Marnie (film)|Marnie]]'', ''[[The Name of the Rose (film)|The Name of the Rose]]'', ''[[The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (film)|The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen]]'', ''[[Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade]]'', ''[[The Hunt for Red October (film)|The Hunt for Red October]]'', ''[[Highlander (film)|Highlander]]'', ''[[Murder on the Orient Express (1974 film)|Murder on the Orient Express]]'', ''[[Dragonheart]]'', the film remake o ''[[The Avengers (TV series)|The Avengers]]'' an ''[[The Rock (film)|The Rock]]''. He wis [[Knight Bachelor|knichtit]] in Julie 2000, an at the ceremony he wore a kilt o his mither's Clan Maclean hunting tartan.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dunham |first=Will |title=Former James Bond actor Sean Connery dies aged 90 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-people-connery-idUSKBN27G0IU |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=2 November 2020 |access-date=2 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=55710|startpage=1|endpage=|supp=y|date=31 December 1999 |accessdate=18 May 2010|language=Inglis}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seanconnery.com/biography/knighthood|title=Official website's entry on 2000 knighthood|publisher=seanconnery.com|accessdate=29 September 2007|language=Inglis}}</ref> He wis votit "The Greatest Living Scot"<ref name="Flockhart">{{cite news |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-10001248.html |title=Would The Greatest Living Scot Please Stand Up?; Here they are |date=25 January 2004 |accessdate=10 March 2010 |first=Susan |last=Flockhart |work=The Sunday Herald |language=Inglis |archive-date=2016-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911105554/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-10001248.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> an "Scotland's Greatest Living National Treasure".<ref>{{cite news|title=Sir Sean Connery named Scotland's greatest living treasure|url=http://news.stv.tv/scotland/282154-sir-sean-connery-named-scotlands-greatest-living-treasure/|date=25 November 2011|accessdate=6 August 2012|language=Inglis|archive-date=2015-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402092622/http://news.stv.tv/scotland/282154-sir-sean-connery-named-scotlands-greatest-living-treasure/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In [[1989]] he wis named "Sexiest Man Alive" bi ''[[People (magazine)|People]]'' magazine an in [[1999]], at the age o 69, he wis votit "Sexiest Man of the Century". He supportit [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Christie|first=Kevan|last2=Speirs|first2=Kathleen|date=2020-10-31|title=Sir Sean Connery ditched Celtic for Rangers - and here's the reason why|url=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish-news/sir-sean-connery-ditched-celtic-22936203|access-date=2022-05-12|website=Daily Record|language=en}}</ref> ==Politics== Connery wis a member o the [[Scots National Pairty]], that wants [[Scots unthirldom|Scots independence]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1999/apr/27/gerardseenan|title=Connery goes on the SNP offensive|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=22 May 2009|date=27 April 1999|first=Gerard|last=Seenan}}</ref> an he supportit the pairty wi money<ref name="funding">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2829595.stm|title=Connery funds SNP through Jersey account|publisher=BBC News |date=7 March 2003|access-date=22 January 2012}}</ref> an bi kythin at its events. In 2009 he wrote ''Being a Scot'' wi Murray Grigor, a beuk aboot Scotland an its fowk.<ref name="BeingaScot">{{cite book|last1=Connery|first1=Sean|last2=Grigor|first2=Murray|title=Being a Scot|date=2009|publisher=Phoenix Illustrated|isbn=978-0-7538-2631-7 }}</ref> ==Daith== Connery deed in his sleep on 31 October 2020, at the age o 90, at his hame in Lyford Cay in [[Nassau, Bahamas|Nassau]] in the Bahamas.<ref name="NYT-20201031" /><ref name="BBC" /> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *{{IMDb name|0000125}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Connery, Sean}} [[Category:1930 births]] [[Category:2020 daiths]] [[Category:20t-century Scots male actors]] [[Category:21st-century Scots male actors]] [[Category:Actors awairdit Breetish knichtheids]] [[Category:Breetish fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:BAFTA fellaes]] [[Category:Best Actor BAFTA Awaird winners]] [[Category:Best Supportin Actor Academy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Best Supportin Actor Gowden Globe (film) winners]] [[Category:Cecil B. DeMille Awaird Gowden Globe winners]] [[Category:Commandeurs o the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]] [[Category:European Film Awairds winners (fowk)]] [[Category:Kennedy Center honourees]] [[Category:Knichts Bachelor]] [[Category:Légion d'honneur recipients]] [[Category:Male actors frae Edinburgh]] [[Category:Scots film producers]] [[Category:Scots male film actors]] [[Category:Scots male stage actors]] [[Category:Scots male televeesion actors]] [[Category:Scots male vyce actors]] [[Category:Scots naitionalists]] [[Category:Scots fowk o Erse strynd]] o3duaxw6wlqtqwp5nrb0yjiuyrh2816 927004 926929 2026-11-08T22:06:50Z Monospaced 75295 Award nems as published 927004 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie | honorific_prefix = [[Sir]] | name = Sean Connery | image = Sean Connery 1999 crop.jpg | caption = Connery in 1999 | birth_name = Thomas Sean Connery | birth_date = {{Birth date|1930|8|25|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Fountainbridge]], [[Edinburgh]], Scotland | death_date = {{Death date and age|2020|10|31|1930|8|25|df=y}} | death_place = [[Nassau, Bahamas|Nassau]], The Bahamas | occupation = Actor | years_active = 1954–2012 | works = [[Sean Connery filmography|Full list]] | spouse = {{unbulleted list|{{marriage|[[Diane Cilento]]|1962|1973|end=divorced}}|{{marriage|Micheline Roquebrune|1975}}}} | children = [[Jason Connery]] | relatives = [[Neil Connery]] (brother) | website = {{Official URL}} | signature = Signature of Sean Connery.svg | module = {{Infobox military person | embed = yes | allegiance = United Kingdom | branch = {{navy|United Kingdom}} | serviceyears = 1946–1949 | rank = [[Able seaman (rank)|Able Seaman]] | unit = {{HMS|Formidable|67|6}} }} }} '''Sir Thomas Sean Connery''' (25 August 1930 - 31 October 2020)<ref>{{cite book|title=Hollywood hunks and heroes|url=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodhunkshe0000cohe|last1=Cohen|first1=Susan|last2=Cohen|first2=Daniel|isbn=0-671-07528-4|oclc=12644589|location=New York City, New York|year=1985|publisher=Exeter Books|page=[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodhunkshe0000cohe/page/33 33]|language=Inglis}}</ref><ref name="BBC">{{cite news |title=Sean Connery: James Bond actor dies aged 90 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-54761824 |accessdate=31 October 2020 |agency=BBC}}</ref> wis a [[Scots fowk|Scots]] actor. He wis the first actor tae play the fictional Breetish secret agent [[James Bond]] in films, an starred in seiven Bond films atween 1962 an 1983.<ref name="NYT-20201031">{{cite news |last=Harmetz |first=Aljean |title=Sean Connery, Who Embodied James Bond and More, Dies at 90 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/31/movies/sean-connery-dead.html |date=31 October 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=31 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="WP-20201031">{{cite news |last=Shapiro |first=T. Rees |title=Sean Connery, first James Bond of film, dies at 90 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/sean-connery-first-james-bond-of-film-dies-at-90/2020/10/31/6cbff0a6-1b75-11eb-82db-60b15c874105_story.html |date=31 October 2020 |work=[[The Washington Post]] |accessdate=31 October 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/4799550.stm |title=Profile: Sean Connery|work=BBC News|accessdate=19 March 2007|date=12 March 2006}}</ref> ==Early life== Connery wis born at the Royal Maternity Hospital in [[Edinburgh]] on 25 August 1930.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pendreigh |first=Brian |title=Obituary: The Sean Connery I knew |url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/people/obituary-sean-connery-i-knew-3021532 |work=The Scotsman |date=1 November 2020 |access-date=1 February 2021}}</ref> He wis brocht up at 176 Fountainbridge, a tenement that haes syne been dung doun.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sir Sean visits site of his childhood Edinburgh home |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10342320 |publisher=BBC News |date=17 June 2010 |access-date=1 February 2021}}</ref> His first job wis as a milkman in Edinburgh wi St Cuthbert's Co-operative Society.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://heritage.scotsman.com/greatscots.cfm?id=2275262005|title=From the Co-op with love ... the days Sir Sean earned £1 a week|newspaper=The Scotsman|access-date=29 September 2007|date=21 November 2005|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013215418/http://heritage.scotsman.com/greatscots.cfm?id=2275262005|archive-date=13 October 2007}}</ref> In 1946, at the age o 16, he jyned the [[Ryal Navy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://seanconnery.com/biography/|title=The Official Website of Sir Sean Connery – Biography|publisher=Seanconnery.com|access-date=10 March 2010}}</ref> ==Career== Connery first played Bond in ''Dr. No'' (1962), an syne in ''From Russia with Love'' (1963), ''Goldfinger'' (1964), ''Thunderball'' (1965), ''You Only Live Twice'' (1967) an ''Diamonds Are Forever'' (1971). His last turn as Bond wis in ''Never Say Never Again'' (1983).<ref name="NYT-20201031" /> In 1988 Connery wan the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in ''[[The Untouchables (film)|The Untouchables]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.popculturemadness.com/Trivia/Oscars/Top-1987-O.html|title=popculture.com's Oscar Winners Archive|publisher=popculturemadness.com|accessdate=13 May 2008|language=Inglis|archive-date=2011-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301054111/http://www.popculturemadness.com/Trivia/Oscars/Top-1987-O.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> His ither films include ''[[Marnie (film)|Marnie]]'', ''[[The Name of the Rose (film)|The Name of the Rose]]'', ''[[The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (film)|The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen]]'', ''[[Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade]]'', ''[[The Hunt for Red October (film)|The Hunt for Red October]]'', ''[[Highlander (film)|Highlander]]'', ''[[Murder on the Orient Express (1974 film)|Murder on the Orient Express]]'', ''[[Dragonheart]]'', the film remake o ''[[The Avengers (TV series)|The Avengers]]'' an ''[[The Rock (film)|The Rock]]''. He wis [[Knight Bachelor|knichtit]] in Julie 2000, an at the ceremony he wore a kilt o his mither's Clan Maclean hunting tartan.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dunham |first=Will |title=Former James Bond actor Sean Connery dies aged 90 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-people-connery-idUSKBN27G0IU |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=2 November 2020 |access-date=2 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=55710|startpage=1|endpage=|supp=y|date=31 December 1999 |accessdate=18 May 2010|language=Inglis}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seanconnery.com/biography/knighthood|title=Official website's entry on 2000 knighthood|publisher=seanconnery.com|accessdate=29 September 2007|language=Inglis}}</ref> He wis votit "The Greatest Living Scot"<ref name="Flockhart">{{cite news |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-10001248.html |title=Would The Greatest Living Scot Please Stand Up?; Here they are |date=25 January 2004 |accessdate=10 March 2010 |first=Susan |last=Flockhart |work=The Sunday Herald |language=Inglis |archive-date=2016-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911105554/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-10001248.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> an "Scotland's Greatest Living National Treasure".<ref>{{cite news|title=Sir Sean Connery named Scotland's greatest living treasure|url=http://news.stv.tv/scotland/282154-sir-sean-connery-named-scotlands-greatest-living-treasure/|date=25 November 2011|accessdate=6 August 2012|language=Inglis|archive-date=2015-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402092622/http://news.stv.tv/scotland/282154-sir-sean-connery-named-scotlands-greatest-living-treasure/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In [[1989]] he wis named "Sexiest Man Alive" bi ''[[People (magazine)|People]]'' magazine an in [[1999]], at the age o 69, he wis votit "Sexiest Man of the Century". He supportit [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Christie|first=Kevan|last2=Speirs|first2=Kathleen|date=2020-10-31|title=Sir Sean Connery ditched Celtic for Rangers - and here's the reason why|url=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish-news/sir-sean-connery-ditched-celtic-22936203|access-date=2022-05-12|website=Daily Record|language=en}}</ref> ==Politics== Connery wis a member o the [[Scots National Pairty]], that wants [[Scots unthirldom|Scots independence]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1999/apr/27/gerardseenan|title=Connery goes on the SNP offensive|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=22 May 2009|date=27 April 1999|first=Gerard|last=Seenan}}</ref> an he supportit the pairty wi money<ref name="funding">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2829595.stm|title=Connery funds SNP through Jersey account|publisher=BBC News |date=7 March 2003|access-date=22 January 2012}}</ref> an bi kythin at its events. In 2009 he wrote ''Being a Scot'' wi Murray Grigor, a beuk aboot Scotland an its fowk.<ref name="BeingaScot">{{cite book|last1=Connery|first1=Sean|last2=Grigor|first2=Murray|title=Being a Scot|date=2009|publisher=Phoenix Illustrated|isbn=978-0-7538-2631-7 }}</ref> ==Daith== Connery deed in his sleep on 31 October 2020, at the age o 90, at his hame in Lyford Cay in [[Nassau, Bahamas|Nassau]] in the Bahamas.<ref name="NYT-20201031" /><ref name="BBC" /> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *{{IMDb name|0000125}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Connery, Sean}} [[Category:1930 births]] [[Category:2020 daiths]] [[Category:20t-century Scots male actors]] [[Category:21st-century Scots male actors]] [[Category:Actors awairdit Breetish knichtheids]] [[Category:Breetish fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:BAFTA fellaes]] [[Category:Best Actor BAFTA Awaird winners]] [[Category:Best Supportin Actor Academy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Best Supportin Actor Gowden Globe (film) winners]] [[Category:Cecil B. DeMille Awaird Gowden Globe winners]] [[Category:Commandeurs o the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]] [[Category:European Film Awairds winners (fowk)]] [[Category:Kennedy Center honourees]] [[Category:Knichts Bachelor]] [[Category:Légion d'honneur recipients]] [[Category:Male actors frae Edinburgh]] [[Category:Scots film producers]] [[Category:Scots male film actors]] [[Category:Scots male stage actors]] [[Category:Scots male televeesion actors]] [[Category:Scots male vyce actors]] [[Category:Scots naitionalists]] [[Category:Scots fowk o Erse strynd]] ltb9j7hqv52q9zpjaqoth7yfvz3o7pk 0 38983 927088 736173 2026-11-08T22:38:07Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; infobox an soorces addit 927088 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Italic title}} {{Infobox television | image = Patrick MacNee Linda Thorson 1968.JPG | caption = [[Patrick Macnee]] an [[Linda Thorson]] in a publicity photie, 1968 | genre = Spy-fi | runtime = 50 meenits | creator = Sydney Newman | starring = {{plainlist| * [[Patrick Macnee]] * [[Ian Hendry]] * [[Honor Blackman]] * [[Diana Rigg]] * [[Linda Thorson]] }} | country = Unitit Kinrick | language = Inglis | network = ITV | first_aired = {{start date|1961|1|7|df=y}} | last_aired = {{end date|1969|4|21|df=y}} | num_series = 6 | num_episodes = 161 }} '''''The Avengers''''' is a Breetish [[spy-fi]] televeesion series that ran frae 7 Januar 1961 tae 21 Aprile 1969. At the stairt it wis aboot Dr David Keel ([[Ian Hendry]]),<ref name=Hendry>{{cite web|title=Official Website of Ian Hendry|url=http://www.ianhendry.com|access-date=6 July 2013}}</ref> helpit bi [[John Steed]] ([[Patrick Macnee]]). Hendry left efter the first series, an Steed becam the main chairacter, wi ae pairtner efter anither. His best-kent pairtners war clever, stylish, forritsome weemen: Cathy Gale ([[Honor Blackman]]), [[Emma Peel]] ([[Diana Rigg]]) an Tara King ([[Linda Thorson]]). Later episodes pit in mair an mair [[science feection]], [[Fantasy|fantasy]], [[parody]] an Breetish eccentricity. Ilka episode wis an oor lang, for the hale run. The first episode, "Hot Snow", wis shawn on [[7 Januar]] 1961. ''The Avengers'' wis makkit bi ABC Weekend TV for the [[ITV]] netwark, an bi 1969 it wis shawn in mair nor 90 kintras. A follae-on series, ''The New Avengers'', ran in 1976 an 1977, wi Patrick Macnee back as John Steed. In 2004 an 2007 ''TV Guide'' rankit ''The Avengers'' No. 17 an No. 20 on its leet o the tap cult shaws ever.<ref>{{cite news |title=25 Top Cult Shows Ever!|work=TV Guide |date=30 May 2004}}</ref><ref name="TopCultShows">"[https://www.tvguide.com/news/top-cult-shows-40239/ TV Guide Names the Top Cult Shows Ever – Today's News: Our Take]" ''TV Guide'': 29 June 2007</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Avengers, The}} [[Category:1961 Breetish televeesion programme debuts]] [[Category:1969 Breetish televeesion programme endins]] [[Category:1960s Breetish televeesion series]] [[Category:American Broadcasting Company netwark shaws]] [[Category:The Avengers (TV series)| ]] [[Category:Black-an-white televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Elstree Studios films]] [[Category:Inglis-leid televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Espionage televeesion series]] [[Category:Gold Key Comics titles]] [[Category:ITV televeesion dramas]] [[Category:Televeesion series bi the Associated British Corporation]] [[Category:Televeesion series bi Warner Bros. Television]] m5b7ymilkzfctfpoc6q3fuwhgddgcd1 927123 927088 2026-11-08T23:03:14Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927123 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Italic title}} {{Infobox televeesion | image = Patrick MacNee Linda Thorson 1968.JPG | caption = [[Patrick Macnee]] an [[Linda Thorson]] in a publicity photie, 1968 | genre = Spy-fi | runtime = 50 meenit | creator = Sydney Newman | starring = {{plainlist| * [[Patrick Macnee]] * [[Ian Hendry]] * [[Honor Blackman]] * [[Diana Rigg]] * [[Linda Thorson]] }} | country = Unitit Kinrick | language = Inglis | network = ITV | first_aired = {{start date|1961|1|7|df=y}} | last_aired = {{end date|1969|4|21|df=y}} | num_series = 6 | num_episodes = 161 }} '''''The Avengers''''' is a Breetish [[spy-fi]] televeesion series that ran frae 7 Januar 1961 tae 21 Aprile 1969. At the stairt it wis aboot Dr David Keel ([[Ian Hendry]]),<ref name=Hendry>{{cite web|title=Official Website of Ian Hendry|url=http://www.ianhendry.com|access-date=6 July 2013}}</ref> helpit bi [[John Steed]] ([[Patrick Macnee]]). Hendry left efter the first series, an Steed becam the main chairacter, wi ae pairtner efter anither. His best-kent pairtners war clever, stylish, forritsome weemen: Cathy Gale ([[Honor Blackman]]), [[Emma Peel]] ([[Diana Rigg]]) an Tara King ([[Linda Thorson]]). Later episodes pit in mair an mair [[science feection]], [[Fantasy|fantasy]], [[parody]] an Breetish eccentricity. Ilka episode wis an oor lang, for the hale run. The first episode, "Hot Snow", wis shawn on [[7 Januar]] 1961. ''The Avengers'' wis makkit bi ABC Weekend TV for the [[ITV]] netwark, an bi 1969 it wis shawn in mair nor 90 kintras. A follae-on series, ''The New Avengers'', ran in 1976 an 1977, wi Patrick Macnee back as John Steed. In 2004 an 2007 ''TV Guide'' rankit ''The Avengers'' No. 17 an No. 20 on its leet o the tap cult shaws ever.<ref>{{cite news |title=25 Top Cult Shows Ever!|work=TV Guide |date=30 May 2004}}</ref><ref name="TopCultShows">"[https://www.tvguide.com/news/top-cult-shows-40239/ TV Guide Names the Top Cult Shows Ever – Today's News: Our Take]" ''TV Guide'': 29 June 2007</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Avengers, The}} [[Category:1961 Breetish televeesion programme debuts]] [[Category:1969 Breetish televeesion programme endins]] [[Category:1960s Breetish televeesion series]] [[Category:American Broadcasting Company netwark shaws]] [[Category:The Avengers (TV series)| ]] [[Category:Black-an-white televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Elstree Studios films]] [[Category:Inglis-leid televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Espionage televeesion series]] [[Category:Gold Key Comics titles]] [[Category:ITV televeesion dramas]] [[Category:Televeesion series bi the Associated British Corporation]] [[Category:Televeesion series bi Warner Bros. Television]] kvpzc3cf5v89bprx3bo8i7zukawfjaa 0 39376 926769 819170 2026-11-08T17:23:47Z Monospaced 75295 Spellin redd up in the notes an introduction; place nems left as they are 926769 wikitext text/x-wiki {{See also|Scottish place names in other countries}} This is a leet o place nems in [[Scotland]] that hae syne been gien tae places in [[Canadae]] bi Scots emigrants or explorers. For [[Nova Scotia]]n nems in [[Scots Gaelic]] (no aye the same as the Inglis versions), see [[Canadian Gaelic#Communities with Gaelic-speakers|Canadian communities wi Gaelic spikkers]] an [[Canadian Gaelic#Gaelic Placenames in Canada|Gaelic place nems in Canadae]]. Unless it says itherwise, the province nems arenae Scots. [[Image:Town of banff.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Banff, Alberta]] ==[[Alberta]]== [[Image:PengrowthSaddledomeDay.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Calgary, Alberta]] [[Image:Three Sisters 034.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The three peaks of Three Sisters Moontain at [[Canmore, Alberta]]]] [[File:Michelsen Farmstead.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[Michelsen Farmstead]] a Provincial Historic Site o Alberta, locatit in the [[National Historic Site of Canada|National Historic Site]], [[Stirling Agricultural Village]]]] *[[Airdrie, Alberta|Airdrie]] *[[Ardmore, Alberta|Ardmore]] *[[Ardrossan, Alberta|Ardrossan]] *[[Banff, Alberta|Banff]] - named efter [[Banff, Scotland|toun]] in north east Scotland *[[Bankhead, Alberta|Bankhead]] (ghaist toun) *[[Barrhead, Alberta|Barrhead]] *[[Blairmore, Alberta|Blairmore]] *[[Bon Accord, Alberta|Bon Accord]] ([[Heraldry of Aberdeen|Bon Accord]] is the motto o [[Aberdeen]]) *[[Bonnie Doon (Edmonton)]] *[[Bonnie Lake (Alberta)]] * [[Butedale Falls]] *[[Caldwell, Alberta|Caldwell]] (ghaist toun) *[[Calgary, Alberta|Calgary]] - named efter a place in [[Isle of Mull|Mull]] *[[Canmore, Alberta|Canmore]] (named efter Keeng [[Malcolm Canmore]]) *[[Carstairs, Alberta|Carstairs]] *[[Chisholm, Alberta|Chisholm]] *[[Clyde, Alberta|Clyde]] *[[Coutts, Alberta|Coutts]] *[[Craigmyle, Alberta|Craigmyle]] *[[Cromdale (Edmonton)]] *[[Dunmore, Alberta|Dunmore]] *[[Erskine, Alberta|Erskine]] *[[Ferintosh, Alberta|Ferintosh]] *[[Fort Macleod, Alberta|Fort Macleod]] *[[Fort McMurray, Alberta|Fort McMurray]] *[[Halkirk, Alberta|Halkirk]] ([[Halkirk]]) *[[Hazeldean (Edmonton)]] *[[Holyrood (Edmonton)]] ([[Holyrood, Edinburgh|Holyrood]]) *[[Innisfail, Alberta|Innisfail]] *[[Irvine, Alberta|Irvine]] *[[Lomond, Alberta|Lomond]] ([[Loch Lomond]]) *[[Mackenzie County, Alberta|Mackenzie County]] *[[Mallaig, Alberta|Mallaig]] *[[Mintlaw, Alberta|Mintlaw]] (ghaist toun) *[[Mount Hector (Alberta)|Mount Hector]] (efter [[James Hector]]) *[[Mount Lady Macdonald]] (efter the wife o [[John A. Macdonald]]) *[[Maybutt, Alberta|New Stirling]] (Maybutt) *[[Scotfield, Alberta|Scotfield]] *[[Stirling, Alberta|Stirling]] *[[Strathcona County, Alberta|Strathcona County]] *[[Strathcona, Edmonton|Strathcona]] ==[[British Columbie]]== [[Image:Mill Lake 3.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Abbotsford, BC]] *[[Abbotsford, British Columbia|Abbotsford]] (whaur [[Sir Walter Scott]] haed his hoose). Suburbs include Aberdeen an Glen Moontain. *[[Balfour, British Columbia|Balfour]] (kent as "Balfour Bay" an aw) *[[Butedale, British Columbia|Butedale]] (ghaist toun) *[[Cameron Bar 13, British Columbia|Cameron Bar 13]] *[[Cape Scott Provincial Park]] *[[Craigellachie, British Columbia|Craigellachie]] *[[Coldstream, British Columbia|Coldstream]] *[[Cunningham Lake]] *[[Davidson, British Columbia|Davidson]], a dounset wast o [[Prince Rupert, British Columbia]] *[[Duncan, British Columbia|Duncan]] *[[Fintry Delta, British Columbia|Fintry Delta]] *[[Invermere, British Columbia|Invermere]] (''inbhir'' + [[mere (lake)|mere]]) *[[Logan Lake, British Columbia|Logan Lake]] *[[Montrose, British Columbia|Montrose]] *[[Mount Brown (British Columbia)|Mount Brown]] (named efter the Scots botanist [[Robert Brown (botanist)|Robert Brown]]) *[[Mount Lyell (Canada)|Mount Lyell]] (named bi [[James Hector]] in 1858 efter the Scots geologist Sir [[Charles Lyell]]) *[[Mount Macdonald]] (efter [[John A. Macdonald]]) *[[Stewart, British Columbia|Stewart]] *[[Yarrow, British Columbia|Yarrow]] (River in [[Scottish Borders]]) ==[[Manitoba]]== *[[Angusville, Manitoba|Angusville]] *[[Carberry, Manitoba|Carberry]] (named efter Carberry Touer) *[[East Kildonan, Manitoba|East Kildonan]] *[[Elgin, Manitoba|Elgin]] *[[Elphinstone, Manitoba|Elphinstone]] *[[Gretna, Manitoba|Gretna]] *[[MacGregor, Manitoba|MacGregor]] *[[Old Kildonan]] *[[Rossburn, Manitoba|Rossburn]] *[[Selkirk, Manitoba|Selkirk]] an [[East Selkirk, Manitoba|East Selkirk]] *[[St Andrews, Manitoba|St Andrews]] Rural municipalities - *[[Argyle, Manitoba (rural municipality)|Argyle]] *[[Armstrong, Manitoba|Armstrong]] *[[Cameron, Manitoba|Cameron]] *[[Rural Municipality of Clanwilliam|Clanwilliam]] *[[Glenwood, Manitoba|Glenwood]] *[[Grahamdale, Manitoba|Grahamdale]] *[[Lorne, Manitoba|Lorne]] *[[Macdonald, Manitoba|Macdonald]] *[[Minto, Manitoba|Minto]] *[[Morton, Manitoba|Morton]] *[[Rossburn, Manitoba|Rossburn]] *[[St. Andrews, Manitoba|St Andrews]] *[[Strathcona, Manitoba|Strathcona]] *[[Strathclair, Manitoba|Strathclair]] *[[Stuartburn, Manitoba (rural municipality)|Stuartburn]] ==[[New Brunswick]]== <!-- Missing image removed: [[Image:AlgoquinHotel.JPG|thumb|right|300px|[[The Algonquin]] resort, [[St. Andrews, New Brunswick|St Andrews]] is often referred to as "The Castle by the Sea" due to its grandiose appearance and proximity to the Passamaquoddy Bay.]] --> [[File:Restigouche River - J. C. Van Horne Bridge.JPG|right|thumb|250px|[[J.C. Van Horne Bridge]] crossing atween [[Campbellton, New Brunswick|Campbellton]] an [[Pointe-à-la-Croix, Quebec]]]] Glenlevit Glencoe Dundee *[[Aberdeen, New Brunswick|Aberdeen]] *[[Atholville, New Brunswick|Atholville]] ([[Atholl]]) *[[Balmoral, New Brunswick|Balmoral]] *[[Campbellton, New Brunswick|Campbellton]] *[[Dalhousie, New Brunswick|Dalhousie]] *[[Drummond, New Brunswick|Drummond]] *[[Dundas Parish, New Brunswick|Dundas Parish]] *[[Elgin, New Brunswick|Elgin]] *[[Lower Kintore, New Brunswick|Lower Kintore]] an [[Upper Kintore, New Brunswick]] ([[Kintore, Aberdeenshire|Kintore]]) *[[Minto, New Brunswick|Minto]] *[[New Scotland, New Brunswick|New Scotland]] *[[Perth-Andover]] *[[Port Elgin, New Brunswick|Port Elgin]] ([[Elgin, Moray|Elgin]]) *[[Rothesay, New Brunswick|Rothesay]] *[[St. Andrews, New Brunswick|St Andrews]] ==[[Newfoundland an Labrador]]== [[Image:Welcome To Campbellton.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Campbellton, Newfoundland and Labrador]] *[[Anderson's Cove, Newfoundland and Labrador|Anderson's Cove]] *[[Buchans, Newfoundland and Labrador|Buchans]] an Lake Buchans *[[Campbell's Creek, Newfoundland and Labrador|Campbell's Creek]] *[[Campbellton, Newfoundland and Labrador|Campbellton]] *[[Hamilton River, Newfoundland and Labrador|Hamilton River]] *{{lang|en|Highlands}} *[[Holyrood, Newfoundland and Labrador|Holyrood]] ([[Holyrood, Edinburgh|Holyrood]] is the site o the current [[Scottish Parliament]]) *[[Iona, Newfoundland and Labrador|Iona]] *[[Loch Leven, Newfoundland and Labrador|Loch Leven]] *[[Loch Lomond, Newfoundland and Labrador|Loch Lomond]] *[[Lomond, Newfoundland and Labrador|Lomond]] *[[McKay's, Newfoundland and Labrador|McKay's]] *[[Melrose, Newfoundland and Labrador|Melrose]] *[[St. Andrew's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. Andrew's]] ==[[Nova Scotia]]== [[Image:Contrails over Nova Scotia.jpeg|thumb|right|250px|A satellite photo of Nova Scotia.]] [[Image:Tartan of Nova Scotia.png|right|thumb|[[Tartan]] o Nova Scotia]] "Nova Scotia" is the [[Laitin]] for New Scotland. *[[Argyle, Nova Scotia|Argyle]] *[[Arisaig, Nova Scotia|Arisaig]] *[[Ben Eoin, Nova Scotia|Ben Eoin]] (frae the Scots Gaelic for "mountain o the birds") *[[Beinn Bhreagh, Nova Scotia|Beinn Bhreagh]] *[[Beinn Scalpie, Nova Scotia|Beinn Scalpie]] *[[Berwick, Nova Scotia|Berwick]] *[[Broughton, Nova Scotia|Broughton]] (ghaist toun) *[[Caledonia, Nova Scotia|Caledonia]] *[[Clydesdale, Nova Scotia|Clydesdale]] *[[Dunvegan, Nova Scotia|Dunvegan]] *[[Inverness County]] *[[Glendale, Nova Scotia|Glendale]] *[[Inverness, Nova Scotia|Inverness]] *[[Glencoe, Nova Scotia (disambiguation)|Glencoe]] *[[Knoydart, Nova Scotia|Knoydart]] *[[Lismore, Nova Scotia|Lismore]] *[[Lochaber, Nova Scotia|Lochaber]] *[[Loch Broom, Nova Scotia|Loch Broom]] *[[Loch Lomond, Nova Scotia|Loch Lomond]] *[[New Glasgow, Nova Scotia|New Glasgow]] *[[New Ross, Nova Scotia|New Ross]] *[[Scotch Village, Nova Scotia|Scotch Village]] *[[Iona, Nova Scotia|Iona]] ==[[Northwast Territories]]== The [[Northwast Territories]] awso contain three places wi Scots surnames: [[Fort Simpson]], [[Fort McPherson]] an Rae (awtho the nou collectively kent wi Edzo as [[Behchoko]]). * [[Cameron River Volcanic Belt]] * [[District of Mackenzie]] * [[Ferguson Lake (Kitikmeot Region)]] * [[Finlayson Islands]] * [[Fort McPherson, Northwest Territories|Fort McPherson]] (Murdoch McPherson) * [[Fort Simpson]] ([[George Simpson (administrator)|George Simpson]])] * [[Mackenzie Highway]] * [[Mackenzie Mountains]] an [[Mackenzie River]] * [[Macmillan Pass]] * [[Melville Island (Canada)|Melville Island]] (named efter [[Robert Dundas, 2nd Viscount Melville]] ==[[Nunavut]]== [[Image:Clyde River Community 1997-08-07.jpg|thumb|240px|Clyde River, Nunavut]] * [[Baillie-Hamilton Island]] * [[Cameron Island]] * [[Clyde Inlet, Nunavut|Clyde Inlet]] an [[Clyde River, Nunavut|Clyde River]] * Craig Harbour (on [[Ellesmere Island]]) * [[Dundas Harbour, Nunavut|Dundas Harbour]] * Edinburgh Island (PIN-DA) * [[Eglinton Island]] * [[Graham Island (Nunavut)|Graham Island]] * [[Houston Stewart Island]] * [[McConnell River Migratory Bird Sanctuary]] an [[McConnell River]] * Mackar Inlet (CAM-5) * [[Mackenzie hotspot]] an [[Mackenzie dike swarm]] * [[Melville Island (Canada)|Melville Island]] (named efter [[Robert Dundas, 2nd Viscount Melville]]) ** Dundas Peninsula (pairt o Melville Island) * [[Melville Peninsula]] * [[Rankin Inlet]] * Simpson Lake (CAM-D) ==[[Ontario]]== [[Image:WestElginArena.jpg|thumb|right|300px|West Elgin Arena]] [[Image:Ballantrae Ontario.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Ballantrae, Ontario]]]] [[Image:CaliBridge150dpi.jpg|right|thumb|320px|The Grand River Bridge, which cairies Argyle St. ower the [[Grand River (Ontario)|Grand River]] in [[Caledonia, Ontario]]]] [[Image:Walker house 07.jpg|400px|thumb|right|The Walker House, auldest hoose in [[Kincardine, Ontario]]]] [[Image:Renfrew Ontario.JPG|thumb|230px|The McDougall Mill Museum bi the Bonnechere River, Renfrew Ontario]] [[Image:Richardson Ontario.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Drummond]] *[[Aberdeen, Grey County, Ontario|Aberdeen, Grey County]] *[[Aberdeen, Prescott and Russell County, Ontario|Aberdeen, Prescott and Russell County]] *[[Aberfeldy, Ontario|Aberfeldy]] *[[Aberfoyle, Ontario|Aberfoyle]] *[[Achray, Ontario|Achray]] *[[Ailsa Craig, Ontario|Ailsa Craig]] *[[Alloa, Ontario|Alloa]] *[[Angus, Ontario|Angus]] *[[Angus Glen, Ontario|Angus Glen]] *[[Ardbeg, Ontario|Ardbeg]] *[[Ardoch, Ontario|Ardoch]] *[[Armadale, Ontario|Armadale]] *[[Armstrong, Thunder Bay District, Ontario|Armstrong, Thunder Bay District]] *[[Armstrong, Ontario|Armstrong Township]], [[Armstrong Corners, Ontario|Armstrong Corners]] an [[Armstrong Mills, Ontario|Armstrong Mills]] *[[Arnprior, Ontario|Arnprior]] *[[Arranvale, Ontario|Arranvale]] ([[Isle of Arran]]) *[[Athol, Prince Edward County, Ontario|Athol, Prince Edward County]] *[[Athol, Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry United Counties, Ontario|Athol, Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry United Counties]] *[[Avonmore, Ontario|Avonmore]] *[[Ayr, Ontario|Ayr]] *[[Ayton, Ontario|Ayton]] *[[Badenoch, Ontario|Badenoch]] *[[Bainsville, Ontario|Bainsville]] *[[Bairds, Ontario|Bairds]] *[[Ballantrae, Ontario|Ballantrae]] *[[Ballinafad, Ontario|Ballinafad]] *[[Bannockburn, Ontario|Bannockburn]] *[[Baxter, Ontario|Baxter]] *[[Bell Ewart, Ontario|Bell Ewart]] *[[Berriedale, Ontario|Berriedale]] (Berriedale, Sutherland) *[[Berwick, Ontario|Berwick]] *[[Bisset Creek, Ontario|Bisset Creek]] *[[Bothwell, Ontario|Bothwell]] *[[Boyds, Ontario|Boyds]] (Surname, derived frae [[County of Bute|Bute]]) *[[Brechin, Ontario|Brechin]] *[[Brucedale, Ontario|Brucedale]] *[[Bruce Mines, Ontario|Bruce Mines]] *[[Bruce Peninsula]] *[[Bruce Station, Ontario|Bruce Station]] *[[Cairngorm, Ontario|Cairngorm]] *[[Caledon, Ontario|Caledon]] *[[Caledon East, Ontario|Caledon East]] *[[Caledonia, Ontario|Caledonia]] *[[Caledonia Springs, Ontario|Caledonia Springs]] *[[Callander, Ontario|Callander]] *[[Campbellcroft, Ontario|Campbellcroft]] *[[Campbellford, Ontario|Campbellford]] *[[Campbellville, Ontario|Campbellville]] *[[Cargill, Ontario|Cargill]] *[[Cockburn Island (Ontario)|Cockburn Island]] *[[Coldstream, Ontario|Coldstream]] *[[Colgan, Ontario|Colgan]] *[[Craigleith, Ontario|Craigleith]] *[[Craigmont, Ontario|Craigmont]] *[[Cromarty, Ontario|Cromarty]] *[[Crombie, Ontario|Crombie]] *[[Cruickshank, Ontario|Cruikshank]] *[[Dalhousie Lake, Ontario|Dalhousie Lake]] *[[Dalhousie Mills, Ontario|Dalhousie Mills]] *[[Dalkeith, Ontario|Dalkeith]] *[[Dalmeny, Ontario|Dalmeny]] *[[Dalrymple, Ontario|Dalrymple]] *[[Drummond/North Elmsley, Ontario|Drummond]] *[[Dundas, Ontario|Dundas]] *[[Dundonald, Ontario|Dundonald]] *[[Dunedin, Ontario|Dunedin]] (Dunedin, poetic nem for [[Edinburgh]]/Dun Eideann) *[[Dunkeld, Ontario|Dunkeld]] *[[Dunvegan, Ontario|Dunvegan]] *[[Dysart et al., Ontario|Dysart et al.]] ([[Dysart, Fife|Dysart]]) *[[East Tay Point, Ontario|East Tay Point]] ([[River Tay|Tay]]) *[[Elgin, Ontario|Elgin]] *[[Elgin County, Ontario]] *[[Farquhar, Ontario|Farquhar]] *[[Fergus, Ontario|Fergus]] *[[Ferguslea, Ontario|Ferguslea]] *[[Ferguson Corners, Ontario|Ferguson Corners]], [[Ferguson Falls, Ontario|Ferguson Falls]] an [[Fergusons Beach, Ontario|Fergusons Beach]] *[[Galbraith, Ontario|Galbraith]] *[[Gillies Hill, Ontario|Gillies Hill]] *[[Gilmour, Ontario|Gilmour]] *[[Glasgow, Ontario|Glasgow]] *[[Glen, Ontario|Glen]] *[[Glen Buell, Ontario|Glen Buell]] *[[Glenburn, Ontario|Glenburn]] *[[Glenburnie, Ontario|Glenburnie]] *[[Glen Cross, Ontario|Glen Cross]] *[[Glenfield, Ontario|Glenfield]] *[[Glen Huron, Ontario|Glen Huron]] *[[Glencairn, Ontario|Glencairn]] *[[Glencoe, Ontario|Glencoe]] *[[Glenelg Centre, Ontario|Glenelg Centre]] *[[Glen Major, Ontario|Glen Major]] *[[Glen Nevis, Ontario|Glen Nevis]] *[[Glenora, Ontario|Glenora]] *[[Glen Robertson, Ontario|Glen Robertson]] *[[Glenview, Ontario|Glenview]] *[[Glenville, Ontario|Glenville]] *[[Glen Williams, Ontario|Glen Williams]] *[[Gorrie, Ontario|Gorrie]] *[[Greenock, Ontario|Greenock]] *[[Haliburton, Ontario|Haliburton]] *[[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]] *[[Hampden, Ontario|Hampden]] *[[Henderson, Ontario|Henderson]] *[[Innerkip, Ontario|Innerkip]] *[[Inverary, Ontario|Inverary]] *[[Inverhuron, Ontario|Inverhuron]] (''inbhir'', meanin river mooth + [[Wyandot people|Huron]]) *[[Invermay, Ontario|Invermay]] *[[Iona, Ontario|Iona]] an [[Iona Station, Ontario|Iona Station]] *[[Jura, Ontario]] *[[Katrine, Ontario|Katrine]] ([[Loch Katrine]]) *[[Kilsyth, Ontario|Kilsyth]] *[[Kinburn, Huron County, Ontario|Kinburn]] *[[Kincardine, Ontario|Kincardine]] *[[Kinghorn, Ontario|Kinghorn]] *[[Kinmount, Ontario|Kinmount]] *[[Kintail, Ontario|Kintail]] *[[Kirkfield, Ontario|Kirkfield]] *[[Laggan, Ontario|Laggan]] *[[Laird, Ontario|Laird]] *[[Lake Dalrymple, Ontario|Lake Dalrymple]] ([[Dalrymple, East Ayrshire|Dalrymple]]) *[[Lamlash, Ontario|Lamlash]] *[[Lammermoor, Ontario|Lammermoor]] *[[Lanark, Ontario|Lanark]] *[[Leith, Ontario|Leith]] *[[Lochalsh, Algoma District, Ontario|Lochalsh, Algoma District]] *[[Lochalsh, Huron County, Ontario|Lochalsh, Huron County]] *[[Lochwinnoch, Ontario|Lochwinnoch]] *[[Logan, Ontario|Logan]] *Lowther *[[McAlpine Corners, Ontario|McAlpine Corners]] *[[Macdiarmid, Ontario|Macdiarmid]] *[[MacDonald Bay, Ontario|MacDonald Bay]] *[[MacDonald's Grove, Ontario|MacDonald's Grove]] *[[MacDuff, Ontario|MacDuff]] *[[MacGillivrays Bridge, Ontario|MacGillivrays Bridge]] *[[Mackenzie, Ontario|Mackenzie]] *[[MacKenzie Point, Ontario|MacKenzie Point]] *[[MacLarens Landing, Ontario|MacLarens Landing]] *[[MacLean Park, Ontario|MacLean Park]] *[[MacTier, Ontario|MacTier]] *[[Maitland, Huron County, Ontario|Maitland, Huron County]] *[[Maitland, United Counties of Leeds and Grenville, Ontario|Maitland, United Counties of Leeds and Grenville]] *[[Malcolm, Ontario|Malcolm]] *[[Maxwell, Grey County, Ontario|Maxwell, Grey County]] *[[Maxwell, Hastings County, Ontario|Maxwell, Hastings County]] *[[Maxwells, Ontario|Maxwells]] *[[Minto, Ontario|Minto]] *[[Moffat, Ontario|Moffat]] *[[Monteith, Ontario|Monteith]] *[[Moray, Ontario|Moray]] *[[Morven, Ontario|Morven]] *[[Nairn, Middlesex County, Ontario|Nairn, Middlesex County]] *[[Nairn Centre, Ontario|Nairn Centre]] *[[Napier, Ontario|Napier]] *[[New Dundee, Ontario|New Dundee]] *[[New Glasgow, Ontario|New Glasgow]] *[[New Scotland, Chatham-Kent, Ontario|New Scotland, Chatham-Kent]] *[[New Scotland, Regional Municipality of York, Ontario|New Scotland, Regional Municipality of York]] *[[Paisley, Ontario|Paisley]] *[[Perth, Ontario|Perth]] *[[Perth Road Village, Ontario|Perth Road Village]] *[[Port Elgin, Ontario|Port Elgin]] *[[Raith, Ontario|Raith]] *[[Rankin, Nipissing District, Ontario|Rankin, Nipissing District]] *[[Rankin, Renfrew County, Ontario|Rankin, Renfrew County]] *[[Rannoch, Ontario|Rannoch]] *[[Ratho, Ontario|Ratho]] *[[Renfrew, Ontario|Renfew]] *[[Renfrew Junction, Ontario|Renfrew Junction]] *[[Rutherford, Ontario|Rutherford]] *[[Rutherglen, Ontario|Rutherglen]] *[[Scone, Ontario|Scone]] *[[Scotch Block, Ontario|Scotch Block]] *[[Scotch Bush, Hastings County, Ontario|Scotch Bush, Hastings County]] an [[Scotch Bush, Renfrew County, Ontario|Scotch Bush, Renfrew County]] *[[Scotch Corners, Ontario|Scotch Corners]] *[[Scotia, Ontario|Scotia]] *[[Selkirk, Ontario|Selkirk]] *[[Speyside, Ontario|Speyside]] *[[St. Andrews, Ontario|St. Andrews]] *[[Staffa, Ontario|Staffa]], Perth County *[[Stirling, Ontario|Stirling]] *[[Tarbert, Ontario|Tarbert]] *[[Tartan, Ontario|Tartan]] *[[Tay, Ontario|Tay]] *[[Tweed, Ontario|Tweed]] *[[West Elgin, Ontario|West Elgin]] (Elgin) *[[West Lorne, Ontario|West Lorne]] (Lorne) *[[Wick, Ontario|[Wick]] ==[[Prince Edward Island]]== [[File:Prince Edward Preserve Company.JPG|thumb|The ''Prince Edward Island Preserve Company'' in New Glasgow]] [[Image:Newglasgowpano2.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Panorama o a river bank in [[New Glasgow, Prince Edward Island|New Glasgow]].]] *[[Breadalbane, Prince Edward Island|Breadalbane]] *[[Glenfinnan Island (Prince Edward Island)]] an [[Glenfinnan River]] * Greenmount-Montrose * Inverness * [[Mount Stewart, Prince Edward Island|Mount Stewart]] * [[Lennox Island (Prince Edward Island)|Lennox Island]] * MacDonalds River * Montrose River * Murray River * [[New Glasgow, Prince Edward Island|New Glasgow]] * [[St. Andrew's Parish, Prince Edward Island|St Andrews]] ==[[Quebec]]== *[[Abercorn, Quebec|Abercorn]] *[[Campbell's Bay, Quebec|Campbell's Bay]] *[[Drummondville, Quebec|Drummondville]] an [[Drummond Regional County Municipality, Quebec|Drummond RCM]] *[[Duncan Lake (Quebec)]] *[[Dundee, Quebec|Dundee]] *[[East Angus, Quebec|East Angus]] *[[Elgin, Quebec|Elgin]] *[[Hampden, Quebec|Hampden]] *[[Inverness, Quebec|Inverness]] *[[Lennoxville, Quebec|Lennoxville]] *[[Lochaber, Quebec|Lochaber]] *[[Lochaber-Partie-Ouest, Quebec|Lochaber-Partie-Ouest]] *[[McMasterville, Quebec|MacMasterville]] *MacNider *[[Napierville, Quebec|Napierville]] an [[Les Jardins-de-Napierville Regional County Municipality, Quebec|Les Jardins de Napierville]] *[[Scotstown, Quebec|Scotstown]] *[[Stornoway, Quebec|Stornoway]] *[[Thurso, Quebec|Thurso]] *[[Tingwick, Quebec|Tingwick]] ==[[Saskatchewan]]== [[Image:Aberknox1.JPG|thumb|right|300px|Kirk at [[Abernethy, Saskatchewan]]]] *[[Aberdeen, Saskatchewan|Aberdeen]] *[[Aberdeen No. 373, Saskatchewan|Aberdeen No. 373]] *[[Abernethy No. 186, Saskatchewan|Abernethy No. 186]] an [[Abernethy, Saskatchewan|Abernethy]] *[[Argyle No. 1, Saskatchewan|Argyle No. 1]] *[[Arran, Saskatchewan|Arran]] *[[Balcarres, Saskatchewan|Balcarres]] *[[Balgonie, Saskatchewan|Balgonie]] *[[Biggar, Saskatchewan|Biggar]] *[[Birsay, Saskatchewan|Birsay]] *[[Calder, Saskatchewan|Calder]] *[[Calderbank, Saskatchewan|Calderbank]] *[[Carmichael No. 109, Saskatchewan|Carmichael No. 109]] *[[Carnduff, Saskatchewan|Carnduff]] *[[Clansman, Saskatchewan|Clansman]] *[[Colonsay, Saskatchewan|Colonsay]] an [[Colonsay No. 342, Saskatchewan|Colonsay No. 342]] *[[Crichton, Saskatchewan|Crichton]] (ghaist toun) *[[Cupar, Saskatchewan|Cupar]] *[[Dalmeny, Saskatchewan|Dalmeny]] *[[Davidson, Saskatchewan|Davidson]] *[[Fairy Glen, Saskatchewan|Fairy Glen]] *[[Fife Lake, Saskatchewan|Fife Lake]] *[[Girvin, Saskatchewan|Girvin]] *[[Glen Ewen, Saskatchewan|Glen Ewen]] *[[Glenavon, Saskatchewan|Glenavon]] *[[Glenside, Saskatchewan|Glenside]] *[[Inchkeith, Saskatchewan|Inchkeith]] *[[Innes, Saskatchewan|Innes]] (ghaist toun) *[[Invergordon No. 430, Saskatchewan|Invergordon No. 430]] *[[Invermay, Saskatchewan|Invermay]] *[[Lomond No. 37, Saskatchewan|Lomond No. 37]] *[[Lumsden No. 189, Saskatchewan|Lumsden No. 189]] *[[Prince Albert, Saskatchewan|Isbister's Settlement]] (the umwhile nem o the Prince Albert dounset) *[[Jedburgh, Saskatchewan|Jedburgh]] *[[Kyle, Saskatchewan|Kyle]] *[[Kylemore, Saskatchewan|Kylemore]] *[[Laird, Saskatchewan|Laird]] *[[Lumsden, Saskatchewan|Lumsden]] *[[Markinch, Saskatchewan|Markinch]] *[[Mortlach, Saskatchewan|Mortlach]] *[[Neidpath, Saskatchewan|Neidpath]] (ghaist toun) *[[Orkney, Saskatchewan|Orkney]] *[[Orkney No. 244, Saskatchewan|Orkney No. 244]] *[[Saltcoats, Saskatchewan|Saltcoats]] *[[Ravenscrag, Saskatchewan|Ravenscrag]] (ghaist toun) *[[Scotsguard, Saskatchewan|Scotsguard]] (ghaist toun) *[[Simpson, Saskatchewan|Simpson]] *[[St. Boswells, Saskatchewan|St. Boswells]] (ghaist toun) *[[Tiree, Saskatchewan|Tiree]] The toun o [[Coronach, Saskatchewan|Coronach]] wis oreeginally named efter a horse; houiver, the oreeginal meanin o ''[[coronach]]'' is a Gaelic lament. ==[[Yukon]]== [[Image:Keelepeak.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Mackenzie Mountains]] * [[Fort Selkirk, Yukon|Fort Selkirk]] * [[Mackenzie Mountains]] * [[Mount Logan]] an Houston's Peak * [[Mount Lorne, Yukon|Mount Lorne]] ([[Lorne, Argyll and Bute|Lorne]]) * [[Ross River, Yukon|Ross River]] ([[Ross and Cromarty|Ross]]) {{Expand list|date=August 2008}} [[Category:Scots place names in ither kintras|Canada]] [[Category:Leets o populatit places in Canadae]] [[Category:Leets o Canada placename etymologies]] t0ptzizdrq1a92xsm85qs10pacrleq6 0 39377 926811 852961 2026-11-08T18:27:54Z Monospaced 75295 Drap Fix Scots 926811 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Nazareth1small.jpg|thumbnail]] '''Nazareth''' ar a Scots [[hard rock]] baund, foondit in 1968, that haed several [[hit record|hits]] in the Unitit Kinrick in the airly 1970s, an establishit an internaitional audience wi thair 1975 album ''[[Hair of the Dog (album)|Hair of the Dog]]''. Aiblins thair baist-kent hit single wis a civer o the ballad '[[Love Hurts]]', in 1975.<ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums">{{cite book| first= David| last= Roberts| year= 2006| title= British Hit Singles & Albums| edition= 19th| publisher= Guinness World Records Limited | location= London| isbn= 1-904994-10-5| page= 388 | language=Inglis}}</ref><ref name="The Great Rock Discography">{{cite book| first= Martin C.| last= Strong| year= 2000| title= The Great Rock Discography| url= https://archive.org/details/greatrockdiscogr0000stro| edition= 5th| publisher= Mojo Books | location= Edinburgh| pages= [https://archive.org/details/greatrockdiscogr0000stro/page/681 681]–682| isbn= 1-84195-017-3 | language=Inglis}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.en.imusic.dk/cd/9002986421467/nazareth-2004-golden-hits-cd |title=CD: Nazareth: Golden Hits (2004) |publisher=En.imusic.dk |date= |accessdate=3 August 2011 |archive-date=2011-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724144611/http://www.en.imusic.dk/cd/9002986421467/nazareth-2004-golden-hits-cd |url-status=dead }}</ref> As of 2012, the baund continue tae record an tour. ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Fowk frae Dunfaurlin]] [[Category:Scots muisical groups]] {{Stub/Scotland}} 0khi11gypwhn5t6txxnu5wifcmfuy4p 926813 926811 2026-11-08T18:29:20Z Monospaced 75295 Spellin 926813 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Nazareth1small.jpg|thumbnail]] '''Nazareth''' are a Scots [[hard rock]] baund, foondit in 1968, that haed several [[hit record|hits]] in the Unitit Kinrick in the airly 1970s, an establishit an internaitional audience wi thair 1975 album ''[[Hair of the Dog (album)|Hair of the Dog]]''. Aiblins thair best-kent hit single wis a cover o the ballad '[[Love Hurts]]', in 1975.<ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums">{{cite book| first= David| last= Roberts| year= 2006| title= British Hit Singles & Albums| edition= 19th| publisher= Guinness World Records Limited | location= London| isbn= 1-904994-10-5| page= 388 | language=Inglis}}</ref><ref name="The Great Rock Discography">{{cite book| first= Martin C.| last= Strong| year= 2000| title= The Great Rock Discography| url= https://archive.org/details/greatrockdiscogr0000stro| edition= 5th| publisher= Mojo Books | location= Edinburgh| pages= [https://archive.org/details/greatrockdiscogr0000stro/page/681 681]–682| isbn= 1-84195-017-3 | language=Inglis}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.en.imusic.dk/cd/9002986421467/nazareth-2004-golden-hits-cd |title=CD: Nazareth: Golden Hits (2004) |publisher=En.imusic.dk |date= |accessdate=3 August 2011 |archive-date=2011-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724144611/http://www.en.imusic.dk/cd/9002986421467/nazareth-2004-golden-hits-cd |url-status=dead }}</ref> As of 2012, the baund continue tae record an tour. ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Fowk frae Dunfaurlin]] [[Category:Scots muisical groups]] {{Stub/Scotland}} bpwhdfjbn2k7ij86fw3nu23ucjtvs7d 0 39452 926833 866805 2026-11-08T18:47:21Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; soorce addit 926833 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Angus Macfadyen in the film Timeless.jpg|thumb|Angus Macfadyen (2014)]] '''Angus Macfadyen''' (born [[21 September]] 1963,<ref>[http://www.filmreference.com/film/4/Angus-Macfadyen.html Biodata]</ref> in Glesga) is a Scots actor, weel kent for his roles as [[Robert the Bruce]] in ''[[Braveheart]]'' (1995)<ref name="imdb.com">{{cite web|author=Written By tknight |url=https://pro-labs.imdb.com/name/nm0005171/?ref_=sch_int |title=Angus Macfadyen - IMDbPro |publisher=Pro-labs.imdb.com |access-date=2017-09-12}}</ref> an as [[Leet o Saw chairacters#Jeff Denlon|Jeff Denlon]] in ''[[Saw III]]''. He haes maistly played supportin pairts in films sic as ''[[Titus (film)|Titus]]'', ''[[We Bought a Zoo]]'', ''[[Equilibrium (film)|Equilibrium]]'' an ''[[Cradle Will Rock]]''. He haes kythed in monie telly series sic as ''[[Californication (TV series)|Californication]]'', ''[[Criminal Minds]]'', an the final saison o ''[[Chuck (TV series)|Chuck]]''. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Macfadyen, Angus}} [[Category:1963 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Male actors frae Glesga]] [[Category:Scots male film actors]] [[Category:Scots male stage actors]] [[Category:Scots male televeesion actors]] [[Category:Breetish expatriates in Fraunce]] [[Category:Breetish expatriates in the Philippines]] [[Category:Breetish expatriates in Singapore]] [[Category:Scots expatriates in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Alumni o the Royal Central School of Speech and Drama]] [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Edinburgh]] [[Category:20t-century Scots male actors]] [[Category:21st-century Scots male actors]] {{Stub/Scotland}} {{Stub/Actor}} 5srm7ar6xl5c5ljcwyxnkv0pauka367 0 39490 926860 902201 2026-11-08T19:45:11Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 926860 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox tennis biography | name = Chris Evert | image = | image_size = 187px | caption = | nickname = ''Chrissie'' <br /> ''Ice Maiden'' | country = {{USA}} | residence = [[Boca Raton, Florida]], U.S. | birth_date = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1954|12|21}} | birth_place = [[Fort Lauderdale, Florida]], U.S. | height = {{convert|1.68|m|ftin|0|abbr=on}} | weight = {{convert|57|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} | turnedpro = 1972 | retired = 1989 | plays = Richt-handit (twa-handit backhand) | careerprizemoney = $8,895,195 | tennishofyear = 1995 | tennishofid = chris-evert | singlesrecord = 1309–145 (90.05%) | singlestitles = 157 | highestsinglesranking = No. 1 (3 November 1975) | AustralianOpenresult = '''W''' ([[:en:1982 Australian Open – Women's Singles|1982]], [[:en:1984 Australian Open – Women's Singles|1984]]) | FrenchOpenresult = '''W''' ([[:en:1974 French Open – Women's Singles|1974]], [[:en:1975 French Open – Women's Singles|1975]], [[:en:1979 French Open – Women's Singles|1979]], [[:en:1980 French Open – Women's Singles|1980]], [[:en:1983 French Open – Women's Singles|1983]], [[:en:1985 French Open – Women's Singles|1985]], [[:en:1986 French Open – Women's Singles|1986]]) | Wimbledonresult = '''W ''' ([[:en:1974 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles|1974]], [[:en:1976 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles|1976]], [[:en:1981 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles|1981]]) | USOpenresult = '''W''' ([[1975 US Open – Women's Singles|1975]], [[:en:1976 US Open – Women's Singles|1976]], [[:en:1977 US Open – Women's Singles|1977]], [[:en:1978 US Open – Women's Singles|1978]], [[:en:1980 US Open – Women's Singles|1980]], [[:en:1982 US Open – Women's Singles|1982]]) | Othertournaments = Yes | WTAChampionshipsresult = '''W''' ([[:en:1972 WTA Tour Championships|1972]], [[:en:1973 Virginia Slims Championships|1973]], [[:en:1975 Virginia Slims Championships|1975]], [[:en:1977 Virginia Slims Championships|1977]]) | doublesrecord = 117–39 (75.0%) | doublestitles = 32 | highestdoublesranking = No. 13 (12 September 1988) | AustralianOpenDoublesresult = F ([[:en:1988 Australian Open|1988]]) | FrenchOpenDoublesresult = '''W''' ([[:en:1974 French Open|1974]], [[:en:1975 French Open|1975]]) | WimbledonDoublesresult = '''W''' ([[:en:1976 Wimbledon Championships|1976]]) | updated = 14 August 2006 }} '''Christine Marie "Chris" Evert''' (born 21 December 1954) is a umwhile [[:en:List of WTA number 1 ranked players|Warld No. 1]] profeesional tennis player frae the Unitit States. She wan 18 [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] singles championships, includin a record seiven championships at the French Open an a record sax championships at the [[U.S. Open (tennis)|U.S. Open]]. She wis the year-endin Warld No. 1 singles player in 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1980, an 1981. Evert's career winnin percentage in singles matches o 90.05% (1309–145) is the best in the history o profeesional tennis, man or wumman.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sports.yahoo.com/tennis/blog/busted_racquet/post/Ranking-the-top-10-women-s-tennis-players-of-all?urn=ten,256242 |title=Ranking the top-10 women's tennis players of all time |accessdate=June 6, 2012 |archive-date=2017-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712042343/https://sports.yahoo.com/tennis/blog/busted_racquet/post/Ranking-the-top-10-women-s-tennis-players-of-all?urn=ten,256242 |url-status=dead }}</ref> On [[clay court]]s her career winnin percentage in singles matches o 94.05% (316–20) remains a WTA [[WTA Tour records|record]]. In tennis writer Steve Flink's beuk ''The Greatest Tennis Matches of the Twentieth Century'', he namit Evert as the third best female player o the 20t century, efter [[Steffi Graf]] an [[Martina Navratilova]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chrisevert.net/flink.html |work=ChrisEvert.net |title=Exclusive Interview with Steve Flink about the career of Chris Evert |accessdate=February 14, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070405170700/http://www.chrisevert.net/flink.html |archive-date=2007-04-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Evert won til 34 Grand Slam singles feenals, mair nor ony player, man or wumman, in the history o profeesional tennis.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sports.yahoo.com/tennis/news?slug=ycn-9098313 |title=Women with most tennis Grand Slam finals appearances |accessdate=June 6, 2012 |archive-date=2014-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323210932/http://sports.yahoo.com/tennis/news?slug=ycn-9098313 |url-status=dead }}</ref> She won til the semifeenals or better, in singles, o 52 o the 56 Grand Slams she played, includin the semifeenals or better o 34 consecutive Grand Slams played frae the 1971 U.S. Open throu the 1983 French Open.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wtatennis.com/player/chris-evert_2257889_2188 |title=Chris Evert WTA Player Profile |accessdate=June 6, 2012}}</ref> Evert niver lost in the first or seicont roond o a Grand Slam singles tournament. She wan 157 singles championships. In weemen's [[doubles (tennis)|doubles]], Evert wan three Grand Slam titles an 29 regular tour championships. ==References== ;Notes {{reflist|colwidth=40em}} ==Freemit airtins== * {{WTA|2188}} * {{FedCup player|20001989}} * {{ITF female profile|20001989}} * {{Tennishof|chris-evert}} {{commons category|Chris Evert}} <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] --> {{DEFAULTSORT:Evert, Chris}} [[Category:1954 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:American female tennis players]] [[Category:American fowk o Luxembourgian strynd]] [[Category:Australian Open (tennis) champions]] [[Category:French Open champions]] [[Category:Fowk frae Boca Raton, Florida]] [[Category:Fowk frae Rancho Mirage, Californie]] [[Category:Fowk frae Fort Lauderdale, Florida]] [[Category:Tennis commentators]] [[Category:Internaitional Tennis Haw o Fame inductees]] [[Category:Tennis fowk frae Florida]] [[Category:Tennis players at the 1988 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:US Open (tennis) champions]] [[Category:Wimbledon champions]] [[Category:Warld No. 1 tennis players]] [[Category:Grand Slam (tennis) champions in weemen's singles]] [[Category:Grand Slam (tennis) champions in weemen's doobles]] {{Stub/USA}} {{Stub/Sport}} n5r2kt0sy5pnn2vm52rvtiy6wsrhn8m 0 39572 927189 829181 2026-11-09T09:07:32Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 927189 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Settlement |official_name = Othón P. Blanco |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |settlement_type = Municipality |motto = |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_seal = |image_shield = |shield_alt = |image_blank_emblem =OTHON P. BLANCO.png |blank_emblem_type = Emblem |image_map = Othon P. Blanco en Quintana Roo.svg |mapsize = |map_caption = Location o Othón P. Blanco in Quintana Roo |pushpin_map = Mexico |pushpin_label_position = left |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Mexico}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Poleetical diveesions o Mexico|State]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Quintana Roo]] |subdivision_type2 = Municipal Seat |subdivision_name2 = [[Chetumal]] |government_type = |named_for = [[Othón P. Blanco Núñez de Cáceres]] |leader_title = Municipal Preses<ref>[http://www.opb.gob.mx/ Ayuntamiento de Othon P. Blanco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110618113556/http://www.opb.gob.mx/ |date=2011-06-18 }} Official website (In Spanish)</ref> |leader_name = Andrés Ruiz Morcillo |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |established_title = |established_date = |established_title2 = |established_date2 = |established_title3 = Municipality Foondit |established_date3 = 5 Mey 1898 |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = 17189.75 |area_total_sq_mi = |area_note = <ref name="e-local.gob.mx">[http://www.e-local.gob.mx/wb2/ELOCAL/ELOC_Municipios_de_mayor_y_menor_extension_territo The largest and smallest municipalities in land area] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017053709/http://www.e-local.gob.mx/wb2/ELOCAL/ELOC_Municipios_de_mayor_y_menor_extension_territo |date=2013-10-17 }} Instituto Nacional Para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal</ref> |area_land_km2 = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_km2 = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = | area_footnotes = |population_as_of = 2010 <ref name="2010 census tables: INEGI">[http://mapserver.inegi.org.mx/mgn2k/?s=geo&c=1223 2010 census tables: INEGI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225034233/http://mapserver.inegi.org.mx/mgn2k/?s=geo&c=1223%20 |date=2018-12-25 }}</ref> |population_note = |population_total = 244553 |population_density_km2 = auto |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = 182178 |population_blank1_title =[[Demonym]] |population_blank1 = |timezone = [[North American Central Time Zone|Central Staundart Time]] |utc_offset = -6 |timezone_DST = [[North American Central Time Zone|Central Daylicht Time]] |utc_offset_DST = -5 |coordinates = {{coord|18|30|13|N|88|18|19|W|region:MX_type:city|display=inline}} |elevation_m = 10 |elevation_ft = |postal_code_type = |area_code = |postal_code = |blank_name_sec1 = |blank_info_sec1 = |blank_name_sec1 = [[INEGI]] Code |blank_info_sec1 = 004 |blank_name_sec2 = Major Airport |blank_info_sec2 = [[Chetumal Internaitional Airport|Chetumal Airport]] |blank1_name_sec2 = [[IATA Airport Code|IATA Code]] |blank1_info_sec2 = [[Chetumal Internaitional Airport|CTM]] |blank2_name_sec2 = [[ICAO airport code|ICAO Code]] |blank2_info_sec2 = [[Chetumal Internaitional Airport|MMCM]] |website =[http://www.opb.gob.mx/ Official Site] |footnotes = [[Municipalities o Quintana Roo]] }} The [[municipalities o Mexico|municipality]] o '''Othón P. Blanco''' is ane o the [[Municipalities o Quintana Roo|ten subdiveesions (''municipios'')]] o the [[Poleetical diveesions o Mexico|Mexican state]] o [[Quintana Roo]]. It is the fift-lairgest municipality in land aurie in Mexico, at 17,189.75&nbsp;km² (6,637 sq mi),<ref name="e-local.gob.mx">[http://www.e-local.gob.mx/wb2/ELOCAL/ELOC_Municipios_de_mayor_y_menor_extension_territo The largest and smallest municipalities in land area] Instituto Nacional Para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal</ref> occupyin mair nor a third o the entire state.<ref>[http://comunicacionopb.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=36&Itemid=37 Othón P. Blanco, Ubicación Geográfica] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704014532/http://www.comunicacionopb.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=36&Itemid=37 |date=2009-07-04 }}</ref> It haed a 2010 census population o 244,553 persons. Its municipal seat is the ceety o [[Chetumal]], which serves as the state caipital an aw. The municipal govrenment is heidit bi the municipal preses o Othón P. Blanco (mayor o Othón P. Blanco, aka mayor o Chetumal). The municipality is namit efter [[Othón P. Blanco Núñez de Cáceres]]. ==Major commonties== The 2010 census enumeratit 727 populatit localities plus 804 unpopulatit localities. The lairgest localities (ceeties, touns, an veelages) are leetit belaw.<ref name="2010 census tables: INEGI">[http://mapserver.inegi.org.mx/mgn2k/?s=geo&c=1223 2010 census tables: INEGI]</ref> In early 2011, housomeivver, the municipality wis split intae twa pairts, wi mony o the localities nou comprisin pairt o the newly-creatit [[Bacalar Municipality]]. {| class="wikitable" |- style="background:#000000; color:black;" ! '''Name''' !! '''2010 Census Population''' |- | [[Chetumal]] || 151,243 |- | [[Bacalar, Quintana Roo|Bacalar]] [tae Bacalar Municipality in 2011] || 11,048 |- | [[Calderitas, Quintana Roo|Calderitas]] || 5,326 |- | [[Nicolás Bravo, Quintana Roo|Nicolás Bravo]] || 4,011 |- | [[Javier Rojo Gómez]] || 2,911 |- | [[Álvaro Obregón, Quintana Roo|Álvaro Obregón]] || 2,869 |- | [[Limones, Quintana Roo|Limones]] [tae Bacalar Municipality in 2011] || 2,535 |- | [[Sergio Butrón Casas]] || 2,235 |- | Cacao || 2,056 |- | Xul-Ha || 2,037 |- | Maya Balam || 2,018 |- | Subteniente López || 1,915 |- | Pucté || 1,861 |- | Carlos A. Madrazo || 1,825 |- | Huay-Pix || 1,649 |- style="background:#CFCFCF;" | '''Tot Municipality''' || '''244,553''' |} ===Ither commonties=== * [[Mahahual]] (pop. 920) * [[Xcalak, Quintana Roo|Xcalak]] (pop. 375) ==Aircheological Steids== * Dzibanché * [[Kohunlich]] * Oxtankah * Chakanbakán * Kinichna * Ichkabal * Zamora ==Ecoseestems== The vegetation foond in the municipality o Othon P. Blanco is maistly o medium forest, spannin maist o the interior o the municipality an thare are mair representative plant species are the [[sapodilla]], the ramon, the [[guayabillo]] an [[Chaco (plant)|Chaco]], mair isolatit auries athin the municipality is populatit bi heich forest, whare you can fynd the siricote, the palo de tinte an [[mahogany]], tae the soothwast o the toun are engagit in auries o rainfed agricultur an irrigation, the main crop o [[succarcane]], alang wi the Caribbean coast can be tracit mainly [[mangroves]].<ref>{{cite web |title = Quintana Roo. Mapa de Agricultura y Vegetación |author = Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía |url = http://mapserver.inegi.gob.mx/geografia/espanol/estados/qroo/agri.cfm |format = HTML |access-date = 2012-10-12 |archive-date = 2012-01-27 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120127094800/http://mapserver.inegi.gob.mx/geografia/espanol/estados/qroo/agri.cfm |url-status = dead }}</ref> The fauna is rich an variet, amang the main species is the [[manatee]], marine mammal that lives in bays an lagoons lictors an haes acome a seembol o the region, an ane can fynd species such as [[agouti]], wild boar, [[white-tailed deer]], [[otters]], [[turtles]] an birds. For the pertection o ainimal an plant species in Othon P. Blanco thare are three zones o ecological reserve, the aurie o Protection o Flora an Fauna Uaymil locatit on the northeast coast o the territory, near Mahahual, an the Manatee Sanctuary in the Bay o Chetumal an the Biosphere Reserve Banco Chinchorro. ==Tourism== Locatit on the coast, the eco resort o Kabah-na affers anerlie fower cabins in a hexagon shape tae circulate the air an thatched ruifs which keep the interior temperatur ceul. A complex seestem o solar panels provides energy 24 oors a day as well as het watter. The resort affers restaurant, beach bar, ootdoor showers, hammocks, beach volleybaw, canoes, snorkelin equipment an mair.<ref name="kabahna">{{cite journal |year=2009 |month=December|title=Kabah-na |journal=Mexico Desconocido |volume=394 |page=33 |publisher=Grupo Editorial Impresiones Aéreas |location=Mexico City |issn=1870-9397 |language=Spanish }}</ref> At Laguna de Bacalar is Rancho Encantado which is locatit on the edge o a lagoon. It consists o twal cabins palm-thatched roofs, handmade furnitur an decoratit wi Mexican accents. The cabins are surroondit bi tropical gardens in which live mair nor 150 species o birds amang the tropical fruit orchards.<ref name="encantado">{{cite journal |year=2009 |month=December|title=Rancho Encantado |journal=Mexico Desconocido |volume=394 |page=33 |publisher=Grupo Editorial Impresiones Aéreas |location=Mexico City |issn=1870-9397 |language=Spanish }}</ref> ==Gallery== <gallery> Image:Rio Hondo.jpg|Río Hondo Image:Canal de zaragoza.JPG|Aerial view o the Zaragoza Canal, the Bay o Chetumal an the Caribbean Sea Image:Bacalar01.jpg|Bacalar Lagoon Image:Entronque carretero Chetumal-Bacalar.JPG|Junction o Highway 186 an 307 sooth o Laguna Bacalar </gallery> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Quintana Roo}} [[Category:Municipalities o Quintana Roo]] r1e5ijfjns6ojg9ot3gsbnyvlevcd3c 0 39907 926987 846594 2026-11-08T21:59:09Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; infobox, history, observance an poppy addit, soorced 926987 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox holiday |holiday_name = Remembrance Day |official_name = Remembrance Day |image = Royal British Legion's Paper Poppy - white background.jpg |caption = The poppy is worn aroond Poppy Day, bi tradeetion frae [[All Souls' Day]] (2 November) tae Remembrance Day (11 November), or tae Remembrance Sunday gin that faws later, in the Unitit Kinrick. |nickname = Poppy Day |observedby = Maistly kintras o the [[Commonweel o Nations]] |duration = 1 day |frequency = Ilka year |date = 11 November |scheduling = same day ilka year |observances = Parades, silences |type = international |significance = Minds the war deid |relatedto = [[Armistice Day]], [[Remembrance Sunday]] }} '''Remembrance Day''' (kent as '''Poppy Day''' an aw, efter the tradeetion o wearin a [[remembrance poppy]]) is a memorial day observit in kintras that war ance pairt o the [[Breetish Empire]], an in member states o the [[Commonweel o Nations|Commonweel]], syne the end o the [[Warld War I|First Warld War]], tae honour members o the airmed forces that hae deed in the line o duty.<ref>{{cite web |title=Remembrance Day and Remembrance Sunday in the UK: FAQs |url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-12243/|access-date=8 November 2026|language=en|publisher=UK Parlilament}}</ref> The day is merkit wi war remembrances in a wheen o ither kintras ootwith the Commonweel an aw. In maist kintras, Remembrance Day is observit on [[11 November]] tae mind the end o the fechtin in the First Warld War. The fechtin endit at the 11t oor o the 11t day o the 11t month o 1918, unner the Armistice signed bi representatives o [[Germany]] an the Entente atween 5:12 an 5:20 that mornin. ("The 11t oor" means the ''passin'' o the 11t oor, or 11:00&nbsp;am.) The First Warld War endit formally wi the signin o the [[Treaty o Versailles]] on [[28 Juin]] 1919.<ref>{{cite web |title=World War I Ended With the Treaty of Versailles |url=http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/jazz/jb_jazz_ww1_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624193218/http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/jazz/jb_jazz_ww1_1.html |archive-date=24 June 2016 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> Remembrance Day grew oot o [[Armistice Day]]. The first Armistice Day wis held in the grunds o [[Buckingham Pailace]] on the mornin o 11 November 1919. Durin the [[Warld War II|Seicont Warld War]], monie kintras chynged the nem o the day: member states o the Commonweel took on Remembrance Day, while the [[Unitit States]] chose Veterans Day.<ref name=vet>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/armistice-day-remembrance-day-and-veterans-day-whats-the-difference-a6730081.html|title=Armistice Day, Remembrance Day and Veterans Day – what's the difference?|first=Samuel|last=Osborne|date=11 November 2015|access-date=18 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118032603/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/armistice-day-remembrance-day-and-veterans-day-whats-the-difference-a6730081.html|archive-date=18 November 2018|newspaper=The Independent}}</ref> == History == [[File:Remembrance Sunday (49044655297).jpg|thumb|Remembrance Sunday]] The day wis dedicatit bi [[George V o the Unitit Kinrick|King George&nbsp;V]] on [[7 November]] 1919 as a day o remembrance for members o the airmed forces that war killt in the First Warld War. This wis mebbe done on the suggestion o Edward George Honey tae Wellesley Tudor Pole, that set up twa ceremonial periods o remembrance based on events in 1917.<ref name="lRSA">{{cite web | publisher=rsa.org.nz | title=The Remembrance Ceremony | url=http://www.rsa.org.nz/remem/rsa_hist_ceremony.html | accessdate=2011-11-11 | language=Inglis | archive-date=2010-06-04 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100604230050/http://www.rsa.org.nz/remem/rsa_hist_ceremony.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> == Observance == The common Breetish, Canadian, Sooth African an [[Anzac Day|Anzac]] tradeetion includes a ane- or twa-minute silence at the elevent oor o the elevent day o the elevent month (11:00&nbsp;am, 11 November), as that merks the time (in the Unitit Kinrick) that the Armistice cam intae force.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/15492752 |title=Remembrance Day: What is it and how will 2020 be different? |publisher=BBC |date=8 November 2020 |access-date=10 November 2020}}</ref> The Service o Remembrance in monie Commonweel kintras ordinarly includes the soondin o the "[[Last Post]]", follit bi the silence, an then "Reveille" or whiles juist "The Rouse". The service ends wi a readin o the "Ode of Remembrance". "[[Flowers of the Forest]]", "O Valiant Hearts", "I Vow to Thee, My Country" an "Jerusalem" are aften played at the service. Services include wreaths laid tae honour the fawen, blissins an naitional anthems an aw.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/feature/vetweek/comm_guide |title=A Guide to Commemorative Services – Veterans Affairs Canada |publisher=Veterans Affairs Canada |date=1 October 2011 |access-date=11 November 2011 |archive-date=9 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309121347/http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/feature/vetweek/comm_guide |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Unitit Kinrick === [[File:Remembrance Day 2020 (50589809201).jpg|thumb|A twa-minute silence held bi the [[First Meenister o Scotland]], [[Nicola Sturgeon]], an members o the Breetish Airmed Forces on Remembrance Day]] Wreath-layin ceremonies, ordinarly organised bi local branches o the [[Royal British Legion]], are held on Remembrance Day at maist war memorials athort the UK at 11&nbsp;am on 11 November, wi twa meenits o silence. The custom haed lapsed afore a campaign tae bring it back stairtit in the early 1990s.<ref name="Hall">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/515640.stm|title=UK War dead remembered |last=Hall|first=Robert|date=11 November 1999|work=BBC News|publisher=BBC|access-date=11 November 2011}}</ref> Monie employers an businesses ask thair staff an customers tae keep the twa meenits' silence at 11:00&nbsp;am.<ref name="BBC">{{cite news | publisher=BBC | title=War dead remembered | url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/515640.stm |date=11 November 1999 |access-date=11 November 2011}}</ref> The main observance in the Unitit Kinrick is [[Remembrance Sunday]], held on the Sunday nearest 11 November. There is a Naitional Service o Remembrance in Lunnon, as weel as ither services an ceremonies roond the kintra. == The poppy == The reid [[remembrance poppy]] haes come tae be a weel-kent emblem o Remembrance Day. The first lines o the First Warld War poem "[[In Flanders Fields]]" refer tae Flanders poppies growin amang the graves o war deid in a region o [[Belgium]].<ref name="fox">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Fox |first=James |title=Poppy Politics: Remembrance of Things Present |editor-link=Constantine Sandis |editor-first=Constantine |editor-last=Sandis |encyclopedia=Cultural Heritage Ethics: Between Theory and Practice |publisher=Open Book Publishers |date=2014 |pages=23–28 |isbn=978-1-78374-067-3}}</ref> In [[Scotland]], remembrance poppies are makkit an gien oot bi the [[Earl Haig Fund Scotland]], or Poppyscotland.<ref name=wherebbc>{{citation|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-15637074|title=Who, What, Why: Which countries wear poppies?|work=BBC News website|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation|access-date=5 November 2022|date=9 November 2011|author1-last=Rahman|author1-first=Rema|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028222119/https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-15637074|archive-date=2014-10-28}}</ref> The Scots poppy is a wee bit different frae the Royal British Legion's: it is curlt, wi fower petals an nae leaf. Poppies gien oot bi the Earl Haig Fund Scotland are makkit at Lady Haig's Poppy Factory in [[Embra]]. As o 2011, Poppyscotland wis said tae gie oot aboot five million poppies ilka year.<ref name=wherebbc/> == References == {{Reflist}} m9q3qnbb56maajq3efkquy4jgt8z60u 1 39909 926990 495365 2026-11-08T22:00:44Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin refs 926990 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talkpage}} {{Translatit page|en|Remembrance Day|version=1384480877}} {{Translatit page|en|Remembrance poppy|version=1384525856}} r9vmv6mfe7nyusx1wsqroc57t53zt5p 0 40148 927210 681018 2026-11-09T10:02:41Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; foondin addit, soorced 927210 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Sydney Roosters''' are an [[Australie|Australian]] professional [[rugby league]] fitbaw club based in the Eastern Suburbs o [[Sydney]]. The club plays in the [[National Rugby League]] (NRL). It wis foondit on 24 Januar 1908 as the Eastern Suburbs District Rugby League Football Club, at a meetin in Paddington Toun Ha in Sydney.<ref name="rl1908">{{cite web |url=http://www.rl1908.com/Clubs/Sydney-Roosters.htm |title=Sydney Roosters (Eastern Suburbs) |publisher=RL1908.com |access-date=15 August 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061021080326/http://www.rl1908.com/Clubs/Sydney-Roosters.htm |archive-date=21 October 2006 }}</ref> It is ane o the auldest an maist successfu clubs in Australian rugby league history, an haes wan the [[New South Wales Rugby League premiership|New South Wales Rugby League]] an National Rugby League titles monie times. The club hauds the record for the langest winnin streak, the maist wins an the second biggest winnin margin in Australian rugby league history. The Roosters are the anely team tae hae played in ilka season at the elite level, an in recent years thay hae been cried the "glamour club" o the NRL.<ref>[http://www.smh.com.au/rugby-league/league-news/theres-still-reason-to-hate-those-roosters-champion-20100313-q55o.html Beau Champion taunts Sydney Roosters - smh.com.au]</ref> ==Fitmerks== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Sydney Roosters]] [[Category:National Rugby League clubs]] [[Category:Fan-awned fitbaw clubs]] [[Category:Sydney Cricket Ground]] [[Category:1908 establishments in Australie]] [[Category:NRL Women's Premiership]] {{Stub/Antip}} {{Stub/Sport}} d6y0elyae92q5d24h6i96qg5d7uaau0 0 40157 927099 833115 2026-11-08T22:41:56Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 927099 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sylvia Kristel 926-2274.jpg|thumb|upright|Sylvia Kristel 1973.]] '''Sylvia Maria Kristel''' ([[28 September]] 1952, in [[Utrecht]]<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-19990457 Sylvia Kristel, star of ''Emmanuelle'', dies], BBC News, 18 October 2012. Retrieved 18 October 2012. {{en}}</ref> &ndash; [[17 October]] 2012)<ref name=Xfin-AP-art>{{cite web|last=Corder|first=Mike|title='Emmanuelle' star Sylvia Kristel dies at age 60|url=http://xfinity.comcast.net/articles/entertainment/20121018/EU.Netherlands.Obit.Kristel/|publisher=The Associated Press, Xfinity.com|accessdate=18 October 2012|language=Inglis|archive-date=2012-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114002008/http://xfinity.comcast.net/articles/entertainment/20121018/EU.Netherlands.Obit.Kristel/|url-status=dead}}</ref> wis a [[Dutch fowk|Dutch]] actress that performed in ower 50 films, an wis maist kent for playin the lead chairacter in fower o the seiven ''[[Emmanuelle]]'' films.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.volkskrant.nl/vk/nl/2676/Cultuur/article/detail/3333629/2012/10/18/Actrice-Sylvia-Kristel-60-overleden.dhtml?utm_source=dailynewsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=20121018&utm_content=|title=Actrice Sylvia Kristel (60) overleden|date=18 October 2012|work=de Volkskrant|accessdate=18 October 2012|language=Dutch}}</ref><ref>[http://movies.nytimes.com/person/39401/Sylvia-Kristel ''The New York Times''] {{en}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kristel, Sylvia}} [[Category:1952 births]] [[Category:2012 daiths]] [[Category:20t-century Dutch actresses]] [[Category:20t-century Dutch weemen writers]] [[Category:21st-century Dutch actresses]] [[Category:21st-century Dutch weemen writers]] [[Category:Dutch autobiographers]] [[Category:Dutch female models]] [[Category:Dutch female sangsters]] [[Category:Dutch film actresses]] [[Category:Dutch televeesion actresses]] [[Category:Dutch biografers]] [[Category:Dutch weemen writers]] [[Category:Daiths frae esophageal cancer]] [[Category:Daiths frae buff cancer]] [[Category:Daiths frae cancer in the Netherlands]] [[Category:Fowk frae Utrecht (ceety)]] [[Category:Saftcore pornografie]] [[Category:Weemen autobiografers]] [[Category:Weemen biografers]] {{Stub/Europe}} {{Stub/Actress}} bzzss9s898mx5ryjj2x7rfs0iqs8skx 927132 927099 2026-11-08T23:13:20Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927132 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sylvia Kristel 926-2274.jpg|thumb|upright|Sylvia Kristel in 1973]] '''Sylvia Maria Kristel''' (28 September 1952, in Utrecht<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-19990457 Sylvia Kristel, star of ''Emmanuelle'', dies], BBC News, 18 October 2012. Retrieved 18 October 2012. {{en}}</ref> &ndash; 17 October 2012)<ref name=Xfin-AP-art>{{cite web|last=Corder|first=Mike|title='Emmanuelle' star Sylvia Kristel dies at age 60|url=http://xfinity.comcast.net/articles/entertainment/20121018/EU.Netherlands.Obit.Kristel/|publisher=The Associated Press, Xfinity.com|accessdate=18 October 2012|language=Inglis|archive-date=2012-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114002008/http://xfinity.comcast.net/articles/entertainment/20121018/EU.Netherlands.Obit.Kristel/|url-status=dead}}</ref> wis a Dutch actress that performed in ower 50 film, an wis maist kent fur pleyin the lead chairacter in fower o the seiven ''[[Emmanuelle]]'' films.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.volkskrant.nl/vk/nl/2676/Cultuur/article/detail/3333629/2012/10/18/Actrice-Sylvia-Kristel-60-overleden.dhtml?utm_source=dailynewsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=20121018&utm_content=|title=Actrice Sylvia Kristel (60) overleden|date=18 October 2012|work=de Volkskrant|accessdate=18 October 2012|language=Dutch}}</ref><ref>[http://movies.nytimes.com/person/39401/Sylvia-Kristel ''The New York Times''] {{en}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kristel, Sylvia}} [[Category:1952 births]] [[Category:2012 daiths]] [[Category:20t-century Dutch actresses]] [[Category:20t-century Dutch weemen writers]] [[Category:21st-century Dutch actresses]] [[Category:21st-century Dutch weemen writers]] [[Category:Dutch autobiographers]] [[Category:Dutch female models]] [[Category:Dutch female sangsters]] [[Category:Dutch film actresses]] [[Category:Dutch televeesion actresses]] [[Category:Dutch biografers]] [[Category:Dutch weemen writers]] [[Category:Daiths frae esophageal cancer]] [[Category:Daiths frae buff cancer]] [[Category:Daiths frae cancer in the Netherlands]] [[Category:Fowk frae Utrecht (ceety)]] [[Category:Saftcore pornografie]] [[Category:Weemen autobiografers]] [[Category:Weemen biografers]] {{Stub/Europe}} {{Stub/Actress}} dn8m8dxsrkd2aaerpfwje6l2p7s1tsi 0 40560 926798 807400 2026-11-08T18:14:11Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; actin career addit 926798 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Macdonald of Glenco (R. R. McIan).jpg|thumb|238px|A [[MacDonald o Glencoe]] (McIan), frae ''The Clans of the Scottish Highlands'' (1845).]] [[File:Mac_Nicol_(R._R._McIan).jpg|238px|thumb|A member o [[Clan MacNeacail]], frae ''The Clans of the Scottish Highlands'' (1845).]] '''Robert Ronald McIan''' (1803 &ndash; [[13 December]] 1856), or '''Robert Ranald McIan''', wis a Scots actor an painter. He is maist weel kent for [[romanticism|romanticised]] depictions o [[Scots clan]]smen, thair battles an domestic life. He wis born in Scotland in 1803,<ref name="DNB">{{DNB Cite|wstitle=M'Ian, Robert Ronald|first=John Miller |last=Gray|volume=35}}</ref> an becam an actor in Bristol an Bath afore he gaed tae Lunnon, whaur he played at Covent Garden in 1838 an Drury Lane the year efter. He wis kent for playin Hielanders on the stage, at a time whan the novels o [[Walter Scott]] haed waukent an interest in [[Hieland]] culture.<ref name="DNB" /> His wife, Fanny McIan, wis a painter an an early teacher o airt tae weemen. == References == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:McIan, RR}} [[Category:1803 births]] [[Category:1856 daiths]] [[Category:Scots fowk]] [[Category:Scots actors]] [[Category:19t-century Scots penters]] {{Stub/Scotland}} {{Stub/Actor}} rlcej7s0uvjitliuh0drx07haw7megf 0 42302 927141 924849 2026-11-08T23:27:34Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 927141 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox single | Name = Gangnam Style | Cover = Gangnam Style Official Cover.png | Artist = [[PSY]] | Album = [[PSY 6 (Six Rules), Part 1]] | Released = {{Start date|2012|07|15}} | Format = [[CD single]], [[muisic dounlaid|deegital dounlaid]] | Genre = [[K-pop]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Fisher|first=Max|title=Visual music: How 'Gangnam Style' exploited K-pop's secret strength and overcame its biggest weakness|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/10/18/visual-music-how-gangnam-style-exploited-k-pops-secret-strength-and-overcame-its-biggest-weakness/|work=The Washington Post|accessdate=2012-11-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Cochrane|first=Greg|title=Gangnam Style the UK's first K-pop number one|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/19658732|publisher=BBC|accessdate=2012-11-11}}</ref> | Length = {{Duration|m=3|s=39}} | Label = [[YG Entertainment|YG]], [[Universal Republic Records|Universal Republic]], [[Schoolboy Records|Schoolboy]] | Writer = [[PSY|Park Jae-Sang]], [[Yoo Gun-hyung]]<ref name=billboard1007965212>{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/chart-search-results/singles/14288307 |title=Rap Songs 2012-10-20 |work=[[Billboard magazine|Billboard]] |date=October 1, 2012 |accessdate=2012-10-12 |archive-date=2012-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202220541/http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/chart-search-results/singles/14288307 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | Producer = Park Jae-Sang, Yoo Gun-hyung<ref>{{cite album-notes |title=Gangnam Style |artist=[[PSY|Psy]] |year=2012 |url=http://www.discogs.com/viewimages?release=3945023 |publisher=[[Universal Republic]] }}</ref> | Chronology = PSY | Last single = "Korea"<br />(2012) | This single = "'''Gangnam Style'''"<br />(2012) }} "'''Gangnam Style'''" ({{lang-ko|강남스타일}}, {{IPA-ko|kaŋnam sɯtʰail|IPA}}) is a [[K-pop]] [[CD single|single]] bi Sooth Korean muisicker [[PSY]]. The sang wis lowsed on 15 Julie 2012, as the [[lead single]] o his saxt studio album ''[[PSY 6 (Six Rules), Part 1]]''. "Gangnam Style" debuted at nummer ane on the [[Gaon Chairt]], the naitional record chairt o [[Sooth Korea]]. On 21 December 2012, at aroond 3:50 [[UTC]], "Gangnam Style" became the first video in the history o the Internet tae be viewed mair nor 1 billion times.<ref name=billboardbillion>{{cite web|last=Gruger|first=William|title=PSY's 'Gangnam Style' Video Hits 1 Billion Views, Unprecedented Milestone |url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/industry/digital-and-mobile/psy-s-gangnam-style-video-hits-1-billion-1008059152.story|publisher=Billboard|accessdate=21 December 2012}}</ref> As o 21 December 2012, the muisic video haes been viewed ower 1 billion times on [[YouTube]],<ref name=officialvideo>{{cite web |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9bZkp7q19f0 |title=PSY – GANGNAM STYLE (강남스타일) M/V |format=YouTube |author=officialpsy |authorlink=Psy (rapper) |date=2012-11-08}}</ref> an is the steid's maist watched video efter surpassin [[Justin Bieber]]'s single "[[Baby (Justin Bieber song)|Baby]]."<ref name=lipshutz1>{{cite web |last=Lipshutz |first=Jason |title=PSY's 'Gangnam Style' Passes Justin Bieber's 'Baby' for YouTube Crown |url=http://www.billboard.com/news/psy-s-gangnam-style-passes-justin-bieber-1008026962.story |publisher=Billboard |accessdate=2012-11-24}}</ref><ref name=currentyoutubecharts>{{cite web |title=Charts - All categories - Most Viewed Videos - All Time | work=YouTube |url=http://www.youtube.com/charts/videos_views?t=a |accessdate=24 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.3news.co.nz/Gangnam-Style-now-most-watched-video-on-YouTube/tabid/418/articleID/278067/Default.aspx |agency=Associated Press |work=3 News NZ |title=Gangnam Style now most-watched video on YouTube |date=2012-11-26 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The phrase "Gangnam Style" is a Korean [[neologism]] that refers tae a lifestyle associatit wi the [[Gangnam Destrict]] o [[Seoul]]. The sang an its accompanyin muisic video gaed [[viral video|viral]] in August 2012 an hae [[:en:Gangnam Style in popular culture|influencit popular cultur]] warldwide syne than. "Gangnam Style" receivit mixed tae positive reviews, wi praise goin tae its catchy beat an PSY's amusin dance muives (whilk thairsels hae acome a phenomenon) in the muisic video an durin live performances in various locations aroond the warld. On 20 September 2012, "Gangnam Style" wis recognisit bi ''[[Guinness World Records]]'' as the maist "likit" video in YouTube history.<ref name=guinness>{{cite web |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2012/9/gangnam-style-now-most-liked-video-in-youtube-history-44977/ |title='Gangnam Style' holds guinness world record for most 'liked' video in youtube history |date=September 20, 2012 |accessdate=2012-09-21 |work=[[Guinness World Records]]}}</ref> It subsequently wan [[2012 MTV Europe Music Awards#Best Video|Best Video]] at the [[MTV Europe Muisic Awairds]] hudden later that year.<ref>{{cite web |title=2012 MTV EMA Winners |url=http://www.mtv.tv/news/2012-mtv-ema-winners/ |publisher=MTV |accessdate=2012-11-11}}</ref> It became a springheid o [[parody|parodies]] an reaction videos bi mony different individuals, groups an organisations whiles inspirin flashmobs in [[Paris]], [[Roum]] an [[Milan]] wi tens o thoosans o pairticipants at ilka ane. Bi the end o 2012, the sang haed toppit the muisic chairts o mair nor 30 kintras includin Austrailie, Canadae, Fraunce, Germany, Italy, Roushie, Spainie, an the Unitit Kinrick. Awbeit the sang's reception in Japan remained lukewarm, the sang toppit Cheenae's [[Baidu 500]] dounlaid leet an wis labelled bi state-controlled media as haein a "divine melody."<ref>{{cite web |title=洛阳版"神曲"《江南style》走红 演员全是网友 |language=Cheenese |url=http://www.ha.xinhuanet.com/zfwq/2012-10/17/c_113395295.htm |agency=Xinhua News Agency |accessdate=October 26, 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6C48DpfCc?url=http://www.ha.xinhuanet.com/zfwq/2012-10/17/c_113395295.htm |archivedate=2012-11-10 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Psy《江南style》公告牌排名第11 "马舞"蔓延全球 |url=http://ent.people.com.cn/n/2012/0920/c86955-19062701.html |date=September 20, 2012 |accessdate=2012-09-25 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6C48zkyII?url=http://ent.people.com.cn/n/2012/0920/c86955-19062701.html |archivedate=2012-11-10 |newspaper=People's Daily |language=Cheenese |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Psy brings Gangnam Style to Oz |url=http://www.vmusic.com.au/pages/main-menu/news/latest-news/psy-brings-gangnam-style-to-oz |work=Channel V Australia |accessdate=2012-10-26}}</ref> As the sang continued tae rapidly gain popularity an ubiquity, its signatur dance muives wis performit bi mony notable poleetical leaders sic as U.S. Preses [[Barack Obama]], the Breetish Prime Meenister [[David Cameron]], an UN Secretary-General [[Ban Ki-Moon]], whae hailed the sang as a "force for warld peace".<ref name=france24>{{cite news | title = Gangnam style gets UN stamp of approval | url = http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hqwu350VB9N5aQa2ueSrYqa-r4Ow?docId=CNG.130769094cf8bbda75b0c4e1cceda7aa.721 | agency = Agence France-Presse | date = October 9, 2012 | accessdate = 2012-10-09 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140228125530/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hqwu350VB9N5aQa2ueSrYqa-r4Ow?docId=CNG.130769094cf8bbda75b0c4e1cceda7aa.721 | archivedate = 2014-02-28 | url-status = live }}</ref> The sang's influence on poleetical activism wis exemplifee'd bi the cutty film ''[[Gangnam for Freedom]]''. It wis produced bi the Breetish sculptor [[Anish Kapoor]] tae advocate the [[freedom o speech|freedom o expression]] an haed subsequently wan the support o various human richts organisations includin [[Index on Censorship]] an [[Amnesty International]].<ref name=amnesty>{{cite web |title=Anish Kapoor's Gangnam style youtube film for Ai WeiWei |url=http://www.amnesty.org.uk/news_details.asp?NewsID=20462 |publisher=Amnesty International UK |date=2012-11-21 |accessdate=2013-08-31}}</ref> Accordin tae the Unitit Naitions' wittins diveesion, PSY haes acome an "internaitional sensation" throu his sang "Gangnam Style".<ref>{{cite web |title=From Korean pop music to skydiving to Earth – not-your-typical diplomatic meetings for UN Secretary-General |url=http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=43373&Cr=secretary-general&Cr1=#.UJodaWddDLQ |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=2012-11-07}}</ref> ==Track leetin== {{tracklist |headline = Digital dounlaid |title1 = Gangnam Style |length1 = 3:37 }} {{tracklist |headline = German CD Single |title1 = Gangnam Style |length1 = 3:37 |title1 = Gangnam Style (Video) |length1 = 4:13 }} ==Chairts performance== The sang debuted at nummer sax on the ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' [[Korea K-Pop Hot 100]] for the week o 28 Julie 2012.<ref name=Billboard-K-Pop-#6>{{cite web |title=Korea K-Pop Hot 100, Week of 28 July 2012 |url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/k-pop-hot-100?chartDate=2012-07-28 |work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |accessdate=2012-08-20 |archive-date=2012-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029011750/http://www.billboard.com/charts/k-pop-hot-100?chartDate=2012-07-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It than toppit the chairt the week efter,<ref name=Billboard-Benjamin/> an remained at nummer ane for five weeks.<ref name=Billboard-K-Pop>{{cite web |title=Korea K-Pop Hot 100, Week of September 2, 2012 |url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/k-pop-hot-100#/charts/k-pop-hot-100?chartDate=2012-09-01 |work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |accessdate=2012-08-25 |archive-date=2014-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009162738/http://www.billboard.com/charts/k-pop-hot-100#/charts/k-pop-hot-100?chartDate=2012-09-01 |url-status=dead }}</ref> On the [[Gaon Single Chart]], the sang wis dounlaidit 816,000 times in its first week, an wis nummer ane for five weeks. {{As o|2012|09|22}}, the sang wis dounlaidit ower 2.8 million times in Sooth Korea. In the Unitit States, "Gangnam Style" debuted at nummer 74 on ''Billboard'' [[Hot Digital Songs]] wi 23,000 dounlaids sauld in the week endin o 8 September 2012, an twa weeks later reached nummer 25 wi 61,000 dounlaids;<ref name=bb0914>{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/column/chartbeat#/column/chartbeat/weekly-chart-notes-psy-adds-style-to-the-1007949392.story |title=Weekly Chart Notes: Psy Adds 'Style' to the Hot 100 |first=Gary |last=Trust |work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |date=September 14, 2012 |accessdate=2012-09-18}}</ref> previously, 57,000 copies wur dounlaidit in the US up tae 31 August.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/news/gangnam-style-helps-psy-dance-way-to-no-1007917752.story |title='Gangnam Style' Helps Psy Dance Way to No. 1 on Social 50 Chart |work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |last=Gruger |first=William |date=August 31, 2012 |accessdate=2012-09-17}}</ref> The sang rocketit tae nummer fower for the chairt week o 29 September, wi 188,000 dounlaids.<ref name=BB11>{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/column/chartbeat#/news/maroon-5-reaches-no-1-on-hot-100-with-one-1007953852.story |title=Maroon 5 Reaches No. 1 on Hot 100 with 'One More Night' |first=Gary |last=Trust |work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |date=September 19, 2012 |accessdate=2012-09-19}}</ref> On the issue date o 22 September, it debuted at nummer 64 on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]], becomin the seicont K-pop sang tae enter the chairt ahint the [[Wonder Girls]]' "[[Nobody (Wonder Girls sang)|Nobody]]" in 2009. In the same week, "Gangnam Style" debuted on the ''Billboard'' Pop Songs at nummer 28 an aw.<ref name=bb0914/> "Gangnam Style" haed, bi 11 October, sauld ane million dounlaids in the US.<ref>{{cite news |title='Gangnam Style' Reaches 1 Million Downloads in US |url=http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/376707/gangnam-style-reaches-1-million-downloads-in-us |newspaper=Manila Bulletin |publisher=Manila Bulletin Publishing |date=October 11, 2012 |accessdate=2012-10-20 |archive-date=2012-10-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014013509/http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/376707/gangnam-style-reaches-1-million-downloads-in-us |url-status=dead }}</ref> In its seicont week on the Hot 100, "Gangnam Style" rose tae nummer 11.<ref name=BB11/> In its third week on the chairt, "Gangnam Style" rose tae nummer twa, ahint "[[One More Night (Maroon 5 soang)|One More Night]]" bi [[Maroon 5]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/news/maroon-5-still-tops-hot-100-psy-one-step-1007959552.story|work=Billboard|title=Maroon 5 Still Tops Hot 100, PSY One Step from No. 1|first=Gary|last=Trust|date=September 26, 2012|accessdate=2012-09-26}}</ref> For the week o 24 November, efter seiven weeks at nummer 2, the sang droppit tae nummer 5.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/news/maroon-5-s-one-more-night-ties-for-hot-100-1008015592.story|work=Billboard|title=Maroon 5's 'One More Night' Ties for Hot 100's Longest Lead This Year|first=Gary|last=Trust|date=November 14, 2012|accessdate=2012-11-14}}</ref> For the week o Dizember 22, the sang fell frae nummer 10 tae nummer 11.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/news/bruno-mars-makes-heaven-ly-ascent-to-no-1008047142.story|work=Billboard|title=Bruno Mars Makes 'Heaven'-ly Ascent to No. 1 on Hot 100|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.|first=Gary|last=Trust|date=2012-12-12|accessdate=2012-12-12}}</ref> The sang haes sauld 3,075,000 copies in the US as o Dizember 2012.<ref name="yahoo dec2012">{{cite news |url=http://music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart-watch/chart-watch-extra-top-songs-195035394.html |title=Chart Watch Extra: The Year’s Top Songs |author=Paul Grein |work=Chart Watch |publisher=Yahoo Music |date=December 19, 2012 |accessdate= December 19, 2012 }}</ref> On 1 September 2012, "Gangnam Style" debuted on the [[UK Singles Chart]] at nummer 196;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zobbel.de/cluk/120901cluk.txt |title=Chart Log UK: New Entries Update (1.09.2012 – week 34) |publisher=Zobbel.de |accessdate=2012-09-04 |author=Zywietz, Tobias}}</ref> in its seicont week, the sang reached nummer 61. The next week, the sang rose up tae nummer 37. On 19 September, Greg James annooncit that the sang haed climbit 21 places tae nummer 16. On 21 September, the sang haed climbit frae 16 tae 6. The sang wis 22,000 copies ahint "[[Hall of Fame (sang)|Hall of Fame]]" bi [[The Script]] wi sales o "Gangnam Style" acceleratin bi a average o 20% ilka day that week.<ref>[http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/could-gangnam-style-hit-number-1-on-sunday-1601/ "Could Gangnam Style Hit Number 1 on Sunday?"] [[Official Charts Company]].</ref> The sang eventually reached nummer three in its third week on the chairt.<ref name="Kreisler 2012-09-26">{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/gangnam-style-to-finally-conquer-the-uks-official-chart-1612/ |title=Gangnam Style to finally conquer the UK's Official Chart? |first=Lauren |last=Kreisler |publisher=The Official Charts Company |date=September 26, 2012 |accessdate=2012-09-26}}</ref> The next midweek Official Chart Update, released on 26 September, indicatit that "Gangnam Style" wis on pace tae acome nummer ane on the next offeecial chairt, set for release on 30 September.<ref name="Kreisler 2012-09-26"/> The sang, as projectit, reached the tap spot on the offeecial 30 September chairt, makkin it the first K-pop single tae dae sae.<ref name="Kreisler 2012-09-30">{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/gangnam-style-conquers-the-uk-officially-1614/ |title=Gangnam Style conquers the UK, officially |first=Lauren |last=Kreisler |publisher=The Official Charts Company |date=September 30, 2012 |accessdate=2012-09-30}}</ref> On 21 August 2012, "Gangnam Style" chairtit nummer ane on the iTunes Music Video Charts, owertakkin Justin Bieber's "[[As Long as You Love Me (Justin Bieber sang)|As Long as You Love Me]]" an [[Katy Perry]]'s "[[Wide Awake (Katy Perry sang)|Wide Awake]]"; this feat is the first for ony Sooth Korean airtist.<ref name=WSJ-Baseball>{{cite news |title=Baseball Goes Gangnam Style |author=Woo, Jaeyeon |url=http://blogs.wsj.com/korearealtime/2012/08/21/baseball-goes-gangnam-style/ |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |publisher=Dow Jones & Company |date=August 21, 2012 |accessdate=2012-08-21}}</ref> Syne early September, the sang haes peakit on ''Billboard'''s YouTube Music Chart at nummer ane.<ref name=Billboard-YouTube>{{cite web |title=YouTube Music Chart, Week of 25 August 2012 |url=http://www.billboard.com/#/charts/youtube?chartDate=2012-08-25 |work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |accessdate=2012-08-17}}</ref> ==Chairts an certifications== {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} ===Chairts=== {|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |- !Chart (2012–13) !Peak<br />poseetion |- ! scope="row" {{singlechart|Australia|1|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|accessdate=2012-09-30|refname=auschart}} |- ! scope="row" {{singlechart|Austria|1|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|accessdate=2012-10-11|refname=autchart}} |- ! scope="row" {{singlechart|Flanders|1|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|refname=belflchart}} |- ! scope="row" {{singlechart|Wallonia|1|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|refname=belwachart}} |- ! scope="row" |Bulgarie ([[Internaitional Federation o the Phonographic Industry|IFPI]])<ref>{{cite web|title=AIRPLAY TOP 5- 08.10.2012|url=http://www.bamp-bg.org/en/2009-07-08-09-48-53/nmc-charts/322-08102012-14102012.html|publisher=Bulgarian Association of the music producers|accessdate=November 1, 2012|archive-date=2012-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202124846/http://www.bamp-bg.org/en/2009-07-08-09-48-53/nmc-charts/322-08102012-14102012.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | style="text-align:center"|1 |- ! scope="row" |Colombia ([[National-Report]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Top Nacional: Semana 45. Del 05-11-2012 al 11-11-2012 |url=http://www.national-report.com/forms/init100s.php |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6DWWB1ftL?url=http://national-report.com/forms/init100s.php |archivedate=2013-01-08 |language=Spanish |publisher=National-Report |access-date=2012-12-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|3 |- ! scope="row" {{singlechart|Czech Republic|1|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|week=42|accessdate=2012-10-23|year=2012|refname=czechart}} |- ! scope="row" {{singlechart|Denmark|1|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|accessdate=2012-09-21|refname=dnkchart}} |- ! scope="row" |Europe ([[Euro Deegital Sangs]]){{citation needed|date=October 2026}} |style="text-align:center;"|1 |- ! scope="row" {{singlechart|Finland|1|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|accessdate=2012-10-01|refname=finchart}} |- ! scope="row" {{singlechart|France|1|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|accessdate=2012-10-08|refname=frachart}} |- ! scope="row" {{singlechart|Germany|1|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style (2-track)|accessdate=2012-10-24|refname=gerchart}} |- ! scope="row" | Greece Deegital Sangs ([[Billboard (magazine)|''Billboard'']])<ref>{{cite web |title=Greece Billboard |url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/chart-search-results/singles/14123967 |accessdate=2012-09-29 |archive-date=2012-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202220535/http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/chart-search-results/singles/14123967 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|1 |- ! scope="row"|Honduras ([[Honduras Tap 50]])<ref>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6BBwZQIyg?url=http://tiempo.hn/fuzion/top-50 |title=Top 50 |url=http://tiempo.hn/fuzion/top-50 |date=October 4, 2012 |archivedate=2012-10-05 |language=Spanish |work=Fuzion |publisher=[[El Tiempo (Honduras)|El Tiempo]] |access-date=2012-12-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|1 |- ! scope="row" {{singlechart|Hungarydance|3|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|week=44|year=2012|accessdate=2012-11-07}} |- ! scope="row" {{singlechart|Hungary|6|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|week=43|year=2012|accessdate=2012-11-01|refname=hunchart}} |- ! scope="row" |Iceland ([[Tónlist]])<ref name="icechart">{{cite web |title=Netlistinn viku 41, 2012 |url=http://www.tonlist.is/Music/Chartlist/513/ |publisher=Tónlist |accessdate=2012-10-15}}</ref> | style="text-align:center"|3 |- ! scope="row" {{singlechart|Ireland|2|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|week=40|year=2012|accessdate=2012-10-25|refname=irlchart}} |- ! scope="row" {{singlechart|Israelairplay|1|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|week=40|year=2012|accessdate=2012-10-04}} |- ! scope="row" |Italy ([[Federation o the Italian Muisic Industry|FIMI]])<ref name="itachart">{{cite web|title=FIMI – Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana|url=http://www.fimi.it/classifiche_result_digital.php?anno=2012&mese=10&id=381|publisher=Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana|accessdate=December 8, 2012|archive-date=2014-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531173348/http://www.fimi.it/classifiche_result_digital.php?anno=2012&mese=10&id=381|url-status=dead}}</ref> | style="text-align:center"|1 |- ! scope="row" {{singlechart|Billboardjapanhot100|20|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|accessdate=2013-04-23|refname=canadianhot100}} |- ! scope="row" |Lebanon ([[The Offeecial Lebanese Tap 20|Lebanese Tap 20]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Lebanese Top 20 Charts |url=http://www.olt20.com/Charts |publisher=The Official Lebanese Top 20 |date=October 14, 2012 |accessdate=2012-10-14 |archive-date=2013-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225144415/http://www.webcitation.org/6BUDhwoKF |url-status=dead }}</ref> | style="text-align:center"|1 |- ! scope="row" |Luxembourg ([[Luxembourg Deegital Sangs|''Billboard'']])<ref>{{cite web |title=Luxembourg Digital Songs 2012-10-13 |url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/chart-search-results/singles/14126057 |work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |accessdate=2012-09-30 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6BD1kBMwq?url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/chart-search-results/singles/14126057 |archivedate=2012-10-06 |url-status=live }}</ref> | style="text-align:center"|1 |- !scope="row" |Mexican Airplay Chart (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/chart-search-results/albums/14126557 |title=Mexico Airplay |date=October 7, 2012 |work=Billboard |accessdate=2012-10-06 |archive-date=2012-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202220528/http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/chart-search-results/albums/14126557 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|1 |- ! scope="row" |Mexico ([[Monitor Latino]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Top 20 General |url=http://radionotas.com/top-20/ml-mexico/ |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6BgUDQeOK?url=http://radionotas.com/top-20/ml-mexico/ |archivedate=2012-10-25 |work=RadioNotas |publisher=Monitor Latino Media |access-date=2012-12-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|1 |- ! scope="row" {{singlechart|Dutch40|1|year=2012|week=41|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style}} |- ! scope="row" {{singlechart|Dutch100|1|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|accessdate=2012-12-01|refname=nldmegachart}} |- ! scope="row" {{singlechart|New Zealand|1|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|accessdate=2012-09-14|refname=nzchart}} |- ! scope="row" {{singlechart|Norway|1|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|week=39|year=2012|accessdate=2012-09-28|refname=norchart}} |- ! scope="row" |Poland ([[Polis Muisic Charts|Top 5 Video Airplay]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://zpav.pl/rankingi/listy/nielsen/video.php?idlisty=818 |title=Top 5 video |publisher=[[ZPAV]] |work=[[Polish Music Charts|Polish Video Chart]] |accessdate=2012-11-01 |archive-date=2013-04-16 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130416120346/http://zpav.pl/rankingi/listy/nielsen/video.php?idlisty=818 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|1 |- ! scope="row" {{singlechart|Polishdance|6|chartid=917}} |- ! scope="row" | Portugal Digital Songs ([[Billboard (magazine)|''Billboard'']])<ref>{{cite web |title=Portugal Billboard |url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/chart-search-results/singles/14287517 |work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |accessdate=2012-10-10 |archive-date=2012-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202221205/http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/chart-search-results/singles/14287517 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | style="text-align:center"|1 |- ! scope="row" |Romanie ([[Romanie Tap 100]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Airplay 100 (25 noiembrie 2012) |url=http://www.kissfm.ro/emisiuni/54/Airplay-100.html |publisher=[[Romanian Top 100]] |accessdate=2012-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302165029/http://www.kissfm.ro/emisiuni/54/Airplay-100.html |archive-date=2013-03-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | style="text-align:center"|42 |- !scope="row"|Roushie ([[Roushie Muisic Charts|2M]])<ref>[http://lenta.ru/articles/2012/12/07/chart/ Саботаж: Российские музыкальные чарты. Недели 47 и 48 – 2012]. [[Lenta.ru]]. [[Rambler Media Group]]</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|1 |- ! scope="row" {{singlechart|Scotland|1|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|date=2012-10-06|accessdate=2012-09-30|refname=scochart}} |- ! scope="row" {{singlechart|Slovakia|7|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|week=47|year=2012|accessdate=2012-11-27|refname=svkchart}} |- ! scope="row"| South Korea ([[Gaon Single Chart|Gaon Digital Singles]])<ref name=Gaon>{{cite web |url=http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/total/list.gaon?nationGbn=T&termGbn=week&hitYear=2012&targetTime=30 |title=South Korean Gaon Chart – Week: July 15, 2012 to July 21, 2012 |language=Korean |publisher=[[Gaon Chart]] |accessdate=2012-08-10}}</ref> | style="text-align:center"|1 |- ! scope="row"| South Korea (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' [[Korea K-Pop Hot 100|K-Pop Hot 100]])<ref name=Billboard-Benjamin>{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/480682/fall-in-love-with-psys-gangnam-style-korean-rapper-goes-viral |title=Fall in Love with Psy's 'Gangnam Style' – Korean Rapper Goes Viral |last=Benjamin |first=Jeff |date=July 31, 2012 |work=[[Billboard magazine|Billboard]] |accessdate=2012-12-14}}</ref> | style="text-align:center"|1 |- ! scope="row" {{singlechart|Spain|1|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|year=2012|accessdate=2012-12-31|refname=espchart}} |- ! scope="row" {{singlechart|Sweden|2|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|accessdate=2012-09-23|refname=swechart}} |- ! scope="row" {{singlechart|Switzerland|1|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|accessdate=2012-10-04|refname=suichart}} |- ! scope="row" {{singlechart|UK|1|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|date=2012-10-06|accessdate=2012-09-30|refname=ukchart}} |- ! scope="row" {{singlechart|Billboardhot100|2|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|accessdate=2012-10-15|artistid=1923937}} |- ! scope="row" {{singlechart|Billboardpopsongs|10|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|accessdate=2013-04-23}} |- ! scope="row" {{singlechart|Billboardrapsongs|1|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|accessdate=2013-04-23}} |- ! scope="row" {{singlechart|Billboarddanceclubplay|3|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|accessdate=2013-04-23|refname=danceclubplay}} |- ! scope="row" |Venezuela Tap 100 ([[Record Report]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Top 100 |url=http://www.recordreport.com.ve/publico/?i=top100 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6BrM7CfPf?url=http://www.recordreport.com.ve/publico/?i=top100 |language=Spanish |work=[[Record Report]] |publisher=R.R. Digital C.A |date=November 3, 2012 |archivedate=2012-11-01 |access-date=2012-12-04 |url-status=live }}</ref> | style="text-align:center"|47 |} {{col-2}} ===Sales an certifications=== {{Certification Table Top}} {{Certification Table Entry|type=single|region=Australia|artist=Psy|title=Gangnam Style|award=Platinum|number=10|certyear=2013|relyear=2012|certref=<ref name="aria">{{cite web |title=ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2013 Singles |url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/httpwww.aria.com.aupagesaria-charts-accreditations-singles-2013.htm |publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]] |accessdate=2013-04-02}}</ref>|autocat=yes}} {{Certification Table Entry|type=single|region=Austria|artist=Psy|title=Gangnam Style|award=Platinum|number=2|certyear=2013|relyear=2012|autocat=yes|accessdate=2013-04-20}} {{Certification Table Entry|type=single|region=Belgium|artist=Psy|title=Gangnam Style|award=Platinum|certyear=2013|relyear=2012|autocat=yes|accessdate=2012-10-19}} {{Certification Table Entry|type=single|region=Canada|artist=Psy|title=Gangnam Style|award=Platinum|number=4|certyear=2012|relyear=2012|salesamount=320,000|autocat=yes|certref=<ref name="musiccanada">{{cite web| url=http://www.musiccanada.com/GPSearchResult.aspx?st=Gangnam+Style&sa=Psy&smt=0| title=Canadian single certifications – Psy – Gangnam Style| publisher=[[Music Canada]]| accessdate=2012-11-16| archive-date=2013-12-25| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225191630/http://www.musiccanada.com/GPSearchResult.aspx?st=Gangnam+Style&sa=PSY&smt=0| url-status=dead}}</ref>}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=Denmark|type=single|artist=Psy|title=Gangnam Style|award=Platinum|number=2|certyear=2012|relyear=2012|relmonth=09|certref=<ref name="ifpidnk">{{cite web |title=Certificeringer {{!}} ifpi.dk |url=http://www.ifpi.dk/?q=certificeringer&page=33 |publisher=[[IFPI Denmark]] |accessdate=2013-02-01 |language=Danish}}</ref>}} {{Certification Table Entry|type=single|region=Germany|artist=Psy|title=Gangnam Style|award=Gowd|certyear=2012|relyear=2012|autocat=yes|accessdate=2012-12-11|certref=<ref name="bvmi">{{cite web|url=http://www.musikindustrie.de/gold_platin_datenbank/?action=suche&strTitel=Gangnam+Style&strInterpret=Psy&strTtArt=single&strAwards=checked| title=Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Psy; 'Gangnam Style')| publisher=[[Bundesverband Musikindustrie]]| language=German}}</ref>}} {{Certification Table Entry|type=single|region=Italy|artist=Psy|title=Gangnam Style|award=Platinum|number=2|certyear=2012|relyear=2012|certref=<ref name="FIMI">{{cite web |title=Italian single certifications – Psy – Gangnam Style |url=http://www.fimi.it/temp/cert_GFK_download_512012.pdf |publisher=[[Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana]] |accessdate=2013-01-07 |archive-date=2013-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123160128/http://www.fimi.it/temp/cert_GFK_download_512012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=New Zealand|type=single|artist=Psy|title=Gangnam Style|award=Platinum|number=4|certyear=2012|relyear=2012|id=2101|autocat=yes|certref=<ref name="rianz">{{cite web| url=http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=2110| title=New Zealand single certifications – Psy – Gangnam Style| publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand]]| accessdate=2013-01-21| archive-date=2013-05-22| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522120345/http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=2110| url-status=dead}}</ref>}} {{Certification Table Entry|type=single|region=Spain|artist=Psy|title=Gangnam Style|award=Platinum|certyear=2012|relyear=2012|autocat=yes|certref=<ref>{{cite web |title=TOP 50 CANCIONES, SEMANA 03: del 14.01.2013 al 20.01.2013 |url=http://www.promusicae.es/files/listastonos/historial/TOP%2050%20CANCIONES%2013_03.pdf |publisher=[[PROMUSICAE]] |accessdate=2013-01-23 |archive-date=2013-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603040722/http://www.promusicae.es/files/listastonos/historial/TOP%2050%20CANCIONES%2013_03.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} {{Certification Table Entry|type=single|region=Sweden|artist=Psy|title=Gangnam Style|award=Platinum|number=3|certyear=2013|relyear=2012|certref=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sverigetopplistan.se/netdata/ghl002.mbr/lista?liid=41&dfom=20130213&newi=0&mode=list|title=Veckolista Singlar - Vecka 8, 22 februari 2013|language=Swadish|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|accessdate=2013-02-22|archive-date=2013-10-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004220447/http://www.sverigetopplistan.se/netdata/ghl002.mbr/lista?liid=41&dfom=20130213&newi=0&mode=list|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} {{Certification Table Entry|type=single|region=Switzerland|artist=Psy|title=Gangnam Style|award=Platinum|number=3|certyear=2013|relyear=2012|autocat=yes|accessdate=2013-03-14}} <!--- Do not update UK and US certifications until it will be updated officially on the BPI and RIAA searchable database. ---> {{Certification Table Entry|type=single|region=United Kingdom|artist=Psy|title=Gangnam Style|award=―|nocat|salesamount=1,090,000|salesref=<ref name="uksales">{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/1-billionth-singles-download-is-sold-in-the-uk-2152/|title=1 billionth singles download is sold in the UK!|first=Daniel|last=Lane|publisher=[[Official Charts Company|The Official UK Charts Company]]| date=April 9, 2013|accessdate=2013-04-10}}</ref>}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=United States|type=single|artist=Psy|title=Gangnam Style|award=Platinum|number=4|certyear=2012|relyear=2012|certref=<ref name="riaa">{{cite web| url=http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?artist=%22Gangnam+Style%22| title=American single certifications – PSY – Gangnam Style| publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]]| format=''If necessary'', ''click'' Advanced, ''then click'' Format, ''then select'' Single, ''then click'' SEARCH}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>|salesamount=4,500,000|salesref=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1558437/pink-powers-to-no-1-on-hot-100-with-just-give-me-a-reason|title=P!nk Powers to No. 1 On Hot 100 With 'Just Give Me A Reason'|first=Gary|last=Trust|publisher=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=April 17, 2013|accessdate=2013-04-17}}</ref>}} {{Certification Table Bottom|nounspecified=true}} ===Year-end charts=== {| class="wikitable" |- !scope="col"|Chart (2012) !scope="col"|Poseetion |- | Australie (ARIA Singles Chart)<ref name="ausyearend">{{cite web | url= http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-100-singles-2012.htm | title = ARIA Charts – End Of Year Charts – Top 100 Singles 2012 | publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]] | accessdate = 2013-01-08}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|2 |- | Austrick (Ö3 Austria Tap 40)<ref>{{cite web | url= http://oe3.orf.at/charts/stories/singleyear/ | title= Ö3 Austria Top40 – Single Charts 2012 | publisher= [[Hitradio Ö3]] | accessdate= 2013-01-02 | archive-date= 2012-01-04 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120104112351/http://oe3.orf.at/charts/stories/singleyear/ | url-status= dead }}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|13 |- | Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=2012&cat=s |publisher=[[Ultratop]]. Hung Medien | language = Dutch| accessdate = 2012-12-28 | title = Jaaroverzichten 2012 – Singles}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|7 |- | Belgium (Ultratop 40 Wallonia)<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ultratop.be/fr/annual.asp?year=2012&cat=s |publisher=Ultratop. Hung Medien | language = French | accessdate = 2012-12-28 | title = Rapports Annuels 2012 – Singles}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|10 |- | Canada (Canadian Het 100)<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2012/canadian-hot-100?begin=31&order=position| title=Best of 2012 – Canadian Hot 100| work=Billboard| publisher=Rovi Corporation| date=December 14, 2012| accessdate=2012-12-18}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|37 |- | Denmark (Hitlisten)<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.hitlisten.nu/default.asp?getreq=%2FTrack_Top-50_2012%2Epdf| title=Track 2012 | publisher=''[[IFPI Danmark]]'' | accessdate=2013-03-02}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|3 |- | Fraunce (SNEP)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.snepmusique.com/fr/pag-259376-Classements-Annuels.html?year=2012 | title=Classement Singles – année 2012 | language=French | work=''[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique]]'' | publisher=GFK Music | accessdate=2013-02-14 | archive-date=2013-10-14 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014064915/http://www.snepmusique.com/fr/pag-259376-Classements-Annuels.html?year=2012 | url-status=dead }}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|4 |- | Germany (Media Control AG)<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.mix1.de/charts/jahrescharts-2012-singles.htm| title=Jahrescharts 2012| publisher=media control GfK| accessdate=2013-01-04| archive-date=2013-01-20| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120020347/http://www.mix1.de/charts/jahrescharts-2012-singles.htm| url-status=dead}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|8 |- | Hungary (Rádiós Tap 40)<ref>{{cite web |title=MAHASZ Rádiós TOP 100 2012|url=http://zene.slagerlistak.hu/archivum/eves-osszesitett-listak/radios/2012|publisher=[[Mahasz]] |language=hungarian |accessdate=2013-01-18}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|54 |- | Israel (Media Forest Radio Airplay)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mako.co.il/music-news/radio_airplay_chart/Article-d151b59786afb31006.htm&sCh=3d385dd2dd5d4110&pId=1080044444|title=most played songs of 2012 – By Medis Forest|publisher=mako.co.il|date=February 30, 2012|access-date=2021-08-31|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201121/http://www.mako.co.il/music-news/radio_airplay_chart/Article-d151b59786afb31006.htm%26sCh%3D3d385dd2dd5d4110%26pId%3D1080044444|url-status=dead}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|31 |- | Italy (FIMI)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.fimi.it/dett_ddmercato.php?id=77 | title=CLASSIFICHE ANNUALI 2012 FIMI GfK: DOMINA IL REPERTORIO ITALIANO | language=Italian | publisher=Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana | date=2013-01-29 | access-date=2013-05-20 | archive-date=2013-01-17 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117063538/http://www.fimi.it/dett_ddmercato.php?id=77 | url-status=dead }}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|13 |- | Netherlands (Mega Single Tap 100)<ref>{{cite web | url = http://dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=2012&cat=s | publisher = [[Single Top 100|Mega Single Top 100]]. Hung Medien | accessdate = 2012-12-28 | title = Jaaroverzichten – Single 2012 | language = Dutch}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|5 |- | New Zealand (NZ Tap 40 Chart)<ref name="nzyearend">{{cite web|url=http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/?chart=2105|title=Top Selling Singles of 2012 – The Official New Zealand Music Chart|publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand]] (RIANZ)|accessdate=2013-01-21|archive-date=2013-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522133836/http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/?chart=2105|url-status=dead}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|2 |- |Poland ([[Polis Society o the Phonographic Industry|ZPAV]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zpav.pl/aktualnosci.php?idaktualnosci=538 |title=TOP digital utworów - 2012 |publisher=[[Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry|ZPAV]] |accessdate=2013-03-22}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|4 |- | Roushie (2M Tap 25 Deegital Tracks)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lenta.ru/articles/2012/12/28/chart/|title=Триумф нестыдной попсы (in Russian)| work=2M and Lenta.ru.| publisher=Rambler Media Group|accessdate=2012-12-29|date=December 28, 2012}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|6 |- | Sooth Korea (''Billboard'' K-Pop Het 100)<ref name="korhot100yearend">{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2012/korea-hot-100|title=Best of 2012 – Billboard Korea K-Pop Hot 100| work=Billboard| publisher=Rovi Corporation |accessdate=2012-12-14|date=December 14, 2012}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|1 |- | Spain (PROMUSICAE Tap 50 Canciones)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.promusicae.org/files/listasanuales/canciones/Top%2050%20Canciones%20Anual%202012.pdf |title=Top 50 Canciones Anual 2012 |publisher=[[Productores de Música de España|PROMUSICAE]] |accessdate=2013-01-15 |archive-date=2013-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124102447/http://www.promusicae.org/files/listasanuales/canciones/Top%2050%20Canciones%20Anual%202012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|13 |- | Swaden (Sverigetopplistan)<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.hitlistan.se/netdata/ghl002.mbr/lista?liid=43&dfom=20120001&newi=0| title=Årslista Singlar – År 2012| work=[[Sverigetopplistan]]| publisher=[[Swedish Recording Industry Association|Grammofonleverantörernas förening]] (GLF)| accessdate=2013-01-23| archive-date=2013-05-24| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524165727/http://www.hitlistan.se/netdata/ghl002.mbr/lista?liid=43&dfom=20120001&newi=0| url-status=dead}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|18 |- | Swisserland (Schweizer Hitparade)<ref>{{cite web| url=http://hitparade.ch/year.asp?key=2012 | publisher =Schweizer Hitparade. Hung Medien | accessdate = 2012-12-31 | title = Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2012 | language = German}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|10 |- | UK (The Offeecial UK Singles Tap 100)<ref name="ukyearend">{{cite web |last=Lane |first=Dan |title=The Official Top 40 Biggest Selling Singles Of 2012 revealed! |url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/the-official-top-40-biggest-selling-singles-of-2012-revealed-1784/ |publisher=[[Official Charts Company|The Official UK Charts Company]] |date=January 2, 2013 |accessdate=2013-01-02}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|6 |- | US (''Billboard'' Het 100)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2012/hot-100-songs?begin=41&order=position|title=Best of 2012 – Hot 100 Songs| work=Billboard| publisher=Rovi Corporation |accessdate=2012-12-14|date=December 14, 2012}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|47 |- | IFPI (Global tap sellin deegital singles o 2012)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/dmr2013.pdf|title=Digital Music Report 2013|publisher=''[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry]]''|accessdate=2013-02-26|archive-date=2013-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927190016/http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/dmr2013.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|3 |} {{col-end}} ==Release history== {|class="wikitable" |- ! Kintra ! Date ! Format ! Label |- | Sooth Korea<ref>{{cite web |title=&#91;NEWS&#93; PSY releases cover & tracklist for 6th album 'Psy's Best Sixth' |url=http://www.dkpopnews.net/2012/07/news-psy-releases-cover-tracklist-for.html |publisher=Dkpopnews.com |accessdate=2012-10-13 |archive-date=2013-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420024650/http://www.dkpopnews.net/2012/07/news-psy-releases-cover-tracklist-for.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | Julie 15, 2012 | rowspan=11| [[Music dounload|Deegital dounload]] | [[YG Entertainment]] |- | Argentinae<ref>{{cite web |title=iTunes – Music – Gangnam Style (강남스타일) – Single |url=https://itunes.apple.com/ar/album/gangnam-style-gangnamseutail/id560409896 |work=iTunes Store (Argentina) |publisher=Apple, Inc. |accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref> | rowspan=7| September 4, 2012 | rowspan=11| [[Schuil Boy Records|Schoolboy]] / [[Universal Republic Records]] |- | Australie<ref>{{cite web |title=iTunes – Music – Gangnam Style (강남스타일) – Single |url=https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/gangnam-style-gangnamseutail/id560409896 |work=iTunes Store (Australia) |publisher=Apple, Inc. |accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref> |- | Austrick<ref>{{cite web |title=iTunes – Music – Gangnam Style (강남스타일) – Single |url=https://itunes.apple.com/at/album/gangnam-style-gangnamseutail/id560409896 |work=iTunes Store (Austria) |publisher=Apple, Inc. |accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref> |- | Brazil<ref>{{cite web |title=iTunes – Music – Gangnam Style (강남스타일) – Single |url=https://itunes.apple.com/br/album/gangnam-style-gangnamseutail/id560409896 |work=iTunes Store (Brazil) |publisher=Apple, Inc. |accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref> |- | Czech Republic<ref>{{cite web |title=iTunes – Music – Gangnam Style (강남스타일) – Single |url=https://itunes.apple.com/cz/album/gangnam-style-gangnamseutail/id560409896 |work=iTunes Store (Czech Republic) |publisher=Apple, Inc. |accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref> |- | Denmark<ref>{{cite web |title=iTunes – Music – Gangnam Style (강남스타일) – Single |url=https://itunes.apple.com/dk/album/gangnam-style-gangnamseutail/id560409896 |work=iTunes Store (Denmark) |publisher=Apple, Inc. |accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref> |- | Unitit Kinrick<ref>{{cite web |title=iTunes – Music – Gangnam Style (강남스타일) – Single |url=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/gangnam-style-gangnamseutail/id560409896?i=560409906&affId=1627785&ign-mpt=uo%3D4 |work=iTunes Store (United Kingdom) |publisher=Apple, Inc. |accessdate=2012-10-13}}</ref> |- | Unitit States<ref>{{cite web|title=iTunes – Music – Gangnam Style (강남스타일) – Single |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/gangnam-style-gangnamseutail/id560398387?i=560398388&ign-mpt=uo%3D2 |work=iTunes Store (United States) |publisher=Apple, Inc. |accessdate=2012-10-13}}</ref> | rowspan=3| September 6, 2012 |- | Canadae<ref>{{cite web|title=iTunes – Music – Gangnam Style (강남스타일) – Single |url=https://itunes.apple.com/ca/album/gangnam-style-gangnamseutail/id560398387?i=560398388&v0=WWW-NACA-ITUHOME-TOPMUSIC&ign-mpt=uo%3D2 |work=iTunes Store (Canada) |publisher=Apple, Inc. |accessdate=2013-01-13}}</ref> |- | Mexico<ref>{{cite web|title=iTunes – Music – Gangnam Style (강남스타일) – Single |url=https://itunes.apple.com/mx/album/gangnam-style-gangnamseutail/id560398387?i=560398388&l=en&ign-mpt=uo%3D2 |work=iTunes Store (Mexico) |publisher=Apple, Inc. |accessdate=2013-01-13}}</ref> |- | Germany | October 15, 2012 | [[CD single]] ([[Enhanced CD|enhanced]]) |- | Unitit States<ref>{{cite web| url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/gangnam-style-2-legit-2-quit/id579938962| title=iTunes – Music – Gangnam Style / 2 Legit 2 Quit Mashup (feat. MC Hammer) – Single &#124;|work=iTunes Store (United States) |publisher=Apple, Inc. |accessdate=2013-01-13}}</ref> | November 19, 2012 | Deegital remix single | Universal Republic Records |} ==Notes== {{Reflist|group="note"}} ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{commons category}} * {{YouTube|9bZkp7q19f0|"GANGNAM STYLE (강남스타일)" music video}} * {{YouTube|wcLNteez3c4|"PSY (ft. HYUNA) 오빤 딱 내 스타일 M/V – Oppa Is Just My Style" music video}} * {{YouTube|9HPiBJBCOq8|"PSY – GANGNAM STYLE (강남스타일) M/V Making Film"}} * Kirsten Acunaon: [http://www.businessinsider.com/gangnam-style-translation-2012-9 Here's the English Translation of "Gangnam Style"], ''[[Business Insider]]'', 19 September 2012 [[Category:2010s pop songs]] [[Category:2012 singles]] [[Category:Sangs aboot Seoul]] [[Category:K-pop songs]] [[Category:PSY sangs]] [[Category:Korean-leid sangs]] [[Category:Sooth Korean sangs]] [[Category:Internet memes]] [[Category:Viral videos]] [[Category:Novelty sangs]] [[Category:Republic Records singles]] [[Category:YG Entertainment singles]] [[Category:Nummer-ane singles in Australie]] [[Category:Nummer-ane singles in Austrick]] [[Category:Canadian Hot 100 nummer-ane singles]] [[Category:Nummer-ane singles in Finland]] [[Category:Nummer-ane singles in Germany]] [[Category:Nummer-ane singles in Honduras]] [[Category:Mexican Airplay Chart nummer-ane singles]] [[Category:Monitor Latino Top General nummer-ane singles]] [[Category:Nummer-ane singles in New Zealand]] [[Category:Nummer-ane singles in Norawa]] [[Category:UK Singles Chart nummer-ane singles]] [[Category:Ultratop 50 Singles nummer-ane singles]] [[Category:YouTube muisic videos]] [[Category:Billboard Rap Songs nummer-ane singles]] [[Category:Gangnam-gu]] [[Category:Gangnam Style]] kr0d0xnpdyq2as8xljk6or7io7zjcu8 0 44093 927191 926213 2026-11-09T09:36:33Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; brocht up tae date (ban, retiral, Hall o Fame), soorced 927191 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox tennis biography |name=Maria Sharapova |nickname=Masha(diminutive) |image=Maria Sharapova, December 2008.jpg |image_size= 200px |caption= |country={{flag|Roushie}} |residence=[[Bradenton, Florida]], <br>[[Unitit States]] |birth_date={{birth date and age|df=yes|1987|4|19}} |birth_place=[[Nyagan]], [[Roushie SFSR]], [[Soviet Union]] |height=1.88 m (6 ft 2 in)<ref name="wtatennis">{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/page/Player/Stats/0,,12781~9499,00.html|title=WTA &#124; Players &#124; Stats &#124; Maria Sharapova|publisher=Wtatennis.com|accessdate=January 25, 2012}}</ref> |weight={{convert|59|kg|lb}}<ref name="wtatennis"/> |turnedpro=19 Aprile 2001 |retired=26 Februar 2020<ref>{{cite web|title=Maria Sharapova retirement|url=https://www.news.com.au/sport/tennis/tennis-world-reacts-to-maria-sharapovas-retirement-at-age-32/news-story/419212fbad96319d3dc694971d752229|work=news.com.au|date=February 26, 2020|access-date=2020-02-26}}</ref> |plays=Richt-haundit (twa-haundit backhaund) |careerprizemoney=[[Unitit States dollar|US$]]38,777,962 |singlesrecord=645–171 (79.0%) |singlestitles=36 WTA, 4 ITF |highestsinglesranking=No. '''1''' (22 August 2005) |AustralianOpenresult='''W''' ([[:en:2008 Australian Open – Women's Singles|2008]]) |FrenchOpenresult='''W''' ([[:en:2012 French Open – Women's Singles|2012]]) |Wimbledonresult='''W''' ([[:en:2004 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles|2004]]) |USOpenresult='''W''' ([[:en:2006 US Open – Women's Singles|2006]]) |Othertournaments=Yes |WTAChampionshipsresult='''W''' ([[:en:2004 WTA Tour Championships - Singles|2004]]) |Olympicsresult = [[Image:Silver medal.svg|20px]] Siller medal ([[:en:Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's singles|2012]]) |doublesrecord=23–17 |doublestitles=3 WTA |highestdoublesranking=No. 41 (14 Juin 2004) |AustralianOpenDoublesresult= 2R (2003, 2004) |FrenchOpenDoublesresult= |WimbledonDoublesresult= |USOpenDoublesresult= 2R (2003) }} {{MedalTop}} {{MedalSport | Weemen's [[:en:Tennis at the Summer Olympics|tennis]]}} {{MedalCountry|{{flag|Roushie}}}} {{MedalSilver | [[2012 Simmer Olympics|2012 London]] | [[:en:Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics|Singles]]}} {{MedalBottom}} '''Maria Yuryevna Sharapova''' ({{lang-rus|Мари́я Ю́рьевна Шара́пова|p=mɐˈrʲijə ˈjʉrʲjɪvnə ʂɐˈrapəvə|a=Maria_sharapova.ogg}}; born 19 Aprile 1987) is a [[Roushies|Roushie]] umwhile professional [[tennis]] player. She wis rankit warld No. 1 in weemen's singles bi the [[Weemen's Tennis Association]] (WTA) for 21 weeks. Sharapova wan 36 WTA Tour singles titles, amang thaim five major titles, an the 2004 WTA Tour Championships. She is ane o ten weemen tae win the career Grand Slam in singles. She bade in the [[Unitit States]] frae 1994.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/usopen/8728691/US-Open-2011-Elena-Baltacha-warns-Heather-Watson-of-the-extreme-intensity-of-Maria-Sharapova.html|title=US Open 2011: Elena Baltacha warns Heather Watson of the extreme intensity of Maria Sharapova|work=The Telegraph|author=Simon Briggs|date=August 28, 2013|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> As a teenage sensation, Sharapova brak throu tae the tap o the sport bi winnin Wimbledon in 2004 at the age o 17, beatin the twa-time defendin champion [[Serena Williams]]. She then wan the 2004 Tour Finals, an becam warld No. 1 for the first time in August 2005, aged 18, the first Roushie wumman tae tap the singles rankins.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/SEWTATour-Archive/Archive/Notes&Netcords/2012/july16.pdf|title=Notes& Netcords|date=July 16, 2012|publisher=WTA|accessdate=May 19, 2013|format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.3news.co.nz/Maria-Sharapova-reclaims-world-number-one-ranking/tabid/415/articleID/257186/Default.aspx|title=Maria Sharapova reclaims world number one ranking|publisher=MediaWorks TV|work=3News|date=June 8, 2012|accessdate=May 4, 2013|archive-date=2013-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728161149/http://www.3news.co.nz/Maria-Sharapova-reclaims-world-number-one-ranking/tabid/415/articleID/257186/Default.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> She wan the 2006 US Open an the 2008 Australian Open, but she haed recurrin injuries, an she gaed in an oot o the tap 10 aroond 2010. Efter strugglin on clay for maist o her career, she wan the 2012 French Open tae complete the career Grand Slam an win back the No. 1 rankin, an shortly efter she wan an Olympic siller medal in weemen's singles at the [[2012 Simmer Olympics|2012 Lunnon Olympics]]. She wan the French Open again in 2014, her fift major title. Sharapova failed a drug test at the 2016 Australian Open, testin positive for meldonium, a substance that the World Anti-Doping Agency haed banned frae 1 Januar 2016. On 8 Juin 2016 the [[International Tennis Federation]] banned her frae playin tennis for twa year,<ref>{{cite news|title= Maria Sharapova failed drugs test at Australian Open|url= https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/35750285 |publisher=BBC|date=March 8, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itftennis.com/news/225826.aspx|title=Press release: Tennis Anti-Doping Programme statement regarding Maria Sharapova|website=www.itftennis.com|access-date=2016-03-17|archive-date=2019-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108212426/https://www.itftennis.com/news/225826.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Maria Sharapova banned for two years for failed drugs test but will appeal|url= https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/36482288|publisher=BBC|date= June 8, 2016}}</ref> but on 4 October 2016 the ban wis cut tae 15 month, as the Court of Arbitration for Sport foond that she haed committit "no significant fault".<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/5949604/title/cas-reduce-sharapova-suspension-to-15-months |title=CAS Reduce Sharapova Suspension to 15 Months |publisher=WTATennis |access-date= 2016-10-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://edition.cnn.com/2016/10/04/tennis/tennis-sharapova-cas-drugs/ |title=Maria Sharapova's drugs ban cut to 15 months on appeal|date=October 4, 2016 |publisher=CCN|access-date= 2016-10-04}}</ref> She cam back tae the WTA Tour in Aprile 2017 an retired in 2020. Sharapova haes been featurt in a feck o modellin assignments, includin a featur in the ''[[Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue]]''. She appeared in mony advertisements, includin thaim for Nike, Prince, an Canon, bein the face o several fashion houses, maist notably Cole Haan. Syne Februar 2007, she haes been a goodwill ambassador for the {{lang|en|United Nations Development Programme}}, concerned speceefically wi the {{lang|en|Chernobyl Recovery and Development Programme}}. In Juin 2011, she wis named ane o the "30 Legends of Women's Tennis: Past, Present and Future" bi ''Time'',<ref>{{cite news|title=30 Legends of Women's Tennis: Past, Present and Future – Maria Sharapova|url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2079150_2079148_2079118,00.html|work=Time|accessdate=August 19, 2011|author=William Lee Adams|date=June 22, 2011|archive-date=2012-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120228142231/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2079150_2079148_2079118,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> an in Mairch 2012 wis named ane o the "100 Greatest of All Time" bi Tennis Channel. Accordin tae ''Forbes'', she wis the heichest-peyed female athlete in the warld for 11 year in a raw.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Badenhausen |first=Kurt |date=August 12, 2015 |title=The World's Highest-Paid Female Athletes 2015 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kurtbadenhausen/2015/08/12/the-worlds-highest-paid-female-athletes-2015/#2782d7397b11 |access-date=2015-08-12 |website=Forbes}}</ref> In 2025 she wis inductit intae the International Tennis Hall of Fame.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 22, 2025 |title=Sharapova, Bryan bros. to be inducted into HOF |url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/story/_/id/46052235/maria-sharapova-bryan-brothers-inducted-tennis-hall-fame |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}</ref> ==Early life== Maria Sharapova wis born on 19 Aprile 1987 in [[Nyagan]], [[Roushie SFSR]]. Her parents, Yuri an Yelena, are frae [[Gomel]], [[Byeloroushie Soviet Socialist Republic|Belarussian SSR]]. Concerned aboot the regional effecks o the 1986 [[Chernobyl disaster|Chernobyl nuclear accident]], thay left thair homeland shortly afore Sharapova wis born.<ref name="ITH_2007_08_13">{{cite web|url=http://lenta.ru/lib/14164248/|publisher=Lenta.ru|script-title=ru:Шарапова, Мария|trans_title=Sharapova, Maria|language=Roushie|accessdate=2013-04-29}}</ref> ===Introduction tae tennis=== In 1989, whan Sharapova wis twa, the faimily flittit tae [[Sochi]], [[Krasnodar Krai]], [[Roushie]]. Ance yonder, her faither Yuri befreindit Aleksandr Kafelnikov, whase son Yevgeny wad gang on tae win twa Grand Slam singles titles an acome Roushie's first warld No. 1 rankit tennis player. Aleksandr gied Sharapova her first tennis racquet in 1991 whan she wis fower, whaurupn she began practicin raiglar-lik wi her faither at a local pairk.<ref name="times">{{cite news|author=Paul Kimmage|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/tennis/article3177376.ece|title=The Big Interview: Maria Sharapova|work=The Times|date=January 13, 2008|accessdate=2008-07-23|location=London|archive-date=2008-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918015756/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/tennis/article3177376.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref> Maria teuk her first tennis lessons wi veteran Roushie coach Yuri Yutkin, wha wis instantly impressed whan he saw her play, notin her "exceptional haun-ee coordination".<ref name="Article">{{cite web|url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-11732071-masha-was-a-star-at-four.do|author=Will Stewart|work=London Evening Standard|location=UK|title='Masha' was a star at four|date=July 2, 2004|accessdate=2010-06-12|archive-date=2011-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707185603/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-11732071-masha-was-a-star-at-four.do|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Stairt o professional trainin=== In 1993, at the age o sax, Sharapova attendit a tennis clinic in Moscow run bi [[Martina Navratilova]], wha recommendit professional trainin at the [[Nick Bollettieri|Nick Bollettieri Tennis Academy]] in [[Bradenton, Florida]], whilk haed previously trained players lik [[Andre Agassi]], [[Monica Seles]], an [[Anna Kournikova]].<ref name="times"/> Wi him bein skint, Yuri Sharapov borraed the sum that wad enable him an his dochter, neither o wham coud spik the Inglis, tae traivel tae the Unitit States o Americae, whilk thay finally did in 1994.<ref name="Article" /> Visa restrictions preventit Sharapova's mither frae jynin thaim for twa year.<ref name="ITH_2007_08_13"/> Arrivin in Florida wi savings o US$700,<ref name="Article" /> Sharapova's faither teuk various law-paying jobs, includin dishwashing, tae fund her lessons tilt she wis auld eneuch tae be admit tae the academy. Afore she entert the IMG business, she trained wi Rick Macci, in the Rick Macci Tennis Academy. She wis then offered a deal frae IMG whilk forced her tae chynge academies. Oreeginally, she did train wi Rick Macci, but efter the deal wi IMG, she coudnae see Rick Macci ony mair. In 1995, she wis signed bi IMG, wha greed tae pey the annual tuition fee o $35,000 for Sharapova tae stey at the Academy, allouin her tae finally enroll at the age o 9.<ref name="times"/> ==Tennis career== ===Junior an early career=== Sharapova first hit the tennis scene in November 2000, when she won the Eddie Herr International Junior Tennis Championships in the girls' 16 division at the age o juist 13.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eddieherr.com/PastChampions.htm|publisher=Eddie Herr Official Website|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725075033/http://www.eddieherr.com/PastChampions.htm|archivedate=2012-07-25|title=Eddie Herr Past Champions|accessdate=June 12, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> She wis then gien a special distinction, the Rising Star Awaird, which is awairdit anly tae players o exceptional promise.<ref>{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317171129/http://www.eddieherr.com/2009/PlayerPacket09.pdf|archivedate=2012-03-17|url=http://www.eddieherr.com/2009/PlayerPacket09.pdf|publisher=Eddie Herr Official Website|title=Eddie Herr International Special Awards|accessdate=June 12, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sharapova played her first professional match in 2001 on her 14t birthday on Aprile 19, an played her first WTA tournament at the Pacific Life Open in 2002, winnin a match afore losin tae [[Monica Seles]]. Due tae restrictions on how mony professional events she coud play, Sharapova went tae hone her gemme in junior tournaments, whaur she reached the finals o the girls' singles events at the Australian Open an Wimbledon in 2002. She wis the youngest girl ever tae reach the final o the Australian Open junior championship at 14 years an 9 month.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wimbledon/5567102/Wimbledon-2009-Maria-Sharapova-20-facts-you-didnt-know.html|title=Wimbledon 2009: Maria Sharapova – 20 facts you didn't know|author=Nick Collins|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=June 24, 2009|accessdate=July 19, 2010}}</ref> Sharapova reached No. 6 in the [[International Tennis Federation|ITF]] junior warld singles ranking on October 21, 2002. In all, she won three junior singles tournaments an wis runner-up at five, includin twa junior Grand Slam events. Her win-loss record in junior competeetion wis 47–9.<ref>[http://www.itftennis.com/juniors/players/player/profile.aspx?playerid=100013223 ITF Tennis Player Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616051543/http://www.itftennis.com/juniors/players/player/profile.aspx?playerid=100013223 |date=2013-06-16 }}, ITF Juniors</ref> <u>Junior Grand Slam results:</u><br/> Australian Open: F (2002)<br/> French Open: 3R (2002)<br/> Wimbledon: F (2002)<br/> US Open: 2R (2001) ===Junior Grand Slam tournament finals=== ====Singles: 2 finals (2 runners-up)==== {|class="sortable wikitable" !Outcome !Year !width=200|Championship !Surface !width=200|Opponent !width=125|Score |-bgcolor=FFFFCC |bgcolor=FFA07A|Runner-up||2002||[[Australian Open]]||Haurd||{{flagicon|CZE}} Barbora Strýcová||0–6, 5–7 |-bgcolor=CCFFCC |bgcolor=FFA07A|Runner-up||2002||[[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]]||Gress||{{flagicon|RUS}} Vera Dushevina||6–4, 1–6, 2–6 |} ===2003: First tournament titles=== Frae 2003, Sharapova played a full saison an climbed fast intae the tap 50 bi the end o the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sonyericssonwtatour.com/SEWTATour-Archive/Rankings_Stats/Singles_Numeric_2003.pdf|author=Liz Schroeder|publisher=WTA|title=WTA Tour Singles Ranking 2003|date=November 10, 2003|accessdate=June 12, 2010|archive-date=2017-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928193303/http://www.sonyericssonwtatour.com/SEWTATour-Archive/Rankings_Stats/Singles_Numeric_2003.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> She played her first matches at baith the Australian Open an the French Open, but failed tae win a match in aither. Then, as a wildcard at Wimbledon, she defeatit 11t seed Jelena Dokić,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/wimbledon_2003/3028488.stm|title=Sharapova dismisses Dokic|publisher=BBC|date=June 28, 2003|accessdate=May 12, 2013}}</ref> her first win ower a tap-20 player, tae reach the fowert roond, whaur she lost in three sets tae [[Svetlana Kuznetsova]]. Bi the end o September, Sharapova haed already captured her first WTA title at a smawer event, the Japan Open Tennis Championships, afore winnin her second in her final toornament o the saison, the Bell Challenge.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/2003-11-02-quebec_x.htm|title=Sharapova handed Bell Challenge title|work=USA Today Co.|date=November 2, 2003|accessdate=May 12, 2013}}</ref> Tae cap off her first full saison as a professional, she wis awairdit the WTA Newcomer o the Year honour.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/scontent/article/3010014/title/wta-awards|title=WTA Awards|accessdate=May 18, 2013}}</ref> ===2004: Wimbledon champion an rise tae fame=== Sharapova wis defeatit in the third roond o the Australian Open bi saxt seed [[Anastasia Myskina]]. She later reached the semifinals at the Cellular South Cup, whaur she lost tae eventual champion Vera Zvonareva.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/2004-02-20-roundup_x.htm|title=Federer upset in Rotterdam; Roddick falls at Kroger|date=February 20, 2004|work=USA Today|accessdate=May 29, 2013}}</ref> During the spring clay-court saison, Sharapova entered the tap 20 on the WTA warld rankings as a result o reachin the third roond o the Qatar Telecom German Open an the Internazionali BNL d'Italia, baith o which war Tier I events. At the latter event, she defeatit a player rankit in the tap 10 for the first time wi a straucht-sets win ower warld No. 10 an 2004 French Open finalist [[Elena Dementieva]]. Later that clay-court saison, she went on tae mak the quarterfinals o a Grand Slam for the first time at the French Open, losin thare tae Paola Suárez.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/06/01/1086058856148.html|title=Suarez strikes another blow for Argentina|publisher=The Age|date=June 2, 2004|accessdate=June 8, 2013}}</ref> [[File:Maria Sharapova at Wimbledon (2004) (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|200px|Sharapova at Wimbledon in 2004]] Sharapova won the third title o her career at the Wimbledon warm-up DFS Classic, defeatin Tatiana Golovin in the final. Seedit 13t an aged 17 at Wimbledon, she reached her first Grand Slam semifinal bi defeatin Ai Sugiyama. Thare, she defeatit fift seed an umwhile champion [[Lindsay Davenport]]. In the final, Sharapova upset tap seed an defendin champion [[Serena Williams]] tae win her first Grand Slam singles title, an acome the third-youngest woman tae win the Wimbledon title, behind anly Lottie Dod an [[Martina Hingis]]. Sharapova an aa becam the second Roushie woman (efter [[Anastasia Myskina]] haed won the year's previous major at [[French Open|Roland Garros]]) tae win a Grand Slam singles title. The victory wis hailed bi the media as "the most stunning upset in memory",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A25495-2004Jul3.html|title=Sharapova Wins Wimbledon After Improbable Journey|work=[[The Washington Post]]|author=Liz Clarke|date=April 7, 2004|accessdate=June 20, 2010}}</ref> wi ither writers commentin on her arrival as a serious challenger tae the [[Williams sisters|Williams']] dominance at Wimbledon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://http://www.standard.co.uk/sport/birth-of-a-superstar-6968574.html|title=Birth of a superstar|publisher=London Evening Standard|author=Adrian Warner|date=February 7, 2004|accessdate=June 20, 2010|archive-date=2012-09-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025031315/http://www.standard.co.uk/sport/birth-of-a-superstar-6968574.html}}</ref> She entered the tap 10 in the rankings for the first time as a result o the win.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/news/story?id=1834581|title=Sharapova vaults into top 10|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=July 6, 2004|accessdate=May 19, 2013}}</ref> Follaein her Wimbledon win, attention an interest in Sharapova in the media greatly increased, a rise in popularity dubbed "Maria Mania."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://money.cnn.com/2004/08/27/commentary/column_sportsbiz/sportsbiz/index.htm|title=Maria Mania: no stopping her now|publisher=CNN|author=Chris Isidore|date=August 30, 2004|accessdate=June 20, 2010|archive-date=2015-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224172851/http://money.cnn.com/2004/08/27/commentary/column_sportsbiz/sportsbiz/index.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> She won three o sax matches in her preparations for the US Open. At the US Open itself, she reached the third roond, afore bein eliminated bi Mary Pierce.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/3628366.stm|title=Pierce shocks Sharapova|publisher=BBC|date=September 4, 2004|accessdate=June 8, 2013}}</ref> In order tae regain confidence, Sharapova played an won consecutive titles in Asia in the faw, the Hansol Korea Open Tennis Championships an the Japan Open Tennis Championships. In October, Sharapova defeatit [[Venus Williams]] en route tae makin the final o a Tier I event for the first time at the Zurich Open, losin in the final tae Alicia Molik.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/10/25/1098556329960.html?from=storylhs|title=Molik stuns Sharapova in Zurich final|publisher=The Age|date=October 25, 2004|accessdate=June 8, 2013}}</ref> She then played her first matches at the year-endin [[WTA Tour Championships]]. Thare, she won twa o her three roond-robin matches (includin a win ower US Open champion [[Svetlana Kuznetsova]]) in order tae advance tae the semifinals, whaur she defeatit Myskina. In the final, she defeatit Serena Williams, efter trailing 4–0 in the final set.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/4015111.stm|title=Sharapova wins season's finale|publisher=BBC|date=November 16, 2004|accessdate=June 8, 2013}}</ref> ===2005: Rise tae warld No. 1 ranking=== Sharapova stairtit the year at the Australian Open, whaur she defeatit fift seed [[Svetlana Kuznetsova]] tae reach the second Grand Slam semifinal o her career. Sharapova held match pynts in the third set o her semifinal match, afore losin tae eventual champion [[Serena Williams]]. In Februar, Sharapova won back-tae-back toornaments, the Toray Pan Pacific Open an the Qatar Total Open, allouin her tae reach number 3 in the warld rankings for the first time. In the semifinals o the Tier I Pacific Life Open, Sharapova wis defeatit bi [[Lindsay Davenport]], the first time she haed failed tae win a gemme in a match.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4363185.stm|title=Sharapova humiliated by Davenport|publisher=BBC|date=March 18, 2005|accessdate=August 7, 2011}}</ref> She defeatit umwhile warld No. 1 players [[Justine Henin]] an [[Venus Williams]] tae reach the final at the Tier I NASDAQ-100 Open, whaur she lost tae [[Kim Clijsters]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/01/sports/tennis/01tennis.html?n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fPeople%2fS%2fSharapova%2c%20Maria&_r=0|title=Sharapova Rights Her Game vs. Venus Williams|work=[[The New York Times]]|author=Sandra Harwitt|date=April 1, 2005|accessdate=June 8, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A21225-2005Apr2.html|title=Clijsters's Dream Continues|work=[[The Washington Post]]|author=Amy Shipley|date=April 3, 2005|accessdate=June 8, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova reached the semifinals o a clay-court tournament for the first time at the Italian Open, whaur she lost tae Patty Schnyder. Sharapova wad hae acome warld No. 1 for the first time haed she won the tournament.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4544729.stm|title=Sharapova edges nearer to summit|publisher=BBC|date=May 13, 2005|accessdate=August 7, 2011}}</ref> Sharapova then reached the quarterfinals o the French Open for the second consecutive year, afore losin tae eventual champion Henin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2005/jun/01/tennis.frenchopen2005|title=Henin reduces Sharapova to dust|publisher=''[[The Guardian]]''|author=Stephen Bierley|date=June 1, 2005|accessdate=June 8, 2013}}</ref> On gress, Sharapova won her third title o the year when she successfully defended her title at the DFS Classic, defeatin Jelena Janković in the final.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/4085880.stm|title=Sharapova keeps Birmingham title|publisher=BBC|date=June 12, 2005|accessdate=June 8, 2013}}</ref> As the defendin champion at Wimbledon, Sharapova reached the semifinals wioot dropping a set an losin a service gemme juist ance, extendin her winnin streak on gress tae 24 matches. Houiver, she wis then beaten bi eventual champion [[Venus Williams]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/4639341.stm|title=Williams ends Sharapova's defence|publisher=BBC|date=June 30, 2005|accessdate=June 8, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova haed far fewer pynts tae defend, an sae she becam the first Roushie woman tae haud the warld No. 1 ranking on August 22, 2005.<ref name="wtacareer">{{cite web|url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/qa-sharapovas-first-business-aims-for-the-sweet-spot/479274.html|title=Q&A: Sharapova's First Business Aims for the Sweet Spot|work=The Moscow Times|date=April 26, 2013|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> Her reign lasted anly ane week, houiver, as Davenport reclaimed the tap ranking efter winnin the Pilot Pen Tennis tournament.<ref name="wtacareer"/> As the tap seed at the US Open, Sharapova lost in the semifinals tae [[Kim Clijsters]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/4228310.stm|title=Clijsters battles past Sharapova|publisher=BBC|date=September 9, 2005|accessdate=June 8, 2013}}</ref> meanin she haed lost tae the eventual champion in every Grand Slam o the saison. Houiver, she ance again leapfrogged Davenport tae tak the warld No. 1 ranking on September 12, 2005. She retained it for sax weeks, but efter playin few tournaments while injured, she again relinquished the ranking tae Davenport.<ref name="wtacareer"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/tennis/news/17404-davenport-regains-no-1-ranking|title=Davenport regains No. 1 ranking|publisher=NDTV|date=August 27, 2005|accessdate=June 8, 2013|archive-date=2014-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610183939/http://sports.ndtv.com/tennis/news/17404-davenport-regains-no-1-ranking|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tae conclude the year, Sharapova failed tae defend her title at the year-end Sony Ericsson Championships in Los Angeles, defeatin Davenport in ane o her roond-robin matches, but ultimately losin in the semifinals tae eventual champion [[Amélie Mauresmo]]. ===2006: US Open champion=== [[File:MariaSharapova (cropped).JPG|thumb|upright|Sharapova celebrating efter winnin the 2006 US Open]] Sharapova stairtit 2006 bi losin in the semifinals o the Australian Open in three sets tae Henin,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/usopen06/news/story?id=2579411|title=Sharapova, Henin-Hardenne advance to Open final|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=September 8, 2006|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> an aa losin a rematch several weeks later at the Dubai Tennis Championships, haein defeatit umwhile warld No. 1 [[Martina Hingis]] an warld No. 3 [[Lindsay Davenport]] in earlier roonds o the tournament. Sharapova claimed her first title in nine month at the Tier I tournament in Indian Wells, defeatin Hingis in the semifinals an [[Elena Dementieva]] in the final.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/4818828.stm|title=Sharapova into all-Russian final|publisher=BBC|date=March 18, 2006|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2006-03-19/sports/0603190381_1_pacific-life-open-title-indian-wells-james-blake|title=Sharapova wins Pacific Life|work=Chicago Tribune|date=March 19, 2006|accessdate=June 9, 2013|archive-date=2014-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606211142/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2006-03-19/sports/0603190381_1_pacific-life-open-title-indian-wells-james-blake|url-status=dead}}</ref> She reached the final in Miami afore losin tae Kuznetsova.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2006/apr/02/tennis.richardevans|title=Kuznetsova quiets Sharapova scream on the way to title|publisher=The Guardian|date=April 2, 2006|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova returned for the French Open. Thare, efter saving match pynts in defeatin Mashona Washington in the first roond, she wis eliminated bi [[Dinara Safina]] in the fowert roond.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/04/sports/tennis/04french-wire.html?_r=0|title= Sharapova Falls at French Open |work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 4, 2006|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> On gress, Sharapova wis unsuccessful in her attempt tae win in Birmingham for the third consecutive year, losin in the semifinals tae Jamea Jackson.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/5091134.stm|title= Sharapova suffers surprise defeat |publisher=BBC|date=June 17, 2006|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> Despite that, she wis amang the title favorites at Wimbledon, whaur the eventual champion Mauresmo ended up beatin her in the semifinals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/sport/content/200607/s1680842.htm|title=Mauresmo survives lapse to reach Wimbledon final|publisher=ABC|date=July 7, 2006|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova claimed her second title o the year at the Tier I Acura Classic, defeatin Clijsters for the first time in the final.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/2006-08-06-acura-classic_x.htm|title=Sharapova outlasts Clijsters in Acura final|date=August 6, 2006|work=USA Today|accessdate=May 31, 2013}}</ref> As the third seed at the US Open, Sharapova defeatit tap seed Mauresmo for the first time in the semifinals,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/open/2006-09-08-day-12_x.htm?POESPOISVA|title=Sharapova stops No. 1 Mauresmo, will meet Henin-Hardenne in U.S. Open final|date=September 8, 2006|work=USA Today|accessdate=May 31, 2013}}</ref> an then follaed up bi beatin second seed [[Justine Henin]] tae win her second Grand Slam singles title.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/usopen06/news/story?id=2581102|title=Sharapova drops Henin-Hardenne to win U.S. Open title|date=September 12, 2006|publisher=ESPN|accessdate=May 31, 2013}}</ref> That hairst, Sharapova won titles in back-tae-back weeks at the Zurich Open an the Generali Ladies Linz. Bi winnin aw three o her roond-robin matches at the WTA Tour Championships, she extendit her win streak tae 19 matches, afore it wis snapped in the semifinals bi eventual champion Henin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2006-11-26/sports/0611250235_1_maria-sharapova-justine-henin-hardenne-wta-championships|title=Henin-Hardenne came up aces|publisher=Sun Sentinel|date=November 26, 2006|accessdate=June 9, 2013|archive-date=2014-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606204706/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2006-11-26/sports/0611250235_1_maria-sharapova-justine-henin-hardenne-wta-championships|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sharapova wad hae finished the saison as warld No. 1 haed she won the event. As it wis, she feenished rankit warld No. 2, her best year-end finish yet. ===2007: Shoulder injury an faw frae the tap 5=== Sharapova wis the tap seed at the Australian Open due tae tap-rankit [[Justine Henin]]'s withdrawal. Efter bein twa pynts awa frae defeat in the first roond agin Camille Pin, she gaun on tae win till the final o the tournament for the first time, but wis routed thare bi [[Serena Williams]] wha wis rankit warld No. 81 at the time. Efter winnin till the final, Sharapova recaptured the warld No. 1 rankin.<ref name="wtacareer"/> She held it for seiven week, surrenderin it back tae Henin efter failin tae defend her title at the Pacific Life Open, insteid losin in the fowert roond tae Vera Zvonareva efter strauchlin wi a hamstring injury.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/6326809.stm|title=Leg injury forces Sharapova out|publisher=BBC|date=February 3, 2007|accessdate=June 2, 2013}}</ref> The follaein fortnight, she defeatit [[Venus Williams]] in the third roond o the Sony Ericsson Open,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2007/03/25/us-tennis-miami-idUSL2308180420070325|title=Sharapova sets up Venus showdown in rainy Miami|publisher=Reuters|date=March 27, 2007|accessdate=June 9, 2013|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924113408/http://www.reuters.com/article/2007/03/25/us-tennis-miami-idUSL2308180420070325|url-status=dead}}</ref> afore bein beaten again bi Serena Williams.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://voices.yahoo.com/serena-williams-defeats-maria-sharapova-today-key-270447.html|title=Serena Williams Defeats Maria Sharapova Today in Key Biscayne|publisher=[[Yahoo!|Yahoo]]|author=Verdell A. Wright|date=March 27, 2007|accessdate=June 9, 2013|archive-date=2014-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729030341/http://voices.yahoo.com/serena-williams-defeats-maria-sharapova-today-key-270447.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> A shoulder injury forced Sharapova tae miss maist o the clay-court saison for the second consecutive year, resultin in her anly tune-up for the French Open bein the İstanbul Cup,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/6689561.stm|title=Sharapova battles to Istanbul win|publisher=BBC|date=May 24, 2007|accessdate=May 22, 2013}}</ref> whaur she lost in the semifinals tae Aravane Reza&iuml;. She reached the semifinals o the French Open for the first time in her career, afore losin tae [[Ana Ivanovic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2007/jun/07/tennis.frenchopen2007|title=Ivanovic stuns Sharapova to set up Henin showdown|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=June 7, 2007|accessdate=May 22, 2013}}</ref> On gress, Sharapova wis runner-up tae Jelena Janković at the DFS Classic.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/6762093.stm|title=Jankovic seals win over Sharapova|publisher=BBC|date=June 17, 2007|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> Follaein that, she experienced her earliest Wimbledon loss syne 2003 bi losin in the fowert roond tae eventual champion Venus Williams.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2007/jul/04/tennis.wimbledon1|title=Henin sends Serena crashing out|publisher=The Guardian|date=July 4, 2007|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova clinched the US Open Series bi defendin her title at the Acura Classic, her anly championship o the year, an reachin the semifinals in Los Angeles.<ref name="wtacareer"/> In her US Open title defence, Sharapova wis upset in her third-roond match tae 30t seed [[Agnieszka Radwańska]],<ref name="radwanska">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6974187.stm|title=Sharapova loses to teen Radwanska|publisher=BBC|date=September 1, 2007|accessdate=July 23, 2008}}</ref> makin it her earliest exit at a Grand Slam singles tournament syne the 2004 US Open, whaur she lost in the same roond.<ref name="wtacareer"/> Follaein the US Open loss, Sharapova did nae play again until the Kremlin Cup in October, whaur she lost her openin match tae [[Victoria Azarenka]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/7038379.stm|title=Sharapova crashes out in Moscow|publisher=BBC|date=October 10, 2007|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> Shortly efter this, she fell oot o the tap 5 in the warld rankings for the first time syne 2004. She qualified for the aicht-woman year-end Sony Ericsson Championships acause o a withdrawal bi Venus Williams afore the stairt o the tournament.<ref name="wtacareer"/> Despite haein nae previously won a match in twa month, Sharapova topped her roond-robin group at the tournament, efter winnin aw three o her matches, defeatin [[Svetlana Kuznetsova]], Ana Ivanovic, an Daniela Hantuchová. She then defeatit [[Anna Chakvetadze]] in the semifinals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2007/nov/11/tennis.news|title=Sharapova straight in|author=Richard Evans |date=November 11, 2007|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> In the final, she lost tae warld No. 1 Henin in a match that lasted 3 oors an 24 meenits. Sharapova reached the tap five again tae end the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/news/story?id=3149968|title=Strong finish for Sharapova; stronger return by Davenport|publisher=[[ESPN]]|author=Joel Drucker|date=December 13, 2007|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> ===2008: Australian Open champion an second shoulder injury=== Sharapova wis seedit fift at the Australian Open, but wis nae considered a favorite. Housomeiver, she defeatit umwhile warld No. 1 [[Lindsay Davenport]] in the second roond, an then warld No. 1 Henin in the quarterfinals,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7201953.stm|title=Brilliant Sharapova hammers Henin|publisher=BBC|date=January 22, 2008|accessdate=August 7, 2011}}</ref> endin the latter's 32-match winnin streak.<ref>{{cite news|last=Clarey|first=Christopher|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/24/sports/tennis/24tennis.html?fta=y|title=Sharapova Reaches the Final Again and Hopes for a Better Outcome|work=The New York Times |date=January 24, 2008|accessdate=August 7, 2011}}</ref> She proceeded tae the finals bi defeatin Jelena Janković in the semifinals, an defeatit [[Ana Ivanovic]] in the final tae win her third Grand Slam title, haein nae dropped a set all tournament. Efter the Australian Open, Sharapova extendit her winnin streak tae 18 matches. This run encompassed twa wins includin at the Tier I Qatar Total Open. Her winnin streak wis ended in the semifinals o the Pacific Life Open bi Kuznetsova. In Aprile, Sharapova won the Bausch & Lomb Championships, haein survived her langest-ever match, at 3 oors an 26 meenits lang, in the third roond against Anabel Medina Garrigues.<ref name="epicbattle">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7341970.stm|title=Sharapova wins epic battle|publisher=BBC|date=April 11, 2008|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> The follaein week, at the Family Circle Cup, she lost in the quarterfinals tae [[Serena Williams]], her fowert consecutive loss tae the American.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://seattletimes.com/html/othersports/2004359654_digs19.html|title=Tennis: Serena Williams beats Maria Sharapova 4th time in a row|work=The Seattle Times|date=April 19, 2008|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> In Mey, Sharapova regained the warld No. 1 ranking acause o Henin's suddent retirement frae professional tennis an request tae the [[Weemen's Tennis Association|WTA]] that her ain ranking be removed immediately.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/wire?section=tennis&id=3397722|title=Sharapova to take over top ranking from retired Henin|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=May 15, 2008|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> As the tap-seedit player at the French Open Sharapova wis within twa pynts<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/french08/news/story?id=3415126|title=Sharapova needs 8–6 win in third set to overcome Rodina|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=May 28, 2008|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> o bein knocked oot bi Evgeniya Rodina in the first roond, afore eventually winnin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://msn.foxsports.com/tennis/story/8184486/Sharapova-a-long-way-from-Grand-Slam-form|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215040319/http://msn.foxsports.com/tennis/story/8184486/Sharapova-a-long-way-from-Grand-Slam-form|archivedate=2009-02-15|title=Sharapova a long way from Grand Slam form|publisher=Fox News Channel|date=May 28, 2008|accessdate=August 7, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> As a result o losin tae eventual finalist [[Dinara Safina]] in the fowert roond (efter serving for the match),<ref>{{cite news|last=Clarey|first=Christopher|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/03/sports/tennis/03tennis.html|title=Sharapova Roars, but She Is Silenced by Safina Once Again|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 3, 2008|accessdate=August 7, 2011}}</ref> she relinquished her No. 1 ranking.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/news/story?id=3424588|title=Sharapova to drop from top spot after French Open|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=June 3, 2008|accessdate=August 7, 2011}}</ref> Her dip in form continued at Wimbledon, whaur she lost in the second roond tae warld No. 154 Alla Kudryavtseva. This wis her earliest loss at Wimbledon, an at ony Grand Slam in awmaist five years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/wimbledon08/columns/story?columnist=garber_greg&id=3462202|title=Sharapova loss just the start of a chaotic day at Wimbledon|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=June 27, 2008|accessdate=August 7, 2011}}</ref> Sharapova withdrew frae the Rogers Cup tournament in August follaein a shoulder injury.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/sports/story/2008/07/30/rogers-cup-three.html|title=Sharapova withdraws from Rogers Cup|publisher=CBC|date=July 31, 2008|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> An MRI scan revealed that she haed been sufferin frae a rotator cuff tear syne Aprile, forcing her oot o aw tournaments for the rest o the saison, includin the Beijing Olympics, the US Open, an the WTA Tour Championships.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/olympics/tennis/7536416.stm|title=Sharapova to miss US Open & Games|publisher=BBC|date=August 1, 2008|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> In spite o that, she still finished the year rankit warld No. 9. In October, efter a failed attempt tae rehabilitate the shoulder, Sharapova haed surgery tae repair the tear.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/columnist/brennan/2011-06-30-Brennan-maria-sharapova-wimbledon-final_n.htm|title=Sharapova back at last where she belongs|work=USA Today|author=Christine Brennan|date=June 30, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> ===2009: Shoulder surgery an rehabilitation=== Sharapova did nae attempt tae defend her Australian Open title, as she continued tae recover frae surgery.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/sport/tennis/sharapova-out/2009/01/11/1231608525444.html|title=Sharapova out after shoulder fails to recover|publisher=Fairfax Digital|work=The Age|author=Linda Pearce|date=January 12, 2009|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> She returned tae the sport in Mairch, in the doubles tournament at the BNP Paribas Open, but she an pairtner Elena Vesnina lost in the first roond. Efter this, Sharapova withdrew frae further singles tournaments, resultin in her staundin in the warld rankings bein severely affected. She dropped oot o the tap 100 for the first time in sax years in Mey, the nadir bein warld No. 126.<ref name="wtatennis" /> [[File:Maria Sharapova at 2009 Roland Garros, Paris, France.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|Sharapova made the quarterfinals o the French Open, her best Grand Slam performance o 2009]] Playin her first singles tournament in nearly ten month, Sharapova reached the quarterfinals o the clay-court Warsaw Open in Mey, losin tae finalist Alona Bondarenko.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/news/story?id=4192265|title=Bondarenko wins in straight sets|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=May 21, 2009|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> The follaein week, in her first Grand Slam appearance syne her surgery, she reached the quarterfinals o the French Open, afore her run wis ended bi Dominika Cibulková.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/frenchopen/5430320/French-Open-2009-Maria-Sharapova-and-the-curse-of-the-cover-stars.html|title=French Open 2009: Maria Sharapova and the curse of the cover stars |work=The Daily Telegraph|author=Mark Hodgkinson|date=June 2, 2009|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> During the summer gress-court saison, Sharapova played in Birmingham, losin in the semifinals tae Li Na.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/news/story?id=4256242|title=Sharapova broken six times in loss|date=June 13, 2009|publisher=[[ESPN]]|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova then played at Wimbledon as the 24t seed. She wis upset in the second roond bi Gisela Dulko in three sets.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wimbledon/5624035/Wimbledon-2009-Maria-Sharapova-suffers-shock-defeat-by-Gisela-Dulko.html|title=Wimbledon 2009: Maria Sharapova suffers shock defeat by Gisela Dulko|last=Hodgkinson|first=Mark|date=June 24, 2009|work=The Daily Telegraph|accessdate=May 18, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova enjoyed considerable success in the summer months, reachin the quarterfinals at the Bank o the Wast Classic, the semifinals at the LA Weemen's Tennis Championships, an finishinrunner-up at the Rogers Cup tae [[Elena Dementieva]]. At the 2009 US Open, Sharapova wis seedit 29t. She foond her wey intae the third roond, defeatin Tsvetana Pironkova an Christina McHale all in straucht sets. She wis stunned in the third roond bi American teenager Melanie Oudin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/usopen09/news/story?id=4448907|title=Oudin's run continues; Safina exits early|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=September 6, 2009|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> It wis the second time in Sharapova's career that she lost tae a teenager at a [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]], haein lost tae [[Agnieszka Radwańska]] during the same event in 2007. The loss saw Sharapova's rankin gang doun tae No. 32.<ref name="wtatennis" /> The final stretch o the saison brocht Sharapova her first title o the year in Tokyo, efter opponent Jelena Janković retired efter bein doun 2–5 tae Sharapova in the final.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/SPORT/10/03/tennis.sharapova.jankovic.venus/|title= Sharapova lands Tokyo title as Jankovic quits |publisher=CNN|date=October 3, 2009|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> Bi virtue o that result, she wis the recipient o a bye at the China Open, but failed tae capitalize on it, losin tae Peng Shuai in the third roond.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2009/oct/07/maria-sharapova-china-open-shuai|title=Tired Maria Sharapova knocked out of China Open by Peng Shuai|publisher=The Guardian|date=October 7, 2009|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> She ultimately finished the saison at warld No. 14, haein improved frae No. 126 when she stairtit her comeback frae injury.<ref name="wtatennis" /> ===2010: Comeback an struggles wi form=== Efter playin twa exhibition tournaments in Asia, Sharapova offeecially began her saison at the Australian Open, whaur she wis upset in her first-roond match against Maria Kirilenko. The loss meant that for the first time syne 2003, Sharapova haed lost her openin match at a Grand Slam event.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/australianopen/7016124/Australian-Open-2010-Maria-Sharapova-dumped-out-by-Maria-Kirilenko.html|author=Mark Hodgkinson|work=The Telegraph|title=Australian Open 2010: Maria Sharapova dumped out by Maria Kirilenko|date=January 18, 2010|accessdate=June 12, 2010|location=London}}</ref> She then rebounded bi winnin a smawer American event, the Cellular South Cup, her 21st career WTA title an first o the year.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8526723.stm|title=Maria Sharapova beats Sofia Arvidsson in Memphis final|date=January 21, 2010|work=BBC Sport |accessdate=February 22, 2010}}</ref> At the BNP Paribas Open, Sharapova lost in the third roond tae Zheng Jie, aggravating a bruised bane on her right elbow in the process, which resulted in her eventual withdrawal frae the Sony Ericsson Open<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/SPORT/tennis/03/18/tennis.sharapova.injury.elbow/index.html|publisher=CNN|title=Sharapova suffers fresh setback after elbow injury|date=March 18, 2010|accessdate=June 12, 2010}}</ref> an the Family Circle Cup.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usta.com/Global/Pro_Tennis/Pro_Tennis/Wire/2010/04/09/Serena_Williams_Sharapova_withdraw_from_Family_Circle_Cup.aspx|publisher=United States Tennis Association|title=Serena Williams, Sharapova withdraw from Family Circle Cup|date=April 9, 2010|accessdate=June 12, 2010|archive-date=2010-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413075534/http://www.usta.com/Global/Pro_Tennis/Pro_Tennis/Wire/2010/04/09/Serena_Williams_Sharapova_withdraw_from_Family_Circle_Cup.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Returning at the 2010 Mutua Madrileña Madrid Open, Sharapova lost in the first roond tae Lucie Šafářová. She continued her French Open preparation at the Internationaux de Strasbourg as a wildcard, advancing tae the final, whaur she beat Kristina Barrois. This wis her first title on reid clay an 22nt oweraw title.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinapost.com.tw/sports/tennis/2010/05/24/257792/Sharapova-wins.htm|work=The China Post|location=Taiwan (ROC)|title=Sharapova wins second 2010 title at Strasbourg|date=May 24, 2010|accessdate=June 12, 2010|archive-date=2012-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925202148/http://www.chinapost.com.tw/sports/tennis/2010/05/24/257792/Sharapova-wins.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the French Open, Sharapova's brief clay saison culminatit wi a third-roond loss tae fower-time champion [[Justine Henin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/frenchopen/7785938/French-Open-2010-Justine-Henin-defeats-Maria-Sharapova.html|title=French Open 2010: Justine Henin defeats Maria Sharapova|publisher=The Telegraph|date=May 30, 2010|accessdate=June 14, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova began her preparations for Wimbledon at the Aegon Classic. She advanced tae the final for the fowert time, whaur she lost tae [[Li Na]]. As the 16t seed at Wimbledon, Sharapova lost in the fowert roond tae warld No. 1 an eventual champion [[Serena Williams]], despite haein three set pynts in the openin set.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.skysports.com/tennis/tournaments/story/0,25174,18898_6236218,00.html|title=Sharapova tests Serena|work=Sky Sports|date=June 29, 2010|accessdate=July 3, 2010|archive-date=2010-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701033332/http://www.skysports.com/tennis/tournaments/story/0%2C25174%2C18898_6236218%2C00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The match wis seen as anither encouraging performance for Sharapova, wi some statin thair belief that she wis approachin the form that wad see her contending for Grand Slams ance mair,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/serena-forced-into-top-gear-to-tame-sharapova-2013078.html|title=Serena forced into top gear to tame Sharapova|author=Chris McGrath|work=The Independent|location=UK|date=June 29, 2010|accessdate=July 3, 2010|archive-date=2015-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224182144/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/serena-forced-into-top-gear-to-tame-sharapova-2013078.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> an Sharapova hersel statin that she felt that she wis "in a much better spot than I was last year."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://straightsets.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/06/28/serena-williams-avoids-flashback-beats-sharapova/|title=Serena Williams Avoids Flashback, Beats Sharapova|author=John Martin|work=The New York Times|date=June 28, 2010|accessdate=July 3, 2010}}</ref> During the US Open Series, Sharapova reached twa finals in a raw, losin tae [[Victoria Azarenka]] at the Bank o the Wast Classic,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/2010-08-01-bank-of-the-west-classic_N.htm|title=Azarenka rolls past Sharapova to win Bank o the Wast title|publisher=USA Today|date=February 8, 2010|accessdate=June 14, 2013}}</ref> an tae [[Kim Clijsters]] at the Western & Southern Financial Group Women's Open.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cincytennis.com/clijsters_wins/|title=Clijsters Storms Back to Win 2010 Women's Open|publisher=WTA|accessdate=June 14, 2013|archive-date=2015-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224182310/http://www.cincytennis.com/clijsters_wins/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the latter match, Sharapova held three match pynts while leadin 5–3 on Clijsters's serve late in the second set, but coud nae convert them. At the U.S. Open, Sharapova wis the 14t seed. She got tae the fowert roond, whaur she played tap seed an 2009 finalist [[Caroline Wozniacki]] an lost.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/usopen10/news/story?id=5539423|title=Maria Sharapova loses in 4th round|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=September 7, 2010|accessdate=June 14, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova's last twa tournaments o the saison ended in disappointment. She played in the Toray Pan Pacific Open in Tokyo, whaur she wis upset in the first roond bi 39-year-auld Kimiko Date-Krumm.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/2010-09-27-pan-pacific-open_N.htm|title=Japan's Date Krumm ousts Sharapova at Pan Pacific Open|work=USA Today|date=September 29, 2010|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> Her last tournament o the year wis the China Open, whaur she lost in the second roond tae fellae Roushie Elena Vesnina.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2009/oct/07/maria-sharapova-china-open-shuai|title=Tired Maria Sharapova knocked out of China Open by Peng Shuai|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=October 7, 2010|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> She ended the year at number 18 in the warld.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/photos/article/2213795/title/2010-year-end-top-20|title=2010: Year-End Top 20|publisher=WTA|date=November 10, 2010|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> ===2011: Return tae the tap 10=== It wis annoonced that Sharapova wad bring in Thomas Högstedt as a coach for the 2011 saison, joining Michael Joyce.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2010/12/sharapova-hires-hogstedt-to-co-coach-with-joyce/26210/|title=Sharapova hires Hogstedt to co-coach with Joyce|author=Matthew Cronin|publisher=TENNIS.com|date=December 4, 2010|accessdate=October 23, 2014|archive-date=2016-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108032712/http://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2010/12/sharapova-hires-hogstedt-to-co-coach-with-joyce/26210/|url-status=dead}}</ref> On December 5, Sharapova won an exhibition match against warld No. 2 Vera Zvonareva in Monterrey, Mexico. In Sharapova's first offeecial Australian Open warm-up tournament at the 2011 ASB Classic in Auckland, New Zealand, she wis seedit first. She lost tae the Hungarian veteran an eventual champion Gréta Arn in the quarterfinals. Efter the ASB Classic, Sharapova decidit tae split up wi Joyce, endin a successfu cooperation that haes brocht her twa Grand Slam victories an the Warld No. 1 ranking.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.ria.ru/sports/20110116/162167367.html|title=Sharapova's long-time coach leaves job|publisher=RIA Novosti|date=January 16, 2011|accessdate=October 23, 2014|archive-date=2014-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023230658/http://en.ria.ru/sports/20110116/162167367.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sharapova participated in the first Grand Slam o the saison at the Australian Open, whaur she wis the 14t seed, but lost tae [[Andrea Petkovic]] in the fowert roond.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.rian.ru/sports/20110123/162258814.html|title=Russia's Sharapova loses out to Germany's Petkovic in Australian Open|author=Anton Denisov|date=January 23, 2011|accessdate=July 5, 2011|archive-date=2011-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110327084430/http://en.rian.ru/sports/20110123/162258814.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> She an aa haed tae pull oot o the 2011 Dubai Tennis Championships an 2011 Qatar Ladies Open acause o an lug infection.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/tennis/blog/_/name/espntennis/month/february-2011|title=Work to do for Roddick and the Americans|publisher=[[ESPN]]|author=Ravi Ubha|date=February 16, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova returned tae the tour in Mairch bi takin pairt in the 2011 BNP Paribas Open, whaur she wis seedit 16t. She defeatit umwhile warld No. 1 [[Dinara Safina]], in the fowert roond en route tae the semifinal, whaur she lost tae warld No. 1 [[Caroline Wozniacki]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/03/20/wozniacki-wins-bnp-paribaas-open_n_838169.html|title= Wozniacki Wins BNP Paribas Open, Beats Marion Bartoli In Finals |work=The Huffington Post|author=Beth Harris|date=March 20, 2011|accessdate=June 14, 2013}}</ref> At the 2011 Sony Ericsson Open in Key Biscayne, Sharapova defeatit 26t seed Alexandra Dulgheru in the quarterfinals, in a match lasting 3 oors an 28 meenits.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.rian.ru/sports/20110330/163283242.html|title=Russia's Sharapova moves into semis at Miami tennis tournament|publisher=RIA Novosti|date=March 30, 2011|accessdate=June 14, 2013|archive-date=2012-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329023553/http://www.en.rian.ru/sports/20110330/163283242.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the semifinals, Sharapova teuk her Australian Open reprisal on Germany's [[Andrea Petkovic]] bi defeatin her. In the final, she wis defeatit bi [[Victoria Azarenka]], despite a late comeback in the second set.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/tennis/aus12/story/_/id/7513049/2012-australian-open-victoria-azarenka-routs-maria-sharapova-win-title|title=Victoria Azarenka routs Sharapova|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=January 29, 2011|accessdate=June 14, 2013}}</ref> Wi this result, Sharapova returned tae the tap 10 for the first time syne Februar 2009.<ref name="wtatennis"/> During the clay-court saison, Sharapova participated in 2011 Mutua Madrileña Madrid Open, whaur she lost tae Dominika Cibulková in the third roond, an the 2011 Internazionali BNL d'Italia, whaur she wis seedit seivent. She defeatit tap seed Caroline Wozniacki in the semifinals an saxt seed Samantha Stosur in the final tae tak hame the title, merking her biggest clay-court victory tae date.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/2360583/title/sharapovas-greatest-clay-court-triumph|title=Sharapova's Greatest Clay Court Triumph|publisher=WTA|date=May 15, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> At the 2011 French Open, Sharapova wis seedit seivent. She defeatit French wildcard [[Caroline Garcia]] in the second roond, despite trailing 3–6, 1–4, afore winnin the last 11 gemmes o the match. In the quarterfinals, she defeatit 15t seed [[Andrea Petkovic]], merking her first Grand Slam semifinal syne her comeback frae the career-threatening shoulder injury. She then lost tae saxt seed an eventual champion [[Li Na]], in the semifinals, endin her clay saison wi a win-loss record o 12–2.<ref>{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322014754/http://www.rolandgarros.com/en_FR/news/articles/2011-06-02/201106021307029251097.html|archivedate=2012-03-22|url=http://www.rolandgarros.com/en_FR/news/articles/2011-06-02/201106021307029251097.html|title=Li sweeps Sharapova aside for tilt at title|author=Louisa Baker|date=June 2, 2011|accessdate=June 4, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> At the 2011 Wimbledon Championships, Sharapova haed nae dropped a set entering the final, afore losin tae aicht seed [[Petra Kvitová]] in straucht sets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/14002512|title=Wimbledon 2011: Petra Kvitova beats Maria Sharapova to title|publisher=BBC|author=Piers Newbery|date=July 2, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> This merked her first final in ower three years at a Grand Slam event. Sharapova stairtit her summer haurd-court saison at the 2011 Bank o the Wast Classic in Stanford, Californie. In a heichly anticipatit match, Sharapova lost tae the eventual champion [[Serena Williams]] in the quarterfinals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/2405569/title/serena-shines-in-qfs-lisicki-awaits-in-sfs|title=Serena Shines In QFs, Lisicki Awaits In SFs|publisher=WTA|date=July 29, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> In her next event at the 2011 Rogers Cup in Toronto, Canadae, Sharapova lost tae Galina Voskoboeva in the third roond, merking her 100th career loss.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/2417634/title/stosur-dismisses-li-tough-day-for-faves|title=Stosur Dismisses Li, Tough Day For Faves|publisher=WTA|date=August 11, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> [[File:Maria Sharapova 2011.jpg|thumb|right|Sharapova at the Western & Southern Open, August 2011]] Sharapova then contested the 2011 Western & Southern Open in [[Cincinnati]], Ohio. As the fowert seed, she received a bye intae the second roond. On the wey tae her fowert final o the year, she beat Anastasia Rodionova,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/2422838/title/bartoli-back-on-track-serena-edges-hradecka|title=Bartoli Back On Track, Serena Edges Hradecka |publisher=WTA|date=August 16, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> 14t seed [[Svetlana Kuznetsova]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/2425089/title/hantuchova-gets-past-bartoli-zvonareva-next|title=Hantuchova Gets Past Bartoli, Zvonareva Next|publisher=WTA|date=August 18, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> tenth seed Samantha Stosur,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/2426294/title/zvonareva-sharapova-to-clash-in-semifinals|title=Zvonareva & Sharapova to clash in semifinals|publisher=WTA|date=August 19, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> an 2nt seed Vera Zvonareva.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/2427204/title/former-world-no1s-to-collide-in-cincinnati|title=Former world No. 1s to Collide in Cincinnati|publisher=WTA|date=August 20, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> In the final, she defeatit fellae umwhile warld No. 1 Jelena Janković, in 2 oors an 49 meenits, makin it the langest WTA tour final o the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cincinnati.com/article/20110821/SPT/308210027/Sharapova-wins-women-s-title?odyssey|title=Sharapova wins women's title|publisher=Cincinnati.com|author=Shannon Russell|date=August 22, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> She subsequently moved up tae warld No. 4, her heichest ranking syne August 2008 an the heichest syne her comeback frae her shoulder injury.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/2428859/title/ranking-watch-maria-moves-up-to-no4|title=Ranking Watch: Maria Moves Up To No. 4|publisher=WTA|date=August 22, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova entered the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]], whaur she wis seedit third. She beat Heather Watson, an Anastasiya Yakimova, tae reach the third roond. She wis then upset bi Flavia Pennetta. Houiver, acause o the faw o [[Kim Clijsters]] an Vera Zvonareva in the rankings, Sharapova climbed tae warld No. 2.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennisnow.com/News/Maria-Sharapova-Shocked-Out-of-US-Open,-More-From-.aspx|title=Maria Sharapova Shocked Out of US Open, More From New York|publisher=Tennisnow|date=September 2, 2011|accessdate=September 2, 2011|archive-date=2015-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706213624/http://www.tennisnow.com/News/Maria-Sharapova-Shocked-Out-of-US-Open,-More-From-.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sharapova's next tournament wis the 2011 Toray Pan Pacific Open in Tokyo, Japan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ajw.asahi.com/article/sports/topics/AJ2011093012822|title=Sharapova limps out of Pan Pacific Open|publisher=The Asahi Shimbun Company|author=Rob Smaal|date=September 30, 2011|accessdate=June 2, 2013|archive-date=2014-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221231212/http://ajw.asahi.com/article/sports/topics/AJ2011093012822|url-status=dead}}</ref> As second seed, she received a bye intae the second roond, whaur she beat Tamarine Tanasugarn. She then beat 13t seed Julia Görges, afore retiring against Petra Kvitová in the quarterfinal, 3–4, efter slipping on the baseline, sufferin an ankle injury. This an aa forced her tae withdraw frae the 2011 China Open the follaein week. Sharapova then flew tae Istanbul tae prepare for the 2011 WTA Tour Championships, her first time qualifying syne 2007. During the WTA Tour Championships, Sharapova withdrew during the roond-robin stage efter defeats against Samantha Stosur an [[Li Na]], as a result o the ankle injury she haed suffered in Tokyo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.rian.ru/sports/20110929/167244910.html|title=Ankle injury forces Sharapova to retire in Tokyo QF against Kvitova|publisher=RIA Novosti|date=September 29, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}{{Dead link|date=May 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Sharapova ended the year as No. 4 in the warld, her first tap-10 finish syne 2008 an first tap-5 finish syne 2007. ===2012: Career Grand Slam, return tae warld No. 1 an Olympic siller medal=== Sharapova withdrew frae the 2012 Brisbane International acause o her ongangin ankle injury.<ref>{{cite web|last=Musall|first=Jeff|url=http://sports.yahoo.com/tennis/news?slug=ycn-10746909|title=Maria Sharapova Withdraws from Brisbane, Still on for Australian Open: Fan Reaction – Tennis – Yahoo! Sports|publisher=Sports.yahoo.com|date=April 20, 2011|accessdate=January 25, 2012|archive-date=2013-06-21|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HXaiB2Dt?url=http://sports.yahoo.com/tennis/news?slug=ycn-10746909|url-status=dead}}</ref> Her first tournament o the saison wis the 2012 Australian Open, whaur she wis seedit fowert. Sharapova advanced tae the final roond conceding five gemmes, defeatin Gisela Dulko, Jamie Hampton, an 30t seed [[Angelique Kerber]], compatriot [[Ekaterina Makarova]] an warld No. 2 [[Petra Kvitová]]. She lost tae [[Victoria Azarenka]] in twa sets. As a result her ranking improved tae warld No. 3. She then played in the Paris, whaur she lost in the quarterfinals tae eventual champion Angelique Kerber. As a result her ranking improved tae warld No. 2. [[File:Flickr - Carine06 - Maria Sharapova (1).jpg|thumb|left|Sharapova at the 2012 Summer Olympics, Julie 2012]] At the Indian Wells, efter battling for ower three oors, Sharapova defeatit compatriot Maria Kirilenko tae set up a semifinal meetin wi [[Ana Ivanovic]]. Sharapova advanced tae the final efter Ivanovic retired due tae a hip injury. In the final, she played warld No. 1 Victoria Azarenka in a rematch o the Australian Open final, but lost again in straucht sets. Sharapova's next tournament wis the 2012 Sony Ericsson Open, whaur she wis seedit 2nt an received a bye. In the final, Sharapova lost in straucht sets tae 5t seedit [[Agnieszka Radwańska]]. This wis her third loss o the year in finals oot o fower tournaments played sae far. In the Porsche Tennis Grand Prix in Stuttgart, Sharapova wis seedit second. She haed a bye in the first roond, an advanced tae the third roond efter Alizé Cornet retired in the second set. She won her first title o the year in Stuttgart efter defeatin warld number ane Victoria Azarenka. In daein sae, Sharapova defeatit three current Grand Slam title holders tae win the tournament. Sharapova then played on the 2012 Mutua Madrid Open, a premier mandatory event. In the third roond, Sharapova's opponent Lucie Šafářová wis unable tae compete an withdrew frae the tournament, earnin Sharapova a walkover intae the quarterfinals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2012/05/10/sharapova-serena-reach-madrid-open-quarters/|title=Sharapova, Serena reach Madrid Open quarters|publisher=Fox News|date=May 10, 2012|accessdate=June 2, 2013|archive-date=2015-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407103236/http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2012/05/10/sharapova-serena-reach-madrid-open-quarters/|url-status=dead}}</ref> She wis then beaten bi eventual champion [[Serena Williams]] in straucht sets. As the defendin champion an second seed at the Italian Open, Sharapova haed a bye in the first roond. In the semifinals, Sharapova defeatit Angelique Kerber tae advance tae the final for the second year in a row. In the final, Sharapova saved match pynt for a 2-oor 52 meenit win ower [[Li Na]] for her 26t career title.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/18138072|title=Maria Sharapova |publisher=BBC|date=May 20, 2013|accessdate=May 21, 2012}}</ref> This merked the fowert time Sharapova haed successfully defended a title. Sharapova wis seedit second at the French Open, whaur she defeatit Alexandra Cadanțu, [[Petra Kvitová]] on her wey tae the finals, allouin her tae regain the warld No. 1 ranking. In the final, she defeatit Sara Errani for her first French Open title. Sharapova becam anly the tenth woman tae complete a Career Grand Slam wi the French Open victory.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/sharapova-savours-her-sweetest-triumph-as-reward-for-comeback-7834856.html|title=Sharapova savours her 'sweetest triumph' as reward for comeback|date=June 11, 2012|work=The Independent|accessdate=June 11, 2012|archive-date=2012-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615110556/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/sharapova-savours-her-sweetest-triumph-as-reward-for-comeback-7834856.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> During the tournament, Sharapova wis an aa asked bi the Roushie Olympic Committee tae cairy the Roushie banner in the [[2012 Simmer Olympics|Olympic Gemmes]], makin her the first female banner bearer for Roushie in Olympic history.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbssports.com/olympics/blog/eye-on-olympics/19352136/maria-sharapova-to-carry-russian-flag-in-opening-ceremony|title=Maria Sharapova to carry Russian flag in opening ceremony|publisher=CBS Sports|author=Reid Cherner|date=June 14, 2012|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova then extendit her win streak tae 15 matches when she competit in the Wimbledon Championships as the tap seed thare for the first time in her career. Houiver, she wis upset in the fowert roond bi 15t-seedit [[Sabine Lisicki]], whom she beat in last year's semifinals. As a result, she lost her No. 1 ranking tae Victoria Azarenka. She played in the [[Tennis at the 2012 Simmer Olympics|2012 Summer Olympic Gemmes]] in Lunnon, her first Olympics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/olympics/summer/2012/tennis/story/_/id/8229534/2012-london-olympics-serena-williams-maria-sharapova-play-gold-medal|title=Serena, Maria Sharapova in final|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=August 3, 2012|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> In the quarterfinals, Sharapova defeatit fellae umwhile No. 1 [[Kim Clijsters]] tae advance tae the semifinals, whaur she faced her compatriot, Maria Kirilenko. Sharapova defeatit Kirilenko tae reach the Olympic final, whaur she lost tae Serena Williams,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/tennis/9452056/London-2012-Olympics-Serena-Williams-storms-to-gold-medal-as-she-thrashes-Maria-Sharapova-in-womens-final.html|title=London 2012 Olympics: Serena Williams storms to gold medal as she thrashes Maria Sharapova in women's final |accessdate=August 4, 2012}}</ref> merking her worst defeat bi the American. Wi this performance, Sharapova owerteuk Agnieszka Radwańska as warld No. 2. Sharapova wis seedit third at the US Open, but haed no haurd-court tune-ups efter the Olympics due tae a painch virus.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2012/aug/27/sports/la-sp-sn-sharapova-not-pregnant-20120827|title=Maria Sharapova isn't pregnant, denies Istanbul wedding rumor|work=Los Angeles Times|author=Diane Pucin|date=August 27, 2012|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> In the fowert roond, Nadia Petrova teuk it tae a third set an wis winnin tilt a rain delay. Efter the delay, Sharapova came back an bure the gree. In the quarterfinals, she faced [[Marion Bartoli]], wha wis 4–0 up afore a rain delay, whilk delayed the match a hale day. Sharapova then came back frae a set doun tae win.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/espnw/more-sports/8342222/2012-us-open-maria-sharapova-once-again-reigns-rain|title=Maria Sharapova reigns after rain|publisher=[[ESPN]]|author=Jane McManus|date=September 6, 2012|accessdate=June 2, 2013|archive-date=2012-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907134135/http://espn.go.com/espnw/more-sports/8342222/2012-us-open-maria-sharapova-once-again-reigns-rain|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the semifinals Sharapova lost tae warld No. 1 Victoria Azarenka. Sharapova's next tournament wis the Toray Pan Pacific Open in Tokyo. She got tae the quarterfinals, losin tae [[Samantha Stosur]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/172129.html|title=Sharapova and Azarenka out in Tokyo|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=September 27, 2012|accessdate=June 2, 2013|archive-date=2015-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224184335/http://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/172129.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the China Open she wis seedit second. In the finals she wis again defeatit bi Azarenka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.cntv.cn/program/sportsscene/20121008/104625.shtml|title=Azarenka overwhelms Sharapova to win China Open|publisher=China Central Television|date=October 8, 2012|accessdate=June 2, 2013|archive-date=2013-01-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104184818/http://english.cntv.cn/program/sportsscene/20121008/104625.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sharapova's next tournament wis the year-end championships in Istanbul, whaur she wis seedit second. She defeatit Sara Errani, [[Agnieszka Radwańska]], an [[Samantha Stosur]] in the roond-robin matches. In the semifinals, Sharapova beat Azarenka, bringin thair head-tae-head meetins tae 7–5 in Azarenka's favour. Awtho Sharapova got tae the final, Azarenka clinched the year-end No. 1 rankin wi her twa roond-robin wins. She losst tae Serena Williams for the 13t consecutive time in the final.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtachampionships.com/page/Scores/0,,12910,00.html|title=Scores|publisher=WTA|accessdate=June 2, 2013|archive-date=2013-08-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810072751/http://www.wtachampionships.com/page/Scores/0,,12910,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===2013: Third shoulder injury=== Sharapova's first scheduled toornament o the 2013 saison wis the Brisbane International, whaur she wis seedit second. However, she withdrew frae the tournament afore it began, citin a collarbone injury.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/tennis/story/_/id/8798746/maria-sharapova-withdraws-brisbane-international-due-collarbone-pain|title=Maria Sharapova skips Brisbane|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=January 1, 2013|accessdate=March 22, 2013}}</ref> She stairtit her saison at the Australian Open seedit second. She defeatit Olga Puchkova an Misaki Doi in the first twa roonds wioot losin a gemme in aither match, the first time a player haes won in back-tae-back double bagels at a Grand Slam tournament syne the 1985 Australian Open.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/3042968/title/once-in-a-lifetime-for-sharapova|title=Once In A Lifetime For Sharapova|publisher=WTA|date=January 16, 2013|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova then defeatit [[Venus Williams]], Kirsten Flipkens, an [[Ekaterina Makarova]], whaur in losin anly nine gemmes she broke [[Monica Seles]]' record o fewest gemmes dropped heidin intae a Grand Slam semifinal.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/21133423 Maria Sharapova and Li Na reach Australian Open semi-finals], BBC Sport, Retrieved 22 January 2013</ref> She lost tae [[Li Na]] in the semifinals. [[File:Maria Sharapova - Roland-Garros 2013 - 002.jpg|thumb|right|Sharapova at the French Open, Mey 2013]] She reached the semifinals at the Qatar Total Open, losin tae [[Serena Williams]] for the 10t straucht time in her career.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/articles/436019/20130216/serena-williams-maria-sharapova-wta-qatar-victoria.htm|title= Qatar Total Open: Williams Blasts Sharapova as New World Number One Rolls into Doha Final |publisher=International Business Times|author=Martin Baccardax|date=February 16, 2013|accessdate=May 22, 2013}}</ref> Her next tournament wis Indian Wells, whaur she wis seedit second. She received a bye intae the second roond an successfully reached the final wioot dropping a set, whaur she faced 2011 Indian wells champion an umwhile warld No. 1 [[Caroline Wozniacki]]. Efter an oor an twenty-ane meenits, Sharapova won the tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/tennis/story/_/id/9062961/maria-sharapova-wins-indian-wells-title-caroline-wozniacki|title=Maria Sharapova wins Indian Wells|publisher=[[ESPN]]|author=Martin Baccardax|date=March 17, 2013|accessdate=May 22, 2013}}</ref> This wis Maria's 28t career title an second at Indian Wells. Her win pit her at No. 2 in the warld behind [[Serena Williams]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tennis.si.com/2013/03/17/sharapova-wins-indian-wells-bnp-wozniacki/|title=Maria Sharapova dominates Caroline Wozniacki for second Indian Wells title|publisher=SI.com|date=March 17, 2013|accessdate=March 22, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ubitennis.com/english/sport/tennis/2013/03/21/862125-sharapova_aims_coast_coast_double.shtml|title=Sharapova aims for coast-to-coast double|publisher=Ubisporting|date=March 23, 2013|accessdate=March 22, 2013|archive-date=2014-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606213820/http://www.ubitennis.com/english/sport/tennis/2013/03/21/862125-sharapova_aims_coast_coast_double.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2013/03/17/sharapova-sails-past-wozniacki-in-indian-wells-final/|title=Sharapova sails past Wozniacki in Indian Wells final|publisher=Fox News|date=March 17, 2013|accessdate=March 22, 2013|archive-date=2015-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326045302/http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2013/03/17/sharapova-sails-past-wozniacki-in-indian-wells-final/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Maria then competit at the Sony Open. Ance again she reached the final wioot dropping a set an faced warld No. 1 [[Serena Williams]]. Maria stairtit the match strang, winnin the first set. Houiver, Serena won the second an dominated the third set. This wis Maria's 11t consecutive loss against Serena.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/12/serena-williams-maria-sharapova-madrid-final_n_3262472.html|title= Serena Williams Beats Maria Sharapova To Win Madrid Open 2013, Retain No. 1 Ranking |author=Joseph Wilson|work=The Huffington Post|date=May 12, 2013|accessdate=May 22, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1636598-serena-williams-vs-maria-sharapova-world-no-1-will-dominate-madrid-open-final|title=Serena Williams vs. Maria Sharapova: World No. 1 Will Dominate Madrid Open Final|publisher=Bleacher Report|author=Patrick Clarke|date=May 11, 2013|accessdate=May 22, 2013}}</ref> Next, she played at the indoor clay event in Stuttgart, whaur she wis the defendin champion. Maria wis tap seed an haed a bye in the first roond. Her first three matches war lang three-setters: she first beat warld No. 25 Lucie Šafářová, dropping the second set on a tiebreak, then [[Ana Ivanovic]], then in the semifinals she won against third seed [[Angelique Kerber]]. In the final, in what wis her ninth victory against the Cheenese oot o 14 matches, she beat second seed warld No. 5 [[Li Na]] in straucht sets tae win her 29t career title.<ref>{{cite web|title=Maria Sharapova beats Li Na to retain Stuttgart title|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/22331232|accessdate=April 28, 2013}}</ref> A week later, she competit at the Madrid Open, reachin the final, again wioot dropping a set. She faced [[Serena Williams]] for the 15t time, losin for the 12t consecutive time in straucht sets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Sports_News/2013/05/12/Serena-Williams-repeats-as-Madrid-Open-champion/UPI-57451368363562/|title=Serena Williams repeats as Madrid Open champion|publisher= United Press International|date=May 12, 2013|accessdate=June 2, 2013}}</ref> Next, she played in Roum, whaur she wis seedit second an haed a bye in the first roond. She beat 16t seed Sloane Stephens in straucht sets (wi the loss o juist three gemmes) in the third roond, but then did nae play her quarterfinal match against seivent seed Sara Errani an retired frae the tournament due tae a viral illness.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/05/17/sport/tennis/djokovic-nadal-tennis-sharapova|title=Djokovic loses at Rome Masters, hurting French Open preparations|publisher=CNN|date=May 18, 2013|accessdate=May 22, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2013/05/17/serena-azarenka-reach-semis-sharapova-pulls-out-in-rome/|title=Serena, Azarenka reach semis; Sharapova pulls out in Rome|publisher=Fox News|date=May 17, 2013|accessdate=May 22, 2013|archive-date=2015-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407103228/http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2013/05/17/serena-azarenka-reach-semis-sharapova-pulls-out-in-rome/|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the 2013 French Open, Sharapova reached the final again, beatin Azarenka in three sets in the semifinals, but thare she lost in straucht sets tae [[Serena Williams]]. At Wimbledon she wis comprehensively beaten in the second roond bi qualifier Michelle Larcher de Brito. Sharapova then returned tae the tour at the 2013 Western & Southern Open, whaur she lost her openin match tae Sloane Stephens in three sets. A week later Sharapova withdrew frae the U.S. Open citing a shoulder injury, which prematurely ended her saison.<ref>{{cite web|title=Maria Sharapova withdraws from the U.S. Open|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/tennis/2013/08/21/maria-sharapova-withdraws-us-open/2683231/|publisher=USA Today|accessdate=22 August 2013}}</ref> ===2014: Comeback an second French Open title=== {{main|2014 Maria Sharapova tennis season}} Sharapova haed nae played syne August 2013 due tae a recurring shoulder injury an cam back at the 2014 Brisbane International.<ref>{{cite web|title=Maria Sharapova to make tennis comeback at Brisbane International|url=http://www.news.com.au/sport/tennis/maria-sharapova-to-make-tennis-comeback-at-brisbane-international/story-fndkzym4-1226759913966|publisher=News.com.au|accessdate=14 November 2013|archive-date=2016-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108032712/http://www.news.com.au/sport/tennis/maria-sharapova-to-make-tennis-comeback-at-brisbane-international/story-fndkzym4-1226759913966|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sharapova advanced tae the semi-finals whaur she wis beaten in straucht sets bi [[Serena Williams]]. At the 2014 Australian Open Sharapova, rankit 3rd, wis knocked oot o the tournament in the 4t roond bi the 20t seed, an eventual finalist, Dominika Cibulkova. Sharapova lost the match in 3 sets. Sharapova then participated in GDF Suez whaur she wis upset in the semifinals tae fellae Roushie an eventual tournament winner Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova in three sets. In Mairch, playin in the Indian Wells Masters, she wis beaten bi 22-year-auld Italian Camila Giorgi in the third roond, in three sets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tennis.si.com/2014/03/10/maria-sharapova-camila-giorgi-indian-wells/ |title=Maria Sharapova ousted by Camila Giorgi in third round at Indian Wells &#124; Beyond The Baseline |publisher=Tennis.si.com |date= |accessdate=11 March 2014}}</ref> Therefore, due tae the WTA ranking seestem, this wad mean anither drop in ranking, bringin her tae warld No. 7. In Aprile, she won Stuttgart Open, her first title o the year an 30t o her career bi defeatin [[Ana Ivanovic]] in three sets. Stuttgart is the anly tournament Sharapova haes won three times. In Mey, Maria won the Madrid Open, her second title o the year an first in [[Madrid]], defeatin [[Simona Halep]] in three sets. Wi nine clay titles, she joins Venus Williams as the third maist successfu active player on the surface.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/Sharapova-wins-Madrid-Open-title/articleshow/34985579.cms|title=Sharapova wins Madrid Open title|publisher=Times of India|accessdate=May 11, 2014}}</ref> Sharapova then competit in the Italian Open in Roum, whaur she reached the third roond. She lost tae [[Ana Ivanovic]] in straucht sets. Sharapova wis seedit 7t at 2014 French Open an defeatit Ksenia Pervak, Tsvetana Pironkova, an Paula Ormaechea in the first 3 roonds, all in straucht sets. In the fowert roond she defeatit Samantha Stosur, reeling off nine straucht gemmes frae a set an 3–4 doun. This merked her 14t win in 16 meetins wi the Australian. In the quarters, she defeatit [[Garbiñe Muguruza|Garbine Muguruza]], again coming back frae a set doun, tae reach the semifinals at the French for the fowert consecutive year. In the semi-finals, she defeatit [[Eugenie Bouchard]], ance again coming back frae a set doun, tae reach her third consecutive [[French Open]] final. In the final, she defeatit [[Simona Halep]] in three sets tae win her second French Open title an fift oweraw Major title. This wis the first time syne 2001 whaur a third set wis contested in the final. The match teuk juist ower three oors, an haes been describit as ane o the best weemen's finals in recent years. <ref>{{cite news|last1=Meyers|first1=Nalia-Jean|title=Maria Sharapova Wins French Open|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/08/sports/tennis/maria-sharapova-wins-french-open.html?_r=0|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=June 7, 2014}}</ref> The 2014 Wimbledon Championships will be her next tournament as Sharapova chose nae tae play a warm-up event afore the third Grand Slam o the saison gets underway.<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/tennis/article-2654515/Maria-Sharapova-hops-London-Underground-seeing-boyfriend-Grigor-Dimitrov-beat-James-Ward-Queens-Club.html#ixzz34HRs4TtE Maria Sharapova hops on the London Underground] Dailymail. 10-06-2014. Retrieved 11-06-2014.</ref> At the 2014 Wimbledon Championships, Sharapova reached the fowert roond, whaur she lost tae German [[Angelique Kerber]], the ninth seed, in three sets. Sharapova then played the 2014 Rogers Cup in [[Montreal]] whaur she wis the 4t seed. She received a first roond bye an faced [[Garbiñe Muguruza|Garbine Muguruza]] in her opener, she won in 3 sets. In the follaein roond she lost in 3 sets tae Muguruza's compatriot, [[Carla Suárez Navarro|Carla Suarez Navarro]]. At the 2014 Western & Southern Open, Sharapova wis seedit 5t an defeatit Madison Keys efter haein a first roond bye. She then went on tae defeat Pavlyuchenkova an newly crowned warld no.2 [[Simona Halep]] tae reach the last fower. She faced Ivanovic again but lost in a roller coaster three-setter despite haein twa match pynts. Sharapova then travelled tae New York for the US Open whaur she wis the 5t seed. She defeatit compatriot Maria Kirilenko an Romanian Alexandra Dulgheru afore overcoming 26t seedit German [[Sabine Lisicki]] in roond 3 tae set up a clash wi [[Caroline Wozniacki]] in the roond o 16. Sharapova lost tae the Dane in 3 sets. Sharapova next played the inaugural 2014 Wuhan open whaur she wis seedit 4t. Efter receiving a first roond bye she defeatit compatriot Svetlana Kuznetsova in 3 sets an next faced Timea Bacsinszky. Awtho Sharapova won thair 2 previous encounters she wis stunned bi Timea in 2 tight sets sicweys endin her campaign at the premier 5 tournament. The follaein week Sharapova played the China Open in Beijing a Premier Mandatory-level tournament. Reachin the final wioot dropping a set, Sharapova defeatit warld No. 9 Ana Ivanovic in the semis. In the final Sharapova met reigning Wimbledon champion an warld No. 3 Petra Kvitova. Sharapova won the match in 2 oors 30 meenits, defeatin the Czech in three sets. Bi virtue o the win, Sharapova's ranking rose frae No. 4 tae No. 2 in the warld an she secured hersel the second seeding for the WTA year end Championship. An aa, Sharapova closed in on the year end number ane ranking spot, bein juist 467 pynts behind Williams. Maria wis rankit No. 2 heidin intae the WTA Tour Championships, wi a chance o owertakin [[Serena Williams]] as warld No. 1. She wis drawn in the white group, wi [[Petra Kvitova]], [[Agnieszka Radwanska]] an [[Caroline Wozniacki]]. Her first match wis a three set loss tae Wozniacki. Maria an aa lost her 2nt roond robin match tae Kvitova in straucht sets; her first loss tae Petra syne 2011. Maria still haed a chance o makin the Semis, houiver she needed tae beat Radwanska in twa sets, an Wozniacki needed tae beat Petra in straucht sets as weel. She ended her year wi a win against Radwanska in three sets, finishin3rd oweraw in the White group. She ended the year as warld No. 2, behind [[Serena Williams]]. ===2015: Fowert Australian Open final=== {{main|2015 Maria Sharapova tennis season}} Sharapova kicked off her 2015 saison at the Brisbane International whaur she wis tap seed an received a bye in the first roond. Sharapova defeatit Yaroslava Shvedova an Carla Suarez Navarro. In the semi finals Sharapova faced Elina Svitolina, beatin her in straucht sets. Reachin the final wioot dropping a set, Sharapova played an intense match against second seed Ana Ivanovic but came throu in three sets. This wis Sharapova's 10t win ower Ivanovic an bi winnin her 34th title, it meant that Sharapova haes won at least ane title every year for 13 consecutive years. An aa, it wis juist her second title in Australie sae far, an for baith she beat Ivanovic. Sharapova's next tournament wis the 2015 Australian Open, whaur she beat Petra Martić an fellae countrywoman Alexandra Panova (despite haein twa match pynts against her) in the first twa roonds, afore beatin Zarina Diyas an Peng Shuai in straucht sets. Thare, she beat seivent-seedit [[Eugenie Bouchard]] an fellae Roushie [[Ekaterina Makarova]] in straucht sets tae mak her fowert Australian Open final, whaur she lost tae [[Serena Williams]] in straucht sets, worsening her record against her tae 2–17. In Februar, follaein her participation in the Fed Cup, Sharapova played in Acapulco, whaur she beat Shelby Rogers, Mariana Duque Mariño an Magdaléna Rybáriková tae advance the semifinals. Sharapova later withdrew frae her match against [[Caroline Garcia]], citing a painch virus. Next, in Indian Wells, she beat Yanina Wickmayer an [[Victoria Azarenka]] in straucht sets, afore losin tae defendin champion Flavia Pennetta in the fowert roond in three sets. Efter receiving a bye in the first roond o the Miami Open, Sharapova lost in the second roond tae fellae Roushie Daria Gavrilova in straucht sets, merking her earliest exit frae the tournament syne her first appearance in Miami in 2003. Sharapova began her clay saison in Stuttgart whaur she wis the three time defendin champion. Efter receiving a first roond bye, she lost in the second roond tae [[Angelique Kerber]] in three sets, snapping Sharapova's win streak at the tournament an merking her first ever loss at the tournament haein won it three times in a row (2012, 2013, & 2014). The loss an aa snapped a 64 match win streak on clay whaur Sharapova won the first set an went on tae win the match. The last time Sharapova lost a match on clay efter winnin the first set wis against [[Dinara Safina]] in the fowert roond at the 2008 French Open. As a result o the loss Sharapova lost the No. 2 ranking tae [[Simona Halep]]. Sharapova's next clay court tournament wis the Madrid Open whaur she wis the defendin champion. She advanced tae the semifinals. Thare, she wis beaten bi Svetlana Kuznetsova for the first time syne 2008. Sharapova's next tournament wis be the Italian Open in Roum whaur she wis seedit 3rd. She beat [[Victoria Azarenka]] in the quarterfinals in straucht sets tae set up a re-match wi Daria Gavrilova. She beat Gavrilova in straucht sets tae advance tae the final, whaur she faced [[Carla Suárez Navarro|Carla Suarez Navarro]]. Efter losin the first set, Sharapova managed tae claim the next twa sets an her third Roum title. Bi winnin Roum, Sharapova reclaimed the No. 2 ranking ower Halep. ===2016–2020: Suspension, comeback an retiral=== Efter her failed drug test at the 2016 Australian Open, Sharapova wis suspendit frae tennis, an she cam back tae the WTA Tour in Aprile 2017. She won her first match back on 26 Aprile at the Porsche Grand Prix in Stuttgart, a tournament she haed wan three times afore, beatin Roberta Vinci in straucht sets.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sharapova soars past Vinci in Stuttgart opener.|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/maria-sharapova-soars-past-roberta-vinci-stuttgart-opener-porsche-tennis-grand-prix|publisher=WTA|access-date=2017-04-26|date=April 26, 2017}}</ref> Her last match wis a straucht-sets defeat bi Donna Vekić in the first roond o the 2020 Australian Open,<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/australian-open-2020-maria-sharapova-vs-donna-vekic-result-return-a9293766.html|title =Maria Sharapova unsure if she will return to Australian Open after first-round defeat by Donna Vekic|date=January 21, 2020|work=The Independent|access-date=2020-02-27}}</ref> an on 26 Februar 2020 she annoonced her retiral frae tennis in an essay in ''Vanity Fair'' an ''Vogue''.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2020/02/maria-sharapova-steps-away-from-the-game|title=Exclusive: "Tennis—I'm Saying Goodbye." After 28 Years and Five Grand Slams, Maria Sharapova Steps Away From The Game|magazine=Vanity Fair|date=February 26, 2020}}</ref> ==Fed Cup== Sharapova haes lived in the Unitit States syne muivin thare at the age o seiven, but retains her Roushie citizenship, an is therefore eligible tae play in the [[Fed Cup]] for Roushie.<ref name="pravda">{{cite web|url=http://english.pravda.ru/society/stories/11-10-2005/9051-sharapova-0/|title=Maria Sharapova unwilling to trade her Russian citizenship for anything|publisher=Pravda|date=October 11, 2005|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> Houiver, the behaviour o Sharapova's faither during her matches on the WTA Tour, combined wi a perceived lack o commitment bi her tae the Fed Cup, haes picked her side for the Roushie Fed Cup team cause controversy in the past. Efter Sharapova haed beaten fellae Roushie [[Anastasia Myskina]] at the 2004 WTA Tour Championships, Myskina criticized Sharapova's faither, saying: "He was just yelling and screaming instructions to her and I thought he just might jump right on the court at one point in the match." At the Fed Cup semifinals twa weeks later, Myskina stated she wad stap playin for Roushie if Sharapova jynt the Roushie team the follaein saison: "If she joins our team next season you won't see me there for sure. His behaviour is totally incorrect, simply rude. I don't want to be around people like him." Larisa Neiland, assistant tae Roushie Fed Cup captain Shamil Tarpishchev, added: "Her father's behaviour (at the WTA Tour Championships) was simply outrageous. I just don't see how he could work with the rest of us." Houiver Tarpishchev himsel played doun the problem, insisting: "I feel that things will calm down soon and we'll have Myskina, Sharapova, Kuznetsova and everyone else playing for Russia."<ref name="myskina">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4040243.stm|title=Myskina stands by Fed Cup threat|publisher=BBC|date=November 25, 2004|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> At the end o 2005, Sharapova stated she wis nou keen tae mak her Fed Cup debut<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4326784.stm|title=Sharapova keen to play for Russia|publisher=BBC|date=October 10, 2005|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> an wis set tae play against Belgium in Aprile 2006, but withdrew.<ref name="sharapovadelays">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4788132.stm|title=Sharapova delays debut for Russia|publisher=BBC|date=March 8, 2006|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> She later withdrew frae ties against Spain in Aprile 2007<ref name="missfedcup">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6520271.stm|title=Sharapova to miss Fed Cup debut|publisher=BBC|date=April 2, 2007|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> an against the Unitit States in Julie 2007 acause o injuries.<ref name="pulloutangers">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6288526.stm|title=Sharapova pull-out angers Russia|publisher=BBC|date=July 10, 2007|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> The latter withdrawal led tae Roushie's captain saying she wad be "ineligible for selection" for the Fed Cup final in September.<ref name="forfedcup">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6904802.stm|title=Russia drop Sharapova for Fed Cup|publisher=BBC|date=July 16, 2007|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> Houiver, Sharapova wis at the final, cheering frae the sidelines an actin as a "hitting partner" in practices, resultin in some o her Roushie teammates implying that she wis attending anly tae enable her tae play at the 2008 Beijing Olympics (rules state that players must hae "shown commitment" tae Fed Cup in order tae play). [[Svetlana Kuznetsova]] said, "She said she wanted to be our practice partner but if you can't play how then can you practice?"<ref name="rowover">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6999113.stm|title=Row over Sharapova's Fed Cup show|publisher=BBC|date=September 17, 2007|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova finally played her first Fed Cup match in Februar 2008, in Roushie's quarterfinal tie against Israel.<ref name="Fedcupdebut" >{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/tennis/sharapova-set-to-make-fed-cup-debut/2008/01/22/1200764265448.html|title=Sharapova set to make Fed Cup debut|work=The Age|accessdate=May 4, 2013|date=January 23, 2008}}</ref> She won baith her singles rubbers, against Tzipora Obziler an Shahar Pe'er, helpin Roushie tae a 4–1 victory.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fedcup.com/en/results/tie/details.aspx?tieId=100010107|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080630213658/http://www.fedcup.com/en/results/tie/details.aspx?tieId=100010107|archivedate=2008-06-30|publisher=Fed Cup|title=Fed Cup: Israel vs. Russia tie|date=February 2–3, 2008|accessdate=June 12, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> For the semifinals, she wis gien permission tae skip the tie, wi Tarpishchev annooncin that she will be on the team for the final.<ref name="theage">{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/tennis/sharapova-set-to-make-fed-cup-debut/2008/01/22/1200764265448.html|publisher=The Age Company Ltd.|work=The Age|accessdate=September 6, 2011|date=January 23, 2008|title=Sharapova set to make Fed Cup debut}}</ref> Houiver, the date o the final coincided wi the lay-off frae her shoulder injury, an sicweys she did nae play.<ref name="theage" /> In the 2011 first-roond tie, Sharapova played Virginie Razzano o Fraunce an lost. Sharapova wis supposed tae play Alizé Cornet but she wis sufferin frae a viral illness. Teammate Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova played an defeatit Cornet tae secure the 3–2 win for Roushie against Fraunce. Sharapova continued tae participate in 2012 an helped Roushie tae a 3–2 win against Spain in the first-roond tie. Sharapova defeatit Silvia Soler Espinosa in the first rubber, but wis unable tae play her second rubber due tae illness. In 2015, Sharapova helped Roushie earn a place in the semifinals efter beatin Pole Urszula Radwanska in the first tie an her sister [[Agnieszka Radwanska]] in the second tie. ==Playin style== Sharapova is an aggressive baseliner wi pouer, depth, an angles on her forehaund an backhaund.<ref name="profile">Jeff Cooper. [http://tennis.about.com/od/playersfemale/a/sharapovagp.htm Maria Sharapova – Tennis Game Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161208143919/http://tennis.about.com/od/playersfemale/a/sharapovagp.htm |date=2016-12-08 }}, About.com. Retrieved July 23, 2008.</ref> She is ane o the few players on the WTA tour that aften uises the reverse forehaund. Insteid o uisin a tradeetional volley or owerheid smash, she wad as leif hit a pouerfu "swingin" volley whan approachin the net or attackin lobs.<ref>Douglas Robson. [http://www.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/wimb/2007-06-24-volleys_N.htm Swinging, midcourt volley becomes key weapon among pros], ''USA Today'', June 25, 2007. Retrieved July 23, 2008.</ref> Sharapova is thocht tae hae guid speed aroond the court, inspecially conseederin her heicht.<ref name="profile"/> At the beginnin o 2008, some observers noted that Sharapova haed developpit her game, shawin improved movement an footwork an the addition o a drop shot an sliced backhaund tae her repertoire o shots.<ref>Steve Bierley. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2008/jan/23/tennis.australianopen2008 Sharapova adds variety to end Henin run], ''The Guardian'', January 23, 2008. Retrieved July 23, 2008.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://thetennistimes.com/maria-sharapova/|title=Maria Sharapova Scouting report|publisher=Thetennistimes.com|accessdate=August 7, 2011|archive-date=2011-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007231236/http://thetennistimes.com/maria-sharapova/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Despite her powerful game, Sharapova's greatest asset is considered tae be her mental toughness an competitive spirit, wi Nick Bollettieri statin that she is "tough as nails". Haw-o-famer [[John McEnroe]] said o Sharapova, "she's one of the best competitors in the history of the sport."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/07/04/1088879371559.html|author=Linda Pearce|work=The Age |title=Sharapova's arrival a victory for mental toughness|date=July 5, 2004|accessdate=June 12, 2010|location=Melbourne}}</ref> Sharapova is kent for on-court "grunting", which reached a recorded 101 decibels during a match at Wimbledon in 2005.<ref name="grunting">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/4118708.stm|title=Why do women tennis stars grunt?|author=Megan Lane|publisher=BBC|date=June 22, 2005|accessdate=July 23, 2008}}</ref> During her second roond match in Birmingham in 2003, Sharapova wis asked tae tone doun the level o her grunt efter opponent Nathalie Dechy complained tae the umpire, wi Sharapova's response saying that her grunting wis "a natural instinct."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2003/06/12/878185.htm|title=Scream queen Sharapova warned to silence screams|date=June 12, 2003|accessdate=July 4, 2010}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Monica Seles]] suggestit that gruntin is involuntary an a pairt o tennis.<ref name="GruntTelegraph">{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1523117/Grunting-is-just-part-of-my-game-claims-Sharapova.html|title=Grunting is just part of my game, claims Sharapova|author=Catriona Davies|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=September 24, 2008|accessdate=October 19, 2008}}</ref> When questioned bi the media aboot her grunting, Sharapova urged the media tae "just watch the match."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4649550.stm|title=Beaten Sharapova turns on media|publisher=BBC|date=January 26, 2006|accessdate=June 2, 2008}}</ref> Her defensive gemme haes been worked on bi her new coach, an this haes reflected in her results, makin consecutive semi-finals at premier mandatory events on the tour. Later in her career, Sharapova an aa added drop shots tae her repertoire, makin for a mair unpredictable gemme style. ===Serve=== [[File:Maria Sharapova at the 2009 Wimbledon Championships 12 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Sharapova at The Championships, Wimbledon in 2009.]] Early in her career Sharapova's first an second serves war regarded as powerful,<ref name="profile"/> an she wis believed tae possess ane o the best deliveries on the Tour.<ref name="Serve1" /> Syne the beginnin o 2007, houiver, problems wi her shoulder hae reduced the effectiveness o her serve.<ref name="Serve1">{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/news/story?id=3046996|author=Joel Drucker|publisher=ESPN Tennis|title=Lingering injuries or limitations coming to light for Sharapova|date=October 3, 2007|accessdate=June 12, 2010}}</ref> The shoulder injury nae anly resulted in her inconsistent first serves, but an aa her hitting heich nummers o double faults.<ref>[http://www.tennis.com/features/general/features.aspx?id=108430 "Bottom line for the top women, 2007"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124055318/http://www.tennis.com/features/general/features.aspx?id=108430 |date=2007-11-24 }}, Tennis.com. Retrieved July 23, 2008.</ref> Twa-time US Open singles champion [[Tracy Austin]] believes that Sharapova eften loses confidence in the rest o her gemme when she experiences problems wi her serve an consequently produces mair unforced errors an generally plays mair tentatively,<ref name="austin">{{cite web|author=Tracy Austin|url=http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/25396610/|title=Austin: Sharapova loss a win for Venus and Serena|work=NBC Sports|date=June 27, 2008|accessdate=July 23, 2008|archive-date=2008-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080714023402/http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/25396610/|url-status=dead}}</ref> while tennis writer Joel Drucker remarked that her serve wis the "catalyst for her entire game", an that her struggles wi it left her "unmasked."<ref name="Serve1" /> In her return frae layoff in 2008 tae 2009, she uised an abbreviated motion, which wis somewhat less powerful, an tho producin aces an aa gae a very heich number o double faults. Efter her early loss at the 2009 US Open, Sharapova returned tae a mair elangatit motion, seemilar tae her pre-surgery serve. She haes syne been able tae produce speeds greater than afore, includin a 121&nbsp;mph serve hit at the Birmingham tournament in 2010 – the fastest serve o her career.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wimbledon/7841792/Wimbledon-2010-Maria-Sharapova-fighting-fit-at-last-and-ready-to-reclaim-her-SW19-crown.html|title=Wimbledon 2010: Maria Sharapova fighting fit at last and ready to reclaim her SW19 crown|author=Mark Hodgkinson|date=June 21, 2010|accessdate=June 21, 2010|work=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref> Houiver syne her shoulder operation Sharapova haes been unable tae control her serve. This haes led tae numerous faults, as she is unable tae feel hou muckle pouer she is generating.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2009/aug/09/sports/sp-la-women-tennis9|work=Los Angeles Times|first=Diane|last=Pucin|title=Maria Sharapova can't control her serve|date=August 9, 2009}}</ref> The new action led tae an elbow injury, but unner Thomas Högstedt it haes improved but can still be erratic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.optimumtennis.net/maria-sharapova-serve.htm|title=Maria Sharapova Serve Analysis – A Look Behind the Sharapova Serve Technique|publisher=Optimumtennis.net|accessdate=January 25, 2012|archive-date=2015-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216153525/http://www.optimumtennis.net/maria-sharapova-serve.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> This improvement in serving can be seen in the 2013 Australian Open an follaein tournaments whaur Maria Sharapova committed fewer double faults than in previous years. ===Surfaces=== Acause she predicates her gemme on power, Sharapova's preferred surfaces early in her career war the fast-playin haurd an gress courts, as evident throu her 25 victories on haurd court an gress court. This is maist notable when she won the 2004 Wimbledon, 2006 U.S. Open an 2008 Australian Open crowns, whaur she haed her career breakthrough an played her best tennis, respectively. Sharapova initially wis nae as weel suitit tae the slower clay courts as she is on haurd an gress courts. Sharapova admitted in 2007 that she wis nae as comfortable wi her movement on clay compared wi ither court surfaces an ance describit hersel as lik a "cow on ice" efter a match on clay,<ref name="cow">Barry Flatman. [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/tennis/article1867693.ece Sharapova: a cow on ice?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322090351/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/ |date=2020-03-22 }} {{Cite web |url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2024-09-29 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170402233443/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/ |archive-date=2017-04-02 |url-status=bot: unknown}}, ''The Times'', May 31, 2007. Retrieved July 23, 2008.</ref> due tae her inability tae slide. Later in her career, she showed improvement on this surface wi respect tae experience, as evidenced wi her first WTA reid clay title at the 2010 Internationaux de Strasbourg, 7 years syne playin on the WTA circuit. She won her first French Open title an capturt the career grand slam at the 2012 French Open an as o 2014 leads the WTA tour o active players wi the heichest winnin percentage on clay, wi an 84.25% winnin rate.<ref name="tennis.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2014/04/dont-have-cow/51317/#.U2WX28JOVwU |title=tennis.com – Don't Have a Cow |access-date=2015-06-09 |archive-date=2016-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108032712/http://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2014/04/dont-have-cow/51317/#.U2WX28JOVwU |url-status=dead }}</ref> Syne her shoulder injury, her best surface haes acome clay ower gress & haurd courts, an wi her victory at the 2014 French Open, she haes nou won the French Open twice, which is mair times than she haes won ony ither slam, an her last 3 Grand Slam Finals hae all been at the French Open (3 consecutive finals frae 2012–2014). ==Personal life== ===Relationships=== Sharapova haes dated [[Maroon 5]] sangster [[Adam Levine]]. The couple dated for a short time in 2005 efter meetin at Sharapova's 18t birthday pairty. Houiver, the couple broke up suin. In 2008, Sharapova briefly dated American telly producer Charlie Ebersol but the pair split suin efter. In 2011, Sharapova wis engaged tae Slovenian professional basketball player Sasha Vujačić.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tmz.com/2010/10/21/maria-sharapova-sasha-vujacic-engaged-proposed-los-angeles-lakers/|title=Maria Sharapova & Sasha Vujacic – Engaged|publisher=TMZ|date=October 21, 2010|accessdate=October 21, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/news/story?id=5713080|title=Maria Sharapova betrothed to guard|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=October 21, 2010|accessdate=October 22, 2010}}</ref> The twa haed been datin syne 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/sports_blog/2009/11/lakers-sasha-vujacic-maria-sharapova-dating.html|title=The Fabulous Forum: Are Sasha Vujacic and Maria Sharapova dating?|work=The Los Angeles Times|date=November 3, 2009|accessdate=June 18, 2010}}</ref> On August 31, 2012, Sharapova confirmed that the pair haed ended the engagement an separated during early 2012. Later that year, she began datin Bulgarian tennis player [[Grigor Dimitrov]]. The twa confirmed thair relationship efter the 2013 Madrid Open. ===Public profile=== Sharapova haes lived in the Unitit States syne muivin thare at the age o seiven. Forby a hame in Bradenton, Florida, she an aa haes a residence in Manhattan Beach, California.<ref name="peoplemagazine">{{cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,26334,1183711,00.html|title=Celebrity Q & A – Maria Sharapova|publisher=People Magazine|date=April 17, 2006|author=Kathy Ehrich-Dowd|access-date=2015-06-09|archive-date=2008-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080223093250/http://www.people.com/people/article/0%2C26334%2C1183711%2C00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Frae 2005 tae 2011, Sharapova wis named tae the Forbes Celebrity 100, which attempts tae compile the tap 100 maist powerful celebrities o that year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/profile/maria-sharapova|title=The Celebrity 100|work=[[Forbes]]|accessdate=June 28, 2011}}</ref> Sharapova haes said different things on how lang she intends tae maintain her tennis career. Follaein the retirement o 25-year-auld [[Justine Henin]] in 2008, Sharapova said, "If I was 25 and I'd won so many Grand Slams, I'd quit too."<ref name="henin">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7401565.stm|title=Henin is best of her generation|publisher=BBC|date=May 15, 2008|accessdate=July 23, 2008}}</ref> In an interview efter the 2008 Australian Open, she balked at the idea o playin for anither ten years, saying that she hoped tae hae a "nice husband and a few kids" bi then.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/22856899/|title=Billie Jean King's text inspired Sharapova|agency=Associated Press|publisher=NBC Sports|date=January 26, 2008|accessdate=October 24, 2008|archive-date=2008-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607055611/http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/22856899/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Houiver in an interview afore her 2012 Australian Open semifinal, Sharapova changed her stance, saying she intendit tae continue playin tennis for as lang as she enjoyed playin the game. Sharapova stated "I'm sure when I was 17 years old and someone said, you'll be playing for another eight years, it would be like, you're not going to see me at a press conference at 25 years old. But years go on. I missed a year in my career—I didn't play that year. I've said this, just before the tournament, a few weeks before, I woke up and I was just so happy to be going back on the court. I felt so fresh, full of energy, just with a really good perspective. Times change, obviously. I see myself playing this sport for many mair years because it's something that gives me the most pleasure in my life. I think it helps when you know you're good at something, and you can always improve it. It obviously helps with the encouragement." At the 2004 US Open, Sharapova, alang wi several ither Roushie female tennis players, wore a black ribbon in observance o the tragedy efter the Beslan schuil hostage crisis, whilk teuk place anly days afore.<ref name="espn">{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/usopen04/news/story?id=1874900|title=Sharapova puts loss in perspective|publisher=[[ESPN]]|author=David Boroff|date=September 6, 2004|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> In 2005, she donated aroond US$50,000 tae thaim that wis affeckit bi the crisis.<ref name="wtacareer"/> On Februar 14, 2007, Sharapova wis appyntit a goodwill ambassador for the [[UNDP|{{lang|en|United Nations Development Programme}}]] (UNDP) an donated US$210,000 tae UNDP Chernobyl-recovery projects. She stated at the time that she wis planning tae traivel back tae the aurie efter Wimbledon in 2008,<ref name="usatoday">{{cite web|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/2007-08-13-799623401_x.htm|title=Maria Sharapova plans 1st trip back to Chernobyl since family fled|publisher=USAToday|author=Beth Harris|date=August 13, 2007|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> tho it didn't happen, as she haed tae traivel back tae the US acause o shoulder injury.<ref name="wimbledon">{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629223721/http://www.wimbledon.org/en_GB/news/interviews/2010-06-28/201006281277743223156.html|archivedate=2010-06-29|url=http://www.wimbledon.org/en_GB/news/interviews/2010-06-28/201006281277743223156.html|title=Interview with Sharapova|publisher=WTA|accessdate=May 4, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> She fulfilled the trip in late Juin – early Julie 2010. Sharapova haes helped tae promote the [[2014 Winter Olympics]] in [[Sochi]], Roushie,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rt.com/sport/interview-with-maria-sharapova/|publisher=TV-Novosti|work=Roushie Today|accessdate=May 4, 2013|title=Interview with Maria Sharapova|date=May 11, 2007}}</ref> an wis the first torch bearer in the torch-lichtin ceremony during the openin festivities. In addition, wi Angela Haynes, Maria Kirilenko, Nicole Vaidišová, Rennae Stubbs, Governor [[Jeb Bush]] an Jennifer Capriati, Sharapova participated in an exhibition in Tampa in December 2004, raisin money for the Florida Hurricane Relief Fund. In Julie 2008, Sharapova sent a message on DVD tae the memorial service o cancer victim Emily Bailes, wha haed performed the coin toss aheid o the 2004 Wimbledon final that Sharapova haed gane on tae win.<ref name="bbcnews">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/west_midlands/7489565.stm|title=Service held for Wimbledon girl|publisher=BBC|date=July 4, 2008|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> ==Endorsements== [[File:Maria Sharapova, December 2008.jpg|thumb|Sharapova at offeecial unveilin o her Canon PowerShot Diamond lineup]] Sharapova's tennis success an appearance hae enabled her tae secure commercial endorsements that greatly exceed the value o her tournament winnins.<ref name="marcganis">Marc Ganis, the president of SportsCorp Ltd., a sports-industry consultant in Chicago, said, "Never underestimate the importance of physical beauty to an athlete's endorsement opportunities. Other than performance on the court, it may be the single most important asset." ''The New York Times''. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/03/sports/tennis/03endorse.html?fta=y Serving Their Clients], September 7, 2006</ref><ref name="hbswk">"It does not hurt that Sharapova is regarded as one of the most beautiful athletes in the world." [http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/5607.html Marketing Maria: Managing the Athlete Endorsement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025025827/http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/5607.html |date=2015-10-25 }}, Harvard Business School Lessons from the classroom, Sara Jane Gilbert, October 29, 2007. Retrieved on June 1, 2008.</ref> In Mairch 2006, Forbes magazine listed her as the heichest-peyed female athlete in the warld, wi annual earnins o ower US $18&nbsp;million,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/2006/03/22/woods-sharapova-nike_cx_lr_0322athletes_2.html|title=The World's Best-Paid Athletes|work=[[Forbes]]|date=March 22, 2006}}</ref> the majority f which wis frae endorsements an sponsorships. She haes topped that leet every year syne, even efter her 2007 shoulder injury.<ref>{{cite web|title = World's Highest-Paid Women Athletes|url =http://www.topendsports.com/world/lists/earnings/women-paid.htm|accessdate =May 9, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/2008/07/22/women-athletes-endorsements-biz-sports-cx_tvr_kb_0722athletes.html|title=Top-Earning Female Athletes|work=[[Forbes]]|date=July 22, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/2010/08/18/top-earning-female-athletes-business-sportsmoney-female-athletes.html|title=The World's Highest-Paid Athletes|work=[[Forbes]]|date=August 18, 2010}}</ref> In 2011, ''Forbes'' listed Sharapova as No. 29 in thair leet o 50 tap-peyed athletes, the anly woman on the leet.<ref>{{cite web |author=Kurt Badenhausen |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106040824/http://www.forbes.com/sites/kurtbadenhausen/2011/05/31/the-worlds-highest-paid-athletes/2/ |archivedate=2012-11-06 |url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/kurtbadenhausen/2011/05/31/the-worlds-highest-paid-athletes/ |title=The World's Highest-Paid Athletes |work=[[Forbes]] |date=April 18, 2012 |accessdate=May 5, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2012, she wis listed as No. 15, an wis jynt in the tap 20 bi [[Li Na]] at No. 16 an [[Serena Williams]] at No. 17.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/kurtbadenhausen/2012/06/18/mayweather-tops-list-of-the-worlds-100-highest-paid-athletes/|title=Mayweather Tops List Of The World's 100 Highest-Paid Athletes|work=[[Forbes]]|author=Kurt Badenhausen|date=June 18, 2012|accessdate=May 5, 2013}}</ref> In Aprile 2005, ''People'' named her ane o the 50 maist beautiful celebrities in the warld.<ref>{{cite web|title = PEOPLE's 50 Most Beautiful People|url = http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,1046248_1054061,00.html|date = April 27, 2005|accessdate = May 5, 2013|archive-date = 2016-05-04|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160504191335/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,1046248_1054061,00.html|url-status = dead}}</ref> In 2006, ''Maxim'' rankit Sharapova the hettest athlete in the warld for the fowert consecutive year. She posed in a sax-page bikini photoshuit spread in the 2006 [[Valentine's Day]] issue o the ''[[Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue]]'', alangside 25 supermodels.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/swimsuit/coverfeatured/10256/index.htm|title=2006 SWIMSUIT COVER|work=Sports Illustrated|date=September 4, 1995|accessdate=May 5, 2013|archive-date=2014-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209072152/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/swimsuit/coverfeatured/10256/index.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> In a poll run bi Britain's ''FHM'' magazine, she wis voted the seivent maist eligible bachelorette,<ref name="newscomau">{{cite web|url=http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/story/0,23663,21300664-10388,00.html|work=News.com.au|title=Rod's daughter most eligible|date=February 28, 2007|accessdate=May 4, 2013|archive-date=2007-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303091807/http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/story/0,23663,21300664-10388,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> based on baith "wealth and looks." Immediately efter her win at the 2004 Wimbledon Championship, mobile phone company Motorola signed Sharapova tae endorse thair mobile phone line.<ref name=nytdress/> Additionally, she appeared in commercials for [[Land Rover]] an [[Canon Inc.|Canon]], as weel as approved o namesake items bi watch brand Tag Heuer an jeweller Tiffany.<ref name=nytdress/> Tiffany an aa provides Sharapova wi earrings frae the "Tiffany for Maria Sharapova" collection at the fower major events, that are an aa retailed globally.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://press.tiffany.com/News/NewsItem.aspx?id=130 |title=Tiffany & Co. For The Press &#124; News &#124; Maria Sharapova to Wear Tiffany Earrings at the 2011 French Open &#124; United States |publisher=Tiffany & Co. |date=May 11, 2011 |accessdate=June 11, 2012 |archive-date=2013-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130108004447/http://press.tiffany.com/News/NewsItem.aspx?id=130 |url-status=dead }}</ref> She an aa starred in an awaird winnin campaign for the sports claedin brand Nike, "Pretty", in the simmer o 2006. She signed a sponsorship deal in Januar 2007 wi Gatorade an Tropicana,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Daily/Issues/2007/01/Issue-72/Sponsorships-Advertising-Marketing/Pepsico-Inks-Sharapova-To-Promote-Gatorade-Tropicana-Brands.aspx |title=PepsiCo Inks Sharapova To Promote Gatorade, Tropicana Brands |publisher=SportsBusiness Journal |date=January 3, 2007 |accessdate=September 10, 2014 }}</ref> which ended in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/mariasharapova/5163203/Maria-Sharapova-loses-tennis-fizz-as-Pepsi-end-deal.html |title=Maria Sharapova loses tennis fizz as Pepsi end deal |publisher=''The Telegraph'' |date=April 16, 2009 |first=Rod |last=Gilmour |accessdate=September 10, 2014 }}</ref> In 2007, Sharapova wis featurt in a nummer o Canon USA's commercials for the PowerShot.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.letsgodigital.org/en/14539/maria-sharapova/|title=Maria Sharapova in Canon PowerShot commercial|publisher=LetsGoDigital|accessdate=May 5, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova haes an aa been depicted in mony tennis-relatit video gemmes. Some o the titles include the ''Top Spin series'', ''Virtua Tennis'' series, an ''Grand Slam Tennis'' series. During the layoff due tae her shoulder surgery, sensing the fleeting naitur o a professional athlete's career, Sharapova decidit tae focus on developin her nem as a brand, beginnin wi meetin wi her sponsors mair extensively tae further her brand.<ref name=nytdress/> In Januar 2010, it wis annoonced that Sharapova haed renewed her contract wi Nike, signin an 8-year deal for $70&nbsp;million. This is the maist lucrative deal ever for a sportswoman, dwarfing the previous record, which wis Venus Williams' $43&nbsp;million deal wi Reebok.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2010/jan/12/maria-sharapova-nike-deal|title=Maria Sharapova signs £43m deal with Nike|work=[[The Guardian]]|author=Simon Cambers|accessdate=May 5, 2013|date=January 12, 2010}}</ref> Follaein in the fitsteps o tennis players wha stairtit claedin lines lik Fred Perry an René Lacoste, Sharapova launched her ain tennis apparel line, the "Nike Maria Sharapova Collection", in 2010. The collection includes dresses that she designed for aw the major tournaments, in collaboration wi Nike an Cole Haan.<ref name=cnn-ms>{{cite web| url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/01/27/sport/tennis/tennis-sharapova-grand-slam-design/index.html | publisher=CNN | title=Grand slam designs: Maria Sharapova's fashion statement | date=January 27, 2012|accessdate=May 19, 2013}}</ref> She haed previously foond that the outfits gien tae her bi Nike did nae suit her frame an war worn bi ower mony ither players.<ref name=nytdress/> She comes up wi design ideas an sketches in a process that begins 18 month afore the event<ref name=cnn-ms/> an receives royalties frae the sale o the collection, o which the corresponding dresses are coordinated tae be available simultaneously wi the correspondin major tournament.<ref name=nytdress/> The collection is worn bi ither WTA players, includin Sofia Arvidsson, [[Eugenie Bouchard]], Kai-Chen Chang, Andrea Hlaváčková, Madison Keys, Anastasia Pivovarova as weel as junior players sic as Indy De Vroome.<ref name=cnn-ms/> Sharapova haed earlier collaboratit wi Nike on the "little black dress" that she wore for her nicht matches at the 2006 US Open.<ref name=nytdress/> The dress featurt a roond crystal studded collar an wis inspired bi [[Audrey Hepburn]].<ref name=nytdress>{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/26/fashion/maria-sharapovas-campaign-to-establish-herself-as-a-brand.html?pagewanted=all | work=[[The New York Times]] | first=Eric | last=Wilson | title=Maria Sharapova's Campaign to Establish Herself as a Brand | date=May 25, 2011|accessdate=May 5, 2013}}</ref> The dress wis well publicized an received but wis nae mass-produced.<ref name=nytdress/><ref name=cnn-ms/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/sectionfront/life/sharapovas-little-black-dress-provokes-a-big-racket-at-us-open-448646/ | work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette | first=MacKenzie | last=Carpenter | title=Sharapova's little black dress provokes a big racket at U.S. Open | date=September 1, 2006 | accessdate=May 5, 2013 | archive-date=2013-08-28 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828155914/http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/sectionfront/life/sharapovas-little-black-dress-provokes-a-big-racket-at-us-open-448646/ | url-status=dead}}</ref> Additionally, she designs shoes an handbags for Cole Haan, for which her signature ballerina flats are ane o the biggest sellers o the entire brand.<ref name=nytdress/> Sharapova uised the Prince Triple Threat Hornet for pairt o 2003 an then uised several different Prince racquets until the US Open. She gae the racquet she uised in the 2004 Wimbledon final tae Regis Philbin when taping ''Live with Regis and Kelly''. Sharapova began uisin the Prince Shark OS at that tournament specially designed for her.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennis-warehouse.com/Reviews/PSHKOS/PSHKOSReview.html|title=Prince Shark Racquet Review|accessdate=June 18, 2012|publisher=Tennis Warehouse|archive-date=2008-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080327130507/http://www.tennis-warehouse.com/Reviews/PSHKOS/PSHKOSReview.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> She then switched tae the Prince O3 White racquet in Januar 2006. She switched tae the Prince O3 Speedport Black in Julie 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://princetennis.com/tennis/files/teamPrincePlayer.aspx?plyid=89|title=Tennis Racquets, Tennis Footwear, String, EXO3 Racquet|publisher=Prince Tennis|accessdate=August 31, 2010|archive-date=2008-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022085350/http://www.princetennis.com/tennis/files/teamPrincePlayer.aspx?plyid=89|url-status=dead}}</ref> Efter bein wi Prince for ten years,<ref>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228161310/http://tennis.com/articles/templates/gear.aspx?articleid=9327&zoneid=24 |archivedate=2010-12-28 |url=http://tennis.com/articles/templates/gear.aspx?articleid=9327&zoneid=24 |title=Gear – Maria Sharapova’s New Head for the New Year? |publisher=TENNIS.com |date=December 21, 2010 |accessdate=June 11, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sharapova began endorsing Head racquets in 2011 an uses the Head YOUTEK IG Instinct.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.head.com/tennis/news.php?region=us&id=758|title=Performance meets Style – Maria Sharapova joins the HEAD team!|publisher=Head Tennis|date=January 3, 2011|accessdate=January 18, 2011|archive-date=2015-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713071147/http://www.head.com/tennis/news.php?region=us&id=758|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennis-warehouse.com/player.html?ccode=SHARAPOVA|title=Maria Sharapova|publisher=Tennis Warehouse|date=January 18, 2011|accessdate=January 18, 2011|archive-date=2015-05-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527060103/http://www.tennis-warehouse.com/player.html?ccode=SHARAPOVA|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sharapova signed a three-year deal tae be brand ambassador for Porsche in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|last=Harley|first=Michael|title=Porsche picks Maria Sharapova as brand ambassador|url=http://www.autoblog.com/2013/04/23/porsche-picks-maria-sharapova-as-brand-ambassador/|accessdate=2013-08-25}}</ref> ==Sugarpova== ''Sugarpova'' is a candy line creaut bi Maria Sharapova an candy veteran Jeff Rubin, foonder o internaitional retailer IT'SUGAR.<ref name="Sugarpova Candy: Sharapova's Sweet Taste of Success">{{cite web|title=Sugarpova Candy: Sharapova's Sweet Taste of Success|url=http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-01-17/sugarpova-candy-sharapovas-sweet-taste-of-success|accessdate=22 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="Sharapova's Sugarpova lolly range 'smacks of irresponsible marketing'">{{cite news|title=Sharapova's Sugarpova lolly range 'smacks of irresponsible marketing'|url=http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/food/sharapovas-sugarpova-lolly-range-smacks-of-irresponsible-marketing/story-fneuz8zj-1226552023463|accessdate=22 January 2013|archive-date=2016-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108032712/http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/food/sharapovas-sugarpova-lolly-range-smacks-of-irresponsible-marketing/story-fneuz8zj-1226552023463|url-status=dead}}</ref> Accordin tae the Sugarpova wabsteid, "Sugarpova is a premium candy line that reflects the fun, fashionable, sweet side of international tennis sensation Maria Sharapova."<ref name="sugarpova.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.sugarpova.com/about/ |title=International Shipping {{!}} Sugarpova |access-date=2015-06-09 |archive-date=2017-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803094456/http://www.sugarpova.com/about/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The line currently consists o 12 different flavors that range frae Flirty, tae Smitten Sour, tae Splashy.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://shop.sugarpova.com/ |title=International Shipping {{!}} Sugarpova |access-date=2015-06-09 |archive-date=2014-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328022826/http://shop.sugarpova.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A portion o aw proceeds gaes tae the Maria Sharapova Foundation, Sharapova's charity.<ref name="sugarpova.com"/> Sugarpova wis launched warldwide in 2013 throu IT'SUGAR an Selfridges stores. Accordin tae her agent, Sharapova seriously considered changing her last nem tae "Sugarpova" for the 2013 US Open, but ultimately decidit against it.<ref>{{cite web|title=No name switch for Maria Sharapova|url=http://espn.go.com/tennis/usopen13/story/_/id/9584846/2013-us-open-maria-sharapova-nixes-sugarpova-name-change|date=August 20, 2013|accessdate=August 20, 2013}}</ref> Houiver, some reports suggest that she applied tae a Florida Court tae that effect.<ref>{{cite web|title=Maria Sharapova wants to change her name|url=http://www.torontosun.com/2013/08/20/maria-sharapova-wants-to-change-her-name|date=August 20, 2013|accessdate=August 20, 2013}}</ref> ==Career statistics== {{Main|Maria Sharapova career statistics}} ===Grand Slam tournaments=== ====Singles performance timeline==== {{Performance key}} {|class=wikitable style=text-align:center |- !width=145|Tournament!!2003!!2004!!2005!!2006!!2007!!2008!!2009!!2010!!2011!!2012!!2013!!2014!!2015!!width=65|{{Tooltip| SR | Strike Rate}} !!width=65|{{Tooltip| W–L | Win–Loss}}!!width=65|Win % |- |align=left|'''[[Australian Open]]''' |bgcolor=afeeee|1R |bgcolor=afeeee|3R | style="background:yellow;"|SF | style="background:yellow;"|SF | style="background:thistle;"|F |bgcolor=lime|'''W''' |A |bgcolor=afeeee|1R |bgcolor=afeeee|4R | style="background:thistle;"|F | style="background:yellow;"|SF |bgcolor=afeeee|4R | style="background:thistle;"|F |1 / 12 |48–11 |81.36% |- |align=left|'''[[French Open]]''' |bgcolor=afeeee|1R |bgcolor=ffebcd|QF |bgcolor=ffebcd|QF |bgcolor=afeeee|4R | style="background:yellow;"|SF |bgcolor=afeeee|4R |bgcolor=ffebcd|QF |bgcolor=afeeee|3R | style="background:yellow;"|SF |bgcolor=lime|'''W''' | style="background:thistle;"|F |bgcolor=lime|'''W''' |bgcolor=afeeee|4R |2 / 13 |53–11 |82.81% |- |align=left|'''[[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]]''' |bgcolor=afeeee|4R |bgcolor=lime|'''W''' | style="background:yellow;"|SF | style="background:yellow;"|SF |bgcolor=afeeee|4R |bgcolor=afeeee|2R |bgcolor=afeeee|2R |bgcolor=afeeee|4R | style="background:thistle;"|F |bgcolor=afeeee|4R |bgcolor=afeeee|2R |bgcolor=afeeee|4R | |1 / 12 |42–11 |79.25% |- |align=left|'''[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]''' |bgcolor=afeeee|2R |bgcolor=afeeee|3R | style="background:yellow;"|SF |bgcolor=lime|'''W''' |bgcolor=afeeee|3R |A |bgcolor=afeeee|3R |bgcolor=afeeee|4R |bgcolor=afeeee|3R | style="background:yellow;"|SF |A |bgcolor=afeeee|4R | |1 / 10 |32–9 |78.38% |- !style=text-align:left|Win–Loss !4–4 !15–3 !19–4 !20–3 !16–4 !11–2 !7–3 !8–4 !16–4 !21–3 !12–3 !16–3 ! !5 / 46 !172–41 !80.25% |} <small> ''Note: At the 2003 Australian Open an 2003 French Open, Sharapova won three qualifyin roond matches at each toornament in order tae enter the main draw.'' </small> ==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sharapova, Maria}} [[Category:1987 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Australian Open (tennis) champions]] [[Category:Eastren Orthodox Christians frae Roushie]] [[Category:Expatriate sportsfowk in the Unitit States]] [[Category:French Open champions]] [[Category:Fowk frae Bradenton, Florida]] [[Category:Fowk frae Nyagan]] [[Category:Roushie expatriates in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Roushie female models]] [[Category:Roushie female tennis players]] [[Category:Roushie fowk o Belaroushie strynd]] [[Category:US Open (tennis) champions]] [[Category:Wimbledon champions]] [[Category:Warld No. 1 tennis players]] [[Category:Tennis players at the 2012 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Olympic tennis players o Roushie]] [[Category:Olympic medallists in tennis]] [[Category:Olympic siller medallists for Roushie]] [[Category:Grand Slam (tennis) champions in weemen's singles]] obrvp1h91mk60ke2dw3rizunm9e7bwx 927256 927191 2026-11-09T10:47:33Z Monospaced 75295 Fix broken link ({{lang}} oot o the link label) 927256 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox tennis biography |name=Maria Sharapova |nickname=Masha(diminutive) |image=Maria Sharapova, December 2008.jpg |image_size= 200px |caption= |country={{flag|Roushie}} |residence=[[Bradenton, Florida]], <br>[[Unitit States]] |birth_date={{birth date and age|df=yes|1987|4|19}} |birth_place=[[Nyagan]], [[Roushie SFSR]], [[Soviet Union]] |height=1.88 m (6 ft 2 in)<ref name="wtatennis">{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/page/Player/Stats/0,,12781~9499,00.html|title=WTA &#124; Players &#124; Stats &#124; Maria Sharapova|publisher=Wtatennis.com|accessdate=January 25, 2012}}</ref> |weight={{convert|59|kg|lb}}<ref name="wtatennis"/> |turnedpro=19 Aprile 2001 |retired=26 Februar 2020<ref>{{cite web|title=Maria Sharapova retirement|url=https://www.news.com.au/sport/tennis/tennis-world-reacts-to-maria-sharapovas-retirement-at-age-32/news-story/419212fbad96319d3dc694971d752229|work=news.com.au|date=February 26, 2020|access-date=2020-02-26}}</ref> |plays=Richt-haundit (twa-haundit backhaund) |careerprizemoney=[[Unitit States dollar|US$]]38,777,962 |singlesrecord=645–171 (79.0%) |singlestitles=36 WTA, 4 ITF |highestsinglesranking=No. '''1''' (22 August 2005) |AustralianOpenresult='''W''' ([[:en:2008 Australian Open – Women's Singles|2008]]) |FrenchOpenresult='''W''' ([[:en:2012 French Open – Women's Singles|2012]]) |Wimbledonresult='''W''' ([[:en:2004 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles|2004]]) |USOpenresult='''W''' ([[:en:2006 US Open – Women's Singles|2006]]) |Othertournaments=Yes |WTAChampionshipsresult='''W''' ([[:en:2004 WTA Tour Championships - Singles|2004]]) |Olympicsresult = [[Image:Silver medal.svg|20px]] Siller medal ([[:en:Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's singles|2012]]) |doublesrecord=23–17 |doublestitles=3 WTA |highestdoublesranking=No. 41 (14 Juin 2004) |AustralianOpenDoublesresult= 2R (2003, 2004) |FrenchOpenDoublesresult= |WimbledonDoublesresult= |USOpenDoublesresult= 2R (2003) }} {{MedalTop}} {{MedalSport | Weemen's [[:en:Tennis at the Summer Olympics|tennis]]}} {{MedalCountry|{{flag|Roushie}}}} {{MedalSilver | [[2012 Simmer Olympics|2012 London]] | [[:en:Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics|Singles]]}} {{MedalBottom}} '''Maria Yuryevna Sharapova''' ({{lang-rus|Мари́я Ю́рьевна Шара́пова|p=mɐˈrʲijə ˈjʉrʲjɪvnə ʂɐˈrapəvə|a=Maria_sharapova.ogg}}; born 19 Aprile 1987) is a [[Roushies|Roushie]] umwhile professional [[tennis]] player. She wis rankit warld No. 1 in weemen's singles bi the [[Weemen's Tennis Association]] (WTA) for 21 weeks. Sharapova wan 36 WTA Tour singles titles, amang thaim five major titles, an the 2004 WTA Tour Championships. She is ane o ten weemen tae win the career Grand Slam in singles. She bade in the [[Unitit States]] frae 1994.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/usopen/8728691/US-Open-2011-Elena-Baltacha-warns-Heather-Watson-of-the-extreme-intensity-of-Maria-Sharapova.html|title=US Open 2011: Elena Baltacha warns Heather Watson of the extreme intensity of Maria Sharapova|work=The Telegraph|author=Simon Briggs|date=August 28, 2013|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> As a teenage sensation, Sharapova brak throu tae the tap o the sport bi winnin Wimbledon in 2004 at the age o 17, beatin the twa-time defendin champion [[Serena Williams]]. She then wan the 2004 Tour Finals, an becam warld No. 1 for the first time in August 2005, aged 18, the first Roushie wumman tae tap the singles rankins.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/SEWTATour-Archive/Archive/Notes&Netcords/2012/july16.pdf|title=Notes& Netcords|date=July 16, 2012|publisher=WTA|accessdate=May 19, 2013|format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.3news.co.nz/Maria-Sharapova-reclaims-world-number-one-ranking/tabid/415/articleID/257186/Default.aspx|title=Maria Sharapova reclaims world number one ranking|publisher=MediaWorks TV|work=3News|date=June 8, 2012|accessdate=May 4, 2013|archive-date=2013-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728161149/http://www.3news.co.nz/Maria-Sharapova-reclaims-world-number-one-ranking/tabid/415/articleID/257186/Default.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> She wan the 2006 US Open an the 2008 Australian Open, but she haed recurrin injuries, an she gaed in an oot o the tap 10 aroond 2010. Efter strugglin on clay for maist o her career, she wan the 2012 French Open tae complete the career Grand Slam an win back the No. 1 rankin, an shortly efter she wan an Olympic siller medal in weemen's singles at the [[2012 Simmer Olympics|2012 Lunnon Olympics]]. She wan the French Open again in 2014, her fift major title. Sharapova failed a drug test at the 2016 Australian Open, testin positive for meldonium, a substance that the World Anti-Doping Agency haed banned frae 1 Januar 2016. On 8 Juin 2016 the [[International Tennis Federation]] banned her frae playin tennis for twa year,<ref>{{cite news|title= Maria Sharapova failed drugs test at Australian Open|url= https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/35750285 |publisher=BBC|date=March 8, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itftennis.com/news/225826.aspx|title=Press release: Tennis Anti-Doping Programme statement regarding Maria Sharapova|website=www.itftennis.com|access-date=2016-03-17|archive-date=2019-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108212426/https://www.itftennis.com/news/225826.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Maria Sharapova banned for two years for failed drugs test but will appeal|url= https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/36482288|publisher=BBC|date= June 8, 2016}}</ref> but on 4 October 2016 the ban wis cut tae 15 month, as the Court of Arbitration for Sport foond that she haed committit "no significant fault".<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/5949604/title/cas-reduce-sharapova-suspension-to-15-months |title=CAS Reduce Sharapova Suspension to 15 Months |publisher=WTATennis |access-date= 2016-10-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://edition.cnn.com/2016/10/04/tennis/tennis-sharapova-cas-drugs/ |title=Maria Sharapova's drugs ban cut to 15 months on appeal|date=October 4, 2016 |publisher=CCN|access-date= 2016-10-04}}</ref> She cam back tae the WTA Tour in Aprile 2017 an retired in 2020. Sharapova haes been featurt in a feck o modellin assignments, includin a featur in the ''[[Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue]]''. She appeared in mony advertisements, includin thaim for Nike, Prince, an Canon, bein the face o several fashion houses, maist notably Cole Haan. Syne Februar 2007, she haes been a goodwill ambassador for the {{lang|en|United Nations Development Programme}}, concerned speceefically wi the {{lang|en|Chernobyl Recovery and Development Programme}}. In Juin 2011, she wis named ane o the "30 Legends of Women's Tennis: Past, Present and Future" bi ''Time'',<ref>{{cite news|title=30 Legends of Women's Tennis: Past, Present and Future – Maria Sharapova|url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2079150_2079148_2079118,00.html|work=Time|accessdate=August 19, 2011|author=William Lee Adams|date=June 22, 2011|archive-date=2012-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120228142231/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2079150_2079148_2079118,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> an in Mairch 2012 wis named ane o the "100 Greatest of All Time" bi Tennis Channel. Accordin tae ''Forbes'', she wis the heichest-peyed female athlete in the warld for 11 year in a raw.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Badenhausen |first=Kurt |date=August 12, 2015 |title=The World's Highest-Paid Female Athletes 2015 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kurtbadenhausen/2015/08/12/the-worlds-highest-paid-female-athletes-2015/#2782d7397b11 |access-date=2015-08-12 |website=Forbes}}</ref> In 2025 she wis inductit intae the International Tennis Hall of Fame.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 22, 2025 |title=Sharapova, Bryan bros. to be inducted into HOF |url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/story/_/id/46052235/maria-sharapova-bryan-brothers-inducted-tennis-hall-fame |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}</ref> ==Early life== Maria Sharapova wis born on 19 Aprile 1987 in [[Nyagan]], [[Roushie SFSR]]. Her parents, Yuri an Yelena, are frae [[Gomel]], [[Byeloroushie Soviet Socialist Republic|Belarussian SSR]]. Concerned aboot the regional effecks o the 1986 [[Chernobyl disaster|Chernobyl nuclear accident]], thay left thair homeland shortly afore Sharapova wis born.<ref name="ITH_2007_08_13">{{cite web|url=http://lenta.ru/lib/14164248/|publisher=Lenta.ru|script-title=ru:Шарапова, Мария|trans_title=Sharapova, Maria|language=Roushie|accessdate=2013-04-29}}</ref> ===Introduction tae tennis=== In 1989, whan Sharapova wis twa, the faimily flittit tae [[Sochi]], [[Krasnodar Krai]], [[Roushie]]. Ance yonder, her faither Yuri befreindit Aleksandr Kafelnikov, whase son Yevgeny wad gang on tae win twa Grand Slam singles titles an acome Roushie's first warld No. 1 rankit tennis player. Aleksandr gied Sharapova her first tennis racquet in 1991 whan she wis fower, whaurupn she began practicin raiglar-lik wi her faither at a local pairk.<ref name="times">{{cite news|author=Paul Kimmage|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/tennis/article3177376.ece|title=The Big Interview: Maria Sharapova|work=The Times|date=January 13, 2008|accessdate=2008-07-23|location=London|archive-date=2008-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918015756/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/tennis/article3177376.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref> Maria teuk her first tennis lessons wi veteran Roushie coach Yuri Yutkin, wha wis instantly impressed whan he saw her play, notin her "exceptional haun-ee coordination".<ref name="Article">{{cite web|url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-11732071-masha-was-a-star-at-four.do|author=Will Stewart|work=London Evening Standard|location=UK|title='Masha' was a star at four|date=July 2, 2004|accessdate=2010-06-12|archive-date=2011-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707185603/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-11732071-masha-was-a-star-at-four.do|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Stairt o professional trainin=== In 1993, at the age o sax, Sharapova attendit a tennis clinic in Moscow run bi [[Martina Navratilova]], wha recommendit professional trainin at the [[Nick Bollettieri|Nick Bollettieri Tennis Academy]] in [[Bradenton, Florida]], whilk haed previously trained players lik [[Andre Agassi]], [[Monica Seles]], an [[Anna Kournikova]].<ref name="times"/> Wi him bein skint, Yuri Sharapov borraed the sum that wad enable him an his dochter, neither o wham coud spik the Inglis, tae traivel tae the Unitit States o Americae, whilk thay finally did in 1994.<ref name="Article" /> Visa restrictions preventit Sharapova's mither frae jynin thaim for twa year.<ref name="ITH_2007_08_13"/> Arrivin in Florida wi savings o US$700,<ref name="Article" /> Sharapova's faither teuk various law-paying jobs, includin dishwashing, tae fund her lessons tilt she wis auld eneuch tae be admit tae the academy. Afore she entert the IMG business, she trained wi Rick Macci, in the Rick Macci Tennis Academy. She wis then offered a deal frae IMG whilk forced her tae chynge academies. Oreeginally, she did train wi Rick Macci, but efter the deal wi IMG, she coudnae see Rick Macci ony mair. In 1995, she wis signed bi IMG, wha greed tae pey the annual tuition fee o $35,000 for Sharapova tae stey at the Academy, allouin her tae finally enroll at the age o 9.<ref name="times"/> ==Tennis career== ===Junior an early career=== Sharapova first hit the tennis scene in November 2000, when she won the Eddie Herr International Junior Tennis Championships in the girls' 16 division at the age o juist 13.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eddieherr.com/PastChampions.htm|publisher=Eddie Herr Official Website|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725075033/http://www.eddieherr.com/PastChampions.htm|archivedate=2012-07-25|title=Eddie Herr Past Champions|accessdate=June 12, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> She wis then gien a special distinction, the Rising Star Awaird, which is awairdit anly tae players o exceptional promise.<ref>{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317171129/http://www.eddieherr.com/2009/PlayerPacket09.pdf|archivedate=2012-03-17|url=http://www.eddieherr.com/2009/PlayerPacket09.pdf|publisher=Eddie Herr Official Website|title=Eddie Herr International Special Awards|accessdate=June 12, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sharapova played her first professional match in 2001 on her 14t birthday on Aprile 19, an played her first WTA tournament at the Pacific Life Open in 2002, winnin a match afore losin tae [[Monica Seles]]. Due tae restrictions on how mony professional events she coud play, Sharapova went tae hone her gemme in junior tournaments, whaur she reached the finals o the girls' singles events at the Australian Open an Wimbledon in 2002. She wis the youngest girl ever tae reach the final o the Australian Open junior championship at 14 years an 9 month.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wimbledon/5567102/Wimbledon-2009-Maria-Sharapova-20-facts-you-didnt-know.html|title=Wimbledon 2009: Maria Sharapova – 20 facts you didn't know|author=Nick Collins|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=June 24, 2009|accessdate=July 19, 2010}}</ref> Sharapova reached No. 6 in the [[International Tennis Federation|ITF]] junior warld singles ranking on October 21, 2002. In all, she won three junior singles tournaments an wis runner-up at five, includin twa junior Grand Slam events. Her win-loss record in junior competeetion wis 47–9.<ref>[http://www.itftennis.com/juniors/players/player/profile.aspx?playerid=100013223 ITF Tennis Player Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616051543/http://www.itftennis.com/juniors/players/player/profile.aspx?playerid=100013223 |date=2013-06-16 }}, ITF Juniors</ref> <u>Junior Grand Slam results:</u><br/> Australian Open: F (2002)<br/> French Open: 3R (2002)<br/> Wimbledon: F (2002)<br/> US Open: 2R (2001) ===Junior Grand Slam tournament finals=== ====Singles: 2 finals (2 runners-up)==== {|class="sortable wikitable" !Outcome !Year !width=200|Championship !Surface !width=200|Opponent !width=125|Score |-bgcolor=FFFFCC |bgcolor=FFA07A|Runner-up||2002||[[Australian Open]]||Haurd||{{flagicon|CZE}} Barbora Strýcová||0–6, 5–7 |-bgcolor=CCFFCC |bgcolor=FFA07A|Runner-up||2002||[[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]]||Gress||{{flagicon|RUS}} Vera Dushevina||6–4, 1–6, 2–6 |} ===2003: First tournament titles=== Frae 2003, Sharapova played a full saison an climbed fast intae the tap 50 bi the end o the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sonyericssonwtatour.com/SEWTATour-Archive/Rankings_Stats/Singles_Numeric_2003.pdf|author=Liz Schroeder|publisher=WTA|title=WTA Tour Singles Ranking 2003|date=November 10, 2003|accessdate=June 12, 2010|archive-date=2017-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928193303/http://www.sonyericssonwtatour.com/SEWTATour-Archive/Rankings_Stats/Singles_Numeric_2003.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> She played her first matches at baith the Australian Open an the French Open, but failed tae win a match in aither. Then, as a wildcard at Wimbledon, she defeatit 11t seed Jelena Dokić,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/wimbledon_2003/3028488.stm|title=Sharapova dismisses Dokic|publisher=BBC|date=June 28, 2003|accessdate=May 12, 2013}}</ref> her first win ower a tap-20 player, tae reach the fowert roond, whaur she lost in three sets tae [[Svetlana Kuznetsova]]. Bi the end o September, Sharapova haed already captured her first WTA title at a smawer event, the Japan Open Tennis Championships, afore winnin her second in her final toornament o the saison, the Bell Challenge.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/2003-11-02-quebec_x.htm|title=Sharapova handed Bell Challenge title|work=USA Today Co.|date=November 2, 2003|accessdate=May 12, 2013}}</ref> Tae cap off her first full saison as a professional, she wis awairdit the WTA Newcomer o the Year honour.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/scontent/article/3010014/title/wta-awards|title=WTA Awards|accessdate=May 18, 2013}}</ref> ===2004: Wimbledon champion an rise tae fame=== Sharapova wis defeatit in the third roond o the Australian Open bi saxt seed [[Anastasia Myskina]]. She later reached the semifinals at the Cellular South Cup, whaur she lost tae eventual champion Vera Zvonareva.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/2004-02-20-roundup_x.htm|title=Federer upset in Rotterdam; Roddick falls at Kroger|date=February 20, 2004|work=USA Today|accessdate=May 29, 2013}}</ref> During the spring clay-court saison, Sharapova entered the tap 20 on the WTA warld rankings as a result o reachin the third roond o the Qatar Telecom German Open an the Internazionali BNL d'Italia, baith o which war Tier I events. At the latter event, she defeatit a player rankit in the tap 10 for the first time wi a straucht-sets win ower warld No. 10 an 2004 French Open finalist [[Elena Dementieva]]. Later that clay-court saison, she went on tae mak the quarterfinals o a Grand Slam for the first time at the French Open, losin thare tae Paola Suárez.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/06/01/1086058856148.html|title=Suarez strikes another blow for Argentina|publisher=The Age|date=June 2, 2004|accessdate=June 8, 2013}}</ref> [[File:Maria Sharapova at Wimbledon (2004) (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|200px|Sharapova at Wimbledon in 2004]] Sharapova won the third title o her career at the Wimbledon warm-up DFS Classic, defeatin Tatiana Golovin in the final. Seedit 13t an aged 17 at Wimbledon, she reached her first Grand Slam semifinal bi defeatin Ai Sugiyama. Thare, she defeatit fift seed an umwhile champion [[Lindsay Davenport]]. In the final, Sharapova upset tap seed an defendin champion [[Serena Williams]] tae win her first Grand Slam singles title, an acome the third-youngest woman tae win the Wimbledon title, behind anly Lottie Dod an [[Martina Hingis]]. Sharapova an aa becam the second Roushie woman (efter [[Anastasia Myskina]] haed won the year's previous major at [[French Open|Roland Garros]]) tae win a Grand Slam singles title. The victory wis hailed bi the media as "the most stunning upset in memory",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A25495-2004Jul3.html|title=Sharapova Wins Wimbledon After Improbable Journey|work=[[The Washington Post]]|author=Liz Clarke|date=April 7, 2004|accessdate=June 20, 2010}}</ref> wi ither writers commentin on her arrival as a serious challenger tae the [[Williams sisters|Williams']] dominance at Wimbledon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://http://www.standard.co.uk/sport/birth-of-a-superstar-6968574.html|title=Birth of a superstar|publisher=London Evening Standard|author=Adrian Warner|date=February 7, 2004|accessdate=June 20, 2010|archive-date=2012-09-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025031315/http://www.standard.co.uk/sport/birth-of-a-superstar-6968574.html}}</ref> She entered the tap 10 in the rankings for the first time as a result o the win.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/news/story?id=1834581|title=Sharapova vaults into top 10|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=July 6, 2004|accessdate=May 19, 2013}}</ref> Follaein her Wimbledon win, attention an interest in Sharapova in the media greatly increased, a rise in popularity dubbed "Maria Mania."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://money.cnn.com/2004/08/27/commentary/column_sportsbiz/sportsbiz/index.htm|title=Maria Mania: no stopping her now|publisher=CNN|author=Chris Isidore|date=August 30, 2004|accessdate=June 20, 2010|archive-date=2015-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224172851/http://money.cnn.com/2004/08/27/commentary/column_sportsbiz/sportsbiz/index.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> She won three o sax matches in her preparations for the US Open. At the US Open itself, she reached the third roond, afore bein eliminated bi Mary Pierce.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/3628366.stm|title=Pierce shocks Sharapova|publisher=BBC|date=September 4, 2004|accessdate=June 8, 2013}}</ref> In order tae regain confidence, Sharapova played an won consecutive titles in Asia in the faw, the Hansol Korea Open Tennis Championships an the Japan Open Tennis Championships. In October, Sharapova defeatit [[Venus Williams]] en route tae makin the final o a Tier I event for the first time at the Zurich Open, losin in the final tae Alicia Molik.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/10/25/1098556329960.html?from=storylhs|title=Molik stuns Sharapova in Zurich final|publisher=The Age|date=October 25, 2004|accessdate=June 8, 2013}}</ref> She then played her first matches at the year-endin [[WTA Tour Championships]]. Thare, she won twa o her three roond-robin matches (includin a win ower US Open champion [[Svetlana Kuznetsova]]) in order tae advance tae the semifinals, whaur she defeatit Myskina. In the final, she defeatit Serena Williams, efter trailing 4–0 in the final set.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/4015111.stm|title=Sharapova wins season's finale|publisher=BBC|date=November 16, 2004|accessdate=June 8, 2013}}</ref> ===2005: Rise tae warld No. 1 ranking=== Sharapova stairtit the year at the Australian Open, whaur she defeatit fift seed [[Svetlana Kuznetsova]] tae reach the second Grand Slam semifinal o her career. Sharapova held match pynts in the third set o her semifinal match, afore losin tae eventual champion [[Serena Williams]]. In Februar, Sharapova won back-tae-back toornaments, the Toray Pan Pacific Open an the Qatar Total Open, allouin her tae reach number 3 in the warld rankings for the first time. In the semifinals o the Tier I Pacific Life Open, Sharapova wis defeatit bi [[Lindsay Davenport]], the first time she haed failed tae win a gemme in a match.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4363185.stm|title=Sharapova humiliated by Davenport|publisher=BBC|date=March 18, 2005|accessdate=August 7, 2011}}</ref> She defeatit umwhile warld No. 1 players [[Justine Henin]] an [[Venus Williams]] tae reach the final at the Tier I NASDAQ-100 Open, whaur she lost tae [[Kim Clijsters]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/01/sports/tennis/01tennis.html?n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fPeople%2fS%2fSharapova%2c%20Maria&_r=0|title=Sharapova Rights Her Game vs. Venus Williams|work=[[The New York Times]]|author=Sandra Harwitt|date=April 1, 2005|accessdate=June 8, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A21225-2005Apr2.html|title=Clijsters's Dream Continues|work=[[The Washington Post]]|author=Amy Shipley|date=April 3, 2005|accessdate=June 8, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova reached the semifinals o a clay-court tournament for the first time at the Italian Open, whaur she lost tae Patty Schnyder. Sharapova wad hae acome warld No. 1 for the first time haed she won the tournament.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4544729.stm|title=Sharapova edges nearer to summit|publisher=BBC|date=May 13, 2005|accessdate=August 7, 2011}}</ref> Sharapova then reached the quarterfinals o the French Open for the second consecutive year, afore losin tae eventual champion Henin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2005/jun/01/tennis.frenchopen2005|title=Henin reduces Sharapova to dust|publisher=''[[The Guardian]]''|author=Stephen Bierley|date=June 1, 2005|accessdate=June 8, 2013}}</ref> On gress, Sharapova won her third title o the year when she successfully defended her title at the DFS Classic, defeatin Jelena Janković in the final.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/4085880.stm|title=Sharapova keeps Birmingham title|publisher=BBC|date=June 12, 2005|accessdate=June 8, 2013}}</ref> As the defendin champion at Wimbledon, Sharapova reached the semifinals wioot dropping a set an losin a service gemme juist ance, extendin her winnin streak on gress tae 24 matches. Houiver, she wis then beaten bi eventual champion [[Venus Williams]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/4639341.stm|title=Williams ends Sharapova's defence|publisher=BBC|date=June 30, 2005|accessdate=June 8, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova haed far fewer pynts tae defend, an sae she becam the first Roushie woman tae haud the warld No. 1 ranking on August 22, 2005.<ref name="wtacareer">{{cite web|url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/qa-sharapovas-first-business-aims-for-the-sweet-spot/479274.html|title=Q&A: Sharapova's First Business Aims for the Sweet Spot|work=The Moscow Times|date=April 26, 2013|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> Her reign lasted anly ane week, houiver, as Davenport reclaimed the tap ranking efter winnin the Pilot Pen Tennis tournament.<ref name="wtacareer"/> As the tap seed at the US Open, Sharapova lost in the semifinals tae [[Kim Clijsters]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/4228310.stm|title=Clijsters battles past Sharapova|publisher=BBC|date=September 9, 2005|accessdate=June 8, 2013}}</ref> meanin she haed lost tae the eventual champion in every Grand Slam o the saison. Houiver, she ance again leapfrogged Davenport tae tak the warld No. 1 ranking on September 12, 2005. She retained it for sax weeks, but efter playin few tournaments while injured, she again relinquished the ranking tae Davenport.<ref name="wtacareer"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/tennis/news/17404-davenport-regains-no-1-ranking|title=Davenport regains No. 1 ranking|publisher=NDTV|date=August 27, 2005|accessdate=June 8, 2013|archive-date=2014-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610183939/http://sports.ndtv.com/tennis/news/17404-davenport-regains-no-1-ranking|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tae conclude the year, Sharapova failed tae defend her title at the year-end Sony Ericsson Championships in Los Angeles, defeatin Davenport in ane o her roond-robin matches, but ultimately losin in the semifinals tae eventual champion [[Amélie Mauresmo]]. ===2006: US Open champion=== [[File:MariaSharapova (cropped).JPG|thumb|upright|Sharapova celebrating efter winnin the 2006 US Open]] Sharapova stairtit 2006 bi losin in the semifinals o the Australian Open in three sets tae Henin,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/usopen06/news/story?id=2579411|title=Sharapova, Henin-Hardenne advance to Open final|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=September 8, 2006|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> an aa losin a rematch several weeks later at the Dubai Tennis Championships, haein defeatit umwhile warld No. 1 [[Martina Hingis]] an warld No. 3 [[Lindsay Davenport]] in earlier roonds o the tournament. Sharapova claimed her first title in nine month at the Tier I tournament in Indian Wells, defeatin Hingis in the semifinals an [[Elena Dementieva]] in the final.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/4818828.stm|title=Sharapova into all-Russian final|publisher=BBC|date=March 18, 2006|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2006-03-19/sports/0603190381_1_pacific-life-open-title-indian-wells-james-blake|title=Sharapova wins Pacific Life|work=Chicago Tribune|date=March 19, 2006|accessdate=June 9, 2013|archive-date=2014-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606211142/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2006-03-19/sports/0603190381_1_pacific-life-open-title-indian-wells-james-blake|url-status=dead}}</ref> She reached the final in Miami afore losin tae Kuznetsova.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2006/apr/02/tennis.richardevans|title=Kuznetsova quiets Sharapova scream on the way to title|publisher=The Guardian|date=April 2, 2006|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova returned for the French Open. Thare, efter saving match pynts in defeatin Mashona Washington in the first roond, she wis eliminated bi [[Dinara Safina]] in the fowert roond.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/04/sports/tennis/04french-wire.html?_r=0|title= Sharapova Falls at French Open |work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 4, 2006|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> On gress, Sharapova wis unsuccessful in her attempt tae win in Birmingham for the third consecutive year, losin in the semifinals tae Jamea Jackson.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/5091134.stm|title= Sharapova suffers surprise defeat |publisher=BBC|date=June 17, 2006|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> Despite that, she wis amang the title favorites at Wimbledon, whaur the eventual champion Mauresmo ended up beatin her in the semifinals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/sport/content/200607/s1680842.htm|title=Mauresmo survives lapse to reach Wimbledon final|publisher=ABC|date=July 7, 2006|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova claimed her second title o the year at the Tier I Acura Classic, defeatin Clijsters for the first time in the final.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/2006-08-06-acura-classic_x.htm|title=Sharapova outlasts Clijsters in Acura final|date=August 6, 2006|work=USA Today|accessdate=May 31, 2013}}</ref> As the third seed at the US Open, Sharapova defeatit tap seed Mauresmo for the first time in the semifinals,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/open/2006-09-08-day-12_x.htm?POESPOISVA|title=Sharapova stops No. 1 Mauresmo, will meet Henin-Hardenne in U.S. Open final|date=September 8, 2006|work=USA Today|accessdate=May 31, 2013}}</ref> an then follaed up bi beatin second seed [[Justine Henin]] tae win her second Grand Slam singles title.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/usopen06/news/story?id=2581102|title=Sharapova drops Henin-Hardenne to win U.S. Open title|date=September 12, 2006|publisher=ESPN|accessdate=May 31, 2013}}</ref> That hairst, Sharapova won titles in back-tae-back weeks at the Zurich Open an the Generali Ladies Linz. Bi winnin aw three o her roond-robin matches at the WTA Tour Championships, she extendit her win streak tae 19 matches, afore it wis snapped in the semifinals bi eventual champion Henin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2006-11-26/sports/0611250235_1_maria-sharapova-justine-henin-hardenne-wta-championships|title=Henin-Hardenne came up aces|publisher=Sun Sentinel|date=November 26, 2006|accessdate=June 9, 2013|archive-date=2014-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606204706/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2006-11-26/sports/0611250235_1_maria-sharapova-justine-henin-hardenne-wta-championships|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sharapova wad hae finished the saison as warld No. 1 haed she won the event. As it wis, she feenished rankit warld No. 2, her best year-end finish yet. ===2007: Shoulder injury an faw frae the tap 5=== Sharapova wis the tap seed at the Australian Open due tae tap-rankit [[Justine Henin]]'s withdrawal. Efter bein twa pynts awa frae defeat in the first roond agin Camille Pin, she gaun on tae win till the final o the tournament for the first time, but wis routed thare bi [[Serena Williams]] wha wis rankit warld No. 81 at the time. Efter winnin till the final, Sharapova recaptured the warld No. 1 rankin.<ref name="wtacareer"/> She held it for seiven week, surrenderin it back tae Henin efter failin tae defend her title at the Pacific Life Open, insteid losin in the fowert roond tae Vera Zvonareva efter strauchlin wi a hamstring injury.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/6326809.stm|title=Leg injury forces Sharapova out|publisher=BBC|date=February 3, 2007|accessdate=June 2, 2013}}</ref> The follaein fortnight, she defeatit [[Venus Williams]] in the third roond o the Sony Ericsson Open,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2007/03/25/us-tennis-miami-idUSL2308180420070325|title=Sharapova sets up Venus showdown in rainy Miami|publisher=Reuters|date=March 27, 2007|accessdate=June 9, 2013|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924113408/http://www.reuters.com/article/2007/03/25/us-tennis-miami-idUSL2308180420070325|url-status=dead}}</ref> afore bein beaten again bi Serena Williams.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://voices.yahoo.com/serena-williams-defeats-maria-sharapova-today-key-270447.html|title=Serena Williams Defeats Maria Sharapova Today in Key Biscayne|publisher=[[Yahoo!|Yahoo]]|author=Verdell A. Wright|date=March 27, 2007|accessdate=June 9, 2013|archive-date=2014-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729030341/http://voices.yahoo.com/serena-williams-defeats-maria-sharapova-today-key-270447.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> A shoulder injury forced Sharapova tae miss maist o the clay-court saison for the second consecutive year, resultin in her anly tune-up for the French Open bein the İstanbul Cup,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/6689561.stm|title=Sharapova battles to Istanbul win|publisher=BBC|date=May 24, 2007|accessdate=May 22, 2013}}</ref> whaur she lost in the semifinals tae Aravane Reza&iuml;. She reached the semifinals o the French Open for the first time in her career, afore losin tae [[Ana Ivanovic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2007/jun/07/tennis.frenchopen2007|title=Ivanovic stuns Sharapova to set up Henin showdown|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=June 7, 2007|accessdate=May 22, 2013}}</ref> On gress, Sharapova wis runner-up tae Jelena Janković at the DFS Classic.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/6762093.stm|title=Jankovic seals win over Sharapova|publisher=BBC|date=June 17, 2007|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> Follaein that, she experienced her earliest Wimbledon loss syne 2003 bi losin in the fowert roond tae eventual champion Venus Williams.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2007/jul/04/tennis.wimbledon1|title=Henin sends Serena crashing out|publisher=The Guardian|date=July 4, 2007|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova clinched the US Open Series bi defendin her title at the Acura Classic, her anly championship o the year, an reachin the semifinals in Los Angeles.<ref name="wtacareer"/> In her US Open title defence, Sharapova wis upset in her third-roond match tae 30t seed [[Agnieszka Radwańska]],<ref name="radwanska">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6974187.stm|title=Sharapova loses to teen Radwanska|publisher=BBC|date=September 1, 2007|accessdate=July 23, 2008}}</ref> makin it her earliest exit at a Grand Slam singles tournament syne the 2004 US Open, whaur she lost in the same roond.<ref name="wtacareer"/> Follaein the US Open loss, Sharapova did nae play again until the Kremlin Cup in October, whaur she lost her openin match tae [[Victoria Azarenka]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/7038379.stm|title=Sharapova crashes out in Moscow|publisher=BBC|date=October 10, 2007|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> Shortly efter this, she fell oot o the tap 5 in the warld rankings for the first time syne 2004. She qualified for the aicht-woman year-end Sony Ericsson Championships acause o a withdrawal bi Venus Williams afore the stairt o the tournament.<ref name="wtacareer"/> Despite haein nae previously won a match in twa month, Sharapova topped her roond-robin group at the tournament, efter winnin aw three o her matches, defeatin [[Svetlana Kuznetsova]], Ana Ivanovic, an Daniela Hantuchová. She then defeatit [[Anna Chakvetadze]] in the semifinals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2007/nov/11/tennis.news|title=Sharapova straight in|author=Richard Evans |date=November 11, 2007|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> In the final, she lost tae warld No. 1 Henin in a match that lasted 3 oors an 24 meenits. Sharapova reached the tap five again tae end the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/news/story?id=3149968|title=Strong finish for Sharapova; stronger return by Davenport|publisher=[[ESPN]]|author=Joel Drucker|date=December 13, 2007|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> ===2008: Australian Open champion an second shoulder injury=== Sharapova wis seedit fift at the Australian Open, but wis nae considered a favorite. Housomeiver, she defeatit umwhile warld No. 1 [[Lindsay Davenport]] in the second roond, an then warld No. 1 Henin in the quarterfinals,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7201953.stm|title=Brilliant Sharapova hammers Henin|publisher=BBC|date=January 22, 2008|accessdate=August 7, 2011}}</ref> endin the latter's 32-match winnin streak.<ref>{{cite news|last=Clarey|first=Christopher|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/24/sports/tennis/24tennis.html?fta=y|title=Sharapova Reaches the Final Again and Hopes for a Better Outcome|work=The New York Times |date=January 24, 2008|accessdate=August 7, 2011}}</ref> She proceeded tae the finals bi defeatin Jelena Janković in the semifinals, an defeatit [[Ana Ivanovic]] in the final tae win her third Grand Slam title, haein nae dropped a set all tournament. Efter the Australian Open, Sharapova extendit her winnin streak tae 18 matches. This run encompassed twa wins includin at the Tier I Qatar Total Open. Her winnin streak wis ended in the semifinals o the Pacific Life Open bi Kuznetsova. In Aprile, Sharapova won the Bausch & Lomb Championships, haein survived her langest-ever match, at 3 oors an 26 meenits lang, in the third roond against Anabel Medina Garrigues.<ref name="epicbattle">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7341970.stm|title=Sharapova wins epic battle|publisher=BBC|date=April 11, 2008|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> The follaein week, at the Family Circle Cup, she lost in the quarterfinals tae [[Serena Williams]], her fowert consecutive loss tae the American.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://seattletimes.com/html/othersports/2004359654_digs19.html|title=Tennis: Serena Williams beats Maria Sharapova 4th time in a row|work=The Seattle Times|date=April 19, 2008|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> In Mey, Sharapova regained the warld No. 1 ranking acause o Henin's suddent retirement frae professional tennis an request tae the [[Weemen's Tennis Association|WTA]] that her ain ranking be removed immediately.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/wire?section=tennis&id=3397722|title=Sharapova to take over top ranking from retired Henin|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=May 15, 2008|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> As the tap-seedit player at the French Open Sharapova wis within twa pynts<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/french08/news/story?id=3415126|title=Sharapova needs 8–6 win in third set to overcome Rodina|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=May 28, 2008|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> o bein knocked oot bi Evgeniya Rodina in the first roond, afore eventually winnin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://msn.foxsports.com/tennis/story/8184486/Sharapova-a-long-way-from-Grand-Slam-form|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215040319/http://msn.foxsports.com/tennis/story/8184486/Sharapova-a-long-way-from-Grand-Slam-form|archivedate=2009-02-15|title=Sharapova a long way from Grand Slam form|publisher=Fox News Channel|date=May 28, 2008|accessdate=August 7, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> As a result o losin tae eventual finalist [[Dinara Safina]] in the fowert roond (efter serving for the match),<ref>{{cite news|last=Clarey|first=Christopher|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/03/sports/tennis/03tennis.html|title=Sharapova Roars, but She Is Silenced by Safina Once Again|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 3, 2008|accessdate=August 7, 2011}}</ref> she relinquished her No. 1 ranking.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/news/story?id=3424588|title=Sharapova to drop from top spot after French Open|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=June 3, 2008|accessdate=August 7, 2011}}</ref> Her dip in form continued at Wimbledon, whaur she lost in the second roond tae warld No. 154 Alla Kudryavtseva. This wis her earliest loss at Wimbledon, an at ony Grand Slam in awmaist five years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/wimbledon08/columns/story?columnist=garber_greg&id=3462202|title=Sharapova loss just the start of a chaotic day at Wimbledon|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=June 27, 2008|accessdate=August 7, 2011}}</ref> Sharapova withdrew frae the Rogers Cup tournament in August follaein a shoulder injury.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/sports/story/2008/07/30/rogers-cup-three.html|title=Sharapova withdraws from Rogers Cup|publisher=CBC|date=July 31, 2008|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> An MRI scan revealed that she haed been sufferin frae a rotator cuff tear syne Aprile, forcing her oot o aw tournaments for the rest o the saison, includin the Beijing Olympics, the US Open, an the WTA Tour Championships.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/olympics/tennis/7536416.stm|title=Sharapova to miss US Open & Games|publisher=BBC|date=August 1, 2008|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> In spite o that, she still finished the year rankit warld No. 9. In October, efter a failed attempt tae rehabilitate the shoulder, Sharapova haed surgery tae repair the tear.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/columnist/brennan/2011-06-30-Brennan-maria-sharapova-wimbledon-final_n.htm|title=Sharapova back at last where she belongs|work=USA Today|author=Christine Brennan|date=June 30, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> ===2009: Shoulder surgery an rehabilitation=== Sharapova did nae attempt tae defend her Australian Open title, as she continued tae recover frae surgery.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/sport/tennis/sharapova-out/2009/01/11/1231608525444.html|title=Sharapova out after shoulder fails to recover|publisher=Fairfax Digital|work=The Age|author=Linda Pearce|date=January 12, 2009|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> She returned tae the sport in Mairch, in the doubles tournament at the BNP Paribas Open, but she an pairtner Elena Vesnina lost in the first roond. Efter this, Sharapova withdrew frae further singles tournaments, resultin in her staundin in the warld rankings bein severely affected. She dropped oot o the tap 100 for the first time in sax years in Mey, the nadir bein warld No. 126.<ref name="wtatennis" /> [[File:Maria Sharapova at 2009 Roland Garros, Paris, France.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|Sharapova made the quarterfinals o the French Open, her best Grand Slam performance o 2009]] Playin her first singles tournament in nearly ten month, Sharapova reached the quarterfinals o the clay-court Warsaw Open in Mey, losin tae finalist Alona Bondarenko.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/news/story?id=4192265|title=Bondarenko wins in straight sets|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=May 21, 2009|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> The follaein week, in her first Grand Slam appearance syne her surgery, she reached the quarterfinals o the French Open, afore her run wis ended bi Dominika Cibulková.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/frenchopen/5430320/French-Open-2009-Maria-Sharapova-and-the-curse-of-the-cover-stars.html|title=French Open 2009: Maria Sharapova and the curse of the cover stars |work=The Daily Telegraph|author=Mark Hodgkinson|date=June 2, 2009|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> During the summer gress-court saison, Sharapova played in Birmingham, losin in the semifinals tae Li Na.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/news/story?id=4256242|title=Sharapova broken six times in loss|date=June 13, 2009|publisher=[[ESPN]]|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova then played at Wimbledon as the 24t seed. She wis upset in the second roond bi Gisela Dulko in three sets.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wimbledon/5624035/Wimbledon-2009-Maria-Sharapova-suffers-shock-defeat-by-Gisela-Dulko.html|title=Wimbledon 2009: Maria Sharapova suffers shock defeat by Gisela Dulko|last=Hodgkinson|first=Mark|date=June 24, 2009|work=The Daily Telegraph|accessdate=May 18, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova enjoyed considerable success in the summer months, reachin the quarterfinals at the Bank o the Wast Classic, the semifinals at the LA Weemen's Tennis Championships, an finishinrunner-up at the Rogers Cup tae [[Elena Dementieva]]. At the 2009 US Open, Sharapova wis seedit 29t. She foond her wey intae the third roond, defeatin Tsvetana Pironkova an Christina McHale all in straucht sets. She wis stunned in the third roond bi American teenager Melanie Oudin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/usopen09/news/story?id=4448907|title=Oudin's run continues; Safina exits early|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=September 6, 2009|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> It wis the second time in Sharapova's career that she lost tae a teenager at a [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]], haein lost tae [[Agnieszka Radwańska]] during the same event in 2007. The loss saw Sharapova's rankin gang doun tae No. 32.<ref name="wtatennis" /> The final stretch o the saison brocht Sharapova her first title o the year in Tokyo, efter opponent Jelena Janković retired efter bein doun 2–5 tae Sharapova in the final.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/SPORT/10/03/tennis.sharapova.jankovic.venus/|title= Sharapova lands Tokyo title as Jankovic quits |publisher=CNN|date=October 3, 2009|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> Bi virtue o that result, she wis the recipient o a bye at the China Open, but failed tae capitalize on it, losin tae Peng Shuai in the third roond.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2009/oct/07/maria-sharapova-china-open-shuai|title=Tired Maria Sharapova knocked out of China Open by Peng Shuai|publisher=The Guardian|date=October 7, 2009|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> She ultimately finished the saison at warld No. 14, haein improved frae No. 126 when she stairtit her comeback frae injury.<ref name="wtatennis" /> ===2010: Comeback an struggles wi form=== Efter playin twa exhibition tournaments in Asia, Sharapova offeecially began her saison at the Australian Open, whaur she wis upset in her first-roond match against Maria Kirilenko. The loss meant that for the first time syne 2003, Sharapova haed lost her openin match at a Grand Slam event.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/australianopen/7016124/Australian-Open-2010-Maria-Sharapova-dumped-out-by-Maria-Kirilenko.html|author=Mark Hodgkinson|work=The Telegraph|title=Australian Open 2010: Maria Sharapova dumped out by Maria Kirilenko|date=January 18, 2010|accessdate=June 12, 2010|location=London}}</ref> She then rebounded bi winnin a smawer American event, the Cellular South Cup, her 21st career WTA title an first o the year.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8526723.stm|title=Maria Sharapova beats Sofia Arvidsson in Memphis final|date=January 21, 2010|work=BBC Sport |accessdate=February 22, 2010}}</ref> At the BNP Paribas Open, Sharapova lost in the third roond tae Zheng Jie, aggravating a bruised bane on her right elbow in the process, which resulted in her eventual withdrawal frae the Sony Ericsson Open<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/SPORT/tennis/03/18/tennis.sharapova.injury.elbow/index.html|publisher=CNN|title=Sharapova suffers fresh setback after elbow injury|date=March 18, 2010|accessdate=June 12, 2010}}</ref> an the Family Circle Cup.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usta.com/Global/Pro_Tennis/Pro_Tennis/Wire/2010/04/09/Serena_Williams_Sharapova_withdraw_from_Family_Circle_Cup.aspx|publisher=United States Tennis Association|title=Serena Williams, Sharapova withdraw from Family Circle Cup|date=April 9, 2010|accessdate=June 12, 2010|archive-date=2010-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413075534/http://www.usta.com/Global/Pro_Tennis/Pro_Tennis/Wire/2010/04/09/Serena_Williams_Sharapova_withdraw_from_Family_Circle_Cup.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Returning at the 2010 Mutua Madrileña Madrid Open, Sharapova lost in the first roond tae Lucie Šafářová. She continued her French Open preparation at the Internationaux de Strasbourg as a wildcard, advancing tae the final, whaur she beat Kristina Barrois. This wis her first title on reid clay an 22nt oweraw title.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinapost.com.tw/sports/tennis/2010/05/24/257792/Sharapova-wins.htm|work=The China Post|location=Taiwan (ROC)|title=Sharapova wins second 2010 title at Strasbourg|date=May 24, 2010|accessdate=June 12, 2010|archive-date=2012-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925202148/http://www.chinapost.com.tw/sports/tennis/2010/05/24/257792/Sharapova-wins.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the French Open, Sharapova's brief clay saison culminatit wi a third-roond loss tae fower-time champion [[Justine Henin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/frenchopen/7785938/French-Open-2010-Justine-Henin-defeats-Maria-Sharapova.html|title=French Open 2010: Justine Henin defeats Maria Sharapova|publisher=The Telegraph|date=May 30, 2010|accessdate=June 14, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova began her preparations for Wimbledon at the Aegon Classic. She advanced tae the final for the fowert time, whaur she lost tae [[Li Na]]. As the 16t seed at Wimbledon, Sharapova lost in the fowert roond tae warld No. 1 an eventual champion [[Serena Williams]], despite haein three set pynts in the openin set.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.skysports.com/tennis/tournaments/story/0,25174,18898_6236218,00.html|title=Sharapova tests Serena|work=Sky Sports|date=June 29, 2010|accessdate=July 3, 2010|archive-date=2010-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701033332/http://www.skysports.com/tennis/tournaments/story/0%2C25174%2C18898_6236218%2C00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The match wis seen as anither encouraging performance for Sharapova, wi some statin thair belief that she wis approachin the form that wad see her contending for Grand Slams ance mair,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/serena-forced-into-top-gear-to-tame-sharapova-2013078.html|title=Serena forced into top gear to tame Sharapova|author=Chris McGrath|work=The Independent|location=UK|date=June 29, 2010|accessdate=July 3, 2010|archive-date=2015-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224182144/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/serena-forced-into-top-gear-to-tame-sharapova-2013078.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> an Sharapova hersel statin that she felt that she wis "in a much better spot than I was last year."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://straightsets.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/06/28/serena-williams-avoids-flashback-beats-sharapova/|title=Serena Williams Avoids Flashback, Beats Sharapova|author=John Martin|work=The New York Times|date=June 28, 2010|accessdate=July 3, 2010}}</ref> During the US Open Series, Sharapova reached twa finals in a raw, losin tae [[Victoria Azarenka]] at the Bank o the Wast Classic,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/2010-08-01-bank-of-the-west-classic_N.htm|title=Azarenka rolls past Sharapova to win Bank o the Wast title|publisher=USA Today|date=February 8, 2010|accessdate=June 14, 2013}}</ref> an tae [[Kim Clijsters]] at the Western & Southern Financial Group Women's Open.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cincytennis.com/clijsters_wins/|title=Clijsters Storms Back to Win 2010 Women's Open|publisher=WTA|accessdate=June 14, 2013|archive-date=2015-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224182310/http://www.cincytennis.com/clijsters_wins/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the latter match, Sharapova held three match pynts while leadin 5–3 on Clijsters's serve late in the second set, but coud nae convert them. At the U.S. Open, Sharapova wis the 14t seed. She got tae the fowert roond, whaur she played tap seed an 2009 finalist [[Caroline Wozniacki]] an lost.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/usopen10/news/story?id=5539423|title=Maria Sharapova loses in 4th round|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=September 7, 2010|accessdate=June 14, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova's last twa tournaments o the saison ended in disappointment. She played in the Toray Pan Pacific Open in Tokyo, whaur she wis upset in the first roond bi 39-year-auld Kimiko Date-Krumm.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/2010-09-27-pan-pacific-open_N.htm|title=Japan's Date Krumm ousts Sharapova at Pan Pacific Open|work=USA Today|date=September 29, 2010|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> Her last tournament o the year wis the China Open, whaur she lost in the second roond tae fellae Roushie Elena Vesnina.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2009/oct/07/maria-sharapova-china-open-shuai|title=Tired Maria Sharapova knocked out of China Open by Peng Shuai|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=October 7, 2010|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> She ended the year at number 18 in the warld.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/photos/article/2213795/title/2010-year-end-top-20|title=2010: Year-End Top 20|publisher=WTA|date=November 10, 2010|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> ===2011: Return tae the tap 10=== It wis annoonced that Sharapova wad bring in Thomas Högstedt as a coach for the 2011 saison, joining Michael Joyce.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2010/12/sharapova-hires-hogstedt-to-co-coach-with-joyce/26210/|title=Sharapova hires Hogstedt to co-coach with Joyce|author=Matthew Cronin|publisher=TENNIS.com|date=December 4, 2010|accessdate=October 23, 2014|archive-date=2016-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108032712/http://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2010/12/sharapova-hires-hogstedt-to-co-coach-with-joyce/26210/|url-status=dead}}</ref> On December 5, Sharapova won an exhibition match against warld No. 2 Vera Zvonareva in Monterrey, Mexico. In Sharapova's first offeecial Australian Open warm-up tournament at the 2011 ASB Classic in Auckland, New Zealand, she wis seedit first. She lost tae the Hungarian veteran an eventual champion Gréta Arn in the quarterfinals. Efter the ASB Classic, Sharapova decidit tae split up wi Joyce, endin a successfu cooperation that haes brocht her twa Grand Slam victories an the Warld No. 1 ranking.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.ria.ru/sports/20110116/162167367.html|title=Sharapova's long-time coach leaves job|publisher=RIA Novosti|date=January 16, 2011|accessdate=October 23, 2014|archive-date=2014-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023230658/http://en.ria.ru/sports/20110116/162167367.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sharapova participated in the first Grand Slam o the saison at the Australian Open, whaur she wis the 14t seed, but lost tae [[Andrea Petkovic]] in the fowert roond.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.rian.ru/sports/20110123/162258814.html|title=Russia's Sharapova loses out to Germany's Petkovic in Australian Open|author=Anton Denisov|date=January 23, 2011|accessdate=July 5, 2011|archive-date=2011-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110327084430/http://en.rian.ru/sports/20110123/162258814.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> She an aa haed tae pull oot o the 2011 Dubai Tennis Championships an 2011 Qatar Ladies Open acause o an lug infection.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/tennis/blog/_/name/espntennis/month/february-2011|title=Work to do for Roddick and the Americans|publisher=[[ESPN]]|author=Ravi Ubha|date=February 16, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova returned tae the tour in Mairch bi takin pairt in the 2011 BNP Paribas Open, whaur she wis seedit 16t. She defeatit umwhile warld No. 1 [[Dinara Safina]], in the fowert roond en route tae the semifinal, whaur she lost tae warld No. 1 [[Caroline Wozniacki]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/03/20/wozniacki-wins-bnp-paribaas-open_n_838169.html|title= Wozniacki Wins BNP Paribas Open, Beats Marion Bartoli In Finals |work=The Huffington Post|author=Beth Harris|date=March 20, 2011|accessdate=June 14, 2013}}</ref> At the 2011 Sony Ericsson Open in Key Biscayne, Sharapova defeatit 26t seed Alexandra Dulgheru in the quarterfinals, in a match lasting 3 oors an 28 meenits.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.rian.ru/sports/20110330/163283242.html|title=Russia's Sharapova moves into semis at Miami tennis tournament|publisher=RIA Novosti|date=March 30, 2011|accessdate=June 14, 2013|archive-date=2012-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329023553/http://www.en.rian.ru/sports/20110330/163283242.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the semifinals, Sharapova teuk her Australian Open reprisal on Germany's [[Andrea Petkovic]] bi defeatin her. In the final, she wis defeatit bi [[Victoria Azarenka]], despite a late comeback in the second set.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/tennis/aus12/story/_/id/7513049/2012-australian-open-victoria-azarenka-routs-maria-sharapova-win-title|title=Victoria Azarenka routs Sharapova|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=January 29, 2011|accessdate=June 14, 2013}}</ref> Wi this result, Sharapova returned tae the tap 10 for the first time syne Februar 2009.<ref name="wtatennis"/> During the clay-court saison, Sharapova participated in 2011 Mutua Madrileña Madrid Open, whaur she lost tae Dominika Cibulková in the third roond, an the 2011 Internazionali BNL d'Italia, whaur she wis seedit seivent. She defeatit tap seed Caroline Wozniacki in the semifinals an saxt seed Samantha Stosur in the final tae tak hame the title, merking her biggest clay-court victory tae date.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/2360583/title/sharapovas-greatest-clay-court-triumph|title=Sharapova's Greatest Clay Court Triumph|publisher=WTA|date=May 15, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> At the 2011 French Open, Sharapova wis seedit seivent. She defeatit French wildcard [[Caroline Garcia]] in the second roond, despite trailing 3–6, 1–4, afore winnin the last 11 gemmes o the match. In the quarterfinals, she defeatit 15t seed [[Andrea Petkovic]], merking her first Grand Slam semifinal syne her comeback frae the career-threatening shoulder injury. She then lost tae saxt seed an eventual champion [[Li Na]], in the semifinals, endin her clay saison wi a win-loss record o 12–2.<ref>{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322014754/http://www.rolandgarros.com/en_FR/news/articles/2011-06-02/201106021307029251097.html|archivedate=2012-03-22|url=http://www.rolandgarros.com/en_FR/news/articles/2011-06-02/201106021307029251097.html|title=Li sweeps Sharapova aside for tilt at title|author=Louisa Baker|date=June 2, 2011|accessdate=June 4, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> At the 2011 Wimbledon Championships, Sharapova haed nae dropped a set entering the final, afore losin tae aicht seed [[Petra Kvitová]] in straucht sets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/14002512|title=Wimbledon 2011: Petra Kvitova beats Maria Sharapova to title|publisher=BBC|author=Piers Newbery|date=July 2, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> This merked her first final in ower three years at a Grand Slam event. Sharapova stairtit her summer haurd-court saison at the 2011 Bank o the Wast Classic in Stanford, Californie. In a heichly anticipatit match, Sharapova lost tae the eventual champion [[Serena Williams]] in the quarterfinals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/2405569/title/serena-shines-in-qfs-lisicki-awaits-in-sfs|title=Serena Shines In QFs, Lisicki Awaits In SFs|publisher=WTA|date=July 29, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> In her next event at the 2011 Rogers Cup in Toronto, Canadae, Sharapova lost tae Galina Voskoboeva in the third roond, merking her 100th career loss.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/2417634/title/stosur-dismisses-li-tough-day-for-faves|title=Stosur Dismisses Li, Tough Day For Faves|publisher=WTA|date=August 11, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> [[File:Maria Sharapova 2011.jpg|thumb|right|Sharapova at the Western & Southern Open, August 2011]] Sharapova then contested the 2011 Western & Southern Open in [[Cincinnati]], Ohio. As the fowert seed, she received a bye intae the second roond. On the wey tae her fowert final o the year, she beat Anastasia Rodionova,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/2422838/title/bartoli-back-on-track-serena-edges-hradecka|title=Bartoli Back On Track, Serena Edges Hradecka |publisher=WTA|date=August 16, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> 14t seed [[Svetlana Kuznetsova]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/2425089/title/hantuchova-gets-past-bartoli-zvonareva-next|title=Hantuchova Gets Past Bartoli, Zvonareva Next|publisher=WTA|date=August 18, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> tenth seed Samantha Stosur,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/2426294/title/zvonareva-sharapova-to-clash-in-semifinals|title=Zvonareva & Sharapova to clash in semifinals|publisher=WTA|date=August 19, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> an 2nt seed Vera Zvonareva.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/2427204/title/former-world-no1s-to-collide-in-cincinnati|title=Former world No. 1s to Collide in Cincinnati|publisher=WTA|date=August 20, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> In the final, she defeatit fellae umwhile warld No. 1 Jelena Janković, in 2 oors an 49 meenits, makin it the langest WTA tour final o the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cincinnati.com/article/20110821/SPT/308210027/Sharapova-wins-women-s-title?odyssey|title=Sharapova wins women's title|publisher=Cincinnati.com|author=Shannon Russell|date=August 22, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> She subsequently moved up tae warld No. 4, her heichest ranking syne August 2008 an the heichest syne her comeback frae her shoulder injury.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/2428859/title/ranking-watch-maria-moves-up-to-no4|title=Ranking Watch: Maria Moves Up To No. 4|publisher=WTA|date=August 22, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova entered the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]], whaur she wis seedit third. She beat Heather Watson, an Anastasiya Yakimova, tae reach the third roond. She wis then upset bi Flavia Pennetta. Houiver, acause o the faw o [[Kim Clijsters]] an Vera Zvonareva in the rankings, Sharapova climbed tae warld No. 2.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennisnow.com/News/Maria-Sharapova-Shocked-Out-of-US-Open,-More-From-.aspx|title=Maria Sharapova Shocked Out of US Open, More From New York|publisher=Tennisnow|date=September 2, 2011|accessdate=September 2, 2011|archive-date=2015-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706213624/http://www.tennisnow.com/News/Maria-Sharapova-Shocked-Out-of-US-Open,-More-From-.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sharapova's next tournament wis the 2011 Toray Pan Pacific Open in Tokyo, Japan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ajw.asahi.com/article/sports/topics/AJ2011093012822|title=Sharapova limps out of Pan Pacific Open|publisher=The Asahi Shimbun Company|author=Rob Smaal|date=September 30, 2011|accessdate=June 2, 2013|archive-date=2014-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221231212/http://ajw.asahi.com/article/sports/topics/AJ2011093012822|url-status=dead}}</ref> As second seed, she received a bye intae the second roond, whaur she beat Tamarine Tanasugarn. She then beat 13t seed Julia Görges, afore retiring against Petra Kvitová in the quarterfinal, 3–4, efter slipping on the baseline, sufferin an ankle injury. This an aa forced her tae withdraw frae the 2011 China Open the follaein week. Sharapova then flew tae Istanbul tae prepare for the 2011 WTA Tour Championships, her first time qualifying syne 2007. During the WTA Tour Championships, Sharapova withdrew during the roond-robin stage efter defeats against Samantha Stosur an [[Li Na]], as a result o the ankle injury she haed suffered in Tokyo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.rian.ru/sports/20110929/167244910.html|title=Ankle injury forces Sharapova to retire in Tokyo QF against Kvitova|publisher=RIA Novosti|date=September 29, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}{{Dead link|date=May 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Sharapova ended the year as No. 4 in the warld, her first tap-10 finish syne 2008 an first tap-5 finish syne 2007. ===2012: Career Grand Slam, return tae warld No. 1 an Olympic siller medal=== Sharapova withdrew frae the 2012 Brisbane International acause o her ongangin ankle injury.<ref>{{cite web|last=Musall|first=Jeff|url=http://sports.yahoo.com/tennis/news?slug=ycn-10746909|title=Maria Sharapova Withdraws from Brisbane, Still on for Australian Open: Fan Reaction – Tennis – Yahoo! Sports|publisher=Sports.yahoo.com|date=April 20, 2011|accessdate=January 25, 2012|archive-date=2013-06-21|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HXaiB2Dt?url=http://sports.yahoo.com/tennis/news?slug=ycn-10746909|url-status=dead}}</ref> Her first tournament o the saison wis the 2012 Australian Open, whaur she wis seedit fowert. Sharapova advanced tae the final roond conceding five gemmes, defeatin Gisela Dulko, Jamie Hampton, an 30t seed [[Angelique Kerber]], compatriot [[Ekaterina Makarova]] an warld No. 2 [[Petra Kvitová]]. She lost tae [[Victoria Azarenka]] in twa sets. As a result her ranking improved tae warld No. 3. She then played in the Paris, whaur she lost in the quarterfinals tae eventual champion Angelique Kerber. As a result her ranking improved tae warld No. 2. [[File:Flickr - Carine06 - Maria Sharapova (1).jpg|thumb|left|Sharapova at the 2012 Summer Olympics, Julie 2012]] At the Indian Wells, efter battling for ower three oors, Sharapova defeatit compatriot Maria Kirilenko tae set up a semifinal meetin wi [[Ana Ivanovic]]. Sharapova advanced tae the final efter Ivanovic retired due tae a hip injury. In the final, she played warld No. 1 Victoria Azarenka in a rematch o the Australian Open final, but lost again in straucht sets. Sharapova's next tournament wis the 2012 Sony Ericsson Open, whaur she wis seedit 2nt an received a bye. In the final, Sharapova lost in straucht sets tae 5t seedit [[Agnieszka Radwańska]]. This wis her third loss o the year in finals oot o fower tournaments played sae far. In the Porsche Tennis Grand Prix in Stuttgart, Sharapova wis seedit second. She haed a bye in the first roond, an advanced tae the third roond efter Alizé Cornet retired in the second set. She won her first title o the year in Stuttgart efter defeatin warld number ane Victoria Azarenka. In daein sae, Sharapova defeatit three current Grand Slam title holders tae win the tournament. Sharapova then played on the 2012 Mutua Madrid Open, a premier mandatory event. In the third roond, Sharapova's opponent Lucie Šafářová wis unable tae compete an withdrew frae the tournament, earnin Sharapova a walkover intae the quarterfinals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2012/05/10/sharapova-serena-reach-madrid-open-quarters/|title=Sharapova, Serena reach Madrid Open quarters|publisher=Fox News|date=May 10, 2012|accessdate=June 2, 2013|archive-date=2015-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407103236/http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2012/05/10/sharapova-serena-reach-madrid-open-quarters/|url-status=dead}}</ref> She wis then beaten bi eventual champion [[Serena Williams]] in straucht sets. As the defendin champion an second seed at the Italian Open, Sharapova haed a bye in the first roond. In the semifinals, Sharapova defeatit Angelique Kerber tae advance tae the final for the second year in a row. In the final, Sharapova saved match pynt for a 2-oor 52 meenit win ower [[Li Na]] for her 26t career title.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/18138072|title=Maria Sharapova |publisher=BBC|date=May 20, 2013|accessdate=May 21, 2012}}</ref> This merked the fowert time Sharapova haed successfully defended a title. Sharapova wis seedit second at the French Open, whaur she defeatit Alexandra Cadanțu, [[Petra Kvitová]] on her wey tae the finals, allouin her tae regain the warld No. 1 ranking. In the final, she defeatit Sara Errani for her first French Open title. Sharapova becam anly the tenth woman tae complete a Career Grand Slam wi the French Open victory.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/sharapova-savours-her-sweetest-triumph-as-reward-for-comeback-7834856.html|title=Sharapova savours her 'sweetest triumph' as reward for comeback|date=June 11, 2012|work=The Independent|accessdate=June 11, 2012|archive-date=2012-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615110556/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/sharapova-savours-her-sweetest-triumph-as-reward-for-comeback-7834856.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> During the tournament, Sharapova wis an aa asked bi the Roushie Olympic Committee tae cairy the Roushie banner in the [[2012 Simmer Olympics|Olympic Gemmes]], makin her the first female banner bearer for Roushie in Olympic history.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbssports.com/olympics/blog/eye-on-olympics/19352136/maria-sharapova-to-carry-russian-flag-in-opening-ceremony|title=Maria Sharapova to carry Russian flag in opening ceremony|publisher=CBS Sports|author=Reid Cherner|date=June 14, 2012|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova then extendit her win streak tae 15 matches when she competit in the Wimbledon Championships as the tap seed thare for the first time in her career. Houiver, she wis upset in the fowert roond bi 15t-seedit [[Sabine Lisicki]], whom she beat in last year's semifinals. As a result, she lost her No. 1 ranking tae Victoria Azarenka. She played in the [[Tennis at the 2012 Simmer Olympics|2012 Summer Olympic Gemmes]] in Lunnon, her first Olympics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/olympics/summer/2012/tennis/story/_/id/8229534/2012-london-olympics-serena-williams-maria-sharapova-play-gold-medal|title=Serena, Maria Sharapova in final|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=August 3, 2012|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> In the quarterfinals, Sharapova defeatit fellae umwhile No. 1 [[Kim Clijsters]] tae advance tae the semifinals, whaur she faced her compatriot, Maria Kirilenko. Sharapova defeatit Kirilenko tae reach the Olympic final, whaur she lost tae Serena Williams,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/tennis/9452056/London-2012-Olympics-Serena-Williams-storms-to-gold-medal-as-she-thrashes-Maria-Sharapova-in-womens-final.html|title=London 2012 Olympics: Serena Williams storms to gold medal as she thrashes Maria Sharapova in women's final |accessdate=August 4, 2012}}</ref> merking her worst defeat bi the American. Wi this performance, Sharapova owerteuk Agnieszka Radwańska as warld No. 2. Sharapova wis seedit third at the US Open, but haed no haurd-court tune-ups efter the Olympics due tae a painch virus.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2012/aug/27/sports/la-sp-sn-sharapova-not-pregnant-20120827|title=Maria Sharapova isn't pregnant, denies Istanbul wedding rumor|work=Los Angeles Times|author=Diane Pucin|date=August 27, 2012|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> In the fowert roond, Nadia Petrova teuk it tae a third set an wis winnin tilt a rain delay. Efter the delay, Sharapova came back an bure the gree. In the quarterfinals, she faced [[Marion Bartoli]], wha wis 4–0 up afore a rain delay, whilk delayed the match a hale day. Sharapova then came back frae a set doun tae win.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/espnw/more-sports/8342222/2012-us-open-maria-sharapova-once-again-reigns-rain|title=Maria Sharapova reigns after rain|publisher=[[ESPN]]|author=Jane McManus|date=September 6, 2012|accessdate=June 2, 2013|archive-date=2012-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907134135/http://espn.go.com/espnw/more-sports/8342222/2012-us-open-maria-sharapova-once-again-reigns-rain|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the semifinals Sharapova lost tae warld No. 1 Victoria Azarenka. Sharapova's next tournament wis the Toray Pan Pacific Open in Tokyo. She got tae the quarterfinals, losin tae [[Samantha Stosur]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/172129.html|title=Sharapova and Azarenka out in Tokyo|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=September 27, 2012|accessdate=June 2, 2013|archive-date=2015-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224184335/http://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/172129.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the China Open she wis seedit second. In the finals she wis again defeatit bi Azarenka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.cntv.cn/program/sportsscene/20121008/104625.shtml|title=Azarenka overwhelms Sharapova to win China Open|publisher=China Central Television|date=October 8, 2012|accessdate=June 2, 2013|archive-date=2013-01-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104184818/http://english.cntv.cn/program/sportsscene/20121008/104625.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sharapova's next tournament wis the year-end championships in Istanbul, whaur she wis seedit second. She defeatit Sara Errani, [[Agnieszka Radwańska]], an [[Samantha Stosur]] in the roond-robin matches. In the semifinals, Sharapova beat Azarenka, bringin thair head-tae-head meetins tae 7–5 in Azarenka's favour. Awtho Sharapova got tae the final, Azarenka clinched the year-end No. 1 rankin wi her twa roond-robin wins. She losst tae Serena Williams for the 13t consecutive time in the final.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtachampionships.com/page/Scores/0,,12910,00.html|title=Scores|publisher=WTA|accessdate=June 2, 2013|archive-date=2013-08-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810072751/http://www.wtachampionships.com/page/Scores/0,,12910,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===2013: Third shoulder injury=== Sharapova's first scheduled toornament o the 2013 saison wis the Brisbane International, whaur she wis seedit second. However, she withdrew frae the tournament afore it began, citin a collarbone injury.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/tennis/story/_/id/8798746/maria-sharapova-withdraws-brisbane-international-due-collarbone-pain|title=Maria Sharapova skips Brisbane|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=January 1, 2013|accessdate=March 22, 2013}}</ref> She stairtit her saison at the Australian Open seedit second. She defeatit Olga Puchkova an Misaki Doi in the first twa roonds wioot losin a gemme in aither match, the first time a player haes won in back-tae-back double bagels at a Grand Slam tournament syne the 1985 Australian Open.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/3042968/title/once-in-a-lifetime-for-sharapova|title=Once In A Lifetime For Sharapova|publisher=WTA|date=January 16, 2013|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova then defeatit [[Venus Williams]], Kirsten Flipkens, an [[Ekaterina Makarova]], whaur in losin anly nine gemmes she broke [[Monica Seles]]' record o fewest gemmes dropped heidin intae a Grand Slam semifinal.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/21133423 Maria Sharapova and Li Na reach Australian Open semi-finals], BBC Sport, Retrieved 22 January 2013</ref> She lost tae [[Li Na]] in the semifinals. [[File:Maria Sharapova - Roland-Garros 2013 - 002.jpg|thumb|right|Sharapova at the French Open, Mey 2013]] She reached the semifinals at the Qatar Total Open, losin tae [[Serena Williams]] for the 10t straucht time in her career.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/articles/436019/20130216/serena-williams-maria-sharapova-wta-qatar-victoria.htm|title= Qatar Total Open: Williams Blasts Sharapova as New World Number One Rolls into Doha Final |publisher=International Business Times|author=Martin Baccardax|date=February 16, 2013|accessdate=May 22, 2013}}</ref> Her next tournament wis Indian Wells, whaur she wis seedit second. She received a bye intae the second roond an successfully reached the final wioot dropping a set, whaur she faced 2011 Indian wells champion an umwhile warld No. 1 [[Caroline Wozniacki]]. Efter an oor an twenty-ane meenits, Sharapova won the tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/tennis/story/_/id/9062961/maria-sharapova-wins-indian-wells-title-caroline-wozniacki|title=Maria Sharapova wins Indian Wells|publisher=[[ESPN]]|author=Martin Baccardax|date=March 17, 2013|accessdate=May 22, 2013}}</ref> This wis Maria's 28t career title an second at Indian Wells. Her win pit her at No. 2 in the warld behind [[Serena Williams]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tennis.si.com/2013/03/17/sharapova-wins-indian-wells-bnp-wozniacki/|title=Maria Sharapova dominates Caroline Wozniacki for second Indian Wells title|publisher=SI.com|date=March 17, 2013|accessdate=March 22, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ubitennis.com/english/sport/tennis/2013/03/21/862125-sharapova_aims_coast_coast_double.shtml|title=Sharapova aims for coast-to-coast double|publisher=Ubisporting|date=March 23, 2013|accessdate=March 22, 2013|archive-date=2014-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606213820/http://www.ubitennis.com/english/sport/tennis/2013/03/21/862125-sharapova_aims_coast_coast_double.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2013/03/17/sharapova-sails-past-wozniacki-in-indian-wells-final/|title=Sharapova sails past Wozniacki in Indian Wells final|publisher=Fox News|date=March 17, 2013|accessdate=March 22, 2013|archive-date=2015-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326045302/http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2013/03/17/sharapova-sails-past-wozniacki-in-indian-wells-final/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Maria then competit at the Sony Open. Ance again she reached the final wioot dropping a set an faced warld No. 1 [[Serena Williams]]. Maria stairtit the match strang, winnin the first set. Houiver, Serena won the second an dominated the third set. This wis Maria's 11t consecutive loss against Serena.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/12/serena-williams-maria-sharapova-madrid-final_n_3262472.html|title= Serena Williams Beats Maria Sharapova To Win Madrid Open 2013, Retain No. 1 Ranking |author=Joseph Wilson|work=The Huffington Post|date=May 12, 2013|accessdate=May 22, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1636598-serena-williams-vs-maria-sharapova-world-no-1-will-dominate-madrid-open-final|title=Serena Williams vs. Maria Sharapova: World No. 1 Will Dominate Madrid Open Final|publisher=Bleacher Report|author=Patrick Clarke|date=May 11, 2013|accessdate=May 22, 2013}}</ref> Next, she played at the indoor clay event in Stuttgart, whaur she wis the defendin champion. Maria wis tap seed an haed a bye in the first roond. Her first three matches war lang three-setters: she first beat warld No. 25 Lucie Šafářová, dropping the second set on a tiebreak, then [[Ana Ivanovic]], then in the semifinals she won against third seed [[Angelique Kerber]]. In the final, in what wis her ninth victory against the Cheenese oot o 14 matches, she beat second seed warld No. 5 [[Li Na]] in straucht sets tae win her 29t career title.<ref>{{cite web|title=Maria Sharapova beats Li Na to retain Stuttgart title|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/22331232|accessdate=April 28, 2013}}</ref> A week later, she competit at the Madrid Open, reachin the final, again wioot dropping a set. She faced [[Serena Williams]] for the 15t time, losin for the 12t consecutive time in straucht sets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Sports_News/2013/05/12/Serena-Williams-repeats-as-Madrid-Open-champion/UPI-57451368363562/|title=Serena Williams repeats as Madrid Open champion|publisher= United Press International|date=May 12, 2013|accessdate=June 2, 2013}}</ref> Next, she played in Roum, whaur she wis seedit second an haed a bye in the first roond. She beat 16t seed Sloane Stephens in straucht sets (wi the loss o juist three gemmes) in the third roond, but then did nae play her quarterfinal match against seivent seed Sara Errani an retired frae the tournament due tae a viral illness.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/05/17/sport/tennis/djokovic-nadal-tennis-sharapova|title=Djokovic loses at Rome Masters, hurting French Open preparations|publisher=CNN|date=May 18, 2013|accessdate=May 22, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2013/05/17/serena-azarenka-reach-semis-sharapova-pulls-out-in-rome/|title=Serena, Azarenka reach semis; Sharapova pulls out in Rome|publisher=Fox News|date=May 17, 2013|accessdate=May 22, 2013|archive-date=2015-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407103228/http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2013/05/17/serena-azarenka-reach-semis-sharapova-pulls-out-in-rome/|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the 2013 French Open, Sharapova reached the final again, beatin Azarenka in three sets in the semifinals, but thare she lost in straucht sets tae [[Serena Williams]]. At Wimbledon she wis comprehensively beaten in the second roond bi qualifier Michelle Larcher de Brito. Sharapova then returned tae the tour at the 2013 Western & Southern Open, whaur she lost her openin match tae Sloane Stephens in three sets. A week later Sharapova withdrew frae the U.S. Open citing a shoulder injury, which prematurely ended her saison.<ref>{{cite web|title=Maria Sharapova withdraws from the U.S. Open|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/tennis/2013/08/21/maria-sharapova-withdraws-us-open/2683231/|publisher=USA Today|accessdate=22 August 2013}}</ref> ===2014: Comeback an second French Open title=== {{main|2014 Maria Sharapova tennis season}} Sharapova haed nae played syne August 2013 due tae a recurring shoulder injury an cam back at the 2014 Brisbane International.<ref>{{cite web|title=Maria Sharapova to make tennis comeback at Brisbane International|url=http://www.news.com.au/sport/tennis/maria-sharapova-to-make-tennis-comeback-at-brisbane-international/story-fndkzym4-1226759913966|publisher=News.com.au|accessdate=14 November 2013|archive-date=2016-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108032712/http://www.news.com.au/sport/tennis/maria-sharapova-to-make-tennis-comeback-at-brisbane-international/story-fndkzym4-1226759913966|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sharapova advanced tae the semi-finals whaur she wis beaten in straucht sets bi [[Serena Williams]]. At the 2014 Australian Open Sharapova, rankit 3rd, wis knocked oot o the tournament in the 4t roond bi the 20t seed, an eventual finalist, Dominika Cibulkova. Sharapova lost the match in 3 sets. Sharapova then participated in GDF Suez whaur she wis upset in the semifinals tae fellae Roushie an eventual tournament winner Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova in three sets. In Mairch, playin in the Indian Wells Masters, she wis beaten bi 22-year-auld Italian Camila Giorgi in the third roond, in three sets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tennis.si.com/2014/03/10/maria-sharapova-camila-giorgi-indian-wells/ |title=Maria Sharapova ousted by Camila Giorgi in third round at Indian Wells &#124; Beyond The Baseline |publisher=Tennis.si.com |date= |accessdate=11 March 2014}}</ref> Therefore, due tae the WTA ranking seestem, this wad mean anither drop in ranking, bringin her tae warld No. 7. In Aprile, she won Stuttgart Open, her first title o the year an 30t o her career bi defeatin [[Ana Ivanovic]] in three sets. Stuttgart is the anly tournament Sharapova haes won three times. In Mey, Maria won the Madrid Open, her second title o the year an first in [[Madrid]], defeatin [[Simona Halep]] in three sets. Wi nine clay titles, she joins Venus Williams as the third maist successfu active player on the surface.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/Sharapova-wins-Madrid-Open-title/articleshow/34985579.cms|title=Sharapova wins Madrid Open title|publisher=Times of India|accessdate=May 11, 2014}}</ref> Sharapova then competit in the Italian Open in Roum, whaur she reached the third roond. She lost tae [[Ana Ivanovic]] in straucht sets. Sharapova wis seedit 7t at 2014 French Open an defeatit Ksenia Pervak, Tsvetana Pironkova, an Paula Ormaechea in the first 3 roonds, all in straucht sets. In the fowert roond she defeatit Samantha Stosur, reeling off nine straucht gemmes frae a set an 3–4 doun. This merked her 14t win in 16 meetins wi the Australian. In the quarters, she defeatit [[Garbiñe Muguruza|Garbine Muguruza]], again coming back frae a set doun, tae reach the semifinals at the French for the fowert consecutive year. In the semi-finals, she defeatit [[Eugenie Bouchard]], ance again coming back frae a set doun, tae reach her third consecutive [[French Open]] final. In the final, she defeatit [[Simona Halep]] in three sets tae win her second French Open title an fift oweraw Major title. This wis the first time syne 2001 whaur a third set wis contested in the final. The match teuk juist ower three oors, an haes been describit as ane o the best weemen's finals in recent years. <ref>{{cite news|last1=Meyers|first1=Nalia-Jean|title=Maria Sharapova Wins French Open|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/08/sports/tennis/maria-sharapova-wins-french-open.html?_r=0|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=June 7, 2014}}</ref> The 2014 Wimbledon Championships will be her next tournament as Sharapova chose nae tae play a warm-up event afore the third Grand Slam o the saison gets underway.<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/tennis/article-2654515/Maria-Sharapova-hops-London-Underground-seeing-boyfriend-Grigor-Dimitrov-beat-James-Ward-Queens-Club.html#ixzz34HRs4TtE Maria Sharapova hops on the London Underground] Dailymail. 10-06-2014. Retrieved 11-06-2014.</ref> At the 2014 Wimbledon Championships, Sharapova reached the fowert roond, whaur she lost tae German [[Angelique Kerber]], the ninth seed, in three sets. Sharapova then played the 2014 Rogers Cup in [[Montreal]] whaur she wis the 4t seed. She received a first roond bye an faced [[Garbiñe Muguruza|Garbine Muguruza]] in her opener, she won in 3 sets. In the follaein roond she lost in 3 sets tae Muguruza's compatriot, [[Carla Suárez Navarro|Carla Suarez Navarro]]. At the 2014 Western & Southern Open, Sharapova wis seedit 5t an defeatit Madison Keys efter haein a first roond bye. She then went on tae defeat Pavlyuchenkova an newly crowned warld no.2 [[Simona Halep]] tae reach the last fower. She faced Ivanovic again but lost in a roller coaster three-setter despite haein twa match pynts. Sharapova then travelled tae New York for the US Open whaur she wis the 5t seed. She defeatit compatriot Maria Kirilenko an Romanian Alexandra Dulgheru afore overcoming 26t seedit German [[Sabine Lisicki]] in roond 3 tae set up a clash wi [[Caroline Wozniacki]] in the roond o 16. Sharapova lost tae the Dane in 3 sets. Sharapova next played the inaugural 2014 Wuhan open whaur she wis seedit 4t. Efter receiving a first roond bye she defeatit compatriot Svetlana Kuznetsova in 3 sets an next faced Timea Bacsinszky. Awtho Sharapova won thair 2 previous encounters she wis stunned bi Timea in 2 tight sets sicweys endin her campaign at the premier 5 tournament. The follaein week Sharapova played the China Open in Beijing a Premier Mandatory-level tournament. Reachin the final wioot dropping a set, Sharapova defeatit warld No. 9 Ana Ivanovic in the semis. In the final Sharapova met reigning Wimbledon champion an warld No. 3 Petra Kvitova. Sharapova won the match in 2 oors 30 meenits, defeatin the Czech in three sets. Bi virtue o the win, Sharapova's ranking rose frae No. 4 tae No. 2 in the warld an she secured hersel the second seeding for the WTA year end Championship. An aa, Sharapova closed in on the year end number ane ranking spot, bein juist 467 pynts behind Williams. Maria wis rankit No. 2 heidin intae the WTA Tour Championships, wi a chance o owertakin [[Serena Williams]] as warld No. 1. She wis drawn in the white group, wi [[Petra Kvitova]], [[Agnieszka Radwanska]] an [[Caroline Wozniacki]]. Her first match wis a three set loss tae Wozniacki. Maria an aa lost her 2nt roond robin match tae Kvitova in straucht sets; her first loss tae Petra syne 2011. Maria still haed a chance o makin the Semis, houiver she needed tae beat Radwanska in twa sets, an Wozniacki needed tae beat Petra in straucht sets as weel. She ended her year wi a win against Radwanska in three sets, finishin3rd oweraw in the White group. She ended the year as warld No. 2, behind [[Serena Williams]]. ===2015: Fowert Australian Open final=== {{main|2015 Maria Sharapova tennis season}} Sharapova kicked off her 2015 saison at the Brisbane International whaur she wis tap seed an received a bye in the first roond. Sharapova defeatit Yaroslava Shvedova an Carla Suarez Navarro. In the semi finals Sharapova faced Elina Svitolina, beatin her in straucht sets. Reachin the final wioot dropping a set, Sharapova played an intense match against second seed Ana Ivanovic but came throu in three sets. This wis Sharapova's 10t win ower Ivanovic an bi winnin her 34th title, it meant that Sharapova haes won at least ane title every year for 13 consecutive years. An aa, it wis juist her second title in Australie sae far, an for baith she beat Ivanovic. Sharapova's next tournament wis the 2015 Australian Open, whaur she beat Petra Martić an fellae countrywoman Alexandra Panova (despite haein twa match pynts against her) in the first twa roonds, afore beatin Zarina Diyas an Peng Shuai in straucht sets. Thare, she beat seivent-seedit [[Eugenie Bouchard]] an fellae Roushie [[Ekaterina Makarova]] in straucht sets tae mak her fowert Australian Open final, whaur she lost tae [[Serena Williams]] in straucht sets, worsening her record against her tae 2–17. In Februar, follaein her participation in the Fed Cup, Sharapova played in Acapulco, whaur she beat Shelby Rogers, Mariana Duque Mariño an Magdaléna Rybáriková tae advance the semifinals. Sharapova later withdrew frae her match against [[Caroline Garcia]], citing a painch virus. Next, in Indian Wells, she beat Yanina Wickmayer an [[Victoria Azarenka]] in straucht sets, afore losin tae defendin champion Flavia Pennetta in the fowert roond in three sets. Efter receiving a bye in the first roond o the Miami Open, Sharapova lost in the second roond tae fellae Roushie Daria Gavrilova in straucht sets, merking her earliest exit frae the tournament syne her first appearance in Miami in 2003. Sharapova began her clay saison in Stuttgart whaur she wis the three time defendin champion. Efter receiving a first roond bye, she lost in the second roond tae [[Angelique Kerber]] in three sets, snapping Sharapova's win streak at the tournament an merking her first ever loss at the tournament haein won it three times in a row (2012, 2013, & 2014). The loss an aa snapped a 64 match win streak on clay whaur Sharapova won the first set an went on tae win the match. The last time Sharapova lost a match on clay efter winnin the first set wis against [[Dinara Safina]] in the fowert roond at the 2008 French Open. As a result o the loss Sharapova lost the No. 2 ranking tae [[Simona Halep]]. Sharapova's next clay court tournament wis the Madrid Open whaur she wis the defendin champion. She advanced tae the semifinals. Thare, she wis beaten bi Svetlana Kuznetsova for the first time syne 2008. Sharapova's next tournament wis be the Italian Open in Roum whaur she wis seedit 3rd. She beat [[Victoria Azarenka]] in the quarterfinals in straucht sets tae set up a re-match wi Daria Gavrilova. She beat Gavrilova in straucht sets tae advance tae the final, whaur she faced [[Carla Suárez Navarro|Carla Suarez Navarro]]. Efter losin the first set, Sharapova managed tae claim the next twa sets an her third Roum title. Bi winnin Roum, Sharapova reclaimed the No. 2 ranking ower Halep. ===2016–2020: Suspension, comeback an retiral=== Efter her failed drug test at the 2016 Australian Open, Sharapova wis suspendit frae tennis, an she cam back tae the WTA Tour in Aprile 2017. She won her first match back on 26 Aprile at the Porsche Grand Prix in Stuttgart, a tournament she haed wan three times afore, beatin Roberta Vinci in straucht sets.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sharapova soars past Vinci in Stuttgart opener.|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/maria-sharapova-soars-past-roberta-vinci-stuttgart-opener-porsche-tennis-grand-prix|publisher=WTA|access-date=2017-04-26|date=April 26, 2017}}</ref> Her last match wis a straucht-sets defeat bi Donna Vekić in the first roond o the 2020 Australian Open,<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/australian-open-2020-maria-sharapova-vs-donna-vekic-result-return-a9293766.html|title =Maria Sharapova unsure if she will return to Australian Open after first-round defeat by Donna Vekic|date=January 21, 2020|work=The Independent|access-date=2020-02-27}}</ref> an on 26 Februar 2020 she annoonced her retiral frae tennis in an essay in ''Vanity Fair'' an ''Vogue''.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2020/02/maria-sharapova-steps-away-from-the-game|title=Exclusive: "Tennis—I'm Saying Goodbye." After 28 Years and Five Grand Slams, Maria Sharapova Steps Away From The Game|magazine=Vanity Fair|date=February 26, 2020}}</ref> ==Fed Cup== Sharapova haes lived in the Unitit States syne muivin thare at the age o seiven, but retains her Roushie citizenship, an is therefore eligible tae play in the [[Fed Cup]] for Roushie.<ref name="pravda">{{cite web|url=http://english.pravda.ru/society/stories/11-10-2005/9051-sharapova-0/|title=Maria Sharapova unwilling to trade her Russian citizenship for anything|publisher=Pravda|date=October 11, 2005|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> Houiver, the behaviour o Sharapova's faither during her matches on the WTA Tour, combined wi a perceived lack o commitment bi her tae the Fed Cup, haes picked her side for the Roushie Fed Cup team cause controversy in the past. Efter Sharapova haed beaten fellae Roushie [[Anastasia Myskina]] at the 2004 WTA Tour Championships, Myskina criticized Sharapova's faither, saying: "He was just yelling and screaming instructions to her and I thought he just might jump right on the court at one point in the match." At the Fed Cup semifinals twa weeks later, Myskina stated she wad stap playin for Roushie if Sharapova jynt the Roushie team the follaein saison: "If she joins our team next season you won't see me there for sure. His behaviour is totally incorrect, simply rude. I don't want to be around people like him." Larisa Neiland, assistant tae Roushie Fed Cup captain Shamil Tarpishchev, added: "Her father's behaviour (at the WTA Tour Championships) was simply outrageous. I just don't see how he could work with the rest of us." Houiver Tarpishchev himsel played doun the problem, insisting: "I feel that things will calm down soon and we'll have Myskina, Sharapova, Kuznetsova and everyone else playing for Russia."<ref name="myskina">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4040243.stm|title=Myskina stands by Fed Cup threat|publisher=BBC|date=November 25, 2004|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> At the end o 2005, Sharapova stated she wis nou keen tae mak her Fed Cup debut<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4326784.stm|title=Sharapova keen to play for Russia|publisher=BBC|date=October 10, 2005|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> an wis set tae play against Belgium in Aprile 2006, but withdrew.<ref name="sharapovadelays">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4788132.stm|title=Sharapova delays debut for Russia|publisher=BBC|date=March 8, 2006|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> She later withdrew frae ties against Spain in Aprile 2007<ref name="missfedcup">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6520271.stm|title=Sharapova to miss Fed Cup debut|publisher=BBC|date=April 2, 2007|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> an against the Unitit States in Julie 2007 acause o injuries.<ref name="pulloutangers">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6288526.stm|title=Sharapova pull-out angers Russia|publisher=BBC|date=July 10, 2007|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> The latter withdrawal led tae Roushie's captain saying she wad be "ineligible for selection" for the Fed Cup final in September.<ref name="forfedcup">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6904802.stm|title=Russia drop Sharapova for Fed Cup|publisher=BBC|date=July 16, 2007|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> Houiver, Sharapova wis at the final, cheering frae the sidelines an actin as a "hitting partner" in practices, resultin in some o her Roushie teammates implying that she wis attending anly tae enable her tae play at the 2008 Beijing Olympics (rules state that players must hae "shown commitment" tae Fed Cup in order tae play). [[Svetlana Kuznetsova]] said, "She said she wanted to be our practice partner but if you can't play how then can you practice?"<ref name="rowover">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6999113.stm|title=Row over Sharapova's Fed Cup show|publisher=BBC|date=September 17, 2007|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova finally played her first Fed Cup match in Februar 2008, in Roushie's quarterfinal tie against Israel.<ref name="Fedcupdebut" >{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/tennis/sharapova-set-to-make-fed-cup-debut/2008/01/22/1200764265448.html|title=Sharapova set to make Fed Cup debut|work=The Age|accessdate=May 4, 2013|date=January 23, 2008}}</ref> She won baith her singles rubbers, against Tzipora Obziler an Shahar Pe'er, helpin Roushie tae a 4–1 victory.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fedcup.com/en/results/tie/details.aspx?tieId=100010107|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080630213658/http://www.fedcup.com/en/results/tie/details.aspx?tieId=100010107|archivedate=2008-06-30|publisher=Fed Cup|title=Fed Cup: Israel vs. Russia tie|date=February 2–3, 2008|accessdate=June 12, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> For the semifinals, she wis gien permission tae skip the tie, wi Tarpishchev annooncin that she will be on the team for the final.<ref name="theage">{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/tennis/sharapova-set-to-make-fed-cup-debut/2008/01/22/1200764265448.html|publisher=The Age Company Ltd.|work=The Age|accessdate=September 6, 2011|date=January 23, 2008|title=Sharapova set to make Fed Cup debut}}</ref> Houiver, the date o the final coincided wi the lay-off frae her shoulder injury, an sicweys she did nae play.<ref name="theage" /> In the 2011 first-roond tie, Sharapova played Virginie Razzano o Fraunce an lost. Sharapova wis supposed tae play Alizé Cornet but she wis sufferin frae a viral illness. Teammate Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova played an defeatit Cornet tae secure the 3–2 win for Roushie against Fraunce. Sharapova continued tae participate in 2012 an helped Roushie tae a 3–2 win against Spain in the first-roond tie. Sharapova defeatit Silvia Soler Espinosa in the first rubber, but wis unable tae play her second rubber due tae illness. In 2015, Sharapova helped Roushie earn a place in the semifinals efter beatin Pole Urszula Radwanska in the first tie an her sister [[Agnieszka Radwanska]] in the second tie. ==Playin style== Sharapova is an aggressive baseliner wi pouer, depth, an angles on her forehaund an backhaund.<ref name="profile">Jeff Cooper. [http://tennis.about.com/od/playersfemale/a/sharapovagp.htm Maria Sharapova – Tennis Game Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161208143919/http://tennis.about.com/od/playersfemale/a/sharapovagp.htm |date=2016-12-08 }}, About.com. Retrieved July 23, 2008.</ref> She is ane o the few players on the WTA tour that aften uises the reverse forehaund. Insteid o uisin a tradeetional volley or owerheid smash, she wad as leif hit a pouerfu "swingin" volley whan approachin the net or attackin lobs.<ref>Douglas Robson. [http://www.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/wimb/2007-06-24-volleys_N.htm Swinging, midcourt volley becomes key weapon among pros], ''USA Today'', June 25, 2007. Retrieved July 23, 2008.</ref> Sharapova is thocht tae hae guid speed aroond the court, inspecially conseederin her heicht.<ref name="profile"/> At the beginnin o 2008, some observers noted that Sharapova haed developpit her game, shawin improved movement an footwork an the addition o a drop shot an sliced backhaund tae her repertoire o shots.<ref>Steve Bierley. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2008/jan/23/tennis.australianopen2008 Sharapova adds variety to end Henin run], ''The Guardian'', January 23, 2008. Retrieved July 23, 2008.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://thetennistimes.com/maria-sharapova/|title=Maria Sharapova Scouting report|publisher=Thetennistimes.com|accessdate=August 7, 2011|archive-date=2011-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007231236/http://thetennistimes.com/maria-sharapova/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Despite her powerful game, Sharapova's greatest asset is considered tae be her mental toughness an competitive spirit, wi Nick Bollettieri statin that she is "tough as nails". Haw-o-famer [[John McEnroe]] said o Sharapova, "she's one of the best competitors in the history of the sport."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/07/04/1088879371559.html|author=Linda Pearce|work=The Age |title=Sharapova's arrival a victory for mental toughness|date=July 5, 2004|accessdate=June 12, 2010|location=Melbourne}}</ref> Sharapova is kent for on-court "grunting", which reached a recorded 101 decibels during a match at Wimbledon in 2005.<ref name="grunting">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/4118708.stm|title=Why do women tennis stars grunt?|author=Megan Lane|publisher=BBC|date=June 22, 2005|accessdate=July 23, 2008}}</ref> During her second roond match in Birmingham in 2003, Sharapova wis asked tae tone doun the level o her grunt efter opponent Nathalie Dechy complained tae the umpire, wi Sharapova's response saying that her grunting wis "a natural instinct."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2003/06/12/878185.htm|title=Scream queen Sharapova warned to silence screams|date=June 12, 2003|accessdate=July 4, 2010}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Monica Seles]] suggestit that gruntin is involuntary an a pairt o tennis.<ref name="GruntTelegraph">{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1523117/Grunting-is-just-part-of-my-game-claims-Sharapova.html|title=Grunting is just part of my game, claims Sharapova|author=Catriona Davies|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=September 24, 2008|accessdate=October 19, 2008}}</ref> When questioned bi the media aboot her grunting, Sharapova urged the media tae "just watch the match."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4649550.stm|title=Beaten Sharapova turns on media|publisher=BBC|date=January 26, 2006|accessdate=June 2, 2008}}</ref> Her defensive gemme haes been worked on bi her new coach, an this haes reflected in her results, makin consecutive semi-finals at premier mandatory events on the tour. Later in her career, Sharapova an aa added drop shots tae her repertoire, makin for a mair unpredictable gemme style. ===Serve=== [[File:Maria Sharapova at the 2009 Wimbledon Championships 12 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Sharapova at The Championships, Wimbledon in 2009.]] Early in her career Sharapova's first an second serves war regarded as powerful,<ref name="profile"/> an she wis believed tae possess ane o the best deliveries on the Tour.<ref name="Serve1" /> Syne the beginnin o 2007, houiver, problems wi her shoulder hae reduced the effectiveness o her serve.<ref name="Serve1">{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/news/story?id=3046996|author=Joel Drucker|publisher=ESPN Tennis|title=Lingering injuries or limitations coming to light for Sharapova|date=October 3, 2007|accessdate=June 12, 2010}}</ref> The shoulder injury nae anly resulted in her inconsistent first serves, but an aa her hitting heich nummers o double faults.<ref>[http://www.tennis.com/features/general/features.aspx?id=108430 "Bottom line for the top women, 2007"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124055318/http://www.tennis.com/features/general/features.aspx?id=108430 |date=2007-11-24 }}, Tennis.com. Retrieved July 23, 2008.</ref> Twa-time US Open singles champion [[Tracy Austin]] believes that Sharapova eften loses confidence in the rest o her gemme when she experiences problems wi her serve an consequently produces mair unforced errors an generally plays mair tentatively,<ref name="austin">{{cite web|author=Tracy Austin|url=http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/25396610/|title=Austin: Sharapova loss a win for Venus and Serena|work=NBC Sports|date=June 27, 2008|accessdate=July 23, 2008|archive-date=2008-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080714023402/http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/25396610/|url-status=dead}}</ref> while tennis writer Joel Drucker remarked that her serve wis the "catalyst for her entire game", an that her struggles wi it left her "unmasked."<ref name="Serve1" /> In her return frae layoff in 2008 tae 2009, she uised an abbreviated motion, which wis somewhat less powerful, an tho producin aces an aa gae a very heich number o double faults. Efter her early loss at the 2009 US Open, Sharapova returned tae a mair elangatit motion, seemilar tae her pre-surgery serve. She haes syne been able tae produce speeds greater than afore, includin a 121&nbsp;mph serve hit at the Birmingham tournament in 2010 – the fastest serve o her career.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wimbledon/7841792/Wimbledon-2010-Maria-Sharapova-fighting-fit-at-last-and-ready-to-reclaim-her-SW19-crown.html|title=Wimbledon 2010: Maria Sharapova fighting fit at last and ready to reclaim her SW19 crown|author=Mark Hodgkinson|date=June 21, 2010|accessdate=June 21, 2010|work=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref> Houiver syne her shoulder operation Sharapova haes been unable tae control her serve. This haes led tae numerous faults, as she is unable tae feel hou muckle pouer she is generating.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2009/aug/09/sports/sp-la-women-tennis9|work=Los Angeles Times|first=Diane|last=Pucin|title=Maria Sharapova can't control her serve|date=August 9, 2009}}</ref> The new action led tae an elbow injury, but unner Thomas Högstedt it haes improved but can still be erratic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.optimumtennis.net/maria-sharapova-serve.htm|title=Maria Sharapova Serve Analysis – A Look Behind the Sharapova Serve Technique|publisher=Optimumtennis.net|accessdate=January 25, 2012|archive-date=2015-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216153525/http://www.optimumtennis.net/maria-sharapova-serve.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> This improvement in serving can be seen in the 2013 Australian Open an follaein tournaments whaur Maria Sharapova committed fewer double faults than in previous years. ===Surfaces=== Acause she predicates her gemme on power, Sharapova's preferred surfaces early in her career war the fast-playin haurd an gress courts, as evident throu her 25 victories on haurd court an gress court. This is maist notable when she won the 2004 Wimbledon, 2006 U.S. Open an 2008 Australian Open crowns, whaur she haed her career breakthrough an played her best tennis, respectively. Sharapova initially wis nae as weel suitit tae the slower clay courts as she is on haurd an gress courts. Sharapova admitted in 2007 that she wis nae as comfortable wi her movement on clay compared wi ither court surfaces an ance describit hersel as lik a "cow on ice" efter a match on clay,<ref name="cow">Barry Flatman. [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/tennis/article1867693.ece Sharapova: a cow on ice?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322090351/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/ |date=2020-03-22 }} {{Cite web |url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2024-09-29 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170402233443/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/ |archive-date=2017-04-02 |url-status=bot: unknown}}, ''The Times'', May 31, 2007. Retrieved July 23, 2008.</ref> due tae her inability tae slide. Later in her career, she showed improvement on this surface wi respect tae experience, as evidenced wi her first WTA reid clay title at the 2010 Internationaux de Strasbourg, 7 years syne playin on the WTA circuit. She won her first French Open title an capturt the career grand slam at the 2012 French Open an as o 2014 leads the WTA tour o active players wi the heichest winnin percentage on clay, wi an 84.25% winnin rate.<ref name="tennis.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2014/04/dont-have-cow/51317/#.U2WX28JOVwU |title=tennis.com – Don't Have a Cow |access-date=2015-06-09 |archive-date=2016-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108032712/http://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2014/04/dont-have-cow/51317/#.U2WX28JOVwU |url-status=dead }}</ref> Syne her shoulder injury, her best surface haes acome clay ower gress & haurd courts, an wi her victory at the 2014 French Open, she haes nou won the French Open twice, which is mair times than she haes won ony ither slam, an her last 3 Grand Slam Finals hae all been at the French Open (3 consecutive finals frae 2012–2014). ==Personal life== ===Relationships=== Sharapova haes dated [[Maroon 5]] sangster [[Adam Levine]]. The couple dated for a short time in 2005 efter meetin at Sharapova's 18t birthday pairty. Houiver, the couple broke up suin. In 2008, Sharapova briefly dated American telly producer Charlie Ebersol but the pair split suin efter. In 2011, Sharapova wis engaged tae Slovenian professional basketball player Sasha Vujačić.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tmz.com/2010/10/21/maria-sharapova-sasha-vujacic-engaged-proposed-los-angeles-lakers/|title=Maria Sharapova & Sasha Vujacic – Engaged|publisher=TMZ|date=October 21, 2010|accessdate=October 21, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/news/story?id=5713080|title=Maria Sharapova betrothed to guard|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=October 21, 2010|accessdate=October 22, 2010}}</ref> The twa haed been datin syne 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/sports_blog/2009/11/lakers-sasha-vujacic-maria-sharapova-dating.html|title=The Fabulous Forum: Are Sasha Vujacic and Maria Sharapova dating?|work=The Los Angeles Times|date=November 3, 2009|accessdate=June 18, 2010}}</ref> On August 31, 2012, Sharapova confirmed that the pair haed ended the engagement an separated during early 2012. Later that year, she began datin Bulgarian tennis player [[Grigor Dimitrov]]. The twa confirmed thair relationship efter the 2013 Madrid Open. ===Public profile=== Sharapova haes lived in the Unitit States syne muivin thare at the age o seiven. Forby a hame in Bradenton, Florida, she an aa haes a residence in Manhattan Beach, California.<ref name="peoplemagazine">{{cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,26334,1183711,00.html|title=Celebrity Q & A – Maria Sharapova|publisher=People Magazine|date=April 17, 2006|author=Kathy Ehrich-Dowd|access-date=2015-06-09|archive-date=2008-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080223093250/http://www.people.com/people/article/0%2C26334%2C1183711%2C00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Frae 2005 tae 2011, Sharapova wis named tae the Forbes Celebrity 100, which attempts tae compile the tap 100 maist powerful celebrities o that year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/profile/maria-sharapova|title=The Celebrity 100|work=[[Forbes]]|accessdate=June 28, 2011}}</ref> Sharapova haes said different things on how lang she intends tae maintain her tennis career. Follaein the retirement o 25-year-auld [[Justine Henin]] in 2008, Sharapova said, "If I was 25 and I'd won so many Grand Slams, I'd quit too."<ref name="henin">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7401565.stm|title=Henin is best of her generation|publisher=BBC|date=May 15, 2008|accessdate=July 23, 2008}}</ref> In an interview efter the 2008 Australian Open, she balked at the idea o playin for anither ten years, saying that she hoped tae hae a "nice husband and a few kids" bi then.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/22856899/|title=Billie Jean King's text inspired Sharapova|agency=Associated Press|publisher=NBC Sports|date=January 26, 2008|accessdate=October 24, 2008|archive-date=2008-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607055611/http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/22856899/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Houiver in an interview afore her 2012 Australian Open semifinal, Sharapova changed her stance, saying she intendit tae continue playin tennis for as lang as she enjoyed playin the game. Sharapova stated "I'm sure when I was 17 years old and someone said, you'll be playing for another eight years, it would be like, you're not going to see me at a press conference at 25 years old. But years go on. I missed a year in my career—I didn't play that year. I've said this, just before the tournament, a few weeks before, I woke up and I was just so happy to be going back on the court. I felt so fresh, full of energy, just with a really good perspective. Times change, obviously. I see myself playing this sport for many mair years because it's something that gives me the most pleasure in my life. I think it helps when you know you're good at something, and you can always improve it. It obviously helps with the encouragement." At the 2004 US Open, Sharapova, alang wi several ither Roushie female tennis players, wore a black ribbon in observance o the tragedy efter the Beslan schuil hostage crisis, whilk teuk place anly days afore.<ref name="espn">{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/usopen04/news/story?id=1874900|title=Sharapova puts loss in perspective|publisher=[[ESPN]]|author=David Boroff|date=September 6, 2004|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> In 2005, she donated aroond US$50,000 tae thaim that wis affeckit bi the crisis.<ref name="wtacareer"/> On Februar 14, 2007, Sharapova wis appyntit a goodwill ambassador for the {{lang|en|[[UNDP|United Nations Development Programme]]}} (UNDP) an donated US$210,000 tae UNDP Chernobyl-recovery projects. She stated at the time that she wis planning tae traivel back tae the aurie efter Wimbledon in 2008,<ref name="usatoday">{{cite web|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/2007-08-13-799623401_x.htm|title=Maria Sharapova plans 1st trip back to Chernobyl since family fled|publisher=USAToday|author=Beth Harris|date=August 13, 2007|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> tho it didn't happen, as she haed tae traivel back tae the US acause o shoulder injury.<ref name="wimbledon">{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629223721/http://www.wimbledon.org/en_GB/news/interviews/2010-06-28/201006281277743223156.html|archivedate=2010-06-29|url=http://www.wimbledon.org/en_GB/news/interviews/2010-06-28/201006281277743223156.html|title=Interview with Sharapova|publisher=WTA|accessdate=May 4, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> She fulfilled the trip in late Juin – early Julie 2010. Sharapova haes helped tae promote the [[2014 Winter Olympics]] in [[Sochi]], Roushie,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rt.com/sport/interview-with-maria-sharapova/|publisher=TV-Novosti|work=Roushie Today|accessdate=May 4, 2013|title=Interview with Maria Sharapova|date=May 11, 2007}}</ref> an wis the first torch bearer in the torch-lichtin ceremony during the openin festivities. In addition, wi Angela Haynes, Maria Kirilenko, Nicole Vaidišová, Rennae Stubbs, Governor [[Jeb Bush]] an Jennifer Capriati, Sharapova participated in an exhibition in Tampa in December 2004, raisin money for the Florida Hurricane Relief Fund. In Julie 2008, Sharapova sent a message on DVD tae the memorial service o cancer victim Emily Bailes, wha haed performed the coin toss aheid o the 2004 Wimbledon final that Sharapova haed gane on tae win.<ref name="bbcnews">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/west_midlands/7489565.stm|title=Service held for Wimbledon girl|publisher=BBC|date=July 4, 2008|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> ==Endorsements== [[File:Maria Sharapova, December 2008.jpg|thumb|Sharapova at offeecial unveilin o her Canon PowerShot Diamond lineup]] Sharapova's tennis success an appearance hae enabled her tae secure commercial endorsements that greatly exceed the value o her tournament winnins.<ref name="marcganis">Marc Ganis, the president of SportsCorp Ltd., a sports-industry consultant in Chicago, said, "Never underestimate the importance of physical beauty to an athlete's endorsement opportunities. Other than performance on the court, it may be the single most important asset." ''The New York Times''. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/03/sports/tennis/03endorse.html?fta=y Serving Their Clients], September 7, 2006</ref><ref name="hbswk">"It does not hurt that Sharapova is regarded as one of the most beautiful athletes in the world." [http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/5607.html Marketing Maria: Managing the Athlete Endorsement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025025827/http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/5607.html |date=2015-10-25 }}, Harvard Business School Lessons from the classroom, Sara Jane Gilbert, October 29, 2007. Retrieved on June 1, 2008.</ref> In Mairch 2006, Forbes magazine listed her as the heichest-peyed female athlete in the warld, wi annual earnins o ower US $18&nbsp;million,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/2006/03/22/woods-sharapova-nike_cx_lr_0322athletes_2.html|title=The World's Best-Paid Athletes|work=[[Forbes]]|date=March 22, 2006}}</ref> the majority f which wis frae endorsements an sponsorships. She haes topped that leet every year syne, even efter her 2007 shoulder injury.<ref>{{cite web|title = World's Highest-Paid Women Athletes|url =http://www.topendsports.com/world/lists/earnings/women-paid.htm|accessdate =May 9, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/2008/07/22/women-athletes-endorsements-biz-sports-cx_tvr_kb_0722athletes.html|title=Top-Earning Female Athletes|work=[[Forbes]]|date=July 22, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/2010/08/18/top-earning-female-athletes-business-sportsmoney-female-athletes.html|title=The World's Highest-Paid Athletes|work=[[Forbes]]|date=August 18, 2010}}</ref> In 2011, ''Forbes'' listed Sharapova as No. 29 in thair leet o 50 tap-peyed athletes, the anly woman on the leet.<ref>{{cite web |author=Kurt Badenhausen |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106040824/http://www.forbes.com/sites/kurtbadenhausen/2011/05/31/the-worlds-highest-paid-athletes/2/ |archivedate=2012-11-06 |url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/kurtbadenhausen/2011/05/31/the-worlds-highest-paid-athletes/ |title=The World's Highest-Paid Athletes |work=[[Forbes]] |date=April 18, 2012 |accessdate=May 5, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2012, she wis listed as No. 15, an wis jynt in the tap 20 bi [[Li Na]] at No. 16 an [[Serena Williams]] at No. 17.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/kurtbadenhausen/2012/06/18/mayweather-tops-list-of-the-worlds-100-highest-paid-athletes/|title=Mayweather Tops List Of The World's 100 Highest-Paid Athletes|work=[[Forbes]]|author=Kurt Badenhausen|date=June 18, 2012|accessdate=May 5, 2013}}</ref> In Aprile 2005, ''People'' named her ane o the 50 maist beautiful celebrities in the warld.<ref>{{cite web|title = PEOPLE's 50 Most Beautiful People|url = http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,1046248_1054061,00.html|date = April 27, 2005|accessdate = May 5, 2013|archive-date = 2016-05-04|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160504191335/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,1046248_1054061,00.html|url-status = dead}}</ref> In 2006, ''Maxim'' rankit Sharapova the hettest athlete in the warld for the fowert consecutive year. She posed in a sax-page bikini photoshuit spread in the 2006 [[Valentine's Day]] issue o the ''[[Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue]]'', alangside 25 supermodels.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/swimsuit/coverfeatured/10256/index.htm|title=2006 SWIMSUIT COVER|work=Sports Illustrated|date=September 4, 1995|accessdate=May 5, 2013|archive-date=2014-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209072152/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/swimsuit/coverfeatured/10256/index.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> In a poll run bi Britain's ''FHM'' magazine, she wis voted the seivent maist eligible bachelorette,<ref name="newscomau">{{cite web|url=http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/story/0,23663,21300664-10388,00.html|work=News.com.au|title=Rod's daughter most eligible|date=February 28, 2007|accessdate=May 4, 2013|archive-date=2007-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303091807/http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/story/0,23663,21300664-10388,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> based on baith "wealth and looks." Immediately efter her win at the 2004 Wimbledon Championship, mobile phone company Motorola signed Sharapova tae endorse thair mobile phone line.<ref name=nytdress/> Additionally, she appeared in commercials for [[Land Rover]] an [[Canon Inc.|Canon]], as weel as approved o namesake items bi watch brand Tag Heuer an jeweller Tiffany.<ref name=nytdress/> Tiffany an aa provides Sharapova wi earrings frae the "Tiffany for Maria Sharapova" collection at the fower major events, that are an aa retailed globally.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://press.tiffany.com/News/NewsItem.aspx?id=130 |title=Tiffany & Co. For The Press &#124; News &#124; Maria Sharapova to Wear Tiffany Earrings at the 2011 French Open &#124; United States |publisher=Tiffany & Co. |date=May 11, 2011 |accessdate=June 11, 2012 |archive-date=2013-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130108004447/http://press.tiffany.com/News/NewsItem.aspx?id=130 |url-status=dead }}</ref> She an aa starred in an awaird winnin campaign for the sports claedin brand Nike, "Pretty", in the simmer o 2006. She signed a sponsorship deal in Januar 2007 wi Gatorade an Tropicana,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Daily/Issues/2007/01/Issue-72/Sponsorships-Advertising-Marketing/Pepsico-Inks-Sharapova-To-Promote-Gatorade-Tropicana-Brands.aspx |title=PepsiCo Inks Sharapova To Promote Gatorade, Tropicana Brands |publisher=SportsBusiness Journal |date=January 3, 2007 |accessdate=September 10, 2014 }}</ref> which ended in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/mariasharapova/5163203/Maria-Sharapova-loses-tennis-fizz-as-Pepsi-end-deal.html |title=Maria Sharapova loses tennis fizz as Pepsi end deal |publisher=''The Telegraph'' |date=April 16, 2009 |first=Rod |last=Gilmour |accessdate=September 10, 2014 }}</ref> In 2007, Sharapova wis featurt in a nummer o Canon USA's commercials for the PowerShot.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.letsgodigital.org/en/14539/maria-sharapova/|title=Maria Sharapova in Canon PowerShot commercial|publisher=LetsGoDigital|accessdate=May 5, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova haes an aa been depicted in mony tennis-relatit video gemmes. Some o the titles include the ''Top Spin series'', ''Virtua Tennis'' series, an ''Grand Slam Tennis'' series. During the layoff due tae her shoulder surgery, sensing the fleeting naitur o a professional athlete's career, Sharapova decidit tae focus on developin her nem as a brand, beginnin wi meetin wi her sponsors mair extensively tae further her brand.<ref name=nytdress/> In Januar 2010, it wis annoonced that Sharapova haed renewed her contract wi Nike, signin an 8-year deal for $70&nbsp;million. This is the maist lucrative deal ever for a sportswoman, dwarfing the previous record, which wis Venus Williams' $43&nbsp;million deal wi Reebok.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2010/jan/12/maria-sharapova-nike-deal|title=Maria Sharapova signs £43m deal with Nike|work=[[The Guardian]]|author=Simon Cambers|accessdate=May 5, 2013|date=January 12, 2010}}</ref> Follaein in the fitsteps o tennis players wha stairtit claedin lines lik Fred Perry an René Lacoste, Sharapova launched her ain tennis apparel line, the "Nike Maria Sharapova Collection", in 2010. The collection includes dresses that she designed for aw the major tournaments, in collaboration wi Nike an Cole Haan.<ref name=cnn-ms>{{cite web| url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/01/27/sport/tennis/tennis-sharapova-grand-slam-design/index.html | publisher=CNN | title=Grand slam designs: Maria Sharapova's fashion statement | date=January 27, 2012|accessdate=May 19, 2013}}</ref> She haed previously foond that the outfits gien tae her bi Nike did nae suit her frame an war worn bi ower mony ither players.<ref name=nytdress/> She comes up wi design ideas an sketches in a process that begins 18 month afore the event<ref name=cnn-ms/> an receives royalties frae the sale o the collection, o which the corresponding dresses are coordinated tae be available simultaneously wi the correspondin major tournament.<ref name=nytdress/> The collection is worn bi ither WTA players, includin Sofia Arvidsson, [[Eugenie Bouchard]], Kai-Chen Chang, Andrea Hlaváčková, Madison Keys, Anastasia Pivovarova as weel as junior players sic as Indy De Vroome.<ref name=cnn-ms/> Sharapova haed earlier collaboratit wi Nike on the "little black dress" that she wore for her nicht matches at the 2006 US Open.<ref name=nytdress/> The dress featurt a roond crystal studded collar an wis inspired bi [[Audrey Hepburn]].<ref name=nytdress>{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/26/fashion/maria-sharapovas-campaign-to-establish-herself-as-a-brand.html?pagewanted=all | work=[[The New York Times]] | first=Eric | last=Wilson | title=Maria Sharapova's Campaign to Establish Herself as a Brand | date=May 25, 2011|accessdate=May 5, 2013}}</ref> The dress wis well publicized an received but wis nae mass-produced.<ref name=nytdress/><ref name=cnn-ms/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/sectionfront/life/sharapovas-little-black-dress-provokes-a-big-racket-at-us-open-448646/ | work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette | first=MacKenzie | last=Carpenter | title=Sharapova's little black dress provokes a big racket at U.S. Open | date=September 1, 2006 | accessdate=May 5, 2013 | archive-date=2013-08-28 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828155914/http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/sectionfront/life/sharapovas-little-black-dress-provokes-a-big-racket-at-us-open-448646/ | url-status=dead}}</ref> Additionally, she designs shoes an handbags for Cole Haan, for which her signature ballerina flats are ane o the biggest sellers o the entire brand.<ref name=nytdress/> Sharapova uised the Prince Triple Threat Hornet for pairt o 2003 an then uised several different Prince racquets until the US Open. She gae the racquet she uised in the 2004 Wimbledon final tae Regis Philbin when taping ''Live with Regis and Kelly''. Sharapova began uisin the Prince Shark OS at that tournament specially designed for her.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennis-warehouse.com/Reviews/PSHKOS/PSHKOSReview.html|title=Prince Shark Racquet Review|accessdate=June 18, 2012|publisher=Tennis Warehouse|archive-date=2008-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080327130507/http://www.tennis-warehouse.com/Reviews/PSHKOS/PSHKOSReview.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> She then switched tae the Prince O3 White racquet in Januar 2006. She switched tae the Prince O3 Speedport Black in Julie 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://princetennis.com/tennis/files/teamPrincePlayer.aspx?plyid=89|title=Tennis Racquets, Tennis Footwear, String, EXO3 Racquet|publisher=Prince Tennis|accessdate=August 31, 2010|archive-date=2008-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022085350/http://www.princetennis.com/tennis/files/teamPrincePlayer.aspx?plyid=89|url-status=dead}}</ref> Efter bein wi Prince for ten years,<ref>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228161310/http://tennis.com/articles/templates/gear.aspx?articleid=9327&zoneid=24 |archivedate=2010-12-28 |url=http://tennis.com/articles/templates/gear.aspx?articleid=9327&zoneid=24 |title=Gear – Maria Sharapova’s New Head for the New Year? |publisher=TENNIS.com |date=December 21, 2010 |accessdate=June 11, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sharapova began endorsing Head racquets in 2011 an uses the Head YOUTEK IG Instinct.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.head.com/tennis/news.php?region=us&id=758|title=Performance meets Style – Maria Sharapova joins the HEAD team!|publisher=Head Tennis|date=January 3, 2011|accessdate=January 18, 2011|archive-date=2015-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713071147/http://www.head.com/tennis/news.php?region=us&id=758|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennis-warehouse.com/player.html?ccode=SHARAPOVA|title=Maria Sharapova|publisher=Tennis Warehouse|date=January 18, 2011|accessdate=January 18, 2011|archive-date=2015-05-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527060103/http://www.tennis-warehouse.com/player.html?ccode=SHARAPOVA|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sharapova signed a three-year deal tae be brand ambassador for Porsche in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|last=Harley|first=Michael|title=Porsche picks Maria Sharapova as brand ambassador|url=http://www.autoblog.com/2013/04/23/porsche-picks-maria-sharapova-as-brand-ambassador/|accessdate=2013-08-25}}</ref> ==Sugarpova== ''Sugarpova'' is a candy line creaut bi Maria Sharapova an candy veteran Jeff Rubin, foonder o internaitional retailer IT'SUGAR.<ref name="Sugarpova Candy: Sharapova's Sweet Taste of Success">{{cite web|title=Sugarpova Candy: Sharapova's Sweet Taste of Success|url=http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-01-17/sugarpova-candy-sharapovas-sweet-taste-of-success|accessdate=22 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="Sharapova's Sugarpova lolly range 'smacks of irresponsible marketing'">{{cite news|title=Sharapova's Sugarpova lolly range 'smacks of irresponsible marketing'|url=http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/food/sharapovas-sugarpova-lolly-range-smacks-of-irresponsible-marketing/story-fneuz8zj-1226552023463|accessdate=22 January 2013|archive-date=2016-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108032712/http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/food/sharapovas-sugarpova-lolly-range-smacks-of-irresponsible-marketing/story-fneuz8zj-1226552023463|url-status=dead}}</ref> Accordin tae the Sugarpova wabsteid, "Sugarpova is a premium candy line that reflects the fun, fashionable, sweet side of international tennis sensation Maria Sharapova."<ref name="sugarpova.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.sugarpova.com/about/ |title=International Shipping {{!}} Sugarpova |access-date=2015-06-09 |archive-date=2017-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803094456/http://www.sugarpova.com/about/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The line currently consists o 12 different flavors that range frae Flirty, tae Smitten Sour, tae Splashy.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://shop.sugarpova.com/ |title=International Shipping {{!}} Sugarpova |access-date=2015-06-09 |archive-date=2014-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328022826/http://shop.sugarpova.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A portion o aw proceeds gaes tae the Maria Sharapova Foundation, Sharapova's charity.<ref name="sugarpova.com"/> Sugarpova wis launched warldwide in 2013 throu IT'SUGAR an Selfridges stores. Accordin tae her agent, Sharapova seriously considered changing her last nem tae "Sugarpova" for the 2013 US Open, but ultimately decidit against it.<ref>{{cite web|title=No name switch for Maria Sharapova|url=http://espn.go.com/tennis/usopen13/story/_/id/9584846/2013-us-open-maria-sharapova-nixes-sugarpova-name-change|date=August 20, 2013|accessdate=August 20, 2013}}</ref> Houiver, some reports suggest that she applied tae a Florida Court tae that effect.<ref>{{cite web|title=Maria Sharapova wants to change her name|url=http://www.torontosun.com/2013/08/20/maria-sharapova-wants-to-change-her-name|date=August 20, 2013|accessdate=August 20, 2013}}</ref> ==Career statistics== {{Main|Maria Sharapova career statistics}} ===Grand Slam tournaments=== ====Singles performance timeline==== {{Performance key}} {|class=wikitable style=text-align:center |- !width=145|Tournament!!2003!!2004!!2005!!2006!!2007!!2008!!2009!!2010!!2011!!2012!!2013!!2014!!2015!!width=65|{{Tooltip| SR | Strike Rate}} !!width=65|{{Tooltip| W–L | Win–Loss}}!!width=65|Win % |- |align=left|'''[[Australian Open]]''' |bgcolor=afeeee|1R |bgcolor=afeeee|3R | style="background:yellow;"|SF | style="background:yellow;"|SF | style="background:thistle;"|F |bgcolor=lime|'''W''' |A |bgcolor=afeeee|1R |bgcolor=afeeee|4R | style="background:thistle;"|F | style="background:yellow;"|SF |bgcolor=afeeee|4R | style="background:thistle;"|F |1 / 12 |48–11 |81.36% |- |align=left|'''[[French Open]]''' |bgcolor=afeeee|1R |bgcolor=ffebcd|QF |bgcolor=ffebcd|QF |bgcolor=afeeee|4R | style="background:yellow;"|SF |bgcolor=afeeee|4R |bgcolor=ffebcd|QF |bgcolor=afeeee|3R | style="background:yellow;"|SF |bgcolor=lime|'''W''' | style="background:thistle;"|F |bgcolor=lime|'''W''' |bgcolor=afeeee|4R |2 / 13 |53–11 |82.81% |- |align=left|'''[[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]]''' |bgcolor=afeeee|4R |bgcolor=lime|'''W''' | style="background:yellow;"|SF | style="background:yellow;"|SF |bgcolor=afeeee|4R |bgcolor=afeeee|2R |bgcolor=afeeee|2R |bgcolor=afeeee|4R | style="background:thistle;"|F |bgcolor=afeeee|4R |bgcolor=afeeee|2R |bgcolor=afeeee|4R | |1 / 12 |42–11 |79.25% |- |align=left|'''[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]''' |bgcolor=afeeee|2R |bgcolor=afeeee|3R | style="background:yellow;"|SF |bgcolor=lime|'''W''' |bgcolor=afeeee|3R |A |bgcolor=afeeee|3R |bgcolor=afeeee|4R |bgcolor=afeeee|3R | style="background:yellow;"|SF |A |bgcolor=afeeee|4R | |1 / 10 |32–9 |78.38% |- !style=text-align:left|Win–Loss !4–4 !15–3 !19–4 !20–3 !16–4 !11–2 !7–3 !8–4 !16–4 !21–3 !12–3 !16–3 ! !5 / 46 !172–41 !80.25% |} <small> ''Note: At the 2003 Australian Open an 2003 French Open, Sharapova won three qualifyin roond matches at each toornament in order tae enter the main draw.'' </small> ==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sharapova, Maria}} [[Category:1987 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Australian Open (tennis) champions]] [[Category:Eastren Orthodox Christians frae Roushie]] [[Category:Expatriate sportsfowk in the Unitit States]] [[Category:French Open champions]] [[Category:Fowk frae Bradenton, Florida]] [[Category:Fowk frae Nyagan]] [[Category:Roushie expatriates in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Roushie female models]] [[Category:Roushie female tennis players]] [[Category:Roushie fowk o Belaroushie strynd]] [[Category:US Open (tennis) champions]] [[Category:Wimbledon champions]] [[Category:Warld No. 1 tennis players]] [[Category:Tennis players at the 2012 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Olympic tennis players o Roushie]] [[Category:Olympic medallists in tennis]] [[Category:Olympic siller medallists for Roushie]] [[Category:Grand Slam (tennis) champions in weemen's singles]] mvo5hj7gx34blws7y2eakn8j8tjttf7 0 44528 927140 638672 2026-11-08T23:27:13Z Spokiyny 118080 /* */ 927140 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Russian town |en_name=Alexeyevka |ru_name=Алексеевка |image_skyline= |image_caption= |coordinates = {{coord|50|38|N|38|42|E|display=inline,title}} |map_label_position=left |image_coa=Coat of Arms of Alekseevka (Belgorod oblast).png |coa_caption= |image_flag= |flag_caption= |anthem= |anthem_ref= |holiday= |holiday_ref= |federal_subject=[[Belgorod Oblast]] |federal_subject_ref=<ref name="Ref16" /> |adm_data_as_of=December 2009 |adm_city_jur=[[ceety o federal subject significance|toun o oblast significance]] o Alexeyevka |adm_city_jur_ref=<ref name="Ref16" /> |adm_ctr_of1=toun o oblast significance o Alexeyevka |adm_ctr_of1_ref=<ref name="OKATO1">{{OKATO reference|14 410}}</ref> |adm_ctr_of2=[[Alexeyevsky Destrict, Belgorod Oblast|Alexeyevsky District]] |adm_ctr_of2_ref=<ref name="OKATO2">{{OKATO reference|14 205}}</ref> |inhabloc_cat=Town |inhabloc_cat_ref=<ref name="Ref16" /> |inhabloc_type= |inhabloc_type_ref= |mun_data_as_of=March 2011 |mun_district_jur=Alexeyevsky Municipal Destrict |mun_district_jur_ref=<ref name="Ref24" /> |urban_settlement_jur=Alexeyevka Urban Dounset |urban_settlement_jur_ref=<ref name="Ref24" /> |mun_admctr_of1=Alexeyevsky Municipal Destrict |mun_admctr_of1_ref=<ref name="Ref24" /> |mun_admctr_of2=Alexeyevka Urban Dounset |mun_admctr_of2_ref=<ref name="Ref24" /> |leader_title= |leader_title_ref= |leader_name= |leader_name_ref= |representative_body= |representative_body_ref= |area_of_what= |area_as_of= |area_km2= |area_km2_ref= |pop_2010census=39026 |pop_2010census_ref=<ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}}</ref> |pop_density= |pop_density_as_of= |pop_density_ref= |pop_latest={{down}}35793 |pop_latest_date=2025 |pop_latest_ref=<ref>https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Сhisl_MO_01-01-2025.xlsx</ref> |established_date=1685 |established_title= |established_date_ref= |current_cat_date=1954 |current_cat_date_ref= |prev_name1= |prev_name1_date= |prev_name1_ref= |postal_codes= |postal_codes_ref= |dialing_codes= |dialing_codes_ref= |website= |website_ref= |commonscat= |date=March 2012 }} '''Alexeyevka''' ({{lang-ru|Алексе́евка}}) is a [[teeps o inhabitit localities in Roushie|toun]] in [[Belgorod Oblast]], [[Roushie]], locatit on the [[Tikhaya Sosna River]] ([[Don River (Roushie)|Don]]'s [[drainage basin|basin]]) {{convert|306|km|sp=us}} east o [[Belgorod]]. Population: {{ru-census|p2010=39,026|p2002=39,312|p1989=36,641}} ==History== It wis foondit in 1685 as Alexeyevka (or '''Alexeyevskaya''') ''[[sloboda]]'', namit efter Alexey Cherkassky, its first awner. Toun status wis grantit tae it in 1954. ==Admeenistrative an municipal status== Athin the [[subdiveesions o Roushie#Admeenistrative diveesions|framewirk o admeenistrative divisions]], Alexeyevka serves as the [[admeenistrative centre]] o [[Alexeyevsky Destrict, Belgorod Oblast|Alexeyevsky Destrict]],<ref name="OKATO2" /> even tho it is no a pairt o it.<ref name="OKATO1" /> As an admeenistrative diveesion, it is incorporatit separately as the '''[[ceety o federal subject significance|toun o oblast significance]] o Alexeyevka'''—an admeenistrative unit wi the status equal tae that o the [[admeenistrative diveesions o Belgorod Oblast|destricts]].<ref name="Ref16">Law #248</ref> As a [[subdiveesions o Roushie#Municipal diveesions|municipal diveesion]], the toun o oblast significance o Alexeyevka is incorporatit athin Alexeyevsky Municipal Destrict as '''Alexeyevka Urban Dounset'''.<ref name="Ref24">Law #159</ref> ==References== ===Notes=== {{Reflist}} ===Sources=== *{{RussiaAdmMunRef|bel|adm|law}} *{{RussiaAdmMunRef|bel|mun|list}} {{Belgorod Oblast}} [[Category:Ceeties an touns in Belgorod Oblast]] 9h3737rz2hel8ayxrj6hb7bk5ubx3m9 927144 927140 2026-11-08T23:33:43Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927144 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Russian town |en_name=Alexeyevka |ru_name=Алексеевка |coordinates = {{coord|50|38|N|38|42|E|display=inline,title}} |map_label_position=left |image_coa=Coat of Arms of Alekseevka (Belgorod oblast).png |federal_subject=[[Belgorod Oblast]] |federal_subject_ref=<ref name="Ref16" /> |adm_data_as_of=December 2009 |adm_city_jur=[[ceety o federal subject significance|toun o oblast significance]] o Alexeyevka |adm_city_jur_ref=<ref name="Ref16" /> |adm_ctr_of1=toun o oblast significance o Alexeyevka |adm_ctr_of1_ref=<ref name="OKATO1">{{OKATO reference|14 410}}</ref> |adm_ctr_of2=[[Alexeyevsky Destrict, Belgorod Oblast|Alexeyevsky District]] |adm_ctr_of2_ref=<ref name="OKATO2">{{OKATO reference|14 205}}</ref> |inhabloc_cat=Town |inhabloc_cat_ref=<ref name="Ref16" /> |mun_data_as_of=March 2011 |mun_district_jur=Alexeyevsky Municipal Destrict |mun_district_jur_ref=<ref name="Ref24" /> |urban_settlement_jur=Alexeyevka Urban Dounset |urban_settlement_jur_ref=<ref name="Ref24" /> |mun_admctr_of1=Alexeyevsky Municipal Destrict |mun_admctr_of1_ref=<ref name="Ref24" /> |mun_admctr_of2=Alexeyevka Urban Dounset |mun_admctr_of2_ref=<ref name="Ref24" /> |pop_2010census=39026 |pop_2010census_ref=<ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}}</ref> |pop_latest={{down}}35793 |pop_latest_date=2025 |pop_latest_ref=<ref>https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Сhisl_MO_01-01-2025.xlsx</ref> |established_date=1685 |current_cat_date=1954 |date=March 2012 }} '''Alexeyevka''' ({{lang-ru|Алексе́евка}}) is a [[teeps o inhabitit localities in Roushie|toun]] in [[Belgorod Oblast]], [[Roushie]], locatit on the [[Tikhaya Sosna River]] ([[Don River (Roushie)|Don]]'s [[drainage basin|basin]]) {{convert|306|km|sp=us}} east o [[Belgorod]]. Population: {{ru-census|p2010=39,026|p2002=39,312|p1989=36,641}} ==History== It wis foondit in 1685 as Alexeyevka (or '''Alexeyevskaya''') ''[[sloboda]]'', namit efter Alexey Cherkassky, its first awner. Toun status wis grantit tae it in 1954. ==Admeenistrative an municipal status== Athin the [[subdiveesions o Roushie#Admeenistrative diveesions|framewirk o admeenistrative divisions]], Alexeyevka serves as the [[admeenistrative centre]] o [[Alexeyevsky Destrict, Belgorod Oblast|Alexeyevsky Destrict]],<ref name="OKATO2" /> even tho it is no a pairt o it.<ref name="OKATO1" /> As an admeenistrative diveesion, it is incorporatit separately as the '''[[ceety o federal subject significance|toun o oblast significance]] o Alexeyevka'''—an admeenistrative unit wi the status equal tae that o the [[admeenistrative diveesions o Belgorod Oblast|destricts]].<ref name="Ref16">Law #248</ref> As a [[subdiveesions o Roushie#Municipal diveesions|municipal diveesion]], the toun o oblast significance o Alexeyevka is incorporatit athin Alexeyevsky Municipal Destrict as '''Alexeyevka Urban Dounset'''.<ref name="Ref24">Law #159</ref> ==References== ===Notes=== {{Reflist}} ===Sources=== *{{RussiaAdmMunRef|bel|adm|law}} *{{RussiaAdmMunRef|bel|mun|list}} {{Belgorod Oblast}} [[Category:Ceeties an touns in Belgorod Oblast]] fxlm9ahls0nvb7q3qin1z5mjimukpfw 0 44742 926763 893926 2026-11-08T16:53:04Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 926763 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Musicians --> | background = solo_singer | name = AySel | image = AySel.jpg | caption = AySel in 2009 | image_size = | birth_name = | alias = AySel | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1989|4|25}} | death_date = | origin = [[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic|Azerbaijan SSR]], [[Soviet Union]] | instrument = | genre = [[Pop muisic|Pop]], [[Rhythm an blues|R&B]] | occupation = singer, actress, photomodel | years_active = 2005 – present | label = [[Warner Music]], [[Sony BMG]] | associated_acts = [[Arash (entertainer)|Arash]] | website = http://www.aysel.com/ | current_members = | past_members = | notable_instruments = }} '''Aysel Teymurzadeh''' ({{lang-az|Aysel Məhəmməd qızı Teymurzadə}}; born 25 Aprile 1989, [[Baku]]) is an [[Azerbaijan]]i [[pop muisic|pop]] an [[R&B]] sangster. ==Biografie== [[Aysel]] wis born in the Azerbaijani caipital [[Baku]], the youngest o the three dochters o a jurnalist an a varsity professor. She is a descendant o the nineteent-century [[Azerbaijani fowk|Azerbaijani]] publicist [[Hasan bey Zardabi]]. Her maternal grandmither wis hauf-Roushie, hauf-Ukrainian.<ref>{{ru icon}} [http://www.day.az/news/showbiz/156767.html Day.Az. Мама Айсель Теймурзаде: «Нас с Россией и Украиной связывает очень многое»]</ref> Aysel stairtit tae sing at the age o fower an the piano became her passion syne bairnhuid. Aysel graduatit frae the Intellect Lyceum in Baku an attendit [[:en:Texas High School|Texas High School]] ([[Texarkana, Texas]]) in 2005–2006. Athin days o her arrival in the Unitit States, she signed up for the local choir an began trainin for young vocalists competitions.<ref name="EVF">{{Cite web |url=http://www.eurovisionfamily.tv/user/AySelArash/profile/ |title=Eurovisionfamily.tv |access-date=2013-01-20 |archive-date=2009-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090620042240/http://www.eurovisionfamily.tv/user/AySelArash/profile |url-status=dead }}</ref> While in the U.S., Aysel wan three gowd medals at contests held in the [[Southern Arkansas University]] an in the [[University of Texas at Austin]].<ref name="EVF"/> In 2005, she pairticipatit in Saison 4 o the naitional song contest ''Yeni Ulduz'' ("New Star"). As o Januar 2009, Teymurzadeh wis majorin in [[International Relations]] at the [[Azerbaijan University o Leids]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://esckaz.com/2009/aze.htm |title=AySel (Azerbaijan): Biography |access-date=2009-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316145612/https://esckaz.com/2009/aze.htm |archive-date=2021-03-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Eurovision== [[Image:Aysel Arash 2009.JPG|Aysel wi [[Arash (entertainer)|Arash]] in the [[green room]] durin the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2009]].|thumb|right]] In Januar 2009, Teymurzadeh wis selectit internally bi [[İctimai Televiziya və Radio Yayımları Şirkəti|İTV]] tae represent Azerbaijan in the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2009]] in [[Moscow]], [[Roushie]] alang wi [[Iran]]ian-[[Swaden|Swadish]] sangster [[Arash (entertainer)|Arash]]<ref>[http://www.esctoday.com/news/read/12937 Azerbaijan: Aysel Teymurzadeh to Eurovision]</ref> wi the sang "[[Always (Aysel Teymurzadeh song)|Always]]". Aysel became the first female sangster tae represent the kintra at the Eurovision Song Contest an anerlie the seicont act iver tae dae sae. On 16 Mey 2009, Aysel Teymurzadeh an Arash feenished third wi 207 pynts, amang the 25 performers that qualifeed for the Eurovision grand feenal.<ref>[http://www.rte.ie/arts/2009/0516/eurovision.html Norway in 'Fairytale' Eurovision win]. [[RTÉ.ie]]. 17 May 2009.</ref> Aysel thegither wi Arash became the winner o the 4t Annual ESC Radio Awairds in the category o the Best Group.<ref>[http://www.escradio.com/awards2009/results.asp?id=4 ESC Radio Awards 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091215032933/http://www.escradio.com/awards2009/results.asp?id=4 |date=2009-12-15 }}</ref> ==Efter Eurovision== On 28 Mey, Teymurzadeh annooncit goin on a European tour wi Arash, involvin concerts in kintras sic as Swaden, Greece an Roushie.<ref>[http://en.apa.az/news.php?id=102859 APA. Aysel and Arash to give concerts in Sweden, Russia and Greece.]</ref> Upon return she annooncit that thegither wi Arash an his team she is wirkin on an album, which will be released bi [[Sony BMG]] an [[Warner Music]].<ref>[http://en.apa.az/news.php?id=103952 APA. Aysel: I receive many offers of marriage after the Eurovision.]</ref><ref>[http://www.eurovision.tv/page/news?id=4183 Eurovision Song Contest. Snippets: Alexander's video; ask Yohanna; Aysel's new album]</ref> The date o release is unkent. She starred in a heich profile [[TV commercial]] for [[Danone]] yogurts, which wis broadcast on Azerbaijani an Georgie TV channels.<ref>[http://escfans.esctoday.com/news/read/14517 esctoday.com. Azerbaijan: AySel stars TV commercial] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100803184919/http://escfans.esctoday.com/news/read/14517 |date=2010-08-03 }}</ref> In 2012, Aysel Teymurzadeh wis amang five muisickers frae Azerbaijan chosen as the jury in the [[Denmark in the Eurovision Song Contest 2012|Dens naitional selection]] o the 2012 Eurovision contestant.<ref>[http://vesti.az/news/103453/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%83-%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%B6%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83_%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8 Azerbaijan Show Business Reps Appointed Jury for Danish National Selection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123110956/http://vesti.az/news/103453/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%83-%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%B6%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83_%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8 |date=2012-01-23 }}. ''Vesti.az''. 16 January 2012.</ref> ==Personal wittins== In Mey 2012, Teymurzadeh got engagit tae Murad Adigozalov, 39, director o the [[Azerbaijan State Philharmonic Society]] an divorcit faither o twa childer.<ref>[http://www.ayna.az/2012-05-19/shou-biznes/9580-Aysel-Murad-nishan Aysel Teymurzadeh Engaged to Musician]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''Ayna''. 19 May 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2012.</ref> Accordin tae some soorces, her plan efter marriage is tae leave the big stage an anerlie perform on offeecial events.<ref>[http://www.musavat.com/new/Son_x%C9%99b%C9%99r/123924-AYSEL_TEYMURZAD%C6%8F_MURAD_ADIG%C3%96Z%C6%8FLOVA_%C6%8FR%C6%8F_GED%C4%B0R Aysel Teymurzadeh to Marry Murad Adigozalov] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621083714/http://www.musavat.com/new/Son_x%C9%99b%C9%99r/123924-AYSEL_TEYMURZAD%C6%8F_MURAD_ADIG%C3%96Z%C6%8FLOVA_%C6%8FR%C6%8F_GED%C4%B0R |date=2012-06-21 }}. ''Yeni Musavat''. 16 May 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2012.</ref> In Dizember 2012, Teymurzadeh gae birth tae the couple's first bairn.<ref>[http://anspress.com/index.php?a=2&lng=ru&nid=180358 Aysel Teymurzadeh Became Mother] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207231559/http://anspress.com/index.php?a=2&lng=ru&nid=180358 |date=2013-02-07 }}. ''ANS Press''. 17 December 2012.</ref> ==Discografie== [[Image:Aysel Teymurzadeh, Eurovision Song Contest 2012, semi-final allocation draw.jpg|Aysel Teymurzadeh in 2012|thumb|right]] ===Albums=== 2010 — [[To be announced|TBA]] ===Singles=== *2009 — "[[Always (Aysel and Arash song)|Always]]" *2010 — "[[Fallin' (Aysel Teymurzadeh song)|Fallin']]"<ref>[http://en.apa.az/news.php?id=113321 APA. Aysel Teymourzadeh surprises her fans on eve of New Year]</ref> *2010 — "[[Azerbaijan (Aysel Teymurzadeh song)|Azerbaijan]]"<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://vesti.az/news.php?id=31755 |title=Айсель Теймурзаде спела о Родине |access-date=2013-01-20 |archive-date=2011-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706131543/http://vesti.az/news.php?id=31755 |url-status=dead }}</ref> *2010 — "[[Yanaram]]" (Azeri-leid version of "Fallin'") *2010 — "[[Don't Let the Morning Come]]" *2010 — "[[San (Aysel Teymurzadeh song)|San]]"<ref>[http://www.day.az/news/showbiz/204490.html]</ref> *2011 — "[[Tonight (Aysel Teymurzadeh song)|Tonight]]" ===Charts=== {|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 9pt; text-align: center" !align="center" rowspan="2" width="75" | Year !align="center" rowspan="2" width="300"| Single !align="center" colspan="12" width="150" | Charts !width="200" rowspan="2"| Album |- style="font-size:90%;" ! style="width:4em;" | [[UK Singles Chart|UK]] ! style="width:4em;" | [[Eurochart Hot 100 Singles|EUR]] ! style="width:4em;" | [[Turkey Top 20 Chart|TUR]] ! style="width:4em;" | [[Greece|GRE]] ! style="width:4em;" | [[Sweden Singles Chart|SWE]] ! style="width:4em;" | [[VG-lista|NOR]] ! style="width:4em;" | [[Media Control Charts|GER]] ! style="width:4em;" | [[Swiss Singles Chart|SUI]] ! style="width:4em;" | [[IFPI|CZE]] ! style="width:4em;" | [[IFPI|SLK]] ! style="width:4em;" | [[Russian Music Charts|RUS]] ! style="width:4em;" | [[Ukraine|UKR]] |- | rowspan="2"|'''2009''' | "[[Always (Aysel and Arash song)|Always]]" | 137 || 92 || 11 || 2 || 3 || 18 || 96 || 98 || 40 || 47 || 75 || 4 | rowspan="3"| [[To be announced|TBA]] |} ==See an aw== *[[Azerbaijan in the Eurovision Song Contest]] *[[Azerbaijan in the Eurovision Song Contest 2009]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.itv.az/english/php_gorusler/25_02_2009.php İTV. Exclusive interview wi AySel Teymurzade] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090404105135/http://www.itv.az/english/php_gorusler/25_02_2009.php |date=2009-04-04 }} {{s-start}} {{s-ach}} {{succession box | before=[[Elnur Hüseynov|Elnur]] & [[Samir Javadzadeh|Samir]]<br>with ''[[Day After Day (Elnur Hüseynov and Samir Javadzadeh song)|Day After Day]]'' | title=[[Azerbaijan in the Eurovision Song Contest]] | years=<small>(with [[Arash (entertainer)|Arash]])</small> <br> [[Eurovision Song Contest 2009|2009]] | after=[[Safura Alizadeh|Safura]]<br> with ''[[Drip Drop]]'' }} {{s-end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Teymurzadeh, Aysel}} [[Category:1989 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Azerbaijani Eurovision Sang Contest entrants]] [[Category:Eurovision Sang Contest entrants o 2009]] [[Category:Azerbaijani female sangsters]] [[Category:Azerbaijani-leid sangsters]] [[Category:Fowk frae Baku]] [[Category:20t-century Azerbaijani fowk]] [[Category:21st-century Azerbaijani fowk]] rlvq3zr480fq2o6w20x3035at9w9gqu 0 44858 927176 926204 2026-11-09T05:38:38Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 927176 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=September 2019}} {{Infobox War on Terror detainee | name = Mamdouh Habib<br/>{{Lang-ar|ممدوح حبيب}} | image = Mamdouh Habib.jpg | image_size = 250px | caption = Habib at an anti-war convention | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1955|6|3}} | birth_place = [[Alexandria]], [[Egyp]] | date_of_arrest = 5 October 2001 | place_of_arrest= | arresting_authority= | date_of_release = 11 Januar 2005 | place_of_release= | death_date = | death_place = | detained_at = [[Guantanamo Bay detention camp|Guantanamo Bay detainment camps]] | id_number = 661 | group = | alias = | charge = | penalty = | status = Released | occupation = | spouse = Maha Habib | parents = | children = Islam Hassam, Ahmed Mandouh Habib,<br/> Mustafa Habib, Hajer Habib }} '''Mamdouh Habib''' is an [[Egyp]]tian-born [[Australie]] [[Muslim]] best kent for his [[extrajudicial detention]] in the [[Guantanamo Bay detainment camp]]s, in [[Cuba]], on suspicion o involvement in terrorism.<ref name=DoDList2>{{Cite web | url=http://www.dod.mil/news/May2006/d20060515%20List.pdf | format=PDF | title=List of Individuals Detained by the Department of Defense at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba from January 2002 through May&nbsp;15, 2006 | author=[[OARDEC]] | publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]] | date=15 May 2006 | accessdate=29 September 2007 | archive-date=2007-09-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930184034/http://www.dod.mil/news/May2006/d20060515%20List.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> The Unitit States accuised Habib o haein haed knawledge o the [[11t September attacks|11 September 2001 attacks]], trainin the hijackers, stayin at an [[al-Qaeda]] safe hoose in Afghanistan, conductin surveillance, helpin tae transfer chemical wappens, an plannin tae hijack the aircraft uised in the 11 September attacks. Housomeivver thare wis nae evidence tae support thir claims an he wis eventually released. Australie offeecials acknawledgit that he "ken naething aboot terrorism".<ref name="mayer"/> In November 2008, Habib released a beuk co-written wi Julia Collingwood teetled ''My Story: The Tale of a Terrorist Who Wasn't'' detailin his experiences.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.scribepublications.com.au/book/mystory |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-01-22 |archive-date=2008-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121075954/http://scribepublications.com.au/book/mystory |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Life== He wis born in 3 Juin 1955 in [[Alexandria]], [[Egyp]], muivit tae [[Australie]] in 1980, became a ceetizen thare, marriet a wumman namit Maha, haed fower childer, an taucht Islam, while runnin a [[café|coffee shop]] in [[Sydney]].<ref name="mayer">[[Jane Mayer|Mayer, Jane]], "[[The Dark Side (book)|The Dark Side: The Inside Story of How the War on Terror Turned Into a War on American Ideals]]", 2008. p. 125</ref> He is a dual ceetizen o Australie an o Egyp.<ref>http://inside.org.au/mamdouh-habib-who-knew-what-and-when/</ref><ref>http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2005/s1377847.htm</ref> Efter bein released athoot chairge he ran as an unthirlt poleetical candidate in [[:en:New South Wales state election, 2007|New South Wales state election, 2007]], but failed tae gain a seat efter pollin less nor 5% in his electorate.<ref name=ElectionResult20070305/> ==1990s== Accordin tae the [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]] Current Affairs program ''[[Four Corners (TV program)|Four Corners]]''<ref name="4CWorst">ABC TV [http://www.abc.net.au/4corners/content/2004/s1157599.htm ''Four Corners'' Worst of the Worst?] retrieved 29 April 2008</ref> the (Australian) Defence Housing Authority teuk oot an apprehendit violence order against him, claiming he made a threatenin phone caw follaein the unjustifeed cancellation o a contract Habib haed wi the organisation. Habib says the allegit phone caw wis naething mair nor an argument ower a contract. In court his psychiatrist testified that Habib wis sufferin frae major depression an wis bein treatit wi [[Prozac]], but that he wis no prone tae violence. A witness statit at the trial; "He is irritable. He haes been preoccupeed wi a sense o howplessness about his futur. He haes become athdrawn an he haes been vera agitatit at hame an he haes been cryin excessively as well. There is nae evidence tae suggest that he is aggressive or aboot tae become aggressive or violent. He is no dangerous at this point." Accordin tae the same programme, in early 2001 at a meetin wi polis, Habib wis describit as showin "signs o hostility towards govrenment organisations an the commonty generally". The Protective Services Group wis askit tae dae "a detailed threat assessment" o Mr Habib. The feenal conclusion wis that thare wis nae information tae support concerns that Habib micht cairy oot an act o violence. The polis decidit Habib wis "a repetitious an vexatious complainant" an that "little credibility coud be attributit tae ony threats or allegations he mey mak". On 1 Mey 2009, Habib lost an appeal in the Full Federal Court against a 2007 Administrative Appeals Tribunal (AAT) decision that affirmit the umwhile Foreign Affairs meenister's decision in 2006 tae refuse Mr Habib an Australie passport. Mr Habib haed appealed tae the Administrative Appeals Tribunal (AAT) against that decision. The AAT concludit that Mr Habib an his wife haed gien false evidence in the proceedins. The tribunal uised this conclusion tae fynd Mr Habib still held the same extremist sentiments that it wis acceptit he haed held afore 2001. ==2001 tae 2005 impreesonment: Pakistan, Egyp, Afghanistan, Cuba== Habib traveled tae Pakistan in 2001, howpin tae find employment an releegious schuils for his childer.<ref name="mayer"/> He wis arrestit in [[Pakistan]], deportit tae [[Egyp]] whaur he wis held for 5 month, transferred tae US militar custody, impreesoned in [[Afghanistan]], then sent tae [[Camp X-ray]], the [[Unitit States]] militar preeson camp at [[Guantánamo Bay]], [[Cuba]].<ref name="4CWorst"/> His documents frae Guantanamo Bay war released bi Wikileaks: http://resources.news.com.au/files/2011/04/25/1226044/528311-mamdouh-habib-file.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319172920/http://resources.news.com.au/files/2011/04/25/1226044/528311-mamdouh-habib-file.pdf |date=2012-03-19 }} A [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]] spokesman said that Habib wis a terrorist who spent his trip athort the mairch in Afghanistan, "either supportin hostile forces, or on the battlefield fechtin illegally against the U.S.".<ref name="mayer"/> ===Arrest=== Habib wis arrestit on 5 October 2001 while travelin bi bus tae [[Karachi]], Pakistan. The bus wis stoppit bi local polis who arrestit Habib an twa Germans. The twa German ceetizens arrestit wi Habib wur released shortly thareefter.<ref name="4CWorst"/> The ''Four Corners'' airin statit that, unner intense an lenthy interrogation, the twa Germans wur askit whether thay haed seen Habib, an whether he haed tauld them that he haed been in [[Afghanistan]]. Thay said naething that incriminatit Habib; ane repleed; "Nae. A didna see him in the camps A wis in. Nor did he tell us that he haed been in a trainin camp." Australie govrenment authorities allege that Habib wis in Afghanistan, an that while thare he teuk an advancit [[al-Qaeda]] trainin course in a camp near Kabul. It is claimit that the course includit surveillance an photografin facilities, the establishment an uise o safe hooses, covert traivel an writin secret reports. Australie authorities say that several ither men who teuk pairt in the course identifeed Habib as haein been thare. Evidence tae support thir claims haes no been made public.<ref name="4CWorst"/> In an interview wi the Australie ABC Habib refused tae confirm whether he haed been in Afghanistan, no acause he did no want tae answer, but acause he haed court hearins comin up.<ref name="SPMH">ABC radio Sunday Profile [http://www.abc.net.au/sundayprofile/stories/s1611352.htm Mamdouh Habib: Australia's Guantanamo Bay survivor] retrieved 30 April 2008</ref> ===Tortur allegations=== Habib alleges that he wis beaten an humiliatit in Pakistan efter his arrest. He alleges that an Australie offeecial wis present at some o thir interrogations an aw, but the Australie Govrenment haes denied this.<ref name=Smh051006>[http://www.smh.com.au/news/Global-Terrorism/Habib-details-torture-claim-in-court-documents/2005/01/06/1104832208379.html Australian official saw Habib tortured: report], ''[[Sydney Morning Herald]]'', 6 January 2005</ref> Habib claims tae hae been suspendit tae a ceilin bi his airms an aw, staundin atop a [[barrel drum]], an that whan he gae an answer his Pakistani interrogators didna believe, thay wad jolt him wi electricity till he faintit.<ref name="mayer"/> Habib wis then sent tae Egyp for five month.<ref name=WashingtonPost20050106> {{Cite news | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A51726-2005Jan5?language=printer | title=Terror Suspect Alleges Torture: Detainee Says U.S. Sent Him to Egypt Before Guantanamo | author=[[Dana Priest]]|author2=[[Dan Eggen]] | publisher=[[Washington Post]] | date=6 January 2005 | accessdate=1 September 2007 }}</ref> His Egyptian captors allegitly shockit him wi heich-voltage wires, hung him frae metal heuks on waws, an beat him. An Egyptian offeecial statit that he coud no comment on thir specific allegations, but addit that accusations that the Egyptian govrenment wis torturin fowk "tend tae be meethologie". Housomeivver the claims hae been substantiatit bi [[Moazzam Begg]] an ither witnesses. "They ootsource tortur," said Stephen Hopper, Habib's Australie lawyer.<ref name=AustralianBc050106>{{Cite news | url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200501/s1277343.htm | title=Documents reveal Habib torture allegations | publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] | date=6 January 2005 | accessdate=1 September 2007 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050306202838/http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200501/s1277343.htm | archivedate=2005-03-06 | url-status=live }}</ref> "You get your friends an allees tae dae your dirty wirk for you." Habib housomeivver, haes said that some of his interrogators in Pakistan clearly haed American accents, an that ane haed a tattoo o an American banner attached tae a flagpole depictit as a [[middle finger]].<ref name="mayer"/> The umwhile coffee shop awner suin confessed tae a litany o terrorism-relatit creemes, includin teachin mairtial airts tae several o the [[:en:Responsibility for the September 11 attacks|11 September hijackers]] an plannin a hijackin hissel. Habib later insistit that his confessions wur false an gien unner "duress an tortur."<ref name=WashingtonPost20050106/> Habib wis then sent tae [[Camp X-Ray|Guantanamo Bay]] for twa years whaur he alleges further abuis. He says that he wis tauld bi interrogators that his faimily haed been killed, an that he wis teed tae the grund while a prostitute menstruatit on him.<ref name=Bbc050213>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4262095.stm Fresh Guantanamo torture claims], ''[[BBC]]'', 13 February 2005</ref> Australie Foreign Meenister [[Alexander Downer]] haes publicly challengit Habib's claims, sayin "nae evidence haes been foond tae pruive that tortur haes been uised at the camp.". The ''[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]'' interviewed [[Christopher Tennant]], the director o [[Sydney University]]'s Psychological medicine unit.<ref name=Abc7-30>[http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2005/s1304488.htm Habib was tortured, psychiatrist says], ''[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]'', 16 February 2005</ref> In the interview Tennant said: *"''He showed me marks on his back, he showed me cigarette burns on his body, and the subsequent examination by another professor of medicine, more expert in physical examination than me, confirmed that he's got skin discolouration on his right loin which would be consistent with old bruising, which in turn would be consistent with beating...''" *"''Well, the main feature of the medical report from Guantanamo was that he had had repeatedly blood in his urine, which is a very significant symptom and a worrying symptom, and that was consistent with his reports both to me and to the specialist physician who also examined him, and was consistent with the fact that, on examination, he had evidence of discolouration to his skin on his right loin, just over his kidney, which in turn was consistent with old bruising and possibly due to being beaten.''" ==Mamdouh Ibrahim Ahmed Habib v. George Bush== A [[writ o habeas corpus]], [[Mamdouh Ibrahim Ahmed Habib v. George Bush]], wis submittit on Mamdouh Ibrahim Ahmed Habib's behauf.<ref name=GuantanamoHabeasMamdouhIbrahimAhmedHabibVGeorgeBush> {{Cite web | url=http://humanrights.ucdavis.edu/projects/the-guantanamo-testimonials-project/testimonies/testimonies-of-the-defense-department/csrts/csrt_isn_661.pdf | title=Mamdouh Ibrahim Ahmed Habib v. George Bush | date=1 October 2004 | pages=1–63 | publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]] | accessdate=5 May 2008 |format=PDF}}</ref> In response, on 1 October 2004, the Department of Defense released 63 pages o unclassifeed documents relatit tae his Combatant Status Review Tribunal. On 20 September 2004 his "enemy combatant" status wis confirmit bi [[Tribunal panel 6]]. ==2005 on: release an post-release== On 11 Januar, the day afore his chairges wur scheduled tae be laid, [[Dana Priest]] at the [[Washington Post]] publisht a front-page story givin Habib's side o the story, an detailin his rendition an tortur. Later that day, the American govrenment annooncit thay wad no be chairgin Habib efter aw, an wad gree tae release him tae Australie.<ref name="mayer"/> Australian [[Attorney-General]] [[Phillip Ruddock]] annooncit that Habib wad be repatriatit athin days. A special plane wis chairtered bi the Australie govrenment (for approximately $500,000) tae flee Habib hame acause the US wad no allou him tae traivel on an ordinar commercial flicht.<ref name=Smh050121>[http://www.smh.com.au/news/National/US-wants-Habib-shackled-on-flight-papers/2005/01/21/1106110906903.html US wants Habib shackled on flight], ''[[Sydney Morning Herald]]'', 21 January 2005</ref> Habib wis released bi the US Militar an returned tae Australie on 28 Januar 2005. Wi Habib back hame, Australie offeecials hae revokit his passport, say he remains unner suspicion, an warn his activities will be constantly monitored tae ensur he daes no acome a security threat. He haes no been chairgit an remains relatively free. His records frae Guantanamo Bay indicate that he wis considered a relatively heich risk: http://resources.news.com.au/files/2011/04/25/1226044/528311-mamdouh-habib-file.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319172920/http://resources.news.com.au/files/2011/04/25/1226044/528311-mamdouh-habib-file.pdf |date=2012-03-19 }} The Australie govrenment wants tae prevent Habib bein peyed bi the media for interviews or "makkin profits frae committin a creeme" an aw even tho he haes no been convictit o ony creeme bi ony kintra (it is important tae note whilst anti-terrorism laws in Australie currently mak it illegal tae be involvit in terrorist organisations, Habib wis awready in custody when thir laws wur introducit an sae he canna be convictit unner them). The then Australie Prime Meenister, [[John Howard]], ruled oot ony apologie tae Habib. Habib tauld his faimily iverything that haed happened syne he left Sydney in Julie 2001. Juist in case something baed happens tae him, he said, "A want them tae ken fully iverything". On 22 August 2005 Habib wis allegitly attackit bi three men wi a knife while walkin wi his wife near his hame in Guildford.<ref name=Smh050824>[http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/men-trailed-and-knifed-me--habib/2005/08/23/1124562863772.html Men trailed and knifed me - Habib], ''[[Sydney Morning Herald]]'', 24 August 2005</ref> He tauld polis that he wis follaeed bi a caur that cut its heidlichts as he an his wife, Maha, went for a walk juist efter midnicht, an that as the men ran awa the body hauldin the knife haed yelled "something like 'this shoud keep you quiet"'. On 29 Mairch 2006, Habib an his son Moustafa said that thay witnessed the eftermath o a dooble murther in the [[Sydney]] suburb o [[Granville, New Sooth Wales|Granville]]. When thay reportit the murder tae police, Habib alleges thay wur abuisit, assaultit an interrogatit bi polis officers. On 3 Aprile, he annooncit he intendit tae sue [[New South Wales Police]] for false impreesonment an assault.<ref name=Age030406>[http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/habib-to-sue-nsw-police/2006/04/03/1143916459272.html Habib to sue NSW police], ''[[The Age]]'', 3 April 2006</ref> On 11 Juin 2007 the Australian Broadcasting Commission's (ABC) investigative journalism program ''Four Corners'' aired a documentar on extraordinar renditions, hintle o which focussed on Habib's case.<ref name=FourCorners> {{Cite news | url=http://www.abc.net.au/4corners/content/2007/s1945119.htm | title=Four Corners: Ghost Prisoners | publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] | date=11 June 2007 | accessdate=1 September 2007 }}</ref> On 7 Mairch 2008 Habib lost his defamation case against Nationwide News, publisher o The Daily Telegraph. Juistice Peter McClellan foond Habib wis "prone tae exaggerate", "evasive" an haed made claims aboot mistreatment in Pakistan an Egyp which coud no be sustained. He foond that "Habib's claims that he wis seriously mistreatit in the place o detention in Islamabad canna be acceptit" an "that this evidence wis given in order tae enhance his forensic position in the present litigation." His records frae Guantanamo Bay indicate that he wis frequently deceptive an aw. http://resources.news.com.au/files/2011/04/25/1226044/528311-mamdouh-habib-file.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319172920/http://resources.news.com.au/files/2011/04/25/1226044/528311-mamdouh-habib-file.pdf |date=2012-03-19 }} Habib will appear in a ten minute play ''Waiting For Mamdouh'', in which he will deliver monologues aboot his time in detention, at the ''Short+Sweet'' theatrical festival in Sydney in Februar 2010.<ref>Break a leg, Mamdouh Habib, ''The Daily Telegraph'', 11 December 2009</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.shortandsweet.org/shortsweet-theatre/sydney/top-100-nida-parade-playhouse |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-01-22 |archive-date=2010-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100127181001/http://www.shortandsweet.org/shortsweet-theatre/sydney/top-100-nida-parade-playhouse |url-status=dead }}</ref> In Dizember 2010, Habib reached an oot-o-court dounset wi the Australie govrenment. He receivit a secret sum in exchynge for absolvin the govrenment o liability in his tortur case. Habib nou plans tae uise the money tae begin an internaitional lawsuit against the Egyptian an Unitit States governments. Habib says he haes fresh evidence includin film fuitage.<ref>[http://www.smh.com.au/world/habib-to-sue-us-and-egypt-over-torture-case-20110108-19j93.html Habib to sue US and Egypt over torture case: SMH 9 January 2011]</ref> His documents frae Guantanamo Bay wur released bi Wikileaks in Aprile 2011. <ref [http://resources.news.com.au/files/2011/04/25/1226044/528311-mamdouh-habib-file.pdf]</ref> In Mey 2011, Habib haes been grantit an Australie passport an [[Australian Security Intelligence Organisation|ASIO]] confirmit it nae langer considers him a security risk.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-national/habib-no-longer-a-threat-asio-20110527-1f7zw.html | work=The Sydney Morning Herald | date=27 May 2011}}</ref> ==Entrance intae Australie politics== In the Mairch 2007 [[:en:New South Wales state election, 2007|New South Wales state election]], Habib stuid as an unthirlt candidate in the safe Labor seat o [[:en:Electoral district of Auburn|Auburn]] in Sydney. He receivit less nor 5% o the vote<ref name=ElectionResult20070305>{{Cite web | url=http://vtr.elections.nsw.gov.au/lasummary.Auburn.aspx | title=State Electoral District of AUBURN: Summary of First Preference Votes Polled for Each Candidate | publisher=[[New South Wales Electoral Commission]] | date=5 March 2007 | accessdate=1 September 2007 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070830054640/http://vtr.elections.nsw.gov.au/lasummary.Auburn.aspx | archivedate=2007-08-30 | url-status=dead }}</ref> an the seat wis comfortably retained bi the [[Australie Labor Pairty]]. He campaigned for the remuival o the Federal Govrenment's [[:en:Australian Anti-Terrorism Act 2005|anti-terror laws]], statin "The terror laws are if you have terrorists, but we don't have terrorists".<ref name=DT030207>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070402171838/http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/story/0,22049,21159240-5007132,00.html Littering's a nasty Habib], ''[[The Daily Telegraph (Australia)]]'', 3 February 2007</ref> He is linkit tae the [[:en:Socialist Alternative (Australia)|Socialist Alternative]], an haes made speeches at Socialist Alternative events tae promote his beuk an raise awareness o the anti-terror laws in Australie. ==Faimily members== Habib haes fower childer, includin twin sons Ahmed Mandouh Habib an Islam Hassam. [[Bob Brown]] invitit Ahmed Habib tae pairlament tae attend [[George W. Bush]] 24 October 2003 speech tae pairlament. Ahmed wis escortit frae pairlament efter cawin oot "What about my father's rights?"<ref name=Smh031023>[http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/10/23/1066631572994.html?from=storyrhs Son shown door after asking about Habib], ''[[Sydney Morning Herald]]'', 23 October 2003</ref> ==See an aw== * [[:en:List of Australians imprisoned or executed abroad|Leet o Australies in internaitional preesons]] * [[David Hicks]] * [[Tortur]] ==References== <div class="references-small"> {{Reflist|2}} ==Freemit airtins== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110623064421/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2011/04/15/3192845.htm Habib sues Egyptian VP over alleged torture] Apryle 15, 2011 * [http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-national/mamdouh-habib-wins-defamation-case-20100316-qawx.html Habib wins defamation case] 16 Mairch 2010 * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8535960.stm Ex-Guantanamo detainee Mamdouh Habib to sue Australia] [[BBC]] 25 Februar 2010 * [http://www.shortandsweet.org/shortsweet-theatre/sydney/top-100-nida-parade-playhouse Link to Mamdouh's one man play about his experiences in Guantanamo Bay being presented at Short+Sweet Sydney 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100127181001/http://www.shortandsweet.org/shortsweet-theatre/sydney/top-100-nida-parade-playhouse |date=2010-01-27 }} * [http://prisonerswithouttrials.net/cases/Folder.2004-04-17.5039429079#documentContent Prisoners without Trials - news and analysis of the Habib case] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060222145857/http://prisonerswithouttrials.net/cases/Folder.2004-04-17.5039429079/#documentContent |date=2006-02-22 }} * [http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-habib13jan13,1,3477159.story?coll=la-headlines-world&ctrack=2&cset=true LA Times] Comprehensive article. * [http://www.abc.net.au/4corners/content/2004/s1155171.htm ABC "4 Corners" documentary "Worst of the Worst"] &ndash; Aired 19 Julie 2004 &ndash; includes link tae transcript. This fills in some background tae Habib, suggestin that he wis "a man on the edge". * [http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/10/07/1097089497937.html Habib trained terrorists: US], ''[[Sydney Morning Herald]]'', 7 October 2004 * [http://www.smh.com.au/news/National/Prostitute-used-in-Habib-torture-lawyer/2005/01/26/1106415668003.html Prostitute used in Habib torture &ndash; lawyer], ''[[Sydney Morning Herald]]'' 27 Januar 2005 * [http://wsws.org/articles/2009/mar2009/habi-m25.shtml Rudd Govt. tries to block Guantanamo torture case] * [http://www.cageprisoners.com/prisoners.php?pri_id=9 cageprisoners.com entry for Mamdouh Habib] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041107164313/http://www.cageprisoners.com/prisoners.php?pri_id=9 |date=2004-11-07 }} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4214747.stm Profile: Mamdouh Habib], ''[[BBC]]'',_January_28, 2005 * [http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2005/s1291441.htm Mamdouh Habib reunites with family &ndash; a transcript], ''[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]'', 28 Januar 2005 * [http://nla.gov.au/nla.pic-vn3523397 Maha and Mamdouh Habib with their two daughters, May 2005] / John Immig * {{Cite news | url=http://news.theage.com.au/national/secret-defence-delays-habib-case-20081009-4xgh.html | title='Secret defence' delays Habib case | publisher=[[The Age]] | date=9 October 2008 | accessdate=28 September 2008 | quote= | location=Melbourne | first=Amy | last=Coopes | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009220148/http://news.theage.com.au/national/secret-defence-delays-habib-case-20081009-4xgh.html | archive-date=2008-10-09 | url-status=dead }} Wikileaks release of Guantanamo Documents http://resources.news.com.au/files/2011/04/25/1226044/528311-mamdouh-habib-file.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319172920/http://resources.news.com.au/files/2011/04/25/1226044/528311-mamdouh-habib-file.pdf |date=2012-03-19 }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20081009220148/http://news.theage.com.au/national/secret-defence-delays-habib-case-20081009-4xgh.html mirror] {{DEFAULTSORT:Habib, Mamdouh}} [[Category:1956 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Australie extrajudicial preesoners o the Unitit States]] [[Category:Australie Muslims]] [[Category:Australie tortur victims]] [[Category:Egyptian expatriates in Pakistan]] [[Category:Egyptian extrajudicial preesoners o the Unitit States]] [[Category:Egyptian emigrants tae Australie]] [[Category:Egyptian Muslims]] [[Category:Egyptian tortur victims]] [[Category:Guantanamo detainees kent tae hae been released]] [[Category:Naturalisit ceetizens o Australie]] [[Category:Fowk frae Alexandria]] [[Category:Fowk subject tae extraordinar rendition bi the Unitit States]] 0mif6ld0jddqtlwxvbgqytqu1hrjsva 0 45300 926916 923811 2026-11-08T20:45:42Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 926916 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Hatnote|For a specific analysis o the population o Italy, see [[Demografics o Italy]].}} {{Infobox ethnic group |group = Italians |image = [[File:Famous Italians Mosaic.png|300px]] '''Individuals namit frae left tae richt:''' 1st row: [[Alessandro Volta]], [[Enrico Fermi]], [[Lorenzo de Medici]], [[Rita Levi-Montalcini]], [[Giacomo Leopardi]] 2nd row: [[Leonardo da Vinci]], [[Christopher Columbus]], [[Federico Fellini]], [[Giuseppe Verdi]], [[Dante Alighieri]] 3rd row: [[Anna Magnani]], [[Ugo Foscolo]], [[Umberto Eco]], [[Gabriele D'Annunzio]], [[Galileo Galilei]] 4th row: [[Antonio Vivaldi]], [[Guglielmo Marconi]], [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]], [[Alessandro Manzoni]], [[Grazia Deledda]] 5th row: [[Giosuè Carducci]], [[Luciano Pavarotti]], [[Niccolò Machiavelli]], [[Marco Polo]], [[Valentino Rossi]] 6th row: [[Sergio Leone]], [[Luigi Pirandello]], [[Pier Paolo Pasolini]], [[Gian Lorenzo Bernini]], [[Salvatore Quasimodo]]. |population = '''[[Circa|c.]] 124 million''' |regions = {{flag|Italy}} {{nbsp|6}} 55,695,126 <ref>{{cite web |url=http://censimentopopolazione.istat.it/_res/doc/pdf/primi-risultati-censimento_opuscolo.pdf |title=15° Censimento generale della popolazione e delle abitazioni |author= |date=27 aprile 2012 |publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Italy)|ISTAT]] |language=Italian |accessdate=22 September 2012 |archive-date=2018-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224213734/http://censimentopopolazione.istat.it/_res/doc/pdf/primi-risultati-censimento_opuscolo.pdf%20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region1 = {{flag|Brazil}} |pop1 = 32,047,494 |ref1 = <ref name=Italian-World>{{cite web |url=http://www.migranti.torino.it/Documenti%20%20PDF/italianial%20ster05.pdf |title=Italiani nel Mondo: diaspora italiana in cifre |author= |date=30 April 2004 |publisher=Migranti Torino |language=Italian |accessdate=22 September 2012 |archive-date=2008-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227022729/http://www.migranti.torino.it/Documenti%20%20PDF/italianial%20ster05.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region2 = {{flag|Argentinae}} |pop2 = 16,427,786 |ref2= <ref name=Italian-World /> |region3 = {{flag|Unitit States}} |pop3 = 15,728,020 |ref3 = <ref name=Italian-World /> |region4 = {{flag|Fraunce}} |pop4 = 1,903,890 |ref4 = <ref name=Italian-World /> |region5 = {{flag|Canadae}} |pop5 = 1,445,335 |ref5 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Data=Count&Table=2&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000 |title=Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories - 20% sample data |publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] |date=6 October 2010 |accessdate=22 September 2012 |archive-date=2013-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723224016/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/index-eng.cfm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region6 = {{flag|Uruguay}} |pop6 = 1,055,220 |ref6 = <ref name=Italian-World /> |region7 = {{flag|Australie}} |pop7 = 852,418 |ref7 =<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/C724250359785DC6CA25754C0013DC0A/$File/20700_cultural_overview.pdf|title=A Picture of the Nation: Cultural diversity overview |publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] |date=29 January 2009 |accessdate=22 September 2012}}</ref> |region8 = {{flag|Germany}} |pop8 = 695,160 |ref8 = <ref name=Italian-World /> |region9 = {{flag|Swisserland}} |pop9 = 521,146 |ref9 = <ref name=Italian-World /> |region10 = {{flag|Belgium}} |pop10 = 376,091 |ref10 = <ref name=Italian-World /> |region11 = {{flag|Unitit Kinrick}} |pop11 = 255,403 |ref11 = <ref name=Italian-World /> |region12 = {{flag|Chile}} |pop12 = 184,997 |ref12 = <ref name=Italian-World /> |region13 = {{flag|Venezuela}} |pop13 = 126,553 |ref13 = <ref name=Italian-World /> |region14 = {{flag|Sooth Africae}} |pop14 = 77,400 |ref14 = <ref name=Italian-World /> |region15 = {{flag|Spain}} |pop15 = 38,694 |ref15 = <ref name=Italian-World /> |region16 = Ither kintras |pop16 = <20,000 |ref16 = |languages = Historically [[Laitin]], noudays [[Italian leid|Italian]] an ither [[Leids o Italy|leids]].<br />([[Sicilian leid|Sicilian]]{{·}} [[Soothren Italian|Neapolitan]]{{·}} [[Corsican leid|Corsican]]{{·}} [[Sardinie leid|Sardinie]]{{·}} [[Piedmontese leid|Piedmontese]]{{·}} [[Ligurie (Romance leid)|Ligurie]]{{·}} [[Lombard leid|Lombard]]{{·}} [[Venetian leid|Venetian]]{{·}} [[Friulan leid|Friulan]]) |religions = Predominantly [[Roman Catholic Kirk|Roman Catholic]]. |related = Ither [[Romance-speakin Europe|Laitin fowks]]: [[French fowk|French]] • [[Portuguese fowk|Portuguese]] • [[Romanies]] • [[Romansh fowk|Romansch]] • [[Spainyie fowk|Spainyie]] • [[Walloons]]<br/>Historically relatit: [[Greeks]] • [[Maltese fowk|Maltese]] |footnotes = }} '''Italians''' ({{lang-it|italiani}}) are an [[ethnic group]] native tae [[Italy]] that share a common [[Culture o Italy|Italian culture]], ancestry an speak the [[Italian leid]] as a mither tongue. Legally, Italians are citizens o the Italian Republic, regardless o ancestry or kintra o residence (tho the principle o [[jus sanguinis]] is uised extensively an arguably mair favourably in the Italian naitionality law), an are distinguisht frae fowk o Italian strynd an frae ethnic Italians livin in territories adjacent tae the [[Italian Peninsulae]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.interno.it/mininterno/export/sites/default/it/temi/cittadinanza/Sottotema_007_English_version.html |title=Criteria underlying legislation concerning citizenship |publisher=[[Ministry of Interior (Italy)|Italian Ministry of Interior]] |date= |accessdate=22 September 2012 |archive-date=2012-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622185138/http://www.interno.it/mininterno/export/sites/default/it/temi/cittadinanza/Sottotema_007_English_version.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Notes== <references/> {{Reflist|30em}} [[Category:Ethnic groups in Europe]] [[Category:Italian fowk]] [[Category:Romance fowks]] qx6c0owipr8j9367ct5d2ainigdbskm 0 45643 926723 918751 2026-11-08T15:42:31Z Monospaced 75295 Owerset frae the Inglis Wikipedia (lead, nem, birth, bairnheid, comin tae pouer, Hera an his pairtners, Prometheus, roles, wirship, ither gods); auld Scotched-Inglis text taen oot 926723 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox deity | type = Greek | name = Zeus | god_of = {{unbulleted list|King o the gods|God o the sky, lichtnin, thunner, law an order}} | member_of = the Twal Olympians | image = Zeus Otricoli Pio-Clementino Inv257.jpg | caption = The Zeus of Otricoli, a late Hellenistic or early [[Roman Empire|Imperial]] bust efter a Greek statue o the 4t century BC<ref>''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'', s.v. Zeus, p. 342.</ref> | abode = [[Mount Olympus]] | planet = [[Jupiter]] | symbol = Thunnerbolt, eagle | parents = [[Cronus]] an Rhea | siblings = Hestia, [[Hades]], [[Hera]], [[Poseidon]] an [[Demeter]] | consort = [[Hera]] | children = See [[#Hera an Zeus's ither pairtners|ablow]] | Roman_equivalent = Jupiter }} '''Zeus''' ({{lang|grc|Ζεύς}}) is the heid deity o the Greek pantheon. He is a sky an thunner god in auncient Greek religion an [[Greek meethologie|mythology]], an he rules as king o the gods on [[Mount Olympus]]. In maist traditions, Zeus is the youngest bairn o [[Cronus]] an Rhea. Him an his brithers, [[Poseidon]] an [[Hades]], owercam an pit doun their faither's generation o gods, the [[Titan (meethologie)|Titans]],<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022%3Atext%3DLibrary%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D2%3Asection%3D1 ''Apollod.'' 1.2.1]</ref> an claimed rule ower the cosmos thegither. Zeus got the sky, Poseidon the sea, an Hades the unnerwarld, wi the solid yird, that wis lang the domain o [[Gaia (meethologie)|Gaia]], open tae aw three at ance. Zeus is mairit on his sister [[Hera]], an he is uisually said tae be the faither o her bairns [[Ares]], Eileithyia, [[Hebe (meethologie)|Hebe]] an [[Hephaestus]].<ref name="Hamilton1942">{{cite book |last=Hamilton |first=Edith|title=Mythology |publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company|Back Bay Books]] |location=New York |date=1942 |edition=1998 |page=[https://archive.org/details/mythologytimeles00hami_1/page/467 467] |isbn=978-0-316-34114-1 |url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/mythologytimeles00hami_1/page/467}}</ref><ref name=":h79">Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA79 p. 79].</ref> At the oracle o Dodona, his consort wis said tae be Dione,<ref>''[[Brill's New Pauly]]'', [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/zeus-e12216820 s.v. Zeus].</ref> an the ''[[Iliad]]'' says that he wis faither tae [[Aphrodite]] bi her.{{refn|name="aphrodite"|Thare are twa main stories o Aphrodite's beginnins that dinnae agree: [[Hesiod]]'s ''[[Theogony]]'' says she wis born frae the faem o the sea efter Cronos castratit Uranus, sae she is Uranus's dochter, while Homer's ''[[Iliad]]'' maks Aphrodite the dochter o Zeus an Dione.<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad|Il.]]'', Book V.</ref> A spikker in [[Plato]]'s ''Symposium'' pits it that they were twa separate feegurs: [[Aphrodite#Aphrodite Ourania and Aphrodite Pandemos|Aphrodite Ourania an Aphrodite Pandemos]].<ref>[[Plato]], ''[[Symposium (Plato)|Symposium]]'' 180e.</ref>}} Accordin tae the ''[[Theogony]]'', Zeus's first wife wis Metis, an she bore him [[Athena]].<ref name=":hsdm">[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:886-900 886{{ndash}}900].</ref> Zeus wis notorious an aw for his luve affairs. Thir gied him monie bairns, gods an heroes baith, amang them Apollo, Artemis, Hermes, [[Persephone]], [[Dionysus]], [[Perseus]], [[Heracles]], [[Helen o Troy|Helen o Troy]], Minos an the [[Muse]]s.<ref name="Hamilton1942"/> He wis respectit as a sky faither that wis heid o the gods<ref>[[Homeric Hymns]].</ref> an gied the ither gods their roles:<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]''.</ref> "Even the gods who are not his natural children address him as Father, and all the gods rise in his presence."<ref>[[Walter Burkert|Burkert]], ''Greek Religion''.</ref><ref>See, e.g., [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad|Il.]]'', I.503 & 533.</ref> He wis equatit wi monie foreign wather gods, sae that Pausanias coud say "That Zeus is king in heaven is a saying common to all men".<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+2.24.4&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160 2.24.4].</ref> Amang his symbols are the thunnerbolt an the [[Eagle|eagle]].<ref>''[[Brill's New Pauly]]'', s.v. Zeus.</ref> Forby his Indo-European heritage, the classical "cloud-gaitherer" ([[Greek leid|Greek]]: {{lang|grc|Νεφεληγερέτα}}, ''Nephelēgereta'')<ref>{{LSJ|nefelhgere/ta^|Νεφεληγερέτα|ref}}.</ref> taks some o his iconography frae the cultures o the auncient Near East an aw, sic as the sceptre. In auncient Rome, Zeus wis identified wi the god Jupiter. == Nem == The god's nem in the nominative is {{lang|grc|Ζεύς}} (''Zeús''). It is inflectit lik this: vocative: {{lang|grc|Ζεῦ}} (''{{Lang|grc-Latn|Zeû}}''); accusative: {{lang|grc|Δία}} ({{Lang|grc-Latn|Día}}); genitive: {{lang|grc|Διός}} ({{Lang|grc-Latn|Diós}}); dative: {{lang|grc|Διί}} ({{Lang|grc-Latn|Dií}}). Diogenes Laërtius quotes Pherecydes of Syros as spellin the nem {{lang|grc|Ζάς}}.<ref name="DioL1.11">{{cite book |title=Lives of Eminent Philosophers |first=Diogenes |last=Laërtius |chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0258%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D11 |chapter=1.11 |editor1-first=R. D. |editor1-last=Hicks |date=1972 |orig-date=1925}} {{cite book |chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0257%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D11 |title=Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Eminent Philosophers |chapter=1.11 |language=el}}</ref> The earliest attestit forms o the nem are the Mycenaean Greek {{lang|gmy|{{script|Linb|𐀇𐀸}}}}, ''di-we'' (dative) an {{lang|gmy|{{script|Linb|𐀇𐀺}}}}, ''di-wo'' (genitive), written in the Linear B syllabic script.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Linear B word di-we |url=http://www.palaeolexicon.com/ShowWord.aspx?Id=16703}} {{cite web |title=The Linear B word di-wo |url=http://www.palaeolexicon.com/ShowWord.aspx?Id=16635 |website=Palaeolexicon: Word study tool of Ancient languages}}</ref> ''Zeus'' is the Greek continuation o ''*Dyēus'', the nem o the Proto-Indo-European god o the daytime sky, that wis cried {{lang|ine-x-proto|Dyeus ph₂tēr}} ("Sky Faither") an aw.<ref name="Zeus">{{cite book |chapter-url=http://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Zeus |title=American Heritage Dictionary |chapter=Zeus |access-date=3 July 2006}}</ref><ref>[[Robert S. P. Beekes]], ''Etymological Dictionary of Greek'', [[Brill Publishers]], 2009, p. 499.</ref> The god is kent unner this nem in the ''Rigveda'' (Vedic Sanskrit ''Dyaus/Dyaus Pita'') an in [[Laitin|Latin]] (compare ''Jupiter'', frae ''Iuppiter'', that comes frae the Proto-Indo-European vocative {{lang|ine-x-proto|dyeu-ph₂tēr}}),<ref>{{OEtymD|Jupiter}}</ref> an it comes frae the ruit *''dyeu''- ("tae shine", an in its monie derivatives, "sky, heiven, god").<ref name="Zeus"/> [[Albainien leid|Albanian]] {{lang|sq|Zoj-z}} an Messapic {{lang|cms|Zis}} are clear equivalents an cognates o ''Zeus''. In the Greek, Albanian an Messapic forms, the original cluster ''*di̯'' gaed throu affrication tae ''*dz''.<ref name="Hyllested&Joseph">{{cite book |last1=Hyllested |first1=Adam |last2=Joseph |first2=Brian D. |editor1-last=Olander |editor1-first=Thomas |title=The Indo-European Language Family: A Phylogenetic Perspective |date=2022 |doi=10.1017/9781108758666 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9781108758666 |chapter=Albanian |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xzKAEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA223 |page=232 |s2cid=161016819 |url=https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/143059 }}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last=Søborg |first=Tobias Mosbæk |title=Sigmatic Verbal Formations in Anatolian and Indo-European: A Cladistic Study |publisher=[[University of Copenhagen]], Department of Nordic Studies and Linguistics |date=2020 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EzBdzgEACAAJ |page=74}}.</ref> Zeus is the anerly deity in the Olympic pantheon whase nem haes sic a clear Indo-European etymology.<ref>{{cite book |last=Burkert |title=Greek Religion |date=1985 |page=[https://archive.org/details/greekreligion0000burk/page/321 321] |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=0-674-36280-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/greekreligion0000burk/page/321}}</ref> [[Plato]], in his ''Cratylus'', gies a folk etymology o Zeus meanin "cause of life always to all things", acause o puns atween ither titles o Zeus (''Zen'' an ''Dia'') an the Greek wirds for life an for "because of".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ceOQKf0ZvFMC "Plato's ''Cratylus''{{-"}}] by Plato, ed. by David Sedley, Cambridge University Press, 6 November 2003, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ceOQKf0ZvFMC&dq=Plato's%20Cratylus&pg=PA91 p. 91]</ref> This etymology, alang wi Plato's hale method o finnin etymologies, isnae backit bi modren scholarship.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/makersofhellascr00geej/mode/2up|pages=[https://archive.org/details/makersofhellascr00geej/mode/2up/page/n303/mode/2up?view=theater 554–555]|title=The Makers of Hellas|publisher=C. Griffin, Limited |last1=Jevons |first1=Frank Byron|year=1903}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o1xn5Bb-CacC|title=Limiting the Arbitrary|isbn=1556197497|last1=Joseph|first1=John Earl|year=2000|publisher=John Benjamins }}</ref> [[Diodorus Siculus]] wrote that Zeus wis cried Zen an aw, acause fowk believed he wis the cause o life (zen).<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0060.tlg001.perseus-grc1:5.72|title=Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica, Books I-V, book 5, chapter 72|website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> Lactantius, on the ither haund, wrote that he wis cried Zeus an Zen no acause he is the giver o life, but acause he wis the first o the bairns o [[Cronus]] tae live.<ref>[[Lactantius]], ''Divine Institutes'' [https://topostext.org/work/543#1.11.1 1.11.1].</ref> Zeus wis cried bi monie ither names or surnames, kent as epithets. Some epithets are the names o local gods that hae come doun tae us, gods that were gaithered intae the myth o Zeus.<ref name=Hewitt1908>{{cite journal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/310320 |first=Joseph William |last=Hewitt |journal=Harvard Studies in Classical Philology |volume=19 |year=1908 |pages=61–120 |title=The Propitiation of Zeus |doi=10.2307/310320 |jstor=310320 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> == Mythology == === Birth === In [[Hesiod]]'s ''[[Theogony]]'' ({{circa|730}} – 700 BC), [[Cronus]], efter he castrates his faither Uranus,<ref>See Gantz, pp. 10&ndash;11; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:139-172 159&ndash;83].</ref> becomes the heid ruler o the cosmos an weds his sister Rhea. Wi her he faithers three dochters an three sons: Hestia, [[Demeter]], [[Hera]], [[Hades]], [[Poseidon]], an last o aw "wise" Zeus, the youngest o the sax.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA67 p. 67]; Hansen, [https://archive.org/details/handbookofclassi0000hans/page/66/mode/2up?view=theater p. 67]; Tripp, [https://archive.org/details/crowellshandbook00trip/page/604/mode/2up?view=theater s.v. Zeus, p. 605]; Caldwell, [https://archive.org/details/hesiodstheogony00hesi/page/8/mode/2up?view=theater p. 9, table 12]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:453-491 453&ndash;8]. So too [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1.5 1.1.5]; [[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#68.1 68.1].</ref> He swallaes ilka bairn as suin as it is born, for his parents, [[Gaia (meethologie)|Gaia]] an Uranus, hae foretauld that ane o his ain bairns will owerthraw him ae day, as he owerthrew his faither.<ref>Gantz, p. 41; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA67 p. 67&ndash;8]; Grimal, [https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofclas0000grim/page/466/mode/2up?view=theater s.v. Zeus, p. 467]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:453-491 459&ndash;67]. Compare with [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1.5 1.1.5], who gives a similar account, and [[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#70.1 70.1&ndash;2], who does not mention Cronus's parents, but rather says that it was an oracle who gave the prophecy.</ref> This gies Rhea "unceasing grief",<ref>Cf. [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1.6 1.1.6], who says that Rhea was "enraged".</ref> an whan she is cairyin her saxt bairn, Zeus, she gangs tae her parents, Gaia an Uranus, for a plan tae save her bairn an bring retribution on Cronus.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA68 p. 68]; Gantz, p. 41; Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=zeus-bio-1 s.v. Zeus]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:453-491 468&ndash;73].</ref> As her parents tell her, she gangs tae Lyctus in [[Crete]], whaur she gies birth tae Zeus,<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA74 p. 74]; Gantz, p. 41; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:453-491 474&ndash;9].</ref> an she hauns the new-born bairn ower tae Gaia tae bring up. Gaia taks him tae a cave on Mount Aegaeon (Aegeum).<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA74 p. 74]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:453-491 479&ndash;84]. According to Hard 2004, the "otherwise unknown" Mount Aegaeon can "presumably ... be identified with one of the various mountains near Lyktos".</ref> Rhea syne gies Cronus, in place o a bairn, a stane happit in swaddlin claes, an he swallaes it at ance, no kennin that it isnae his son.<ref>Hansen, [https://archive.org/details/handbookofclassi0000hans/page/66/mode/2up?view=theater p. 67]; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA68 p. 68]; Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=zeus-bio-1 s.v. Zeus]; Gantz, p. 41; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:453-491 485&ndash;91]. For iconographic representations of this scene, see [[Louvre]] [https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010270223 G 366]; Clark, [https://books.google.com/books?id=2gtmbI-v35sC&pg=PA20 p. 20, figure 2.1] and [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] [https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/247308 06.1021.144]; ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' [http://ark.dasch.swiss/ark:/72163/080e-74814fdcbeca1-e 15641]; [[Beazley Archive]] [http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/record/D550FF52-B336-4E6F-80BF-822C069CCE23 214648]. According to [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:9.41.6 9.41.6], this event occurs at Petrachus, a "crag" nearby to [[Chaeronea]] (see West 1966, p. 301 on line 485).</ref> Tho Hesiod gies Lyctus as Zeus's birthplace, he is the anerly soorce tae say sae,<ref>West 1966, p. 291 on lines 453–506; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA75 p. 75].</ref> an ither writers gie ither places. The poet Eumelos of Corinth (8t century BC), accordin tae John the Lydian, thocht Zeus wis born in Lydia,<ref>Fowler 2013, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA35 35], [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA50 50]; [[Eumelus of Corinth|Eumelus]] [https://archive.org/details/L497GreekEpicFragmentsVIIVcBC/page/n235/mode/2up?view=theater fr. 2 West, pp. 224, 225] [= [https://books.google.com/books?id=j0nRE4C2WBgC&pg=PA109 fr. 10 Fowler, p. 109] = ''PEG'' fr. 18 (Bernabé, p. 114) = [[John the Lydian|Lydus]], ''De Mensibus'' 4.71]. According to West 2003, [https://archive.org/details/L497GreekEpicFragmentsVIIVcBC/page/n235/mode/2up?view=theater p. 225 n. 3], in this version he was born "probably on [[Mount Sipylos|Mt. Sipylos]]".</ref> while the Alexandrian poet Callimachus ({{circa|310|240 BC}}), in his ''Hymn to Zeus'', says he wis born in Arcadia.<ref>Fowler 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA391 p. 391]; Grimal, [https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofclas0000grim/page/466/mode/2up?view=theater s.v. Zeus, p. 467]; [[Callimachus]], ''Hymn to Zeus'' (1) [https://archive.org/details/callimachuslycop00calluoft/page/36/mode/2up?view=theater 4&ndash;11 (pp. 36&ndash;9)].</ref> [[Diodorus Siculus]] (fl. 1st century BC) seems at ae pynt tae gie Mount Ida as his birthplace, but efter says he wis born in Dicte,<ref>Fowler 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA391 p. 391]; [[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#70.2 70.2], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#70.6 70.6].</ref> an the mythographer Apollodorus (first or seicont century AD) says the same, that he wis born in a cave in Dicte.<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1.6 1.1.6].</ref> In the seicont century AD, Pausanias wrote that it wad be impossible tae coont aw the fowk that claimed Zeus wis born or brocht up amang them.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pausanias, Description of Greece, Messenia, chapter 33, section 1 |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:4.33.1 |access-date=18 March 2025 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> === Infancy === [[File:Idäische Grotte 01.JPG|thumb|The "Cave of Zeus" on Mount Ida, Crete]] The ''Theogony'' says naething o Zeus's upbringin but that he grew up fast,<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA68 p. 68]; Gantz, p. 41; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:492-506 492&ndash;3]: "the strength and glorious limbs of the prince increased quickly".</ref> but ither soorces gie fuller accoonts. Accordin tae Apollodorus, Rhea, efter giein birth tae Zeus in a cave in Dicte, gies him tae the nymphs Adrasteia an Ida, dochters o Melisseus, tae nurse.<ref>West 1983, p. 122; [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1.6 1.1.6].</ref> They feed him on the milk o the she-goat Amalthea,<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA612 p. 612 n. 53 to p. 75]; [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1.7 1.1.7].</ref> while the Kouretes gaird the cave an beat their spears on their shields sae that [[Cronus]] cannae hear the bairn greetin.<ref>Hansen, [https://archive.org/details/handbookofclassi0000hans/page/216/mode/2up?view=theater p. 216]; [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1.7 1.1.7].</ref> Diodorus Siculus gies a lik accoont: efter the birth, Rhea gangs tae Mount Ida an gies the new-born Zeus tae the Kouretes,<ref>[[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#70.2 7.70.2]; see also [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#65.4 7.65.4].</ref> that tak him tae some nymphs (no named), an they bring him up on a mixter o hinny an milk frae the goat Amalthea.<ref>[[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#70.2 7.70.2&ndash;3].</ref> He tells an aw o the Kouretes "rais[ing] a great alarum", an sae begowkin Cronus,<ref>[[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#65.4 7.65.4].</ref> an that whan the Kouretes were cairyin the new-born Zeus, his umbilical cord fell awa at the river Triton.<ref>[[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#70.4 7.70.4].</ref> Hyginus, the author o the ''Fabulae'', tells a version whaur Cronus casts Poseidon intae the sea an Hades tae the Unnerwarld insteid o swallaein them. Whan Zeus is born, Hera, that wisnae swallaed either, asks Rhea tae gie her the young Zeus, an Rhea gies Cronus a stane tae swallae.<ref>Gantz, p. 42; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#139 139].</ref> Hera gies him tae Amalthea, that hings his cradle frae a tree, whaur he isnae in heiven, on the yird or in the sea, sae that whan Cronus gangs luikin for Zeus efterhaund, he cannae fin him.<ref>Gantz, p. 42; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA75 p. 75]; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#139 139].</ref> Hyginus says an aw that Ida, Althaea an Adrasteia, that are uisually taen tae be the bairns o Oceanus, are whiles cried the dochters o Melisseus an the nurses o Zeus.<ref>Smith and Trzaskoma, [https://books.google.com/books?id=vczTNMWLGdoC&pg=PA191 p. 191 on line 182]; West 1983, p. 133 n. 40; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' 182 (Smith and Trzaskoma, [https://books.google.com/books?id=vczTNMWLGdoC&pg=PA158 p. 158]).</ref> Accordin tae a fragment o Epimenides, the nymphs Helice an Cynosura are the young Zeus's nurses. Cronus gangs tae Crete tae luik for Zeus, an Zeus, tae hide himsel, turns himsel intae a snake an his twa nurses intae bears.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA75 p. 75&ndash;6]; Gantz, p. 42; [[Epimenides]] [https://archive.org/details/diefragmenteder02diel/page/192/mode/2up?view=theater fr. 23 Diels, p. 193] [= Scholia on [[Aratus]], 46]. Zeus later marks the event by placing the constellations of the Dragon, the Greater Bear and the Lesser Bear in the sky.</ref> Accordin tae Musaeus, efter Zeus is born, Rhea gies him tae [[Themis]]. Themis in turn gies him tae Amalthea, that awns a she-goat, an the goat nurses the young Zeus.<ref>Gantz, p. 41; Gee, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NPsh5CsJprYC&pg=PA131 p. 131&ndash;2]; Frazer, [https://books.google.com/books?id=n6uUBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA120 p. 120]; [[Musaeus of Athens|Musaeus]] [https://archive.org/details/diefragmenteder02diel/page/180/mode/2up?view=theater fr. 8 Diels, pp. 181&ndash;2] [= [[Eratosthenes]], ''[[Catasterismi]]'' 13 (Hard 2015, [https://books.google.com/books?id=7IMSBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA44 p. 44]; Olivieri, [https://archive.org/details/mythographigrae00olivgoog/page/n39/mode/2up?view=theater p. 17])]; [[Musaeus of Athens|Musaeus]] ''apud'' [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[De astronomia]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/207#2.13.6 2.13.6]. According to Eratosthenes, Musaeus considers the she-goat to be a child of [[Helios]], and to be "so terrifying to behold" that the [[Titans]] ask for it to be hidden in one of the caves in Crete; hence Earth places it in the care of Amalthea, who nurses Zeus on its milk.</ref> Antoninus Liberalis, in his ''Metamorphoses'', says that Rhea gies birth tae Zeus in a halie cave in Crete, fou o halie bees, that become the bairn's nurses. Tho the cave is forbidden grund tae mortals an gods alike, a gang o thieves sets oot tae steal hinny frae it. Whan they see Zeus's swaddlin claes, their bronze armour "split[s] away from their bodies", an Zeus wad hae killed them gin the Moirai an [[Themis]] hadnae stepped in; insteid he turns them intae different kinds o birds.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA75 p. 75]; [[Antoninus Liberalis]], [https://topostext.org/work/216#19 19].</ref> === Comin tae pouer === [[File:Fresco_of_the_enthroned_Zeus,_crowned_by_Victory.jpg|thumb|A fresco o Zeus/Jupiter on his throne, Pompeii, Hoose o the Dioscuri, 62–79 CE]] Accordin tae the ''Theogony'', efter Zeus comes tae manhood, Cronus is gart bock up the five bairns an the stane "by the stratagems of Gaia, but also by the skills and strength of Zeus", likly in the opposite order, the stane first, syne ilk o the five bairns in the opposite order tae the wey he swallaed them.<ref>Gantz, p. 44; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA68 p. 68]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:492-506 492&ndash;7].</ref> Zeus syne sets up the stane at Delphi, sae that it can be "a sign thenceforth and a marvel to mortal men".<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA68 p. 68]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:492-506 498&ndash;500].</ref> Neist Zeus sets free the [[Cyclops|Cyclopes]], that gie him his thunnerbolt in return, oot o thankfuness; Gaia haed hidden it afore.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA68 p. 68]; Gantz, p. 44; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:492-506 501&ndash;6]. The Cyclopes presumably remained trapped below the earth since being put there by [[Uranus]] (Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA68 p. 68]).</ref> Syne the Titanomachy begins, the war atween the Olympians, led bi Zeus, an the Titans, led bi Cronus, for rule ower the universe, wi Zeus an the Olympians fechtin frae [[Mount Olympus]] an the Titans frae Mount Othrys.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA68 p. 68]; Gantz, p. 45; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:617-653 630&ndash;4].</ref> The battle gangs on for ten year wi nae clear winner, till, on Gaia's advice, Zeus sets free the Hundred-Handers, that were jiled ablow the yird, lik the Cyclopes.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA68 p. 68]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:617-653 624&ndash;9], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:617-653 635&ndash;8]. As Gantz, p. 45 notes, the ''Theogony'' is ambiguous as to whether the Hundred-Handers were freed before the war or only during its tenth year.</ref> He gies them nectar an ambrosia an heartens them,<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:617-653 639&ndash;53].</ref> an they gree tae help him in the war.<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:654-686 654&ndash;63].</ref> Zeus syne maks his last attack on the Titans, hurlin bolts o lichtnin on them while the Hundred-Handers attack wi showers o rocks, an at lang last the Titans are defeatit. Zeus banishes them tae Tartarus an gies the Hundred-Handers the job o guairdin them.<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:687-728 687&ndash;735].</ref> Apollodorus gies a lik accoont: whan Zeus comes tae manhood, he gets the help o the Oceanid Metis, that gies Cronus an emetic an gars him bock up the stane an Zeus's five brithers an sisters.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA69 p. 69]; Gantz, p. 44; [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.2.1 1.2.1].</ref> Zeus syne fechts a lik war o ten year against the Titans, till, as Gaia foretells, he sets free the Cyclopes an the Hundred-Handers frae Tartarus, efter first killin their jiler, Campe.<ref name="p. 69">Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA69 p. 69]; [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.2.1 1.2.1].</ref> The Cyclopes gie him his thunnerbolt, Poseidon his trident an Hades his helmet o invisibility, an the Titans are defeatit an the Hundred-Handers makkit their guairds.<ref name="p. 69"/> Accordin tae the ''[[Iliad]]'', efter the battle wi the Titans, Zeus shares the warld wi his brithers, Poseidon an Hades, bi drawin lots: Zeus gets the sky, Poseidon the sea an Hades the unnerwarld, an the yird an Olympus are left as common grund.<ref>Gantz, p. 48; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA76 p. 76]; ''[[Brill's New Pauly]]'', [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/zeus-e12216820 s.v. Zeus]; [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:15.184-15.219 15.187&ndash;193]; so too [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.2.1 1.2.1]; cf. ''[[Homeric Hymn]] to Demeter'' (2), [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg002.perseus-eng1:2 85&ndash;6].</ref> === Hera an Zeus's ither pairtners === [[File:Wall painting - wedding of Zeus and Hera - Pompeii (VI 8 3) - Napoli MAN 9559 - 01.jpg|thumb|The waddin o Zeus an Hera on an auncient fresco frae Pompeii]] Accordin tae Hesiod, Zeus taks Metis, ane o the [[Oceanid]] dochters o Oceanus an Tethys, as his first wife. But whan she is gaun tae gie birth tae a dochter, [[Athena]], he swallaes her hale on the advice o Gaia an Uranus, for it haed been foretauld that efter bearin a dochter she wad bear a son that wad owerthraw him as king o gods an mortals; it is frae inside him that Metis gies Zeus her coonsel. In time Athena is born, comin oot o Zeus's heid, but the foretauld son never comes.<ref>Gantz, p. 51; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA77 p. 77]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:886-900 886&ndash;900]. Yasumura, [https://books.google.com/books?id=7cXUAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA90 p. 90] points out that the identity of the foretold son's father is not made clear by Hesiod, and suggests, drawing upon a version given by a scholiast on the ''Iliad'' (see below), that a possible interpretation would be that the Cyclops Brontes was the father.</ref> In Hesiod's accoont, Zeus's seicont wife is [[Themis]], ane o the Titan dochters o Uranus an Gaia, an wi her he haes the Horae, named as Eunomia, Dike an Eirene, an the three Moirai: Clotho, Lachesis an Atropos.<ref>Gantz, p. 51; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA78 p. 78]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 901&ndash;6]. Earlier, at [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:207-239 217], Hesiod instead calls the Moirai daughters of Nyx.</ref> Neist he ligs wi the Oceanid Eurynome, an becomes faither o the three Charites: Aglaea, Euphrosyne an Thalia.<ref>Gantz, p. 54; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA78 p. 78]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 907&ndash;11].</ref> Syne Zeus pairtners his sister [[Demeter]], an [[Persephone]] is born.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA78 p. 78]; Hansen, [https://archive.org/details/handbookofclassi0000hans/page/68/mode/2up?view=theater p. 68]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 912&ndash;4].</ref> His neist union is wi the Titan [[Mnemosyne]]: as the stairt o the ''Theogony'' tells, Zeus ligs wi Mnemosyne in Piera ilka nicht for nine nichts, an the nine Muses are born.<ref>Gantz, p. 54; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:53-62 53&ndash;62], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 915&ndash;7].</ref> His neist pairtner is the Titan [[Leto]], an wi her he faithers the twins Apollo an Artemis, that are born on the island o Delos, accordin tae the ''Homeric Hymn to Apollo''.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA78 p. 78]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 918&ndash;20]; ''[[Homeric Hymn]] to [[Apollo]]'' (3), [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg003.perseus-eng1:89-130 89&ndash;123]. The account given by the ''Homeric Hymn to Apollo'' differs from Hesiod's version in that Zeus and Hera are already married when Apollo and Artemis are born (Pirenne-Delforge and Pironti, p. 18).</ref> In Hesiod's accoont, it is anerly than that Zeus taks his sister [[Hera]] as his wife.<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 921].</ref> Tho Hera is Zeus's last wife in Hesiod's version, in ither accoonts she is his first an anerly wife.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA78 p. 78].</ref> In the ''Theogony'' the pair hae three bairns, [[Ares]], [[Hebe (meethologie)|Hebe]] an Eileithyia.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA79 p. 79]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 921&ndash;3]; so too [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.3.1 1.3.1]. In the ''Iliad'', [[Eris (mythology)|Eris]] is called the sister of Ares ([http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:4.401-4.445 4.440&ndash;1]), and Parada, s.v. Eris, p. 72 places her as a daughter of Zeus and Hera.</ref> Hesiod says that Hera brings furth [[Hephaestus]] on her ain efter Athena is born frae Zeus's heid,<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA79 p. 79]; Gantz, p. 74; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 924&ndash;9]; so too [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.3.5 1.3.5].</ref> but ither versions, Homer's amang them, mak Hephaestus a bairn o Zeus an Hera an aw.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA79 p. 79]; Gantz, p. 74; [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.568 1.577&ndash;9], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:14.270-14.311 14.293&ndash;6], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:14.312-14.351 14.338], ''[[Odyssey]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:8.295-8.342 8.312]; Scholia bT on [[Homer]]'s ''[[Iliad]]'', 14.296; see also [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.3.5 1.3.5].</ref> ==== Pairtners an bairns ==== Zeus's pairtners in Hesiod's ''Theogony'', in order, an their bairns bi him, as abuin: * Metis: [[Athena]] * [[Themis]]: the Horae an the Moirai * Eurynome: the Charites * [[Demeter]]: [[Persephone]] * [[Mnemosyne]]: the nine [[Muse]]s * [[Leto]]: Apollo an Artemis * [[Hera]]: [[Ares]], [[Hebe (meethologie)|Hebe]] an Eileithyia Some o his ither bairns, wi their mithers: * Dione: [[Aphrodite]]<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D5%3Acard%3D363 5.370]; [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.3.1 1.3.1]</ref> * Maia: Hermes<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA80 p. 80]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:938-962 938].</ref> * [[Semele]]: [[Dionysus]]<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA80 p. 80]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:938-962 940].</ref> * [[Danaë]]: [[Perseus]]<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:14.312-14.351 14.319&ndash;20]; Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=perseus-bio-1 s.v. Perseus (1)].</ref> * [[Alcmene]]: [[Heracles]]<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA244 p.244]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:938-962 943].</ref> * Leda: [[Helen o Troy|Helen]]<ref>Gantz, pp. 318&ndash;9. Helen is called the daughter of Zeus in [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.191-3.224 3.199], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.381-3.420 3.418], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.421 3.426], ''[[Odyssey]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:4.183-4.218 4.184], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:4.219-4.264 4.219], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:23.181-23.230 23.218], and she has the same mother (Leda) as Castor and Pollux in ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.225-3.263 3.236&ndash;8].</ref> * Europa: Minos an [[Rhadamanthus]]<ref>Gantz, p. 210; ''[[Brill's New Pauly]]'', [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/minos-e805850 s.v. Minos]; [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:14.312-14.351 14.32&ndash;33]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Catalogue of Women]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-catalogue_women/2018/pb_LCL503.173.xml fr. 89 Most, pp. 172&ndash;5] [= fr. 140 Merkelbach-West, p. 68].</ref> === Prometheus an Zeus's quarrels wi humans === Whan the gods met at Mecone tae settle whit portions they wad get efter a sacrifice, the Titan [[Prometheus]] set oot tae swick Zeus sae that [[Bodie|humans]] wad get the better portions. He sacrificed a muckle [[Owse|ox]] an pairtit it intae twa heaps. In ae heap he pit aw the meat an maist o the fat, an happit it wi the ox's ugsome stamack; in the ither heap he buskit up the banes wi fat. Prometheus syne bade Zeus choose, an Zeus chose the heap o banes. This set the pattren for sacrifices: humans keep the fat for theirsels an burn the banes for the gods. Zeus, raged at Prometheus's swickery, forbade humans the uise o fire. But Prometheus stole fire frae Olympus in a fennel stalk an gied it tae humans. This raged Zeus mair, an he punished Prometheus bi bindin him tae a craig, whaur an eagle ate at his liver aw the time, an the liver grew back ilka nicht. Prometheus wis set free frae his misery at lang last bi [[Heracles]].<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:507-544 507-565]</ref> Syne Zeus, angert at humans, sets oot tae gie mankind a gift tae punish them for the boon they haed got. He bids [[Hephaestus]] mak the first wumman oot o yird, a "beautiful evil" whase bairns' bairns wad torment the human race. Efter Hephaestus dis this, a wheen ither gods help tae mak her. Hermes names the wumman Pandora. Pandora wis gien in mairriage tae Prometheus's brither [[Epimetheus (meethologie)|Epimetheus]]. Zeus gied her a jar that held monie ills. Pandora appent the jar an let oot aw the ills, that makkit mankind miserable. Anerly hope wis left inside the jar.<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Works and Days]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg002.perseus-eng1:59-82 60&ndash;105].</ref> Whan Zeus wis on the tap o Mount Olympus, he wis scunnert at human sacrifice an ither signs o the ill-daein o humans. He set oot tae wipe oot mankind, an flooded the warld wi the help o his brither [[Poseidon]]. Efter the flood, anerly Deucalion an Pyrrha were left.<ref>[[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/141#1.216 1.216&ndash;1.348]</ref> This flood story is a common motif in mythology.<ref>{{cite book|last=Leeming|first=David|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kQFtlva3HaYC&pg=PA138|title=Flood {{pipe}} The Oxford Companion to World Mythology|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|isbn=9780195156690|pages=138|access-date=14 February 2019}}</ref> == Roles an epithets == [[File:Bust of Zeus.jpg|thumb|A Roman marble colossal heid o Zeus, 2nd century AD (British Museum)<ref>The bust below the base of the neck is eighteenth century. The head, which is roughly worked at back and must have occupied a [[Niche (architecture)|niche]], was found at [[Hadrian's Villa]], [[Tivoli, Italy|Tivoli]] and donated to the British Museum by [[John Thomas Barber Beaumont]] in 1836. BM 1516. (British Museum, ''A Catalogue of Sculpture in the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities'', 1904).</ref>]] Zeus haed a dominant role, presidin ower the [[Auncient Greece|Greek]] Olympian pantheon. He wis faither tae monie o the heroes an wis pairt o monie o their local cults. Tho the Homeric "cloud collector" wis the god o the sky an thunner lik his coonterpairts in the Near East, he wis the supreme cultural artefact an aw; in some weys he wis the embodiment o Greek [[Releegion|religious]] beliefs an the archetypal Greek deity. The wey fowk thocht o Zeus differed widely frae place tae place. Local kinds o Zeus aften hae little in common wi ilk ither but the nem. They held sway ower different airts o life an were wirshipped in different weys; for example, some local cults thocht o Zeus as a chthonic yird-god raither than a god o the sky. Thir local gods were gaithered bit bi bit, throu conquest an religious syncretism, intae the Homeric conception o Zeus. Local or unco versions o Zeus were gien epithets {{mdash}} surnames or titles that set different conceptions o the god apairt.<ref name=Hewitt1908>{{cite journal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/310320 |first=Joseph William |last=Hewitt |journal=Harvard Studies in Classical Philology |volume=19 |year=1908 |pages=61–120 |title=The Propitiation of Zeus |doi=10.2307/310320 |jstor=310320 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Thir epithets or titles gied wecht tae different sides o his wide-rangin authority: *'''Zeus Aegiduchos''' or '''Aegiochos''': uisually taen as Zeus the bearer o the Aegis, the godly shield wi the heid o [[Medusa]] on it,<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D172 1.202], [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D2%3Acard%3D155 2.157], [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D2%3Acard%3D369 2.375]; [[Pindar]], ''Isthmian Odes'' [https://topostext.org/work/21#4.50 4.99]; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[De astronomia]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/207#2.13.7 2.13.7].</ref> tho ithers derive it frae "goat" ({{lang|grc|αἴξ}}) an ''okhē'' ({{lang|grc|οχή}}), meanin Zeus's nurse, the godly goat Amalthea.<ref>Spanh. ''ad Callim. hymn. in Jov'', 49</ref><ref>{{Cite book | last = Schmitz | first = Leonhard | contribution = Aegiduchos | editor-last = Smith | editor-first = William | title = Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology | volume = I | page = 26 | place = Boston | year = 1867 | contribution-url = http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0035.html | title-link = Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology | access-date = 19 October 2007 | archive-date = 11 February 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090211114659/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0035.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> *'''Zeus Agoraeus''' (Ἀγοραῖος): Zeus as patron o the mercat (agora) an punisher o crookit traders. *'''Zeus Areius''' (Αρειος): aither "warlike" or "the atoning one". *'''Zeus Eleutherios''' (Ἐλευθέριος): "Zeus the freedom giver", a cult wirshipped in Athens.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hanson|first=Victor Davis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGr16-CxpH8C|title=Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power|date=18 December 2007|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-307-42518-8|language=en}}</ref> *'''Zeus Horkios''': Zeus as keeper o aiths. Leears that were fund oot were gart dedicate a votive statue tae Zeus, aften at the sanctuary at Olympia. *'''Zeus Olympios''' (Ολύμπιος): Zeus as king o the gods an patron o the Panhellenic Games at [[Olympia, Greece|Olympia]]. *'''Zeus Panhellenios''' ("Zeus of All the Greeks"): wirshipped at the temple o Aeacus on Aegina. *'''Zeus Xenios''' (Ξένιος), '''Philoxenon''' or '''Hospites''': Zeus as the patron o hospitality (''xenia'') an guests, avenger o wrangs done tae strangers. [[File:Jupiter Smyrna Louvre Ma13.jpg|upright=0.8|thumb|Zeus haudin a thunnerbolt: the Zeus de Smyrne, fund in Smyrna in 1680<ref>The sculpture was presented to [[Louis XIV]] as [[Aesculapius]] but restored as Zeus, ca. 1686, by [[Pierre Granier]], who added the upraised right arm brandishing the [[thunderbolt]]. Marble, middle 2nd century CE. Formerly in the "Allée Royale", (Tapis Vert) in the [[Gardens of Versailles]], now conserved in the [[Louvre Museum]] ([http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=27483 Official online catalog])</ref>]] == Wirship == [[File:Marble eagle with open wings, from the sanctuary of Zeus Hypsistos, Archaeological Museum, Dion (7080054119).jpg|thumb|upright|A marble eagle frae the sanctuary o ''Zeus Hypsistos'', Archaeological Museum of Dion]] The main centre whaur aw the Greeks cam thegither tae honour their heid god wis [[Olympia, Greece|Olympia]]. Their festival ilka fower year haed the famous Games. Thare wis an altar tae Zeus an aw, makkit no o stane but o ase, frae the remains o the beasts sacrificed thare ower monie centuries. Ootwith the main sanctuaries shared atween ceety-states, thare wis nae wey o wirshippin Zeus that wis shared exactly ower the Greek warld. Some kinds o ritual were held in common but, for example sacrificin a white beast on a raised altar. Maist oracle sites were dedicatit tae Apollo, the heroes, or goddesses lik [[Themis]], but a few were dedicatit tae Zeus. Some foreign oracles an aw, sic as the oracle o Baʿal at [[Baalbek|Heliopolis]], were associatit wi Zeus in Greek or wi [[Jupiter]] in Latin. The cult o Zeus at Dodona in Epirus, whaur thare is evidence o religious activity frae the seicont millennium BC on, wis centred on a halie aik. Whan the ''[[Odyssey]]'' wis makkit (aboot 750 BC), divination wis done thare bi barefit priests cried ''Selloi'', that lay on the grund an watched the rustlin o the leaves an brainches.<ref>''Odyssey'' 14.326-7</ref> Bi the time [[Herodotus]] wrote aboot Dodona, priestesses cried peleiades ("doos") haed taen the place o the men priests. Zeus's consort at Dodona wisnae [[Hera]] but the goddess Dione, whase nem is a feminine form o "Zeus". The oracle o Ammon at the Siwa Oasis in the Wastren Desert o [[Egyp|Egypt]] lay ootwith the Greek warld afore [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]]'s day, but it wis awready weel kent tae the Greeks in the archaic era: [[Herodotus]] mentions fowk consultin Zeus Ammon in his accoont o the Persian War. Zeus Ammon wis speicially favoured at [[Sparta]], whaur thare wis a temple tae him bi the time o the Peloponnesian War.<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160%3Abook%3D3%3Achapter%3D18 3.18].</ref> == Ither gods == Zeus wis identified wi the Roman god Jupiter, an in the syncretic classical imagination (see {{lang|la|interpretatio graeca}}) he wis associatit wi ither gods, sic as the [[Egyptian meethologie|Egyptian]] Ammon an the Etruscan Tinia. Alang wi [[Dionysus]], he teuk ower the role o the heid Phrygian god Sabazios in the syncretic god kent in Rome as Sabazius. The Seleucid ruler Antiochus IV Epiphanes pit up a statue o Zeus Olympios in the Judean Temple in Jerusalem.<ref>2 Maccabees 6:2</ref> Hellenisin Jews cried this statue Baal Shamen (in Inglis, Lord of Heaven).<ref>David Syme Russel. ''Daniel''. (Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press, 1981) 191.</ref> == References == {{reflist|30em}} === Soorces === {{Refbegin|30em}} * [[Antoninus Liberalis]], ''The Metamorphoses of Antoninus Liberalis: A Translation with a Commentary'', edited and translated by Francis Celoria, Routledge, 1992. {{ISBN|978-0-415-06896-3}}. [https://topostext.org/work/216 Online version at ToposText]. * [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], ''Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes.'' Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. {{ISBN|0-674-99135-4}}. [http://data.perseus.org/texts/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]. * Bernabé, Alberto, ''[[Poetae epici Graeci]]: Testimonia et fragmenta, Pars I'', [[Bibliotheca Teubneriana]], Stuttgart and Leipzig, Teubner, 1996. {{ISBN|978-3-815-41706-5}}. [https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110936995 Online version at De Gruyter]. * ''Brill's New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World. Antiquity, Volume 15'', Tuc-Zyt, editors: Hubert Cancik, Helmuth Schneider, [[Brill Publishers|Brill]], 2009. {{ISBN|978-90-04-14220-6}}. [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/browse/brill-s-new-pauly Online version at Brill]. * Caldwell, Richard, ''Hesiod's Theogony'', Focus Publishing/R. Pullins Company (1 June 1987). {{ISBN|978-0-941051-00-2}}. [https://archive.org/details/hesiodstheogony00hesi/page/n3/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive]. * [[Callimachus]], ''Callimachus and Lycophron, with an English Translation by A. W. Mair; Aratus, with an English Translation by G. R. Mair'', London: W. Heinemann, New York: G. P. Putnam, 1921. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL129/1921/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press]. [https://archive.org/stream/callimachuslycop00calluoft#page/n5/mode/2up Internet Archive]. * [[Hermann Alexander Diels|Diels, Hermann A.]], ''Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker'', Volume II, Berlin, Weidmann, 1912. [https://archive.org/details/diefragmenteder02diel/page/n3/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive]. * [[Diodorus Siculus]], ''Diodorus Siculus: The Library of History''. translated by C. H. Oldfather, twelve volumes, [[Loeb Classical Library]], Cambridge, Massachusetts: [[Harvard University Press]]; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1989. [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/home.html Online version by Bill Thayer]. * [[Robert Fowler (academic)|Fowler, R. L.]] (2000), ''Early Greek Mythography: Volume 1: Text and Introduction'', Oxford University Press, 2000. {{ISBN|978-0198147404}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=j0nRE4C2WBgC Google Books]. * [[Robert Fowler (academic)|Fowler, R. L.]] (2013), ''Early Greek Mythography: Volume 2: Commentary'', Oxford University Press, 2013. {{ISBN|978-0-198-14741-1}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ Google Books]. * [[James George Frazer|Frazer, James George]], ''Fastorum Libri Sex: The ''Fasti'' of Ovid. Volume 3: Commentary on Books 3 and 4'', Cambridge University Press, 2015. {{ISBN|978-1-108-08248-8}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=n6uUBgAAQBAJ Google Books]. * [[Timothy Gantz|Gantz, Timothy]], ''Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources'', Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, Two volumes: {{ISBN|978-0-8018-5360-9}} (Vol. 1), {{ISBN|978-0-8018-5362-3}} (Vol. 2). * Gee, Emma, ''Ovid, Aratus and Augustus: Astronomy in Ovid's ''Fasti, Cambridge University Press, 2000. {{ISBN|978-0-521-65187-5}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NPsh5CsJprYC Google Books]. * [[Pierre Grimal|Grimal, Pierre]], ''The Dictionary of Classical Mythology'', Wiley-Blackwell, 1996. {{ISBN|978-0-631-20102-1}}. [https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofclas0000grim/page/n3/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive]. * [[William Hansen (classicist)|Hansen, William]], ''Handbook of Classical Mythology'', [[ABC-Clio]], 2004. {{ISBN|978-1-576-07226-4}}. * Hard, Robin (2004), ''The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's "Handbook of Greek Mythology"'', Psychology Press, 2004. {{ISBN|978-0-415-18636-0}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC Google Books]. * Hard, Robin (2015), ''Eratosthenes and Hyginus: Constellation Myths, With Aratus's Phaenomena'', [[Oxford University Press]], 2015. {{ISBN|978-0-19-871698-3}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=7IMSBwAAQBAJ Google Books]. * [[Hesiod]], ''[[Catalogue of Women]]'', in ''Hesiod: The Shield, Catalogue of Women, Other Fragments'', edited and translated by [[Glenn W. Most]], [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 503, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 2007, 2018. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99721-9}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL503/2018/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press]. * [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'', in ''Hesiod, Theogony, Works and Days, Testimonia'', edited and translated by [[Glenn W. Most]], [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 57, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 2018. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99720-2}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL057/2018/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press]. * [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'', in ''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150823032802/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]. * [[Hesiod]], ''[[Works and Days]]'', in ''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White'', Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. [http://data.perseus.org/texts/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg002.perseus-eng1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]. * ''[[Homeric Hymns|Homeric Hymn]]'' 2 ''to Demeter'', in ''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White'', Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann Ltd., 1914. [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg002.perseus-eng1:1-39 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]. * ''[[Homeric Hymns|Homeric Hymn]]'' 3 ''to Apollo'', in ''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White'', Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann Ltd., 1914. [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg003.perseus-eng1:1-46 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]. * [[Homer]], ''The Iliad with an English Translation by A. T. Murray, Ph.D. in Two Volumes''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]. * [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus, Gaius Julius]], ''[[De astronomia]]'', in ''The Myths of Hyginus'', edited and translated by Mary A. Grant, Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1960. [https://topostext.org/work/207 Online version at ToposText]. * [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus, Gaius Julius]], ''[[Fabulae]]'', in ''The Myths of Hyginus'', edited and translated by Mary A. Grant, Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1960. [https://topostext.org/work/206 Online version at ToposText]. * [[Lactantius]], ''Lactantius: [[Divine Institutes]]'', translated by Anthony Bowen and Peter Garnsey, Liverpool, Liverpool University Press, 2003. [https://archive.org/details/lactantiusdivine0000lact/page/n7/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive]. * ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae]] (LIMC). VIII.1: Thespiades &ndash; Zodiacus'', Zürich and Munich, Artemis Verlag, 1997. {{ISBN|3760887511}}. [https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20VIII-1%20Thespiades-Zodiacus%20/mode/2up Internet Archive]. * March, Jenny, ''Cassell's Dictionary of Classical Mythology'', Casell & Co, 2001. {{ISBN|0-304-35788-X}}. [https://archive.org/details/casselldictionar00jenn/page/n3/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive]. * Merkelbach, R., and [[Martin Litchfield West|M. L. West]], ''Fragmenta Hesiodea'', [[Clarendon Press]] Oxford, 1967. {{ISBN|978-0-19-814171-6}}. * Olivieri, Alexander, ''Pseudo-Eratosthenis: Catasterismi'', [[Bibliotheca Teubneriana]], Leipzig, Teubner, 1897. [https://archive.org/details/mythographigrae00olivgoog/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive]. * [[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'', edited and translated by Brookes More, Boston, Cornhill Publishing Co., 1922. [http://data.perseus.org/texts/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0959.phi006.perseus-eng1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]. [https://topostext.org/work/141 Online version at ToposText]. * Parada, Carlos, ''Genealogical Guide to Greek Mythology'', Jonsered, Paul Åströms Förlag, 1993. {{ISBN|978-91-7081-062-6}}. * [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Pausanias Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes.'' Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+1.1.1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]. * [[Pindar]], ''Odes'', Diane Arnson Svarlien, 1990. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162%3Abook%3DO.%3Apoem%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]. [https://topostext.org/work/18 Online version at ToposText]. * Pirenne-Delforge, Vinciane, and Gabriella Pironti, ''The Hera of Zeus'', Cambridge University Press, 2022. {{ISBN|978-1-108-88847-9}}. * [[William Smith (lexicographer)|Smith, William]], ''[[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology]]'', London (1873). [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.04.0104 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]. * Smith, Scott R., and Stephen M. Trzaskoma, ''Apollodorus' ''Library'' and Hyginus' ''Fabulae'': Two Handbooks of Greek Mythology'', Hackett Publishing, Indianapolis/Cambridge, 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-87220-821-6}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=vczTNMWLGdoC Google Books]. * [[Edward Tripp|Tripp, Edward]], ''Crowell's Handbook of Classical Mythology'', Thomas Y. Crowell Co; First edition (June 1970). {{ISBN|0-690-22608-X}}. [https://archive.org/details/crowellshandbook00trip/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive]. * [[Martin Litchfield West|West, M. L.]] (1966), ''Hesiod: Theogony'', Oxford University Press, 1966. {{ISBN|0-19-814169-6}}. * [[Martin Litchfield West|West, M. L.]] (1983), ''The Orphic Poems'', [[Clarendon Press]] Oxford, 1983. {{ISBN|978-0-19-814854-8}}. * [[Martin Litchfield West|West, M. L.]] (2003), ''Greek Epic Fragments: From the Seventh to the Fifth Centuries BC'', [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 497, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 2003. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99605-2}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL497/2003/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press]. * Yasumura, Noriko, ''Challenges to the Power of Zeus in Early Greek Poetry'', Bloomsbury Academic, London, 2011. {{ISBN|978-1-472-51968-9}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=mVoDAAAAQBAJ Google Books]. {{Refend}} == Freemit airtins == {{commons|Zeus}} {{Greek meethologie (deities)}} {{Greek meeth (Olympian)}} [[Category:Zeus| ]] [[Category:Deities in the Iliad]] [[Category:Greek gods]] [[Category:Greek meethologie]] [[Category:Twal Olympians]] [[Category:Meethological keengs]] [[Category:Savior gods]] [[Category:Sky an wather gods]] [[Category:Thunner gods]] [[Category:Juistice gods]] 2vzlbk4zrp1egr96scc2f49bgioh9ao 926725 926723 2026-11-08T15:44:21Z Monospaced 75295 Deletit deid section 926725 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox deity | type = Greek | name = Zeus | god_of = {{unbulleted list|King o the gods|God o the sky, lichtnin, thunner, law an order}} | member_of = the Twal Olympians | image = Zeus Otricoli Pio-Clementino Inv257.jpg | caption = The Zeus of Otricoli, a late Hellenistic or early [[Roman Empire|Imperial]] bust efter a Greek statue o the 4t century BC<ref>''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'', s.v. Zeus, p. 342.</ref> | abode = [[Mount Olympus]] | planet = [[Jupiter]] | symbol = Thunnerbolt, eagle | parents = [[Cronus]] an Rhea | siblings = Hestia, [[Hades]], [[Hera]], [[Poseidon]] an [[Demeter]] | consort = [[Hera]] | children = See [[#Hera an Zeus's ither pairtners|ablow]] | Roman_equivalent = Jupiter }} '''Zeus''' ({{lang|grc|Ζεύς}}) is the heid deity o the Greek pantheon. He is a sky an thunner god in auncient Greek religion an [[Greek meethologie|mythology]], an he rules as king o the gods on [[Mount Olympus]]. In maist traditions, Zeus is the youngest bairn o [[Cronus]] an Rhea. Him an his brithers, [[Poseidon]] an [[Hades]], owercam an pit doun their faither's generation o gods, the [[Titan (meethologie)|Titans]],<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022%3Atext%3DLibrary%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D2%3Asection%3D1 ''Apollod.'' 1.2.1]</ref> an claimed rule ower the cosmos thegither. Zeus got the sky, Poseidon the sea, an Hades the unnerwarld, wi the solid yird, that wis lang the domain o [[Gaia (meethologie)|Gaia]], open tae aw three at ance. Zeus is mairit on his sister [[Hera]], an he is uisually said tae be the faither o her bairns [[Ares]], Eileithyia, [[Hebe (meethologie)|Hebe]] an [[Hephaestus]].<ref name="Hamilton1942">{{cite book |last=Hamilton |first=Edith|title=Mythology |publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company|Back Bay Books]] |location=New York |date=1942 |edition=1998 |page=[https://archive.org/details/mythologytimeles00hami_1/page/467 467] |isbn=978-0-316-34114-1 |url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/mythologytimeles00hami_1/page/467}}</ref><ref name=":h79">Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA79 p. 79].</ref> At the oracle o Dodona, his consort wis said tae be Dione,<ref>''[[Brill's New Pauly]]'', [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/zeus-e12216820 s.v. Zeus].</ref> an the ''[[Iliad]]'' says that he wis faither tae [[Aphrodite]] bi her.{{refn|name="aphrodite"|Thare are twa main stories o Aphrodite's beginnins that dinnae agree: [[Hesiod]]'s ''[[Theogony]]'' says she wis born frae the faem o the sea efter Cronos castratit Uranus, sae she is Uranus's dochter, while Homer's ''[[Iliad]]'' maks Aphrodite the dochter o Zeus an Dione.<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad|Il.]]'', Book V.</ref> A spikker in [[Plato]]'s ''Symposium'' pits it that they were twa separate feegurs: [[Aphrodite#Aphrodite Ourania and Aphrodite Pandemos|Aphrodite Ourania an Aphrodite Pandemos]].<ref>[[Plato]], ''[[Symposium (Plato)|Symposium]]'' 180e.</ref>}} Accordin tae the ''[[Theogony]]'', Zeus's first wife wis Metis, an she bore him [[Athena]].<ref name=":hsdm">[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:886-900 886{{ndash}}900].</ref> Zeus wis notorious an aw for his luve affairs. Thir gied him monie bairns, gods an heroes baith, amang them Apollo, Artemis, Hermes, [[Persephone]], [[Dionysus]], [[Perseus]], [[Heracles]], [[Helen o Troy|Helen o Troy]], Minos an the [[Muse]]s.<ref name="Hamilton1942"/> He wis respectit as a sky faither that wis heid o the gods<ref>[[Homeric Hymns]].</ref> an gied the ither gods their roles:<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]''.</ref> "Even the gods who are not his natural children address him as Father, and all the gods rise in his presence."<ref>[[Walter Burkert|Burkert]], ''Greek Religion''.</ref><ref>See, e.g., [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad|Il.]]'', I.503 & 533.</ref> He wis equatit wi monie foreign wather gods, sae that Pausanias coud say "That Zeus is king in heaven is a saying common to all men".<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+2.24.4&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160 2.24.4].</ref> Amang his symbols are the thunnerbolt an the [[Eagle|eagle]].<ref>''[[Brill's New Pauly]]'', s.v. Zeus.</ref> Forby his Indo-European heritage, the classical "cloud-gaitherer" ([[Greek leid|Greek]]: {{lang|grc|Νεφεληγερέτα}}, ''Nephelēgereta'')<ref>{{LSJ|nefelhgere/ta^|Νεφεληγερέτα|ref}}.</ref> taks some o his iconography frae the cultures o the auncient Near East an aw, sic as the sceptre. In auncient Rome, Zeus wis identified wi the god Jupiter. == Nem == The god's nem in the nominative is {{lang|grc|Ζεύς}} (''Zeús''). It is inflectit lik this: vocative: {{lang|grc|Ζεῦ}} (''{{Lang|grc-Latn|Zeû}}''); accusative: {{lang|grc|Δία}} ({{Lang|grc-Latn|Día}}); genitive: {{lang|grc|Διός}} ({{Lang|grc-Latn|Diós}}); dative: {{lang|grc|Διί}} ({{Lang|grc-Latn|Dií}}). Diogenes Laërtius quotes Pherecydes of Syros as spellin the nem {{lang|grc|Ζάς}}.<ref name="DioL1.11">{{cite book |title=Lives of Eminent Philosophers |first=Diogenes |last=Laërtius |chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0258%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D11 |chapter=1.11 |editor1-first=R. D. |editor1-last=Hicks |date=1972 |orig-date=1925}} {{cite book |chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0257%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D11 |title=Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Eminent Philosophers |chapter=1.11 |language=el}}</ref> The earliest attestit forms o the nem are the Mycenaean Greek {{lang|gmy|{{script|Linb|𐀇𐀸}}}}, ''di-we'' (dative) an {{lang|gmy|{{script|Linb|𐀇𐀺}}}}, ''di-wo'' (genitive), written in the Linear B syllabic script.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Linear B word di-we |url=http://www.palaeolexicon.com/ShowWord.aspx?Id=16703}} {{cite web |title=The Linear B word di-wo |url=http://www.palaeolexicon.com/ShowWord.aspx?Id=16635 |website=Palaeolexicon: Word study tool of Ancient languages}}</ref> ''Zeus'' is the Greek continuation o ''*Dyēus'', the nem o the Proto-Indo-European god o the daytime sky, that wis cried {{lang|ine-x-proto|Dyeus ph₂tēr}} ("Sky Faither") an aw.<ref name="Zeus">{{cite book |chapter-url=http://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Zeus |title=American Heritage Dictionary |chapter=Zeus |access-date=3 July 2006}}</ref><ref>[[Robert S. P. Beekes]], ''Etymological Dictionary of Greek'', [[Brill Publishers]], 2009, p. 499.</ref> The god is kent unner this nem in the ''Rigveda'' (Vedic Sanskrit ''Dyaus/Dyaus Pita'') an in [[Laitin|Latin]] (compare ''Jupiter'', frae ''Iuppiter'', that comes frae the Proto-Indo-European vocative {{lang|ine-x-proto|dyeu-ph₂tēr}}),<ref>{{OEtymD|Jupiter}}</ref> an it comes frae the ruit *''dyeu''- ("tae shine", an in its monie derivatives, "sky, heiven, god").<ref name="Zeus"/> [[Albainien leid|Albanian]] {{lang|sq|Zoj-z}} an Messapic {{lang|cms|Zis}} are clear equivalents an cognates o ''Zeus''. In the Greek, Albanian an Messapic forms, the original cluster ''*di̯'' gaed throu affrication tae ''*dz''.<ref name="Hyllested&Joseph">{{cite book |last1=Hyllested |first1=Adam |last2=Joseph |first2=Brian D. |editor1-last=Olander |editor1-first=Thomas |title=The Indo-European Language Family: A Phylogenetic Perspective |date=2022 |doi=10.1017/9781108758666 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9781108758666 |chapter=Albanian |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xzKAEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA223 |page=232 |s2cid=161016819 |url=https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/143059 }}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last=Søborg |first=Tobias Mosbæk |title=Sigmatic Verbal Formations in Anatolian and Indo-European: A Cladistic Study |publisher=[[University of Copenhagen]], Department of Nordic Studies and Linguistics |date=2020 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EzBdzgEACAAJ |page=74}}.</ref> Zeus is the anerly deity in the Olympic pantheon whase nem haes sic a clear Indo-European etymology.<ref>{{cite book |last=Burkert |title=Greek Religion |date=1985 |page=[https://archive.org/details/greekreligion0000burk/page/321 321] |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=0-674-36280-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/greekreligion0000burk/page/321}}</ref> [[Plato]], in his ''Cratylus'', gies a folk etymology o Zeus meanin "cause of life always to all things", acause o puns atween ither titles o Zeus (''Zen'' an ''Dia'') an the Greek wirds for life an for "because of".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ceOQKf0ZvFMC "Plato's ''Cratylus''{{-"}}] by Plato, ed. by David Sedley, Cambridge University Press, 6 November 2003, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ceOQKf0ZvFMC&dq=Plato's%20Cratylus&pg=PA91 p. 91]</ref> This etymology, alang wi Plato's hale method o finnin etymologies, isnae backit bi modren scholarship.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/makersofhellascr00geej/mode/2up|pages=[https://archive.org/details/makersofhellascr00geej/mode/2up/page/n303/mode/2up?view=theater 554–555]|title=The Makers of Hellas|publisher=C. Griffin, Limited |last1=Jevons |first1=Frank Byron|year=1903}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o1xn5Bb-CacC|title=Limiting the Arbitrary|isbn=1556197497|last1=Joseph|first1=John Earl|year=2000|publisher=John Benjamins }}</ref> [[Diodorus Siculus]] wrote that Zeus wis cried Zen an aw, acause fowk believed he wis the cause o life (zen).<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0060.tlg001.perseus-grc1:5.72|title=Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica, Books I-V, book 5, chapter 72|website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> Lactantius, on the ither haund, wrote that he wis cried Zeus an Zen no acause he is the giver o life, but acause he wis the first o the bairns o [[Cronus]] tae live.<ref>[[Lactantius]], ''Divine Institutes'' [https://topostext.org/work/543#1.11.1 1.11.1].</ref> Zeus wis cried bi monie ither names or surnames, kent as epithets. Some epithets are the names o local gods that hae come doun tae us, gods that were gaithered intae the myth o Zeus.<ref name=Hewitt1908>{{cite journal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/310320 |first=Joseph William |last=Hewitt |journal=Harvard Studies in Classical Philology |volume=19 |year=1908 |pages=61–120 |title=The Propitiation of Zeus |doi=10.2307/310320 |jstor=310320 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> == Mythology == === Birth === In [[Hesiod]]'s ''[[Theogony]]'' ({{circa|730}} – 700 BC), [[Cronus]], efter he castrates his faither Uranus,<ref>See Gantz, pp. 10&ndash;11; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:139-172 159&ndash;83].</ref> becomes the heid ruler o the cosmos an weds his sister Rhea. Wi her he faithers three dochters an three sons: Hestia, [[Demeter]], [[Hera]], [[Hades]], [[Poseidon]], an last o aw "wise" Zeus, the youngest o the sax.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA67 p. 67]; Hansen, [https://archive.org/details/handbookofclassi0000hans/page/66/mode/2up?view=theater p. 67]; Tripp, [https://archive.org/details/crowellshandbook00trip/page/604/mode/2up?view=theater s.v. Zeus, p. 605]; Caldwell, [https://archive.org/details/hesiodstheogony00hesi/page/8/mode/2up?view=theater p. 9, table 12]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:453-491 453&ndash;8]. So too [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1.5 1.1.5]; [[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#68.1 68.1].</ref> He swallaes ilka bairn as suin as it is born, for his parents, [[Gaia (meethologie)|Gaia]] an Uranus, hae foretauld that ane o his ain bairns will owerthraw him ae day, as he owerthrew his faither.<ref>Gantz, p. 41; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA67 p. 67&ndash;8]; Grimal, [https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofclas0000grim/page/466/mode/2up?view=theater s.v. Zeus, p. 467]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:453-491 459&ndash;67]. Compare with [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1.5 1.1.5], who gives a similar account, and [[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#70.1 70.1&ndash;2], who does not mention Cronus's parents, but rather says that it was an oracle who gave the prophecy.</ref> This gies Rhea "unceasing grief",<ref>Cf. [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1.6 1.1.6], who says that Rhea was "enraged".</ref> an whan she is cairyin her saxt bairn, Zeus, she gangs tae her parents, Gaia an Uranus, for a plan tae save her bairn an bring retribution on Cronus.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA68 p. 68]; Gantz, p. 41; Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=zeus-bio-1 s.v. Zeus]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:453-491 468&ndash;73].</ref> As her parents tell her, she gangs tae Lyctus in [[Crete]], whaur she gies birth tae Zeus,<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA74 p. 74]; Gantz, p. 41; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:453-491 474&ndash;9].</ref> an she hauns the new-born bairn ower tae Gaia tae bring up. Gaia taks him tae a cave on Mount Aegaeon (Aegeum).<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA74 p. 74]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:453-491 479&ndash;84]. According to Hard 2004, the "otherwise unknown" Mount Aegaeon can "presumably ... be identified with one of the various mountains near Lyktos".</ref> Rhea syne gies Cronus, in place o a bairn, a stane happit in swaddlin claes, an he swallaes it at ance, no kennin that it isnae his son.<ref>Hansen, [https://archive.org/details/handbookofclassi0000hans/page/66/mode/2up?view=theater p. 67]; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA68 p. 68]; Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=zeus-bio-1 s.v. Zeus]; Gantz, p. 41; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:453-491 485&ndash;91]. For iconographic representations of this scene, see [[Louvre]] [https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010270223 G 366]; Clark, [https://books.google.com/books?id=2gtmbI-v35sC&pg=PA20 p. 20, figure 2.1] and [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] [https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/247308 06.1021.144]; ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' [http://ark.dasch.swiss/ark:/72163/080e-74814fdcbeca1-e 15641]; [[Beazley Archive]] [http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/record/D550FF52-B336-4E6F-80BF-822C069CCE23 214648]. According to [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:9.41.6 9.41.6], this event occurs at Petrachus, a "crag" nearby to [[Chaeronea]] (see West 1966, p. 301 on line 485).</ref> Tho Hesiod gies Lyctus as Zeus's birthplace, he is the anerly soorce tae say sae,<ref>West 1966, p. 291 on lines 453–506; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA75 p. 75].</ref> an ither writers gie ither places. The poet Eumelos of Corinth (8t century BC), accordin tae John the Lydian, thocht Zeus wis born in Lydia,<ref>Fowler 2013, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA35 35], [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA50 50]; [[Eumelus of Corinth|Eumelus]] [https://archive.org/details/L497GreekEpicFragmentsVIIVcBC/page/n235/mode/2up?view=theater fr. 2 West, pp. 224, 225] [= [https://books.google.com/books?id=j0nRE4C2WBgC&pg=PA109 fr. 10 Fowler, p. 109] = ''PEG'' fr. 18 (Bernabé, p. 114) = [[John the Lydian|Lydus]], ''De Mensibus'' 4.71]. According to West 2003, [https://archive.org/details/L497GreekEpicFragmentsVIIVcBC/page/n235/mode/2up?view=theater p. 225 n. 3], in this version he was born "probably on [[Mount Sipylos|Mt. Sipylos]]".</ref> while the Alexandrian poet Callimachus ({{circa|310|240 BC}}), in his ''Hymn to Zeus'', says he wis born in Arcadia.<ref>Fowler 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA391 p. 391]; Grimal, [https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofclas0000grim/page/466/mode/2up?view=theater s.v. Zeus, p. 467]; [[Callimachus]], ''Hymn to Zeus'' (1) [https://archive.org/details/callimachuslycop00calluoft/page/36/mode/2up?view=theater 4&ndash;11 (pp. 36&ndash;9)].</ref> [[Diodorus Siculus]] (fl. 1st century BC) seems at ae pynt tae gie Mount Ida as his birthplace, but efter says he wis born in Dicte,<ref>Fowler 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA391 p. 391]; [[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#70.2 70.2], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#70.6 70.6].</ref> an the mythographer Apollodorus (first or seicont century AD) says the same, that he wis born in a cave in Dicte.<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1.6 1.1.6].</ref> In the seicont century AD, Pausanias wrote that it wad be impossible tae coont aw the fowk that claimed Zeus wis born or brocht up amang them.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pausanias, Description of Greece, Messenia, chapter 33, section 1 |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:4.33.1 |access-date=18 March 2025 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> === Infancy === [[File:Idäische Grotte 01.JPG|thumb|The "Cave of Zeus" on Mount Ida, Crete]] The ''Theogony'' says naething o Zeus's upbringin but that he grew up fast,<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA68 p. 68]; Gantz, p. 41; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:492-506 492&ndash;3]: "the strength and glorious limbs of the prince increased quickly".</ref> but ither soorces gie fuller accoonts. Accordin tae Apollodorus, Rhea, efter giein birth tae Zeus in a cave in Dicte, gies him tae the nymphs Adrasteia an Ida, dochters o Melisseus, tae nurse.<ref>West 1983, p. 122; [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1.6 1.1.6].</ref> They feed him on the milk o the she-goat Amalthea,<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA612 p. 612 n. 53 to p. 75]; [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1.7 1.1.7].</ref> while the Kouretes gaird the cave an beat their spears on their shields sae that [[Cronus]] cannae hear the bairn greetin.<ref>Hansen, [https://archive.org/details/handbookofclassi0000hans/page/216/mode/2up?view=theater p. 216]; [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1.7 1.1.7].</ref> Diodorus Siculus gies a lik accoont: efter the birth, Rhea gangs tae Mount Ida an gies the new-born Zeus tae the Kouretes,<ref>[[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#70.2 7.70.2]; see also [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#65.4 7.65.4].</ref> that tak him tae some nymphs (no named), an they bring him up on a mixter o hinny an milk frae the goat Amalthea.<ref>[[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#70.2 7.70.2&ndash;3].</ref> He tells an aw o the Kouretes "rais[ing] a great alarum", an sae begowkin Cronus,<ref>[[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#65.4 7.65.4].</ref> an that whan the Kouretes were cairyin the new-born Zeus, his umbilical cord fell awa at the river Triton.<ref>[[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#70.4 7.70.4].</ref> Hyginus, the author o the ''Fabulae'', tells a version whaur Cronus casts Poseidon intae the sea an Hades tae the Unnerwarld insteid o swallaein them. Whan Zeus is born, Hera, that wisnae swallaed either, asks Rhea tae gie her the young Zeus, an Rhea gies Cronus a stane tae swallae.<ref>Gantz, p. 42; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#139 139].</ref> Hera gies him tae Amalthea, that hings his cradle frae a tree, whaur he isnae in heiven, on the yird or in the sea, sae that whan Cronus gangs luikin for Zeus efterhaund, he cannae fin him.<ref>Gantz, p. 42; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA75 p. 75]; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#139 139].</ref> Hyginus says an aw that Ida, Althaea an Adrasteia, that are uisually taen tae be the bairns o Oceanus, are whiles cried the dochters o Melisseus an the nurses o Zeus.<ref>Smith and Trzaskoma, [https://books.google.com/books?id=vczTNMWLGdoC&pg=PA191 p. 191 on line 182]; West 1983, p. 133 n. 40; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' 182 (Smith and Trzaskoma, [https://books.google.com/books?id=vczTNMWLGdoC&pg=PA158 p. 158]).</ref> Accordin tae a fragment o Epimenides, the nymphs Helice an Cynosura are the young Zeus's nurses. Cronus gangs tae Crete tae luik for Zeus, an Zeus, tae hide himsel, turns himsel intae a snake an his twa nurses intae bears.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA75 p. 75&ndash;6]; Gantz, p. 42; [[Epimenides]] [https://archive.org/details/diefragmenteder02diel/page/192/mode/2up?view=theater fr. 23 Diels, p. 193] [= Scholia on [[Aratus]], 46]. Zeus later marks the event by placing the constellations of the Dragon, the Greater Bear and the Lesser Bear in the sky.</ref> Accordin tae Musaeus, efter Zeus is born, Rhea gies him tae [[Themis]]. Themis in turn gies him tae Amalthea, that awns a she-goat, an the goat nurses the young Zeus.<ref>Gantz, p. 41; Gee, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NPsh5CsJprYC&pg=PA131 p. 131&ndash;2]; Frazer, [https://books.google.com/books?id=n6uUBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA120 p. 120]; [[Musaeus of Athens|Musaeus]] [https://archive.org/details/diefragmenteder02diel/page/180/mode/2up?view=theater fr. 8 Diels, pp. 181&ndash;2] [= [[Eratosthenes]], ''[[Catasterismi]]'' 13 (Hard 2015, [https://books.google.com/books?id=7IMSBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA44 p. 44]; Olivieri, [https://archive.org/details/mythographigrae00olivgoog/page/n39/mode/2up?view=theater p. 17])]; [[Musaeus of Athens|Musaeus]] ''apud'' [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[De astronomia]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/207#2.13.6 2.13.6]. According to Eratosthenes, Musaeus considers the she-goat to be a child of [[Helios]], and to be "so terrifying to behold" that the [[Titans]] ask for it to be hidden in one of the caves in Crete; hence Earth places it in the care of Amalthea, who nurses Zeus on its milk.</ref> Antoninus Liberalis, in his ''Metamorphoses'', says that Rhea gies birth tae Zeus in a halie cave in Crete, fou o halie bees, that become the bairn's nurses. Tho the cave is forbidden grund tae mortals an gods alike, a gang o thieves sets oot tae steal hinny frae it. Whan they see Zeus's swaddlin claes, their bronze armour "split[s] away from their bodies", an Zeus wad hae killed them gin the Moirai an [[Themis]] hadnae stepped in; insteid he turns them intae different kinds o birds.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA75 p. 75]; [[Antoninus Liberalis]], [https://topostext.org/work/216#19 19].</ref> === Comin tae pouer === [[File:Fresco_of_the_enthroned_Zeus,_crowned_by_Victory.jpg|thumb|A fresco o Zeus/Jupiter on his throne, Pompeii, Hoose o the Dioscuri, 62–79 CE]] Accordin tae the ''Theogony'', efter Zeus comes tae manhood, Cronus is gart bock up the five bairns an the stane "by the stratagems of Gaia, but also by the skills and strength of Zeus", likly in the opposite order, the stane first, syne ilk o the five bairns in the opposite order tae the wey he swallaed them.<ref>Gantz, p. 44; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA68 p. 68]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:492-506 492&ndash;7].</ref> Zeus syne sets up the stane at Delphi, sae that it can be "a sign thenceforth and a marvel to mortal men".<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA68 p. 68]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:492-506 498&ndash;500].</ref> Neist Zeus sets free the [[Cyclops|Cyclopes]], that gie him his thunnerbolt in return, oot o thankfuness; Gaia haed hidden it afore.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA68 p. 68]; Gantz, p. 44; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:492-506 501&ndash;6]. The Cyclopes presumably remained trapped below the earth since being put there by [[Uranus]] (Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA68 p. 68]).</ref> Syne the Titanomachy begins, the war atween the Olympians, led bi Zeus, an the Titans, led bi Cronus, for rule ower the universe, wi Zeus an the Olympians fechtin frae [[Mount Olympus]] an the Titans frae Mount Othrys.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA68 p. 68]; Gantz, p. 45; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:617-653 630&ndash;4].</ref> The battle gangs on for ten year wi nae clear winner, till, on Gaia's advice, Zeus sets free the Hundred-Handers, that were jiled ablow the yird, lik the Cyclopes.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA68 p. 68]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:617-653 624&ndash;9], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:617-653 635&ndash;8]. As Gantz, p. 45 notes, the ''Theogony'' is ambiguous as to whether the Hundred-Handers were freed before the war or only during its tenth year.</ref> He gies them nectar an ambrosia an heartens them,<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:617-653 639&ndash;53].</ref> an they gree tae help him in the war.<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:654-686 654&ndash;63].</ref> Zeus syne maks his last attack on the Titans, hurlin bolts o lichtnin on them while the Hundred-Handers attack wi showers o rocks, an at lang last the Titans are defeatit. Zeus banishes them tae Tartarus an gies the Hundred-Handers the job o guairdin them.<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:687-728 687&ndash;735].</ref> Apollodorus gies a lik accoont: whan Zeus comes tae manhood, he gets the help o the Oceanid Metis, that gies Cronus an emetic an gars him bock up the stane an Zeus's five brithers an sisters.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA69 p. 69]; Gantz, p. 44; [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.2.1 1.2.1].</ref> Zeus syne fechts a lik war o ten year against the Titans, till, as Gaia foretells, he sets free the Cyclopes an the Hundred-Handers frae Tartarus, efter first killin their jiler, Campe.<ref name="p. 69">Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA69 p. 69]; [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.2.1 1.2.1].</ref> The Cyclopes gie him his thunnerbolt, Poseidon his trident an Hades his helmet o invisibility, an the Titans are defeatit an the Hundred-Handers makkit their guairds.<ref name="p. 69"/> Accordin tae the ''[[Iliad]]'', efter the battle wi the Titans, Zeus shares the warld wi his brithers, Poseidon an Hades, bi drawin lots: Zeus gets the sky, Poseidon the sea an Hades the unnerwarld, an the yird an Olympus are left as common grund.<ref>Gantz, p. 48; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA76 p. 76]; ''[[Brill's New Pauly]]'', [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/zeus-e12216820 s.v. Zeus]; [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:15.184-15.219 15.187&ndash;193]; so too [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.2.1 1.2.1]; cf. ''[[Homeric Hymn]] to Demeter'' (2), [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg002.perseus-eng1:2 85&ndash;6].</ref> === Hera an Zeus's ither pairtners === [[File:Wall painting - wedding of Zeus and Hera - Pompeii (VI 8 3) - Napoli MAN 9559 - 01.jpg|thumb|The waddin o Zeus an Hera on an auncient fresco frae Pompeii]] Accordin tae Hesiod, Zeus taks Metis, ane o the [[Oceanid]] dochters o Oceanus an Tethys, as his first wife. But whan she is gaun tae gie birth tae a dochter, [[Athena]], he swallaes her hale on the advice o Gaia an Uranus, for it haed been foretauld that efter bearin a dochter she wad bear a son that wad owerthraw him as king o gods an mortals; it is frae inside him that Metis gies Zeus her coonsel. In time Athena is born, comin oot o Zeus's heid, but the foretauld son never comes.<ref>Gantz, p. 51; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA77 p. 77]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:886-900 886&ndash;900]. Yasumura, [https://books.google.com/books?id=7cXUAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA90 p. 90] points out that the identity of the foretold son's father is not made clear by Hesiod, and suggests, drawing upon a version given by a scholiast on the ''Iliad'' (see below), that a possible interpretation would be that the Cyclops Brontes was the father.</ref> In Hesiod's accoont, Zeus's seicont wife is [[Themis]], ane o the Titan dochters o Uranus an Gaia, an wi her he haes the Horae, named as Eunomia, Dike an Eirene, an the three Moirai: Clotho, Lachesis an Atropos.<ref>Gantz, p. 51; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA78 p. 78]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 901&ndash;6]. Earlier, at [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:207-239 217], Hesiod instead calls the Moirai daughters of Nyx.</ref> Neist he ligs wi the Oceanid Eurynome, an becomes faither o the three Charites: Aglaea, Euphrosyne an Thalia.<ref>Gantz, p. 54; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA78 p. 78]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 907&ndash;11].</ref> Syne Zeus pairtners his sister [[Demeter]], an [[Persephone]] is born.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA78 p. 78]; Hansen, [https://archive.org/details/handbookofclassi0000hans/page/68/mode/2up?view=theater p. 68]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 912&ndash;4].</ref> His neist union is wi the Titan [[Mnemosyne]]: as the stairt o the ''Theogony'' tells, Zeus ligs wi Mnemosyne in Piera ilka nicht for nine nichts, an the nine Muses are born.<ref>Gantz, p. 54; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:53-62 53&ndash;62], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 915&ndash;7].</ref> His neist pairtner is the Titan [[Leto]], an wi her he faithers the twins Apollo an Artemis, that are born on the island o Delos, accordin tae the ''Homeric Hymn to Apollo''.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA78 p. 78]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 918&ndash;20]; ''[[Homeric Hymn]] to [[Apollo]]'' (3), [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg003.perseus-eng1:89-130 89&ndash;123]. The account given by the ''Homeric Hymn to Apollo'' differs from Hesiod's version in that Zeus and Hera are already married when Apollo and Artemis are born (Pirenne-Delforge and Pironti, p. 18).</ref> In Hesiod's accoont, it is anerly than that Zeus taks his sister [[Hera]] as his wife.<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 921].</ref> Tho Hera is Zeus's last wife in Hesiod's version, in ither accoonts she is his first an anerly wife.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA78 p. 78].</ref> In the ''Theogony'' the pair hae three bairns, [[Ares]], [[Hebe (meethologie)|Hebe]] an Eileithyia.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA79 p. 79]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 921&ndash;3]; so too [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.3.1 1.3.1]. In the ''Iliad'', [[Eris (mythology)|Eris]] is called the sister of Ares ([http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:4.401-4.445 4.440&ndash;1]), and Parada, s.v. Eris, p. 72 places her as a daughter of Zeus and Hera.</ref> Hesiod says that Hera brings furth [[Hephaestus]] on her ain efter Athena is born frae Zeus's heid,<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA79 p. 79]; Gantz, p. 74; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 924&ndash;9]; so too [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.3.5 1.3.5].</ref> but ither versions, Homer's amang them, mak Hephaestus a bairn o Zeus an Hera an aw.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA79 p. 79]; Gantz, p. 74; [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.568 1.577&ndash;9], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:14.270-14.311 14.293&ndash;6], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:14.312-14.351 14.338], ''[[Odyssey]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:8.295-8.342 8.312]; Scholia bT on [[Homer]]'s ''[[Iliad]]'', 14.296; see also [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.3.5 1.3.5].</ref> ==== Pairtners an bairns ==== Zeus's pairtners in Hesiod's ''Theogony'', in order, an their bairns bi him, as abuin: * Metis: [[Athena]] * [[Themis]]: the Horae an the Moirai * Eurynome: the Charites * [[Demeter]]: [[Persephone]] * [[Mnemosyne]]: the nine [[Muse]]s * [[Leto]]: Apollo an Artemis * [[Hera]]: [[Ares]], [[Hebe (meethologie)|Hebe]] an Eileithyia Some o his ither bairns, wi their mithers: * Dione: [[Aphrodite]]<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D5%3Acard%3D363 5.370]; [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.3.1 1.3.1]</ref> * Maia: Hermes<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA80 p. 80]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:938-962 938].</ref> * [[Semele]]: [[Dionysus]]<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA80 p. 80]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:938-962 940].</ref> * [[Danaë]]: [[Perseus]]<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:14.312-14.351 14.319&ndash;20]; Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=perseus-bio-1 s.v. Perseus (1)].</ref> * [[Alcmene]]: [[Heracles]]<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA244 p.244]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:938-962 943].</ref> * Leda: [[Helen o Troy|Helen]]<ref>Gantz, pp. 318&ndash;9. Helen is called the daughter of Zeus in [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.191-3.224 3.199], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.381-3.420 3.418], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.421 3.426], ''[[Odyssey]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:4.183-4.218 4.184], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:4.219-4.264 4.219], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:23.181-23.230 23.218], and she has the same mother (Leda) as Castor and Pollux in ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.225-3.263 3.236&ndash;8].</ref> * Europa: Minos an [[Rhadamanthus]]<ref>Gantz, p. 210; ''[[Brill's New Pauly]]'', [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/minos-e805850 s.v. Minos]; [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:14.312-14.351 14.32&ndash;33]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Catalogue of Women]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-catalogue_women/2018/pb_LCL503.173.xml fr. 89 Most, pp. 172&ndash;5] [= fr. 140 Merkelbach-West, p. 68].</ref> === Prometheus an Zeus's quarrels wi humans === Whan the gods met at Mecone tae settle whit portions they wad get efter a sacrifice, the Titan [[Prometheus]] set oot tae swick Zeus sae that [[Bodie|humans]] wad get the better portions. He sacrificed a muckle [[Owse|ox]] an pairtit it intae twa heaps. In ae heap he pit aw the meat an maist o the fat, an happit it wi the ox's ugsome stamack; in the ither heap he buskit up the banes wi fat. Prometheus syne bade Zeus choose, an Zeus chose the heap o banes. This set the pattren for sacrifices: humans keep the fat for theirsels an burn the banes for the gods. Zeus, raged at Prometheus's swickery, forbade humans the uise o fire. But Prometheus stole fire frae Olympus in a fennel stalk an gied it tae humans. This raged Zeus mair, an he punished Prometheus bi bindin him tae a craig, whaur an eagle ate at his liver aw the time, an the liver grew back ilka nicht. Prometheus wis set free frae his misery at lang last bi [[Heracles]].<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:507-544 507-565]</ref> Syne Zeus, angert at humans, sets oot tae gie mankind a gift tae punish them for the boon they haed got. He bids [[Hephaestus]] mak the first wumman oot o yird, a "beautiful evil" whase bairns' bairns wad torment the human race. Efter Hephaestus dis this, a wheen ither gods help tae mak her. Hermes names the wumman Pandora. Pandora wis gien in mairriage tae Prometheus's brither [[Epimetheus (meethologie)|Epimetheus]]. Zeus gied her a jar that held monie ills. Pandora appent the jar an let oot aw the ills, that makkit mankind miserable. Anerly hope wis left inside the jar.<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Works and Days]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg002.perseus-eng1:59-82 60&ndash;105].</ref> Whan Zeus wis on the tap o Mount Olympus, he wis scunnert at human sacrifice an ither signs o the ill-daein o humans. He set oot tae wipe oot mankind, an flooded the warld wi the help o his brither [[Poseidon]]. Efter the flood, anerly Deucalion an Pyrrha were left.<ref>[[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/141#1.216 1.216&ndash;1.348]</ref> This flood story is a common motif in mythology.<ref>{{cite book|last=Leeming|first=David|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kQFtlva3HaYC&pg=PA138|title=Flood {{pipe}} The Oxford Companion to World Mythology|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|isbn=9780195156690|pages=138|access-date=14 February 2019}}</ref> == Roles an epithets == [[File:Bust of Zeus.jpg|thumb|A Roman marble colossal heid o Zeus, 2nd century AD (British Museum)<ref>The bust below the base of the neck is eighteenth century. The head, which is roughly worked at back and must have occupied a [[Niche (architecture)|niche]], was found at [[Hadrian's Villa]], [[Tivoli, Italy|Tivoli]] and donated to the British Museum by [[John Thomas Barber Beaumont]] in 1836. BM 1516. (British Museum, ''A Catalogue of Sculpture in the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities'', 1904).</ref>]] Zeus haed a dominant role, presidin ower the [[Auncient Greece|Greek]] Olympian pantheon. He wis faither tae monie o the heroes an wis pairt o monie o their local cults. Tho the Homeric "cloud collector" wis the god o the sky an thunner lik his coonterpairts in the Near East, he wis the supreme cultural artefact an aw; in some weys he wis the embodiment o Greek [[Releegion|religious]] beliefs an the archetypal Greek deity. The wey fowk thocht o Zeus differed widely frae place tae place. Local kinds o Zeus aften hae little in common wi ilk ither but the nem. They held sway ower different airts o life an were wirshipped in different weys; for example, some local cults thocht o Zeus as a chthonic yird-god raither than a god o the sky. Thir local gods were gaithered bit bi bit, throu conquest an religious syncretism, intae the Homeric conception o Zeus. Local or unco versions o Zeus were gien epithets {{mdash}} surnames or titles that set different conceptions o the god apairt.<ref name=Hewitt1908>{{cite journal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/310320 |first=Joseph William |last=Hewitt |journal=Harvard Studies in Classical Philology |volume=19 |year=1908 |pages=61–120 |title=The Propitiation of Zeus |doi=10.2307/310320 |jstor=310320 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Thir epithets or titles gied wecht tae different sides o his wide-rangin authority: *'''Zeus Aegiduchos''' or '''Aegiochos''': uisually taen as Zeus the bearer o the Aegis, the godly shield wi the heid o [[Medusa]] on it,<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D172 1.202], [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D2%3Acard%3D155 2.157], [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D2%3Acard%3D369 2.375]; [[Pindar]], ''Isthmian Odes'' [https://topostext.org/work/21#4.50 4.99]; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[De astronomia]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/207#2.13.7 2.13.7].</ref> tho ithers derive it frae "goat" ({{lang|grc|αἴξ}}) an ''okhē'' ({{lang|grc|οχή}}), meanin Zeus's nurse, the godly goat Amalthea.<ref>Spanh. ''ad Callim. hymn. in Jov'', 49</ref><ref>{{Cite book | last = Schmitz | first = Leonhard | contribution = Aegiduchos | editor-last = Smith | editor-first = William | title = Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology | volume = I | page = 26 | place = Boston | year = 1867 | contribution-url = http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0035.html | title-link = Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology | access-date = 19 October 2007 | archive-date = 11 February 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090211114659/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0035.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> *'''Zeus Agoraeus''' (Ἀγοραῖος): Zeus as patron o the mercat (agora) an punisher o crookit traders. *'''Zeus Areius''' (Αρειος): aither "warlike" or "the atoning one". *'''Zeus Eleutherios''' (Ἐλευθέριος): "Zeus the freedom giver", a cult wirshipped in Athens.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hanson|first=Victor Davis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGr16-CxpH8C|title=Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power|date=18 December 2007|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-307-42518-8|language=en}}</ref> *'''Zeus Horkios''': Zeus as keeper o aiths. Leears that were fund oot were gart dedicate a votive statue tae Zeus, aften at the sanctuary at Olympia. *'''Zeus Olympios''' (Ολύμπιος): Zeus as king o the gods an patron o the Panhellenic Games at [[Olympia, Greece|Olympia]]. *'''Zeus Panhellenios''' ("Zeus of All the Greeks"): wirshipped at the temple o Aeacus on Aegina. *'''Zeus Xenios''' (Ξένιος), '''Philoxenon''' or '''Hospites''': Zeus as the patron o hospitality (''xenia'') an guests, avenger o wrangs done tae strangers. [[File:Jupiter Smyrna Louvre Ma13.jpg|upright=0.8|thumb|Zeus haudin a thunnerbolt: the Zeus de Smyrne, fund in Smyrna in 1680<ref>The sculpture was presented to [[Louis XIV]] as [[Aesculapius]] but restored as Zeus, ca. 1686, by [[Pierre Granier]], who added the upraised right arm brandishing the [[thunderbolt]]. Marble, middle 2nd century CE. Formerly in the "Allée Royale", (Tapis Vert) in the [[Gardens of Versailles]], now conserved in the [[Louvre Museum]] ([http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=27483 Official online catalog])</ref>]] == Wirship == [[File:Marble eagle with open wings, from the sanctuary of Zeus Hypsistos, Archaeological Museum, Dion (7080054119).jpg|thumb|upright|A marble eagle frae the sanctuary o ''Zeus Hypsistos'', Archaeological Museum of Dion]] The main centre whaur aw the Greeks cam thegither tae honour their heid god wis [[Olympia, Greece|Olympia]]. Their festival ilka fower year haed the famous Games. Thare wis an altar tae Zeus an aw, makkit no o stane but o ase, frae the remains o the beasts sacrificed thare ower monie centuries. Ootwith the main sanctuaries shared atween ceety-states, thare wis nae wey o wirshippin Zeus that wis shared exactly ower the Greek warld. Some kinds o ritual were held in common but, for example sacrificin a white beast on a raised altar. Maist oracle sites were dedicatit tae Apollo, the heroes, or goddesses lik [[Themis]], but a few were dedicatit tae Zeus. Some foreign oracles an aw, sic as the oracle o Baʿal at [[Baalbek|Heliopolis]], were associatit wi Zeus in Greek or wi [[Jupiter]] in Latin. The cult o Zeus at Dodona in Epirus, whaur thare is evidence o religious activity frae the seicont millennium BC on, wis centred on a halie aik. Whan the ''[[Odyssey]]'' wis makkit (aboot 750 BC), divination wis done thare bi barefit priests cried ''Selloi'', that lay on the grund an watched the rustlin o the leaves an brainches.<ref>''Odyssey'' 14.326-7</ref> Bi the time [[Herodotus]] wrote aboot Dodona, priestesses cried peleiades ("doos") haed taen the place o the men priests. Zeus's consort at Dodona wisnae [[Hera]] but the goddess Dione, whase nem is a feminine form o "Zeus". The oracle o Ammon at the Siwa Oasis in the Wastren Desert o [[Egyp|Egypt]] lay ootwith the Greek warld afore [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]]'s day, but it wis awready weel kent tae the Greeks in the archaic era: [[Herodotus]] mentions fowk consultin Zeus Ammon in his accoont o the Persian War. Zeus Ammon wis speicially favoured at [[Sparta]], whaur thare wis a temple tae him bi the time o the Peloponnesian War.<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160%3Abook%3D3%3Achapter%3D18 3.18].</ref> == Ither gods == Zeus wis identified wi the Roman god Jupiter, an in the syncretic classical imagination (see {{lang|la|interpretatio graeca}}) he wis associatit wi ither gods, sic as the [[Egyptian meethologie|Egyptian]] Ammon an the Etruscan Tinia. Alang wi [[Dionysus]], he teuk ower the role o the heid Phrygian god Sabazios in the syncretic god kent in Rome as Sabazius. The Seleucid ruler Antiochus IV Epiphanes pit up a statue o Zeus Olympios in the Judean Temple in Jerusalem.<ref>2 Maccabees 6:2</ref> Hellenisin Jews cried this statue Baal Shamen (in Inglis, Lord of Heaven).<ref>David Syme Russel. ''Daniel''. (Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press, 1981) 191.</ref> == References == {{reflist|30em}} === Soorces === {{Refbegin|30em}} * [[Antoninus Liberalis]], ''The Metamorphoses of Antoninus Liberalis: A Translation with a Commentary'', edited and translated by Francis Celoria, Routledge, 1992. {{ISBN|978-0-415-06896-3}}. [https://topostext.org/work/216 Online version at ToposText]. * [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], ''Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes.'' Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. {{ISBN|0-674-99135-4}}. [http://data.perseus.org/texts/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]. * Bernabé, Alberto, ''[[Poetae epici Graeci]]: Testimonia et fragmenta, Pars I'', [[Bibliotheca Teubneriana]], Stuttgart and Leipzig, Teubner, 1996. {{ISBN|978-3-815-41706-5}}. [https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110936995 Online version at De Gruyter]. * ''Brill's New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World. Antiquity, Volume 15'', Tuc-Zyt, editors: Hubert Cancik, Helmuth Schneider, [[Brill Publishers|Brill]], 2009. {{ISBN|978-90-04-14220-6}}. [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/browse/brill-s-new-pauly Online version at Brill]. * Caldwell, Richard, ''Hesiod's Theogony'', Focus Publishing/R. Pullins Company (1 June 1987). {{ISBN|978-0-941051-00-2}}. [https://archive.org/details/hesiodstheogony00hesi/page/n3/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive]. * [[Callimachus]], ''Callimachus and Lycophron, with an English Translation by A. W. Mair; Aratus, with an English Translation by G. R. Mair'', London: W. Heinemann, New York: G. P. Putnam, 1921. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL129/1921/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press]. [https://archive.org/stream/callimachuslycop00calluoft#page/n5/mode/2up Internet Archive]. * [[Hermann Alexander Diels|Diels, Hermann A.]], ''Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker'', Volume II, Berlin, Weidmann, 1912. [https://archive.org/details/diefragmenteder02diel/page/n3/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive]. * [[Diodorus Siculus]], ''Diodorus Siculus: The Library of History''. translated by C. H. Oldfather, twelve volumes, [[Loeb Classical Library]], Cambridge, Massachusetts: [[Harvard University Press]]; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1989. [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/home.html Online version by Bill Thayer]. * [[Robert Fowler (academic)|Fowler, R. L.]] (2000), ''Early Greek Mythography: Volume 1: Text and Introduction'', Oxford University Press, 2000. {{ISBN|978-0198147404}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=j0nRE4C2WBgC Google Books]. * [[Robert Fowler (academic)|Fowler, R. L.]] (2013), ''Early Greek Mythography: Volume 2: Commentary'', Oxford University Press, 2013. {{ISBN|978-0-198-14741-1}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ Google Books]. * [[James George Frazer|Frazer, James George]], ''Fastorum Libri Sex: The ''Fasti'' of Ovid. Volume 3: Commentary on Books 3 and 4'', Cambridge University Press, 2015. {{ISBN|978-1-108-08248-8}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=n6uUBgAAQBAJ Google Books]. * [[Timothy Gantz|Gantz, Timothy]], ''Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources'', Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, Two volumes: {{ISBN|978-0-8018-5360-9}} (Vol. 1), {{ISBN|978-0-8018-5362-3}} (Vol. 2). * Gee, Emma, ''Ovid, Aratus and Augustus: Astronomy in Ovid's ''Fasti, Cambridge University Press, 2000. {{ISBN|978-0-521-65187-5}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NPsh5CsJprYC Google Books]. * [[Pierre Grimal|Grimal, Pierre]], ''The Dictionary of Classical Mythology'', Wiley-Blackwell, 1996. {{ISBN|978-0-631-20102-1}}. [https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofclas0000grim/page/n3/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive]. * [[William Hansen (classicist)|Hansen, William]], ''Handbook of Classical Mythology'', [[ABC-Clio]], 2004. {{ISBN|978-1-576-07226-4}}. * Hard, Robin (2004), ''The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's "Handbook of Greek Mythology"'', Psychology Press, 2004. {{ISBN|978-0-415-18636-0}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC Google Books]. * Hard, Robin (2015), ''Eratosthenes and Hyginus: Constellation Myths, With Aratus's Phaenomena'', [[Oxford University Press]], 2015. {{ISBN|978-0-19-871698-3}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=7IMSBwAAQBAJ Google Books]. * [[Hesiod]], ''[[Catalogue of Women]]'', in ''Hesiod: The Shield, Catalogue of Women, Other Fragments'', edited and translated by [[Glenn W. Most]], [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 503, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 2007, 2018. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99721-9}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL503/2018/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press]. * [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'', in ''Hesiod, Theogony, Works and Days, Testimonia'', edited and translated by [[Glenn W. Most]], [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 57, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 2018. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99720-2}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL057/2018/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press]. * [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'', in ''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150823032802/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]. * [[Hesiod]], ''[[Works and Days]]'', in ''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White'', Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. [http://data.perseus.org/texts/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg002.perseus-eng1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]. * ''[[Homeric Hymns|Homeric Hymn]]'' 2 ''to Demeter'', in ''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White'', Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann Ltd., 1914. [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg002.perseus-eng1:1-39 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]. * ''[[Homeric Hymns|Homeric Hymn]]'' 3 ''to Apollo'', in ''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White'', Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann Ltd., 1914. [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg003.perseus-eng1:1-46 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]. * [[Homer]], ''The Iliad with an English Translation by A. T. Murray, Ph.D. in Two Volumes''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]. * [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus, Gaius Julius]], ''[[De astronomia]]'', in ''The Myths of Hyginus'', edited and translated by Mary A. Grant, Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1960. [https://topostext.org/work/207 Online version at ToposText]. * [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus, Gaius Julius]], ''[[Fabulae]]'', in ''The Myths of Hyginus'', edited and translated by Mary A. Grant, Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1960. [https://topostext.org/work/206 Online version at ToposText]. * [[Lactantius]], ''Lactantius: [[Divine Institutes]]'', translated by Anthony Bowen and Peter Garnsey, Liverpool, Liverpool University Press, 2003. [https://archive.org/details/lactantiusdivine0000lact/page/n7/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive]. * ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae]] (LIMC). VIII.1: Thespiades &ndash; Zodiacus'', Zürich and Munich, Artemis Verlag, 1997. {{ISBN|3760887511}}. [https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20VIII-1%20Thespiades-Zodiacus%20/mode/2up Internet Archive]. * March, Jenny, ''Cassell's Dictionary of Classical Mythology'', Casell & Co, 2001. {{ISBN|0-304-35788-X}}. [https://archive.org/details/casselldictionar00jenn/page/n3/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive]. * Merkelbach, R., and [[Martin Litchfield West|M. L. West]], ''Fragmenta Hesiodea'', [[Clarendon Press]] Oxford, 1967. {{ISBN|978-0-19-814171-6}}. * Olivieri, Alexander, ''Pseudo-Eratosthenis: Catasterismi'', [[Bibliotheca Teubneriana]], Leipzig, Teubner, 1897. [https://archive.org/details/mythographigrae00olivgoog/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive]. * [[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'', edited and translated by Brookes More, Boston, Cornhill Publishing Co., 1922. [http://data.perseus.org/texts/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0959.phi006.perseus-eng1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]. [https://topostext.org/work/141 Online version at ToposText]. * Parada, Carlos, ''Genealogical Guide to Greek Mythology'', Jonsered, Paul Åströms Förlag, 1993. {{ISBN|978-91-7081-062-6}}. * [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Pausanias Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes.'' Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+1.1.1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]. * [[Pindar]], ''Odes'', Diane Arnson Svarlien, 1990. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162%3Abook%3DO.%3Apoem%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]. [https://topostext.org/work/18 Online version at ToposText]. * Pirenne-Delforge, Vinciane, and Gabriella Pironti, ''The Hera of Zeus'', Cambridge University Press, 2022. {{ISBN|978-1-108-88847-9}}. * [[William Smith (lexicographer)|Smith, William]], ''[[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology]]'', London (1873). [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.04.0104 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]. * Smith, Scott R., and Stephen M. Trzaskoma, ''Apollodorus' ''Library'' and Hyginus' ''Fabulae'': Two Handbooks of Greek Mythology'', Hackett Publishing, Indianapolis/Cambridge, 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-87220-821-6}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=vczTNMWLGdoC Google Books]. * [[Edward Tripp|Tripp, Edward]], ''Crowell's Handbook of Classical Mythology'', Thomas Y. Crowell Co; First edition (June 1970). {{ISBN|0-690-22608-X}}. [https://archive.org/details/crowellshandbook00trip/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive]. * [[Martin Litchfield West|West, M. L.]] (1966), ''Hesiod: Theogony'', Oxford University Press, 1966. {{ISBN|0-19-814169-6}}. * [[Martin Litchfield West|West, M. L.]] (1983), ''The Orphic Poems'', [[Clarendon Press]] Oxford, 1983. {{ISBN|978-0-19-814854-8}}. * [[Martin Litchfield West|West, M. L.]] (2003), ''Greek Epic Fragments: From the Seventh to the Fifth Centuries BC'', [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 497, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 2003. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99605-2}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL497/2003/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press]. * Yasumura, Noriko, ''Challenges to the Power of Zeus in Early Greek Poetry'', Bloomsbury Academic, London, 2011. {{ISBN|978-1-472-51968-9}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=mVoDAAAAQBAJ Google Books]. {{Refend}} {{commons|Zeus}} [[Category:Zeus| ]] [[Category:Deities in the Iliad]] [[Category:Greek gods]] [[Category:Greek meethologie]] [[Category:Twal Olympians]] [[Category:Meethological keengs]] [[Category:Savior gods]] [[Category:Sky an wather gods]] [[Category:Thunner gods]] [[Category:Juistice gods]] jwny3cgs0xdvr6dsjmywcafi4x8e0kc 0 49024 927051 905494 2026-11-08T22:28:06Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 927051 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Carl Reiner at Vicki Abelson's Women Who Write (14567378315).jpg|thumb|Carl Reiner ([[2012]])]] '''Carl Reiner''' ([[20 Mairch]] [[1922]] – [[29 Juin]] 2020) wis an [[Unitit States|American]] actor, comedian, director an screenwriter.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Obituaries|first=Telegraph|date=2020-06-30|title=Carl Reiner, creator of The Dick Van Dyke Show and leading light of American comedy – obituary|language=en-GB|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2020/06/30/carl-reiner-creator-dick-van-dyke-show-leading-light-american/|access-date=2025-05-29|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> He wis kent for creatin ''The Dick Van Dyke Show'', an for giein the vyce o Shep in ''Good Boy!'' an Sarmoti in ''Father of the Pride''.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bergan|first=Ronald|date=2020-06-30|title=Carl Reiner obituary|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jun/30/carl-reiner-obituary|access-date=2025-05-29|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> He an [[Mel Brooks]] creatit the ''2000 Year Old Man'', a 2000-year-auld man played bi Brooks an interviewed bi Reiner. == References == <references /> {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Reiner, Carl}} [[Category:1922 births]] [[Category:20t-century American comedians]] [[Category:21st-century American comedians]] [[Category:2020 daiths]] [[Category:Male actors frae New York Ceety]] [[Category:Fowk frae Beverly Hills, Californie]] [[Category:American atheists]] [[Category:American male film actors]] [[Category:American film directors]] [[Category:American film producers]] [[Category:American militar personnel o Warld War II]] [[Category:American fowk o Austrick-Jewish strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Romanie-Jewish strynd]] [[Category:American male televeesion actors]] [[Category:American televeesion directors]] [[Category:American televeesion producers]] [[Category:American televeesion writers]] [[Category:American male vyce actors]] [[Category:Jewish American male actors]] [[Category:Jewish atheists]] [[Category:Jewish male comedians]] [[Category:Fowk frae the Bronx]] [[Category:Unitit States Airmy sodgers]] [[Category:Georgetown Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Jewish American comedians]] [[Category:Grammy Awaird winners]] mebqn6cdqglyy8ya32zobrl94pn14mw 927077 927051 2026-11-08T22:35:39Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927077 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Carl Reiner at Vicki Abelson's Women Who Write (14567378315).jpg|thumb|Carl Reiner ([[2012]])]] '''Carl Reiner''' (20 Mairch 1922 – 29 Juin 2020) wis an American actor, comedian, director an screenwriter.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Obituaries|first=Telegraph|date=2020-06-30|title=Carl Reiner, creator of The Dick Van Dyke Show and leading light of American comedy – obituary|language=en-GB|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2020/06/30/carl-reiner-creator-dick-van-dyke-show-leading-light-american/|access-date=2025-05-29|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> He wis kent for creatin ''The Dick Van Dyke Show'', an for giein the vyce o Shep in ''Good Boy!'' an Sarmoti in ''Father of the Pride''.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bergan|first=Ronald|date=2020-06-30|title=Carl Reiner obituary|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jun/30/carl-reiner-obituary|access-date=2025-05-29|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> He an [[Mel Brooks]] creatit the ''2000 Year Old Man'', a 2000-year-auld man played bi Brooks an interviewed bi Reiner. == References == <references /> {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Reiner, Carl}} [[Category:1922 births]] [[Category:20t-century American comedians]] [[Category:21st-century American comedians]] [[Category:2020 daiths]] [[Category:Male actors frae New York Ceety]] [[Category:Fowk frae Beverly Hills, Californie]] [[Category:American atheists]] [[Category:American male film actors]] [[Category:American film directors]] [[Category:American film producers]] [[Category:American militar personnel o Warld War II]] [[Category:American fowk o Austrick-Jewish strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Romanie-Jewish strynd]] [[Category:American male televeesion actors]] [[Category:American televeesion directors]] [[Category:American televeesion producers]] [[Category:American televeesion writers]] [[Category:American male vyce actors]] [[Category:Jewish American male actors]] [[Category:Jewish atheists]] [[Category:Jewish male comedians]] [[Category:Fowk frae the Bronx]] [[Category:Unitit States Airmy sodgers]] [[Category:Georgetown Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Jewish American comedians]] [[Category:Grammy Awaird winners]] 3o7j1mzuf90s9k1qmcjeoy3dgi37z88 927079 927077 2026-11-08T22:35:47Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927079 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Carl Reiner at Vicki Abelson's Women Who Write (14567378315).jpg|thumb|Carl Reiner (2012)]] '''Carl Reiner''' (20 Mairch 1922 – 29 Juin 2020) wis an American actor, comedian, director an screenwriter.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Obituaries|first=Telegraph|date=2020-06-30|title=Carl Reiner, creator of The Dick Van Dyke Show and leading light of American comedy – obituary|language=en-GB|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2020/06/30/carl-reiner-creator-dick-van-dyke-show-leading-light-american/|access-date=2025-05-29|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> He wis kent for creatin ''The Dick Van Dyke Show'', an for giein the vyce o Shep in ''Good Boy!'' an Sarmoti in ''Father of the Pride''.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bergan|first=Ronald|date=2020-06-30|title=Carl Reiner obituary|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jun/30/carl-reiner-obituary|access-date=2025-05-29|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> He an [[Mel Brooks]] creatit the ''2000 Year Old Man'', a 2000-year-auld man played bi Brooks an interviewed bi Reiner. == References == <references /> {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Reiner, Carl}} [[Category:1922 births]] [[Category:20t-century American comedians]] [[Category:21st-century American comedians]] [[Category:2020 daiths]] [[Category:Male actors frae New York Ceety]] [[Category:Fowk frae Beverly Hills, Californie]] [[Category:American atheists]] [[Category:American male film actors]] [[Category:American film directors]] [[Category:American film producers]] [[Category:American militar personnel o Warld War II]] [[Category:American fowk o Austrick-Jewish strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Romanie-Jewish strynd]] [[Category:American male televeesion actors]] [[Category:American televeesion directors]] [[Category:American televeesion producers]] [[Category:American televeesion writers]] [[Category:American male vyce actors]] [[Category:Jewish American male actors]] [[Category:Jewish atheists]] [[Category:Jewish male comedians]] [[Category:Fowk frae the Bronx]] [[Category:Unitit States Airmy sodgers]] [[Category:Georgetown Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Jewish American comedians]] [[Category:Grammy Awaird winners]] jthlunofst3fznj83objlnx8hrfly2h 0 49306 927230 918435 2026-11-09T10:17:34Z Monospaced 75295 Remove Fix Scots; politics, retiral an IJF honour addit, soorced 927230 wikitext text/x-wiki {{MedalTableTop}} {{MedalSport | Weemen's [[Judo]]}} {{MedalCountry | {{JPN}} }} {{MedalCompetition|Olympic Gemmes}} {{MedalGold| [[2000 Simmer Olympics|2000 Sydney]] | - 48kg}} {{MedalGold| [[2004 Simmer Olympics|2004 Athens]] | - 48kg}} {{MedalSilver| [[1992 Simmer Olympics|1992 Barcelona]] | - 48kg}} {{MedalSilver| [[1996 Simmer Olympics|1996 Atlanta]] | - 48kg}} {{MedalBronze| [[2008 Simmer Olympics|2008 Beijing]] | - 48kg}} {{MedalCompetition|[[World Judo Championships|World Championships]]}} {{MedalGold|1993 Hamilton | -48 kg}} {{MedalGold|1995 Chiba | -48 kg}} {{MedalGold|1997 Paris | -48 kg}} {{MedalGold|1999 Birmingham | -48 kg}} {{MedalGold|2001 Munich | -48 kg}} {{MedalGold|2003 Osaka | -48 kg}} {{MedalGold|2007 Rio de Janeiro | -48 kg}} {{MedalBronze|1991 Barcelona | -48 kg}} {{MedalCompetition | [[Asian Games]]}} {{MedalGold | 1994 Hiroshima | -48 kg}} {{MedalCompetition | Asian Championships}} {{MedalBronze | 1991 Osaka | -48 kg }} {{MedalCompetition | Universiade}} {{MedalGold | 1995 Fukuoka | -48 kg }} {{MedalBottom}} {{nihongo|'''Ryoko Tani'''|谷 亮子|Tani Ryōko|extra=née '''Tamura''' {{nihongo||田村|}}, born September 6, 1975 in [[Fukuoka, Fukuoka]]}} is a [[Japan]]ese politeecian an retired judoka. In 2010 she wis elected tae the [[House of Councillors]], the upper hoose o the Japanese pairlament. She studied literature at Teikyo University an jyned [[Toyota|Toyota Motor Corporation]] in 1998. ==Career== She is kent as 'Yawara-chan' or 'Tawara' (efter the title character o ''Yawara!'', a popular judo [[manga]]). Her first major title wis the 1990 Fukuoka Internaitional Weemen's Judo Championships, that she gaed on tae win 13 year rinnin.<ref name="britannica">{{Britannica|1014772|Tani Ryōko}}</ref> She wan a record seiven warld titles, an the 48&nbsp;kg gowd medal at the Sydney Olympics in 2000 an the Athens Olympics in 2004. Her 84-match winnin streak wis feenally broke in 1996 bi North Korea's [[Kye Sun Hui]]. She hauds a fowert dan. In 2003, she mairret [[Yoshitomo Tani]], an Olympian an professional basebaw player then wi the Orix Blue Wave (nou wi the Yomiuri Giants). The weddin reception is said tae hae cost $3 million.<ref>Martin, Alex, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20110606041940/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20100510x2.html DPJ to field judo star Tani as candidate]", ''Japan Times'', May 10, 2010, p. 1.</ref> In Beijing in 2008 Tani, that haedna been beat in a major internaitional competition syne the Atlanta Gemms in 1996, saw her hopes o a third gowd in a raw gang whan the judges gied penalty pynts tae Romanie's Alina Dumitru efter baith fechters failt tae shaw muckle aggression. Luikin stunned, Tani focht hard efter the controversial last penalty, but wi anely seconds left she haed nae time tae mount an attack.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2008081061261800.htm&date=2008%2F08%2F10%2F&prd=th& |title=Archived copy |access-date=2021-08-25 |archive-date=2011-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606123907/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2008081061261800.htm&date=2008%2F08%2F10%2F&prd=th& |url-status=dead }}</ref> She beat Roushie's Lyudmila Bogdanova for the bronze, her fift Olympic medal. She retired frae competition in 2010. In a career o aboot 20 year she wis beat anely five times.<ref name="lemonde150620">{{cite news |language=fr |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/sport/visuel/2015/06/20/on-a-retrouve-ryoko-tamura-tani_4656097_3242.html |title=On a retrouvé... Ryoko Tamura-Tani |first=Florent |last=Bouteiller |newspaper=Le Monde |date=June 20, 2015 |access-date=November 20, 2015}}</ref> In 2011 the [[International Judo Federation]] named her the "best female judoka ever" at its 60t anniversary gala in Paris.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/sports/AJ201108247728 |title=JUDO/ Tani honored at IJF gala as the best ever |first=Yoshiki |last=Yamada |newspaper=The Asahi Shimbun |date=August 24, 2011 |access-date=November 20, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120182430/http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/sports/AJ201108247728 |archive-date=November 20, 2015 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Along wi Cuba's Driulys González an Australie's Mária Pekli, Tani becam in 2008 the first female judoka tae compete at five Olympics. The anely ither judokas tae compete at five Olympics are Belgian Robert Van de Walle an Puerto Rican judoka-bobsledder Jorge Bonnet. ==See an aw== *Leet o multiple Olympic medallists in ane event ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * {{Sports-reference|ta/ryoko-tamura-tani-1.html}} * [http://www.taniryoko.jp/ Ryoko Tani official page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424021941/http://www.taniryoko.jp/ |date=2013-04-24 }} {{ja icon}} * [http://www.olympic.org/uk/news/olympic_news/newsletter_full_story_uk.asp?id=2308 International Olympic Committee] * [http://www.judovision.org/?s=Ryoko+Tani Videos of Ryoko Tani] (judovision.org) {{DEFAULTSORT:Tani, Ryoko}} [[Category:1975 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Japanese judoka]] [[Category:Olympic judoka o Japan]] [[Category:Olympic gowd medallists for Japan]] [[Category:Olympic siller medallists for Japan]] [[Category:Olympic bronze medallists for Japan]] [[Category:Judoka at the 1992 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Judoka at the 1996 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Judoka at the 2000 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Judoka at the 2004 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Judoka at the 2008 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Toyota fowk]] [[Category:Japanese sportsfowk–politeecians]] [[Category:Female memmers o the Hoose o Councillors]] [[Category:Democratic Pairty o Japan politeecians]] [[Category:Fowk frae Fukuoka (ceety)]] [[Category:Olympic medallists in judo]] [[Category:Asie Gemmes medallists in judo]] 8756eefzmytpgvkyvznmftl5u44sku4 0 50998 927106 887733 2026-11-08T22:43:05Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 927106 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Musicians --> | name = Nena | image = Nena Dein Song 2008.jpg | caption = Nena in 2008. | image_size = | background = solo_singer | birth_name = Gabriele Susanne Kerner | alias = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1960|3|24|df=yes}} | death_date = | origin = | instrument = [[Vocals]] | genre = [[Neue Deutsche Welle]], [[New wave muisic|New Wave]], [[synthpop]],<br> [[Pop muisic|pop]], [[punk rock]] | occupation = [[Muisicker]], [[sangster-sangwriter]] | years_active = 1981&ndash;present | label = [[CBS]]/Columbia Records, Warner Music | associated_acts = Carlo Karges<br />Uwe Fahrenkrog-Petersen<br />Jürgen Dehmel<br />Rolf Brendel<br />Peter Heppner }} '''Gabriele Susanne Kerner''' (born 24 Mairch 1960), better kent bi her stage nem '''Nena''', is a [[Germans|German]] [[sangster]] an [[actress]]. She becam weel kent the warld ower in 1983 wi the [[Neue Deutsche Welle|New German Wave]] sang "[[99 Luftballons]]". In 1984, she re-recordit this sang in Inglis as "99 Red Balloons".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pandora.com/#!/music/artist/nena?bio |title=Nena (Biography on Pandora)|accessdate=2011-11-13}}</ref> ==Biografie== ===Early life=== Gabriele Susanne Kerner wis born on 24 Mairch 1960 in Hagen, [[North Rhine-Westphalie]], [[Wast Germany]], while her faimily bade in the nearhaun toun o Breckerfeld. She spent the earliest pairt o her bairnheid in Breckerfeld an later bade in Hagen. She got the nem Nena at the age o three, on a holiday tae Spain wi her parents, frae the Spaingie wird "nena" (a hamely form o "niña"), or "wee lassie". In 1977 she left the heich schuil afore she graduatit, an for the next three year she trained as a gowdsmith. ===Muisical beginnins=== Her muisical career stairtit in the simmer o 1979 whan guitarist Rainer Kitzmann affered her a place as the lead sangster in his baund, The Stripes. The group haed a smaw hit wi the sang "Ecstasy", but never haed muckle success, an suin split up. In 1981, Nena an her then-cleek Rolf Brendel flittit tae Wast Berlin, whaur thay met the ither members o thair new baund, guitarist Carlo Karges, keybuird player Uwe Fahrenkrog-Petersen, an bass player Jürgen Dehmel. Thegither thay formit the baund "Nena". In 1982 "Nena" lowsed thair first single, "Nur geträumt" ("Only dreamt"), that becam a hit strecht awa in Germany efter the baund kythed on the German televeesion show ''Musikladen''. The single is said tae hae sauld 40,000 copies the day efter the show, an it raxed nummer twa in the German chairts. ===Internaitional success an baund brakup=== In 1983 the baund lowsed its first album ''Nena'', that haed the singles "Leuchtturm" ("Lighthouse") an "[[99 Luftballons]]" (the Inglis version is cried "99 Red Balloons."). "99 Luftballons" wis a nummer-ane hit in Wast Germany in 1983 an wis a muckle hit in ither kintras the year efter: the Inglis version gaed tae nummer ane in the [[UK]], an the oreeginal German version gaed tae nummer twa in the [[Unitit States]], ahint [[Van Halen]]'s Jump. In 1984, [[Casey Kasem]]'s radio show "American Top 40" introducit a "mixed" version o the sang, "splicing" the German an American versions thegither. It wis a muckle hit in monie ither kintras an aw, an tae this day it is ane o the best-kent German rock sangs in monie pairts o the warld. Tho "99 Luftballons" wis Nena's ae hit in the Inglis-speakin warld, the baund held on bein a success in several European kintras for some year efter. The baund split in 1987, an Nena gaed solo efter that. Nena's next single, "Just a Dream", gaed tae nummer 70 in the UK chairts in 1984; its B side wis cried "Indianer". A dance version o the A side, written ower frae stert tae feenish, cam oot in the 1990s an becam a clubbin anthem, tho monie young fowk didna ken whaur the sang cam frae. ===Personal life=== Nena stairtit datin Swiss actor [[:de:Benedict Freitag|Benedict Freitag]] suin efter the baund split in 1987. Benedict is the son o the German actress [[:de:Maria Becker|Maria Becker]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.glanzundgloria.sf.tv/Promis/Maria-Becker |title=Maria Becker – Promis – glanz & gloria – Schweizer Fernsehen |access-date=2013-05-14 |archive-date=2012-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031172350/http://www.glanzundgloria.sf.tv/Promis/Maria-Becker |url-status=dead }}</ref> an Austrian-Swiss actor Robert Freitag. The couple haed three childer thegither, the first bein Christopher Daniel, wha wis born disabled allegedly due tae medical mistaks makkit durin the birth that caused Nena tae gang intae [[cardiac arrest]].<ref name="Claudia Thesenfitz 2005">''Willst du mit mir gehn'', Nena Kerner an Claudia Thesenfitz, Lübbe, 2005, page 182.</ref> He deed at the age o 11 month. In 1990 thay haed twins, Larissa Marie an Sakias Manuel. Efter splittin wi Freitag, Nena stairtit a relationship wi drummer an muisic producer Philipp Palm frae [[Stuttgart]], wi wham thay haed twa bairns, Samuel Vincent (1995), an Simeon Joel (1997). The couple an the fower bairns bide in [[Hamburg]]. On Christenmas Day 2009, Nena becam a grannie whan Larissa gae birth tae a lassie, Carla Maria.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.klatsch-tratsch.de/2009/12/30/nena-ist-zum-ersten-mal-grosmutter-geworden/44539 |title=Nena is for the first time a grandmother |date=30 December 2009 |accessdate=2010-01-17 |language=German |archive-date=2010-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231012915/http://www.klatsch-tratsch.de/2009/12/30/nena-ist-zum-ersten-mal-grosmutter-geworden/44539 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jist twa day efter, Nena's son Sakias becam a faither tae a laddie cried Noah.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.welt.de/vermischtes/article5815516/Saengerin-Nena-zum-zweiten-Mal-Oma-geworden.html |title=Zwillinge machen Nena zur Doppeloma |publisher=[[Die Welt]] |date=12 January 2010 |accessdate=2010-01-17 |language=German}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thelocal.de/society/20100112-24523.html |title=Nena becomes a grandmother, again |date=12 January 2010 |accessdate=2010-01-17 |publisher=The Local |archive-date=2010-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100122083612/http://www.thelocal.de/society/20100112-24523.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ootthrou the 1990s, Nena lowsed a wide range o solo albums, a nummer o thaim consistin o sangs for bairns. At the same time she presentit several TV shaws, includin ''Metro'' an ''Countdown Grand Prix'', the German preselection for the ''[[Eurovision Song Contest]]'', in 1998. ===Back-come=== [[Image:Nena Stadtfest-Wien2008a.jpg|thumb|right|Nena in Vienna on 3 Mey 2008]] In 2002 Nena celebratit her 20t anniversary on stage wi the album ''Nena feat. Nena'', a disc consistin o newly arrangit recordins o her hits frae the 1980s. This album markit a back-come for Nena, an gied her a wheen o hits. The remak o "Anyplace, Anywhere, Anytime" as an Inglis-German duet wi Kim Wilde wis a hit in various European kintras, reakin the Nummer 1 spot in the Netherlands an Austria, an Nummer 3 in Germany, in 2003. A DVD follit, then the 2005 album ''Willst du mit mir gehn'' ("Ar Ye Wantin tae Gang wi Me?") that suin gaed platinum. The first single frae the album, "Liebe ist" ("Love Is"), raxed nummer 1 on the German chairts in early 2005, an wis the theme sang for a German telenovela, ''Verliebt in Berlin''. Nena's 2005 tour in Germany, Austrick, an Swisserland in November an Dizember 2005 haed several sauld-oot concerts. In 2004, Nena teuk the stage durin the Howard Jones 20t Anniversary concert at Shepherd's Bush Empire in [[Lunnon]]. Nena sang "99 Luftballons", wi baith German an Inglis leerics. In 2004, Nena went on stage at the Mayday Music Festival, in Dortmund, accompaniet bi the techno duo Toktok. She sang the sang "Bang Bang", an wis later jynt on stage bi DJ Westbam tae sing the sang "Oldschool Baby". In October 2007, Nena lowsed a new album entitled ''Cover Me'', aw kiver sangs. [[David Bowie]], Rolling Stones an Rammstein are three o the baunds covered. She lowsed the single an aw, "Ich Kann nix<!-- intentional misspelling --> Dafür" ("It's not my Fault") in Aprile 2007 for the film, ''Vollidiot'' (''Complete Idiot''). Nena released a single for her kiver o "She's a Rainbow" bi the Rolling Stones an aw. It cam oot in the US an the UK an gaed tae No.&nbsp;42 in the Breetish Chairts. Nena recordit an brocht oot a new version o her hit sang "99 Luftballons" in 2009 an aw, whilk mair closely follaes the 1980s oreeginal, in contrast tae her 2002 version. This sang wis first performit in Germany on 6 September 2009. Some pairts o the new version are in French. Nena lowsed a new single on 4 September 2009, cried "Wir sind wahr", an a new album on the 23rd: ''Made in Germany''. In recent years she haes taen an interest in the teachins o the Indian mystic Osho (Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh) in recent years, an practises his meditation methods, that ye can see a bit o in the "Wir sind wahr" video.<ref>[http://www.welt.de/die-welt/vermischtes/hamburg/article4630861/Nena-bekennt-sich-als-Fan-des-Bhagwan-Gurus-Osho.html Nena bekennt sich als Fan des Bhagwan-Gurus Osho], ''[[Die Welt]]'', 26 September 2009</ref> Mair recently, she wrocht wi the techno-rap airtists Die Atzen tae produce a new single, "Strobo Pop". In 2011 she contributit vocals tae the track "Let Go Tonight" bi Kevin Costner's baund Modern West.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nena.de/news/2236-kevin-costner-feat-nena-let-go-tonight |title=Kevin Costner feat. NENA – Let go tonight |publisher=Nena.de |date= |accessdate=2012-04-17 |archive-date=2012-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421224242/http://www.nena.de/news/2236-kevin-costner-feat-nena-let-go-tonight |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Ither wirk== Forby her singin, she haes vyced the chairacter [[:en:Saphira|Saphira]] for the German dub o the movie ''[[:en:Eragon (film)|Eragon]]'' an the Princess for the German version o ''Arthur and the Invisibles'' alangside ''Tokio Hotel's'' Bill Kaulitz. Kaulitz haes said monie a time that Nena is his favourite sangster. Nena haes been ane o the coaches on ''The Voice of Germany''. In 2007, jointly wi Philipp Palm, Thomas Simmerl, an Silke Steinfadt, she foondit the Neue Schule Hamburg, a schuil follaein the Sudbury model.<ref>{{cite news | first=Von Birgitta | last=vom Lehn | title=Nena gründet eine Schule | url=http://www.morgenpost.de/wissen-und-technik/article985037/Nena_gruendet_eine_Schule.html | work=Berliner Morgenpost | date=2007-04-09 | accessdate=2009-08-30}}</ref> Nena wrote an autobiografical [[beuk]], ''Willst du mit mir gehn'' (Ar Ye Wantin tae Gang wi Me?),<ref name="Claudia Thesenfitz 2005"/> jyntly wi Claudia Thesenfitz, a jurnalist. Nena's contreibutions are her disparate accoonts o various episodes in her life. Maist o Thesenfitz's contreibutions are excerpts frae interviews o mony o Nena's freinds, co-wirkers, an relatives. ==Discografie== {{main|Nena discografie}} {{col-begin}} {{col-3}} *1980: ''The Stripes'' (pre-Nena album) *1983: ''Nena'' *1984: ''[[%3F (Nena album)|? (Fragezeichen)]]'' *1984: ''99 Luftballons'' (internaitional album) *1985: ''Feuer und Flamme'' *1985: ''It's All in the Game'' *1986: ''Eisbrecher'' *1989: ''Wunder gescheh'n'' *1990: ''Komm lieber Mai...'' *1991: ''Nena Die Band'' *1992: ''Bongo Girl'' *1994: ''Und Alles Dreht Sich'' *1995: ''{{Ill|de|Nena Live}}'' *1995: ''Unser Apfelhaus'' *1996: ''Bambus Bären Bande'' (soondtrack) *1997: ''Jamma Nich'' *1997: ''Nenas Weihnachtsreise'' *1998: ''Wenn Alles Richtig Ist, Dann Stimmt Was Nicht'' *1998: ''Nena Live '98'' *1999: ''Rabatz'' *2001: ''Chokmah'' *2002: ''Tausend Sterne'' (Nena Kids) *2002: ''Nena feat. Nena'' *2002: ''Madou und das Licht der Fantasie'' (Nena Kids) *2003: ''Nena feat. Nena Live'' *2004: ''Nena live Nena'' *2005: ''Willst du mit mir gehen?'' *2007: ''Cover Me'' *2008: ''Himmel, Sonne, Wind und Regen'' *2009: ''Made in Germany'' *2010: ''Made in Germany Live'' *2010: ''Best of Nena'' *2011: ''Die Atzen ft Nena-strobo pop *2012: ''Du Bist Gut ==Filmografie== *''Gib Gas ich will Spaß'' (1982) *''Richy Guitar'' (1985) *''Der Unsichtbare'' (1987) *''Tobias Totz und sein Löwe'' (vyce, 1999) *''Die Abrafaxe &ndash; Unter schwarzer Flagge'' (vyce, 2001) *''Die Affäre Semmeling'' (TV series) (1999) *''[[:en:Eragon (film)|Eragon]]'' (German dub, 2006) (vyce) *''[[:en:Arthur and the Minimoys|Arthur und die Minimoys]] (vyce) == References == {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons category}} * [http://www.nena.de Offeecial Wab Steid] {{de icon}} * {{IMDb name|0626020}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nena}} [[Category:1960 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Hagen]] [[Category:Female New wave sangsters]] [[Category:German female sangsters]] [[Category:German pop sangsters]] [[Category:German New wave muisickers]] [[Category:Muisickers frae Hamburgh]] [[Category:Pseudonymous muisickers]] [[Category:The Voice (TV series) judges]] jnkeeivihdvd01m2jz4zpefstejdeb2 927110 927106 2026-11-08T22:46:54Z CiphriusKane 74958 927110 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Musicians --> | name = Nena | image = Nena Dein Song 2008.jpg | caption = Nena in 2008. | image_size = | background = solo_singer | birth_name = Gabriele Susanne Kerner | alias = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1960|3|24|df=yes}} | death_date = | origin = | instrument = [[Vocals]] | genre = [[Neue Deutsche Welle]], [[New wave muisic|New Wave]], [[synthpop]],<br> [[Pop muisic|pop]], [[punk rock]] | occupation = [[Muisicker]], [[sangster-sangwriter]] | years_active = 1981&ndash;present | label = [[CBS]]/Columbia Records, Warner Music | associated_acts = Carlo Karges<br />Uwe Fahrenkrog-Petersen<br />Jürgen Dehmel<br />Rolf Brendel<br />Peter Heppner }} '''Gabriele Susanne Kerner''' (born 24 Mairch 1960), better kent bi her stage nem '''Nena''', is a [[Germans|German]] [[sangster]] an [[actress]]. She becam weel kent the warld ower in 1983 wi the [[Neue Deutsche Welle|New German Wave]] sang "[[99 Luftballons]]". In 1984, she re-recordit this sang in Inglis as "99 Red Balloons".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pandora.com/#!/music/artist/nena?bio |title=Nena (Biography on Pandora)|accessdate=2011-11-13}}</ref> ==Biografie== ===Early life=== Gabriele Susanne Kerner wis born on 24 Mairch 1960 in Hagen, [[North Rhine-Westphalie]], [[Wast Germany]], while her faimily bade in the nearhaun toun o Breckerfeld. She spent the earliest pairt o her bairnheid in Breckerfeld an later bade in Hagen. She got the nem Nena at the age o three, on a holiday tae Spain wi her parents, frae the Spaingie wird "nena" (a hamely form o "niña"), or "wee lassie". In 1977 she left the heich schuil afore she graduatit, an for the next three year she trained as a gowdsmith. ===Muisical beginnins=== Her muisical career stairtit in the simmer o 1979 whan guitarist Rainer Kitzmann affered her a place as the lead sangster in his baund, The Stripes. The group haed a smaw hit wi the sang "Ecstasy", but never haed muckle success, an suin split up. In 1981, Nena an her then-cleek Rolf Brendel flittit tae Wast Berlin, whaur thay met the ither members o thair new baund, guitarist Carlo Karges, keybuird player Uwe Fahrenkrog-Petersen, an bass player Jürgen Dehmel. Thegither thay formit the baund "Nena". In 1982 "Nena" lowsed thair first single, "Nur geträumt" ("Only dreamt"), that becam a hit strecht awa in Germany efter the baund kythed on the German televeesion show ''Musikladen''. The single is said tae hae sauld 40,000 copies the day efter the show, an it raxed nummer twa in the German chairts. ===Internaitional success an baund brakup=== In 1983 the baund lowsed its first album ''Nena'', that haed the singles "Leuchtturm" ("Lighthouse") an "[[99 Luftballons]]" (the Inglis version is cried "99 Red Balloons."). "99 Luftballons" wis a nummer-ane hit in Wast Germany in 1983 an wis a muckle hit in ither kintras the year efter: the Inglis version gaed tae nummer ane in the [[UK]], an the oreeginal German version gaed tae nummer twa in the [[Unitit States]], ahint [[Van Halen]]'s Jump. In 1984, [[Casey Kasem]]'s radio show "American Top 40" introducit a "mixed" version o the sang, "splicing" the German an American versions thegither. It wis a muckle hit in monie ither kintras an aw, an tae this day it is ane o the best-kent German rock sangs in monie pairts o the warld. Tho "99 Luftballons" wis Nena's ae hit in the Inglis-speakin warld, the baund held on bein a success in several European kintras for some year efter. The baund split in 1987, an Nena gaed solo efter that. Nena's next single, "Just a Dream", gaed tae nummer 70 in the UK chairts in 1984; its B side wis cried "Indianer". A dance version o the A side, written ower frae stert tae feenish, cam oot in the 1990s an becam a clubbin anthem, tho monie young fowk didna ken whaur the sang cam frae. ===Personal life=== Nena stairtit datin Swiss actor {{ill|Benedict Freitag|de}} suin efter the baund split in 1987. Benedict is the son o the German actress {{ill|Maria Becker|de}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.glanzundgloria.sf.tv/Promis/Maria-Becker |title=Maria Becker – Promis – glanz & gloria – Schweizer Fernsehen |access-date=2013-05-14 |archive-date=2012-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031172350/http://www.glanzundgloria.sf.tv/Promis/Maria-Becker |url-status=dead }}</ref> an Austrian-Swiss actor Robert Freitag. The couple haed three childer thegither, the first bein Christopher Daniel, wha wis born disabled allegedly due tae medical mistaks makkit durin the birth that caused Nena tae gang intae [[cardiac arrest]].<ref name="Claudia Thesenfitz 2005">''Willst du mit mir gehn'', Nena Kerner an Claudia Thesenfitz, Lübbe, 2005, page 182.</ref> He deed at the age o 11 month. In 1990 thay haed twins, Larissa Marie an Sakias Manuel. Efter splittin wi Freitag, Nena stairtit a relationship wi drummer an muisic producer Philipp Palm frae [[Stuttgart]], wi wham thay haed twa bairns, Samuel Vincent (1995), an Simeon Joel (1997). The couple an the fower bairns bide in [[Hamburg]]. On Christenmas Day 2009, Nena becam a grannie whan Larissa gae birth tae a lassie, Carla Maria.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.klatsch-tratsch.de/2009/12/30/nena-ist-zum-ersten-mal-grosmutter-geworden/44539 |title=Nena is for the first time a grandmother |date=30 December 2009 |accessdate=2010-01-17 |language=German |archive-date=2010-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231012915/http://www.klatsch-tratsch.de/2009/12/30/nena-ist-zum-ersten-mal-grosmutter-geworden/44539 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jist twa day efter, Nena's son Sakias becam a faither tae a laddie cried Noah.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.welt.de/vermischtes/article5815516/Saengerin-Nena-zum-zweiten-Mal-Oma-geworden.html |title=Zwillinge machen Nena zur Doppeloma |publisher=[[Die Welt]] |date=12 January 2010 |accessdate=2010-01-17 |language=German}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thelocal.de/society/20100112-24523.html |title=Nena becomes a grandmother, again |date=12 January 2010 |accessdate=2010-01-17 |publisher=The Local |archive-date=2010-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100122083612/http://www.thelocal.de/society/20100112-24523.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ootthrou the 1990s, Nena lowsed a wide range o solo albums, a nummer o thaim consistin o sangs for bairns. At the same time she presentit several TV shaws, includin ''Metro'' an ''Countdown Grand Prix'', the German preselection for the ''[[Eurovision Song Contest]]'', in 1998. ===Back-come=== [[Image:Nena Stadtfest-Wien2008a.jpg|thumb|right|Nena in Vienna on 3 Mey 2008]] In 2002 Nena celebratit her 20t anniversary on stage wi the album ''Nena feat. Nena'', a disc consistin o newly arrangit recordins o her hits frae the 1980s. This album markit a back-come for Nena, an gied her a wheen o hits. The remak o "Anyplace, Anywhere, Anytime" as an Inglis-German duet wi Kim Wilde wis a hit in various European kintras, reakin the Nummer 1 spot in the Netherlands an Austria, an Nummer 3 in Germany, in 2003. A DVD follit, then the 2005 album ''Willst du mit mir gehn'' ("Ar Ye Wantin tae Gang wi Me?") that suin gaed platinum. The first single frae the album, "Liebe ist" ("Love Is"), raxed nummer 1 on the German chairts in early 2005, an wis the theme sang for a German telenovela, ''Verliebt in Berlin''. Nena's 2005 tour in Germany, Austrick, an Swisserland in November an Dizember 2005 haed several sauld-oot concerts. In 2004, Nena teuk the stage durin the Howard Jones 20t Anniversary concert at Shepherd's Bush Empire in [[Lunnon]]. Nena sang "99 Luftballons", wi baith German an Inglis leerics. In 2004, Nena went on stage at the Mayday Music Festival, in Dortmund, accompaniet bi the techno duo Toktok. She sang the sang "Bang Bang", an wis later jynt on stage bi DJ Westbam tae sing the sang "Oldschool Baby". In October 2007, Nena lowsed a new album entitled ''Cover Me'', aw kiver sangs. [[David Bowie]], Rolling Stones an Rammstein are three o the baunds covered. She lowsed the single an aw, "Ich Kann nix<!-- intentional misspelling --> Dafür" ("It's not my Fault") in Aprile 2007 for the film, ''Vollidiot'' (''Complete Idiot''). Nena released a single for her kiver o "She's a Rainbow" bi the Rolling Stones an aw. It cam oot in the US an the UK an gaed tae No.&nbsp;42 in the Breetish Chairts. Nena recordit an brocht oot a new version o her hit sang "99 Luftballons" in 2009 an aw, whilk mair closely follaes the 1980s oreeginal, in contrast tae her 2002 version. This sang wis first performit in Germany on 6 September 2009. Some pairts o the new version are in French. Nena lowsed a new single on 4 September 2009, cried "Wir sind wahr", an a new album on the 23rd: ''Made in Germany''. In recent years she haes taen an interest in the teachins o the Indian mystic Osho (Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh) in recent years, an practises his meditation methods, that ye can see a bit o in the "Wir sind wahr" video.<ref>[http://www.welt.de/die-welt/vermischtes/hamburg/article4630861/Nena-bekennt-sich-als-Fan-des-Bhagwan-Gurus-Osho.html Nena bekennt sich als Fan des Bhagwan-Gurus Osho], ''[[Die Welt]]'', 26 September 2009</ref> Mair recently, she wrocht wi the techno-rap airtists Die Atzen tae produce a new single, "Strobo Pop". In 2011 she contributit vocals tae the track "Let Go Tonight" bi Kevin Costner's baund Modern West.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nena.de/news/2236-kevin-costner-feat-nena-let-go-tonight |title=Kevin Costner feat. NENA – Let go tonight |publisher=Nena.de |date= |accessdate=2012-04-17 |archive-date=2012-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421224242/http://www.nena.de/news/2236-kevin-costner-feat-nena-let-go-tonight |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Ither wirk== Forby her singin, she haes vyced the chairacter Saphira for the German dub o the movie ''[[Eragon (film)|Eragon]]'' an the Princess for the German version o ''Arthur and the Invisibles'' alangside ''Tokio Hotel's'' Bill Kaulitz. Kaulitz haes said monie a time that Nena is his favourite sangster. Nena haes been ane o the coaches on ''The Voice of Germany''. In 2007, jointly wi Philipp Palm, Thomas Simmerl, an Silke Steinfadt, she foondit the Neue Schule Hamburg, a schuil follaein the Sudbury model.<ref>{{cite news | first=Von Birgitta | last=vom Lehn | title=Nena gründet eine Schule | url=http://www.morgenpost.de/wissen-und-technik/article985037/Nena_gruendet_eine_Schule.html | work=Berliner Morgenpost | date=2007-04-09 | accessdate=2009-08-30}}</ref> Nena wrote an autobiografical [[beuk]], ''Willst du mit mir gehn'' (Ar Ye Wantin tae Gang wi Me?),<ref name="Claudia Thesenfitz 2005"/> jyntly wi Claudia Thesenfitz, a jurnalist. Nena's contreibutions are her disparate accoonts o various episodes in her life. Maist o Thesenfitz's contreibutions are excerpts frae interviews o mony o Nena's freinds, co-wirkers, an relatives. ==Discography== {{col-begin}} {{col-3}} *1980: ''The Stripes'' (pre-Nena album) *1983: ''Nena'' *1984: ''[[%3F (Nena album)|? (Fragezeichen)]]'' *1984: ''99 Luftballons'' (internaitional album) *1985: ''Feuer und Flamme'' *1985: ''It's All in the Game'' *1986: ''Eisbrecher'' *1989: ''Wunder gescheh'n'' *1990: ''Komm lieber Mai...'' *1991: ''Nena Die Band'' *1992: ''Bongo Girl'' *1994: ''Und Alles Dreht Sich'' *1995: ''{{Ill|de|Nena Live}}'' *1995: ''Unser Apfelhaus'' *1996: ''Bambus Bären Bande'' (soondtrack) *1997: ''Jamma Nich'' *1997: ''Nenas Weihnachtsreise'' *1998: ''Wenn Alles Richtig Ist, Dann Stimmt Was Nicht'' *1998: ''Nena Live '98'' *1999: ''Rabatz'' *2001: ''Chokmah'' *2002: ''Tausend Sterne'' (Nena Kids) *2002: ''Nena feat. Nena'' *2002: ''Madou und das Licht der Fantasie'' (Nena Kids) *2003: ''Nena feat. Nena Live'' *2004: ''Nena live Nena'' *2005: ''Willst du mit mir gehen?'' *2007: ''Cover Me'' *2008: ''Himmel, Sonne, Wind und Regen'' *2009: ''Made in Germany'' *2010: ''Made in Germany Live'' *2010: ''Best of Nena'' *2011: ''Die Atzen ft Nena-strobo pop *2012: ''Du Bist Gut ==Filmography== *''Gib Gas ich will Spaß'' (1982) *''Richy Guitar'' (1985) *''Der Unsichtbare'' (1987) *''Tobias Totz und sein Löwe'' (vyce, 1999) *''Die Abrafaxe &ndash; Unter schwarzer Flagge'' (vyce, 2001) *''Die Affäre Semmeling'' (TV series) (1999) *''[[:en:Eragon (film)|Eragon]]'' (German dub, 2006) (vyce) *''[[:en:Arthur and the Minimoys|Arthur und die Minimoys]] (vyce) == References == {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons category}} * [http://www.nena.de Offeecial Wab Steid] {{de icon}} * {{IMDb name|0626020}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nena}} [[Category:1960 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Hagen]] [[Category:Female New wave sangsters]] [[Category:German female sangsters]] [[Category:German pop sangsters]] [[Category:German New wave muisickers]] [[Category:Muisickers frae Hamburgh]] [[Category:Pseudonymous muisickers]] [[Category:The Voice (TV series) judges]] 8j9sqkk9xilsrozftvl3z9zwlpai9cb 927137 927110 2026-11-08T23:16:52Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927137 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Musicians --> | name = Nena | image = Nena Dein Song 2008.jpg | caption = Nena in 2008. | image_size = | background = solo_singer | birth_name = Gabriele Susanne Kerner | alias = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1960|3|24|df=yes}} | death_date = | origin = | instrument = [[Vocals]] | genre = [[Neue Deutsche Welle]], [[New wave muisic|New Wave]], [[synthpop]],<br> [[Pop muisic|pop]], [[punk rock]] | occupation = [[Muisicker]], [[sangster-sangwriter]] | years_active = 1981&ndash;present | label = [[CBS]]/Columbia Records, Warner Music | associated_acts = Carlo Karges<br />Uwe Fahrenkrog-Petersen<br />Jürgen Dehmel<br />Rolf Brendel<br />Peter Heppner }} '''Gabriele Susanne Kerner''' (born 24 Mairch 1960), kent professionally as '''Nena''', is a German sangster an actress. She becam weel kent the warld ower in 1983 wi the [[Neue Deutsche Welle|New German Wave]] sang "[[99 Luftballons]]". In 1984, she re-recordit this sang in Inglis as "99 Red Balloons".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pandora.com/#!/music/artist/nena?bio |title=Nena (Biography on Pandora)|accessdate=2011-11-13}}</ref> ==Biography== ===Early life=== Gabriele Susanne Kerner wis born on 24 Mairch 1960 in Hagen, [[North Rhine-Westphalie]], [[Wast Germany]], while her faimily bade in the nearhaun toun o Breckerfeld. She spent the earliest pairt o her bairnheid in Breckerfeld an later bade in Hagen. She got the nem Nena at the age o three, on a holiday tae Spain wi her parents, frae the Spaingie wird "nena" (a hamely form o "niña"), or "wee lassie". In 1977 she left the heich schuil afore she graduatit, an for the next three year she trained as a gowdsmith. ===Muisical beginnins=== Her muisical career stairtit in the simmer o 1979 whan guitarist Rainer Kitzmann affered her a place as the lead sangster in his baund, The Stripes. The group haed a smaw hit wi the sang "Ecstasy", but never haed muckle success, an suin split up. In 1981, Nena an her then-cleek Rolf Brendel flittit tae Wast Berlin, whaur thay met the ither members o thair new baund, guitarist Carlo Karges, keybuird player Uwe Fahrenkrog-Petersen, an bass player Jürgen Dehmel. Thegither thay formit the baund "Nena". In 1982 "Nena" lowsed thair first single, "Nur geträumt" ("Only dreamt"), that becam a hit strecht awa in Germany efter the baund kythed on the German televeesion show ''Musikladen''. The single is said tae hae sauld 40,000 copies the day efter the show, an it raxed nummer twa in the German chairts. ===Internaitional success an baund brakup=== In 1983 the baund lowsed its first album ''Nena'', that haed the singles "Leuchtturm" ("Lighthouse") an "[[99 Luftballons]]" (the Inglis version is cried "99 Red Balloons."). "99 Luftballons" wis a nummer-ane hit in Wast Germany in 1983 an wis a muckle hit in ither kintras the year efter: the Inglis version gaed tae nummer ane in the [[UK]], an the oreeginal German version gaed tae nummer twa in the [[Unitit States]], ahint [[Van Halen]]'s Jump. In 1984, [[Casey Kasem]]'s radio show "American Top 40" introducit a "mixed" version o the sang, "splicing" the German an American versions thegither. It wis a muckle hit in monie ither kintras an aw, an tae this day it is ane o the best-kent German rock sangs in monie pairts o the warld. Tho "99 Luftballons" wis Nena's ae hit in the Inglis-speakin warld, the baund held on bein a success in several European kintras for some year efter. The baund split in 1987, an Nena gaed solo efter that. Nena's next single, "Just a Dream", gaed tae nummer 70 in the UK chairts in 1984; its B side wis cried "Indianer". A dance version o the A side, written ower frae stert tae feenish, cam oot in the 1990s an becam a clubbin anthem, tho monie young fowk didna ken whaur the sang cam frae. ===Personal life=== Nena stairtit datin Swiss actor {{ill|Benedict Freitag|de}} suin efter the baund split in 1987. Benedict is the son o the German actress {{ill|Maria Becker|de}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.glanzundgloria.sf.tv/Promis/Maria-Becker |title=Maria Becker – Promis – glanz & gloria – Schweizer Fernsehen |access-date=2013-05-14 |archive-date=2012-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031172350/http://www.glanzundgloria.sf.tv/Promis/Maria-Becker |url-status=dead }}</ref> an Austrian-Swiss actor Robert Freitag. The couple haed three childer thegither, the first bein Christopher Daniel, wha wis born disabled allegedly due tae medical mistaks makkit durin the birth that caused Nena tae gang intae [[cardiac arrest]].<ref name="Claudia Thesenfitz 2005">''Willst du mit mir gehn'', Nena Kerner an Claudia Thesenfitz, Lübbe, 2005, page 182.</ref> He deed at the age o 11 month. In 1990 thay haed twins, Larissa Marie an Sakias Manuel. Efter splittin wi Freitag, Nena stairtit a relationship wi drummer an muisic producer Philipp Palm frae [[Stuttgart]], wi wham thay haed twa bairns, Samuel Vincent (1995), an Simeon Joel (1997). The couple an the fower bairns bide in [[Hamburg]]. On Christenmas Day 2009, Nena becam a grannie whan Larissa gae birth tae a lassie, Carla Maria.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.klatsch-tratsch.de/2009/12/30/nena-ist-zum-ersten-mal-grosmutter-geworden/44539 |title=Nena is for the first time a grandmother |date=30 December 2009 |accessdate=2010-01-17 |language=German |archive-date=2010-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231012915/http://www.klatsch-tratsch.de/2009/12/30/nena-ist-zum-ersten-mal-grosmutter-geworden/44539 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jist twa day efter, Nena's son Sakias becam a faither tae a laddie cried Noah.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.welt.de/vermischtes/article5815516/Saengerin-Nena-zum-zweiten-Mal-Oma-geworden.html |title=Zwillinge machen Nena zur Doppeloma |publisher=[[Die Welt]] |date=12 January 2010 |accessdate=2010-01-17 |language=German}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thelocal.de/society/20100112-24523.html |title=Nena becomes a grandmother, again |date=12 January 2010 |accessdate=2010-01-17 |publisher=The Local |archive-date=2010-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100122083612/http://www.thelocal.de/society/20100112-24523.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ootthrou the 1990s, Nena lowsed a wide range o solo albums, a nummer o thaim consistin o sangs for bairns. At the same time she presentit several TV shaws, includin ''Metro'' an ''Countdown Grand Prix'', the German preselection for the ''[[Eurovision Song Contest]]'', in 1998. ===Back-come=== [[Image:Nena Stadtfest-Wien2008a.jpg|thumb|right|Nena in Vienna on 3 Mey 2008]] In 2002 Nena celebratit her 20t anniversary on stage wi the album ''Nena feat. Nena'', a disc consistin o newly arrangit recordins o her hits frae the 1980s. This album markit a back-come for Nena, an gied her a wheen o hits. The remak o "Anyplace, Anywhere, Anytime" as an Inglis-German duet wi Kim Wilde wis a hit in various European kintras, reakin the Nummer 1 spot in the Netherlands an Austria, an Nummer 3 in Germany, in 2003. A DVD follit, then the 2005 album ''Willst du mit mir gehn'' ("Ar Ye Wantin tae Gang wi Me?") that suin gaed platinum. The first single frae the album, "Liebe ist" ("Love Is"), raxed nummer 1 on the German chairts in early 2005, an wis the theme sang for a German telenovela, ''Verliebt in Berlin''. Nena's 2005 tour in Germany, Austrick, an Swisserland in November an Dizember 2005 haed several sauld-oot concerts. In 2004, Nena teuk the stage durin the Howard Jones 20t Anniversary concert at Shepherd's Bush Empire in [[Lunnon]]. Nena sang "99 Luftballons", wi baith German an Inglis leerics. In 2004, Nena went on stage at the Mayday Music Festival, in Dortmund, accompaniet bi the techno duo Toktok. She sang the sang "Bang Bang", an wis later jynt on stage bi DJ Westbam tae sing the sang "Oldschool Baby". In October 2007, Nena lowsed a new album entitled ''Cover Me'', aw kiver sangs. [[David Bowie]], Rolling Stones an Rammstein are three o the baunds covered. She lowsed the single an aw, "Ich Kann nix<!-- intentional misspelling --> Dafür" ("It's not my Fault") in Aprile 2007 for the film, ''Vollidiot'' (''Complete Idiot''). Nena released a single for her kiver o "She's a Rainbow" bi the Rolling Stones an aw. It cam oot in the US an the UK an gaed tae No.&nbsp;42 in the Breetish Chairts. Nena recordit an brocht oot a new version o her hit sang "99 Luftballons" in 2009 an aw, whilk mair closely follaes the 1980s oreeginal, in contrast tae her 2002 version. This sang wis first performit in Germany on 6 September 2009. Some pairts o the new version are in French. Nena lowsed a new single on 4 September 2009, cried "Wir sind wahr", an a new album on the 23rd: ''Made in Germany''. In recent years she haes taen an interest in the teachins o the Indian mystic Osho (Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh) in recent years, an practises his meditation methods, that ye can see a bit o in the "Wir sind wahr" video.<ref>[http://www.welt.de/die-welt/vermischtes/hamburg/article4630861/Nena-bekennt-sich-als-Fan-des-Bhagwan-Gurus-Osho.html Nena bekennt sich als Fan des Bhagwan-Gurus Osho], ''[[Die Welt]]'', 26 September 2009</ref> Mair recently, she wrocht wi the techno-rap airtists Die Atzen tae produce a new single, "Strobo Pop". In 2011 she contributit vocals tae the track "Let Go Tonight" bi Kevin Costner's baund Modern West.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nena.de/news/2236-kevin-costner-feat-nena-let-go-tonight |title=Kevin Costner feat. NENA – Let go tonight |publisher=Nena.de |date= |accessdate=2012-04-17 |archive-date=2012-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421224242/http://www.nena.de/news/2236-kevin-costner-feat-nena-let-go-tonight |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Ither wirk== Forby her singin, she haes vyced the chairacter Saphira for the German dub o the movie ''[[Eragon (film)|Eragon]]'' an the Princess for the German version o ''Arthur and the Invisibles'' alangside ''Tokio Hotel's'' Bill Kaulitz. Kaulitz haes said monie a time that Nena is his favourite sangster. Nena haes been ane o the coaches on ''The Voice of Germany''. In 2007, jointly wi Philipp Palm, Thomas Simmerl, an Silke Steinfadt, she foondit the Neue Schule Hamburg, a schuil follaein the Sudbury model.<ref>{{cite news | first=Von Birgitta | last=vom Lehn | title=Nena gründet eine Schule | url=http://www.morgenpost.de/wissen-und-technik/article985037/Nena_gruendet_eine_Schule.html | work=Berliner Morgenpost | date=2007-04-09 | accessdate=2009-08-30}}</ref> Nena wrote an autobiografical [[beuk]], ''Willst du mit mir gehn'' (Ar Ye Wantin tae Gang wi Me?),<ref name="Claudia Thesenfitz 2005"/> jyntly wi Claudia Thesenfitz, a jurnalist. Nena's contreibutions are her disparate accoonts o various episodes in her life. Maist o Thesenfitz's contreibutions are excerpts frae interviews o mony o Nena's freinds, co-wirkers, an relatives. ==Discography== {{col-begin}} {{col-3}} *1980: ''The Stripes'' (pre-Nena album) *1983: ''Nena'' *1984: ''[[%3F (Nena album)|? (Fragezeichen)]]'' *1984: ''99 Luftballons'' (internaitional album) *1985: ''Feuer und Flamme'' *1985: ''It's All in the Game'' *1986: ''Eisbrecher'' *1989: ''Wunder gescheh'n'' *1990: ''Komm lieber Mai...'' *1991: ''Nena Die Band'' *1992: ''Bongo Girl'' *1994: ''Und Alles Dreht Sich'' *1995: ''{{Ill|de|Nena Live}}'' *1995: ''Unser Apfelhaus'' *1996: ''Bambus Bären Bande'' (soondtrack) *1997: ''Jamma Nich'' *1997: ''Nenas Weihnachtsreise'' *1998: ''Wenn Alles Richtig Ist, Dann Stimmt Was Nicht'' *1998: ''Nena Live '98'' *1999: ''Rabatz'' *2001: ''Chokmah'' *2002: ''Tausend Sterne'' (Nena Kids) *2002: ''Nena feat. Nena'' *2002: ''Madou und das Licht der Fantasie'' (Nena Kids) *2003: ''Nena feat. Nena Live'' *2004: ''Nena live Nena'' *2005: ''Willst du mit mir gehen?'' *2007: ''Cover Me'' *2008: ''Himmel, Sonne, Wind und Regen'' *2009: ''Made in Germany'' *2010: ''Made in Germany Live'' *2010: ''Best of Nena'' *2011: ''Die Atzen ft Nena-strobo pop *2012: ''Du Bist Gut ==Filmography== *''Gib Gas ich will Spaß'' (1982) *''Richy Guitar'' (1985) *''Der Unsichtbare'' (1987) *''Tobias Totz und sein Löwe'' (vyce, 1999) *''Die Abrafaxe &ndash; Unter schwarzer Flagge'' (vyce, 2001) *''Die Affäre Semmeling'' (TV series) (1999) *''[[:en:Eragon (film)|Eragon]]'' (German dub, 2006) (vyce) *''[[:en:Arthur and the Minimoys|Arthur und die Minimoys]] (vyce) == References == {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons category}} * [http://www.nena.de Offeecial Wab Steid] {{de icon}} * {{IMDb name|0626020}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nena}} [[Category:1960 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Hagen]] [[Category:Female New wave sangsters]] [[Category:German female sangsters]] [[Category:German pop sangsters]] [[Category:German New wave muisickers]] [[Category:Muisickers frae Hamburgh]] [[Category:Pseudonymous muisickers]] [[Category:The Voice (TV series) judges]] 0gly7fce8x16jsimuza56mlg5cqls3m 927138 927137 2026-11-08T23:17:31Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927138 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist | name = Nena | image = Nena Dein Song 2008.jpg | caption = Nena in 2008. | background = solo_singer | birth_name = Gabriele Susanne Kerner | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1960|3|24|df=yes}} | instrument = [[Vocals]] | genre = [[Neue Deutsche Welle]], [[New wave muisic|New Wave]], [[synthpop]],<br> [[Pop muisic|pop]], [[punk rock]] | occupation = Muisicker, sangster-sangwriter | years_active = 1981&ndash;present | label = [[CBS]]/Columbia Records, Warner Music | associated_acts = Carlo Karges<br />Uwe Fahrenkrog-Petersen<br />Jürgen Dehmel<br />Rolf Brendel<br />Peter Heppner }} '''Gabriele Susanne Kerner''' (born 24 Mairch 1960), kent professionally as '''Nena''', is a German sangster an actress. She becam weel kent the warld ower in 1983 wi the [[Neue Deutsche Welle|New German Wave]] sang "[[99 Luftballons]]". In 1984, she re-recordit this sang in Inglis as "99 Red Balloons".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pandora.com/#!/music/artist/nena?bio |title=Nena (Biography on Pandora)|accessdate=2011-11-13}}</ref> ==Biography== ===Early life=== Gabriele Susanne Kerner wis born on 24 Mairch 1960 in Hagen, [[North Rhine-Westphalie]], [[Wast Germany]], while her faimily bade in the nearhaun toun o Breckerfeld. She spent the earliest pairt o her bairnheid in Breckerfeld an later bade in Hagen. She got the nem Nena at the age o three, on a holiday tae Spain wi her parents, frae the Spaingie wird "nena" (a hamely form o "niña"), or "wee lassie". In 1977 she left the heich schuil afore she graduatit, an for the next three year she trained as a gowdsmith. ===Muisical beginnins=== Her muisical career stairtit in the simmer o 1979 whan guitarist Rainer Kitzmann affered her a place as the lead sangster in his baund, The Stripes. The group haed a smaw hit wi the sang "Ecstasy", but never haed muckle success, an suin split up. In 1981, Nena an her then-cleek Rolf Brendel flittit tae Wast Berlin, whaur thay met the ither members o thair new baund, guitarist Carlo Karges, keybuird player Uwe Fahrenkrog-Petersen, an bass player Jürgen Dehmel. Thegither thay formit the baund "Nena". In 1982 "Nena" lowsed thair first single, "Nur geträumt" ("Only dreamt"), that becam a hit strecht awa in Germany efter the baund kythed on the German televeesion show ''Musikladen''. The single is said tae hae sauld 40,000 copies the day efter the show, an it raxed nummer twa in the German chairts. ===Internaitional success an baund brakup=== In 1983 the baund lowsed its first album ''Nena'', that haed the singles "Leuchtturm" ("Lighthouse") an "[[99 Luftballons]]" (the Inglis version is cried "99 Red Balloons."). "99 Luftballons" wis a nummer-ane hit in Wast Germany in 1983 an wis a muckle hit in ither kintras the year efter: the Inglis version gaed tae nummer ane in the [[UK]], an the oreeginal German version gaed tae nummer twa in the [[Unitit States]], ahint [[Van Halen]]'s Jump. In 1984, [[Casey Kasem]]'s radio show "American Top 40" introducit a "mixed" version o the sang, "splicing" the German an American versions thegither. It wis a muckle hit in monie ither kintras an aw, an tae this day it is ane o the best-kent German rock sangs in monie pairts o the warld. Tho "99 Luftballons" wis Nena's ae hit in the Inglis-speakin warld, the baund held on bein a success in several European kintras for some year efter. The baund split in 1987, an Nena gaed solo efter that. Nena's next single, "Just a Dream", gaed tae nummer 70 in the UK chairts in 1984; its B side wis cried "Indianer". A dance version o the A side, written ower frae stert tae feenish, cam oot in the 1990s an becam a clubbin anthem, tho monie young fowk didna ken whaur the sang cam frae. ===Personal life=== Nena stairtit datin Swiss actor {{ill|Benedict Freitag|de}} suin efter the baund split in 1987. Benedict is the son o the German actress {{ill|Maria Becker|de}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.glanzundgloria.sf.tv/Promis/Maria-Becker |title=Maria Becker – Promis – glanz & gloria – Schweizer Fernsehen |access-date=2013-05-14 |archive-date=2012-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031172350/http://www.glanzundgloria.sf.tv/Promis/Maria-Becker |url-status=dead }}</ref> an Austrian-Swiss actor Robert Freitag. The couple haed three childer thegither, the first bein Christopher Daniel, wha wis born disabled allegedly due tae medical mistaks makkit durin the birth that caused Nena tae gang intae [[cardiac arrest]].<ref name="Claudia Thesenfitz 2005">''Willst du mit mir gehn'', Nena Kerner an Claudia Thesenfitz, Lübbe, 2005, page 182.</ref> He deed at the age o 11 month. In 1990 thay haed twins, Larissa Marie an Sakias Manuel. Efter splittin wi Freitag, Nena stairtit a relationship wi drummer an muisic producer Philipp Palm frae [[Stuttgart]], wi wham thay haed twa bairns, Samuel Vincent (1995), an Simeon Joel (1997). The couple an the fower bairns bide in [[Hamburg]]. On Christenmas Day 2009, Nena becam a grannie whan Larissa gae birth tae a lassie, Carla Maria.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.klatsch-tratsch.de/2009/12/30/nena-ist-zum-ersten-mal-grosmutter-geworden/44539 |title=Nena is for the first time a grandmother |date=30 December 2009 |accessdate=2010-01-17 |language=German |archive-date=2010-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231012915/http://www.klatsch-tratsch.de/2009/12/30/nena-ist-zum-ersten-mal-grosmutter-geworden/44539 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jist twa day efter, Nena's son Sakias becam a faither tae a laddie cried Noah.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.welt.de/vermischtes/article5815516/Saengerin-Nena-zum-zweiten-Mal-Oma-geworden.html |title=Zwillinge machen Nena zur Doppeloma |publisher=[[Die Welt]] |date=12 January 2010 |accessdate=2010-01-17 |language=German}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thelocal.de/society/20100112-24523.html |title=Nena becomes a grandmother, again |date=12 January 2010 |accessdate=2010-01-17 |publisher=The Local |archive-date=2010-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100122083612/http://www.thelocal.de/society/20100112-24523.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ootthrou the 1990s, Nena lowsed a wide range o solo albums, a nummer o thaim consistin o sangs for bairns. At the same time she presentit several TV shaws, includin ''Metro'' an ''Countdown Grand Prix'', the German preselection for the ''[[Eurovision Song Contest]]'', in 1998. ===Back-come=== [[Image:Nena Stadtfest-Wien2008a.jpg|thumb|right|Nena in Vienna on 3 Mey 2008]] In 2002 Nena celebratit her 20t anniversary on stage wi the album ''Nena feat. Nena'', a disc consistin o newly arrangit recordins o her hits frae the 1980s. This album markit a back-come for Nena, an gied her a wheen o hits. The remak o "Anyplace, Anywhere, Anytime" as an Inglis-German duet wi Kim Wilde wis a hit in various European kintras, reakin the Nummer 1 spot in the Netherlands an Austria, an Nummer 3 in Germany, in 2003. A DVD follit, then the 2005 album ''Willst du mit mir gehn'' ("Ar Ye Wantin tae Gang wi Me?") that suin gaed platinum. The first single frae the album, "Liebe ist" ("Love Is"), raxed nummer 1 on the German chairts in early 2005, an wis the theme sang for a German telenovela, ''Verliebt in Berlin''. Nena's 2005 tour in Germany, Austrick, an Swisserland in November an Dizember 2005 haed several sauld-oot concerts. In 2004, Nena teuk the stage durin the Howard Jones 20t Anniversary concert at Shepherd's Bush Empire in [[Lunnon]]. Nena sang "99 Luftballons", wi baith German an Inglis leerics. In 2004, Nena went on stage at the Mayday Music Festival, in Dortmund, accompaniet bi the techno duo Toktok. She sang the sang "Bang Bang", an wis later jynt on stage bi DJ Westbam tae sing the sang "Oldschool Baby". In October 2007, Nena lowsed a new album entitled ''Cover Me'', aw kiver sangs. [[David Bowie]], Rolling Stones an Rammstein are three o the baunds covered. She lowsed the single an aw, "Ich Kann nix<!-- intentional misspelling --> Dafür" ("It's not my Fault") in Aprile 2007 for the film, ''Vollidiot'' (''Complete Idiot''). Nena released a single for her kiver o "She's a Rainbow" bi the Rolling Stones an aw. It cam oot in the US an the UK an gaed tae No.&nbsp;42 in the Breetish Chairts. Nena recordit an brocht oot a new version o her hit sang "99 Luftballons" in 2009 an aw, whilk mair closely follaes the 1980s oreeginal, in contrast tae her 2002 version. This sang wis first performit in Germany on 6 September 2009. Some pairts o the new version are in French. Nena lowsed a new single on 4 September 2009, cried "Wir sind wahr", an a new album on the 23rd: ''Made in Germany''. In recent years she haes taen an interest in the teachins o the Indian mystic Osho (Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh) in recent years, an practises his meditation methods, that ye can see a bit o in the "Wir sind wahr" video.<ref>[http://www.welt.de/die-welt/vermischtes/hamburg/article4630861/Nena-bekennt-sich-als-Fan-des-Bhagwan-Gurus-Osho.html Nena bekennt sich als Fan des Bhagwan-Gurus Osho], ''[[Die Welt]]'', 26 September 2009</ref> Mair recently, she wrocht wi the techno-rap airtists Die Atzen tae produce a new single, "Strobo Pop". In 2011 she contributit vocals tae the track "Let Go Tonight" bi Kevin Costner's baund Modern West.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nena.de/news/2236-kevin-costner-feat-nena-let-go-tonight |title=Kevin Costner feat. NENA – Let go tonight |publisher=Nena.de |date= |accessdate=2012-04-17 |archive-date=2012-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421224242/http://www.nena.de/news/2236-kevin-costner-feat-nena-let-go-tonight |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Ither wirk== Forby her singin, she haes vyced the chairacter Saphira for the German dub o the movie ''[[Eragon (film)|Eragon]]'' an the Princess for the German version o ''Arthur and the Invisibles'' alangside ''Tokio Hotel's'' Bill Kaulitz. Kaulitz haes said monie a time that Nena is his favourite sangster. Nena haes been ane o the coaches on ''The Voice of Germany''. In 2007, jointly wi Philipp Palm, Thomas Simmerl, an Silke Steinfadt, she foondit the Neue Schule Hamburg, a schuil follaein the Sudbury model.<ref>{{cite news | first=Von Birgitta | last=vom Lehn | title=Nena gründet eine Schule | url=http://www.morgenpost.de/wissen-und-technik/article985037/Nena_gruendet_eine_Schule.html | work=Berliner Morgenpost | date=2007-04-09 | accessdate=2009-08-30}}</ref> Nena wrote an autobiografical [[beuk]], ''Willst du mit mir gehn'' (Ar Ye Wantin tae Gang wi Me?),<ref name="Claudia Thesenfitz 2005"/> jyntly wi Claudia Thesenfitz, a jurnalist. Nena's contreibutions are her disparate accoonts o various episodes in her life. Maist o Thesenfitz's contreibutions are excerpts frae interviews o mony o Nena's freinds, co-wirkers, an relatives. ==Discography== {{col-begin}} {{col-3}} *1980: ''The Stripes'' (pre-Nena album) *1983: ''Nena'' *1984: ''[[%3F (Nena album)|? (Fragezeichen)]]'' *1984: ''99 Luftballons'' (internaitional album) *1985: ''Feuer und Flamme'' *1985: ''It's All in the Game'' *1986: ''Eisbrecher'' *1989: ''Wunder gescheh'n'' *1990: ''Komm lieber Mai...'' *1991: ''Nena Die Band'' *1992: ''Bongo Girl'' *1994: ''Und Alles Dreht Sich'' *1995: ''{{Ill|de|Nena Live}}'' *1995: ''Unser Apfelhaus'' *1996: ''Bambus Bären Bande'' (soondtrack) *1997: ''Jamma Nich'' *1997: ''Nenas Weihnachtsreise'' *1998: ''Wenn Alles Richtig Ist, Dann Stimmt Was Nicht'' *1998: ''Nena Live '98'' *1999: ''Rabatz'' *2001: ''Chokmah'' *2002: ''Tausend Sterne'' (Nena Kids) *2002: ''Nena feat. Nena'' *2002: ''Madou und das Licht der Fantasie'' (Nena Kids) *2003: ''Nena feat. Nena Live'' *2004: ''Nena live Nena'' *2005: ''Willst du mit mir gehen?'' *2007: ''Cover Me'' *2008: ''Himmel, Sonne, Wind und Regen'' *2009: ''Made in Germany'' *2010: ''Made in Germany Live'' *2010: ''Best of Nena'' *2011: ''Die Atzen ft Nena-strobo pop *2012: ''Du Bist Gut ==Filmography== *''Gib Gas ich will Spaß'' (1982) *''Richy Guitar'' (1985) *''Der Unsichtbare'' (1987) *''Tobias Totz und sein Löwe'' (vyce, 1999) *''Die Abrafaxe &ndash; Unter schwarzer Flagge'' (vyce, 2001) *''Die Affäre Semmeling'' (TV series) (1999) *''[[:en:Eragon (film)|Eragon]]'' (German dub, 2006) (vyce) *''[[:en:Arthur and the Minimoys|Arthur und die Minimoys]] (vyce) == References == {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons category}} * [http://www.nena.de Offeecial Wab Steid] {{de icon}} * {{IMDb name|0626020}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nena}} [[Category:1960 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Hagen]] [[Category:Female New wave sangsters]] [[Category:German female sangsters]] [[Category:German pop sangsters]] [[Category:German New wave muisickers]] [[Category:Muisickers frae Hamburgh]] [[Category:Pseudonymous muisickers]] [[Category:The Voice (TV series) judges]] 2swyjcbjysqnojttv5wr08jdahnsdl5 0 51067 927143 925856 2026-11-08T23:33:15Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; brocht up tae date (retiral 2024, coachin), soorced 927143 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox tennis biography |name = Andy Murray |fullname = Andrew Barron Murray |image = Andy Murray Toyko 2011.jpg |caption = Murray in 2011 |kintra = [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px]] [[Davis Cup|Great Breetain]] |residence = Lunnon, Ingland |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1987|5|15|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Glesga]], [[Scotland]]<ref name=birth1>{{cite web |url=http://www.scottishroots.com/people/andy.php |title=Scottish Genealogy Scottish Family Tree History Research Genealogists: Andy Murray |publisher=Scottishroots.com |date=1987-05-15 |accessdate=2013-04-20 |archive-date=2013-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617050559/http://www.scottishroots.com/people/andy.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> |height = 1.91 m (6 ft 3 in) |wecht = {{convert|82|kg|lb st|abbr=on}} |turnedpro = 2005 |retired = 1 August 2024 |plays = Richt-haundit (twa-haundit backhaund) |careerprizemoney = [[US$]]64,687,542<ref name="career-prize-money-leaders">{{cite web|title=ATP Prize Money Leaders|url=http://www.protennislive.com/posting/ramr/career_prize.pdf|access-date=12 July 2021|archive-date=30 December 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251230094617/https://www.protennislive.com/posting/ramr/career_prize.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> *{{small|&nbsp;6t&nbsp;aw-time&nbsp;leader&nbsp;in&nbsp;earnins}} |wabsteid = [http://www.andymurray.com/ www.andymurray.com] |singlesrecord = 662–189 (77.8%) |singlestitles = 46 |highestsinglesranking = No. 1 (7 November 2016) |AustralianOpenresult = F (2010, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2016) |FrenchOpenresult = F (2016) |Wimbledonresult = '''W''' (2013, 2016) |USOpenresult = '''W''' (2012) |Othertournaments = Yes |MastersCupresult = '''W''' (2016) |Olympicsresult = [[File:Gold medal.svg|20px]] '''Gowd Medal''' (2012, 2016) |doublesrecord = 67–71 (48.5%) |doublestitles = 3 |highestdoublesranking = No. 51 (17 October 2011) |currentdoublesranking = |grandslamsdoublesresults = Yes |AustralianOpenDoublesresult = 1R (2006) |FrenchOpenDoublesresult = 2R (2006) |WimbledonDoublesresult = 1R (2005) |USOpenDoublesresult = 2R (2008) |OthertournamentsDoubles = Yes |MastersCupDoublesresult = |WTAChampionshipsDoublesresult = |OlympicsDoublesresult = 2R (2008) |Mixed = Yes |mixedrecord = 7–4 |mixedtitles = 0 |highestmixedranking = |grandslamsmixeddoublesresults = yes |OthertournamentsMixedDoubles = yes |WimbledonMixedresult = 2R (2006) |OlympicMixedDoublesresult = [[File:Silver medal.svg|20px]] Siller Medal (2012) |Team = yes |DavisCupresult = '''W''' (2015) |HopmanCupresult = F (2010) |updated = 8 November 2026 }} {{MedalTop}} {{MedalCountry|{{GBR2}}}} {{MedalSport|Men's Tennis}} {{MedalGold|[[2012 Simmer Olympics|2012 Lunnon]]|Singles}} {{Medal|Gold|[[2016 Simmer Olympics|2016 Rio de Janeiro]]|Singles}} {{MedalSilver|[[2012 Simmer Olympics|2012 Lunnon]]|Mixed Doobles}} {{MedalBottom}} {{stack end}} '''Sir Andrew Barron Murray''' [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] (born 15 Mey 1987) is a [[Scots fowk|Scots]] tennis coach an umwhile professional [[tennis]] player. He wis rankit warld No. 1 in men's singles bi the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) for 41 week, includin as the year-end No. 1 in 2016.<ref name=atp_profile>{{cite wab | url = http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/players/andy-murray/mc10/overview | title = Player profile – Andy Murray | publisher = [[Association of Tennis Professionals]] (ATP) | accessdate = 9 May 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = Madrid Final 2016 Set By Set Djokovic Murray|url = http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/news/madrid-final-2016-set-by-set-djokovic-murray|website = [[Association of Tennis Professionals|atpworldtour.com]]|accessdate = 2016-05-09|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160508234957/http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/news/madrid-final-2016-set-by-set-djokovic-murray|archivedate = 2016-05-09}}</ref> Murray wan 46 ATP Tour singles titles, amang thaim three Grand Slam titles: the 2012 US Open, an Wimbledon in 2013 an 2016. He wan twa Olympic gowd medals an aw, the 2016 ATP World Tour Finals an 14 Masters events, an he wis runner-up at aicht ither majors, for eleiven major finals in aw. Murray is the younger brither o the doubles player [[Jamie Murray]]. Murray stairtit his professional career at a time whan [[Rafael Nadal]] an [[Roger Federer]] war the dominant players in men's tennis. He haed quick success on the ATP Tour, gettin intae the tap 10 for the first time in 2007 at the age o 19. Bi 2010 Murray an [[Novak Djokovic]] haed jyned Federer an Nadal in the "Big Fower", the players that dominatit men's tennis in the 2010s. Murray haed a haurd time against the ither three at first, lossin his first fower major finals, but he wan Olympic gowd against Federer at the 2012 Lunnon Olympics. He then beat Djokovic in the final o the 2012 US Open, the first British major singles champion sin [[Virginia Wade]] in 1977, an he beat Djokovic again tae win Wimbledon in 2013, the first hame champion in the men's singles sin [[Fred Perry]] in 1936. In 2015 he led Great Britain tae its first Davis Cup title in the Open Era, winnin a record eleiven rubbers in the competeetion. Murray haed the best season o his career in 2016, whan he reached the finals o three majors an wan Wimbledon for the seicont time. He defendit his Olympic gowd medal at the 2016 Rio Olympics, the anly player, man or wumman, tae win twa Olympic gowd medals in singles. He becam warld No. 1 for the first time on 7 November 2016, an secured the year-end No. 1 rankin bi beatin Djokovic in the ATP Finals. Efter 2016 he struggled wi a hip injury that needit major hip-resurfacin surgery. Whan he cam back he wan ae last tour title at the 2019 European Open an got back intae the tap 50, but he niver got back tae his auld level. He retired efter rinnin tae the quarter-finals o the men's doubles at the 2024 Paris Olympics. Murray haed ane o the maist consistent twa-haundit backhaunds on the ATP Tour, an he helped mak Great Britain a leadin force in men's tennis again. He haes spak oot on equality, an in 2014 he becam anly the seicont tap-10 player in the history o the ATP Tour tae hae a wumman as coach, whan he teuk on [[Amélie Mauresmo]]. Efter his playin career he coached his auld rival Djokovic for a short time in 2025. Frae 2011 tae 2015 Murray reached at least the quarter-finals o ilka Grand Slam tournament he played, but for the 2015 US Open.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/tennis/andy-murray-savours-his-17th-successive-grand-slam-quarter-final.127722651|title=Andy Murray savours his 17th successive Grand Slam quarter final|publisher=Herald Scotland|date=1 June 2015}}</ref> He wis British No. 1 frae 27 Februar 2006 till Mairch 2018, whan Kyle Edmund teuk ower.<ref name="edmund2018">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/43279832|title=Kyle Edmund replaces Andy Murray to become British number one for first time|date=5 March 2018|work=BBC Sport|access-date=31 March 2018}}</ref> At the 2012 Olympics he beat Roger Federer in straucht sets tae win the gowd medal in the men's singles final, the first British singles champion in ower 100 year, an he wan a siller medal in the mixed doubles an aw, playin wi Laura Robson. At the 2012 US Open, Murray becam the first British player syne 1977, an the first British man syne 1936, tae win a [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] singles tournament, whan he defeatit [[Novak Djokovic]] in the final in five sets. This title left him the anerly British male tae become a Grand Slam singles champion durin the Open Era. On 7 Julie 2013, Murray won the 2013 Wimbledon Championships, acomin the first British player tae win a Wimbledon senior singles title syne [[Virginia Wade]] in 1977, an the first British man tae win the Men's Singles Championship syne [[Fred Perry]], 77 years previously. Murray is the anerly man in history tae hae won Olympic Gowd an the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]] in the same calendar year, as weel as the third man tae haud the Gowd Medal an twa majors on different surfaces (efter Andre Agassi an Rafael Nadal). Subsequent tae his sonse at the Olympics an Wimbledon, Murray wis votit the 2013 [[BBC Sports Personality of the Year]]. Murray haes been the rinner-up in aicht ither singles Grand Slam finals: the 2008 US Open, the 2010, 2011, 2013, 2015 an 2016 Australian Opens, the 2012 Wimbledon Championships, an the 2016 French Open lossin three tae Roger Federer an five tae Novak Djokovic. He is the first man in the Open Era tae achieve five rinner-up finishes at the [[Australian Open]], efter losin tae Djokovic in the final o the 2016 Australian Open. In 2011, Murray becam anerly the seivent player in the Open Era tae reak the semifinals o aw fower Grand Slam tournaments in ane year.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://uk.news.yahoo.com/andy-murray-reaches-u-open-semi-finals-204800033.html|publisher=Yahoo News UK|title=Andy Murray Reaches US Open Semi Finals|date=9 September 2011|accessdate=23 January 2012}}</ref> Durin the 2015 saison, he becam the fift man in tennis history tae hae won ower $40&nbsp;million in career prize money. Efter winnin tae the [[French Open]] semifinal in 2014, he becam the tent man tae win tae twa or mair semifinals at ilkane o the fower Majors.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2014/06/23/Roland-Garros-Wednesday2-Monfils-Murray.aspx|title=Murray Beats Monfils in Fading Light at Roland Garros|publisher=ATP|date=4 June 2014|accessdate=5 June 2014}}</ref> Efter winnin tae the final o the 2016 French Open, Murray becam the tent player in the Open Era tae win tae the final o aw fower Grand Slam events an jynt twalt on the leet for finals reached.<ref>{{cite news|title=Murray Ousts Wawrinka To Reach Roland Garros Final|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/news/murray-wawrinka-roland-garros-2016-semifinals-friday|publisher=ATP|date=3 June 2016|accessdate=3 June 2016}}</ref> He is anly the seicont British player (efter Fred Perry) o aither sex tae hae reached the final o all fower majors. Murray forby featurt in [[Great Britain Davis Cup team|Great Britain's Davis Cup winnin team]] in 2015, winnin 11 matches (8 singles an 3 doubles) as thay secured thair first [[Davis Cup]] title syne 1936.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/news/murray-goffin-davis-cup-final-2015-sunday|title=Murray Goffin Davis Cup Final 2015 Sunday - ATP World Tour - Tennis|work=ATP World Tour}}</ref> Murray wis votit the 2015 [[BBC Sports Personality of the Year]], while the Davis Cup team won the 2015 BBC Sports Personality Team of the Year Award. He haes scored a tot 34 wins an 7 losses wi the British Davis Cup team. == Early an personal life == Murray wis born in Glesga, Scotland, [[Judy Murray|Judith]] (Erskine) an William Murray's son.<ref name="birth1" /> His maternal grandfaither, Roy Erskine, wis a professional [[association fitbaw|fitbawer]] in the late 1950s.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jun/26/wimbledon2005.wimbledon1|title=Dunblane tastes regret along with its new favourite son|first=Will |last=Peakin|newspaper=The Observer |language=en|date=26 June 2005 |accessdate=9 September 2020}}</ref> Murray's elder brither, [[Jamie Murray|Jamie]], is an aa a professional tennis player, playin on the doubles circuit. Murray wis born wi a bipartite patella, whaur the kneecap remains as twa separate banes insteid o fusin thegither in early bairnheid, but wis nae diagnosed until the age o 16. He is seen tae haud his knee due tae the pain caused bi the condeetion an haes pulled oot o events acause o it.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/daviscup/2290508/Andy-Murray-to-miss-Argentina-Davis-Cup-tie.html|title=Andy Murray to miss Argentina Davis Cup tie|newspaper=Telegraph|date=31 January 2008}}</ref> Murray began playin tennis at the age o three whan his mither Judy teuk him tae play on the local courts.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/get_involved/4237382.stm|title=Andy Murray's first steps in tennis|publisher=BBC Sport|accessdate=5 January 2015}}</ref> He played in his first competitive tournament at age five an bi the time he wis aicht he wis kempin wi adults in the Central Destrict Tennis League.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/the-making-of-andy-murray-1883590.html|title=The making of Andy Murray |first=Paul |last=Newman |newspaper=Independent|language=en|date=30 January 2012 |accessdate=9 September 2020}}</ref> Murray grew up in [[Dunblane]] an attendit [[Dunblane|Dunblane Primary School]]. He an his brither wis present durin the 1996 [[Dunblane school massacre]],<ref name="Faultless young Scot">[http://news.scotsman.com/dunblanekillings/Faultless-young-Scot-who-is.2563990.jp Faultless young Scot who is all set to take on the tennis world], ''[[The Scotsman]]'', 14 September 2004</ref> whan Thomas Hamilton killt 16 weans an a teacher afore shootin himsel; Murray teuk kiver in a classroom.<ref>{{cite book|author=Murray, Andy|title=Hitting Back|url=https://archive.org/details/hittingbackautob0000murr|publisher=Random House|year=2008|isbn=978-1-84605-167-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/hittingbackautob0000murr/page/44 44]}}</ref> Murray says he wis too young tae understand what wis happenin an is reluctant tae talk aboot it in interviews, but in his autobiography ''Hitting Back'' he states that he attendit a youth group run bi Hamilton, an that his mither gae Hamilton lifts in her car.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2008/jun/05/tennis.scotland|title=Murray describes fight to cope with trauma of Dunblane school killings|newspaper=The Guardian|first=Martin |last=Hodgson |language=en|date=5 June 2008 |access-date=9 September 2020}}</ref> Murray later gaed tae [[Dunblane|Dunblane High School]].<ref name="times interview">{{cite news|url=http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/sport/article178480.ece|title=The Big Interview: Andy Murray|newspaper=Times|date=4 June 2006|access-date=2016-06-28|archive-date=2016-05-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530211740/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/sport/article178480.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="guardian interview">{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2007/jun/09/tennis.features|title=Boy on the brink|newspaper=Guardian|date=9 June 2007}}</ref> Murray's parents split up whan he wis anerly 10.<ref name="Murray facts">{{cite web|url=http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/345524/Andy-Murray-s-secret-fear-and-49-other-facts-you-never-knew-about-the-tennis-champion|title=Andy Murray's secret fear... and 49 other facts you never knew about the tennis champion|work=Daily Express|last1=Pukas|first1=Anna|last2=Carpenter|first2=Julie|date=12 September 2012|accessdate=5 January 2015}}</ref> He believes the impact this haed on him coud be the reason ahint his competitive spirit.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1550734/Murray-Parents-divorce-fuels-my-aggression.html|title=Murray: Parents' divorce fuels my aggression |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |last=Harrison |first=David |date=6 May 2007 |accessdate=5 January 2015}}</ref> At 15, he wis askit tae train wi [[Rangers F.C.]] at thair School o Excellence, but declined, optin tae focus on his tennis career insteid.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2012/jul/07/andy-murray-wimbledon-final | title=Wimbledon 2012: All you need to know about Andy Murray and a bit more | work=The Guardian | date=7 July 2012 | accessdate=9 July 2013 | location=London}}</ref> He then decidit tae flit tae [[Barcelona]], Spain. Thare he studied at the Schiller International School an trained on the clay courts o the Sánchez-Casal Academy, coached bi Pato Alvarez.<ref name="Coaches">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/jan/16/andy-murray-tennis-life-story|title=The rise and rise of Andy Murray, a story in six chapters |first1=Richard |last1=Jago |first2=Tom |last2=Lutz |newspaper=The Guardian |language=en|date=17 January 2009|accessdate=9 September 2020}}</ref> Murray describit this time as "a big sacrifice".<ref name="guardian interview"/> His parents haed tae finn £40,000 tae pey for his 18-month stay thare.<ref name="Murray facts"/> While in Spain, he trained wi Emilio Sánchez, umwhile warld No. 1 doubles player.<ref name="guardian interview"/> In Februar 2013, Murray bocht Cromlix House fur £1.8 million whilk appent as a 15-room five-starn hotel in Aprile 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-tayside-central-26823280|title=Hotel bought by Wimbledon champion Andy Murray opens|publisher=BBC News|language=en|date=1 April 2014|accessdate=9 September 2020}}</ref> Later that month Murray wis awairdit Freedom o Stirlin an received an Honorary Doctorate frae the University of Stirling in recognition o his services tae tennis.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-tayside-central-27114857|title=Honorary degree and freedom of Stirling for Andy Murray|publisher=BBC News|language=en|date=23 April 2014|accessdate=9 September 2020}}</ref> Murray began datin Kim Sears, dochter o player-turned-coach Nigel Sears, in 2005.<ref>{{cite news|url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1511021/Andy-Murray-the-great-romantic.html|date=21 February 2006|title = Andy Murray, the great romantic|work=The Telegraph|location=London|last=Hodgkinson|first=Mark|accessdate=14 May 2009|publisher=Telegraph Media Group}}</ref><ref name="bbcengage">{{cite web | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-30220015 | title=Andy Murray gets engaged to Kim Sears | publisher=BBC | accessdate=27 November 2014}}</ref> Thair engagement wis annoonced in November 2014,<ref name="bbcengage"/> an thay mairit on 11 Aprile 2015 at Dunblane Cathedral in his hame toun.<ref name="bbcwedding">{{cite news | url=http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-tayside-central-32252206| title=Andy Murray marries girlfriend Kim Sears in Dunblane | publisher=BBC News| accessdate=11 April 2015|date=11 April 2015}}</ref> The couple haes a dochter, Sophia Olivia,<ref>{{Cite wab | url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/12160991/Andy-Murray-and-Kim-Sears-name-their-baby-daughter-Sophia-Olivia.html | title = Andy Murray and Kim Sears 'name thair baby daughter Sophia Olivia' | wabsteid = Telegraph.co.uk | access-date = 2016-02-27 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite wab | url = http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/life/celebrity/article4692355.ece | title = Sophia Olivia is queen of the court for Andy Murray {{!}} The Times | wabsteid = The Times | leid = en-GB | access-date = 2016-02-27 }}</ref> born on 7 Februar 2016.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://espn.go.com/tennis/story/_/id/14746272/andy-murray-wife-kim-sears-gives-birth-baby-girl | title=Andy Murray's wife Kim Sears gives birth to baby girl | publisher=ESPN | date=9 February 2016 | accessdate=9 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/tennis/andy-murray-kim-sears-name-7384411|title=Andy Murray and Kim Sears 'name their daughter Sophia Olivia'|newspaper=Mirror|date=17 February 2016}}</ref> == Career == [[File:Andy-Murray-Singles-Ranking-History-Chart.png|thumbnail|right|Andy Murray Singles Ranking History Chart]] === Junior tennis === Leon Smith, Murray's tennis coach frae 11 tae 17,<ref name="Coaches"/> describit Murray as "unbelievably competitive", while Murray evens his abeelities tae the motivation gained frae lossin tae his aulder brither Jamie. In 1999, at the age o 12, Murray won his age group at the Orange Bowl, a prestigious event for junior players.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://juniororangebowl.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Tennis-Past-Champions.pdf |title=Junior Orange Bowl Past Champions |publisher=Junior Orange Bowl |page=6 |url-status=dead |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005024304/http://juniororangebowl.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Tennis-Past-Champions.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2016 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005024304/http://juniororangebowl.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Tennis-Past-Champions.pdf |date=2016-10-05 }}</ref> In Julie 2003, Murray stairtit oot on the Challenger an Futures circuit. In his first tournament, he reached the quarterfinals o the Manchester Challenger.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.atptour.com/en/scores/archive/manchester/583/2003/results|title= Manchester Challenger|publisher=ATP World Tour |language=en|date=20 July 2003|access-date=9 September 2020}}</ref> In September, Murray won his first senior title bi takin the [[Glasgow]] Futures event.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/tournament/great-britain-f10-futures/gbr/2003/m-fu-gbr-10a-2003/draws-and-results/|title= Glasgow GB Futures F10|publisher= ITF Tennis|access-date=9 September 2020}}</ref> He forby won tae the semi-finals o the [[Edinburgh]] Futures event.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.itftennis.com/procircuit/tournaments/men's-tournament/info.aspx?tournamentid=1100005911|title= Edinburgh GB Futures F11|publisher= ITF Tennis|date= 5 October 2003|access-date= 2022-05-23|archive-date= 2018-11-20|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181120120704/https://www.itftennis.com/procircuit/tournaments/men%27s-tournament/info.aspx?tournamentid=1100005911|url-status= dead}}</ref> For the first sax month o 2004, Murray haed a knee injury an cudnae play.<ref name="Injury 2004-2005">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/andy-murray-i-always-believed-i-was-going-to-make-it-520231.html|title=Andy Murray: 'I always believed I was going to make it'|newspaper=Independent|date=21 December 2005|access-date=9 September 2020|archive-date=2019-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224025823/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/andy-murray-i-always-believed-i-was-going-to-make-it-520231.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Julie 2004, Murray played a Challenger event in [[Nottingham]], whaur he lost tae futur [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] finalist [[Jo-Wilfried Tsonga]] in the seicont roond.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/scores/archive/nottingham/1631/2004/results|title= Nottingham Challenger|publisher=ATP World Tour|date=11 July 2004}}</ref> Murray then gaed on tae win Futures events in Xàtiva<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.itftennis.com/en/tournament/spain-f17-futures/esp/2004/m-fu-esp-17a-2004/draws-and-results/|title= Xativa Spain Futures F17|publisher= ITF Tennis|access-date=9 September 2020}}</ref> an [[Roum]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.itftennis.com/procircuit/tournaments/men's-tournament/info.aspx?tournamentid=1100010252|title= Rome Italy Futures F22|publisher= ITF Tennis|date= 29 August 2004|access-date= 2022-05-23|archive-date= 2021-06-22|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210622021520/https://www.itftennis.com/procircuit/tournaments/men%27s-tournament/info.aspx?tournamentid=1100010252|url-status= dead}}</ref> In September 2004, he won the Junior US Open an wis seleckit for the [[Davis Cup]] World Group play-off match agin Austria again that month;<ref>{{cite news|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/3650524.stm|date=13 September 2004|title = Dunblane teenager takes US Open|accessdate=17 March 2008|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> However, he wisnae seleckit tae play. Later that year, he won BBC Young Sports Personality o the Year.<ref>{{cite news|title=BBC Scotland audiences serve ace result for Andrew Murray in Sports Personality poll|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2005/12_december/09/murray.shtml|publisher=BBC|date=9 December 2005|accessdate=17 March 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211215516/http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2005/12_december/09/murray.shtml|archivedate=2007-02-11|deadurl=no|url-status=live}}</ref> As a junior, Murray won up sae heich as No. 6 in the warld in 2003 (an No. 8 in doubles). In the 2004-instated combined rankins, Murray won tae No. 2 in the warld.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itftennis.com/juniors/players/player/profile.aspx?playerid=100013005|title=Andy MURRAY|publisher=ITFTennis.com|accessdate=12 July 2014|archive-date=2016-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921160255/http://www.itftennis.com/juniors/players/player/profile.aspx?playerid=100013005|url-status=dead}}</ref> <u>Junior Slam results:</u> Australian Open: -<br /> French Open: SF (2005)<br /> Wimbledon: 3R (2004)<br /> US Open: '''W''' (2004) === 2005 === Murray began 2005 rankit warld No. 407,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Rankings/Singles.aspx?d=10.01.2005&c=&r=401#|title=Tennis – ATP World Tour – Singles Rankings|publisher=ATP World Tour|accessdate=21 October 2011}}</ref> but whan he wis in South Americae in Januar, he hurt his back an haed tae tak 3 month aff.<ref name="Injury 2004-2005"/> In Mairch, he becam the youngest Briton tae play in the [[Davis Cup]].<ref name="Youngest">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4319789.stm|title=GB pair take stunning doubles win|publisher=BBC Sport|date=5 March 2005}}</ref> Murray turned professional in Aprile an wis gien a wild card entry tae a clay-court tournament in [[Barcelona]], the Open SEAT, whaur he lost in three sets tae Jan Hernych.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Andy-Murray.aspx?t=pa&y=2005&m=s&e=0#|title=Tennis – ATP World Tour – Tennis Players – Andy Murray |publisher=ATP World Tour|accessdate=20 April 2013}}</ref> In Aprile, Murray parted acrimoniously frae his coach Pato Alvarez, complainin aboot his negative attitude.<ref name="Mark Petchey">{{Cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/mark-petchey-serving-andy-harsh-truths-at-the-start-of-an-epic-journey-296371.html|title=Mark Petchey: Serving Andy - harsh truths at the start of an epic journey|newspaper=Independent|date=2 July 2005|access-date=2016-06-28|archive-date=2016-03-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315095119/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/mark-petchey-serving-andy-harsh-truths-at-the-start-of-an-epic-journey-296371.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Murray then won tae the semi-finals o the lads' French Open whaur he lost in straucht sets tae Marin Čilić.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/low/tennis/4608493.stm|title=Murray loses in French semi-final|publisher=BBC Sport|date=3 June 2005}}</ref> Mark Petchey greed tae coach Murray for 4 week till the end o Wimbledon, but it metamorphosed intae a fou-time poseetion.<ref name="Mark Petchey"/> Gien a wild card tae [[Queen's Club Championships|Queen's]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/low/tennis/4603449.stm|title=Murray given wildcard for Queen's|publisher=BBC Sport|date=2 June 2005|accessdate=26 April 2010}}</ref> Murray progressed past Santiago Ventura in straucht sets for his first ATP match win.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Share/Event-Draws.aspx?e=311&y=2005|title=Tennis – ATP World Tour – Draws|publisher=ATP World Tour|accessdate=5 July 2012}}</ref> Follaein a seicont roond win against Taylor Dent,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/4074906.stm|title=Murray excels in defeating Dent|publisher=BBC Sport|date=8 June 2005}}</ref> he played umwhile Australian Open champion Thomas Johansson in the third roond, losin in three sets efter crampin an twistin his ankle.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4078248.stm|title=Gallant Murray falls to Johansson|publisher=BBC Sport|date=9 June 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/4628225.stm|title=Petchey makes Murray fitness vow|publisher=BBC Sport|date=27 June 2005}}</ref> Follaein his performance at Queen's, Murray received a wild card for [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]]. Rankit 312, Murray becam the first Scot in the Open Era tae win tae the third roond o the men's singles tournament at Wimbledon.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/2709427/Andy-Murray-Career-highs-and-lows---US-Open-Tennis.html|title=Andy Murray: Career highs and lows|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=9 September 2008|access-date=2016-06-28|archive-date=2008-09-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080912142018/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/2709427/Andy-Murray-Career-highs-and-lows---US-Open-Tennis.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the third roond, Murray lost tae 2002 Wimbledon finalist David Nalbandian due tae crampin an fatigue, haein led bi twa sets tae luve.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4619129.stm|title=Brave Murray falls to Nalbandian|date=25 June 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528161635/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4619129.stm|archivedate=2010-05-28|deadurl=no|publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=2016-06-28|url-status=live}}</ref> Follaein Wimbledon, Murray won Challengers events on the haurd courts o Aptos an Binghamton, New York. He then experienced his first Masters event at Cincinnati, whaur he beat Taylor Dent, afore losin in three sets tae warld No. 4, [[Marat Safin]]. Wi a wild card entry, Murray played Andrei Pavel in the openin roond o the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]], whaur he rekivered frae bein doun twa sets tae ane tae win his first five-set match.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4199444.stm|title=Brave Murray through in five sets|publisher=BBC Sport|date=31 August 2005}}</ref> However, he lost in the seicont roond tae Arnaud Clément in anither five set contest.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4206614.stm|title=Battling Murray crashes out in US|publisher=BBC Sport|date=3 September 2005}}</ref> Murray wis again seleckit for the Davis Cup match agin Switzerland. He wis waled for the openin singles rubbers, lossin in straucht sets tae [[Stanislas Wawrinka]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.daviscup.com/en/results/tie/details.aspx?tieID=100006618|title=Tie Details|publisher=daviscup.com|date=25 September 2005}}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Murray then reached his first ATP final at the Thailand Open whaur he faced warld No. 1 [[Roger Federer]]. Murray lost in straucht sets.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/4300644.stm|title=Federer outguns impressive Murray|publisher=BBC Sport|date=2 October 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205045425/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/4300644.stm|archivedate=2008-12-05|deadurl=no|access-date=2016-06-28|url-status=live}}</ref> Murray beat [[Tim Henman]] in thair first meetin, at the Basel Swiss Indoors in the first roond, an eventually reached the quarter-finals.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4372118.stm|title=Murray holds nerve to beat Henman|publisher=BBC Sport|date=26 October 2005}}</ref> In November, Murray captained Scotland at the inaugural Aberdeen Cup against England led bi Greg Rusedski.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2005/nov/22/tennis.sport|title=Murray keen on patriot games with Rusedski|newspaper=The Guardian|date=22 November 2005}}</ref> This wis an exhibition tournament, an the anly event whaur Murray played Rusedski, thay never met on the Tour. Rusedski beat Murray in the first match, but Murray won the seicont. Scotland defeatit England 4½ - 2½.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4476784.stm|title=Murray gains revenge on Rusedski|publisher=BBC Sport|date=27 November 2005}}</ref> He completit the year rankit 64 an wis named the 2005 BBC Scotland Sports Personality of the Year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2005/12_december/09/murray.shtml|title=BBC Scotland audiences serve ace result for Andrew Murray in Sports Personality poll|publisher=BBC|date=9 December 2005}}</ref> === 2006: British No. 1 === The 2006 saison saw Murray compete on the fou circuit for the first time an split wi his coach Mark Petchey<ref>{{cite news|title = Murray splits from coach Petchey|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4910582.stm|publisher=BBC Sport|language=en|date=14 April 2006}}</ref> an team up wi Brad Gilbert.<ref>{{cite news|title=Gilbert accepts Murray coach role|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5192008.stm|language=en |publisher=BBC Sport|date=26 July 2006}}</ref> On 27 Februar, Murray becam the British Number 1, endin [[Tim Henman|Tim Henman's]] seiven-year run. Murray wis nou warld No 42, Greg Rusedski No 43, an Tim Henman No 49.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4754030.stm|title=Murray is new British number one|publisher=BBC Sport|language=en |date=27 February 2006}}</ref> Murray dreed a straucht sets defait at the Australian Open, tae Argentine Juan Ignacio Chela in the first roond<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4617392.stm|title=Murray suffers tame loss to Chela|publisher=BBC Sport|language=en|date=17 January 2006}}</ref> an tae [[Gaël Monfils]] at the French Open, in five sets.<ref>{{cite news|title=Injured Murray beaten by Monfils|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5029854.stm|publisher=BBC Sport|language=en|date=30 May 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100909092553/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5029854.stm|archivedate=2010-09-09|deadurl=no|access-date=2016-06-28|url-status=live}}</ref> Murray however won tae the fowert roond for the first time at baith Wimbledon an the US Open.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5142184.stm|title=Tame Murray beaten by Baghdatis|publisher=BBC Sport|language=en|date=3 July 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5314496.stm |title=Davydenko swiftly ends Murray bid |publisher=BBC Sport|language=en |date=5 September 2006}}</ref> Murray played in Davis Cup ties agin Serbia, Israel an Ukraine. Murray missed the openin singles matches afore losin the doubles as Britain lost thair tie against Serbia.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4890440.stm |title=GB struggling after doubles loss |publisher=BBC Sport|language=en |date=8 April 2006}}</ref> Durin the tie wi Israel, Murray won his rubber an lost the doubles afore pouin oot wi a neck injury afore the reverse singles, as Britain lost the tie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5203966.stm |title=Murray fights back to level tie |publisher=BBC Sport|language=en |date=21 July 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5205690.stm |title=Davis Cup doubles woe for Britain |publisher=BBC Sport |language=en|date=22 July 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5207746.stm |title=Delgado loss spells woe for Brits |publisher=BBC Sport|language=en |date=23 July 2006}}</ref> Against the Ukraine, Murray won baith his singles rubbers, but lost the doubles, as Britain won the tie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5366740.stm |title=Battling Brits boost survival bid |publisher=BBC Sport |language=en|date=22 September 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5373358.stm |title=Murray & Delgado crash in doubles |publisher=BBC Sport|language=en |date=23 September 2006 |accessdate=20 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5375208.stm |title=Murray win seals British survival |publisher=BBC Sport |language=en|date=24 September 2006}}</ref> At the Masters, Murray lost in the first roond in Miami,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4824248.stm |title=Murray suffers early Miami exit |publisher=BBC Sport |date=23 March 2006}}</ref> Monte Carlo an Rome.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4919406.stm |title=Murray out as cramps strike again |publisher=BBC Sport |date=18 April 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4754633.stm |title=Murray out in Rome, Henman wins |publisher=BBC Sport |date=9 May 2006}}</ref> Murray went oot o the tournaments in Indian Wells an Hamburg in the seicont roond.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4800184.stm |title=Murray bows out of Indian Wells |publisher=BBC Sport |date=12 March 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4988288.stm |title=Murray falls to defeat by Blake |publisher=BBC Sport |date=17 May 2006}}</ref> Murray won tae his first Masters semifinal in [[Toronto]] at the Rogers Cup lossin tae Richard Gasquet.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4786127.stm |title=Murray falls to guile of Gasquet |publisher=BBC Sport |date=12 August 2006}}</ref> At Cincinnati, Murray becam anerly ane o twa player, alang wi [[Rafael Nadal]], tae defait Roger Federer in 2006, breakin the Swiss starn's 55 match winnin streak on haurd courts.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4797657.stm |title=Brilliant Murray outplays Federer |publisher=BBC Sport |date=16 August 2006 |accessdate=20 April 2013}}</ref> He lost twa roonds later tae Andy Roddick, but broke intae the tap 20 for the first time.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5263240.stm |title=Roddick defeats exhausted Murray |publisher=BC Sport |date=19 August 2006 |accessdate=20 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5270502.stm |title=Murray breaks into world top 20 |publisher=BBC Sport |date=21 August 2006 |accessdate=20 April 2013}}</ref> In the final twa Masters events in [[Madrid]] an Paris, Murray exited baith tournaments at the last-16 stage endin his saison, wi losses tae [[Novak Djokovic]] an Dominik Hrbatý.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6067636.stm|title=Madrid losses for Murray & Henman|date=19 October 2006|accessdate=11 March 2011|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6109450.stm|title=Hrbaty win ends Murray's season|date=2 November 2006|accessdate=11 March 2013|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Whan the tour reached [[San Jose, Californie|San Jose, California]]; Murray defeatit a tap ten player for the first time in the shape o [[Andy Roddick]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4728788.stm|title=Murray stuns Roddick in San Jose|publisher=BBC Sport|date=19 February 2006|accessdate=25 May 2010}}</ref> Murray went on tae claim the SAP Open title defeatin warld No. 11 Lleyton Hewitt.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4729100.stm|title=Magic Murray claims maiden title|publisher=BBC Sport|date=20 February 2006|accessdate=25 May 2010}}</ref> Murray wis an aa a finalist at the Legg Mason Tennis Classic.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5249804.stm |title=Murray loses in Washington final |publisher=BBC Sport |date=6 August 2006 |accessdate=20 April 2013}}</ref> Playin doubles wi his brither in Bangkok the pair reached the final.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5396382.stm |title=Blake blasts to Bangkok victory |publisher=BBC Sport |date=1 October 2006 |accessdate=20 April 2013}}</ref> Efter the French Open, whaur Murray wis injured again, he revealed that his bones hadn't fully grown, causin him tae suffer frae cramps an back problems.<ref>{{cite news|title = Murray plays down injury worries|date = 30 May 2006|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5031414.stm|publisher=BBC Sport|accessdate=6 September 2010}}</ref> In November, the Aberdeen Cup wis held for the seicont time, wi Murray leadin the Scotland team an Greg Rusedski captainin England.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5110752.stm|title=Murray to lead Scots in Aberdeen|publisher=BBC Sport|date=23 June 2006}}</ref> Scotland won 6½ - 1.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2006/nov/27/tennis.sport|title=Murray defeats Rusedski to wrap up Scottish success|newspaper=The Guardian|date=27 November 2006}}</ref> [[File:Andy Murray at the 2008 US Open3.jpg|thumb|Murray on his wey tae acomin a finalist at the 2008 US Open]] === 2007: Warld tap 10 === Murray won tae the fowert roond o the Australian Open, whaur he lost a five-set match agin warld No. 2, Rafael Nadal.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6286767.stm|title=Valiant Murray succumbs to Nadal|publisher=BBC Sport|date=22 January 2007}}</ref> Follaein the Miami Masters, whaur he reached the semi-finals,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6509315.stm|title=Djokovic thrashes Murray in Miami |publisher=BBC Sport|date=31 March 2007}}</ref> Murray becam the warld No. 10 on 16 Aprile.<ref name="Singles ranking">{{cite web |url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/players/andy-murray/mc10/rankings-history|title=Andy Murray - Singles Rankings|publisher=ATP World Tour |accessdate=3 June 2016}}</ref> The British No 1 sustained tendon damage durin his first roond match at the German Open in Hamburg. Murray wis up 5–1 when he hit a forehaund frae the back o the court an snapped the tendons in his wrist, leavin him oot o action frae 15 Mey until 7 August, tharebi missin Wimbledon.<ref name="2007 wrist injury">{{cite news|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6974921.stm|title = Beaten Murray looks to Davis Cup |date =2 September 2007|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Durin this rest period, Murray rose tae warld No. 8, but bi 7 August, he haed dropped tae no 14.<ref name="Singles ranking"/> Murray dreed a third roond loss at the US Open. At the Masters tournaments, Murray won tae the semifinals o Indian Wells an Miami. At Rome an Cincinnati, Murray exited in the first roond whilst goin oot in the seicont in Canadae. In the final twa masters tournaments, Murray exited in the third roond in Madrid an he went oot in the quarter finals o Paris. Murray won titles in San Jose an St. Petersburg.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6374011.stm|title=Murray fights back to keep title|publisher=BBC Sport|date=19 February 2007}}</ref> He an aa reached the final o tournaments in Doha an Metz, finishin the saison rankit 11t in the warld.<ref name="Singles ranking"/> In November, Murray split wi his coach Brad Gilbert an added a team o experts alang wi Miles Maclagan, his main coach.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7095903.stm|title=Murray assembling team of experts|publisher=BBC Sport|date=30 November 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8131310.stm|title=Who are Team Murray? |publisher=BBC Sport|date=27 August 2009}}</ref> === 2008: First Grand Slam final an first Masters titles === In 2008, Murray suffered a first roond loss at the Australian Open tae eventual runner-up Jo-Wilfried Tsonga, an a third roond loss at the French Open tae Nicolás Almagro.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/australianopen/2288937/Andy-Murray-knocked-out-of-Australian-Open.html|title=Andy Murray knocked out of Australian Open|work=The Telegraph|location=London|date=14 January 2008|accessdate=27 April 2010|last1=Hodgkinson|first1=Mark|last2=Hodges|first2=Vicki|publisher=Telegraph Media Group}}</ref> Murray then reached his first Grand Slam quarter final at Wimbledon afore makin his first final at the US Open. Durin the tournament in New York, Murray claimed his first win ower Nadal. That veectory meant that he'd become the first player frae Britain syne Greg Rusedski in 1997 tae reach a major final.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7602257.stm|title=Murray stuns Nadal to reach final|publisher=BBC Sport|date=7 September 2008|accessdate=27 April 2010|last=Newbery|first=Piers}}</ref> In his first Grand Slam final Murray suffered a straucht sets loss tae Federer.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7603307.stm|title=Superb Federer ends Murray dream|publisher=BBC Sport|date=9 September 2008|accessdate=27 April 2010|last=Newbery|first=Piers}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/olympics/article4530274.ece|title=Andy Murray blames Olympic failure on 'unprofessional' attitude|date=14 August 2008|accessdate=27 April 2010|location=London|work=The Times}}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> At the [[2008 Simmer Olympics|Beijing Olympics]], Murray suffered ane o the worst defeats o his career, losin his first roond singles match tae warld No. 77 Yen-hsun Lu o Taiwan in straucht sets. That abject defeat wis still on his mind in a BBC interview five years later – despite an intervenin Olympic gowd medal an a heid-tae-heid win – when he met the same player (nou rankit 75 in the warld) in the 2nt roond o Wimbledon 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://m.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/23051015|title=Murray wary efter Beijing loss tae Lu|date=25 Juin 2013|accessdate=17 Julie 2013|archive-date=2016-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414234500/http://m.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/23051015|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the Masters tournaments Murray went oot in roond fower in Indian Wells an the first roond o Miami. In the clay Masters Murray reached the third roond o Monte Carlo an Hamburg an the seicont o Rome. On the American haurd court swin Murray reached the semi-finals o Toronto afore winnin his first Masters shield in Cincinnati. He added anither shield tae his collection in Madrid;<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2008/oct/20/tennis-andymurray|title=Murray masters Madrid on his path to grander ambitions|work=The Guardian|location=London|date=20 October 2008|accessdate=27 April 2010|last=Bierley|first=Steve}}</ref> afore losin in the quarter finals o Paris. Nou at No. 4 in the warld, Murray qualified for the first time for the [[ATP World Tour Finals|Masters Cup]]. He played well in defeatin an injured Federer<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/7729083.stm|title=Murray knocks out ailing Federer|publisher=BBC Sport|date=14 November 2008|accessdate=21 October 2011}}</ref> but lost tae Davydenko in the semi-finals.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7730207.stm|title=Davydenko ends Murray's Cup run|publisher=BBC Sport|date=15 November 2008|accessdate=27 April 2010}}</ref> Murray endit 2008 rankit fowert in the warld. Murray an aa won tournaments in Doha, Marseille an St Petersburg. === 2009: Warld No. 2 === [[File:Andy Murray at the 2009 French Open 6.jpg|thumb|right|Murray made the quarter-finals of the 2009 French Open]] Murray stairtit the 2009 saison wi a successfu defence o his title at the Qatar Open in [[Doha]], defeatin Andy Roddick in straucht sets.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/7822109.stm|title=Murray vs Roddick clash|publisher=BBC Sport|date=10 January 2009}}</ref> At the Australian Open, Murray got tae the fowert roond, losin tae [[Fernando Verdasco]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601102&sid=a638z6QofdwY&refer=uk|title=Murray Says 'No Disaster' in Australian Open Loss to Verdasco|work=Bloomberg|date=26 January 2009}}</ref> Murray won his eleventh career title in Rotterdam, defeatin No. 1, Nadal in the three sets.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/7890935.stm|title=Murray v Nadal as it happened|publisher=BBC Sport|date=15 February 2009}}</ref> Murray next went tae Dubai but withdrew afore the quarterfinals wi a re-occurrence o a virus that haed affected him at the Australian Open.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/sport/tennis/article2369347.ece|newspaper=Times|title=Andy Murray a Davis Cup doubt after withdrawing from Dubai tournament with virus|date=26 February 2009}}</ref> The virus caused Murray tae miss a [[Davis Cup]] tie in Glesga. Murray then lost in the finals tae Nadal at Indian Wells,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/7958320.stm|title=Murray v Nadal as it happened|publisher=BBC Sport|date=22 March 2009}}</ref> but won a week later in Miami ower Novak Djokovic for anither masters title. In the lead-up tae the French Open, Murray beat warld No. 9, Nikolay Davydenko at the Monte Carlo Masters, the first time he haed beaten a tap ten player on clay,<ref name="Davydenko">{{cite news |url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/apr/06/andy-murray-fabio-fognini-davis-cup|title=Italy bounce back to defeat Great Britain in Davis Cup quarter-final |newspaper=Guardian|date=6 April 2014}}</ref> tho he lost tae Nadal in the semis. Murray wis upset in roond twa o the Rome Masters bi qualifier Juan Mónaco, an he won tae the quarterfinals o the Madrid Masters, losin tae [[Juan Martín del Potro]]. Durin this time Murray gat roon the heichest ever rankin o a British male in the Open Era whan he becam warld No. 3 on 11 Mey 2009.<ref name="tennis1">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8030391.stm|title=Murray to move third in rankings|date=3 May 2009|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Murray reached the quarterfinals o the French Open, but wis defeatit bi [[Fernando González]] in fower sets. Murray won for the first time on [[Tennis|gress]] at Queen's an becam the first British winner o the tournament syne 1938. In the final, Murray defeatit American James Blake.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8099594.stm|title=Classy Murray wins Queen's title|date=14 June 2009|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> At Wimbledon, against Stanislas Wawrinka, Murray's fowert roond match wis the first match tae be played entirely under Wimbledon's retractable roof, an aa enablin it tae be the latest finishin match ever at Wimbledon.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8125335.stm|title=Murray wins late-night thriller|date=29 June 2009|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Houiver Murray lost a tight semifinal tae Andy Roddick. Murray returned tae action in Montreal, defaitin del Potro in three set tae tak the title.<ref>{{cite news|title=Murray v Del Potro as it happened|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8204081.stm|date=16 August 2009|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Efter this veectory, he owerteuk Nadal in the rankings an held the number twa poseetion until the stairt o the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]].<ref name="atpworldtour">{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2009/08/Montreal-Sunday-Murray-Overcomes-Del-Potro-In-Montreal.aspx|title=Murray Overcomes Del Potro|accessdate=11 June 2010}}</ref> Murray follaed the Masters win playin at the Cincinnati Masters, whaur he lost tae Federer. At the US Open, Murray wis hampered bi a wrist injury an suffered a straucht-sets loss tae Čilić.<ref name="Wrist injury US Open 2009">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/usopen/6160347/US-Open-2009-Andy-Murray-refuses-to-blame-injury-for-Marin-Cilic-defeat.html|title=US Open 2009: Andy Murray refuses to blame injury for Marin Cilic defeat|date=9 September 2009|newspaper=Telegraph}}</ref> Murray won baith his singles matches, an lost at doubles in the Davis Cup against Poland,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/daviscup/6206135/Andy-Murray-wins-Davis-Cup-opener-for-Great-Britiain-against-Poland.html|title=Andy Murray in Davis Cup dilemma over wrist injury with GB level 1–1 with Poland|date=18 September 2009|newspaper=Telegraph}}</ref> but wis then forced tae miss sax weeks wi a wrist injury.<ref name="Valencia 2009">{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/nov/08/andy-murray-wins-valencia-open|title=Andy Murray eases back into title-winning ways at Valencia Open|date=8 November 2009|newspaper=Guardian}}</ref> In November, Murray won at Valencia,<ref name="Valencia 2009"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/andymurray/6529801/Andy-Murray-admits-beating-Mikhail-Youzhny-at-Valencia-Masters-was-easier-than-expected.html|title=Andy Murray admits beating Mikhail Youzhny at Valencia Masters was easier than expected|date=9 November 2009|newspaper=Telegraph}}</ref> but bowed oot in roond twa o the Paris Masters. Tae end the saison, Murray didnae mak it oot o the roond robin at the World Tour Finals in London.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8378944.stm|title=Andy Murray knocked out of World Tour Finals at 02|date=27 November 2009|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> {{quotebox|quote=I can cry like Roger, it's a shame I can't play like him.|source=Andy Murray during his runner's up speech at the 2010 Australian Open.<ref>{{cite news |last=Newman |first=Paul |title=Murray left in tears by Federer's fireworks |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/murray-left-in-tears-by-federers-fireworks-1885196.html |newspaper=The Independent |date=23 October 2011 |access-date=2016-06-28 |archive-date=2016-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508185336/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/murray-left-in-tears-by-federers-fireworks-1885196.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>|quoted=1}} === 2010: Australian Open runner-up an twa Masters titles === Murray an [[Laura Robson]] representit Britain at the Hopman Cup. The pair progresst tae the final, whaur thay war beaten bi Spain.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8449765.stm|title=Andy Murray and Laura Robson beaten in Hopman Cup final|date=9 January 2010|accessdate=9 January 2010|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> At the Australian Open Murray beat Nadal an Čilić afore losin in the final tae warld No. 1 Roger Federer.<ref name="2010AO">{{cite web | url=http://www.australianopen.com/en_AU/event_guide/history/draws/2010_MS_F.html | title=2010 Australian open results | accessdate=17 August 2012}}</ref> At the BNP Paribas Open in Indian Wells, Murray reached the quarterfinals, losin tae Robin Söderling in straucht sets. Murray next played at the 2010 Sony Ericsson Open, but lost his first match o the tournament tae Mardy Fish, afterwards sayin that his mind hadn't been fully on tennis.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/andymurray/7587059/Andy-Murray-clears-clouded-mental-state-for-fresh-start-in-Monte-Carlo.html|title=Andy Murray clears clouded mental state for fresh start in Monte Carlo|date=14 April 2010|newspaper=Telegraph}}</ref> At the Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters, Murray dreed anither first match loss, this time tae Philipp Kohlschreiber. He forby entert the doubles competeetion wi Ross Hutchins, but thay lost tae the Bryan Brothers on a champions tie-breaker. Murray won tae the third roond in the Rome Masters, an the quarterfinals at the Madrid Masters, losin baith times tae David Ferrer. [[File:Australian Open 2010 Quarterfinals Nadal Vs Murray 3.jpg|thumb|left|Murray reached his seicont Grand Slam Final in Australie.]] Efter playin an exhibition match, Murray stairtit the French Open wi three tough wins, afore losin in straucht sets tae [[Tomáš Berdych]] in the fowert roond.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8714383.stm|title=Andy Murray says he was outplayed by Tomas Berdych|date=31 May 2010|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> In London, Murray progresst tae the third roond, whaur he faced Mardy Fish. At 3–3 in the final set wi momentum goin Murray's wey (he haed juist come back frae 3–0 doun), the match wis cried off for bad licht, leavin Murray fuming. Comin back the next day, Murray wis edged oot bi the eventual finalist in a tie-breaker for his seicont defeat bi him in the year.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bad light stops Andy Murray's clash with Mardy Fish|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8734199.stm|publisher=BBC Sport|date=10 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Champion Andy Murray defeated by Mardy Fish at Queen's|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8735283.stm|publisher=BBC Sport|date=11 June 2010}}</ref> At Wimbledon, Murray progressed tae the semi-finals, losin tae Rafael Nadal in straucht sets.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.skysports.com/tennis/tournaments/story/0,25174,18898_6242676,00.html|title=Nadal ends Murray's dream|work=Sky Sports|date=2 July 2010|accessdate=2 July 2010|archive-date=2013-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021025145/http://www.skysports.com/tennis/tournaments/story/0,25174,18898_6242676,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 27 Julie 2010, Andy Murray an his coach Maclagan split, an Murray replaced him wi Àlex Corretja.<ref>{{cite news|title = Andy Murray looking ahead after sacking coach Maclagan|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8851529.stm|publisher=BBC Sport|date=29 July 2010}}</ref> Stairtin the US haurd-court saison wi the 2010 Farmers Classic, Murray reached the final but lost against Sam Querrey in three sets. This wis his first loss tae Querrey in five career meetins.<ref>{{cite news|title=Querrey beats Murray to win 4th crown|date=1 August 2010|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/07/30/LA-Sunday-Querrey-Wins-Fouth-Title-of-2010.aspx|work=ATP|accessdate=2 August 2010}}</ref> In Canadae, Murray becam the first player syne [[Andre Agassi]] in 1995 tae defend the Canadian Masters. Murray defeatit Nadal an then Federer in straucht sets, endin his aicht-month title drocht.<ref>{{cite news|title = Murray beats rain and Federer to defend title|date = 15 August 2010|url = http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/08/32/Toronto-Sunday-Murray-Defends-Title.aspx|work=ATP|accessdate = 16 August 2010}}</ref> At the Cincinnati Masters, Murray first complained aboot the speed o the court,<ref>{{cite news|title = Andy Murray beats Jeremy Chardy at Cincinnati Masters|date = 18 August 2010|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8926312.stm|publisher = BBC Sport|accessdate = 21 August 2010|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100820203457/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8926312.stm|archivedate = 2010-08-20|deadurl = no|url-status = live}}</ref> an then in a quarterfinal match wi Fish, Murray complained that the organisers refused tae put the match on later in the day<ref>{{cite news|title = Andy Murray to face Mardy Fish in midday heat again|date = 20 August 2010|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8931096.stm|publisher=BBC Sport|accessdate=6 September 2010}}</ref> Wi temperatures reachin 33&nbsp;°C in the shade, Murray won the first set in a tie-breaker but began tae feel ill. The doctor wis cried on court tae actively cuil Murray doun. Murray admitted efter the match that he haed considered retiring. He lost the seicont set, but forced a final-set tie-breaker, afore Fish won.<ref name="hot cincy">{{cite news|title = Mardy Fish beats Andy Murray in Cincinnati|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8933087.stm|publisher=BBC Sport|date=20 August 2010}}</ref> Efter losin tae Stanislas Wawrinka in the third roond o the US Open, questions aboot Murray's conditionin arose, as he cried the trainer oot twice durin the match.<ref>{{cite news|title = Andy Murray baffled by US Open loss to Stan Wawrinka|date = 6 September 2010|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8970892.stm#atozlist|publisher = BBC Sport|accessdate = 6 September 2010|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100906192509/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8970892.stm#atozlist|archivedate = 2010-09-06|deadurl = no|url-status = live}}</ref> His next event wis the China Open in Beijing, whaur Murray reached the quarterfinals, losin tae Ivan Ljubičić.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=BBC Sport|title=Ivan Ljubicic beats Andy Murray in China Open|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/9074427.stm|date=8 October 2010}}</ref> Murray then won the Shanghai Rolex Masters dismissin Roger Federer in straucht sets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/10/41/Shanghai-Sunday-Murray-Masters-Federer-In-Final.aspx|title=Murray Masters Federer To Claim Shanghai Title|date=17 October 2010|publisher=ATP Tour|accessdate=10 November 2010}}</ref> He didnae drap a single set ootthrough the event. Murray returned tae Spain fur tae defend his title at the Valencia Open 500 but lost in the seicont roond tae Juan Mónaco.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=BBC Sport|title=Andy Murray loses to Juan Monaco at Valencia Open|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/9156672.stm|date=3 November 2010}}</ref> Houiver, in doubles, Murray pairtnered his brither Jamie Murray tae the final, whaur thay defeatit Mahesh Bhupathi an Max Mirnyi. The veectory wis Murray's first doubles title an the seicont time he haed reached a final wi his brither.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=BBC Sport|title=Murray brothers seize first ATP Tour title in Valencia|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/9164970.stm|date=7 November 2010|accessdate=10 November 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110031424/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/9164970.stm|archivedate=2010-11-10|deadurl=no|url-status=live}}</ref> Murray won tae the quarter finals at the BNP Paribas Masters losin tae Gaël Monfils in three sets. Combined wi his exit an Söderling's takin the title, Murray foond himsel pushed doun a spot in the rankings, tae No. 5 frae No. 4.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/soderlings-win-pushes-murray-down-to-no-5-2134252.html|title=Soderling's win pushes Murray down to No 5|newspaper=The Independent|date=15 November 2010}}</ref> At the Tour finals in London, Murray went 2–1 in roond robin play afore facin Nadal in the semifinal. Thay battled for ower three oors, afore Murray fell tae the Spaniard in a final-set tie-breaker, bringin an end tae his saison.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/9234077.stm|title=Rafael Nadal battles past Andy Murray to reach O2 final|publisher=BBC Sport|date=27 November 2010}}</ref> === 2011: Seicont Australian Open final an twa Masters titles === Murray an Laura Robson lost in the roond-robin stage 2011 Hopman Cup, lossin aw three ties even tho Murray won aw o his singles matches. Then Murray, alang wi ither stars lik Roger Federer, Rafael Nadal, an Novak Djokovic, participatit in the Rally for Relief event fur tae help raise money for the fluid victims in [[Queensland]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/front_page/9360057.stm|title=Sports stars pledge help for Queensland flood victims|date=13 January 2011|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> [[File:Andy and Jamie Murray.jpg|upright|thumb|left|Andy wi his brither [[Jamie Murray|Jamie]] (left) at the 2011 Japan Open]] Seedit fift in the 2011 Australian Open, Murray met umwhile champion Novak Djokovic in the final an wis defeatit in straucht sets. In Rotterdam, he wis defeatit bi Marcos Baghdatis in the first roond.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/9387018.stm|title=Andy Murray loses to Marcos Baghdatis in Rotterdam|date=9 February 2011|accessdate=21 March 2011|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Murray reached the semifinals o the doubles tournament wi his brither Jamie. Murray lost tae qualifiers in the first roonds at the Masters Series events in Indian Wells an Miami, efter which he split wi coach Àlex Corretja.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/12890238.stm|title=Andy Murray parts with coach Alex Corretja|accessdate=13 April 2011|date=29 March 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408065114/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/12890238.stm|archivedate=2011-04-08|publisher=BBC Sport|url-status=live}}</ref> Murray returned tae form at the Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters, but lost tae Nadal in the semifinals.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/13104116.stm|title=Rafael Nadal beats Murray to reach Monte Carlo final|date=16 April 2011|accessdate=24 April 2011|last=Newbery|first=Piers|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Murray sustained an elbow injury afore the match an subsequently withdrew frae the 2011 Barcelona Open Banco Sabadell due tae the injury.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/13122602.stm|title=Andy Murray out of Barcelona Open with elbow injury|date=19 April 2011|accessdate=24 April 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110422070131/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/13122602.stm|archivedate=2011-04-22|deadurl=no|last=Newbery|first=Piers|publisher=BBC Sport|url-status=live}}</ref> Murray lost in the third roond at the Mutua Madrileña Madrid Open, but got tae the semi-finals o the Rome Masters, whaur he lost tae Novak Djokovic.<ref name="2011atp">{{cite web | url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Andy-Murray.aspx?t=pa&y=2011&m=s&e=0# | title=2011 ATP stats | accessdate=17 August 2012}}</ref> At the French Open, Murray won twa tough early matches, afore losin in his first semifinal at Roland Garros, against Rafael Nadal.<ref>{{cite news|last=Newbery|first=Piers|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/13584139 |title=French Open: Andy Murray beats Michael Berrer despite injury |date=28 May 2011 |accessdate=5 July 2012|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Newbery|first=Piers|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/13604860 |title=French Open: Andy Murray reaches Paris quarter-finals |date=31 May 2011 |accessdate=5 July 2012|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/13643353.stm | title=French Open: Rafael Nadal outclasses Andy Murray to reach final|last=Newbery|first=Piers|date=3 June 2011|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Murray defaitit Jo-Wilfried Tsonga, winnin his seicont Queen's Club title.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/13739645.stm|title=Andy Murray beats Jo-Wilfried Tsonga to win Queen's|date=13 June 2011|last=Newbery|first=Piers|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> At Wimbledon, Murray lost in the semifinal tae Nadal, despite takin the first set.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/13991175.stm | title=Wimbledon 2011: Rafael Nadal beats Andy Murray in semis|last=Newbery|first=Piers|date=1 July 2011|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> At the Davis Cup tie atween Great Britain an Luxembourg, Murray led the British team tae veectory.<ref>{{cite news|title=Andy Murray secures Great Britain Davis Cup victory|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/14098278.stm |accessdate=3 July 2013 |date=10 July 2011 |publisher=BBC Sport |last=Overend|first=Jonathan}}</ref> Murray wis the twa-time defendin 2011 Rogers Cup champion, but lost in the seicont roond tae South African Kevin Anderson.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2011/tennis/08/09/rogers-cup-murray.ap/ |title=Defending champ Murray takes early exit from Rogers Cup |work=Sports Illustrated |date=8 September 2011 |accessdate=5 July 2012 |archive-date=2012-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104175619/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2011/tennis/08/09/rogers-cup-murray.ap/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Houiver, the follaein week, he won the 2011 Western & Southern Open, beatin Novak Djokovic, efter Djokovic retired due tae injury.<ref name="djinjury">{{cite news | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/21/novak-djokovic-injury-cincy-final_n_932484.html | title=Noval Djokovic Injured | accessdate=17 August 2012 | work=Huffington Post | date=21 August 2011}}</ref> At the 2011 US Open, Murray battled frae twa sets doun tae win a five-set seicont-roond encounter wi Robin Haase, but lost in the semifinals tae Rafael Nadal in fower sets. Murray easy won the smaw 250-class Thailand Open, an the follaein week he won his third title in fower tournaments at the Rakuten Japan Open Tennis Championships. His unfrein in the final wis Rafael Nadal, wham he beat for the first time in the year in three sets. Murray then won the doubles wi his brither Jamie Murray, acomin the first person in the 2011 saison tae captur baith singles an doubles titles at the same tournament. Murray then successfully defended his Shanghai Masters crown wi a straucht-sets veectory ower David Ferrer in the final. At the [[ATP World Tour Finals]], Murray lost tae David Ferrer in straucht sets an withdrew frae the tournament efter the loss wi a lisk yerk. Murray endit the year as No. 4 in the warld ahint Novak Djokovic, Rafael Nadal, an Roger Federer. === 2012: US Open champion, Wimbledon runner-up an Olympic gowd === {{main|2012 Andy Murray tennis season}} Wi [[Ivan Lendl]] as his new full-time coach,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/16372414.stm|title=Andy Murray appoints Ivan Lendl as his new coach|publisher=BBC Sport|last=Overend|first=Jonathan|date=31 December 2011}}</ref> Murray began the saison bi playin in the 2012 Brisbane International. He owercame a slow stairt in his first twa matches tae win his 22nt title bi beatin Alexandr Dolgopolov in the final.<ref>{{cite news|last=Briggs|first=Simon|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/andymurray/9000543/Andy-Murray-wins-Brisbane-International-after-beating-Alexandr-Dolgopolov-in-straight-sets.html|title=Andy Murray cruises to Brisbane title and pays tribute to sense of humour and work ethic of new coach Ivan Lendl|date=9 January 2012|accessdate=25 January 2012|location=London|work=The Telegraph|publisher=Telegraph Media Group|archive-date=2012-01-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109055545/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/andymurray/9000543/Andy-Murray-wins-Brisbane-International-after-beating-Alexandr-Dolgopolov-in-straight-sets.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In doubles, he lost in the quarterfinals against seicont seeds Jürgen Melzer an Philipp Petzschner in a tight match.<ref>Tennis Live [http://www.tennislive.us/atp/match/jurgen-melzer-philipp-petzschner-VS-marcos-baghdatis-andy-murray/brisbane-international-brisbane-2012/ match result]</ref> Efter an exhibition tournament,<ref>[http://www1.skysports.com/tennis/news/12110/7425934/Murray-toasts-success "Murray toasts success" British No. 1 wins exhibition encounter] 13 January 2012, Sky Sports</ref> Murray got tae the semi-finals o the 2012 Australian Open, whaur he wis defeatit bi Djokovic in a fower-oor-an-50-meenit match.<ref>{{cite news|title=Andy Murray defeated by Novak Djokovic in epic semi-final|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/andy-murray-defeated-by-novak-djokovic-in-epic-semifinal-6295539.html|work=The Independent|accessdate=27 January 2012|date=27 January 2012|last=Fisher|first=Jon|location=London|archive-date=2012-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127231624/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/andy-murray-defeated-by-novak-djokovic-in-epic-semifinal-6295539.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Victory Andy Murray.jpg|left|upright|thumb|Murray's veectory signature at the Olympics whaur he won the gowd medal.]] At the Dubai Duty Free Tennis Championships, Murray defeatit Djokovic in the semifinals, but lost in the final tae Roger Federer.<ref>{{cite news|title=Federer edges Murray to win Dubai Championships|url=http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2012/03/03/federer-edges-murray-to-win-dubai-championships/|publisher=Fox News Channel|accessdate=6 March 2012|date=3 March 2012|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924152618/http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2012/03/03/federer-edges-murray-to-win-dubai-championships/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Efter an early defeat at the BNP Paribas Open, Murray reached the final o the Miami Masters, losin tae Djokovic.<ref name="2012ATP">{{cite web | url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Andy-Murray.aspx?t=pa&y=2012&m=s&e=0# | title=ATP results | accessdate=17 August 2012}}</ref> Murray then haed quarterfinal losses at the Monte Carlo Masters an Barcelona Open, an a third roond loss at the Italian Open.<ref name="2012ATP" /> Murray battled back spasms all throu the French Open, an in the quarterfinals he wis beaten bi David Ferrer.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/jun/06/french-open-andy-murray|title=French Open 2012: Andy Murray runs out of steam against David Ferrer|accessdate=5 January 2015 | work=The Guardian|date=6 June 2012|last=Mitchell|first=Kevin}}</ref> Murray lost in the openin roond o the [[Queen's Club Championships]] tae warld No. 65 [[Nicolas Mahut]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/andymurray/9330050/Andy-Murray-beaten-by-Nicolas-Mahut-in-second-round-at-Queens.html|title=Andy Murray beaten by Nicolas Mahut in second round at Queens|accessdate=13 June 2012 | work=The Telegraph|last1=Briggs|first1=Simon|date=13 June 2012|location=London|publisher=Telegraph Media Group}}</ref> At Wimbledon, Murray set the record for the latest finish at the championships when he completit a fower-set veectory ower Marcos Baghdatis at 23:02 BST.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news|last=Ornstein|first=David|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/18654579 |title=Wimbledon 2012: Andy Murray beats Marcos Baghdatis in thriller |date=30 June 2012 |accessdate=5 July 2012|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Murray beat [[Jo-Wilfried Tsonga]] in the semifinal in fower sets tae become the first male British player tae reach the final o Wimbledon syne Bunny Austin in 1938.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chronicle.augusta.com/sports/other-sports/2012-07-06/andy-murray-first-brit-make-wimbledon-finals-74-years?v=1341619125|title=Andy Murray is first Brit to make Wimbledon finals in 74 years |accessdate=6 July 2012}}</ref> In the final, he faced Federer, but efter takin the first set, he lost the match in fower sets.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/tennis/news/20120708/roger-federer-wins-wimbledon-andy-murray/ | title=Federer Wins 7th Wimbledon | accessdate=17 August 2012 | work=Wimbledon 2012 | date=8 July 2012| url-status=dead }}</ref> Murray next kempit at the [[Tennis at the 2012 Simmer Olympics|London 2012 Summer Olympics]] in singles, doubles, an mixed doubles. He pairtnered his brither Jamie Murray in doubles an suffered a first-roond exit tae Austria (Jürgen Melzer an Alexander Peya) in three sets.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/olympics/19031536|title=Andy and Jamie Murray beaten in Olympic tennis doubles| date=28 July 2012|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> In the mixed doubles, Murray wis pairtnered bi Laura Robson. Thay got aw the wey tae the finals whaur thay lost tae the Belarusian top seeds ([[Victoria Azarenka]] an Max Mirnyi) in three sets, settlin for the siller medal. In singles, Murray lost anly ane set on his wey tae the finals whaur he met Federer, defeatin him in straucht sets, for the loss o juist 7 gemmes.<ref name="2012ATP" /> Bi winnin the Olympic gowd medal, Murray becam the first British man tae win the Olympic singles gowd medal in tennis syne Josiah Ritchie in 1908, an anly the 7t man in the open era tae win twa medals at the same Olympic Gemmes.<ref>{{cite news|title=Andy Murray wins men's singles Olympics tennis gold|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/olympics/18907001|accessdate=6 August 2012|last=Ornstein|first=David|date=5 August 2012|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Murray retired early in the Rogers Cup due tae a knee injury, an wis beaten bi unseedit Jérémy Chardy at the Cincinnati Masters in straucht sets. He next competit in the final major o the saison at the US Open. He cruised throu his openin twa roonds in straucht sets against Alex Bogomolov an Ivan Dodig, afore facin a tough fower-set battle wi [[Feliciano López]], whaur Murray haed tae win three tie-breakers. In the fowert roond, he defeatit the Canadian [[Milos Raonic]] in straucht sets, an then in the quarterfinals, haed tae come frae a set an twa breaks doun against Marin Čilić tae prevail in fower. In the semifinals, he defeatit Tomáš Berdych in a lang-focht match that lasted awmaist fower oors, tae reach his seicont consecutive Grand Slam final. Murray defeatit Djokovic in five sets, acomin the first British man tae win a Grand Slam final syne Fred Perry in 1936,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/usopen/9532050/US-Open-2012-Novak-Djokovic-defeats-David-Ferrer-to-set-up-final-against-Andy-Murray-on-Monday.html|title=Novak Djokovic sets up Andy Murray US Open final|accessdate=9 September 2012 | work=The Telegraph}}</ref> an the first Scottish-born player tae win a Grand Slam final syne Harold Mahony in 1896.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sport.stv.tv/tennis/189639-andy-murray-becomes-first-scottish-born-slam-winner-since-harold-mahony/|title=Andy Murray becomes first Scottish-born slam winner since Harold Mahony|publisher=STV|date=11 September 2012|accessdate=11 September 2012|archive-date=2012-09-12|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6AcKp7Ep6?url=http://sport.stv.tv/tennis/189639-andy-murray-becomes-first-scottish-born-slam-winner-since-harold-mahony/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The win wad an aa set several records for Murray: it involved the langest tiebreak in US Open final history at 12–10 in the first set, it left Murray the first man ever tae win an Olympic gowd medal an the US Open in the same year, an it tied wi the 1988 US Open final (in which Murray's coach Lendl competit) as the langest final in the tournament's history.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://espn.go.com/blog/statsinfo/post/_/id/50912/murrays-open-win-a-first-on-multiple-fronts/ |title=Murray's Open win a first on multiple fronts|publisher=ESPN|date=10 September 2012|accessdate=10 September 2012}}</ref> Bi defeatin Djokovic in the final, Murray achieved his 100th Grand Slam match win o his career. The victory pit Murray amang the "[[Big Four (tennis)|Big Four]]" accordin tae mony pundits, includin Novak Djokovic.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2012/sep/11/andy-murray-us-open-press-review|title=Andy Murray's US Open win, press review: 'The Big Three is the Big Four'|accessdate=11 September 2012|last=Murrells|first=Katy|date=11 September 2012|work=The Guardian|location=London|publisher=Guardian News and Media}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/165275.html|title=Djokovic: Murray deserves 'big-four' tag|accessdate=26 January 2012|archive-date=2014-10-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030170955/http://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/165275.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Andy Murray with Lendl.JPG|thumb|left|Andy Murray wi coach Ivan Lendl]] In his first tournament efter the US Open, Murray reached the semifinals o the Rakuten Japan Open efter enterin as defendin champion. He wis beaten bi Milos Raonic in a close three-set match. He wis an aa defendin champion in the doubles wi his brither Jamie. Houiver, thay war knocked oot in the quarterfinals bi tap seeds Leander Paes an Radek Štěpánek. At the penultimate Masters 1000 tournament o the year in Shanghai, efter receivin a bye intae roond twa, Murray's first match wis due tae be played against Florian Mayer. Houiver, Mayer haed tae pou oot due tae skaith, giein Murray a walkower intae the thrid roond. Efter beatin Alexandr Dolgopolov in the third roond, he then overcame Radek Štěpánek in a three-set quarterfinal. Efter, Murray faced Roger Federer in the semifinals, wham he defeatit in straucht sets tae set up a seicont consecutive final against Novak Djokovic, an his third consecutive Shanghai final. Efter failin tae capitalise on five match pynts, Murray hinnerly lost in three sets, bringin tae an end his 12–0 winnin streak at the competeetion.<ref>{{cite web|title=Novak Djokovic beats Andy Murray to win Shanghai Masters|url=http://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/19941370|publisher=BBC|date=14 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author1=Simon Cambers|title=Novak Djokovic roars back to deny Andy Murray in epic Shanghai final|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/oct/14/novak-djokovic-andy-murray-shanghai|publisher=[[The Guardian]]|date=14 October 2012}}</ref> Whan Rafael Nadal poued oot o baith the Paris Masters an the Year-End Championships,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/news/tennis-nadal-paris-london-153900726.html|title=Tennis – Nadal down and out of Paris and London |accessdate=25 October 2012|date=25 October 2012|work=Yahoo Sport}}</ref> Murray feinisht the year at No. 3 in the warld, efter fower year at No. 4. This wis the first time Murray haed feinisht the year heicher than No. 4 in the warld. At the [[BBC]] ''Sports Personality of the Year'' Murray foond hisel votit third oweraw, aheid o [[Mo Farah]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Bradley Wiggins claims BBC award is his 'greatest achievement'|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/sports-personality/20750840|date=17 December 2012|accessdate=12 March 2013|last=Keogh|first=Frank|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Murray won the World Breakthrough o the Year at the Laureus World Sports Awairds.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.standard.co.uk/sport/other-sports/laureus-world-sports-awards-jessica-ennis-named-sportswoman-of-year-8530330.html|title=Laureus World Sports Awards: Jessica Ennis named Sportswoman of Year|work=Evening Standard|date=12 March 2013|accessdate=12 March 2013}}</ref> Murray wis appyntit [[Officer of the Order of the British Empire]] (OBE) in the 2013 New Year Honours for services tae tennis.<ref name="Honours2013">{{cite news | url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2012/dec/30/new-year-honours-list-2013 | title=New Year honours 2013: the full list | work=guardian.co.uk | date=30 December 2012 |accessdate=15 January 2013|location=London|publisher=Guardian News and Media}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette |issue=60367 |date=29 December 2012 |startpage=24 |supp=x }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=BBC News|title=Honorary degree and freedom of Stirling for Andy Murray|date=23 April 2014|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-tayside-central-27114857|work=BBC News|accessdate=24 April 2014|location=London}}</ref> === 2013: Wimbledon champion an third Australian Open final === {{main|2013 Andy Murray tennis season}} Murray began his 2013 saison bi retainin his Brisbane International title, defeatin [[Grigor Dimitrov]] in the final in straucht sets.<ref name="2013 Brisbane">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/20926184 |title=Ross Hutchins diagnosed with Hodgkin's lymphoma |date=6 January 2013 |accessdate=20 April 2013|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Tryin tae win his seicont Major in a row, he began the 2013 Australian Open weel wi a straucht sets veectory ower Dutchman Robin Haase. He follaed this up wi straucht set victories ower João Sousa, practice pairtner Ričardas Berankis an French No. 14 seed Gilles Simon. In the quarterfinals he cruised past Jérémy Chardy in straucht sets tae set up a semi final clash wi Roger Federer. Efter exchangin sets, Murray eventually prevailed in 5 sets, recordin his first Grand Slam tournament triumph ower Federer. Wi this veectory, each member o the ATP's maist [[Big Four (tennis)|dominant quartet of the previous fower years (Federer, Nadal, Djokovic an Murray)]] haed beaten the ither three at the Majors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theroar.com.au/2013/01/27/2013-australian-open-mens-singles-final-preview/ |title=2013 Australian Open – Men's singles final preview |publisher=The Roar |date=|accessdate=20 April 2013}}</ref> This veectory set up Murray's third consecutive Major final appearance, an seicont in a row against Novak Djokovic. Efter takin the first set in a tiebreak, Murray wis eventually defeatit in fower sets.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/21092882 |title=Andy Murray v Novak Djokovic as it happened |date=27 January 2013 |accessdate=20 April 2013 |publisher=BBC Sport |archive-date=2014-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110034720/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/21092882 |url-status=dead }}</ref> His defeat in this final meant that Murray becam anly the seicont man in the Open Era tae achieve three runner-up finishes at the Australian Open, the ither bein Stefan Edberg. At the BNP Paribas Open in Indian Wells, Murray lost at the quarter-final stage tae Juan Martín del Potro in three sets.<ref name="2013 Indian Wells">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/21809556|title=Juan Martin del Potro beats Andy Murray in Indian Wells |accessdate=18 March 2013|publisher=BBC Sport|date=16 March 2013|last=Overend|first=Jonathan}}</ref> At the Miami Masters, Murray got throu his first fower matches withoot droppin a set, an efter overcomin Richard Gasquet in the semifinals, faced David Ferrer in the final. Efter losin the first set, an facin match pynt in the decider at 5–6, Murray eventually teuk the match in a third set tiebreaker tae win his seicont Miami Masters title, an leapfrog Roger Federer intae seicont place in the rankings, endin a near-decade lang time period in which neither Federer or Rafael Nadal war rankit in the tap twa.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/andy-murray-up-to-no-2-in-world-after-hard-slog-against-david-ferrer-in-miami-heat-8555678.html?utm_medium=referral&utm_source=t.co|title=Andy Murray up to No. 2 in world after hard slog against David Ferrer in Miami heat|work=The Independent|date=31 March 2013|last=Newman|first=Paul|location=London}}</ref> Murray briefly fell back tae No. 3 in the warld, follaein a third roond defeat bi Stanislas Wawrinka in Monte-Carlo, but reclaimed the No. 2 rankin as a result o Federer failin tae defend his title at the Mutua Madrid Open. Later, Murray lost at the quarter-final stage tae Tomáš Berdych in straucht sets.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/22488571|title=Andy Murray beaten by Tomas Berdych at Madrid Open |accessdate=10 May 2013|publisher=BBC Sport|date=11 May 2013}}</ref> At the Rome Masters, Murray retired due tae a hip injury durin his seicont roond match against Marcel Granollers on his 26t birthday. Murray haed juist battled back tae tie the match at ane set all efter winnin the seicont set on a tiebreak. This left Murray wi anly eleven days tae be fit for the stairt o the French Open.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/22540156|title=Andy Murray pulls out of French Open with back injury|accessdate=15 May 2013|publisher=BBC Sport|date=21 May 2013|last=Overend|first=Jonathan}}</ref> Speakin at a press conference efter the match, Murray said, "As it is, I'd be very surprised if I was playing in Paris. I need to make a plan as to what I do. I'll chat with the guys tonight and make a plan for the next few days then make a decision on Paris after the next five days."<ref>{{cite news|title=Andy Murray pulls out of French Open with back injury|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/22540156|accessdate=15 May 2013|last=Overend|first=Jonathan|date=21 May 2013|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> He wad go on tae withdraw frae Roland Garros later, citin a back injury.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2013/05/21/Murray-Withdraws-From-Roland-Garros.aspx|title=Murray withdraws from Roland Garros|date=22 May 2013|work=ATP|accessdate=7 July 2013}}</ref> Efter a fower-week break due tae injury, Murray cam back at the 2013 Aegon Championships, whaur he wis the tap seed. Efter a rain delayed first day, Murray haed tae complete his seicont roond match against Nicolas Mahut, an his subsequent match against Marinko Matosevic on the same day, baith o which he won in straucht sets. Efter beatin Benjamin Becker in the quarterfinals, Murray next faced his first tap ten opponent syne losin tae Tomáš Berdych in Madrid, takin on Jo-Wilfried Tsonga in the semifinals. Efter droppin the first set against the Frenchman, Murray eventually raised his level an won in three tae set up a final against Marin Čilić o Croatia, his third consecutive final on gress courts. He came frae behind again tae beat Čilić in three sets tae claim his third title at [[Queen's Club Championships|Queen's Club]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/22926718|title=Andy Murray wins Aegon Championships at Queen's|website=BBC Sport|last=Newbery|first=Piers|date=17 June 2013|accessdate=10 January 2015}}</ref> Goin intae Wimbledon, Murray hadn't lost a match on gress syne the previous year's final, an wis on a winnin streak o 11 matches on gress. In the first twa roonds, Murray faced Benjamin Becker<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/23031466|title=Andy Murray beats Benjamin Becker at Wimbledon 2013|website=BBC Sport|last=Newbery|first=Piers|date=24 June 2013|accessdate=10 January 2015}}</ref> an Yen-hsun Lu<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/23066798|title=Andy Murray beats Yen-Hsun Lu at Wimbledon 2013|website=BBC Sport|last=Newbery|first=Piers|date=26 June 2013|accessdate=10 January 2015}}</ref> respectively, defeatin baith in straucht sets. His third roond match wis against 32nd seed [[Tommy Robredo]], an despite a tour comeback ower the past year, Murray overcame the Spaniard in straucht sets tae set up a clash wi Mikhail Youzhny, the heichest seed left in Murray's half follaein the unexpectedly early exits o Roger Federer an Rafael Nadal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/23106283|title=Andy Murray beats Tommy Robredo at Wimbledon 2013|website=BBC Sport|last=Newbery|first=Piers|date=28 June 2013|accessdate=10 January 2015}}</ref> Despite facin a fightback in the seicont set, Murray won in straucht sets tae mak it throu tae his tenth consecutive Grand Slam quarterfinal,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/23130222|title=Andy Murray beats Mikhail Youzhny at Wimbledon 2013|website=BBC Sport|last=Newbery|first=Piers|date=1 July 2013|accessdate=10 January 2015}}</ref> in which he wis tae play Fernando Verdasco, the first left-handed player Murray haed faced syne the 2012 US Open. For the seivent time in his career, Murray haed tae come back frae a deficit o twa sets tae ultimately come throu in five,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/23170595|title=Andy Murray beats Fernando Verdasco at Wimbledon|website=BBC Sport|last=Newbery|first=Piers|date=3 July 2013|accessdate=10 January 2015}}</ref> settin up a semifinal clash wi 24t seed Jerzy Janowicz, the Pols player wha beat Murray in thair umwhile encounter. Efter Murray failed tae break Janowicz's serve, the Pole teuk the openin set in the tiebreak, follaein a dooble fault frae Murray. However, Murray managed tae up his level o play, an won the next three sets, makkin it throu tae his seicont consecutive Wimbledon final, an thrid consecutive major final again Novak Djokovic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/23201318|title=Andy Murray beats Jerzy Janowicz in Wimbledon semi-final|website=BBC Sport|last=Newbery|first=Piers|date=5 July 2013|accessdate=10 January 2015}}</ref> [[File:Murray and the Wimbledon Trophy (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Murray holds the Wimbledon trophy follaein his veectory in the 2013 men's final.]] Despite the Serb bein the favourite tae win the title throughout the Championships, Murray overcame Djokovic in a straucht sets match that lasted ower three oors, tae become the first British winner o the men's singles title syne Fred Perry in 1936, the first [[Scot]] o aither sex tae win a Wimbledon singles title syne Harold Mahony in 1896, an tae extend his winnin streak on gress tae 18 matches.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2013/jul/07/andy-murray-novak-djokovic-live|title=Andy Murray beats Novak Djokovic to win Wimbledon – as it happened|date=7 July 2013|work=The Guardian|accessdate=8 July 2013 |last=Murrells|first=Katy|location=London|publisher=Guardian News and Media}}</ref> Wi the win, he an aa becam anly the seicont man in the open era efter Rafael Nadal tae haud the Olympic singles gowd medal an Wimbledon title simultaneously. At the US Open, Murray entered a Grand Slam tournament as defendin champion for the first time, an stairtit strangly wi a straucht sets win against Michaël Llodra. He backed this up wi wins ower Leonardo Mayer, Florian Mayer an Denis Istomin tae reach the quarterfinals at a major for the 11t straucht tournament. In the last 8, Murray faced Stanislas Wawrinka o Switzerland, but lost in straucht sets, endin Murray's streak o fower consecutive major finals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/23966036|title=US Open 2013: Andy Murray beaten by Stanislas Wawrinka|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=8 October 2014}}</ref> Follaein his disappointin run o form on haurd courts, Murray next jynt the [[Great Britain Davis Cup team]] in thair World Group Play-off tie on clay against Croatia, whaur he played in twa singles an the doubles rubbers. Efter defeatin 16-year-auld Borna Ćorić in straucht sets, Murray teamed up wi Colin Fleming tae defeat Croatian number 1 Ivan Dodig an Mate Pavić in the doubles, an tak a 2–1 lead in the tie. Murray then sealed Britain's return tae the World Group bi defeatin Dodig in straucht sets. Follaein the Davis Cup, Murray's saison wis cut short bi his decision tae unnergang surgery, in order tae sort oot the lawer back problems that haed caused him problems syne the early stages o the previous saison. Efter bein forced tae withdraw frae the French Open in Mey, the injury flared up again durin the US Open an later durin the Davis Cup World Group Play-offs, Murray decidit that surgery wis the best wey tae sort the problem oot for the lang-term.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/239631.html|title=Back surgery set to end Murray's season|date=19 September 2013|work=espn.co.uk|accessdate=20 September 2013|last=staff|first=ESPN|publisher=ESPN|archive-date=2014-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014121118/http://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/239631.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Follaein the conclusion o the 2013 saison, Murray wis voted the 2013 BBC Sport Personality of the Year, efter haein been hivy favourite syne the nominees war annoonced.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/sports-personality/25386015 |title=Andy Murray wins BBC Sports Personality of the Year 2013 |publisher=BBC Sport |date=15 December 2013 |accessdate=8 June 2014}}</ref> === 2014: Recovery frae surgery an 30t career title === {{main|2014 Andy Murray tennis season}} Murray stairtit his saison at the Qatar Open in Doha. In the first roond, he defeatit Mousa Shanan Zayed in straucht sets in 37 meenits withoot droppin a single gemme, but wis defeatit in three sets bi warld No. 40 Florian Mayer in the seicont roond, despite bein a set an a break up three gemmes intae the seicont set.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thepeninsulaqatar.com/sports/tennis/261706/nadal-murray-start-season-at-qatar-open|title=Nadal, Murray start season at Qatar Open|accessdate=13 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> He then played a warm-up match at the 2014 AAMI Classic in Kooyong against warld No. 43 Lleyton Hewitt, losin in twa close tiebreaks. Murray next heided tae Melbourne for the 2014 Australian Open, whaur he drew the warld No. 112, Go Soeda o Japan. Despite worries that he wis nae match-fit, Murray got off tae a strang stairt, dispatchin the Japanese number 2 in under 90 meenits, losin juist 5 gemmes in the process. He next went on tae defeat Vincent Millot an Feliciano López respectively in straucht sets. In the fowert roond, Murray dropped his first set o the tournament on his wey tae beatin Stephane Robert in fower sets tae set up a meetin wi lang-staundin rival Roger Federer in the quarterfinals. Despite savin twa match pynts tae tak the third set, he ultimately went oot in fower, endin his streak o fower consecutive Australian Open semifinals.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/australian-open-2014-andy-murray-unable-to-stop-roger-federer-who-marches-on-to-semifinal-meeting-with-rafael-nadal-9076809.html |title=Andy Murray unable to stop Roger Federer who marches on to semi-final meeting with Rafael Nadal |newspaper=The Independent |date=22 January 2014 |access-date=2016-06-28 |archive-date=2015-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925232918/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/australian-open-2014-andy-murray-unable-to-stop-roger-federer-who-marches-on-to-semifinal-meeting-with-rafael-nadal-9076809.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> As a result o losin afore the final, Murray fell tae No. 6 in the warld, fallin oot o the tap 5 for the first time syne 2008. He neist heidit tae the United States tae compete in the Davis Cup World Group first roond wi [[Great Britain Davis Cup team|Great Britain]], wha gaed intae the tie as ootsiders. Murray buir the gree i baith o his ties again Donald Young an Sam Querrey respectively, helpin Britain tae thair first Davis Cup quarterfinal syne 1986.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.daviscup.com/en/draws-results/tie/details.aspx?tieId=100021080|title=USA vs Great Britain|work=Davis Cup website|accessdate=3 February 2014|archive-date=2014-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125081647/http://www.daviscup.com/en/draws-results/tie/details.aspx?tieId=100021080|url-status=dead}}</ref> Murray's next tournament wis the Rotterdam Open efter receivin a late wild card, however he lost tae Marin Čilić in straucht sets in the quarterfinals. His follaein competeetion, the Mexican Open in Acapulco, endit in a semifinal defeat bi Grigor Dimitrov in a thrillin three-setter that required twa tiebreakers tae decide the final twa sets. At Indian Wells, Murray struggled in his first twa matches against Lukáš Rosol an Jiří Veselý respectively, overcomin baith in close three-set encounters tae set up a fowert roond clash wi Canadian Milos Raonic, which he lost in three sets. Murray offered tae play wi 2012 Wimbledon Doubles champion Jonathan Marray, acause Marray wis unable tae convince anyone tae jyne him on court.<ref name="Wimbledon 2014: Jonny Marray's doubles trouble ends in win as he makes second round with John-Patrick Smith">{{cite news |title= Wimbledon 2014: Jonny Marray's doubles trouble ends in win as he makes second round with John-Patrick Smith|url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wimbledon/10929416/Wimbledon-2014-Jonny-Marrays-doubles-trouble-ends-in-win-as-he-makes-second-round-with-John-Patrick-Smith.html|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|date= 26 June 2014}}</ref> For Murray an Marray's first competitive match thegither, thay won a doubles clash against [[Gaël Monfils]] an Juan Mónaco anly tae lose in the seicont round tae the No 2 seeds Alexander Peya an Bruno Soares. In Mairch, Murray split wi coach Ivan Lendl, wha haed been widely praised for helpin Murray achieve his goal o winnin Grand Slam titles.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/26646809|title=Andy Murray and coach Ivan Lendl agree mutual split|publisher=BBC Sport|date=19 March 2014}}</ref> At the 2014 Miami Masters, Murray defeatit Matthew Ebden, Feliciano López an Jo Wilfried Tsonga but lost tae Novak Djokovic in the quarterfinals. In the Davis Cup quarterfinals against Italy, he beat [[Andreas Seppi]] in his first rubber, then teamed up wi Colin Flemin tae win the doubles rubber. Murray haed anly beaten ane tap ten player on clay, Nikolay Davidenko, back in 2009, an sae in his final singles match, wis stunned bi Fabio Fognini in straucht sets, which teuk Great Britain tae the decidin final rubber. Houiver, in this match his compatriot, James Ward wis defeatit bi Andreas Seppi, an aa in straucht sets, knockin Murray an Great Britain oot o the Davis Cup. Murray next competit at the Madrid Open an follaein his openin win, ower Nicolas Almagro, he dedicated the veectory tae umwhile player [[Elena Baltacha]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2014/05/19/Madrid-Wednesday-Murray-Tsonga.aspx |title=Andy Murray Edges Nicolas Almagro In Madrid – Tennis |publisher=ATP World Tour |date= |accessdate=8 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Fuller, Russell |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/27299893 |title=Andy Murray beats Nicolas Almagro at Madrid Masters |work=BBC Sport |date=7 May 2014 |accessdate=8 June 2014}}</ref> He then lost tae qualifier Santiago Giraldo in the follaein roond. Murray then reached the quarter-finals o the Rome Masters whaur he lost tae warld No. 1 Rafael Nadal in a tight match in which he haed been up a break in the final set.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/27450843 |title=Rafael Nadal beats Andy Murray in Italian Open quarter-final |publisher=BBC Sport |date=16 May 2014 |accessdate=8 June 2014}}</ref> At the French Open, Murray defeatit Andrey Golubev an Marinko Matosevic afore edgin oot 28t seed Philipp Kohlschreiber 12–10 in the final set. This wis the first time Murray haed ever gone beyond 7–5 in a decidin set.<ref>{{cite web|last=Newbery |first=Piers |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/27655396 |title=Andy Murray beats Philipp Kohlschreiber at French Open |publisher=BBC Sport |date=1 June 2014 |accessdate=8 June 2014}}</ref> He follaed this up wi a straucht sets win ower Fernando Verdasco an then recorded a five set veectory ower Frenchman Gaël Monfils in the quarter-final, which saw Murray rise tae warld No. 5 an equal his best ever [[French Open]] bi reachin the semi-finals. Houiver, he subsequently lost tae Rafael Nadal in straucht sets, winnin anly 6 gemmes in the match.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/27734725 |title=Andy Murray beaten by Rafael Nadal in French Open semi-final |publisher=BBC Sport |date=6 June 2014}}</ref> Efter losin the 2014 French Open semi-finals tae Nadal, Murray appyntit umwhile women's warld No. 1, an twa-times slam titlist, [[Amélie Mauresmo|Amélie Mauresmo]] as his coach<ref>{{cite web|author=Fuller, Russell |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/27753849 |title=Andy Murray appoints Amelie Mauresmo as coach |publisher=BBC Sport |date= |accessdate=8 June 2014}}</ref> in a 'historic muive' that left Mauresmo the first wumman tae coach a tap male tennis player.<ref>[http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/jun/08/andy-murray-amelie-mauresmo-coach 'Andy Murray appoints Amélie Mauresmo as his new coach'], ''[[The Guardian]]'' (London), 8 June 2014.</ref> Efter strang gress court seasons in 2012 an 2013, Murray wis seedit thrid for the 2014 Wimbledon Championship, behind Novak Djokovic an Rafael Nadal, wha wis seedit first an seicont respectively.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/27889167 'Wimbledon:Andy Murray third seed behind Djokovic & Nadal'], "BBC Sport", 19 June 2014.</ref> He began his title defence wi straucht sets wins ower [[David Goffin]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/27977150|title=Wimbledon 2014: Andy Murray beats David Goffin in round one|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=8 October 2014}}</ref> an Blaž Rola, defeatin the latter for the loss o juist twa gemmes.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/28020836|title=Andy Murray beats Blaz Rola in Wimbledon second round|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=8 October 2014}}</ref> Murray continued his good form, defeatin [[Roberto Bautista Agut]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/28038906|title=Andy Murray beats Roberto Bautista Agut at Wimbledon|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=8 October 2014}}</ref> an Kevin Anderson,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/28071971|title=Andy Murray beats Kevin Anderson under Wimbledon roof|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=8 October 2014}}</ref> the 27t an 20t seeds, again in straucht sets tae reach his seivent consecutive Wimbledon quarterfinal. Murray's defence then came tae a halt as Grigor Dimitrov ended his 17 match winnin-streak on the gress o Wimbledon (this includes the 2012 Olympics) wi a straucht sets win, meanin Murray failed tae reach the semi-finals for the first time syne 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/28110931|title=Andy Murray loses to Grigor Dimitrov in Wimbledon quarters|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=8 October 2014}}</ref> Efter his defeat at the Championships, Murray dropped tae 10t in the warld, his lowest rankin syne 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/28142258|title=Andy Murray: World ranking drops to 10th – lowest since 2008|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=8 October 2014}}</ref> Prior tae the North American haurd court swing, Murray annoonced he wis stendin his partnership wi Amélie Mauresmo til the end o the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]], but wis ideally leukin for a lang-term deal.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/andy-murray-looking-for-longterm-deal-with-coach-amelie-mauresmo-9647833.html |title=Andy Murray looking for long-term deal with coach Amelie Mauresmo |last=Newman |first=Paul |work=The Independent |date=4 August 2014 |accessdate=16 August 2014 |location=London |archive-date=2015-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925232904/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/andy-murray-looking-for-longterm-deal-with-coach-amelie-mauresmo-9647833.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He an aa revealed he haed anly juist returned tae a fou trainin schedule follaein his back surgery last September.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/28654658|title=Andy Murray: British number one able to train fully again|work=BBC Sport|date=5 August 2014|accessdate=16 August 2014}}</ref> Murray reached back-tae-back quarter-finals at the Canadian Open an Cincinnati Masters, losin tae eventual champions Jo Wilfried Tsonga,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.si.com/tennis/2014/08/10/jo-wilfried-tsonga-beats-roger-federer-win-rogers-cup|title=Jo-Wilfried Tsonga beats Roger Federer to win Rogers Cup|website=Sports Illustrated|last=Nguyen|first=Courtney|date=10 August 2014|accessdate=16 August 2014}}</ref> efter bein a break up in the decider,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/28713089|title=Rogers Cup: Andy Murray beaten by Jo-Wilfried Tsonga in Toronto|work=BBC Sport|date=8 August 2014|accessdate=16 August 2014}}</ref> an Roger Federer, efter bein twa breaks up in the seicont set, respectively.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/28813820|title=Andy Murray beaten by Roger Federer in Cincinnati|work=BBC Sport|date=16 August 2014|accessdate=16 August 2014}}</ref> He then got tae the quarter-finals o the 2014 US Open, losin tae Novak Djokovic, efter earnin his first tap ten win o the year in the previous roond against Jo Wilfried Tsonga.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/29023290|title=US Open: Andy Murray beats Tsonga to reach last eight|last=Newbury|first=Piers|website=BBC Sport|date=1 September 2014|accessdate=22 September 2014}}</ref> This wis the first saison syne 2009 whaur Murray failed tae reach a grand slam final. As a consequence Murray fell ootside o the tap 10 rankin places for the first time syne Juin 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/342009.html|title=Murray drops out of world's top 10|website=ESPN|date=9 September 2014|accessdate=22 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014121009/http://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/342009.html|archive-date=2014-10-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> Murray teuk a wildcard intae the inaugural Shenzhen Open in China, enterin as the number 2 seed. Victories ower Somdev Devvarman, Lukáš Lacko an Juan Mónaco saw Murray reak his first final o the saison, breakin a drocht o 14 month follaein his title at Wimbledon. In the final he faced Tommy Robredo o Spain, the seicont final atween the twa. Efter savin five championship pynts in the seicont set tie break, Murray went on tae win the title in three sets, Robredo's drop in fitness ultimately provin decisive.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2014/09/39/Shenzhen-Final-Murray-Robredo.aspx|title=MURRAY SAVES 5 MATCH POINTS FOR SHENZHEN CROWN|publisher=ATP Website|accessdate=28 September 2014}}</ref> He then teuk his good form intae Beijing, whaur he reached the semifinals afore losin tae Djokovic in straucht sets,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.yahoo.com/news/djokovic-downs-murray-beijing-073504102--ten.html|title=Djokovic downs Murray in Beijing|website=Yahoo sports|date=4 October 2014|accessdate=20 October 2014|archive-date=2016-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305031519/http://sports.yahoo.com/news/djokovic-downs-murray-beijing-073504102--ten.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> however he lost in the third roond at the Shanghai Masters tae David Ferrer despite bein a set up.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/29548360|title=Andy Murray loses to David Ferrer at Shanghai Masters|work=BBC Sport|date=9 October 2014|accessdate=20 October 2014}}</ref> Follaein his early exit in Shanghai, Murray teuk a wildcard intae the Vienna Open in an attempt tae claim a place at the ATP World Tour Finals. He reached the final, whaur he ance again faced Ferrer, an triumphed in three sets for his seicont title o the saison, an the 30t o his career.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/10/19/tennis-men-vienna-results-idUKISS06346720141019|title=Tennis-Vienna Open men's singles final result|accessdate=20 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Murray defeatit Ferrer again in the semi-finals o the Valencia Open tae muive intae his third final in five weeks, an faur strengthen his bid for a place at the saison finale in London.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/29772603|title=Andy Murray beats David Ferrer to reach Valencia Open final|work=BBC Sport|date=25 October 2014|accessdate=25 October 2014}}</ref> In a repeat o the Shenzhen Open final, Murray again saved five championship pynts as he overcame Tommy Robredo in three sets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.yahoo.com/murray-outlasts-robredo-win-valencia-title-190947464--ten.html|title=Murray outlasts Robredo to win Valencia title|work=Yahoo News|date=26 October 2014|accessdate=26 October 2014}}</ref> Murray then went on tae reak the quarter-finals o the Paris Masters, whaur he wis eliminate bi Djokovic in whit wis his 23rd match in the space o anly 37 day.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/29858134|title=Andy Murray loses to Novak Djokovic in Paris Masters|work=BBC Sport|date=31 October 2014|accessdate=4 November 2014}}</ref> However, his win ower Dimitrov in the third roond haed awready guaranteed him a spot at the ATP World Tour Finals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/oct/30/andy-murray-grigor-dimitrov-paris-atp-tour-finals|title=Andy Murray beats Grigor Dimitrov to qualify for ATP Tour Finals|website=The Guardian|last=Steinberg|first=Jacob|date=30 October 2014|accessdate=4 November 2014}}</ref> At the ATP World Tour Finals, Murray lost his openin roond robin match tae [[Kei Nishikori]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/nov/09/andy-murray-kei-nishikori-atp-tour-finals|title=Andy Murray loses to Kei Nishikori in ATP Tour finals opener|work=The Guardian|last=Mitchell|first=Kevin|date=9 November 2014 |accessdate=14 November 2014}}</ref> but won his seicont match against Milos Raonic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/nov/11/andy-murray-beats-milos-raonic-atp-tour-finals|title=Andy Murray beats Milos Raonic in straight sets at ATP Tour Finals|website=The Guardian|last=Mitchell|first=Kevin|date=11 November 2014 |accessdate=14 November 2014}}</ref> Houiver, he lost his final group match agin Federer in straucht sets an anly managed tae win ane gemme agin him, merkin his worst defeat syne lossin tae Djokovic in the 2007 Miami Masters, eliminatin him frae the tournament.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/30046849|title=Andy Murray knocked out of World Tour Finals by Roger Federer|work=BBC Sport|last=Newbery|first=Piers|date=13 November 2014|accessdate=14 November 2014}}</ref> Despite the loss, his late-saison run haed already propelled him back up the rankings tae No. 6 in the warld, his best rankin syne Juin. Follaein the conclusion o the saison, Murray mutually greed a split wi lang-term backroom staff, trainin pairtner Dani Vallverdu an fitness coach Jez Green. Thay haed been wi him for five an seiven year respectively but war baith reportit tae hae been unhappy at the lack o consultation thay haed been gien aboot the appointment o Mauresmo.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/nov/26/andy-murray-split-dani-vallverdu-jez-green|title=Andy Murray splits with long-time allies Dani Vallverdu and Jez Green|work=The Guardian|last=Mitchell|first=Kevin|date=26 November 2014|accessdate=5 December 2014}}</ref> Murray forby teuk pairt in the inaugural saison o the International Premier Tennis League, representin the Manila Mavericks, wha haed drafted him as an icon player in Februar.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/26388728|title=Andy Murray joins International Premier Tennis League|work=BBC Sport|date=28 February 2014|accessdate=5 December 2014}}</ref> Murray teuk pairt in the first three matches o the tournament which war all played in [[Manila]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/30247376|title=Andy Murray teams up with Maria Sharapova on IPTL debut|work=BBC Sport|date=28 November 2014|accessdate=5 December 2014}}</ref> === 2015: Fowert Australian Open final, first clay titles an Davis Cup champion === [[File:2015 Australian Open - Andy Murray 3.jpg|205px|thumb|left|Murray at the 2015 Australian Open]] {{main|2015 Andy Murray tennis season}} Murray began his year bi winnin an exhibition event in [[Abu Dhabi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/30666557|title=Andy Murray wins title after Novak Djokovic withdraws in Abu Dhabi|work=BBC Sport|date=3 January 2015|accessdate=30 January 2015}}</ref> He then played the Hopman Cup wi Heather Watson an, despite winnin all his singles matches in straucht sets, thay finished seicont in thair group behind Poland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-01-09/dellacqua-loses-to-watson-in-last-hopman-cup-tie/6009836|title=Hopman Cup: Great Britain too good for Australia as Andy Murray and Heather Watson score straight-sets wins over Marinko Matosevic and Casey Dellacqua|website=abc|date=9 January 2015|accessdate=30 January 2015}}</ref> His first competitive tournament o the year wis the Australian Open. He won his appenin three match in straucht sets afore defeatin 11t seed Grigor Dimitrov tae reak the quarter-final.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/30973337|title=Andy Murray beats Grigor Dimitrov to make Australian Open quarters|work=BBC Sport|last=Newbery|first=Piers|date=25 January 2015|accessdate=30 January 2015}}</ref> Wins ower Nick Kyrgios<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/31000718|title=Australian Open: Andy Murray beats Nick Kyrgios in last eight|work=BBC Sport|last=Newbery|first=Piers|date=27 January 2015|accessdate=30 January 2015}}</ref> an Tomáš Berdych follaed as Murray reached his fowert final at the tournament (three o whilk wis agin Djokovic) an the aicht grand slam final o his career.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/31042458|title=Andy Murray in Australian Open final after beating Tomas Berdych|work=BBC Sport|last=Newbery|first=Piers|date=29 January 2015|accessdate=30 January 2015}}</ref> He lost the final tae Novak Djokovic in fower sets,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/31073438|title=Novak Djokovic beats Andy Murray to win fifth Australian Open title|work=BBC Sport|last=Newbery|first=Piers|date=1 February 2015|accessdate=5 February 2015}}</ref> however his run tae the final saw his return tae the tap fower in the warld rankings for the first time in 12 month.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/local-sport/andy-murray-returns-top-four-5102294|title=Andy Murray returns to top four|work=Daily Record|last= Jones |first=Gareth Iwan|date=4 February 2015|accessdate=5 February 2015}}</ref> Murray neist participated in the Rotterdam Open as the tap seed, but he lost in the quarterfinals tae Gilles Simon wha endit a 12 match lossin streak agin Murray.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennisnow.com/News/2015/February/Simon-Snaps-12-Match-Losing-Streak-vs-Murray-in-R.aspx|title=Simon Snaps 12-Match Losing Streak vs. Murray in Rotterdam|work=Tennis Now|last=Oddo|first=Chris|date=13 February 2015|accessdate=16 February 2015|archive-date=2016-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327145943/http://tennisnow.com/News/2015/February/Simon-Snaps-12-Match-Losing-Streak-vs-Murray-in-R.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Murray then played in the Dubai Championships but suffert anither quarterfinal defeat tae 18-year-auld Borna Ćorić an as a eftercast, Murray slipped tae No. 5 in the warld rankins ahint Rafael Nadal an Kei Nishikori.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/feb/26/andy-murray-loses-borna-coric-dubai|title=Andy Murray beaten in straight sets by teenager Borna Coric in Dubai|work=The Guardian|date=26 February 2015|accessdate=2 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www1.skysports.com/tennis/news/12040/9739726/andy-murray-slips-behind-kei-nishikori-in-the-latest-world-rankings|title=Andy Murray slips behind Kei Nishikori in the latest world rankings|work=Sky Sports|date=2 March 2015|accessdate=2 March 2015}}</ref> Afterwards, Murray played the Davis Cup World Group in Glasgow against the United States. He won baith his matches agin Donald Young an John Isner, allouin [[Great Britain Davis Cup team|Great Britain]] tae progress tae the quarterfinals for the seicont consecutive time wi a 3–2 lead ower the United States.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/31784058|title=Davis Cup: Andy Murray wins to wrap up GB victory over USA|work=BBC Sport|date=8 March 2015|accessdate=9 March 2015}}</ref> [[File:Andy Murray and Jonas Björkman 2, Aegon Championships, London, UK - Diliff.jpg|thumb|right|Murray wi new coach Jonas Björkman during practice at the 2015 Aegon Championships.]] Murray then reached the semifinals o the 2015 Indian Wells, owertakin [[Tim Henman]]'s record o 496 career wins tae hae the maist career wins for a British man in the Open Era.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/news/tennis-murray-sets-new-milestone-way-indian-wells-232109326--ten.html|title=Tennis – Murray sets new milestone on way to Indian Wells semi-finals|work=Yahoo Sport|date=19 March 2015|accessdate=25 March 2015}}</ref> However, he suffered a 6t consecutive defeat tae Djokovic in straucht sets.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/32004366|title=Andy Murray loses to Novak Djokovic in Indian Wells semi-final|work=BBC Sport|date=21 March 2015|accessdate=23 March 2015}}</ref> Murray then reached the 2015 Miami Open final, recordin his 500th career win alang the wey tae become the first British player tae hae 500 or mair wins in the Open Era.<ref>{{cite news|title=Andy Murray beats Kevin Anderson to reach 500 career wins|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/32135605|work=BBC Sport|date=31 March 2015|accessdate=30 April 2015}}</ref> He went on tae lose the final tae Djokovic, this time in three sets.<ref>{{cite news|title=Andy Murray loses Miami Open final to Novak Djokovic|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/andymurray/11517514/Andy-Murray-loses-Miami-Open-final-to-Novak-Djokovic.html|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=5 April 2015|accessdate=30 April 2015}}</ref> Murray added Jonas Björkman tae his coachin staff in Mairch initially on a five-week trail tae help oot in periods when Mauresmo wis unavailable as she wis anly willin tae wirk wi him for 25 weeks.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/andymurray/11464204/Andy-Murray-to-hire-Jonas-Bjorkman-when-hes-finished-with-Swedens-answer-to-Strictly-Come-Dancing.html|title=Andy Murray to hire Jonas Bjorkman – when he's finished with Sweden's answer to 'Strictly Come Dancing'|date=11 March 2015|work=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref> However, at the Australian Open end, Mauresmo haed informed Murray that she wis pregnant an he annoonced at the end o Aprile, that Björkman wad be his main coach for aw o the gress court saison an aw o the US haurd court swing, while Mauresmo wad anly be wi the team for Wimbledon.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/apr/26/andy-murray-jonas-bjorkman-coach|title=Andy Murray adds to Bjorkman burden while Mauresmo prepares for birth|author=Cambers, Simon|work=The Guardian}}</ref> Murray won his first ATP clay court title at the 2015 BMW Open. He defeatit German Philipp Kohlschreiber in three close sets tae become the first Briton syne Buster Mottram in 1976 tae win a tour level clay court event.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2015/05/murray-wins-bmw-open-for-1st-clay-court-title/54819/#.VUdycfmqqkq|title=Murray wins BMW Open for first clay-court title|publisher=tennis.com|date=4 May 2015|accessdate=4 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2015/05/18/Munich-Final-Murray-Kohlschreiber.aspx|title=ATP World Tour|work=ATP World Tour}}</ref> The follaein week, he reached his seicont final on clay, at the Madrid Open efter recordin anly his seicont an third victories ower tap 10 opposition on clay, agin Raonic an Nishikori.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2015/05/18/Madrid-Friday-Murray-Raonic-Nishikori-Ferrer.aspx|title=ATP World Tour|work=ATP World Tour}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2015/05/18/Madrid-Final-Preview-Nadal-Murray.aspx|title=ATP World Tour|work=ATP World Tour}}</ref> In the final, he defeatit Rafael Nadal in straucht sets for his first Madrid title on clay, an first ever clay court Masters 1000 title. The win wis Murray's first ower Nadal, Federer or Djokovic syne Wimbledon 2013, an his first ower Nadal on a clay court.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2015/05/18/Madrid-Final-Murray-Nadal.aspx|title=ATP World Tour|work=ATP World Tour}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/32683988|title=Andy Murray beats Rafael Nadal to win Madrid Masters final|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> Murray conteenad his winnin streak at the Italian Open, beatin Jeremy Chardy in straucht sets in his openin match, but then withdrew due tae fatigue efter haein played nine matches in the space o ten day. Murray then reached his third semifinal at the French Open, but lost tae Djokovic in five set efter threatenin a comeback frae twa set tae luve doun, endin his 15 match winnin streak on clay.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/33034999|title=French Open: Novak Djokovic beats Andy Murray to reach final|author=Piers Newbery|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> Tae stairt his gress court campaign, Murray went on tae win a record tyin fowert Queen's Club title, defeatin the big servin South African Kevin Anderson in straucht sets in the final.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/33215534|title=Andy Murray wins fourth Queen's Club title with two wins in a day|author=Piers Newbery|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> At the third grand slam o the year, the 2015 Wimbledon Championships, Murray drappit anly twa set on his wey tae settin up a semifinal clash wi Roger Federer. Mony fowk saw Murray as the favourite due tae his racent form, however he lost tae the Swiss veteran in straucht sets, gainin anly ane break pynt in the hail match. Efter Wimbledon, Murray returned tae Queen's Club, tae play for Great Britain against France in thair Davis Cup quarterfinal tie. Great Britain went 1–0 doun when James Ward lost tae Gilles Simon in straucht sets, however Murray levelled the tie wi a veectory agin Jo-Wilfried Tsonga. Murray then teamed up wi his brither Jamie tae win the doubles rubber, comin back frae a set doun tae defeat Tsonga an Nicolas Mahut in fower sets, giein Britain a crucial 2–1 lead gaun intae the final day. He then faced Simon in the fowert rubber an efter initially bein a set an a break doun, he suddent foond his form again taewart the end o the seicont set an eventually won in fower sets, winnin 12 o the last 15 gemmes in the process (wi Simon strugglin frae an ankle injury). Wi a 3–1 lead ower France, this resulted in Great Britain reachin thair first Davis Cup semifinal syne 1981. Murray neist participated at the Citi Open (for the first time syne 2006), as the tap seed an favourite tae win the tournament. However, he suffered a defeat in his first match, lossin tae warld No. 53 Teymuraz Gabashvili in a final set tiebreak, in maugre o servin for the match. In doobles, he pairtnered Daniel Nestor, however thay lost in the first roond tae the fowert seeds, Rohan Bopanna an Florin Mergea, again in three sets. He bounced back frae this defeat bi winnin the Montreal Masters Rogers Cup, defeatin Tsonga an Nishikori in the quarter-finals an semifinals respectively. He then prevailed in the final against Djokovic in three sets. This broke his aicht-match, twa-year losin streak against Djokovic, his last win against him bein in the finals o Wimbledon in 2013. Winnin the title, he forby surpassed Federer in terms o ranking, acomin the warld No. 2 for the first time in ower twa year. In doobles, he pairtnered Leander Paes an thay won thair first match agin Chardy an Anderson, but war then defeatit bi Murray's brither Jamie an John Peers in twa sets - the first time the Murrays haed competit agin ilk anither in a Tour-level match.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportinglife.com/tennis/news/article/552/9948672/andy-murray-loses-to-brother-jamie-in-montreal-doubles-encounter|title=Jamie claims bragging rights|publisher=Sporting Life|date=14 August 2015|access-date=2016-06-28|archive-date=2016-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307230547/http://www.sportinglife.com/tennis/news/article/552/9948672/andy-murray-loses-to-brother-jamie-in-montreal-doubles-encounter|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the seicont Master Series tournament o the US Haurd Court saison, the Cincinnati Masters, Murray defeatit veteran Mardy Fish in the seicont roond, an then beat baith Grigor Dimitrov an Richard Gasquet in three-set matches, haein tae come frae a set doun on baith occasions, while Dimitrov haed served for the match in the decidin set. In the semifinal, he lost tae defendin champion Roger Federer in straucht sets, an efter Federer went on tae win the tournament, this eftercast saw Murray return tae the No. 3 rankin an seedin for the US Open. At the US Open, Murray beat Nick Kyrgios in fower sets afore beatin Adrian Mannarino in five sets efter bein twa sets doun, equalin Federer for winnin aicht matches frae twa sets tae luve doun. He then beat Thomaz Bellucci in straucht sets but suffered a defeat in the fowert roond tae Kevin Anderson in fower sets. This ended Murray's five-year run o 18 consecutive Grand Slam quarterfinals (nae countin his withdrawal frae the 2013 French Open) syne his third roond loss tae Stan Wawrinka in the 2010 US Open.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/34181866|title=Andy Murray beaten by Kevin Anderson in US Open fourth round|date=8 September 2015|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=10 September 2015}}</ref> Playin against Australie in the semifinals o the Davis Cup World Group in Glesga, Murray won baith his singles rubbers in straucht sets, against Thanasi Kokkinakis an Bernard Tomic.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/sep/20/andy-murray-davis-cup-great-britain-australia|title=Andy Murray beats body and Bernard Tomic to put GB in Davis Cup final|date=20 September 2015|work=The Guardian|location=London|accessdate=22 September 2015}}</ref> He an aa pairtnered his brither Jamie, an thay won in five sets against the pairin o Sam Groth an Lleyton Hewitt, the results guidin [[Great Britain Davis Cup team|Great Britain]] tae the Davis Cup final for the first time syne 1978 wi a 3–2 lead ower Australie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/34307981|title=Andy Murray puts Great Britain into Davis Cup final|work=BBC Sport|date=19 September 2015}}</ref> Efter lossin in the semifinals o the Shanghai Masters tae Djokovic in straucht sets, Murray reached the finals o the Paris Masters for the lost o juist ane set, wi victories against Borna Ćorić, David Goffin an David Ferrer. Efter a three set win ower Richard Gasquet, he jynt Novak Djokovic, Roger Federer an Rafael Nadal as the anly players tae reach the semi-finals (or better) at all nine o the ATP World Tour Masters 1000 tournaments, an an aa ensured that he compiled his best match record in a single saison.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/news/murray-battles-into-paris-2015-semi-finals|title=Murray Ends French Hopes, Battles Into Paris SFs|work=ATP World Tour}}</ref> He then lost the final tae Djokovic again in straucht sets. As the warld No. 2, Murray participated in the ATP World Tour Finals in London, an wis drawn intae the Ilie Năstase group wi David Ferrer, Rafael Nadal an Stan Wawrinka. He went oot in the roond-robin stage, efter defeatin Ferrer an losin tae Nadal an Wawrinka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/tennis/story/_/id/14203474/atp-world-tour-finals-novak-djokovic-rest|title=ATP World Tour Finals - It's Novak Djokovic and the rest|work=ESPN.com}}</ref> Houiver, efter Federer failed tae win the tournament, he finished the saison as warld No. 2 for the first time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/news/murray-davis-cup-preview-2015-final|title=murray davis cup preview 2015 final - ATP World Tour - Tennis|work=ATP World Tour}}</ref> In the Davis Cup final, Murray's veectory ower Ruben Bemelmans in straucht sets pulled Great Britain level in the final efter [[Kyle Edmund]] haed lost the first singles rubber in five sets, played on indoor clay courts at Ghent. He then pairtnered his brither Jamie in a fower-set veectory ower the pairin o Steve Darcis an David Goffin, afore defeatin Goffin again in the reverse singles on Sunday, sicweys ensurin a 3–1 veectory for Great Britain, thair first Davis Cup title syne 1936 an thair tenth oweraw.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport//tennis/34957711|title=Andy Murray wins the Davis Cup for Great Britain|work=BBC Sport|date=29 November 2015|accessdate=29 November 2015}}</ref> Murray an aa becam anly the third person syne the current Davis Cup format wis introduced tae win all aicht o his singles rubbers in a Davis Cup saison, efter [[John McEnroe]] an Mats Wilander.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/nov/29/andy-murray-davis-cup-great-britain|title=Andy Murray beats Goffin to seal first Davis Cup for Great Britain in 79 years|work=The Guardian|date=29 November 2015|accessdate=29 November 2015}}</ref> === 2016: Seicont Wimbledon title, seicont Olympic gowd an warld No. 1 === {{main|2016 Andy Murray tennis season}} Murray began his 2016 saison bi playin in the Hopman Cup, pairin up wi Heather Watson again. Houiver, thay finished seicont in thair group efter losin thair tie tae eventual champions Nick Kyrgios an Daria Gavrilova.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/35243110|title=Andy Murray & Heather Watson lose to Australia in Hopman Cup|work=BBC Sport|date=6 January 2016|accessdate=14 February 2016}}</ref> Murray then played his first competitive tournament o 2016 at the [[Australian Open]] whaur he wis aimin tae win his first title thare efter fower runner-up finishes. He went on tae reach his fift Australian Open final wi victories ower Alexander Zverev, Sam Groth, João Sousa, Bernard Tomic, David Ferrer an Milos Raonic, droppin fower sets alang the wey. However, in a rematch o the previous year final, he cudnae tae win his first title as he lost in the final tae an in-form Novak Djokovic (wha won a record-equalin saxt title) in straucht sets.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/35453531|title=Novak Djokovic beats Andy Murray to win sixth Australian Open title|work=BBC Sport|date=31 January 2016|accessdate=14 February 2016}}</ref> Murray beat Djokovic in straucht sets at the Italian Open. This wis his first win ower Djokovic on clay an becam the first British player syne [[Virginia Wade]] in 1971 tae win the title an the first British man syne George Patrick Hughes in 1931.<ref>{{cite web|title=Andy Murray beats Novak Djokovic to win first Italian Open title|url=http://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/36297221|publisher=BBC Sport|accessdate=7 June 2016|date=15 May 2016}}</ref> Murray then muived on tae the French Open whaur he struggled in the openin roonds comin throu twa five-set matches agin Radek Stepanek an French wildcard Mathias Bourgue. He came throu in straucht sets agin big servers Ivo Karlovic an John Isner tae reak the quarterfinals whaur he beat hame favourite Richard Gasquet tae set up a semifinal clash agin defendin champion Stanislas Wawrinka. Murray defeatit Wawrinka in fower sets tae become the first British player syne Bunny Austin in 1937, tae reach a French Open final.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/36447728|title=Andy Murray beats Stan Wawrinka to reach his first French Open final|publisher=BBC Sport|date=3 June 2016}}</ref> He wis unable tae win his maiden French Open final, losin tae Djokovic in fower sets. He then wan his seicont Wimbledon an Olympic titles later in the year, an becam warld No. 1 in November. In Juin [[Ivan Lendl]] cam back as Murray's coach.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/36528343 |title=Andy Murray and Ivan Lendl reunited at Queen's Club |last1=Newbery |first1=Piers |date=14 June 2016 |work=BBC Sport |access-date=15 August 2016 }}</ref> At Wimbledon he beat Jo-Wilfried Tsonga in five sets in the quarter-finals<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/36729449|title=Wimbledon 2016: Andy Murray beats Jo-Wilfried Tsonga to reach semis|work=BBC Sport|date=5 July 2016}}</ref> an then Tomáš Berdych tae reach his third major final in a raw. In the final on 10 Julie he beat Milos Raonic in straucht sets tae win Wimbledon for the seicont time an his third major title.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Garber|first1=Greg|title=First-time favorite Andy Murray comes through in Wimbledon final|url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/wimbledon16/story/_/id/16952210/first-favorite-andy-murray-comes-wimbledon-final|website=ESPN.com|date=10 July 2016|access-date=10 July 2016}}</ref> At the Rio Olympics he becam the first player, man or wumman, tae win twa gowd medals in a raw in the tennis singles, beatin Juan Martín del Potro in a final that lastit ower fower oors.<ref name="rio2016">{{cite web|url=https://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2016/08/andy-murray-juan-martin-del-potro-gold-medal-rio-olympic-2016/59955/|title=Andy Murray tops Juan Martin del Potro in four-hour four-setter to win second straight singles gold|website=Tennis.com|date=14 August 2016|access-date=19 November 2019}}</ref> At the Paris Masters in November, Djokovic lost tae Marin Čilić an Raonic withdrew afore thair semi-final, an Murray becam the first British man tae reach warld No. 1 sin the rankins stairtit in 1973.<ref>{{cite web|title=Murray Becomes 26th Player In History To Hold No. 1 In Emirates ATP Rankings |website=ATPTour.com |date=5 November 2016 |access-date=6 November 2016 |url=https://www.atpworldtour.com/en/news/andy-murray-no-1-emirates-atp-rankings}}</ref> He then beat Djokovic in the final o the ATP World Tour Finals tae feenish the year as warld No. 1.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.atptour.com/en/news/barclays-atp-world-tour-finals-2016-wrap-up|title=Historic ATP Season Finale Hits New Heights In Dramatic Finish To 2016 Season|website=ATPTour.com|date=23 November 2016|access-date=19 November 2019}}</ref> === 2017–2019: Injury an hip surgery === Murray wis knichtit in the 2017 New Year Honours for services tae tennis an chairity, makkin him the UK's youngest knicht, at 29.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=61803 |date=31 December 2016 |supp=y |page=N2 }}</ref> He wan the Dubai Championships in Mairch, his anly title o the year,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/39168363|title=Andy Murray beats Fernando Verdasco to win first Dubai Championships title|date=4 March 2017|work=BBC Sport|access-date=8 March 2017}}</ref> an reached the semi-finals o the French Open.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tennis/2017/06/09/andy-murray-vs-stan-wawrinka-french-open-2017-live-score-updates/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tennis/2017/06/09/andy-murray-vs-stan-wawrinka-french-open-2017-live-score-updates/ |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Andy Murray loses epic French Open semi-final to Stan Wawrinka|last1=Briggs|first1=Simon|date=9 June 2017|newspaper=The Telegraph|access-date=7 November 2018|last2=Eccleshare|first2=Charlie|issn=0307-1235}}{{cbignore}}</ref> He played Wimbledon wi a hip injury an lost in the quarter-finals tae Sam Querrey in five sets.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tennis/2017/07/12/andy-murray-vs-sam-querrey-wimbledon-mens-quarter-final-live/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tennis/2017/07/12/andy-murray-vs-sam-querrey-wimbledon-mens-quarter-final-live/ |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Hobbling Andy Murray knocked out of Wimbledon as Sam Querrey books first semi-final spot with five-sets win|last=Hodges|first=Vicki|date=12 July 2017|access-date=12 July 2017|newspaper=The Telegraph}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In Mairch 2018 he lost his British No. 1 rankin for the first time sin 2006, tae Kyle Edmund.<ref name="edmund2018"/> On 11 Januar 2019, juist afore the Australian Open, Murray said he micht hae tae retire acause o the pain in his hip.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news.com.au/sport/tennis/andy-murray-makes-surprise-announcement-ahead-of-the-australian-open/news-story/e1ee6b4245649e130dca436c3c03abdc |title=Andy Murray makes surprise announcement ahead of the Australian Open |website=news.com.au |date=11 January 2019 |access-date=11 January 2019}}</ref> On 29 Januar he annoonced that he haed haen hip-resurfacin surgery in Lunnon,<ref>{{cite news |title=Andy Murray undergoes hip resurfacing surgery in London |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tennis/2019/01/29/andy-murray-undergoes-hip-resurfacing-surgery-london/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tennis/2019/01/29/andy-murray-undergoes-hip-resurfacing-surgery-london/ |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=29 January 2019 |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=29 January 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref> an on 16 Mey he wis knichtit bi Prince Charles at Buckingham Palace.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-48294552|title=Sir Andy Murray receives knighthood at Buckingham Palace|date=16 May 2019|work=BBC News|access-date=16 May 2019}}</ref> He cam back in the doubles at Queen's in Juin an wan the title wi Feliciano López,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2019/jun/23/andy-murray-queens-doubles-tennis |title=Andy Murray wins Queen's doubles title in first tournament since hip surgery |last=Mitchell |first=Kevin |date=23 June 2019 |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=23 June 2019 |issn=0261-3077 }}</ref> an in October he wan the European Open, beatin Stan Wawrinka in the final, his first singles title in mair nor twa year.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/andy-murray-european-open-stan-wawrinka-tennis-a9164116.html Andy Murray tearful as he revels in European Open final victory over Stan Wawrinka], The Independent, 20 October 2019</ref> === 2020–2024: Last years on tour === In 2020 Murray beat warld No. 7 Alexander Zverev at the Western & Southern Open, his first win ower a tap-10 player in mair nor three year.<ref>{{cite news|title=Murray beats world number seven Zverev|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/53893535|access-date=25 August 2020}}</ref> In 2023 he wan three Challenger titles: at Aix-en-Provence, his first title sin 2019,<ref>{{cite web |last=Falkingham |first=Katie |title=Andy Murray beats Tommy Paul in Aix-en-Provence final for first title since 2019 |website=BBC Sport |date=7 May 2023 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/65519683 |access-date=7 May 2023}}</ref> at Surbiton<ref>{{cite news |title=Surbiton Trophy 2023 results: Andy Murray beats Jurij Rodionov to claim grass-court title |website=BBC Sport |date=11 June 2023 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/65871932 |access-date=11 June 2023}}</ref> an at Nottingham.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/murray-borges-nottingham-challenger-2023-saturday |title=Murray Continues Winning Streak, Reaches Nottingham Final |date=17 June 2023 |website=ATP |access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref> In Mairch 2024 Murray tore ligaments in his left ankle at the Miami Open.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/68690971|title=. Andy Murray: No timescale for three-time Grand Slam champion's return after ankle injury|date=29 March 2024 |publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=2024-05-16}}</ref> At Queen's in Juin he played the 1,000t match o his career,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/murray-popyrin-london-2024-tuesday|title= Murray earns victory in 1000th match, advances at Queen's Club |website=ATPtour.com|date=18 June 2024|access-date=18 June 2024}}</ref> but he hurt his back in the next roond, an that wis the last professional singles match o his career.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/articles/crgg77n8w1ro|title=Murray retires with injury at Queen's|date=19 June 2024 |publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=2024-06-19}}</ref> On 23 Julie 2024 he annoonced that he wad retire efter the Paris Olympics.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/two-time-gold-medalist-andy-murray-retire-tennis-paris-olympics-rcna163179|title=Two-time gold medalist Andy Murray to retire from tennis after Paris Olympics|publisher=NBCNews.com|date=July 23, 2024|access-date=July 23, 2024}}</ref> He played the doubles there wi Dan Evans an reached the quarter-finals, an his professional career endit in August 2024.<ref name="paris2024">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/live/c99wn9rz818t|title=Olympics: Murray's tennis career ends with quarter-final exit|website=BBC Sport|date=1 August 2024}}</ref> == Coachin career == On 23 November 2024 it wis annoonced that Djokovic haed hired Murray, his lang-time rival, as his heid coach for the 2025 season.<ref>{{cite news |last=Maine |first=D'Arcy |date=2024-11-23 |title=Novak Djokovic hires former rival Andy Murray as new coach |url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/story/_/id/42563469/novak-djokovic-hires-former-rival-andy-murray-new-coach |work=ESPN |publisher=ESPN Inc. |access-date=2025-03-17}}</ref> Unner Murray, Djokovic reached the semi-finals o the 2025 Australian Open an the final o the 2025 Miami Open. On 13 Mey 2025 it wis annoonced that thay haed stapped wirkin thegither.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-13 |title=Novak Djokovic and Andy Murray end coaching partnership after six months working together |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/articles/c3rpqd4zy01o |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref> In Mey 2026 Murray jyned [[Jack Draper]]'s coachin team for the gress-court season.<ref>{{cite news |date=7 June 2026 |title=What is the 2026 grass season calendar on the ATP Tour? |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/what-is-the-2026-atp-tour-grass-season-calendar |work=atptour.com |publisher=ATP Tour }}</ref> == Representin Great Britain == === Davis Cup === ==== 2005 ==== Murray played his first Davis Cup match for [[Great Britain Davis Cup team|Great Britain]] in the Europe/Africa Zone Group 1 2nt Round against Israel in 2005 at 17 years o age, the youngest ever player for Great Britain.<ref name="Youngest"/> He teamed up wi fellae debutant David Sherwood an came oot victorious in the crucial doubles rubber against the experienced Jonathan Erlich an Andy Ram, that helped Great Britain advance 3–2. In September, Murray played his debut singles match for the Davis Cup in the World Group Play-off against Switzerland in Geneva on clay wi Greg Rusedski, Alan Mackin an David Sherwood. Captain Jeremy Bates surprised everyone bi namin Andy Murray as the British No 1 an Alan Mackin as British No 2. Under the Davis Cup rules, this meant that for the Friday singles, Murray played the Swiss No 2, [[Stan Wawrinka]] while Mackin played the Swiss No 1, [[Roger Federer]]. Baith o them lost thair rubbers, giein Switzerland a 2–0 lead. Unner the rules, for the Sunday reverse singles, Bates wad cud tae substitute Mackin wi Greg Rusedski, sae that Rusedski wad play Wawrinka, while Murray played Federer. Houiver, Bates believed that Federer wis virtually wanbeatable acause he wis on a winnin streak an haedna lost syne Juin,<ref>{{cite news|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4454264.stm|title= Epic Nalbandian ends Federer run|publisher=BBC Sport|date=20 November 2005}}</ref> an consequently Britain gambled on beatin Wawrinka twice, wi Murray playin Wawrinka whan he wis freshest. In the doobles, Murray/Rusedski played Federer an Yves Allegro, leavin Rusedski tae play anly ance.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4271030.stm|title=Brits spring Davis Cup surprise|publisher=BBC Sport|date=23 September 2005}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.daviscup.com/en/draws-results/tie/details.aspx?tieId=100006618|title=2005 World Group Play Off – Tie Details|website=www.daviscup.com|publisher=[[International Tennis Federation]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322024308/http://www.daviscup.com/en/draws-results/tie/details.aspx?tieId=100006618|archive-date=22 March 2016|access-date=2 May 2016}}</ref> The British tactics came tae nocht as Swisserland won the doobles rubber as weel, gainin un unassailable 3–0 lead efter twa the days. Alan Mackin an David Sherwood war consequently nominated for the dead singles rubbers losin baith o them, wi a eftercast o a clean sweep for Swisserland.<ref name=":0" /> ==== 2006 ==== For the Europe/Africa Zone Group I tie against Serbia an Montenegro, Murray haed been sufferin wi a bacterial infection, sae he wis restricted tae playin the doubles alongside Greg Rusedski, which thay lost.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4836938.stm|title=Murray out of opening GB singles|publisher=BBC Sport|date=6 April 2006}}</ref> Wi Arvind Parmar an aa losin in the singles, Great Britain war beaten 3-2. In the same week as the relegation 1st roond play-off against Israel, Murray wis offeecially entered for the ATP tournament in Indianapolis, sparkin fears aboot his commitment. Thare wis a controversial muive bi the Lawn Tennis Association tae pey £500,000 taewart Murray's neist coach's cost, Brad Gilbert as a wey o securin Murray's lang-term services for the Davis Cup team.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6168516.stm|title=Is the LTA spending too much? |publisher=BBC Sport|date=22 November 2006}}</ref> In the event, Murray played, winnin his first singles. However he lost the doubles wi Jamie Delgado, durin which Murray damaged his shouder an neck. He wis diagnosed wi whiplash, causin him tae sit oot the singles on the last day, an eventually Great Britain war beaten 3-2 tae proceed tae the relegation 2nt roond play-off against Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5207776.stm|title=Davis Cup photos|publisher=BBC Sport|date=23 July 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.the-claim-solicitors.co.uk/whiplash/News%20-%20Tennis-start-diagnosed-with-whiplash-injury.htm|title=Tennis star Andrew Murray told to rest for ATP Tour|work=The Claim Solicitors|accessdate=26 March 2016|archive-date=2016-10-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005004315/http://www.the-claim-solicitors.co.uk/whiplash/News%20-%20Tennis-start-diagnosed-with-whiplash-injury.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wi Murray an Greg Rusedski playin, Great Britain beat Ukraine 3-2, tae stay in Group I. ==== 2007 ==== In the tie against the Netherlands, Andy Murray an Tim Henman won the openin singles, then Jamie Murray an Greg Rusedski won the doubles tae secure veectory. Rusedski annoonced his retirement on the doubles court.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6535533.stm|title=Davis Cup - GB v Netherlands|publisher=BBC Sport|date=7 April 2007}}</ref> In the run up tae World Group play-off against Croatia, Tim Henman haed annoonced he wad retire efter this match. Murray said "I'm not going to want to let the team down or let Tim down, I'd feel terrible if I was the one that was responsible for losing Tim's last tie. This means a lot to me and it's definitely going to be the biggest Davis Cup match of my career." <ref name="2007 wrist injury"/> "Everyone is going to want to win for Tim. I'm hoping the way I play will show him what his career meant to my development and me."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2007/sep/03/tennis.usopentennis2007|title=Now I just want to do right by Henman, says beaten Murray |newspaper=Guardian|date=3 September 2007}}</ref> Great Britain beat Croatia 4-1 tae qualify for the World Group in 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7009296.stml|title=Davis Cup - GB v Croatia|publisher=BBC Sport|date=23 September 2007}}{{Dead link|date=September 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=September 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=June 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Efter the retirement o Tim Henman an Greg Rusedski, the Davis Cup team wis nou dependent on Murray haein tae win three matches, tho Henman haed telt him hou wearin an time consumin that can be. While the LTA wis fundin Brad Gilbert, Murray wis obligate tae play for his kintra, but in November, Murray finished wi Brad Gilbert as his coach.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.standard.co.uk/sport/after-dumping-his-coach-is-ruthless-murray-ready-to-turn-his-back-on-his-country-6648009.html|title=After dumping his coach, is ruthless Murray ready to turn his back on his country?|newspaper=Evening Standard|date=17 November 2007}}</ref> ==== 2008 ==== Murray skippit the World Group 1st roond tie agin Argentina, ower fears he coud exacerbate a knee injury, leavin the British team in a hopeless situation - thay lost 4-1. Jamie wis furious that Andy wis lettin them doun an the Murrays wad nae spik tae ilk ither for twa week.<ref name="Andy and Jamie's feud Telegraph">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/daviscup/2291178/Jamie-and-Andy-Murray-at-war-over-Davis-Cup.html|title=Jamie and Andy Murray at war over Davis Cup|newspaper=Telegraph|date=7 February 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2008/feb/13/tennis.andymurray|title=Murray brothers yet to speak as Andy returns fire over Davis Cup |newspaper=Guardian|date=13 February 2008}}</ref> Seeven month later, as the brithers prepared for the tie against Austria, Andy declared that he haed healed the rift wi Jamie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/tennis/murray-brothers-to-end-feud-ahead-337935|title=Murray brothers to end feud ahead of Davis Cup clash|newspaper=Mirror|date=16 September 2008}}</ref> When Jamie Murray an Ross Hutchins war beaten in the doubles, John Lloyd suffered criticism for nae playin Andy.<ref>{{cite news |title=Great Britain relegated after Bogdanovic defeat|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2008/sep/21/daviscup.tennis|newspaper=The Guardian |date=21 September 2008}}</ref> Great Britain lost thair World Group play-off tae Austria 3-2 an war relegated tae Europe/Africa Zone Group I. ==== 2009 ==== Murray withdrew frae the tie against Ukraine efter failin tae shake aff a virus,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/mar/02/murray-davis-cup|title=Murray confirms withdrawal from Ukraine tie|newspaper=Guardian|date=2 March 2009}}</ref> an Great Britain lost 4-1. Murray suffered an injury tae his left wrist at the US Open,<ref name="Wrist injury US Open 2009"/> an wad hae rested if his next event haed nae been the Davis Cup.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8265553.stm|title=GB relegated after Davis Cup loss|publisher=BBC Sport|date=20 September 2009}}</ref> At the Poland match, Murray won baith his singles rubbers. For the doubles wi Ross Hutchins, Murray began in the right-haund court, the side uisually occupied bi the less dominant pairtner, sae as tae afford mair pertection tae his troublesome left wrist than when strikin dooble-handed backhands frae the left court.,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/sep/19/andy-murray-davis-cup-gb-poland|title=Andy Murray licks wounds as Poland beat erratic Great Britain in Davis Cup |newspaper=Guardian|date=19 September 2009}}</ref> tho allowed his pairtner tae resume his uisual role in the seicont set.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/daviscup/6210113/Andy-Murrays-bravery-fails-to-save-Britain-from-doubles-defeat-by-Poland-in-Davis-Cup.html|title=Andy Murray's bravery fails to save Britain from doubles defeat by Poland in Davis Cup |newspaper=Telegraph|date=19 September 2009}}</ref> Houiver, the pair succumbed tae the warld-cless Pols duo, an Poland won 3-2;Great Britain war relegated tae Europe/Africa Zone Group II for the first time syne 1996. Murray haed aggravated his wrist injury, sae couldn't play for anither sax weeks.<ref name="Valencia 2009"/> ==== 2010 ==== Murray pulled oot o the match agin Lithuania, sae younger players coud gain mair international experience, an tae allou him tae focus on tryin tae win Grand Slam titles.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8438187.stm|title=Andy Murray withdraws from British Davis Cup tie|publisher=BBC Sport|date=3 January 2010}}</ref> His absence wis criticised bi Davis Cup captain John Lloyd.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8586461.stm|title=Andy Murray hits back at John Lloyd Davis Cup criticism|publisher=BBC Sport|date=25 March 2010}}</ref> The Lithuanian side entered the tie as underdogs; fieldin a team o teenagers,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.lithuaniatribune.com/64907/on-this-day-in-sport-7-march-201464907/ |work=Lithuania Tribune |title=On this day in sport: 7 March |date=7 March 2014 |access-date=2016-06-28 |archive-date=2015-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003162600/http://www.lithuaniatribune.com/64907/on-this-day-in-sport-7-march-201464907/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> but Lithuania won 3-2. This wis the first time that Great Britain haed lost five ties in a row an wis describit as a humiliatin Davis Cup defeat for Great Britain.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8554231.stm |publisher=BBC Sport |title=Great Britain suffer humiliating Davis Cup defeat |date=7 March 2010}}</ref> It led tae the resignation o John Lloyd as Davis Cup captain an Britain wis nou threatened wi relegation tae the lowest tier o the competeetion. Murray did nae want tae share his coach Maclagan wi the LTA.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/daviscup/7568576/Andy-Murrays-former-coach-Leon-Smith-lined-up-to-be-Britains-new-Davis-Cup-captain.html|title=Andy Murray's former coach Leon Smith lined up to be Britain's new Davis Cup captain|newspaper=Telegraph|date=8 April 2010}}</ref> ==== 2011 ==== Murray returned for the Europe/Africa Zone Group II tie versus Luxembourg. He beat Laurent Bram, a tennis coach, 6-0, 6-0, 6-0, the last time a Briton haed achieved this score line in Davis Cup wis Alan Mills defeatin Josef Offenheim in 1959, an aa against Luxembourg.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2011/jul/08/andy-murray-davis-cup|title=Ruthless Andy Murray serves up a horror show for tortured Laurent Bram |newspaper=Guardian|date=8 July 2011}}</ref> Andy an Jamie Murray teamed up for the first time in Davis Cup doubles for a straucht sets win.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/sport/tennis/article3089361.ece|title=Murray brothers too strong for Luxembourg|newspaper=Times|date=9 July 2011}}</ref> In his seicont singles match, Andy then recorded a third straucht sets veectory, ower warld No. 81 Gilles Müller, wi Great Britain eventually winnin 4-1. Three o Hungary's tap fower players war nae available for the Great Britain vs Hungary tie,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/murray-goes-from-nadal-to-hungarian-law-student-2355413.html|title=Murray goes from Nadal to Hungarian law student|newspaper=Independent|date=15 September 2011|access-date=2016-06-28|archive-date=2016-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624111004/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/murray-goes-from-nadal-to-hungarian-law-student-2355413.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> sae Murray defeatit Sebo Kiss, a law student withoot a ranking, in his first singles rubber. Earlier, James Ward overcame sickness tae beat the Hungarian No 1,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/murray-goes-from-nadal-to-hungarian-law-student-2355413.html|title=Murray and Ward win as GB lead Hungary 2-0 in Davis Cup|publisher=BBC Sport|date=16 September 2011|access-date=2016-06-28|archive-date=2016-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624111004/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/murray-goes-from-nadal-to-hungarian-law-student-2355413.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> then Colin Fleming an Ross Hutchins won the doubles, an Great Britain wis promoted intae Europe/Africa Zone Group I for the first time syne 2009. Afterwards, Murray criticised the tournament schedule an cast dout on his availability for the Davis Cup the year efter.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2011/sep/18/andy-murray-davis-cup-schedule|title=Andy Murray criticises 'messed up' schedule despite Davis Cup success|newspaper=Guardsian|date=18 September 2011}}</ref> ==== 2013 ==== Bi 2013, Great Britain's ither tennis players haed earned the team a chance tae return tae the World Group. Murray wis sufferin a vulnerable back an intendit tae hae surgery efter the US Open. Murray revealed that the fear o bein branded “unpatriotic” led him tae delay the surgery until efter the Davis Cup tie in Croatia in September, which jeopardised his place in the next Australian Open.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/10422724/Andy-Murray-admits-his-Davis-Cup-heroics-were-fuelled-by-a-fear-of-critics-doubting-his-commitment.html|title=Andy Murray admits his Davis Cup heroics were fuelled by a fear of critics doubting his commitment|newspaper=Telegraph|date=2 November 2013}}</ref> Wi Croatia's No 1 Marin Cilic absent for committin a dopin offence, Murray won baith his singles matches an the doubles wi Colin Fleming,<ref>{{cite news |title=Andy Murray to face teenager Borna Coric in Davis Cup opening singles |url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2013/sep/12/davis-cup-britain-croatia-andy-murray |newspaper=The Guardian |date=12 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Andy Murray & Colin Fleming give Great Britain Davis Cup lead |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/24093481 |publisher=BBC Sport |date=14 September 2013}}</ref> Great Britain eventually winnin 4-1, for thair first veectory on clay syne Ukraine in 2006,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/sport/tennis/article3869880.ece|title=Captain Leon Smith and talisman Andy Murray are rewarded for their courage|newspaper=Times|date=16 September 2013}}</ref> an returnin tae the World Group for the first time syne 2008.<ref>{{cite news |title=Andy Murray guides Great Britain back to Davis Cup World Group |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/24100659 |publisher=BBC Sport |date=15 September 2013}}</ref> ==== 2014 ==== At the World Group first round tie against the United States in [[San Diego]], Murray defeatit Donald Young an James Ward wanexpectedly beat Sam Querrey on the first day. On the last day, Murray beat Sam Querrey tae put Great Britain intae the quarterfinals o the Davis Cup for the first time syne 1986. The anly previous British veectory on American soil wis 111 years ago.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/feb/02/great-britain-davis-cup-usa-andy-murray|title=Great Britain beat United States to reach Davis Cup quarter-finals |newspaper=Guardian|date=2 February 2014}}</ref> Murray haed tae rekiver frae a virus tae play in the Quarter Final tie against Italy in [[Naples]] efter missin the Thursday draw ceremony.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/tennis/andy-murray-defies-virus-play-3363244|title=Andy Murray defies virus to play Great Britain's first Davis Cup quarter-final for 28 year |newspaper=Mirror|date=3 April 2014}}</ref> James Ward lost his rain delayed match, while Murray's match against [[Andreas Seppi]] wis halted on Friday evenin due tae fadin licht wi the score at 6–4, 5–5 tae Murray. On Saturday morning, Murray finished his match, winnin 6–4, 7–5, 6–3. Twa oors later, Murray pairtnered Colin Fleming tae win the doubles rubber.<ref>{{cite wab|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/apr/05/andy-murray-davis-cup-great-britain-italy|title=Andy Murray and Colin Fleming win doubles to edge GB ahead of Italy |newspaper=Guardian|date=5 Apryle 2014}}</ref> Murray haed anly beaten ane tap ten player on clay, Nikolay Davydenko, back in 2009,<ref name="Davydenko"/> sae Murray wis stunned bi Fabio Fognini, warld No. 13, but a tap ten clay court player, in straucht sets, which teuk Great Britain tae the decidin final rubber. Houiver, James Ward wis defeatit bi Andreas Seppi, an aa in straucht sets, knockin Great Britain oot o the Davis Cup. ==== 2015 ==== Murray played an important pairt in leadin Great Britain tae the final o the World Group for the first time syne 1978, winnin baith his singles rubbers in the matches against the USA, France an Australie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/34307981|title=Davis Cup: Andy Murray puts Great Britain into final|work=BBC Sport|date=20 September 2015}}</ref> In the final, Murray defeatit [[Belgian|Belgium]]'s David Goffin tae win the Davis Cup for Great Britain, 79 years efter the naitional team's last win. {|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style=font-size:93% |- ! colspan="9" style="width:555px; background:#ecf2ff;"|'''All Davis Cup Matches: 34–7 (Singles: 27–2; Doubles: 7–5)''' |- style="background:Gainsboro;" |colspan=9| '''2005 Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I / World Group Play-offs''' |- !Round!!Date!!Opponents!!Tie score!!Venue!!Surface!!Match!!Opponent!!Rubber score |- !2R |4–6 Mar 2005 |{{davis|ISR}} |{{center|3–2}} |[[Ramat HaSharon]] | style="text-align:center; background:#ccf;"|Haurd |Doubles {{small|(wi Sherwood)}} |Erlich & Ram |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–4, 7–6^(7–5), 2–6, 7–6^(7–5)''' |- !rowspan=2|PO |rowspan=2|23–25 Sep 2005 |rowspan=2|{{davis|SUI}} |rowspan=2|{{center|0–5}} |rowspan=2|[[Geneva]] | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ebc2af;"|Clay (i) |Singles 2 |[[Stanislas Wawrinka]] |bgcolor=FFA07A|3–6, 6–7^(5–7), 4–6 |- |Doubles {{small|(wi Rusedski)}} |Allegro & [[Roger Federer|Federer]] |bgcolor=FFA07A|5–7, 6–2, 6–7^(1–7), 2–6 |- style="background:Gainsboro;" |colspan=9| '''2006 Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I''' |- !Round!!Date!!Opponents!!Tie score!!Venue!!Surface!!Match!!Opponent!!Rubber score |- !2R |7–9 Apr 2006 |{{davis|SCG}} |{{center|2–3}} |[[Glasgow]] | style="text-align:center;"|Carpet (i) |Doubles {{small|(wi Rusedski)}} |Bozoljac & [[Nenad Zimonjic|Zimonjic]] |bgcolor=FFA07A|3–6, 6–3, 3–6, 4–6 |- !rowspan=2|1PO |rowspan=2|21–23 Jul 2006 |rowspan=2|{{davis|ISR}} |rowspan=2|{{center|2–3}} |rowspan=2|[[Eastbourne]] | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|Gress |Singles 2 |Andy Ram |bgcolor=98fb98|'''2–6, 4–6, 7–5, 6–2, 6–3''' |- |Doubles {{small|(wi Delgado)}} |Erlich & Ram |bgcolor=FFA07A|6–3, 3–6, 7–5, 3–6, 4–6 |- !rowspan=3|2PO |rowspan=3|22–24 Sep 2006 |rowspan=3|{{davis|UKR}} |rowspan=3|{{center|3–2}} |rowspan=3|[[Odessa]] | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#ebc2af;"|Clay |Singles 2 |Alexandr Dolgopolov |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–3, 6–4, 6–2''' |- |Doubles {{small|(wi Delgado)}} |Stakhovsky & Tereshchuk |bgcolor=FFA07A|3–6, 3–6, 3–6 |- |Singles 4 |Sergiy Stakhovsky |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–3, 6–2, 7–5''' |- style="background:Gainsboro;" |colspan=9| '''2007 Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I / World Group Play-offs''' |- !Round!!Date!!Opponents!!Tie score!!Venue!!Surface!!Match!!Opponent!!Rubber score |- !2R |6–8 Apr 2007 |{{davis|NED}} |{{center|4–1}} |[[Birmingham]] | style="text-align:center; background:#ccf;"|Haurd (i) |Singles 4 |Raemon Sluiter |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–3, 7–5, 6–2''' |- !rowspan=2|PO |rowspan=2|21–23 Sep 2007 |rowspan=2|{{davis|CRO}} |rowspan=2|{{center|4–1}} |rowspan=2|[[London]] | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|Gress |Singles 1 |Marin Čilić |bgcolor=98fb98|'''3–6, 6–4, 6–2, 4–6, 6–3''' |- |Singles 4 |Roko Karanusic |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–4, 7–6^(7–4)''' |- style="background:Gainsboro;" |colspan=9| '''2008 Davis Cup World Group Play-offs''' |- !Round!!Date!!Opponents!!Tie score!!Venue!!Surface!!Match!!Opponent!!Rubber score |- !rowspan=2|PO |rowspan=2|19–21 Sep 2008 |rowspan=2|{{davis|AUT}} |rowspan=2|{{center|2–3}} |rowspan=2|[[London]] | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|Gress |Singles 2 |Alexander Peya |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–4, 6–1, 6–3''' |- |Singles 4 |Jürgen Melzer |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–4, 5–7, 6–4, 6–1''' |- style="background:Gainsboro;" |colspan=9| '''2009 Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I''' |- !Round!!Date!!Opponents!!Tie score!!Venue!!Surface!!Match!!Opponent!!Rubber score |- !rowspan=3|PO |rowspan=3|18–20 Sep 2009 |rowspan=3|{{davis|POL}} |rowspan=3|{{center|2–3}} |rowspan=3|[[Liverpool]] | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#ccf;"|Haurd (i) |Singles 1 |Michal Przysiezny |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–4, 6–2, 6–4''' |- |Doubles {{small|(wi Hutchins)}} |Fyrstenberg & Matkowski |bgcolor=FFA07A|5–7, 6–3, 3–6, 2–6 |- |Singles 4 |Jerzy Janowicz |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–3, 6–4, 6–3''' |- style="background:Gainsboro;" |colspan=9| '''2011 Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group II''' |- !Round!!Date!!Opponents!!Tie score!!Venue!!Surface!!Match!!Opponent!!Rubber score |- !rowspan=3|2R |rowspan=3|8–10 Jul 2011 |rowspan=3|{{davis|LUX}} |rowspan=3|{{center|4–1}} |rowspan=3|[[Glasgow]] | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#ccf;"|Haurd (i) |Singles 2 |Laurent Bram |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–0, 6–0, 6–0''' |- |Doubles {{small|(wi [[Jamie Murray|Murray]])}} |Bram & Vermeer |bgcolor=98fb98|'''7–5, 6–2, 6–0''' |- |Singles 4 |Gilles Müller |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–4, 6–3, 6–1''' |- !rowspan=2|3R |rowspan=2|16–18 Sep 2011 |rowspan=2|{{davis|HUN}} |rowspan=2|{{center|5–0}} |rowspan=2|[[Glasgow]] | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ccf;"|Haurd (i) |Singles 2 |Sebo Kiss |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–0, 6–2, 7–6^(7–3)''' |- |Singles 4 |György Balázs |bgcolor=98fb98|'''7–6^(7–3), 6–3''' |- style="background:Gainsboro;" |colspan=9| '''2013 Davis Cup World Group Play-offs''' |- !Round!!Date!!Opponents!!Tie score!!Venue!!Surface!!Match!!Opponent!!Rubber score |- !rowspan=2|PO |rowspan=2|13–15 Sep 2013 |rowspan=2|{{davis|CRO}} |rowspan=2|{{center|4–1}} |rowspan=2|Umag | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ebc2af;"|Clay |Singles 1 |Borna Ćorić |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–3, 6–0, 6–3''' |- |Singles 4 |Ivan Dodig |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–4, 6–2, 6–4''' |- style="background:Gainsboro;" |colspan=9| '''2014 Davis Cup World Group''' |- !Round!!Date!!Opponents!!Tie score!!Venue!!Surface!!Match!!Opponent!!Rubber score |- !rowspan=2|1R |rowspan=2|31 Jan–2 Feb 2014 |rowspan=2|{{davis|USA}} |rowspan=2|{{center|3–1}} |rowspan=2|[[San Diego]] | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ebc2af;"|Clay |Singles 1 |Donald Young |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–1, 6–2, 6–3''' |- |Singles 4 |Sam Querrey |bgcolor=98fb98|'''7–6^(7–5), 6–7^(3–7), 6–1, 6–3''' |- !rowspan=3|QF |rowspan=3|4–6 Apr 2014 |rowspan=3|{{davis|ITA}} |rowspan=3|{{center|2–3}} |rowspan=3|[[Napoli]] | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#ebc2af;"|Clay |Singles 2 |[[Andreas Seppi]] |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–4, 7–5, 6–3''' |- |Doubles {{small|(wi Fleming)}} |Bolelli & Fognini |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–4, 6–2, 3–6, 7–5''' |- |Singles 4 |Fabio Fognini |bgcolor=FFA07A|3–6, 3–6, 4–6 |- style="background:Gainsboro;" |colspan=9| '''2015 Davis Cup World Group''' |- !Round!!Date!!Opponents!!Tie score!!Venue!!Surface!!Match!!Opponent!!Rubber score |- !rowspan=2|1R |rowspan=2|6–8 Mar 2015 |rowspan=2|{{davis|USA}} |rowspan=2|{{center|3–1}} |rowspan=2|[[Glasgow]] | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ccf;"|Haurd (i) |Singles 1 |Donald Young |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–1, 6–1, 4–6, 6–2''' |- |Singles 4 |John Isner |bgcolor=98fb98|'''7–6^(7–4), 6–3, 7–6^(7–4)''' |- !rowspan=3|QF |rowspan=3|17–19 Jul 2015 |rowspan=3|{{davis|FRA}} |rowspan=3|{{center|3–1}} |rowspan=3|[[London]] | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|Gress |Singles 2 |[[Jo-Wilfried Tsonga]] |bgcolor=98fb98|'''7–5, 7–6^(12–10), 6–2''' |- |Doubles {{small|(wi [[Jamie Murray|Murray]])}} |[[Nicolas Mahut|Mahut]] & [[Jo-Wilfried Tsonga|Tsonga]] |bgcolor=98fb98|'''4–6, 6–3, 7–6^(7–5), 6–1''' |- |Singles 4 |Gilles Simon |bgcolor=98fb98|'''4–6, 7–6^(7–5), 6–3, 6–0''' |- style="background:Gainsboro;" |- !rowspan=3|SF |rowspan=3|18–20 Sep 2015 |rowspan=3|{{davis|AUS}} |rowspan=3|{{center|3–2}} |rowspan=3|[[Glasgow]] | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#ccf;"|Haurd (i) |Singles 1 |Thanasi Kokkinakis |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–3, 6–0, 6–3''' |- |Doubles {{small|(wi [[Jamie Murray|Murray]])}} |Groth & Hewitt |bgcolor=98fb98|'''4–6, 6–3, 6–4, 6–7^(6–8), 6–4''' |- |Singles 4 |Bernard Tomic |bgcolor=98fb98|'''7–5, 6–3, 6–2''' |- style="background:Gainsboro;" |- !rowspan=3|F |rowspan=3|27–29 Nov 2015 |rowspan=3|{{davis|BEL}} |rowspan=3|{{center|3–1}} |rowspan=3|[[Ghent]] | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#ebc2af|Clay (i) |Singles 2 |Ruben Bemelmans |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–3, 6–2, 7–5''' |- |Doubles {{small|(with [[Jamie Murray|Murray]])}} |Darcis & [[David Goffin|Goffin]] |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–4, 4–6, 6–3, 6–2''' |- |Singles 4 |[[David Goffin]] |bgcolor=98fb98|'''6–3, 7–5, 6–3''' |- style="background:Gainsboro;" |} === Olympics === Murray representit Great Britain at his maiden Olympics in [[2008 Simmer Olympics|Beijing 2008]]. He competit in the singles an doubles competitions. In maugre o bein seedit saxt in the singles competeetion, he wis eliminate in the first roond bi Cheenese Taipei's Yen-hsun Lu.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/2540280/Andy-Murray-crashes-out-to-Lu-Yen-Hsun-Beijing-Olympics-2008.html|title=Andy Murray crashes out to Lu Yen-Hsun - Beijing Olympics 2008|work=The Telegraph|date=11 August 2008}}</ref> Alang wi his brither Jamie, he advanced tae the seicont roond o the doubles competeetion wi a win ower the Canadian pairin o Daniel Nestor an Frédéric Niemeyer. The Murray brithers war eliminated in the seicont roond bi France's Arnaud Clément an Michael Llodra. In Februar, Murray pulled oot o the Davis Cup tie agin Argentina, acause o a knee injury, sae Argentina thrashed the under-strength British team. Jamie Murray scathingly criticised Andy an thay didnae spik tae ilk anither for a fortnicht.<ref name="Andy and Jamie's feud Telegraph"/> Thair rift conteenad in the Olympic doubles, ower a perceived lack o effort frae Andy.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/sport/tennis/article4546030.ece|title=Brother’s left-field lessons boost Andy Murray|newspaper=Times|date=3 September 2015}}</ref> At the [[2012 Simmer Olympics|London 2012]] Olympics, Murray competit in the singles, doubles (pairtnerin his brither Jamie) an mixed doubles (pairtnerin Laura Robson). In the singles, he won the Gowd Medal, includin straucht-set victories ower Novak Djokovic in the semi-finals an Roger Federer in the final, fower weeks efter Federer haed beaten him in on the same court in the Wimbledon final.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/olympics/18907001|title=Andy Murray wins men's singles Olympics tennis gold|work=BBC Sport|date=5 August 2012}}</ref> He forby won the siller medal in the mixed doubles, lossin tae the [[Belarus]]ian pairin o Max Mirnyi an Victoria Azarenka.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/olympics/18906645|title=Andy Murray & Laura Robson take silver in Olympics final|work=BBC Sport|date=5 August 2012}}</ref> At Rio in 2016 Murray becam the first player tae win twa Olympic gowd medals in a raw in the tennis singles, beatin Juan Martín del Potro in the final.<ref name="rio2016"/> At the Tokyo Olympics in 2021 he withdrew frae the singles wi a strained quadriceps, but he an Joe Salisbury reached the quarter-finals o the men's doubles.<ref>{{cite news| title=Tokyo Olympics tennis: Andy Murray & Joe Salisbury out, Novak Djokovic wins |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/57994553 |access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref> His last tournament wis the 2024 Paris Olympics, whaur he an Dan Evans reached the quarter-finals o the men's doubles.<ref name="paris2024"/> == Rivalries == {{See also|Big Four (tennis)}} === Murray vs. Djokovic === {{Main|Djokovic–Murray rivalry}} Novak Djokovic an Andy Murray hae met 34 times wi Djokovic leadin 24–10.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Players/Head-To-Head.aspx?pId=MC10&oId=D643|title=Tennis – ATP World Tour – FedEx ATP Head 2 Head|publisher=ATP World Tour|accessdate=3 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/Rivalries/Djokovic-Murray-Rivalry.aspx|title=Novak & Andy: The Rivalry|publisher=ATP World Tour|date=26 January 2013|accessdate=17 April 2013}}</ref> Djokovic leads 5–1 on clay, 19–7 on haurd courts, an Murray leads 2–0 on gress. The twa are awmaist exactly the same age, wi Murray bein anly a week aulder than Djokovic. Thay went tae trainin camp thegither, an Murray won the first match thay ever played as teenagers. The pair hae met 16 times in finals, wi Djokovic leadin 9–7. Ten o the finals war at ATP Masters 1000 events, an thay are tied at 5–5. Thay hae met in seiven Major finals: The 2011 Australian Open, the 2012 US Open, the 2013 Australian Open, the 2013 Wimbledon Championships, the 2015 Australian Open, the 2016 Australian Open, an the 2016 French Open. Djokovic haes won in Australie fower times an thair single French open final, Murray emerged as the victor at the US Open an Wimbledon. The umwhile o Murray's victories wis the langest ever final at the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]], tyin wi the 1988 final played atween Ivan Lendl an Mats Wilander at 4 oors an 53 meenits, whilst the latter wis notable for bein the first hame triumph in men's singles at [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]] syne 1936. Thay an aa played a nearly five-oor lang semifinal match in the 2012 Australian Open, which Djokovic won 7–5 in the fift set efter Murray led 2 sets tae 1. Murray an Djokovic met again in 2012 at the London 2012 Olympic Gemmes, wi Murray winnin in straucht sets. Durin the final o the 2012 Shanghai Masters, Murray held five championship pynts in the seicont set, however Djokovic saved each o them, forcin a decidin set. He eventually prevailed tae win his first Shanghai Masters title, endin Murray's 12–0 winnin streak at the event. The three set matches thay played in Rome an Shanghai in 2011 an 2012 respectively war voted the ATP World Tour Match o the Year for each respective saison.<ref>{{cite web|title=The 2 Best ATP World Tour Matches of 2011|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2011/12/Features/Best-ATP-Matches-Of-2011.aspx|publisher=ATP|accessdate=5 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Best ATP World Tour Matches of the Year – Nos. 1–2|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2012/11/Features/Best-ATP-Matches-Of-2012.aspx|publisher=ATP|accessdate=5 February 2013}}</ref> Due tae the tight competeetion atween 2008 an 2013, monie saw this as the rivalry o the future, as the twa war baith in thair prime years at the time an war expectit tae be playin for at least anither five years.<ref>{{cite web|title=Djokovic-Murray move away from pack|url=http://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/blogs/simon-reed/djokovic-murray-move-away-pack-165711108.html|publisher=Eurosport|accessdate=1 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=World number two Andy Murray determined to improve on clay|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/21994026|accessdate=16 June 2013|newspaper=BBC Sport|date=1 April 2013}}</ref> Houiver, Djokovic went on tae dominate the rivalry efter the 2013 Wimbledon final, winnin 8 matches in a row, until Murray ended the streak in the final o the 2015 Rogers Cup. === Murray vs. Federer === {{main|Federer–Murray rivalry}} Andy Murray an Roger Federer hae met 25 times wi Federer leadin 14–11. Federer leads 12–10 on haurd courts, 2–1 on gress, an thay hae never met on clay. Efter Federer won the first professional match thay played, Murray dominated the rivalry frae 2006 until 2014 wi Federer beatin Murray three straucht times tae reverse the lead at the 2014 ATP World Tour Finals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Players/Head-To-Head.aspx?pId=F324&oId=MC10|title=Federer v Murray Head to Head|publisher=atpworldtour.com|accessdate=9 January 2011}}</ref> Federer leads 5–3 in finals, haein won each o thair Grand Slam Final meetins at the 2008 US Open<ref name="autogenerated2"/> an 2010 Australian Open, baith o which Federer won in straucht sets, an the 2012 Wimbledon Championships, whaur Murray teuk the first set, but ended up losin in 4 sets. Murray leads 6–3 in ATP 1000 tournaments an 2–0 in finals. Thay hae met five times at the [[ATP World Tour Finals]], wi Murray winnin in Shanghai in 2008<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2008/nov/14/tennis-murray-federer-masters-cup|title=Murray wins gruelling match to knock out defending champion Federer|work=guardian.co.uk|location=London|date=14 November 2008|accessdate=27 April 2010|last=Bierley|first=Steve|publisher=Guardian News and Media}}</ref> an Federer comin oot victorious in London in 2009, 2010, 2012, an in 2014. In August 2012, Murray met Federer in the final of the London 2012 Olympics at Wimbledon Centre Court, juist fower weeks efter the 2012 Wimbledon Final, in which Federer haed defeatit Murray tae win his record-tyin 7t title at the All-England Club. Murray defeatit Federer in straucht sets tae win the gowd medal, denyin Federer a Career Golden Slam. In 2013 Murray beat Federer for the first time in a Major in the semi-finals o the Australian Open, prevailin in five sets efter Federer haed come back twice frae a set doun.<ref>{{cite web|last=Cronin|first=Matt|title=Murray makes it happen|url=http://www.australianopen.com/en_AU/news/articles/2013-01-25/201301251359112474916.html|publisher=Australian Open|accessdate=16 June 2013|date=25 January 2013}}</ref> Thair last grand slam meetin wis at the 2015 Wimbledon Championships semifinals, whaur a dominant Federer defeatit Murray in straucht sets, earnin a place in his 10t Wimbledon final. Murray is ane o anly three players tae hae recorded 10 or mair victories ower Federer, the ither twa bein Nadal an Djokovic. Thair maist recent meetin teuk place at the 2015 Cincinnati Masters semifinals, wi Federer winnin the match in twa close sets, recordin his fift consecutive veectory ower Murray. === Murray vs. Nadal === {{Main|Murray–Nadal rivalry}} Andy Murray haes played against Rafael Nadal on 24 occasions syne 2007, wi Nadal leadin 17–7. Nadal leads 7–2 on clay, 3–0 on gress an 7–5 on haurd courts. The pair regularly meet at [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] level, wi nine oot o thair twinty-ane meetins comin in slams, wi Nadal leadin 7–2 (3–0 at [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]], 2–0 at the [[French Open]], 1–1 at the [[Australian Open]] an 1–1 at the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Players/Head-To-Head.aspx?pId=N409&oId=MC10|title=Nadal v Murray Head to Head|publisher=atpworldtour.com|accessdate=6 August 2012}}</ref> Aicht o thir nine appearances hae been at Quarter-final an Semi-final level. Thay hae never met in a Slam final, however, Murray leads 3–1 in [[Association of Tennis Professionals|ATP]] finals, wi Nadal winnin at Indian Wells in 2009<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7958375.stm|title=Nadal blows Murray away in final|publisher=BBC Sport|date=22 March 2009|accessdate=6 February 2012}}</ref> an Murray winnin in Rotterdam the same year,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7891311.stm|title=Murray beats Nadal to take title|publisher=BBC Sport|date=15 February 2009|accessdate=6 February 2012|last=Newbery|first=Piers}}</ref> Tokyo<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/15231444|title=Andy Murray defeats Rafael Nadal in Japan Open final|publisher=BBC Sport|date=9 October 2011|accessdate=6 February 2012|last=Overend|first=Jonathan}}</ref> in 2011, an at Madrid in 2015. Murray lost three consecutive Grand Slam semifinals tae Nadal in 2011 frae the French Open tae the US Open. Of the past 20 Grand Slam drawsheets, thay hae been drawn in the same half 16 times. The pair haed nae met for three years syne the final o the 2011 Japan Open until the quarter finals o the 2014 Rome Masters, awtho thay war scheduled tae meet in the semi-final o the 2012 Miami Masters afore Nadal withdrew wi injury.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/17560498|title=Andy Murray to play Djokovic in Miami final after Nadal withdraws|publisher=BBC Sport|date=1 April 2012|accessdate=6 February 2012}}</ref> At the semifinal stage o the 2014 French Open, Nadal triumphed in a dominant straucht sets win for the loss o juist 6 gemmes. In ane o thair maist recent meetins, Murray beat Nadal for the first time on clay,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.bbc.com/sport/0/tennis/32683988 | title=Andy Murray beats Rafael Nadal to win Madrid Masters final | work=BBC Sport | date=10 May 2015 | agency=British Broadcasting Corporation | accessdate=June 14, 2015 | author=Patrick Jennings}}</ref> an the first time in a Masters 1000 final,{{citation needed|date=June 2015}} at the Madrid Open in 2015. Murray continued his form tae beat Nadal at the 2016 Mutual Madrid Open in the semifinals.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}} == Playin style == [[File:Flickr - Carine06 - Andy Murray (10).jpg|thumb|upright|left|At the Boodles Challenge, Stoke Pairk, Juin 2012]] Murray plays an all-court gemme wi an emphasis on defensive baseline play, an professional tennis coach Paul Annacone stated that Murray "may be the best counterpuncher on tour today."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/usopen09/columns/story?columnist=garber_greg&id=4429182 |title=Patience a virtue for Andy Murray? |publisher=Sports.espn.go.com |date=30 August 2009 |accessdate=10 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="No surface tension as Murray looks to shed his feet of clay">{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sporter/tennis/no-surface-tension-as-murray-looks-to-shed-his-feet-of-clay-1667477.html|title=No surface tension as Murray looks to shed his feet of clay|work=The Independent|location=London|date=12 April 2009|accessdate=26 June 2009|last=Newman|first=Paul|url-status=dead}}</ref> His strengths include groondstrokes wi law error rate, the ability tae anticipate an react, an his transition frae defence tae offence wi speed, which enables him tae hit winners frae defensive poseetions. His playin style haes been likened tae that o Miloslav Mečíř. Murray an aa haes ane o the best twa-handed backhands on the tour, wi dynamic stroke execution<ref>{{cite web|last=W. Smith|first=David|title=Player tactics: The Andy Murray Backhand|url=http://www.tennisone.com/club/lessons/smith/murray_bh/bh.public.php?print=yes|accessdate=13 July 2013|archive-date=2013-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203042739/http://www.tennisone.com/club/lessons/smith/murray_bh/bh.public.php?print=yes|url-status=dead}}</ref> while he primarily uses his forehaund an a sliced backhaund tae let opponents play intae his haunds.<ref>{{cite web|title=Player tactics|work=BBC Sport|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/skills/4609176.stm|accessdate=28 March 2016}}</ref> Tim Henman haes stated that Murray mey nou hae the best lob in the gemme, succeedin Lleyton Hewitt.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Wimbledon 2013|publisher=BBC Sport|date=26 June 2013 }}</ref> In addition tae this, Murray is a good volleyer, occasionally approachin the net, an executes a fine drop shot, awtho his drop shots are whiles a drawback against faster players lik Roger Federer.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/2304244/Hawkeye-Andy-Murrays-drop-shot.html|title=Hawkeye: Andy Murray's drop shot|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|date=27 June 2008|accessdate=27 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/mar/14/andy-murray-jonas-bjorkman-coach-tennis-amelie-mauresmo|title=Jonas Bjorkman to offer an aggressive return on Andy Murray’s investment |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=14 March 2015 |accessdate=27 May 2015}}</ref> Murray's tactics uisually involve passive exchanges frae the baseline. He is capable o injectin suddent pace intae his groondstrokes tae surprise his faes wha are uised tae the slow rally. Murray is an aa ane o the tap returners in the gemme, eften able tae block back fast serves wi his excellent reak an ability tae anticipate. For this raison, Murray is rarely aced.<ref>{{cite news|last=Thorp|first=Dan|title=Player tactics: Andy Murray is best described as a counter-puncher|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/skills/4609176.stm|accessdate=16 June 2013|publisher=BBC Sport|date=9 June 2008}}</ref> Murray is kent for bein ane o the maist intelligent tacticians on the court, eften biggin pynts.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ramsay|first=Alix|url=http://sport.scotsman.com/tennis/Murray-has-Indian-sign-over.5096794.jp|title=Murray has Indian sign over Fed |work=The Scotsman|location=Edinburgh|accessdate=26 June 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/andymurray/3218318/Andy-Murray-to-take-on-Roger-Federer-in-Madrid-Masters-semi-final-Tennis.html|title=Andy Murray to take on Roger Federer in Madrid Masters semi-final|work=The Telegraph|location=London|last=White|first=Clive|date=17 October 2008|accessdate=25 April 2010|publisher=Telegraph Media Group}}</ref> Murray is maist proficient on a fast surface,<ref name="No surface tension as Murray looks to shed his feet of clay"/> lik gress, whaur he haes won sax singles titles includin the [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon Championships]] an the [[Tennis at the 2012 Simmer Olympics|2012 Olympic Gowd Medal]]. He haes worked haurd syne 2008 on improvin his clay court gemme,<ref>{{cite news|publisher=BBC Sport|title=Corretja to help Murray on clay|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/7331593.stm|date=4 April 2008|accessdate=1 July 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080722140549/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/7331593.stm|archivedate=2008-07-22|deadurl=no|url-status=live}}</ref> ultimately winnin his first clay titles durin 2015 at Munich an Madrid, as weel as his first French Open final. While Murray's serve is a major wappen for him, wi his first serve reachin speeds o 130&nbsp;mph or higher on some occasions,<ref name="How Andy Murray turned a second serve into a lethal weapon"/> it whiles can be a weakness for him when hit under pressure,<ref>{{cite news|publisher=ESPN|title=Murray bemoans inconsistent serve after shock defeat|url=http://en.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/81775.html|date=March 26, 2011|accessdate=7 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415193104/http://en.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/81775.html|archive-date=2016-04-15|url-status=dead}}</ref> especially wi a mair inconsistent seicont serve. Syne his 2011 saison an Ivan Lendl's coaching, he haes worked tae improve his consistency, seicont serve, returns an mental gemme, resultin in a mair offensive gemme.<ref name="How Andy Murray turned a second serve into a lethal weapon">{{cite news|work=London Evening Standard|title=How Andy Murray turned a second serve into a lethal weapon|url=http://www.standard.co.uk/sport/tennis/how-andy-murray-turned-a-second-serve-into-his-lethal-weapon-7908115.html|date=4 July 2015|accessdate=27 May 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062212/http://www.standard.co.uk/sport/tennis/how-andy-murray-turned-a-second-serve-into-his-lethal-weapon-7908115.html|archivedate=2016-03-04|deadurl=no|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.skysports.com/tennis/news/12110/9563342/andy-murray-must-return-to-ivan-lendls-aggressive-style-claims-greg-rusedski|title=Andy Murray must return to Ivan Lendl's aggressive style, claims Greg Rusedski|work=Sky Sports|date=14 November 2014|accessdate=27 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/usopen/8754939/US-Open-2011-Andy-Murrays-consistency-needs-a-trophy.html|title=US Open 2011: Andy Murray's consistency needs a trophy|work=The Telegraph|date=10 Sep 2011|accessdate=7 November 2015}}</ref> == Endorsements an equipment == In 2009, German manufacturer [[Adidas]] an Murray signed a five-year-deal worth £30 million. This included wearin thair range o tennis shoes.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/tennis/article6901849.ece|title=Andy Murray's fashion sense goes into overdrive with £30&nbsp;m deal with adidas|work=The Times|location=UK|date=4 November 2009|accessdate=25 January 2010|first=Neil|last=Harman|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250717224232/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/tennis/article6901849.ece|archive-date=2025-07-17|url-status=dead}}</ref> The contract wi Adidas allowed Murray tae keep his sark sleeve sponsors Shiatzy Chen, Royal Bank of Scotland an Highland Spring. Afore he wis signed bi Adidas in late 2009, he wore Fred Perry apparel.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/murray-ends-fred-perry-sponsorship-deal-1814472.html|title=Murray ends Fred Perry sponsorship deal|date=4 November 2009|accessdate=7 July 2013|agency=Reuters|work=The Independent|location=London}}</ref> At the end o thair contract thegither Adidas decidit nae tae re-sign wi Murray,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/andymurray/11291164/Andy-Murrays-new-deal-with-Under-Armour-slips-out-as-tennis-star-fails-to-conceal-t-shirt-logo.html|title=Andy Murray's new deal with Under Armour slips out as tennis star fails to conceal t-shirt logo|date=12 December 2014|work=Telegraph.co.uk}}</ref> an he began a 4-year partnership wi athletic apparel company Under Armour in December 2014,<ref>{{cite web|title=Andy Murray signs £15m kit deal with US company Under Armour|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/dec/30/andy-murray-under-armour-sponsorship-deal|publisher=The Guardian|date=30 December 2014}}</ref> reportedly worth $25 million.<ref>{{cite web|title=Murray signs four-year clothing deal with Under Armour|url=http://www.tennis.com/gear/2014/12/murray-signs-4-year-under-armour-clothing-deal/53496/|publisher=Tennis.com|accessdate=25 September 2015|date=30 December 2014}}</ref> Murray uses Head rackets, an regularly appears in advertisements for the brand.<ref>{{cite web|title=HEAD – the most successful racquet on the tennis tour in 2012|url=http://www.head.com/tennis/news/?region=us&id=2632|publisher=HEAD|accessdate=16 June 2013|archive-date=2014-12-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214014951/http://www.head.com/tennis/news/?region=us&id=2632|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Juin 2012, the Swiss watch manufacturer Rado annoonced that Murray haed signed a deal tae wear thair D-Star 200 model.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.watchpro.com/13561-rado-reveals-andy-murray-as-latest-ambassador/|title=Rado reveals Andy Murray as latest ambassador|accessdate=11 June 2012|date=11 June 2012|work=Watch Pro|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105194551/http://www.watchpro.com/13561-rado-reveals-andy-murray-as-latest-ambassador/|archive-date=2015-01-05|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Chairitable wark == Murray is a foundin member o the Malaria No More UK Leadership Council an helped launch the charity in 2009 wi [[David Beckham]]. Footage frae the launch at Wembley Stadium can be seen on YouTube an [https://web.archive.org/web/20150206131026/http://malarianomore.org.uk/mnmtv the charity's website]. Murray an aw producit ''Nets Needed'', a short public service announcement, for the charity tae help raise awareness an funds tae help in the fecht against malaria.<ref>{{cite news|title=Andy Murray Supports Malaria No More UK and Comic Relief|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/news/tennis/2011/charity/andy-murray-charity.aspx|accessdate=7 July 2013|publisher=ATP World Tour|date=15 March 2011|agency=Press Release}}</ref> Murray haes an aa taken pairt in several charity tennis events, includin the Rally for Relief events that teuk place prior tae the stairt o the 2011 Australian Open.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2011/01/Other/Rally-For-Relief-A-Success.aspx|title=RALLY FOR RELIEF RAISES $1.8M FOR QUEENSLAND FLOOD VICTIMS|work=ATP Staff|date=16 January 2011|accessdate=7 January 2015}}</ref> In Juin 2013, Murray teamed up wi umwhile British number 1 Tim Henman for a charity doubles match against Murray's coach an aicht-time grand slam champion Ivan Lendl, an warld No. 6 Tomáš Berdych at the Queen's Club in London. The event named Rally Against Cancer wis organised tae raise money for Royal Marsden Cancer Charity efter his best friend an fellae British player Ross Hutchins wis diagnosed wi Hodgkin's lymphoma.<ref>Murray cried Hutchins his best friend in his speech tae the crowd efter winnin the 2013 AEGON Championships, juist afore the charity match.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2013/feb/22/andy-murray-tim-henman-cancer-research|title=Andy Murray and Tim Henman double up in cancer research fundraiser|work=The Guardian|accessdate=16 April 2013|last=Mitchell|first=Kevin|location=London|date=22 February 2013}}</ref> The event teuk place follaein the final day o competitive play at the AEGON Championships, on Sunday 16 Juin. Subsequently, follaein his veectory at the tournament, Murray donated his entire prize money pot tae The Royal Marsden Cancer Charity.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rally Against Cancer|url=http://www.royalmarsden.org/rally-against-cancer|publisher=The Royal Marsden Cancer Charity|accessdate=7 July 2013|date=June 2013|quote=After generously donating his £73,000 prize money from the Aegon Championships, Andy Murray is now sporting The Royal Marsden Cancer Charity name on his sleeve throughout Wimbledon.|archive-date=2013-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716050012/http://www.royalmarsden.org/rally-against-cancer|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Juin 2014, follaein the daith o Elena Baltacha, Murray featurt in an event kent as 'Rally for Bally'. Murray played at Queen's Club alongside Victoria Azarenka, Martina Hingis, Heather Watson an his brither Jamie. The event raised money for the Royal Marsden Cancer Charity an the Elena Baltacha Academy o Tennis. Childer frae Baltacha's academy teuk tae the court tae play alongside Murray.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/27857449|title=BBC Sport – Rally for Bally: Andy Murray leads Elena Baltacha tributes|work=BBC Sport}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2014/06/24/London-Queens-Sunday-Rally-For-Ball-Murray.aspx|title=Tennis World Unites At Rally For Bally|work=ATP World Tour}}</ref> As a result o his various charitable exploits, Murray wis awairdit the Arthur Ashe Humanitarian of the Year award for 2014. == Public image == === Naitional identity === [[File:Spectators at Live Site East (7724463944).jpg|thumb|Fans at Live Site East on the Olympic Pairk celebrate Murray winnin gowd, 5 August 2012]] Murray identifies himsel as Scottish an British.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hodgkinson|first=Mark|title=Wimbledon: Andy Murray promises to focus|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/atptour/2303901/Wimbledon-Andy-Murray-promises-to-focus.html|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|accessdate=8 July 2013|location=London|date=23 June 2008}}</ref> His naitional identity haes eften been commented on bi the media.<ref>[http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2013/jul/07/andy-murray-wins-wimbledon-2013-djokovic Andy Murray: Scottish, British, who cares? Today he belongs to us all]. ''The Guardian'' (London). Retrieved on 6 September 2013.</ref> Whilst makin a cameo appearance on comedy shaw ''Outnumbered'', Murray wis asked whether he wis British or Scottish, tae which he responded "It depends if I'm winning".<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G3ynYHHH9e0 Andy Murray Gets Outnumbered – Red Nose Day 2011 – BBC Comic Relief Night]. YouTube. Retrieved on 6 September 2013.</ref> Muckle o the discussion aboot Murray's naitional identity began prior tae Wimbledon 2006, when he wis quoted as sayin he wad "support whoever [[Ingland naitional fitbaw team|England]] is playing" at the [[2006 FIFA Warld Cup|2006 World Cup]]. Inglis ex-tennis player Tim Henman confirmed that the remarks haed been said in jest an war anly in respone tae Murray bein teased bi jurnalist Des Kelly an Henman aboot [[Scotland naitional fitbaw team|Scotland]]'s failure tae qualify.<ref name="five live">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bqQsHBwkDgQ Tim Henman talks about Andy Murray, 9 September 2008], YouTube clip of BBC Radio 5 Live interview.</ref> Murray initially refused tae endorse aither side o the debate in the [[Scots independence referendum, 2014|2014 referendum]] on [[Scots unthirldom|Scottish independence]], citin the abuse he haed received efter his comments in 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-tayside-central-26504286 |title=Scottish independence: Andy Murray stays quiet on vote |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=9 March 2014 |accessdate=15 April 2014}}</ref> Juist afore the referendum, Murray tweeted a message that wis considered bi the media tae be supportive o independence.{{efn|name=referendum|Murray tweeted "Huge day for Scotland today! no campaign negativity last few days totally swayed my view on it. excited to see the outcome. lets do this!"}}<ref name=guardianrefendum>{{cite news|title=Andy Murray on Scottish independence vote: 'Let's do this!'|url=http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/sep/18/andy-murray-on-scottish-independence-vote-lets-do-this|work=The Guardian|location=London|date=18 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Murray signals support for Scottish independence|url=http://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2014/09/murray-signals-backing-for-scottish-independence/52808/|publisher=Tennis.com|accessdate=25 August 2015|date=18 September 2014}}</ref><ref name = "yes tweet"/> He received online abuse for expressin his opinion, includin messages that war describit as "vile" bi [[Police Scotland]]; ane referred tae the Dunblane massacre.<ref name = "yes tweet"/> A few days efter the vote, in which a 55% majority opposed Scottish independence, Murray said that he did nae regret statin his view, but admitted that it wis oot o character an that he wad concentrate on his tennis career in the future.<ref name = "yes tweet">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-29323123 Scottish referendum: Andy Murray 'disappointed' by indyref tweet fallout], BBC News</ref> === Ither === In 2006, thare wis uproar efter a match wi Kenneth Carlsen. Haein been gien a warnin for racket abuse, he went on in the post-match interview tae state that he an Carlsen haed "played like women" durin the first set.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/tennis/article786818.ece|location=London|work=The Times|first=Neil|last=Harman|title=Auckland to double his luck with Murray plea|date=10 January 2006}}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Murray wis booed for the remark, but explained later that the comment haed been intendit as a jocular response tae what [[Svetlana Kuznetsova]] haed said at the Hopman Cup.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/murray-mars-victory-with-verbal-error-522397.html|location=London|work=The Independent|last=Roberts|first=John|title=Murray mars victory with verbal error|date=10 January 2006|access-date=2016-06-28|archive-date=2015-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925233224/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/murray-mars-victory-with-verbal-error-522397.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> A few months later, Murray wis fined for swearin at the umpire durin a [[Davis Cup]] doubles rubber wi Serbia an Montenegro Davis Cup team. Murray refused tae shake haunds wi the umpire at the end o the match.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4892692.stm|title=Britain fined for Murray outburst|publisher=BBC Sport|date=9 April 2006}}</ref> In 2007, Murray suggestit that tennis haed a match-fixin problem, statin that awbody kens it gaes on,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7044199.stm|title=Murray satisfied with ATP meeting|date=17 October 2007|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> in the wake o the investigation surroondin Nikolay Davydenko.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6928635.stm|title=Davydenko faces betting inquiry|date=27 August 2007|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Baith Davydenko an Rafael Nadal questioned his comments, but Murray responded that his words haed been taken oot o context.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7039513.stm|title=Tennis 'aware of fixing threat'|date=12 October 2007|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> On 20 December 2015 Andy Murray wis awairdit the BBC sports personality o the year award in [[Belfast]]. == Career statistics == {{Main|Andy Murray career statistics}} === Grand Slam tournament performance timeline === {{Performance key}} {|class=wikitable style=text-align:center |- !width=150|Tournament!!width=30|2005!!width=30|2006!!width=30|2007!!width=30|2008!!width=30|2009!!width=30|2010!!width=30|2011!!width=30|2012!!width=30|2013!!width=30|2014!!2015!!2016!!2017!!{{Tooltip| SR | Strike Rate}} !! {{Tooltip| W–L | Win–Loss}}!!width=45|Win % |- |colspan="20" style="text-align:left;"|[[Grand Slam (tennis)|'''Grand Slam tournaments''']] |- |align=left|[[Australian Open]] |A |style="background:#afeeee;"|1R |style="background:#afeeee;"|4R |style="background:#afeeee;"|1R |style="background:#afeeee;"|4R |style="background:thistle;"|F |style="background:thistle;"|F |style="background:yellow;"|SF |style="background:thistle;"|F |style="background:#ffebcd;"|QF |style="background:thistle;"|F |style="background:thistle;"|F |bgcolor=afeeee|4R |0 / 11 |45–11 |{{#expr: 45/56 * 100/1 round 2}} |- |align=left|[[French Open]] |A |style="background:#afeeee;"|1R |A |style="background:#afeeee;"|3R |style="background:#ffebcd;"|QF |style="background:#afeeee;"|4R |style="background:yellow;"|SF |style="background:#ffebcd;"|QF |A |style="background:yellow;"|SF |style="background:yellow;"|SF |style="background:thistle;"|F |bgcolor=yellow|SF |0 / 9 |34–9 |{{#expr: 34/43 * 100/1 round 2}} |- |align=left|[[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]] |style="background:#afeeee;"|3R |style="background:#afeeee;"|4R |A |style="background:#ffebcd;"|QF |style="background:yellow;"|SF |style="background:yellow;"|SF |style="background:yellow;"|SF |style="background:thistle;"|F |style="background:#0f0;"|'''W''' |style="background:#ffebcd;"|QF |style="background:yellow;"|SF |bgcolor=lime|'''W''' |bgcolor=ffebcd|QF | |1 / 10 |46–9 |{{#expr: 46/55 * 100/1 round 2}} |- |align=left|[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]] |style="background:#afeeee;"|2R |style="background:#afeeee;"|4R |style="background:#afeeee;"|3R |style="background:thistle;"|F |style="background:#afeeee;"|4R |style="background:#afeeee;"|3R |style="background:yellow;"|SF |style="background:#0f0;"|'''W''' |style="background:#ffebcd;"|QF |style="background:#ffebcd;"|QF |style="background:#afeeee;"|4R |bgcolor=ffebcd|QF | |1 / 11 |40–10 |{{#expr: 40/50 * 100/1 round 2}} |- !style=text-align:left|Win–Loss !3–2 !6–4 !5–2 !12–4 !15–4 !16–4 !21–4 !22–3 !17–2 !17–4 !19–4 !12–2 !2 / 41 !{{#expr: 3+6+5+12+15+16+21+22+17+17+19+12}}–{{#expr: 2+4+2+4+4+4+4+3+2+4+4+2}} !{{#expr: 165/204 * 100/1 round 2}} |} ;<big>Finals: 10 (2 titles, 8 runner-ups)</big> {|class="sortable wikitable" |- !width=70|Outcome !width=30|Year !width=120|Championship !width=40|Surface !width=150|Opponent ! style="width:250px;" class="unsortable"|Score |- style="background:#ccf;" |bgcolor=FFA07A|Runner-up||2008||[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]||Haurd||{{flagicon|SUI}} [[Roger Federer]]||2–6, 5–7, 2–6 |- style="background:#ffc;" |bgcolor=FEA07A|Runner-up||2010||[[Australian Open]]||Haurd||{{flagicon|SUI}} Roger Federer||3–6, 4–6, 6–7^(11–13) |- style="background:#ffc;" |bgcolor=FEA07A|Runner-up||2011||Australian Open <small>(2)</small>||Haurd||{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Novak Djokovic]]||4–6, 2–6, 3–6 |- style="background:#cfc;" |bgcolor=FEA07A|Runner-up||2012||[[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]]||Gress||{{flagicon|SUI}} Roger Federer||6–4, 5–7, 3–6, 4–6 |- style="background:#ccf;" |bgcolor=98FB98|Winner||2012||US Open||Haurd|| {{flagicon|SRB}} Novak Djokovic||7–6^(12–10), 7–5, 2–6, 3–6, 6–2 |- style="background:#ffc;" |bgcolor=FEA07A|Runner-up|||2013||Australian Open <small>(3)</small>||Haurd||{{flagicon|SRB}} Novak Djokovic||7–6^(7–2), 6–7^(3–7), 3–6, 2–6 |- style="background:#cfc;" |bgcolor=98FB98|Winner||2013||Wimbledon||Gress||{{flagicon|SRB}} Novak Djokovic||6–4, 7–5, 6–4 |- style="background:#ffc;" |bgcolor=FEA07A|Runner-up||2015||Australian Open <small>(4)</small>||Haurd||{{flagicon|SRB}} Novak Djokovic||6–7^(5–7), 7–6^(7–4), 3–6, 0–6 |- style="background:#ffc;" |bgcolor=FEA07A|Runner-up||2016||Australian Open <small>(5)</small>||Haurd||{{flagicon|SRB}} Novak Djokovic||1–6, 5–7, 6–7^(3–7) |- style="background:#ebc2af;" |bgcolor=FEA07A|Runner-up||2016||[[French Open]]||Clay||{{flagicon|SRB}} Novak Djokovic||6–3, 1–6, 2–6, 4–6 |} === Olympic Gemmes === ==== Finals: 2 (1 gold medal, 1 silver medal) ==== ===== Singles: 1 (1–0) ===== {|class="sortable wikitable" |- !width=80|Outcome !width=50|Year !width=200|Championship !width=75|Surface !width=200|Opponent in the final !width=200|Score in the final |- style="background:Gold;" |bgcolor=gowd|Gowd||[[2012 Simmer Olympics|2012]] |London 2012 |Gress |{{flagicon|SUI}} [[Roger Federer]] |6–2, 6–1, 6–4 |} ===== Mixed Doubles: 1 (0–1) ===== {|class="sortable wikitable" |- !width=80|Outcome !width=50|Year !width=200|Championship !width=75|Surface !width=200|Pairtner !width=200|Opponents !width=200|Score |- style="background:Silver;" | style="background:silver;"|Siller||[[2012 Simmer Olympics|2012]] |London 2012 |Gress |{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Laura Robson]] |{{flagicon|BLR}} [[Victoria Azarenka]]<br />{{flagicon|BLR}} Max Mirnyi |6–2, 3–6, [8–10] |} ===Records=== {{Main|List of career achievements by Andy Murray}} * Thir records war attained in the Open Era. * Records in '''bold''' indicate peer-less achievements. * Records in ''italics'' are currently active streaks. {|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" |- !Time Span !Records at each Grand Slam tournament !Players matched |- |2008 US Open —<br />2012 Wimbledon||First fower finals lost<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/09/sports/tennis/federer-beats-murray-and-britain-to-win-wimbledon.html?pagewanted=2&_r=2&ref=tennis|title=Federer Beats Murray, and Britain, for Seventh Wimbledon Title|first=Christopher|last=Clarey|newspaper=The New York Times|date=8 July 2012|accessdate=9 July 2012|quote=The only other man in the Open era to lose his first four major finals is Ivan Lendl&nbsp;...}}</ref>||[[Ivan Lendl]] |- |2010 Australian Open —<br> 2016 Australian Open||Five runner-up finishes at a single Major<ref>{{cite web|title=Novak Djokovic beats Andy Murray to win sixth Australian Open title|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/35453531|publisher=BBC Sport|date=31 January 2016|quote=[Murray] becomes only the second man - behind his former coach Ivan Lendl at the US Open - to lose five finals at the same Grand Slam since the open era began in 1968.}}</ref>||Ivan Lendl |- |2008 US Open —<br> 2016 French Open||Runner-up finishes at all fower Majors||[[Roger Federer]]<br>Ivan Lendl |- |'''2012 Olympics —<br />2012 US Open'''||'''Winner o Olympic singles gowd medal an US Open in same calendar year'''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/9535073/Andy-Murrays-US-Open-victory-hailed-as-perfect-end-to-perfect-summer-of-sport.html|title=Andy Murray's US Open victory hailed as perfect end to perfect summer of sport|last=Alleyne|first=Richard|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=11 September 2012|accessdate=3 January 2013|location=London|publisher=Telegraph Media Group}}</ref>||'''Stands alone''' |- |'''2012 US Open —<br />2013 Australian Open'''||'''Reached final o next consecutive tournament efter winnin first title'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennis-x.com/xblog/2013-01-26/11457.php|title=Australian Open Men's Final Open Thread: Novak Djokovic v Andy Murray|publisher=tennis-x.com|accessdate=26 January 2013}}</ref>|| '''Stands alone''' |- |2012 Olympics —<br />2013 Wimbledon||Simultaneous holder o Olympic singles gowd medal an Wimbledon{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}} ||[[Rafael Nadal]] |- |'''2012 Olympics —<br />2013 Wimbledon'''||'''Simultaneous holder o twa Olympic medals an twa singles Majors''' {{Citation needed|date=July 2013}}||'''Stands alone''' |} {|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" |- !Grand Slam tournaments !Time Span !Records at each Grand Slam tournament !Players matched |- |'''Australian Open'''||'''2010–2016'''||''' Five runner-up finishes oweraw'''||'''Stands alone''' |- |Australian Open||2010–2011<br>2015–2016||Twa consecutive runner-up finishes||Pat Cash<br />Steve Denton<br />Stefan Edberg |- |'''Australian Open'''||'''2010–2016'''||'''First five finals lost'''||'''Stands alone'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2015/01/4/Australian-Open-Thursday-Andy-Murray-Reaction.aspx?fb_comment_id=fbc_876603845724958_876612632390746_876612632390746#f371c0371|title=Murray "proud" after semi-final win over Berdych|accessdate=29 January 2015}}</ref> |- |Wimbledon||2012||Latest finish for a match (11:02) vs. Marcos Baghdatis<ref>{{cite news|title=Wimbledon 2012: Andy Murray beats Marcos Baghdatis in latest finish|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2012/jun/30/andy-murray-beats-marcos-baghdatis|accessdate=30 June 2012|first=Kevin|last=Mitchell|location=London|date=30 June 2012|work=The Observer}}</ref>||Marcos Baghdatis |- |US Open||2012||Langest final (bi duration) vs. Novak Djokovic<ref name="USOfinal">{{cite news|title=Andy Murray wins Open, first Slam|url=http://espn.go.com/tennis/usopen12/story/_/id/8364201/2012-us-open-andy-murray-wins-first-slam-novak-djokovic-rally-fizzles|accessdate=11 September 2012|publisher=ESPN}}</ref>||[[Ivan Lendl]]<br>Mats Wilander<br>[[Novak Djokovic]] |- |US Open||2012||Langest tiebreak in a final (bi pynts – 22) vs. Novak Djokovic<ref name="USOfinal" /> ||[[Novak Djokovic]] |} {|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" |- !Time span !Ither selected records !Players matched |- |2009–2016|| '''Five [[Queen's Club Championships]] titles'''|| '''Stands alone''' |- |2010–2011||Twa consecutive Shanghai Masters titles||[[Novak Djokovic]] |- |2010–2012|| '''Three consecutive Shanghai Masters finals'''||'''Stands alone''' |- |2010–2012||Three Shanghai Masters finals oweraw||[[Novak Djokovic]] |- |2010–2015||Winner o US Open Series twice||[[Rafael Nadal]]<br>[[Andy Roddick]] |- |2006–2015||Most tap-three finishes in US Open Series (five)||John Isner |- |2011||Triple bagel win (6–0, 6–0, 6–0)||Nikola Špear<br />Karel Nováček<br />Stefan Edberg<br />[[Ivan Lendl]]<br />Sergi Bruguera |- |2012||Twa medals won at the same Olympics||Mike Bryan<br />Stefan Edberg<br />[[Fernando Gonzalez]]<br />Goran Ivanišević<br />Nicolás Massú<br />Miloslav Mečíř |- |2015||Aicht Davis Cup singles wins in a year||[[John McEnroe]]<br />Mats Wilander |- |2015||Aicht live Davis Cup singles wins in a year||'''Stands alone'''<ref name="eurosport.co.uk">http://www.eurosport.co.uk/tennis/factbox-andy-murray-s-unbeaten-davis-cup-year-for-britain_sto5008636/story.shtml</ref> |- |2015||11 live Davis Cup wins in a year (singles an doubles), while remainin unbeaten||'''Stands alone'''<ref name="eurosport.co.uk"/> |} ==Notes== <references group="lower-alpha"/> ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== * {{Official website|http://www.andymurray.com}} * {{ATP|MC10}} * {{ITF male profile|100013005}} * {{DavisCup player|100013005}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Murray, Andy}} [[Category:Andy Murray|*]] [[Category:1987 births]] [[Category:Anglo-Scots]] [[Category:BBC Sports Personality o the Year winners]] [[Category:BBC Scotland Sports Personality o the Year]] [[Category:Clan Murray]] [[Category:Grand Slam (tennis) champions in men's singles]] [[Category:Hopman Cup competitors]] [[Category:Laureus Warld Sports Awairds winners]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Medallists at the 2012 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Officers o the Order o the Breetish Empire]] [[Category:Olympic gowd medallists for Great Breetain]] [[Category:Olympic medallists in tennis]] [[Category:Olympic siller medallists for Great Breetain]] [[Category:Olympic tennis players o Great Breetain]] [[Category:Fowk frae Dunblane]] [[Category:Scots expatriates in Spain]] [[Category:Scots male tennis players]] [[Category:Scots Olympic medallists]] [[Category:Sportsfowk frae Lunnon]] [[Category:Sportsfowk frae Glesga]] [[Category:Sportsfowk frae Stirlin (cooncil aurie)]] [[Category:Tennis players at the 2008 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Tennis players at the 2012 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:US Open (tennis) champions]] [[Category:US Open (tennis) junior champions]] [[Category:Warld No. 1 tennis players]] [[Category:Wimbledon champions]] lsfnyx02xmog9hvemhdt5eujkpubhrm 0 51463 926935 920177 2026-11-08T21:15:53Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; early life an career addit, soorced 926935 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Chinese-language singer and actor <!------See WikiProject Chinese-language entertainment-------> |name = Eason Chan |image = 上海 咪咕颁奖礼红毯 (1).jpg |caption = Chan in Shanghai |chinese_name = [[陳奕迅]] |ancestry = [[Dongguan]], [[Guangdong]], [[Cheenae]] |origin = Hong Kong |Nationality = |birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1974|7|27}} |birth_place = [[British Hong Kong]] |death_date = |death_place = |restingplace = |restingplacecoordinates = |othername = God o Sangs, King o Pop |occupation = Muisicker, record producer, actor,<br> businessman |genre = [[pop muisic|pop]], [[pop rock]], [[soft rock]], [[dance pop]] |instrument = Vocals, guitar, keybuirds, drums,<br> accordion, harmonica, saxophone,<br> trumpet, violin |voicetype = [[Tenor]], [[Falsetto]] |label = [[Cinepoly Records]] (2004–present)<br>[[Emperor Entertainment Group|Music Plus]] (2000–2004)<br>Capital Artists (1995–2000) |yearsactive = 1995–present |currentmembers = |pastmembers = |associatedact = |spouse = Hilary Tsui |partner = |children = Constance Chan |parents = |influences = |influenced = |website = |hongkongfilmwards = |goldenbauhiniaawards = |hkfcsawards = |goldenhorseawards = |goldenroosterawards = |goldenmelodyawards = '''Best Male Mandarin Artist'''<br/>2003 ''Special thanks to...''<br/>'''Best Album of the year'''<br/>2008 ''Don't Want To Let Go'' |ntsawards = 1995 Winner |awards = '''Hong Kong's Most Popular Male Singer'''<br/>2006, 2007 }} {{Chinese name|[[Chen (surname)|Chan]]}} '''Eason Chan Yik-shun''' (陳奕迅; born 27 Julie 1974) is a Hong Kong sangster an actor.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.metrohk.com.hk/index.php?cmd=detail&id=234748|title=Eason Chan's liberal persistence|date=6 June 2014|work=Hong Kong Metro Daily|archive-date=8 May 2023|access-date=7 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508131658/http://www.metrohk.com.hk/index.php?cmd=detail&id=234748|url-status=dead}}</ref> He is ane o the maist weel-likit an influential sangers in baith [[Cantopop]] an Mandopop. ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine haes praised him as a leader o the new generation o Cantopop, an some fowk coont him Hong Kong's third "god o sang", efter [[Samuel Hui]] an [[Jacky Cheung]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ent.163.com/10/0415/13/64AKF0GE000300C3.html|title=Eason Chan is simply "god of song"|date=26 April 2010|work=Net Ease|archive-date=2 April 2015|access-date=7 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402113233/http://ent.163.com/10/0415/13/64AKF0GE000300C3.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2012 ''Time Out Hong Kong'' crouned Chan the "King o Asian Pop".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timeout.com.hk/feature-stories/features/47977/eason-chan.html|title=Time Out Hong Kong – stories, interviews and guides about Hong Kong – Eason Chan|work=[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]]|access-date=12 October 2012|archive-date=22 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522002419/http://www.timeout.com.hk/feature-stories/features/47977/eason-chan.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> He wis rankit saxt on the 2013 ''Forbes'' China Celebrity 100 leet.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/pictures/fdgk45eljj/eason-chan/|title=China's Top 10 Celebrities|date=23 April 2013|work=Forbes|archive-date=1 October 2017|access-date=26 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001165813/https://www.forbes.com/pictures/fdgk45eljj/eason-chan/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Early life== Chan wis born in Hong Kong on 27 Julie 1974, an gaed tae Ingland tae study whan he wis 12. He wis at [[Dauntsey's School]] in Wiltshire, an syne studied airchitectur at [[Kingston University]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/arts/2014-01/25/content_31307072.htm|title=Eason Chan gets honorary degree at Kingston University – China.org.cn|website=www.china.org.cn|access-date=21 April 2020|archive-date=13 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213174437/http://www.china.org.cn/arts/2014-01/25/content_31307072.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> He trained his vyce at the [[Royal Academy of Music]] an aw.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.szdaily.com/content/2014-12/08/content_10820734.htm|title=Here comes 'god of song' Eason Chan|last=庄春雷|website=www.szdaily.com|access-date=25 October 2017|archive-date=26 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026110632/http://www.szdaily.com/content/2014-12/08/content_10820734.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> He gaed hame tae Hong Kong afore he feenisht his degree tae tak pairt in the 1995 [[New Talent Singing Awards]], that he wan on 16 Julie 1995, an he signed wi Capital Artists.<ref name="university">{{cite web |url=http://www.kingston.ac.uk/news/article/1216/24-jan-2014-cantopop-superstar-eason-chan-takes-to-the-stage-to-receive-honorary-degree-from-kingston-university/ |title=Cantopop superstar Eason Chan takes to the stage to receive honorary degree from Kingston University |publisher=Kingston University |date=24 January 2014 |access-date=24 January 2014 |archive-date=15 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215232110/http://www.kingston.ac.uk/news/article/1216/24-jan-2014-cantopop-superstar-eason-chan-takes-to-the-stage-to-receive-honorary-degree-from-kingston-university/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Career== In 2005 ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' named his Cantonese album ''U87'' ane o "Five Asian Albums Worth Buying". Chan wis the big winner at the [[Golden Melody Awards]] in 2003 an 2009. In 2003 he wan Best Male Singer an Album o the Year for the Mandarin album ''Special Thanks To...'', an in 2009 he wan Album o the Year again for the Mandarin album ''Don't Want to Let Go''.{{fact}} ===Major awairds=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! class="unsortable" | Year ! class="unsortable" | [[Metro Broadcast Corporation|MRHMA]] ! class="unsortable" | [[Commercial Radio Hong Kong|USCA]] ! class="unsortable" | [[RTHK Top 10 Gold Songs Awards|RTHK]] ! class="unsortable" | [[Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation|JSG]] ! class="unsortable" | Joint Music Award ! Total |- | 1995 || – || – || – || – || – || 00 |- | 1996 || 1 || 1 || – || – || – || 02 |- | 1997 || – || – || 1 || – || – || 01 |- | 1998 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 2 || 1 || 09 |- | 1999 || 2 || 4 || 3 || 1 || 1 || 11 |- | 2000 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 2 || 1 || 12 |- | 2001 || 3 || 4 || 4 || 2 || 1 || 14 |- | 2002 || 4 || 3 || 4 || 2 || 1 || 14 |- | 2003 || 2 || 2 || 3 || 1 || 1 || 09 |- | 2004 || – || – || – || – || – || 00 |- | 2005 || 6 || 5 || 6 || 2 || 1 || 20 |- | 2006 || 6 || 3 || 3 || 2 || – || 14 |- | 2007 || 5 || 5 || 6 || 4 || 1 || 21 |- | 2008 || 5 || 3 || 5 || 2 || – || 15 |- | 2009 || 6 || 4 || 7 || – || 1 || 18 |- | 2010 || 7 || 5 || 7 || ^ || – || 19 |- | 2011 || 4 || 5 || 5 || ^ || – || 14 |- |} ^ TVB an five big record companies didna wirk thegither thir years, sae sangers wi thae companies coudna win prizes at JSG. ==Discografie== ===Studio albums=== #''Eason Chan 陳奕迅'' (Cantonese, 1996) #''Tear 一滴眼淚'' (Mandarin, 1996) #''Always With Me 與我常在'' (Cantonese, 1997) #''Preparation 醞釀'' (Mandarin, 1997) #''My Happy Time 我的快樂時代'' (Cantonese, 1998) #''New Life 新生活'' (Cantonese, 1998) #''God Bless Lover 天佑愛人'' (Cantonese, 1999) #''Wedding Blessing 婚禮的祝福'' (Mandarin, 1999) #''Happiness 幸福'' (Cantonese, 1999) #''Nothing Really Matters'' (Cantonese, 2000) #''Some Like it Hot 打得火熱'' (Cantonese, 2000) #''68'29''' (Cantonese, 2000)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.easonchan.net/music |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-05-21 |archive-date=2012-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120602030812/http://www.easonchan.net/music |url-status=dead }}</ref> #''Shall We Dance? Shall We Talk!'' (Cantonese, 2001) #''It's Me 反正是我'' (Mandarin, 2001) – nominatit for Best Male Singer at the [[Golden Melody Awards]] (wan bi [[Harlem Yu]]) #''The Easy Ride'' (Cantonese, 2001) #''Mixed Up'' (2001) #''Special Thanks To...'' (Mandarin, 2002) – wan Best Male Singer an Best Album o the Year at the [[Golden Melody Awards]]; he is the ae sanger tae win baith in the same year #''{{lang|en|Five-star home}} 五星級的家'' (Cantonese, 2002) #''The Line-Up'' (Cantonese, 2002) #''Black. White. Gray 黑白灰'' (Mandarin, 2003) – nominatit for Best Male Singer at the [[Golden Melody Awards]] (wan bi [[Sky Wu]]) #''Live For Today'' (Cantonese, 2003) #''Seven 七'' (Mandarin, 2003) #''I Had a Great Time'' (no lowsed) #''U87'' (Cantonese, 2005) – named bi ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' as ane o five Asian albums wirth buyin #''How 怎麼樣'' (Mandarin, 2005) #''Sound & Sight'' (2005) #''{{lang|en|Great 5000 Secs Vol.1 and 2}}'' (2005) #''Life Continues...'' (Cantonese, 2006) #''{{lang|en|What's going on...?}}'' (Cantonese, 2006) #''My Great Age 我的最好時代'' (Cantonese, 2006) #''Admit It 認了吧'' (Mandarin, 2007) – nominatit for Best Male Singer at the [[Golden Melody Awards]] (wan bi [[Gary Chaw]]) #''Listen To Eason Chan'' (Cantonese, 2007) #''Soliday'' (Cantonese, 2008) #''Don't Want To Let Go 不想放手'' (Mandarin, 2008) – wan Best Album o the Year, an wis nominatit for Best Male Singer (wan bi [[Jay Chou]]), at the [[Golden Melody Awards]] #''H³M'' (Cantonese, 2009) #''5/F Blissful 上五樓的快活'' (Mandarin, 2009) – nominatit for Best Male Singer at the [[Golden Melody Awards]] (wan bi [[David Tao]]) #''Time Flies'' (Cantonese, 2010) #''Taste the Atmosphere'' (Cantonese, 2010) #''Stranger Under My Skin'' (Cantonese, 2011) #''？'' (Mandarin, 2011) #''...3mm'' (Cantonese, 2012) #''The Key'' (Cantonese, 2013) #''Rice & Shine'' (Mandarin, 2014) #''Getting Ready'' (Cantonese, 2015) #''C'Mon In~'' (Mandarin, 2017) #''L.O.V.E.'' (Cantonese, Mandarin an Inglis, 2018) #''CHIN UP!'' (Cantonese an Mandarin, 2023) ==Filmografie== {{see an aw|Eason Chan filmografie}} Chan haes been in a wheen o box office hits. He stairtit actin in films in 1997, an haes starred or co-starred in ower 20 films. He wis nominatit for Best Supportin Actor at Hong Kong's Golden Film Awards in 2000 for ''[[Lavender (film)|Lavender]]'', for Best Actor at Hong Kong's Golden Bauhinia Awards in 2005 for ''Crazy N' The City'', an for Best Supportin Actor at Taiwan's Golden Horse Awards in 2008 for ''[[Trivial Matters]]''. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons}} ;Offeecial *{{zh icon}} [http://www.umg.com.hk/artist.php?company_id=2&profile_no=49 Eason Chan's Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219234055/http://www.umg.com.hk/artist.php?company_id=2&profile_no=49 |date=2008-02-19 }} at Universal Music *{{zh icon}} [http://www.easonchan.net Easyjoint] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050911102703/http://www.easonchan.net/ |date=2005-09-11 }} – Eason Chan's internaitional fan club *{{jp icon}} [http://ameblo.jp/easonchan イーソン・チャンオフィシャルブログ] – Eason Chan's offeecial blog in Japanese *{{zh icon}} [http://t.sina.com.cn/1741692611 陈奕迅 新浪微博] Eason Chan's Weibo *{{zh icon}} [https://www.facebook.com/pages/Eason-Chan/29408320647 Eason Chan's Offeecial Facebook Page] ;Ithers *{{IMDb name|id=0150873|name=Eason Chan}} {{s-start}} {{succession box |before=[[Harlem Yu]] 庾澄慶 |title=Golden Melody Awards Best Male Mandarin Artist |years=winner<br>2003 |after=[[Sky Wu]] 伍思凱 |}} {{s-end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Chan, Eason}} [[Category:1974 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Cantopop sangster-sangwriters]] [[Category:Hong Kong male film actors]] [[Category:Hong Kong male sangsters]] [[Category:Hong Kong male televeesion actors]] [[Category:Hong Kong Mandopop sangsters]] [[Category:Hong Kong fowk frae Dongguan]] [[Category:Hong Kong sangster-sangwriters]] [[Category:New Talent Singing Awards contestants]] 8nd2kb45600le6666rq5y0c673pviwc 0 53696 926750 901346 2026-11-08T16:39:27Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 926750 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=Mairch 2021}} {{automatic taxobox |fossil_range = {{fossil range|76|0}}[[Campanian]]<ref name=PNAS2015>{{cite journal |doi= 10.1073/pnas.1423653112 |doi-access=free |title=Early evolution of the angiosperm clade Asteraceae in the Cretaceous of Antarctica |year=2015 |author=Viviana D. Barreda |author2=Luis Palazzesi |author3=Maria C. Tellería |author4=Eduardo B. Olivero |author5=J. Ian Raine |author6=Félix Forest |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=112 |issue=35 |pages=10989–10994 |pmid=26261324 |pmc=4568267}}</ref> – recent |image = Asteracea poster 3.jpg |image_caption = Twal species o Asteraceae frae the subfaimilies Asteroideae, Carduoideae an Cichorioideae |taxon = Asteraceae |authority = [[Friedrich von Berchtold|Bercht.]] & [[Jan Svatopluk Presl|J.Presl]]<ref name="tropicos">{{Tropicos|50307371|Asteraceae|Bercht. & J. Presl |access-date=14 July 2017 }}</ref> |diversity = 1,911 genera |diversity_link = Leet o Asteraceae genera |type_genus = ''[[Aster (genus)|Aster]]'' |type_genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] |subdivision_ranks = Subfaimilies |subdivision = * [[Asteroideae]] <small>Lindley</small> * [[Barnadesioideae]] <small>Bremer & Jansen</small> * [[Carduoideae]] <small>Sweet</small> * [[Cichorioideae]] <small>Chevallier</small> * [[Corymbioideae]] <small>Panero & Funk</small> * [[Famatinanthoideae]] <small>S.E. Freire, Ariza & Panero</small> * [[Gochnatioideae]] <small>Panero & Funk</small> * [[Gymnarrhenoideae]] <small>Panero & Funk</small> * [[Hecastocleidoideae]] <small>Panero & Funk</small> * [[Mutisioideae]] <small>Lindley</small> * [[Pertyoideae]] <small>Panero & Funk</small> * [[Stifftioideae]] <small>Panero</small> * [[Wunderlichioideae]] <small>Panero & Funk</small> |synonyms = {{hidden begin}} * Compositae <small>Giseke</small> * Acarnaceae <small>Link</small> * Ambrosiaceae <small>Bercht. & J. Presl</small> * Anthemidaceae <small>Bercht. & J. Presl</small> * Aposeridaceae <small>Raf.</small> * Arctotidaceae <small>Bercht. & J. Presl</small> * Artemisiaceae <small>Martinov</small> * Athanasiaceae <small>Martinov</small> * Calendulaceae <small>Bercht. & J. Presl</small> * Carduaceae <small>Bercht. & J. Presl</small> * Cassiniaceae <small>Sch. Bip.</small> * Cichoriaceae <small>Juss.</small> * Coreopsidaceae <small>Link</small> * Cynaraceae <small>Spenn.</small> * Echinopaceae <small>Bercht. & J. Presl</small> * Eupatoriaceae <small>Bercht. & J. Presl</small> * Helichrysaceae <small>Link</small> * Inulaceae <small>Bercht. & J. Presl</small> * Lactucaceae <small>Drude</small> * Mutisiaceae <small>Burnett</small> * Partheniaceae <small>Link</small> * Perdiciaceae <small>Link</small> * Senecionaceae <small>Bercht. & J. Presl</small> * Vernoniaceae <small>Burmeist.</small> {{hidden end}} |synonyms_ref = <ref name="GRIN">{{cite web | url = http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?110 | title = Family: Asteraceae Bercht. & J. Presl, nom. cons. | accessdate = 12 June 2008 | work = [[Germplasm Resources Information Network]] (GRIN) | publisher = [[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]], [[Agricultural Research Service|ARS]], National Genetic Resources Program, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland | archive-date = 2015-09-23 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150923174200/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?110 | url-status = dead }}</ref> }} '''Asteraceae''' or '''Compositae''' (commonly referred tae as the '''aster''', '''gowan''', or '''sunflouer faimily'''), is a ower lairge an widespread [[faimily (biology)|faimily]] o [[Angiospermae]].<ref name="Stevens">Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards) ''Angiosperm Phylogeny Website''. Version 9, June 2008 http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/welcome.html</ref><ref>Jeffrey, C. 2007. Compositae: Introduction with key to tribes. Pages 61-87 in Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, vol. VIII, Flowering Plants, Eudicots, Asterales (J. W. Kadereit and C. Jeffrey, eds.). Springer-Verlag, Berlin</ref> The group haes mair nor 23,000 currently acceptit species, spread athort 1,620 genera ([[Leet o Asteraceae genera|leet]]) an 12 subfaimilies. In terms o nummers o species, Asteraceae is rivaled anly bi [[Orchidaceae]].<ref name="Stevens"/><ref name="Panero & Crozier">Panero, J.L., Crozier, B.S. ''Tree of Life - Asteraceae'' http://tolweb.org/Asteraceae/20780 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110626050221/http://tolweb.org/Asteraceae/20780 |date=2011-06-26 }}</ref> (The whilk o the twa faimilies is actually lairger isna clear, awin tae uncertainty aboot exactly hou mony species exist in each faimily). The main featur o the faimily is the [[composite flouer]] type in the fairm o [[Flouer heid|capitula]] surroondit bi [[bract#Involucral bracts|involucral bracts]].The name "Asteraceae" comes frae Aster, the maist prominent genus in the faimily, that derives frae the Greek ''ἀστήρ'' meanin starn, an is connectit wi its inflorescence starn fairm. As for the term "Compositae", mair ancient but still valid, it obviously maks reference tae the fact that the faimily is ane o the few angiosperms that hae composite flouers.<ref>[http://ibot.sav.sk/icbn/main.htm International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. ] In point 18/5 states: "The following names, uised traditionally, is considered valid: Compositae (Asteraceae...).</ref> This faimily haes a remarkable ecological an economical importance, an is present frae the polar regions tae the tropics, colonizin aw available habitats. The Asteraceae mey represent sae muckle as 10% o [[autochthon]] flora in mony regions o the warld. Maist members o Asteraceae are yerbaceous, but a significant nummer are an aa shrubs, vines an trees. The faimily haes a warldwide distribution, an is maist common in the [[arid]] an semi-arid regions o subtropical an lawer temperate latitudes.<ref name="Barkley et al.">Barkely, T.M., Brouillet, L., Strother, J.L. (2006) ''Flora of North America - Asteraceae" http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10074</ref> Asteraceae is an economically important faimily. Some members provide products includin [[cuikin ile]]s, [[lettuce]], [[sunflouer seed]]s, [[artichoke]]s, [[sweetenin agent]]s, coffee substitutes an [[tisane|yerbal tea]]s. Several genera is popular wi the [[horticultur]]al community, includin [[marigowd (common)|marigowd]], [[Calendula|pot marigowd]] (forby kent as calendula), cone flouers, various gowans, [[Erigeron|fleabane]], [[chrysanthemum]]s, [[dahlia]]s, [[zinnia]]s, an [[helenium]]s. Asteraceae are important in yerbal medicine, includin [[Grindelia]], [[Echinacea purpurea|echinacea]], [[Achillea millefolium|yarrow]] an mony ithers.<ref name="Duke">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/duke/ |title=Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases |access-date=2013-07-05 |archive-date=2013-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724033636/http://www.ars-grin.gov/duke/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A nummer o species hae come tae be considered invasive, includin, maist notably in North Americae, [[Taraxacum officinale|dandelion]], whilk wis oreeginally introduced bi European settlers wha uised the young leafs as a salad green.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.invasiveplantatlas.org/subject.html?sub=3887 | title = dandelion Taraxacum officinale | accessdate = 2012-09-10 | work = Invasive Plant Atlas of the United States | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121023040754/http://www.invasiveplantatlas.org/subject.html?sub=3887 | archive-date = 2012-10-23 | url-status = dead}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.theplantlist.org/browse/A/Compositae/ Compositae] at [http://www.theplantlist.org/ ''The Plant Leet''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523171514/http://www.theplantlist.org/ |date=2019-05-23 }} * [http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/delta/angio/www/composit.htm Compositae] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703172347/http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/delta/angio/www/composit.htm |date=2009-07-03 }} at [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ ''The Faimilies o Flouerin Plants (DELTA)''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103200438/http://delta-intkey.com/ |date=2007-01-03 }} * [http://eol.org/pages/4206/overview Asteraceae] at the [http://eol.org/ ''Encyclopedie o Life''] * [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/asteralesweb.htm#Asteraceae Asteraceae] at the [http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/ ''Angiosperm Phylogeny Wabsteid''] * [http://tolweb.org/Asteraceae/20780 Asteraceae] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110626050221/http://tolweb.org/Asteraceae/20780 |date=2011-06-26 }} at the [http://tolweb.org/tree/ ''Tree o Life Wab Project''] * [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10074 Asteraceae] at the online [http://www.fna.org/ ''Flora o North Americae''] * [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=10074 Asteraceae] at the online [http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=5 ''Flora o Pakistan''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080930071127/http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=5 |date=2008-09-30 }} * [http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/family.php?family_id=26 Asteraceae] at the online [http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/index.php ''Flora o Zimbabwe''] * [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=100&taxon_id=20424 Compositae] at the online [http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=100 ''Flora o Taiwan''] * [http://florabase.dec.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/22924 Asteraceae] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506225426/http://florabase.dec.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/22924 |date=2013-05-06 }} at the online [http://florabase.dec.wa.gov.au/ ''Flora o Wastren Australie''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704115033/http://florabase.dec.wa.gov.au/ |date=2013-07-04 }} * [http://floraseries.landcareresearch.co.nz/pages/Taxon.aspx?id=_3aea678e-092e-45f4-bd48-e18aaa0a07a9&fileName=Flora%201.xml Compositae] at the online [http://floraseries.landcareresearch.co.nz/pages/index.aspx ''Flora o New Zealand''] {{Webarchive|url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170525032751/http://floraseries.landcareresearch.co.nz/pages/index.aspx |date=2017-05-25 }} * [http://www.compositae.org/ The Internaitional Composite Alliance (TICA)] A warldwide group o composite seestematists {{Taxonbar|from=Q25400}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Asteraceae| ]] [[Category:Asterales faimilies]] [[Category:Extant Campanian first appearances]] {{stub/Plaunt}} 6th7kz2zjwz2xan0l3sh9n2oez9bd9f 0 53922 927193 902015 2026-11-09T09:40:06Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; brocht up tae date (Hong Kong 2014, injury an comeback), soorced 927193 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox tennis biography | name = Sabine Lisicki | fullname = Sabine Katharina Lisicki |image = Sabine Lisicki (15774109373).jpg |country = {{GER}} |nationality = {{Germany}} |residence = [[Bradenton, Florida]], [[Unitit States]] |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1989|09|22|df=yes}} |birth_place = [[Troisdorf]], [[Wast Germany]] |height = 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) |weight = {{convert|70.0|kg|lb|abbr=on}} |turnedpro = 2006 |plays = Richt-haundit<br> (twa-haundit backhaund) | careerprizemoney = [[US$|$]]6,424,542 | singlesrecord = {{tennis record|won=291|lost=196}} | singlestitles = 4 WTA, 2 ITF | highestsinglesranking = No. 12 (21 Mey 2012) | AustralianOpenresult = 4R (2012) | FrenchOpenresult = 3R (2013, 2015) | Wimbledonresult = F (2013) | USOpenresult = 4R (2011, 2015) | Othertournaments = yes | Olympicsresult = 3R (2012) | doublesrecord = 75–47 | doublestitles = 4 WTA, 0 ITF | highestdoublesranking = 35 (9 April 2012) | AustralianOpenDoublesresult = 2R (2016) | FrenchOpenDoublesresult = 3R (2013) | WimbledonDoublesresult = F (2011) | USOpenDoublesresult = QF (2012) | OthertournamentsDoubles = yes | OlympicsDoublesresult = 2R (2012) | Mixed = yes | AustralianOpenMixedresult = 1R (2013) | WimbledonMixedresult = 3R (2017) | OthertournamentsMixedDoubles = yes | OlympicMixedDoublesresult = SF – 4t place (2012) | Team = yes | FedCupresult = F (2014), Record 10–7 | HopmanCupresult = 4–6 | updated = 23 Mairch 2015 }} '''Sabine Katharina Lisicki''' ({{IPA-de|zaˈbiːnɛ lɪˈzɪki}}); born 22 September 1989) is a German professional [[tennis]] player, no active on the tour the nou. She turned professional in 2006 an her breakthrough came in 2009 when she reached the quarterfinals o the Wimbledon Championships an wan her first WTA title, the Faimily Circle Cup, against [[Caroline Wozniacki]]. In Mairch 2010, she suffered an ankle injury at the Indian Wells Masters that kept her oot o competeetion for five month an saw her faw oot o the tap 200. She reboondit in 2011 an wan the Aegon Classic afore enterin the Wimbledon Championships as a wildcard an gangin on tae reach the semifinals, whaur she lost tae [[Maria Sharapova]]. In daein sae she acame anly the second woman in [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]] history tae mak it tae the semifinals while enterin the toornament as a wildcard.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/06/28/tennis-wimbledon-idUKL3E7HS2RN20110628|agency=Reuters|title=Tennis-Wimbledon women show life beyond Williams|date=28 June 2011|access-date=2013-07-07|archive-date=2013-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703182331/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/06/28/tennis-wimbledon-idUKL3E7HS2RN20110628|url-status=dead}}</ref> She follaeed that twa month later bi winnin her third WTA toornament, the Texas Open. In 2012, she achieved her career-heichest ranking, 12t, an again reached the quarterfinals o the Wimbledon Championships. Again, in 2012 she suffered frae anither ankle injury that preventit her frae havin better results on tour. Lisicki reached the final o the 2013 Wimbledon Championships, losin tae [[Marion Bartoli]]. The year efter she reached the quarter-finals at Wimbledon again an wan her first title in three year at the Hong Kong Open. In doubles, Lisicki wan the [[Porsche Tennis Grand Prix]] in 2011 wi [[Samantha Stosur]] an in 2013 wi Mona Barthel. She an aa reached the doubles final at Wimbledon in 2011 wi Stosur an came fowert in the mixed doubles at the [[2012 Simmer Olympics|2012 Lunnon Olympics]] wi Christopher Kas. ==Early life== Lisicki's parents emigrated tae Wast Germany frae Poland in 1979; her faither, Dr. Richard Lisicki, is o German an Pols strynd an her mither, Elisabeth, o Pols. Thay came tae Germany as "[[Spätaussiedler]]", descended frae German ceetizens that lived in the umwhile eastren territories o Germany that becam pairt o Poland efter the [[Second Warld War]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.morgenpost.de/sport/article1075895/Sabine-Lisicki-ist-auf-dem-Weg-nach-oben.html|title=Sabine Lisicki ist auf dem Weg nach oben|work=Berliner Morgenpost|language=German|date=18 April 2009|accessdate=8 July 2013}}</ref> In a 2009 interview wi the German newspaper ''[[Die Welt]]'', her faither put emphasis on Lisicki bein German: "Sabine is a German – not only because of her birth here [in Germany]."<ref name=welt>{{cite web|url=http://www.welt.de/wams_print/article3581257/Ein-bisschen-Steffi-Graf.html|title=Ein bisschen Steffi Graf|work=Die Welt|language=German|date=19 April 2009|accessdate=5 July 2013}}</ref> Lisicki wis born in [[Troisdorf]], North Rhine-Westphalia, in 1989. Her faither, that introduced her tae the sport at the age o seiven, haes a doctorate in sport science an is her coach. Her mither is a painter specialising in ceramics. ==Career== ===Early career=== Syne 2004, Lisicki haes trained at the Nick Bollettieri Tennis Academy in [[Bradenton, Florida]], whaur she is sponsored an managed bi IMG. She is coached bi her faither, that studied sport science in [[Wrocław]] an [[Cologne]].<ref name="welt"/> Early in her career, Lisicki coud nae flee tae tournaments acause o a lack o funding. She haed tae be driven across Europe in a car bi her parents sae that she coud attend tournaments. Lisicki said: "My parents did everything possible to let me play tennis. That's what I appreciated so much. My dad has worked from 8 in the morning til 9 in the evening to make it possible so I can play tennis. We had to cancel tournaments because we couldn't afford to go there."<ref name=Bartolifinal>{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/sports/sportsnow/la-sp-sn-marion-bartoli-sabine-lisicki-wimbledon-20130705,0,173167.story|title=Marion Bartoli, Sabine 'Boom Boom' Lisicki set for Wimbledon final|work=Los Angeles Times|first=Helene|last=Elliott|date=5 July 2013|accessdate=5 July 2013}}</ref> Lisicki competit in her first WTA Main Draw match when she wis gien a wildcard tae play in the 2006 Berlin Open. She played Mara Santangelo in the first roond an lost in three sets, 6-3 2-6 1-6. Lisicki haed a successfu year in 2007 on the ITF circuit an climbed frae warld nummer 497 tae nummer 198 in the WTA rankings. She won twa titles, ane in [[Jersey]] an the ither in [[Toronto]]. She defeatit tap-seed Katie O'Brien on 2 August 2007 at the Odlum Brown Vancouver Open.<ref>''Discontented top women's seed out; Katie O'Brien seen off by Germany's hard-hitting Sabine Lisicki, 17'', The Province, 3 August 2007, p. A51.</ref> In 2006, Lisicki competit at the 2006 Sunfeast Open – Singles Qualifying in [[Kolkata]], whaur she defeatit Ragini Vimal in the first roond, but lost in the final qualifying roond tae Sanaa Bhambri. ===2008=== At the 2008 Australian Open, Lisicki's first Grand Slam tournament, she defeatit the nummer 16-seedit player, [[Dinara Safina]], as weel as Mariya Koryttseva tae reach the third roond as a qualifier. She lost her third roond match tae [[Caroline Wozniacki]]. In the first roond o the [[Fed Cup]] against the United States, Lisicki defeatit [[Lindsay Davenport]] in straucht sets. Lisicki next reached the fowert roond o the Miami 2008 Sony Ericsson Open, a Tier I event, whaur she defeatit saxt seedit [[Anna Chakvetadze]] in straucht sets, but wis defeatit in the next roond bi Elena Dementieva. At the 2008 Wimbledon Championships, Lisicki lost in the first roond tae the 2007 runner-up, nummer 11 seed [[Marion Bartoli]]. In October, Lisicki reached her first WTA final at the Tashkent Open, whaur she lost in three sets tae fellae teenager Sorana Cîrstea o Romanie. ===2009: Brakthrou year=== Lisicki stairtit her year at the Hopman Cup in [[Perth]] whaur she advanced tae the third roond afore losin tae Dominika Cibulková in straucht sets. At the Australian Open, Lisicki defeatit the 30t seed Aleksandra Wozniak in the openin roond afore losin tae [[Samantha Stosur]] in straucht sets. She then teuk pairt in [[Germany Fed Cup team|Germany]]'s 3–2 win ower Switzerland in thair Fed Cup World Group II tie, defeatin Timea Bacsinszky but losin tae Patty Schnyder. At the Cellular South Cup in Memphis, Lisicki reached the semifinals, defeatin nummer 3 seed Lucie Šafářová on the wey afore losin tae eventual winner [[Victoria Azarenka]]. Lisicki then teuk pairt in the first Premier Mandatory tournament o the year in North Americae. At the BNP Paribas Open in Indian Wells, California, she lost in the first roond tae Elena Vesnina. At the Sony Ericsson Open in Miami, she lost in the second roond tae 26t seed Iveta Benešová. [[File:Toray PPO 2009 Sabine Lisicki-3.jpg|thumb|right|175px|Lisicki at the 2009 Toray Pan Pacific Open.]] During the clay-court saison, Lisicki lost in the second roond o the MPS Group Championships in Ponte Vedra Beach tae eventual finalist an nummer 5 seed Aleksandra Wozniak. On the green clay at the Family Circle Cup in [[Charleston, Sooth Carolina|Charleston]], Lisicki won her first WTA Tour title wioot dropping a set, defeatin the 5t seed [[Caroline Wozniacki]] in the final. She haed previously defeatit 2nt seedit [[Venus Williams]] in the third roond an nummer 6 seed [[Marion Bartoli]] in the semifinals. She then teuk pairt in Germany's Fed Cup World Group play-off win against China. She defeatit warld nummer 16 Zheng Jie in the first singles match, an pairtnered wi Anna-Lena Grönefeld tae win the decisive doubles match. Lisicki advanced tae the second roond o the Porsche Tennis Grand Prix in [[Stuttgart]] afore losin tae third-seedit Jelena Janković in straucht sets. She then advanced tae the quarterfinals at the Estoril Open in Portugal whaur she lost tae compatriot Anna-Lena Grönefeld, retiring when 6–2 doun. At the French Open, Lisicki lost tae Lucie Šafářová in the first roond. On her first match on gress at the Aegon International in [[Eastbourne]], Lisicki lost tae Samantha Stosur in the first roond. In doubles, Lisicki an her pairtner [[Ana Ivanovic]] lost in the first roond tae Cara Black an Liezel Huber. Lisicki played her first [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] quarterfinal at the 2009 Wimbledon Championships, whaur she wis beaten bi warld nummer 1 [[Dinara Safina]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8126696.stm|title=Safina sets up Venus semi-final|first=Piers|last=Newbery|work=BBC Sport|date=30 June 2009|accessdate=30 June 2009}}</ref> Tae reach the quarterfinal, she haed defeatit [[Anna Chakvetadze]] in the first roond, Patricia Mayr in the second, the 2009 French Open champion an nummer 5 seed [[Svetlana Kuznetsova]] in the third roond, an ninth seed [[Caroline Wozniacki]] in the fowert. Seedit 23rd, Lisicki advanced tae the second roond at the 2009 US Open, but lost tae qualifier Anastasia Rodionova. On Rodionova's match pynt, Lisicki slipped while gaun tae return a backhaund an injured her left ankle. She left the court in a wheelchair as Rodionova advanced tae the third roond. Lisicki later reportit<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/Sabinelisicki|title=Sabine Lisicki at Twitter|date=7 September 2009|work=Twitter|accessdate=8 September 2009}}</ref> that an MRI showed no tears. The injury wis a sprain, an Lisicki returned tae her base in Florida for rehabilitation. Lisicki returned tae the tour at the Toray Pan Pacific Open at the end o September, whaur she reached the second roond, but lost in three sets tae seivent seed Jelena Janković. In October, Lisicki reached the final o the Luxembourg Open, but lost tae Timea Bacsinszky o Switzerland. On her wey tae the final she beat Iveta Benešová, Polona Hercog, Patty Schnyder an Shahar Pe'er. Lisicki qualified for the Commonwealth Bank Tournament of Champions. She lost her first roond robin match tae Aravane Rezaï, but won her second roond robin match against Melinda Czink. ===2010: Injuries an struggles=== Lisicki stairtit the 2010 saison bi playin at the Hopman Cup for Germany. She won her singles ties against Elena Dementieva an Laura Robson but lost tae Yaroslava Shvedova. Pairtnerin wi Philipp Kohlschreiber, thay lost aw thair doubles matches, sae Germany did nae proceed tae the finals. [[File:Sabine Lisicki at the 2010 US Open 03.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Lisicki at the 2010 US Open]] Lisicki then travelled tae Melbourne tae compete in the Australian Open whaur she wis the 21st seed. Houiver, she wis defeatit in the second roond bi Alberta Brianti in three sets. Her first tournament after the Australian Open wis the Pattaya Open in [[Bangkok]] whaur she wis the second seed. Houiver, she lost her second roond match tae hame player Tamarine Tanasugarn. She then went tae [[Dubai]] tae compete in the Dubai Tennis Championships. She lost her second roond match against [[Venus Williams]]. Her next twa tournaments war at Indian Wells an Miami. In baith tournaments, Lisicki retired in the second roond acause o an ankle injury. The injury sidelined her for five month, an she withdrew frae tournaments at Ponte Vedra an Charleston. She an aa missed The French Open an Wimbledon. Lisicki haed tae learn how tae walk again an faced suggestions that she should retire rather than risk further injury. She later said: "I always believed. Always. No matter what happened. I can still remember when the doctor told me that I have to be on crutches the next six weeks. That period made me such a much stronger person and player. I know anything is possible after learning how to walk again. I love the sport so much and I miss it when I cannot be out there on the court. It just gives me the belief to overcome anything."<ref name=DreamEnd>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/wimbledon-2013/top-stories/Lisicki-eyes-dream-end-to-Wimbledon-fairytale/articleshow/20921919.cms|title=Lisicki eyes dream end to Wimbledon fairytale|work=Times of India|date=5 July 2013|accessdate=5 July 2013}}</ref><ref name=WithAllergy>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/wimbledon-2013/top-stories/Sabine-Lisicki-smiling-German-with-allergy-to-grass/articleshow/20921714.cms|title=Sabine Lisicki, smiling German with allergy to grass|work=Times of India|date=5 July 2013|accessdate=5 July 2013}}</ref> Coming intae the 2010 US Open rankit warld nummer 96, Lisicki advanced tae the second roond afore losin tae 7t seed an eventual finalist Vera Zvonareva. Efter the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]], Lisicki failed tae qualify for the Luxembourg Open causin her ranking tae faw tae nummer 179 in the warld rankings.<ref name=DreamEnd/> ===2011: Back tae form=== Lisicki stairtit the 2011 saison at the ASB Classic in [[Auckland]]. She lost tae Yanina Wickmayer in three sets in the second roond. In the Australian Open, Lisicki played the qualifying tournament an lost in the second roond tae Vesna Manasieva. Efter losin at the 2011 BNP Paribas Open tae Sorana Cîrstea in the qualifying roonds in Mairch, Lisicki fell doun the warld rankings tae nummer 218.<ref name=DreamEnd/> She lifted her form an reached the third roond at the 2011 Sony Ericsson Open, whaur she wis defeatit bi [[Maria Sharapova]]. [[File:SabineLisicki.jpg|thumb|right|230px|Lisicki at the 2011 Wimbledon Championships.]] At the 2011 Family Circle Cup, Lisicki reached the third roond, but lost tae Sania Mirza in twa sets. At the 2011 Porsche Tennis Grand Prix, Lisicki lost in the quarterfinals against her compatriot Julia Görges, eventual champion o the tournament. In doubles, Lisicki pairtnered wi former warld no. 1 doubles player [[Samantha Stosur]] tae win her first ever career doubles title. At the 2011 French Open, Lisicki advanced tae the second roond against the nummer three seed, Vera Zvonareva. Lisicki haed a match pynt at 5–2 o the third set, but she lost the pynt an eventually the match. Afterwards, she lay on the court, sobbing, an wis taken off on a stretcher due tae injury.<ref>Chase, Chris. [http://sports.yahoo.com/tennis/blog/busted_racquet/post/After-blowing-5-2-lead-in-final-set-Lisicki-tak?urn=ten-wp979 "After blowing 5–2 lead in final set, Lisicki taken off on stretcher"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108134440/http://sports.yahoo.com/tennis/blog/busted_racquet/post/After-blowing-5-2-lead-in-final-set-Lisicki-tak?urn=ten-wp979 |date=2015-01-08 }}. sports.yahoo.com, 25 May 2011. Retrieved 25 May 2011.</ref> At the 2011 Aegon Classic, Lisicki reached the final whaur she defeatit Daniela Hantuchová tae win her second WTA Tour title. At the 2011 Wimbledon Championships, Lisicki received a wildcard tae enter the tournament, advancing tae the semifinals o a major for the first time, an beatin third seed an recent French Open champion [[Li Na]] in the second roond. She wis eliminated bi [[Maria Sharapova]] in straucht sets after leadin the first set 3–0.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tsn.ca/tennis/matchresults/?tour=wta |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-06-02 |archive-date=2015-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204143852/http://www2.tsn.ca/tennis/matchresults/?tour=wta |url-status=dead }}</ref> This wis the first time in 12 years that a German woman (syne [[Steffi Graf]] reached the Wimbledon finals in 1999) haed reached the semifinal stage o a Grand Slam. Lisicki wis the second wild-card entry tae reach the women's semifinals in Wimbledon history.<ref>[http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/wimbledon11/news/story?id=6712169 "Maria Sharapova to face Sabine Lisicki"]. sports.espn.go.com, 28 June 2011. Retrieved 28 June 2011.</ref> In doubles, Lisicki pairtnered wi Samantha Stosur an lost in the final.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/02/us-tennis-wimbledon-women-doubles-idUSTRE7611K620110702|title=Peschke makes it double joy for Czechs|date=2 July 2011|agency=Reuters|accessdate=4 July 2011|first=Martyn|last=Herman|archive-date=2015-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709120441/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/02/us-tennis-wimbledon-women-doubles-idUSTRE7611K620110702|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the 2011 Bank of the West Classic, Lisicki beat 4t seed an doubles pairtner Samantha Stosur an 5t seed [[Agnieszka Radwańska]], but fell tae [[Serena Williams]] in the semifinals. At 2011 Western & Southern Open Lisicki lost tae Shahar Pe'er in the first roond.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sabinelisicki.com/tournaments/articles/left:Financial_Group_Womens_Open_Cincinnati.php|title=W&S Women's Open, Cincinnati|accessdate=16 August 2011}}</ref> Lisicki then traveled tae Dallas tae compete in the inaugural 2011 Texas Tennis Open as the 5t seed. Efter advancing tae the semifinals wi an easy win ower qualifier Kateryna Bondarenko, she crushed 8t seed Irina-Camelia Begu tae advance tae the final. Lisicki won her third title, defeatin qualifier Aravane Rezaï, haein dropped no mair nor three gemmes each match o the wey tae her victory. She moved tae a new career-heich rank o warld nummer 18 on 29 August. Seedit 22nt at the 2011 US Open, she easily advanced tae the second roond wi a straucht-sets win ower Alona Bondarenko. She wis scheduled tae play [[Venus Williams]] in the second roond, but Williams withdrew afore it stairtit due tae her recent diagnosis o Sjögren's syndrome. Lisicki dispatched Irina Falconi tae advance tae the fowert roond for the first time, afore ultimately bein defeatit bi second seed Vera Zvonareva. At the China Open Liscki defeatit Zheng Saisai in straucht sets but withdrew frae her second roond match against Kaia Kanepi. Lisicki wis named the WTA comeback player o the year in November.<ref>[http://espn.go.com/tennis/story/_/id/7234423/petra-kvitova-wins-wta-player-year-honors "Petra Kvitova named WTA player of year"]. espn.go.com. 14 November 2011. Retrieved 4 December 2011.</ref> ===2012: Mair success an injuries=== Lisicki's first tournament in 2012 wis the 2012 ASB Classic Tournament whaur she wis the nummer 1 seed. In the first roond, she defeatit Virginie Razzano. In the second roond, she defeatit Mona Barthel. In the quarterfinal, she faced [[Angelique Kerber]], the 2011 US Open semifinalist, an wis losin 4–6, afore retiring, due tae a back injury, in the second set at a score o 3–4. In doubles, she entered wi Cheenese player Peng Shuai an thay won thair first roond match against Sara Errani an [[Roberta Vinci]]. Baith the Italians wad go on tae the Australian Open in fower weeks time. In the second roond, thay pulled oot due tae the injury picked up bi Lisicki in the quarterfinal o the singles tournament against Angelique Kerber. Lisicki next entered the 2012 Apia International Sydney whaur she wis unseedit. Afore the first roond o the tournament began, she pulled oot wi her recent back injury an gae her place tae Lucky Loser, Alexandra Dulgheru. Lisicki next competit in the Australian Open whaur she wis the fowerteent seed. In the first roond, she faced Stefanie Vögele an beat her in three sets. In the second roond, she defeatit Shahar Pe'er. In the third roond, she beat eighteenth seed [[Svetlana Kuznetsova]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eurosport.yahoo.com/tennis/australian-open/womens-draw/p1.html|title=Australian Women Open|publisher=Yahoo! Eurosport|accessdate=21 January 2012|archive-date=2013-07-13|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6I5RIRvtS?url=http://eurosport.yahoo.com/tennis/australian-open/womens-draw/p1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> She wis defeatit bi Roushie [[Maria Sharapova]]. Lisicki teuk the first set, winnin sax consecutive gemmes after bein doun 0–3, but wis unable tae match Sharapova in the follaein twa sets. At the 2012 Fed Cup, Lisicki played for Germany alongside Julia Görges, Anna-Lena Grönefeld an Angelique Kerber. She stairtit off the meetin atween [[Germany Fed Cup team|Germany]] an the Czech Republic bi facing Iveta Benešová, a match in which she lost. In her second match, she faced [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]] champion [[Petra Kvitová]] an an aa lost. Germany lost the meetin bi a score o 1–4. [[File:Sabine Lisicki (BNP Paribas Open 2012) (6).jpg|thumb|left|200px|Lisicki at the 2012 BNP Paribas Open.]] Lisicki's next tournament wis supposed tae be the 2012 Open GDF Suez whaur she wis tae be the fift seed. She pulled oot afore the tournament began wi a viral illness. Lisicki then competit in the 2012 Qatar Ladies Open whaur she wis the ninth seed. In the first roond she met compatriot Angelique Kerber an lost in three sets tae continue a losin streak datin back tae the fowert roond o the Australian Open. In doubles, she wis the fowert seed alang wi Roushie Maria Kirilenko. Thay received a bye intae the second roond whaur thay met Andreja Klepač an Alicja Rosolska, beatin them in a third set tie-break. In the third roond thay met fift seeds [[Nuria Llagostera Vives]] an Anastasia Rodionova. Thay lost the first set 4–6, an in the second set, Llagostera Vives an Rodionova teuk an early 3–1 lead, but Lisicki an Kirilenko war able tae even the score bi winnin the follaein twa gemmes. The twa teams swapped a break o serve tae bring the score tae 4–4. The teams held serve an brocht the set tae a tiebreak. Lisicki an Kirilenko won 7–3 tae level the score at ane set each. Thay lost the third set, an wi it, ultimately, the match. Lisicki's next tournament wis the 2012 Dubai Tennis Championships, whaur she wis supposed tae face fift seed [[Agnieszka Radwańska]] in the first roond. Houiver, after second seed [[Petra Kvitová]] withdrew, she becam the ninth seed an received Kvitová's bye intae the second roond. Thare she met Iveta Benešová, defeatin her in twa sets. In the quarterfinals she wis knocked oot bi Poland's Radwańska. Lisicki's next competeetion wis the 2012 Indian Wells tournament, whaur she wis the eleventh seed. She received a bye intae the second roond, whaur she faced Spaniard Lourdes Domínguez Lino, losin in twa sets. In doubles, she competit wi compatriot Julia Görges. Thay beat Americans Raquel Kops-Jones an Abigail Spears. The twa Germans next faced Czech pair an 2011 French Open champions Lucie Hradecká an Andrea Hlaváčková, losin in straucht sets. Lisicki next went tae the 2012 Sony Ericsson Open, whaur she wis the twelfth seed. She got a bye tae the second roond whaur she faced Sofia Arvidsson. Victorious, she then faced Peng Shuai in the third roond. She won this match too an then faced [[Li Na]] in the fowert roond. Li defeatit Lisicki in three sets. At the 2012 Family Circle Cup, Lisicki wis the saxt seed. She received a bye intae the second roond. Thare she faced lucky loser Andrea Hlaváčková, winnin in three. She faced qualifier Yaroslava Shvedova in the third roond an won in straucht sets. In the quarterfinals, she faced [[Serena Williams]]. Behind 1–4 tae her opponent, Lisicki fell an injured her left ankle. She retired frae the match in tears, sending Serena intae the semis. In doubles, she paired wi 2012 Australian Open women's doubles champion Vera Zvonareva. Thay lost tae tap seeds Liezel Huber an Lisa Raymond. As a result o the faw in her quarterfinal match, Lisicki wis forced tae the sideline at the Fed Cup World Group Play-off tie against Australia. She wis an aa forced tae pull oot o the 2012 Porsche Tennis Grand Prix, frae which she wis defendin a quarterfinal spot in singles an the doubles title which she won wi [[Samantha Stosur]]. Lisicki an aa missed the 2012 Mutua Madrid Open, a Premier Mandatory tournament. Efter nearly a month off the tour, Lisicki returned as the twelfth seed in the 2012 Internazionali BNL d'Italia. She faced Marina Erakovic in the first roond, whaur she lost. Traivelin next tae her hame kintra for the 2012 Internationaux de Strasbourg, whaur she wis the tap seed, Lisicki again experienced a first roond upset, losin tae Pauline Parmentier. Lisicki then traveled tae Paris tae play the second Grand Slam o the year, the French Open, whaur she wis the twelfth seed. On the reid clay o Roland Garros, Lisicki lost tae American [[Bethanie Mattek-Sands]]. [[File:Sabine Lisicki after Sharapova 2012 Wimbledon.JPG|thumb|230px|Lisicki knocked oot former world no. 1 an French Open champion [[Maria Sharapova]] in the 4t roond of the 2012 Wimbledon Championships.]] Lisicki stairtit her summer gress court saison bi defendin her title in the 2012 Aegon Classic. As the second seed she received a bye intae the second roond, whaur she lost tae Urszula Radwańska. This set Lisicki up wi a five-match losin streak gaun intae the 2012 Wimbledon Championships. In the first roond she beat unseedit Petra Martić, breaking her losin streak an putting her intae the second roond, whaur she faced Serbian qualifier Bojana Jovanovski. Lisicki won the match in three sets tae set up a third roond tie wi Sloane Stephens, whaur she again faced a tight match, pulling throu in the third set. In the fowert roond she beat tap seed [[Maria Sharapova]], tae whom she haed lost in the semifinals the previous year. This merked the third year that Lisicki haed beaten the reigning French Open champion in Wimbledon, haein an aa beaten [[Li Na]] in 2011 an [[Svetlana Kuznetsova]] in 2009. In the subsequent quarterfinals, Lisicki ance again met fellae German [[Angelique Kerber]]. Haein lost the previous fower meetins, Lisicki proceeded tae lose the first set 3–6. Lisicki rallied in the second set tae tak it in a tiebreak; in this second set Lisicki saved twa match pynts. Some observers felt Kerber wis visibly frustrated{{citation needed|date=July 2012}} during the stairt o the third set, but Lisicki proved ultimately unable tae tak the match. At ane pynt Lisicki wis serving for the match at 5–3, but Kerber went on the tak the third set, an the match,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wimbledon/9375173/Wimbledon-2012-live.html|title=Wimbledon 2012|date=4 July 2012}}</ref> dropping Lisicki back doun tae a warld ranking o 18. Lisicki entered the 2012 Mercury Insurance Open as the fift seed but pulled oot wi an abdominal injury. She went straucht back tae Lunnon tae prepare for the [[2012 Simmer Olympics|2012 Summer Olympics]]. She entered singles whaur she wis seedit fifteenth, the doubles wi Angelique Kerber whaur thay war seedit fift an the mixed doubles wi Christopher Kas whaur thay war unseedit. In the singles, she beat Ons Jabeur an Yaroslava Shvedova in the first an second roonds respectively. She lost tae [[Maria Sharapova]] in the third roond despite winnin the first set an leadin 4–2 in the second. In doubles, Lisicki an Kerber beat Breetish pair Laura Robson an Heather Watson in the first roond after losin the first set whilst takin anly eleven pynts an gaun 4–2 doun in the second set. In the second roond thay lost tae [[Venus Williams|Venus]] an [[Serena Williams]]. In mixed doubles, Lisicki an Kas beat second seeds [[Bob Bryan]] an Liezel Huber in the first roond, an Daniele Bracciali an [[Roberta Vinci]] in the quarterfinals. In the semifinals, thay lost tae [[Andy Murray]] an Laura Robson. In the bronze medal match, thay lost tae third seeds Mike Bryan an Lisa Raymond. Lisicki moved on tae the 2012 Rogers Cup in Montreal. She wis fifteenth seed in singles fawin in her openin match tae [[Carla Suárez Navarro]]. In doubles she got � the quarterfinals, pairtnerin wi Peng Shuai. Thay beat saxt seeds Iveta Benešová an Barbora Záhlavová-Strýcová an Natalie Grandin an Vladimíra Uhlířová in the first an second roonds respectively. Thay war forced tae pull oot o the competeetion against tap seeds Lisa Raymond an Liezel Huber as a result o Lisicki sufferin an abdominal injury. Lisicki entered the 2012 US Open as the 16t seed, but she wis upset in the first roond bi Romanie's Sorana Cîrstea. In doubles, Lisicki again pairtnered wi Peng Shuai. Thay beat Laura Robson an Shahar Pe'er in the first roond, twelfth seeds Anastasia Rodionova an Galina Voskoboeva in the second an saxt seeds Elena Vesnina an [[Ekaterina Makarova]] in the third. Thay lost tae eventual finalists Andrea Hlaváčková an Lucie Hradecká in the quarterfinals. Lisicki's next tournament wis in Japan at the 2012 Toray Pan Pacific Open. In singles, she stairtit wi a first roond loss against Breetish qualifier Heather Watson. In doubles, she pairtnered wi warld nummer 3, Lisa Raymond. Thay faced Monica Niculescu an Alicja Rosolska, baith o whom haed recently lost in WTA doubles finals. Lisicki an Raymond won the match an defeatit Darija Jurak an Katalin Marosi in the quarterfinals. Lisicki next participated at the China Open, but she wis defeatit in the second roond bi the eventual champion [[Victoria Azarenka]]. She next moved tae [[Linz]] whaur she lost in the first roond tae Patricia Mayr-Achleitner. Lisicki finished her saison losin in the first roond o the 2012 Luxembourg Open tae Kirsten Flipkens o Belgium. ===2013: First Grand Slam singles final=== Lisicki stairtit 2013 wi the 2013 Brisbane International. She beat Lucie Šafářová in the first roond. She lost in the second roond tae warld nummer 1, [[Victoria Azarenka]]. She pulled oot o the qualifying draw for the 2013 Apia International Sydney wi a virus. Lisicki then competit in the 2013 Australian Open. In the first roond she faced [[Caroline Wozniacki]] an wis defeatit. She an aa competit in the mixed doubles wi Frederik Nielsen. Thay war knocked oot in the first roond bi the hame favorites an eventual champions, Jarmila Gajdošová an Matthew Ebden. [[File:Sabine Lisicki & Janette Husarova (9499179274).jpg|thumb|left|225px|Lisicki an Husarova during the 2013 French Open.]] Lisicki then moved onto the 2013 PTT Pattaya Open. In the first roond she beat fellae German Tatjana Malek. She downed Alexandra Panova in the second roond an came back frae a set doun in the quarterfinals tae beat Marina Erakovic. In her first semifinal syne 2011, she beat Nina Bratchikova. In the final, she faced Maria Kirilenko, but lost in three sets. Her next tournament wis in Memphis. As the third seed, she beat qualifier Madison Keys in the first roond an Melinda Czink in the second. In the quarterfinal, she beat aicht seed Kristina Mladenovic an beat seivent seed Magdaléna Rybáriková in the semifinal. In Lisicki's second final o the year, she faced Marina Erakovic frae New Zealand. Erakovic ran away wi the first set an Lisicki retired frae the final wi illness. This wis Erakovic's first WTA title. Lisicki missed the 2013 BNP Paribas Open wi the same illness. She returned in time tae play at the 2013 Sony Open Tennis in Miami but lost in the first roond tae [[Simona Halep]] o Romanie. Lisicki stairtit her clay court saison on the Green clay at the Family Circle Cup in Charleston. Lisicki claimed the title here in 2009. In the first roond she recorded her first ever dooble bagel (nae losin ony gemmes) in beatin Anna Tatishvili o Georgia. In the second roond, she lost frae a set up against Mallory Burdette. Her next tournament wis on the reid clay in Katowice, Poland. As the seivent seed, she lost in the first roond tae Alexandra Cadanțu o Romanie. She then travelled tae Stuttgart for Germany's Fed Cup World Group Play-off tie against Serbia. [[Angelique Kerber]] an Mona Barthel war picked for singles against [[Ana Ivanovic]] an Bojana Jovanovski. Efter the fower singles matches, the score wis tied at 2 aw. Lisicki wis picked tae play the doubles rubber wi Anna-Lena Grönefeld against Vesna Dolonc an Aleksandra Krunić. The German pairing easily won tae secure [[Germany Fed Cup team|Germany]] its place in the 2014 Fed Cup World Group. Lisicki stayed in Stuttgart tae compete in the 2013 Porsche Tennis Grand Prix. In Singles, she beat qualifier Italian Nastassja Burnett. In the second roond, she beat Serbian Jelena Janković. She lost in the quarterfinals tae American qualifier [[Bethanie Mattek-Sands]]. In Doubles, she an compatriot Mona Barthel received a wild card tae play in the main draw. Thay war scheduled tae play warld nummer ane players [[Roberta Vinci]] an Sara Errani but thay pulled oot afore the tournament began. Instead, thay war drawn against alternates Jill Craybas an Megan Moulton-Levy. Lisicki an Barthel easily won, wi the loss o juist twa gemmes. Thay then faced Jelena Janković an Mirjana Lučić-Baroni, a match in which thay won in three sets. In the semifinals, the German pairing faced Darija Jurak an Katalin Marosi, defeatin them in straucht sets. In the final, Lisicki got revenge for her singles loss bi beatin [[Bethanie Mattek-Sands]] an her pairtner Sania Mirza. This wis Lisicki's second WTA doubles title, the first coming in Stuttgart in 2011. Lisicki an Barthel becam the first aw-German pairing tae lift the trophy in Stuttgart. [[File:Sabine Lisicki 2013 RG.jpg|thumb|right|230px|Lisicki at the 2013 French Open.]] Lisicki continued her clay saison in Madrid. In the first roond, she beat Sofia Arvidsson o Swaden. In the second roond, she defeatit fifteenth seed Dominika Cibulková. In the third roond she played warld nummer 2 [[Maria Sharapova]]. Sharapova ultimately won in straucht sets, wi Lisicki putting up a fecht in the second set. Frae Madrid, Lisicki went tae Roum tae play at the Italian Open. In the first roond, she defeatit American qualifier Mallory Burdette, but lost tae aicht seed [[Petra Kvitová]] in the second roond. Lisicki then went tae Paris for the second Grand Slam of the year. In Singles, she wis the 32nd seed. She defeatit Sofia Arvidsson in the first roond an pulled off a straucht sets win against Spaniard María Teresa Torró Flor in the second roond, reachin the third roond o the French Open for the first time in her career. Thare she wis defeatit bi fift seed an defendin finalist Sara Errani. In doubles, Lisicki pairtnered wi Slovak Janette Husárová. Thay came frae a set doun tae beat Bojana Jovanovski an Eva Hrdinová in the first roond. In the second roond, thay upset fifteenth seeds Chan Hao-ching o Taipei an Darija Jurak o Croatia. Thay faced defendin Champions Sara Errani an [[Roberta Vinci]] in the third roond, losin in straucht sets. Lisicki stairtit her gress court saison bi playin in the 2013 Aegon Classic. As the fift seed, she received a bye intae the second roond whaur she defeatit Kristýna Plíšková. In the third roond, she beat Mirjana Lučić-Baroni. She lost tae Alison Riske in the quarterfinals. In the final set, Lisicki wis 4–5 doun an serving at 15–0 when Riske shouted "come on!" during a rally afore Lisicki haed returned the ball. Lisicki wis unhappy an wanted the umpire tae mak a hindrance caw, which wad hae gien her the pynt an put her 30–0 up. The umpire did nae agree wi her an neither did the tournament referee. Riske teuk the pynt an broke Lisicki tae win the match.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tennis.si.com/2013/06/15/sabine-lisicki-cries-foul-after-loss-to-alison-riske-in-birmingham/|title=Sabine Lisicki cries foul after loss to Alison Riske in Birmingham|work=Tennis.si.com|date=15 June 2013|accessdate=17 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.skysports.com/tennis/news/12110/8778131/WTA-AEGON-Classic-Sabine-Lisicki-angry-with-umpire-after-Edgbaston-exit|title=WTA AEGON Classic: Sabine Lisicki angry with umpire after Edgbaston exit|work=Sky Sports|date=16 June 2013|accessdate=17 June 2013}}</ref> At the Wimbledon Championships, Lisicki wis seedit 23rd. She beat [[Francesca Schiavone]] in the first roond, Elena Vesnina in the second roond an fowerteent seed [[Samantha Stosur]] in the third roond. In the fowert roond she faced first seed an reigning Wimbledon, US Open, an French Open champion [[Serena Williams]]. Lisicki won in three sets, merking the fowert time in her last fower participations that she knocked oot the reigning French Open champion at Wimbledon. Williams haed been on a 34-match winnin streak coming intae the match.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2013/07/sabine-lisicki-ends-serena-williams-34-match-winning-streak-wimbledon/48177/#.UdGUqnUW3n4 |title=Lisicki ends Serena's 34-match winning streak at Wimbledon |access-date=2015-06-02 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113537/http://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2013/07/sabine-lisicki-ends-serena-williams-34-match-winning-streak-wimbledon/48177/#.UdGUqnUW3n4 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lisicki defeatit Kaia Kanepi o Estonie, reachin the Wimbledon semifinals for the second time in her career. She beat [[Agnieszka Radwańska]] in a three set semifinal in twa oors an eighteen meenits tae advance tae her first Grand Slam final, tharebi acomin the first German woman tae reach a major final syne [[Steffi Graf]] at Wimbledon in 1999, an the first German player o aither gender tae reach a Grand Slam singles final syne Rainer Schüttler at the 2003 Australian Open. Houiver, she lost in the final tae Fraunce's [[Marion Bartoli]] in straucht sets. Her next tournament wis the 2013 Western & Southern Open, houiver she lost in her openin match in a tight three-setter against Jelena Janković. She then played the 2013 New Haven Open at Yale, beatin Kristina Mladenovic in the first roond afore losin tae Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova in the second. She then played the 2013 US Open as the 16t seed, whaur she defeatit qualifier Vera Dushevina in the first roond. She then won her second match against Paula Ormaechea afore losin tae [[Ekaterina Makarova]] in roond three. Lisicki missed maist o the Asian swing, but competit at the 2013 China Open as the 13t seed. She advanced tae the third roond after beatin Chanelle Scheepers an [[Venus Williams]], afore losin tae hame favourite [[Li Na]]. She then played the 2013 HP Open in Osaka, again beatin Scheepers in the first roond, but wis forced tae withdraw frae the tournament wi a left hip injury afore her second roond match. Lisicki ended her 2013 saison on ahigh bi reachin the semi-finals o the Luxembourg Open. She beat Donna Vekić, Tereza Smitková an Karin Knapp in her openin three matches. She won the last set tae luve (6–0) in aw three o thir matches. In the semi-finals, she succumbed tae tap seed an eventual champion [[Caroline Wozniacki]] in straucht sets. She finished her year rankit as warld nummer 15. ===2014: Illness an injuries, fastest serve record an fowert WTA title=== It wis confirmed in October 2013 that Lisicki wad begin her 2014 saison alongside [[Serena Williams]] an [[Victoria Azarenka]] at the 2014 Brisbane International. She advanced tae the second roond wi a win ower Magdaléna Rybáriková, but then withdrew frae the tournament due tae illness. At the 2014 Australian Open it wis annoonced that Lisicki wad bring in [[Martina Hingis]] as a coach. Lisicki wis seedit 15t an began wi a confident straucht-sets victory ower Mirjana Lučić-Baroni, but wis upset in the second roond bi Monica Niculescu. At the PTT Pattaya Open, Lisicki struggled tae overcome Donna Vekić in the first roond in three sets. Efter the match, she admitted that it haed been awmaist impossible for her tae serve effectively due tae a right shoulder injury. She later withdrew frae the tournament.<ref>[http://ph.sports.yahoo.com/news/lisicki-withdraws-pattaya-open-000304755--spt.html Lisicki Withdraws From Pattaya Open]</ref> [[File:Sabine Lisicki & Martina Hingis (15141284901).jpg|thumb|left|230px|Lisicki an Hingis at the 2014 Internazionali BNL d'Italia.]] Lisicki then endured a poor run across the North American swing, losin in her first match in Indian Wells tae Aleksandra Wozniak o Canadae. In Indian Wells, Lisicki an aa competit in the doubles draw playin alongside coach [[Martina Hingis]]. Efter getting a wildcard intae the main draw, thay played seivent seeds Ashleigh Barty an Casey Dellacqua. At the Sony Open in Miami, Lisicki beat Nadia Petrova in her openin match. Houiver, she wis forced tae pull oot afore her third roond match against Kirsten Flipkens citing a bad flu. Despite pulling oot o the singles draw, Lisicki wis able tae tak a few days off tae recover afore she an Hingis stairtit thair campaign for the title. In the first roond, thay claimed thair first win thegither bi beatin saxt seeds Andrea Hlaváčková an Lucie Šafářová. In the second roond, Lisicki an Hingis convincingly defeatit wildcards Sorana Cîrstea an Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova in straucht sets. In thair quarterfinal match, the pair pulled off an impressive comeback win beatin Anabel Medina Garrigues an Yaroslava Shvedova despite losin the first set an facing match pynts against them in the second. In the semifinals, thay played fift seeds an Indian Wells finalists Cara Black an Sania Mirza an beat them in straucht sets. In thair first final in anly thair second tournament thegither, Lisicki an Hingis played second seeds Elena Vesnina an [[Ekaterina Makarova]]. Despite bein the hivy favourites for the title, Vesnina an Makrarova wad go on the lose the match in three sets. The win wis Lisicki's third doubles title an her first off the indoor clay o Stuttgart an Hingis' 38th doubles title an first syne 2007. Lisicki luikit tae cairy momentum frae the Miami title bi gaun tae Charleston an playin in the Family Circle Cup. She entered the tournament as the fowert seed an received a bye in the first roond o play. In the second roond she played Vania King an beat her in three sets. In the third roond, she played compatriot [[Andrea Petkovic]] for the first time in her career. Lisicki lost tae the eventual champion Petkovic, managing tae score anly ane gemme in the whole match. Lisicki did nae participate in Germany's Fed Cup semifinal victory ower Australia, muivin frae the outdoor green clay o Charleston tae the indoor reid clay o Stuttgart. She lost in the openin roond tae ninth seed [[Ana Ivanovic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/3783357/title/ivanovic-brushes-aside-lisicki|title=Ivanovic brushes aside Lisicki|work=[[Women's Tennis Association]]|date=23 April 2014|accessdate=28 April 2014}}</ref> Lisicki then competit at the 2014 Mutua Madrid Open whaur she wis the 15t seed. She fell in the third roond tae [[Simona Halep]] in three sets. At Roum, she fell in her openin match tae Australian [[Samantha Stosur]] in straucht sets. Lisicki reached the second roond at Roland Garros whaur she retired against compatriot Mona Barthel after injuring her wrist. In Juin, Lisicki split wi coach Hingis, citing "different concepts" as the reason.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/sport/tennis/sabine-lisicki-drops-doubles-partner-martina-hingis-as-coach-just-before-wimbledon-20140621-zshn0.html#ixzz36Rk8T4Gs|title=Sabine Lisicki drops doubles partner Martina Hingis as coach just before Wimbledon|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=21 June 2014|accessdate=3 July 2014}}</ref> Lisicki wis the 19t seed at Wimbledon, but coud nae repeat her feat frae the previous year, anly managing tae reach the quarterfinals whaur she lost tae Simona Halep. Alang the wey, she defeatit Julia Glushko, Karolína Plíšková, [[Ana Ivanovic]] an Yaroslava Shvedova, fechtin throu a shoulder injury against the Kazakh. [[File:Sabine Lisicki (14892910990).jpg|thumb|right|230px|Lisicki at the 2014 US Open.]] In Julie, Lisicki slipped doun tae 30 in the warld rankings. In her first roond match at the 2014 Bank of the West Classic against [[Ana Ivanovic]], Lisicki set a warld record serve for a female tennis player, clocked at {{convert|210.8|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name="BBC131">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/sport/0/tennis/28558592|title=Sabine Lisicki hits fastest serve in women's tennis|work=BBC Sport|date=30 July 2014|accessdate=31 July 2014}}</ref> Houiver, Lisicki lost the match in straucht sets tae her Serbian opponent.<ref name="BBC131"/> At the Rogers Cup in [[Montreal]] the follaein week, Lisicki defeatit former warld nummer five Sara Errani in the first roond in straucht sets. Efter coming frae a set doun tae defeat Madison Keys in the next roond, she lost tae [[Agnieszka Radwańska]] in three sets. The follaein week in Cincinnati wis awmaist a repeat. In the second roond, Lisicki defeatit Sara Errani ance mair in a match that lasted three oors afore bein beaten bi Radwańska, anly managing tae win twa gemmes. Lisicki, the 26t seed, reached the third roond at the 2014 US Open whaur she lost tae [[Maria Sharapova]]. In September, Lisicki participated in Hong Kong as the tap seed after receiving a wildcard. She defeatit Monica Niculescu an Grace Min tae reach the qurterfinals. Then, she defeatit Zheng Saisai an [[Francesca Schiavone]] tae reach her first final o 2014. She won her 4t WTA title after defeatin Karolina Pliskova, her first singles title in mair nor 3 years. Lisicki received a wildcard at the 2014 Toray Pan Pacific Open but lost tae Aussie Casey Dellacqua in the first roond. At the 2014 Wuhan Open, Lisicki upset Lucie Safarova in the first roond afore fawin tae [[Elina Svitolina]] in the second roond despite leadin 5-0 in the first set. At the China Open, she reached the third roond for the second straucht year after defeatin Xu Shilin an [[Eugenie Bouchard]]. She then lost tae Ivanovic in straucht sets. Lisicki then played in Linz as the 5t seed. She acceptit a wildcard intae the event. She lost tae Karin Knapp in three sets in the first roond. The follaein week, Lisicki wis upset bi Denisa Allertova in the second roond at the 2014 BGL Luxembourg Open haein overcame Daniela Hantuchova in her openin match. Lisicki's last match o 2014 wis at the Fed Cup whaur Germany faced Czech Republic. She wis selected tae play the doubles tie alongside Anna-Lena Groenefeld. Thay defeatit the pair o Andrea Hlavackova an Lucie Hradecka. Lisicki ended the year at no. 27. ===2015: First Premier Mandatory semi-final=== Lisicki haed a rough stairt tae the year, losin in the first roonds at the Brisbane International (champion in doubles wi [[Martina Hingis|Hingis]]), the Apia International Sydney an the Australian Open, losin tae Yaroslava Shvedova, [[Carla Suárez Navarro]], an Kristina Mladenovic respectively. She finally picked up her first win o the year in Dubai beatin Monica Niculescu afore bowing oot tae [[Ana Ivanovic]]. Lisicki wad then suffer mair first roond losses in Doha tae Barbora Záhlavová-Strýcová an in Kuala Lumpur tae eventual finalist Alexandra Dulgheru. Lisicki entered Indian Wells seedit 24t. She beat [[Roberta Vinci]] in the second roond. Prior tae this match Lisicki haed never won a match at the tournament. She continued winnin bi beatin Vinci's former doubles pairtner Sara Errani in the third roond an [[Caroline Garcia]] in the fowert roond tae advance tae the quarterfinals. In the quarterfinals she beat the defendin champion Flavia Pennetta in a three set thriller, saving three match pynts tae advance tae the semifinals for the first time at a Premier Mandatory event. She lost tae Jelena Janković in the semifinals in three sets despite leadin bi a set an a break. Lisicki carried her good form ower tae Miami whaur she beat fellae countrywoman Julia Görges in the second roond an in the third roond beat [[Ana Ivanovic]] in straucht sets tae score her first tap ten win o the year. She breezed past Sara Errani in the fowert roond tae advance tae her second Premier Mandatory quarterfinal in a row. She lost tae eventual champion [[Serena Williams]] in the quarterfinals in three sets. Lisicki then played for Germany in the semifinals against Roushie in the Fed Cup whaur she lost tae Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova in three sets despite haein match pynt in the second set. She an aa played in the doubles wi [[Andrea Petkovic]] but the pair lost tae Pavlyuchenkova an Elena Vesnina tae gie Roushie the win an a place in the final. Lisicki began her clay saison in Stuttgart an wis handed her first career dooble bagel loss bi Zarina Diyas in the first roond. This follaed wi anither first roond exit at the Mutua Madrid Open tae Coco Vandeweghe in three sets. Lisicki then played at the Internazionali BNL d'Italia whaur she beat Sloane Stephens in the first roond in straucht sets afore losin tae Timea Bacsinszky in the second roond in straucht sets. She then played at the Nürnberger Versicherungscup an lost in the second roond tae Lara Arruabarrena in three sets despite haein match pynt in the third set. Lisicki then played at the [[2015 French Open|French Open]] as the 20t seed. She beat Mónica Puig in the first roond in straucht sets. In the second roond, after winnin the first set, her opponent Daria Gavrilova retired, allouin Lisicki tae advance tae the third roond, whaur she wis defeatit bi Lucie Šafářová in straucht sets. === 2016–2023: Injuries an comeback === Efter years o strugglin wi injuries, Lisicki fell on court at Linz in 2020 an tore her anterior cruciate ligament, an she haed surgery for the injury.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/sabinelisicki/status/1326520178151219201|title=Sabine Lisicki on Twitter|date=11 November 2020|access-date=11 November 2020}}</ref> She cam back tae professional tennis in Mey 2022, 18 month efter the surgery, an in 2023 she wan her first title in nine year at the Calgary Challenger.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kicker.de/neun-jahre-nach-hongkong-lisicki-gewinnt-turnier-in-calgary-978971/artikel|title=Neun Jahre nach Hongkong: Lisicki gewinnt Turnier in Calgary|website=Kicker|date=13 November 2023|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://calgarysun.com/sports/canadian-phenom-liam-draxl-pumped-to-net-calgary-challenger-victory|title=Canadian phenom Liam Draxl 'pumped' to net Calgary Challenger victory|website=Calgary Sun|date=12 November 2023}}</ref> ==Playin style== {{Quote_box|width=25%|align=right |quote="Lisicki is a big, strong, hard-hitting player that reminds me of a boxer throwing punches from every single direction. The problem is some of the punches land in the right spot and some don't. But she's got great power, a strong serve, she works very hard and has a big-match mentality you can't always teach." |source=[[Nick Bollettieri]]<ref name=Q&A>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennis.com/gear/2011/02/gear-talk-qa-sabine-lisicki/38744/#.Ub39Xvm1Hqo|title=Gear Talk: Q&A with Sabine Lisicki|work=tennis.com|first=Richard|last=Pagliaro|date=10 February 2011|accessdate=16 June 2013|archive-date=2015-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402094855/http://www.tennis.com/gear/2011/02/gear-talk-qa-sabine-lisicki/38744/#.Ub39Xvm1Hqo|url-status=dead}}</ref> |}} Lisicki is well kent for her powerful, aggressive gemme. An aggressive baseliner, she hits "heavy balls" wi topspin an pace.<ref name=playerprog>{{cite web|url=http://teamfenom.com/player-program-sabine-lisicki/|title=PLAYER PROGRAM: SABINE LISICKI|work=TeamFeNom|first=Yusef|last=Crowe|date=6 July 2012|accessdate=16 June 2013|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035414/http://teamfenom.com/player-program-sabine-lisicki/|url-status=dead}}</ref> She haes a strang forehaund an backhaund, hitting balls wi power, depth an angles.<ref name=indepth>{{cite web|url=http://www.womenstennisblog.com/2011/07/20/in-depth-analysis-of-sabine-lisickis-game/|title=In-depth analysis of Sabine Lisicki's game|work=Women's Tennis Blog|first=Florian|last=Meier|date=20 July 2011|accessdate=16 June 2013}}</ref> She is nicknamed "Boom Boom" for her "huge serve and thumping groundstrokes".<ref name=Bartolifinal/><ref name=chances>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2012/jul/01/maria-sharapova-wimbledon-2012|title=Wimbledon 2012: Maria Sharapova not taking any chances against Lisicki|work=The Guardian|first=Jacob|last=Steinberg|date=1 July 2012|accessdate=16 June 2013}}</ref><ref name=power>{{cite web|url=http://www.vogue.com/culture/article/power-serve-sabine-lisicki-returns-to-the-us-open/#1|title=Power Serve: Sabine Lisicki Returns to the U.S. Open|work=Vogue|first=Ted|last=Loos|date=1 July 2012|accessdate=16 June 2013|archive-date=2014-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227135032/http://www.vogue.com/culture/article/power-serve-sabine-lisicki-returns-to-the-us-open/#1|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Germany Fed Cup team]] Captain Barbara Rittner haes compared her tae [[Steffi Graf]], saying that she can "impose her game" an "plays with the same force" as Graf.<ref name=welt/> ===Serve=== Lisicki haes amang the maist powerful serves on the WTA Tour. Describit variously as a "cannon" an a "howitzer",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennisearth.com/news/tennisNews/Wimbledon-2013-Serena-Williams-vs-Sabine-Lisicki-Match-Preview-176031.htm|title=Wimbledon 2013: Serena Williams vs Sabine Lisicki Match Preview|work=Tennis Earth|first=Abhimanyu|last=Nagpal|date=1 July 2013|accessdate=1 July 2013|archive-date=2015-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402094802/http://www.tennisearth.com/news/tennisNews/Wimbledon-2013-Serena-Williams-vs-Sabine-Lisicki-Match-Preview-176031.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> she is kent tae hit serves at speeds o ower 120&nbsp;mph.<ref name=serve>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wimbledon/10153086/Wimbledon-2013-top-seed-and-defending-champion-Serena-Williams-toppled-by-Sabine-Lisicki.html|title=Wimbledon 2013: top seed and defending champion Serena Williams toppled by Sabine Lisicki|work=The Telegraph|first=Jim|last=White|date=1 July 2013|accessdate=1 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.skysports.com/tennis/news/12111/8784356/Wimbledon-Sky-Sports-tennis-expert-Raz-Mirza-talks-to-Sabine-Lisicki|title=Wimbledon: Sky Sports' tennis expert Raz Mirza talks to Sabine Lisicki|work=Sky Sports|first=Razwan|last=Mirza|date=22 June 2013|accessdate=1 July 2013}}</ref> Her fastest offeecial serve on the WTA Tour wis recorded at {{convert|210.8|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name="BBC131"/> She haes been rankit second in aces count in 2013 anly behind [[Serena Williams]] an wis rankit fift in 2014. Lisicki is houiver crippled bi her inconsistent second serve, which is uisually aroond 70-80 MPH, an a heich Dooble Fault count.<ref name=Matchfacts>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtachampionships.com/SEWTATour-Archive/Rankings_Stats/match_stats_2013.pdf|title=WTA Tour Matchfacts|work=WTA Championships|date=24 June 2013|accessdate=1 July 2013|archive-date=2013-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102100301/http://www.wtachampionships.com/SEWTATour-Archive/Rankings_Stats/match_stats_2013.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Surfaces=== Lisicki's favourite surface is gress an she haes haed the maist success on that surface. She uised tae "hate" playin on gress acause she is allergic tae it an haed a five-match losin streak on gress in 2009. She is nou on medication for her allergy an "loves" playin on it nou.<ref name=WithAllergy/><ref name=hate>{{cite web|url=http://www.thetennisspace.com/sabine-lisicki-interview-i-used-to-hate-grass/|title=Sabine Lisicki interview: I used to hate grass|work=TheTennisSpace|first=Mark|last=Hodgkinson|date=2 July 2012|accessdate=16 June 2013}}</ref> ==Personal life== Lisicki lives in [[Bradenton, Florida]]. She is fluent in German, Inglis an Pols. Her off-court interests include readin, muisic an athletics. Lisicki is a fan o the [[Germany national football team|German naitional football team]] an o [[Bundesliga]] club [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bundesliga.com/en/liga/news/2013/0000265038.php|title=Lisicki: "Bayern have to be the odds-on favourites"}}</ref> She is gluten-intolerant.<ref name=reuters>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/05/26/us-tennis-open-diet-idUSTRE74P3D920110526|title=Some tennis stars say gluten-free is best for them|work=Reuters|date=26 May 2011|accessdate=6 July 2013|archive-date=2015-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610224803/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/05/26/us-tennis-open-diet-idUSTRE74P3D920110526|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Career statistics an major finals== {{main|Sabine Lisicki career statistics}} ===Grand Slam=== ====Singles: 1 (0–1)==== {|class="sortable wikitable" !Ootcome !Year !width=200|Championship !Surface !width=200|Opponent !width=200|Score |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC |bgcolor=#ffa07a|Runner-up |2013 |[[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]] |Gress |[[File:Flag of France.svg|20px]] [[Marion Bartoli]] |1–6, 4–6 |} ====Doubles: 1 (0–1)==== {|class="sortable wikitable" !Ootcome !Year !width=200|Championship !Surface !width=200|Pairtner !width=200|Opponents !width=200|Score |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC |bgcolor=#ffa07a|Runner-up |2011 |[[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]] |Gress |[[File:Flag of Australia.svg|20px]] [[Samantha Stosur]] |[[File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg|20px]] Květa Peschke <br/> [[File:Flag of Slovenia.svg|20px]] Katarina Srebotnik |3–6, 1–6 |} ===Singles performance timeline=== ''Anly Main Draw results in WTA Tour are considered. This table is current throu the 2013 Wimbledon Championships. {|class=wikitable style=text-align:center !Toornament!!2006!!2007!!2008!!2009!!2010!!2011!!2012!!2013!!SR!!W–L |- |colspan=11 align=left|'''[[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam Tournaments]] |- |align=left|[[Australian Open]] |A |A |bgcolor=#afeeee|3R |bgcolor=#afeeee|2R |bgcolor=#afeeee|2R |LQ |bgcolor=#afeeee|4R |bgcolor=#afeeee|1R |0 / 5 |7–5 |- |align=left|[[French Open]] |A |A |bgcolor=#afeeee|2R |bgcolor=#afeeee|1R |A |bgcolor=#afeeee|2R |bgcolor=#afeeee|1R |bgcolor=#afeeee|3R |0 / 5 |4–5 |- |align=left|[[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]] |A |A |bgcolor=#afeeee|1R |bgcolor=#ffebcd|QF |A |bgcolor=yellow|SF |bgcolor=#ffebcd|QF |style="background:thistle;"|F |0 / 5 |19–5 |- |align=left|[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]] |A |A |bgcolor=#afeeee|2R |bgcolor=#afeeee|2R |bgcolor=#afeeee|2R |bgcolor=#afeeee|4R |bgcolor=#afeeee|1R | |0 / 5 |6–5 |- !style=text-align:left|Win–Loss !0–0 !0–0 !4–4 !6–4 !2–2 !9–3 !7–4 !8–3 !0 / 20 !36–20 |- |colspan=11 align=left|'''Year-End Championship |- |align=left|WTA Tour Championships |A |A |A |A |A |A |A | |0 / 0 |0–0 |- |align=left|Toornament o Champions |colspan=3 style=colour:#ccc|Nae Held |A |A |bgcolor=yellow|4t |A | !0 / 1 !1–1 |} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *{{WTA|11771|Sabine Lisicki}} *{{ITF female profile|100033547|Sabine Lisicki}} *{{FedCup player|100033547|Sabine Lisicki}} *{{Official website|http://www.sabinelisicki.com/index.php}} {{Tap German female tennis players}} {{Tap German female tennis players (doubles)}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lisicki, Sabine}} [[Category:1989 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Bradenton, Florida]] [[Category:Fowk frae Rhein-Sieg-Kreis]] [[Category:Sportsfowk frae North Rhine-Westphalie]] [[Category:German female tennis players]] [[Category:German fowk o Pols strynd]] [[Category:Hopman Cup competitors]] [[Category:Tennis players at the 2012 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Olympic tennis players o Germany]] mtvjatbtcloui4a3hngas9xtuzigubg 0 54068 926907 918404 2026-11-08T20:35:20Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 926907 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox | name = Okapi | image = Saint-Aignan (Loir-et-Cher). Okapi.jpg | image_caption = Male in [[ZooParc de Beauval]] | status = EN | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |journal=[[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] |publisher=[[IUCN]] |authors=Mallon, D., Kümpel, N., Quinn, A., Shurter, S., Lukas, J., Hart, J. A., Mapilanga, J., Beyers, R. & Maisels, F. |date=2015 |title=''Okapia johnstoni'' |page=e.T15188A51140517 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T15188A51140517.en |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15188/51140517}}</ref> | parent_authority = [[Ray Lankester|Lankester]], 1901 | taxon = Okapia johnstoni | authority = ([[P.L. Sclater]], 1901) | range_map = Okapia johnstoni range map.png | range_map_caption = Range o the okapi }} The '''okapi''', '''''Okapia johnstoni''''', is a [[giraffid]] [[artiodactyl]] [[mammal]] native tae the [[Ituri Rainforest]], in the northeast o the [[Democratic Republic o the Congo]], in Central Africae. Altho the okapi bears striped markins reminiscent o [[zebra]]s, it is maist closely relatit tae the [[giraffe]]. The animal first cam tae European attention throu talk o its existence in popular press reports on [[Henry Morton Stanley]]'s journeys in 1887. Remains o a carcass war later sent tae Lunnon bi the Inglis adventurer an colonial administrator [[Harry Johnston]], an becam a media event in 1901.<ref>{{Cite journal | url = http://books.google.com/?id=hpR_hPSqYa0C&pg=PA544&dq=Harry+Johnston+okapi#v=onepage&q=Harry%20Johnston%20okapi&f=false | title = The American review of reviews | author1 = Shaw | first1 = Albert | year = 1918}}</ref> The day, aboot 10,000–20,000 remain in the wild an as o 2011, 42 different institutions display them warldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.zoo.ac.za/newsletter/issues/02/06.html |title=National Zoological Gardens of South Africa: National Zoo gets rare okapis. |access-date=2013-07-11 |archive-date=2007-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006034617/http://www.zoo.ac.za/newsletter/issues/02/06.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="ISIS">{{cite web|url=https://app.isis.org/abstracts/Abs77557.asp#1.0 |title=ISIS Species Holdings: ''Okapi johnstoni'' |publisher=International Species Holding Information System (ISIS) |date=2011-01-12 |accessdate=2011-03-23}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070903180604/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/wildfacts/factfiles/630.shtml BBC - Science & Naitur - Wildfacts - Okapi] * [http://www.theokapi.org The okapi management steid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906011003/http://theokapi.org/ |date=2011-09-06 }} {{Taxonbar|from=Q82037}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Giraffes]] [[Category:Endemic fauna o the Democratic Republic o the Congo]] [[Category:Yerbivorous mammals]] [[Category:Mammals o the Democratic Republic o the Congo]] [[Category:Livin fossils]] [[Category:Endangered fauna o Africae]] [[Category:Mammals descrived in 1901]] 2tfs065dlfswxhkh92emehckn963jt8 0 54665 926938 884708 2026-11-08T21:16:55Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; early life, career an daith addit, soorced 926938 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Walt Disney | image = Walt disney portrait.jpg | imagesize = 220px | image_caption = Walt Disney on 1 Januar 1954 | birth_name = Walter Elias Disney | birth_date = {{birth date|mf=yes|1901|12|5}}<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-05-21|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000370/|title=Walt Disney|publisher=[[IMDB]]}}</ref> | birth_place = [[Hermosa, Chicago|Hermosa]], [[Chicago, Illinois]], [[U.S.]] | death_date = {{death date and age|mf=yes|1966|12|15|1901|12|5}} | death_place = [[Burbank, Californie]], U.S. | death_cause = Buff cancer | resting_place = [[Forest Lawn Memorial Pairk, Glendale|Forest Lawn Memorial Pairk]],<br> [[Glendale, Californie]], U.S. | nationality = American | education = McKinley High School,<br> Chicago Academy of Fine Arts | alma_mater = | home_town = [[Chicago]], Illinois | residence = Burbank, Californie | occupation = Film producer,<br> co-foonder o <br>[[The Walt Disney Company]],<br> umwhile kent as<br> Walt Disney Productions | yearsactive = 1920–1966 | spouse = [[Lillian Disney|Lillian Bounds]] (1925–66) | parents = [[Elias Disney]]<br>[[Flora Call Disney]] | family = [[Disney faimily|Herbert Arthur Disney]] (brither)<br>[[Disney faimily|Raymond Arnold Disney]] (brither)<br>[[Roy O. Disney|Roy Oliver Disney]] (brither)<br>[[Disney faimily|Ruth Flora Disney]] (sister) | relations = [[Ronald William Miller]] (son-in-law)<br>[[Disney faimily|Robert Borgfeldt Brown]] (son-in-law)<br>[[Roy E. Disney|Roy Edward Disney]] (nephew) | children = [[Diane Marie Disney]]<br>[[Sharon Mae Disney]] | religion = Christian ([[Congregationalist]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.disneydreamer.com/Waltfaith.htm |title=Walt Disney on Faith |publisher=Disneydreamer.com |date=July 17, 1955 |accessdate=September 5, 2012}}</ref> | party = [[Republican Pairty (Unitit States)|Republican]] | boards = [[The Walt Disney Company]] | awards = 7 [[Emmy Awaird]]s<br>22 [[Academy Awaird]]s<br>[[Cecil B. DeMille Awaird]] | signature = Walt Disney 1942 signature.svg }} [[File:Newman Laugh-O-Gram (1921).webm|thumb|thumbtime=2|upright=1.5|''Newman Laugh-O-Gram'' (1921)]] '''Walter Elias''' "'''Walt'''" '''Disney''' (5 December 1901&nbsp;– 15 December 1966) wis an American film makar, animator an cartoonist, telly producer, showman, screenwriter, entrepreneur, entertainer, [[Cultural icon|internaitional icon]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Walt Disney Helped Wernher von Braun Sell Americans on Space|url=http://www.space.com/news/spacehistory/vonbraun_disney_020813.html|agency=Associated Press|author=Dave Bryan|date=August 13, 2002|accessdate=2010-09-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090524060442/http://www.space.com/news/spacehistory/vonbraun_disney_020813.html|archivedate=2009-05-24|url-status=live}}</ref> an philanthropist, weel kent for his influence on entertainment in the 20t century. Alang wi his brither [[Roy O. Disney]], he co-foondit Walt Disney Productions, that later becam ane o the best-kent film studios in the warld. The company is nou kent as [[The Walt Disney Company]], an haed a turnower o aboot US$36 billion in the 2010 financial year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1001039/000119312510268910/d10k.htm|title=2010 Form 10-K, Walt Disney Company|publisher=United States Securities and Exchange Commission}}</ref> Disney wis kent maist as a film producer an a popular showman, an as an innovator in animation an [[theme park]] design. He an his staff creatit some o the warld's best-kent fictional chairacters, sic as [[Mickey Mouse]], that Disney himsel gied the oreeginal vyce tae. In his lifetime he got fower honorary [[Academy Awaird]]s an wan 22 Academy Awairds frae 59 nominations in aw, wi a record fower in ane year,<ref name="academyaward">{{cite web|title=Walt Disney Academy awards | url=http://awardsdatabase.oscars.org/index.jsp | publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]]|accessdate=2008-05-21 }}</ref> givin him [[Leet o Academy Awairds for Walt Disney|mair awairds an nominations]] than ony ither individual in history.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardsdatabase.oscars.org/ampas_awards/help/helpMain.jsp?helpContentURL=statistics/indexStats.html|title=Results Page – Academy Awards Database|accessdate=February 16, 2012}}</ref> Disney an aw wan seiven [[Emmy Awaird]]s, an gied his nem tae the [[Disneyland]] an [[Walt Disney Warld Resort]] theme pairks in the U.S., an tae internaitional resorts lik [[Tokyo Disney Resort]], [[Disneyland Paris]] an [[Hong Kong Disneyland]]. == Early life == Walter Elias Disney wis born on 5 December 1901 in the [[Hermosa, Chicago|Hermosa]] neebourheid o [[Chicago]], Illinois. He wis the fowert son o [[Elias Disney]] an Flora Call. The faimily flittit tae a ferm at Marceline, Missouri, an Disney later said his bairnheid thare wis ane o the happiest times o his life; he drew on the toun for monie o his later projects.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/marceline-missouri-lost-disney-park|title=Marceline, Missouri — Walt Disney's lost town|first=John|last=Bordsen|date=April 5, 2023|website=CNN|access-date=2025-10-22}}</ref> In 1911 the faimily muivit tae [[Kansas City, Missouri]], whaur he took Seturday classes at the Kansas City Art Institute. In 1917 they gaed back tae Chicago, an he went tae McKinley High School an tuik nicht classes at the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts. == Career == Efter wirkin as a commercial airtist in Kansas City, Disney muivit tae Hollywood in 1923. He set up a studio wi his brither Roy, an in 1926 the first offeecial Walt Disney Studio wis stairtit on Hyperion Avenue in Los Angeles.<ref>{{cite web |title=Disney Studios on Hyperion |url=https://tessa.lapl.org/cdm/ref/collection/photos/id/86048 |website=Photo Collection |publisher=[[Los Angeles Public Library]] |access-date=May 29, 2022}}</ref> Thare, in 1928, he an [[Ub Iwerks]] creatit Mickey Mouse. The studio went on tae mak its first feature-lenth film, ''[[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)|Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs]]'' (1937), an later [[Disneyland]], that appent in 1955. == Daith == Disney deed o [[buff cancer]] on 15 December 1966, aged 65, in [[Burbank, Californie]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/archives/la-me-walt-disney-19661216-story.html|title=Wizard of Fantasy Walt Disney Dies|language=en-US|first=Harry|last=Trimborn|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=December 16, 1966|access-date=November 3, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1966/12/16/archives/walt-disney-65-dies-on-coast-founded-an-empire-on-a-mouse-walt.html|title=Walt Disney, 65, Dies on Coast|language=en|website=[[The New York Times]]|date=December 16, 1966}}</ref> A year later, wark on the Walt Disney Warld Resort stairtit in Florida. His brither Roy Disney appent the [[Magic Kinrick]] on 1 October 1971. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * {{IMDb name|370|Walt Disney}} * {{Tcmdb name|id=50875|name=Walt Disney}} * [http://disney.go.com/disneyatoz/waltdisney/ Walt Disney Faimily Museum] * [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=284 Walt Disney Gravesite] * [http://www.oxonianreview.org/wp/through-a-glass-disney/ Review o ''The Perfect American'', Philip Glass's opera aboot Walt Disney] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715073416/http://www.oxonianreview.org/wp/through-a-glass-disney/ |date=2013-07-15 }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Disney, Walt}} [[Category:1901 births]] [[Category:1966 daiths]] [[Category:Academy Awaird winners]] [[Category:20t-century American actors]] [[Category:American animators]] [[Category:American anti-communists]] [[Category:American cartoonists]] [[Category:American Congregationalists]] [[Category:American film directors]] [[Category:American film producers]] [[Category:American film studio executives]] [[Category:American fowk o Canadie strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Inglis strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o French strynd]] [[Category:American male screenwriters]] [[Category:American televeesion personalities]] [[Category:American male vyce actors]] [[Category:American fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:Animatit film directors]] [[Category:Animatit film producers]] [[Category:Buirials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)]] [[Category:Businessfowk frae Californie]] [[Category:Businessfowk frae Illinois]] [[Category:Fowk frae Missouri]] [[Category:American philanthropists]] [[Category:Californie Republicans]] [[Category:Daiths frae cancer in Californie]] [[Category:Cecil B. DeMille Awaird Gowden Globe winners]] [[Category:Congressional Gowd Medal recipients]] [[Category:Daiths frae buff cancer]] [[Category:Disney fowk]] [[Category:Emmy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Inglis-leid film directors]] [[Category:Film directors frae Californie]] [[Category:Film directors frae Illinois]] [[Category:Illinois Republicans]] [[Category:Kansas City Airt Institute alumni]] [[Category:Presidential Medal o Freedom recipients]] [[Category:Schuil o the Airt Institute o Chicago alumni]] [[Category:Walt Disney| ]] [[Category:Writers frae Chicago]] [[Category:American fowk o German strynd]] [[Category:American airtists]] cjl7ca0jjzbf023pwz34u9vqiaxub21 927001 926938 2026-11-08T22:06:17Z Monospaced 75295 Award nems as published 927001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Walt Disney | image = Walt disney portrait.jpg | imagesize = 220px | image_caption = Walt Disney on 1 Januar 1954 | birth_name = Walter Elias Disney | birth_date = {{birth date|mf=yes|1901|12|5}}<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-05-21|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000370/|title=Walt Disney|publisher=[[IMDB]]}}</ref> | birth_place = [[Hermosa, Chicago|Hermosa]], [[Chicago, Illinois]], [[U.S.]] | death_date = {{death date and age|mf=yes|1966|12|15|1901|12|5}} | death_place = [[Burbank, Californie]], U.S. | death_cause = Buff cancer | resting_place = [[Forest Lawn Memorial Pairk, Glendale|Forest Lawn Memorial Pairk]],<br> [[Glendale, Californie]], U.S. | nationality = American | education = McKinley High School,<br> Chicago Academy of Fine Arts | alma_mater = | home_town = [[Chicago]], Illinois | residence = Burbank, Californie | occupation = Film producer,<br> co-foonder o <br>[[The Walt Disney Company]],<br> umwhile kent as<br> Walt Disney Productions | yearsactive = 1920–1966 | spouse = [[Lillian Disney|Lillian Bounds]] (1925–66) | parents = [[Elias Disney]]<br>[[Flora Call Disney]] | family = [[Disney faimily|Herbert Arthur Disney]] (brither)<br>[[Disney faimily|Raymond Arnold Disney]] (brither)<br>[[Roy O. Disney|Roy Oliver Disney]] (brither)<br>[[Disney faimily|Ruth Flora Disney]] (sister) | relations = [[Ronald William Miller]] (son-in-law)<br>[[Disney faimily|Robert Borgfeldt Brown]] (son-in-law)<br>[[Roy E. Disney|Roy Edward Disney]] (nephew) | children = [[Diane Marie Disney]]<br>[[Sharon Mae Disney]] | religion = Christian ([[Congregationalist]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.disneydreamer.com/Waltfaith.htm |title=Walt Disney on Faith |publisher=Disneydreamer.com |date=July 17, 1955 |accessdate=September 5, 2012}}</ref> | party = [[Republican Pairty (Unitit States)|Republican]] | boards = [[The Walt Disney Company]] | awards = 7 [[Emmy Awards|Emmy Award]]s<br>22 [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]]s<br>[[Cecil B. DeMille Award]] | signature = Walt Disney 1942 signature.svg }} [[File:Newman Laugh-O-Gram (1921).webm|thumb|thumbtime=2|upright=1.5|''Newman Laugh-O-Gram'' (1921)]] '''Walter Elias''' "'''Walt'''" '''Disney''' (5 December 1901&nbsp;– 15 December 1966) wis an American film makar, animator an cartoonist, telly producer, showman, screenwriter, entrepreneur, entertainer, [[Cultural icon|internaitional icon]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Walt Disney Helped Wernher von Braun Sell Americans on Space|url=http://www.space.com/news/spacehistory/vonbraun_disney_020813.html|agency=Associated Press|author=Dave Bryan|date=August 13, 2002|accessdate=2010-09-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090524060442/http://www.space.com/news/spacehistory/vonbraun_disney_020813.html|archivedate=2009-05-24|url-status=live}}</ref> an philanthropist, weel kent for his influence on entertainment in the 20t century. Alang wi his brither [[Roy O. Disney]], he co-foondit Walt Disney Productions, that later becam ane o the best-kent film studios in the warld. The company is nou kent as [[The Walt Disney Company]], an haed a turnower o aboot US$36 billion in the 2010 financial year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1001039/000119312510268910/d10k.htm|title=2010 Form 10-K, Walt Disney Company|publisher=United States Securities and Exchange Commission}}</ref> Disney wis kent maist as a film producer an a popular showman, an as an innovator in animation an [[theme park]] design. He an his staff creatit some o the warld's best-kent fictional chairacters, sic as [[Mickey Mouse]], that Disney himsel gied the oreeginal vyce tae. In his lifetime he got fower honorary [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]]s an wan 22 Academy Awards frae 59 nominations in aw, wi a record fower in ane year,<ref name="academyaward">{{cite web|title=Walt Disney Academy awards | url=http://awardsdatabase.oscars.org/index.jsp | publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]]|accessdate=2008-05-21 }}</ref> givin him mair awairds an nominations than ony ither individual in history.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardsdatabase.oscars.org/ampas_awards/help/helpMain.jsp?helpContentURL=statistics/indexStats.html|title=Results Page – Academy Awards Database|accessdate=February 16, 2012}}</ref> Disney an aw wan seiven [[Emmy Awards|Emmy Award]]s, an gied his nem tae the [[Disneyland]] an [[Walt Disney Warld Resort]] theme pairks in the U.S., an tae internaitional resorts lik [[Tokyo Disney Resort]], [[Disneyland Paris]] an [[Hong Kong Disneyland]]. == Early life == Walter Elias Disney wis born on 5 December 1901 in the [[Hermosa, Chicago|Hermosa]] neebourheid o [[Chicago]], Illinois. He wis the fowert son o [[Elias Disney]] an Flora Call. The faimily flittit tae a ferm at Marceline, Missouri, an Disney later said his bairnheid thare wis ane o the happiest times o his life; he drew on the toun for monie o his later projects.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/marceline-missouri-lost-disney-park|title=Marceline, Missouri — Walt Disney's lost town|first=John|last=Bordsen|date=April 5, 2023|website=CNN|access-date=2025-10-22}}</ref> In 1911 the faimily muivit tae [[Kansas City, Missouri]], whaur he took Seturday classes at the Kansas City Art Institute. In 1917 they gaed back tae Chicago, an he went tae McKinley High School an tuik nicht classes at the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts. == Career == Efter wirkin as a commercial airtist in Kansas City, Disney muivit tae Hollywood in 1923. He set up a studio wi his brither Roy, an in 1926 the first offeecial Walt Disney Studio wis stairtit on Hyperion Avenue in Los Angeles.<ref>{{cite web |title=Disney Studios on Hyperion |url=https://tessa.lapl.org/cdm/ref/collection/photos/id/86048 |website=Photo Collection |publisher=[[Los Angeles Public Library]] |access-date=May 29, 2022}}</ref> Thare, in 1928, he an [[Ub Iwerks]] creatit Mickey Mouse. The studio went on tae mak its first feature-lenth film, ''[[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)|Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs]]'' (1937), an later [[Disneyland]], that appent in 1955. == Daith == Disney deed o [[buff cancer]] on 15 December 1966, aged 65, in [[Burbank, Californie]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/archives/la-me-walt-disney-19661216-story.html|title=Wizard of Fantasy Walt Disney Dies|language=en-US|first=Harry|last=Trimborn|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=December 16, 1966|access-date=November 3, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1966/12/16/archives/walt-disney-65-dies-on-coast-founded-an-empire-on-a-mouse-walt.html|title=Walt Disney, 65, Dies on Coast|language=en|website=[[The New York Times]]|date=December 16, 1966}}</ref> A year later, wark on the Walt Disney Warld Resort stairtit in Florida. His brither Roy Disney appent the [[Magic Kinrick]] on 1 October 1971. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * {{IMDb name|370|Walt Disney}} * {{Tcmdb name|id=50875|name=Walt Disney}} * [http://disney.go.com/disneyatoz/waltdisney/ Walt Disney Faimily Museum] * [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=284 Walt Disney Gravesite] * [http://www.oxonianreview.org/wp/through-a-glass-disney/ Review o ''The Perfect American'', Philip Glass's opera aboot Walt Disney] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715073416/http://www.oxonianreview.org/wp/through-a-glass-disney/ |date=2013-07-15 }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Disney, Walt}} [[Category:1901 births]] [[Category:1966 daiths]] [[Category:Academy Awaird winners]] [[Category:20t-century American actors]] [[Category:American animators]] [[Category:American anti-communists]] [[Category:American cartoonists]] [[Category:American Congregationalists]] [[Category:American film directors]] [[Category:American film producers]] [[Category:American film studio executives]] [[Category:American fowk o Canadie strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Inglis strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o French strynd]] [[Category:American male screenwriters]] [[Category:American televeesion personalities]] [[Category:American male vyce actors]] [[Category:American fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:Animatit film directors]] [[Category:Animatit film producers]] [[Category:Buirials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)]] [[Category:Businessfowk frae Californie]] [[Category:Businessfowk frae Illinois]] [[Category:Fowk frae Missouri]] [[Category:American philanthropists]] [[Category:Californie Republicans]] [[Category:Daiths frae cancer in Californie]] [[Category:Cecil B. DeMille Awaird Gowden Globe winners]] [[Category:Congressional Gowd Medal recipients]] [[Category:Daiths frae buff cancer]] [[Category:Disney fowk]] [[Category:Emmy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Inglis-leid film directors]] [[Category:Film directors frae Californie]] [[Category:Film directors frae Illinois]] [[Category:Illinois Republicans]] [[Category:Kansas City Airt Institute alumni]] [[Category:Presidential Medal o Freedom recipients]] [[Category:Schuil o the Airt Institute o Chicago alumni]] [[Category:Walt Disney| ]] [[Category:Writers frae Chicago]] [[Category:American fowk o German strynd]] [[Category:American airtists]] qreljr2ya561apfpf7j7quj3esbw1ho 0 55527 927223 377530 2026-11-09T10:13:34Z Xqbot 2526 Fixin dooble reguidal til [[Formula One]] 927223 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Formula One]] 539i0e87lcgc0hxbh2w4euwi8xwqbie 927239 927223 2026-11-09T10:22:41Z Xqbot 2526 Fixin dooble reguidal til [[Formula 1]] 927239 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Formula 1]] 3q7gcc2t6zb8pn8fh1p3z55wv92dfvf 0 55552 927245 923480 2026-11-09T10:30:55Z Monospaced 75295 Fix owertranslatit nem (F1) 927245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox F1 driver | name = Nico Rosberg | image = File:Nico_Rosberg_2016_Malaysia_1.jpg | caption = Rosberg in 2016 | nationality = {{flagicon|DEU}} German | birth_name = Nico Erik Rosberg | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1985|6|27|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Wiesbaden]], [[Wast Germany]] | Years = [[2006 Formula One saison|2006]]–[[2016 Formula 1 saison|2016]] | Team(s) = [[Williams Grand Prix Engineering|Williams]], [[Mercedes-Benz in Formula 1|Mercedes]] | Car number = 6 | Races = 206 (206 stairts) | Championships = 1 ([[2016 Formula 1 saison|2016]]) | Wins = 23 | Podiums = 57 | Points = 1594.5 | Poles = 30 | Fastest laps = 20 | First race = [[2006 Bahrain Grand Prix]] | First win = [[2012 Cheenese Grand Prix]] | Last win = [[2016 Japanese Grand Prix]] | Last race = [[2016 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix]] | Last season = 2016 | Last position = 1st (385 pts) }} '''Nico Erik Rosberg''' (born 27 Juin 1985) is a German umwhile [[racin driver]] for the [[Mercedes-Benz in Formula 1|Mercedes]] [[Formula 1]] team. He raced unner the [[Formula 1 drivers frae Germany|German flag in Formula 1]], an haed an aa briefly competit for [[Finland]] verra early in his career. He haulds dual naitionality o these twa kintras.<ref name=Fathershadow>[http://www.hs.fi/english/article/1101981166932 Shedding a father's shadow: the new GP2 champion's route to the top] 5th chapter</ref> Rosberg wan the [[2005 GP2 Series saison|2005 GP2 Series]] for the [[ART Grand Prix|ART]] team, havin raced in [[Formula 3 Euro Series]] previously for his faither [[Keke Rosberg]]'s racin organisation [[Team Rosberg]]. For the [[2010 Formula 1 saison]], Rosberg jynt the re-brandit [[Mercedes-Benz in Formula 1|Mercedes]] team, furmed bi Mercedes's takower o 2009 constructors' champions [[Brawn GP]]. Syne then, Rosberg haes enjoyed his maist successful period, winnin three Grands Prix an earnin fower pole poseetions. He won the [[2016]] Formula 1 Driver's Championship, an propaled his retirement frae Formula 1 five days later. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *{{Official|www.nicorosberg.com}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20190912233447/http://www.mercedes-gp.com/team.asp?mgp=j%B5%B0%99%A3%96 Profile]&nbsp;– frae [http://www.mercedes-gp.com/ Mercedes GP offeecial wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100502024500/http://www.mercedes-gp.com/ |date=2010-05-02 }} *[http://www.manipef1.com/drivers/2007/nrosberg.php Profile an statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070301034849/http://www.manipef1.com/drivers/2007/nrosberg.php |date=2007-03-01 }} *[http://www.driverdb.com/racingdriver267.html Racin career] *{{Twitter|nico_rosberg}} *{{IMDb name|2162538}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rosberg, Nico}} [[Category:1985 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Wiesbaden]] [[Category:Racin drivers frae Hesse]] [[Category:German racin drivers]] [[Category:Finnish racin drivers]] [[Category:German Formula 1 drivers]] [[Category:Williams Formula 1 drivers]] [[Category:Mercedes-Benz Formula 1 drivers]] [[Category:GP2 Series drivers]] [[Category:GP2 Series Champions]] [[Category:Formula 1 Warld Drivers' Champions]] [[Category:Fowk named in the Panama Papers]] [[Category:Formula 3 Euro Series drivers]] [[Category:Formula BMW ADAC drivers]] [[Category:Karting Warld Championship drivers]] [[Category:Monaco Grand Prix winners]] rbl1j0zweab4ss32xe6oilzkynxy7a8 0 55682 927075 922415 2026-11-08T22:35:14Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 927075 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie | name = Sarah McLeod | image_size = 210px | caption = Sarah McLeod, 2003 in [[Wellington]], New Zealand | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1971|7|18}} | birth_place = Putaruru, [[New Zealand]] | children = Maisy McLeod-Riera <br> Lola McLeod-Riera }} '''Sarah McLeod''' (born 18 Julie 1971) is a New Zealand film an telly actress. Her best-kent role wis in the [[Peter Jackson]] films ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' an ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]'' as Rosie Cotton, a female hobbit that mairit Samwise Gamgee. Her dochter Maisy played Rosie an Sam's bairn. McLeod an aw co-starred in the New Zealand saip opera ''[[Shortland Street]]'' as Cindy Watson frae 2008 tae 2009. ==Career== McLeod kent Liz Mullane, the castin director o [[Peter Jackson]]'s ''[[The Lord of the Rings (film trilogy)|The Lord of the Rings]]'' frae an earlier film o his cried ''Forgotten Silver''. McLeod wis sax month pregnant whan she auditioned for the role o Rosie Cotton, a female hobbit. Fower month later, she wis telt that she haed wan the role. She explained, "This was after I had the baby, so my first day on the set, the baby was 12 weeks old. So from the first time I auditioned for the role, until the whole thing comes out, the third film, my baby will be four years old, it just goes to show you how big and long this production is."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archives.theonering.net/features/newsroom/files/022502_mcleod.html |title=Interview with Sarah McLeod |work=TheOneRing.net |accessdate=17 June 2013}}</ref> Her dochter, Maisy, played the infant son o Rosie an Samwise Gamgee, seen in ane o the final scenes o ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]''. ''The New Zealand Herald'' observed in 2004 that McLeod wis "notable for having the most significant role of the few New Zealand actresses in the trilogy."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/oscars-just-another-day-for-mrs-gamgee/C2YZKEK427K4GFO2PZKBYTBBJE/|title=Oscars just another day for Mrs Gamgee |work=The New Zealand Herald |first=Sarah |last=Catherall |date=2 March 2004 |accessdate=17 June 2013|url-access=subscription}}</ref> In 2007, McLeod an fowerteen ither ''Lord of the Rings'' actors frae New Zealand sued [[New Line Cinema|New Line]], as thay felt thay war legally entitled tae five percent o the trilogy's net merchandisin revenue.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/movies/news/article.cfm?c_id=200&objectid=10443305 |title=NZ actors set to sue over LOTR profits |work=The New Zealand Herald |date=2 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006104703/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/movies/news/article.cfm?c_id=200&objectid=10443305|archive-date=6 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Frae 2008 tae 2009, McLeod co-starred in the New Zealand saip opera ''[[Shortland Street]]'' as Cindy Watson. McLeod conductit legal an personal research on [[surrogacy]] for the role, as her chairacter's storyline involved askin her freend tae be a surrogate mither for Cindy an her husband.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/news/article.cfm?c_id=1501119&objectid=10566750 |title=Delivering a triple dose of drama |work=New Zealand Herald |first=Sarah |last=Lang |date=14 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502000922/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/news/article.cfm?c_id=1501119&objectid=10566750|archive-date=2 Mey 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> In a 2010 episode o ''[[America's Next Top Model]]'', McLeod appeared as hersel on the set o Hobbiton, whaur the contestants took pairt in a ''Lord of the Rings''-themit photo shoot.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.com/tv/s68/americas-next-top-model/news/a218442/americas-next-top-model-episode-9-recap.html |title='America's Next Top Model': Episode 9 recap |work=Digital Spy |first=Lara |last=Martin |date=6 May 2010 |accessdate=17 June 2013}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist|2}} ==Freemit airtins== {{commons|Category:Sarah McLeod|Sarah McLeod}} *{{IMDb name|572867}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:McLeod, Sarah}} [[Category:New Zealand film actresses]] [[Category:New Zealand televeesion actresses]] [[Category:Fowk frae the Waikato Region]] [[Category:1971 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] 9szqs9roif9i9rdhttysuh6bm3f3s9u 0 55846 926976 902355 2026-11-08T21:41:36Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; facts correctit, soorced 926976 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |birthname=Ronald Wilson Reagan |image=Official Portrait of President Reagan 1981.jpg |office=[[Leet o Preses o the Unitit States|40t]] [[Preses o the Unitit States]] |vicepresident=[[George H. W. Bush]] |term_start=Januar 20, 1981 |term_end=Januar 20, 1989 |predecessor=[[Jimmy Carter]] |successor=[[George H. W. Bush]] |order2=33rd |office2=Govrenor o Californie |lieutenant2=[[Robert Finch (American politeecian)|Robert Finch]] <small>(1967-69)</small><br>[[Edwin Reinecke]] <small>(1969-74)</small><br>[[John L. Harmer]] <small>(1974-75)</small> |term_start2=Januar 2, 1967 |term_end2=Januar 6, 1975 |predecessor2=[[Pat Brown]] |successor2=[[Jerry Brown]] |birth_date={{birth date|1911|2|6}} |birth_place=[[Tampico, Illinois]], U.S. |death_date={{death date and age|2004|6|5|1911|2|6}} |death_place={{nowrap|[[Los Angeles]], [[Californie]], U.S.}} |resting_place=[[Ronald Reagan Presidential Library]], [[Simi Valley, Californie]], U.S. |resting_place_coordinates={{Coord|34|15|35.5896|N|118|49|11.301|W|type:landmark}} |party=[[Republican Pairty (Unitit States)|Republican]] <small>(After 1962)</small> |otherparty=[[Democratic Pairty (Unitit States)|Democratic]] <small>(Before 1962)</small> |spouse=[[Jane Wyman]] <small>(1940–1949)</small><br>[[Nancy Reagan|Nancy Davis]] <small>(1952–2004)</small> |children=[[Maureen Reagan]]<br>Christine Reagan<br>Michael Reagan <small>(adoptit)</small><br>[[Patti Davis]]<br>Ron Reagan |alma_mater=[[Eureka College]] |religion=[[Christian Kirk (Disciples o Christ)|Disciples o Christ]]<br>later [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]] |profession=[[Actor]] |signature=Ronald Reagan Signature2.svg |signature_alt=Cursive signature in ink |branch=[[File:Emblem of the United States Department of the Army.svg|20px|Unitit States Airmy seal]] [[Unitit States Airmy]]<br>[[Unitit States Airmy Air Forces|Airmy Air Forces]] |rank=[[File:US-O3 insignia.svg|20px]] [[Caiptain (Unitit States)|Caiptain]] |serviceyears=1937–45 }} '''Ronald Wilson Reagan''' (6 Februar 1911 – 5 Juin 2004) wis an American actor an politeecian that wis the 40t Preses o the [[Unitit States]] frae 1981 tae 1989. Afore that he wis governor o [[Californie]] frae 1967 tae 1975. Reagan wis born in [[Tampico, Illinois]] tae a [[catholic]] faimily,<ref name=whitehouse>{{citation|title=The White House|url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/ronaldreagan|work=The White House|accessdate=[[28 Mey]] 2014|archive-date=2014-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605095909/http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/ronaldreagan|url-status=dead}}</ref> an raised in [[Dixon, Illinois|Dixon]]. He wis eddicated at [[Eureka College]], earnin a [[Bachelor o Airts]] degree in [[economics]] an [[sociology]]. Efter graduatin, Reagan flittit first tae [[Iowa]] tae wirk as a radio broadcaster an then, in 1937, tae Los Angeles whaur he stairtit a career as an actor, first in films an later telly. Amang his best-kent films are ''Knute Rockne, All American'' (1940), ''Kings Row'' (1942), an ''Bedtime for Bonzo'' (1951). Reagan serrt as preses o the Screen Actors Guild an later as a spokesman for [[General Electric]] (G.E.); his stairt in politics wis durin his wirk for GE. Oreeginally he wis a memmer o the [[Democratic Pairty (Unitit States)|Democratic Pairty]], but his poseetions began shiftin richtwart in the 1950s, an he switched tae the [[Republican Pairty (Unitit States)|Republican Pairty]] in 1962.<ref name=whitehouse/> In 1952, Reagan marrit [[Nancy Reagan|Nancy Davis]]. In 1994 he wis diagnosed wi Alzheimer's disease. He deed ten year later in [[Los Angeles]], at the age o 93. ==Early life== Reagan wis born on 6 Februar 1911 in [[Tampico, Illinois]]. His parents wur [[Jack Reagan]] an [[Nelle Wilson Reagan]]. He wis upbrocht in [[Dixon, Illinois]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.npr.org/news/specials/obits/reagan/timeline.html|title=Ronald Reagan Timeline|publisher=NPR.com|accessdate=[[28 Mey]] 2014}}</ref> Reagan went tae study at [[Eureka College]]<ref name=radioyears>{{cite web|title=Ronald Reagan: From Broadcaster to President|url=http://www.lib.niu.edu/1993/ihy930353.html|publisher=Lib.niu.edu|accessdate=[[28 Mey]] 2014|archive-date=2014-11-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141118044021/http://www.lib.niu.edu/1993/ihy930353.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> an sune starred in schuil plays an becam student body preses. Reagan flittit tae [[Chicago]] tae wirk there, but then flittit tae [[Los Angeles]] tae stairt his movie career. He starred in 50 films. Reagan wis preses o the Screen Actors Guild twice. He wis marrit tae [[Jane Wyman]] till thay divorcit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livescience.com/32658-how-many-presidents-have-been-divorced.html|title=How Many Presidents Have Been Divorced?|author=Stuart Fox|publisher=Live Science.com|date=[[18 Juin]] [[2010]]|accessdate=[[28 Mey]] 2014}}</ref> Thay haed three bairns. Reagan then marrit [[Nancy Reagan|Nancy Davis]]. Thay haed twa bairns. ==Poleetical risin== Reagan wis a [[Democratic Pairty (Unitit States)|Democrat]] an supportit [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] an [[Harry S. Truman]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstprinciplesjournal.com/articles.aspx?article=1082|title=First Principles - Ronald Reagan on Franklin D. Roosevelt|publisher=First Principles Journal.com|accessdate=[[10 Januar]] 2014|archive-date=2015-05-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530024557/http://www.firstprinciplesjournal.com/articles.aspx?article=1082|url-status=dead}}</ref> He then becam a [[Republican Pairty (Unitit States)|Republican]] an supportit [[Barry M. Goldwater]].<ref name="An American Life">{{cite book |last=Regan |first=Ronald |year=1990 |title=An American Life: The Autobiography |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?isbn=0671691988 |location=[[New York City]] |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |isbn=0671691988 |accessdate=[[28 Mey]] 2014}}</ref> He ran for preses three times, an he ran for governor twice an wan baith times. ==Governor o Californie (1967–1975)== Reagan ran for governor efter giein a speech cried "A Time for Choosing" in 1964. He wan the election in 1966 an wis re-electit in 1970. His successor wis [[Jerry Brown]]. ==Preses o the Unitit States (1981–1989)== In 1980, he ran agin [[Jimmy Carter]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ushistory.org/us/59a.asp|title="Morning in America"|publisher=US History.org|accessdate=[[10 Januar]] 2014}}</ref> He wan in a landslide. In Mairch 1981, Reagan wis shot in the chest. He survivit the [[Assassination attempt on Ronald Reagan|assassination attempt]]. He recovered efter a while. His government cut taxes an spent mair on defence. He wis agin nuclear wappens an socht better relations wi the [[Soviet Union]]. Efter winnin re-election in 1984 agin [[Walter Mondale]], he held talks wi Soviet leaders. Efter [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] becam leader, the twa men met several times an signed agreements on nuclear wappens. Reagan wis involvit in the [[Iran-Contra affair]]. Reagan wis forby a freend o [[Margaret Thatcher]]. His presidency is aften linkit wi the end o the Cauld War, the faw o the [[Berlin Waw]] an the collapse o the [[Soviet Union]]. In 1987 he gied a speech in Berlin in which he said "Tear down this wall!"<ref>{{cite news |last=Fisher |first=Marc |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2017/06/12/tear-down-this-wall-how-reagans-forgotten-line-became-a-defining-presidential-moment/ |title='Tear down this wall': How Reagan's forgotten line became a defining moment |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=June 2017 |access-date=November 7, 2022}}</ref> ==Later life== Reagan retirit in 1989. In 1994, he wis diagnosit wi [[Alzheimer's disease]].<ref name="sr">{{Cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/05/us/reagan-s-twilight-a-special-report-a-president-fades-into-a-world-apart.html|title=Reagan's Twighlight– A special report; A President Fades Into a World Apart|accessdate=[[18 Juin]] [[2008]]|author=Altman, Lawrence K|date=[[5 October]] [[1997]]|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> He livit for ten year wi the disease.<ref name="sr"/> ==Daith== Reagan deed on 5 Juin 2004 frae [[pneumonia]] as a result o Alzheimer's. He wis 93 year auld.<ref name=cnn>{{citation|title=Ronald Reagan dies at 93|url=http://www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/06/05/reagan.health/index.html|publisher=Cable News Network LP|year=2004|work=[[CNN]]|accessdate=[[25 Januar]] [[2010]]}}</ref> ==Legacy== In polls o the public, Reagan is ane o the maist popular American preses, an he is weel thocht o amang monie Republicans. Opinion on his economic policies is still dividit. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Ither wabsteids== * [http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/rr40.html Reagan's White House biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090117204714/http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/rr40.html |date=2009-01-17 }} * [http://www.reaganfoundation.org/home.aspx Reagan foundation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222003932/http://www.reaganfoundation.org/home.aspx |date=2014-02-22 }} {{Ronald Reagan}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Reagan, Ronald}} [[Category:1911 births]] [[Category:2004 daiths]] [[Category:20t-century American actors]] [[Category:20t-century American writers]] [[Category:20t-century politeecians]] [[Category:Male actors frae Californie]] [[Category:Male actors frae Illinois]] [[Category:American actor–politeecians]] [[Category:American anti-communists]] [[Category:American Disciples o Christ]] [[Category:American male film actors]] [[Category:American labor leaders]]<!-- All presidents of the screen actors guild have this category --> [[Category:American militar personnel o Warld War II]] [[Category:American fowk o Inglis strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Scots strynd]] [[Category:American Presbyterians]] [[Category:American radio personalities]] [[Category:American shuitin survivors]] [[Category:American televeesion personalities]] [[Category:Airticles containin video clips]] [[Category:Californie Republicans]] [[Category:Chicago Cubs broadcasters]] [[Category:Clare Boothe Luce Awaird winners]] [[Category:Cauld War leaders]] [[Category:College fitbaa annooncers]] [[Category:College soummers in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Colorectal cancer survivors]] [[Category:Congressional Gowd Medal recipients]] [[Category:Fowk wi Alzheimer's disease]] [[Category:Daiths frae pneumonia]] [[Category:Eureka Red Devils fitbaa players]] [[Category:FBI informants]] [[Category:First Motion Pictur Unit personnel]] [[Category:Govrenors o Californie]] [[Category:History o the Unitit States (1980–91)]] [[Category:Honorar Knichts Grand Cross o the Order o the Bath]] [[Category:Illinois Republicans]] [[Category:Smittle tribble daiths in Californie]] [[Category:Iran–Contra affair]] [[Category:Major League Basebaw annooncers]] [[Category:National Radio Hall of Fame inductees]] [[Category:New Richt (Unitit States)]] [[Category:Fowk frae Lee Coonty, Illinois]] [[Category:Fowk frae the Greater Los Angeles Area]] [[Category:Fowk frae Whiteside Coonty, Illinois]] [[Category:Fowk o the Soviet war in Afghanistan]] [[Category:Presidential Medal o Freedom recipients]] [[Category:Preses o the Screen Actors Guild]] [[Category:Preses o the Unitit States]] [[Category:Reagan faimily|Ronald]] [[Category:Republican Pairty Preses o the Unitit States]] [[Category:Republican Pairty state govrenors o the Unitit States]] [[Category:Republican Pairty (Unitit States) presidential nominees]] [[Category:Ronald Reagan| ]] [[Category:Skin cancer survivors]] [[Category:Unitit States Airmy Air Forces afficers]] [[Category:Unitit States Airmy afficers]] [[Category:Unitit States presidential candidates, 1968]] [[Category:Unitit States presidential candidates, 1976]] [[Category:Unitit States presidential candidates, 1980]] [[Category:Unitit States presidential candidates, 1984]] [[Category:Warner Bros. contract players]] [[Category:Writers frae Californie]] [[Category:Writers frae Illinois]] ox7uqzhve6z07lfocil0wxhttztiz3e 0 57430 927034 819596 2026-11-08T22:22:18Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 927034 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name=Lezgian |nativename=лезги чІал ''lezgi č’al'' |ethnicity=[[Lezgins]] |pronunciation={{IPA-cau|lezɡi tʃʼal|}} |states=[[Roushie]] an [[Azerbaijan]],<br> spak in [[Georgie (kintra)|Georgie]],<br> [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]],<br> [[Turkey]], [[Turkmenistan]],<br> [[Ukraine]],<br> an [[Uzbekistan]] an aw |region=Soothren [[Dagestan]],<br> wastren [[Caspian Sea]] coast,<br> central [[Caucasus]] |speakers=790,000 |date=2007–2010 |ref=e17 |familycolor=Caucasian |fam1=[[Northeast Caucasian leids|Northeast Caucasian]] |fam2=[[Lezgic leids|Lezgic]] |fam3=[[Samur leids|Samur]] |fam4=Eastren Samur |fam5=Lezgi–Aghul–Tabasaran |iso2=lez|iso3=lez |notice=IPA |nation= {{flag|Dagestan}} }} '''Lezgian''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|ɛ|z|ɡ|i|ən}},<ref>Laurie Bauer, 2007, ''The Linguistics Student’s Handbook'', Edinburgh</ref> cried '''Lezgi''' or '''Lezgin''' an aw, is a [[Northeast Caucasian leids|Northeast Caucasian]] leid o the [[Lezgic leids|Lezgic]] branch, spak bi aboot 790,000 fowk. It is spak bi the [[Lezgins]], that bide in the sooth o [[Dagestan]] in [[Roushie]] an in the north o [[Azerbaijan]]. Lezgian is a leeterary leid an an [[offeecial leid|official leid]] o Dagestan. [[UNESCO]]'s Atlas o the Warld's Leids in Danger classes it as "vulnerable".<ref>[http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00206 UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]</ref> <!--UNESCO Endangered Language Criteria: 1. Vulnerable, 2. Definitely Endangered, 3. Severely Endangered, 4. Critically Endangered, 5. Extinct--> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Leids o Azerbaijan]] [[Category:Leids o Roushie]] [[Category:Leids o Georgie (kintra)]] [[Category:Leids o Kazakhstan]] [[Category:Leids o Uzbekistan]] [[Category:Leids o Turkey]] [[Category:Leids o Turkmenistan]] [[Category:Leids o Ukraine]] [[Category:Leids o Kyrgyzstan]] {{stub/Leid}} kzsot19wnrduxmjkcwv7g7075xs8t00 0 57936 927177 857537 2026-11-09T05:49:39Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 927177 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:MarieMyriam.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Marie Myriam in March 2007<br><small>Photo: Julien Reynaud</small>]] '''Marie Myriam''' (born '''Myriam Lopes''', [[8 Mey|Mey 8]], [[1957]], [[Luluabourg]]/Kananga, [[Belgian Congo]], nou [[Democratic Republic o the Congo]])<ref>[[:fr:Marie Myriam|Article on French Wikipedia]]</ref> is a [[France|French]] [[sangster]] o [[Portugal|Portuguese]] oreegins. She haes a dochter Laureen born in 1982 an a son Richard, born in 1990, assistant director an photographer<ref>{{Cite web|title=RICHARD ELMOS|url=https://rickelmos.com/|access-date=2021-12-20|website=RICHARD ELMOS|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220085415/https://rickelmos.com/|archive-date=2021-12-20|url-status=dead}}</ref>. Representin [[Fraunce]], she wan the [[Eurovision Sang Contest 1977|Eurovision Song Contest]] in 1977 wi ''[[L'oiseau et l'enfant]]'' ("The bird an the bairn") wi muisic bi [[Jean Paul Cara]] an wirds bi [[Joe Gracy]]. The [[single (muisic)|single]] reached #42 in the [[UK Singles Chart]] in Juin 1977.<ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums">{{cite book | first= David | last= Roberts | year= 2006 | title= British Hit Singles & Albums | edition= 19th | publisher= Guinness World Records Limited | location= London | isbn= 1-904994-10-5 | page= 385}}</ref> In 1981, Myriam representit Fraunce in the [[Yamaha Music Festival]] wi the sang "Sentimentale" an aw; she came in nint place. In recent years, she haes read oot the votes o the French Jury at the [[Eurovision Song Contest]]. She made an appearance at the 50t anniversary concert in [[Copenhagen]], [[Denmark]], October 2005 as a guest presenter an performer. The same year, Myriam wrote the introduction tae the French edition o ''The Eurovision Song Contest – The Official History'' bi [[John Kennedy O'Connor]].<ref>O'Connor, John Kennedy. ''[[Eurovision Song Contest]] – Le Livre Officiel Des 50 Ans. Succès Du Livre 2005''</ref> Myriam wis marriet tae muisic producer Michel Elmosnino frae the late 1970s till his daith at age 67 on 20 Dizember 2013.<ref>{{cite news | first=Yann | last=Messina | url=http://esctoday.com/73331/france-tragic-christmas-marie-myriam/ | title=France: Tragic Christmas for Marie Myriam | work=Esctoday.com | date=2013-01-05 | accessdate=2014-03-22 }}</ref> ==Discografie== Some o Marie Myriam singles an tracks: * "[[L'oiseau et l'enfant]]" * "Tout Est Pardonné" * "Sentimentale" * "[[Avril au Portugal]]" ("April in Portugal") * "Toda Menina Bahiana" * "Dis Moi Les Silences" ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{commonscat|Marie Myriam}} * [http://www.diggiloo.net/?1977fr L'oiseau et l'enfant lyric with English translation] * [http://www.bide-et-musique.com/artist/545.html Bide et Musique entry] * {{imdb name|id=1059038|name=Marie Myriam}} {{start box}} {{s-ach|aw}} {{succession box | before={{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Brotherhood of Man (baund)|Brotherhood of Man]]<br> wi "[[Save Your Kisses for Me]]" | title=Winner o the [[Eurovision Sang Contest]] | years=[[Eurovision Song Contest 1977|1977]] | after={{flagicon|Israel}} [[Izhar Cohen]] & the [[Alphabeta]]<br> wi "[[A-Ba-Ni-Bi]]"}} {{succession box | before=[[Catherine Ferry (sangster)|Catherine Ferry]]<br> with "[[Un, deux, trois]]" | title=[[Fraunce in the Eurovision Sang Contest]] | years=[[Eurovision Sang Contest 1977|1977]] | after=[[Joël Prévost]]<br> wi "[[Il y aura toujours des violons]]" |}} {{end box}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Myriam, Marie}} [[Category:1957 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Kananga]] [[Category:French fowk o Portuguese strynd]] [[Category:French female sangsters]] [[Category:Eurovision Sang Contest winners]] [[Category:French Eurovision Sang Contest entrants]] [[Category:Eurovision Sang Contest entrants o 1977]] 8g1yyh9cnusea1zikv2vi1uvvafuang 0 58352 926850 870662 2026-11-08T18:55:08Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 926850 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Italian comune | name = Cantello | official_name = Comune di Cantello | native_name = | image_skyline = Cantello.jpg | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | image_map = Map of comune of Cantello (province of Varese, region Lombardy, Italy).svg | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | coordinates = {{coord|45|49|N|8|53|E|type:city(4,409)_region:IT|display=inline}} | coordinates_footnotes = | region = [[Lombardy]] | province = [[Province o Varese]] (VA) | frazioni = Gaggiolo, [[Ligurno]] | mayor_party = | mayor = | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 9.1 | population_footnotes = | population_total = 4409 | population_as_of = Dec. 2004 | pop_density_footnotes = | population_demonym = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 404 | twin1 = | twin1_country = | saint = | day = | postal_code = 21050 | area_code = 0332 | website = {{official website|http://www.comune.cantello.va.it}} | footnotes = }} '''Cantello''' is a ''[[comune]]'' (municipality) in the [[Province o Varese]] in the [[Italy|Italian]] region [[Lombardy]], locatit aboot 45&nbsp;km northwast o [[Milan]] an aboot 4&nbsp;km east o [[Varese]], on the border wi Swisserland. As o 31 Dizember 2004, it haed a population o 4,409 an a aurie o 9.1&nbsp;km².<ref name="istat">All demographics and other statistics: Italian statistical institute [[National Institute of Statistics (Italy)|Istat]].</ref> The municipality o Cantello contains the ''[[frazione|frazioni]]'' (subdiveesions, mainly veelages an hamlets) Gaggiolo an [[Ligurno]]. Cantello borders the follaein municipalities: [[Arcisate]], [[Cagno]], [[Clivio]], [[Malnate]], [[Rodero]], [[Stabio]] (Swisserland), [[Varese]], [[Viggiù]]. == Demographic evolution == <timeline> Colors= id:lightgrey value:gray(0.9) id:darkgrey value:gray(0.8) id:sfondo value:rgb(1,1,1) id:barra value:rgb(0.6,0.7,0.8) ImageSize = width:455 height:303 PlotArea = left:50 bottom:50 top:30 right:30 DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:5000 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical AlignBars = justify ScaleMajor = gridcolor:darkgrey increment:1000 start:0 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:200 start:0 BackgroundColors = canvas:sfondo BarData= bar:1861 text:1861 bar:1871 text:1871 bar:1881 text:1881 bar:1901 text:1901 bar:1911 text:1911 bar:1921 text:1921 bar:1931 text:1931 bar:1936 text:1936 bar:1951 text:1951 bar:1961 text:1961 bar:1971 text:1971 bar:1981 text:1981 bar:1991 text:1991 bar:2001 text:2001 PlotData= color:barra width:20 align:left bar:1861 from: 0 till:1879 bar:1871 from: 0 till:2018 bar:1881 from: 0 till:2212 bar:1901 from: 0 till:2476 bar:1911 from: 0 till:2750 bar:1921 from: 0 till:2725 bar:1931 from: 0 till:2523 bar:1936 from: 0 till:2475 bar:1951 from: 0 till:2692 bar:1961 from: 0 till:3331 bar:1971 from: 0 till:4001 bar:1981 from: 0 till:3954 bar:1991 from: 0 till:3932 bar:2001 from: 0 till:4244 PlotData= bar:1861 at:1879 fontsize:XS text: 1879 shift:(-8,5) bar:1871 at:2018 fontsize:XS text: 2018 shift:(-8,5) bar:1881 at:2212 fontsize:XS text: 2212 shift:(-8,5) bar:1901 at:2476 fontsize:XS text: 2476 shift:(-8,5) bar:1911 at:2750 fontsize:XS text: 2750 shift:(-8,5) bar:1921 at:2725 fontsize:XS text: 2725 shift:(-8,5) bar:1931 at:2523 fontsize:XS text: 2523 shift:(-8,5) bar:1936 at:2475 fontsize:XS text: 2475 shift:(-8,5) bar:1951 at:2692 fontsize:XS text: 2692 shift:(-8,5) bar:1961 at:3331 fontsize:XS text: 3331 shift:(-8,5) bar:1971 at:4001 fontsize:XS text: 4001 shift:(-8,5) bar:1981 at:3954 fontsize:XS text: 3954 shift:(-8,5) bar:1991 at:3932 fontsize:XS text: 3932 shift:(-8,5) bar:2001 at:4244 fontsize:XS text: 4244 shift:(-8,5) TextData= fontsize:S pos:(20,20) text:Data from ISTAT </timeline> ==References== <references/> ==Freemit airtins== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220404030320/https://www.comune.cantello.va.it/ www.comune.cantello.va.it] {{clear}} {{Province o Varese}} 7jg7zq75s5ulp1r80hnq0ypb60td0td 0 58526 927031 818565 2026-11-08T22:20:55Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; soorce addit 927031 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name=Kapampangan |pronunciation = {{IPA-xx|ˌkapamˈpaŋan|}} |states=[[Philippines]] |region=[[Central Luzon]] |ethnicity=[[Kapampangan fowk]] |speakers=1.9 million |date=1990 census |ref=e17 |speakers2=6t maist-spak native<br> leid in the Philippines<ref>Philippine Census, 2000. Table 11. Household Population by Ethnicity, Sex and Region: 2000</ref> |familycolor=Austronesian |fam2=[[Malayo-Polynesie leids|Malayo-Polynesie]] |fam3=[[Philippine leids|Philippine]] |fam4=Northren Philippine |fam5=Central Luzon |script=[[Laitin script|Laitin]] (Kapampangan<br> or Spainyie alphabet);<br>Historically written in: ''Kulitan(forby <br> kent as Matuang Kudlitan,<br> Pamagkulit or Súlat Kapampángan)'' |dialects= |dia1=[[Pampanga]] |dia2=Tarlac |nation=Regional leid in the [[Philippines]] |agency=Commission on the Filipino Leid |iso2=pam|iso3=pam |image = Amanung Sisuan in Kulitan.svg |imagecaption = ''Amánung Sísuan'' (''Kapampangan'') <br />in Kapampangan script |imagesize = 250px |imageheader = |nativename = Amánung Sísuan}} '''Kapampangan''' ({{lang|pam|Amánung Sísuan}}) is an [[Austronesian leids|Austronesian leid]] spak in the [[Philippines]] bi aboot 1.9 million fowk, an ane o the main [[leids o the Philippines]]. It is the leid o the province o [[Pampanga]], the sooth hauf o the province o Tarlac an the north pairt o the province o Bataan. Kapampangan is unnerstuid in some barangays o Bulacan an Nueva Ecija, an bi the Aitas or Aeta o Zambales an aw.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kapampangan |work=Ethnologue: Languages of the World |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pam |editor-last=Eberhard |editor-first=David M. |editor-last2=Simons|editor-first2=Gary F. |editor-last3=Fennig|editor-first3=Charles D. |date=2021|publisher=SIL International |location=Dallas, Texas|edition=24th|access-date=2 September 2021|url-access=subscription |url-status=deviated |archive-date=2021-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922213700/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pam}}</ref> The nem is spelt ''Capampañgan'' an aw, an the leid is cried ''Pampango'' an aw. In Kapampangan it is cried ''Amánung Sísuan'', meanin "the mither leid". ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kapampangan Leid}} [[Category:Philippine leids]] {{stub/Leid}} f1nve3gn2t4pvln50lrplx4m5n5fv6u 0 58561 927183 636830 2026-11-09T06:55:47Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 927183 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Italian comune | name = Mornago | official_name = Comune di Mornago | native_name = | image_skyline = | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | image_map = Map of comune of Mornago (province of Varese, region Lombardy, Italy).svg | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | coordinates = {{coord|45|45|N|8|45|E|type:city(4,443)_region:IT|display=inline}} | coordinates_footnotes = | region = [[Lombardy]] | province = [[Province o Varese]] (VA) | frazioni = Crugnola Montonate Vinago | mayor_party = | mayor = | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 12.3 | population_footnotes = | population_total = 4443 | population_as_of = Dec. 2004 | pop_density_footnotes = | population_demonym = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | twin1 = | twin1_country = | saint = | day = | postal_code = 21020 | area_code = 0331 | website = {{official website|http://www.comune.mornago.va.it}} | footnotes = }} '''Mornago''' is a ''[[comune]]'' (municipality) in the [[Province o Varese]], in the [[Italy|Italian]] region o [[Lombardy]]. It is locatit aboot 45&nbsp;km northwast o [[Milan]] an aboot 10&nbsp;km soothwast o [[Varese]]. As o 31 Dizember 2004, it haed a population o 4,443 an a aurie o 12.3&nbsp;km².<ref name="istat">All demographics and other statistics: Italian statistical institute [[National Institute of Statistics (Italy)|Istat]].</ref> The municipality o Mornago contains the ''[[frazione]]'' (subdiveesion) o Crugnola Montonate Vinago. Mornago borders the follaein municipalities: [[Arsago Seprio]], [[Besnate]], [[Casale Litta]], [[Crosio della Valle]], [[Sumirago]], [[Vergiate]]. == Demographic evolution == <timeline> Colors= id:lightgrey value:gray(0.9) id:darkgrey value:gray(0.8) id:sfondo value:rgb(1,1,1) id:barra value:rgb(0.6,0.7,0.8) ImageSize = width:455 height:303 PlotArea = left:50 bottom:50 top:30 right:30 DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:5000 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical AlignBars = justify ScaleMajor = gridcolor:darkgrey increment:1000 start:0 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:200 start:0 BackgroundColors = canvas:sfondo BarData= bar:1861 text:1861 bar:1871 text:1871 bar:1881 text:1881 bar:1901 text:1901 bar:1911 text:1911 bar:1921 text:1921 bar:1931 text:1931 bar:1936 text:1936 bar:1951 text:1951 bar:1961 text:1961 bar:1971 text:1971 bar:1981 text:1981 bar:1991 text:1991 bar:2001 text:2001 PlotData= color:barra width:20 align:left bar:1861 from: 0 till:1665 bar:1871 from: 0 till:1871 bar:1881 from: 0 till:1913 bar:1901 from: 0 till:2040 bar:1911 from: 0 till:2018 bar:1921 from: 0 till:2054 bar:1931 from: 0 till:1889 bar:1936 from: 0 till:1820 bar:1951 from: 0 till:2179 bar:1961 from: 0 till:2492 bar:1971 from: 0 till:3149 bar:1981 from: 0 till:3485 bar:1991 from: 0 till:3556 bar:2001 from: 0 till:4163 PlotData= bar:1861 at:1665 fontsize:XS text: 1665 shift:(-8,5) bar:1871 at:1871 fontsize:XS text: 1871 shift:(-8,5) bar:1881 at:1913 fontsize:XS text: 1913 shift:(-8,5) bar:1901 at:2040 fontsize:XS text: 2040 shift:(-8,5) bar:1911 at:2018 fontsize:XS text: 2018 shift:(-8,5) bar:1921 at:2054 fontsize:XS text: 2054 shift:(-8,5) bar:1931 at:1889 fontsize:XS text: 1889 shift:(-8,5) bar:1936 at:1820 fontsize:XS text: 1820 shift:(-8,5) bar:1951 at:2179 fontsize:XS text: 2179 shift:(-8,5) bar:1961 at:2492 fontsize:XS text: 2492 shift:(-8,5) bar:1971 at:3149 fontsize:XS text: 3149 shift:(-8,5) bar:1981 at:3485 fontsize:XS text: 3485 shift:(-8,5) bar:1991 at:3556 fontsize:XS text: 3556 shift:(-8,5) bar:2001 at:4163 fontsize:XS text: 4163 shift:(-8,5) TextData= fontsize:S pos:(20,20) text:Data from ISTAT </timeline> ==References== <references/> ==Freemit airtins== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080705083651/http://www.comune.mornago.va.it/ www.comune.mornago.va.it] {{clear}} {{Province o Varese}} gvep4qfxp8sej9sceldc9abqmat0cl7 0 58895 927028 924623 2026-11-08T22:19:18Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 927028 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name=Abkhaz |nativename={{unicode|Аҧсуа бызшәа; аҧсшәа}} |states=''[[Abkhazia]]'' <br><small>(Pairtially recognized state)</small><br> (Georgia), [[Turkey]], [[Roushie]] |speakers={{sigfig|113000|2}} |date=1993 |ref=e17 |familycolor=Caucasian |fam1=[[Northwast Caucasian leids|Northwast Caucasian]] |fam2=Abazgi |dia1=Abzhywa |dia2=Bzyb |dia3=Sadz |nation=''{{flagcountry|Abkhazie}}''{{efn|name=Abkhazia-note|{{Abkhazia-note}}}}<br />{{flagcountry|Georgie}} <br><small>(on the territory o<br> the [[Autonomous Republic o Abkhazie]])</small> |script=[[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] ([[Abkhaz alphabet]]) |iso1=ab|iso2=abk|iso3=abk }} '''Abkhaz''' (whiles spelt ''Abxaz''; {{IPAc-en|æ|p|ˈ|h|ɑː|z}};<ref>Laurie Bauer, 2007, ''The Linguistics Student’s Handbook'', Edinburgh</ref> {{lang|ab|Аҧсуа бызшәа}}) is a [[Northwast Caucasian leids|Northwast Caucasian]] leid spak maistly bi the Abkhaz fowk. It is the official leid o [[Abkhazie]],{{efn|name=Abkhazia-note}} whaur aboot 100,000 fowk spik it. It is spak an aw bi thoosands o members o the Abkhaz diaspora in [[Turkey]], in the autonomous republic o [[Adjara]] in [[Georgie (kintra)|Georgie]], in [[Sirie]] an [[Jordan]], an in several wastren kintras. Accordin tae the 2002 census, thare ar 9,447 spikkers o Abkhaz in [[Roushie]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/English/4-4.xls|title=Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года, 4.4 Spreading of knowledge of languages (except Russian)|access-date=2013-09-12|archive-date=2011-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609203844/http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/English/4-4.xls|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Notes== <references group="lower-alpha"/> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Abkhaz Leid}} [[Category:Agglutinative leids]] [[Category:Subject–object–verb leids]] ot33jz7lynhdeovipq0hw4p2gxjn5in 0 59189 927036 819767 2026-11-08T22:22:40Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; soorce addit 927036 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name=Oromo |nativename=Afaan Oromo<br>Oromiffa(a) |states= [[Ethiopie]], [[Kenyae]], [[Somalie]] |region= |ethnicity= Oromos |speakers = 25 million<!--to nearest 5M. source has 24.1M--> |date = 2007 |ref = <ref>Nationalencyklopedin "Världens 100 största språk 2007" The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007</ref> |familycolor=Afroasiatic |fam2=[[Cushitic leids|Cushitic]] |fam3=Lawland East |script= Laitin Qubee,<br> umwhile<br> Ethiopic syllabary an aw |iso1=om|iso2=orm|iso3=orm |lc1=gax|ld1=Borana–Arsi–Guji–<br>Walagaa Oromo |lc2=hae|ld2=Eastren Oromo |lc3=orc|ld3=Orma |lc4=gaz|ld4=Wast Central Oromo |notice=IPA}} '''Oromo''' (pron. {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɒr|əm|oʊ}}<ref>Laurie Bauer, 2007, ''The Linguistics Student’s Handbook'', Edinburgh</ref> or {{IPAc-en|ɔː|ˈ|r|oʊ|m|oʊ}}<ref>'''Dictionary Reference''': [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Oromo Oromo]</ref><ref>'''The Free Dictionary''': [http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Oromo Oromo]</ref>) is a [[Cushitic leids|Cushitic]] leid o the [[Afro-Asiatic leids|Afro-Asiatic]] faimily, spak in [[Ethiopie]] an [[Kenyae]] bi mair nor 20 million fowk. It is the maist braidly spak leid o the Cushitic branch, an the leid wi the maist spikkers in Ethiopie. It is the first leid o the [[Oromo fowk|Oromo]] an neebourin fowks in Ethiopie an pairts o northren Kenyae, an a lingua franca in the Oromia region o Ethiopie an in the north-east o Kenyae.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bulcha |first=Merkuria |date=1997 |title=The Politics of Linguistic Homogenization in Ethiopia and the Conflict over the Status of Afaan Oromoo |journal=African Affairs |volume=96 |issue=384 |pages=325–352 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a007852 |jstor=723182}}</ref> Some linguists see Oromo as a [[dialect continuum]], syne no aw its varieties ar [[mutually intelligible]]. It haes at least fower varieties: Borana–Arsi–Guji Oromo (ISO code gax), Eastren Oromo (cried Qottu an aw; ISO code hae), Orma (ISO code orc) an Wast Central Oromo (ISO code gaz). Aulder publications aften caw the leid ''Galla'', a term that is thocht o as pejorative an is nae langer uised. The lingueestic relationships atween some o thir Oromo leids hae been explained bi Kebede Hordofa Janko.<ref>2012. ''Towards the Genetic Classification of the Afaan Oromoo Dialects.'' (Cushitic and Omotic Languages Volume 2.) Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Oromo Leid}} [[Category:Afro-Asiatic leids]] [[Category:Leids o Africae]] [[Category:Leids o Kenyae]] {{stub/Leid}} s685bl20toghlp2q9kvd45w0dn4xz7m 0 59193 927035 815823 2026-11-08T22:22:29Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; full soorce addit 927035 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Quechuan |altname = Kechua |nativename = ''Qhichwa simi''<br>''Runa simi'' |region = Central [[Andes]] |states = [[Peru]], [[Bolivie]],<br> [[Colombie]], [[Ecuador]],<br> [[Chile]], an [[Argentinae]] |ethnicity = [[Quechuas]] |speakers = 8.9 million |date = 2007 |ref = <ref>Nationalencyklopedin "Världens 100 största språk 2007" The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007</ref> |familycolor = American |fam1 = Quechumaran? |dia1=''Quechua I''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ancash<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Huánuco<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yaru<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Wanka<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yauyos–Chincha |dia2=''Quechua II''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Northren Peruvian<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Northern<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Kichwa]] (Ecuador)<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Lawland Peruvian<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Soothren Quechua|Southern]] |script = [[Laitin script|Laitin]] |nation = {{flag|Peru}}<br> {{flag|Bolivie}}<br> {{flag|Ecuador}} |iso1 = qu |iso2 = que, qwe |iso3 = que |map = Quechuan langs map.svg |notice=IPA }} '''Quechuan''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɛ|tʃ|w|ə|n}}, an aw kent as '''''runa simi''''' ("fowk's leid"), is a [[leid faimily]] o indigenous Sooth American leids, spak maistly in the [[Andes]] in [[Peru]], [[Bolivie]], [[Ecuador]], [[Colombie]], [[Chile]] an [[Argentinae]], that come frae a common forebear leid. It is the maist braidly spak leid faimily o the indigenous fowks o the Americas, wi aboot 8 tae 10 million speakers aw thegither.<ref name=adelaar167>Adelaar 2004, pp. 167–168, 255.</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} === Soorces === * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UiwaUY6KsY8C&pg=PA179|title=The Languages of the Andes|isbn=978-1-139-45112-3|last1=Adelaar|first1=Willem F. H|author-link=Willem Adelaar|date=2004-06-10|publisher=Cambridge University Press|access-date=2016-01-05|archive-date=2024-05-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526071114/https://books.google.com/books?id=UiwaUY6KsY8C&pg=PA179#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Quechua Leid}} [[Category:Agglutinative leids]] [[Category:Subject–object–verb leids]] {{stub/Leid}} kr8h2obqsdmtorx6flijv3dr9i1yd23 0 59415 927274 917022 2026-11-09T10:59:33Z Monospaced 75295 Remove Fix Scots; cup record updatit, soorces addit 927274 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox fitbaw club | clubname = FC Sion | image = | fullname = FC Sion | current = 2013–14 FC Sion saison | founded = 1909 | ground = [[Stade Tourbillon]], [[Sion, Switzerland|Sion]] | capacity = 14,500 | chairman = Christian Constantin | manager = Didier Tholot | league = [[Swiss Super League]] | season = 2025–26 | position = Swiss Super League, 4t | pattern_la1 = __redborder|pattern_b1=__redhorizontal|pattern_ra1=__redborder|pattern_sh1=_trih06 | leftarm1 = FFFFFF|body1=FFFFFF|rightarm1=FFFFFF|shorts1=FFFFFF|socks1=FFFFFF | pattern_la2 = _whiteborder|pattern_b2=_whitehorizontal|pattern_ra2=_whiteborder | leftarm2 = FF0000|body2=FF0000|rightarm2=FF0000|shorts2=FF0000|socks2=FF0000 }} '''FC Sion''' is a [[Swisserland|Swiss]] [[Association fitbaw|fitbaw]] club frae the ceety o [[Sion, Switzerland|Sion]]. The club wis foondit in 1909,<ref name=Officialwebsite>{{cite web |url=http://www.fc-sion-live.ch/index.php?pageID=407d0e2e4baada7b96de4fb7f5af3a05 |title=FC Sion Official Club History (French) |access-date=13 September 2011 |publisher=FC Sion |archive-date=7 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107011004/http://www.fc-sion-live.ch/index.php?pageID=407d0e2e4baada7b96de4fb7f5af3a05 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> an plays its hame gemmes at the [[Stade Tourbillon]]. It plays in the [[Swiss Super League]], the tap tier o Swiss fitbaw. It haes wan the Swiss league twice, an the [[Swiss Cup]] 13 times. It wan the cup in ilka ane o its first 13 finals, a rin that [[FC Basel|Basel]] endit in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/soccer/2017/05/25/basel-ends-sions-50-year-streak-of-13-swiss-cup-final-wins/102147294/|title=Basel ends Sion's 50-year streak of 13 Swiss Cup final wins|website=USA Today|date=25 May 2017|access-date=25 May 2020|archive-date=30 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830015132/https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/soccer/2017/05/25/basel-ends-sions-50-year-streak-of-13-swiss-cup-final-wins/102147294/|url-status=live}}</ref> The first team is kent as '''Olympique des Alpes SA''' an aw, as the [[Swiss Football League]] (the tap twa levels) needs its clubs tae be run as companies. == References == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sion}} [[Category:FC Sion| ]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Swisserland]] [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1909]] [[Category:Valais]] [[Category:Sion, Swisserland]] [[Category:1909 establishments in Swisserland]] {{stub/Sport}} {{stub/Swisserland}} 0e5g6fzjb7utxk4wpzdam7wgxdy35ta 10 61631 926744 925279 2026-11-08T16:31:33Z Monospaced 75295 Newsins brocht up tae date: Kraków, Paraguay, US midterms, Formula Ane, Douglas Stuart up for the Booker; recent daiths; PHP an the Pape's encyclical taen aff 926744 wikitext text/x-wiki {{In the news/image | image = File:Douglas Stuart (2021) - 2.png | width = | caption = Douglas Stuart | title = | link = | border = | caption align = left }} *<!--Nov 7--> Sax fowk are killed an 15 hurtit in a mass shootin in the Main Square o [[Kraków]], [[Poland]]. *<!--Nov 5--> The Preses o [[Paraguay]], Santiago Peña, is impeached, arrestit an replaced bi his Vice Preses, Pedro Alliana, in a bankin crisis. *<!--Nov 3--> In the [[Unitit States]], the [[Democratic Pairty (Unitit States)|Democratic Pairty]] wins a majority in baith the [[Unitit States Hoose o Representatives|Hoose o Representatives]] an the [[Unitit States Senate|Senate]] in the midterm elections. *<!--Nov 1--> Kimi Antonelli becomes the youngest ever winner o the [[Formula Ane]] Warld Championship. *<!--Sep 22--> The Scots writer [[Douglas Stuart]] ''(picturt)'', that wan in 2020, is up for the [[Booker Prize]] a seicont time, wi ''John of John''. The winner is tae be named on 9 November. *<!--Sep 15--> The first meenisters o [[Scotland]], [[Wales]] an [[Northren Ireland]], [[John Swinney]], [[Rhun ap Iorwerth]] an [[Michelle O'Neill]] respeckiv, meet in [[Cardiff]] tae '''[[2026 Cardiff Agreement|sign a Memorandum o Unnerstaunin]]''' tae assert the richt tae sel-determination as weel as wirk thegither on shared pairty policies. {{In the news/footer |nocurrenteventslink = {{{nocurrenteventslink|}}} |currentevents = *<!--1970 til nou--> [[Climate crisis]] *<!--2026 til nou--> [[US]]-[[Iran]] War *<!--2023 til nou--> [[Gaza-Israel War]] *<!--2023 til nou--> [[Sudan]]ese Civil War *<!--2023 til nou--> [[Kivu]] War *<!--2014 til nou--> [[Russo-Ukrainian War]] |recentdeaths = <!-- "Recent deaths" gangs here. Uise * wiki list format. Aye stert on a new line an end wi a linebreak. Dinnae leave a blank line atween items. --> *<!--Oct 28--> [[Patrick Stewart]], Inglis actor *<!--Oct 22--> [[Yasuo Fukuda]], Japanese politeecian, Prime Meenister o Japan (2007–2008) }} <noinclude> {{active editnotice}} {{documentation}} </noinclude> sbx336ecnoj14wrrur3stfngms0b59c 926762 926744 2026-11-08T16:51:48Z Monospaced 75295 Spellin 926762 wikitext text/x-wiki {{In the news/image | image = File:Douglas Stuart (2021) - 2.png | width = | caption = Douglas Stuart | title = | link = | border = | caption align = left }} *<!--Nov 7--> Sax fowk are killed an 15 hurtit in a mass shootin in the Main Square o [[Kraków]], [[Poland]]. *<!--Nov 5--> The Preses o [[Paraguay]], Santiago Peña, is impeached, arrestit an replaced bi his Vice Preses, Pedro Alliana, in a bankin crisis. *<!--Nov 3--> In the [[Unitit States]], the [[Democratic Pairty (Unitit States)|Democratic Pairty]] wins a majority in baith the [[Unitit States Hoose o Representatives|Hoose o Representatives]] an the [[Unitit States Senate|Senate]] in the midterm elections. *<!--Nov 1--> Kimi Antonelli becomes the youngest ever winner o the [[Formula Ane]] Warld Championship. *<!--Sep 22--> The Scots writer [[Douglas Stuart]] ''(picturt)'', that wan in 2020, is up for the [[Booker Prize]] a seicont time, wi ''John of John''. The winner is tae be named on 9 November. *<!--Sep 15--> The first meenisters o [[Scotland]], [[Wales]] an [[Northren Ireland]], [[John Swinney]], [[Rhun ap Iorwerth]] an [[Michelle O'Neill]] respeckiv, meet in [[Cardiff]] tae '''[[2026 Cardiff Agreement|sign a Memorandum o Unnerstaunin]]''' tae assert the richt tae sel-determination as weel as wirk thegither on shared pairty policies. {{In the news/footer |nocurrenteventslink = {{{nocurrenteventslink|}}} |currentevents = *<!--1970 til nou--> [[Climate crisis]] *<!--2026 til nou--> [[US]]-[[Iran]] War *<!--2023 til nou--> [[Gaza-Israel War]] *<!--2023 til nou--> [[Sudan]]ese Civil War *<!--2023 til nou--> [[Kivu]] War *<!--2014 til nou--> [[Russo-Ukrainian War]] |recentdeaths = <!-- "Recent deaths" gangs here. Uise * wiki list format. Aye stert on a new line an end wi a linebreak. Dinnae leave a blank line atween items. --> *<!--Oct 28--> [[Patrick Stewart]], Inglis actor *<!--Oct 22--> [[Yasuo Fukuda]], Japanese politician, Prime Meenister o Japan (2007–2008) }} <noinclude> {{active editnotice}} {{documentation}} </noinclude> d5tizcvvwf6uvfezh5xn3mwrylxxevk 0 64902 927072 904366 2026-11-08T22:34:11Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 927072 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:AKG Perception 120 USB condenser microphone with SH 100 shock mount.jpg|thumb|right|An AKG Perception 120 USB condenser microphone wi shock munt]] A '''microphone''' (colloquially cried a '''mic''' or '''mike'''; baith pronoonced {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|aɪ|k}})<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/01/magazine/01-onlanguage-t.html?_r=1|title=How Should 'Microphone' be Abbreviated?|last=Zimmer|first=Ben|date=29 July 2010|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=10 September 2010}}</ref> is an acoustic-tae-electric [[transducer]] or [[sensor]] that converts [[soond]] intae an [[Seegnal|electrical signal]]. Microphones are uised in monie things, sic as [[telephone]]s, [[tape recorder]]s, [[karaoke]] systems, [[hearin aid]]s, [[motion pictur|film]] production, live an recordit [[audio ingineerin|audio engineerin]], FRS radios, [[megaphone]]s, in [[radio]] an [[televeesion|telly]] broadcastin an in computers for recordin vyce, [[speech recogneetion|speech recognition]], [[Vyce ower IP|VoIP]], an for non-acoustic purposes sic as ultrasonic checkin or knock sensors. Maist microphones the day uise [[electromagnetic induction]] (dynamic microphone), capacitance chynge (condenser microphone), [[piezoelectricity|piezoelectric]] generation, or licht modulation tae produce an electrical voltage signal frae mechanical vibration. == Polar patterns == Microphone polar sensitivity. Microphone is parallel tae the page facin upwarts in ilka diagram. <gallery widths="100px" heights="100px"> Image:Polar pattern omnidirectional.svg|<center>Omnidirectional</center> Image:Polar pattern subcardioid.svg|<center>Subcardioid</center> Image:Polar pattern cardioid.svg|<center>Cardioid</center> Image:Polar pattern supercardioid.svg|<center>Supercardioid</center> Image:Polar pattern hypercardioid.svg|<center>Hypercardioid</center> Image:Polar pattern figure eight.svg|<center>Bi-directional or Figure of 8</center> Image:Polar pattern directional.svg|<center>Lobar</center> </gallery> === Cardioid, hypercardioid, supercardioid, subcardioid === Bi combinin the twa components in different ratios, ony pattern atween omni an figure-8 can be got; thegither they mak up the first-order cardioid faimily. Common shapes include: * A hyper-cardioid microphone is similar tae cardioid, but wi a wee bit bigger figure-8 component, sae it haes a tichter area o front sensitivity an a smaer lobe o rear sensitivity. It is produced bi combinin the twa components in a 3:1 ratio, makin nulls at 109.5°. This ratio maximises the directivity factor (or directivity index).<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=On the Design and Implementation of Higher Order Differential Microphones – IEEE Journals & Magazine|issue=1|pages=162–174|journal=IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing|volume=20|language=en-US|doi=10.1109/TASL.2011.2159204|date=January 2012|last1=Sena|first1=E. De|last2=Hacihabiboglu|first2=H.|last3=Cvetkovic|first3=Z.|s2cid=206602089}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tym4kKVPfaAC|title=Study and Design of Differential Microphone Arrays|last1=Benesty|first1=Jacob|last2=Jingdong|first2=Chen|date=2012-10-23|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9783642337529|language=en}}</ref> * A super-cardioid microphone is similar tae a hyper-cardioid, but thare is mair front pickup an less rear pickup. It is produced wi aboot a 5:3 ratio, wi nulls at 126.9°. This ratio maximises the front-back ratio; the energy ratio atween front an rear radiation.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> * The sub-cardioid microphone haes nae null points. It is produced wi aboot a 7:3 ratio, wi 3–10 db level atween the front an back pickup.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uaudio.com/webzine/2005/december/text/content2.html |title=Ask the Doctors: The Physics of Mid-Side (MS) Miking |author=Dave Berners |publisher=Universal Audio |work=Universal Audio WebZine |date=December 2005 |access-date=2013-07-30 |archive-date=2013-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130709172832/http://www.uaudio.com/webzine/2005/december/text/content2.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Three sic cardioid microphones/hydrophones coud be orthogonally orientit as a collocated triad tae improve the gain an create a steerable beampattern.<ref name="WongKT0218">{{cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=Kainam |last2=Nnonyelu |first2=Chibuzo |last3=Wu |first3=Yue |title=A Triad of Cardioid Sensors in Orthogonal Orientation and Spatial Collocation – Its Spatial-Matched-Filter-Type Beam-Pattern |journal=IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing |date=February 2018 |volume=66 |issue=4 |pages=895–906 |doi=10.1109/TSP.2017.2773419 |bibcode=2018ITSP...66..895W |s2cid=3298960 |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8106745 |access-date=1 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nnonyelu |first1=Chibuzo |last2=Wong |first2=Kainam |last3=Wu |first3=Yue |title=Cardioid microphones/hydrophones in a collocated and orthogonal triad—A steerable beamformer with no beam-pointing error |journal=The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America |date=January 2019 |volume=145 |issue=1 |pages=575–588 |doi=10.1121/1.5087697 |pmid=30710946 |bibcode=2019ASAJ..145..575N |s2cid=73422758 |url=https://asa.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1121/1.5087697 |access-date=1 February 2021 |archive-date=2021-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106185705/https://asa.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1121/1.5087697 |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{commons}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Microphones| ]] [[Category:Computin input devices]] [[Category:History o televeesion]] [[Category:Soond recordin]] bv8s34g3z8rv7y2s0k1gw26t67gibfl 0 65017 926924 922630 2026-11-08T21:11:04Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; pouers, election, term limit an succession addit, table tidied, soorced 926924 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox political post |post = Preses |body = the<br/>Unitit States |flag = Seal Of The President Of The United States Of America.svg |flagsize = 110px |flagcaption = Presidential Seal |insignia = Flag of the President of the United States.svg |insigniasize = 120px |insigniacaption = Presidential Standart | image = January 2025 Official Presidential Portrait of Donald J. Trump.jpg | incumbent = [[Donald Trump]] |incumbentsince = {{start date |2025|01|20}} |department = [[Federal govrenment o the Unitit States#Executive branch|Executive branch o the U.S. Govrenment]]<br/>[[Executive Office o the Preses o the Unitit States|Executive Office o the Preses]] |style = Mr. Preses/Madam Preses<br><small>(Informal)</small><ref>{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D06E3D9143AE533A25751C0A96E9C94609ED7CF|title=How To Address The President; He Is Not Your Excellency Or Your Honor, But Mr. President|date=August 2, 1891|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usgs.gov/usgs-manual/handbook/hb/431-2-h/chap4.html|title=USGS Correspondence Handbook - Chapter 4|publisher=Usgs.gov|date=2007-07-18|accessdate=2012-11-15|archive-date=2012-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926000950/http://www.usgs.gov/usgs-manual/handbook/hb/431-2-h/chap4.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><br>The Honorable<br><small>(Formal)</small><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ita.doc.gov/ita_sec/Address%20and%20Salutation.htm|title=Models of Address and Salutation|publisher=Ita.doc.gov|accessdate=September 4, 2010|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225203123/http://www.ita.doc.gov/ita_sec/Address%20and%20Salutation.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><br>His Excellency<ref>[http://www.un.int/protocol/documents/Hspmfm.pdf HEADS OF STATE, HEADS OF GOVERNMENT, MINISTERS FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019094902/http://www.un.int/protocol/documents/Hspmfm.pdf |date=2013-10-19 }}, Protocol and Liaison Service, [[Unitit Naitions]]. Retrieved on November 1, 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Remarks by President Obama, President Mubarak, His Majesty King Abdullah, Prime Minister Netanyahu and President Abbas Before Working Dinner|url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2010/09/01/remarks-president-obama-president-mubarak-his-majesty-king-abdullah-prim|work=WhiteHouse.gov|accessdate=July 19, 2011|author=The White House Office of the Press Secretary|date=September 1, 2010|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225203118/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2010/09/01/remarks-president-obama-president-mubarak-his-majesty-king-abdullah-prim|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Exchange of Letters|url=http://www.un.int/wcm/content/site/palestine/cache/offonce/pid/12020|publisher=Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the United Nations|accessdate=July 19, 2011|date=September 1978|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225203120/https://www.un.int/wcm/content/site/palestine/cache/offonce/pid/12020|url-status=dead}}</ref><br><small>(diplomatic, ootside the U.S.)</small> |member_of = [[Unitit States Cabinet|Cabinet]]<br/>[[Unitit States Domestic Policy Cooncil|Domestic Policy Cooncil]]<br/>[[Unitit States Naitional Economic Cooncil|Naitional Economic Cooncil]]<br/>[[Unitit States Naitional Security Cooncil|Naitional Security Cooncil]] |residence = [[White Hoose|The White Hoose]] |seat = [[Washington, D.C.]] |appointer = [[Electoral College (Unitit States)|Electoral College]] |termlength = Fower years |termlength_qualified = renewable ance |constituting_instrument = [[Unitit States Constitution]] |formation = March 4, 1789 |first = [[George Washington]]<br/>Aprile 30, 1789 |salary = $400,000 annually <small>(2001-)</small> |website = [http://www.whitehouse.gov/ The White Hoose] |nativename=President of the United States}} The '''Preses o the Unitit States o Americae''' ('''POTUS''')<ref>Safire, William, [http://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/12/magazine/on-language-potus-and-flotus.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm "On language: POTUS and FLOTUS," New York Times, October 12, 1997]. Retrieved January 8, 2012.</ref> is the [[heid o state]] an [[heid o govrenment|heid o government]] o the [[Unitit States]]. The preses leads the [[Executive (govrenment)|executive branch]] o the [[Federal govrenment o the Unitit States|federal government]] an is the [[Commander-in-chief|commander-in-chief]] o the [[Militar|Unitit States Airmed Forces]]. The pouer o the presidency haes grown<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ford|first=Henry Jones|date=1908|title=The Influence of State Politics in Expanding Federal Power|journal=Proceedings of the American Political Science Association|volume=5|pages=53–63|doi=10.2307/3038511|jstor=3038511| issn=1520-8605}}</ref> syne the first preses, [[George Washington]], teuk office in 1789.<ref name="formation">"The conventions of nine states having adopted the Constitution, Congress, in September or October, 1788, passed a resolution in conformity with the opinions expressed by the Convention and appointed the first Wednesday in March of the ensuing year as the day, and the then seat of Congress as the place, 'for commencing proceedings under the Constitution.' <p>"Both governments could not be understood to exist at the same time. The new government did not commence until the old government expired. It is apparent that the government did not commence on the Constitution's being ratified by the ninth state, for these ratifications were to be reported to Congress, whose continuing existence was recognized by the Convention, and who were requested to continue to exercise their powers for the purpose of bringing the new government into operation. In fact, Congress did continue to act as a government until it dissolved on the first of November by the successive disappearance of its members. It existed potentially until March 2, the day preceding that on which the members of the new Congress were directed to assemble." {{ussc|name=Owings v. Speed|link=supreme.justia.com|volume=18|page=420|pin=422|year=1820|reporter=Wheat|reporter-volume=5}}</p></ref> It haes played a bigger an bigger pairt in American poleetical life syne the stairt o the 20t century, wi muckle growth unner [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt]] an [[George W. Bush]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=September 11, 2021 |title=How 9/11 Radically Expanded The Power of the U.S. Government |url=https://time.com/6096903/september-11-legal-history/ |access-date=September 29, 2023 |magazine=Time |archive-date=September 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915052926/https://time.com/6096903/september-11-legal-history/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Peterson |first=Erin |title=Presidential Power Surges |url=https://hls.harvard.edu/today/presidential-power-surges/ |access-date=September 29, 2023 |publisher=Harvard Law School |archive-date=October 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001152957/https://hls.harvard.edu/today/presidential-power-surges/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The preses is aften describit as the maist pouerfu person in the warld, an is the leader o a [[superpouer]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.forbes.com/2009/11/09/world-most-powerful-leadership-power-09-intro.html|title=The World's Most Powerful People|work=Forbes|accessdate=September 4, 2010|first1=Michael|last1=Noer|first2=Nicole|last2=Perlroth|date=November 11, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lasentinel.net/The-Most-Powerful-Man-in-the-World-is-a-Black-Man.html|title=The Most Powerful Man in the World is a Black Man – The Los Angeles Sentinel|publisher=Lasentinel.net|accessdate=September 4, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/jan/03/uselections2008.world|location=London|title=Who should be the world's most powerful person?|date=January 3, 2008|work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Jon Meacham|url=http://www.newsweek.com/2008/12/19/the-story-of-power.html|title=Meacham: The History of Power|work=Newsweek|date=December 20, 2008|accessdate=September 4, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Fareed Zakaria|url=http://www.newsweek.com/2008/12/19/1-barack-obama.html|title=The NEWSWEEK 50: Barack Obama|work=Newsweek|date=December 20, 2008|accessdate=September 4, 2010}}</ref> As leader o the kintra wi the [[Economy|lairgest economy]], the preses haes muckle pouer at hame an abroad. Throu monie o the 20t century, an maist o aw in the [[Cauld War]], the preses wis aften cried "the leader of the free world".<ref name="freeworld">{{cite web |last1=Tierney |first1=Dominic |title=What Does It Mean That Trump Is 'Leader of the Free World'? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/01/trump-free-world-leader/514232/ |magazine=The Atlantic |date=January 24, 2017 |access-date=September 12, 2020 |archive-date=December 22, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222234445/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/01/trump-free-world-leader/514232/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Donald Trump]] is the 47t preses, in office syne 20 Januar 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Miller |first1=Zeke |last2=Price |first2=Michelle L. |last3=Weissert |first3=Will |last4=Colvin |first4=Jill |date=November 5, 2024 |title=Trump wins the White House in political comeback rooted in appeals to frustrated voters |url=https://apnews.com/article/election-day-trump-harris-white-house-83c8e246ab97f5b97be45cdc156af4e2 |access-date=November 6, 2024 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |archive-date=November 7, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241107003326/https://apnews.com/article/election-day-trump-harris-white-house-83c8e246ab97f5b97be45cdc156af4e2 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Pouers an duties == Airticle II o the [[Unitit States Constitution|Constitution]] sets up the executive branch o the federal government an gies its pouer tae the preses. This includes cairyin oot an enforcin federal law, an appyntin federal officials, diplomats an judges. Wi the pouer tae appynt an receive ambassadors an mak treaties wi ither kintras, the preses haes the main responsibility for the kintra's foreign policy, an is in command o the [[Militar|militar]] an its nuclear weapons. The preses haes a muckle pairt in makkin federal law an aw. Airticle I gies the preses the pouer tae sign or [[veto]] federal laws. Modren preses are seen as the leaders o their poleetical pairties, an they wirk haurd tae get their policies throu Congress, whaur monie members depend on the preses at elections.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pfiffner |first=J. P. |year=1988 |title=The President's Legislative Agenda |journal=Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science |volume=499 |pages=22–35 |doi=10.1177/0002716288499001002 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0002716288499001002 |s2cid=143985489 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=January 28, 2021 |access-date=January 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128040055/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0002716288499001002 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ower time, preses hae makkit mair an mair uise o [[executive order]]s, agency regulations an the appyntin o judges tae shape policy at hame. == Election == The preses is electit indirectly bi the voters o ilka state an the [[Washington, D.C.|District o Columbia]], throu the [[Electoral College (Unitit States)|Electoral College]], a body o electors formed ilka fower year for the anerly purpose o electin the preses an [[Vice Preses o the Unitit States|vice preses]].<ref name="CRS2017THN">{{Cite web|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL32611.pdf|title=The Electoral College: How It Works in Contemporary Presidential Elections|last=Neale|first=Thomas H.|date=May 15, 2017|website=CRS Report for Congress|publisher=Congressional Research Service|location=Washington, D.C.|page=13|access-date=July 29, 2018|archive-date=December 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206064910/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL32611.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Tae be preses, a body maun be a natural-born ceetizen o the Unitit States, at least 35 year auld, an hae bidit in the Unitit States for at least 14 year.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/articles/article-ii/article-ii-annenberg/interp/19 |title=Article II. The Executive Branch, Annenberg Classroom |website=The Interactive Constitution |publisher=The National Constitution Center |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |access-date=June 15, 2018 |archive-date=April 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417095830/https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/articles/article-ii/article-ii-annenberg/interp/19 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Term limit an succession == [[George Washington]] set the tradition o servin twa terms an nae mair, an [[Thomas Jefferson]], [[James Madison]] an [[James Monroe]] follit it.<ref name="TermsTenure">{{Cite web |url=http://www.whitehousetransitionproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Terms-Tenure_101909-1.pdf |title=Presidential Terms and Tenure: Perspectives and Proposals for Change |last=Neale |first=Thomas H. |date=October 19, 2009 |publisher=Congressional Research Service |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=August 3, 2018 |archive-date=April 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412033137/http://www.whitehousetransitionproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Terms-Tenure_101909-1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt]] wan fower elections, an efter him the [[Twenty-second Amendment to the Unitit States Constitution|{{lang|en|Twenty-second Amendment}}]], ratified in 1951, makkit siccar that naebody electit preses twice can be electit a third time. Unner the [[Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Unitit States Constitution|Twenty-fifth Amendment]], ratified in 1967, the vice preses becomes preses if the preses is removed frae office, dees or resigns. Afore that, the Constitution said anerly that the vice preses taks on the "powers and duties" o the presidency in that case.<ref name="FordhamLaw2011">{{Cite journal |last=Feerick |first=John D. |date=2011 |title=Presidential Succession and Inability: Before and After the Twenty-Fifth Amendment |url=http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4695&context=flr |journal=Fordham Law Review |location=New York City |publisher=[[Fordham University School of Law]] |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=907–949 |access-date=December 13, 2018 |archive-date=August 20, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820001749/http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4695&context=flr |url-status=live }}</ref> Nine vice preses hae become preses this wey. ==Leet o Preses o the Unitit States== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |- bgcolor=#cccccc ! # !! Nem !! Teuk office !! Left office !! Pairty !! Vice Preses |- | 1 || [[File:Gilbert Stuart Vaughn Portrait of George Washington.jpg|100px]] [[George Washington]] || 1789 || 1797 || ''Nae party'' || [[John Adams]] |- bgcolor=#E6E6AA | 2 || [[File:Johnadams.jpg|100px]] [[John Adams]] || 1797 || 1801 || [[United States Federalist Party|Federalist]] || [[Thomas Jefferson]] |- bgcolor=#CCFFCC | 3 || [[File:02 Thomas Jefferson 3x4.jpg|100px]] [[Thomas Jefferson]] || 1801 || 1809 || [[United States Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]] || [[Aaron Burr]] an [[George Clinton (politeecian)|George Clinton]]<ref group="n" name="a">Died while [[Vice Preses o the Unitit States|Vice Preses]].</ref> |- bgcolor=#CCFFCC | 4 || [[File:Chester Harding - James Madison - Google Art Project.jpg|100px]] [[James Madison]] || 1809 || 1817 || [[United States Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]] || [[Elbridge Gerry]]<ref group="n" name="a" /> |- bgcolor=#CCFFCC | 5 || [[File:John Vanderlyn - James Monroe - Google Art Project.jpg|100px]] [[James Monroe]] || 1817 || 1825 || [[United States Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]] || [[Daniel D. Tompkins]] |- bgcolor=#CCFFCC | 6 || [[File:George Caleb Bingham - John Quincy Adams - Google Art Project.jpg|100px]] [[John Quincy Adams]] || 1825 || 1829 || [[United States Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]] || [[John C. Calhoun]] |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 7 || [[File:Andrew Jackson by Ralph Eleaser Whiteside Earl.jpg|100px]] [[Andrew Jackson]] || 1829 || 1837 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || [[John C. Calhoun]]<ref group="n" name="b">Resigned as Vice Preses.</ref> an [[Martin Van Buren]] |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 8 || [[File:Mb8.gif|100px]] [[Martin Van Buren]] || 1837 || 1841 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || [[Richard Mentor Johnson]] |- bgcolor=#FFFFCC | 9 || [[File:William Henry Harrison.jpg|100px]] [[William Henry Harrison]]<ref group="n" name="c">Died o naitral causes.</ref> || 1841 || 1841 || [[United States Whig Party|Whig]] || [[John Tyler]] |- bgcolor=#FFFFCC | 10 || [[File:John Tyler by George P. A. Healy.JPG|100px]] [[John Tyler]] || 1841 || 1845 || [[United States Whig Party|Whig]]<ref group="n" name="d">Democrat on Whig ticket.</ref> || ''none'' |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 11 || [[File:JamesKnoxPolk.png|100px]] [[James K. Polk]] || 1845 || 1849 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || [[George M. Dallas]] |- bgcolor=#FFFFCC | 12 || [[File:Zachary Taylor 2.jpg|100px]] [[Zachary Taylor]]<ref group="n" name="c" /> || 1849<ref group="n" name="i">Wisnae sworn intae office on the day he wis expeckit tae.</ref> || 1850 || [[United States Whig Party|Whig]] || [[Millard Fillmore]] |- bgcolor=#FFFFCC | 13 || [[File:Millard Fillmore 1840.jpg|100px]] [[Millard Fillmore]]|| 1850 || 1853 || [[United States Whig Party|Whig]] || ''none'' |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 14 || [[File:FranklinPierce.png|100px]] [[Franklin Pierce]] || 1853 || 1857 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || [[William R. King]]<ref group="n" name="e">Died while Vice Preses, wisnae replaced.</ref> |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 15 || [[File:JamesBuchanan.jpg|100px]] [[James Buchanan]] || 1857 || 1861 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || [[John C. Breckinridge]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 16 || [[File:Abrahamlincoln.jpg|100px]] [[Abraham Lincoln]]<ref group="n" name="f">Assassinated.</ref> || 1861 || 1865 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[Hannibal Hamlin]] an [[Andrew Johnson]] |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 17 || [[File:Washington Bogart Cooper - Andrew Johnson (after 1866) - Google Art Project.jpg|100px]][[Andrew Johnson]] || 1865 || 1869 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]]<ref group="n" name="g">Democrat who ran on Union ticket with Republican Lincoln.</ref> || ''none'' |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 18 || [[File:Thomas Le Clear - Ulysses S. Grant - Google Art Project.jpg|100px]] [[Ulysses S. Grant]] || 1869 || 1877 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[Schuyler Colfax]] an [[Henry Wilson]]<ref group="n" name="e" /> |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 19 || [[File:Rutherford B. Hayes at NPG.jpg|100px]] [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] || 1877 || 1881 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[William A. Wheeler]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 20 || [[File:Ole Peter Hansen Balling - James Garfield - Google Art Project.jpg|100px]] [[James Garfield]]<ref group="n" name="f" /> || 1881 || 1881 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[Chester A. Arthur]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 21 || [[File:Chester A. Arthur by Ole Peter Hansen Balling.JPG|100px]] [[Chester A. Arthur]] || 1881 || 1885 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || ''none'' |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 22 || [[File:Grover Cleveland, painting by Anders Zorn.jpg|100px]] [[Grover Cleveland]] || 1885 || 1889 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || [[Thomas A. Hendricks]]<ref group="n" name="e" /> |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 23 || [[File:Eastman Johnson - Benjamin Harrison - Google Art Project.jpg|100px]] [[Benjamin Harrison]] || 1889 || 1893 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[Levi P. Morton]] |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 24 || [[File:Grover Cleveland, painting by Anders Zorn.jpg|100px]] [[Grover Cleveland]] || 1893 || 1897 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || [[Adlai E. Stevenson]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 25 || [[File:August Benziger - William McKinley - Google Art Project.jpg|100px]] [[William McKinley]]<ref group="n" name="f" /> || 1897 || 1901 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[Garret A. Hobart]]<ref group="n" name="e" /> syne [[Theodore Roosevelt]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 26 || [[File:John Singer Sargent - Theodore Roosevelt - Google Art Project.jpg|100px]] [[Theodore Roosevelt]] || 1901 || 1909 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || ''None'' then [[Charles W. Fairbanks]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 27 || [[File:Joaquín Sorolla y Bastida - William Howard Taft.jpg|100px]] [[William Howard Taft]] || 1909 || 1913 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[James S. Sherman]]<ref group="n" name="e" /> |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 28 || [[File:William Orpen Woodrow Wilson.jpg|100px]] [[Woodrow Wilson]] || 1913 || 1921 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || [[Thomas R. Marshall]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 29 || [[File:Wh29.gif|100px]] [[Warren G. Harding]]<ref group="n" name="c" /> || 1921 || 1923 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[Calvin Coolidge]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 30 || [[File:Calvin Coolidge.jpg|100px]] [[Calvin Coolidge]] || 1923 || 1929 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || ''None'' then [[Charles G. Dawes]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 31 || [[File:Herberthoover.jpg|100px]] [[Herbert Hoover]] || 1929 || 1933 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[Charles Curtis]] |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 32 || [[File:Froosevelt.jpeg|100px]] [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]<ref group="n" name="c" /> || 1933 || 1945 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || [[John Nance Garner]] an [[Henry A. Wallace]] an [[Harry S. Truman]] |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 33 || [[File:HarryTruman.jpg|100px]] [[Harry S. Truman]] || 1945 || 1953 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || ''None'' then [[Alben W. Barkley]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 34 || [[File:Dwight D. Eisenhower, official Presidential portrait.jpg|100px]] [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] || 1953 || 1961 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[Richard Nixon]] |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 35 || [[File:John F Kennedy Official Portrait.jpg|100px]] [[John F. Kennedy]]<ref group="n" name="f" /> || 1961 || 1963 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 36 || [[File:Lyndon B. Johnson.jpg|100px]] [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] || 1963 || 1969 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || ''Nane'' syne [[Hubert H. Humphrey]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 37 || [[File:Richard Nixon - Presidential portrait.jpg|100px]] [[Richard Nixon]]<ref group="n" name="h">Resigned.</ref> || 1969 || 1974 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[Spiro Agnew]]<ref group="n" name="b" /> syne ''Nane'' syne [[Gerald Ford]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 38 || [[File:Gerald Ford, second official portrait of the President of the United States, February 1976 (cropped).jpg|100px]] [[Gerald Ford]] || 1974 || 1977 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || ''Nane'' syne [[Nelson Rockefeller]] |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 39 || [[File:Jimmy Carter.jpg|100px]] [[Jimmy Carter]] || 1977 || 1981 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || [[Walter Mondale|Walter F. Mondale]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 40 ||[[File:Ronald Reagan 1981 presidential portrait.jpg|100px]] [[Ronald Reagan]] || 1981 || 1989 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[George H. W. Bush]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 41 || [[File:George H. W. Bush presidential portrait.jpg|100px]] [[George H. W. Bush]] || 1989 || 1993 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[Dan Quayle|James Danforth Quayle III]] |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 42 || [[File:Bill Clinton.jpg|100px]] [[Bill Clinton]] || 1993 || 2001 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || [[Al Gore]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 43 || [[File:George-W-Bush.jpeg|100px]] [[George W. Bush]] || 2001 || 2009 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[Dick Cheney|Richard B. Cheney]] |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 44 || [[File:President Barack Obama (cropped) 3.jpg|100px]] [[Barack Obama]] || 2009 || 2017 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || [[Joe Biden]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 45 || [[File:Donald Trump official portrait.jpg|100px]] [[Donald J. Trump]] || 2017 || 2021 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[Mike Pence|Michael R. Pence]] |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 46 || [[File:Joe Biden presidential portrait.jpg|100px]] [[Joe Biden]] || 2021 || 2025 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || [[Kamala Harris]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 47 || [[File:Donald Trump official portrait.jpg|100px]] [[Donald J. Trump]] || 2025 || ''In office'' || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[JD Vance]] |} ===Notes=== {{Reflist|group=n}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Preses O The Unitit States}} [[Category:Preses o the Unitit States| ]] [[Category:Presidency o the Unitit States| ]] qph7np47sp5eyolou2ymbpfea5wqhpl 927258 926924 2026-11-09T10:49:56Z Monospaced 75295 Fix broken link ({{lang}} oot o the link label); dates day-month-year 927258 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox political post |post = Preses |body = the<br/>Unitit States |flag = Seal Of The President Of The United States Of America.svg |flagsize = 110px |flagcaption = Presidential Seal |insignia = Flag of the President of the United States.svg |insigniasize = 120px |insigniacaption = Presidential Standart | image = January 2025 Official Presidential Portrait of Donald J. Trump.jpg | incumbent = [[Donald Trump]] |incumbentsince = {{start date |2025|01|20}} |department = [[Federal govrenment o the Unitit States#Executive branch|Executive branch o the U.S. Govrenment]]<br/>[[Executive Office o the Preses o the Unitit States|Executive Office o the Preses]] |style = Mr. Preses/Madam Preses<br><small>(Informal)</small><ref>{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D06E3D9143AE533A25751C0A96E9C94609ED7CF|title=How To Address The President; He Is Not Your Excellency Or Your Honor, But Mr. President|date=August 2, 1891|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usgs.gov/usgs-manual/handbook/hb/431-2-h/chap4.html|title=USGS Correspondence Handbook - Chapter 4|publisher=Usgs.gov|date=2007-07-18|accessdate=2012-11-15|archive-date=2012-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926000950/http://www.usgs.gov/usgs-manual/handbook/hb/431-2-h/chap4.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><br>The Honorable<br><small>(Formal)</small><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ita.doc.gov/ita_sec/Address%20and%20Salutation.htm|title=Models of Address and Salutation|publisher=Ita.doc.gov|accessdate=September 4, 2010|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225203123/http://www.ita.doc.gov/ita_sec/Address%20and%20Salutation.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><br>His Excellency<ref>[http://www.un.int/protocol/documents/Hspmfm.pdf HEADS OF STATE, HEADS OF GOVERNMENT, MINISTERS FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019094902/http://www.un.int/protocol/documents/Hspmfm.pdf |date=2013-10-19 }}, Protocol and Liaison Service, [[Unitit Naitions]]. Retrieved on November 1, 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Remarks by President Obama, President Mubarak, His Majesty King Abdullah, Prime Minister Netanyahu and President Abbas Before Working Dinner|url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2010/09/01/remarks-president-obama-president-mubarak-his-majesty-king-abdullah-prim|work=WhiteHouse.gov|accessdate=July 19, 2011|author=The White House Office of the Press Secretary|date=September 1, 2010|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225203118/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2010/09/01/remarks-president-obama-president-mubarak-his-majesty-king-abdullah-prim|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Exchange of Letters|url=http://www.un.int/wcm/content/site/palestine/cache/offonce/pid/12020|publisher=Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the United Nations|accessdate=July 19, 2011|date=September 1978|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225203120/https://www.un.int/wcm/content/site/palestine/cache/offonce/pid/12020|url-status=dead}}</ref><br><small>(diplomatic, ootside the U.S.)</small> |member_of = [[Unitit States Cabinet|Cabinet]]<br/>[[Unitit States Domestic Policy Cooncil|Domestic Policy Cooncil]]<br/>[[Unitit States Naitional Economic Cooncil|Naitional Economic Cooncil]]<br/>[[Unitit States Naitional Security Cooncil|Naitional Security Cooncil]] |residence = [[White Hoose|The White Hoose]] |seat = [[Washington, D.C.]] |appointer = [[Electoral College (Unitit States)|Electoral College]] |termlength = Fower years |termlength_qualified = renewable ance |constituting_instrument = [[Unitit States Constitution]] |formation = 4 March 1789 |first = [[George Washington]]<br/>30 Aprile 1789 |salary = $400,000 annually <small>(2001-)</small> |website = [http://www.whitehouse.gov/ The White Hoose] |nativename=President of the United States}} The '''Preses o the Unitit States o Americae''' ('''POTUS''')<ref>Safire, William, [http://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/12/magazine/on-language-potus-and-flotus.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm "On language: POTUS and FLOTUS," New York Times, October 12, 1997]. Retrieved January 8, 2012.</ref> is the [[heid o state]] an [[heid o govrenment|heid o government]] o the [[Unitit States]]. The preses leads the [[Executive (govrenment)|executive branch]] o the [[Federal govrenment o the Unitit States|federal government]] an is the [[Commander-in-chief|commander-in-chief]] o the [[Militar|Unitit States Airmed Forces]]. The pouer o the presidency haes grown<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ford|first=Henry Jones|date=1908|title=The Influence of State Politics in Expanding Federal Power|journal=Proceedings of the American Political Science Association|volume=5|pages=53–63|doi=10.2307/3038511|jstor=3038511| issn=1520-8605}}</ref> syne the first preses, [[George Washington]], teuk office in 1789.<ref name="formation">"The conventions of nine states having adopted the Constitution, Congress, in September or October, 1788, passed a resolution in conformity with the opinions expressed by the Convention and appointed the first Wednesday in March of the ensuing year as the day, and the then seat of Congress as the place, 'for commencing proceedings under the Constitution.' <p>"Both governments could not be understood to exist at the same time. The new government did not commence until the old government expired. It is apparent that the government did not commence on the Constitution's being ratified by the ninth state, for these ratifications were to be reported to Congress, whose continuing existence was recognized by the Convention, and who were requested to continue to exercise their powers for the purpose of bringing the new government into operation. In fact, Congress did continue to act as a government until it dissolved on the first of November by the successive disappearance of its members. It existed potentially until March 2, the day preceding that on which the members of the new Congress were directed to assemble." {{ussc|name=Owings v. Speed|link=supreme.justia.com|volume=18|page=420|pin=422|year=1820|reporter=Wheat|reporter-volume=5}}</p></ref> It haes played a bigger an bigger pairt in American poleetical life syne the stairt o the 20t century, wi muckle growth unner [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt]] an [[George W. Bush]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=September 11, 2021 |title=How 9/11 Radically Expanded The Power of the U.S. Government |url=https://time.com/6096903/september-11-legal-history/ |access-date=September 29, 2023 |magazine=Time |archive-date=September 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915052926/https://time.com/6096903/september-11-legal-history/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Peterson |first=Erin |title=Presidential Power Surges |url=https://hls.harvard.edu/today/presidential-power-surges/ |access-date=September 29, 2023 |publisher=Harvard Law School |archive-date=October 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001152957/https://hls.harvard.edu/today/presidential-power-surges/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The preses is aften describit as the maist pouerfu person in the warld, an is the leader o a [[superpouer]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.forbes.com/2009/11/09/world-most-powerful-leadership-power-09-intro.html|title=The World's Most Powerful People|work=Forbes|accessdate=September 4, 2010|first1=Michael|last1=Noer|first2=Nicole|last2=Perlroth|date=November 11, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lasentinel.net/The-Most-Powerful-Man-in-the-World-is-a-Black-Man.html|title=The Most Powerful Man in the World is a Black Man – The Los Angeles Sentinel|publisher=Lasentinel.net|accessdate=September 4, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/jan/03/uselections2008.world|location=London|title=Who should be the world's most powerful person?|date=January 3, 2008|work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Jon Meacham|url=http://www.newsweek.com/2008/12/19/the-story-of-power.html|title=Meacham: The History of Power|work=Newsweek|date=December 20, 2008|accessdate=September 4, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Fareed Zakaria|url=http://www.newsweek.com/2008/12/19/1-barack-obama.html|title=The NEWSWEEK 50: Barack Obama|work=Newsweek|date=December 20, 2008|accessdate=September 4, 2010}}</ref> As leader o the kintra wi the [[Economy|lairgest economy]], the preses haes muckle pouer at hame an abroad. Throu monie o the 20t century, an maist o aw in the [[Cauld War]], the preses wis aften cried "the leader of the free world".<ref name="freeworld">{{cite web |last1=Tierney |first1=Dominic |title=What Does It Mean That Trump Is 'Leader of the Free World'? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/01/trump-free-world-leader/514232/ |magazine=The Atlantic |date=January 24, 2017 |access-date=September 12, 2020 |archive-date=December 22, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222234445/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/01/trump-free-world-leader/514232/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Donald Trump]] is the 47t preses, in office syne 20 Januar 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Miller |first1=Zeke |last2=Price |first2=Michelle L. |last3=Weissert |first3=Will |last4=Colvin |first4=Jill |date=November 5, 2024 |title=Trump wins the White House in political comeback rooted in appeals to frustrated voters |url=https://apnews.com/article/election-day-trump-harris-white-house-83c8e246ab97f5b97be45cdc156af4e2 |access-date=November 6, 2024 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |archive-date=November 7, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241107003326/https://apnews.com/article/election-day-trump-harris-white-house-83c8e246ab97f5b97be45cdc156af4e2 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Pouers an duties == Airticle II o the [[Unitit States Constitution|Constitution]] sets up the executive branch o the federal government an gies its pouer tae the preses. This includes cairyin oot an enforcin federal law, an appyntin federal officials, diplomats an judges. Wi the pouer tae appynt an receive ambassadors an mak treaties wi ither kintras, the preses haes the main responsibility for the kintra's foreign policy, an is in command o the [[Militar|militar]] an its nuclear weapons. The preses haes a muckle pairt in makkin federal law an aw. Airticle I gies the preses the pouer tae sign or [[veto]] federal laws. Modren preses are seen as the leaders o their poleetical pairties, an they wirk haurd tae get their policies throu Congress, whaur monie members depend on the preses at elections.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pfiffner |first=J. P. |year=1988 |title=The President's Legislative Agenda |journal=Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science |volume=499 |pages=22–35 |doi=10.1177/0002716288499001002 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0002716288499001002 |s2cid=143985489 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=January 28, 2021 |access-date=January 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128040055/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0002716288499001002 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ower time, preses hae makkit mair an mair uise o [[executive order]]s, agency regulations an the appyntin o judges tae shape policy at hame. == Election == The preses is electit indirectly bi the voters o ilka state an the [[Washington, D.C.|District o Columbia]], throu the [[Electoral College (Unitit States)|Electoral College]], a body o electors formed ilka fower year for the anerly purpose o electin the preses an [[Vice Preses o the Unitit States|vice preses]].<ref name="CRS2017THN">{{Cite web|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL32611.pdf|title=The Electoral College: How It Works in Contemporary Presidential Elections|last=Neale|first=Thomas H.|date=May 15, 2017|website=CRS Report for Congress|publisher=Congressional Research Service|location=Washington, D.C.|page=13|access-date=July 29, 2018|archive-date=December 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206064910/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL32611.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Tae be preses, a body maun be a natural-born ceetizen o the Unitit States, at least 35 year auld, an hae bidit in the Unitit States for at least 14 year.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/articles/article-ii/article-ii-annenberg/interp/19 |title=Article II. The Executive Branch, Annenberg Classroom |website=The Interactive Constitution |publisher=The National Constitution Center |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |access-date=June 15, 2018 |archive-date=April 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417095830/https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/articles/article-ii/article-ii-annenberg/interp/19 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Term limit an succession == [[George Washington]] set the tradition o servin twa terms an nae mair, an [[Thomas Jefferson]], [[James Madison]] an [[James Monroe]] follit it.<ref name="TermsTenure">{{Cite web |url=http://www.whitehousetransitionproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Terms-Tenure_101909-1.pdf |title=Presidential Terms and Tenure: Perspectives and Proposals for Change |last=Neale |first=Thomas H. |date=October 19, 2009 |publisher=Congressional Research Service |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=August 3, 2018 |archive-date=April 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412033137/http://www.whitehousetransitionproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Terms-Tenure_101909-1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt]] wan fower elections, an efter him the {{lang|en|[[Twenty-second Amendment to the Unitit States Constitution|Twenty-second Amendment]]}}, ratified in 1951, makkit siccar that naebody electit preses twice can be electit a third time. Unner the [[Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Unitit States Constitution|Twenty-fifth Amendment]], ratified in 1967, the vice preses becomes preses if the preses is removed frae office, dees or resigns. Afore that, the Constitution said anerly that the vice preses taks on the "powers and duties" o the presidency in that case.<ref name="FordhamLaw2011">{{Cite journal |last=Feerick |first=John D. |date=2011 |title=Presidential Succession and Inability: Before and After the Twenty-Fifth Amendment |url=http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4695&context=flr |journal=Fordham Law Review |location=New York City |publisher=[[Fordham University School of Law]] |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=907–949 |access-date=December 13, 2018 |archive-date=August 20, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820001749/http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4695&context=flr |url-status=live }}</ref> Nine vice preses hae become preses this wey. ==Leet o Preses o the Unitit States== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |- bgcolor=#cccccc ! # !! Nem !! Teuk office !! Left office !! Pairty !! Vice Preses |- | 1 || [[File:Gilbert Stuart Vaughn Portrait of George Washington.jpg|100px]] [[George Washington]] || 1789 || 1797 || ''Nae party'' || [[John Adams]] |- bgcolor=#E6E6AA | 2 || [[File:Johnadams.jpg|100px]] [[John Adams]] || 1797 || 1801 || [[United States Federalist Party|Federalist]] || [[Thomas Jefferson]] |- bgcolor=#CCFFCC | 3 || [[File:02 Thomas Jefferson 3x4.jpg|100px]] [[Thomas Jefferson]] || 1801 || 1809 || [[United States Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]] || [[Aaron Burr]] an [[George Clinton (politeecian)|George Clinton]]<ref group="n" name="a">Died while [[Vice Preses o the Unitit States|Vice Preses]].</ref> |- bgcolor=#CCFFCC | 4 || [[File:Chester Harding - James Madison - Google Art Project.jpg|100px]] [[James Madison]] || 1809 || 1817 || [[United States Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]] || [[Elbridge Gerry]]<ref group="n" name="a" /> |- bgcolor=#CCFFCC | 5 || [[File:John Vanderlyn - James Monroe - Google Art Project.jpg|100px]] [[James Monroe]] || 1817 || 1825 || [[United States Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]] || [[Daniel D. Tompkins]] |- bgcolor=#CCFFCC | 6 || [[File:George Caleb Bingham - John Quincy Adams - Google Art Project.jpg|100px]] [[John Quincy Adams]] || 1825 || 1829 || [[United States Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]] || [[John C. Calhoun]] |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 7 || [[File:Andrew Jackson by Ralph Eleaser Whiteside Earl.jpg|100px]] [[Andrew Jackson]] || 1829 || 1837 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || [[John C. Calhoun]]<ref group="n" name="b">Resigned as Vice Preses.</ref> an [[Martin Van Buren]] |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 8 || [[File:Mb8.gif|100px]] [[Martin Van Buren]] || 1837 || 1841 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || [[Richard Mentor Johnson]] |- bgcolor=#FFFFCC | 9 || [[File:William Henry Harrison.jpg|100px]] [[William Henry Harrison]]<ref group="n" name="c">Died o naitral causes.</ref> || 1841 || 1841 || [[United States Whig Party|Whig]] || [[John Tyler]] |- bgcolor=#FFFFCC | 10 || [[File:John Tyler by George P. A. Healy.JPG|100px]] [[John Tyler]] || 1841 || 1845 || [[United States Whig Party|Whig]]<ref group="n" name="d">Democrat on Whig ticket.</ref> || ''none'' |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 11 || [[File:JamesKnoxPolk.png|100px]] [[James K. Polk]] || 1845 || 1849 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || [[George M. Dallas]] |- bgcolor=#FFFFCC | 12 || [[File:Zachary Taylor 2.jpg|100px]] [[Zachary Taylor]]<ref group="n" name="c" /> || 1849<ref group="n" name="i">Wisnae sworn intae office on the day he wis expeckit tae.</ref> || 1850 || [[United States Whig Party|Whig]] || [[Millard Fillmore]] |- bgcolor=#FFFFCC | 13 || [[File:Millard Fillmore 1840.jpg|100px]] [[Millard Fillmore]]|| 1850 || 1853 || [[United States Whig Party|Whig]] || ''none'' |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 14 || [[File:FranklinPierce.png|100px]] [[Franklin Pierce]] || 1853 || 1857 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || [[William R. King]]<ref group="n" name="e">Died while Vice Preses, wisnae replaced.</ref> |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 15 || [[File:JamesBuchanan.jpg|100px]] [[James Buchanan]] || 1857 || 1861 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || [[John C. Breckinridge]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 16 || [[File:Abrahamlincoln.jpg|100px]] [[Abraham Lincoln]]<ref group="n" name="f">Assassinated.</ref> || 1861 || 1865 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[Hannibal Hamlin]] an [[Andrew Johnson]] |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 17 || [[File:Washington Bogart Cooper - Andrew Johnson (after 1866) - Google Art Project.jpg|100px]][[Andrew Johnson]] || 1865 || 1869 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]]<ref group="n" name="g">Democrat who ran on Union ticket with Republican Lincoln.</ref> || ''none'' |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 18 || [[File:Thomas Le Clear - Ulysses S. Grant - Google Art Project.jpg|100px]] [[Ulysses S. Grant]] || 1869 || 1877 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[Schuyler Colfax]] an [[Henry Wilson]]<ref group="n" name="e" /> |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 19 || [[File:Rutherford B. Hayes at NPG.jpg|100px]] [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] || 1877 || 1881 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[William A. Wheeler]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 20 || [[File:Ole Peter Hansen Balling - James Garfield - Google Art Project.jpg|100px]] [[James Garfield]]<ref group="n" name="f" /> || 1881 || 1881 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[Chester A. Arthur]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 21 || [[File:Chester A. Arthur by Ole Peter Hansen Balling.JPG|100px]] [[Chester A. Arthur]] || 1881 || 1885 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || ''none'' |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 22 || [[File:Grover Cleveland, painting by Anders Zorn.jpg|100px]] [[Grover Cleveland]] || 1885 || 1889 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || [[Thomas A. Hendricks]]<ref group="n" name="e" /> |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 23 || [[File:Eastman Johnson - Benjamin Harrison - Google Art Project.jpg|100px]] [[Benjamin Harrison]] || 1889 || 1893 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[Levi P. Morton]] |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 24 || [[File:Grover Cleveland, painting by Anders Zorn.jpg|100px]] [[Grover Cleveland]] || 1893 || 1897 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || [[Adlai E. Stevenson]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 25 || [[File:August Benziger - William McKinley - Google Art Project.jpg|100px]] [[William McKinley]]<ref group="n" name="f" /> || 1897 || 1901 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[Garret A. Hobart]]<ref group="n" name="e" /> syne [[Theodore Roosevelt]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 26 || [[File:John Singer Sargent - Theodore Roosevelt - Google Art Project.jpg|100px]] [[Theodore Roosevelt]] || 1901 || 1909 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || ''None'' then [[Charles W. Fairbanks]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 27 || [[File:Joaquín Sorolla y Bastida - William Howard Taft.jpg|100px]] [[William Howard Taft]] || 1909 || 1913 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[James S. Sherman]]<ref group="n" name="e" /> |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 28 || [[File:William Orpen Woodrow Wilson.jpg|100px]] [[Woodrow Wilson]] || 1913 || 1921 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || [[Thomas R. Marshall]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 29 || [[File:Wh29.gif|100px]] [[Warren G. Harding]]<ref group="n" name="c" /> || 1921 || 1923 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[Calvin Coolidge]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 30 || [[File:Calvin Coolidge.jpg|100px]] [[Calvin Coolidge]] || 1923 || 1929 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || ''None'' then [[Charles G. Dawes]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 31 || [[File:Herberthoover.jpg|100px]] [[Herbert Hoover]] || 1929 || 1933 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[Charles Curtis]] |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 32 || [[File:Froosevelt.jpeg|100px]] [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]<ref group="n" name="c" /> || 1933 || 1945 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || [[John Nance Garner]] an [[Henry A. Wallace]] an [[Harry S. Truman]] |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 33 || [[File:HarryTruman.jpg|100px]] [[Harry S. Truman]] || 1945 || 1953 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || ''None'' then [[Alben W. Barkley]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 34 || [[File:Dwight D. Eisenhower, official Presidential portrait.jpg|100px]] [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] || 1953 || 1961 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[Richard Nixon]] |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 35 || [[File:John F Kennedy Official Portrait.jpg|100px]] [[John F. Kennedy]]<ref group="n" name="f" /> || 1961 || 1963 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 36 || [[File:Lyndon B. Johnson.jpg|100px]] [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] || 1963 || 1969 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || ''Nane'' syne [[Hubert H. Humphrey]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 37 || [[File:Richard Nixon - Presidential portrait.jpg|100px]] [[Richard Nixon]]<ref group="n" name="h">Resigned.</ref> || 1969 || 1974 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[Spiro Agnew]]<ref group="n" name="b" /> syne ''Nane'' syne [[Gerald Ford]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 38 || [[File:Gerald Ford, second official portrait of the President of the United States, February 1976 (cropped).jpg|100px]] [[Gerald Ford]] || 1974 || 1977 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || ''Nane'' syne [[Nelson Rockefeller]] |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 39 || [[File:Jimmy Carter.jpg|100px]] [[Jimmy Carter]] || 1977 || 1981 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || [[Walter Mondale|Walter F. Mondale]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 40 ||[[File:Ronald Reagan 1981 presidential portrait.jpg|100px]] [[Ronald Reagan]] || 1981 || 1989 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[George H. W. Bush]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 41 || [[File:George H. W. Bush presidential portrait.jpg|100px]] [[George H. W. Bush]] || 1989 || 1993 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[Dan Quayle|James Danforth Quayle III]] |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 42 || [[File:Bill Clinton.jpg|100px]] [[Bill Clinton]] || 1993 || 2001 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || [[Al Gore]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 43 || [[File:George-W-Bush.jpeg|100px]] [[George W. Bush]] || 2001 || 2009 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[Dick Cheney|Richard B. Cheney]] |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 44 || [[File:President Barack Obama (cropped) 3.jpg|100px]] [[Barack Obama]] || 2009 || 2017 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || [[Joe Biden]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 45 || [[File:Donald Trump official portrait.jpg|100px]] [[Donald J. Trump]] || 2017 || 2021 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[Mike Pence|Michael R. Pence]] |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 46 || [[File:Joe Biden presidential portrait.jpg|100px]] [[Joe Biden]] || 2021 || 2025 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || [[Kamala Harris]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 47 || [[File:Donald Trump official portrait.jpg|100px]] [[Donald J. Trump]] || 2025 || ''In office'' || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[JD Vance]] |} ===Notes=== {{Reflist|group=n}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Preses O The Unitit States}} [[Category:Preses o the Unitit States| ]] [[Category:Presidency o the Unitit States| ]] 058lh1v6zxd6aqfik6gq0j3rdli120j 0 65025 926920 922803 2026-11-08T20:47:08Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; presidency nou in the past 926920 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |name = Joe Biden |image = Joe Biden presidential portrait.jpg |order = [[Leet o Preses o the Unitit States|46t]] |office = Preses o the Unitit States |vicepresident = [[Kamala Harris]] |term_start = 20 Januar 2021 |term_end = 20 Januar 2025 |predecessor = [[Donald Trump]] |successor = [[Donald Trump]] |office1 = [[Leet o Vice Preses o the Unitit States|47t]] [[Vice Preses o the Unitit States]] |term_start1 = 20 Januar 2009 |term_end1 = 20 Januar 2017 |predecessor1 = [[Dick Cheney]] |successor1 = [[Mike Pence]] |president1 = [[Barack Obama]] |jr/sr2 = Unitit States Senator |state2 = [[Delaware]] |term_start2 = 3 Januar 1973 |term_end2 = 15 Januar 2009 |predecessor2 = [[J. Caleb Boggs|Caleb Boggs]] |successor2 = [[Ted Kaufman]] |order3 = [[Unitit States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations#Chairmen|Chairman o the]] [[Unitit States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations|Senate Committee on Foreign Relations]] |term_start3 = 4 Januar 2007 |term_end3 = 3 Januar 2009 |predecessor3 = [[Richard Lugar]] |successor3 = [[John Kerry]] |term_start4 = 6 Juin 2001 |term_end4 = 3 Januar 2003 |predecessor4 = [[Jesse Helms]] |successor4 = [[Richard Lugar]] |term_start5 = 3 Januar 2001 |term_end5 = 20 Januar 2001 |predecessor5 = [[Jesse Helms]] |successor5 = [[Jesse Helms]] |order6 = [[International Narcotics Control Caucus#Membership|Chairman o the]] [[International Narcotics Control Caucus]] |term_start6 = 4 Januar 2007 |term_end6 = 3 Januar 2009 |predecessor6 = [[Chuck Grassley]] |successor6 = [[Dianne Feinstein]] |order7 = [[Unitit States Senate Committee on the Judiciary#Chairmen syne 1816|Chairman o the]] [[Unitit States Senate Committee on the Judiciary|Senate Committee on the Judiciary]] |term_start7 = 6 Januar 1987 |term_end7 = 3 Januar 1995 |predecessor7 = [[Strom Thurmond]] |successor7 = [[Orrin Hatch]] |birth_name = Joseph Robinette Biden, Jr. |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1942|11|20}} |birth_place = [[Scranton, Pennsylvanie|Scranton]], [[Pennsylvanie]], U.S. |spouse = Neilia Hunter <small>(1966–1972)</small><br>[[Jill Biden|Jill Jacobs]] <small>(1977–present)</small> |children = [[Beau Biden|Joseph R. III]] <small>(born 1969)</small> <br>[[Hunter Biden|R. Hunter]] <small>(born 1970)</small> <br>Naomi C. <small>(1971–1972)</small> <br>Ashley B. <small>(born 1981)</small> |party = [[Democratic Pairty (Unitit States)|Democratic]] |residence = [[Number One Observatory Circle]] <small>(Offeecial)</small><br>[[Wilmington, Delaware]] <small>(Private)</small> |alma_mater = {{nowrap|[[Varsity o Delaware]] <small>(BA)</small>}}<br>{{nowrap|[[Syracuse Varsity]] <small>([[Juris Doctor|JD]])</small>}} |profession = [[Lawer]] | awards = [[Presidential Medal o Freedom]] wi distinction (2017) |religion = [[Catholic Kirk|Roman Catholicism]] |signature = Joe Biden Presidential Signature.svg |signature_alt= Cursive signatur in ink | website = {{url|joebiden.com|Campaign wabsteid}} }} '''Joseph Robinette''' "'''Joe'''" '''Biden, Jr. ''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|oʊ|s|ɨ|f|_|r|ɒ|b|ɨ|ˈ|n|ɛ|t|_|ˈ|b|aɪ|d|ən}}; born 20 November 1942) is an American politician that wis the 46t [[Preses o the Unitit States]] frae 2021 tae 2025.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-01-20|title=Biden inauguration: New president sworn in amid Trump snub|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-55736856|access-date=2021-01-20}}</ref> He wis the [[Leet o Vice Preses o the Unitit States|47t]] [[Vice Preses o the Unitit States]] frae 20 Januar 2009 tae 20 Januar 2017, jyntly electit wi [[Preses o the Unitit States|Preses]] [[Barack Obama]]. He is a memmer o the [[Democratic Pairty (Unitit States)|Democratic Pairty]] an wis a [[Unitit States Senate|Unitit States Senator]] frae [[Delaware]] frae 3 Januar 1973, till he resigned on 15 Januar 2009, efter his [[Unitit States presidential election, 2008|election tae the Vice Presidency]]. In 2012, Biden wis [[Unitit States presidential election, 2012|electit tae a seicont term]] alangside Obama. On 25 Aprile 2019 Biden annoonced that he wad staund for preses in 2020, jynin a fair lairge field o Democratic candidates seekin the pairty's nomination.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/07/us/politics/biden-2020.html|title=Joe Biden's 2020 Plan Is Almost Complete. Democrats Are Impatient.|first1=Jonathan|last1=Martin|first2=Alexander|last2=Burns|date=March 7, 2019|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref> He becam the Democratic nominee for the [[2020 Unitit States presidential election|2020 election]], that he wan. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Biden, Joe}} [[Category:1942 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:American legal scholarts]] [[Category:American fowk o Inglis strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o French strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:American Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Delaware coonty cooncil members]] [[Category:Delaware Democrats]] [[Category:Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens fitbaa players]] [[Category:Delaware lawers]] [[Category:Democratic Pairty (Unitit States) vice presidential nominees]] [[Category:Democratic Pairty Unitit States Senators]] [[Category:Democratic Pairty Vice Preses o the Unitit States]] [[Category:Obama Admeenistration cabinet members]] [[Category:Fowk frae New Castle Coonty, Delaware]] [[Category:Fowk frae Scranton, Pennsylvanie]] [[Category:Recipients o the Order o the Cross o Terra Mariana, 1st Cless]] [[Category:Syracuse Varsity College o Law alumni]] [[Category:Candidates in the 1988 Unitit States presidential election]] [[Category:Candidates in the 2008 Unitit States presidential election]] [[Category:Unitit States Senators frae Delaware]] [[Category:Unitit States vice-presidential candidates, 2008]] [[Category:Unitit States vice-presidential candidates, 2012]] [[Category:Varsity o Delaware alumni]] [[Category:Vice Preses o the Unitit States]] [[Category:Widener Varsity faculty]] [[Category:21st-century American writers]] [[Category:Candidates in the 2020 Unitit States presidential election]] 3q1ju278a2l2xdz3nxfznk9xzcnol5y 0 65035 927167 923850 2026-11-09T01:51:46Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 927167 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military conflict |conflict = Iraq War |partof = the [[War on Terror]] |image = [[File:Iraq War montage.png|border|300px]] |caption = '''Clockwise frae tap''': Delta Force o Task Force 20 alangside truips o 3rd Battalion, 327t Infantry Regiment, at Uday Hussain an Qusay Hussein's hideoot.; Insurgents in northren Iraq; an Iraqi insurgent firin a MANPADS; the topplin o the Saddam Hussein statue in Firdos Square. |date = {{start date|df=yes|2003|3|20}}&nbsp;– {{End date|df=yes|2011|12|15}}<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=03|day1=20|year1=2003|month2=12|day2=15|year2=2011}})<ref> {{cite news |url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/story/2011-12-17/iraq-us-troops/52032854/1?csp=ip |title=Last U.S.&nbsp;troops leave Iraq, ending war |accessdate=18 December 2011 | work=USA Today |date=17 December 2011}}</ref>{{dubious|date=December 2013}} |place=[[Iraq]] |result = Coalition victory * [[2003 invasion o Iraq|Invasion]] an [[History o Iraq (2003–2011)|occupation]] o Iraq * Owerthrow o [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Pairty – Iraq Region|Ba'ath Pairty]] govrenment an [[execution o Saddam Hussein]] * [[Iraqi insurgency|Insurgency]], [[al-Qaeda in Iraq|foreign terrorist operations]], an [[ceevil war in Iraq|sectarian violence]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Sectarian divisions change Baghdad’s image|publisher=MSNBC|date=3 July 2006|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/13684759/|accessdate=18 February 2007|archive-date=2012-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104110601/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/13684759/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Subsequent depletion o Iraqi insurgency,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/40257752|title=U.S.&nbsp;says Iraq pullout won't cause dramatic violence|date=18 November 2010|publisher=MSNBC|accessdate=26 November 2010|archive-date=2011-05-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501142902/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/40257752|url-status=dead}}</ref> improvements in public security<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-11816974|title=UK 'to continue deporting failed Iraqi asylum seekers'|publisher=BBC|accessdate=26 November 2010|date=22 November 2010}}</ref> * Establishment o [[Iraqi parliamentary election, Januar 2005|democratic elections]] an furmation o new govrenment * [[U.S.-Iraq Status o Forces Agreement]] * [[Widrawal o U.S. truips frae Iraq|Widrawal]] o [[Unitit States Airmed Forces|U.S. forces]] frae Iraq * [[Iraqi insurgency (post-U.S. widrawal)|Ongangin insurgency]] |combatant1 = '''Invasion phase (2003)'''<br /> {{nowrap|{{flag|Unitit States o Americae}}}}<br /> {{flag|Unitit Kinrick}}<br /> {{flag|Denmark}}<br /> {{flag|Australie}}<br /> {{flag|Poland}}<br /> {{Flagicon|Kurdistan}} [[Peshmerga]] |combatant1a = '''Post-invasion (2003–11)'''<br /> {{flag|Iraq}}<br /> *{{flagicon image|Coat of arms (emblem) of Iraq 2008.svg}} [[Iraqi Airmed Forces]] *{{flagicon image|Flag of Kurdistan.svg}} [[Peshmerga]] * [[Awakening Council]] {{nowrap|[[File:MultinationalForce-IraqDUI.svg|24px]] [[Multi-National&nbsp;Force{{spaced ndash}}Iraq]]}} * {{nowrap|{{flag|Unitit States}} <small>(03–11)</small>}} * {{nowrap|{{flag|Unitit Kinrick}} <small>(03–11)</small>}} * {{flag|Sooth Korea}} <small>(03–08)</small> * {{flag|Italy}} <small>(03–06)</small> * {{flag|Poland}} <small>(03-08)</small> * {{flag|Australie}} <small>(03–09)</small> * {{flag|Georgie}} <small>(03–08)</small> * {{flag|Ukraine}} <small>(03–08)</small> * {{flag|Netherlands}} <small>(03–05)</small> * {{flag|Spain}} <small>(03–04)</small> * {{flag|Estonie}} <!-- Only countries fielded more than 1,000 troops each rotation are listed here; the rest are at the MNF-I page linked below --> :[[Multi-National Force&nbsp;– Iraq|''30 ither kintras'']] Supported By:<br> '''{{Flag|Saudi Arabie}}<br> '''{{Flag|Egyp}}<br> '''{{Flag|Kuwait}} |combatant2 = '''Invasion phase (2003)'''<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag of Iraq, 1991-2004.svg}} [[History o Iraq unner Ba'athist rule|Ba'athist Iraq]] |combatant2a = '''Post-invasion (2003–11)'''<br /> [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region|'''Ba'ath Pairty lyalists''']] * [[Supreme Command for Jihad an Liberation]] * [[Airmy o the Men o the Naqshbandi Order]] Supportit Bi:<br> '''{{Flag|Sirie}} ---- [[Iraqi insurgency#Sunni Islamist|'''Sunni insurgents''']] * [[Islamic State o Iraq]] * [[Islamic Airmy o Iraq]] * [[Ansar al-Sunnah]] ---- [[Iraqi insurgency#Shia Islamist|'''Shia insurgents''']] * {{flagicon image|Flag of Promised Day Brigades.svg}} [[Mahdi Airmy]] * {{flagicon image|Shiism arabic blue.svg}} [[Special Groups (Iraq)|Special Groups]] * [[Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq]] * [[Combatants o the Iraq War|Ithers]] Supportit Bi:<br> '''{{Flag|Iran}}<br> '''{{Flag|Sirie}} ---- <small>For fichtin atween insurgent groups, see [[Ceevil war in Iraq]].</small> ---- |commander1 = {{Flagicon|Iraq}} [[Ayad Allawi]] <br /> {{Flagicon|Iraq}} [[Ibrahim al-Jaafari]]<br /> {{Flagicon|Iraq}} [[Nouri al-Maliki]]<br /> [[File:MultinationalForce-IraqDUI.svg|24px]] [[Ricardo Sanchez]]<br /> [[File:MultinationalForce-IraqDUI.svg|24px]] [[George W. Casey, Jr.]]<br /> [[File:MultinationalForce-IraqDUI.svg|24px]] [[David Petraeus]]<br /> [[File:MultinationalForce-IraqDUI.svg|24px]] [[Raymond T. Odierno]]<br /> [[File:MultinationalForce-IraqDUI.svg|24px]] [[Lloyd Austin]]<br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[George W. Bush]]<br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} General [[Tommy Franks]]<br /> {{Flagicon|US}} [[Barack Obama]]<br /> {{Flagicon|UK}} [[Tony Blair]]<br /> {{Flagicon|UK}} [[Gordon Brown]]<br /> {{Flagicon|UK}} [[David Cameron]]<br /> {{Flagicon|Denmark}} [[Anders Fogh Rasmussen]]<br /> {{Flagicon|Denmark}} [[Soeren Gade]]<br /> {{Flagicon|Denmark}} [[Lars Løkke Rasmussen]]<br /> {{Flagicon|Australie}} [[John Howard]]<br /> {{Flagicon|Australie}} [[Kevin Rudd]]<br /> {{Flagicon|Poland}} [[Aleksander Kwaśniewski]]<br /> {{Flagicon|Poland}} [[Lech Kaczyński]]<br /> {{Flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Yevhen Marchuk]]<br /> {{Flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Oleksandr Kuzmuk]] |commander2 = '''Ba'ath Pairty'''<br /> {{nowrap|{{flagicon image|Flag of Iraq, 1991-2004.svg}} [[Saddam Hussein]] {{POW}} [[File:Skull and crossbones.svg|14px|link=Execution o Saddam Hussein]]}}<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag of Iraq, 1991-2004.svg}} [[Qusay Hussein]]{{KIA}}<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag of Iraq, 1991-2004.svg}} [[Uday Hussein]]{{KIA}}<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag of Iraq, 1991-2004.svg}} [[Izzat Ibrahim ad-Douri]]<br /> ---- '''Sunni insurgency'''<br /> [[Abu Omar al-Baghdadi]]{{KIA}}<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag of al-Qaeda in Iraq.svg}} [[Abu Musab al-Zarqawi]]{{KIA}}<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag of al-Qaeda in Iraq.svg}} [[Abu Ayyub al-Masri]]{{KIA}}<br /> [[Abu Suleiman al-Naser|Al-Nasser Lideen Allah Abu Suleiman]]{{KIA}}<br /> [[Abu Dua]]<br /> [[Ishmael Jubouri]]<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag of al-Qaeda in Iraq.svg}} [[Abu Abdullah al-Shafi'i]] {{POW}} ---- '''Shia insurgency'''<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag of Promised Day Brigades.svg}} [[Muqtada al-Sadr]]<br /> {{flagicon image|Shiism arabic blue.svg}} [[Abu Deraa]]<br />[[Qais al-Khazali]]<br />[[Akram al-Kabi]] |strength1 = '''[[2003 Invasion o Iraq|Invasion Forces]]''' <small>(2003–2004)</small><br />~300,000<br /> ---- '''[[Multinaitional Force Iraq|Coalition forces]]''' <small>(2004–2009)</small><br />176,000 at peak<br /> '''[[United States Forces&nbsp;– Iraq]]''' <small>(2010–2011)</small><br />112,000 at activation<br /> '''Security contractors''' 6,000–7,000 <small>(estimate)</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.state.gov/m/ds/rls/rm/143420.htm |title=Deputy Assistant Secretary for International Programs Charlene Lamb's Remarks on Private Contractors in Iraq |publisher=State.gov |date=17 July 2009 |accessdate=23 October 2010 |archive-date=2017-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619163623/https://www.state.gov/m/ds/rls/rm/143420.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><br /> '''[[Iraqi Security Forces]]'''<br /> 805,269 <small>(militar an [[paramilitar]]: 578,269,<ref>{{cite book| title=The Military Balance 2010| url=https://archive.org/details/militarybalance0000inte_f0f9| author1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| authorlink1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| author2=Hackett, James (ed.)| date=3 February 2010| publisher=[[Routledge]]| location=London| isbn=1-85743-557-5| ref=IISS2010}}</ref> polis: 227,000)</small><br /> '''[[Awakenin movements in Iraq|Awakenin militias]]'''<br />~103,000 (2008)<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/world/middleeast/29iraq.html?hpw | work=The New York Times | title=Troops Arrest an Awakening Council Leader in Iraq, Setting Off Fighting | first1=Alissa J. | last1=Rubin | authorlink1= Alissa J. Rubin | first2=Rod | last2=Nordland | date=29 March 2009 | accessdate=30 March 2010}}</ref> <br /> '''[[Iraqi Kurdistan]]'''<br /> ~400,000 <small>(Kurdish Border Guard: 30,000,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2010/1/independentstate3441.htm |title=The Kurdish peshmerga forces will not be integrated into the Iraqi army: Mahmoud Sangawi&nbsp;— Interview |publisher=Ekurd.net |date=22 January 2010 |accessdate=23 October 2010 |archive-date=2019-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402235805/https://ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2010/1/independentstate3441.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''[[Peshmerga]]''' 375,000)</small> |strength2 = '''[[Iraqi Airmy]]''': 375,000 <small>(disbaundit in 2003)</small> ---- '''[[Iraqi insurgency#Sunni Islamist|Sunni Insurgents]]'''<br />~70,000 <small>(2007)</small><ref name=brookings>The Brookings Institution [http://www3.brookings.edu/fp/saban/iraq/index.pdf Iraq Index: Tracking Variables of Reconstruction & Security in Post-Saddam Iraq] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019170433/http://www3.brookings.edu/fp/saban/iraq/index.pdf |date=2013-10-19 }} 1 October 2007</ref><br />'''[[Mahdi Airmy]]'''<br />~60,000 <small>(2007)</small><ref>{{cite news|last=Ricks|first=Thomas E.|coauthors=Ann Scott Tyson|title=Intensified Combat on Streets Likely|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/10/AR2007011002581_pf.html|publisher=Washington Post|date=11 January 2007|page=A01}}</ref> <br />'''[[al-Qaeda]]'''<br />~1,300 <small>(2006)</small><ref>Pincus, Walter. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/16/AR2006111601509.html "Violence in Iraq Called Increasingly Complex"]. ''[[Washington Post]],'' 17 November 2006.</ref><br /> '''[[Islamic State o Iraq]]'''<br />~1,000 <small>(2008)</small> <br />'''[[Airmy o the Men o the Naqshbandi Order]]'''<br />~500–1,000 <small>(2007)</small> |casualties1 = '''[[Leet o Iraqi security forces fatality reports in Iraq|Iraqi Security Forces]]''' (post-Saddam)<br /> '''Killed:''' 16,623<ref>260 killed in 2003,[http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2003/12/19/1013869.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628233817/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2003/12/19/1013869.htm |date=2011-06-28 }} 15,196 killed frae 2004 through 2009 (wi the exceptions o Mey 2004 an Mairch 2009),[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/oct/22/true-civilian-body-count-iraq] 67 killed in Mairch 2009,[http://hello.news352.lu/edito-4036-march-violence-claims-252-iraqi-lives.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226181744/http://hello.news352.lu/edito-4036-march-violence-claims-252-iraqi-lives.html |date=2012-02-26 }} an 1,100 killed in 2010,[http://articles.cnn.com/2011-01-02/world/iraq.casualty.figures_1_iraqi-police-mosul-police-iraqi-troops?_s=PM:WORLD] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116094430/http://articles.cnn.com/2011-01-02/world/iraq.casualty.figures_1_iraqi-police-mosul-police-iraqi-troops?_s=PM:WORLD |date=2013-01-16 }} thus givin a tot o 16,623 dead</ref><br /> '''Woondit:''' 40,000+<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/77707.pdf |title=Iraq War |publisher= |date= |accessdate=2012-11-18}}</ref><br /><br /> '''[[Multi-Naitional Force&nbsp;– Iraq|Coalition Forces]]'''<br /> '''Killed:''' 4,805<ref name="icas">{{cite web |url=http://icasualties.org/Iraq/index.aspx |title=Operation Iraqi Freedom |publisher=iCasualties |accessdate=24 August 2010 |archive-date=2018-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025180952/http://icasualties.org/Iraq/index.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2003/iraq/forces/casualties/index.html | work=CNN | accessdate=30 March 2010 | title=Home and Away: Iraq and Afghanistan War Casualties}}</ref> <small>(4,487 U.S.,<ref name="defenselink.mil">{{Cite web |url=http://www.defenselink.mil/news/casualty.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-12-30 |archive-date=2009-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090706234900/http://www.defenselink.mil/news/casualty.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> 179 UK,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/FactSheets/OperationsFactsheets/OperationsInIraqBritishFatalities.htm |title=Ministry of Defence &#124; Fact Sheets &#124; Operations Factsheets &#124; Operations in Iraq: British Fatalities |publisher=Mod.uk |accessdate=17 October 2009 |archive-date=2009-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011220157/http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/FactSheets/OperationsFactsheets/OperationsInIraqBritishFatalities.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> 139 ither)</small><br /> '''Missin/captured''' (U.S.): 8 (aw rescued)<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2003/iraq/forces/pow.mia/index.html | work=CNN | accessdate=22 February 2011 | title=Forces: U.S. & Coalition/POW/MIA}}; As of July 2012, seven American private contractors remain unaccounted for. Their names are: Jeffrey Ake, Aban Elias, Abbas Kareem Naama, Neenus Khoshaba, Bob Hamze, Dean Sadek and Hussain al-Zurufi. Healy, Jack, "With Withdrawal Looming, Trails Grow Cold For Americans Missing In Iraq", ''[[New York Times]]'', 22 May 2011, p. 6.</ref> '''Woondit''': 32,753+ <small>(32,226 U.S.,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/NEWS/casualty.pdf |title=Casualty |publisher= |date= |accessdate=2012-11-18}}</ref> 315 UK, 212+ ither<ref>33 Ukrainians [http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/DPAS-6K9H5Y?OpenDocument] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090808232343/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/DPAS-6K9H5Y?OpenDocument |date=2009-08-08 }}, 31+ Italians [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2003/11/13/MNGJ730QPA1.DTL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629050836/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2003/11/13/MNGJ730QPA1.DTL |date=2011-06-29 }} [http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=9524] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110428195925/http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=9524 |date=2011-04-28 }}, 30 Bulgarians [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3355749.stm] [http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=33103], 20 Salvadorans [http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/2009-02-07-salvador-iraq_N.htm], 19 Georgians [http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=18470] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513160916/http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=18470 |date=2011-05-13 }}, 18 Estonians [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2009/02/mil-090209-rianovosti06.htm], 16+ Poles [http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=33116] [http://iraq.pigstye.net/article.php/JuraTomasz/print] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612101918/http://iraq.pigstye.net/article.php/JuraTomasz/print |date=2007-06-12 }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20110501084237/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-16186603.html] [http://www.militaryphotos.net/forums/showthread.php?19484-Two-Polish-Soldiers-Dead-Five-Injured-in-Iraq-PAP] [http://spectator.sme.sk/articles/view/25148], 15 Spaniards [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,104369,00.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429012705/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,104369,00.html |date=2011-04-29 }} [http://www.thinkspain.com/news-spain/17607/soldier-dead-after-attack-on-spanish-convoy-in-afghanistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402233014/https://www.thinkspain.com/news-spain/17607/soldier-dead-after-attack-on-spanish-convoy-in-afghanistan |date=2019-04-02 }} [http://www1.albawaba.com/news/five-spanish-soldiers-four-us-troops-injured-iraq-bomb-attacks] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402224856/http://www1.albawaba.com/news/five-spanish-soldiers-four-us-troops-injured-iraq-bomb-attacks |date=2019-04-02 }} [http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200404/09/eng20040409_139905.shtml], 10 Romanians [http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90777/90853/6708832.html], 6 Australians [http://www.canberratimes.com.au/news/local/news/general/combat-troops-pull-out-of-iraq/780839.aspx] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110428201646/http://www.canberratimes.com.au/news/local/news/general/combat-troops-pull-out-of-iraq/780839.aspx |date=2011-04-28 }}, 5 Albanians, 4 Kazakhs [http://iraq.pigstye.net/article.php/20050112090041443/print] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130025416/http://iraq.pigstye.net/article.php/20050112090041443/print |date=2012-01-30 }}, 3 Filipinos [http://asianjournalusa.com/rp-troops-to-stay-in-iraq-despite-ambush-p929-67.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707174014/http://asianjournalusa.com/rp-troops-to-stay-in-iraq-despite-ambush-p929-67.htm |date=2011-07-07 }} and 2 Thais [http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2003/12/23/1015519.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123050230/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2003/12/23/1015519.htm |date=2010-11-23 }} [http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2003/12/28/iraqi-insurgency-2-thai-soldiers-killed-1-injured-br-0] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513184802/http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2003/12/28/iraqi-insurgency-2-thai-soldiers-killed-1-injured-br-0 |date=2013-05-13 }} for a total of 212+</ref>)</small><ref name=mil>Mony offeecial U.S.&nbsp;tables at [http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/castop.htm "Military Casualty Information"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303054755/http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/castop.htm |date=2011-03-03 }}. See [http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/OIF-Total.pdf latest totals for injury, disease/other medical] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110602035127/http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/oif-total.pdf |date=2011-06-02 }}</ref><ref name=antiwarcasualties>[http://www.antiwar.com/casualties/ "Casualties in Iraq"].</ref><ref name=icasualties>iCasualties.org (was lunaville.org). Benicia, California. Patricia Kneisler, ''et al.'', [http://icasualties.org/Iraq/index.aspx "Iraq Coalition Casualties"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025180952/http://icasualties.org/Iraq/index.aspx |date=2018-10-25 }}</ref><ref name=ukcasualties>[http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/FactSheets/OperationsFactsheets/OperationsInIraqBritishCasualties.htm "Defence Internet Fact Sheets Operations in Iraq: British Casualties"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061114214203/http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/FactSheets/OperationsFactsheets/OperationsInIraqBritishCasualties.htm |date=2006-11-14 }}. UK Meenistry o Defense. [http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/AboutDefence/CorporatePublications/DoctrineOperationsandDiplomacyPublications/OperationsInIraq/OpTelicCasualtyAndFatalityTables.htm Latest combined casualty and fatality tables] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004051608/http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/AboutDefence/CorporatePublications/DoctrineOperationsandDiplomacyPublications/OperationsInIraq/OpTelicCasualtyAndFatalityTables.htm |date=2012-10-04 }}.</ref> '''Injured/diseased/ither medical'''*: 51,139 <small>(47,541 U.S.,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/oif-total.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-12-30 |archive-date=2011-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110602035127/http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/oif-total.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> 3,598 UK)</small><ref name=mil/><ref name=icasualties/><ref name=ukcasualties/><br /><br /> '''[[Private militar company|Contractors]]'''<br /> '''[[Leet o private contractor daiths in Iraq|Killed]]''': 1,554<ref name="dol.gov">{{cite web |url=http://www.dol.gov/owcp/dlhwc/dbaallnation.htm |title=U.S.&nbsp;Department of Labor&nbsp;— Office of Workers' Compensation Programs (OWCP) - Defense Base Act Case Summary by Nation |publisher=Dol.gov |accessdate=15 December 2011 |archive-date=2020-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515203323/https://www.dol.gov/owcp/dlhwc/dbaallnation.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="projects.propublica.org">{{cite web|author=T. Christian Miller |url=http://projects.propublica.org/tables/contractor_casualties |title=U.S.&nbsp;Government Private Contract Worker Deaths and Injuries|publisher=Projects.propublica.org |date=23 September 2009 |accessdate=23 October 2010}}</ref><br /> '''Woondit & injured''': 43,880<ref name="dol.gov"/><ref name="projects.propublica.org"/><br /> '''[[Sons o Iraq|Awakenin Cooncils]]'''<br /> '''Killed:''' 1,002+<ref>185 in Diyala frae Juin 2007 tae December 2007,[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/24/world/middleeast/24sunni.html?pagewanted=print] 4 in assassination o [[Abdul Sattar Abu Risha|Abu Risha]], 25 on 12 November 2007,[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/11/15/iraq/main3504599.shtml?source=RSSattr=HOME_3504599] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514132150/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/11/15/iraq/main3504599.shtml?source=RSSattr=HOME_3504599 |date=2013-05-14 }} 528 in 2008,[http://www.cfr.org/iraq/finding-place-sons-iraq/p16088] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161210152350/http://www.cfr.org/iraq/finding-place-sons-iraq/p16088 |date=2016-12-10 }} 27 on 2 Januar 2009,[http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/03/world/middleeast/03iraq.html] 53 Frae 6 tae 12 Aprile 2009,[http://www.alternet.org/world/136476/sunni_iraqis_fear_a_bloodbath_of_reprisal_after_possible_u.s._exit/?page=1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513130112/http://www.alternet.org/world/136476/sunni_iraqis_fear_a_bloodbath_of_reprisal_after_possible_u.s._exit/?page=1 |date=2011-05-13 }} 13 on 16 November 2009,[https://web.archive.org/web/20110429002216/http://www.france24.com/en/node/4926131] 15 in December 2009,[http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/30/world/middleeast/30iraq.html?_r=1] 100+ frae Aprile tae Juin 2010,[http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2010/06/20106653940383435.html#] [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128084675] 52 on 18 Julie 2010 [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/jul/18/iraq-suicide-bombings-kill-militia] [http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-07-18/bombs-targeting-sons-of-iraq-leave-at-least-44-dead.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100718205535/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-07-18/bombs-targeting-sons-of-iraq-leave-at-least-44-dead.html |date=2010-07-18 }}, tot o 1,002+ dead</ref><br />'''Woondit:''' 500+ (2007),<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/24/world/middleeast/24sunni.html?_r=1&pagewanted=print | work=The New York Times | first1=Solomon | last1=Moore | first2=RICHARD A. | last2=OPPEL Jr | title=Attacks Imperil U.S.-Backed Militias in Iraq | date=24 January 2008}}</ref> 828 (2008)<ref>{{cite web |author=Greg Bruno |url=http://www.cfr.org/iraq/finding-place-sons-iraq/p16088 |title=Finding a Place for the ‘Sons of Iraq’ - Council on Foreign Relations |publisher=Cfr.org |accessdate=26 December 2011 |archive-date=2016-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161210152350/http://www.cfr.org/iraq/finding-place-sons-iraq/p16088 |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''Tot dead: 24,219''' <br />'''Tot woondit: 117,961''' |casualties2 = '''Iraqi combatant deid''' (invasion period): 7,600–11,000<ref>[[Press release]] (28 October 2003). [http://www.commondreams.org/news2003/1028-01.htm "New Study Finds: 11,000 to 15,000 Killed in Iraq War; 30 Percent are Non-Combatants; Death Toll Hurts Postwar Stability Efforts, Damages US Image Abroad"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061017165045/http://www.commondreams.org/news2003/1028-01.htm |date=2006-10-17 }}. ''[[Project on Defense Alternatives]]'' (''via'' [[Common Dreams NewsCenter]]). Retrieved 2 September 2010.</ref><ref>Conetta, Carl (23 October 2003). [http://www.comw.org/pda/0310rm8.html "The Wages of War: Iraqi Combatant and Noncombatant Fatalities in the 2003 Conflict&nbsp;— Project on Defense Alternative Research Monograph #8"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902070831/http://www.comw.org/pda/0310rm8.html |date=2009-09-02 }}. ''[[Project on Defense Alternatives]]'' (''via'' ''[[Commonwealth Institute (Cambridge, Massachusetts)|Commonwealth Institute]]''). Retrieved 2 September 2010.</ref> '''Insurgents''' (post-Saddam)<br /> '''Killed:''' 21,221–26,405 (2003-2011)<ref>597 killed in 2003,[http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/2007-09-26-insurgents_N.htm], 23,984 killed frae 2004 through 2009 (wi the exceptions o Mey 2004 an Mairch 2009),[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/oct/22/true-civilian-body-count-iraq] 652 killed in May 2004,[http://www.iraqbodycount.org/analysis/numbers/warlogs/] 45 killed in Mairch 2009,[http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/CJAL-7QPQB7?OpenDocument] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903190008/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/CJAL-7QPQB7?OpenDocument |date=2009-09-03 }} 676 killed in 2010,[http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-12-30/iraq-civilian-deaths-drop-for-third-year-as-toll-eases-after-u-s-drawdown.html] 451 killed in 2011 (wi the exception o Februar),[http://news.theage.com.au/breaking-news-world/jan-iraq-death-toll-highest-in-four-months-20110201-1ac9m.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714071733/http://news.theage.com.au/breaking-news-world/jan-iraq-death-toll-highest-in-four-months-20110201-1ac9m.html |date=2014-07-14 }} [http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2011/04/03/Two-US-troops-killed-in-Iraq/UPI-84151301845983/] [http://www.spacewar.com/reports/Iraq_monthly_death_toll_falls_in_April_999.html] [http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=46442] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209184820/http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=46442 |date=2015-02-09 }} [http://www.thedailynewsegypt.com/death-toll-spikes-for-iraqis-us-troops.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111145441/http://www.thedailynewsegypt.com/death-toll-spikes-for-iraqis-us-troops.html |date=2012-01-11 }} [http://www.arabia.msn.com/News/MiddleEast/AFP/2011/August/7991554.aspx] {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.bibalex.org/web/20111208174352/http://arabia.msn.com/news/middleeast/afp/2011/august/7991554.aspx |date=2011-12-08 }} {{Cite web |url=http://arabia.msn.com/news/middleeast/afp/2011/august/7991554.aspx |title=Archived copy |access-date=2021-01-17 |archive-url=http://web.archive.bibalex.org/web/20111208174352/http://arabia.msn.com/news/middleeast/afp/2011/august/7991554.aspx |archive-date=2011-12-08 |url-status=dead}} [http://www.nenosplace.com/showthread.php?45792-239-people-killed-in-Iraq-in-August-and-killed-by-the-U.S.-military] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513134427/http://www.nenosplace.com/showthread.php?45792-239-people-killed-in-Iraq-in-August-and-killed-by-the-U.S.-military |date=2012-05-13 }} [http://gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=461485&version=1&template_id=37&parent_id=17] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118211828/http://gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=461485&version=1&template_id=37&parent_id=17 |date=2012-11-18 }} [http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/Iraq+death+toll+sharply+October/5638077/story.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111111064434/http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/Iraq+death+toll+sharply+October/5638077/story.html |date=2011-11-11 }} thus giving a total of 26,405 dead</ref><br /> '''[[Detainee]]s:''' 12,000 (Iraqi-held)<ref name="cnn1">{{cite news|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2010-09-13/world/iraq.detainees_1_detainees-iraqi-authorities-moussawi?_s=PM:WORLD|title=Amnesty: Iraq holds up to 30,000 detainees without trial|publisher=CNN|date=13 September 2010|accessdate=6 January 2011|archive-date=2010-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101023155150/http://articles.cnn.com/2010-09-13/world/iraq.detainees_1_detainees-iraqi-authorities-moussawi?_s=PM%3AWORLD|url-status=dead}}</ref><br /> '''Tot dead: 28,821–37,405''' |casualties3 = '''Documented civilian daiths frae violence, [[Iraq Body Coont project|Iraq Body Coont]] '''(2003 – 14 December 2011): '''103,160–113,728''' recordit<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iraqbodycount.org/ |title=Iraq Body Count |publisher=Iraq Body Count |accessdate=14 December 2011}}</ref> an '''12,438''' new daiths addit frae the Iraq War Logs<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iraqbodycount.org/analysis/numbers/warlogs/ |title=Iraq War Logs: What the numbers reveal |publisher=Iraq Body Count |accessdate=3 December 2010}}</ref> '''Estimatit violent daiths:'''<br /> '''[[Lancet surveys o Iraq War casualties|''Lancet'' survey]] '''(Mairch 2003&nbsp;– Julie 2006): '''601,027''' (95% CI: 426,369–793,663)<ref name="lancetOct2006">{{PDFlink|[http://brusselstribunal.org/pdf/lancet111006.pdf "Mortality after the 2003 invasion of Iraq: a cross-sectional cluster sample survey"]|242&nbsp;KB}}. By Gilbert Burnham, Riyadh Lafta, Shannon Doocy, and Les Roberts. ''[[The Lancet]],'' 11 October 2006</ref><ref name="Lancet supplement">{{PDFlink|[http://web.mit.edu/CIS/pdf/Human_Cost_of_War.pdf "The Human Cost of the War in Iraq: A Mortality Study, 2002–2006"]|603&nbsp;KB}}. By Gilbert Burnham, Shannon Doocy, Elizabeth Dzeng, Riyadh Lafta, and Les Roberts. A supplement to the October 2006 Lancet study. It is also found here: [http://www.jhsph.edu/refugee/research/iraq/Human_Cost_of_WarFORMATTED.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160515142928/http://www.jhsph.edu/refugee/research/iraq/Human_Cost_of_WarFORMATTED.pdf |date=2016-05-15 }} [http://web.mit.edu/CIS/pdf/Human_Cost_of_War.pdf]</ref><br /> '''[[Associated Press]] '''(Mairch 2003&nbsp;– Aprile 2009): '''110,600'''<ref>Associated Press, 14 October 2009</ref><br /> '''[[Iraq Faimily Health Survey]] '''(Mairch 2003&nbsp;– Julie 2006): '''151,000''' (95% CI: 104,000–223,000)<ref>[http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsa0707782 "Iraq Family Health Survey"] [[New England Journal of Medicine]] 31 January 2008</ref> <br /> For mair information see: [[Casualties o the Iraq War]] |notes='''*''' "injured, diseased, or ither medical": required medical air transport. UK nummer includes "aeromed evacuations"<br />'''**''' '''Tot daiths''' include aw addeetional daiths due tae increased lawlessness, degradit infrastructur, puirer healthcare, etc. |campaignbox = }} The '''Iraq War'''<ref group="nb">The conflict is an aa known as the '''War in Iraq''', the '''Occupation o Iraq''', an the '''Seicont Gulf War (Gulf War II)'''. It wis referred tae as '''Operation Iraqi Freedom''' bi the Unitit States militar, frae 2003 tae 2010.</ref> wis an airmed conflict in [[Iraq]] that consisted o twa phases.<ref name=Britannica>{{cite web|title=Iraq War|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/870845/Iraq-War|work=Britannica|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=27 October 2012}}</ref> The first wis an invasion o Iraq stairtin on 20 Mairch 2003 bi an invasion force led bi the [[Unitit States]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3661134.stm Iraq war illegal, says Annan] BBC 16 September 2004.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wsws.org/articles/2007/mar2007/iraq-m20.shtml |title=The US invasion has caused nearly three-quarter million Iraqi deaths |publisher=Wsws.org |accessdate=22 September 2012}}</ref><ref name = "PBS-20040226">{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/invasion/cron/ |title=A chronology of the six-week invasion of Iraq | date=26 February 2004 |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] | accessdate=19 March 2008}}</ref><ref name="Baker">[http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2006/5/2006_5_17.shtml Kevin Baker] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820002323/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2006/5/2006_5_17.shtml |date=2008-08-20 }} "The Quietest War: We've Kept Fallujah, but Have We Lost Our Souls?" ''American Heritage'', Oct. 2006.</ref> It wis follaed bi a langer phase o fichtin, in which an insurgency emerged tae oppone [[Multi-Naitional Force&nbsp;– Iraq|the occupyin forces]] an the newly furmed Iraqi govrenment.<ref name=Britannica/> The U.S. completit its widrawal o militar personnel in December 2011.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/12/18/us-iraq-usa-pullout-idUSTRE7BH08E20111218 |title=Timeline: Invasion, surge, withdrawal; U.S. forces in Iraq |date=18 December 2011 |agency=Reuters |accessdate=18 December 2011 |first=David |last=Cutler |archive-date=2013-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016061102/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/12/18/us-iraq-usa-pullout-idUSTRE7BH08E20111218 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://world.myjoyonline.com/pages/news/201112/78464.php |title=Last US troops withdraw from Iraq |date=18 December 2011 |work=BBC |accessdate=11 May 2008 |archive-date=2012-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110090556/http://world.myjoyonline.com/pages/news/201112/78464.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Houiver, the [[Iraqi insurgency (post-U.S. widrawal)|Iraqi insurgency]] continues tae cause thoosands o fatalities. ==Notes== <references group="nb"/> ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Iraq War| ]] [[Category:2003 in Iraq]] [[Category:2004 in Iraq]] [[Category:2005 in Iraq]] [[Category:2006 in Iraq]] [[Category:2007 in Iraq]] [[Category:2008 in Iraq]] [[Category:2009 in Iraq]] [[Category:2010 in Iraq]] [[Category:2011 in Iraq]] [[Category:Conflicts in 2003]] [[Category:Conflicts in 2004]] [[Category:Conflicts in 2005]] [[Category:Conflicts in 2006]] [[Category:Conflicts in 2007]] [[Category:Conflicts in 2008]] [[Category:Conflicts in 2009]] [[Category:Conflicts in 2010]] [[Category:Conflicts in 2011]] [[Category:George W. Bush admeenistration controversies]] [[Category:Modren history o Iraq]] [[Category:Iraq–Unitit States relations]] [[Category:Iraq War legal issues]] [[Category:Occupation o Iraq]] [[Category:Politics o Iraq]] [[Category:War on Terror]] ttcgn6ibw0yon3w3yds8radkdlhhy3q 0 65259 926932 901030 2026-11-08T21:15:06Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; career an personal life addit, soorced 926932 wikitext text/x-wiki {{distinguish|Robbie Williams}} {{Infobox comedian | name = Robin Williams | image = Robin Williams 2011a (2).jpg | caption = Williams at the premiere o ''[[Happy Feet Two]]'' in 2011 | birth_name = Robin McLaurin Williams | birth_date = {{birth date|1951|7|21}} | birth_place = [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], [[Unitit States|U.S.]] | death_date = {{death date and age|2014|8|11|1951|7|21}} | death_place = [[Paradise Cay]], [[California]], U.S. | medium = Stand-up, film, television | nationality = [[Americans|American]] | active = 1976–2014 | genre = Character comedy, physical comedy, improvisational comedy, satire / political satire, observational comedy, blue comedy | influences = [[Peter Sellers]], [[Richard Pryor]], [[Jonathan Winters]], [[George Carlin]], [[Chuck Jones]] | influenced = [[Conan O'Brien]], [[Frank Caliendo]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pantagraph.com/articles/2007/11/24/freetime/doc47471a3d6fc50366297886.txt |title=Free Time &#124; Caliendo hopes 'Frank TV' makes good first impression|publisher=Pantagraph.com|date=|accessdate=2012-07-01|archive-date=2012-09-07|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120907133614/http://www.pantagraph.com/articles/2007/11/24/freetime/doc47471a3d6fc50366297886.txt|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Dat Phan]], [[Jo Koy]], [[Gabriel Iglesias]] | spouse = Valerie Velardi<br />(1978–1988; 1 child)<br />[[Marsha Garces Williams]]<br />(1989–2008; 2 children)<br />Susan Schneider<br />(2011–2014; his death) | website = {{URL|http://www.robinwilliams.com}} | module = {{Infobox comedian awards | child = yes | academyawards = '''[[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]'''<br />1997 ''[[Good Will Hunting]]'' | emmyawards = '''[[Primetime Emmy Award for Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program|Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program]]'''<br />1987 ''Carol and Carl and Whoopi and Robin''<br />1988 ''ABC Presents A Royal Gala'' | goldenglobeawards = '''[[Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Musical or Comedy|Best Actor – TV Series Musical or Comedy]]'''<br />1978 ''[[Mork & Mindy]]''<br />'''[[Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy|Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy]]'''<br />1987 ''[[Good Morning, Vietnam]]''<br />1991 ''[[The Fisher King (film)|The Fisher King]]''<br />1993 ''[[Mrs. Doubtfire]]''<br />'''[[Golden Globe Award|Special Achievement Award]]'''<br />1992 ''[[Aladdin (1992 Disney film)|Aladdin]]''<br />'''[[Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Award|Cecil B. Demille Award]]'''<br />2005 | grammyawards = '''[[Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album|Best Comedy Recording]]'''<br />1980 ''Reality...What a Concept''<br />1988 ''ABC Presents A Royal Gala''<br />1988 ''[[A Night at the Met]]''<br />1989 ''Good Morning, Vietnam''<br />2003 ''Robin Williams - Live 2002''<br />'''[[Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album|Best Spoken Word Album]]'''<br />2003 ''Live 2002'' | sagawards = '''[[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture|Outstanding Performance by a Cast - Motion Picture]]'''<br />1996 ''[[The Birdcage]]''<br />'''[[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role|Best Supporting Actor]]'''<br />1997 ''[[Good Will Hunting]]'' }} }} '''Robin McLaurin Williams''' (Julie 21, 1951 – August 11, 2014) wis an [[Unitit States|American]] staund-up comedian, actor, producer, writer, sangster an vyce airtist. He becam weel kent for playin [[Mork]] in ''[[Mork & Mindy]]'', an syne haed a successfu career in baith staund-up comedy an films. His films include weel-praised anes sic as ''[[Good Morning, Vietnam]]'' (1987), ''[[Dead Poets Society]]'' (1989), ''[[Awakenings]]'' (1990), ''[[The Fisher King]]'' (1991), an ''[[Good Will Hunting]]'' (1997), an box-office hits sic as ''[[Popeye (film)|Popeye]]'' (1980), ''[[Hook (film)|Hook]]'' (1991), ''[[Aladdin (1992 Disney film)|Aladdin]]'' (1992), ''[[Mrs. Doubtfire]]'' (1993), ''[[Jumanji]]'' (1995), ''[[The Birdcage]]'' (1996), ''[[Night at the Museum]]'' (2006), an ''[[Happy Feet]]'' (2006). He wis in the muisic video for "[[Don't Worry, Be Happy]]" bi [[Bobby McFerrin]] an aw. He wis nominatit three times for the [[Academy Award for Best Actor|Academy Awaird for Best Actor]], an wan the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor|Academy Awaird for Best Supportin Actor]] for ''[[Good Will Hunting]]'' (1997). He wan twa [[Primetime Emmy Award|Emmy Awairds]], fower [[Golden Globe|Gowden Globes]], twa [[Screen Actors Guild Award|Screen Actors Guild Awairds]] an five [[Grammy Award|Grammy Awairds]] an aw.<ref name="mclaurin">{{cite news|last=Thomas|first=Mike|title=A nose for laughs|work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|date=2002-02-24|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0F360C3C1592F9AE&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|accessdate=2009-12-14|archive-date=2014-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108093851/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0F360C3C1592F9AE&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="mclaurin2">{{cite news|last=McMullen|first=Marion|title=Article: Weekend TV: Star profile. (Features)|publisher=Coventry Evening Telegraph|date=2002-10-05|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-92577025.html|accessdate=2009-12-14|archive-date=2012-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104160202/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-92577025.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Early life== Williams wis born '''Robin McLaurin Williams'''<ref>According to the Nevada Marriage Index, 1956-2005; at http://www.ancestry.com/</ref><ref>The official Michigan social register, 1967, Virginia F. Searcy</ref> in [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]] on Julie 21, 1951.<ref name="birth">Sources conflict. The print biographies ''The Life and Humor of Robin Williams: A Biography'' and ''Robin Williams: A Biography'' give his birth year as 1952. ''The Robin Williams Scrapbook'' also gives a birth year as 1952, as does ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Williams refers to himself as being "55" in an interview published July 4, 2007. {{cite news|title=Marriage 101 with Robin Williams|publisher=Canada.com|date=2007-07-04|first=Katherine|last=Monk|url=http://www.canada.com/saskatoonstarphoenix/news/lifestyle/news/lifestyle/story.html?id=8b777192-8e77-464d-b8da-0cb90be40901&k=1045|access-date=2014-01-02|archive-date=2012-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107142414/http://www.canada.com/saskatoonstarphoenix/news/lifestyle/news/lifestyle/story.html?id=8b777192-8e77-464d-b8da-0cb90be40901&k=1045|url-status=dead}} He also verifies his date of birth as July 21, 1951 in a fansite interview: Stuurman, Linda. [http://www.robin-williams.net/interviews/RWF/rwfinterview.php RWF talks with Robin Williams: Proost!], May 25, 2008.</ref> He studied theatre for three year at the College o Marin in Californie.<ref name="Hansen">{{cite news |last=Hansen |first=Megan |title='We knew him as a neighbor': Marin remembers Robin Williams megan|url=http://www.marinij.com/marinnews/ci_26319466/we-knew-him-neighbor-marin-remembers-robin-williams |access-date=August 13, 2014 |newspaper=[[Marin Independent Journal]] |date=August 11, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813072755/http://www.marinij.com/marinnews/ci_26319466/we-knew-him-neighbor-marin-remembers-robin-williams |archive-date=August 13, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Syne he studied at the Juilliard School in New York, whaur he shared a room wi Franklyn Seales.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nmO3r4GjmyoC&q=robin+williams+franklyn+seales&pg=PA164|last=Dorsinville|first=Jean M.|title=Franklyn V.E. Seales: Life of an Artist|date=2011|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=978-1-4620-3331-7|page=164|access-date=October 28, 2020|archive-date=November 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112131226/https://books.google.com/books?id=nmO3r4GjmyoC&q=robin+williams+franklyn+seales&pg=PA164|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Career== Williams stairtit daein staund-up comedy in the San Francisco Bay Area in 1976.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Hartlaub|first1=Peter|first2=Leah |last2=Garchik |date=August 12, 2014|title=Robin Williams' heart never strayed far from San Francisco|url=https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Robin-Williams-heart-never-strayed-far-from-San-5682602.php|access-date=June 27, 2020|website=San Francisco Chronicle|language=en|archive-date=June 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628161700/https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Robin-Williams-heart-never-strayed-far-from-San-5682602.php|url-status=live}}</ref> Frae 1978 tae 1982 he played Mork, an incomer frae anither planet, in ''Mork & Mindy''. In ''[[Awakenings]]'' (1990) he played a doctor based on Oliver Sacks, an his playin o a therapist in ''Good Will Hunting'' (1997) muived real therapists an aw.<ref>{{cite web|first=Ryan Thomas|last=Neale|date=August 12, 2014|title=Requiem for a Therapist: A Tribute to Robin Williams|work=[[HuffPost]]|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/ryan-thomas-neace-/requiem-for-a-therapist-a_b_5670467.html?page_version=legacy&view=print&comm_ref=false|url-status=live|access-date=October 23, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819102825/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ryan-thomas-neace-/requiem-for-a-therapist-a_b_5670467.html?page_version=legacy&view=print&comm_ref=false|archive-date=August 19, 2014}}</ref> The pairt o the Genie in the Disney cartoon ''Aladdin'' (1992) wis written for him.<ref>{{cite video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=akOo9XqAyxE&t=2m24s| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/akOo9XqAyxE| archive-date=December 11, 2021 | url-status=live|via=YouTube|title=Turning Robin Williams into 'Aladdin's' Genie|publisher=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|date=August 15, 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ==Personal life== Williams mairit the actress Valerie Velardi in 1978, an thair son Zachary wis born in 1983.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20098328,00.html |title=A Comic's Crisis of the Heart |date=February 22, 1988 |magazine=People |first=Brad |last=Darrach |author-link=Brad Darrach |access-date=August 13, 2014 |archive-date=October 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016070733/https://people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20098328,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Thay divorced in 1988, an in 1989 he mairit [[Marsha Garces Williams|Marsha Garces]]; thay haed twa bairns, an divorced in 2010. In 2011 he mairit the graphic designer Susan Schneider, an thay war mairit till he deed.<ref name="WashPost">{{cite news|last1=Chaney|first1=Jen|title=Robin Williams and Susan Schneider reportedly wed|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/celebritology/post/robin-williams-and-susan-schneider-reportedly-wed/2011/10/24/gIQAbweHDM_blog.html|access-date=August 18, 2014|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=October 24, 2011|archive-date=October 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016071656/https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/celebritology/post/robin-williams-and-susan-schneider-reportedly-wed/2011/10/24/gIQAbweHDM_blog.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Daith== On August 11, 2014, efter a lang history o severe depression, Williams took his ain life at his hame in [[Paradise Cay]], [[California]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Death Certificate Indicates Robin Williams Cremated, Ashes Scattered In San Francisco Bay|url=http://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2014/08/21/tabloids-report-robin-williams-cremated-ashes-scattered-in-san-francisco-bay|publisher=CBS Local|access-date=September 16, 2014|date=August 21, 2014|archive-date=August 26, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826111545/http://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2014/08/21/tabloids-report-robin-williams-cremated-ashes-scattered-in-san-francisco-bay/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20140811">{{cite news|last1=Itzkoff|first1=Dave|last2=Fitzsimmons|first2=Emma G.|title=Robin Williams, Oscar-Winning Comedian, Dies at 63|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/12/movies/robin-williams-oscar-winning-comedian-dies-at-63.html|date=August 11, 2014|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=August 11, 2014|first3=Bruce|last3=Weber|archive-date=January 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107070117/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/12/movies/robin-williams-oscar-winning-comedian-dies-at-63.html|url-status=live}}</ref> His autopsy fund diffuse Lewy body disease.<ref name=LBDA>{{cite web |url=https://www.lbda.org/content/lbda-clarifies-autopsy-report-comedian-robin-williams |publisher= [[Lewy Body Dementia Association]] |title= LBDA Clarifies Autopsy Report on Comedian, Robin Williams |date= November 10, 2014 | access-date = April 19, 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200812093153/https://www.lbda.org/content/lbda-clarifies-autopsy-report-comedian-robin-williams |archive-date= August 12, 2020}}</ref> ==Filmografie== {{main|Robin Williams filmografie}} ==Discografie== * ''Reality... What a Concept'' (1979) * ''Throbbing Python of Love'' (1983) * ''[[A Night at the Met]]'' (1986) * ''Pecos Bill'' (1988) * ''Live 2002'' (2002) * ''Weapons of Self Destruction'' (2010) Williams wis in the muisic video for Bobby McFerrin's 1988 hit "[[Don't Worry, Be Happy]]."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bobbymcferrin.com/dont_worry.php |title=Bobby McFerrin Homepage |publisher=Bobbymcferrin.com |accessdate=2010-08-29 |archive-date=2012-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114050243/http://www.bobbymcferrin.com/dont_worry.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> He teamit wi McFerrin again tae record a kiver o [[The Beatles]]' "[[Come Together]]" for the 1998 [[George Martin]] album ''[[In My Life (George Martin album)|In My Life]]''. He haed a cameo in [[Cobra Starship]]'s video "[[You Make Me Feel...]]" wi his dochter [[Zelda Williams]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1666505/cobra-starship-you-make-me-feel-video.jhtml|title=Cobra Starship's 'You Make Me Feel ...' On the set of the new clip, Gabe Saporta explains how a magic photo booth tells a universal story.|publisher=MTV.com|accessdate=2011-06-28|archive-date=2011-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629230859/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1666505/cobra-starship-you-make-me-feel-video.jhtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} {{refbegin}} ;General * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4553999.stm "Robin Williams mimic ends 'fraud'"] ([[BBC News Online]]) * [http://www.askmen.com/gossip/robin-williams/robin-williams-impersonator-stopped.html "Robin Williams' impersonator stopped"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723211220/http://www.askmen.com/gossip/robin-williams/robin-williams-impersonator-stopped.html |date=2008-07-23 }} ([[AskMen.com]]) * [[Frank Lovece|Lovece, Frank]], ''[[Newsday]]'' (Apryle 27, 2006) {{refend}} ==Bibliografie== * {{cite book|title=The Life and Humor of Robin Williams: A Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/lifehumorofrobin0000davi|author=Jay David|publisher=Quill|location=New York|year=1999 |isbn=978-0-688-15245-1}} * {{cite book|title=Robin Williams: A Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/robinwilliams00doug|author=Andy Dougan|publisher=Thunder's Mouth Press|year=1999 |isbn=978-1-56025-213-9}} * {{cite book|title=The Robin Williams Scrapbook|url=https://archive.org/details/robinwilliamsscr0000spig|author=Stephen J. Spignesi|publisher=Carol Pub.|location=Secaucus, NJ|year=1997 |isbn=978-0-8065-1891-6}} ==Freemit airtins== {{sister project links |wikt=no |commons=Category:Robin Williams |b=no |n=no |q=Robin Williams |s=no |v=no |species=no |display=Robin Williams}} * {{official website|http://www.robinwilliams.com}} * {{IMDb name|0000245|Robin Williams}} * {{IBDB name|88190|Robin Williams}} * {{tcmdb name|206858|Robin Williams}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Williams, Robin}} [[Category:1951 births]] [[Category:2014 daiths]] [[Category:Male actors frae Chicago]] [[Category:American fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Scots strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o German strynd]] [[Category:American Episcopalians]] [[Category:American male comedians]] [[Category:American male film actors]] [[Category:American impressionists (enterteeners)]] [[Category:American stand-up comedians]] [[Category:American male televeesion actors]] [[Category:American male vyce actors]] [[Category:Audio beuk narrators]] [[Category:Best Muisical or Comedy Actor Gowden Globe (film) winners]] [[Category:Best Muisical or Comedy Actor Gowden Globe (televeesion) winners]] [[Category:Best Supportin Actor Academy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Detroit Country Day School alumni]] [[Category:Grammy Awaird-winnin airtists]] [[Category:Juilliard School alumni]] [[Category:Ootstaundin Performance bi a Cast in a Motion Pictur Screen Actors Guild Awaird winners]] [[Category:Male actors frae Californie]] [[Category:Male actors frae Michigan]] [[Category:Cecil B. DeMille Awaird Gowden Globe winners]] [[Category:Ootstaundin Performance bi a Male Actor in a Supportin Role Screen Actors Guild Awaird winners]] [[Category:20t-century American male actors]] [[Category:21st-century American male actors]] g41km4r2uubiez6x5o7eb86qw8age5r 927003 926932 2026-11-08T22:06:37Z Monospaced 75295 Award nems as published 927003 wikitext text/x-wiki {{distinguish|Robbie Williams}} {{Infobox comedian | name = Robin Williams | image = Robin Williams 2011a (2).jpg | caption = Williams at the premiere o ''[[Happy Feet Two]]'' in 2011 | birth_name = Robin McLaurin Williams | birth_date = {{birth date|1951|7|21}} | birth_place = [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], [[Unitit States|U.S.]] | death_date = {{death date and age|2014|8|11|1951|7|21}} | death_place = [[Paradise Cay]], [[California]], U.S. | medium = Stand-up, film, television | nationality = [[Americans|American]] | active = 1976–2014 | genre = Character comedy, physical comedy, improvisational comedy, satire / political satire, observational comedy, blue comedy | influences = [[Peter Sellers]], [[Richard Pryor]], [[Jonathan Winters]], [[George Carlin]], [[Chuck Jones]] | influenced = [[Conan O'Brien]], [[Frank Caliendo]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pantagraph.com/articles/2007/11/24/freetime/doc47471a3d6fc50366297886.txt |title=Free Time &#124; Caliendo hopes 'Frank TV' makes good first impression|publisher=Pantagraph.com|date=|accessdate=2012-07-01|archive-date=2012-09-07|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120907133614/http://www.pantagraph.com/articles/2007/11/24/freetime/doc47471a3d6fc50366297886.txt|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Dat Phan]], [[Jo Koy]], [[Gabriel Iglesias]] | spouse = Valerie Velardi<br />(1978–1988; 1 child)<br />[[Marsha Garces Williams]]<br />(1989–2008; 2 children)<br />Susan Schneider<br />(2011–2014; his death) | website = {{URL|http://www.robinwilliams.com}} | module = {{Infobox comedian awards | child = yes | academyawards = '''[[Academy Awards|Best Supporting Actor]]'''<br />1997 ''[[Good Will Hunting]]'' | emmyawards = '''[[Emmy Awards|Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program]]'''<br />1987 ''Carol and Carl and Whoopi and Robin''<br />1988 ''ABC Presents A Royal Gala'' | goldenglobeawards = '''[[Golden Globe Awards|Best Actor – TV Series Musical or Comedy]]'''<br />1978 ''[[Mork & Mindy]]''<br />'''[[Golden Globe Awards|Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy]]'''<br />1987 ''[[Good Morning, Vietnam]]''<br />1991 ''[[The Fisher King (film)|The Fisher King]]''<br />1993 ''[[Mrs. Doubtfire]]''<br />'''[[Golden Globe Awards|Special Achievement Award]]'''<br />1992 ''[[Aladdin (1992 Disney film)|Aladdin]]''<br />'''[[Golden Globe Awards|Cecil B. Demille Award]]'''<br />2005 | grammyawards = '''[[Grammy Awards|Best Comedy Recording]]'''<br />1980 ''Reality...What a Concept''<br />1988 ''ABC Presents A Royal Gala''<br />1988 ''[[A Night at the Met]]''<br />1989 ''Good Morning, Vietnam''<br />2003 ''Robin Williams - Live 2002''<br />'''[[Grammy Awards|Best Spoken Word Album]]'''<br />2003 ''Live 2002'' | sagawards = '''[[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture|Outstanding Performance by a Cast - Motion Picture]]'''<br />1996 ''[[The Birdcage]]''<br />'''[[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role|Best Supporting Actor]]'''<br />1997 ''[[Good Will Hunting]]'' }} }} '''Robin McLaurin Williams''' (Julie 21, 1951 – August 11, 2014) wis an [[Unitit States|American]] staund-up comedian, actor, producer, writer, sangster an vyce airtist. He becam weel kent for playin [[Mork]] in ''[[Mork & Mindy]]'', an syne haed a successfu career in baith staund-up comedy an films. His films include weel-praised anes sic as ''[[Good Morning, Vietnam]]'' (1987), ''[[Dead Poets Society]]'' (1989), ''[[Awakenings]]'' (1990), ''[[The Fisher King]]'' (1991), an ''[[Good Will Hunting]]'' (1997), an box-office hits sic as ''[[Popeye (film)|Popeye]]'' (1980), ''[[Hook (film)|Hook]]'' (1991), ''[[Aladdin (1992 Disney film)|Aladdin]]'' (1992), ''[[Mrs. Doubtfire]]'' (1993), ''[[Jumanji]]'' (1995), ''[[The Birdcage]]'' (1996), ''[[Night at the Museum]]'' (2006), an ''[[Happy Feet]]'' (2006). He wis in the muisic video for "[[Don't Worry, Be Happy]]" bi [[Bobby McFerrin]] an aw. He wis nominatit three times for the [[Academy Awards|Academy Award for Best Actor]], an wan the [[Academy Awards|Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor]] for ''[[Good Will Hunting]]'' (1997). He wan twa [[Emmy Awards]], fower [[Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globes]], twa [[Screen Actors Guild Award|Screen Actors Guild Awards]] an five [[Grammy Awards]] an aw.<ref name="mclaurin">{{cite news|last=Thomas|first=Mike|title=A nose for laughs|work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|date=2002-02-24|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0F360C3C1592F9AE&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|accessdate=2009-12-14|archive-date=2014-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108093851/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0F360C3C1592F9AE&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="mclaurin2">{{cite news|last=McMullen|first=Marion|title=Article: Weekend TV: Star profile. (Features)|publisher=Coventry Evening Telegraph|date=2002-10-05|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-92577025.html|accessdate=2009-12-14|archive-date=2012-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104160202/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-92577025.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Early life== Williams wis born '''Robin McLaurin Williams'''<ref>According to the Nevada Marriage Index, 1956-2005; at http://www.ancestry.com/</ref><ref>The official Michigan social register, 1967, Virginia F. Searcy</ref> in [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]] on Julie 21, 1951.<ref name="birth">Sources conflict. The print biographies ''The Life and Humor of Robin Williams: A Biography'' and ''Robin Williams: A Biography'' give his birth year as 1952. ''The Robin Williams Scrapbook'' also gives a birth year as 1952, as does ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Williams refers to himself as being "55" in an interview published July 4, 2007. {{cite news|title=Marriage 101 with Robin Williams|publisher=Canada.com|date=2007-07-04|first=Katherine|last=Monk|url=http://www.canada.com/saskatoonstarphoenix/news/lifestyle/news/lifestyle/story.html?id=8b777192-8e77-464d-b8da-0cb90be40901&k=1045|access-date=2014-01-02|archive-date=2012-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107142414/http://www.canada.com/saskatoonstarphoenix/news/lifestyle/news/lifestyle/story.html?id=8b777192-8e77-464d-b8da-0cb90be40901&k=1045|url-status=dead}} He also verifies his date of birth as July 21, 1951 in a fansite interview: Stuurman, Linda. [http://www.robin-williams.net/interviews/RWF/rwfinterview.php RWF talks with Robin Williams: Proost!], May 25, 2008.</ref> He studied theatre for three year at the College o Marin in Californie.<ref name="Hansen">{{cite news |last=Hansen |first=Megan |title='We knew him as a neighbor': Marin remembers Robin Williams megan|url=http://www.marinij.com/marinnews/ci_26319466/we-knew-him-neighbor-marin-remembers-robin-williams |access-date=August 13, 2014 |newspaper=[[Marin Independent Journal]] |date=August 11, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813072755/http://www.marinij.com/marinnews/ci_26319466/we-knew-him-neighbor-marin-remembers-robin-williams |archive-date=August 13, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Syne he studied at the Juilliard School in New York, whaur he shared a room wi Franklyn Seales.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nmO3r4GjmyoC&q=robin+williams+franklyn+seales&pg=PA164|last=Dorsinville|first=Jean M.|title=Franklyn V.E. Seales: Life of an Artist|date=2011|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=978-1-4620-3331-7|page=164|access-date=October 28, 2020|archive-date=November 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112131226/https://books.google.com/books?id=nmO3r4GjmyoC&q=robin+williams+franklyn+seales&pg=PA164|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Career== Williams stairtit daein staund-up comedy in the San Francisco Bay Area in 1976.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Hartlaub|first1=Peter|first2=Leah |last2=Garchik |date=August 12, 2014|title=Robin Williams' heart never strayed far from San Francisco|url=https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Robin-Williams-heart-never-strayed-far-from-San-5682602.php|access-date=June 27, 2020|website=San Francisco Chronicle|language=en|archive-date=June 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628161700/https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Robin-Williams-heart-never-strayed-far-from-San-5682602.php|url-status=live}}</ref> Frae 1978 tae 1982 he played Mork, an incomer frae anither planet, in ''Mork & Mindy''. In ''[[Awakenings]]'' (1990) he played a doctor based on Oliver Sacks, an his playin o a therapist in ''Good Will Hunting'' (1997) muived real therapists an aw.<ref>{{cite web|first=Ryan Thomas|last=Neale|date=August 12, 2014|title=Requiem for a Therapist: A Tribute to Robin Williams|work=[[HuffPost]]|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/ryan-thomas-neace-/requiem-for-a-therapist-a_b_5670467.html?page_version=legacy&view=print&comm_ref=false|url-status=live|access-date=October 23, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819102825/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ryan-thomas-neace-/requiem-for-a-therapist-a_b_5670467.html?page_version=legacy&view=print&comm_ref=false|archive-date=August 19, 2014}}</ref> The pairt o the Genie in the Disney cartoon ''Aladdin'' (1992) wis written for him.<ref>{{cite video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=akOo9XqAyxE&t=2m24s| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/akOo9XqAyxE| archive-date=December 11, 2021 | url-status=live|via=YouTube|title=Turning Robin Williams into 'Aladdin's' Genie|publisher=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|date=August 15, 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ==Personal life== Williams mairit the actress Valerie Velardi in 1978, an thair son Zachary wis born in 1983.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20098328,00.html |title=A Comic's Crisis of the Heart |date=February 22, 1988 |magazine=People |first=Brad |last=Darrach |author-link=Brad Darrach |access-date=August 13, 2014 |archive-date=October 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016070733/https://people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20098328,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Thay divorced in 1988, an in 1989 he mairit [[Marsha Garces Williams|Marsha Garces]]; thay haed twa bairns, an divorced in 2010. In 2011 he mairit the graphic designer Susan Schneider, an thay war mairit till he deed.<ref name="WashPost">{{cite news|last1=Chaney|first1=Jen|title=Robin Williams and Susan Schneider reportedly wed|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/celebritology/post/robin-williams-and-susan-schneider-reportedly-wed/2011/10/24/gIQAbweHDM_blog.html|access-date=August 18, 2014|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=October 24, 2011|archive-date=October 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016071656/https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/celebritology/post/robin-williams-and-susan-schneider-reportedly-wed/2011/10/24/gIQAbweHDM_blog.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Daith== On August 11, 2014, efter a lang history o severe depression, Williams took his ain life at his hame in [[Paradise Cay]], [[California]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Death Certificate Indicates Robin Williams Cremated, Ashes Scattered In San Francisco Bay|url=http://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2014/08/21/tabloids-report-robin-williams-cremated-ashes-scattered-in-san-francisco-bay|publisher=CBS Local|access-date=September 16, 2014|date=August 21, 2014|archive-date=August 26, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826111545/http://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2014/08/21/tabloids-report-robin-williams-cremated-ashes-scattered-in-san-francisco-bay/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20140811">{{cite news|last1=Itzkoff|first1=Dave|last2=Fitzsimmons|first2=Emma G.|title=Robin Williams, Oscar-Winning Comedian, Dies at 63|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/12/movies/robin-williams-oscar-winning-comedian-dies-at-63.html|date=August 11, 2014|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=August 11, 2014|first3=Bruce|last3=Weber|archive-date=January 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107070117/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/12/movies/robin-williams-oscar-winning-comedian-dies-at-63.html|url-status=live}}</ref> His autopsy fund diffuse Lewy body disease.<ref name=LBDA>{{cite web |url=https://www.lbda.org/content/lbda-clarifies-autopsy-report-comedian-robin-williams |publisher= [[Lewy Body Dementia Association]] |title= LBDA Clarifies Autopsy Report on Comedian, Robin Williams |date= November 10, 2014 | access-date = April 19, 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200812093153/https://www.lbda.org/content/lbda-clarifies-autopsy-report-comedian-robin-williams |archive-date= August 12, 2020}}</ref> ==Filmografie== {{main|Robin Williams filmografie}} ==Discografie== * ''Reality... What a Concept'' (1979) * ''Throbbing Python of Love'' (1983) * ''[[A Night at the Met]]'' (1986) * ''Pecos Bill'' (1988) * ''Live 2002'' (2002) * ''Weapons of Self Destruction'' (2010) Williams wis in the muisic video for Bobby McFerrin's 1988 hit "[[Don't Worry, Be Happy]]."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bobbymcferrin.com/dont_worry.php |title=Bobby McFerrin Homepage |publisher=Bobbymcferrin.com |accessdate=2010-08-29 |archive-date=2012-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114050243/http://www.bobbymcferrin.com/dont_worry.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> He teamit wi McFerrin again tae record a kiver o [[The Beatles]]' "[[Come Together]]" for the 1998 [[George Martin]] album ''[[In My Life (George Martin album)|In My Life]]''. He haed a cameo in [[Cobra Starship]]'s video "[[You Make Me Feel...]]" wi his dochter [[Zelda Williams]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1666505/cobra-starship-you-make-me-feel-video.jhtml|title=Cobra Starship's 'You Make Me Feel ...' On the set of the new clip, Gabe Saporta explains how a magic photo booth tells a universal story.|publisher=MTV.com|accessdate=2011-06-28|archive-date=2011-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629230859/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1666505/cobra-starship-you-make-me-feel-video.jhtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} {{refbegin}} ;General * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4553999.stm "Robin Williams mimic ends 'fraud'"] ([[BBC News Online]]) * [http://www.askmen.com/gossip/robin-williams/robin-williams-impersonator-stopped.html "Robin Williams' impersonator stopped"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723211220/http://www.askmen.com/gossip/robin-williams/robin-williams-impersonator-stopped.html |date=2008-07-23 }} ([[AskMen.com]]) * [[Frank Lovece|Lovece, Frank]], ''[[Newsday]]'' (Apryle 27, 2006) {{refend}} ==Bibliografie== * {{cite book|title=The Life and Humor of Robin Williams: A Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/lifehumorofrobin0000davi|author=Jay David|publisher=Quill|location=New York|year=1999 |isbn=978-0-688-15245-1}} * {{cite book|title=Robin Williams: A Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/robinwilliams00doug|author=Andy Dougan|publisher=Thunder's Mouth Press|year=1999 |isbn=978-1-56025-213-9}} * {{cite book|title=The Robin Williams Scrapbook|url=https://archive.org/details/robinwilliamsscr0000spig|author=Stephen J. Spignesi|publisher=Carol Pub.|location=Secaucus, NJ|year=1997 |isbn=978-0-8065-1891-6}} ==Freemit airtins== {{sister project links |wikt=no |commons=Category:Robin Williams |b=no |n=no |q=Robin Williams |s=no |v=no |species=no |display=Robin Williams}} * {{official website|http://www.robinwilliams.com}} * {{IMDb name|0000245|Robin Williams}} * {{IBDB name|88190|Robin Williams}} * {{tcmdb name|206858|Robin Williams}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Williams, Robin}} [[Category:1951 births]] [[Category:2014 daiths]] [[Category:Male actors frae Chicago]] [[Category:American fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Scots strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o German strynd]] [[Category:American Episcopalians]] [[Category:American male comedians]] [[Category:American male film actors]] [[Category:American impressionists (enterteeners)]] [[Category:American stand-up comedians]] [[Category:American male televeesion actors]] [[Category:American male vyce actors]] [[Category:Audio beuk narrators]] [[Category:Best Muisical or Comedy Actor Gowden Globe (film) winners]] [[Category:Best Muisical or Comedy Actor Gowden Globe (televeesion) winners]] [[Category:Best Supportin Actor Academy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Detroit Country Day School alumni]] [[Category:Grammy Awaird-winnin airtists]] [[Category:Juilliard School alumni]] [[Category:Ootstaundin Performance bi a Cast in a Motion Pictur Screen Actors Guild Awaird winners]] [[Category:Male actors frae Californie]] [[Category:Male actors frae Michigan]] [[Category:Cecil B. DeMille Awaird Gowden Globe winners]] [[Category:Ootstaundin Performance bi a Male Actor in a Supportin Role Screen Actors Guild Awaird winners]] [[Category:20t-century American male actors]] [[Category:21st-century American male actors]] e297cqpzfi2md3by1dzwd32jrws8h2o 0 65273 926959 919967 2026-11-08T21:30:54Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; quotes an titles back tae the original, live-action section updatit 926959 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = Aladdin | director = [[Ron Clements]]<br />[[John Musker]] | producer = Ron Clements<br />John Musker | writer = Ron Clements<br />John Musker<br />Ted Elliott<br />Terry Rossio | based on = [[Aladdin and the Magic Lamp]] frae ''[[Ane Thoosand an Ane Nichts|One Thousand and One Nights]]'' | starring = {{plainlist| * [[Scott Weinger]] * [[Robin Williams]] * [[Linda Larkin]] * Jonathan Freeman * [[Frank Welker]] * [[Gilbert Gottfried]] * Douglas Seale}} | music = [[Alan Menken]] <!-- Do nae add Howard Ashman or Tim Rice, the credit asks for music, nae lyrics --> | editing = Mark A. Hester <br />H. Lee Peterson | studio = Walt Disney Pictures<br/>Walt Disney Feature Animation | distributor = Buena Vista Pictures | released = {{Film date|1992|11|25}}<!-- Do nae add the UK or Australian release date here, please; see WP:FILMRELEASE. --> | runtime = 90 minnets | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | budget = $28 million<ref name="boxoffice">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=aladdin.htm|title=Aladdin box office info|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=Mairch 17, 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090215092824/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=aladdin.htm| archivedate= Februar 15, 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> | gross = $504.1 million<ref name="boxoffice"/> }} '''''Aladdin''''' is a 1992 American animatit muisical [[fantasie film]] produced bi Walt Disney Feature Animation an released bi [[Walt Disney Pictures]]. ''Aladdin'' is the 31st Disney animatit feature film, an wis pairt o the Disney film era kent as the Disney Renaissance. The film wis directit bi John Musker an Ron Clements, an is based on the Arab [[Fairy tale|folktale]] ''Aladdin and the Magic Lamp'' frae ''[[Ane Thoosand an Ane Nichts]]''. The vyce cast featurs Scott Weinger, [[Robin Williams]], Linda Larkin, Jonathan Freeman, Frank Welker, [[Gilbert Gottfried]], an Douglas Seale. Lyricist Howard Ashman first pitched the idea, an the screenplay went throu three drafts afore then-Disney Studios preses [[Jeffrey Katzenberg]] greed tae it bein makkit. The animators based thair designs on the wark o caricaturist Al Hirschfeld, an computers war uised for baith finishin the artwork an creautin some animatit elements. The muisical score wis scrieved bi Alan Menken an featurs sax sangs wi lyrics scrieved bi baith Ashman an Tim Rice, wha teuk ower efter Ashman's daith. ''Aladdin'' wis released on November 25, 1992 an wis the maist successfu film o 1992, earnin ower $217&nbsp;million in revenue in the [[Unitit States]], an ower $504&nbsp;million warldwide. The film won monie awairds an aw, maist o them for its soundtrack. {{nobreak|''Aladdin''{{'}}s}} success led tae ither material inspired bi the film, includin twa sequels released straucht tae video, ''The Return of Jafar'' an ''Aladdin and the King of Thieves'', an animatit telly series o the same nem, toys, video gemmes, spin-affs, a live-action remake in 2019, Disney merchandise an a Broadway adaptation that stairtit in 2014. ==Plot== Jafar, a sorcerer an the ryal vizier o the fictional ceety o Agrabah, an his taukin papingoe, Iago, seek oot a magyk lamp hidden amid the Cave o Wonders. Thay're tellt that ainly yin body is worthy tae put in. The 'diamant in the ruff', wham Jafar later identifees as Aladdin, an Agrabah wynd urchin. Princess Jasmine o Agrabah, pure upset that the law requires her tae mairie a prince insteid o the yin she luves, escapes the pailace an meets Aladdin an his pet monkey, Abu. The pailace guards capture Aladdin on Jafar's orders. Jasmine confronts Jafar tae demand Aladdin's release, bit he tells her a lee that Aladdin haes been kilt. Disguised as an auldjin, Jafar frees Aladdin an Abu an brings thaim tae the cave, ordering thaim tae retrieve the lamp. Efter bein telt tae titch hee haw bit the lamp, Aladdin finds a magic cairpet ben an obtains the lamp. Forgetting the cave's ruil, Abu grabs a jewel. Aladdin, Abu, an the cairpet rush tae escape the cave at the doon fallin; Aladdin gies the lamp tae Jafar, wha throws baith Aladdin an Abu back intae the cave, tho nae afore Abu steals the lamp back. Trapped, Aladdin rubs the lamp an meets the genie wha bides ben it. The genie grants Aladdin three wishes. Aladdin tricks the genie intae freeing thaim aw fae the cave athoot usin a wish. He uses his foremaist wish tae assume the identity o a prince tae woo Jasmine, an promises tae uise his third wish tae free the genie fae servitude. At Iago's request, Jafar plots tae becom [[Sultan]] bi mairyin Jasmine. Aladdin, as "Prince Ali Ababwa", arrives in Agrabah wi a lairge host, bit Jasmine gets crabbit whin he discusses her fate wi her faither the Sultan an Jafar athoot her. As a means o apology, Aladdin steals Jasmine on a hurl on the magic cairpet. Whin she deduces his true identitie, he convinces her that he ainlie dresses as a peasant tae escape the stresses o ryal lee. Efter Aladdin brocht Jasmine hame, the palace guards captur Aladdin on Jafar's behest an throw him intae the sea. The genie appears an saves him at the cost o his seicont wish. Aladdin returns tae the pailace an expones Jafar's evil plot. Jafar flees efter spotting the lamp an sicweys discoverin Aladdin's true identity. Fearing that he wull lose Jasmine if the truth is revealed, Aladdin breaks his promise an refuses tae unthirl the genie. Iago steals the lamp, an Jafar becomes the genie's nou master. He uses his foremaist twa wishes tae acome Sultan an the warld's maist pouerfu sorcerer. He then expones Aladdin's identity an exiles him, Abu, an the cairpet tae a frozen wasteland. Thay escape an return tae the palace. Jasmine tries tae hulp Aladdin steal the lamp back, bit Jafar notices an overpowers the heroes wi his magic. Aladdin taunts Jafar fur bein less powerful than the genie, tricking Jafar intae usin his lest wish tae acome an aw-powerful genie hissel. Noo bound tae his nou lamp, Jafar ends up trapped ben it, takkin Iago wi him. Wi Agrabah returned tae normal, the genie banishes Jafar's lamp an advises Aladdin uise his third wish tae regain his ryal title sae the law wull allou him tae bide wi Jasmine. Aladdin decides insteid tae keep his promise an frees the genie. Realising Aladdin an Jasmine's luve, the Sultan chynges the law tae allou Jasmine tae mairie wham she chooses. The genie leaves tae explore the warld, while Aladdin an Jasmine stairt thair freish lee thegither. ==Cast== *Scott Weinger as Aladdin, a poor, but kynd-hearted Agrabah thief. Weinger sent in a hamemade audition tape wi his mither playin the Genie,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.scottweinger.net/article13.html|title=As Genie, mom helped grant son's wish for 'Aladdin' role|author=Abbott, Jim|date=January 5, 1993|work=St. Paul Pioneer Press|accessdate=May 26, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602043724/http://www.scottweinger.net/article13.html|archivedate=2009-06-02|deadurl=no|url-status=dead}}</ref> an efter several caw backs he foond sax month later that he haed the pairt.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.scottweinger.net/article15.html|title=Aladdin's Voice Speaks|author=Caporaso, Jenna|author2=Trucks, Leigh|author3=Pompa, Andrew|date=February 27, 1994|work=The Charlotte Observer|accessdate=May 26, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416063832/http://www.scottweinger.net/article15.html|archivedate=2009-04-16|deadurl=no|url-status=dead}}</ref> Aladdin's supervising animator wis bi Glen Keane. Brad Kane gies Aladdin his singin vyce.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e1RTP8thtR0C&pg=PA112|title=Disney Voice Actors: A Biographical Dictionary|first=Thomas S.|last=Hischak|publisher=McFarland|year=2011|isbn=978-0-7864-6271-1|page=112}}</ref> *[[Robin Williams]] as The Genie, a comedic [[genie]], wi nigh omnipotent pouer that can anly be exercised whan his master wishes it. The Genie's supervising animator wis Eric Goldberg. Clements an Musker wrate the pairt o the Genie for Robin Williams an, whan met wi resistance, creatit a reel o Williams' stand-up tae animation o the Genie. The directors asked Goldberg tae animate a Genie ower ane o Williams' auld stand-up comedy routines tae pitch the idea tae the actor. The resultin test, whaur Williams taukin anent [[schizophrenia]] wis translated intae Genie growin anither heid tae argue wi himsel, makkit Williams "laugh his ass aff" an convinced him tae sign on fur the role. Williams' appearance in ''Aladdin'' (despite his appearance alang wi Christian Slater an Tim Curry in the early 1992 animatit film ''FernGully'') marks the beginnin o a transition in animatit film tae celebrity vyce actors, rather than specifically trained vyce actors in animatit film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2011/10/how-celebrities-took-over-cartoon-voice-acting/247481|title=How Celebrities Took Over Cartoon Voice Acting|author=Meslow, Scott|work=The Atlantic|date=October 28, 2011|accessdate=May 3, 2015}}</ref> Williams providit monie celebrity impressions during recording sessions, which war re-adapted intae the fabric o the character. Thir included Ed Sullivan, [[Jack Nicholson]], [[Robert De Niro]], [[Groucho Marx]], [[Rodney Dangerfield]], William F. Buckley, Peter Lorre, [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]], an Arsenio Hall.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ew.com/article/2014/08/12/robin-williams-aladdin-eric-goldberg|title=Robin Williams in 'Aladdin': Animator Eric Goldberg remembers drawing Genie|date=August 12, 2014|author=Labrecque, Jeff|work=Entertainment Weekly|accessdate=May 3, 2015|archive-date=2021-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731115124/https://ew.com/article/2014/08/12/robin-williams-aladdin-eric-goldberg/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Williams vyces the Peddler forby, a mysterious merchant wha appears at the beginnin o the film. Efter promoting feckless goods tae the audience, he reveals the magic lamp an begins the story o ''Aladdin''. The scene wis completely unscripted — the production left Williams a table wi props covered wi a sheet an asked him tae pull oot objects athoot lookin at them an describe them in-character. The dooble role originally led tae the Peddler revealin tae be the Genie disguised, but that idea wis dropped later in development.<ref name="ew" /> Bruce Adler supplies the singing vyce for the Peddler. *Jonathan Freeman as Jafar, the pouer-hungry Grand Vizier o Agrabah. Jafar wis originally envisioned as curnaptious, but the directors decidit that a calm villain wad be scarier.<ref name=popup/> Freeman wis the first actor cast an spent ane year an nine month recordin his dialogue. He later readjusted his vyce efter Weinger an Larkin war cast as he felt "Jafar had to be seen as a real threat to Aladdin and Jasmine".<ref>{{cite web|author=Hill, Jim|url=http://jimhillmedia.com/editor_in_chief1/b/jim_hill/archive/2011/06/13/jonathan-freeman-returns-as-jafar-in-new-stage-musical-version-of-disney-s-quot-aladdin-quot.aspx|title=Jonathan Freeman returns as Jafar in new stage musical version of Disney's "Aladdin"|publisher=Jim Hill Media|date=June 13, 2011|accessdate=December 26, 2011|archive-date=2019-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820184415/http://jimhillmedia.com/editor_in_chief1/b/jim_hill/archive/2011/06/13/jonathan-freeman-returns-as-jafar-in-new-stage-musical-version-of-disney-s-quot-aladdin-quot.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Jafar's supervising animator wis Andreas Deja, wha tried tae incorporate Freeman's facial expressions an gesturing intae the character,<ref name=diamond/> while Jafar's beggar an snake forms are animatit bi Kathy Zielinski.<ref name=comm1/> *Linda Larkin as Princess Jasmine: The princess o Agrabah, wha is tired o life in the ryal pailace. Larkin wis chose nine month efter her audeetion, an haed tae lawer her heich-pitched vyce tae reach the vyce the film-makars war leukin for in the character.<ref name=popup/> Jasmine's supervising animator wis Mark Henn. [[Lea Salonga]] gies Jasmine her singin vyce.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://d23.com/lea-salonga/|title=Disney Legends: Lea Salonga|publisher=Disney.com|accessdate=December 26, 2011}}</ref> *Frank Welker as Abu, Aladdin's kleptomaniac pet monkey wi a heich-pitched vyce. The animators filmed monkeys at the San Francisco Zoo tae study thair muivments for Abu's character.<ref name=popup/> In the three years it teuk tae record the film, Welker didnae meet Weinger or Williams.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allspark.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1&Itemid=3|title=The Allspark Interviews Legend Frank Welker|author=Kalidor|date=September 22, 2006|work=allspark.com|accessdate=May 26, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602082326/http://www.allspark.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1&Itemid=3|archivedate=June 2, 2009|deadurl=no}}</ref> Welker vyces Jasmine's tiger Rajah an the Cave o Wonders forby.<ref name=comm1/> Duncan Marjoribanks wis the supervising animator for Abu, while Rajah wis animatit bi Aaron Blaise. *[[Gilbert Gottfried]] as Iago, Jafar's sarcastic, foul-mouthed parrot assistant. Muckle lik Robin Williams, Gottfried wis gien freedom tae improvise his lines.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinemablend.com/new/Why-Gilbert-Gottfried-Had-Keep-Recording-His-Aladdin-Lines-112457.html|title=Why Gilbert Gottfried Had To Keep Recording His Aladdin Lines |author=Libbey, Dirk|publisher=CinemaBlend|accessdate=December 26, 2011}}</ref> Iago's supervising animator Will Finn tried tae incorporate a wheen o aspects o Gottfried's appearance intae Iago's design, sic as his semi-closed een an the always-appearin teeth.<ref name=popup/> *Douglas Seale as The Sultan, the pompous, but kynd ruler o Agrabah, wha desperately tries tae find a suitor for his dochter Jasmine. Some aspects o the character war inspired bi the ''Wizard of Oz'', tae creaut a bumbling authority figure.<ref name=popup/> The Sultan's supervising animator wis David Pruiksma. *Jim Cummings as Razoul, the Captain o the Guard. He wis named efter layout supervisor Rasoul Azadani.<ref name=popup/> He an the ither guards war animatit bi Phil Young an Chris Wahl. *Charlie Adler as Gazeem: A thief that Jafar sends intae the Cave o Wonders at the beginnin o the film but is trapped inside for bein unworthy. Gazeem wis animatit bi T. Daniel Hofstedt. *Corey Burton as Prince Achmed, a snobbish prince wha is rejected bi Princess Jasmine as her suitor. ==Production== ===Script an development=== In 1988, lyricist Howard Ashman pitched the idea o an animatit musical adaptation o Aladdin. Ashman haed written a 40-page film treatment remainin faithful tae the plot an characters o the original story, but envisioned as a campy 1930s-style musical wi a Cab Calloway/Fats Waller-lik Genie.<ref name="Rhodes">{{cite news| title=What Would Walt Say? : The credits read Disney, but 'Aladdin' is a brand-new 'toon, an irreverent high-stakes gamble that veers sharply from tradition | url=http://articles.latimes.com/1992-11-08/entertainment/ca-4_1_walt-disney-studios | last=Rhodes | first=Joe | newspaper=''Los Angeles Times'' | date=November 8, 1992 | accessdate=July 11, 2015}}</ref> Alangside pairtner Alan Menken, Ashman conceived several sangs an eikit Aladdin's friends named Babkak, Omar, an Kasim tae the story.<ref name="Mouseunderglass">{{cite book |last=Koeing |first=David |title=Mouse Under Glass: Secrets of Disney Animation & Theme Parks |url=https://archive.org/details/mouseunderglasss0000koen |location=Irvine, California |publisher=Bonadventure Press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/mouseunderglasss0000koen/page/216 216]–26 |isbn=978-0964060517 |date=January 28, 2001 }}<!--|accessdate=Julie 11, 2015--></ref><ref name="time" /> Hooanever, the studio wis dismissive o Ashman's treatment an removed the project frae development in which Ashman an Menken war later recruited tae compone songs for ''[[Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)|Beauty and the Beast]]''.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1992-11-25/features/1992330079_1_alan-menken-ashman-howard | title=Ashman's words were music to his ears | last=Hunter | first=Stephen | newspaper=''The Baltimore Sun'' | date=November 25, 1992 | accessdate=July 11, 2015 | archive-date=2017-08-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801234847/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1992-11-25/features/1992330079_1_alan-menken-ashman-howard | url-status=dead }}</ref> Linda Woolverton, wha haed worked on ''Beauty and the Beast'' an aw, uised thair treatment an developit a draft wi inspired elements frae ''The Thief o Bagdad'' sic as a villain named Jaf'far, an aged sidekick retired human thief named Abu, an a human handmaiden for the princess.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://howardashman.com/blog/john-musker-question-countdown-number-9/ | title=John Musker Question Countdown – Number 9 | date=February 21, 2012 | accessdate=July 11, 2015 | archive-date=2016-04-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406212441/http://howardashman.com/blog/john-musker-question-countdown-number-9/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://animatedviews.com/2005/aladdin-crew-reunion/|first=Christian|last=Ziebarth|title=Aladdin: Crew Reunion|publisher=Animated Views|date=April 23, 2005|accessdate=May 31, 2009}}</ref> Then, directors John Musker an Ron Clements jynt the production, picking ''Aladdin'' oot o three projects affered, which included an adaptation o ''[[Swan Lake]]'' an ''King o the Jungle'' – that eventually becam ''[[The Lion King]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://animationpodcast.com/ronandjohn-part-three/|title=Show 009 – Ron and John, Part Three|publisher=The Animation Podcast|date=November 1, 2005|accessdate=May 31, 2009|archive-date=2010-03-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100309041355/http://animationpodcast.com/ronandjohn-part-three/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Afore Ashman's daith in Mairch 1991, Ashman an Menken haed componed "Prince Ali" an his last song, "Humiliate the Boy".<ref>{{cite news | title=Lyricist's life ended on poignant note | url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1991-11-22/entertainment/1991326070_1_alan-menken-ashman-song-we-wrote | work=Los Angeles Daily News | publisher=Baltimore Sun | date=November 22, 1991 | accessdate=July 11, 2015 | archive-date=2017-11-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107233721/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1991-11-22/entertainment/1991326070_1_alan-menken-ashman-song-we-wrote | url-status=dead }}</ref> Musker an Clements wrate a draft o the screenplay, an then delivered a storie reel tae studio chief [[Jeffrey Katzenberg]] in Apryle 1991.<ref name="time" /> Katzenberg thocht the script didnae engage, an on a day kent bi the staff as "Black Friday", demaunded that the entire storie be rewrate athoot reschedulin the film's November 25, 1992 release date.<ref>{{cite video | people = John Musker, Ron Clements, Eric Goldberg, Amy Pell, Ed Gombert, Terry Rossio, Ted Elliot | title = Reflections On Black Friday | medium = DVD | publisher = Walt Disney Home Video |date = 2004}}</ref> Amang the changes Katzenberg requested frae Clements an Musker war tae nae be dependent on Ashman's vision,<ref name="Mouseunderglass" /> an the remuival o Aladdin's mither, remarkin, "Eighty-six the mother. The mom's a zero."<ref>{{cite news| title=Retread country | last=Steyn | first=Mark | newspaper=The Spectator | url=http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/18th-october-1997/76/cinema | date=October 17, 1997 | accessdate=July 11, 2015}}</ref> Screenscreivin duo Ted Elliott an Terry Rossio war brocht in tae rewark the storie,<ref name="time" /> an the changes thay med included the remuival o Aladdin's mither, the strenthenin o the character o Princess Jasmine, an the deletion o a wheen o the Ashman-Menken songs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ew.com/article/1992/12/04/unsung-aladdin-songs|title=Unsung ''Aladdin'' songs | last=Daly | first=Steve | publisher=''Entertainment Weekly'' | date=December 4, 1992 | accessdate=July 11, 2015}}</ref> Aladdin's personalitie wis rewritten tae be "a wee bit rucher, like a young [[Harrison Ford]],"<ref name="time" /><ref name="ultimate">{{cite web|url=http://www.dvdizzy.com/aladdin.html|title=Aladdin DVzsxD review|publisher=DVDizzy.com|accessdate=March 20, 2007 }}</ref> an the papingoe Iago, wha was originallie a stiff Inglis archetype, wis rewirked intae a comic rôle efter the filmmakars saw [[Gilbert Gottfried]] in ''Beverly Hills Cop II''. Gottfried wis cast tae gie Iago's his vyce.<ref>{{cite video | people = John Musker, Ron Clements | title = Aladdin: Platinum Edition (Disc 2) | medium = DVD | publisher = Walt Disney Home Video |date = 2004}}</ref> Bi October 1991, Katzenberg wis blythe wi the new version o ''Aladdin''.<ref name="Rhodes" /> As wi Woolverton's screenplay, a wheen o characters an plot elements are based on the 1940 version o ''The Thief o Bagdad'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fosteronfilm.com/fantasy/thiefbagdad.htm|title=Fantasy: The Thief of Bagdad|publisher=Foster On Film|accessdate=May 31, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Visions of the East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q2_E_gl9BbYC|author=Bernstein, Matthew |author2= Studlar, Gaylyn|publisher=I.B.Tauris|year=1997|isbn=978-1-86064-305-7}}</ref> the location o the film wis changed frae Baghdad, Iraq, tae the fictional [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabian]] citie o Agrabah.<ref>{{cite web|last=Johnson|first=Zach|title=Disney Myths Debunked by Ron Clements and John Musker, Directors of The Little Mermaid, Aladdin and Hercules|url=http://www.eonline.com/uk/news/706239/disney-myths-debunked-by-ron-clements-and-john-musker-directors-of-the-little-mermaid-aladdin-and-hercules|publisher=''Entertainment Weekly''|date=October 15, 2015|accessdate=December 19, 2015}}</ref> ===Design an animation=== Ane o the first issues that the animators faced durin production wis the depiction o Aladdin himsel.<ref name="thomas">Thomas, Bob: "Chapter 9: A New Tradition", pages 133–135. ''Disney's Art of Animation: From Mickey Mouse to Hercules'', 1997</ref> Director an producer John Musker explains: {{cquote|In early screenings, we played with him being a little bit younger, and he had a mother in the story. [...] In design he became more athletic-looking, more filled out, more of a young leading man, more of a teen-hunk version than before.<ref name=thomas />}} He wis first gaun tae be 13 year old, but later becam 18.<ref name="thomas" /> Aladdin wis ettled bi a team led bi supervisin animator Glen Keane, an wis original makkit tae resemmle actor Michael J. Fox. Durin production, it wis decidit that the design wis too laddish an wisna "appealing enouch", sae the character wis redrawn tae add airts derived frae actor [[Tom Cruise]] an Calvin Klein models.<ref name="ew" /> The design for maist characters wis based on the wark o caricaturist Al Hirschfeld,<ref name="diamond" /> whilk production designer Richard Vander Wende said wis appropriate tae the theme, due tae similarities tae the swooping lines o Persian miniatures an Arabic calligraphy.<ref name="making">{{cite book|title=Disney's Aladdin The Making Of An Animated Film|last=Culhane|first=John|date=August 15, 1993|publisher=Disney Editions|isbn=978-1-56282-757-1}}</ref> Jafar's design wis nae based on Hirschfeld's work acause Jafar's supervising animator, Andreas Deja, wanted the character tae be contrastin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tech.mit.edu/V112/N64/aladdin.64a.html|title=Aladdin animator used subtlety to design strong villain|date=November 20, 1992|publisher=The Tech|access-date=2017-05-31|archive-date=2018-10-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005013140/http://tech.mit.edu/V112/N64/aladdin.64a.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Each character wis animatit alone, wi the animators consulting ilk ither tae mak scenes wi interrelatin characters. Syne Aladdin's animator Glen Keane wis wirkin in the California branch o Walt Disney Feature Animation, an Jasmine's animator Mark Henn wis in the Florida ane at Disney-MGM Studios, thay haed tae frequently phone, fax or send designs an discs tae ilk ither.<ref name=makin/> Animator Randy Cartwright describit wirkin on the Magic Carpet as challengin, syne it is anly a rectangular shape, wha expresses himsel throu pantomime – "It's sort o like actin bi [[origami]]".<ref name=makin/> Cartwright kept foldin a piece o cloth while animatin tae see hou tae position the cairpet.<ref name=makin/> Efter the character animation wis done, the cairpet's surface design wis applee'd digitally.<ref name=diamond/> Fur the scenery design, layoot supervisor Rasoul Azadani teuk monie pictures o his hametoon o [[Isfahan]], Iran for guidal.<ref name=popup/> Ither inspirations for design war Disney's animatit films frae the 1940s an 50s an the 1940 film ''The Thief of Bagdad''.<ref name=makin/> The colouring wis done wi the Computer Animation Production System, an the colour motifs war chose accordin tae the personalitie – the protagonists uise licht colours sic as blue, the antagonists darker yins sic as reid an black, an Agrabah an its pailace uise the neutral colour yellae.<ref name=popup/><ref name=diamond/> Computer animation wis uised for some elements o the film, sic as the tiger entrance o the Cave o Wonders an the scene whaur Aladdin tries tae escape the collapsing cave.<ref name="diamond">{{cite video|location=''Aladdin'' Platinum Edition, Disc 2|title=Diamond in the Rough: The Making of Aladdin|medium=DVD|publisher=Walt Disney Home Video|date=2004}}</ref> Musker an Clements creatit the Genie wi Robin Williams in mind; even tho Katzenberg suggestit actors sic as John Candy, [[Steve Martin]], an [[Eddie Murphy]], Williams wis approached an eventually acceptit the role. Williams came for vyce recording sessions during breaks in the shooting o twa ither films he wis starring in at the time, ''Hook'' an ''Toys''. Unusual fur an animatit film, a gey bit o Williams' dialogue wis mad up on the spot: for some scenes, Williams wis gien topics an diallog suggests, but alloued tae improvise his lines.<ref name="diamond" /> It wis estimatit thit Williams improvised 52 characters.<ref>{{cite video | people = James Lipton (host) |date = 2001 | title = Inside the Actors Studio: Robin Williams | medium = Documentary | publisher = Bravo}}</ref> Eric Goldberg, the supervisin animator for the Genie, then reviewed Williams' recorded diallog an selected the best gags an lines that his crew wad creaut character animation tae match.<ref name="diamond"/> The producers eikit monie in-jokes an references tae Disney's previous warks in the film, sic as a "cameo appearance" frae directors Clements an Musker an drawing some characters based on Disney workers.<ref name="comm1">[[Ron Clements]], [[John Musker]], Amy Pell.''Aladdin'' audio commentary – ''The Filmmaker's''</ref> Beast, Sebastian frae ''[[The Little Mermaid (1989 film)|The Little Mermaid]]'', an Pinocchio mak brief appearances,<ref name="popup">{{cite video|title=Pop Up Fun Facts|location=''Aladdin'' Platinum Edition Disc 1|medium=DVD|date=2004|publisher=Walt Disney Home Video}}</ref> an the wardrobe o the Genie at the end o the film—[[Goofy]] hat, Hawaiian sark, an sandals—are a reference tae a cutty film that Robin Williams did fur the Disney-MGM Studios tour in the late 1980s.<ref name="comm1"/> ===Robin Williams' conflichts wi the studio=== In gratitude for his success wi Touchstone Pictures' ''[[Good Morning, Vietnam]]'', Robin Williams voiced the Genie for SAG scale pey ($75,000) insteid o his asking fee o $8 million, on condeetion that his nem or image widna be uised for marketing, an his (supporting) character nae tak mair nor 25% o space on advertising artwork, syne Williams' film ''Toys'' wis scheduled for release ane month efter ''Aladdin''{{'}}s debut. For financial reasons, the studio went back on the deal on baith counts, especially in poster airt bi haein the Genie in 25% o the image, but haein ither major an supporting characters portrayed considerably smawer. The Disney Hyperion beuk ''Aladdin: The Making o an Animated Film'' listed baith o Williams' characters "The Peddler" an "The Genie" ahead o main characters, but wis forced tae refer tae him anly as "the actor signed tae play the Genie".<ref name="ew">{{cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,312562,00.html |title=Disney's Got A Brand-New Baghdad 1 |work=Entertainment Weekly |date=September 4, 1992 |accessdate=March 16, 2007 |first=Steve |last=Daly |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806042954/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0%2C%2C312562%2C00.html |archivedate=August 6, 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,312562_2,00.html |title=Disney's Got A Brand-New Baghdad 2 |work=Entertainment Weekly |date=September 4, 1992 |accessdate=March 16, 2007 |first=Steve |last=Daly |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025122146/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0%2C%2C312562_2%2C00.html |archivedate=October 25, 2012 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,312562_3,00.html |title=Disney's Got A Brand-New Baghdad 3 |work=Entertainment Weekly |date=September 4, 1992 |accessdate=March 16, 2007 |first=Steve |last=Daly |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025122132/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0%2C%2C312562_3%2C00.html |archivedate=October 25, 2012 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> Disney, while no uisin Williams' nem in commercials as per the contract, uised his vyce for the Genie in the commercials an uised the Genie character tae sell toys an fast fuid tie-ins, athoot haein tae pey Williams additional money; Williams unhappily quipped at the time: "The only reason Mickey Mouse has three fingers is because he can't pick up a check." Disney attempted tae assuage Williams bi sending him a [[Pablo Picasso]] pentin worth mair nor $1 million at the time, but this muive failed tae repair the damaged relationship, as the pentin wis a self-portrait o the airtist as Vincent van Gogh which apparently really "clashed" wi the Williams' wilder hame decor.<ref>[http://www.businessinsider.com/robin-williams-disney-feud-picasso-gift-2014-11]</ref> Williams refused tae sign on for Aladdin 2, sae it wis [[Dan Castellaneta]] that voiced the Genie. When [[Jeffrey Katzenberg]] wis replaced bi Joe Roth as Walt Disney Studios chairman, Roth gied a public apology tae Williams.<ref>[http://www.cbr.com/movie-legends-revealed-robin-williams-split-with-disney-over-aladdin-poster/]</ref> ===Music=== Composer Alan Menken an songwriters Howard Ashman an Tim Rice war praised for creautin a soundtrack that is "consistently good, rivaling the best of Disney's other animated musicals from the '90s".<ref>{{cite web|url={{Allmusic|class=album|id=r110157|pure_url=yes}}|title=Aladdin soundtrack review|publisher=Allmusic|author=Phares, Heather|accessdate=Mairch 18, 2007}}</ref> Menken an Ashman began work on the film thegither, wi Rice takkin ower as lyricist efter Ashman died o AIDS-relatit complications in early 1991.<ref>{{Cite video|location=''Aladdin'' Platinum Edition, Disc 2|title=Alan Menken: Musical Renaissance Man|medium=DVD|date=2004|publisher=Walt Disney Home Video}}</ref> Awtho fourteen songs war written for ''Aladdin'', anly sax are featurt in the movie, three bi each lyricist.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,312563,00.html |title=Unsettled score |work=Entertainment Weekly |author=Daly, Steve |date=December 4, 1992 |accessdate=June 12, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806042928/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0%2C%2C312563%2C00.html |archivedate=August 6, 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> The DVD Special Edition released in 2004 includes fower songs in early animations tests, an a music video o ane, "Proud of Your Boy", performed bi Clay Aiken,<ref name="ign">{{cite web|url=http://dvd.ign.com/articles/549/549036p1.html|title=Aladdin: Ultimate DVD review|publisher=IGN|date=September 17, 2004|accessdate=March 16, 2007| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070312234759/http://dvd.ign.com/articles/549/549036p1.html| archivedate= March 12, 2007 | deadurl= no}}</ref> which appears on the album ''DisneyMania 3'' an aw.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://disneymusic.disney.go.com/albums/disneymania3.html|title=DisneyMania 3|publisher=Disney|accessdate=May 25, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519070127/http://disneymusic.disney.go.com/albums/disneymania3.html|archivedate=May 19, 2009|deadurl=no}} {{Cite web |url=http://disneymusic.disney.go.com/albums/disneymania3.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2022-09-13 |archive-date=2009-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519070127/http://disneymusic.disney.go.com/albums/disneymania3.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> ==Themes== The filmmakers thocht the moral message o the original tale wis nae appropriate, an decidit tae "put a spin on it", bi makin the fulfillment o wishes seem lik a guid hing, but eventually acomin a problem.<ref name="making"/> Anither major theme wis avoiding an attempt tae be what the person is nae – baith Aladdin an Jasmine get intae trouble faking tae be different fowk,<ref name=popup/> an the Prince Ali persona fails tae impress Jasmine, wha anly faws for Aladdin whan she finds oot wha he truly is.<ref>{{cite book|title=Disney A to Z: The Official Encyclopedia|author=Smith, Dave | authorlink = Dave Smith (archivist) |publisher=Disney Editions|date=August 15, 1996|isbn=978-0-7868-6223-8}}</ref> Bein "imprisoned" is discussed, a fate that occurs tae maist o the characters – Aladdin an Jasmine are stuck tae thair lifestyles, Genie is attached tae his lamp an Jafar, tae the Sultan – an is represented visually bi the prison-lik walls an bars o the Agrabah pailace, an the scene involvin caged birds which Jasmine later frees.<ref name=popup/> Jasmine is depicted as a different Disney Princess, bein rebellious tae the ryal life an the social structur,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AKd6mZSGsVUC&pg=PA276&lpg=PA276|title=The Arabian Nights reader|first=Ulrich|last=Marzolph|publisher=Wayne State University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-8143-3259-7}}</ref> an tryin tae mak her ain wey, unlik the princesses wha juist wait for rescue.<ref name=makin/> ==Release an reception== ===Theatrical run=== A lairge promotion campaign preceded ''Aladdin''{{'}}s debut in theaters, wi the film's trailer bein attached tae maist Disney VHS releases, an numerous tie-ins an licensees bein released.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,305817,00.html |title=Arabian Sheikdown |author=Daly, Steve |author2=Ascher-Walsh, Rebecca |work=Entertainment Weekly |date=March 12, 1993 |accessdate=August 30, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091218052528/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0%2C%2C305817%2C00.html |archivedate=December 18, 2009 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> Efter a leemitit release on November 13, 1992,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/chart/?yr=1992&wknd=46&p=.htm|title=Weekend Box Office Results for November 13–15, 1992|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=May 26, 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090603094552/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/chart/?yr=1992&wknd=46&p=.htm| archivedate= June 3, 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> ''Aladdin'' debuted in 1,131 theaters on November 25, 1992, grossing $19.2 million in its openin weekend – nummer twa at the box affice, behind ''Home Alone 2: Lost in New York''.<ref name="Opening BOM">{{cite news|url=http://variety.com/1992/film/news/holiday-b-o-gobbles-up-big-bucks-101610/ |title=Holiday B.O. gobbles up big bucks|work=Variety |date=November 30, 1992|last=Natale|first=Richard|accessdate=June 12, 2009}}</ref> It teuk aicht weeks for the film tae reach nummer ane at the US box affice, breaking the record for the week atween Christmas an New Year's Eve wi $32.2 million.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1993-01-26/entertainment/ca-2081_1_weekend-box-office|title='Aladdin' Finally Hits No. 1 and a Record in Sales Too|work=Los Angeles Times|last=Fox|first=David J.|date=January 26, 1993|accessdate=June 12, 2009}}</ref> The film held the tap spot five times during its 22-week run.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=weekend&id=aladdin.htm|title=Aladdin (1992) – Weekend Box Office Results|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=June 12, 2009}}</ref> ''Aladdin'' wis the maist successfu film o 1992 grossing $217 million in the Unitit States an ower $504 million warldwide.<ref name="boxoffice"/> It wis the biggest gross for an animatit film until ''[[The Lion King]]'' twa years later, an wis the first full-length animatit film tae gross $200 million in North Americae.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=lionking.htm|title=The Lion King (1994)|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=May 25, 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090517125117/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=lionking.htm| archivedate= May 17, 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> As o Januar 2014, it is the thirtieth highest grossing animatit film an the third highest grossing tradeetionally animatit feature warldwide, behind ''[[The Lion King]]'' an ''The Simpsons Movie''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=simpsons.htm|title=The Simpsons Movie (2007)|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=May 25, 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090617051954/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=simpsons.htm| archivedate= June 17, 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> It sauld an estimatit 52,442,300 tickets in the US.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=aladdin.htm&adjust_yr=1&p=.htm|title=Aladdin (1992)|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=May 30, 2016}}</ref> ===Critical reception=== [[File:Chuck Jones2 (cropped).jpg|150px|thumb|Warner Bros. Cartoons animator Chuck Jones cried ''Aladdin'', "the funniest feature ever made."<ref name="time">{{cite news|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,158290,00.html|work=Time|title=Aladdin's Magic| author = Richard Corliss |author2= Patrick E. Cole|author3= Martha Smilgis | authorlink = Richard Corliss | date=November 9, 1992|accessdate=March 16, 2007 | quote = Chuck Jones' verdict is judicious: Aladdin is "the funniest feature ever made." It's a movie for adults – if they can keep up with its careering pace – and, yes, you can take the kids. It juggles a '90s impudence with the old Disney swank and heart. }}</ref>]] The review aggregator wabsteid Rotten Tomatoes reportit that 94% o critics gae the film a guid review based on a sample o 68 reviews, wi an average score o 8.1/10.<ref name="RTfresh">{{cite web | url= http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1042582-aladdin/ | title=Aladdin at Rottentomatoes.com | publisher=Rotten Tomatoes | accessdate=March 23, 2012 }}</ref> Most critics' praise went tae Robin Williams' performance as Genie,<ref name="RTfresh" /> wi Janet Maslin o ''[[The New York Times]]'' declaring that childer "needn't know precisely what Mr. Williams is evoking tae understand hou funny he is".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9E0CE7DC1138F932A25752C1A964958260|title=Disney Puts Its Magic Touch on 'Aladdin'|work=The New York Times|first=Janet|last=Maslin | authorlink = Janet Maslin | date=November 11, 1992|accessdate=June 12, 2009 }}</ref> Warner Bros. Cartoons director Chuck Jones even cried the film "the funniest feature ever made."<ref name="time"/> Furthermair, Inglis-Erse comedian Spike Milligan considered it tae be the greatest film o aw time.<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0589711/bio?ref_=nm_dyk_trv_sm#trivia | title = Spike Milligan - Biography - IMDb}}</ref> James Berardinelli gae it 3.5 oot o 4 stars, praising the "crisp visuals and wonderful song-and-dance numbers".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reelviews.net/reelviews/aladdin|title=Aladdin|author= Berardinelli, James | authorlink = James Berardinelli |publisher=Reelviews|year=1992|accessdate=May 26, 2009 }}</ref> Peter Travers o ''Rolling Stone'' said the comedy makkit the film accessible tae baith childer an adults,<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/5947957/review/5947958/aladdin|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618163432/http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/5947957/review/5947958/aladdin|archivedate=June 18, 2008|title=Aladdin|author=Travers, Peter|authorlink=Peter Travers|journal=Rolling Stone|issue=644|date=November 1992|accessdate=May 26, 2009}} {{Cite web |url=http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/5947957/review/5947958/aladdin |title=Archived copy |access-date=2022-09-13 |archive-date=2008-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618163432/http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/5947957/review/5947958/aladdin |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618163432/http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/5947957/review/5947958/aladdin |date=2008-06-18 }}</ref> a vision shared wi Desson Howe o ''[[The Washington Post]]'', wha said "kids are still going tae be entranced bi the magic an adventure."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/aladdinghowe_a0af3c.htm|title='Aladdin'|first=Desson|last=Howe|work=The Washington Post|date=November 27, 1992|accessdate=May 26, 2009 }}</ref> Brian Lowry o ''Variety'' praised the cast o characters, describing the expressive magic cairpet as "its most remarkable accomplishment" an considered that "''Aladdin'' overcomes most story flaws thanks to sheer technical virtuosity".<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117900071.html?categoryid=31&cs=1 |title=Aladdin|work=Variety |first=Brian|last=Lowry |date=November 4, 1992 |accessdate=May 26, 2009 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090602052954/http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117900071.html?categoryid=31&cs=1| archivedate= June 2, 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> Some aspects o the film war criticised. Ed Gonzalez o ''Slant Magazine'' wrate a negative review, describing the film as racist, ridiculous, an a "narcissistic circus act" frae Robin Williams.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.slantmagazine.com/film/review/aladdin | title=Aladdin | work=Slant Magazine | date=September 23, 2004 | accessdate=June 16, 2015 | author=Gonzalez, Ed}}</ref> [[Roger Ebert]], wha generally praised the film in his review, considered the music inferior tae its predecessors ''The Little Mermaid'' an ''Beauty and the Beast'', an claimed Aladdin an Jasmine war "pale an routine." He criticised what he saw as the film's uise o ethnic stereotypes, writing: "Most of the Arab characters have exaggerated facial characteristics - hooked noses, glowering brows, thick lips - but Aladdin and the princess look like white American teenagers."<ref>{{cite news|author=Ebert, Roger | authorlink = Roger Ebert |url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/aladdin-1992| title=Aladdin review|date=November 25, 1992|accessdate=March 17, 2007 |work=Chicago Sun-Times }}</ref> ===Awairds=== ''Aladdin'' received monie award nominations, maistlins for its music. It won twa [[Academy Awairds|Academy Award]]s, Best Music, Original Score an Best Music, Original Song for "''A Whole New World''" an receiving nominations for Best Sang ("Friend Like Me"), Best Sound Editing (Mark A. Mangini), an Best Sound (Terry Porter, Mel Metcalfe, David J. Hudson an Doc Kane).<ref name="Oscars1993">{{Cite web|url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1993 |title=The 65th Academy Awards (1993) Nominees and Winners |accessdate=October 22, 2011|work=oscars.org}}</ref> At the Golden Globes, ''Aladdin'' won Best Original Song ("A Whole New World") an Best Original Score, as weel as a Special Achievement Award for Robin Williams, wi a nomination for Best Motion Picture&nbsp;– Musical or Comedy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goldenglobes.org/browse/film/23558|title=SEARCH&nbsp;– Aladdin|publisher=Hollywood Foreign Press Association|accessdate=May 25, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100713032324/http://www.goldenglobes.org/browse/film/23558|archivedate=July 13, 2010}}</ref> Ither awairds included the Annie Award for Best Animatit Feature,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://annieawards.org/21stwinners.html |title=Legacy: 21st Annual Annie Award Nominees and Winners (1993) |publisher=Annie Awards |accessdate=May 25, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425215012/http://annieawards.org/21stwinners.html |archivedate=April 25, 2009 |deadurl=yes |df=mdy }}</ref> a MTV Movie Award for Best Comedic Performance tae Robin Williams,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/ontv/movieawards/1993/|title=1993 MTV Movie Awards|publisher=MTV|accessdate=May 25, 2008| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080423094756/http://www.mtv.com/ontv/movieawards/1993/| archivedate= April 23, 2008 | deadurl= no}}</ref> Saturn Awards fur Best Fantasy Film, {{lang|en|Performance by a Young Actor}} tae Scott Weinger an Supporting Actor tae Robin Williams,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.saturnawards.org/past.html |title=Past Saturn Award Winners |publisher=Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films |accessdate=May 25, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511180136/http://www.saturnawards.org/past.html |archivedate=May 11, 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=mdy }} {{Cite web |url=http://www.saturnawards.org/past.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2022-09-13 |archive-date=2014-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906130320/http://www.saturnawards.org/past.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> the Best Animatit Feature bi the Los Angeles Film Critics Association,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lafca.net/years/1992.html|title=18TH Annual Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards|publisher=LAFCA|accessdate=May 25, 2009|archive-date=2016-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316102754/http://www.lafca.net/years/1992.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> an fower [[Grammy Awaird|Grammy Award]]s, Best Soundtrack Album, an {{lang|en|Song of the Year}}, {{lang|en|Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal}} an {{lang|en|Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media}} for "''A Whole New World''".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/03/02/movies/top-grammy-to-houston-5-for-aladdin.html|title=Top Grammy to Houston; 5 for 'Aladdin'|first=Jon|last=Pareles|date=March 2, 1994|work=The New York Times|accessdate=May 25, 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090602224016/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/03/02/movies/top-grammy-to-houston-5-for-aladdin.html| archivedate= June 2, 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> The film is recognised bi American Film Institute in thir lists: 2004: AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs: "Friend Like Me" – nominatit. "A Whole New World" – nominatit. ===Hame media {{anchor|DVD}}=== The film wis first released in VHS on October 1, 1993, as pairt o the "Walt Disney Classics" line. In its first week, ''Aladdin'' sauld ower 10.6&nbsp;million copies,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,308423,00.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425210651/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0%2C%2C308423%2C00.html |archivedate=April 25, 2009 |title=Arabian Might |work=Entertainment Weekly |date=October 15, 1993 |accessdate=May 25, 2009 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> an went on tae sell ower 25&nbsp;million in tot (a record anly broken bi the later release o ''The Lion King'').<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movieweb.com/disney-rubs-aladdins-lamp/|title=Disney Rubs Aladdin's Lamp|publisher=Movie Web|accessdate=March 20, 2007}}</ref> This VHS edition entered moratorium on Apryle 30, 1994.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/20/arts/home-video-149802.html|title=Home Video|work=The New York Times|date=May 20, 1994|accessdate=March 20, 2007 | first=Peter M. | last=Nichols}}</ref> A THX-certified widescreen LaserDisc wis issued in Autumn 1994,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TAgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA60&lpg=RA1-PA60&dq=aladdin+laserdisc+1994&source=bl&ots=eHM4OjcTuG&sig=XU1XZH8-nv6gT6dfedeb2BmwoYY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjEtqfjoo7SAhUB34MKHWqHDkc4ChDoAQgeMAE#v=onepage&q=aladdin%20laserdisc%201994&f=false|title=Billboard|last=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|first=|date=1994-05-21|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=|language=en|quote=|via=}}</ref> an a Spaingie-dubbed VHS for the American mercat wis released on Apryle 14, 1995.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/HISTORIC+SPANISH-LANGUAGE+DEBUT;+DISNEY'S+'SNOW+WHITE'+AND+'ALADDIN'...-a016806752|title=HISTORIC SPANISH-LANGUAGE DEBUT; DISNEY'S 'SNOW WHITE' AND 'ALADDIN' PLUS FIVE ADDITIONAL HITS COME TO HOME VIDEO BEGINNING APRIL 14 - Free Online Library|website=www.thefreelibrary.com|access-date=2017-02-14}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> On October 5, 2004, ''Aladdin'' wis released on DVD, as pairt o Disney's Platinum Edition line. The DVD release featurt retouched an cleaned-up animation, prepared fur ''Aladdin's'' planned but ultimately cancelled IMAX reissue in 2003,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://jimhillmedia.com/editor_in_chief1/b/jim_hill/archive/2004/10/12/478.aspx|title= "Aladdin" Platinum Edition sets the gold standard for Disney DVD|author= Hill, Jim|date= October 12, 2004|accessdate= April 5, 2007|archive-date= 2009-07-25|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090725154432/http://jimhillmedia.com/blogs/jim_hill/archive/2004/10/11/478.aspx|url-status= dead}}</ref> an a seicont disc wi bonus features. Accompanied bi a $19 million marketing campaign,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/search/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1001011344 |title=Best sellers |first=Thomas K. |last=Arnold |work=The Hollywood Reporter |date=August 9, 2005 |accessdate=May 27, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602063539/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/search/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1001011344 |archivedate=June 2, 2009 |deadurl=no |df=mdy }}</ref> the DVD sauld aroon 3&nbsp;million units in its first month, but it wis less nor the nummer o copies, sauld in that amount o time, bi ony ither ''Platinum Edition'' released aforehaund.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.homemediamagazine.com/news/dvd-player-penetration-drives-october-sales-growth-6917|title=DVD Player Penetration Drives October Sales Growth|author=McCourt, Judith |date=December 2, 2004|accessdate=September 19, 2007}}</ref> The film's soundtrack wis available in its original Dolby 5.1 track or in a new Disney Enhanced Home Theater Mix.<ref name="ign" /> The DVD went intae moratorium in Januar 2008, alang wi its sequels.<ref>{{cite web | work=DVDizzy.com | title=Out of Print Disney DVDs|url=http://www.dvdizzy.com/disneyvault.html| accessdate=September 24, 2006}}</ref> Accordin tae an insert in the ''Lady and the Tramp'' Diamond Edition release case, ''Aladdin'' wis gart tae be released on [[Blu-ray Disc]] as a Diamond Edition in Spring 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blu-ray.com/news/?id=8139|title=Disney Teases 2012 Blu-ray Slate|work=Blu-ray.com}}</ref> Insteid, ''[[Peter Pan (1953 film)|Peter Pan]]'' wis released on Blu-ray as a Diamond Edition on Februar 5, 2013 tae celebrate its 60t anniversar.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.insidethemagic.net/2013/02/review-peter-pan-diamond-edition-blu-ray-soars-with-outstanding-nine-old-men-bonus-feature-gorgeous-digital-restoration/ |title=Review: "Peter Pan" Diamond Edition Blu-ray soars with outstanding "Nine Old Men" bonus feature, gorgeous digital restoration |quote=Celebrating its 60th anniversary, Disney has released the timeless classic animated film “Peter Pan” onto Blu-ray for the first time with an impressive trip to Neverland given “Diamond Edition” treatment.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.blu-ray.com/movies/Peter-Pan-Blu-ray/55001/#Review |title=Peter Pan Blu-ray Review |quote=Pardon the nostalgic digression, but Walt Disney's fourteenth animated feature, now celebrating its 60th anniversary, has the look and whimsy of a much younger production.}}</ref> A non-Diamond Edition Blu-ray wis released in a few select European kintras in Mairch 2013. The Belgian edition (released athoot adverts) comes as a 1-disc version wi its extras pit ower frae the Platinum Edition DVD. The same disc wis released in the Unitit Kinrick on Apryle 14, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Aladdin Blu-ray|url=http://www.blu-ray.com/movies/Aladdin-Blu-ray/37383/|accessdate=December 24, 2013}}</ref> Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released the film on a Diamond Edition Blu-ray on October 13, 2015. The film wis released on Digital HD on September 29, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=Disney's 'Aladdin' Never Looked Better Than in This 'Diamond Edition' Trailer (EXCLUSIVE)|url=http://news.moviefone.com/2015/02/05/disneys-aladdin-diamond-edition-blu-ray-digital/|accessdate=February 7, 2015|archive-date=2015-02-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207064049/http://news.moviefone.com/2015/02/05/disneys-aladdin-diamond-edition-blu-ray-digital|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Pre-Order Disney's ALADDIN Diamond Edition Blu-ray & DVD, Set To Be Released 10/13|url=http://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Pre-Order-Disneys-ALADDIN-Diamond-Edition-Blu-ray-DVD-Set-To-Be-Released-1013-20150608|accessdate=June 8, 2015|archive-date=2015-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612020831/http://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Pre-Order-Disneys-ALADDIN-Diamond-Edition-Blu-ray-DVD-Set-To-Be-Released-1013-20150608|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title='Aladdin' Trailer Offers Peek at New Robin Williams Outtakes as Genie|url=https://www.yahoo.com/movies/aladdin-trailer-offers-peek-at-new-robin-129290396592.html|accessdate=September 29, 2015}}</ref> Upon its first week o release on hame media in the U.S., the film tapped the Blu-ray Disc sales chart an debuted at nummer 2 at the Nielsen VideoScan First Alert chart, which tracks oweraw disc sales behind the disaster film ''San Andreas''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://variety.com/2015/film/news/san-andreas-shakes-up-dvd-blu-ray-disc-sales-charts-1201623841/|title=‘San Andreas’ Shakes Up DVD, Blu-ray Disc Sales Charts|author=Thomas K. Arnold|work=Variety|date=October 22, 2015|accessdate=October 22, 2015}}</ref> ===Controversies=== Ane o the verses o the openin sang "Arabian Nights" wis altered follaein protests frae the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee (ADC). The lyrics war changed in Julie 1993 frae ''"where they cut off your ear if they don't like your face"'' in the original release tae ''"where it's flat and immense and the heat is intense"''. The chynge first appeared on the 1993 video release.<ref name="adc">{{cite web|url=http://www.adc.org/index.php?id=283|title=Arab Stereotypes and American Educators|publisher=American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee|accessdate=March 16, 2007| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070405005650/http://www.adc.org/index.php?id=283| archivedate= April 5, 2007 | deadurl= no}}</ref> The original lyric wis intact on the initial CD soundtrack release, but the re-release uses the edited lyric. The rerecording haes the original vyce on aw ither lines an then a noticeably deeper vyce says the edited line. The Broadway adaptation uses the edited line.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://adamjacobs.net/aladdin-gets-big-changes-broadway-debut/|title=Aladdin gets big changes for Broadway debut|first=Gregory|last=Miller|publisher=New York Post|date=2014-03-09|accessdate=2016-05-08}}</ref> ''Entertainment Weekly'' ranked ''Aladdin'' in a leet o the maist controversial films in history, due tae this incident.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1202224,00.html |title=The 25 Most Controversial Movies Ever |work=Entertainment Weekly |accessdate=March 16, 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314000859/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0%2C%2C1202224%2C00.html |archivedate=March 14, 2007 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref> The ADC complained aboot the portrayal o the lead characters Aladdin an Jasmine. Thay criticised the characters' Englified an pail features, an Inglis-American accents, in contrast tae the ither characters in the film, which are dark-skinned, hae foreign accents an grotesque facial features, an appear villainous or greedy.<ref name="adc" /> Protests war raised tae anither scene. When Aladdin is attacked bi the tiger Rajah on the pailace balcony, Aladdin quietly says a line that some fowk reportit hearing as ''"Good teenagers, take off your clothes"'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/disney/info/aladwsj.htm |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091001072715/http://www.snopes.com/disney/info/aladwsj.htm |dead-url=yes |archive-date=October 1, 2009 |title=Take Off Your Clothes! |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=October 25, 1995 |accessdate=April 2, 2013 |publisher=Snopes }}</ref> which thay considered a subliminal reference tae promiscuity. Hooanever, accordin tae the commentary track on the 2004 DVD, while Musker an Clements did admit Scott Weinger mad up on the spot during the scene, thay claimed "we did not record that, we would not record that," an said the line wis ''"Good tiger, take off and go…"'' an the wird "tiger" is owerlapped bi Rajah's snarl.<ref>Ron Clements and John Musker, "Filmmaker's Commentary". ''Aladdin: Platinum Edition'' DVD, Disc 1, Bonus Features, Backstage Disney, Walt Disney Home Entertainment.</ref> Efter the wird tiger, a seicont vyce can be heard which haes been suggestit wis accidentally grafted onto the soundtrack. Acause o the controversy, Disney removed the line on the DVD release.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/disney/films/aladdin.asp|title=Disney (Take Off Your Clothes!)|publisher=Snopes|accessdate=March 24, 2007}}. The source compiles and cites four major newspaper references.</ref> Animation enthusiasts hae noticed similarities atween ''Aladdin'' an Richard Williams' unfinished film ''The Thief and the Cobbler'' (kent forby as ''Arabian Knight'' unner Miramax Films an ''The Princess and the Cobbler'' unner Majestic Films Internaitional). Thir similarities include a seemilar plot, seemilar characters, scenes an background designs, an the antagonist Zig-Zag's resemblance in character design an mannerisms tae Genie an Jafar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dvdsnapshot.com/January07Review/ThiefAndCobbler.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141735/http://www.dvdsnapshot.com/January07Review/ThiefAndCobbler.html|archivedate=December 16, 2008 |title=The Thief and the Cobbler review|publisher=DVD snapshot|author=Savino, Cris}}</ref><ref name="nytimes">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/26/movies/film-review-a-late-finisher-about-old-araby.html|title= A Late Finisher About Old Araby |work=The New York Times|date=August 26, 1995 | first=Caryn | last=James}}</ref> Tho ''Aladdin'' wis released prior tae ''The Thief and the Cobbler'', ''The Thief and the Cobbler'' initially began production muckle earlier in the 1960s, an wis mired in difficulties includin financial problems, copyright issues, story revisions an late production times caused bi separate studios tryin tae finish the film efter Richard Williams wis fired frae the project for lack o finished work.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.tvguide.com/movie-news/Best-Animated-Movie-7953.aspx|title=The Best Animated Movie You've Never Heard Of|publisher=TV Guide|date=November 28, 2006|accessdate=March 17, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615171326/http://movies.tvguide.com/movie-news/Best-Animated-Movie-7953.aspx|archivedate=2012-06-15|url-status=dead}}</ref> The late release, coupled wi Miramax purchasing an re-editing the film, haes whiles resulted in ''The Thief and the Cobbler'' bein labeled a rip-aff o ''Aladdin''.<ref name="nytimes" /> ==Live-action adaptations== * On 15 Julie 2015 the studio annoonced it wis developin a live-action prequel cried ''Genies'', written bi Damian Shannon an Mark Swift, wi Tripp Vinson producin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/aladdin-live-action-prequel-works-808895|title='Aladdin' Live-Action Prequel in the Works at Disney (Exclusive)|publisher=The Hollywood Reporter|last=Kit|first=Borys|date=July 15, 2015}}</ref> On 8 November, Disney said it haed first planned tae uise Robin Williams' unuised lines frae the 1991–92 recordin sessions, but his will stappit the studio frae uisin his likeness for 25 year efter his daith.<ref>{{cite news|title=Robin Williams’ will prevents use of outtakes for ‘Aladdin’ sequel|last=Putnam|first=Lindsay|url=http://nypost.com/2015/11/08/robin-williams-will-prevents-use-of-outtakes-for-aladdin-sequel/|newspaper=The New York Post|date=November 8, 2015|accessdate=November 14, 2015}}</ref> * In October 2016 it wis reportit that Disney wis developin a live-action adaptation o ''Aladdin'', wi Guy Ritchie signed on tae direct. John August wrate the script, that keeps the muisical elements o the oreeginal film, an Dan Lin wis producer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://deadline.com/2016/10/aladdin-guy-ritchie-disney-live-action-film-sherlock-holmes-1201834102/|last=Fleming Jr.|first=Mike|title=Guy Ritchie To Direct Live Action 'Aladdin' For Disney|publisher=[[Deadline.com]]|accessdate=October 10, 2016|date=October 10, 2016}}</ref> In Julie 2017 Mena Massoud wis cast as Aladdin, Naomi Scott as Jasmine an [[Will Smith]] as the Genie.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/aladdin-will-smith-naomi-scott-jasmine-cast-mena-massoud-d23-1202496767/|title='Aladdin': Disney Casts Will Smith, Mena Massoud, Naomi Scott|website=Variety|date=July 15, 2017|access-date=December 10, 2017|archive-date=July 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715232330/http://variety.com/2017/film/news/aladdin-will-smith-naomi-scott-jasmine-cast-mena-massoud-d23-1202496767/|url-status=live}}</ref> The film wis released in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|last=Prange|first=Stephanie|title=Disney to Bow Live-Action 'Aladdin' and Animated Classic on Digital Aug. 27, Disc Sept. 10 Including 4K|url=https://www.mediaplaynews.com/disney-to-bow-live-action-aladdin-and-animated-classic-on-digital-aug-27-disc-sept-10-including-4k/|website=Media Play News.com|date=July 25, 2019 |access-date=March 26, 2023}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{wikiquote|Aladdin}} * {{Offeecial wabsteid|http://movies.disney.com/aladdin}} * {{IMDb title|0103639|Aladdin}} * {{Allmovie title|1338|Aladdin}} * {{mojo title|aladdin|Aladdin}} * {{rotten-tomatoes|1042582-aladdin|Aladdin}} * {{bcdb|4-Aladdin|Aladdin}} * [http://toonopedia.com/aladdin.htm Aladdin] in folklore an popular cultur, at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. [http://www.webcitation.org/6bCRL7uUO?url=http://toonopedia.com/aladdin.htm Archived] frae the original on August 31, 2015. {{Walt Disney Animation Studios}} {{Ron Clements an John Musker}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Aladdin (1992 Disney film)}} [[Category:1992 animatit films]] [[Category:1990s adventur films]] [[Category:1990s American animatit films]] [[Category:1990s comedy films]] [[Category:1990s fantasie films]] [[Category:1990s muisical films]] [[Category:American animatit fantasie films]] [[Category:American buddy films]] [[Category:American bairns' animatit films]] [[Category:American bairns' fantasie films]] [[Category:American fantasie adventur films]] [[Category:American fantasie-comedy films]] [[Category:American muisical fantasy films]] [[Category:Animatit buddy films]] [[Category:Animatit comedy films]] [[Category:Animatit fantasie films]] [[Category:Animatit feature films]] [[Category:Animatit muisical films]] [[Category:Best Animatit Featur Annie Awaird winners]] [[Category:Cultural depictions o Arnold Schwarzenegger]] [[Category:Cultural depictions o The Marx Brothers]] [[Category:Disney's Aladdin| ]] [[Category:Disney Renaissance]] [[Category:Films aboot wish fulfillment]] [[Category:Films adaptit intae televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Films based on Ane Thoosand an Ane Nichts]] [[Category:Films directit bi John Musker]] [[Category:Films directit bi Ron Clements]] [[Category:Films featurin anthropomorphic chairacters]] [[Category:Films featurin hypnosis]] [[Category:Film scores bi Alan Menken]] [[Category:Films set in a fictional Asian kintra]] [[Category:Films set in the Middle East]] [[Category:Films that wan the Best Oreeginal Score Academy Awaird]] [[Category:Films that wan the Best Oreeginal Sang Academy Awaird]] [[Category:Walt Disney Animation Studios films]] [[Category:Walt Disney Pictures films]] 03gwafdbuygon66d3t6ai3hb1x723d6 926966 926959 2026-11-08T21:34:58Z Monospaced 75295 Broken soorce nem fixed 926966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = Aladdin | director = [[Ron Clements]]<br />[[John Musker]] | producer = Ron Clements<br />John Musker | writer = Ron Clements<br />John Musker<br />Ted Elliott<br />Terry Rossio | based on = [[Aladdin and the Magic Lamp]] frae ''[[Ane Thoosand an Ane Nichts|One Thousand and One Nights]]'' | starring = {{plainlist| * [[Scott Weinger]] * [[Robin Williams]] * [[Linda Larkin]] * Jonathan Freeman * [[Frank Welker]] * [[Gilbert Gottfried]] * Douglas Seale}} | music = [[Alan Menken]] <!-- Do nae add Howard Ashman or Tim Rice, the credit asks for music, nae lyrics --> | editing = Mark A. Hester <br />H. Lee Peterson | studio = Walt Disney Pictures<br/>Walt Disney Feature Animation | distributor = Buena Vista Pictures | released = {{Film date|1992|11|25}}<!-- Do nae add the UK or Australian release date here, please; see WP:FILMRELEASE. --> | runtime = 90 minnets | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | budget = $28 million<ref name="boxoffice">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=aladdin.htm|title=Aladdin box office info|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=Mairch 17, 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090215092824/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=aladdin.htm| archivedate= Februar 15, 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> | gross = $504.1 million<ref name="boxoffice"/> }} '''''Aladdin''''' is a 1992 American animatit muisical [[fantasie film]] produced bi Walt Disney Feature Animation an released bi [[Walt Disney Pictures]]. ''Aladdin'' is the 31st Disney animatit feature film, an wis pairt o the Disney film era kent as the Disney Renaissance. The film wis directit bi John Musker an Ron Clements, an is based on the Arab [[Fairy tale|folktale]] ''Aladdin and the Magic Lamp'' frae ''[[Ane Thoosand an Ane Nichts]]''. The vyce cast featurs Scott Weinger, [[Robin Williams]], Linda Larkin, Jonathan Freeman, Frank Welker, [[Gilbert Gottfried]], an Douglas Seale. Lyricist Howard Ashman first pitched the idea, an the screenplay went throu three drafts afore then-Disney Studios preses [[Jeffrey Katzenberg]] greed tae it bein makkit. The animators based thair designs on the wark o caricaturist Al Hirschfeld, an computers war uised for baith finishin the artwork an creautin some animatit elements. The muisical score wis scrieved bi Alan Menken an featurs sax sangs wi lyrics scrieved bi baith Ashman an Tim Rice, wha teuk ower efter Ashman's daith. ''Aladdin'' wis released on November 25, 1992 an wis the maist successfu film o 1992, earnin ower $217&nbsp;million in revenue in the [[Unitit States]], an ower $504&nbsp;million warldwide. The film won monie awairds an aw, maist o them for its soundtrack. {{nobreak|''Aladdin''{{'}}s}} success led tae ither material inspired bi the film, includin twa sequels released straucht tae video, ''The Return of Jafar'' an ''Aladdin and the King of Thieves'', an animatit telly series o the same nem, toys, video gemmes, spin-affs, a live-action remake in 2019, Disney merchandise an a Broadway adaptation that stairtit in 2014. ==Plot== Jafar, a sorcerer an the ryal vizier o the fictional ceety o Agrabah, an his taukin papingoe, Iago, seek oot a magyk lamp hidden amid the Cave o Wonders. Thay're tellt that ainly yin body is worthy tae put in. The 'diamant in the ruff', wham Jafar later identifees as Aladdin, an Agrabah wynd urchin. Princess Jasmine o Agrabah, pure upset that the law requires her tae mairie a prince insteid o the yin she luves, escapes the pailace an meets Aladdin an his pet monkey, Abu. The pailace guards capture Aladdin on Jafar's orders. Jasmine confronts Jafar tae demand Aladdin's release, bit he tells her a lee that Aladdin haes been kilt. Disguised as an auldjin, Jafar frees Aladdin an Abu an brings thaim tae the cave, ordering thaim tae retrieve the lamp. Efter bein telt tae titch hee haw bit the lamp, Aladdin finds a magic cairpet ben an obtains the lamp. Forgetting the cave's ruil, Abu grabs a jewel. Aladdin, Abu, an the cairpet rush tae escape the cave at the doon fallin; Aladdin gies the lamp tae Jafar, wha throws baith Aladdin an Abu back intae the cave, tho nae afore Abu steals the lamp back. Trapped, Aladdin rubs the lamp an meets the genie wha bides ben it. The genie grants Aladdin three wishes. Aladdin tricks the genie intae freeing thaim aw fae the cave athoot usin a wish. He uses his foremaist wish tae assume the identity o a prince tae woo Jasmine, an promises tae uise his third wish tae free the genie fae servitude. At Iago's request, Jafar plots tae becom [[Sultan]] bi mairyin Jasmine. Aladdin, as "Prince Ali Ababwa", arrives in Agrabah wi a lairge host, bit Jasmine gets crabbit whin he discusses her fate wi her faither the Sultan an Jafar athoot her. As a means o apology, Aladdin steals Jasmine on a hurl on the magic cairpet. Whin she deduces his true identitie, he convinces her that he ainlie dresses as a peasant tae escape the stresses o ryal lee. Efter Aladdin brocht Jasmine hame, the palace guards captur Aladdin on Jafar's behest an throw him intae the sea. The genie appears an saves him at the cost o his seicont wish. Aladdin returns tae the pailace an expones Jafar's evil plot. Jafar flees efter spotting the lamp an sicweys discoverin Aladdin's true identity. Fearing that he wull lose Jasmine if the truth is revealed, Aladdin breaks his promise an refuses tae unthirl the genie. Iago steals the lamp, an Jafar becomes the genie's nou master. He uses his foremaist twa wishes tae acome Sultan an the warld's maist pouerfu sorcerer. He then expones Aladdin's identity an exiles him, Abu, an the cairpet tae a frozen wasteland. Thay escape an return tae the palace. Jasmine tries tae hulp Aladdin steal the lamp back, bit Jafar notices an overpowers the heroes wi his magic. Aladdin taunts Jafar fur bein less powerful than the genie, tricking Jafar intae usin his lest wish tae acome an aw-powerful genie hissel. Noo bound tae his nou lamp, Jafar ends up trapped ben it, takkin Iago wi him. Wi Agrabah returned tae normal, the genie banishes Jafar's lamp an advises Aladdin uise his third wish tae regain his ryal title sae the law wull allou him tae bide wi Jasmine. Aladdin decides insteid tae keep his promise an frees the genie. Realising Aladdin an Jasmine's luve, the Sultan chynges the law tae allou Jasmine tae mairie wham she chooses. The genie leaves tae explore the warld, while Aladdin an Jasmine stairt thair freish lee thegither. ==Cast== *Scott Weinger as Aladdin, a poor, but kynd-hearted Agrabah thief. Weinger sent in a hamemade audition tape wi his mither playin the Genie,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.scottweinger.net/article13.html|title=As Genie, mom helped grant son's wish for 'Aladdin' role|author=Abbott, Jim|date=January 5, 1993|work=St. Paul Pioneer Press|accessdate=May 26, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602043724/http://www.scottweinger.net/article13.html|archivedate=2009-06-02|deadurl=no|url-status=dead}}</ref> an efter several caw backs he foond sax month later that he haed the pairt.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.scottweinger.net/article15.html|title=Aladdin's Voice Speaks|author=Caporaso, Jenna|author2=Trucks, Leigh|author3=Pompa, Andrew|date=February 27, 1994|work=The Charlotte Observer|accessdate=May 26, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416063832/http://www.scottweinger.net/article15.html|archivedate=2009-04-16|deadurl=no|url-status=dead}}</ref> Aladdin's supervising animator wis bi Glen Keane. Brad Kane gies Aladdin his singin vyce.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e1RTP8thtR0C&pg=PA112|title=Disney Voice Actors: A Biographical Dictionary|first=Thomas S.|last=Hischak|publisher=McFarland|year=2011|isbn=978-0-7864-6271-1|page=112}}</ref> *[[Robin Williams]] as The Genie, a comedic [[genie]], wi nigh omnipotent pouer that can anly be exercised whan his master wishes it. The Genie's supervising animator wis Eric Goldberg. Clements an Musker wrate the pairt o the Genie for Robin Williams an, whan met wi resistance, creatit a reel o Williams' stand-up tae animation o the Genie. The directors asked Goldberg tae animate a Genie ower ane o Williams' auld stand-up comedy routines tae pitch the idea tae the actor. The resultin test, whaur Williams taukin anent [[schizophrenia]] wis translated intae Genie growin anither heid tae argue wi himsel, makkit Williams "laugh his ass aff" an convinced him tae sign on fur the role. Williams' appearance in ''Aladdin'' (despite his appearance alang wi Christian Slater an Tim Curry in the early 1992 animatit film ''FernGully'') marks the beginnin o a transition in animatit film tae celebrity vyce actors, rather than specifically trained vyce actors in animatit film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2011/10/how-celebrities-took-over-cartoon-voice-acting/247481|title=How Celebrities Took Over Cartoon Voice Acting|author=Meslow, Scott|work=The Atlantic|date=October 28, 2011|accessdate=May 3, 2015}}</ref> Williams providit monie celebrity impressions during recording sessions, which war re-adapted intae the fabric o the character. Thir included Ed Sullivan, [[Jack Nicholson]], [[Robert De Niro]], [[Groucho Marx]], [[Rodney Dangerfield]], William F. Buckley, Peter Lorre, [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]], an Arsenio Hall.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ew.com/article/2014/08/12/robin-williams-aladdin-eric-goldberg|title=Robin Williams in 'Aladdin': Animator Eric Goldberg remembers drawing Genie|date=August 12, 2014|author=Labrecque, Jeff|work=Entertainment Weekly|accessdate=May 3, 2015|archive-date=2021-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731115124/https://ew.com/article/2014/08/12/robin-williams-aladdin-eric-goldberg/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Williams vyces the Peddler forby, a mysterious merchant wha appears at the beginnin o the film. Efter promoting feckless goods tae the audience, he reveals the magic lamp an begins the story o ''Aladdin''. The scene wis completely unscripted — the production left Williams a table wi props covered wi a sheet an asked him tae pull oot objects athoot lookin at them an describe them in-character. The dooble role originally led tae the Peddler revealin tae be the Genie disguised, but that idea wis dropped later in development.<ref name="ew" /> Bruce Adler supplies the singing vyce for the Peddler. *Jonathan Freeman as Jafar, the pouer-hungry Grand Vizier o Agrabah. Jafar wis originally envisioned as curnaptious, but the directors decidit that a calm villain wad be scarier.<ref name=popup/> Freeman wis the first actor cast an spent ane year an nine month recordin his dialogue. He later readjusted his vyce efter Weinger an Larkin war cast as he felt "Jafar had to be seen as a real threat to Aladdin and Jasmine".<ref>{{cite web|author=Hill, Jim|url=http://jimhillmedia.com/editor_in_chief1/b/jim_hill/archive/2011/06/13/jonathan-freeman-returns-as-jafar-in-new-stage-musical-version-of-disney-s-quot-aladdin-quot.aspx|title=Jonathan Freeman returns as Jafar in new stage musical version of Disney's "Aladdin"|publisher=Jim Hill Media|date=June 13, 2011|accessdate=December 26, 2011|archive-date=2019-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820184415/http://jimhillmedia.com/editor_in_chief1/b/jim_hill/archive/2011/06/13/jonathan-freeman-returns-as-jafar-in-new-stage-musical-version-of-disney-s-quot-aladdin-quot.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Jafar's supervising animator wis Andreas Deja, wha tried tae incorporate Freeman's facial expressions an gesturing intae the character,<ref name=diamond/> while Jafar's beggar an snake forms are animatit bi Kathy Zielinski.<ref name=comm1/> *Linda Larkin as Princess Jasmine: The princess o Agrabah, wha is tired o life in the ryal pailace. Larkin wis chose nine month efter her audeetion, an haed tae lawer her heich-pitched vyce tae reach the vyce the film-makars war leukin for in the character.<ref name=popup/> Jasmine's supervising animator wis Mark Henn. [[Lea Salonga]] gies Jasmine her singin vyce.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://d23.com/lea-salonga/|title=Disney Legends: Lea Salonga|publisher=Disney.com|accessdate=December 26, 2011}}</ref> *Frank Welker as Abu, Aladdin's kleptomaniac pet monkey wi a heich-pitched vyce. The animators filmed monkeys at the San Francisco Zoo tae study thair muivments for Abu's character.<ref name=popup/> In the three years it teuk tae record the film, Welker didnae meet Weinger or Williams.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allspark.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1&Itemid=3|title=The Allspark Interviews Legend Frank Welker|author=Kalidor|date=September 22, 2006|work=allspark.com|accessdate=May 26, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602082326/http://www.allspark.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1&Itemid=3|archivedate=June 2, 2009|deadurl=no}}</ref> Welker vyces Jasmine's tiger Rajah an the Cave o Wonders forby.<ref name=comm1/> Duncan Marjoribanks wis the supervising animator for Abu, while Rajah wis animatit bi Aaron Blaise. *[[Gilbert Gottfried]] as Iago, Jafar's sarcastic, foul-mouthed parrot assistant. Muckle lik Robin Williams, Gottfried wis gien freedom tae improvise his lines.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinemablend.com/new/Why-Gilbert-Gottfried-Had-Keep-Recording-His-Aladdin-Lines-112457.html|title=Why Gilbert Gottfried Had To Keep Recording His Aladdin Lines |author=Libbey, Dirk|publisher=CinemaBlend|accessdate=December 26, 2011}}</ref> Iago's supervising animator Will Finn tried tae incorporate a wheen o aspects o Gottfried's appearance intae Iago's design, sic as his semi-closed een an the always-appearin teeth.<ref name=popup/> *Douglas Seale as The Sultan, the pompous, but kynd ruler o Agrabah, wha desperately tries tae find a suitor for his dochter Jasmine. Some aspects o the character war inspired bi the ''Wizard of Oz'', tae creaut a bumbling authority figure.<ref name=popup/> The Sultan's supervising animator wis David Pruiksma. *Jim Cummings as Razoul, the Captain o the Guard. He wis named efter layout supervisor Rasoul Azadani.<ref name=popup/> He an the ither guards war animatit bi Phil Young an Chris Wahl. *Charlie Adler as Gazeem: A thief that Jafar sends intae the Cave o Wonders at the beginnin o the film but is trapped inside for bein unworthy. Gazeem wis animatit bi T. Daniel Hofstedt. *Corey Burton as Prince Achmed, a snobbish prince wha is rejected bi Princess Jasmine as her suitor. ==Production== ===Script an development=== In 1988, lyricist Howard Ashman pitched the idea o an animatit musical adaptation o Aladdin. Ashman haed written a 40-page film treatment remainin faithful tae the plot an characters o the original story, but envisioned as a campy 1930s-style musical wi a Cab Calloway/Fats Waller-lik Genie.<ref name="Rhodes">{{cite news| title=What Would Walt Say? : The credits read Disney, but 'Aladdin' is a brand-new 'toon, an irreverent high-stakes gamble that veers sharply from tradition | url=http://articles.latimes.com/1992-11-08/entertainment/ca-4_1_walt-disney-studios | last=Rhodes | first=Joe | newspaper=''Los Angeles Times'' | date=November 8, 1992 | accessdate=July 11, 2015}}</ref> Alangside pairtner Alan Menken, Ashman conceived several sangs an eikit Aladdin's friends named Babkak, Omar, an Kasim tae the story.<ref name="Mouseunderglass">{{cite book |last=Koeing |first=David |title=Mouse Under Glass: Secrets of Disney Animation & Theme Parks |url=https://archive.org/details/mouseunderglasss0000koen |location=Irvine, California |publisher=Bonadventure Press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/mouseunderglasss0000koen/page/216 216]–26 |isbn=978-0964060517 |date=January 28, 2001 }}<!--|accessdate=Julie 11, 2015--></ref><ref name="time" /> Hooanever, the studio wis dismissive o Ashman's treatment an removed the project frae development in which Ashman an Menken war later recruited tae compone songs for ''[[Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)|Beauty and the Beast]]''.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1992-11-25/features/1992330079_1_alan-menken-ashman-howard | title=Ashman's words were music to his ears | last=Hunter | first=Stephen | newspaper=''The Baltimore Sun'' | date=November 25, 1992 | accessdate=July 11, 2015 | archive-date=2017-08-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801234847/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1992-11-25/features/1992330079_1_alan-menken-ashman-howard | url-status=dead }}</ref> Linda Woolverton, wha haed worked on ''Beauty and the Beast'' an aw, uised thair treatment an developit a draft wi inspired elements frae ''The Thief o Bagdad'' sic as a villain named Jaf'far, an aged sidekick retired human thief named Abu, an a human handmaiden for the princess.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://howardashman.com/blog/john-musker-question-countdown-number-9/ | title=John Musker Question Countdown – Number 9 | date=February 21, 2012 | accessdate=July 11, 2015 | archive-date=2016-04-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406212441/http://howardashman.com/blog/john-musker-question-countdown-number-9/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://animatedviews.com/2005/aladdin-crew-reunion/|first=Christian|last=Ziebarth|title=Aladdin: Crew Reunion|publisher=Animated Views|date=April 23, 2005|accessdate=May 31, 2009}}</ref> Then, directors John Musker an Ron Clements jynt the production, picking ''Aladdin'' oot o three projects affered, which included an adaptation o ''[[Swan Lake]]'' an ''King o the Jungle'' – that eventually becam ''[[The Lion King]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://animationpodcast.com/ronandjohn-part-three/|title=Show 009 – Ron and John, Part Three|publisher=The Animation Podcast|date=November 1, 2005|accessdate=May 31, 2009|archive-date=2010-03-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100309041355/http://animationpodcast.com/ronandjohn-part-three/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Afore Ashman's daith in Mairch 1991, Ashman an Menken haed componed "Prince Ali" an his last song, "Humiliate the Boy".<ref>{{cite news | title=Lyricist's life ended on poignant note | url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1991-11-22/entertainment/1991326070_1_alan-menken-ashman-song-we-wrote | work=Los Angeles Daily News | publisher=Baltimore Sun | date=November 22, 1991 | accessdate=July 11, 2015 | archive-date=2017-11-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107233721/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1991-11-22/entertainment/1991326070_1_alan-menken-ashman-song-we-wrote | url-status=dead }}</ref> Musker an Clements wrate a draft o the screenplay, an then delivered a storie reel tae studio chief [[Jeffrey Katzenberg]] in Apryle 1991.<ref name="time" /> Katzenberg thocht the script didnae engage, an on a day kent bi the staff as "Black Friday", demaunded that the entire storie be rewrate athoot reschedulin the film's November 25, 1992 release date.<ref>{{cite video | people = John Musker, Ron Clements, Eric Goldberg, Amy Pell, Ed Gombert, Terry Rossio, Ted Elliot | title = Reflections On Black Friday | medium = DVD | publisher = Walt Disney Home Video |date = 2004}}</ref> Amang the changes Katzenberg requested frae Clements an Musker war tae nae be dependent on Ashman's vision,<ref name="Mouseunderglass" /> an the remuival o Aladdin's mither, remarkin, "Eighty-six the mother. The mom's a zero."<ref>{{cite news| title=Retread country | last=Steyn | first=Mark | newspaper=The Spectator | url=http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/18th-october-1997/76/cinema | date=October 17, 1997 | accessdate=July 11, 2015}}</ref> Screenscreivin duo Ted Elliott an Terry Rossio war brocht in tae rewark the storie,<ref name="time" /> an the changes thay med included the remuival o Aladdin's mither, the strenthenin o the character o Princess Jasmine, an the deletion o a wheen o the Ashman-Menken songs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ew.com/article/1992/12/04/unsung-aladdin-songs|title=Unsung ''Aladdin'' songs | last=Daly | first=Steve | publisher=''Entertainment Weekly'' | date=December 4, 1992 | accessdate=July 11, 2015}}</ref> Aladdin's personalitie wis rewritten tae be "a wee bit rucher, like a young [[Harrison Ford]],"<ref name="time" /><ref name="ultimate">{{cite web|url=http://www.dvdizzy.com/aladdin.html|title=Aladdin DVzsxD review|publisher=DVDizzy.com|accessdate=March 20, 2007 }}</ref> an the papingoe Iago, wha was originallie a stiff Inglis archetype, wis rewirked intae a comic rôle efter the filmmakars saw [[Gilbert Gottfried]] in ''Beverly Hills Cop II''. Gottfried wis cast tae gie Iago's his vyce.<ref>{{cite video | people = John Musker, Ron Clements | title = Aladdin: Platinum Edition (Disc 2) | medium = DVD | publisher = Walt Disney Home Video |date = 2004}}</ref> Bi October 1991, Katzenberg wis blythe wi the new version o ''Aladdin''.<ref name="Rhodes" /> As wi Woolverton's screenplay, a wheen o characters an plot elements are based on the 1940 version o ''The Thief o Bagdad'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fosteronfilm.com/fantasy/thiefbagdad.htm|title=Fantasy: The Thief of Bagdad|publisher=Foster On Film|accessdate=May 31, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Visions of the East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q2_E_gl9BbYC|author=Bernstein, Matthew |author2= Studlar, Gaylyn|publisher=I.B.Tauris|year=1997|isbn=978-1-86064-305-7}}</ref> the location o the film wis changed frae Baghdad, Iraq, tae the fictional [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabian]] citie o Agrabah.<ref>{{cite web|last=Johnson|first=Zach|title=Disney Myths Debunked by Ron Clements and John Musker, Directors of The Little Mermaid, Aladdin and Hercules|url=http://www.eonline.com/uk/news/706239/disney-myths-debunked-by-ron-clements-and-john-musker-directors-of-the-little-mermaid-aladdin-and-hercules|publisher=''Entertainment Weekly''|date=October 15, 2015|accessdate=December 19, 2015}}</ref> ===Design an animation=== Ane o the first issues that the animators faced durin production wis the depiction o Aladdin himsel.<ref name="thomas">Thomas, Bob: "Chapter 9: A New Tradition", pages 133–135. ''Disney's Art of Animation: From Mickey Mouse to Hercules'', 1997</ref> Director an producer John Musker explains: {{cquote|In early screenings, we played with him being a little bit younger, and he had a mother in the story. [...] In design he became more athletic-looking, more filled out, more of a young leading man, more of a teen-hunk version than before.<ref name=thomas />}} He wis first gaun tae be 13 year old, but later becam 18.<ref name="thomas" /> Aladdin wis ettled bi a team led bi supervisin animator Glen Keane, an wis original makkit tae resemmle actor Michael J. Fox. Durin production, it wis decidit that the design wis too laddish an wisna "appealing enouch", sae the character wis redrawn tae add airts derived frae actor [[Tom Cruise]] an Calvin Klein models.<ref name="ew" /> The design for maist characters wis based on the wark o caricaturist Al Hirschfeld,<ref name="diamond" /> whilk production designer Richard Vander Wende said wis appropriate tae the theme, due tae similarities tae the swooping lines o Persian miniatures an Arabic calligraphy.<ref name="making">{{cite book|title=Disney's Aladdin The Making Of An Animated Film|last=Culhane|first=John|date=August 15, 1993|publisher=Disney Editions|isbn=978-1-56282-757-1}}</ref> Jafar's design wis nae based on Hirschfeld's work acause Jafar's supervising animator, Andreas Deja, wanted the character tae be contrastin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tech.mit.edu/V112/N64/aladdin.64a.html|title=Aladdin animator used subtlety to design strong villain|date=November 20, 1992|publisher=The Tech|access-date=2017-05-31|archive-date=2018-10-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005013140/http://tech.mit.edu/V112/N64/aladdin.64a.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Each character wis animatit alone, wi the animators consulting ilk ither tae mak scenes wi interrelatin characters. Syne Aladdin's animator Glen Keane wis wirkin in the California branch o Walt Disney Feature Animation, an Jasmine's animator Mark Henn wis in the Florida ane at Disney-MGM Studios, thay haed tae frequently phone, fax or send designs an discs tae ilk ither.<ref name="making"/> Animator Randy Cartwright describit wirkin on the Magic Carpet as challengin, syne it is anly a rectangular shape, wha expresses himsel throu pantomime – "It's sort o like actin bi [[origami]]".<ref name="making"/> Cartwright kept foldin a piece o cloth while animatin tae see hou tae position the cairpet.<ref name="making"/> Efter the character animation wis done, the cairpet's surface design wis applee'd digitally.<ref name=diamond/> Fur the scenery design, layoot supervisor Rasoul Azadani teuk monie pictures o his hametoon o [[Isfahan]], Iran for guidal.<ref name=popup/> Ither inspirations for design war Disney's animatit films frae the 1940s an 50s an the 1940 film ''The Thief of Bagdad''.<ref name="making"/> The colouring wis done wi the Computer Animation Production System, an the colour motifs war chose accordin tae the personalitie – the protagonists uise licht colours sic as blue, the antagonists darker yins sic as reid an black, an Agrabah an its pailace uise the neutral colour yellae.<ref name=popup/><ref name=diamond/> Computer animation wis uised for some elements o the film, sic as the tiger entrance o the Cave o Wonders an the scene whaur Aladdin tries tae escape the collapsing cave.<ref name="diamond">{{cite video|location=''Aladdin'' Platinum Edition, Disc 2|title=Diamond in the Rough: The Making of Aladdin|medium=DVD|publisher=Walt Disney Home Video|date=2004}}</ref> Musker an Clements creatit the Genie wi Robin Williams in mind; even tho Katzenberg suggestit actors sic as John Candy, [[Steve Martin]], an [[Eddie Murphy]], Williams wis approached an eventually acceptit the role. Williams came for vyce recording sessions during breaks in the shooting o twa ither films he wis starring in at the time, ''Hook'' an ''Toys''. Unusual fur an animatit film, a gey bit o Williams' dialogue wis mad up on the spot: for some scenes, Williams wis gien topics an diallog suggests, but alloued tae improvise his lines.<ref name="diamond" /> It wis estimatit thit Williams improvised 52 characters.<ref>{{cite video | people = James Lipton (host) |date = 2001 | title = Inside the Actors Studio: Robin Williams | medium = Documentary | publisher = Bravo}}</ref> Eric Goldberg, the supervisin animator for the Genie, then reviewed Williams' recorded diallog an selected the best gags an lines that his crew wad creaut character animation tae match.<ref name="diamond"/> The producers eikit monie in-jokes an references tae Disney's previous warks in the film, sic as a "cameo appearance" frae directors Clements an Musker an drawing some characters based on Disney workers.<ref name="comm1">[[Ron Clements]], [[John Musker]], Amy Pell.''Aladdin'' audio commentary – ''The Filmmaker's''</ref> Beast, Sebastian frae ''[[The Little Mermaid (1989 film)|The Little Mermaid]]'', an Pinocchio mak brief appearances,<ref name="popup">{{cite video|title=Pop Up Fun Facts|location=''Aladdin'' Platinum Edition Disc 1|medium=DVD|date=2004|publisher=Walt Disney Home Video}}</ref> an the wardrobe o the Genie at the end o the film—[[Goofy]] hat, Hawaiian sark, an sandals—are a reference tae a cutty film that Robin Williams did fur the Disney-MGM Studios tour in the late 1980s.<ref name="comm1"/> ===Robin Williams' conflichts wi the studio=== In gratitude for his success wi Touchstone Pictures' ''[[Good Morning, Vietnam]]'', Robin Williams voiced the Genie for SAG scale pey ($75,000) insteid o his asking fee o $8 million, on condeetion that his nem or image widna be uised for marketing, an his (supporting) character nae tak mair nor 25% o space on advertising artwork, syne Williams' film ''Toys'' wis scheduled for release ane month efter ''Aladdin''{{'}}s debut. For financial reasons, the studio went back on the deal on baith counts, especially in poster airt bi haein the Genie in 25% o the image, but haein ither major an supporting characters portrayed considerably smawer. The Disney Hyperion beuk ''Aladdin: The Making o an Animated Film'' listed baith o Williams' characters "The Peddler" an "The Genie" ahead o main characters, but wis forced tae refer tae him anly as "the actor signed tae play the Genie".<ref name="ew">{{cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,312562,00.html |title=Disney's Got A Brand-New Baghdad 1 |work=Entertainment Weekly |date=September 4, 1992 |accessdate=March 16, 2007 |first=Steve |last=Daly |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806042954/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0%2C%2C312562%2C00.html |archivedate=August 6, 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,312562_2,00.html |title=Disney's Got A Brand-New Baghdad 2 |work=Entertainment Weekly |date=September 4, 1992 |accessdate=March 16, 2007 |first=Steve |last=Daly |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025122146/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0%2C%2C312562_2%2C00.html |archivedate=October 25, 2012 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,312562_3,00.html |title=Disney's Got A Brand-New Baghdad 3 |work=Entertainment Weekly |date=September 4, 1992 |accessdate=March 16, 2007 |first=Steve |last=Daly |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025122132/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0%2C%2C312562_3%2C00.html |archivedate=October 25, 2012 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> Disney, while no uisin Williams' nem in commercials as per the contract, uised his vyce for the Genie in the commercials an uised the Genie character tae sell toys an fast fuid tie-ins, athoot haein tae pey Williams additional money; Williams unhappily quipped at the time: "The only reason Mickey Mouse has three fingers is because he can't pick up a check." Disney attempted tae assuage Williams bi sending him a [[Pablo Picasso]] pentin worth mair nor $1 million at the time, but this muive failed tae repair the damaged relationship, as the pentin wis a self-portrait o the airtist as Vincent van Gogh which apparently really "clashed" wi the Williams' wilder hame decor.<ref>[http://www.businessinsider.com/robin-williams-disney-feud-picasso-gift-2014-11]</ref> Williams refused tae sign on for Aladdin 2, sae it wis [[Dan Castellaneta]] that voiced the Genie. When [[Jeffrey Katzenberg]] wis replaced bi Joe Roth as Walt Disney Studios chairman, Roth gied a public apology tae Williams.<ref>[http://www.cbr.com/movie-legends-revealed-robin-williams-split-with-disney-over-aladdin-poster/]</ref> ===Music=== Composer Alan Menken an songwriters Howard Ashman an Tim Rice war praised for creautin a soundtrack that is "consistently good, rivaling the best of Disney's other animated musicals from the '90s".<ref>{{cite web|url={{Allmusic|class=album|id=r110157|pure_url=yes}}|title=Aladdin soundtrack review|publisher=Allmusic|author=Phares, Heather|accessdate=Mairch 18, 2007}}</ref> Menken an Ashman began work on the film thegither, wi Rice takkin ower as lyricist efter Ashman died o AIDS-relatit complications in early 1991.<ref>{{Cite video|location=''Aladdin'' Platinum Edition, Disc 2|title=Alan Menken: Musical Renaissance Man|medium=DVD|date=2004|publisher=Walt Disney Home Video}}</ref> Awtho fourteen songs war written for ''Aladdin'', anly sax are featurt in the movie, three bi each lyricist.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,312563,00.html |title=Unsettled score |work=Entertainment Weekly |author=Daly, Steve |date=December 4, 1992 |accessdate=June 12, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806042928/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0%2C%2C312563%2C00.html |archivedate=August 6, 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> The DVD Special Edition released in 2004 includes fower songs in early animations tests, an a music video o ane, "Proud of Your Boy", performed bi Clay Aiken,<ref name="ign">{{cite web|url=http://dvd.ign.com/articles/549/549036p1.html|title=Aladdin: Ultimate DVD review|publisher=IGN|date=September 17, 2004|accessdate=March 16, 2007| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070312234759/http://dvd.ign.com/articles/549/549036p1.html| archivedate= March 12, 2007 | deadurl= no}}</ref> which appears on the album ''DisneyMania 3'' an aw.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://disneymusic.disney.go.com/albums/disneymania3.html|title=DisneyMania 3|publisher=Disney|accessdate=May 25, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519070127/http://disneymusic.disney.go.com/albums/disneymania3.html|archivedate=May 19, 2009|deadurl=no}} {{Cite web |url=http://disneymusic.disney.go.com/albums/disneymania3.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2022-09-13 |archive-date=2009-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519070127/http://disneymusic.disney.go.com/albums/disneymania3.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> ==Themes== The filmmakers thocht the moral message o the original tale wis nae appropriate, an decidit tae "put a spin on it", bi makin the fulfillment o wishes seem lik a guid hing, but eventually acomin a problem.<ref name="making"/> Anither major theme wis avoiding an attempt tae be what the person is nae – baith Aladdin an Jasmine get intae trouble faking tae be different fowk,<ref name=popup/> an the Prince Ali persona fails tae impress Jasmine, wha anly faws for Aladdin whan she finds oot wha he truly is.<ref>{{cite book|title=Disney A to Z: The Official Encyclopedia|author=Smith, Dave | authorlink = Dave Smith (archivist) |publisher=Disney Editions|date=August 15, 1996|isbn=978-0-7868-6223-8}}</ref> Bein "imprisoned" is discussed, a fate that occurs tae maist o the characters – Aladdin an Jasmine are stuck tae thair lifestyles, Genie is attached tae his lamp an Jafar, tae the Sultan – an is represented visually bi the prison-lik walls an bars o the Agrabah pailace, an the scene involvin caged birds which Jasmine later frees.<ref name=popup/> Jasmine is depicted as a different Disney Princess, bein rebellious tae the ryal life an the social structur,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AKd6mZSGsVUC&pg=PA276&lpg=PA276|title=The Arabian Nights reader|first=Ulrich|last=Marzolph|publisher=Wayne State University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-8143-3259-7}}</ref> an tryin tae mak her ain wey, unlik the princesses wha juist wait for rescue.<ref name="making"/> ==Release an reception== ===Theatrical run=== A lairge promotion campaign preceded ''Aladdin''{{'}}s debut in theaters, wi the film's trailer bein attached tae maist Disney VHS releases, an numerous tie-ins an licensees bein released.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,305817,00.html |title=Arabian Sheikdown |author=Daly, Steve |author2=Ascher-Walsh, Rebecca |work=Entertainment Weekly |date=March 12, 1993 |accessdate=August 30, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091218052528/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0%2C%2C305817%2C00.html |archivedate=December 18, 2009 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> Efter a leemitit release on November 13, 1992,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/chart/?yr=1992&wknd=46&p=.htm|title=Weekend Box Office Results for November 13–15, 1992|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=May 26, 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090603094552/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/chart/?yr=1992&wknd=46&p=.htm| archivedate= June 3, 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> ''Aladdin'' debuted in 1,131 theaters on November 25, 1992, grossing $19.2 million in its openin weekend – nummer twa at the box affice, behind ''Home Alone 2: Lost in New York''.<ref name="Opening BOM">{{cite news|url=http://variety.com/1992/film/news/holiday-b-o-gobbles-up-big-bucks-101610/ |title=Holiday B.O. gobbles up big bucks|work=Variety |date=November 30, 1992|last=Natale|first=Richard|accessdate=June 12, 2009}}</ref> It teuk aicht weeks for the film tae reach nummer ane at the US box affice, breaking the record for the week atween Christmas an New Year's Eve wi $32.2 million.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1993-01-26/entertainment/ca-2081_1_weekend-box-office|title='Aladdin' Finally Hits No. 1 and a Record in Sales Too|work=Los Angeles Times|last=Fox|first=David J.|date=January 26, 1993|accessdate=June 12, 2009}}</ref> The film held the tap spot five times during its 22-week run.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=weekend&id=aladdin.htm|title=Aladdin (1992) – Weekend Box Office Results|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=June 12, 2009}}</ref> ''Aladdin'' wis the maist successfu film o 1992 grossing $217 million in the Unitit States an ower $504 million warldwide.<ref name="boxoffice"/> It wis the biggest gross for an animatit film until ''[[The Lion King]]'' twa years later, an wis the first full-length animatit film tae gross $200 million in North Americae.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=lionking.htm|title=The Lion King (1994)|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=May 25, 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090517125117/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=lionking.htm| archivedate= May 17, 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> As o Januar 2014, it is the thirtieth highest grossing animatit film an the third highest grossing tradeetionally animatit feature warldwide, behind ''[[The Lion King]]'' an ''The Simpsons Movie''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=simpsons.htm|title=The Simpsons Movie (2007)|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=May 25, 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090617051954/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=simpsons.htm| archivedate= June 17, 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> It sauld an estimatit 52,442,300 tickets in the US.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=aladdin.htm&adjust_yr=1&p=.htm|title=Aladdin (1992)|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=May 30, 2016}}</ref> ===Critical reception=== [[File:Chuck Jones2 (cropped).jpg|150px|thumb|Warner Bros. Cartoons animator Chuck Jones cried ''Aladdin'', "the funniest feature ever made."<ref name="time">{{cite news|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,158290,00.html|work=Time|title=Aladdin's Magic| author = Richard Corliss |author2= Patrick E. Cole|author3= Martha Smilgis | authorlink = Richard Corliss | date=November 9, 1992|accessdate=March 16, 2007 | quote = Chuck Jones' verdict is judicious: Aladdin is "the funniest feature ever made." It's a movie for adults – if they can keep up with its careering pace – and, yes, you can take the kids. It juggles a '90s impudence with the old Disney swank and heart. }}</ref>]] The review aggregator wabsteid Rotten Tomatoes reportit that 94% o critics gae the film a guid review based on a sample o 68 reviews, wi an average score o 8.1/10.<ref name="RTfresh">{{cite web | url= http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1042582-aladdin/ | title=Aladdin at Rottentomatoes.com | publisher=Rotten Tomatoes | accessdate=March 23, 2012 }}</ref> Most critics' praise went tae Robin Williams' performance as Genie,<ref name="RTfresh" /> wi Janet Maslin o ''[[The New York Times]]'' declaring that childer "needn't know precisely what Mr. Williams is evoking tae understand hou funny he is".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9E0CE7DC1138F932A25752C1A964958260|title=Disney Puts Its Magic Touch on 'Aladdin'|work=The New York Times|first=Janet|last=Maslin | authorlink = Janet Maslin | date=November 11, 1992|accessdate=June 12, 2009 }}</ref> Warner Bros. Cartoons director Chuck Jones even cried the film "the funniest feature ever made."<ref name="time"/> Furthermair, Inglis-Erse comedian Spike Milligan considered it tae be the greatest film o aw time.<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0589711/bio?ref_=nm_dyk_trv_sm#trivia | title = Spike Milligan - Biography - IMDb}}</ref> James Berardinelli gae it 3.5 oot o 4 stars, praising the "crisp visuals and wonderful song-and-dance numbers".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reelviews.net/reelviews/aladdin|title=Aladdin|author= Berardinelli, James | authorlink = James Berardinelli |publisher=Reelviews|year=1992|accessdate=May 26, 2009 }}</ref> Peter Travers o ''Rolling Stone'' said the comedy makkit the film accessible tae baith childer an adults,<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/5947957/review/5947958/aladdin|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618163432/http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/5947957/review/5947958/aladdin|archivedate=June 18, 2008|title=Aladdin|author=Travers, Peter|authorlink=Peter Travers|journal=Rolling Stone|issue=644|date=November 1992|accessdate=May 26, 2009}} {{Cite web |url=http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/5947957/review/5947958/aladdin |title=Archived copy |access-date=2022-09-13 |archive-date=2008-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618163432/http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/5947957/review/5947958/aladdin |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618163432/http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/5947957/review/5947958/aladdin |date=2008-06-18 }}</ref> a vision shared wi Desson Howe o ''[[The Washington Post]]'', wha said "kids are still going tae be entranced bi the magic an adventure."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/aladdinghowe_a0af3c.htm|title='Aladdin'|first=Desson|last=Howe|work=The Washington Post|date=November 27, 1992|accessdate=May 26, 2009 }}</ref> Brian Lowry o ''Variety'' praised the cast o characters, describing the expressive magic cairpet as "its most remarkable accomplishment" an considered that "''Aladdin'' overcomes most story flaws thanks to sheer technical virtuosity".<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117900071.html?categoryid=31&cs=1 |title=Aladdin|work=Variety |first=Brian|last=Lowry |date=November 4, 1992 |accessdate=May 26, 2009 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090602052954/http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117900071.html?categoryid=31&cs=1| archivedate= June 2, 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> Some aspects o the film war criticised. Ed Gonzalez o ''Slant Magazine'' wrate a negative review, describing the film as racist, ridiculous, an a "narcissistic circus act" frae Robin Williams.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.slantmagazine.com/film/review/aladdin | title=Aladdin | work=Slant Magazine | date=September 23, 2004 | accessdate=June 16, 2015 | author=Gonzalez, Ed}}</ref> [[Roger Ebert]], wha generally praised the film in his review, considered the music inferior tae its predecessors ''The Little Mermaid'' an ''Beauty and the Beast'', an claimed Aladdin an Jasmine war "pale an routine." He criticised what he saw as the film's uise o ethnic stereotypes, writing: "Most of the Arab characters have exaggerated facial characteristics - hooked noses, glowering brows, thick lips - but Aladdin and the princess look like white American teenagers."<ref>{{cite news|author=Ebert, Roger | authorlink = Roger Ebert |url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/aladdin-1992| title=Aladdin review|date=November 25, 1992|accessdate=March 17, 2007 |work=Chicago Sun-Times }}</ref> ===Awairds=== ''Aladdin'' received monie award nominations, maistlins for its music. It won twa [[Academy Awairds|Academy Award]]s, Best Music, Original Score an Best Music, Original Song for "''A Whole New World''" an receiving nominations for Best Sang ("Friend Like Me"), Best Sound Editing (Mark A. Mangini), an Best Sound (Terry Porter, Mel Metcalfe, David J. Hudson an Doc Kane).<ref name="Oscars1993">{{Cite web|url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1993 |title=The 65th Academy Awards (1993) Nominees and Winners |accessdate=October 22, 2011|work=oscars.org}}</ref> At the Golden Globes, ''Aladdin'' won Best Original Song ("A Whole New World") an Best Original Score, as weel as a Special Achievement Award for Robin Williams, wi a nomination for Best Motion Picture&nbsp;– Musical or Comedy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goldenglobes.org/browse/film/23558|title=SEARCH&nbsp;– Aladdin|publisher=Hollywood Foreign Press Association|accessdate=May 25, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100713032324/http://www.goldenglobes.org/browse/film/23558|archivedate=July 13, 2010}}</ref> Ither awairds included the Annie Award for Best Animatit Feature,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://annieawards.org/21stwinners.html |title=Legacy: 21st Annual Annie Award Nominees and Winners (1993) |publisher=Annie Awards |accessdate=May 25, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425215012/http://annieawards.org/21stwinners.html |archivedate=April 25, 2009 |deadurl=yes |df=mdy }}</ref> a MTV Movie Award for Best Comedic Performance tae Robin Williams,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/ontv/movieawards/1993/|title=1993 MTV Movie Awards|publisher=MTV|accessdate=May 25, 2008| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080423094756/http://www.mtv.com/ontv/movieawards/1993/| archivedate= April 23, 2008 | deadurl= no}}</ref> Saturn Awards fur Best Fantasy Film, {{lang|en|Performance by a Young Actor}} tae Scott Weinger an Supporting Actor tae Robin Williams,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.saturnawards.org/past.html |title=Past Saturn Award Winners |publisher=Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films |accessdate=May 25, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511180136/http://www.saturnawards.org/past.html |archivedate=May 11, 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=mdy }} {{Cite web |url=http://www.saturnawards.org/past.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2022-09-13 |archive-date=2014-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906130320/http://www.saturnawards.org/past.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> the Best Animatit Feature bi the Los Angeles Film Critics Association,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lafca.net/years/1992.html|title=18TH Annual Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards|publisher=LAFCA|accessdate=May 25, 2009|archive-date=2016-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316102754/http://www.lafca.net/years/1992.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> an fower [[Grammy Awaird|Grammy Award]]s, Best Soundtrack Album, an {{lang|en|Song of the Year}}, {{lang|en|Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal}} an {{lang|en|Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media}} for "''A Whole New World''".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/03/02/movies/top-grammy-to-houston-5-for-aladdin.html|title=Top Grammy to Houston; 5 for 'Aladdin'|first=Jon|last=Pareles|date=March 2, 1994|work=The New York Times|accessdate=May 25, 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090602224016/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/03/02/movies/top-grammy-to-houston-5-for-aladdin.html| archivedate= June 2, 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> The film is recognised bi American Film Institute in thir lists: 2004: AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs: "Friend Like Me" – nominatit. "A Whole New World" – nominatit. ===Hame media {{anchor|DVD}}=== The film wis first released in VHS on October 1, 1993, as pairt o the "Walt Disney Classics" line. In its first week, ''Aladdin'' sauld ower 10.6&nbsp;million copies,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,308423,00.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425210651/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0%2C%2C308423%2C00.html |archivedate=April 25, 2009 |title=Arabian Might |work=Entertainment Weekly |date=October 15, 1993 |accessdate=May 25, 2009 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> an went on tae sell ower 25&nbsp;million in tot (a record anly broken bi the later release o ''The Lion King'').<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movieweb.com/disney-rubs-aladdins-lamp/|title=Disney Rubs Aladdin's Lamp|publisher=Movie Web|accessdate=March 20, 2007}}</ref> This VHS edition entered moratorium on Apryle 30, 1994.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/20/arts/home-video-149802.html|title=Home Video|work=The New York Times|date=May 20, 1994|accessdate=March 20, 2007 | first=Peter M. | last=Nichols}}</ref> A THX-certified widescreen LaserDisc wis issued in Autumn 1994,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TAgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA60&lpg=RA1-PA60&dq=aladdin+laserdisc+1994&source=bl&ots=eHM4OjcTuG&sig=XU1XZH8-nv6gT6dfedeb2BmwoYY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjEtqfjoo7SAhUB34MKHWqHDkc4ChDoAQgeMAE#v=onepage&q=aladdin%20laserdisc%201994&f=false|title=Billboard|last=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|first=|date=1994-05-21|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=|language=en|quote=|via=}}</ref> an a Spaingie-dubbed VHS for the American mercat wis released on Apryle 14, 1995.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/HISTORIC+SPANISH-LANGUAGE+DEBUT;+DISNEY'S+'SNOW+WHITE'+AND+'ALADDIN'...-a016806752|title=HISTORIC SPANISH-LANGUAGE DEBUT; DISNEY'S 'SNOW WHITE' AND 'ALADDIN' PLUS FIVE ADDITIONAL HITS COME TO HOME VIDEO BEGINNING APRIL 14 - Free Online Library|website=www.thefreelibrary.com|access-date=2017-02-14}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> On October 5, 2004, ''Aladdin'' wis released on DVD, as pairt o Disney's Platinum Edition line. The DVD release featurt retouched an cleaned-up animation, prepared fur ''Aladdin's'' planned but ultimately cancelled IMAX reissue in 2003,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://jimhillmedia.com/editor_in_chief1/b/jim_hill/archive/2004/10/12/478.aspx|title= "Aladdin" Platinum Edition sets the gold standard for Disney DVD|author= Hill, Jim|date= October 12, 2004|accessdate= April 5, 2007|archive-date= 2009-07-25|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090725154432/http://jimhillmedia.com/blogs/jim_hill/archive/2004/10/11/478.aspx|url-status= dead}}</ref> an a seicont disc wi bonus features. Accompanied bi a $19 million marketing campaign,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/search/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1001011344 |title=Best sellers |first=Thomas K. |last=Arnold |work=The Hollywood Reporter |date=August 9, 2005 |accessdate=May 27, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602063539/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/search/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1001011344 |archivedate=June 2, 2009 |deadurl=no |df=mdy }}</ref> the DVD sauld aroon 3&nbsp;million units in its first month, but it wis less nor the nummer o copies, sauld in that amount o time, bi ony ither ''Platinum Edition'' released aforehaund.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.homemediamagazine.com/news/dvd-player-penetration-drives-october-sales-growth-6917|title=DVD Player Penetration Drives October Sales Growth|author=McCourt, Judith |date=December 2, 2004|accessdate=September 19, 2007}}</ref> The film's soundtrack wis available in its original Dolby 5.1 track or in a new Disney Enhanced Home Theater Mix.<ref name="ign" /> The DVD went intae moratorium in Januar 2008, alang wi its sequels.<ref>{{cite web | work=DVDizzy.com | title=Out of Print Disney DVDs|url=http://www.dvdizzy.com/disneyvault.html| accessdate=September 24, 2006}}</ref> Accordin tae an insert in the ''Lady and the Tramp'' Diamond Edition release case, ''Aladdin'' wis gart tae be released on [[Blu-ray Disc]] as a Diamond Edition in Spring 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blu-ray.com/news/?id=8139|title=Disney Teases 2012 Blu-ray Slate|work=Blu-ray.com}}</ref> Insteid, ''[[Peter Pan (1953 film)|Peter Pan]]'' wis released on Blu-ray as a Diamond Edition on Februar 5, 2013 tae celebrate its 60t anniversar.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.insidethemagic.net/2013/02/review-peter-pan-diamond-edition-blu-ray-soars-with-outstanding-nine-old-men-bonus-feature-gorgeous-digital-restoration/ |title=Review: "Peter Pan" Diamond Edition Blu-ray soars with outstanding "Nine Old Men" bonus feature, gorgeous digital restoration |quote=Celebrating its 60th anniversary, Disney has released the timeless classic animated film “Peter Pan” onto Blu-ray for the first time with an impressive trip to Neverland given “Diamond Edition” treatment.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.blu-ray.com/movies/Peter-Pan-Blu-ray/55001/#Review |title=Peter Pan Blu-ray Review |quote=Pardon the nostalgic digression, but Walt Disney's fourteenth animated feature, now celebrating its 60th anniversary, has the look and whimsy of a much younger production.}}</ref> A non-Diamond Edition Blu-ray wis released in a few select European kintras in Mairch 2013. The Belgian edition (released athoot adverts) comes as a 1-disc version wi its extras pit ower frae the Platinum Edition DVD. The same disc wis released in the Unitit Kinrick on Apryle 14, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Aladdin Blu-ray|url=http://www.blu-ray.com/movies/Aladdin-Blu-ray/37383/|accessdate=December 24, 2013}}</ref> Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released the film on a Diamond Edition Blu-ray on October 13, 2015. The film wis released on Digital HD on September 29, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=Disney's 'Aladdin' Never Looked Better Than in This 'Diamond Edition' Trailer (EXCLUSIVE)|url=http://news.moviefone.com/2015/02/05/disneys-aladdin-diamond-edition-blu-ray-digital/|accessdate=February 7, 2015|archive-date=2015-02-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207064049/http://news.moviefone.com/2015/02/05/disneys-aladdin-diamond-edition-blu-ray-digital|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Pre-Order Disney's ALADDIN Diamond Edition Blu-ray & DVD, Set To Be Released 10/13|url=http://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Pre-Order-Disneys-ALADDIN-Diamond-Edition-Blu-ray-DVD-Set-To-Be-Released-1013-20150608|accessdate=June 8, 2015|archive-date=2015-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612020831/http://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Pre-Order-Disneys-ALADDIN-Diamond-Edition-Blu-ray-DVD-Set-To-Be-Released-1013-20150608|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title='Aladdin' Trailer Offers Peek at New Robin Williams Outtakes as Genie|url=https://www.yahoo.com/movies/aladdin-trailer-offers-peek-at-new-robin-129290396592.html|accessdate=September 29, 2015}}</ref> Upon its first week o release on hame media in the U.S., the film tapped the Blu-ray Disc sales chart an debuted at nummer 2 at the Nielsen VideoScan First Alert chart, which tracks oweraw disc sales behind the disaster film ''San Andreas''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://variety.com/2015/film/news/san-andreas-shakes-up-dvd-blu-ray-disc-sales-charts-1201623841/|title=‘San Andreas’ Shakes Up DVD, Blu-ray Disc Sales Charts|author=Thomas K. Arnold|work=Variety|date=October 22, 2015|accessdate=October 22, 2015}}</ref> ===Controversies=== Ane o the verses o the openin sang "Arabian Nights" wis altered follaein protests frae the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee (ADC). The lyrics war changed in Julie 1993 frae ''"where they cut off your ear if they don't like your face"'' in the original release tae ''"where it's flat and immense and the heat is intense"''. The chynge first appeared on the 1993 video release.<ref name="adc">{{cite web|url=http://www.adc.org/index.php?id=283|title=Arab Stereotypes and American Educators|publisher=American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee|accessdate=March 16, 2007| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070405005650/http://www.adc.org/index.php?id=283| archivedate= April 5, 2007 | deadurl= no}}</ref> The original lyric wis intact on the initial CD soundtrack release, but the re-release uses the edited lyric. The rerecording haes the original vyce on aw ither lines an then a noticeably deeper vyce says the edited line. The Broadway adaptation uses the edited line.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://adamjacobs.net/aladdin-gets-big-changes-broadway-debut/|title=Aladdin gets big changes for Broadway debut|first=Gregory|last=Miller|publisher=New York Post|date=2014-03-09|accessdate=2016-05-08}}</ref> ''Entertainment Weekly'' ranked ''Aladdin'' in a leet o the maist controversial films in history, due tae this incident.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1202224,00.html |title=The 25 Most Controversial Movies Ever |work=Entertainment Weekly |accessdate=March 16, 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314000859/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0%2C%2C1202224%2C00.html |archivedate=March 14, 2007 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref> The ADC complained aboot the portrayal o the lead characters Aladdin an Jasmine. Thay criticised the characters' Englified an pail features, an Inglis-American accents, in contrast tae the ither characters in the film, which are dark-skinned, hae foreign accents an grotesque facial features, an appear villainous or greedy.<ref name="adc" /> Protests war raised tae anither scene. When Aladdin is attacked bi the tiger Rajah on the pailace balcony, Aladdin quietly says a line that some fowk reportit hearing as ''"Good teenagers, take off your clothes"'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/disney/info/aladwsj.htm |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091001072715/http://www.snopes.com/disney/info/aladwsj.htm |dead-url=yes |archive-date=October 1, 2009 |title=Take Off Your Clothes! |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=October 25, 1995 |accessdate=April 2, 2013 |publisher=Snopes }}</ref> which thay considered a subliminal reference tae promiscuity. Hooanever, accordin tae the commentary track on the 2004 DVD, while Musker an Clements did admit Scott Weinger mad up on the spot during the scene, thay claimed "we did not record that, we would not record that," an said the line wis ''"Good tiger, take off and go…"'' an the wird "tiger" is owerlapped bi Rajah's snarl.<ref>Ron Clements and John Musker, "Filmmaker's Commentary". ''Aladdin: Platinum Edition'' DVD, Disc 1, Bonus Features, Backstage Disney, Walt Disney Home Entertainment.</ref> Efter the wird tiger, a seicont vyce can be heard which haes been suggestit wis accidentally grafted onto the soundtrack. Acause o the controversy, Disney removed the line on the DVD release.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/disney/films/aladdin.asp|title=Disney (Take Off Your Clothes!)|publisher=Snopes|accessdate=March 24, 2007}}. The source compiles and cites four major newspaper references.</ref> Animation enthusiasts hae noticed similarities atween ''Aladdin'' an Richard Williams' unfinished film ''The Thief and the Cobbler'' (kent forby as ''Arabian Knight'' unner Miramax Films an ''The Princess and the Cobbler'' unner Majestic Films Internaitional). Thir similarities include a seemilar plot, seemilar characters, scenes an background designs, an the antagonist Zig-Zag's resemblance in character design an mannerisms tae Genie an Jafar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dvdsnapshot.com/January07Review/ThiefAndCobbler.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141735/http://www.dvdsnapshot.com/January07Review/ThiefAndCobbler.html|archivedate=December 16, 2008 |title=The Thief and the Cobbler review|publisher=DVD snapshot|author=Savino, Cris}}</ref><ref name="nytimes">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/26/movies/film-review-a-late-finisher-about-old-araby.html|title= A Late Finisher About Old Araby |work=The New York Times|date=August 26, 1995 | first=Caryn | last=James}}</ref> Tho ''Aladdin'' wis released prior tae ''The Thief and the Cobbler'', ''The Thief and the Cobbler'' initially began production muckle earlier in the 1960s, an wis mired in difficulties includin financial problems, copyright issues, story revisions an late production times caused bi separate studios tryin tae finish the film efter Richard Williams wis fired frae the project for lack o finished work.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.tvguide.com/movie-news/Best-Animated-Movie-7953.aspx|title=The Best Animated Movie You've Never Heard Of|publisher=TV Guide|date=November 28, 2006|accessdate=March 17, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615171326/http://movies.tvguide.com/movie-news/Best-Animated-Movie-7953.aspx|archivedate=2012-06-15|url-status=dead}}</ref> The late release, coupled wi Miramax purchasing an re-editing the film, haes whiles resulted in ''The Thief and the Cobbler'' bein labeled a rip-aff o ''Aladdin''.<ref name="nytimes" /> ==Live-action adaptations== * On 15 Julie 2015 the studio annoonced it wis developin a live-action prequel cried ''Genies'', written bi Damian Shannon an Mark Swift, wi Tripp Vinson producin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/aladdin-live-action-prequel-works-808895|title='Aladdin' Live-Action Prequel in the Works at Disney (Exclusive)|publisher=The Hollywood Reporter|last=Kit|first=Borys|date=July 15, 2015}}</ref> On 8 November, Disney said it haed first planned tae uise Robin Williams' unuised lines frae the 1991–92 recordin sessions, but his will stappit the studio frae uisin his likeness for 25 year efter his daith.<ref>{{cite news|title=Robin Williams’ will prevents use of outtakes for ‘Aladdin’ sequel|last=Putnam|first=Lindsay|url=http://nypost.com/2015/11/08/robin-williams-will-prevents-use-of-outtakes-for-aladdin-sequel/|newspaper=The New York Post|date=November 8, 2015|accessdate=November 14, 2015}}</ref> * In October 2016 it wis reportit that Disney wis developin a live-action adaptation o ''Aladdin'', wi Guy Ritchie signed on tae direct. John August wrate the script, that keeps the muisical elements o the oreeginal film, an Dan Lin wis producer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://deadline.com/2016/10/aladdin-guy-ritchie-disney-live-action-film-sherlock-holmes-1201834102/|last=Fleming Jr.|first=Mike|title=Guy Ritchie To Direct Live Action 'Aladdin' For Disney|publisher=[[Deadline.com]]|accessdate=October 10, 2016|date=October 10, 2016}}</ref> In Julie 2017 Mena Massoud wis cast as Aladdin, Naomi Scott as Jasmine an [[Will Smith]] as the Genie.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/aladdin-will-smith-naomi-scott-jasmine-cast-mena-massoud-d23-1202496767/|title='Aladdin': Disney Casts Will Smith, Mena Massoud, Naomi Scott|website=Variety|date=July 15, 2017|access-date=December 10, 2017|archive-date=July 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715232330/http://variety.com/2017/film/news/aladdin-will-smith-naomi-scott-jasmine-cast-mena-massoud-d23-1202496767/|url-status=live}}</ref> The film wis released in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|last=Prange|first=Stephanie|title=Disney to Bow Live-Action 'Aladdin' and Animated Classic on Digital Aug. 27, Disc Sept. 10 Including 4K|url=https://www.mediaplaynews.com/disney-to-bow-live-action-aladdin-and-animated-classic-on-digital-aug-27-disc-sept-10-including-4k/|website=Media Play News.com|date=July 25, 2019 |access-date=March 26, 2023}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{wikiquote|Aladdin}} * {{Offeecial wabsteid|http://movies.disney.com/aladdin}} * {{IMDb title|0103639|Aladdin}} * {{Allmovie title|1338|Aladdin}} * {{mojo title|aladdin|Aladdin}} * {{rotten-tomatoes|1042582-aladdin|Aladdin}} * {{bcdb|4-Aladdin|Aladdin}} * [http://toonopedia.com/aladdin.htm Aladdin] in folklore an popular cultur, at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. [http://www.webcitation.org/6bCRL7uUO?url=http://toonopedia.com/aladdin.htm Archived] frae the original on August 31, 2015. {{Walt Disney Animation Studios}} {{Ron Clements an John Musker}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Aladdin (1992 Disney film)}} [[Category:1992 animatit films]] [[Category:1990s adventur films]] [[Category:1990s American animatit films]] [[Category:1990s comedy films]] [[Category:1990s fantasie films]] [[Category:1990s muisical films]] [[Category:American animatit fantasie films]] [[Category:American buddy films]] [[Category:American bairns' animatit films]] [[Category:American bairns' fantasie films]] [[Category:American fantasie adventur films]] [[Category:American fantasie-comedy films]] [[Category:American muisical fantasy films]] [[Category:Animatit buddy films]] [[Category:Animatit comedy films]] [[Category:Animatit fantasie films]] [[Category:Animatit feature films]] [[Category:Animatit muisical films]] [[Category:Best Animatit Featur Annie Awaird winners]] [[Category:Cultural depictions o Arnold Schwarzenegger]] [[Category:Cultural depictions o The Marx Brothers]] [[Category:Disney's Aladdin| ]] [[Category:Disney Renaissance]] [[Category:Films aboot wish fulfillment]] [[Category:Films adaptit intae televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Films based on Ane Thoosand an Ane Nichts]] [[Category:Films directit bi John Musker]] [[Category:Films directit bi Ron Clements]] [[Category:Films featurin anthropomorphic chairacters]] [[Category:Films featurin hypnosis]] [[Category:Film scores bi Alan Menken]] [[Category:Films set in a fictional Asian kintra]] [[Category:Films set in the Middle East]] [[Category:Films that wan the Best Oreeginal Score Academy Awaird]] [[Category:Films that wan the Best Oreeginal Sang Academy Awaird]] [[Category:Walt Disney Animation Studios films]] [[Category:Walt Disney Pictures films]] cio3kmqtx5qhhodw7q0srqx7rce7bi6 926998 926966 2026-11-08T22:05:42Z Monospaced 75295 Award nems as published (Academy Award, Grammy, Golden Globe) 926998 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = Aladdin | director = [[Ron Clements]]<br />[[John Musker]] | producer = Ron Clements<br />John Musker | writer = Ron Clements<br />John Musker<br />Ted Elliott<br />Terry Rossio | based on = [[Aladdin and the Magic Lamp]] frae ''[[Ane Thoosand an Ane Nichts|One Thousand and One Nights]]'' | starring = {{plainlist| * [[Scott Weinger]] * [[Robin Williams]] * [[Linda Larkin]] * Jonathan Freeman * [[Frank Welker]] * [[Gilbert Gottfried]] * Douglas Seale}} | music = [[Alan Menken]] <!-- Do nae add Howard Ashman or Tim Rice, the credit asks for music, nae lyrics --> | editing = Mark A. Hester <br />H. Lee Peterson | studio = Walt Disney Pictures<br/>Walt Disney Feature Animation | distributor = Buena Vista Pictures | released = {{Film date|1992|11|25}}<!-- Do nae add the UK or Australian release date here, please; see WP:FILMRELEASE. --> | runtime = 90 minnets | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | budget = $28 million<ref name="boxoffice">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=aladdin.htm|title=Aladdin box office info|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=Mairch 17, 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090215092824/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=aladdin.htm| archivedate= Februar 15, 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> | gross = $504.1 million<ref name="boxoffice"/> }} '''''Aladdin''''' is a 1992 American animatit muisical [[fantasie film]] produced bi Walt Disney Feature Animation an released bi [[Walt Disney Pictures]]. ''Aladdin'' is the 31st Disney animatit feature film, an wis pairt o the Disney film era kent as the Disney Renaissance. The film wis directit bi John Musker an Ron Clements, an is based on the Arab [[Fairy tale|folktale]] ''Aladdin and the Magic Lamp'' frae ''[[Ane Thoosand an Ane Nichts]]''. The vyce cast featurs Scott Weinger, [[Robin Williams]], Linda Larkin, Jonathan Freeman, Frank Welker, [[Gilbert Gottfried]], an Douglas Seale. Lyricist Howard Ashman first pitched the idea, an the screenplay went throu three drafts afore then-Disney Studios preses [[Jeffrey Katzenberg]] greed tae it bein makkit. The animators based thair designs on the wark o caricaturist Al Hirschfeld, an computers war uised for baith finishin the artwork an creautin some animatit elements. The muisical score wis scrieved bi Alan Menken an featurs sax sangs wi lyrics scrieved bi baith Ashman an Tim Rice, wha teuk ower efter Ashman's daith. ''Aladdin'' wis released on November 25, 1992 an wis the maist successfu film o 1992, earnin ower $217&nbsp;million in revenue in the [[Unitit States]], an ower $504&nbsp;million warldwide. The film won monie awairds an aw, maist o them for its soundtrack. {{nobreak|''Aladdin''{{'}}s}} success led tae ither material inspired bi the film, includin twa sequels released straucht tae video, ''The Return of Jafar'' an ''Aladdin and the King of Thieves'', an animatit telly series o the same nem, toys, video gemmes, spin-affs, a live-action remake in 2019, Disney merchandise an a Broadway adaptation that stairtit in 2014. ==Plot== Jafar, a sorcerer an the ryal vizier o the fictional ceety o Agrabah, an his taukin papingoe, Iago, seek oot a magyk lamp hidden amid the Cave o Wonders. Thay're tellt that ainly yin body is worthy tae put in. The 'diamant in the ruff', wham Jafar later identifees as Aladdin, an Agrabah wynd urchin. Princess Jasmine o Agrabah, pure upset that the law requires her tae mairie a prince insteid o the yin she luves, escapes the pailace an meets Aladdin an his pet monkey, Abu. The pailace guards capture Aladdin on Jafar's orders. Jasmine confronts Jafar tae demand Aladdin's release, bit he tells her a lee that Aladdin haes been kilt. Disguised as an auldjin, Jafar frees Aladdin an Abu an brings thaim tae the cave, ordering thaim tae retrieve the lamp. Efter bein telt tae titch hee haw bit the lamp, Aladdin finds a magic cairpet ben an obtains the lamp. Forgetting the cave's ruil, Abu grabs a jewel. Aladdin, Abu, an the cairpet rush tae escape the cave at the doon fallin; Aladdin gies the lamp tae Jafar, wha throws baith Aladdin an Abu back intae the cave, tho nae afore Abu steals the lamp back. Trapped, Aladdin rubs the lamp an meets the genie wha bides ben it. The genie grants Aladdin three wishes. Aladdin tricks the genie intae freeing thaim aw fae the cave athoot usin a wish. He uses his foremaist wish tae assume the identity o a prince tae woo Jasmine, an promises tae uise his third wish tae free the genie fae servitude. At Iago's request, Jafar plots tae becom [[Sultan]] bi mairyin Jasmine. Aladdin, as "Prince Ali Ababwa", arrives in Agrabah wi a lairge host, bit Jasmine gets crabbit whin he discusses her fate wi her faither the Sultan an Jafar athoot her. As a means o apology, Aladdin steals Jasmine on a hurl on the magic cairpet. Whin she deduces his true identitie, he convinces her that he ainlie dresses as a peasant tae escape the stresses o ryal lee. Efter Aladdin brocht Jasmine hame, the palace guards captur Aladdin on Jafar's behest an throw him intae the sea. The genie appears an saves him at the cost o his seicont wish. Aladdin returns tae the pailace an expones Jafar's evil plot. Jafar flees efter spotting the lamp an sicweys discoverin Aladdin's true identity. Fearing that he wull lose Jasmine if the truth is revealed, Aladdin breaks his promise an refuses tae unthirl the genie. Iago steals the lamp, an Jafar becomes the genie's nou master. He uses his foremaist twa wishes tae acome Sultan an the warld's maist pouerfu sorcerer. He then expones Aladdin's identity an exiles him, Abu, an the cairpet tae a frozen wasteland. Thay escape an return tae the palace. Jasmine tries tae hulp Aladdin steal the lamp back, bit Jafar notices an overpowers the heroes wi his magic. Aladdin taunts Jafar fur bein less powerful than the genie, tricking Jafar intae usin his lest wish tae acome an aw-powerful genie hissel. Noo bound tae his nou lamp, Jafar ends up trapped ben it, takkin Iago wi him. Wi Agrabah returned tae normal, the genie banishes Jafar's lamp an advises Aladdin uise his third wish tae regain his ryal title sae the law wull allou him tae bide wi Jasmine. Aladdin decides insteid tae keep his promise an frees the genie. Realising Aladdin an Jasmine's luve, the Sultan chynges the law tae allou Jasmine tae mairie wham she chooses. The genie leaves tae explore the warld, while Aladdin an Jasmine stairt thair freish lee thegither. ==Cast== *Scott Weinger as Aladdin, a poor, but kynd-hearted Agrabah thief. Weinger sent in a hamemade audition tape wi his mither playin the Genie,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.scottweinger.net/article13.html|title=As Genie, mom helped grant son's wish for 'Aladdin' role|author=Abbott, Jim|date=January 5, 1993|work=St. Paul Pioneer Press|accessdate=May 26, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602043724/http://www.scottweinger.net/article13.html|archivedate=2009-06-02|deadurl=no|url-status=dead}}</ref> an efter several caw backs he foond sax month later that he haed the pairt.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.scottweinger.net/article15.html|title=Aladdin's Voice Speaks|author=Caporaso, Jenna|author2=Trucks, Leigh|author3=Pompa, Andrew|date=February 27, 1994|work=The Charlotte Observer|accessdate=May 26, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416063832/http://www.scottweinger.net/article15.html|archivedate=2009-04-16|deadurl=no|url-status=dead}}</ref> Aladdin's supervising animator wis bi Glen Keane. Brad Kane gies Aladdin his singin vyce.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e1RTP8thtR0C&pg=PA112|title=Disney Voice Actors: A Biographical Dictionary|first=Thomas S.|last=Hischak|publisher=McFarland|year=2011|isbn=978-0-7864-6271-1|page=112}}</ref> *[[Robin Williams]] as The Genie, a comedic [[genie]], wi nigh omnipotent pouer that can anly be exercised whan his master wishes it. The Genie's supervising animator wis Eric Goldberg. Clements an Musker wrate the pairt o the Genie for Robin Williams an, whan met wi resistance, creatit a reel o Williams' stand-up tae animation o the Genie. The directors asked Goldberg tae animate a Genie ower ane o Williams' auld stand-up comedy routines tae pitch the idea tae the actor. The resultin test, whaur Williams taukin anent [[schizophrenia]] wis translated intae Genie growin anither heid tae argue wi himsel, makkit Williams "laugh his ass aff" an convinced him tae sign on fur the role. Williams' appearance in ''Aladdin'' (despite his appearance alang wi Christian Slater an Tim Curry in the early 1992 animatit film ''FernGully'') marks the beginnin o a transition in animatit film tae celebrity vyce actors, rather than specifically trained vyce actors in animatit film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2011/10/how-celebrities-took-over-cartoon-voice-acting/247481|title=How Celebrities Took Over Cartoon Voice Acting|author=Meslow, Scott|work=The Atlantic|date=October 28, 2011|accessdate=May 3, 2015}}</ref> Williams providit monie celebrity impressions during recording sessions, which war re-adapted intae the fabric o the character. Thir included Ed Sullivan, [[Jack Nicholson]], [[Robert De Niro]], [[Groucho Marx]], [[Rodney Dangerfield]], William F. Buckley, Peter Lorre, [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]], an Arsenio Hall.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ew.com/article/2014/08/12/robin-williams-aladdin-eric-goldberg|title=Robin Williams in 'Aladdin': Animator Eric Goldberg remembers drawing Genie|date=August 12, 2014|author=Labrecque, Jeff|work=Entertainment Weekly|accessdate=May 3, 2015|archive-date=2021-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731115124/https://ew.com/article/2014/08/12/robin-williams-aladdin-eric-goldberg/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Williams vyces the Peddler forby, a mysterious merchant wha appears at the beginnin o the film. Efter promoting feckless goods tae the audience, he reveals the magic lamp an begins the story o ''Aladdin''. The scene wis completely unscripted — the production left Williams a table wi props covered wi a sheet an asked him tae pull oot objects athoot lookin at them an describe them in-character. The dooble role originally led tae the Peddler revealin tae be the Genie disguised, but that idea wis dropped later in development.<ref name="ew" /> Bruce Adler supplies the singing vyce for the Peddler. *Jonathan Freeman as Jafar, the pouer-hungry Grand Vizier o Agrabah. Jafar wis originally envisioned as curnaptious, but the directors decidit that a calm villain wad be scarier.<ref name=popup/> Freeman wis the first actor cast an spent ane year an nine month recordin his dialogue. He later readjusted his vyce efter Weinger an Larkin war cast as he felt "Jafar had to be seen as a real threat to Aladdin and Jasmine".<ref>{{cite web|author=Hill, Jim|url=http://jimhillmedia.com/editor_in_chief1/b/jim_hill/archive/2011/06/13/jonathan-freeman-returns-as-jafar-in-new-stage-musical-version-of-disney-s-quot-aladdin-quot.aspx|title=Jonathan Freeman returns as Jafar in new stage musical version of Disney's "Aladdin"|publisher=Jim Hill Media|date=June 13, 2011|accessdate=December 26, 2011|archive-date=2019-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820184415/http://jimhillmedia.com/editor_in_chief1/b/jim_hill/archive/2011/06/13/jonathan-freeman-returns-as-jafar-in-new-stage-musical-version-of-disney-s-quot-aladdin-quot.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Jafar's supervising animator wis Andreas Deja, wha tried tae incorporate Freeman's facial expressions an gesturing intae the character,<ref name=diamond/> while Jafar's beggar an snake forms are animatit bi Kathy Zielinski.<ref name=comm1/> *Linda Larkin as Princess Jasmine: The princess o Agrabah, wha is tired o life in the ryal pailace. Larkin wis chose nine month efter her audeetion, an haed tae lawer her heich-pitched vyce tae reach the vyce the film-makars war leukin for in the character.<ref name=popup/> Jasmine's supervising animator wis Mark Henn. [[Lea Salonga]] gies Jasmine her singin vyce.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://d23.com/lea-salonga/|title=Disney Legends: Lea Salonga|publisher=Disney.com|accessdate=December 26, 2011}}</ref> *Frank Welker as Abu, Aladdin's kleptomaniac pet monkey wi a heich-pitched vyce. The animators filmed monkeys at the San Francisco Zoo tae study thair muivments for Abu's character.<ref name=popup/> In the three years it teuk tae record the film, Welker didnae meet Weinger or Williams.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allspark.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1&Itemid=3|title=The Allspark Interviews Legend Frank Welker|author=Kalidor|date=September 22, 2006|work=allspark.com|accessdate=May 26, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602082326/http://www.allspark.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1&Itemid=3|archivedate=June 2, 2009|deadurl=no}}</ref> Welker vyces Jasmine's tiger Rajah an the Cave o Wonders forby.<ref name=comm1/> Duncan Marjoribanks wis the supervising animator for Abu, while Rajah wis animatit bi Aaron Blaise. *[[Gilbert Gottfried]] as Iago, Jafar's sarcastic, foul-mouthed parrot assistant. Muckle lik Robin Williams, Gottfried wis gien freedom tae improvise his lines.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinemablend.com/new/Why-Gilbert-Gottfried-Had-Keep-Recording-His-Aladdin-Lines-112457.html|title=Why Gilbert Gottfried Had To Keep Recording His Aladdin Lines |author=Libbey, Dirk|publisher=CinemaBlend|accessdate=December 26, 2011}}</ref> Iago's supervising animator Will Finn tried tae incorporate a wheen o aspects o Gottfried's appearance intae Iago's design, sic as his semi-closed een an the always-appearin teeth.<ref name=popup/> *Douglas Seale as The Sultan, the pompous, but kynd ruler o Agrabah, wha desperately tries tae find a suitor for his dochter Jasmine. Some aspects o the character war inspired bi the ''Wizard of Oz'', tae creaut a bumbling authority figure.<ref name=popup/> The Sultan's supervising animator wis David Pruiksma. *Jim Cummings as Razoul, the Captain o the Guard. He wis named efter layout supervisor Rasoul Azadani.<ref name=popup/> He an the ither guards war animatit bi Phil Young an Chris Wahl. *Charlie Adler as Gazeem: A thief that Jafar sends intae the Cave o Wonders at the beginnin o the film but is trapped inside for bein unworthy. Gazeem wis animatit bi T. Daniel Hofstedt. *Corey Burton as Prince Achmed, a snobbish prince wha is rejected bi Princess Jasmine as her suitor. ==Production== ===Script an development=== In 1988, lyricist Howard Ashman pitched the idea o an animatit musical adaptation o Aladdin. Ashman haed written a 40-page film treatment remainin faithful tae the plot an characters o the original story, but envisioned as a campy 1930s-style musical wi a Cab Calloway/Fats Waller-lik Genie.<ref name="Rhodes">{{cite news| title=What Would Walt Say? : The credits read Disney, but 'Aladdin' is a brand-new 'toon, an irreverent high-stakes gamble that veers sharply from tradition | url=http://articles.latimes.com/1992-11-08/entertainment/ca-4_1_walt-disney-studios | last=Rhodes | first=Joe | newspaper=''Los Angeles Times'' | date=November 8, 1992 | accessdate=July 11, 2015}}</ref> Alangside pairtner Alan Menken, Ashman conceived several sangs an eikit Aladdin's friends named Babkak, Omar, an Kasim tae the story.<ref name="Mouseunderglass">{{cite book |last=Koeing |first=David |title=Mouse Under Glass: Secrets of Disney Animation & Theme Parks |url=https://archive.org/details/mouseunderglasss0000koen |location=Irvine, California |publisher=Bonadventure Press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/mouseunderglasss0000koen/page/216 216]–26 |isbn=978-0964060517 |date=January 28, 2001 }}<!--|accessdate=Julie 11, 2015--></ref><ref name="time" /> Hooanever, the studio wis dismissive o Ashman's treatment an removed the project frae development in which Ashman an Menken war later recruited tae compone songs for ''[[Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)|Beauty and the Beast]]''.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1992-11-25/features/1992330079_1_alan-menken-ashman-howard | title=Ashman's words were music to his ears | last=Hunter | first=Stephen | newspaper=''The Baltimore Sun'' | date=November 25, 1992 | accessdate=July 11, 2015 | archive-date=2017-08-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801234847/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1992-11-25/features/1992330079_1_alan-menken-ashman-howard | url-status=dead }}</ref> Linda Woolverton, wha haed worked on ''Beauty and the Beast'' an aw, uised thair treatment an developit a draft wi inspired elements frae ''The Thief o Bagdad'' sic as a villain named Jaf'far, an aged sidekick retired human thief named Abu, an a human handmaiden for the princess.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://howardashman.com/blog/john-musker-question-countdown-number-9/ | title=John Musker Question Countdown – Number 9 | date=February 21, 2012 | accessdate=July 11, 2015 | archive-date=2016-04-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406212441/http://howardashman.com/blog/john-musker-question-countdown-number-9/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://animatedviews.com/2005/aladdin-crew-reunion/|first=Christian|last=Ziebarth|title=Aladdin: Crew Reunion|publisher=Animated Views|date=April 23, 2005|accessdate=May 31, 2009}}</ref> Then, directors John Musker an Ron Clements jynt the production, picking ''Aladdin'' oot o three projects affered, which included an adaptation o ''[[Swan Lake]]'' an ''King o the Jungle'' – that eventually becam ''[[The Lion King]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://animationpodcast.com/ronandjohn-part-three/|title=Show 009 – Ron and John, Part Three|publisher=The Animation Podcast|date=November 1, 2005|accessdate=May 31, 2009|archive-date=2010-03-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100309041355/http://animationpodcast.com/ronandjohn-part-three/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Afore Ashman's daith in Mairch 1991, Ashman an Menken haed componed "Prince Ali" an his last song, "Humiliate the Boy".<ref>{{cite news | title=Lyricist's life ended on poignant note | url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1991-11-22/entertainment/1991326070_1_alan-menken-ashman-song-we-wrote | work=Los Angeles Daily News | publisher=Baltimore Sun | date=November 22, 1991 | accessdate=July 11, 2015 | archive-date=2017-11-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107233721/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1991-11-22/entertainment/1991326070_1_alan-menken-ashman-song-we-wrote | url-status=dead }}</ref> Musker an Clements wrate a draft o the screenplay, an then delivered a storie reel tae studio chief [[Jeffrey Katzenberg]] in Apryle 1991.<ref name="time" /> Katzenberg thocht the script didnae engage, an on a day kent bi the staff as "Black Friday", demaunded that the entire storie be rewrate athoot reschedulin the film's November 25, 1992 release date.<ref>{{cite video | people = John Musker, Ron Clements, Eric Goldberg, Amy Pell, Ed Gombert, Terry Rossio, Ted Elliot | title = Reflections On Black Friday | medium = DVD | publisher = Walt Disney Home Video |date = 2004}}</ref> Amang the changes Katzenberg requested frae Clements an Musker war tae nae be dependent on Ashman's vision,<ref name="Mouseunderglass" /> an the remuival o Aladdin's mither, remarkin, "Eighty-six the mother. The mom's a zero."<ref>{{cite news| title=Retread country | last=Steyn | first=Mark | newspaper=The Spectator | url=http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/18th-october-1997/76/cinema | date=October 17, 1997 | accessdate=July 11, 2015}}</ref> Screenscreivin duo Ted Elliott an Terry Rossio war brocht in tae rewark the storie,<ref name="time" /> an the changes thay med included the remuival o Aladdin's mither, the strenthenin o the character o Princess Jasmine, an the deletion o a wheen o the Ashman-Menken songs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ew.com/article/1992/12/04/unsung-aladdin-songs|title=Unsung ''Aladdin'' songs | last=Daly | first=Steve | publisher=''Entertainment Weekly'' | date=December 4, 1992 | accessdate=July 11, 2015}}</ref> Aladdin's personalitie wis rewritten tae be "a wee bit rucher, like a young [[Harrison Ford]],"<ref name="time" /><ref name="ultimate">{{cite web|url=http://www.dvdizzy.com/aladdin.html|title=Aladdin DVzsxD review|publisher=DVDizzy.com|accessdate=March 20, 2007 }}</ref> an the papingoe Iago, wha was originallie a stiff Inglis archetype, wis rewirked intae a comic rôle efter the filmmakars saw [[Gilbert Gottfried]] in ''Beverly Hills Cop II''. Gottfried wis cast tae gie Iago's his vyce.<ref>{{cite video | people = John Musker, Ron Clements | title = Aladdin: Platinum Edition (Disc 2) | medium = DVD | publisher = Walt Disney Home Video |date = 2004}}</ref> Bi October 1991, Katzenberg wis blythe wi the new version o ''Aladdin''.<ref name="Rhodes" /> As wi Woolverton's screenplay, a wheen o characters an plot elements are based on the 1940 version o ''The Thief o Bagdad'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fosteronfilm.com/fantasy/thiefbagdad.htm|title=Fantasy: The Thief of Bagdad|publisher=Foster On Film|accessdate=May 31, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Visions of the East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q2_E_gl9BbYC|author=Bernstein, Matthew |author2= Studlar, Gaylyn|publisher=I.B.Tauris|year=1997|isbn=978-1-86064-305-7}}</ref> the location o the film wis changed frae Baghdad, Iraq, tae the fictional [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabian]] citie o Agrabah.<ref>{{cite web|last=Johnson|first=Zach|title=Disney Myths Debunked by Ron Clements and John Musker, Directors of The Little Mermaid, Aladdin and Hercules|url=http://www.eonline.com/uk/news/706239/disney-myths-debunked-by-ron-clements-and-john-musker-directors-of-the-little-mermaid-aladdin-and-hercules|publisher=''Entertainment Weekly''|date=October 15, 2015|accessdate=December 19, 2015}}</ref> ===Design an animation=== Ane o the first issues that the animators faced durin production wis the depiction o Aladdin himsel.<ref name="thomas">Thomas, Bob: "Chapter 9: A New Tradition", pages 133–135. ''Disney's Art of Animation: From Mickey Mouse to Hercules'', 1997</ref> Director an producer John Musker explains: {{cquote|In early screenings, we played with him being a little bit younger, and he had a mother in the story. [...] In design he became more athletic-looking, more filled out, more of a young leading man, more of a teen-hunk version than before.<ref name=thomas />}} He wis first gaun tae be 13 year old, but later becam 18.<ref name="thomas" /> Aladdin wis ettled bi a team led bi supervisin animator Glen Keane, an wis original makkit tae resemmle actor Michael J. Fox. Durin production, it wis decidit that the design wis too laddish an wisna "appealing enouch", sae the character wis redrawn tae add airts derived frae actor [[Tom Cruise]] an Calvin Klein models.<ref name="ew" /> The design for maist characters wis based on the wark o caricaturist Al Hirschfeld,<ref name="diamond" /> whilk production designer Richard Vander Wende said wis appropriate tae the theme, due tae similarities tae the swooping lines o Persian miniatures an Arabic calligraphy.<ref name="making">{{cite book|title=Disney's Aladdin The Making Of An Animated Film|last=Culhane|first=John|date=August 15, 1993|publisher=Disney Editions|isbn=978-1-56282-757-1}}</ref> Jafar's design wis nae based on Hirschfeld's work acause Jafar's supervising animator, Andreas Deja, wanted the character tae be contrastin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tech.mit.edu/V112/N64/aladdin.64a.html|title=Aladdin animator used subtlety to design strong villain|date=November 20, 1992|publisher=The Tech|access-date=2017-05-31|archive-date=2018-10-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005013140/http://tech.mit.edu/V112/N64/aladdin.64a.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Each character wis animatit alone, wi the animators consulting ilk ither tae mak scenes wi interrelatin characters. Syne Aladdin's animator Glen Keane wis wirkin in the California branch o Walt Disney Feature Animation, an Jasmine's animator Mark Henn wis in the Florida ane at Disney-MGM Studios, thay haed tae frequently phone, fax or send designs an discs tae ilk ither.<ref name="making"/> Animator Randy Cartwright describit wirkin on the Magic Carpet as challengin, syne it is anly a rectangular shape, wha expresses himsel throu pantomime – "It's sort o like actin bi [[origami]]".<ref name="making"/> Cartwright kept foldin a piece o cloth while animatin tae see hou tae position the cairpet.<ref name="making"/> Efter the character animation wis done, the cairpet's surface design wis applee'd digitally.<ref name=diamond/> Fur the scenery design, layoot supervisor Rasoul Azadani teuk monie pictures o his hametoon o [[Isfahan]], Iran for guidal.<ref name=popup/> Ither inspirations for design war Disney's animatit films frae the 1940s an 50s an the 1940 film ''The Thief of Bagdad''.<ref name="making"/> The colouring wis done wi the Computer Animation Production System, an the colour motifs war chose accordin tae the personalitie – the protagonists uise licht colours sic as blue, the antagonists darker yins sic as reid an black, an Agrabah an its pailace uise the neutral colour yellae.<ref name=popup/><ref name=diamond/> Computer animation wis uised for some elements o the film, sic as the tiger entrance o the Cave o Wonders an the scene whaur Aladdin tries tae escape the collapsing cave.<ref name="diamond">{{cite video|location=''Aladdin'' Platinum Edition, Disc 2|title=Diamond in the Rough: The Making of Aladdin|medium=DVD|publisher=Walt Disney Home Video|date=2004}}</ref> Musker an Clements creatit the Genie wi Robin Williams in mind; even tho Katzenberg suggestit actors sic as John Candy, [[Steve Martin]], an [[Eddie Murphy]], Williams wis approached an eventually acceptit the role. Williams came for vyce recording sessions during breaks in the shooting o twa ither films he wis starring in at the time, ''Hook'' an ''Toys''. Unusual fur an animatit film, a gey bit o Williams' dialogue wis mad up on the spot: for some scenes, Williams wis gien topics an diallog suggests, but alloued tae improvise his lines.<ref name="diamond" /> It wis estimatit thit Williams improvised 52 characters.<ref>{{cite video | people = James Lipton (host) |date = 2001 | title = Inside the Actors Studio: Robin Williams | medium = Documentary | publisher = Bravo}}</ref> Eric Goldberg, the supervisin animator for the Genie, then reviewed Williams' recorded diallog an selected the best gags an lines that his crew wad creaut character animation tae match.<ref name="diamond"/> The producers eikit monie in-jokes an references tae Disney's previous warks in the film, sic as a "cameo appearance" frae directors Clements an Musker an drawing some characters based on Disney workers.<ref name="comm1">[[Ron Clements]], [[John Musker]], Amy Pell.''Aladdin'' audio commentary – ''The Filmmaker's''</ref> Beast, Sebastian frae ''[[The Little Mermaid (1989 film)|The Little Mermaid]]'', an Pinocchio mak brief appearances,<ref name="popup">{{cite video|title=Pop Up Fun Facts|location=''Aladdin'' Platinum Edition Disc 1|medium=DVD|date=2004|publisher=Walt Disney Home Video}}</ref> an the wardrobe o the Genie at the end o the film—[[Goofy]] hat, Hawaiian sark, an sandals—are a reference tae a cutty film that Robin Williams did fur the Disney-MGM Studios tour in the late 1980s.<ref name="comm1"/> ===Robin Williams' conflichts wi the studio=== In gratitude for his success wi Touchstone Pictures' ''[[Good Morning, Vietnam]]'', Robin Williams voiced the Genie for SAG scale pey ($75,000) insteid o his asking fee o $8 million, on condeetion that his nem or image widna be uised for marketing, an his (supporting) character nae tak mair nor 25% o space on advertising artwork, syne Williams' film ''Toys'' wis scheduled for release ane month efter ''Aladdin''{{'}}s debut. For financial reasons, the studio went back on the deal on baith counts, especially in poster airt bi haein the Genie in 25% o the image, but haein ither major an supporting characters portrayed considerably smawer. The Disney Hyperion beuk ''Aladdin: The Making o an Animated Film'' listed baith o Williams' characters "The Peddler" an "The Genie" ahead o main characters, but wis forced tae refer tae him anly as "the actor signed tae play the Genie".<ref name="ew">{{cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,312562,00.html |title=Disney's Got A Brand-New Baghdad 1 |work=Entertainment Weekly |date=September 4, 1992 |accessdate=March 16, 2007 |first=Steve |last=Daly |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806042954/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0%2C%2C312562%2C00.html |archivedate=August 6, 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,312562_2,00.html |title=Disney's Got A Brand-New Baghdad 2 |work=Entertainment Weekly |date=September 4, 1992 |accessdate=March 16, 2007 |first=Steve |last=Daly |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025122146/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0%2C%2C312562_2%2C00.html |archivedate=October 25, 2012 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,312562_3,00.html |title=Disney's Got A Brand-New Baghdad 3 |work=Entertainment Weekly |date=September 4, 1992 |accessdate=March 16, 2007 |first=Steve |last=Daly |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025122132/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0%2C%2C312562_3%2C00.html |archivedate=October 25, 2012 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> Disney, while no uisin Williams' nem in commercials as per the contract, uised his vyce for the Genie in the commercials an uised the Genie character tae sell toys an fast fuid tie-ins, athoot haein tae pey Williams additional money; Williams unhappily quipped at the time: "The only reason Mickey Mouse has three fingers is because he can't pick up a check." Disney attempted tae assuage Williams bi sending him a [[Pablo Picasso]] pentin worth mair nor $1 million at the time, but this muive failed tae repair the damaged relationship, as the pentin wis a self-portrait o the airtist as Vincent van Gogh which apparently really "clashed" wi the Williams' wilder hame decor.<ref>[http://www.businessinsider.com/robin-williams-disney-feud-picasso-gift-2014-11]</ref> Williams refused tae sign on for Aladdin 2, sae it wis [[Dan Castellaneta]] that voiced the Genie. When [[Jeffrey Katzenberg]] wis replaced bi Joe Roth as Walt Disney Studios chairman, Roth gied a public apology tae Williams.<ref>[http://www.cbr.com/movie-legends-revealed-robin-williams-split-with-disney-over-aladdin-poster/]</ref> ===Music=== Composer Alan Menken an songwriters Howard Ashman an Tim Rice war praised for creautin a soundtrack that is "consistently good, rivaling the best of Disney's other animated musicals from the '90s".<ref>{{cite web|url={{Allmusic|class=album|id=r110157|pure_url=yes}}|title=Aladdin soundtrack review|publisher=Allmusic|author=Phares, Heather|accessdate=Mairch 18, 2007}}</ref> Menken an Ashman began work on the film thegither, wi Rice takkin ower as lyricist efter Ashman died o AIDS-relatit complications in early 1991.<ref>{{Cite video|location=''Aladdin'' Platinum Edition, Disc 2|title=Alan Menken: Musical Renaissance Man|medium=DVD|date=2004|publisher=Walt Disney Home Video}}</ref> Awtho fourteen songs war written for ''Aladdin'', anly sax are featurt in the movie, three bi each lyricist.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,312563,00.html |title=Unsettled score |work=Entertainment Weekly |author=Daly, Steve |date=December 4, 1992 |accessdate=June 12, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806042928/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0%2C%2C312563%2C00.html |archivedate=August 6, 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> The DVD Special Edition released in 2004 includes fower songs in early animations tests, an a music video o ane, "Proud of Your Boy", performed bi Clay Aiken,<ref name="ign">{{cite web|url=http://dvd.ign.com/articles/549/549036p1.html|title=Aladdin: Ultimate DVD review|publisher=IGN|date=September 17, 2004|accessdate=March 16, 2007| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070312234759/http://dvd.ign.com/articles/549/549036p1.html| archivedate= March 12, 2007 | deadurl= no}}</ref> which appears on the album ''DisneyMania 3'' an aw.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://disneymusic.disney.go.com/albums/disneymania3.html|title=DisneyMania 3|publisher=Disney|accessdate=May 25, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519070127/http://disneymusic.disney.go.com/albums/disneymania3.html|archivedate=May 19, 2009|deadurl=no}} {{Cite web |url=http://disneymusic.disney.go.com/albums/disneymania3.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2022-09-13 |archive-date=2009-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519070127/http://disneymusic.disney.go.com/albums/disneymania3.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> ==Themes== The filmmakers thocht the moral message o the original tale wis nae appropriate, an decidit tae "put a spin on it", bi makin the fulfillment o wishes seem lik a guid hing, but eventually acomin a problem.<ref name="making"/> Anither major theme wis avoiding an attempt tae be what the person is nae – baith Aladdin an Jasmine get intae trouble faking tae be different fowk,<ref name=popup/> an the Prince Ali persona fails tae impress Jasmine, wha anly faws for Aladdin whan she finds oot wha he truly is.<ref>{{cite book|title=Disney A to Z: The Official Encyclopedia|author=Smith, Dave | authorlink = Dave Smith (archivist) |publisher=Disney Editions|date=August 15, 1996|isbn=978-0-7868-6223-8}}</ref> Bein "imprisoned" is discussed, a fate that occurs tae maist o the characters – Aladdin an Jasmine are stuck tae thair lifestyles, Genie is attached tae his lamp an Jafar, tae the Sultan – an is represented visually bi the prison-lik walls an bars o the Agrabah pailace, an the scene involvin caged birds which Jasmine later frees.<ref name=popup/> Jasmine is depicted as a different Disney Princess, bein rebellious tae the ryal life an the social structur,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AKd6mZSGsVUC&pg=PA276&lpg=PA276|title=The Arabian Nights reader|first=Ulrich|last=Marzolph|publisher=Wayne State University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-8143-3259-7}}</ref> an tryin tae mak her ain wey, unlik the princesses wha juist wait for rescue.<ref name="making"/> ==Release an reception== ===Theatrical run=== A lairge promotion campaign preceded ''Aladdin''{{'}}s debut in theaters, wi the film's trailer bein attached tae maist Disney VHS releases, an numerous tie-ins an licensees bein released.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,305817,00.html |title=Arabian Sheikdown |author=Daly, Steve |author2=Ascher-Walsh, Rebecca |work=Entertainment Weekly |date=March 12, 1993 |accessdate=August 30, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091218052528/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0%2C%2C305817%2C00.html |archivedate=December 18, 2009 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> Efter a leemitit release on November 13, 1992,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/chart/?yr=1992&wknd=46&p=.htm|title=Weekend Box Office Results for November 13–15, 1992|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=May 26, 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090603094552/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/chart/?yr=1992&wknd=46&p=.htm| archivedate= June 3, 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> ''Aladdin'' debuted in 1,131 theaters on November 25, 1992, grossing $19.2 million in its openin weekend – nummer twa at the box affice, behind ''Home Alone 2: Lost in New York''.<ref name="Opening BOM">{{cite news|url=http://variety.com/1992/film/news/holiday-b-o-gobbles-up-big-bucks-101610/ |title=Holiday B.O. gobbles up big bucks|work=Variety |date=November 30, 1992|last=Natale|first=Richard|accessdate=June 12, 2009}}</ref> It teuk aicht weeks for the film tae reach nummer ane at the US box affice, breaking the record for the week atween Christmas an New Year's Eve wi $32.2 million.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1993-01-26/entertainment/ca-2081_1_weekend-box-office|title='Aladdin' Finally Hits No. 1 and a Record in Sales Too|work=Los Angeles Times|last=Fox|first=David J.|date=January 26, 1993|accessdate=June 12, 2009}}</ref> The film held the tap spot five times during its 22-week run.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=weekend&id=aladdin.htm|title=Aladdin (1992) – Weekend Box Office Results|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=June 12, 2009}}</ref> ''Aladdin'' wis the maist successfu film o 1992 grossing $217 million in the Unitit States an ower $504 million warldwide.<ref name="boxoffice"/> It wis the biggest gross for an animatit film until ''[[The Lion King]]'' twa years later, an wis the first full-length animatit film tae gross $200 million in North Americae.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=lionking.htm|title=The Lion King (1994)|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=May 25, 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090517125117/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=lionking.htm| archivedate= May 17, 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> As o Januar 2014, it is the thirtieth highest grossing animatit film an the third highest grossing tradeetionally animatit feature warldwide, behind ''[[The Lion King]]'' an ''The Simpsons Movie''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=simpsons.htm|title=The Simpsons Movie (2007)|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=May 25, 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090617051954/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=simpsons.htm| archivedate= June 17, 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> It sauld an estimatit 52,442,300 tickets in the US.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=aladdin.htm&adjust_yr=1&p=.htm|title=Aladdin (1992)|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=May 30, 2016}}</ref> ===Critical reception=== [[File:Chuck Jones2 (cropped).jpg|150px|thumb|Warner Bros. Cartoons animator Chuck Jones cried ''Aladdin'', "the funniest feature ever made."<ref name="time">{{cite news|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,158290,00.html|work=Time|title=Aladdin's Magic| author = Richard Corliss |author2= Patrick E. Cole|author3= Martha Smilgis | authorlink = Richard Corliss | date=November 9, 1992|accessdate=March 16, 2007 | quote = Chuck Jones' verdict is judicious: Aladdin is "the funniest feature ever made." It's a movie for adults – if they can keep up with its careering pace – and, yes, you can take the kids. It juggles a '90s impudence with the old Disney swank and heart. }}</ref>]] The review aggregator wabsteid Rotten Tomatoes reportit that 94% o critics gae the film a guid review based on a sample o 68 reviews, wi an average score o 8.1/10.<ref name="RTfresh">{{cite web | url= http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1042582-aladdin/ | title=Aladdin at Rottentomatoes.com | publisher=Rotten Tomatoes | accessdate=March 23, 2012 }}</ref> Most critics' praise went tae Robin Williams' performance as Genie,<ref name="RTfresh" /> wi Janet Maslin o ''[[The New York Times]]'' declaring that childer "needn't know precisely what Mr. Williams is evoking tae understand hou funny he is".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9E0CE7DC1138F932A25752C1A964958260|title=Disney Puts Its Magic Touch on 'Aladdin'|work=The New York Times|first=Janet|last=Maslin | authorlink = Janet Maslin | date=November 11, 1992|accessdate=June 12, 2009 }}</ref> Warner Bros. Cartoons director Chuck Jones even cried the film "the funniest feature ever made."<ref name="time"/> Furthermair, Inglis-Erse comedian Spike Milligan considered it tae be the greatest film o aw time.<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0589711/bio?ref_=nm_dyk_trv_sm#trivia | title = Spike Milligan - Biography - IMDb}}</ref> James Berardinelli gae it 3.5 oot o 4 stars, praising the "crisp visuals and wonderful song-and-dance numbers".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reelviews.net/reelviews/aladdin|title=Aladdin|author= Berardinelli, James | authorlink = James Berardinelli |publisher=Reelviews|year=1992|accessdate=May 26, 2009 }}</ref> Peter Travers o ''Rolling Stone'' said the comedy makkit the film accessible tae baith childer an adults,<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/5947957/review/5947958/aladdin|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618163432/http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/5947957/review/5947958/aladdin|archivedate=June 18, 2008|title=Aladdin|author=Travers, Peter|authorlink=Peter Travers|journal=Rolling Stone|issue=644|date=November 1992|accessdate=May 26, 2009}} {{Cite web |url=http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/5947957/review/5947958/aladdin |title=Archived copy |access-date=2022-09-13 |archive-date=2008-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618163432/http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/5947957/review/5947958/aladdin |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618163432/http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/5947957/review/5947958/aladdin |date=2008-06-18 }}</ref> a vision shared wi Desson Howe o ''[[The Washington Post]]'', wha said "kids are still going tae be entranced bi the magic an adventure."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/aladdinghowe_a0af3c.htm|title='Aladdin'|first=Desson|last=Howe|work=The Washington Post|date=November 27, 1992|accessdate=May 26, 2009 }}</ref> Brian Lowry o ''Variety'' praised the cast o characters, describing the expressive magic cairpet as "its most remarkable accomplishment" an considered that "''Aladdin'' overcomes most story flaws thanks to sheer technical virtuosity".<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117900071.html?categoryid=31&cs=1 |title=Aladdin|work=Variety |first=Brian|last=Lowry |date=November 4, 1992 |accessdate=May 26, 2009 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090602052954/http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117900071.html?categoryid=31&cs=1| archivedate= June 2, 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> Some aspects o the film war criticised. Ed Gonzalez o ''Slant Magazine'' wrate a negative review, describing the film as racist, ridiculous, an a "narcissistic circus act" frae Robin Williams.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.slantmagazine.com/film/review/aladdin | title=Aladdin | work=Slant Magazine | date=September 23, 2004 | accessdate=June 16, 2015 | author=Gonzalez, Ed}}</ref> [[Roger Ebert]], wha generally praised the film in his review, considered the music inferior tae its predecessors ''The Little Mermaid'' an ''Beauty and the Beast'', an claimed Aladdin an Jasmine war "pale an routine." He criticised what he saw as the film's uise o ethnic stereotypes, writing: "Most of the Arab characters have exaggerated facial characteristics - hooked noses, glowering brows, thick lips - but Aladdin and the princess look like white American teenagers."<ref>{{cite news|author=Ebert, Roger | authorlink = Roger Ebert |url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/aladdin-1992| title=Aladdin review|date=November 25, 1992|accessdate=March 17, 2007 |work=Chicago Sun-Times }}</ref> ===Awairds=== ''Aladdin'' received monie award nominations, maistlins for its music. It won twa [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]]s, Best Music, Original Score an Best Music, Original Song for "''A Whole New World''" an receiving nominations for Best Sang ("Friend Like Me"), Best Sound Editing (Mark A. Mangini), an Best Sound (Terry Porter, Mel Metcalfe, David J. Hudson an Doc Kane).<ref name="Oscars1993">{{Cite web|url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1993 |title=The 65th Academy Awards (1993) Nominees and Winners |accessdate=October 22, 2011|work=oscars.org}}</ref> At the Golden Globes, ''Aladdin'' won Best Original Song ("A Whole New World") an Best Original Score, as weel as a Special Achievement Award for Robin Williams, wi a nomination for Best Motion Picture&nbsp;– Musical or Comedy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goldenglobes.org/browse/film/23558|title=SEARCH&nbsp;– Aladdin|publisher=Hollywood Foreign Press Association|accessdate=May 25, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100713032324/http://www.goldenglobes.org/browse/film/23558|archivedate=July 13, 2010}}</ref> Ither awairds included the Annie Award for Best Animatit Feature,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://annieawards.org/21stwinners.html |title=Legacy: 21st Annual Annie Award Nominees and Winners (1993) |publisher=Annie Awards |accessdate=May 25, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425215012/http://annieawards.org/21stwinners.html |archivedate=April 25, 2009 |deadurl=yes |df=mdy }}</ref> a MTV Movie Award for Best Comedic Performance tae Robin Williams,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/ontv/movieawards/1993/|title=1993 MTV Movie Awards|publisher=MTV|accessdate=May 25, 2008| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080423094756/http://www.mtv.com/ontv/movieawards/1993/| archivedate= April 23, 2008 | deadurl= no}}</ref> Saturn Awards fur Best Fantasy Film, {{lang|en|Performance by a Young Actor}} tae Scott Weinger an Supporting Actor tae Robin Williams,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.saturnawards.org/past.html |title=Past Saturn Award Winners |publisher=Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films |accessdate=May 25, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511180136/http://www.saturnawards.org/past.html |archivedate=May 11, 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=mdy }} {{Cite web |url=http://www.saturnawards.org/past.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2022-09-13 |archive-date=2014-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906130320/http://www.saturnawards.org/past.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> the Best Animatit Feature bi the Los Angeles Film Critics Association,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lafca.net/years/1992.html|title=18TH Annual Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards|publisher=LAFCA|accessdate=May 25, 2009|archive-date=2016-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316102754/http://www.lafca.net/years/1992.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> an fower [[Grammy Awards|Grammy Award]]s, Best Soundtrack Album, an {{lang|en|Song of the Year}}, {{lang|en|Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal}} an {{lang|en|Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media}} for "''A Whole New World''".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/03/02/movies/top-grammy-to-houston-5-for-aladdin.html|title=Top Grammy to Houston; 5 for 'Aladdin'|first=Jon|last=Pareles|date=March 2, 1994|work=The New York Times|accessdate=May 25, 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090602224016/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/03/02/movies/top-grammy-to-houston-5-for-aladdin.html| archivedate= June 2, 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> The film is recognised bi American Film Institute in thir lists: 2004: AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs: "Friend Like Me" – nominatit. "A Whole New World" – nominatit. ===Hame media {{anchor|DVD}}=== The film wis first released in VHS on October 1, 1993, as pairt o the "Walt Disney Classics" line. In its first week, ''Aladdin'' sauld ower 10.6&nbsp;million copies,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,308423,00.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425210651/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0%2C%2C308423%2C00.html |archivedate=April 25, 2009 |title=Arabian Might |work=Entertainment Weekly |date=October 15, 1993 |accessdate=May 25, 2009 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> an went on tae sell ower 25&nbsp;million in tot (a record anly broken bi the later release o ''The Lion King'').<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movieweb.com/disney-rubs-aladdins-lamp/|title=Disney Rubs Aladdin's Lamp|publisher=Movie Web|accessdate=March 20, 2007}}</ref> This VHS edition entered moratorium on Apryle 30, 1994.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/20/arts/home-video-149802.html|title=Home Video|work=The New York Times|date=May 20, 1994|accessdate=March 20, 2007 | first=Peter M. | last=Nichols}}</ref> A THX-certified widescreen LaserDisc wis issued in Autumn 1994,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TAgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA60&lpg=RA1-PA60&dq=aladdin+laserdisc+1994&source=bl&ots=eHM4OjcTuG&sig=XU1XZH8-nv6gT6dfedeb2BmwoYY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjEtqfjoo7SAhUB34MKHWqHDkc4ChDoAQgeMAE#v=onepage&q=aladdin%20laserdisc%201994&f=false|title=Billboard|last=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|first=|date=1994-05-21|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=|language=en|quote=|via=}}</ref> an a Spaingie-dubbed VHS for the American mercat wis released on Apryle 14, 1995.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/HISTORIC+SPANISH-LANGUAGE+DEBUT;+DISNEY'S+'SNOW+WHITE'+AND+'ALADDIN'...-a016806752|title=HISTORIC SPANISH-LANGUAGE DEBUT; DISNEY'S 'SNOW WHITE' AND 'ALADDIN' PLUS FIVE ADDITIONAL HITS COME TO HOME VIDEO BEGINNING APRIL 14 - Free Online Library|website=www.thefreelibrary.com|access-date=2017-02-14}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> On October 5, 2004, ''Aladdin'' wis released on DVD, as pairt o Disney's Platinum Edition line. The DVD release featurt retouched an cleaned-up animation, prepared fur ''Aladdin's'' planned but ultimately cancelled IMAX reissue in 2003,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://jimhillmedia.com/editor_in_chief1/b/jim_hill/archive/2004/10/12/478.aspx|title= "Aladdin" Platinum Edition sets the gold standard for Disney DVD|author= Hill, Jim|date= October 12, 2004|accessdate= April 5, 2007|archive-date= 2009-07-25|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090725154432/http://jimhillmedia.com/blogs/jim_hill/archive/2004/10/11/478.aspx|url-status= dead}}</ref> an a seicont disc wi bonus features. Accompanied bi a $19 million marketing campaign,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/search/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1001011344 |title=Best sellers |first=Thomas K. |last=Arnold |work=The Hollywood Reporter |date=August 9, 2005 |accessdate=May 27, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602063539/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/search/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1001011344 |archivedate=June 2, 2009 |deadurl=no |df=mdy }}</ref> the DVD sauld aroon 3&nbsp;million units in its first month, but it wis less nor the nummer o copies, sauld in that amount o time, bi ony ither ''Platinum Edition'' released aforehaund.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.homemediamagazine.com/news/dvd-player-penetration-drives-october-sales-growth-6917|title=DVD Player Penetration Drives October Sales Growth|author=McCourt, Judith |date=December 2, 2004|accessdate=September 19, 2007}}</ref> The film's soundtrack wis available in its original Dolby 5.1 track or in a new Disney Enhanced Home Theater Mix.<ref name="ign" /> The DVD went intae moratorium in Januar 2008, alang wi its sequels.<ref>{{cite web | work=DVDizzy.com | title=Out of Print Disney DVDs|url=http://www.dvdizzy.com/disneyvault.html| accessdate=September 24, 2006}}</ref> Accordin tae an insert in the ''Lady and the Tramp'' Diamond Edition release case, ''Aladdin'' wis gart tae be released on [[Blu-ray Disc]] as a Diamond Edition in Spring 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blu-ray.com/news/?id=8139|title=Disney Teases 2012 Blu-ray Slate|work=Blu-ray.com}}</ref> Insteid, ''[[Peter Pan (1953 film)|Peter Pan]]'' wis released on Blu-ray as a Diamond Edition on Februar 5, 2013 tae celebrate its 60t anniversar.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.insidethemagic.net/2013/02/review-peter-pan-diamond-edition-blu-ray-soars-with-outstanding-nine-old-men-bonus-feature-gorgeous-digital-restoration/ |title=Review: "Peter Pan" Diamond Edition Blu-ray soars with outstanding "Nine Old Men" bonus feature, gorgeous digital restoration |quote=Celebrating its 60th anniversary, Disney has released the timeless classic animated film “Peter Pan” onto Blu-ray for the first time with an impressive trip to Neverland given “Diamond Edition” treatment.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.blu-ray.com/movies/Peter-Pan-Blu-ray/55001/#Review |title=Peter Pan Blu-ray Review |quote=Pardon the nostalgic digression, but Walt Disney's fourteenth animated feature, now celebrating its 60th anniversary, has the look and whimsy of a much younger production.}}</ref> A non-Diamond Edition Blu-ray wis released in a few select European kintras in Mairch 2013. The Belgian edition (released athoot adverts) comes as a 1-disc version wi its extras pit ower frae the Platinum Edition DVD. The same disc wis released in the Unitit Kinrick on Apryle 14, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Aladdin Blu-ray|url=http://www.blu-ray.com/movies/Aladdin-Blu-ray/37383/|accessdate=December 24, 2013}}</ref> Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released the film on a Diamond Edition Blu-ray on October 13, 2015. The film wis released on Digital HD on September 29, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=Disney's 'Aladdin' Never Looked Better Than in This 'Diamond Edition' Trailer (EXCLUSIVE)|url=http://news.moviefone.com/2015/02/05/disneys-aladdin-diamond-edition-blu-ray-digital/|accessdate=February 7, 2015|archive-date=2015-02-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207064049/http://news.moviefone.com/2015/02/05/disneys-aladdin-diamond-edition-blu-ray-digital|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Pre-Order Disney's ALADDIN Diamond Edition Blu-ray & DVD, Set To Be Released 10/13|url=http://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Pre-Order-Disneys-ALADDIN-Diamond-Edition-Blu-ray-DVD-Set-To-Be-Released-1013-20150608|accessdate=June 8, 2015|archive-date=2015-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612020831/http://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Pre-Order-Disneys-ALADDIN-Diamond-Edition-Blu-ray-DVD-Set-To-Be-Released-1013-20150608|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title='Aladdin' Trailer Offers Peek at New Robin Williams Outtakes as Genie|url=https://www.yahoo.com/movies/aladdin-trailer-offers-peek-at-new-robin-129290396592.html|accessdate=September 29, 2015}}</ref> Upon its first week o release on hame media in the U.S., the film tapped the Blu-ray Disc sales chart an debuted at nummer 2 at the Nielsen VideoScan First Alert chart, which tracks oweraw disc sales behind the disaster film ''San Andreas''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://variety.com/2015/film/news/san-andreas-shakes-up-dvd-blu-ray-disc-sales-charts-1201623841/|title=‘San Andreas’ Shakes Up DVD, Blu-ray Disc Sales Charts|author=Thomas K. Arnold|work=Variety|date=October 22, 2015|accessdate=October 22, 2015}}</ref> ===Controversies=== Ane o the verses o the openin sang "Arabian Nights" wis altered follaein protests frae the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee (ADC). The lyrics war changed in Julie 1993 frae ''"where they cut off your ear if they don't like your face"'' in the original release tae ''"where it's flat and immense and the heat is intense"''. The chynge first appeared on the 1993 video release.<ref name="adc">{{cite web|url=http://www.adc.org/index.php?id=283|title=Arab Stereotypes and American Educators|publisher=American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee|accessdate=March 16, 2007| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070405005650/http://www.adc.org/index.php?id=283| archivedate= April 5, 2007 | deadurl= no}}</ref> The original lyric wis intact on the initial CD soundtrack release, but the re-release uses the edited lyric. The rerecording haes the original vyce on aw ither lines an then a noticeably deeper vyce says the edited line. The Broadway adaptation uses the edited line.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://adamjacobs.net/aladdin-gets-big-changes-broadway-debut/|title=Aladdin gets big changes for Broadway debut|first=Gregory|last=Miller|publisher=New York Post|date=2014-03-09|accessdate=2016-05-08}}</ref> ''Entertainment Weekly'' ranked ''Aladdin'' in a leet o the maist controversial films in history, due tae this incident.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1202224,00.html |title=The 25 Most Controversial Movies Ever |work=Entertainment Weekly |accessdate=March 16, 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314000859/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0%2C%2C1202224%2C00.html |archivedate=March 14, 2007 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref> The ADC complained aboot the portrayal o the lead characters Aladdin an Jasmine. Thay criticised the characters' Englified an pail features, an Inglis-American accents, in contrast tae the ither characters in the film, which are dark-skinned, hae foreign accents an grotesque facial features, an appear villainous or greedy.<ref name="adc" /> Protests war raised tae anither scene. When Aladdin is attacked bi the tiger Rajah on the pailace balcony, Aladdin quietly says a line that some fowk reportit hearing as ''"Good teenagers, take off your clothes"'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/disney/info/aladwsj.htm |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091001072715/http://www.snopes.com/disney/info/aladwsj.htm |dead-url=yes |archive-date=October 1, 2009 |title=Take Off Your Clothes! |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=October 25, 1995 |accessdate=April 2, 2013 |publisher=Snopes }}</ref> which thay considered a subliminal reference tae promiscuity. Hooanever, accordin tae the commentary track on the 2004 DVD, while Musker an Clements did admit Scott Weinger mad up on the spot during the scene, thay claimed "we did not record that, we would not record that," an said the line wis ''"Good tiger, take off and go…"'' an the wird "tiger" is owerlapped bi Rajah's snarl.<ref>Ron Clements and John Musker, "Filmmaker's Commentary". ''Aladdin: Platinum Edition'' DVD, Disc 1, Bonus Features, Backstage Disney, Walt Disney Home Entertainment.</ref> Efter the wird tiger, a seicont vyce can be heard which haes been suggestit wis accidentally grafted onto the soundtrack. Acause o the controversy, Disney removed the line on the DVD release.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/disney/films/aladdin.asp|title=Disney (Take Off Your Clothes!)|publisher=Snopes|accessdate=March 24, 2007}}. The source compiles and cites four major newspaper references.</ref> Animation enthusiasts hae noticed similarities atween ''Aladdin'' an Richard Williams' unfinished film ''The Thief and the Cobbler'' (kent forby as ''Arabian Knight'' unner Miramax Films an ''The Princess and the Cobbler'' unner Majestic Films Internaitional). Thir similarities include a seemilar plot, seemilar characters, scenes an background designs, an the antagonist Zig-Zag's resemblance in character design an mannerisms tae Genie an Jafar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dvdsnapshot.com/January07Review/ThiefAndCobbler.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141735/http://www.dvdsnapshot.com/January07Review/ThiefAndCobbler.html|archivedate=December 16, 2008 |title=The Thief and the Cobbler review|publisher=DVD snapshot|author=Savino, Cris}}</ref><ref name="nytimes">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/26/movies/film-review-a-late-finisher-about-old-araby.html|title= A Late Finisher About Old Araby |work=The New York Times|date=August 26, 1995 | first=Caryn | last=James}}</ref> Tho ''Aladdin'' wis released prior tae ''The Thief and the Cobbler'', ''The Thief and the Cobbler'' initially began production muckle earlier in the 1960s, an wis mired in difficulties includin financial problems, copyright issues, story revisions an late production times caused bi separate studios tryin tae finish the film efter Richard Williams wis fired frae the project for lack o finished work.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.tvguide.com/movie-news/Best-Animated-Movie-7953.aspx|title=The Best Animated Movie You've Never Heard Of|publisher=TV Guide|date=November 28, 2006|accessdate=March 17, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615171326/http://movies.tvguide.com/movie-news/Best-Animated-Movie-7953.aspx|archivedate=2012-06-15|url-status=dead}}</ref> The late release, coupled wi Miramax purchasing an re-editing the film, haes whiles resulted in ''The Thief and the Cobbler'' bein labeled a rip-aff o ''Aladdin''.<ref name="nytimes" /> ==Live-action adaptations== * On 15 Julie 2015 the studio annoonced it wis developin a live-action prequel cried ''Genies'', written bi Damian Shannon an Mark Swift, wi Tripp Vinson producin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/aladdin-live-action-prequel-works-808895|title='Aladdin' Live-Action Prequel in the Works at Disney (Exclusive)|publisher=The Hollywood Reporter|last=Kit|first=Borys|date=July 15, 2015}}</ref> On 8 November, Disney said it haed first planned tae uise Robin Williams' unuised lines frae the 1991–92 recordin sessions, but his will stappit the studio frae uisin his likeness for 25 year efter his daith.<ref>{{cite news|title=Robin Williams’ will prevents use of outtakes for ‘Aladdin’ sequel|last=Putnam|first=Lindsay|url=http://nypost.com/2015/11/08/robin-williams-will-prevents-use-of-outtakes-for-aladdin-sequel/|newspaper=The New York Post|date=November 8, 2015|accessdate=November 14, 2015}}</ref> * In October 2016 it wis reportit that Disney wis developin a live-action adaptation o ''Aladdin'', wi Guy Ritchie signed on tae direct. John August wrate the script, that keeps the muisical elements o the oreeginal film, an Dan Lin wis producer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://deadline.com/2016/10/aladdin-guy-ritchie-disney-live-action-film-sherlock-holmes-1201834102/|last=Fleming Jr.|first=Mike|title=Guy Ritchie To Direct Live Action 'Aladdin' For Disney|publisher=[[Deadline.com]]|accessdate=October 10, 2016|date=October 10, 2016}}</ref> In Julie 2017 Mena Massoud wis cast as Aladdin, Naomi Scott as Jasmine an [[Will Smith]] as the Genie.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/aladdin-will-smith-naomi-scott-jasmine-cast-mena-massoud-d23-1202496767/|title='Aladdin': Disney Casts Will Smith, Mena Massoud, Naomi Scott|website=Variety|date=July 15, 2017|access-date=December 10, 2017|archive-date=July 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715232330/http://variety.com/2017/film/news/aladdin-will-smith-naomi-scott-jasmine-cast-mena-massoud-d23-1202496767/|url-status=live}}</ref> The film wis released in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|last=Prange|first=Stephanie|title=Disney to Bow Live-Action 'Aladdin' and Animated Classic on Digital Aug. 27, Disc Sept. 10 Including 4K|url=https://www.mediaplaynews.com/disney-to-bow-live-action-aladdin-and-animated-classic-on-digital-aug-27-disc-sept-10-including-4k/|website=Media Play News.com|date=July 25, 2019 |access-date=March 26, 2023}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{wikiquote|Aladdin}} * {{Offeecial wabsteid|http://movies.disney.com/aladdin}} * {{IMDb title|0103639|Aladdin}} * {{Allmovie title|1338|Aladdin}} * {{mojo title|aladdin|Aladdin}} * {{rotten-tomatoes|1042582-aladdin|Aladdin}} * {{bcdb|4-Aladdin|Aladdin}} * [http://toonopedia.com/aladdin.htm Aladdin] in folklore an popular cultur, at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. [http://www.webcitation.org/6bCRL7uUO?url=http://toonopedia.com/aladdin.htm Archived] frae the original on August 31, 2015. {{Walt Disney Animation Studios}} {{Ron Clements an John Musker}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Aladdin (1992 Disney film)}} [[Category:1992 animatit films]] [[Category:1990s adventur films]] [[Category:1990s American animatit films]] [[Category:1990s comedy films]] [[Category:1990s fantasie films]] [[Category:1990s muisical films]] [[Category:American animatit fantasie films]] [[Category:American buddy films]] [[Category:American bairns' animatit films]] [[Category:American bairns' fantasie films]] [[Category:American fantasie adventur films]] [[Category:American fantasie-comedy films]] [[Category:American muisical fantasy films]] [[Category:Animatit buddy films]] [[Category:Animatit comedy films]] [[Category:Animatit fantasie films]] [[Category:Animatit feature films]] [[Category:Animatit muisical films]] [[Category:Best Animatit Featur Annie Awaird winners]] [[Category:Cultural depictions o Arnold Schwarzenegger]] [[Category:Cultural depictions o The Marx Brothers]] [[Category:Disney's Aladdin| ]] [[Category:Disney Renaissance]] [[Category:Films aboot wish fulfillment]] [[Category:Films adaptit intae televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Films based on Ane Thoosand an Ane Nichts]] [[Category:Films directit bi John Musker]] [[Category:Films directit bi Ron Clements]] [[Category:Films featurin anthropomorphic chairacters]] [[Category:Films featurin hypnosis]] [[Category:Film scores bi Alan Menken]] [[Category:Films set in a fictional Asian kintra]] [[Category:Films set in the Middle East]] [[Category:Films that wan the Best Oreeginal Score Academy Awaird]] [[Category:Films that wan the Best Oreeginal Sang Academy Awaird]] [[Category:Walt Disney Animation Studios films]] [[Category:Walt Disney Pictures films]] 9xs5vqx4azy1f2230oumhueistx8h3k 0 65289 927053 925990 2026-11-08T22:28:27Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; Friends an film roles addit, soorced 927053 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = David Schwimmer | image= DavidSchwimmer10TIFF.jpg | caption = Schwimmer at the 2010 Toronto Internaitional Film Festival | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1966|11|2}} | birth_place = Flushing, Queens, [[New York]] | occupation = {{flatlist| * Actor * producer * director * comedian }} | years_active = 1989–present | alma_mater = Northwestern Varsity | spouse = {{marriage|Zoe Buckman|2010||}} | children = 1 | television = ''[[Friends]]'' }} '''David Lawrence Schwimmer''' (born November 2, 1966)<ref name="yahoo">{{cite web|url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/participant.jsp?spid=172712&apid=0|title=David Schwimmer|publisher=Turner Classic Movies|accessdate=May 26, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118184047/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/participant.jsp?spid=172712&apid=0|archive-date=2023-11-18|url-status=dead}}</ref> is an American actor, director an producer. He is best kent the warld ower for playin [[Ross Geller]] in the sitcom ''[[Friends]]'' (1994–2004), that he wan a Screen Actors Guild Award for, an wis nominatit for a Primetime Emmy Award in 1995.<ref name=biography.com>{{cite web|url=https://www.biography.com/people/david-schwimmer-9476478|title=David Schwimmer: Director, Film Actor, Actor, Television Actor (1966–)|publisher=Biography.com (FYI / A&E Networks)|access-date=August 25, 2017|archive-date=August 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825225348/https://www.biography.com/people/david-schwimmer-9476478|url-status=live}}</ref> He wis born in [[New York Ceety]], an his faimily flittit tae [[Los Angeles]] when he wis twa. He stairtit actin in schuil plays at Beverly Hills High School. In 1988 he graduatit frae Northwestern Varsity wi a [[Bachelor o Airts]] in theatre an speech. Efter that, Schwimmer co-foondit the Lookingglass Theatre Company. For maist o the late 1980s he bade in Los Angeles as a strugglin actor wioot wark. He haes an aw been in the films ''The Pallbearer'' (1996), ''Six Days, Seven Nights'' an ''Apt Pupil'' (baith 1998), an played Herbert Sobel in the miniseries ''[[Band of Brothers (miniseries)|Band of Brothers]]'' (2001). ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Schwimmer, David}} [[Category:1966 births]] [[Category:20t-century American male actors]] [[Category:21st-century American male actors]] [[Category:Male actors frae New York Ceety]] [[Category:American male film actors]] [[Category:American film directors]] [[Category:American Jews]] [[Category:American male stage actors]] [[Category:American male televeesion actors]] [[Category:American male vyce actors]] [[Category:American televeesion directors]] [[Category:Back Stage West Garland Awaird recipients]] [[Category:Film directors frae New York]] [[Category:Jewish American male actors]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Northwestern Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Fowk frae Astoria, Queens]] [[Category:Fowk frae the Greater Los Angeles Area]] [[Category:Fowk frae Flushing, Queens]] 46jyevs9w5yezrpac75lr973nab5pgb 927066 927053 2026-11-08T22:31:11Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927066 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie | name = David Schwimmer | image= DavidSchwimmer10TIFF.jpg | caption = Schwimmer at the 2010 Toronto Internaitional Film Festival | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1966|11|2}} | birth_place = Flushing, Queens, [[New York]] | occupation = {{flatlist| * Actor * producer * director * comedian }} | years_active = 1989–present | alma_mater = Northwestern University | spouse = {{marriage|Zoe Buckman|2010||}} | children = 1 | television = ''[[Friends]]'' }} '''David Lawrence Schwimmer''' (born November 2, 1966)<ref name="yahoo">{{cite web|url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/participant.jsp?spid=172712&apid=0|title=David Schwimmer|publisher=Turner Classic Movies|accessdate=May 26, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118184047/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/participant.jsp?spid=172712&apid=0|archive-date=2023-11-18|url-status=dead}}</ref> is an American actor, director an producer. He is best kent the warld ower for playin [[Ross Geller]] in the sitcom ''[[Friends]]'' (1994–2004), that he wan a Screen Actors Guild Award for, an wis nominatit for a Primetime Emmy Award in 1995.<ref name=biography.com>{{cite web|url=https://www.biography.com/people/david-schwimmer-9476478|title=David Schwimmer: Director, Film Actor, Actor, Television Actor (1966–)|publisher=Biography.com (FYI / A&E Networks)|access-date=August 25, 2017|archive-date=August 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825225348/https://www.biography.com/people/david-schwimmer-9476478|url-status=live}}</ref> He wis born in [[New York Ceety]], an his faimily flittit tae [[Los Angeles]] when he wis twa. He stairtit actin in schuil plays at Beverly Hills High School. In 1988 he graduatit frae Northwestern Varsity wi a [[Bachelor o Airts]] in theatre an speech. Efter that, Schwimmer co-foondit the Lookingglass Theatre Company. For maist o the late 1980s he bade in Los Angeles as a strugglin actor wioot wark. He haes an aw been in the films ''The Pallbearer'' (1996), ''Six Days, Seven Nights'' an ''Apt Pupil'' (baith 1998), an played Herbert Sobel in the miniseries ''[[Band of Brothers (miniseries)|Band of Brothers]]'' (2001). ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Schwimmer, David}} [[Category:1966 births]] [[Category:20t-century American male actors]] [[Category:21st-century American male actors]] [[Category:Male actors frae New York Ceety]] [[Category:American male film actors]] [[Category:American film directors]] [[Category:American Jews]] [[Category:American male stage actors]] [[Category:American male televeesion actors]] [[Category:American male vyce actors]] [[Category:American televeesion directors]] [[Category:Back Stage West Garland Awaird recipients]] [[Category:Film directors frae New York]] [[Category:Jewish American male actors]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Northwestern Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Fowk frae Astoria, Queens]] [[Category:Fowk frae the Greater Los Angeles Area]] [[Category:Fowk frae Flushing, Queens]] mtywp0eofy741jekse3ttuth31m8z8t 927068 927066 2026-11-08T22:32:41Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927068 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie | name = David Schwimmer | image= DavidSchwimmer10TIFF.jpg | caption = Schwimmer at the 2010 Toronto Internaitional Film Festival | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1966|11|2}} | birth_place = Flushing, Queens, [[New York]] | occupation = {{flatlist| * Actor * producer * director * comedian }} | years_active = 1989–present | alma_mater = Northwestern University | spouse = {{marriage|Zoe Buckman|2010||}} | children = 1 | television = ''[[Friends]]'' }} '''David Lawrence Schwimmer''' (born 2 November 1966)<ref name="yahoo">{{cite web|url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/participant.jsp?spid=172712&apid=0|title=David Schwimmer|publisher=Turner Classic Movies|accessdate=May 26, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118184047/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/participant.jsp?spid=172712&apid=0|archive-date=2023-11-18|url-status=dead}}</ref> is an American actor, director an producer. He is best kent the warld ower fur pleyin [[Ross Geller]] in the sitcom ''[[Friends]]'' (1994–2004), that he wan a Screen Actors Guild Awaird fur, an wis nominatit fur a Primetime Emmy Awaird in 1995.<ref name=biography.com>{{cite web|url=https://www.biography.com/people/david-schwimmer-9476478|title=David Schwimmer: Director, Film Actor, Actor, Television Actor (1966–)|publisher=Biography.com (FYI / A&E Networks)|access-date=August 25, 2017|archive-date=August 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825225348/https://www.biography.com/people/david-schwimmer-9476478|url-status=live}}</ref> He wis born in [[New York Ceety]], an his faimily flittit tae [[Los Angeles]] whan he wis twa. He stairtit actin in schuil pleys at Beverly Hills Heich Schuil. In 1988 he graduatit frae Northwestern University wi a [[Bachelor o Airts]] in theatre an speech. Efter that, Schwimmer co-foondit the Lookingglass Theatre Company. Fur maist o the late 1980s he bade in Los Angeles as a strugglin actor athoot wark. He haes an aw been in the films ''The Pallbearer'' (1996), ''Six Days, Seven Nights'' an ''Apt Pupil'' (baith 1998), an pleyed Herbert Sobel in the miniseries ''[[Band of Brothers (miniseries)|Band of Brothers]]'' (2001). ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Schwimmer, David}} [[Category:1966 births]] [[Category:20t-century American male actors]] [[Category:21st-century American male actors]] [[Category:Male actors frae New York Ceety]] [[Category:American male film actors]] [[Category:American film directors]] [[Category:American Jews]] [[Category:American male stage actors]] [[Category:American male televeesion actors]] [[Category:American male vyce actors]] [[Category:American televeesion directors]] [[Category:Back Stage West Garland Awaird recipients]] [[Category:Film directors frae New York]] [[Category:Jewish American male actors]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Northwestern Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Fowk frae Astoria, Queens]] [[Category:Fowk frae the Greater Los Angeles Area]] [[Category:Fowk frae Flushing, Queens]] tl3knw9m0fbottghwqo8tvo1p74qn09 927071 927068 2026-11-08T22:34:08Z CiphriusKane 74958 927071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie | name = David Schwimmer | image= DavidSchwimmer10TIFF.jpg | caption = Schwimmer at the 2010 Toronto Internaitional Film Festival | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1966|11|2}} | birth_place = Flushing, Queens, [[New York]] | occupation = {{flatlist| * Actor * producer * director * comedian }} | years_active = 1989–present | alma_mater = Northwestern University | spouse = {{marriage|Zoe Buckman|2010||}} | children = 1 | television = ''[[Friends]]'' }} '''David Lawrence Schwimmer''' (born 2 November 1966)<ref name="yahoo">{{cite web|url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/participant.jsp?spid=172712&apid=0|title=David Schwimmer|publisher=Turner Classic Movies|accessdate=May 26, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118184047/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/participant.jsp?spid=172712&apid=0|archive-date=2023-11-18|url-status=dead}}</ref> is an American actor, director an producer. He is best kent the warld ower fur pleyin [[Ross Geller]] in the sitcom ''[[Friends]]'' (1994–2004), that he wan a Screen Actors Guild Awaird fur, an wis nominatit fur a Primetime Emmy Awaird in 1995.<ref name=biography.com>{{cite web|url=https://www.biography.com/people/david-schwimmer-9476478|title=David Schwimmer: Director, Film Actor, Actor, Television Actor (1966–)|publisher=Biography.com (FYI / A&E Networks)|access-date=August 25, 2017|archive-date=August 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825225348/https://www.biography.com/people/david-schwimmer-9476478|url-status=live}}</ref> He wis born in [[New York Ceety]], an his faimily flittit tae [[Los Angeles]] whan he wis twa. He stairtit actin in schuil pleys at Beverly Hills Heich Schuil. In 1988 he graduatit frae Northwestern University wi a [[Bachelor o Airts]] in theatre an speech. Efter that, Schwimmer co-foondit the Lookingglass Theatre Company. Fur maist o the late 1980s he bade in Los Angeles as a strugglin actor athoot wark. He haes been in the films ''The Pallbearer'' (1996), ''Six Days, Seven Nights'' an ''Apt Pupil'' (baith 1998), an pleyed Herbert Sobel in the miniseries ''[[Band of Brothers (miniseries)|Band of Brothers]]'' (2001). ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Schwimmer, David}} [[Category:1966 births]] [[Category:20t-century American male actors]] [[Category:21st-century American male actors]] [[Category:Male actors frae New York Ceety]] [[Category:American male film actors]] [[Category:American film directors]] [[Category:American Jews]] [[Category:American male stage actors]] [[Category:American male televeesion actors]] [[Category:American male vyce actors]] [[Category:American televeesion directors]] [[Category:Back Stage West Garland Awaird recipients]] [[Category:Film directors frae New York]] [[Category:Jewish American male actors]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Northwestern Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Fowk frae Astoria, Queens]] [[Category:Fowk frae the Greater Los Angeles Area]] [[Category:Fowk frae Flushing, Queens]] bxc698oelac5edkpkbtyrxw704drhzv 0 66205 926918 889239 2026-11-08T20:46:21Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 926918 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Former Country |native_name = Ērānshahr<ref name="native-name">[[Book Pahlavi]] spelling: [[File:Eranshahr.svg|60px]], [[Inscriptional Pahlavi]] spelling: {{lang|pal|𐭠𐭩𐭥𐭠𐭭𐭱𐭲𐭥𐭩}}</ref><ref name=wiesehofer /> |conventional_long_name = Sasanian Empire |common_name = Persie |continent = Asie |region = Near East |country = Iran |era = [[Late Antiquity]] |status = |government_type = [[Feudal]] [[Monarchy]]<ref>http://books.google.dk/books?id=sP_hVmik-QYC&pg=PA179&dq=encyclopedia+islam+khusraw&hl=da&sa=X&ei=B-LGUsf8DYnR4QT-loGgBg&ved=0CEcQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=encyclopedia%20islam%20khusraw&f=false</ref> |year_start = 224 |year_end = 651 |event_start = [[Battle o Hormozdgān]] |date_start = 28 April |event1 = [[Byzantine–Sassanid War o 602–628|Roman–Persie War]] |date_event1 = 602–628 |event2 = Ceevil war<ref name="Parvaneh Pourshariati 2008. p. 4">Parvaneh Pourshariati, ''Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran'', I.B. Tauris, 2008. (p. 4)</ref> |date_event2 = 628-632 |event3 = [[Muslim conquest o Persie|Muslim conquest]] |date_event3 = 633–651 |event_end = [[Faw o the Sasanian Empire|Empire collapses]] |date_end = |p1 = Parthian Empire |flag_p1 = Parthia 001ad.jpg |p2 = Indo-Scythians |flag_p2 = Indo-ScythiansMap.jpg |p3 = Kushan Empire |flag_p3 = Kushanmap.jpg |p4 = Kinrick o Armenie (antiquity) |flag_p4 = Maps of the Armenian Empire of Tigranes.gif |p5 = Lakhmids |flag_p5 = LakhmidsVassal.png |s1 = Rashidun Caliphate |flag_s1 = black flag.svg |s2 = Dabuyid dynasty |flag_s2 = Tabaristan-EN.svg |s3 = Masmughans o Damavand |flag_s3 = |s4 = Bavand dynasty |flag_s4 = BavandDynastyIranian.png |image_flag = Derafsh Kaviani.png |flag_type = Derafsh Kaviani |flag = Derafsh Kaviani |image_coat = Senmurv.svg |symbol_type = Simurgh |symbol = Simurgh |image_map = SassanianEmpireHistoryofIran.png |image_map_caption = The Sasanian Empire at its greatest extent, unner [[Khosrau II]] |capital = *[[Estakhr]] (224–226)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ctesiphon |title=CTESIPHON – Encyclopaedia Iranica |publisher=Iranicaonline.org |date= |accessdate=2013-12-16}}</ref> *[[Ctesiphon]] (226–637) |common_languages = [[Middle Persie]]<ref>''Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East'', Vol.1, Ed. Jamie Stokes, (Infobase Publishing, 2009), 601.</ref><br>[[Middle Aramaic]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Chyet|first=Michael L.|authorlink=Michael L. Chyet|editor1-last=Afsaruddin|editor1-first=Asma|editor2-last=Krotkoff|editor2-first=Georg|editor3-last=Zahniser|editor3-first=A. H. Mathias|editor1-link=Asma Afsaruddin|title=Humanism, Culture, and Language in the Near East: Studies in Honor of Georg Krotkoff|url=https://archive.org/details/humanismculturel0000unse|year=1997|publisher=[[Eisenbrauns]]|isbn=9781575060200|page=[https://archive.org/details/humanismculturel0000unse/page/284 284]|quote=In the Middle Persian period ([[Parthian Empire|Parthian]] and Sassanid Empires), [[Aramaic leid|Aramaic]] was the medium of everyday writing, and it provided [[Aramaic alphabet|scripts]] for writing [[Middle Persie|Middle Persian]], [[Parthian leid|Parthian]], [[Sogdian leid|Sogdian]], and [[Khwarezmian leid|Khwarezmian]].}}</ref> |religion = [[Zoroastrianism]],<br/>(<small> [[Babylonian releegion|Babylonian]], [[Manichaeism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Nestorian Christianity|Christianity]], [[Mandaeism]], [[Judaism]] an aw</small>) |currency = |title_leader = [[Leet o keengs o Persie|Shahanshah]] |leader1 = [[Ardashir I]] <small>(first)</small> |year_leader1 = 224–241 |leader2 = [[Yazdegerd III]] <small>(last)</small> |year_leader2 = 632–651 |stat_year1 = 621 |stat_area1 = 6600000 |stat_pop1 = |today = {{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal;background:transparent;text-align:left; |title=&nbsp; |{{flag|Abkhazie}}|{{flag|Afghanistan}}|{{flag|Armenie}}|{{flag|Azerbaijan}}|{{flag|Bahrain}}<ref name="Mojtahed-Zadeh">''Security and Territoriality in the Persian Gulf: A Maritime Political Geography'' by Pirouz Mojtahed-Zadeh, page 119</ref>|{{flag|Dagestan}}|{{flag|Egyp}}|{{flag|Georgie}}|{{flag|Iran}}|{{flag|Iraq}}|{{flag|Indie}}|{{flag|Israel}}|{{flag|Palestine}}|{{flag|Jordan}}|{{flag|Kazakhstan}}|{{flag|Kuwait}}|{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}|{{flag|Lebanon}}|{{flag|Libie}}|{{flag|Nagorno-Karabakh}}|{{flag|Oman}}|{{flag|Pakistan}}|{{flagicon|Palestine}} [[State o Palestine]]|{{flag|Qatar}}|{{flag| Saudi Arabie}}|{{flag|Sooth Ossetie}}|{{flag|Sirie}}|{{flag|Tajikistan}}|{{flag|Turkey}}|{{flag|Turkmenistan}}|{{flag|UAE}}|{{flag|Uzbekistan}}|{{flag|Yemen}} }} }} The '''Sasanian Empire''' ({{IPAc-en|s|ə|ˈ|s|ɑː|n|ɪ|ə|n|}} or {{IPAc-en|s|ə|ˈ|s|eɪ|n|ɪ|ə|n|}}; cried '''''Sassanian''''', '''''Sasanid''''', or '''''Sassanid''''' an aa) or '''Neo-Persian Empire''',<ref>{{cite book|last=Fattah|first=Hala Mundhir|title=A Brief History Of Iraq|url=https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofir0000fatt|year=2009|publisher=[[Infobase Publishing]]|isbn=9780816057672|page=[https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofir0000fatt/page/49 49]|quote=Historians have also referred to the Sassanian Empire as the Neo-Persian Empire.}}</ref> kent tae its indwallers as '''''[[Iran (wird)|Ērānshahr]]'''''<ref name="native-name" /> an '''''Ērān''''' in [[Middle Persie]] an resultin in the [[New Persie]] terms ''Iranshahr'' an ''Iran'',<ref>{{Citation |author=MacKenzie, D. N. |title=A Concise Pahlavi Dictionary |year=2005 |page=120 |publisher=Routledge Curzon|location=London & New York |isbn=0-19-713559-5}}</ref> wis the last [[Iran]]ian empire afore the rise o [[Islam]], ruled bi the [[Leet o keengs o Persie#Sasanian Empire, AD 224–651|Sasanian dynasty]] frae 224 CE tae 651&nbsp;CE.<ref name=wiesehofer>{{harv|Wiesehofer|1996}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A Brief History |url=http://www.cultureofiran.com/b_history.php |date= |work=Culture of Iran |publisher= |accessdate=11 September 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011165840/http://cultureofiran.com/b_history.php |archivedate=2007-10-11 |url-status=dead }}{{Cite web |url=http://cultureofiran.com/b_history.php |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-01-13 |archive-date=2007-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011165840/http://cultureofiran.com/b_history.php |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> The Sassanid Empire, that succeedit the [[Parthian Empire]], wis recognised as ane o the main pouers in [[Wastren Asie|Wastren]] an [[Central Asie]], alangside the [[Byzantine Empire|Roman–Byzantine Empire]], for a period o mair nor 400 year.<ref name=EIr-Sasanian>{{harv|Shapur Shahbazi|2005}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Sasanian Empire| ]] [[Category:Persie history]] [[Category:Iranian dynasties]] [[Category:Zoroastrian dynasties an rulers]] {{stub}} obpd5ft5hxobx93wzmf80qxkavqsrb0 0 66459 927279 923972 2026-11-09T11:17:18Z Monospaced 75295 Remove Fix Scots; titles, manager an owner updatit, soorced 927279 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox fitbaw club | clubname = Guadalajara | fullname = Club Deportivo Guadalajara S.A. de C.V. | nickname = {{unbulleted list |''Las Chivas'' (The Goats) |''Las Chivas del Guadalajara'' (The Goats of Guadalajara) |''Las Chivas Rayadas'' (The Striped Goats) |''El Rebaño Sagrado'' (The Sacred Flock) |''Los Rojiblancos'' (The Red-and-Whites) }} | founded = 8 Mey 1906 | ground = [[Estadio Omnilife]]<br>Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico | capacity = 49,990 | owner = Grupo Omnilife | manager = Gabriel Milito<ref>{{cite web |title=Gabriel Milito is new Chivas coach |url=https://www.chivasdecorazon.com.mx/en/noticias/39343/Gabriel-Milito-es-nuevo-entrenador-de-las-Chivas |website=Club Deportivo Guadalajara |access-date=27 May 2025}}</ref> | chairman = Amaury Vergara | league = [[Liga MX]] | season = Clausura 2026 | position = Regular phase: 2nt o 18<br>Final phase: Semi-finals |pattern_la1 = _chivas1920h |pattern_b1 = _chivas1920h |pattern_ra1 = _chivas1920h |pattern_sh1 = _chivas1920h |pattern_so1 = _chivas1920h |leftarm1 = 0E235C |body1 = CA222F |rightarm1 = 0E235C |shorts1 = 0E235C |socks1 = 0E235C |pattern_la2 = _chivas1920a |pattern_b2 = _chivas1920a |pattern_ra2 = _chivas1920a |pattern_sh2 = _chivas1920a |pattern_so2 = _chivas1920a |leftarm2 = FFFFFF |body2 = FFFFFF |rightarm2 = FFFFFF |shorts2 = FFFFFF |socks2 = FFFFFF }} '''Club Deportivo Guadalajara''' ({{IPA-es|ˈkluβ ðeporˈtiβo ɣwaðalaˈxaɾa}}); aften juist kent as '''Guadalajara''' {{IPA-es|gwaðalaˈxaɾa|}}, an commonly kent as the '''Chivas''' {{IPA-es|ˈt͡ʃiβas|}}) is a Mexican professional [[association fitbaw|fitbaw]] club based in [[Guadalajara, Jalisco]]. Guadalajara plays in the [[Liga MX]], an haes wan 12 league titles, 4 [[Copa México|Copa MX]] titles, 7 [[Campeón de Campeones]] an ae Supercopa MX, as weel as 1 InterLiga, 1 Copa Challenger an 4 Copa Oros de Occidente. Guadalajara is ane o the ten foondin members o the Mexican First Diveesion an alang wi its lang-staundin rivals [[Club América]], it haes niver been relegatit tae the second-tier diveesion. Internaitionally it haes wan the CONCACAF Champions Cup twice (1962 an 2018), an wis runner-up in the 2010 [[Copa Libertadores]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.copalibertadores.com/2010/08/11/final-libertadores-chivas-cayo-en-la-ida-ante-inter-en-guadalajara/ |title=Final Libertadores: Chivas cayó en la ida ante Inter en Guadalajara |publisher=copalibertadores.com |date=11 August 2010 |access-date=12 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913094709/http://www.copalibertadores.com/2010/08/11/final-libertadores-chivas-cayo-en-la-ida-ante-inter-en-guadalajara/ |archive-date=13 September 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> as [[Cruz Azul]] haed been in 2001. Guadalajara is the anly fitbaw club in Mexico that fields anly Mexican players. The team haes constantly emphasisit hame-grown (cantera) players an haes been the stairt for monie players that did weel internaitionally, includin [[Javier Hernández Balcázar|Javier Hernández]], [[Carlos Vela]], Omar Bravo, an Carlos Salcido amang ithers.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gonzalez|first=Raymundo|title=Cantera de Chivas evita pérdida millonaria|url=http://www.mediotiempo.net/futbol/mexico/noticias/2011/08/01/cantera-de-chivas-evita-perdida-millonaria|publisher=mediotiempo.com|accessdate=3 October 2026|archive-date=2013-12-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218235626/http://www.mediotiempo.com/futbol/mexico/noticias/2011/08/01/cantera-de-chivas-evita-perdida-millonaria|url-status=dead}}</ref> The team's three colours (reid, white an blue) staund for "Fraternity, Union, an Sports". The team's mascot, an its eik-nem, is the goat, or ''chiva''. Chivas is ane o Mexico's maist successful an popular teams,<ref name="Fifa">{{cite web|url=http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/clubs/club=539/index.html|title=Chivas Guadalajara|publisher=Fifa.com|accessdate=26 August 2009|archive-date=2014-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123005157/http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/clubs/club=539/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> an hauds the Mexican league record for the langest rin o wins at the stairt o a season, wi 8 in a raw in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mediotiempo.es/futbol/mexico/cronicas/2010/02/27/chivas-2-0-san-luis-sin-mucho-brillo-chivas-consolido-el-octavo-triunfo_27313 |title=Chivas 2–0 San Luis... Sin mucho brillo, Chivas consolidó el octavo triunfo |publisher=mediotiempo.es |date=27 February 2010 |access-date=13 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030232905/http://www.mediotiempo.es/futbol/mexico/cronicas/2010/02/27/chivas-2-0-san-luis-sin-mucho-brillo-chivas-consolido-el-octavo-triunfo_27313 |archive-date=30 October 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Honours== ===Naitional=== '''Amateur era''': *'''Liga Occidental: (13)''' **1908–09, 1909–10, 1911–12, 1921–22, 1922–23, 1923–24, 1924–25, 1927–28, 1928–29, 1929–30, 1932–33, 1934–35 an 1937–38 *'''Campeón de Campeones''' **1932–33 *'''Torneo de una Tarde''' **1929–30 '''Profeesional era''': *'''[[Liga MX|Primera División]]: (12)''' **1956–57, 1958–59, 1959–60, 1960–61, 1961–62, 1963–64, 1964–65, 1969–70, 1986–87, Verano 1997, Apertura 2006 an Clausura 2017 *'''[[Copa México|Copa MX]]: (4)''' **1963, 1970, Apertura 2015, Clausura 2017 *'''[[Campeón de Campeones]]: (7)''' **1956–1957, 1958–1959, 1959–1960, 1960–1961, 1963–1964, 1964–1965, an 1969–1970 *'''Copa Challenger''' **1961 *'''InterLiga''' **2009 *'''Supercopa MX''' **2016 ===Internaitional=== *'''Central American Champion: (2)''' ** Central American in 1959, North Central American an Caribbean in 1962 *'''[[CONCACAF Champions' Cup]]''' **1962, 2018 *'''[[Copa Libertadores]]''' **''Runner-up'': 2010 ===Friendly tournaments=== *'''I Mexico City International Pentagonal Tournament: 1958''' *'''III Mexico City International Pentagonal Tournament: 1958''' *'''II Jalisco International Pentagonal: 1962''' *'''"Fiestas de Octubre" Quadrangular: 1982''' *'''Copa Internacional Los Angeles: 1982''' *'''Jalisco International Quadrangular: 1994''' *'''"Copa Informador de Futbol" Los Angeles: 1999''' *'''Copa Coliseo: 1998''' *'''Copa Reforma: 1911''' *'''Torneo de Primavera: 1917''' *'''Medalla de la Junta de Festejos Patrios de la Villa de Zapopan: 1917''' *'''Medalla Colón: 1918''' *'''Medalla Caridad: 1918''' *'''Copa Militarización: 1918''' *'''Copa Deportivo Nacional de Torreón: 1919''' *'''Copa Eugenio Pinzón: 1921''' *'''Copa Francia: 1921–22''' *'''Copa Fábricas de Francia: 1924''' *'''Campeonato {{Not a typo|Oficial}} de Segunda Fuerza: 1924–25, 1928–29, 1934–35, 1937–38''' *'''Campeonato Categoría Juvenil: 1928–29''' *'''Trofeo Casino Español: 1928''' *'''Copa Presidencial: 1953''' *'''Copa de Oro: 1954–1956''' *'''Trofeo de Don Adolfo López Mateos (4):. 1959, 1960, 1961, 1963''' *'''Campeonato de Segunda Categoria de Occidente: 1939''' *'''Campeonato {{Not a typo|Oficial}} de Tercera Fuerza: 1928–29, 1937–38. *'''Torneo de la Ciudad de Guadalajara: 1961''' *'''Trofeo Campeonísimo: 1961–62''' *'''Copa Presidente Gustavo Díaz Ordaz''' *'''Copa California: 1977''' *'''Campeón 1a. División Amateur: 1983–84''' *'''Copa Europa: 1985''' *'''Trofeo al Equipo menos goleado: 1991–92''' *'''Copa México de Segunda División: 1996''' *'''Copa Estrella del Milenio: 1999''' *'''Campeón Juvenil: 1998''' *'''Copa Pachuca: 2000''' *'''Copa Tecate (2): 1994, 2001''' *'''Copa León: 2003''' *'''Campeón de Filiales de Segunda División: Apertura 2004, Apertura 2006, Clausura 2008.''' *'''Liga Premier de Ascenso: Torneo Revolución 2011''' *'''Campeón de Filiales de Tercera División: Clausura 2005, Apertura 2005, Bicentenario 2010''' *'''Torneo Nacional Sub-15: Invierno 2011, 2013 *'''Torneo Nacional Sub-17: Apertura 2011, Clausura 2012, Apertura 2013''' *'''Torneo Nacional Sub-20: Clausura 2013''' *'''Copa Diario ESTO: 2006''' *'''Copa Marval: 2009''' *'''Copa 100 años de la UNAM: 2010''' *'''Copa Gol Marketing: 2011''' *'''Copa Jalisco: 2013''' ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.chivasdecorazon.com.mx/ CD Guadalajara offeecial wabsteid] * [http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/clubs/club=539/index.html CD Guadalajara history an championships] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123005157/http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/clubs/club=539/index.html |date=2014-01-23 }} at FIFA.com {{CONCACAF Champions League Winners}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Guadalajara, C.D.}} [[Category:C.D. Guadalajara| ]] [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1906]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Guadalajara, Jalisco]] [[Category:Multi-sport clubs]] [[Category:Liga MX teams]] [[Category:1906 establishments in Mexico]] [[Category:Primera Fuerza]] 9nqg7cdtus58yc7nvli9tmiwj8cn065 0 66517 927290 906815 2026-11-09T11:34:37Z Monospaced 75295 Remove Fix Scots; Warld Cup record addit, infobox updatit, soorced 927290 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox naitional fitbaw team | Name = {{flag|Swisserland}} | Badge = Flag of Switzerland.svg | Badge_size = 130px | Flag = Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg | Nickname = ''Schweizer Nati'', ''La Nati'', ''Rossocrociati'' | Association = [[Swiss Football Association]] | Confederation = [[UEFA]] ([[Europe]]) | Coach = Murat Yakin | Captain = [[Granit Xhaka]] | Most caps = [[Granit Xhaka]] (152) | Top scorer = [[Alexander Frei]] (42) | FIFA Trigramme = SUI | FIFA Rank = {{FIFA World Rankings|SUI}} | FIFA max = 3 | FIFA max date = August 1993 | FIFA min = 83 | FIFA min date = December 1998 | Elo Rank = {{World Football Elo Ratings|Switzerland}} | Elo max = 8 | Elo max date = Juin 2018 | Elo min = 62 | Elo min date = October 1979 |pattern_la1=_whiteborder|pattern_b1=_sui12h|pattern_ra1=_whiteborder|pattern_so1=_sui12H |leftarm1=FF0000|body1=FFFFFF|rightarm1=FF0000|shorts1=FFFFFF|socks1=FF0000 |pattern_la2=_sui12a|pattern_b2=_sui12a|pattern_ra2=_sui12a|pattern_so2=_sui12a |leftarm2=FFFFFF|body2=FFFFFF|rightarm2=FFFFFF|shorts2=FF0000|socks2=FFFFFF | First game = {{Fb|FRA}} 1–0 Swisserland {{Flagicon|SUI}} <br> ([[Paris]], [[Fraunce]]; 12 Februar 1905) | Largest win = {{Flagicon|SUI}} Swisserland 9–0 {{Fb-rt|LTU}} <br> ([[Paris]], [[Fraunce]]; 25 Mey 1924) | Largest loss ={{flagicon image|Flag of Hungary (1867-1918).svg}} [[Hungary naitional fitbaw team|Hungary]] 9–0 Swisserland {{Flagicon|SUI}}<br> ([[Budapest]], [[Hungary]]; 29 October 1911) | World cup apps = 13 | World cup first = 1934 | World cup best = Quarter-finals, 1934, 1938, 1954 an 2026 | Regional name = [[UEFA European Championship|European Championship]] | Regional cup apps = 6 | Regional cup first = 1996 | Regional cup best = Quarter-finals, 2020 an 2024 }} {{MedalTop}} {{MedalSport | Men’s Fitbaa}} {{MedalSilver | 1924 Paris | Team}} {{MedalBottom}} The The '''Swiss naitional fitbaw team''' (cried '''Schweizer Nati''' in German, '''La Nati''' in French an '''Squadra nazionale''' in Italian) represents [[Swisserland]] in men's internaitional [[fitbaw]]. It is run bi the [[Swiss Football Association]]. Swisserland's best results at the [[FIFA Warld Cup]] are fower quarter-finals, in 1934, 1938, 1954 an 2026. It hostit the tournament in 1954, whaur it lost its quarter-final tae [[Austria|Austrie]] 7–5, still the heichest-scorin Warld Cup match iver played.<ref name="RSSSF54">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tables/54full.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103001706/http://www.rsssf.com/tables/54full.html|url-status=live|archive-date=3 January 2007|title=World Cup 1954 finals|date=3 January 2007|access-date=5 July 2018}}</ref> At the 2006 Warld Cup it wis pit oot athoot lossin a goal, efter penalties against [[Ukraine]] in the roond o 16, an it didna lose a goal till a match against [[Chile]] at the 2010 Warld Cup, a tournament record for the maist minutes athoot lossin ane.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2010/jun/21/world-cup-2010-chile-switzerland|title=Chile 1-0 Switzerland: World Cup Group H match report|last=Taylor|first=Daniel|date=21 June 2010|website=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=5 July 2018}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Swisserland Naitional Fitbaw Team}} [[Category:European naitional association fitbaw teams]] [[Category:Fitbaw in Swisserland]] [[Category:Naitional sports teams o Swisserland|Fitbaw]] [[Category:Swisserland naitional fitbaw team| ]] {{stub/Sport}} edidr0t32p4dkpk7q7i18krjbi92vx5 0 66828 927157 494909 2026-11-09T00:40:56Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 927157 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Guru Nanak | image = Sikh Gurus with Bhai Bala and Bhai Mardana.jpg | alt = Guru Nanak wi Bhai Bala an Bhai Mardana an Sikh Gurus | caption = Guru Nanak wi Bhai Bala an Bhai Mardana an Sikh Gurus | birth_name = Nanak | birth_date = {{Birth-date|April 15, 1469}} | birth_place = Rāi Bhoi Kī Talvaṇḍī, [[Delhi Sultanate]]<br/>(nou [[Nankana Sahib]], [[Punjab, Pakistan]]) | death_date = {{Death-date and age|September 22, 1539 |April 15, 1469}} | death_place = [[Kartarpur, Pakistan|Kartarpur]], [[Mughal Empire|Mughal India]] | resting_place= [[Kartarpur, Pakistan|Kartarpur]]<br/>(nou in [[Punjab, Pakistan]]) | years_active = 1499 -1539 | occupation = | predecessor = | successor = [[Guru Angad]] | spouse = Mata Sulakhani | children = Baba [[Sri Chand]] an Baba Lakhmi Das | parents = Baba [[Mehta Kalu]] an [[Mata Tripta]] }} '''Guru Nanak''' {{audio|Guru Nanak Dev.ogg|pronunciation}}<ref>Guru Nanak mey be referred tae bi mony ither names an titles such as '''Baba Nanak''' or '''Nanak Shah'''.</ref> ({{lang-pa|ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ}}; {{lang-hi|गुरु नानक}}, [[Urdu leid|Urdu]]: {{Nastaliq|گرونانک}}, {{IPA-hns|ˈɡʊɾu ˈnɑnək|}} ''Gurū Nānak'') (15 Aprile 1469 – 22 September 1539) is the foonder o the releegion o [[Sikhism]] an is the first o the [[Sikh Gurus]]. His birth is celebratit warld-wide on Kartik Puranmashi, the full-muin day which faws on different dates each year in the month o [[Katak]], October–November.<ref name=Harbans>{{cite web |url=http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/ |title=Srī Gurū Nānak Dev |last=Dawe |first=Donald G. |author= |date= |work=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjabi University Patiala |accessdate=28 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508213214/http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/ |archive-date=2014-05-08 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Early Life == Guru Nanak was born oan 15 apryle 1469 at Rāi Bhoi Kī Talvaṇḍī, noo called Nankana Sahib, near Lahair, in present day pakistan. Rai Bular, th' local landlord an' Nanak's sister Bibi Nanaki waur th' first fowk fa recognised divine qualities in th' loon. Yhey encooraged an' supported heem tae study an' travel. Sikh tradition states 'at at aroond 1499, at th' age ay 30, he hud a vision. Efter he failed tae return frae his ablutions, his clase waur foond oan th' benk ay a local burn called th' Kali Bein. Thee days efter disappearin', Nanak reappeared, stayin' silent. th' next day, he spoke tae pronoonce: "thaur is neither hindu nur mussulman (muslim) sae whose path shaa Ah follaw? Ah shaa follaw god's path. god is neither hindu nur mussulman an' th' path which Ah follaw is god's." <ref name="Harbans" /> Frae thes point onwards, nanak is described in accoonts as a guru, an' sikhism was born. Guru Nanak’s teachings can be foond in th' Sikh scripture Guru Granth Sahib, as a vest collection ay revelatory verses recorded in Gurmukhi. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Guru Nanak}} [[Category:1469 births]] [[Category:1539 daiths]] [[Category:Sikh gurus]] [[Category:Foonders o releegions]] [[Category:Punjabi fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Nankana Sahib Destrict]] lbb5r6s1fse1aq0zgdxpwixnyrllem4 0 66981 927214 817886 2026-11-09T10:03:55Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; origins an Olympic history addit, soorced 927214 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox sport |name = Biathlon |image = Biathlon Schalke.jpg |imagesize = 200 |caption = Biathletes in the shuitin area at a competition |union = ''International Biathlon Union'' |nickname = |first = |registered = |clubs = |contact = |team = Single competitors or relay teams |mgender = Yes |category = |equipment = [[Ski]]s, Poles, [[Rifle]] |venue = |obsolete = |olympic = 1924 ([[Militar patrol]])<br /> 1960 (officially) }} '''Biathlon''' is ony sportin event o twa disciplines, but the wird uisually means the [[winter sport]] that jynes [[cross-kintra skiin]] an [[shuitin sport|rifle shuitin]]. It grew oot o militar patrol, a sport that stairtit in 19t-century [[Scandinavie]], an its ruits lie in the skiin traditions o Scandinavie.<ref>{{cite web | title=History, Rules, & Facts | website=Encyclopedia Britannica | date=1998-07-20 | url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/biathlon | access-date=2023-12-14}}</ref> Ither popular variants are simmer biathlon, that jynes cross-kintra rinnin wi the rifle, an [[biathle]] (kent as "modren biathlon" an aw), that jynes [[rinnin]] wi soummin. The first Biathlon Warld Championship wis held in 1958 in [[Austrick]], an in 1960 the sport wis taen intae the [[Winter Olympic Gemmes|Olympic Gemmes]].<ref name="Idrettsleksikon">''Kunnskapsforlagets idrettsleksikon'' (Encyclopedia of Sports), Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget, 1990</ref> == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Biathlon|*]] [[Category:Multisports]] [[Category:Olympic sports]] [[Category:Winter sports]] [[Category:Cross-kintra skiin]] [[Category:Racin sports]] [[Category:Rifle shuitin sports]] [[Category:Militar sports]] {{stub/Sport}} m3bwiqbr8mc24eq1scuxlr0d9lghv0i 0 67404 927178 917736 2026-11-09T06:13:18Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 927178 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=Dizember 2020}} {{Infobox Galaxy | name = [[Messier object|Messier]] 82 | image = [[Image:M82 HST ACS 2006-14-a-large web.jpg|250px]] |caption = A mosaic image taken bi the [[Hubble Telescope]] o Messier 82, combinin exposurs taken wi fower coloured filters that captur starnlicht frae veesible an infrareid wavelengths as well as the licht frae the glowin hydrogen filaments. | credit = [[NASA]]/[[ESA]] | epoch = [[J2000]] | type = I0<ref name="ned"> {{cite web | title=NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database | work=Results for NGC 3034 | url=http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/objsearch?objname=m82&extend=no&hconst=73&omegam=0.27&omegav=0.73&corr_z=1&out_csys=Equatorial&out_equinox=J2000.0&obj_sort=RA+or+Longitude&of=pre_text&zv_breaker=30000.0&list_limit=5&img_stamp=YES | accessdate=2006-10-27 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202075026/http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/objsearch?objname=m82&extend=no&hconst=73&omegam=0.27&omegav=0.73&corr_z=1&out_csys=Equatorial&out_equinox=J2000.0&obj_sort=RA+or+Longitude&of=pre_text&zv_breaker=30000.0&list_limit=5&img_stamp=YES | archive-date=2020-12-02 | url-status=dead }}</ref> | ra = {{RA|09|55|52.2}}<ref name="ned" /> | dec = {{DEC|+69|40|47}}<ref name="ned" /> | dist_ly = 11.5 ± 0.8 [[licht-year|Mly]] (3.5 ± 0.3 [[parsec|Mpc]])<ref name="Karachentsevetal2006"> {{cite journal | author=Karachentsev, I. D.; Kashibadze, O. G. | year=2006 | title=Masses of the local group and of the M81 group estimated from distortions in the local velocity field | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysics_january-march-2006_49_1/page/3 | journal= Astrophysics| volume=49 | issue=1 | pages=3–18 | bibcode=2006Ap.....49....3K | doi=10.1007/s10511-006-0002-6 }}</ref> | z = 203 ± 4 km/[[seicont|s]]<ref name="ned" /> | appmag_v = 8.41<ref name="SIMBAD-M82"> {{cite web |title=SIMBAD-M82 |publisher=SIMBAD Astronomical Database |url=http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=M82 |accessdate=2009-11-29 }}</ref><ref name=GAXEL> {{cite journal |last=Armando |first=Gil de Paz |year=2007 |coauthors=Boissier; Madore; Seibert; Boselli; et al. |title=The GALEX Ultraviolet Atlas of Nearby Galaxies |journal=[[Astrophysical Journal Supplement]] |volume=173 |issue=2 |pages=185–255 |arxiv=astro-ph/0606440 |doi=10.1086/516636 |bibcode=2007ApJS..173..185G }}</ref> | size_v = 11&prime;.2 × 4&prime;.3<ref name="ned" /> | constellation name = [[Ursa Major]] | notes = Edge on starburst galaxy | names = [[New General Catalogue|NGC]] 3034, [[Uppsala General Catalogue|UGC]] 5322, [[Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies|Arp]] 337, Cigar Galaxy, [[Principal Galaxies Catalogue|PGC]] 28655, [[Third Cambridge Catalogue of Radio Sources|3C]] 231<ref name="ned" /> }} '''Messier 82''' (kent as '''NGC 3034''', '''Cigar Galaxy''' or '''M82''' an aw) is the prototype<ref name="Barkeretal2008"> {{cite journal | last1 = Barker | first1 = S. | last2 = de Grijs | first2 = R. | last3 = Cerviño | first3 = M. | year = 2008 | title = Star cluster versus field star formation in the nucleus of the prototype starburst galaxy M 82 | journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics]] | volume = 484 | issue = 3 | pages = 711–720 | bibcode = 2008A&A...484..711B | doi = 10.1051/0004-6361:200809653 |arxiv = 0804.1913 }}</ref> nearby [[starnburst galaxy]] aboot 12 million [[licht-year]]s away in the [[constellation]] [[Ursa Major]]. The starburst galaxy is five times [[Luminosity#Astronomy|mair luminous]] nor the whole [[Milky Way]] an ane hundrit times mair luminous nor oor galaxy's center.<ref name="Barkeretal2008" /> The starnburst activity is thoucht tae be triggered bi interaction wi neighborin galaxy [[Messier 81|M81]]. [[SN 2014J]], an apparent [[Type Ia supernova]], wis observed in the galaxy on 21 Januar 2014.<ref>http://www.astronomerstelegram.org/?read=5786</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=Sudden Supernova In M82 Galaxy Rips Apart The Night Sky (A Bit)|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2014/01/22/m82-supernova_n_4644356.html|publisher=Huffington Post}}</ref> <ref>http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2014/01/22/kaboom_nearby_galaxy_m82_hosts_a_new_supernova.html</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Messier 082}} [[Category:Starnburst galaxies]] [[Category:Irregular galaxies]] [[Category:M81 Group]] [[Category:Ursa Major (constellation)]] [[Category:Messier objects|082]] [[Category:NGC objects]] [[Category:UGC objects|05322]] [[Category:PGC objects|28655]] [[Category:Arp objects|337]] [[Category:3C objects|231]] {{stub}} qwww26gh44sbjttw6eyulv1w9o3mmmg 0 67899 927185 891012 2026-11-09T07:56:38Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 927185 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Heroes of the dawn - illustration to face page 212.jpg|alt=Naimh|thumb|Naimh]] In [[Erse meethologie]], '''Niamh''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|iː|.|ɒ|f}} is the dochter o [[Manannán mac Lir]]. She is ane o the Queens o [[Tír na nÓg]], an micht be the dochter o [[Fand]] an aw.<ref>{{Cite book|last=O'Farrell|first=Padraic|url=http://archive.org/details/ancientirishlege0000ofar|title=Ancient Irish legends|date=1995|publisher=Dublin : Gill & Macmillan|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-7171-3167-9|pages=105}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Myth of Manannan Mac Lir :: isleofman.com|url=https://www.isleofman.com/welcome/history/mythology-and-folklore/manannan-mac-lir/|access-date=2022-09-06|website=www.isleofman.com|archive-date=2022-08-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808165432/https://www.isleofman.com/welcome/history/mythology-and-folklore/manannan-mac-lir/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Niamh crossed the Wastren Sea on a magical horse, [[Enbarr]], an askit [[Fionn mac Cumhaill]] if his son [[Oisín]] wad come with her to [[Tír na nÓg]] (the Land o Youth). Oisín gree'd an went wi her, promisin his faither he wad return tae visit suin.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dixon-Kennedy|first=Mike|url=http://archive.org/details/celticmythlegend0000dixo|title=Celtic myth & legend : an A-Z of people and places|date=1996|publisher=London : Blandford ; New York : Distributed in the U.S. by Sterling Pub. Co.|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-7137-2571-1|pages=26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Doyle|first=Malachy|url=http://archive.org/details/talesfromoldirel0000doyl_a3g4|title=Tales from old Ireland|date=2000|publisher=New York : Barefoot Books|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-1-902283-97-5|pages=85-92}}</ref> Oisín wis a member o the [[Fianna]] an, tho he fell in luve wi Niamh durin their time thegither in Tír na nÓg, he became hamesick efter wha he thocht wis three year.<ref>{{Cite web|title=eDIL - Irish Language Dictionary|url=https://dil.ie/search?q=fian&search_in=headword|access-date=2022-09-06|website=dil.ie|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427050352/https://dil.ie/search?q=fian&search_in=headword|archive-date=2022-04-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> Niamh let him borrae Enbarr, who coud run abuin grund, an made him promise no tae get aff o the horse or touch Erse soil. The three year he spent in Tír na nÓg turned oot tae be 300 Erse years. When Oisín returned tae Ireland, he askit whaur he coud find Fionn mac Cumhail an the Fianna, anerly tae find that they haed been deid for hunders o years an wur nou anerly remembered as legends. Whilst travellin throu Ireland, Oisín wis askit bi some men tae help thaim muive a staundin stane. He reached doun tae help thaim, but fell aff his horse. Upon touchin the grund he instantly became a auld man. He is then said tae hae dictatit his story tae [[Saunt Patrick]], who cared for an nursed him till he dee'd.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dixon-Kennedy|first=Mike|url=http://archive.org/details/celticmythlegend0000dixo|title=Celtic myth & legend : an A-Z of people and places|date=1996|publisher=London : Blandford ; New York : Distributed in the U.S. by Sterling Pub. Co.|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-7137-2571-1|pages=242}}</ref> Meanwhile, Niamh haed gien birth tae their dochter, [[Plor na mBan]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Monaghan|first=Patricia|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/242986701|title=The encyclopedia of Celtic mythology and folklore|date=2004|publisher=Facts On File|isbn=978-1-4381-1037-0|location=New York|pages=358|oclc=242986701}}</ref> Niamh returned tae Ireland tae search for him, but he haed dee'd. === Erse Navy ship === The [[L.É. Niamh (P52)]], a ship in the [[Erse Naval Service]], is namit efter her.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-06-09|title=L.É. Niamh P 52 {{!}} Large Patrol Vessel {{!}} Fleet {{!}} Naval Service {{!}} Defence Forces|url=http://www.military.ie/en/naval-service/fleet/large-patrol-vessel/le-niamh-p-52/|access-date=2022-09-06|website=web.archive.org|archive-date=2012-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609174640/http://www.military.ie/en/naval-service/fleet/large-patrol-vessel/le-niamh-p-52/|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Niamh}} [[Category:Fenian Cycle]] [[Category:Tuatha Dé Danann]] na7ub08eudqmreq3ksfjttcbtnpmbjf 0 68285 926855 890477 2026-11-08T18:56:33Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 926855 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox River | river_name = River Don | image_name = River Don near Alford.jpg | caption = River Don an Castle Forbes near [[Alford, Aberdeenshire|Alford]]. | origin = [[Ladder Hills]] | mouth = [[Bridge o Don]], [[Aberdeen]] | basin_countries = [[Scotland]] | length = 82 miles (131 km) | elevation = | discharge = m³/s | watershed = km² }} The '''River Don''' ({{lang-gd|Deathan}}) is a [[river]] in north-east [[Scotland]]. It rises in the Grampians an rins east, throu [[Aiberdeenshire]], tae the [[North Sea]] at [[Aiberdeen]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to the homepage of the Don District Salmon Fishery Board and the River Don Trust|url=https://riverdon.org/|access-date=2023-01-23|website=Don Trust|language=en-GB}}</ref> The Don gangs throu [[Aaford]], [[Kemnay]], [[Innerurie]], [[Kintair]] an [[Dyce]]. Its main tributary, the [[River Ury]], jyns it at Innerurie. [[Category:Rivers o Scotland|Don]] [[Category:Geografie o Aiberdeen|Don]] [[Category:Geografie o Aiberdeenshire|Don]] {{Stub/Scotland}} == References == <references /> 44cghxmtcfyhuo7acuhdp33mjw5af05 0 68399 926827 803547 2026-11-08T18:46:02Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; soorce addit 926827 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Wfm shetland no map.png|thumb|Cairt o Shetland Islands wi Sullom Voe shawn in yellae.]] '''Sullom Voe''' is an [[inlet]] atween [[North Mainland]] an [[Northmavine]] on [[Shetland]] in [[Scotland]]. It is the steid o the [[Sullom Voe Terminal|Sullom Voe ile terminal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst4485.html|title=Sullom Voe|publisher=[[Gazetteer for Scotland]]|accessdate=11 September 2024}}</ref><ref name="BP">{{cite web| url=http://www.bpnsi.com/index.asp?id=7369643D312669643D313335| title=Sullom Voe| publisher=BP| accessdate=28 February 2009}}</ref> ==Ile Terminal== {{unsoorced|section}} The Sullom Voe Terminal is an ile an liquefied gas terminal at Sullom Voe in the Shetland Islands o Scotland. It handles the ile frae oilfields in the North Sea an the East Shetland Basin. It isnae a refinery: it stores the ile till it is cairied awa bi tanker. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Coord|60.451733|-1.310805|type:waterbody_scale:50000_region:GB-ZET|display=title}} [[Category:Fjards o Scotland]] [[Category:Ports an herbours o Scotland]] [[Category:Special Auries o Conservation in Scotland]] [[Category:North Sea]] [[Category:Port ceeties an touns o the North Sea]] [[Category:Voes o Shetland]] [[Category:Places o Scotland]] {{Stub/Shetland}} {{Stub/Places o Scotland}} qp5hroeu5ifqlau99ajcox1hh8qja6r 0 68583 926854 899245 2026-11-08T18:56:11Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 926854 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|57.00729|-4.60499|type:landmark_region:GB_source:enwiki-osgb36(NN419937)|display=title}} {{Infobox River | river_name = River Spey | image_name = River Spey.jpg | caption = The River Spey at [[Aberlour]] | origin = [[Loch Spey]] ({{gbmapping|NN419937}}) | mouth = [[Moray Firth]] at [[Spey Bay]] | basin_countries = [[Scotland]] | length = 107 miles (172 km) | elevation = | discharge = 64 m&sup3;/s<ref name="sfb">{{cite web |url=http://www.speyfisheryboard.com/spey_river.htm |title=Spey Fishery Board |accessdate=August 21, 2006 |archive-date=2007-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070222114951/http://www.speyfisheryboard.com/spey_river.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> | watershed = 3008 km&sup2;<ref name="sfb"/> {{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_offname = River Spey-Insh Marshes | designation1_date = 2 Februar 1997}} }} The '''River Spey''' ([[Scots Gaelic]]: '''Uisge Spè''') is a [[river]] in the northeast o Scotland, the seicont langest an the fastest-flowin river in Scotland. It is important for salmon fishin an [[whisky]] production.<ref>{{Cite web|title=River Spey from The Gazetteer for Scotland|url=https://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst3259.html|access-date=2023-01-23|website=www.scottish-places.info|language=en-gb}}</ref> Craigellachie Brig, a [[cast airn]] [[airch brig]], gangs athort the Spey at Craigellachie, near the toun o [[Aiberlower]] in [[Moray]]. It wis designed bi the weel-kent [[ceevil engineer]] Thomas Telford an biggit in 1812–1814, an it is a Category A leetit structure.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/LB2357,craigellachie|title=CRAIGELLACHIE, OLD BRIDGE OVER RIVER SPEY (TELFORD BRIDGE) LB2357|publisher=Historic Environment Scotland|language=en|accessdate=8 September 2020|archive-date=2017-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816193216/http://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/LB2357,craigellachie|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rivers o Scotland|Spey]] [[Category:Geografie o Moray]] [[Category:Ramsar steids in Scotland]] [[Category:Steids o Special Scienteefic Interest in Badenoch an Strathspey|Spey]] [[Category:Steids o Special Scienteefic Interest in Moray an Nairn|Spey]] {{Stub/Scotland}} fdhrwz0b2qv6e55xjnvdqv3hyrd05vv 926856 926854 2026-11-08T18:56:47Z Monospaced 75295 926856 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox River | river_name = River Spey | image_name = River Spey.jpg | caption = The River Spey at [[Aberlour]] | origin = [[Loch Spey]] ({{gbmapping|NN419937}}) | mouth = [[Moray Firth]] at [[Spey Bay]] | basin_countries = [[Scotland]] | length = 107 miles (172 km) | elevation = | discharge = 64 m&sup3;/s<ref name="sfb">{{cite web |url=http://www.speyfisheryboard.com/spey_river.htm |title=Spey Fishery Board |accessdate=August 21, 2006 |archive-date=2007-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070222114951/http://www.speyfisheryboard.com/spey_river.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> | watershed = 3008 km&sup2;<ref name="sfb"/> {{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_offname = River Spey-Insh Marshes | designation1_date = 2 Februar 1997}} }} The '''River Spey''' ([[Scots Gaelic]]: '''Uisge Spè''') is a [[river]] in the northeast o Scotland, the seicont langest an the fastest-flowin river in Scotland. It is important for salmon fishin an [[whisky]] production.<ref>{{Cite web|title=River Spey from The Gazetteer for Scotland|url=https://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst3259.html|access-date=2023-01-23|website=www.scottish-places.info|language=en-gb}}</ref> Craigellachie Brig, a [[cast airn]] [[airch brig]], gangs athort the Spey at Craigellachie, near the toun o [[Aiberlower]] in [[Moray]]. It wis designed bi the weel-kent [[ceevil engineer]] Thomas Telford an biggit in 1812–1814, an it is a Category A leetit structure.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/LB2357,craigellachie|title=CRAIGELLACHIE, OLD BRIDGE OVER RIVER SPEY (TELFORD BRIDGE) LB2357|publisher=Historic Environment Scotland|language=en|accessdate=8 September 2020|archive-date=2017-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816193216/http://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/LB2357,craigellachie|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Coord|57.00729|-4.60499|type:landmark_region:GB_source:enwiki-osgb36(NN419937)|display=title}} [[Category:Rivers o Scotland|Spey]] [[Category:Geografie o Moray]] [[Category:Ramsar steids in Scotland]] [[Category:Steids o Special Scienteefic Interest in Badenoch an Strathspey|Spey]] [[Category:Steids o Special Scienteefic Interest in Moray an Nairn|Spey]] {{Stub/Scotland}} 8zpxia6eks4kpmt02jf0m47to5e8077 0 69678 926928 923203 2026-11-08T21:12:45Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; vandalism taen oot, life an career addit, soorced 926928 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | image = Sandra Bullock, The Heat, London, 2013 (crop).jpg | imagesize = | caption = Bullock at the UK film gala screenin o<br>'' [[The Heat (film)|The Heat]]'' in 2013 | birth_name = Sandra Annette Bullock | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1964|7|26|}} | birth_place = [[Arlington Coonty]], Virginia, U.S. | citizenship = [[Americans|American]]-[[Germans|German]] | years_active = 1987–present | spouse = {{marriage|[[Jesse James (customizer)|Jesse G. James]]|2005|2010}} | children = 2 | parents = John W. Bullock <br /> [[Helga Meyer|Helga Mathilde Meyer]] | occupation = Actress, film producer }} '''Sandra Annette Bullock''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ʊ|l|ə|k}}; born Julie 26, 1964)<ref name="Bio">{{cite web|title=Sandra Bullock- Biography|url=http://movies.yahoo.com/person/sandra-bullock/biography.html|publisher=[[Yahoo! Movies]]|accessdate=June 30, 2013|archive-date=2016-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307090359/https://movies.yahoo.com/person/sandra-bullock/biography.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> is an American-German actress an film producer. She wis the best-peyed actress in the warld in 2010,<ref>{{cite web |last=Erenza |first=Jen |title=Justin Bieber, Miranda Cosgrove, & Lady Gaga Are Welcomed into 2012 Guinness World Records |url=http://ryanseacrest.com/2011/09/14/justin-bieber-miranda-cosgrove-lady-gaga-are-welcomed-into-2012-guinness-world-records/ |website=RyanSeacrest.com |access-date=September 16, 2011 |date=September 14, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925171516/http://ryanseacrest.com/2011/09/14/justin-bieber-miranda-cosgrove-lady-gaga-are-welcomed-into-2012-guinness-world-records/ |archive-date=September 25, 2011}}</ref> an in 2010 ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' named her ane o the 100 maist influential fowk in the warld.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1984685_1984940_1985519,00.html |title=The 2010 TIME 100: Sandra Bullock |date=April 29, 2010 |magazine=TIME |access-date=July 24, 2014 |archive-date=July 27, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727075211/http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1984685_1984940_1985519,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Efter a smaw first role in ''[[Hangmen (film)|Hangmen]]'' (1987), she becam weel kent in the 1990s wi films sic as ''[[Demolition Man (film)|Demolition Man]]'' (1993), ''[[Speed (1994 film)|Speed]]'' (1994), ''[[The Net (1995 film)|The Net]]'' (1995), ''[[While You Were Sleeping (film)|While You Were Sleeping]]'' (1995), ''[[A Time to Kill (film)|A Time to Kill]]'' (1996) an ''[[Hope Floats]]'' (1998). Efter 2000 she starred in ''[[Miss Congeniality (film)|Miss Congeniality]]'' (2000), ''[[Two Weeks Notice]]'' (2002), ''[[The Lake House (film)|The Lake House]]'' (2006), ''[[The Proposal (2009 film)|The Proposal]]'' (2009), ''[[The Heat (film)|The Heat]]'' (2013) an ''[[Gravity (2013 film)|Gravity]]'' (2013). She wan the [[Academy Awaird for Best Actress]] for playin Leigh Anne Tuohy in ''[[The Blind Side (film)|The Blind Side]]'' (2009). ==Early life== Bullock wis born in [[Arlington Coonty]], Virginia, on Julie 26, 1964.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.people.com/people/sandra_bullock/ |title=Sandra Bullock: Snapshot |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]] |access-date=February 14, 2016 |archive-date=February 9, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209160943/http://www.people.com/people/sandra_bullock/}}</ref> Her mither, Helga Meyer, wis a German opera sanger an vyce teacher, an her faither, John W. Bullock, wis an American Airmy employee that wis postit tae [[Nuremberg]] whan he met her.<ref name="Sandra">{{cite web |url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/sandra-bullocks-army-veteran-father-dead-at-93 |title=Sandra Bullock's Army veteran father dead at 93 |first=Morgan M. |last=Evans |date=September 20, 2018 |website=[[Fox News]] |access-date=January 12, 2019 |archive-date=January 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112150021/https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/sandra-bullocks-army-veteran-father-dead-at-93 |url-status=live }}</ref> For 12 year Bullock bade in Nuremberg, an in [[Vienna]] an [[Salzburg]] in Austrick, an she grew up spikkin German.<ref name="Welt profile">{{cite news |url=https://www.welt.de/vermischtes/article1952673/SANDRA-BULLOCK.html |title=Sandra Bullock |date=April 30, 2008 |newspaper=[[Die Welt]] |language=de |access-date=December 7, 2016 |archive-date=December 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220115218/https://www.welt.de/vermischtes/article1952673/SANDRA-BULLOCK.html |url-status=live }}{{Circular reference|date=July 2019}}</ref> ==Career== Her brakthrou cam in 1994 wi ''Speed'', whaur she played Annie Porter, a passenger that ends up drivin a bus that a terrorist haes rigged, alangside [[Keanu Reeves]].<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://ew.com/article/1994/07/22/sandra-bullocks-career-hits-high-gear/ |title=Sandra Bullock's Career Hits High Gear |last=Svetkey |first=Benjamin |date=July 22, 1994 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |access-date=October 22, 2019 |archive-date=October 22, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022074916/https://ew.com/article/1994/07/22/sandra-bullocks-career-hits-high-gear/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In ''The Blind Side'' (2009) she played Leigh Anne Tuohy, the adoptive mither o the American fitba player Michael Oher. The role brocht her the Academy Awaird, the Gowden Globe Awaird, the Screen Actors Guild Awaird an the Critics' Choice Awaird for Best Actress.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/life-begins-at-45-bullock-wins-best-actress-award-at-golden-globes-1871991.html |title=Life begins at 45: Bullock wins best actress award at Golden Globes |first=Geoffrey |last=Macnab |date=January 19, 2010 |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |location=London |access-date=January 28, 2010 |archive-date=January 22, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100122094250/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/life-begins-at-45-bullock-wins-best-actress-award-at-golden-globes-1871991.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The film taen in ower $309 million, her biggest film in the Unitit States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=blindside.htm |title=The Blind Side (2009) |date=February 21, 2010 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=February 28, 2010 |archive-date=January 1, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101175928/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=blindside.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2013 she played an astronaut stuck in space in ''Gravity'', alangside [[George Clooney]]. ==Personal life== Bullock wis mairit tae the television presenter [[Jesse James (customizer)|Jesse James]] frae 2005 tae 2010. She haes adoptit twa bairns, a son in 2010 an a dochter in 2015.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/people/2015/12/02/sandra-bullock-adopts-daughter-laila/76655260/ |title=Sandra Bullock adopts second child |first=Kelly |last=Lawler |date=December 2, 2015 |work=USA Today |access-date=July 30, 2019 |archive-date=December 15, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215035034/https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/people/2015/12/02/sandra-bullock-adopts-daughter-laila/76655260/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Filmografie== ===Film=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" !scope="col"| Title !scope="col"| Year !scope="col"|Role !scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes !scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}} |- !scope=row|''[[Hangmen (film)|Hangmen]]'' |1987 |{{sort|Edwards|Lisa Edwards}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/21413/Hangmen/cast|title=Hangmen (1987)|work=[[The New York Times]]|publisher=[[Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.]]|accessdate=September 14, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''{{sort|Fool|[[A Fool and His Money (1988 film)|A Fool and His Money]]}}'' |1989 |{{sort|Cosgrove|Debby Cosgrove}} |Forby kent as ''Religion, Inc.''<br/>[[Direct-tae-video]] release |style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=STV/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/movie/a-fool-and-his-money-v132232/cast-crew|title=A Fool and His Money (1989)|publisher=[[AllMovie]]|accessdate=August 6, 2014|archive-date=2016-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160716124607/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/a-fool-and-his-money-v132232/cast-crew|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Who Shot Patakango?]]'' | 1992 |{{sort|Moran|Devlin Moran}} |[[Direct-tae-video]] release |style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=STV/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1992-07-10/entertainment/ca-1586_1_shot-pat|title=Movie Review: 'Pat' Evokes School Days of the '50s|work=Los Angeles Times|publisher=Tribune Publishing|last=Thomas|first=Kevin|date=July 10, 1992|accessdate=September 29, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Who Do I Gotta Kill?]]'' |1992 |Lori |Forby kent as ''Me & The Mob''<br/>[[Direct-tae-video]] release |style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=STV/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/211359/Who-Do-I-Gotta-Kill-/cast|title=Who Do I Gotta Kill? - Acting Credits|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|accessdate=September 7, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Love Potion No. 9 (film)|Love Potion No. 9]]'' | 1992 |{{sort|Farrow|Diane Farrow}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=STV>{{cite news|last=Callahan|first=Maureen|title=How Did She Get Here?|work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]|publisher=New York Media LLC|page=56|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=kOMCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA56|date=July 31, 1995|accessdate=September 29, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/love_potion_9/|title=Love Potion #9 (1992)|publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|accessdate=September 7, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''{{sort|Vanishing|[[The Vanishing (1993 film)|The Vanishing]]}}'' |1993 |{{sort|Shaver|Diane Shaver}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last=Turan|first=Kenneth|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1993-02-05/entertainment/ca-820_1_jeff-bridges|title=Movie Review : 'Vanishing' a Chiller With a Thriller of a Villain|work=Los Angeles Times|publisher=Tribune Publishing|date=February 5, 1993|accessdate=September 7, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[When the Party's Over]]'' | 1993 |Amanda | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/80299/When-the-Party-s-Over/details|title=When the Party's Over (1993)|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|accessdate=September 14, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''{{sort|Thing|[[The Thing Called Love]]}}'' | 1993 |{{sort|Linden|Linda Lue Linden}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/49463/The-Thing-Called-Love/details|title=The Thing Called Love (1993)|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|accessdate=August 31, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Demolition Man (film)|Demolition Man]]'' | 1993 |{{sort|Huxley|Lenina Huxley}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last=Levy|first=Emanuel|url=http://variety.com/1993/film/reviews/demolition-man-1200433744/|title=Review: ‘Demolition Man’|work=Variety|publisher=Penske Media Corporation|date=October 8, 1993|accessdate=September 12, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Fire on the Amazon]]'' | 1993 |{{sort|Rothman|Alyssa Rothman}} |[[Direct-tae-video]] release (filmed in 1990 but anly released in 1993) |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/186757/Fire-on-the-Amazon/overview|title=Fire on the Amazon (1993)|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|accessdate=September 29, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/186757/Fire-on-the-Amazon/cast|title=Fire on the Amazon (1993) - Acting Credits|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|accessdate=September 14, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Krämer |first1=Peter |authorlink1= |last2= |first2= |editor1-first=Andrew |editor1-last=Willis|title=Film Stars: Hollywood and Beyond |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_2ZXBaDJ6DUC&pg=PA108|accessdate=September 29, 2014|date=September 4, 2004|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=9780719056451|page=108|chapter=The rise and fall of Sandra Bullock}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Wrestling Ernest Hemingway]]'' |1993 |Elaine | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|last=Ebert|first=Roger|authorlink=Roger Ebert|url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/wrestling-ernest-hemingway-1994|title=Wrestling Ernest Hemingway|publisher=Roger Ebert|date=January 21, 1994|accessdate=September 7, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Speed (1994 film)|Speed]]'' | 1994 |{{sort|Porter|Annie Porter}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/movie/speed-v131239/cast-crew|title=Speed (1994)|publisher=AllMovie|accessdate=August 6, 2014|archive-date=2013-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523041544/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/speed-v131239/cast-crew|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[While You Were Sleeping (film)|While You Were Sleeping]]'' | 1995 |{{sort|Moderatz|Lucy Eleanor Moderatz}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/while_you_were_sleeping/|title=While You Were Sleeping (1995)|publisher=Rotten Tomatoes|accessdate=September 7, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''{{sort|Net|[[The Net (1995 film)|The Net]]}}'' |1995 |{{sort|Bennett|Angela Bennett}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|last=Ebert|first=Roger|authorlink=Roger Ebert|url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-net-1995|title=The Net|publisher=Roger Ebert|date=July 28, 1995|accessdate=September 7, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Two If by Sea]]'' | 1996 |Roz | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last=Maslin|first=Janet|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9E02E2DB1039F930A25752C0A960958260|title=A Crook, a Cashier and Their Scam|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|date=January 13, 1996|accessdate=September 7, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''{{sort|Time|[[A Time to Kill (film)|A Time to Kill]]}}'' |1996 |{{sort|Roark|Ellen Roark}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|last=Ebert|first=Roger|authorlink=Roger Ebert|url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/a-time-to-kill-1996|title=A Time To Kill|publisher=Roger Ebert|date=July 26, 1996|accessdate=September 14, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[In Love and War (1996 film)|In Love and War]]'' |1996 |{{sort|Kurowsky|Agnes von Kurowsky}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gritten |first1=David |title=Halliwell's Film Guide 2008 |url=https://archive.org/details/halliwellsfilmdv0000unse |edition=23rd |date=October 8, 2007|publisher=HarperCollins Entertainment |isbn=9780007260805 |page=581}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Ebert|first=Roger|authorlink=Roger Ebert|url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/in-love-and-war-1997|title=In Love And War|date=January 24, 1997|publisher=Roger Ebert|accessdate=September 6, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Speed 2: Cruise Control]]'' |1997 |{{sort|Porter|Annie Porter}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last=Jones|first=Alan|url=http://www.radiotimes.com/film/jc5hg/speed-2-cruise-control|title=Speed 2: Cruise Control|work=[[Radio Times]]|publisher=[[Immediate Media Company]]|accessdate=September 12, 2014|archive-date=2014-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014043632/http://www.radiotimes.com/film/jc5hg/speed-2-cruise-control|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Hope Floats]]'' | 1998 |{{sort|Pruitt|Birdee Pruitt}} | Executive producer an aw |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/162470/Hope-Floats/details|title=Hope Floats (1998)|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|accessdate=September 12, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Making Sandwiches]]'' | 1998 |{{sort|Club|Melba Club}} |Short film<br/>Producer, director, an screenwriter an aw |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/266350/Making-Sandwiches/details|title=Making Sandwiches (1998)|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|accessdate=September 7, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Practical Magic]]'' | 1998 |{{sort|Owens|Sally Owens}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last=Levy|first=Emanuel|url=http://variety.com/1998/film/reviews/practical-magic-2-1200455534/|title=Review: ‘Practical Magic’|work=Variety|publisher=Penske Media Corporation|date=October 14, 1998|accessdate=September 12, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''{{sort|Prince|[[The Prince of Egypt]]}}'' |1998 |[[Miriam]] |Vyce anly |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last=Turan|first=Kenneth|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1998/dec/18/entertainment/ca-55112|title='Egypt': The Newest Testament|work=Los Angeles Times|publisher=Tribune Publishing|date=December 18, 1998|accessdate=September 12, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Forces of Nature]]'' |1999 |Sarah | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last=Leydon|first=Joe|url=http://variety.com/1999/film/reviews/forces-of-nature-1200457002/|title=Review: ‘Forces of Nature’|work=Variety|publisher=Penske Media Corporation|date=March 14, 1999|accessdate=September 12, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Gun Shy (film)|Gun Shy]]'' |2000 |{{sort|Tipp|Judy Tipp}} |Producer, an executive album producer an aw |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/181896/Gun-Shy/cast|title=Gun Shy (2000) - Acting Credits|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|accessdate=September 7, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/181896/Gun-Shy/credits|title=Gun Shy (2000)- Production Credits|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|accessdate=September 12, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[28 Days (film)|28 Days]]'' | 2000 |{{sort|Cummings|Gwen Cummings}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|last=Ebert|first=Roger|authorlink=Roger Ebert|url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/28-days-2000|title=28 Days|publisher=Roger Ebert|date=April 14, 2000|accessdate=September 5, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Miss Congeniality (film)|Miss Congeniality]]'' | 2000 |{{sort|Hart|Gracie Hart}} |Producer an aw |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last=Scott|first=A. O.|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9D06E3D91F39F931A15751C1A9669C8B63|title=Operation Ugly Duckling: Fighting Terrorism in Heels|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|date=December 22, 2000|accessdate=August 31, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Kate & Leopold]]'' | 2001 |align="center"|— |Producer anly |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/255995/Kate-Leopold/details|title=Kate & Leopold (2001)|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|accessdate=September 5, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Murder by Numbers]]'' | 2002 |{{sort|Mayweather|Det. Cassie Mayweather}} |Executive producer an aw |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2002/04/18/review-of-murder-by-numbers|title=Review of Murder by Numbers |publisher=[[IGN]]|date=April 18, 2002|accessdate=August 31, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood (film)|Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood]]'' | 2002 |{{sort|Walker|Siddalee Walker}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/260292/Divine-Secrets-of-the-Ya-Ya-Sisterhood/cast|title=Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood (2002) - Acting Credits|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|accessdate=September 5, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row| ''[[Two Weeks Notice]]'' |2002 |{{sort|Kelson|Lucy Kelson}} |Producer an aw |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/271086/Two-Weeks-Notice/details|title=Two Weeks Notice (2002)|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|accessdate=September 5, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Crash (2004 film)|Crash]]'' |2004 |Jean | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/301205/Crash/cast|title=Crash|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|accessdate=August 4, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Loverboy (2005 film)|Loverboy]]'' | 2005 |{{sort|Harker|Mrs. Harker}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/296829/Loverboy/cast|title=Loverboy (2004) - Acting Credits|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|accessdate=August 31, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Miss Congeniality 2: Armed and Fabulous]]'' | 2005 |{{sort|Hart|Gracie Hart}} |Producer an aw |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/304987/Miss-Congeniality-2-Armed-and-Fabulous/details|title=Miss Congeniality 2: Armed and Fabulous (2005)|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|accessdate=September 5, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''{{sort|Lake|[[The Lake House (film)|The Lake House]]}}'' | 2006 |{{sort|Forster|Dr. Kate Forster}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/323690/The-Lake-House/details|title=The Lake House (2006)|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|accessdate=September 12, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Infamous (film)|Infamous]]'' | 2006 |{{sort|Lee|[[Harper Lee]]}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|last=Ebert|first=Roger|authorlink=Roger Ebert|url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/infamous-2006|title=Infamous|publisher=Roger Ebert|date=October 12, 2006|accessdate=September 12, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Premonition (2007 film)|Premonition]]'' | 2007 |{{sort|Hanson|Linda Hanson}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last=Lane|first=Anthony|url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2007/03/26/loves-lost?currentPage=1|title=Loves Lost|work=[[The New Yorker]]|date=March 26, 2007|accessdate=September 12, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''{{sort|Proposal|[[The Proposal (film)|The Proposal]]}}'' | 2009 |{{sort|Tate|Margaret Tate}} |Executive producer an aw |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/445868/The-Proposal/details|title=The Proposal (2009)|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|accessdate=September 12, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[All About Steve]]'' | 2009 |{{sort|Horowitz|Mary Horowitz}} |Producer an aw |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/405564/All-About-Steve/details|title=All About Steve (2009)|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|accessdate=September 12, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''{{sort|Blind|[[The Blind Side (film)|The Blind Side]]}}'' |2009 |{{sort|Tuohy|[[Leigh Anne Tuohy]]}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last=Scott|first=A. O.|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/20/movies/20blindside.html|title=Michael Oher Streamrolls Over Life's Obstacles|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|date=November 9, 2009|accessdate=September 12, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close (film)|Extremely Loud & Incredibly Close]]'' |2011 |{{sort|Schell|Linda Schell}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last=Sharkey|first=Betsy|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2011/dec/23/entertainment/la-et-extremely-loud-20111223|title='Extremely Loud & Incredibly Close' review: Eloquence in loss|work=Los Angeles Times|publisher=Tribune Publishing|date=December 23, 2011|accessdate=September 12, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''{{sort|Heat|[[The Heat (film)|The Heat]]}}'' | 2013 |{{sort|Ashburn|Special Agent Sarah Ashburn}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last=Papamichael|first=Stella|url=http://www.radiotimes.com/film/r7w2y/the-heat|title=The Heat|work=Radio Times|publisher=Immediate Media Company|accessdate=September 12, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Gravity (film)|Gravity]]'' |2013 |{{sort|Stone|Dr. Ryan Stone}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last=Scott|first=A. O.|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/04/movies/gravity-stars-sandra-bullock-and-george-clooney.html|title=‘Gravity’ Stars George Clooney and Sandra Bullock|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|date=October 3, 2013|accessdate=August 4, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[The Prime Ministers: The Pioneers]]'' |2013 |{{sort|Meir|[[Golda Meir]]}} |Documentary<br/>Vyce anly |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last=Leydon|first=Joe|url=http://variety.com/2013/film/reviews/the-prime-ministers-the-pioneers-review-1200799898/|title=Film Review: 'The Prime Ministers: The Pioneers'|work=Variety|publisher=Penske Media Corporation|date=November 5, 2013|accessdate=September 11, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Minions (film)|Minions]]'' | 2015 |{{sort|Overkill|Scarlet Overkill}} |Vyce anly<br/>Post-production |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|last=Fleming Jr.|first=Mike|url=http://www.deadline.com/2013/02/sandra-bullock-to-voice-super-villain-in-minions-spinoff-for-illuminationuniversal/|title=Sandra Bullock To Voice Super-Villain In 'Minions' Spinoff For Illumination/Universal|publisher=[[Deadline.com]]|date=February 11, 2013|accessdate=August 4, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Our Brand Is Crisis (2016 film)|Our Brand Is Crisis]]'' | 2016 |{{sort|Bodine|"Calamity" Jane Bodine}} |Executive producer an aw<br/>Post-production |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kroll|first1=Justin|title=Sandra Bullock and David Gordon Green Team on 'Our Brand is Crisis'|url=http://variety.com/2014/film/news/sandra-bullock-our-brand-is-crisis-david-gordon-green-1201086208/|accessdate=October 7, 2014|work=Variety|publisher=Penske Media Corporation|date=August 21, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://deadline.com/2014/10/participant-boards-david-gordon-greens-our-brand-is-crisis-850431/|title=Participant Boards David Gordon Green's 'Our Brand Is Crisis'|publisher=[[Deadline.com]]|date=October 13, 2014|accessdate=February 1, 2015|last=Yamato|first=Jen}}</ref> |- |} ==Television== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" !scope="col"| Title !scope="col"| Year !scope="col"|Role !scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes !scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- !scope=row|''{{sort|Bionic|[[The Bionic Woman#TV movies|Bionic Showdown: The Six Million Dollar Man and the Bionic Woman]]}}'' | 1989 |{{sort|Mason|Kate Mason}} | [[Televeesion film]] |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/person/9472/Sandra-Bullock/biography|title=Sandra Bullock&nbsp;— Biography|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|accessdate=September 7, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''Starting from Scratch'' | 1989 |{{sort|Webster|Barbara Webster}} |Episode:"Confidence Game" |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmreference.com/film/84/Sandra-Bullock.html|title=Sandra Bullock Biography |publisher=Advameg|accessdate=September 14, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''{{sort|Preppie|[[The Preppie Murder]]}}'' |1989 | Stacy | Televeesion film |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/movie/the-preppie-murder-v39053/cast-crew|title=The Preppie Murder (1989)|publisher=AllMovie|accessdate=August 5, 2014|archive-date=2016-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160716124618/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/the-preppie-murder-v39053/cast-crew|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Working Girl (TV series)|Working Girl]]'' |1990 |{{sort|McGill|Tess McGill}} |12 episodes |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/working-girl/cast/205598|title=Working Girl Cast and Details|work=[[TV Guide]]|publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]|accessdate=August 6, 2014|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025108/http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/working-girl/cast/205598|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Lucky/Chances]]'' |1990 |{{sort|Santangelo|Maria Santangelo}} |Miniseries |style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=BioUK>{{cite web|url=http://www.thebiographychannel.co.uk/biographies/sandra-bullock.html|title=Sandra Bullock Biography|publisher=[[Fyi (TV network)|Fyi]]|accessdate=September 14, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[George Lopez (TV series)|George Lopez]]'' |2002−04 |Accident Amy |3 episodes {{small|(actor)}}<br/>Executive producer an aw |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/george-lopez/cast/100172|title=George Lopez Cast and Details|work=TV Guide|publisher=CBS Interactive|accessdate=August 6, 2014|archive-date=2014-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013083155/http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/george-lopez/cast/100172|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Navarro|first=Mireya|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2002/11/27/arts/life-so-sad-he-had-be-funny-george-lopez-mines-rich-vein-gloom-with-all-latino.html|title=A Life So Sad He Had to Be Funny; George Lopez Mines a Rich Vein of Gloom With an All-Latino Sitcom |work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|date=November 27, 2002|accessdate=September 15, 2014}}</ref> |} ===Stage=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" |- ! scope="col" style="width: 15em;" | Production ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" style="width: 15em;" | Theatre ! scope="col" style="width: 10em;" | Role ! scope="col" style="width: 10em;"| Notes !scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}} |- !scope=row|''No Time Flat'' |1988 |WPA Theatre |Carolina |Aprile 19 – Mey 24, 1988 |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lortel.org/lla_archive/index.cfm?search_by=show&id=1956|title=No Time Flat|publisher=[[Lortel Archives]]|accessdate=January 11, 2015|archive-date=2007-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070907204933/http://www.lortel.org/LLA_archive/index.cfm?search_by=show&id=1956|url-status=dead}}</ref> |} ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bullock, Sandra}} [[Category:1964 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:20t-century American actresses]] [[Category:21st-century American actresses]] [[Category:American film actresses]] [[Category:American film producers]] [[Category:American fowk o German strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Inglis strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o French strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:American televeesion actresses]] [[Category:American televeesion producers]] [[Category:American weemen comedians]] [[Category:Best Actress Academy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Best Drama Actress Gowden Globe (film) winners]] [[Category:East Carolina Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre alumni]] [[Category:Ootstaundin Performance bi a Cast in a Motion Pictur Screen Actors Guild Awaird winners]] [[Category:Ootstaundin Performance bi a Female Actor in a Leadin Role Screen Actors Guild Awaird winners]] [[Category:Actresses frae Austin, Texas]] [[Category:Actresses frae New Orleans, Louisiana]] [[Category:Fowk frae Fürth]] [[Category:Fowk frae Virginie]] [[Category:Waldorf schuil alumni]] [[Category:American restaurateurs]] [[Category:Weemen company foonders]] [[Category:American company foonders]] 3b191ouol2ph60elk5vuhboouvoxbv6 927000 926928 2026-11-08T22:06:06Z Monospaced 75295 Award nems as published 927000 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | image = Sandra Bullock, The Heat, London, 2013 (crop).jpg | imagesize = | caption = Bullock at the UK film gala screenin o<br>'' [[The Heat (film)|The Heat]]'' in 2013 | birth_name = Sandra Annette Bullock | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1964|7|26|}} | birth_place = [[Arlington Coonty]], Virginia, U.S. | citizenship = [[Americans|American]]-[[Germans|German]] | years_active = 1987–present | spouse = {{marriage|[[Jesse James (customizer)|Jesse G. James]]|2005|2010}} | children = 2 | parents = John W. Bullock <br /> [[Helga Meyer|Helga Mathilde Meyer]] | occupation = Actress, film producer }} '''Sandra Annette Bullock''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ʊ|l|ə|k}}; born Julie 26, 1964)<ref name="Bio">{{cite web|title=Sandra Bullock- Biography|url=http://movies.yahoo.com/person/sandra-bullock/biography.html|publisher=[[Yahoo! Movies]]|accessdate=June 30, 2013|archive-date=2016-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307090359/https://movies.yahoo.com/person/sandra-bullock/biography.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> is an American-German actress an film producer. She wis the best-peyed actress in the warld in 2010,<ref>{{cite web |last=Erenza |first=Jen |title=Justin Bieber, Miranda Cosgrove, & Lady Gaga Are Welcomed into 2012 Guinness World Records |url=http://ryanseacrest.com/2011/09/14/justin-bieber-miranda-cosgrove-lady-gaga-are-welcomed-into-2012-guinness-world-records/ |website=RyanSeacrest.com |access-date=September 16, 2011 |date=September 14, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925171516/http://ryanseacrest.com/2011/09/14/justin-bieber-miranda-cosgrove-lady-gaga-are-welcomed-into-2012-guinness-world-records/ |archive-date=September 25, 2011}}</ref> an in 2010 ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' named her ane o the 100 maist influential fowk in the warld.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1984685_1984940_1985519,00.html |title=The 2010 TIME 100: Sandra Bullock |date=April 29, 2010 |magazine=TIME |access-date=July 24, 2014 |archive-date=July 27, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727075211/http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1984685_1984940_1985519,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Efter a smaw first role in ''[[Hangmen (film)|Hangmen]]'' (1987), she becam weel kent in the 1990s wi films sic as ''[[Demolition Man (film)|Demolition Man]]'' (1993), ''[[Speed (1994 film)|Speed]]'' (1994), ''[[The Net (1995 film)|The Net]]'' (1995), ''[[While You Were Sleeping (film)|While You Were Sleeping]]'' (1995), ''[[A Time to Kill (film)|A Time to Kill]]'' (1996) an ''[[Hope Floats]]'' (1998). Efter 2000 she starred in ''[[Miss Congeniality (film)|Miss Congeniality]]'' (2000), ''[[Two Weeks Notice]]'' (2002), ''[[The Lake House (film)|The Lake House]]'' (2006), ''[[The Proposal (2009 film)|The Proposal]]'' (2009), ''[[The Heat (film)|The Heat]]'' (2013) an ''[[Gravity (2013 film)|Gravity]]'' (2013). She wan the [[Academy Awards|Academy Award for Best Actress]] for playin Leigh Anne Tuohy in ''[[The Blind Side (film)|The Blind Side]]'' (2009). ==Early life== Bullock wis born in [[Arlington Coonty]], Virginia, on Julie 26, 1964.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.people.com/people/sandra_bullock/ |title=Sandra Bullock: Snapshot |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]] |access-date=February 14, 2016 |archive-date=February 9, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209160943/http://www.people.com/people/sandra_bullock/}}</ref> Her mither, Helga Meyer, wis a German opera sanger an vyce teacher, an her faither, John W. Bullock, wis an American Airmy employee that wis postit tae [[Nuremberg]] whan he met her.<ref name="Sandra">{{cite web |url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/sandra-bullocks-army-veteran-father-dead-at-93 |title=Sandra Bullock's Army veteran father dead at 93 |first=Morgan M. |last=Evans |date=September 20, 2018 |website=[[Fox News]] |access-date=January 12, 2019 |archive-date=January 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112150021/https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/sandra-bullocks-army-veteran-father-dead-at-93 |url-status=live }}</ref> For 12 year Bullock bade in Nuremberg, an in [[Vienna]] an [[Salzburg]] in Austrick, an she grew up spikkin German.<ref name="Welt profile">{{cite news |url=https://www.welt.de/vermischtes/article1952673/SANDRA-BULLOCK.html |title=Sandra Bullock |date=April 30, 2008 |newspaper=[[Die Welt]] |language=de |access-date=December 7, 2016 |archive-date=December 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220115218/https://www.welt.de/vermischtes/article1952673/SANDRA-BULLOCK.html |url-status=live }}{{Circular reference|date=July 2019}}</ref> ==Career== Her brakthrou cam in 1994 wi ''Speed'', whaur she played Annie Porter, a passenger that ends up drivin a bus that a terrorist haes rigged, alangside [[Keanu Reeves]].<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://ew.com/article/1994/07/22/sandra-bullocks-career-hits-high-gear/ |title=Sandra Bullock's Career Hits High Gear |last=Svetkey |first=Benjamin |date=July 22, 1994 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |access-date=October 22, 2019 |archive-date=October 22, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022074916/https://ew.com/article/1994/07/22/sandra-bullocks-career-hits-high-gear/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In ''The Blind Side'' (2009) she played Leigh Anne Tuohy, the adoptive mither o the American fitba player Michael Oher. The role brocht her the Academy Award, the Golden Globe Award, the Screen Actors Guild Award an the Critics' Choice Awaird for Best Actress.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/life-begins-at-45-bullock-wins-best-actress-award-at-golden-globes-1871991.html |title=Life begins at 45: Bullock wins best actress award at Golden Globes |first=Geoffrey |last=Macnab |date=January 19, 2010 |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |location=London |access-date=January 28, 2010 |archive-date=January 22, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100122094250/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/life-begins-at-45-bullock-wins-best-actress-award-at-golden-globes-1871991.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The film taen in ower $309 million, her biggest film in the Unitit States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=blindside.htm |title=The Blind Side (2009) |date=February 21, 2010 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=February 28, 2010 |archive-date=January 1, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101175928/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=blindside.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2013 she played an astronaut stuck in space in ''Gravity'', alangside [[George Clooney]]. ==Personal life== Bullock wis mairit tae the television presenter [[Jesse James (customizer)|Jesse James]] frae 2005 tae 2010. She haes adoptit twa bairns, a son in 2010 an a dochter in 2015.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/people/2015/12/02/sandra-bullock-adopts-daughter-laila/76655260/ |title=Sandra Bullock adopts second child |first=Kelly |last=Lawler |date=December 2, 2015 |work=USA Today |access-date=July 30, 2019 |archive-date=December 15, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215035034/https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/people/2015/12/02/sandra-bullock-adopts-daughter-laila/76655260/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Filmografie== ===Film=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" !scope="col"| Title !scope="col"| Year !scope="col"|Role !scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes !scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}} |- !scope=row|''[[Hangmen (film)|Hangmen]]'' |1987 |{{sort|Edwards|Lisa Edwards}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/21413/Hangmen/cast|title=Hangmen (1987)|work=[[The New York Times]]|publisher=[[Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.]]|accessdate=September 14, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''{{sort|Fool|[[A Fool and His Money (1988 film)|A Fool and His Money]]}}'' |1989 |{{sort|Cosgrove|Debby Cosgrove}} |Forby kent as ''Religion, Inc.''<br/>[[Direct-tae-video]] release |style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=STV/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/movie/a-fool-and-his-money-v132232/cast-crew|title=A Fool and His Money (1989)|publisher=[[AllMovie]]|accessdate=August 6, 2014|archive-date=2016-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160716124607/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/a-fool-and-his-money-v132232/cast-crew|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Who Shot Patakango?]]'' | 1992 |{{sort|Moran|Devlin Moran}} |[[Direct-tae-video]] release |style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=STV/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1992-07-10/entertainment/ca-1586_1_shot-pat|title=Movie Review: 'Pat' Evokes School Days of the '50s|work=Los Angeles Times|publisher=Tribune Publishing|last=Thomas|first=Kevin|date=July 10, 1992|accessdate=September 29, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Who Do I Gotta Kill?]]'' |1992 |Lori |Forby kent as ''Me & The Mob''<br/>[[Direct-tae-video]] release |style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=STV/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/211359/Who-Do-I-Gotta-Kill-/cast|title=Who Do I Gotta Kill? - Acting Credits|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|accessdate=September 7, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Love Potion No. 9 (film)|Love Potion No. 9]]'' | 1992 |{{sort|Farrow|Diane Farrow}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=STV>{{cite news|last=Callahan|first=Maureen|title=How Did She Get Here?|work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]|publisher=New York Media LLC|page=56|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=kOMCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA56|date=July 31, 1995|accessdate=September 29, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/love_potion_9/|title=Love Potion #9 (1992)|publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|accessdate=September 7, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''{{sort|Vanishing|[[The Vanishing (1993 film)|The Vanishing]]}}'' |1993 |{{sort|Shaver|Diane Shaver}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last=Turan|first=Kenneth|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1993-02-05/entertainment/ca-820_1_jeff-bridges|title=Movie Review : 'Vanishing' a Chiller With a Thriller of a Villain|work=Los Angeles Times|publisher=Tribune Publishing|date=February 5, 1993|accessdate=September 7, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[When the Party's Over]]'' | 1993 |Amanda | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/80299/When-the-Party-s-Over/details|title=When the Party's Over (1993)|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|accessdate=September 14, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''{{sort|Thing|[[The Thing Called Love]]}}'' | 1993 |{{sort|Linden|Linda Lue Linden}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/49463/The-Thing-Called-Love/details|title=The Thing Called Love (1993)|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|accessdate=August 31, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Demolition Man (film)|Demolition Man]]'' | 1993 |{{sort|Huxley|Lenina Huxley}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last=Levy|first=Emanuel|url=http://variety.com/1993/film/reviews/demolition-man-1200433744/|title=Review: ‘Demolition Man’|work=Variety|publisher=Penske Media Corporation|date=October 8, 1993|accessdate=September 12, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Fire on the Amazon]]'' | 1993 |{{sort|Rothman|Alyssa Rothman}} |[[Direct-tae-video]] release (filmed in 1990 but anly released in 1993) |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/186757/Fire-on-the-Amazon/overview|title=Fire on the Amazon (1993)|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|accessdate=September 29, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/186757/Fire-on-the-Amazon/cast|title=Fire on the Amazon (1993) - Acting Credits|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|accessdate=September 14, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Krämer |first1=Peter |authorlink1= |last2= |first2= |editor1-first=Andrew |editor1-last=Willis|title=Film Stars: Hollywood and Beyond |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_2ZXBaDJ6DUC&pg=PA108|accessdate=September 29, 2014|date=September 4, 2004|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=9780719056451|page=108|chapter=The rise and fall of Sandra Bullock}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Wrestling Ernest Hemingway]]'' |1993 |Elaine | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|last=Ebert|first=Roger|authorlink=Roger Ebert|url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/wrestling-ernest-hemingway-1994|title=Wrestling Ernest Hemingway|publisher=Roger Ebert|date=January 21, 1994|accessdate=September 7, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Speed (1994 film)|Speed]]'' | 1994 |{{sort|Porter|Annie Porter}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/movie/speed-v131239/cast-crew|title=Speed (1994)|publisher=AllMovie|accessdate=August 6, 2014|archive-date=2013-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523041544/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/speed-v131239/cast-crew|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[While You Were Sleeping (film)|While You Were Sleeping]]'' | 1995 |{{sort|Moderatz|Lucy Eleanor Moderatz}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/while_you_were_sleeping/|title=While You Were Sleeping (1995)|publisher=Rotten Tomatoes|accessdate=September 7, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''{{sort|Net|[[The Net (1995 film)|The Net]]}}'' |1995 |{{sort|Bennett|Angela Bennett}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|last=Ebert|first=Roger|authorlink=Roger Ebert|url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-net-1995|title=The Net|publisher=Roger Ebert|date=July 28, 1995|accessdate=September 7, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Two If by Sea]]'' | 1996 |Roz | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last=Maslin|first=Janet|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9E02E2DB1039F930A25752C0A960958260|title=A Crook, a Cashier and Their Scam|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|date=January 13, 1996|accessdate=September 7, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''{{sort|Time|[[A Time to Kill (film)|A Time to Kill]]}}'' |1996 |{{sort|Roark|Ellen Roark}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|last=Ebert|first=Roger|authorlink=Roger Ebert|url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/a-time-to-kill-1996|title=A Time To Kill|publisher=Roger Ebert|date=July 26, 1996|accessdate=September 14, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[In Love and War (1996 film)|In Love and War]]'' |1996 |{{sort|Kurowsky|Agnes von Kurowsky}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gritten |first1=David |title=Halliwell's Film Guide 2008 |url=https://archive.org/details/halliwellsfilmdv0000unse |edition=23rd |date=October 8, 2007|publisher=HarperCollins Entertainment |isbn=9780007260805 |page=581}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Ebert|first=Roger|authorlink=Roger Ebert|url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/in-love-and-war-1997|title=In Love And War|date=January 24, 1997|publisher=Roger Ebert|accessdate=September 6, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Speed 2: Cruise Control]]'' |1997 |{{sort|Porter|Annie Porter}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last=Jones|first=Alan|url=http://www.radiotimes.com/film/jc5hg/speed-2-cruise-control|title=Speed 2: Cruise Control|work=[[Radio Times]]|publisher=[[Immediate Media Company]]|accessdate=September 12, 2014|archive-date=2014-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014043632/http://www.radiotimes.com/film/jc5hg/speed-2-cruise-control|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Hope Floats]]'' | 1998 |{{sort|Pruitt|Birdee Pruitt}} | Executive producer an aw |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/162470/Hope-Floats/details|title=Hope Floats (1998)|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|accessdate=September 12, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Making Sandwiches]]'' | 1998 |{{sort|Club|Melba Club}} |Short film<br/>Producer, director, an screenwriter an aw |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/266350/Making-Sandwiches/details|title=Making Sandwiches (1998)|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|accessdate=September 7, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Practical Magic]]'' | 1998 |{{sort|Owens|Sally Owens}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last=Levy|first=Emanuel|url=http://variety.com/1998/film/reviews/practical-magic-2-1200455534/|title=Review: ‘Practical Magic’|work=Variety|publisher=Penske Media Corporation|date=October 14, 1998|accessdate=September 12, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''{{sort|Prince|[[The Prince of Egypt]]}}'' |1998 |[[Miriam]] |Vyce anly |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last=Turan|first=Kenneth|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1998/dec/18/entertainment/ca-55112|title='Egypt': The Newest Testament|work=Los Angeles Times|publisher=Tribune Publishing|date=December 18, 1998|accessdate=September 12, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Forces of Nature]]'' |1999 |Sarah | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last=Leydon|first=Joe|url=http://variety.com/1999/film/reviews/forces-of-nature-1200457002/|title=Review: ‘Forces of Nature’|work=Variety|publisher=Penske Media Corporation|date=March 14, 1999|accessdate=September 12, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Gun Shy (film)|Gun Shy]]'' |2000 |{{sort|Tipp|Judy Tipp}} |Producer, an executive album producer an aw |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/181896/Gun-Shy/cast|title=Gun Shy (2000) - Acting Credits|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|accessdate=September 7, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/181896/Gun-Shy/credits|title=Gun Shy (2000)- Production Credits|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|accessdate=September 12, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[28 Days (film)|28 Days]]'' | 2000 |{{sort|Cummings|Gwen Cummings}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|last=Ebert|first=Roger|authorlink=Roger Ebert|url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/28-days-2000|title=28 Days|publisher=Roger Ebert|date=April 14, 2000|accessdate=September 5, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Miss Congeniality (film)|Miss Congeniality]]'' | 2000 |{{sort|Hart|Gracie Hart}} |Producer an aw |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last=Scott|first=A. O.|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9D06E3D91F39F931A15751C1A9669C8B63|title=Operation Ugly Duckling: Fighting Terrorism in Heels|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|date=December 22, 2000|accessdate=August 31, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Kate & Leopold]]'' | 2001 |align="center"|— |Producer anly |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/255995/Kate-Leopold/details|title=Kate & Leopold (2001)|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|accessdate=September 5, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Murder by Numbers]]'' | 2002 |{{sort|Mayweather|Det. Cassie Mayweather}} |Executive producer an aw |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2002/04/18/review-of-murder-by-numbers|title=Review of Murder by Numbers |publisher=[[IGN]]|date=April 18, 2002|accessdate=August 31, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood (film)|Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood]]'' | 2002 |{{sort|Walker|Siddalee Walker}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/260292/Divine-Secrets-of-the-Ya-Ya-Sisterhood/cast|title=Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood (2002) - Acting Credits|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|accessdate=September 5, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row| ''[[Two Weeks Notice]]'' |2002 |{{sort|Kelson|Lucy Kelson}} |Producer an aw |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/271086/Two-Weeks-Notice/details|title=Two Weeks Notice (2002)|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|accessdate=September 5, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Crash (2004 film)|Crash]]'' |2004 |Jean | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/301205/Crash/cast|title=Crash|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|accessdate=August 4, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Loverboy (2005 film)|Loverboy]]'' | 2005 |{{sort|Harker|Mrs. Harker}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/296829/Loverboy/cast|title=Loverboy (2004) - Acting Credits|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|accessdate=August 31, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Miss Congeniality 2: Armed and Fabulous]]'' | 2005 |{{sort|Hart|Gracie Hart}} |Producer an aw |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/304987/Miss-Congeniality-2-Armed-and-Fabulous/details|title=Miss Congeniality 2: Armed and Fabulous (2005)|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|accessdate=September 5, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''{{sort|Lake|[[The Lake House (film)|The Lake House]]}}'' | 2006 |{{sort|Forster|Dr. Kate Forster}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/323690/The-Lake-House/details|title=The Lake House (2006)|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|accessdate=September 12, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Infamous (film)|Infamous]]'' | 2006 |{{sort|Lee|[[Harper Lee]]}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|last=Ebert|first=Roger|authorlink=Roger Ebert|url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/infamous-2006|title=Infamous|publisher=Roger Ebert|date=October 12, 2006|accessdate=September 12, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Premonition (2007 film)|Premonition]]'' | 2007 |{{sort|Hanson|Linda Hanson}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last=Lane|first=Anthony|url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2007/03/26/loves-lost?currentPage=1|title=Loves Lost|work=[[The New Yorker]]|date=March 26, 2007|accessdate=September 12, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''{{sort|Proposal|[[The Proposal (film)|The Proposal]]}}'' | 2009 |{{sort|Tate|Margaret Tate}} |Executive producer an aw |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/445868/The-Proposal/details|title=The Proposal (2009)|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|accessdate=September 12, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[All About Steve]]'' | 2009 |{{sort|Horowitz|Mary Horowitz}} |Producer an aw |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/405564/All-About-Steve/details|title=All About Steve (2009)|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|accessdate=September 12, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''{{sort|Blind|[[The Blind Side (film)|The Blind Side]]}}'' |2009 |{{sort|Tuohy|[[Leigh Anne Tuohy]]}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last=Scott|first=A. O.|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/20/movies/20blindside.html|title=Michael Oher Streamrolls Over Life's Obstacles|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|date=November 9, 2009|accessdate=September 12, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close (film)|Extremely Loud & Incredibly Close]]'' |2011 |{{sort|Schell|Linda Schell}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last=Sharkey|first=Betsy|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2011/dec/23/entertainment/la-et-extremely-loud-20111223|title='Extremely Loud & Incredibly Close' review: Eloquence in loss|work=Los Angeles Times|publisher=Tribune Publishing|date=December 23, 2011|accessdate=September 12, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''{{sort|Heat|[[The Heat (film)|The Heat]]}}'' | 2013 |{{sort|Ashburn|Special Agent Sarah Ashburn}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last=Papamichael|first=Stella|url=http://www.radiotimes.com/film/r7w2y/the-heat|title=The Heat|work=Radio Times|publisher=Immediate Media Company|accessdate=September 12, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Gravity (film)|Gravity]]'' |2013 |{{sort|Stone|Dr. Ryan Stone}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last=Scott|first=A. O.|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/04/movies/gravity-stars-sandra-bullock-and-george-clooney.html|title=‘Gravity’ Stars George Clooney and Sandra Bullock|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|date=October 3, 2013|accessdate=August 4, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[The Prime Ministers: The Pioneers]]'' |2013 |{{sort|Meir|[[Golda Meir]]}} |Documentary<br/>Vyce anly |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last=Leydon|first=Joe|url=http://variety.com/2013/film/reviews/the-prime-ministers-the-pioneers-review-1200799898/|title=Film Review: 'The Prime Ministers: The Pioneers'|work=Variety|publisher=Penske Media Corporation|date=November 5, 2013|accessdate=September 11, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Minions (film)|Minions]]'' | 2015 |{{sort|Overkill|Scarlet Overkill}} |Vyce anly<br/>Post-production |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|last=Fleming Jr.|first=Mike|url=http://www.deadline.com/2013/02/sandra-bullock-to-voice-super-villain-in-minions-spinoff-for-illuminationuniversal/|title=Sandra Bullock To Voice Super-Villain In 'Minions' Spinoff For Illumination/Universal|publisher=[[Deadline.com]]|date=February 11, 2013|accessdate=August 4, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Our Brand Is Crisis (2016 film)|Our Brand Is Crisis]]'' | 2016 |{{sort|Bodine|"Calamity" Jane Bodine}} |Executive producer an aw<br/>Post-production |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kroll|first1=Justin|title=Sandra Bullock and David Gordon Green Team on 'Our Brand is Crisis'|url=http://variety.com/2014/film/news/sandra-bullock-our-brand-is-crisis-david-gordon-green-1201086208/|accessdate=October 7, 2014|work=Variety|publisher=Penske Media Corporation|date=August 21, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://deadline.com/2014/10/participant-boards-david-gordon-greens-our-brand-is-crisis-850431/|title=Participant Boards David Gordon Green's 'Our Brand Is Crisis'|publisher=[[Deadline.com]]|date=October 13, 2014|accessdate=February 1, 2015|last=Yamato|first=Jen}}</ref> |- |} ==Television== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" !scope="col"| Title !scope="col"| Year !scope="col"|Role !scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes !scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- !scope=row|''{{sort|Bionic|[[The Bionic Woman#TV movies|Bionic Showdown: The Six Million Dollar Man and the Bionic Woman]]}}'' | 1989 |{{sort|Mason|Kate Mason}} | [[Televeesion film]] |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/person/9472/Sandra-Bullock/biography|title=Sandra Bullock&nbsp;— Biography|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|accessdate=September 7, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''Starting from Scratch'' | 1989 |{{sort|Webster|Barbara Webster}} |Episode:"Confidence Game" |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmreference.com/film/84/Sandra-Bullock.html|title=Sandra Bullock Biography |publisher=Advameg|accessdate=September 14, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''{{sort|Preppie|[[The Preppie Murder]]}}'' |1989 | Stacy | Televeesion film |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/movie/the-preppie-murder-v39053/cast-crew|title=The Preppie Murder (1989)|publisher=AllMovie|accessdate=August 5, 2014|archive-date=2016-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160716124618/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/the-preppie-murder-v39053/cast-crew|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Working Girl (TV series)|Working Girl]]'' |1990 |{{sort|McGill|Tess McGill}} |12 episodes |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/working-girl/cast/205598|title=Working Girl Cast and Details|work=[[TV Guide]]|publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]|accessdate=August 6, 2014|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025108/http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/working-girl/cast/205598|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Lucky/Chances]]'' |1990 |{{sort|Santangelo|Maria Santangelo}} |Miniseries |style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=BioUK>{{cite web|url=http://www.thebiographychannel.co.uk/biographies/sandra-bullock.html|title=Sandra Bullock Biography|publisher=[[Fyi (TV network)|Fyi]]|accessdate=September 14, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[George Lopez (TV series)|George Lopez]]'' |2002−04 |Accident Amy |3 episodes {{small|(actor)}}<br/>Executive producer an aw |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/george-lopez/cast/100172|title=George Lopez Cast and Details|work=TV Guide|publisher=CBS Interactive|accessdate=August 6, 2014|archive-date=2014-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013083155/http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/george-lopez/cast/100172|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Navarro|first=Mireya|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2002/11/27/arts/life-so-sad-he-had-be-funny-george-lopez-mines-rich-vein-gloom-with-all-latino.html|title=A Life So Sad He Had to Be Funny; George Lopez Mines a Rich Vein of Gloom With an All-Latino Sitcom |work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|date=November 27, 2002|accessdate=September 15, 2014}}</ref> |} ===Stage=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" |- ! scope="col" style="width: 15em;" | Production ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" style="width: 15em;" | Theatre ! scope="col" style="width: 10em;" | Role ! scope="col" style="width: 10em;"| Notes !scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}} |- !scope=row|''No Time Flat'' |1988 |WPA Theatre |Carolina |Aprile 19 – Mey 24, 1988 |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lortel.org/lla_archive/index.cfm?search_by=show&id=1956|title=No Time Flat|publisher=[[Lortel Archives]]|accessdate=January 11, 2015|archive-date=2007-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070907204933/http://www.lortel.org/LLA_archive/index.cfm?search_by=show&id=1956|url-status=dead}}</ref> |} ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bullock, Sandra}} [[Category:1964 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:20t-century American actresses]] [[Category:21st-century American actresses]] [[Category:American film actresses]] [[Category:American film producers]] [[Category:American fowk o German strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Inglis strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o French strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:American televeesion actresses]] [[Category:American televeesion producers]] [[Category:American weemen comedians]] [[Category:Best Actress Academy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Best Drama Actress Gowden Globe (film) winners]] [[Category:East Carolina Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre alumni]] [[Category:Ootstaundin Performance bi a Cast in a Motion Pictur Screen Actors Guild Awaird winners]] [[Category:Ootstaundin Performance bi a Female Actor in a Leadin Role Screen Actors Guild Awaird winners]] [[Category:Actresses frae Austin, Texas]] [[Category:Actresses frae New Orleans, Louisiana]] [[Category:Fowk frae Fürth]] [[Category:Fowk frae Virginie]] [[Category:Waldorf schuil alumni]] [[Category:American restaurateurs]] [[Category:Weemen company foonders]] [[Category:American company foonders]] j6l98dv5d0kkbob26n3e18f282oijww 0 69734 927063 818887 2026-11-08T22:30:41Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; past tense for the endit series, soorced 927063 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | show_name = Hannah Montana | image = | show_name_2 = ''Hannah Montana Forever'' (season 4) | genre = {{Plainlist| * [[Comedy-drama]] * [[sitcom]] * teen sitcom * [[musical comedy]] }} | creator = {{plainlist| * [[Michael Poryes]] * [[Rich Correll]] * Barry O'Brien }} | starring = {{plainlist| * [[Miley Cyrus]] * [[Emily Osment]] * [[Mitchel Musso]] * [[Jason Earles]] * [[Moisés Arias]] * [[Billy Ray Cyrus]] }} | opentheme = "The Best of Both Worlds" bi Miley Cyrus | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | num_seasons = 4 | num_episodes = 98 | list_episodes = Leet o Hannah Montana episodes | executive_producer = {{plainlist| * Steven Peterman * [[Michael Poryes]] }} | camera = {{plainlist| * Videotape (multi-camera) * Filmlook (seasons 1–3) * Filmized (season 4) }} | runtime = 23–24 minutes | company = {{plainlist| * It's a Laugh Productions * Michael Poryes Productions * Disney Channel Original Productions }} | channel = [[Disney Channel]] | picture_format = {{Plainlist| * [[SDTV]] * [[NTSC]] (480i) * [[PAL]] (576i) (seasons 1–3) }} {{flatlist| *[[HDTV]] (720p) (U.S.) *1080i (international) (season 4) }} | first_aired = {{start date|2006|03|24}} | last_aired = {{end date|2011|01|16}} | website = http://disneychannel.disney.com/hannah-montana | website_title = Offeecial wabsteid }} '''''Hannah Montana''''', kent as '''''Hannah Montana Forever''''' for the fowert saison an aw, is an American muisical comedy series creatit bi [[Michael Poryes]], [[Rich Correll]] an Barry O'Brien that wis shawn on the [[Disney Channel]] frae Mairch 2006 tae Januar 2011.<ref name="reuters">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hannahmontana-idUSTRE66434K20100705|title=''Hannah Montana'' starts final season as Miley moves on|last=Kit|first=Zorianna|publisher=[[Reuters]]|date=July 6, 2010|access-date=December 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206103411/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hannahmontana-idUSTRE66434K20100705|archive-date=December 6, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Its main chairacter is [[Miley Stewart]] (played bi [[Miley Cyrus]]), a teenager livin a dooble life as an average schuilgirl bi day an a famous recordin airtist Hannah Montana bi nicht. It follaed the day-tae-day life o Miley, her brither an her friends, an Cyrus's faither, the kintra sangster [[Billy Ray Cyrus]], played her da. == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:2000s American televeesion series]] [[Category:2006 televeesion series debuts]] [[Category:2010s American televeesion series]] [[Category:2011 televeesion series endins]] [[Category:Childer's televeesion series]] [[Category:American televeesion sitcoms]] [[Category:Disney Channel shaws]] [[Category:Inglis-leid televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Family Channel shaws]] [[Category:Teen sitcoms]] {{stub/TV}} 10jv26fitid6xi98oe7qbbzr57owezd 927113 927063 2026-11-08T22:50:00Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927113 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox televeesion | show_name = Hannah Montana | show_name_2 = ''Hannah Montana Forever'' (season 4) | genre = {{Plainlist| * [[Comedy-drama]] * [[sitcom]] * teen sitcom * [[muisical comedy]] }} | creator = {{plainlist| * [[Michael Poryes]] * [[Rich Correll]] * Barry O'Brien }} | starring = {{plainlist| * [[Miley Cyrus]] * [[Emily Osment]] * [[Mitchel Musso]] * [[Jason Earles]] * [[Moisés Arias]] * [[Billy Ray Cyrus]] }} | opentheme = "The Best of Both Worlds" bi Miley Cyrus | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | num_seasons = 4 | num_episodes = 98 | list_episodes = Leet o Hannah Montana episodes | executive_producer = {{plainlist| * Steven Peterman * [[Michael Poryes]] }} | camera = {{plainlist| * Videotape (multi-camera) * Filmlook (seasons 1–3) * Filmized (season 4) }} | runtime = 23–24 meenit | company = {{plainlist| * It's a Laugh Productions * Michael Poryes Productions * Disney Channel Original Productions }} | channel = [[Disney Channel]] | picture_format = {{Plainlist| * [[SDTV]] * [[NTSC]] (480i) * [[PAL]] (576i) (seasons 1–3) }} {{flatlist| *[[HDTV]] (720p) (U.S.) *1080i (international) (season 4) }} | first_aired = {{start date|2006|03|24}} | last_aired = {{end date|2011|01|16}} | website = http://disneychannel.disney.com/hannah-montana | website_title = Offeecial wabsteid }} '''''Hannah Montana''''', kent as '''''Hannah Montana Forever''''' for the fowert saison an aw, is an American muisical comedy series creatit bi [[Michael Poryes]], [[Rich Correll]] an Barry O'Brien that wis shawn on the [[Disney Channel]] frae Mairch 2006 tae Januar 2011.<ref name="reuters">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hannahmontana-idUSTRE66434K20100705|title=''Hannah Montana'' starts final season as Miley moves on|last=Kit|first=Zorianna|publisher=[[Reuters]]|date=July 6, 2010|access-date=December 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206103411/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hannahmontana-idUSTRE66434K20100705|archive-date=December 6, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Its main chairacter is [[Miley Stewart]] (played bi [[Miley Cyrus]]), a teenager livin a dooble life as an average schuilgirl bi day an a famous recordin airtist Hannah Montana bi nicht. It follaed the day-tae-day life o Miley, her brither an her friends, an Cyrus's faither, the kintra sangster [[Billy Ray Cyrus]], played her da. == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:2000s American televeesion series]] [[Category:2006 televeesion series debuts]] [[Category:2010s American televeesion series]] [[Category:2011 televeesion series endins]] [[Category:Childer's televeesion series]] [[Category:American televeesion sitcoms]] [[Category:Disney Channel shaws]] [[Category:Inglis-leid televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Family Channel shaws]] [[Category:Teen sitcoms]] {{stub/TV}} l733cyucx873t1900awq3rmcxcw3n5r 0 69783 926939 916020 2026-11-08T21:17:54Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 926939 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox televeesion | show_name = Liv and Maddie | show_name_2 = Liv and Maddie: Cali Style ''{{small|(series 4)}}'' | image = Liv and Maddie.svg | genre = [[Faimily sitcom|Faimily]]/[[Teen sitcom]] | creator = {{Plainlist| * John D. Beck * Ron Hart }} | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[Dove Cameron]] * [[Joey Bragg]] * [[Tenzing Norgay Trainor]] * [[Kali Rocha]] * [[Benjamin King (actor)|Benjamin King]] * Lauren Lindsey Donzis }} | theme_music_composer = {{Plainlist| * [[Bardur Haberg]] * [[Oli Jogvansson]] * Molly Kaye * Paula Winger }} | opentheme = "Better in Stereo", performed bi Dove Cameron | composer = {{Plainlist| * Eric Goldman * Ken Lofkoll }} | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | num_seasons = 4 | num_episodes = 80 | list_episodes = | executive_producer = {{Plainlist| * John D. Beck * Ron Hart * [[Andy Fickman]] * Betsy Sullenger * John Peaslee }} | producer = Greg A. Hampson | camera = [[Multi-camera]] | runtime = 22–25 meenits | company = {{Plainlist| * Beck & Hart Productions * Oops Doughnuts Productions * [[It's a Laugh Productions]] }} | network = [[Disney Channel]] | picture_format = [[720p]] ([[HDTV]]) | audio_format = [[5.1 surround sound]] | first_aired = {{Start date|2013|7|19}} | last_aired = {{End date|2017|3|24}} }} '''''Liv and Maddie''''', titled '''''Liv and Maddie: Cali Style''''' in its fowert series, is an American [[teen sitcom]] creatit bi John D. Beck an Ron Hart. It wis first shawn on [[Disney Channel]] frae 19 Julie 2013 tae 24 Mairch 2017. [[Dove Cameron]] plays baith o the [[identical twin]] sisters, that hae awthegither different personalities but are best freends. Liv is an actress that haes come hame efter fower year in Hollywood starrin in a popular telly series cried ''Sing It Loud!'', an Maddie is a [[basketbaw]] prodigy. The series is aboot Liv gettin uised tae ordinar faimily life again efter ''Sing It Loud!'' ends, an aboot the twa sisters bidin best freends tho thay are sae different. [[Joey Bragg]], [[Tenzing Norgay Trainor]], [[Kali Rocha]] an [[Benjamin King (actor)|Benjamin King]] an aw star in the series, as Joey, Parker, Karen an Pete Rooney. Joey an Parker are Liv an Maddie's younger brithers while Karen an Pete are thair mither an faither. In the shaw's last series, Lauren Lindsey Donzis jyned the cast as Liv an Maddie's younger cousin Ruby, that becomes thair "sorta-sister". Her chairacter replaced Pete, that wis absent frae the entire fowert series. == Plot == Efter finishin a fower-year stint in Hollywood filmin a popular telly series cried ''Sing It Loud!'', actress Liv Rooney returns tae her birthplace o [[Stevens Point, Wisconsin]] tae the open arms o her faimily, despite bein offered mair roles in ither series an films. Liv decidit tae come hame acause she missed her faimily an wanted tae see them again. She is happily reunited wi her identical twin sister Maddie, that is her best freend. Liv is a [[girly girl]] that likes it whenever a body mentions her umwhile career, while Maddie is a [[tomboy]] wi a facility for basketbaw that is the captain o her schuil's basketbaw team. The twins hae twa younger brithers: Joey, a typical awkward teenager that is ane year younger than the twins, an Parker, a clever tween wi a mischievous personality an the youngest bairn o the Rooney faimily. Thair faither Pete is the coach for Maddie's basketbaw team that eventually achieves his dream o becomin the coach o a college team in [[Beloit, Wisconsin]], while thair mither Karen is the schuil psychologist an later vice principal startin in the seicont series. In the first three series, maist events tak place at aither Ridgewood High, the heich schuil that Liv, Maddie an Joey gang tae, an later Parker an aw, as he is a [[child prodigy]]; or the Rooney residence. At the end o the third series, the Rooney hoose faws doun acause o tunnels that Parker haes dug, an Maddie is acceptit intae a college in [[Los Angeles, Californie]]. This prompts the rest o the Rooneys, except Pete that remains in Wisconsin tae continue his coachin job, tae muive tae [[Malibu, Californie]], tae bide wi Karen's younger sister Dena an her dochter Ruby. This is whaur the fowert series taks place. In the final episode o the series, aw the Rooneys pairt weys. Liv is invited tae perform in a muisical cried ''Double Duchess'' on [[Broadway]], Maddie is gien a grant tae big tiny hooses for the homeless in [[New Orleans]], Joey is invited tae gang on a comedy tour wi [[Jim Breuer]], an Parker is invited tae gang wi his freend Val tae a [[biodome]] in the [[salt pan (geology)|salt flats]] o [[Salar de Uyuni]], [[Bolivia]] tae study life on [[Maurs|Mars]]. An important feature o the series is the [[documentary]]-style cutaways, whaur the main an supportin chairacters [[meta-reference|speak tae the viewers]] tae explain things an gie thair opinions on what is happenin in ilka episode. In the final episode, it is revealed that the cutaways are pairt o a reality series that airs in Luxembourg cried ''Bits and Pieces'', a reference tae ''Liv and Maddie''{{'}}s workin title. == Cast an chairacters == === Main chairacters === [[File:Dove Cameron 2019 by Glenn Francis.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Dove Cameron]] plays baith Liv an Maddie.]] * [[Dove Cameron]] as Liv an Maddie Rooney * [[Joey Bragg]] as Joey Rooney * [[Tenzing Norgay Trainor]] as Parker Rooney * [[Kali Rocha]] as Karen Rooney * [[Benjamin King (actor)|Benjamin King]] as Pete Rooney (series 1–3) * Lauren Lindsey Donzis as Ruby (series 4) === Recurring chairacters === * [[Ryan McCartan]] as Diggie * Jessica Marie Garcia as Willow * Jimmy Bellinger as Artie * Kurt Lang as Johnny Nimbus * [[Victoria Moroles]] as Andie * Carter Hastings as Evan * [[Jordan Fisher]] as Holden * Bridget Shergalis as Stains == Production == === Development === In the spring o 2012, Oops Doughnuts Productions haed offered a script for a project cried ''Bits and Pieces'' aboot a blended faimily, lik the series ''[[The Brady Bunch]]'' an ''[[Step by Step (TV series)|Step by Step]]''.<ref name="filmtelevisionauditions">{{cite web|title=Disney Channel casting starring roles for new comedy series ‘Bits & Pieces’|url=https://www.filmtelevisionauditions.com/disney-channel-casting-starring-roles-for-new-comedy-series-bits-pieces|author=Alan Baltes|work=Film Television Auditions|date=22 April 2012|access-date=16 October 2013|archive-date=2018-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902151656/https://www.filmtelevisionauditions.com/disney-channel-casting-starring-roles-for-new-comedy-series-bits-pieces/|url-status=dead}}</ref> It follit Jodie Sullenger (Kali Rocha), mither o Alanna (Dove Cameron) an Sticky (Joey Bragg), that mairit Pete Fickman (Benjamin King), faither o Crystal ([[Cozi Zuehlsdorff]]) an Brody (Tenzing Norgay Trainor), wi aw sax adjustin tae life unner the same ruif. Eventually, Disney chose tae chynge the concept o ''Bits and Pieces'' intae ane aboot a pair o twins.<ref name="Post-Gazette">{{cite web|url=https://www.post-gazette.com/ae/tv-radio/2013/09/15/Steelers-fanatic-behind-Disney-s-new-show-Liv-and-Maddie/stories/201309150178|title=Steelers fanatic behind Disney's new series 'Liv and Maddie'|work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|author=Monica Disare|date=15 September 2013|access-date=16 October 2013}}</ref> Nou titled ''Liv and Maddie'', the series began production in Apryle 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/03/08/newcomer-dove-cameron-lands-dual-roles-in-upcoming-disney-channel-sitcom-liv-and-maddie/172625/|title=Newcomer Dove Cameron Lands Dual Roles in Upcoming Disney Channel Sitcom Liv and Maddie|work=Zap2it|date=8 March 2013|access-date=16 October 2013|archive-date=13 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313124610/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/03/08/newcomer-dove-cameron-lands-dual-roles-in-upcoming-disney-channel-sitcom-liv-and-maddie/172625/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The series wis produced jyntly bi Beck & Hart Productions, Oops Doughnuts Productions, an [[It's a Laugh Productions]]. The series' creators, John D. Beck an Ron Hart, are a production an writin team whase credits include ''[[According to Jim]]'', ''[[Hey Arnold!]]'', an ''[[Shake It Up (American TV series)|Shake It Up!]]''. Thay war executive producers alang wi [[Andy Fickman]], the anerly director that wirkit on aw fower series. He directit 20 o the 21 episodes o the first series, as weel as fower o the seicont series, twa o the third series, an fower o the fowert series. On Januar 13, 2014, Disney Channel renewed ''Liv and Maddie'' for a seicont series o 13 episodes, tae stairt in the hairst o 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/disney-channels-liv-maddie-renewed-669999|title=Disney Channel Renews Liv and Maddie|work=Hollywood Reporter|author=Philiana Ng|date=13 January 2014|access-date=13 January 2014}}</ref> The seicont series wis later expanded tae 24 episodes.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=510573693148205056|title=Why haven't we got 21 episodes for season 2:(" we have 24.|user=JohnDBeckTV|author=John D. Beck|date=12 September 2014|access-date=13 September 2014}}</ref> The first series ended on Julie 27, 2014, an the seicont series premiered on September 21, 2014. On Apryle 3, 2015, the series wis renewed for a third series bi Disney Channel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2015/tv/news/liv-and-maddie-season-3-renewal-dove-cameron-disney-channel-1201465691|title=Liv and Maddie Renewed for Third Season on Disney Channel|work=Variety|author=Elizabeth Wagmeister|date=3 April 2015|access-date=3 April 2015}}</ref> The seicont series ended on August 23, 2015, an the third series premiered on September 13, 2015. On Dizember 21, 2015, Dove Cameron stated that Disney Channel wis pickin up ''Liv and Maddie'' for a fowert series.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=679100414831169536|title=Friends. Guess what?! Disney Channel is picking up #LivandMaddie season 4|user=DoveCameron|author=Dove Cameron|date=21 December 2015|access-date=16 October 2016}}</ref> On Juin 19, 2016, series co-creator Ron Hart annoonced on Twitter that the fowert series wad premiere in faw 2016.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=744697675073761281|title=Thank you for your amazing support this season. We hope to see you all back this fall for #LivAndMaddie #Season4|user=Scatter|author=Ron Hart|date=19 June 2016|access-date=19 June 2016}}</ref> On Julie 1, 2016, Dove Cameron stated that thay haed filmed the series' final episode.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.m-magazine.com/posts/dove-cameron-officially-says-goodbye-to-liv-maddie-106909/photos/liv-and-maddie-series-finale-169543|title=Dove Cameron Officially Says Goodbye to Liv and Maddie|work=M-Magazine|author=Jennifer Maldonado|date=1 July 2016|access-date=3 July 2016|archive-date=4 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704102813/http://www.m-magazine.com/posts/dove-cameron-officially-says-goodbye-to-liv-maddie-106909/photos/liv-and-maddie-series-finale-169543|url-status=dead}}</ref> On August 19, 2016, the series' creators, John D. Beck an Ron Hart, annoonced that the final series wad be cried ''Liv and Maddie: Cali Style''. Thay stated that the fowert an final series wad premiere on September 23, 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ew.com/article/2016/08/19/liv-maddie-title-season-four|title=Liv and Maddie Gets New Title for Final Season|work=Entertainment Weekly|author=Marc Snetiker|date=19 August 2016|access-date=19 August 2016|archive-date=2018-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922063734/https://ew.com/article/2016/08/19/liv-maddie-title-season-four/|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Castin === Castin teuk place durin the spring o 2012;<ref name="filmtelevisionauditions" /> houiver, anly a pilot episode wis produced. Insteid o hirin a new cast, production chose tae keep thae whom thay haed already hired an film a completely new pilot. The story nou focused on Dove Cameron playin dual roles wi the same parents an brithers. Lead billin for Cozi Zuehlsdorff wis later dropped tae guest starn. The faimily nem o "Rooney" wis picked acause o Sullenger's enjoyment o the [[Pittsburgh Steelers]], a team ained bi the [[Rooney faimily]].<ref name="Post-Gazette" /> === Muisic === A full version o the ''Liv and Maddie'' theme sang, "Better in Stereo", wis recorded bi Dove Cameron an released as a promotional single bi [[Walt Disney Records]] on October 15, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/better-in-stereo-from-liv/id719824746|title=Better in Stereo|work=iTunes|date=15 October 2013|access-date=23 October 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028103720/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/better-in-stereo-from-liv/id719824746|archive-date=28 October 2014}}</ref> A muisic video wis filmed an aired on Disney Channel the nicht o October 29, 2013.{{citation needed|date=October 2016}} The sang wis featured twice in the shaw, first in the series three finale, "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep65|Californi-A-Rooney]]", an then an acoustic version sung bi Dove Cameron durin the series fower an series finale, "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep80|End-A-Rooney]]". In the pilot, "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep1|Twin-A-Rooney]]", Liv shows Maddie a clip frae the ''Sing It Loud!'' finale in which Liv's chairacter, Stephanie Einstein, sings a civer o [[On Top of the World (Imagine Dragons sang)|On Top of the World]] bi [[Imagine Dragons]]. A full version o the sang wis recorded bi Cameron an wis released as a promotional single bi Walt Disney Records on August 27, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/on-top-world-from-liv-maddie/id687879375|title=On Top of the World|work=iTunes|date=27 August 2013|access-date=19 October 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106091017/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/on-top-world-from-liv-maddie/id687879375|archive-date=6 November 2013}}</ref> In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep10|Fa-La-La-A-Rooney]]", Liv performs the classic "[[Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!]]" durin the Steven's Point Holiday Spectacular. A full version o the sang wis recorded bi Cameron an is included on [[Holidays Unwrapped]], a holiday album released bi Walt Disney Records on October 15, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.target.com/p/disney-holidays-unwrapped-only-at-target/-/A-14893057|title=Disney Holidays Unwrapped|work=Target|access-date=4 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211175340/http://www.target.com/p/disney-holidays-unwrapped-only-at-target/-/A-14893057#|archive-date=11 December 2013|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep20|Song-A-Rooney]]", Liv performs "FroyoYOLO". It gaes viral, but Liv hates it. In the same episode, Liv performs "Count Me In". A full version o "Count Me In" wis recorded bi Cameron an wis released as a promotional single bi Walt Disney Records on Juin 3, 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/count-me-in-from-liv-maddie/id880743711|title=Count Me In|work=iTunes|date=3 June 2014|access-date=13 July 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019215128/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/count-me-in-from-liv-maddie/id880743711|archive-date=19 October 2014}}</ref> In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep28|New Year's Eve-A-Rooney]]", Liv performs "You, Me and the Beat". A full version o the sang wis recorded bi Cameron an wis released as a promotional single bi Walt Disney Records on Dizember 2, 2014. In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep31|Rate-A-Rooney]]", Liv uploads "What a Girl Is". Twa versions war creatit: the first bein the ane shawn on the show an the ither, includin [[Christina Grimmie]] an Baby Kaely, wis eventually recorded. Baith versions are included in the ''Liv and Maddie'' soundtrack. The seicont version wis released on iTunes on Mairch 5, 2015, while the original version wis released on Mairch 17, 2015, whan the ''Liv and Maddie'' soundtrack wis released. The soundtrack includes "Better in Stereo", "On Top of the World", "FroyoYOLO", "Count Me In", "You, Me and the Beat", an baith versions o "What a Girl Is". The soundtrack includes "Say Hey", "As Long As I Have You", an "True Love" as weel, o that the last ane wad be morphed intae twa versions: Ballad, that wad be sung bi Jordan Fisher, an a piano duet featurin Jordan Fisher an Dove Cameron. Wi the annooncement o the soundtrack on Mairch 5, 2015, the singles for thae sangs, minus FroyoYOLO, war discontinued an are no langer available. In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep38|Prom-A-Rooney]]", Liv performs "True Love" at the schuil prom. Lik she did wi the ither sangs, Dove Cameron recorded a full version o the sang, an it wis released as pairt o the ''Liv and Maddie'' soundtrack on Mairch 17, 2015. In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep40|Band-A-Rooney]]", Liv's baund, "The Dream", performs "Say Hey" at the Battle of the Bands. A full version wis recorded bi Dove Cameron, wi the baund member's actor daein the chorus. The sang wis released as pairt o the ''Liv and Maddie'' soundtrack on Mairch 17, 2015. In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep41|Video-A-Rooney]]", Liv's baund performs "As Long As I Have You". Dove Cameron recorded a full version, which wis released as pairt o the ''Liv and Maddie'' soundtrack on Mairch 17, 2015. The sang wis the final sang frae the soundtrack that wis played in the series. In "[[Leet of Liv and Maddie episodes#ep44|SPARF-A-Rooney]]", Andy Grammer performs "Honey, I'm Good". This is ane o the few sangs in ''Liv and Maddie'' nae tae be pairt o the soundtrack. In "[[Leet of Liv and Maddie episodes#ep69|Sing It Louder!!-A-Rooney]]", Liv an Ruby perform "One Second Chance" on the set of "Sing It Louder!!" The sang wis recorded bi Dove Cameron an Lauren Lindsey Donzis an wis released as a promotional single bi Walt Disney Records on November 4, 2016. In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep74|Falcon-A-Rooney]]", "The Power of Two" is performed again bi Liv an Ruby for "Sing It Louder!!". Lik the previous sang in series fower, Cameron an Donzis recorded a full version of the sang, released on Januar 20, 2017. In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep78|Sing It Live!!-A-Rooney]], Liv sings "My Destiny" for the special episode o "Sing It Louder!!" (an in the process strains her vocal cords tae the pynt o emergency surgery). Again, a full version o the sang wis recorded bi Dove Cameron, an released as a promotional single on Mairch 3, 2017. ==== Sangs ==== {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ Leet o sangs in ''Liv and Maddie'' |- ! scope="col" | Title ! scope="col" | Performed bi ! scope="col" | First episode |- | "Better in Stereo" | Dove Cameron | "Twin-A-Rooney" |- | "On Top of the World" | Dove Cameron | "Twin-A-Rooney" |- | "[[Up on the House Top|Up on the Housetop]]" | Dove Cameron an [[Ella Anderson]] | "Fa-La-La-A-Rooney" |- | "Let It Snow, Let It Snow, Let It Snow" | Dove Cameron | "Fa-La-La-A-Rooney" |- | "FroyoYOLO" | Dove Cameron | "Song-A-Rooney" |- | "Count Me In" | Dove Cameron | "Song-A-Rooney" |- | "You, Me and the Beat" | Dove Cameron | "New Year's Eve-A-Rooney" |- | "What a Girl Is" | Dove Cameron | "Rate-A-Rooney" |- | "True Love" | Dove Cameron | "Prom-A-Rooney" |- | "Say Hey" | Dove Cameron | "Band-A-Rooney" |- | "As Long As I Have You" | Dove Cameron | "Video-A-Rooney" |- | "Honey, I'm Good" | [[Andy Grammer]] | "SPARF-A-Rooney" |- | "Key of Life" | Dove Cameron | "Dream-A-Rooney" |- | "One Second Chance" | Dove Cameron an Lauren Lindsey Donzis | "Sing It Louder!!-A-Rooney" |- | "Power of Two" | Dove Cameron an Lauren Lindsey Donzis | "Falcon-A-Rooney" |- | "My Destiny" | Dove Cameron | "Sing It Live!!!-A-Rooney" |} == Broadcast == ''Liv and Maddie'' wis shawn on [[Disney Channel]] in the Unitit States an [[Family Channel (Canadian TV network)|Family Channel]] in Canada. The pilot episode aired as a preview on Julie 19, 2013, efter the premiere o the [[Disney Channel Original Movie]] ''[[Teen Beach Movie]]''. The first promo for the series wis seen on Juin 28, 2013, efter the premiere o ''[[Mickey Mouse (TV series)|Disney's Mickey Mouse Shorts]]''. The series officially premiered in the Unitit States on September 15, 2013, an in Canada on September 20, 2013.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} The series stopped airin in Canada on Family Channel on September 1, 2015, an stairtit airin on [[Disney Channel (Canada)|Disney Channel]] on September 5, 2015.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} [[Disney La Chaîne|La Chaîne Disney]] in French Canada premiered the episode "Home Run-A-Rooney" on Mairch 24, 2016, 17 days afore the American an Canadian airin on Apryle 10, 2016.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} In the [[Disney Channel (UK an Ireland)|UK an Ireland]], the series aired as a preview on October 7, 2013, an later premiered on November 8, 2013.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} In [[Disney Channel (Australia an New Zealand)|Australia an New Zealand]], the series premiered on October 11, 2013.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} The seicont series premiered on Januar 8, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://community.foxtel.com.au/t5/Foxtel-Blog/JANUARY-200-new-and-returning-Foxtel-shows/ba-p/39777|title=200+ New and Returning Foxtel Shows|work=Foxtel|author=D Higgins|date=5 January 2015|access-date=1 February 2015}}</ref> The third series premiered on Dizember 2, 2015.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} The series premiered in [[Disney Channel (Asia)|Southeast Asia]] on Januar 10, 2014.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} In the Balkans, Greece, the Middle East, an Africae, the series premiered on Mairch 8, 2014.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} The seicont series premiered on Februar 7, 2015.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} In [[Indie]], the series premiered on October 30, 2017 on [[Disney International HD]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PYw6aB-z314|title=Liv and Maddie on Disney International HD - Launching Oct 29|work=YouTube}}</ref> == Reception == === Critical reception === Emily Ashby o [[Common Sense Media]] gae the series' quality a rating o three oot of five stars, describin it as a "jovial family sitcom" an applicable for ages seiven an abuin. Ashby credited the series' "comical spin" on common faimily issues, lik [[sibling rivalry]], statin that "As is true of most tween-targeted comedies, the series glosses over a lot, especially when it comes to teen issues, but that's what makes it a worry-free pick for kids."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.commonsensemedia.org/tv-reviews/liv-and-maddie|title=Liv and Maddie TV Review|work=Common Sense Media|author=Emily Ashby|access-date=10 August 2016}}</ref> Neil Genzlinger o ''[[The New York Times]]'' compared the series tae ''[[The Patty Duke Show]]'' while describin it as "a gentle, moderately amusing comedy" an praisin Dove Cameron's portrayal of the doun-tae-earth Maddie an diva Liv, statin that "the premise gives the writers plenty of opportunities."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/14/arts/television/liv-and-maddie-offers-shades-of-the-patty-duke-show.html|title=Liv and Maddie Offers Shades of The Patty Duke Show|work=The New York Times|author=Neil Genzlinger|date=13 September 2013|access-date=10 August 2016}}</ref> === Awards an nominations === {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year ! Award ! Category ! Result ! {{abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- | rowspan="2" | 2014 | [[Kids' Choice Awards Mexico]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{nominated}} | |- | [[Kids' Choice Awards Mexico]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{nominated}} | |- | 2015 | [[Kids' Choice Awards Colombia]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{nominated}} | |- | rowspan="4" | 2016 | [[2016 Teen Choice Awards|Teen Choice Awards]] | [[Teen Choice Award for Choice Comedy Series|Choice TV Show: Comedy]] | {{nominated}} | style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eonline.com/ca/news/767643/teen-choice-awards-2016-nominations-announced-see-the-first-wave-of-potential-winners|title=Teen Choice Awards 2016 Nominations Announced|work=E! Online|author=Mike Vulpo|date=24 May 2016|access-date=17 June 2016}}</ref> |- | [[Kids' Choice Awards Mexico]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{nominated}} | style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://kidschoiceawardsmexico.mundonick.com/votar#cat=programa_internacional_mx|title=Kids Choice Awards Mexico 2016|work=Mundo Nick|language=Spanish|access-date=21 August 2016|archive-date=18 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718221119/http://kidschoiceawardsmexico.mundonick.com/votar#cat=programa_internacional_mx|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | [[Kids' Choice Awards Colombia]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{won}} | style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://kidschoiceawardscolombia.mundonick.com/votar#cat=programa_o_serie_internaciona_co|title=Kids Choice Awards Colombia 2016|work=Mundo Nick|language=Spanish|access-date=10 September 2016|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170816154947/http://kidschoiceawardscolombia.mundonick.com/votar%23cat=mejor_fandom#cat=programa_o_serie_internaciona_co#cat=programa_o_serie_internaciona_co|archive-date=16 August 2017|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- | [[Nickelodeon Argentina Kids' Choice Awards|Kids' Choice Awards Argentina]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{won}} | style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://television.com.ar/los-pre-nominados-a-los-kids-choice-awards-argentina-2016/24071|title=Los Pre-Nominados a los Kids’ Choice Awards Argentina 2016|website=television.com.ar|language=Spanish|date=August 10, 2016|access-date=28 September 2016|archive-date=21 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021132955/http://television.com.ar/los-pre-nominados-a-los-kids-choice-awards-argentina-2016/24071|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" | 2017 | [[Kids' Choice Awards Mexico]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{won}} | |- | [[Kids' Choice Awards Colombia]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{won}} | |- | [[Kids' Choice Awards Argentina]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{won}} | |} == Merchandise == ''Liv and Maddie'' merchandise haes taen in a 2015 wall calendar frae [[ACCO Brands]], unner the Day Dream brand, an a Disney D'Signed claes line sauld bi [[Target Corporation|Target]] an [[Kohl's]]. Wooky Entertainment ains Style Me Up, a creative fashion brand for tween girls, featurin ''Liv and Maddie: Dreams Come True'' an ''Liv and Maddie: A Rising Star'' sketchbooks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/style-me-up-channel-sketchbook/dp/b00pb1j30q|title=Style Me Up Disney Channel Liv and Maddie Dreams Come True Small Sketchbook|publisher=[[Amazon.com]]|access-date=12 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Liv-Maddie-Dreams-Come-Sketchbook/dp/B00PB1EDWE|title=Liv & Maddie - A Rising Star Sketchbook|publisher=[[Amazon.com]]|access-date=12 August 2018}}</ref> The shoe shop [[Payless ShoeSource]] haes sauld ''Liv and Maddie'' shoes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.payless.com/liv-and-maddie/|title=Liv and Maddie Character Shoes and Accessories|work=Payless|access-date=January 20, 2015|archive-date=13 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513183642/http://www.payless.com/liv-and-maddie/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A novelization o the series, titled ''Liv and Maddie: Sisters Forever'', wis published bi Disney Press on Januar 6, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Liv-Maddie-Sisters-Forever-Junior/dp/1484710797/|title=Liv and Maddie: Sisters Forever (Liv and Maddie Junior Novel)|publisher=[[Amazon.com]]|access-date=13 December 2017}}</ref> The [[young adult feection|junior novel]] is based on the episodes "Twin-A-Rooney" an "Team-A-Rooney", an it gangs back an forrit atween the [[narration|pynts o view]] o Liv, Maddie, Joey an Parker. It haes aicht pages o photos frae the series, an wis adapted bi Lexi Ryals. Anither novelization o the series, titled ''Liv and Maddie: Double Trouble'', wis published bi Disney Press on August 4, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Maddie-Double-Trouble-Junior-Novel/dp/1484716949|title=Liv and Maddie Double Trouble (Liv and Maddie Junior Novel)|publisher=[[Amazon.com]]|access-date=12 August 2018}}</ref> It is based on the episodes "Sweet-16-A-Rooney" an "Dodge-A-Rooney". Lik the first novel, ''Double Trouble'' haes aicht pages o photos frae the series, wis adapted bi Lexi Ryals, an gangs back an forrit atween the pynts o view o Liv, Maddie, Joey an Parker. == References == {{Reflist}} == Freemit airtins == * {{IMDb title}} [[Category:2010s American comedy televeesion series]] [[Category:American muisical televeesion series]] [[Category:Inglis-leid televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Televeesion series aboot freendship]] 9cw069xbzn2p7z0du1lsi19s475mi6j 0 69999 926848 876928 2026-11-08T18:53:27Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 926848 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox UK place| |country = Scotland |official_name= Dalmeny |gaelic_name= Dail Mheinidh, Dail M'Eithne |scots_name= |population= 9,867 |population_ref= ''(2001)'' |os_grid_reference= NT1477 |coordinates = {{coord|55.983|-3.370|display=inline,title}} |civil_parish= Dalmeny |unitary_scotland= [[Ceety o Edinburgh]] |lieutenancy_scotland= [[Wast Lothian]] |constituency_westminster= [[Edinburgh Wast (UK Pairliament constituency)|Edinburgh Wast]] |constituency_scottish_parliament= [[Edinburgh Wastren (Scots Pairliament constituency)|Edinburgh Wastren]] |post_town= EDINBURGH |postcode_district = EH30 |postcode_area= EH |dial_code= 0131 |static_image_name=Dalmeny Kirk.jpg |static_image_caption=<small>Dalmeny Kirk, ane o the finest [[Norman airchitectur|Norman]] kirks in Scotland</small> }} '''Dalmeny''' ({{lang-gd|Dail Mheinidh}}) is a kintra village an ceevil pairish in [[Scotland]]. It sits on the sooth side o the [[Firth o Forth]], {{convert|1|mi}} east-sootheast o Sooth Queensferry an {{convert|8.3|mi}} wast-northwast o central [[Edinburgh]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dalmeny from The Gazetteer for Scotland|url=https://www.scottish-places.info/towns/townfirst290.html|access-date=2023-01-23|website=www.scottish-places.info|language=en-gb}}</ref> It is pairt o the traditional region o Lowden, an faws unner the Ceety o Edinburgh Cooncil.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Irvine|first=Ross|title=Dalmeny conservation area|url=https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/directory-record/1099416/dalmeny-conservation-area|access-date=2023-01-23|website=The City of Edinburgh Council|language=en}}</ref> [[Category:Auries o Edinburgh]] [[Category:Veelages in Edinburgh cooncil aurie]] [[Category:Places o Scotland]] ==References== <references /> {{Stub/Places o Scotland}} rmjgzya5m22cpbgyvq3d5n1t7damfy2 0 71769 927029 879175 2026-11-08T22:20:23Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; soorce addit 927029 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name=Tigrinya |nativename={{script|Ethi|ትግርኛ}} ''tigriññā'' |pronunciation={{IPA|/tɨɡrɨɲa/}} |states=[[Eritrea]], [[Ethiopie]] |region=[[Tigray Region|Tigray]] |speakers=4.2 million in Ethiopie |date=2007 census |ref=<ref name=2007Census>{{cite web|title=Country Level|url=http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=264&format=raw&Itemid=521|work=2007 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia|publisher=CSA|date=13 July 2010|accessdate=18 January 2013|archive-date=2012-11-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113215945/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=264&format=raw&Itemid=521|url-status=dead}}</ref> |speakers2=2.5 million in Eritrea (2006){{Fact|date=December 2013}} |familycolor=Afroasiatic |fam2=[[Semitic leids|Semitic]] |fam3=[[Sooth Semitic leids|Sooth Semitic]] |fam4=Ethiopic |fam5=North Ethiopic |script=Tigrinya alphabet ([[Ge'ez script]]) |nation={{flagcountry|Eritrea}} |minority={{flagcountry|Ethiopia}} ([[Tigray Region]]) |iso1=ti |iso2=tir |iso3=tir |notice=IPA }} '''Tigrinya''' {{IPAc-en|t|ɪ|ˈ|ɡ|r|iː|n|j|ə}}<ref>Laurie Bauer, 2007, ''The Linguistics Student’s Handbook'', Edinburgh</ref> ({{script|Ethi|ትግርኛ}}, ''tigriñā'') is an Ethio-Semitic leid o the [[Semitic leids|Semitic]] branch o the [[Afro-Asiatic leids|Afro-Asiatic]] faimily, spak in [[Eritrea]] an [[Ethiopie]]. It is spak maistly bi the Tigrinya fowk o Eritrea an the Tigrayan fowk o the [[Tigray Region]] o Ethiopie,<ref name="Tigrinya language">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tigrinya-language |title=Tigrinya language |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica |date=2024-03-06}}</ref> an bi the diaspora frae thir airts aroond the warld. In Ethiopie, 4.2 million fowk spak it at the 2007 census.<ref name=2007Census /> ==References== {{reflist}} {{stub/Leid}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tigrinya Leid}} [[Category:Afro-Asiatic leids]] [[Category:Leids o Africae]] [[Category:Subject–object–verb leids]] pu3e50spk7jx7fsr6byuly0f9vci6lj 0 72954 927289 856935 2026-11-09T11:34:00Z Monospaced 75295 Remove Fix Scots an oot o date; lead updatit (Spain tap in 2026, Elo seestem), table updatit tae October 2026, soorced 927289 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%; float: right; margin-left: 1em" |- |colspan="4"|[[File:FIFA World Rankings logo.svg|center|220px]] |- |colspan="4" style="text-align:center"|'''Tap 20 as o 7 October 2026'''<ref name="FIFA2026">{{cite web |url=https://inside.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/men?dateId=FRS_Male_Football_20260611 |title=The FIFA/Coca-Cola Men's World Ranking |publisher=FIFA |access-date=9 November 2026}}</ref> |- !Rank!!Chynge!!Team!!Pynts |- |align=center| 1 | style="text-align:center;"| {{steady}} ||{{fb|ESP}} || style="text-align:center"|2011.57 |- |align=center| 2 | style="text-align:center;"| {{steady}} ||{{fb|ARG}} || style="text-align:center"|1972.80 |- |align=center| 3 | style="text-align:center;"| {{steady}} ||{{fb|FRA}} || style="text-align:center"|1958.86 |- |align=center| 4 | style="text-align:center;"| {{steady}} ||{{fb|ENG}} || style="text-align:center"|1925.59 |- |align=center| 5 | style="text-align:center;"| {{up}} 2 ||{{fb|POR}} || style="text-align:center"|1807.69 |- |align=center| 6 | style="text-align:center;"| {{down}} 1 ||{{fb|BRA}} || style="text-align:center"|1806.51 |- |align=center| 7 | style="text-align:center;"| {{down}} 1 ||{{fb|MAR}} || style="text-align:center"|1805.34 |- |align=center| 8 | style="text-align:center;"| {{steady}} ||{{fb|BEL}} || style="text-align:center"|1779.17 |- |align=center| 9 | style="text-align:center;"| {{steady}} ||{{fb|NED}} || style="text-align:center"|1778.61 |- |align=center| 10 | style="text-align:center;"| {{steady}} ||{{fb|MEX}} || style="text-align:center"|1738.48 |- |align=center| 11 | style="text-align:center;"| {{steady}} ||{{fb|COL}} || style="text-align:center"|1735.80 |- |align=center| 12 | style="text-align:center;"| {{up}} 2 ||{{fb|SUI}} || style="text-align:center"|1725.39 |- |align=center| 13 | style="text-align:center;"| {{down}} 1 ||{{fb|GER}} || style="text-align:center"|1717.52 |- |align=center| 14 | style="text-align:center;"| {{down}} 1 ||{{fb|CRO}} || style="text-align:center"|1714.74 |- |align=center| 15 | style="text-align:center;"| {{steady}} ||{{fb|ITA}} || style="text-align:center"|1713.04 |- |align=center| 16 | style="text-align:center;"| {{steady}} ||{{fb|USA}} || style="text-align:center"|1705.47 |- |align=center| 17 | style="text-align:center;"| {{steady}} ||{{fb|JPN}} || style="text-align:center"|1684.75 |- |align=center| 18 | style="text-align:center;"| {{steady}} ||{{fb|SEN}} || style="text-align:center"|1648.84 |- |align=center| 19 | style="text-align:center;"| {{steady}} ||{{fb|NOR}} || style="text-align:center"|1637.89 |- |align=center| 20 | style="text-align:center;"| {{steady}} ||{{fb|URU}} || style="text-align:center"|1635.54 |} The '''FIFA Men's World Ranking''' (cried the '''FIFA/Coca-Cola World Ranking''' an aw, efter its sponsor) is a rankin seestem for men's naitional teams in association fitbaa, first brocht in in December 1992. The men's teams o FIFA's member naitions are ranked on thair results, wi the maist successfu teams ranked heichest. In October 2026 the rankins war led bi [[Spain naitional fitbaa team|Spain]]. Aicht teams hae been at the tap: Argentinae, Belgium, Brazil, Fraunce, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands an Spain. Brazil haes been first the langest. Teams get pynts for the results o aw full internaitional matches recognised bi FIFA. The seestem haes been chynged several times, maistly efter criticism that it didna shaw hou strang the teams really war. Syne 16 August 2018<ref name="August 18 rankings">{{cite web |title=August 2018 FIFA World Rankings |url=https://www.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/ranking-table/men/rank=288/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514095719/http://www.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/ranking-table/men/rank=288/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 May 2018 |publisher=FIFA |access-date=16 August 2018}}</ref> it haes uised the [[Elo rating system|Elo rating seestem]], the same as is uised in [[chess]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Price |first1=Steve |title=How FIFA's New Ranking System Will Change International Soccer |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/steveprice/2018/06/11/how-fifas-new-ranking-system-will-change-international-soccer/#18864e86c412 |access-date=12 June 2018 |work=Forbes |date=11 June 2018 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127071724/https://www.forbes.com/sites/steveprice/2018/06/11/how-fifas-new-ranking-system-will-change-international-soccer/#18864e86c412 |url-status=live }}</ref> The table shaws the tap 20 as they stuid on 7 October 2026. FIFA publishes new rankins ilka month or twa. {{stub/Sport}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Fifa World Rankins}} [[Category:FIFA|Warld raings]] [[Category:Fitbaw raings]] [[Category:Raings in warld sport]] sadp2ce6jvi7h709mjut5coq0esbere 0 72979 927270 883404 2026-11-09T10:58:04Z Monospaced 75295 Remove Fix Scots; history, 2024 title an squad updatit, soorced 927270 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox fitbaw club | clubname = Bayer Leverkusen | image = Bayer 04 Leverkusen logo.svg | image_size = 230px | fullname = Bayer 04 Leverkusen Fußball GmbH | caption = | founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1904|7|1}} | ground = [[BayArena]]<ref name="BayArena">{{cite web|url=http://www.bundesliga.com/en/liga/clubs/bayer-leverkusen/stadion.php |title=Bayer 04 Leverkusen – BayArena |work=Bundesliga |accessdate=9 October 2014 }}</ref> | capacity = 30,210<ref name="BayArena" /> | owntitle = Ainer | owner = [[Bayer AG]]<ref name="Management staff">{{cite web|url=http://www.bayer04.de/B04-ENG/Data/Document/D-PDF-EF6AC35A-2013-11-01_Organigramm_Gesamt_englisch.pdf |title=Bayer 04 Leverkusen: Our Lineup 2013/14 |work=Bayer Leverkusen |date=November 2013 |accessdate=9 October 2014 }}</ref> | chairman = Michael Schade<ref name="Management staff" /> | manager = [[Carles Martínez Novell]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carles Martínez Novell wird neuer Cheftrainer von Bayer 04 {{!}} Bayer04.de |url=https://www.bayer04.de/de-de/news/bayer04/carles-martinez-novell-wird-neuer-cheftrainer-von-bayer-04 |access-date=2026-06-04 |website=Bayer 04 Leverkusen Fussball GmbH |language=de}}</ref> | league = {{German football updater|BaLeverk}} | season = {{German football updater|BaLeverk2}} | position = {{German football updater|BaLeverk3}} | website = http://www.bayer04.de/ | pattern_la1 = _bayer2324h | pattern_b1 = _bayer2324h | pattern_ra1 = _bayer2324h | pattern_sh1 = _bayer2324h | pattern_so1 = | leftarm1 = 000000 | body1 = 000000 | rightarm1 = 000000 | shorts1 = 000000 | socks1 = 000000 | pattern_la2 = _bayer2324a | pattern_b2 = _bayer2324a | pattern_ra2 = _bayer2324a | pattern_sh2 = _bayer2324a | pattern_so2 = _bayer2324a | leftarm2 = FFFFFF | body2 = FFFFFF | rightarm2 = FFFFFF | shorts2 = FFFFFF | socks2 = FFFFFF | pattern_la3 = _bayer2324t | pattern_b3 = _bayer2324t | pattern_ra3 = _bayer2324t | pattern_sh3 = _bayer2324t | pattern_so3 = _bayer2324t | leftarm3 = 40B0FF | body3 = 40B0FF | rightarm3 = 40B0FF | shorts3 = 000000 | socks3 = 000000 }} '''Bayer 04 Leverkusen''', kent as '''Bayer Leverkusen''' {{IPA-de|ˌbaɪ̯ɐ ˈleːvɐˌkuːzn̩|}}, '''Leverkusen''' or juist '''Bayer''' an aw, is a German [[fitbaw]] club based in [[Leverkusen]], North Rhine-Westphalie. It plays in the [[Bundesliga]], the tap tier o German fitbaw, an plays its hame gemmes at the [[BayArena]].<ref name="Club Data">{{cite web |url=http://www.bundesliga.com/en/liga/clubs/bayer-leverkusen/daten.php |title=Bayer 04 Leverkusen&nbsp;– Club Data |website=bundesliga.com |publisher=Deutsche Fußball Liga |access-date=9 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013103620/http://www.bundesliga.com/en/liga/clubs/bayer-leverkusen/daten.php |archive-date=13 October 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The club wis foondit in 1904 bi warkers at the paint factory that is nou the drug company [[Bayer]], that it taks its nem frae. It wan promotion tae the Bundesliga in 1979, wan the [[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cup]] in 1988 an its first [[DFB-Pokal]] in 1993. Efter mair nor 30 year athoot a trophy, it wan its first Bundesliga title an its second DFB-Pokal in 2024.<ref name="BL2324">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/news/bayer-leverkusen-are-2023-24-bundesliga-champions-26930 |title=Bayer Leverkusen are 2023/24 Bundesliga champions! |website=bundesliga.com |publisher=Deutsche Fußball Liga |date=14 April 2024 |access-date=14 April 2024 |url-status=live |archive-date=14 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414175118/https://www.bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/news/bayer-leverkusen-are-2023-24-bundesliga-champions-26930}}</ref> ==Players== ===Current squad=== {{updated|2 September 2026}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bayer04.de/en-us/team/werkself/bayer-04-leverkusen|title=Werkself|access-date=1 September 2025|publisher=Bayer 04 Leverkusen|date=1 September 2025}}</ref> {{Fs start}} {{Fs player|no=1|nat=NED|pos=GK|name=Mark Flekken}} {{Fs player|no=2|nat=ARG|pos=DF|name=Facundo Medina}} {{Fs player|no=3|nat=ESP|pos=DF|name=Miguel Gutiérrez}} {{Fs player|no=4|nat=ENG|pos=DF|name=Jarell Quansah}} {{Fs player|no=5|nat=FRA|pos=DF|name=Loïc Badé}} {{Fs player|no=6|nat=ARG|pos=MF|name=Equi Fernández}} {{Fs player|no=7|nat=GER|pos=MF|name=Jonas Hofmann}} {{Fs player|no=8|nat=GER|pos=MF|name=Robert Andrich}} {{Fs player|no=9|nat=POR|pos=FW|name=Afonso Moreira}} {{Fs player|no=10|nat=USA|pos=MF|name=Malik Tillman}} {{Fs player|no=11|nat=FRA|pos=FW|name=Martin Terrier}} {{Fs player|no=12|nat=BFA|pos=DF|name=Edmond Tapsoba|other=captain}} {{Fs player|no=14|nat=CZE|pos=FW|name=Patrik Schick}} {{Fs player|no=15|nat=GER|pos=DF|name=Tim Oermann}} {{Fs mid}} {{Fs player|no=17|nat=ESP|pos=DF|name=Lucas Vázquez}} {{Fs player|no=18|nat=GER|pos=MF|name=Kennet Eichhorn}} {{Fs player|no=19|nat=FRA|pos=FW|name=Moussa Diaby}} {{Fs player|no=20|nat=CIV|pos=DF|name=Guéla Doué}} {{Fs player|no=22|nat=NGA|pos=FW|name=Victor Boniface}} {{Fs player|no=23|nat=NGA|pos=FW|name=Nathan Tella}} {{Fs player|no=24|nat=ESP|pos=MF|name=Aleix García}} {{Fs player|no=28|nat=GER|pos=GK|name=Janis Blaswich}} {{Fs player|no=29|nat=MAR|pos=FW|name=Eliesse Ben Seghir}} {{Fs player|no=30|nat=ALG|pos=MF|name=Ibrahim Maza}} {{Fs player|no=35|nat=CMR|pos=FW|name=Christian Kofane}} {{Fs player|no=36|nat=GER|pos=GK|name=Niklas Lomb}} {{Fs player|no=42|nat=GER|pos=MF|name=Montrell Culbreath}} {{Fs end}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Leverkusen, Bayer}} [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1904]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in North Rhine-Westphalie]] [[Category:Bayer 04 Leverkusen| ]] [[Category:G-14 clubs]] [[Category:Multi-sport clubs in Germany]] [[Category:1904 establishments in Germany]] [[Category:Unrelegatit association fitbaw clubs|Bayer]] {{stub/Sport}} 1ktbszdq89751syhdz0t3u2pu7h3kw3 0 73830 926952 880523 2026-11-08T21:22:33Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; etymology an characteristics addit, soorced 926952 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Linguafranca.jpg|thumb|right|A French dictionar prentit in 1830 that gies an accoont o the Mediterranean Lingua Franca]] A '''''lingua franca''''', cried a '''brig leid''' or '''vehicular leid''' an aw, is a leid uised ''seestematically'' (raither nor noo an again, or bi chance) tae mak communication possible atween fowk that dinna share a [[mither tongue]], in parteecular when it is a third leid, different frae baith mither tongues.<ref>Viacheslav A. Chirikba, "The problem of the Caucasian Sprachbund" in Pieter Muysken, ed., ''From Linguistic Areas to Areal Linguistics'', 2008, p. 31. ISBN 90-272-3100-1</ref> Lingua francas hae grown up aw ower the warld throu human history, whiles for tred (sae-cried "tred leids"), but for cultural, releegious, diplomatic an admeenistrative ease an aw, an as a wey for scientists an ither scholars o different naitions tae share information.<ref name="Nye">{{cite journal|last1=Nye|first1=Mary Jo|title=Speaking in Tongues: Science's centuries-long hunt for a common language|journal=Distillations|year=2016|volume=2|issue=1|pages=40–43|url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/speaking-in-tongues|access-date=20 March 2018|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803130801/https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/speaking-in-tongues|url-status=live}}</ref> A [[warld leid]], a leid spak internaitionally an bi monie fowk, can wirk as a global lingua franca.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Woll |first1=Bensie |title=English of often considered the de facto global language... |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/culture-online/case-studies/2022/mar/english-often-considered-de-facto-global-language |website=University College London Culture Online |date=22 March 2022 |publisher=University College London |access-date=17 October 2024}}</ref> == Etymology == The term comes frae the Mediterranean Lingua Franca (kent as ''Sabir'' an aw), the [[pidgin]] leid that fowk aroond the [[Levant]] an the eastren Mediterranean Sea uised as the main leid o tred an diplomacy frae the late [[Middle Ages]] tae the 18t century.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/lingua-franca|title=lingua franca {{!}} linguistics|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=8 August 2017|archive-date=31 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731180042/https://www.britannica.com/topic/lingua-franca|url-status=live}}</ref> In it, {{lang|pml|lingua}} is Italian for 'a leid', an {{lang|pml|franca}} means 'Frankish', sae the hale term means 'leid o the [[Franks]]'. == Characteristics == Ony leid that is uised reglar for communication atween fowk that dinna share a mither tongue is a lingua franca. The term refers tae whit a leid is uised for, no tae its history or its structur.<ref>[http://privatewww.essex.ac.uk/~patrickp/Courses/PCs/IntroPidginsCreoles.htm Intro Sociolinguistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180522043320/http://privatewww.essex.ac.uk/~patrickp/Courses/PCs/IntroPidginsCreoles.htm |date=22 May 2018 }} – ''Pidgin and Creole Languages: Origins and Relationships'' – Notes for LG102, – University of Essex, Peter L. Patrick – Week 11, Autumn term.</ref> [[Pidgin]]s ar lingua francas for this reason. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lingua Franca}} [[Category:Leids]] [[Category:Italian wirds an phrases]] {{stub/Leid}} dxs6zosxcnovvi7xwd5ubysmzybm70n 0 73939 927032 795282 2026-11-08T22:21:28Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; soorce addit 927032 wikitext text/x-wiki In [[linguistics]], '''syntax''' (frae [[Auncient Greek]] {{lang|grc|[[wikt:σύνταξις|σύνταξις]]}} "coordination" frae {{lang|grc|σύν}} ''syn'', "thegither," an {{lang|grc|τάξις}} ''táxis'', "an orderin") is "the study o the principles an processes bi which sentences ar constructit in pairteecular leids".<ref name="Chomsky def">{{cite book |last=Chomsky |first=Noam |year=2002 |origyear=1957 |title=Syntactic Structures |page=[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SNeHkMXHcd8C&pg=PA11&dq=%22syntax+is+the+study+of+the+principles+and+processes+by+which+sentences+are+constructed+in+particular+languages%22 11]}}</ref> It studies hou [[wird]]s an [[morpheme]]s come thegither tae mak bigger units sic as [[phrase]]s an sentences. Its main concerns include wird order, grammatical relations, the hierarchical structur o sentences,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Syntax–Semantics Interface |encyclopedia=International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences |publisher=Elsevier |location=Amsterdam |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304194021 |last=Luuk |first=Erkki |date=2015 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=James D. |edition=second |pages=900–905 |doi=10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.57035-4 |isbn=978-0-08-097087-5}}</ref> agreement, the wey leids differ frae ilk ither, an the relationship atween structur an meanin ([[semantics]]). ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Stub/Lang}} [[Category:Grammar]] [[Category:Filosofie o leid]] [[Category:Semiotics]] [[Category:Syntax| ]] l8ox63bqp1xknasla28dpu5nd8bdv64 0 75253 927204 905798 2026-11-09T09:57:02Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 927204 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:International Pokémon logo.svg|frame|The offeecial logo o Pokémon for its internaitional release; "Pokémon" is short for the oreeginal Japanese title o "Pocket Monsters".]] [[File:150 Pokemon from Pokemon Stadium.png|thumb|The first 150 Pokémon as thay appear in ''[[Pokémon Stadium]]'', stairtin wi [[Bulbasaur]] in the tap left corner an endin wi [[Mewtwo]] in the bottom richt corner.]] {{nihongo|'''Pokémon'''|ポケモン|Pokemon|extra={{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|oʊ|k|eɪ|m|ɒ|n}} {{respell|POH|kay-mon}}<ref>{{cite web |title=The ABC Book, A Pronunciation Guide |url=http://www.loc.gov/nls/other/ABC.html |work=NLS Other Writings |publisher=NLS/BPH |access-date=10 August 2013 |date=7 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="ssbbrawl">{{cite video game |title=[[Super Smash Bros. Brawl]] |developer=[[Sora Ltd.]] |publisher=[[Nintendo]] |date=March 9, 2008 |platform=Wii |quote=(Announcer's dialog after the character Pokémon Trainer is selected ([[voice acting|voice acted]]))}}</ref>}} is a [[media franchise]] publish an awnt bi Japanese [[video gemme]] company [[Nintendo]]. Creatit in 1995 bi [[Satoshi Tajiri]], it is set aroon a plump o fictional beast.{{Citation needed}} Human ''Pokémon Trainers'' catch an train the fictional beast (Pokémon) ti battle ilk ane ither for sport.{{citation needed}} The Pokémon franchise includes 1,025 sindry beast characters.{{citation needit}} == Leet o Beast == The ablo leet kythes thair Inglis names an sindry forms o the Japanese names. {{Pokémon}} == MissingNo. == [[File:Missingno.png|thumb|right|The player encoonterin MissingNo. in ''Pokémon Red'']] {{nihongo|MissingNo.|けつばん|Ketsuban}}, or MissingNO,<ref name="tech">{{cite web |url=https://www.nintendo.com/consumer/systems/gameboy/trouble_specificgame.jsp#missingno |title=Customer Service&nbsp;— Specific GamePak Troubleshooting |access-date=7 June 2009 |author=[[Nintendo]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080127200258/http://www.nintendo.com/consumer/systems/gameboy/trouble_specificgame.jsp |archive-date=27 January 2008}}</ref> is a [[glitch]] anly in the video gemmes ''[[Pokémon Red an Blue|Pokémon Red, Blue, an Yellow]]''. Encoonterin MissingNo. is accomplished throu an in-gemme [[Event (computin)|event]] that causes the gemme to pick an [[Exception haundlin|error haundler]] put in place bi [[Game Freak]] tae fill in spaces for non-existent Pokémon species. It gained popularity as an exploit as players discovered that the saxt item in thair inventory wis replicatit,<ref name="why">{{cite web |url=http://ds.ign.com/articles/933/933126p1.html |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5nLO9lXyk?url=http://ds.ign.com/articles/933/933126p1.html |archive-date=2010-02-06 |title=Pokemon Report: OMG Hacks |author=DeVries, Jack |date=24 November 2008 |work=[[IGN]] |publisher=IGN Entertainment |access-date=7 June 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> but it caused graphical an veesual errors.<ref name="tech" /> Nintendo of America first acknowledged MissingNo. in the Mey 1999 issue o ''[[Nintendo Power]]''.<ref name="NP">{{cite journal |last=Staff |date=May 1999 |title=Pokechat |journal=[[Nintendo Power]] |volume=120 |page=101}}</ref> ==Anime== {{Nihongo|'''''Pokémon'''''|ポケモン|Pokemon}}, abbreviatit frae the Japanese teetle o {{Nihongo4|'''''Pocket Monsters'''''|ポケットモンスター|Poketto Monsutā}} an currently advertised as '''''Pokémon: The Series''''', is a Japanese [[anime]] telly series, that haes been adaptit for the internaitional telly mercats. {{clear}} == Soorces == {{reflist}} == Freemit airtins == * [http://www.pokemon.com/us/pokedex/ Offeecial Pokédex] {{DEFAULTSORT:Pokemon}} [[Category:Media franchises]] [[Category:Pokémon| ]] [[Category:1990s toys]] [[Category:2000s toys]] [[Category:2010s toys]] iaehgz062kkkxlkvixjtpztyi8ko12p 0 75491 927019 926424 2026-11-08T22:13:56Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; expandit, soorced 927019 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox CVG system |title = Super Nintendo Entertainment System |logo = |image = <div style="white-space: nowrap; border: #dadada solid 1px;">[[File:SNES-Mod1-Console-Set.jpg|frameless|250px|The North American SNES (circa 1991)]]<br />[[File:Nintendo-Super-Famicom-Set-FL.jpg|frameless|250px|A Japanese Super Famicom]]</div> |caption = '''Tap:''' North American SNES (circa 1991)<br />'''Bottom:''' Japanese Super Famicom<br /><small>Ither variations are pictured under [[#Casin|Casin]] ablo</small> |manufacturer = [[Nintendo]] |type = Hame video gemme console |generation = Fowert generation |releasedate = {{vgrelease|JP=November 21, 1990}}{{vgrelease|NA=August 23, 1991}}{{vgrelease|EU=UK an Ireland Aprile 11, 1992. Rest o Europe Juin 6, 1992}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nintendo.co.uk/Corporate/Nintendo-History/Nintendo-History-625945.html |title=History &#124; Corporate |publisher=Nintendo |accessdate=2013-02-24}}</ref> {{vgrelease|AUS=Julie 3, 1992}} |discontinued = {{vgrelease|JP=September 2003<ref name="End">{{cite web |url=http://www.gamespot.com/news/6029220.html |title=Nintendo to end Famicom and Super Famicom production |first=Hirohiko |last=Niizumi |publisher=GameSpot |date=2003-05-30|accessdate=2007-07-15}}</ref>}}{{vgrelease|NA=November 30, 1999<ref name="Museum">{{cite web |url=http://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?st=2&c=1249 |title=Super Nintendo Entertainment System 2 |work=Museum |publisher=Old-Computers.com |accessdate=2007-07-15 |archive-date=2012-02-14 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/65RQrYrUr?url=http://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?st=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} |CPU = 16-bit 65c816 Ricoh 5A22 3.58 MHz |media = [[ROM cartridge]] |onlineservice= Satellaview (Japan anly), XBAND, Nintendo Power (Japan Anly) |unitssold = Warldwide: 49.10 million<ref name="consolidatedsales">{{cite web |url=http://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/library/historical_data/pdf/consolidated_sales_e0912.pdf |title=Consolidated Sales Transition by Region |accessdate=2010-02-14 |date=2010-01-27 |publisher=Nintendo |format=PDF |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5nXieXX2B?url=http://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/library/historical_data/pdf/consolidated_sales_e0912.pdf |archivedate=2010-02-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />Japan: 17.17 million<br />North & Sooth Americae: 23.35 million<br />Ither: 8.58 million |topgame = * ''[[Super Mario World]]'' (pack-in)<br />(20.60 million)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamecubicle.com/features-mario-units_sold_sales.htm|title=Super Mario Sales Data|publisher=GameCubicle.com|accessdate=2011-11-20}}</ref> * ''[[Donkey Kong Country]]'' (pack-in), 9 million<ref>[[#CITEREFKent2001|Kent (2001)]], p. 497. "By the end of the 16-bit generation, Nintendo would go on to sell 9 million copies of Donkey Kong Country"</ref>{{-}} * ''[[Super Mario Kart]]'' (pack-in), 8 million<ref>{{cite web|url=http://top100.ign.com/2007/ign_top_game_23.html|title=IGN's Top 100 Games of All Time 2007|publisher=IGN|year=2007|accessdate=2009-01-02|archive-date=2010-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420042544/http://top100.ign.com/2007/ign_top_game_23.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> * ''[[Street Fighter II|Street Fighter II: The World Warrior]]'' (staund-alone), 6.3 million<ref name="capcomplatinum">{{cite web|url=http://www.capcom.co.jp/ir/english/business/million.html|title=Platinum Titles|publisher=[[Capcom]]|accessdate=2010-08-21}}</ref> |predecessor = [[Nintendo Entertainment System]] |successor = [[Nintendo 64]] }} The '''Super Nintendo Entertainment System''' (forby kent as the '''Super NES''', '''SNES''' or '''Super Nintendo''') is a 16-bit hame [[video gemme]] console developit an selt bi [[Nintendo]]. It wis released as the '''Super Famicom''' in [[Japan]] on 21 November 1990, as the Super NES in [[North Americae]] on 23 August 1991, an in [[Europe]] an [[Oceanie]] in 1992, an in [[Sooth Americae]] in 1993. It wis Nintendo's seicont hame console, efter the [[Nintendo Entertainment System]] (NES). The console wis designed bi Masayuki Uemura, wha haed designed the oreeginal Famicom an aw. It wis biggit tae compete wi the [[Sega Mega Drive]] (kent as the Sega Genesis in North Americae), an it haed better graphics an soond nor its rivals, wi features sic as Mode 7, that coud gie a three-dimensional look. Aboot 49.1 million SNES consoles war selt warldwide, 23.35 million o them in the Americaes an 17.17 million in Japan.<ref name="consolidatedsales" /> It wis follit bi the [[Nintendo 64]]. ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Nintendo consoles]] [[Category:Video gemme consoles]] [[Category:1990s toys]] [[Category:1999 disestablishments]] [[Category:2003 disestablishments]] {{stub}} i25xv4etx74tvs99masxggqy1glwqd9 0 75729 927056 892744 2026-11-08T22:28:50Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; daith addit, soorced 927056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person <!-- See [[Template:Infobox person]] for more --> |name = Norman Lloyd |image = Norman Lloyd 2007.jpg |caption = Norman Lloyd, 2007 |birthname = Norman Perlmutter |birth_date = {{birth date|1914|11|08}} |birth_place = [[Jersey City, New Jersey]] |death_date = {{death date and age|2021|5|11|1914|11|8}} |death_place = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]] |death_cause = |occupation = {{hlist|Actor|director|producer}} |spouse = Peggy Craven<br>(mairit 1936; she deed 2011) |children = 2 |yearsactive = 1932–2020 }} '''Norman Nathan Lloyd''' (8 November 1914 – 11 Mey 2021)<ref name="guardian">https://www.theguardian.com/film/2021/may/12/actor-norman-lloyd-who-worked-with-alfred-hitchcock-and-orson-welles-dies-aged-106</ref> wis an American actor, producer an director. He wis best kent for his role on the telly as Dr. Daniel Auschlander in ''[[St. Elsewhere]]''. He wirkit wi [[Alfred Hitchcock]] an [[Orson Welles]], an his career lastit for ower ninety year. He deed in 2021, aged 106.<ref name="guardian" /> He haed a guest pairt on ''[[Modern Family]]'' in 2010. == References == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lloyd, Norman}} [[Category:1914 births]] [[Category:2021 daiths]] [[Category:American centenarians]] [[Category:American male film actors]] [[Category:American male televeesion actors]] [[Category:American televeesion directors]] [[Category:American televeesion producers]] [[Category:Centenarian actors]] [[Category:Centenarian directors]] [[Category:Fowk frae Jersey City, New Jersey]] [[Category:Male actors frae New Jersey]] leuhvl79m95220nujhrynt6d4r4o5gx 927062 927056 2026-11-08T22:30:35Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927062 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie |name = Norman Lloyd |image = Norman Lloyd 2007.jpg |caption = Norman Lloyd, 2007 |birthname = Norman Perlmutter |birth_date = {{birth date|1914|11|08}} |birth_place = [[Jersey City, New Jersey]], U.S. |death_date = {{death date and age|2021|5|11|1914|11|8}} |death_place = [[Los Angeles, Californie]], U.S. |occupation = {{hlist|Actor|director|producer}} |spouse = Peggy Craven<br>(mairit 1936; she deed 2011) |children = 2 |yearsactive = 1932–2020 }} '''Norman Nathan Lloyd''' (8 November 1914 – 11 Mey 2021)<ref name="guardian">https://www.theguardian.com/film/2021/may/12/actor-norman-lloyd-who-worked-with-alfred-hitchcock-and-orson-welles-dies-aged-106</ref> wis an American actor, producer an director. He wis best kent for his role on the telly as Dr. Daniel Auschlander in ''[[St. Elsewhere]]''. He wirkit wi [[Alfred Hitchcock]] an [[Orson Welles]], an his career lastit for ower ninety year. He deed in 2021, aged 106.<ref name="guardian" /> He haed a guest pairt on ''[[Modern Family]]'' in 2010. == References == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lloyd, Norman}} [[Category:1914 births]] [[Category:2021 daiths]] [[Category:American centenarians]] [[Category:American male film actors]] [[Category:American male televeesion actors]] [[Category:American televeesion directors]] [[Category:American televeesion producers]] [[Category:Centenarian actors]] [[Category:Centenarian directors]] [[Category:Fowk frae Jersey City, New Jersey]] [[Category:Male actors frae New Jersey]] 86zacga06jg47i9p7qqmm8rf4v28itk 0 75873 927242 857456 2026-11-09T10:25:49Z Monospaced 75295 Fix owertranslatit nem (F1) 927242 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox F1 driver | name = Lewis Hamilton | image = Lewis Hamilton 2016 Malaysia 2.jpg | caption = Hamilton at the [[2016 Malaysie Grand Prix]] | nationality = {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Unitit Kinrick|Breetish]] | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1985|1|7|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Stevenage]], Hertfordshire, Ingland, UK | 2016 Team = [[Mercedes-Benz in Formula 1|Mercedes]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/119064 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522003214/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/119064 |title=Lewis Hamilton and Mercedes announce three-year new F1 deal |last=Parkes |first=Ian |work=Autosport.com |publisher=Haymarket Publications |date=20 May 2015 |accessdate=29 July 2015 |archive-date=22 May 2015 |deadurl=unfit }}</ref> | Car number = 44<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gpupdate.net/en/f1-news/319581/hamilton-to-keep-44-as-car-number/ |title=Hamilton to keep 44 as car number |publisher=GP Update |accessdate=25 November 2014}}</ref> | Races = {{F1stat|HAM|entries}} ({{F1stat|HAM|starts}} starts) | Championships = 7 ({{F1|2008}}, {{F1|2014}}, {{F1|2015}}, {{F1|2017}}, {{F1|2018}}, {{F1|2019}}, {{F1|2020}}) | Wins = {{F1stat|HAM|wins}} | Podiums = {{F1stat|HAM|podiums}} | Points = {{F1stat|HAM|careerpoints}} | Poles = {{F1stat|HAM|poles}} | Fastest laps = {{F1stat|HAM|fastestlaps}} | First race = [[2007 Australian Grand Prix]] | First win = [[2007 Canadian Grand Prix]] | Last win = [[2019 Spaingie Grand Prix]] |last_race = {{Latest F1GP}} | last_season = 2021 | last_position = 2nt (387.5 pts) }} '''Sir Lewis Carl Davidson Hamilton''',<ref name="Hamilton">{{cite book|title=Lewis Hamilton: My Story|url=https://archive.org/details/lewishamiltonmys0000hami|last=Hamilton|first=Lewis|isbn=978-0-00-727005-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/lewishamiltonmys0000hami/page/33 33]|publisher=[[HarperCollins|HarperSport]]|year=2007}}</ref> [[Order o the Breetish Empire|MBE]] (born 7 Januar 1985) is a Breetish [[Formula 1]] [[racin driver]] frae Ingland, currently racin for the [[Mercedes-Benz in Formula 1|Mercedes AMG]] team. He has won the Warld Championship 6 times. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hamilton, Lewis}} [[Category:1985 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Stevenage]] [[Category:Fowk named in the Paradise Papers]] [[Category:Black Inglis sportsfowk]] [[Category:Inglis racin drivers]] [[Category:Inglis Formula 1 drivers]] [[Category:Inglis fowk o Grenadian strynd]] [[Category:McLaren Formula 1 drivers]] [[Category:Formula 1 Warld Drivers' Champions]] [[Category:GP2 Series drivers]] [[Category:GP2 Series Champions]] [[Category:Formula 3 Euro Series drivers]] [[Category:Formula 3 Euro Series champions]] [[Category:Breetish Formula Renault 2.0 drivers]] [[Category:Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 drivers]] [[Category:German Formula Renault 2.0 drivers]] [[Category:Kartin Warld Championship drivers]] [[Category:Inglis Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Breetish karateka]] [[Category:BRDC Gold Star winners]] [[Category:Segrave Trophy recipients]] [[Category:Members o the Order o the Breetish Empire]] [[Category:Breetish expatriates in Swisserland]] [[Category:Inglis expatriates in Monaco]] [[Category:Mercedes-Benz Formula 1 drivers]] [[Category:Sportsfowk frae Hertfordshire]] 75jpvxrfx0mbj6bbymmd3q291bxuh5y 0 76558 927096 904538 2026-11-08T22:41:15Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; tense updatit, buik titles as published 927096 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | show_name = Dora the Explorer | image = Dora the Explorer logo.svg | genre = [[Childer's telly series|Children's]] [[Adventure (genre)|adventure]] | creator = Chris Gifford<br>Valerie Walsh Valdes<br>Eric Weiner | director = George S. Chialtas<br>Gary Conrad<br>Henry Lenardin-Madden<br>Sherie Pollack<br>Arnie Wong<br>Jyllian Gunther (Voice) | developer = | presenter = | voices = {{Plainlist| * [[Caitlin Sanchez]] * [[Kathleen Herles]] * Fátima Ptacek * [[Harrison Chad]] * Regan Mizrahi * Marc Weiner * Alexandria Suarez }} | narrated = | theme_music_composer = {{Plainlist| * Joshua Sitron * Billy Straus }} | opentheme = Dora the Explorer Theme | endtheme = various closing themes | composer = | country = Unitit States | language = {{Plainlist| * Inglis * Spaingie }} | num_seasons = 8 | num_episodes = 172 (aired) | list_episodes = Leet o Dora the Explorer episodes | executive_producer = Chris Gifford | producer = Valerie Walsh Valdes | editor = {{Plainlist| * Gayle McIntyre * Karyn Finley Powell * David Wigforss }} | location = | camera = | runtime = 22 meenits approx., 45 meenits (specials) | network = [[Nickelodeon]] | company = {{Plainlist| * Stinky Hawk Productions * Nick Jr. Productions (Season 1-4) * Nickelodeon Productions. (Season 5-8) * Nickelodeon Animation Studio }} | distributor = CBS Television Distribution | picture_format = {{Plainlist| * 480i: [[Standard-definition television|SDTV]] (2000–2012) * 1080i: [[High-definition television|HDTV]] (2012–2014) }} | audio_format = | first_run = | first_aired = {{Start date|2000|8|14}} | last_aired = {{End date|2014|6|5}} | preceded_by = | followed_by = ''[[Dora and Friends: Into the City!]]'' | related = ''[[Go, Diego, Go!]]'' | website = http://www.nickjr.com/dora-the-explorer/ }} '''''Dora the Explorer''''' is an American [[education]]al [[Animatit series|animated TV series]] creatit bi Chris Gifford, Valerie Walsh, an Eric Weiner. ''Dora the Explorer'' becam a regular series in 2000. The shaw wis carried on the [[Nickelodeon]] [[Cable telly|cable television]] network, includin the associated [[Nick Jr.]] channel. It aired on [[CBS]] until September 2006. A Spaingie-dubbed version first aired as pairt o a ''Nick en español'' block on NBC Universal-owned Telemundo throu September 2006; syne Apryle 2008, this version o the program haes been carried on Univision as pairt o the ''Planeta U'' block. The series is co-produced bi [[Nickelodeon|Nickelodeon Productions]] an Nickelodeon Animation Studio. ''Dora the Explorer'' is ane o the langest-running shaws o Nick Jr. Durin the saxt series, the shaw becam the Nick Jr. series wi the maist episodes, surpassin ''[[Blue's Clues]]'' wi 143 episodes, haein 144 efter it haed completit broadcasting on television. It wan a [[Peabody Award]] in 2003 "for outstanding efforts in making learning a pleasurable experience for pre-schoolers." It ended on Juin 5, 2014 efter 8 series an 172 episodes.<ref>[http://www.peabodyawards.com/award-profile/dora-the-explorer 63rd Annual Peabody Awards], May 2004.</ref> ==Plot== The series centers aroond Dora, a 7 (Later 8) year auld American girl o Indigenous Mexican heritage, wi a luve o embarking on quests relatit tae an activity that she wants tae partake o or a place that she wants tae go tae, accompanied bi her talking [[Purpie|purple]] backpack an anthropomorphic monkey companion named Boots (named for his beloved pair o reid [[Buit|boots]]). Each episode is based aroond a series o cyclical events that occur alang the wey during Dora's travels, alang wi obstacles that she an Boots are forced tae overcome or puzzles that thay hae tae solve (wi "assistance" frae the viewing audience) relating tae [[Guddock|riddles]], the Spaingie leid, or counting. Common rituals mey involve Dora's encounters wi Swiper, a [[Bipedalism|bipedal]], anthropomorphic masked thieving [[fox]] whose theft o the possessions o others must be preventit throu fourth wall-breaking interaction wi the viewer. Tae stap Swiper, Dora must say "Swiper no swiping" three times. Houiver, on occasions whaur Swiper steals the belongings o ither fowk, the viewer is presented wi the challenge o helpin Boots an Dora locate the stolen items. Anither obstacle involves encounters wi anither ane o the program's antagonists; the "Grumpy Old Troll" dwelling beneath a [[Brig|bridge]] that Dora an Boots must cross, that challenges them wi a riddle afore permitting them the past that needs tae be solved wi the viewer's help. Kent for the constant breaking o the fourth-wall depicted in every episode, the audience is uisually presented tae two primary laundmerks that must be passed afore Dora can reach her destination, normally bein challenged wi games or puzzles alang the wey. The episode always ends wi Dora successfully reachin the locale, singing the "We Did It!" sang wi Boots in triumph. On numerous occasions, television specials hae been aired for the series in which the uisual events o regular episodes are altered, threatened, or replaced. Uisually said specials will present Dora wi a bigger, mair whimsical adventur than uisual or wi a magical task that must be fulfilled, or aiblins even offer a series o different adventures for Boots an Dora tae traivel throu. Thay micht be gien wi an unusual, difficult task (sic as assisting Swiper in his attempts tae be erased frae Santa Claus's Naughty List) that normally is nae featurt in average episodes, or challenge Dora wi a goal that must be achieved (sic as the emancipation o a trapped mermaid). Whiles, the specials hae involved the debut o new characters, sic as the birth o Dora's superpowered twin baby siblings an the introduction o the enchanted anthropomorphic [[Starn|stars]] that accompany Dora on monie o her quests. ==Development== Dora is a [[Latino|Latina]]. Accordin tae a Nickelodeon spokesman, "She was developed to be pan-Latina to represent the diversity of Latino cultures."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/Media/dora-explorer-labeled-illegal-immigrant/story?id=10711944 |title=Is Dora The Explorer an Illegal Immigrant? |last=Friedman |first=Emily |date=May 21, 2010 |website= |publisher=ABC News |access-date=January 21, 2013 |quote=}}</ref> On Mairch 8, 2009, Mattel an [[Nickelodeon]] annoonced that Dora will receive a tweenage makeover, switching frae a young age tae a teenage attending middle school. Initially, it wis annoonced that the new leuk wad nae be revealed until late 2009,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/Weekend/story?id=7033295&page=1|title=Dora the Explorer Updates Her Look|accessdate=2009-03-08}}</ref> but efter a short controversy, the tween Dora wis unveiled on Mairch 16, 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/705291219/After-Dora-uproar-Nick-and-Mattel-soothe-moms.html|title=After Dora uproar, Nick and Mattel soothe moms|accessdate=2010-09-06|archive-date=2010-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007071832/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/705291219/After-Dora-uproar-Nick-and-Mattel-soothe-moms.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.popcrunch.com/new-tween-dora-the-explorer-revealed/ |title=New Tween "Dora The Explorer" Revealed |publisher=Popcrunch.com |date= |accessdate=2011-03-19 |archive-date=2011-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715103605/http://www.popcrunch.com/new-tween-dora-the-explorer-revealed/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Vicki Passmore |url=http://www.walletpop.com/2011/01/25/boy-how-youve-changed-9-big-mascot-makeovers/ |title=Boy, How You've Changed: Nine Big Mascot Makeovers |publisher=Walletpop.com |date=February 1, 2011 |accessdate=March 19, 2011 |archive-date=2011-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110127001512/http://www.walletpop.com/2011/01/25/boy-how-youve-changed-9-big-mascot-makeovers/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The chynge wis criticized bi ane writer that did nae support the feminization o Dora's image.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2009/03/19/dora-the-explorers-makeover-gwen-and-i-saw-it-comin/|title=Dora the Explorer's Makeover |work=thesocietypages.org}}</ref> In 2012, a CGI openin wis creatit for new episodes o the series.<ref name="CGI">[http://www.animationinsider.net/article.php?articleID=3104 Calabash Animation Creates New 'Dora' Opening]{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Animationinsider.net</ref> ===Dora's Explorer Girls=== In 2009, Mattel an Nickelodeon introduced a preteen version o Dora, wi fower friends named Naiya, Kate, Emma, an Alana, that caw themselves the Explorer Girls.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nickjr.com/doragirls/home.jhtml |title=Dora's Explorer Girls |publisher=Nickjr.com |date= |accessdate=2011-03-19 |archive-date=2009-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090922185537/http://www.nickjr.com/doragirls/home.jhtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Explorer Girls war included in the ''Dora and Friends'' spin-off in 2014. ==Stage adaptations== Two stage versions o Dora the Explorer toured North America, the first bein "City of Lost Toys", an the seicont bein "Dora's Pirate Adventure". Produced bi Nickelodeon an LiveNation, thir productions featurt live actors portraying the roles o Dora an her friends, includin Boots, Diego, Isa, an the Fiesta Trio. Monie o the characters wore elaborate foam costumes designed tae resemble the Dora characters. Each production featurt a structur seemilar tae an episode o the television series. City o Lost Toys featurt Christina Bianco as Dora while Dora's Pirate Adventure featurt Danay Ferrer o the baund Innosense in the role o Dora an [[Frankie Grande]] as Boots. Baith productions featurt a version o the popular [[Gloria Estefan]] sang "Get On Your Feet" as the final nummer o the shaw. Baith productions war conceived bi Chris Gifford, creautor o the television shaw, an directed bi Gip Hoppe. Thare hae been three Dora touring companies. The "City of Lost Toys" company an the "Pirate Adventure" company featurt actors an crew that war members o Actor's Equity an IATSE, respectively, the unions for professional actors an stagehands in the Unitit States. The third company performs a reduced version o "Pirate Adventure" an daes nae employ union personnel. This production toured North Americae, an wis tae traivel tae the Unitit Kinrick an Fraunce. ==''Dora the Explorer'' merchandise== Thare are monie action figures an playsets available in monie markets, alang wi DVDs, cosmetics, hygiene products, ride-ons, beuks, buird games, plush dolls, apparel, handbags, play tents, play kitchens, an mair. Licensees include Fisher-Price in the Unitit States an Holland Publishing in the Unitit Kinrick. ===Toys=== In 2007, lead paint uised bi a contract toy manufacturer in Cheenae prompted Mattel tae issue recalls for nearly a million toys, monie o which featurt ''[[Sesame Street]]'' an Nickelodeon characters, includin Dora the Explorer. Nickelodeon responded that thay wad introduce "third-party monitoring" o aw manufacturers o products unner its brands.<ref>{{cite news |first=Esther |last=Addley |title=Mattel recalls nearly 100,000 toys after lead paint alert |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/aug/03/estheraddley.uknews4 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=2007-08-03 |accessdate=2008-07-06 | location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Angela |last=Gregory |title=Dora the Explorer leads toy giant's recall |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/1/story.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10455568 |work=The New Zealand Herald |date=2007-08-03 |accessdate=2008-07-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/02/business/02toy.html |title=Lead Paint Prompts Mattel to Recall 967,000 Toys (''registration required to read article'') |publisher=NY Times |date=2007-08-02 |author=Story, Louise}}</ref> ===Beuks=== ====''Dora the Explorer'' series==== #''Dora's Backpack'' (ISBN 978-0689847202) #''Little Star'' (ISBN 978-0689847219) #''Happy Mother's Day Mami!'' (ISBN 978-0689852336) #''Meet Diego!'' (ISBN 978-0689859939) #''Dora's Thanksgiving'' (ISBN 978-0689858420) #''Dora Loves Boots'' (ISBN 978-0689863738) #''Dora's Book of Manners'' (ISBN 978-0689865336) #''Dora Goes to School'' (ISBN 978-0689864940) #''Dora's Fairy-Tale Adventure'' (ISBN 978-0689870125) #''Dora's Chilly Day'' (ISBN 978-0689867958) #''Show Me Your Smile!'' (ISBN 978-0689871696) #''Dora's Pirate Adventure'' (ISBN 978-0689875830) #''Big Sister Dora!'' (ISBN 978-0689878466) #''At the Carnival'' (ISBN 978-0689858413) #''Dora's Costume Party!'' (ISBN 978-1416900108) #''Dance to the Rescue'' (ISBN 978-1416902164) #''Dora's Starry Christmas'' (ISBN 978-1416902492) #''Super babies'' (ISBN 978-1416914853) #''The Birthday Dance Party'' (ISBN 978-1416913030) #''Dora's World Adventure'' (ISBN 978-1416924470) #''Dora Climbs Star Mountain'' (ISBN 978-1416940593) #''It's Sharing Day!'' (ISBN 978-1416915751) #''Dora Had a Little Lamb'' (ISBN 978-1416933687) #''Dora Saves Mermaid Kingdom!'' (ISBN 978-1416938415) #''Dora and the Stuck Truck'' (ISBN 978-1416947998) ====''Ready To Read'' series – Level 1==== #''Dora's Picnic'' (ISBN 978-0689852381) #''Follow Those Feet!'' (ISBN 978-0689852398) #''Dora in the Deep Sea'' (ISBN 978-0689858451) #''I Love My Papi!'' (ISBN 978-0689864957) #''Say "Cheese!"'' (ISBN 978-0689864964) #''The Halloween Cat'' (ISBN 978-0689867996) #''Eggs for Everyone!'' (ISBN 978-0689871764) #''Just Like Dora!'' (ISBN 978-0689876752) #''I Love My Mami!'' (ISBN 978-1416906506) #''Puppy Takes a Bath'' (ISBN 978-1416914839) #''Around the World!'' (ISBN 978-1416924784) #''Dora's Sleepover'' (ISBN 978-1416915089) #''Dora Helps Diego!'' (ISBN 978-1416915096) #''Dora's Perfect Pumpkin'' (ISBN 978-1416934387) #''Dora's Mystery of the Missing Shoes'' (ISBN 978-1416938248) ====''A Lift-the-Flap Story''==== *''Good Night, Dora!: A Lift-the-Flap Story'' (ISBN 978-0689847745) *''Where Is Boots?: A Lift-the-Flap Story'' (ISBN 978-0689847752) *''Let's Play Sports!: A Lift-the-Flap Story'' (ISBN 978-1416933502) *''All Dressed Up!: A Lift-the-Flap Book'' (ISBN 978-0689877186) ====Treasury beuks an collection beuks==== *''Dora's Ready-to-Read Adventures'' (ISBN 978-0689878152) Conteens: ''Dora's Picnic'', ''Follow Those Feet'', ''Dora in the Deep Sea'', ''I Love My Papi!'', ''Say "Cheese"'' *''Dora's Storytime Collection'' (ISBN 978-0689866234) Contains: Dora's Backpack, Little Star, Happy Birthday, Mami!, Meet Diego!, Dora Saves the Prince, Dora's Treasure Hunt, Good Night, Dora! *''Dora's Big Book of Stories'' (ISBN 978-1416907084) Contains: Dora's Beuk o Manners, Dora Goes tae School, Dora's Fairy-Tale Adventure, Dora's Chilly Day, Shaw Me Your Smile!, Dora's Pirate Adventure, Big Sister Dora! ====Sticker beuks==== *''Dora's Magic Watering Can'' (ISBN 978-1416947721) ===Video games=== {{main article|Dora the Explorer (video game series)}} [[Video gemme|Video game]]s based on the 2000 television shaw ''Dora the Explorer'' war released. In Canadae, Cheerios offered a free ''Dora the Explorer the Game'' CD-ROMs in specially merked packages. Houiver, packages sauld in [[Quebec]] wad anly hae the French version. ''Dora the Explorer: Barnyard Buddies'' is a video game released for the [[PlayStation]] in 2003 in the US. It wis nae released in Europe until 2005 bein ane o the very last games released on that platform in that territory. ''Dora the Explorer: Super Star Adventures'' is an adventure video game for the [[Game Boy Advance]] released in 2004. It wis developed bi Imaginengine an published bi Global Star.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://gameboy.ign.com/objects/708/708236.html| title=Dora the Explorer: Super Star Adventures| publisher=IGN| accessdate=2011-09-09| archive-date=2004-10-31| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041031082720/http://gameboy.ign.com/objects/708/708236.html| url-status=dead}}</ref> ''Dora the Explorer: Journey to the Purple Planet'' is an action-adventure video game, developed bi Monkey Bar Games, published bi Global Star Software an powered bi Vicious Engine. The game wis released for [[GameCube]] in [[North America]] on October 13, 2005,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cube.ign.com/objects/480/480899.html|title=Dora the Explorer: Journey to the Purple Planet|work=IGN|access-date=2017-05-30|archive-date=2012-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308162239/http://cube.ign.com/objects/480/480899.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> an later in PAL regions on December 16, 2005. The [[PlayStation 2]] version wis released on PAL regions on December 2, 2005, an later in North America on Februar 9, 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ps2.ign.com/objects/776/776722.html|title=Dora the Explorer: Journey to the Purple Planet|work=IGN|access-date=2017-05-30|archive-date=2005-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051201010119/http://ps2.ign.com/objects/776/776722.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the gemme Dora an Boots find some lost aliens frae the purple planet. Tae tak them hame, though, she an Boots are required tae collect keys tae open the space gate, leadin tae the saturn planet. The game is unique in that it uses pictures an seembols tae communicate rather than words. The object o the game is tae captur ane o the sax explorer stars. Each explorer starn haes a special power sic as the ability tae be noisy or the ability tae creaut muisic. In order tae captur the starn, the player must complete a hide-an-seek activity. Thir activities include maze navigation, matching games, side-scrolling race games, a "Frogger"-teep game, a complete-the-pattern activity an a sang playin game.<ref>Global Star (2004) Dora the Explorer: Super Star Adventures Manual</ref> ''Dora Puppy'' is a puppy simulator whaur players must help Dora take care o her puppy, Perrito, an help train him for doggie competitions. Aw the actions are performed bi aither tracing certaint shapes wi the stylus or calling oot commands intae the DS's microphone.<ref>2K Play (2009) Dora the Explorer: Dora Puppy Manual</ref> It wis developed bi [[Take-Two Interactive]] for the [[Nintendo DS]] an published bi 2K Play in [[North America]]<ref name = "On IGN">{{cite web|url=http://ds.ign.com/objects/029/029442.html|title=Dora the Explorer: Dora Puppy|work=IGN|access-date=2017-05-30|archive-date=2010-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100227042013/http://ds.ign.com/objects/029/029442.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> an Australie in 2009, an in [[Europe]] in 2010. ''Dora the Explorer: Dora's Cooking Club'' is a cooking video game for the [[Nintendo DS]]. It wis published bi 2K Play in 2010.<ref name = "on IGN">{{cite web|url=http://ds.ign.com/objects/077/077952.html|title=Dora's Cooking Club|work=IGN|access-date=2017-05-30|archive-date=2010-06-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623042107/http://ds.ign.com/objects/077/077952.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the game, players hae tae chop veggies, stir soups, top pizzas, an mair uisin math skills. Thay mey be sorting cookies intae numbered groups or counting oot different amounts o ingredients.<ref>2K Play (2010) Dora's Cooking Club Manual</ref> * ''Dora the Explorer: Dora Saves the Snow Princess'' is a video game that wis released for the PlayStation 2 an the [[Wii]] console in 2008. * ''Dora the Explorer: Dora Saves the Crystal Kingdom'' is a video game that wis released for the PlayStation 2 an the Wii console in 2009. ==Sequel== <!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Dora grows up2.jpg|thumb|120px|Dora the Explorer as a tween.]] --> In 2013 [[Nickelodeon]] annoonced a sequel tae ''Dora the Explorer'' cried ''[[Dora and Friends: Into the City!]]''. It starred the Latina heroine Dora as a 10-year-auld that gaes on ceety adventures wi the Explorer Girls, accompanied bi a male pal named Pablo. The series wis picked up for 20 episodes an stairtit on Nickelodeon on 18 August 2014.<ref name="Reuters">{{cite web|title = Nickelodeon Unveils New Generation Of Content For New Generation Of Kids At Annual Upfront Presentation|url = http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/26/ny-nickelodeon-lineup-idUSnPnNY66995+160+PRN20130226|publisher = [[Reuters]]|accessdate = 31 March 2013|format = Press release|date = 25 February 2013|archive-date = 2014-08-18|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140818231058/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/26/ny-nickelodeon-lineup-idUSnPnNY66995+160+PRN20130226|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref name="Villaneda">{{cite web|last = Villaneda|first = Rebecca|title = 'Dora and Friends': New Spin-off Will Star the Little Latina Heroine|url = http://www.hispanicbusiness.com/2013/2/28/dora_and_friends_new_spinoff_will.htm|work = Hispanic Business|accessdate = 31 March 2013|date = 28 February 2013|archive-date = 2013-10-15|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131015165334/http://www.hispanicbusiness.com/2013/2/28/dora_and_friends_new_spinoff_will.htm|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref name="Nickutopia">{{cite web|title = Nickelodeon "Dora And Friends: In The City" TV Show|url = http://www.nickutopia.com/2013/03/08/nickelodeon-dora-and-friends-in-the-city-tv-show/|publisher = Nickutopia|accessdate = 31 March 2013|date = 8 March 2013|archive-date = 2015-07-20|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150720231412/http://www.nickutopia.com/2013/03/08/nickelodeon-dora-and-friends-in-the-city-tv-show/|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref name="Peel">{{cite web|last = Peel|first = Sarah|title = Nickelodeon Announces Dora and Friends: Into the City|url = http://www.bsckids.com/2013/03/nickelodeon-announces-dora-and-friends-into-the-city/|publisher = BSC Kids|accessdate = 31 March 2013|date = 11 March 2013|archive-date = 2014-10-06|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141006135354/http://www.bsckids.com/2013/03/nickelodeon-announces-dora-and-friends-into-the-city/|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nickjr.com/video/?videoid=122704|title=Dora & Friends Music Video – Video Clip – Nick Jr.|work=nickjr.com|access-date=2017-05-30|archive-date=2014-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813034231/http://www.nickjr.com/video/?videoid=122704|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/tv/la-et-st-aging-dora-20140818-story.html|title=Dora the Explorer is growing up and getting a spinoff series|author=Los Angeles Times|date=18 August 2014|work=latimes.com}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.nickjr.com.au/shows.php?sh=1 Dora The Explorer on Nick Jr. Australia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091228182608/http://www.nickjr.com.au/shows.php?sh=1 |date=2009-12-28 }} *[http://www.nickjr.com/dora-the-explorer/ Dora The Explorer On Nick Jr. US] *[http://www.nickjr.co.uk/shows/dora/index.aspx Dora The Explorer On Nick Jr. UK] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031014092311/http://www.nickjr.co.uk/shows/dora/index.aspx |date=2003-10-14 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20071008220601/http://treehousetv.com/watch/shows/doratheexplorer/default.aspx Dora The Explorer on Treehouse] *[http://www.nickcanada.com/show/showpage/18/dora-the-explorer Dora The Explorer On Nick Canada] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100108034956/http://www.nickcanada.com/show/showpage/18/dora-the-explorer |date=2010-01-08 }} * {{IMDb title|0235917|Dora the Explorer}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dora The Explorer}} [[Category:Dora the Explorer| ]] [[Category:2014 American televeesion series endins]] [[Category:2000s American animatit televeesion series]] [[Category:2010s American animatit televeesion series]] [[Category:American bairns' adventur televeesion series]] [[Category:American bairns' animatit televeesion series]] [[Category:American bairns' fantasie televeesion series]] [[Category:Inglis-leid televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Bairns' televeesion chairacters]] [[Category:Feectional Hispanic an Latino American fowk]] [[Category:Feectional explorers]] [[Category:Nick Jr. shaws]] [[Category:Telemundo network shaws]] [[Category:Televeesion programmes featurin anthropomorphic chairacters]] [[Category:Univision network shaws]] [[Category:Peabody Awaird winners]] [[Category:2000s Nickelodeon shaws]] [[Category:2010s Nickelodeon shaws]] [[Category:CBS network shaws]] g7nnbtc0x2g2jcd4a2mh3gfnliq220l 927126 927096 2026-11-08T23:07:39Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927126 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox televeesion | show_name = Dora the Explorer | image = Dora the Explorer logo.svg | genre = [[Bairn's telly series|Bairn's]] [[Adventur (genre)|adventur]] | creator = Chris Gifford<br>Valerie Walsh Valdes<br>Eric Weiner | director = George S. Chialtas<br>Gary Conrad<br>Henry Lenardin-Madden<br>Sherie Pollack<br>Arnie Wong<br>Jyllian Gunther (Vyce) | voices = {{Plainlist| * [[Caitlin Sanchez]] * [[Kathleen Herles]] * Fátima Ptacek * [[Harrison Chad]] * Regan Mizrahi * Marc Weiner * Alexandria Suarez }} | theme_music_composer = {{Plainlist| * Joshua Sitron * Billy Straus }} | opentheme = Dora the Explorer Theme | endtheme = mony closin themes | country = Unitit States | language = {{Plainlist| * Inglis * Spainish }} | num_seasons = 8 | num_episodes = 172 (aired) | list_episodes = Leet o Dora the Explorer episodes | executive_producer = Chris Gifford | producer = Valerie Walsh Valdes | editor = {{Plainlist| * Gayle McIntyre * Karyn Finley Powell * David Wigforss }} | runtime = 22 meenit approx., 45 meenit (specials) | network = [[Nickelodeon]] | company = {{Plainlist| * Stinky Hawk Productions * Nick Jr. Productions (Saison 1-4) * Nickelodeon Productions. (Saison 5-8) * Nickelodeon Animation Studio }} | distributor = CBS Television Distribution | picture_format = {{Plainlist| * 480i: [[Standard-definition television|SDTV]] (2000–2012) * 1080i: [[High-definition television|HDTV]] (2012–2014) }} | first_aired = {{Start date|2000|8|14}} | last_aired = {{End date|2014|6|5}} | followed_by = ''[[Dora and Friends: Into the City!]]'' | related = ''[[Go, Diego, Go!]]'' | website = http://www.nickjr.com/dora-the-explorer/ }} '''''Dora the Explorer''''' is an American [[education]]al [[Animatit series|animated TV series]] creatit bi Chris Gifford, Valerie Walsh, an Eric Weiner. ''Dora the Explorer'' becam a regular series in 2000. The shaw wis carried on the [[Nickelodeon]] [[Cable telly|cable television]] network, includin the associated [[Nick Jr.]] channel. It aired on [[CBS]] until September 2006. A Spaingie-dubbed version first aired as pairt o a ''Nick en español'' block on NBC Universal-owned Telemundo throu September 2006; syne Apryle 2008, this version o the program haes been carried on Univision as pairt o the ''Planeta U'' block. The series is co-produced bi [[Nickelodeon|Nickelodeon Productions]] an Nickelodeon Animation Studio. ''Dora the Explorer'' is ane o the langest-running shaws o Nick Jr. Durin the saxt series, the shaw becam the Nick Jr. series wi the maist episodes, surpassin ''[[Blue's Clues]]'' wi 143 episodes, haein 144 efter it haed completit broadcasting on television. It wan a [[Peabody Award]] in 2003 "for outstanding efforts in making learning a pleasurable experience for pre-schoolers." It ended on Juin 5, 2014 efter 8 series an 172 episodes.<ref>[http://www.peabodyawards.com/award-profile/dora-the-explorer 63rd Annual Peabody Awards], May 2004.</ref> ==Plot== The series centers aroond Dora, a 7 (Later 8) year auld American girl o Indigenous Mexican heritage, wi a luve o embarking on quests relatit tae an activity that she wants tae partake o or a place that she wants tae go tae, accompanied bi her talking [[Purpie|purple]] backpack an anthropomorphic monkey companion named Boots (named for his beloved pair o reid [[Buit|boots]]). Each episode is based aroond a series o cyclical events that occur alang the wey during Dora's travels, alang wi obstacles that she an Boots are forced tae overcome or puzzles that thay hae tae solve (wi "assistance" frae the viewing audience) relating tae [[Guddock|riddles]], the Spaingie leid, or counting. Common rituals mey involve Dora's encounters wi Swiper, a [[Bipedalism|bipedal]], anthropomorphic masked thieving [[fox]] whose theft o the possessions o others must be preventit throu fourth wall-breaking interaction wi the viewer. Tae stap Swiper, Dora must say "Swiper no swiping" three times. Houiver, on occasions whaur Swiper steals the belongings o ither fowk, the viewer is presented wi the challenge o helpin Boots an Dora locate the stolen items. Anither obstacle involves encounters wi anither ane o the program's antagonists; the "Grumpy Old Troll" dwelling beneath a [[Brig|bridge]] that Dora an Boots must cross, that challenges them wi a riddle afore permitting them the past that needs tae be solved wi the viewer's help. Kent for the constant breaking o the fourth-wall depicted in every episode, the audience is uisually presented tae two primary laundmerks that must be passed afore Dora can reach her destination, normally bein challenged wi games or puzzles alang the wey. The episode always ends wi Dora successfully reachin the locale, singing the "We Did It!" sang wi Boots in triumph. On numerous occasions, television specials hae been aired for the series in which the uisual events o regular episodes are altered, threatened, or replaced. Uisually said specials will present Dora wi a bigger, mair whimsical adventur than uisual or wi a magical task that must be fulfilled, or aiblins even offer a series o different adventures for Boots an Dora tae traivel throu. Thay micht be gien wi an unusual, difficult task (sic as assisting Swiper in his attempts tae be erased frae Santa Claus's Naughty List) that normally is nae featurt in average episodes, or challenge Dora wi a goal that must be achieved (sic as the emancipation o a trapped mermaid). Whiles, the specials hae involved the debut o new characters, sic as the birth o Dora's superpowered twin baby siblings an the introduction o the enchanted anthropomorphic [[Starn|stars]] that accompany Dora on monie o her quests. ==Development== Dora is a [[Latino|Latina]]. Accordin tae a Nickelodeon spokesman, "She was developed to be pan-Latina to represent the diversity of Latino cultures."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/Media/dora-explorer-labeled-illegal-immigrant/story?id=10711944 |title=Is Dora The Explorer an Illegal Immigrant? |last=Friedman |first=Emily |date=May 21, 2010 |website= |publisher=ABC News |access-date=January 21, 2013 |quote=}}</ref> On Mairch 8, 2009, Mattel an [[Nickelodeon]] annoonced that Dora will receive a tweenage makeover, switching frae a young age tae a teenage attending middle school. Initially, it wis annoonced that the new leuk wad nae be revealed until late 2009,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/Weekend/story?id=7033295&page=1|title=Dora the Explorer Updates Her Look|accessdate=2009-03-08}}</ref> but efter a short controversy, the tween Dora wis unveiled on Mairch 16, 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/705291219/After-Dora-uproar-Nick-and-Mattel-soothe-moms.html|title=After Dora uproar, Nick and Mattel soothe moms|accessdate=2010-09-06|archive-date=2010-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007071832/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/705291219/After-Dora-uproar-Nick-and-Mattel-soothe-moms.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.popcrunch.com/new-tween-dora-the-explorer-revealed/ |title=New Tween "Dora The Explorer" Revealed |publisher=Popcrunch.com |date= |accessdate=2011-03-19 |archive-date=2011-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715103605/http://www.popcrunch.com/new-tween-dora-the-explorer-revealed/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Vicki Passmore |url=http://www.walletpop.com/2011/01/25/boy-how-youve-changed-9-big-mascot-makeovers/ |title=Boy, How You've Changed: Nine Big Mascot Makeovers |publisher=Walletpop.com |date=February 1, 2011 |accessdate=March 19, 2011 |archive-date=2011-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110127001512/http://www.walletpop.com/2011/01/25/boy-how-youve-changed-9-big-mascot-makeovers/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The chynge wis criticized bi ane writer that did nae support the feminization o Dora's image.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2009/03/19/dora-the-explorers-makeover-gwen-and-i-saw-it-comin/|title=Dora the Explorer's Makeover |work=thesocietypages.org}}</ref> In 2012, a CGI openin wis creatit for new episodes o the series.<ref name="CGI">[http://www.animationinsider.net/article.php?articleID=3104 Calabash Animation Creates New 'Dora' Opening]{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Animationinsider.net</ref> ===Dora's Explorer Girls=== In 2009, Mattel an Nickelodeon introduced a preteen version o Dora, wi fower friends named Naiya, Kate, Emma, an Alana, that caw themselves the Explorer Girls.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nickjr.com/doragirls/home.jhtml |title=Dora's Explorer Girls |publisher=Nickjr.com |date= |accessdate=2011-03-19 |archive-date=2009-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090922185537/http://www.nickjr.com/doragirls/home.jhtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Explorer Girls war included in the ''Dora and Friends'' spin-off in 2014. ==Stage adaptations== Two stage versions o Dora the Explorer toured North America, the first bein "City of Lost Toys", an the seicont bein "Dora's Pirate Adventure". Produced bi Nickelodeon an LiveNation, thir productions featurt live actors portraying the roles o Dora an her friends, includin Boots, Diego, Isa, an the Fiesta Trio. Monie o the characters wore elaborate foam costumes designed tae resemble the Dora characters. Each production featurt a structur seemilar tae an episode o the television series. City o Lost Toys featurt Christina Bianco as Dora while Dora's Pirate Adventure featurt Danay Ferrer o the baund Innosense in the role o Dora an [[Frankie Grande]] as Boots. Baith productions featurt a version o the popular [[Gloria Estefan]] sang "Get On Your Feet" as the final nummer o the shaw. Baith productions war conceived bi Chris Gifford, creautor o the television shaw, an directed bi Gip Hoppe. Thare hae been three Dora touring companies. The "City of Lost Toys" company an the "Pirate Adventure" company featurt actors an crew that war members o Actor's Equity an IATSE, respectively, the unions for professional actors an stagehands in the Unitit States. The third company performs a reduced version o "Pirate Adventure" an daes nae employ union personnel. This production toured North Americae, an wis tae traivel tae the Unitit Kinrick an Fraunce. ==''Dora the Explorer'' merchandise== Thare are monie action figures an playsets available in monie markets, alang wi DVDs, cosmetics, hygiene products, ride-ons, beuks, buird games, plush dolls, apparel, handbags, play tents, play kitchens, an mair. Licensees include Fisher-Price in the Unitit States an Holland Publishing in the Unitit Kinrick. ===Toys=== In 2007, lead paint uised bi a contract toy manufacturer in Cheenae prompted Mattel tae issue recalls for nearly a million toys, monie o which featurt ''[[Sesame Street]]'' an Nickelodeon characters, includin Dora the Explorer. Nickelodeon responded that thay wad introduce "third-party monitoring" o aw manufacturers o products unner its brands.<ref>{{cite news |first=Esther |last=Addley |title=Mattel recalls nearly 100,000 toys after lead paint alert |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/aug/03/estheraddley.uknews4 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=2007-08-03 |accessdate=2008-07-06 | location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Angela |last=Gregory |title=Dora the Explorer leads toy giant's recall |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/1/story.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10455568 |work=The New Zealand Herald |date=2007-08-03 |accessdate=2008-07-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/02/business/02toy.html |title=Lead Paint Prompts Mattel to Recall 967,000 Toys (''registration required to read article'') |publisher=NY Times |date=2007-08-02 |author=Story, Louise}}</ref> ===Beuks=== ====''Dora the Explorer'' series==== #''Dora's Backpack'' (ISBN 978-0689847202) #''Little Star'' (ISBN 978-0689847219) #''Happy Mother's Day Mami!'' (ISBN 978-0689852336) #''Meet Diego!'' (ISBN 978-0689859939) #''Dora's Thanksgiving'' (ISBN 978-0689858420) #''Dora Loves Boots'' (ISBN 978-0689863738) #''Dora's Book of Manners'' (ISBN 978-0689865336) #''Dora Goes to School'' (ISBN 978-0689864940) #''Dora's Fairy-Tale Adventure'' (ISBN 978-0689870125) #''Dora's Chilly Day'' (ISBN 978-0689867958) #''Show Me Your Smile!'' (ISBN 978-0689871696) #''Dora's Pirate Adventure'' (ISBN 978-0689875830) #''Big Sister Dora!'' (ISBN 978-0689878466) #''At the Carnival'' (ISBN 978-0689858413) #''Dora's Costume Party!'' (ISBN 978-1416900108) #''Dance to the Rescue'' (ISBN 978-1416902164) #''Dora's Starry Christmas'' (ISBN 978-1416902492) #''Super babies'' (ISBN 978-1416914853) #''The Birthday Dance Party'' (ISBN 978-1416913030) #''Dora's World Adventure'' (ISBN 978-1416924470) #''Dora Climbs Star Mountain'' (ISBN 978-1416940593) #''It's Sharing Day!'' (ISBN 978-1416915751) #''Dora Had a Little Lamb'' (ISBN 978-1416933687) #''Dora Saves Mermaid Kingdom!'' (ISBN 978-1416938415) #''Dora and the Stuck Truck'' (ISBN 978-1416947998) ====''Ready To Read'' series – Level 1==== #''Dora's Picnic'' (ISBN 978-0689852381) #''Follow Those Feet!'' (ISBN 978-0689852398) #''Dora in the Deep Sea'' (ISBN 978-0689858451) #''I Love My Papi!'' (ISBN 978-0689864957) #''Say "Cheese!"'' (ISBN 978-0689864964) #''The Halloween Cat'' (ISBN 978-0689867996) #''Eggs for Everyone!'' (ISBN 978-0689871764) #''Just Like Dora!'' (ISBN 978-0689876752) #''I Love My Mami!'' (ISBN 978-1416906506) #''Puppy Takes a Bath'' (ISBN 978-1416914839) #''Around the World!'' (ISBN 978-1416924784) #''Dora's Sleepover'' (ISBN 978-1416915089) #''Dora Helps Diego!'' (ISBN 978-1416915096) #''Dora's Perfect Pumpkin'' (ISBN 978-1416934387) #''Dora's Mystery of the Missing Shoes'' (ISBN 978-1416938248) ====''A Lift-the-Flap Story''==== *''Good Night, Dora!: A Lift-the-Flap Story'' (ISBN 978-0689847745) *''Where Is Boots?: A Lift-the-Flap Story'' (ISBN 978-0689847752) *''Let's Play Sports!: A Lift-the-Flap Story'' (ISBN 978-1416933502) *''All Dressed Up!: A Lift-the-Flap Book'' (ISBN 978-0689877186) ====Treasury beuks an collection beuks==== *''Dora's Ready-to-Read Adventures'' (ISBN 978-0689878152) Conteens: ''Dora's Picnic'', ''Follow Those Feet'', ''Dora in the Deep Sea'', ''I Love My Papi!'', ''Say "Cheese"'' *''Dora's Storytime Collection'' (ISBN 978-0689866234) Contains: Dora's Backpack, Little Star, Happy Birthday, Mami!, Meet Diego!, Dora Saves the Prince, Dora's Treasure Hunt, Good Night, Dora! *''Dora's Big Book of Stories'' (ISBN 978-1416907084) Contains: Dora's Beuk o Manners, Dora Goes tae School, Dora's Fairy-Tale Adventure, Dora's Chilly Day, Shaw Me Your Smile!, Dora's Pirate Adventure, Big Sister Dora! ====Sticker beuks==== *''Dora's Magic Watering Can'' (ISBN 978-1416947721) ===Video games=== {{main article|Dora the Explorer (video game series)}} [[Video gemme|Video game]]s based on the 2000 television shaw ''Dora the Explorer'' war released. In Canadae, Cheerios offered a free ''Dora the Explorer the Game'' CD-ROMs in specially merked packages. Houiver, packages sauld in [[Quebec]] wad anly hae the French version. ''Dora the Explorer: Barnyard Buddies'' is a video game released for the [[PlayStation]] in 2003 in the US. It wis nae released in Europe until 2005 bein ane o the very last games released on that platform in that territory. ''Dora the Explorer: Super Star Adventures'' is an adventure video game for the [[Game Boy Advance]] released in 2004. It wis developed bi Imaginengine an published bi Global Star.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://gameboy.ign.com/objects/708/708236.html| title=Dora the Explorer: Super Star Adventures| publisher=IGN| accessdate=2011-09-09| archive-date=2004-10-31| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041031082720/http://gameboy.ign.com/objects/708/708236.html| url-status=dead}}</ref> ''Dora the Explorer: Journey to the Purple Planet'' is an action-adventure video game, developed bi Monkey Bar Games, published bi Global Star Software an powered bi Vicious Engine. The game wis released for [[GameCube]] in [[North America]] on October 13, 2005,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cube.ign.com/objects/480/480899.html|title=Dora the Explorer: Journey to the Purple Planet|work=IGN|access-date=2017-05-30|archive-date=2012-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308162239/http://cube.ign.com/objects/480/480899.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> an later in PAL regions on December 16, 2005. The [[PlayStation 2]] version wis released on PAL regions on December 2, 2005, an later in North America on Februar 9, 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ps2.ign.com/objects/776/776722.html|title=Dora the Explorer: Journey to the Purple Planet|work=IGN|access-date=2017-05-30|archive-date=2005-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051201010119/http://ps2.ign.com/objects/776/776722.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the gemme Dora an Boots find some lost aliens frae the purple planet. Tae tak them hame, though, she an Boots are required tae collect keys tae open the space gate, leadin tae the saturn planet. The game is unique in that it uses pictures an seembols tae communicate rather than words. The object o the game is tae captur ane o the sax explorer stars. Each explorer starn haes a special power sic as the ability tae be noisy or the ability tae creaut muisic. In order tae captur the starn, the player must complete a hide-an-seek activity. Thir activities include maze navigation, matching games, side-scrolling race games, a "Frogger"-teep game, a complete-the-pattern activity an a sang playin game.<ref>Global Star (2004) Dora the Explorer: Super Star Adventures Manual</ref> ''Dora Puppy'' is a puppy simulator whaur players must help Dora take care o her puppy, Perrito, an help train him for doggie competitions. Aw the actions are performed bi aither tracing certaint shapes wi the stylus or calling oot commands intae the DS's microphone.<ref>2K Play (2009) Dora the Explorer: Dora Puppy Manual</ref> It wis developed bi [[Take-Two Interactive]] for the [[Nintendo DS]] an published bi 2K Play in [[North America]]<ref name = "On IGN">{{cite web|url=http://ds.ign.com/objects/029/029442.html|title=Dora the Explorer: Dora Puppy|work=IGN|access-date=2017-05-30|archive-date=2010-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100227042013/http://ds.ign.com/objects/029/029442.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> an Australie in 2009, an in [[Europe]] in 2010. ''Dora the Explorer: Dora's Cooking Club'' is a cooking video game for the [[Nintendo DS]]. It wis published bi 2K Play in 2010.<ref name = "on IGN">{{cite web|url=http://ds.ign.com/objects/077/077952.html|title=Dora's Cooking Club|work=IGN|access-date=2017-05-30|archive-date=2010-06-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623042107/http://ds.ign.com/objects/077/077952.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the game, players hae tae chop veggies, stir soups, top pizzas, an mair uisin math skills. Thay mey be sorting cookies intae numbered groups or counting oot different amounts o ingredients.<ref>2K Play (2010) Dora's Cooking Club Manual</ref> * ''Dora the Explorer: Dora Saves the Snow Princess'' is a video game that wis released for the PlayStation 2 an the [[Wii]] console in 2008. * ''Dora the Explorer: Dora Saves the Crystal Kingdom'' is a video game that wis released for the PlayStation 2 an the Wii console in 2009. ==Sequel== <!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Dora grows up2.jpg|thumb|120px|Dora the Explorer as a tween.]] --> In 2013 [[Nickelodeon]] annoonced a sequel tae ''Dora the Explorer'' cried ''[[Dora and Friends: Into the City!]]''. It starred the Latina heroine Dora as a 10-year-auld that gaes on ceety adventures wi the Explorer Girls, accompanied bi a male pal named Pablo. The series wis picked up for 20 episodes an stairtit on Nickelodeon on 18 August 2014.<ref name="Reuters">{{cite web|title = Nickelodeon Unveils New Generation Of Content For New Generation Of Kids At Annual Upfront Presentation|url = http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/26/ny-nickelodeon-lineup-idUSnPnNY66995+160+PRN20130226|publisher = [[Reuters]]|accessdate = 31 March 2013|format = Press release|date = 25 February 2013|archive-date = 2014-08-18|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140818231058/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/26/ny-nickelodeon-lineup-idUSnPnNY66995+160+PRN20130226|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref name="Villaneda">{{cite web|last = Villaneda|first = Rebecca|title = 'Dora and Friends': New Spin-off Will Star the Little Latina Heroine|url = http://www.hispanicbusiness.com/2013/2/28/dora_and_friends_new_spinoff_will.htm|work = Hispanic Business|accessdate = 31 March 2013|date = 28 February 2013|archive-date = 2013-10-15|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131015165334/http://www.hispanicbusiness.com/2013/2/28/dora_and_friends_new_spinoff_will.htm|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref name="Nickutopia">{{cite web|title = Nickelodeon "Dora And Friends: In The City" TV Show|url = http://www.nickutopia.com/2013/03/08/nickelodeon-dora-and-friends-in-the-city-tv-show/|publisher = Nickutopia|accessdate = 31 March 2013|date = 8 March 2013|archive-date = 2015-07-20|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150720231412/http://www.nickutopia.com/2013/03/08/nickelodeon-dora-and-friends-in-the-city-tv-show/|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref name="Peel">{{cite web|last = Peel|first = Sarah|title = Nickelodeon Announces Dora and Friends: Into the City|url = http://www.bsckids.com/2013/03/nickelodeon-announces-dora-and-friends-into-the-city/|publisher = BSC Kids|accessdate = 31 March 2013|date = 11 March 2013|archive-date = 2014-10-06|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141006135354/http://www.bsckids.com/2013/03/nickelodeon-announces-dora-and-friends-into-the-city/|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nickjr.com/video/?videoid=122704|title=Dora & Friends Music Video – Video Clip – Nick Jr.|work=nickjr.com|access-date=2017-05-30|archive-date=2014-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813034231/http://www.nickjr.com/video/?videoid=122704|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/tv/la-et-st-aging-dora-20140818-story.html|title=Dora the Explorer is growing up and getting a spinoff series|author=Los Angeles Times|date=18 August 2014|work=latimes.com}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.nickjr.com.au/shows.php?sh=1 Dora The Explorer on Nick Jr. Australia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091228182608/http://www.nickjr.com.au/shows.php?sh=1 |date=2009-12-28 }} *[http://www.nickjr.com/dora-the-explorer/ Dora The Explorer On Nick Jr. US] *[http://www.nickjr.co.uk/shows/dora/index.aspx Dora The Explorer On Nick Jr. UK] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031014092311/http://www.nickjr.co.uk/shows/dora/index.aspx |date=2003-10-14 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20071008220601/http://treehousetv.com/watch/shows/doratheexplorer/default.aspx Dora The Explorer on Treehouse] *[http://www.nickcanada.com/show/showpage/18/dora-the-explorer Dora The Explorer On Nick Canada] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100108034956/http://www.nickcanada.com/show/showpage/18/dora-the-explorer |date=2010-01-08 }} * {{IMDb title|0235917|Dora the Explorer}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dora The Explorer}} [[Category:Dora the Explorer| ]] [[Category:2014 American televeesion series endins]] [[Category:2000s American animatit televeesion series]] [[Category:2010s American animatit televeesion series]] [[Category:American bairns' adventur televeesion series]] [[Category:American bairns' animatit televeesion series]] [[Category:American bairns' fantasie televeesion series]] [[Category:Inglis-leid televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Bairns' televeesion chairacters]] [[Category:Feectional Hispanic an Latino American fowk]] [[Category:Feectional explorers]] [[Category:Nick Jr. shaws]] [[Category:Telemundo network shaws]] [[Category:Televeesion programmes featurin anthropomorphic chairacters]] [[Category:Univision network shaws]] [[Category:Peabody Awaird winners]] [[Category:2000s Nickelodeon shaws]] [[Category:2010s Nickelodeon shaws]] [[Category:CBS network shaws]] 7bydv5pgpenex6bqykpfqlnxtchg355 927127 927126 2026-11-08T23:10:38Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927127 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox televeesion | show_name = Dora the Explorer | image = Dora the Explorer logo.svg | genre = [[Bairn's telly series|Bairn's]] [[Adventur (genre)|adventur]] | creator = Chris Gifford<br>Valerie Walsh Valdes<br>Eric Weiner | director = George S. Chialtas<br>Gary Conrad<br>Henry Lenardin-Madden<br>Sherie Pollack<br>Arnie Wong<br>Jyllian Gunther (Vyce) | voices = {{Plainlist| * [[Caitlin Sanchez]] * [[Kathleen Herles]] * Fátima Ptacek * [[Harrison Chad]] * Regan Mizrahi * Marc Weiner * Alexandria Suarez }} | theme_music_composer = {{Plainlist| * Joshua Sitron * Billy Straus }} | opentheme = Dora the Explorer Theme | endtheme = mony closin themes | country = Unitit States | language = {{Plainlist| * Inglis * Spainish }} | num_seasons = 8 | num_episodes = 172 (aired) | list_episodes = Leet o Dora the Explorer episodes | executive_producer = Chris Gifford | producer = Valerie Walsh Valdes | editor = {{Plainlist| * Gayle McIntyre * Karyn Finley Powell * David Wigforss }} | runtime = 22 meenit approx., 45 meenit (specials) | network = [[Nickelodeon]] | company = {{Plainlist| * Stinky Hawk Productions * Nick Jr. Productions (Saison 1-4) * Nickelodeon Productions. (Saison 5-8) * Nickelodeon Animation Studio }} | distributor = CBS Television Distribution | picture_format = {{Plainlist| * 480i: [[Standard-definition television|SDTV]] (2000–2012) * 1080i: [[High-definition television|HDTV]] (2012–2014) }} | first_aired = {{Start date|2000|8|14}} | last_aired = {{End date|2014|6|5}} | followed_by = ''[[Dora and Friends: Into the City!]]'' | related = ''[[Go, Diego, Go!]]'' | website = http://www.nickjr.com/dora-the-explorer/ }} '''''Dora the Explorer''''' is an American [[Eddication|eddicational]] [[Animatit series|animatit TV series]] creatit bi Chris Gifford, Valerie Walsh, an Eric Weiner. ''Dora the Explorer'' becam a reglar series in 2000. The shaw wis carried on the [[Nickelodeon]] [[cable telly]] netwirk, includin the associatit [[Nick Jr.]] chainel. It aired on [[CBS]] till September 2006. A Spainish-dubbed version furst aired as pairt o a ''Nick en español'' block on NBC Universal-awned Telemundo throu September 2006; syne Aprile 2008, this version o the programme haes been carried on Univision as pairt o the ''Planeta U'' block. The series is co-produced bi [[Nickelodeon|Nickelodeon Productions]] an Nickelodeon Animation Studio. ''Dora the Explorer'' is ane o the langest-rinnin shaws o Nick Jr. Durin the saxt series, the shaw becam the Nick Jr. series wi the maist episodes, surpassin ''[[Blue's Clues]]'' wi 143 episodes, haein 144 efter it haed completit braidcastin on telly. It wan a [[Peabody Awaird]] in 2003 "fur ootstaundin efforts in makin learnin a pleasurable experience fur pre-schuilers." It ended on 5 Juin 2014 efter 8 serie an 172 episode.<ref>[http://www.peabodyawards.com/award-profile/dora-the-explorer 63rd Annual Peabody Awards], May 2004.</ref> ==Plot== The series centers aroond Dora, a 7 (Later 8) year auld American girl o Indigenous Mexican heritage, wi a luve o embarking on quests relatit tae an activity that she wants tae partake o or a place that she wants tae go tae, accompanied bi her talking [[Purpie|purple]] backpack an anthropomorphic monkey companion named Boots (named for his beloved pair o reid [[Buit|boots]]). Each episode is based aroond a series o cyclical events that occur alang the wey during Dora's travels, alang wi obstacles that she an Boots are forced tae overcome or puzzles that thay hae tae solve (wi "assistance" frae the viewing audience) relating tae [[Guddock|riddles]], the Spaingie leid, or counting. Common rituals mey involve Dora's encounters wi Swiper, a [[Bipedalism|bipedal]], anthropomorphic masked thieving [[fox]] whose theft o the possessions o others must be preventit throu fourth wall-breaking interaction wi the viewer. Tae stap Swiper, Dora must say "Swiper no swiping" three times. Houiver, on occasions whaur Swiper steals the belongings o ither fowk, the viewer is presented wi the challenge o helpin Boots an Dora locate the stolen items. Anither obstacle involves encounters wi anither ane o the program's antagonists; the "Grumpy Old Troll" dwelling beneath a [[Brig|bridge]] that Dora an Boots must cross, that challenges them wi a riddle afore permitting them the past that needs tae be solved wi the viewer's help. Kent for the constant breaking o the fourth-wall depicted in every episode, the audience is uisually presented tae two primary laundmerks that must be passed afore Dora can reach her destination, normally bein challenged wi games or puzzles alang the wey. The episode always ends wi Dora successfully reachin the locale, singing the "We Did It!" sang wi Boots in triumph. On numerous occasions, television specials hae been aired for the series in which the uisual events o regular episodes are altered, threatened, or replaced. Uisually said specials will present Dora wi a bigger, mair whimsical adventur than uisual or wi a magical task that must be fulfilled, or aiblins even offer a series o different adventures for Boots an Dora tae traivel throu. Thay micht be gien wi an unusual, difficult task (sic as assisting Swiper in his attempts tae be erased frae Santa Claus's Naughty List) that normally is nae featurt in average episodes, or challenge Dora wi a goal that must be achieved (sic as the emancipation o a trapped mermaid). Whiles, the specials hae involved the debut o new characters, sic as the birth o Dora's superpowered twin baby siblings an the introduction o the enchanted anthropomorphic [[Starn|stars]] that accompany Dora on monie o her quests. ==Development== Dora is a [[Latino|Latina]]. Accordin tae a Nickelodeon spokesman, "She was developed to be pan-Latina to represent the diversity of Latino cultures."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/Media/dora-explorer-labeled-illegal-immigrant/story?id=10711944 |title=Is Dora The Explorer an Illegal Immigrant? |last=Friedman |first=Emily |date=May 21, 2010 |website= |publisher=ABC News |access-date=January 21, 2013 |quote=}}</ref> On Mairch 8, 2009, Mattel an [[Nickelodeon]] annoonced that Dora will receive a tweenage makeover, switching frae a young age tae a teenage attending middle school. Initially, it wis annoonced that the new leuk wad nae be revealed until late 2009,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/Weekend/story?id=7033295&page=1|title=Dora the Explorer Updates Her Look|accessdate=2009-03-08}}</ref> but efter a short controversy, the tween Dora wis unveiled on Mairch 16, 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/705291219/After-Dora-uproar-Nick-and-Mattel-soothe-moms.html|title=After Dora uproar, Nick and Mattel soothe moms|accessdate=2010-09-06|archive-date=2010-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007071832/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/705291219/After-Dora-uproar-Nick-and-Mattel-soothe-moms.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.popcrunch.com/new-tween-dora-the-explorer-revealed/ |title=New Tween "Dora The Explorer" Revealed |publisher=Popcrunch.com |date= |accessdate=2011-03-19 |archive-date=2011-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715103605/http://www.popcrunch.com/new-tween-dora-the-explorer-revealed/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Vicki Passmore |url=http://www.walletpop.com/2011/01/25/boy-how-youve-changed-9-big-mascot-makeovers/ |title=Boy, How You've Changed: Nine Big Mascot Makeovers |publisher=Walletpop.com |date=February 1, 2011 |accessdate=March 19, 2011 |archive-date=2011-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110127001512/http://www.walletpop.com/2011/01/25/boy-how-youve-changed-9-big-mascot-makeovers/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The chynge wis criticized bi ane writer that did nae support the feminization o Dora's image.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2009/03/19/dora-the-explorers-makeover-gwen-and-i-saw-it-comin/|title=Dora the Explorer's Makeover |work=thesocietypages.org}}</ref> In 2012, a CGI openin wis creatit for new episodes o the series.<ref name="CGI">[http://www.animationinsider.net/article.php?articleID=3104 Calabash Animation Creates New 'Dora' Opening]{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Animationinsider.net</ref> ===Dora's Explorer Girls=== In 2009, Mattel an Nickelodeon introduced a preteen version o Dora, wi fower friends named Naiya, Kate, Emma, an Alana, that caw themselves the Explorer Girls.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nickjr.com/doragirls/home.jhtml |title=Dora's Explorer Girls |publisher=Nickjr.com |date= |accessdate=2011-03-19 |archive-date=2009-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090922185537/http://www.nickjr.com/doragirls/home.jhtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Explorer Girls war included in the ''Dora and Friends'' spin-off in 2014. ==Stage adaptations== Two stage versions o Dora the Explorer toured North America, the first bein "City of Lost Toys", an the seicont bein "Dora's Pirate Adventure". Produced bi Nickelodeon an LiveNation, thir productions featurt live actors portraying the roles o Dora an her friends, includin Boots, Diego, Isa, an the Fiesta Trio. Monie o the characters wore elaborate foam costumes designed tae resemble the Dora characters. Each production featurt a structur seemilar tae an episode o the television series. City o Lost Toys featurt Christina Bianco as Dora while Dora's Pirate Adventure featurt Danay Ferrer o the baund Innosense in the role o Dora an [[Frankie Grande]] as Boots. Baith productions featurt a version o the popular [[Gloria Estefan]] sang "Get On Your Feet" as the final nummer o the shaw. Baith productions war conceived bi Chris Gifford, creautor o the television shaw, an directed bi Gip Hoppe. Thare hae been three Dora touring companies. The "City of Lost Toys" company an the "Pirate Adventure" company featurt actors an crew that war members o Actor's Equity an IATSE, respectively, the unions for professional actors an stagehands in the Unitit States. The third company performs a reduced version o "Pirate Adventure" an daes nae employ union personnel. This production toured North Americae, an wis tae traivel tae the Unitit Kinrick an Fraunce. ==''Dora the Explorer'' merchandise== Thare are monie action figures an playsets available in monie markets, alang wi DVDs, cosmetics, hygiene products, ride-ons, beuks, buird games, plush dolls, apparel, handbags, play tents, play kitchens, an mair. Licensees include Fisher-Price in the Unitit States an Holland Publishing in the Unitit Kinrick. ===Toys=== In 2007, lead paint uised bi a contract toy manufacturer in Cheenae prompted Mattel tae issue recalls for nearly a million toys, monie o which featurt ''[[Sesame Street]]'' an Nickelodeon characters, includin Dora the Explorer. Nickelodeon responded that thay wad introduce "third-party monitoring" o aw manufacturers o products unner its brands.<ref>{{cite news |first=Esther |last=Addley |title=Mattel recalls nearly 100,000 toys after lead paint alert |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/aug/03/estheraddley.uknews4 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=2007-08-03 |accessdate=2008-07-06 | location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Angela |last=Gregory |title=Dora the Explorer leads toy giant's recall |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/1/story.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10455568 |work=The New Zealand Herald |date=2007-08-03 |accessdate=2008-07-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/02/business/02toy.html |title=Lead Paint Prompts Mattel to Recall 967,000 Toys (''registration required to read article'') |publisher=NY Times |date=2007-08-02 |author=Story, Louise}}</ref> ===Beuks=== ====''Dora the Explorer'' series==== #''Dora's Backpack'' (ISBN 978-0689847202) #''Little Star'' (ISBN 978-0689847219) #''Happy Mother's Day Mami!'' (ISBN 978-0689852336) #''Meet Diego!'' (ISBN 978-0689859939) #''Dora's Thanksgiving'' (ISBN 978-0689858420) #''Dora Loves Boots'' (ISBN 978-0689863738) #''Dora's Book of Manners'' (ISBN 978-0689865336) #''Dora Goes to School'' (ISBN 978-0689864940) #''Dora's Fairy-Tale Adventure'' (ISBN 978-0689870125) #''Dora's Chilly Day'' (ISBN 978-0689867958) #''Show Me Your Smile!'' (ISBN 978-0689871696) #''Dora's Pirate Adventure'' (ISBN 978-0689875830) #''Big Sister Dora!'' (ISBN 978-0689878466) #''At the Carnival'' (ISBN 978-0689858413) #''Dora's Costume Party!'' (ISBN 978-1416900108) #''Dance to the Rescue'' (ISBN 978-1416902164) #''Dora's Starry Christmas'' (ISBN 978-1416902492) #''Super babies'' (ISBN 978-1416914853) #''The Birthday Dance Party'' (ISBN 978-1416913030) #''Dora's World Adventure'' (ISBN 978-1416924470) #''Dora Climbs Star Mountain'' (ISBN 978-1416940593) #''It's Sharing Day!'' (ISBN 978-1416915751) #''Dora Had a Little Lamb'' (ISBN 978-1416933687) #''Dora Saves Mermaid Kingdom!'' (ISBN 978-1416938415) #''Dora and the Stuck Truck'' (ISBN 978-1416947998) ====''Ready To Read'' series – Level 1==== #''Dora's Picnic'' (ISBN 978-0689852381) #''Follow Those Feet!'' (ISBN 978-0689852398) #''Dora in the Deep Sea'' (ISBN 978-0689858451) #''I Love My Papi!'' (ISBN 978-0689864957) #''Say "Cheese!"'' (ISBN 978-0689864964) #''The Halloween Cat'' (ISBN 978-0689867996) #''Eggs for Everyone!'' (ISBN 978-0689871764) #''Just Like Dora!'' (ISBN 978-0689876752) #''I Love My Mami!'' (ISBN 978-1416906506) #''Puppy Takes a Bath'' (ISBN 978-1416914839) #''Around the World!'' (ISBN 978-1416924784) #''Dora's Sleepover'' (ISBN 978-1416915089) #''Dora Helps Diego!'' (ISBN 978-1416915096) #''Dora's Perfect Pumpkin'' (ISBN 978-1416934387) #''Dora's Mystery of the Missing Shoes'' (ISBN 978-1416938248) ====''A Lift-the-Flap Story''==== *''Good Night, Dora!: A Lift-the-Flap Story'' (ISBN 978-0689847745) *''Where Is Boots?: A Lift-the-Flap Story'' (ISBN 978-0689847752) *''Let's Play Sports!: A Lift-the-Flap Story'' (ISBN 978-1416933502) *''All Dressed Up!: A Lift-the-Flap Book'' (ISBN 978-0689877186) ====Treasury beuks an collection beuks==== *''Dora's Ready-to-Read Adventures'' (ISBN 978-0689878152) Conteens: ''Dora's Picnic'', ''Follow Those Feet'', ''Dora in the Deep Sea'', ''I Love My Papi!'', ''Say "Cheese"'' *''Dora's Storytime Collection'' (ISBN 978-0689866234) Contains: Dora's Backpack, Little Star, Happy Birthday, Mami!, Meet Diego!, Dora Saves the Prince, Dora's Treasure Hunt, Good Night, Dora! *''Dora's Big Book of Stories'' (ISBN 978-1416907084) Contains: Dora's Beuk o Manners, Dora Goes tae School, Dora's Fairy-Tale Adventure, Dora's Chilly Day, Shaw Me Your Smile!, Dora's Pirate Adventure, Big Sister Dora! ====Sticker beuks==== *''Dora's Magic Watering Can'' (ISBN 978-1416947721) ===Video games=== {{main article|Dora the Explorer (video game series)}} [[Video gemme|Video game]]s based on the 2000 television shaw ''Dora the Explorer'' war released. In Canadae, Cheerios offered a free ''Dora the Explorer the Game'' CD-ROMs in specially merked packages. Houiver, packages sauld in [[Quebec]] wad anly hae the French version. ''Dora the Explorer: Barnyard Buddies'' is a video game released for the [[PlayStation]] in 2003 in the US. It wis nae released in Europe until 2005 bein ane o the very last games released on that platform in that territory. ''Dora the Explorer: Super Star Adventures'' is an adventure video game for the [[Game Boy Advance]] released in 2004. It wis developed bi Imaginengine an published bi Global Star.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://gameboy.ign.com/objects/708/708236.html| title=Dora the Explorer: Super Star Adventures| publisher=IGN| accessdate=2011-09-09| archive-date=2004-10-31| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041031082720/http://gameboy.ign.com/objects/708/708236.html| url-status=dead}}</ref> ''Dora the Explorer: Journey to the Purple Planet'' is an action-adventure video game, developed bi Monkey Bar Games, published bi Global Star Software an powered bi Vicious Engine. The game wis released for [[GameCube]] in [[North America]] on October 13, 2005,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cube.ign.com/objects/480/480899.html|title=Dora the Explorer: Journey to the Purple Planet|work=IGN|access-date=2017-05-30|archive-date=2012-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308162239/http://cube.ign.com/objects/480/480899.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> an later in PAL regions on December 16, 2005. The [[PlayStation 2]] version wis released on PAL regions on December 2, 2005, an later in North America on Februar 9, 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ps2.ign.com/objects/776/776722.html|title=Dora the Explorer: Journey to the Purple Planet|work=IGN|access-date=2017-05-30|archive-date=2005-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051201010119/http://ps2.ign.com/objects/776/776722.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the gemme Dora an Boots find some lost aliens frae the purple planet. Tae tak them hame, though, she an Boots are required tae collect keys tae open the space gate, leadin tae the saturn planet. The game is unique in that it uses pictures an seembols tae communicate rather than words. The object o the game is tae captur ane o the sax explorer stars. Each explorer starn haes a special power sic as the ability tae be noisy or the ability tae creaut muisic. In order tae captur the starn, the player must complete a hide-an-seek activity. Thir activities include maze navigation, matching games, side-scrolling race games, a "Frogger"-teep game, a complete-the-pattern activity an a sang playin game.<ref>Global Star (2004) Dora the Explorer: Super Star Adventures Manual</ref> ''Dora Puppy'' is a puppy simulator whaur players must help Dora take care o her puppy, Perrito, an help train him for doggie competitions. Aw the actions are performed bi aither tracing certaint shapes wi the stylus or calling oot commands intae the DS's microphone.<ref>2K Play (2009) Dora the Explorer: Dora Puppy Manual</ref> It wis developed bi [[Take-Two Interactive]] for the [[Nintendo DS]] an published bi 2K Play in [[North America]]<ref name = "On IGN">{{cite web|url=http://ds.ign.com/objects/029/029442.html|title=Dora the Explorer: Dora Puppy|work=IGN|access-date=2017-05-30|archive-date=2010-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100227042013/http://ds.ign.com/objects/029/029442.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> an Australie in 2009, an in [[Europe]] in 2010. ''Dora the Explorer: Dora's Cooking Club'' is a cooking video game for the [[Nintendo DS]]. It wis published bi 2K Play in 2010.<ref name = "on IGN">{{cite web|url=http://ds.ign.com/objects/077/077952.html|title=Dora's Cooking Club|work=IGN|access-date=2017-05-30|archive-date=2010-06-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623042107/http://ds.ign.com/objects/077/077952.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the game, players hae tae chop veggies, stir soups, top pizzas, an mair uisin math skills. Thay mey be sorting cookies intae numbered groups or counting oot different amounts o ingredients.<ref>2K Play (2010) Dora's Cooking Club Manual</ref> * ''Dora the Explorer: Dora Saves the Snow Princess'' is a video game that wis released for the PlayStation 2 an the [[Wii]] console in 2008. * ''Dora the Explorer: Dora Saves the Crystal Kingdom'' is a video game that wis released for the PlayStation 2 an the Wii console in 2009. ==Sequel== <!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Dora grows up2.jpg|thumb|120px|Dora the Explorer as a tween.]] --> In 2013 [[Nickelodeon]] annoonced a sequel tae ''Dora the Explorer'' cried ''[[Dora and Friends: Into the City!]]''. It starred the Latina heroine Dora as a 10-year-auld that gaes on ceety adventures wi the Explorer Girls, accompanied bi a male pal named Pablo. The series wis picked up for 20 episodes an stairtit on Nickelodeon on 18 August 2014.<ref name="Reuters">{{cite web|title = Nickelodeon Unveils New Generation Of Content For New Generation Of Kids At Annual Upfront Presentation|url = http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/26/ny-nickelodeon-lineup-idUSnPnNY66995+160+PRN20130226|publisher = [[Reuters]]|accessdate = 31 March 2013|format = Press release|date = 25 February 2013|archive-date = 2014-08-18|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140818231058/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/26/ny-nickelodeon-lineup-idUSnPnNY66995+160+PRN20130226|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref name="Villaneda">{{cite web|last = Villaneda|first = Rebecca|title = 'Dora and Friends': New Spin-off Will Star the Little Latina Heroine|url = http://www.hispanicbusiness.com/2013/2/28/dora_and_friends_new_spinoff_will.htm|work = Hispanic Business|accessdate = 31 March 2013|date = 28 February 2013|archive-date = 2013-10-15|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131015165334/http://www.hispanicbusiness.com/2013/2/28/dora_and_friends_new_spinoff_will.htm|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref name="Nickutopia">{{cite web|title = Nickelodeon "Dora And Friends: In The City" TV Show|url = http://www.nickutopia.com/2013/03/08/nickelodeon-dora-and-friends-in-the-city-tv-show/|publisher = Nickutopia|accessdate = 31 March 2013|date = 8 March 2013|archive-date = 2015-07-20|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150720231412/http://www.nickutopia.com/2013/03/08/nickelodeon-dora-and-friends-in-the-city-tv-show/|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref name="Peel">{{cite web|last = Peel|first = Sarah|title = Nickelodeon Announces Dora and Friends: Into the City|url = http://www.bsckids.com/2013/03/nickelodeon-announces-dora-and-friends-into-the-city/|publisher = BSC Kids|accessdate = 31 March 2013|date = 11 March 2013|archive-date = 2014-10-06|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141006135354/http://www.bsckids.com/2013/03/nickelodeon-announces-dora-and-friends-into-the-city/|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nickjr.com/video/?videoid=122704|title=Dora & Friends Music Video – Video Clip – Nick Jr.|work=nickjr.com|access-date=2017-05-30|archive-date=2014-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813034231/http://www.nickjr.com/video/?videoid=122704|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/tv/la-et-st-aging-dora-20140818-story.html|title=Dora the Explorer is growing up and getting a spinoff series|author=Los Angeles Times|date=18 August 2014|work=latimes.com}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.nickjr.com.au/shows.php?sh=1 Dora The Explorer on Nick Jr. Australia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091228182608/http://www.nickjr.com.au/shows.php?sh=1 |date=2009-12-28 }} *[http://www.nickjr.com/dora-the-explorer/ Dora The Explorer On Nick Jr. US] *[http://www.nickjr.co.uk/shows/dora/index.aspx Dora The Explorer On Nick Jr. UK] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031014092311/http://www.nickjr.co.uk/shows/dora/index.aspx |date=2003-10-14 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20071008220601/http://treehousetv.com/watch/shows/doratheexplorer/default.aspx Dora The Explorer on Treehouse] *[http://www.nickcanada.com/show/showpage/18/dora-the-explorer Dora The Explorer On Nick Canada] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100108034956/http://www.nickcanada.com/show/showpage/18/dora-the-explorer |date=2010-01-08 }} * {{IMDb title|0235917|Dora the Explorer}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dora The Explorer}} [[Category:Dora the Explorer| ]] [[Category:2014 American televeesion series endins]] [[Category:2000s American animatit televeesion series]] [[Category:2010s American animatit televeesion series]] [[Category:American bairns' adventur televeesion series]] [[Category:American bairns' animatit televeesion series]] [[Category:American bairns' fantasie televeesion series]] [[Category:Inglis-leid televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Bairns' televeesion chairacters]] [[Category:Feectional Hispanic an Latino American fowk]] [[Category:Feectional explorers]] [[Category:Nick Jr. shaws]] [[Category:Telemundo network shaws]] [[Category:Televeesion programmes featurin anthropomorphic chairacters]] [[Category:Univision network shaws]] [[Category:Peabody Awaird winners]] [[Category:2000s Nickelodeon shaws]] [[Category:2010s Nickelodeon shaws]] [[Category:CBS network shaws]] oce6svo25xcat2wdxtqhovm4j1gqr7f 0 76580 927243 923170 2026-11-09T10:27:24Z Monospaced 75295 Remove Fix Scots; 2024 Conference League, manager an squad updatit, Scots redd up, soorced 927243 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox fitbaw club | clubname = Olympiacos | current = 2026–27 Olympiacos F.C. season | image = | fullname = ΠΑΕ Ολυμπιακός Σύνδεσμος Φιλάθλων Πειραιώς<br>{{small|(Olympiacos Club of {{nowrap|Sportsfriends of Piraeus}})}} | nickname = {{unbulleted list | ''Τhrylos'' (Legend) | ''Erythrolefkoi'' (The Red-Whites) }} | founded = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|1925|03|10}} | ground = [[Karaiskakis Stadium]]<br>[[Piraeus]], Greece | capacity = 33,449<ref>[https://www.olympiacos.org/en/g-karaiskakis-stadium/# "G. Karaiskakis" Stadium] olympiacos.org</ref> | owntitle = Owner | owner = [[Evangelos Marinakis]] | chrtitle = Chief Director | chairman = | manager = Imanol Alguacil | league = [[Super League Greece]] | season = 2025–26 | position = Super League Greece, 2nt o 14 | pattern_la1=_olympiakos1314h|pattern_b1=_olympiakos1314h|pattern_ra1=_olympiakos1314h|pattern_sh1=_white_stripes|leftarm1=FF0000|body1=FF0000|rightarm1=FF0000|shorts1=FF0000|socks1=FF0000 | pattern_la2=_olympiakos1314a|pattern_b2=_olympiakos1314a|pattern_ra2=_olympiakos1314a|pattern_sh2=_olympiakos1314a|leftarm2=000000|body2=000000|rightarm2=000000|shorts2=181F36|socks2=181F36 | pattern_la3=_olympiakos1314t|pattern_b3=_olympiakos1314t|pattern_ra3=_olympiakos1314t|leftarm3=FFFFFF|body3=FFFFFF|rightarm3=FF0000|shorts3=FFFFFF|socks3=FFFFFF | website = http://www.olympiacos.org/ }} [[File:Karaiskakis Stadium Piraeus Olympiacos-Arsenal.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The Karaiskakis Stadium during a 2009–10 UEFA Champions League fixture against [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]]]] '''Olympiacos F.C.''' ({{lang-el|ΠΑΕ Ολυμπιακός}}), kent simply as '''Olympiacos''', '''Olympiacos Piraeus''' or wi its full nem '''Olympiacos S.F.P.''' ({{lang-el|Oλυμπιακός Σύνδεσμος Φιλάθλων Πειραιώς}}, transliteratit "Olympiakós Sýndesmos Filáthlo̱n Peiraió̱s"), ''Olympiacos Club o Sportsfriends o Piraeus'', is a Greek professional [[Association fitbaw|fitbaw]] club, pairt o the major multi-sport club Olympiacos SFP, based in [[Piraeus]]. Olympiacos is the [[:en:List of football clubs in Greece by major honours won|maist successful]] club in Greek fitbaw history,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gazzetta.gr/football/article/588569/mporeite-na-ton-lete-kai-na-ton-grafete-thrylo|title=''Their full name is Olympiacos Club of Sportfriends of Piraeus. For the sake of sanity, however, you can just call them Olympiacos. Or “Thrylos” once you get to know them.'' Presentation of Olympiacos F.C. in International Champions Cup's official website: ''"Olympiacos: The most successful club in Greek football history"''|publisher=gazzetta.gr from internationalchampionscup.com|accessdate=22 February 2014}}</ref> haein wan 48 [[Super League Greece|Greek League]] titles,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/association=gre/news/newsid=1928771.html|title=Olympiacos clinch 40th Greek title|publisher=UEFA.com|accessdate=27 May 2013|archive-date=2014-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222014721/http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/association=gre/news/newsid=1928771.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> 29 [[Greek Football Cup|Greek Cups]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/association=gre/news/newsid=1950640.html|title=Final win completes double for Olympiacos|publisher=UEFA.com|accessdate=24 August 2013|archive-date=2020-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528123012/https://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/association=gre/news/newsid=1950640.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> 19 Doubles<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/association=gre/news/newsid=1950640.html|title=Final win completes double for Olympiacos|publisher=UEFA.com|accessdate=27 May 2013|archive-date=2020-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528123012/https://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/association=gre/news/newsid=1950640.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> an 4 [[Greek Super Cup]]s, for a total o 81 naitional titles &ndash; aw records. Hou faur it dominates is shawn bi the fact that aw the ither Greek clubs thegither hae wan 41 League titles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.epo.gr/Default.aspx?a_id=25295|title=Ελληνικό Πρωτάθλημα, Οι Πρωταθλητές Ελλάδας από το 1928 μέχρι σήμερα (Greek Championship, list of Greek champions 1928–2013)|publisher=Hellenic Football Federation, epo.gr|language=Greek|accessdate=29 August 2013}}</ref> It hauds the record for the maist Greek League titles in a raw an aw, as the anerly side tae hae wan 7 championships rinnin (1997–2003), brakkin its awn record o 6 (1954–1959).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.olympiacos.org/en/page/4516/trophies|title=Olympiacos trophies|publisher=Olympiacos.org|accessdate=5 October 2013}}</ref> It is ane o three clubs that hae niver been relegatit frae the top flicht o Greek fitbaw. In European competitions it wan the [[UEFA Conference League]] in 2024, the first major European trophy for a Greek club,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.in.gr/2024/05/30/sports/football/proti-omada-ektos-big-4-pou-katakta-eyropaiko-tropaio-meta-to-2011-o-olympiakos/|title=Ο Ολυμπιακός είναι η πρώτη ομάδα εκτός Big 4 που κατακτά ευρωπαϊκό τρόπαιο μετά το 2011|date=30 May 2024 |publisher=in.gr|language=el|access-date=31 May 2024}}</ref> an it haes reached the quarter-finals twice, in the 1998–99 UEFA Champions League<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/season=1998/matches/round=1212/index.html|title=1998–99 Champions League quarter-finals|publisher=UEFA.com|accessdate=27 August 2013|archive-date=2014-06-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140619182754/http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/season=1998/matches/round=1212/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> an the 1992–93 European Cup Winners' Cup.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/teams/club=2610/profile/history/index.html|title=Olympiacos FC|publisher=UEFA.com|accessdate=27 May 2013|archive-date=2014-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140710182746/http://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/teams/club=2610/profile/history/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Olympiacos is ane o the foondin members o the [[European Club Association]] an aw.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/news/newsid=648738.html|title=New era in European game|publisher=UEFA.com|accessdate=29 May 2013|archive-date=2014-12-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229194117/http://www.uefa.com/news/newsid=648738.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The club's stadium is the [[Karaiskakis Stadium]] in Piraeus.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.olympiacos.org/en/stadium-new-karaiskaki|title=Karaiskakis Stadium History|publisher=olympiacos.org|accessdate=25 August 2013}}</ref> Olympiacos is the maist popular Greek club<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.org/MultimediaFiles/Download/Tech/uefaorg/General/02/09/18/26/2091826_DOWNLOAD.pdf#page=41 |title=Concentration of people supporting the most popular club (page 41), Greece: Olympiacos 26%|accessdate=2014-04-20 |date=2014-04-17 |work=UEFA sixth club licensing benchmarking report on European club football |publisher=[[UEFA]] |format=pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sport24.gr/newspapers/Sport/goal_news/goal_news.2747025.html|title=''ΒΑΜΜΕΝΑ ΚΟΚΚΙΝΑ...ΜΥΑΛΑ - ΑΠΙΣΤΕΥΤΗ Η ΥΠΟΣΤΗΡΙΞΗ ΤΟΥ ΟΛΥΜΠΙΑΚΟΥ ΕΝΤΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΩΝ ΣΥΝΟΡΩΝ, ΚΑΘΩΣ ΟΙ "ΕΡΥΘΡΟΛΕΥΚΟΙ" ΒΡΙΣΚΟΝΤΑΙ ΣΤΗΝ ΕΝΤΕΚΑΤΗ ΘΕΣΗ ΣΕ ΟΛΟΚΛΗΡΗ ΤΗΝ ΕΥΡΩΠΗ ΑΠΟ ΠΛΕΥΡΑΣ ΔΗΜΟΦΙΛΙΑΣ ΕΝΟΣ ΣΥΛΛΟΓΟΥ ΣΤΗ ΧΩΡΑ ΤΟΥ''|date=2014-04-19|publisher="GOAL" newspaper|language=Greek|access-date=2014-06-19|archive-date=2014-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506112617/http://www.sport24.gr/newspapers/sport/goal_news/goal_news.2747025.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="sport24.gr">[http://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/article344370.ece] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908092340/http://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/article344370.ece |date=2013-09-08 }}, ''Περισσότερους οπαδούς ο Ολυμπιακός. Σε πρόσφατη έρευνα σχετικά με τους περισσότερους οπαδούς, ο ΟΣΦΠ είναι 1ος'', 30/06/2009 SPORT24, 15ετής έρευνα του Παντελή Κυπριανού (in Greek)</ref><ref>[http://markakis.yooblog.gr/2008/03/14/259/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727181650/http://markakis.yooblog.gr/2008/03/14/259/ |date=2013-07-27 }}, ''το 36% (2.016.000) δηλώνουν Ολυμπιακοί, το 30% (1.680.000) Παναθηναϊκοί, Έρευνα της Focus, Οκτώβριος 2005 –Φεβρουάριος 2006'', SPORT24, επίσημο blog του sport24 και του αθλητικού συντάκτη Στέλιου Μαρκάκη (in Greek)</ref><ref>[http://www.sentragoal.gr/article.asp?catid=10559&subid=2&pubid=338686] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129044948/http://www.sentragoal.gr/article.asp?catid=10559&subid=2&pubid=338686 |date=2014-11-29 }}, ''H πιο πρόσφατη... «απογραφή»: 36% Oλυμπιακοί (1,677 εκατομμύρια), 30,2% Παναθηναϊκοί'', Sentragoal, Βαγγέλης Μπραουδάκης (in Greek)</ref> wi aroond twa an a hauf million fans inside Greece an millions o ithers in the Greek commonties aw ower the warld.<ref>[http://usa.greekreporter.com/2011/06/04/red-and-white-moments-in-new-york/ ''"Red and White" Olympiacos moments in New York''], Greek Reporter USA (usa.greekreporter.com), 04/06/2011</ref><ref>[http://www.redplanet.gr/sports/h-omogeneia-den-ksexna-ton-erasitexnh.2355362.html ''Greek diaspora supports Olympiacos CFP''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192335/http://www.redplanet.gr/sports/h-omogeneia-den-ksexna-ton-erasitexnh.2355362.html |date=2013-10-29 }}, redplanet.gr (in Greek)</ref><ref>[http://www.foxsports.com.au/football/a-league/greek-side-olympiakos-looking-forward-top-playing-melbourne-victory-at-etihad-stadium-in-may/story-e6frf4gl-1226306161054 ''Greek side Olympiakos looking forward to playing Melbourne Victory at Etihad Stadium in May. There are thousands of Olympiakos fans in Australia waiting to see our team in action.''], foxsports.com, 21/03/2012</ref><ref>[http://www.gazzetta.gr/basketball/article/548796/fantastiki-i-paroysia-ton-ellinon-vid ''"Our Greek fans in Brazil were amazing". Olympiacos won the Intercontinental Cup in Brazil with Spanoulis, Printezis and Mantzaris praising Olympiacos fans from the Greek community in Brazil and thanking them for their support''], gazzetta.gr, 08/10/2013 (in Greek)</ref><ref>[http://www.onsports.gr/basket/A1-Andrwn/item/348603-Olympiakos-Kati-magiko-sto-Sao-Paolo-videos ''Olympiacos supporters of the Greek community in Sao Paulo, provided passionate support to Olympiacos basketball team, as they won the Intercontinental Cup''], onsports.gr, 05/10/2013 (in Greek)</ref><ref>[http://www.ekirikas.com/article/83472 ''Olympiacos Club of New York and Greek diaspora honours Olympiacos President Evangelos Marinakis''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129040909/http://www.ekirikas.com/article/83472 |date=2014-11-29 }}, The National Herald (thenationalherald.com) (in Greek)</ref> Olympiacos wis placit nint on the leet wi the maist paid up members in the warld in 2006, haein 83,000 registered members as o Apryle 2006.<ref>[http://www.gazzetta.gr/podosfairo/article/303148-aytoi-einai-oi-opadoi-stin-ellada], ''Αυτοί είναι οι οπαδοί στην Ελλάδα – Ο Ολυμπιακός έχει τους περισσότερους φιλάθλους στην Ελλάδα'', 26/06/2012 Gazzetta (in Greek)</ref> It haes a great an lang-staundin rivalry wi [[Panathinaikos F.C.|Panathinaikos]], wi whom they contest the derby o the eternal enemies. == Honours == === Domestic competitions === * '''[[Super League Greece|Greek Championship]]''' ** '''Winners (48) (record):''' [[Super League Greece#Champions|1931]], [[Super League Greece#Champions|1933]], [[Super League Greece#Champions|1934]], [[Super League Greece#Champions|1936]], [[Super League Greece#Champions|1937]], [[Super League Greece#Champions|1938]], [[Super League Greece#Champions|1947]], [[Super League Greece#Champions|1948]], [[Super League Greece#Champions|1951]], [[Super League Greece#Champions|1954]], [[Super League Greece#Champions|1955]], [[Super League Greece#Champions|1956]], [[Super League Greece#Champions|1957]], [[Super League Greece#Champions|1958]], [[Super League Greece#Champions|1959]], [[:en:1965–66 Alpha Ethniki|1966]], [[:en:1966–67 Alpha Ethniki|1967]], [[:en:1972–73 Alpha Ethniki|1973]], [[:en:1973–74 Alpha Ethniki|1974]], [[:en:1974–75 Alpha Ethniki|1975]], [[:en:1979–80 Alpha Ethniki|1980]], [[:en:1980–81 Alpha Ethniki|1981]], [[:en:1981–82 Alpha Ethniki|1982]], [[:en:1982–83 Alpha Ethniki|1983]], [[:en:1986–87 Alpha Ethniki|1987]], [[:en:1996–97 Alpha Ethniki|1997]], [[:en:1997–98 Alpha Ethniki|1998]], [[:en:1998–99 Alpha Ethniki|1999]], [[:en:1999–2000 Alpha Ethniki|2000]], [[:en:2000–01 Alpha Ethniki|2001]], [[:en:2001–02 Alpha Ethniki|2002]], [[:en:2002–03 Alpha Ethniki|2003]], [[:en:2005–06 Alpha Ethniki|2005]], [[:en:2005–06 Alpha Ethniki|2006]], [[:en:2006–07 Superleague Greece|2007]], [[:en:2007–08 Superleague Greece|2008]], [[:en:2008–09 Superleague Greece|2009]], [[:en:2010–11 Superleague Greece|2011]], [[:en:2011–12 Superleague Greece|2012]], [[:en:2012–13 Superleague Greece|2013]], [[:en:2013–14 Superleague Greece|2014]], [[:en:2014–15 Superleague Greece|2015]], [[:en:2015–16 Superleague Greece|2016]], [[:en:2016–17 Superleague Greece|2017]], [[:en:2019–20 Superleague Greece|2020]], 2021, 2022, 2025 * '''[[Greek Football Cup|Greek Cup]]''' ** '''Winners (29) (record):''' [[:en:Greek Cup 1946-47|1947]], [[:en:Greek Cup 1950-51|1951]], [[:en:Greek Cup 1951-52|1952]], [[:en:Greek Cup 1952-53|1953]], [[:en:Greek Cup 1953-54|1954]], [[:en:Greek Cup 1956-57|1957]], [[:en:Greek Cup 1957-58|1958]], [[:en:Greek Cup 1958-59|1959]], [[:en:Greek Cup 1959-60|1960]], [[:en:Greek Cup 1960-61|1961]], [[:en:Greek Cup 1962-63|1963]], [[:en:Greek Cup 1964-65|1965]], [[:en:Greek Cup 1967-68|1968]], [[:en:Greek Cup 1970-71|1971]], [[:en:Greek Cup 1972-73|1973]], [[:en:Greek Cup 1974-75|1975]], [[:en:Greek Cup 1980-81|1981]], [[:en:Greek Cup 1989-90|1990]], [[:en:Greek Cup 1991-92|1992]], [[:en:Greek Cup 1998-99|1999]], [[:en:Greek Cup 2004-05|2005]], [[:en:Greek Cup 2005-06|2006]], [[:en:Greek Cup 2007-08|2008]], [[:en:Greek Cup 2008–09|2009]], [[:en:2011–12 Greek Football Cup|2012]], [[:en:2012–13 Greek Football Cup|2013]],[[:en:2014–15 Greek Football Cup|2015]], [[:en:2019–20 Greek Football Cup|2020]], [[:en:2024–25 Greek Football Cup|2025]] * '''Double''' ** '''Winners (18) (record):''' 1947, 1951, 1954, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1973, 1975, 1981, 1999, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2020 * '''[[Greek Super Cup]]''' ** '''Winners (5) (record):'''<ref>http://www.worldfootball.net/winner/gre-supercup/</ref> [[Greek Super Cup|1980]], [[Greek Super Cup|1987]], [[Greek Super Cup|1992]], [[Greek Super Cup|2007]], 2025 * '''[[:en:Football Cup o Greater Greece|Greater Greece Cup]]''' ** '''Winners (3) (record):''' [[:en:Football Cup of Greater Greece|1969]], [[:en:Football Cup of Greater Greece|1972]], [[:en:Football Cup of Greater Greece|1976]] === European competitions === * '''UEFA Conference League:''' ** '''Winners (1):''' 2024 * '''[[UEFA Champions League]]:''' ** Quarter-finals (1): 1998–99 * '''[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]]:''' ** Quarter-finals (1): [[:en:1992–93 European Cup Winners' Cup|1992–93]] === Internaitional competitions === * '''Balkans Cup''' ** '''Winners (1):''' [[:en:Balkans Cup 1961–63|1963]] ==UEFA competition record== {| cellspacing="0" style="background: #006699; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" width=98% |- bgcolor=#006699 style="color:white;" ! width="190" align=center | '''Club''' ! width="130" align=center | [[File:Coppa Campioni.svg|Liga de Campeones de la UEFA/Copa de Europa|55px]] ! width="130" align=center | [[File:Coppauefa.png|50px]] ! width="130" align=center | [[File:Trofeo_UEFA_Europa_Conference_League.svg|UEFA Europa Conference League|42px]] ! width="130" align=center | [[File:Coppa delle Coppe.svg|Recopa de Europa|57px]] ! width="130" align=center | [[File:Supercoppa UEFA.svg|Supercopa de la UEFA|38px]] ! width="130" align=center | [[File:Trofeo Copa Intercontinental 1960-2004.png|35px|link=Copa Intercontinental]] ! width="130" align=center | [[File:Coppa Del Mondo per Club.png|38px|link=Copa Mundial de Clubes de la FIFA]] ! width="130" align=center | [[File:CFFCB2.png|Copa de Ferias|29px]] ! width="130" align=center | [[File:Intertoto.png|80px|link=Copa Intertoto de la UEFA]] ! width="130" align=center | [[File:UEFA Youth League 2018.svg|30px]] ! width="70" align=center | Total |- align="center" bgcolor="#D0E7FF" |align="left"|[[Olympiacos F.C.|Olympiacos]] ||-||-||'''1'''||-||-||-||-||-||-||'''1'''|| |'''2''' |-bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align=center colspan="12" | <small>June 1, 2024.</small> |- |} {| class="wikitable" |- !style="background:#c0c0c0; color:#000000;"| European Cups<br>Team !! Seasons !! P !! W !! D !! L !! G !! Competition |- |style="background:#ff0000; color:#ffffff;"| Olympiacos || 32 || 165 || 60 || 31 || 74 || 202–250 ||style= "color:#000000;"| [[UEFA Champions League]] |- |style="background:#ff0000; color:#ffffff;"| Olympiacos || 09 || 33 || 14 || 06 || 13 || 43–47 ||style= "color:#000000;"| [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]] |- |style="background:#ff0000; color:#ffffff;"| Olympiacos || 22 || 90 || 41 || 15 || 34 || 136–115 ||style= "color:#000000;"| UEFA Cup |- |style="color:#000000;"| Results || 63 || 288 || 115 || 52 || 121 || 381–412 ||style= "color:#000000;"| Total |} ==Current squad== {{updated|20 September 2026|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.olympiacos.org/en/team/|title=Team|publisher=Olympiacos F.C.|access-date=29 July 2026|archive-date=25 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925152610/http://www.olympiacos.org/en/page/1913/team|url-status=live}}</ref>}} {{Fs start}} {{Fs player|no=1|pos=GK|nat=GER|name=Stefan Ortega}} {{Fs player|no=2|pos=DF|nat=GRE|name=Manolis Saliakas}} {{Fs player|no=4|pos=DF|nat=BIH|name=Zinedin Smajlović}} {{Fs player|no=5|pos=DF|nat=ITA|name=Lorenzo Pirola}} {{Fs player|no=6|pos=DF|nat=ANG|name=David Carmo}} {{Fs player|no=7|pos=MF|nat=GRE|name=Kostas Fortounis|other=vice-captain}} {{Fs player|no=8|pos=MF|nat=POR|name=Gustavo Sá}} {{Fs player|no=9|pos=FW|nat=MAR|name=Ayoub El Kaabi|other=third-captain}} {{Fs player|no=10|pos=MF|nat=POR|name=Gelson Martins}} {{Fs player|no=11|pos=FW|nat=UKR|name=Roman Yaremchuk}} {{Fs player|no=15|pos=MF|nat=COL|name=Gustavo Puerta}} {{Fs player|no=16|pos=MF|nat=ARG|name=Lorenzo Scipioni}} {{fs player|no=17|pos=MF|nat=JAM|name=Leon Bailey}} {{Fs player|no=19|pos=MF|nat=CHE|name=Remo Freuler}} {{Fs player|no=20|pos=MF|nat=POR|name=Jota Silva}} {{Fs mid}} {{Fs player|no=21|pos=MF|nat=GRE|name=Theofanis Bakoulas}} {{Fs player|no=22|pos=MF|nat=POR|name=Chiquinho}} {{Fs player|no=27|pos=DF|nat=NOR|name=Marcus Pedersen}} {{Fs player|no=31|pos=GK|nat=MNE|name=Balša Popović}} {{Fs player|no=32|pos=MF|nat=ARG|name=Santiago Hezze}} {{Fs player|no=34|pos=FW|nat=MEX|name=Armando González}} {{Fs player|no=45|pos=DF|nat=GRE|name=Panagiotis Retsos|other=captain}} {{Fs player|no=70|pos=DF|nat=NGA|name=Bruno Onyemaechi}} {{Fs player|no=71|pos=DF|nat=ARM|name=Nair Tiknizyan}} {{Fs player|no=73|pos=MF|nat=ESP|name=Joel Roca}} {{Fs player|no=90|pos=FW|nat=BRA|name=Clayton}} {{Fs player|no=91|pos=GK|nat=GRE|name=Dimitrios Stournaras}} {{Fs player|no=97|pos=MF|nat=TUR|name=Yusuf Yazıcı}} {{Fs player|no=99|pos=FW|nat=CHA|name=Marius Mouandilmadji}} {{Fs end}} == References == {{reflist|2}} == Freemit airtins == {{commons category|Olympiacos FC}} * [http://www.olympiacos.org/ Official wabsteid o Olympiacos Piraeus] {{el icon}} {{en icon}} * [https://twitter.com/#!/OlympiakosSFP/ Official Twitter Page Olympiacos Piraeus] {{el icon}} * [http://www.ultras.gr/ Olympiacos Supporters Official Wabsteid] {{el icon}} * [http://www.rsssf.com/ Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation] * [https://www.stadiumguide.com/karaiskaki/ Karaiskakis Stadium] stadiumguide.com [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1925]] [[Category:Olympiacos|Fitbaa]] [[Category:Olympiacos F.C.| ]] [[Category:1925 establishments in Greece]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Attica]] [[Category:Unrelegatit association fitbaw clubs]] aclb3azehw0nn0dmnwscf1tls8pq8mp 0 77584 927265 902443 2026-11-09T10:53:13Z Monospaced 75295 Remove Fix Scots; 2024 Copa Libertadores an league title addit, soorced 927265 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox fitbaw club | clubname = Botafogo | image = [[File:Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas logo.svg|190px]] | fullname = Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas | nickname = ''Fogão'' (Great Fire)<br />''A Estrela Solitária'' (The Lane Starn)<br/>''O Glorioso'' (The Glorious Ane) | founded = {{Start date and years ago|mf=yes|1894|07|01}}, as a rowin club<br>{{Start date and years ago|1904|08|12|mf=yes}}, as a fitbaw club | ground = [[Estádio do Maracanã]] an Estádio Olímpico, Rio de Janeiro | capacity = 78,838 an 46,931 | chrtitle = Preses | chairman = Maurício Assumpção | mgrtitle = Heid coach | manager = [[Tite (football manager)|Tite]] | league = {{Brazilian football updater|Botafogo}} | season = 2024 | position = Champions | website = https://www.botafogo.com.br/ | pattern_la1 = _botafogo2223h | pattern_b1 = _botafogo2223h | pattern_ra1 = _botafogo2223h | pattern_sh1 = _white_stripes | pattern_so1 = _blacktop | leftarm1 = FFFFFF | body1 = FFFFFF | rightarm1 = FFFFFF | shorts1 = 000000 | socks1 = 727272 | pattern_la2 = _botafogo2223a | pattern_b2 = _botafogo2223a | pattern_ra2 = _botafogo2223a | pattern_sh2 = _white_stripes | pattern_so2 = _blacktop | leftarm2 = 000000 | body2 = 000000 | rightarm2 = 000000 | shorts2 = 000000 | socks2 = 000000 | pattern_la3 = _botafogo2223t | pattern_b3 = _botafogo2223t | pattern_ra3 = _botafogo2223t | pattern_sh3 = _black_stripes | pattern_so3 = _blacktop | leftarm3 = FFFFFF | body3 = FFFFFF | rightarm3 = FFFFFF | shorts3 = FFFFFF | socks3 = FFFFFF | American = false }} '''Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas''' ({{IPA-pt|bɔtaˈfoɡu dʒi futʃiˈbɔw i xeˈɡatas}}, ''Botafogo Fitbaw an Regatta''), kent as '''Botafogo''' an familiarly as '''A Estrela Solitária''' (The Lane Starn) an aw, is a [[Brazil]]ian sports club based in the [[Botafogo]] neebourheid o [[Rio de Janeiro]], best kent for its [[association fitbaw|fitbaw]] team. They play in the [[Campeonato Carioca]], [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro's]] state league, an the [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A]], the top tier o Brazilian fitbaw. It haes played its hame gemmes at the [[Estádio Olímpico Nilton Santos]] syne 2007. Botafogo wis a foondin member o the ''Clube dos 13'' (Scots: Club o 13), a group o Brazil's leadin fitbaw clubs. In 2024 Botafogo wan the [[Copa Libertadores]] for the first time, beatin [[Clube Atlético Mineiro|Atlético Mineiro]] 3–1 in the final in Buenos Aires,<ref name="ReutersLibertadores2024">{{cite news |title=10-man Botafogo beat Atletico Mineiro 3-1 to win first Copa Libertadores title |url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/soccer/10-man-botafogo-beat-atletico-mineiro-3-1-win-first-copa-libertadores-title-2024-11-30/ |work=[[Reuters]] |date=1 December 2024 |access-date=9 August 2026 }}</ref> an a week efter that it wan the Brazilian league for the first time syne 1995, the first Copa Libertadores an league double in its history.<ref name="APBotafogo2024">{{cite news |title=Copa Libertadores champion Botafogo wins its first Brazilian league title since 1995 |url=https://apnews.com/article/brazil-botafogo-league-champion-textor-e04439666db0526184ff14ee74cc1f29 |work=[[Associated Press]] |date=8 December 2024 |access-date=9 August 2026 }}</ref> == Honours == [[File:Trofeu do Campeonato Brasileiro(1995).JPG|thumb|right|150px|Trophy o 1995's Brazilian championship.]] === International === *'''[[Copa Libertadores]]: 1''' ::2024 *'''[[Copa CONMEBOL]]: 1''' ::1993 *'''Tournament of Paris: 1''' ::1963 ===Domestic=== *'''[[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A]]: 3''' ::1968,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://globoesporte.globo.com/futebol/brasileirao-serie-a/noticia/2010/12/cbf-oficializa-titulos-nacionais-em-cerimonia-com-presenca-de-pele.html|title=CBF oficializa títulos nacionais de 1959 a 70 com homenagem a Pelé|date=December 22, 2010|publisher=Globo|language=Portuguese|accessdate=October 16, 2012}}</ref>1995, 2024 === Regional === *'''Torneio Rio-São Paulo:''' ::1962, 1964, 1966, 1998 *'''[[Campeonato Carioca]]: 20''' ::1907*, 1910, 1912, 1930, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1948, 1957, 1961, 1962, 1967, 1968, 1989, 1990, 1997, 2006, 2010, 2013 *'''Taça Guanabara: 7''' ::1967, 1968, 1997, 2006, 2009, 2010, 2013 *'''Taça Rio: 9''' ::1975, 1976, 1989, 1997, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2013 (*) Shared wi [[Fluminense FC|Fluminense]] == References == {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} == Freemit airtins == {{Commons category|Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas}} {{wiktionary|Botafogo}} * [http://www.botafogo.com.br/ Official wabsteid] * [http://www.canalbotafogo.com.br Canal Botafogo] [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1894]] [[Category:Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas| ]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Rio de Janeiro (ceety)]] [[Category:1894 establishments in Brazil]] {{stub}} m9ro5ryr2k0wl7ofn4vqb3yz068ztxz 0 79550 927092 905128 2026-11-08T22:40:25Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 927092 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | show_name = Victorious | image = | genre = [[Teen sitcom]] | creator = [[Dan Schneider (TV producer)|Dan Schneider]] | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[Victoria Justice]] * [[Leon Thomas III]] * [[Matt Bennett]] * [[Elizabeth Gillies]] * [[Ariana Grande]] * [[Avan Jogia]] * [[Daniella Monet]] }} | executive_producer = {{Plainlist| * Dan Schneider * Warren Bell<br><small>(saison 3)</small> * Robin Weiner<br><small>(saison 3)</small> }} | producer = {{Plainlist| * Bruce Rand Berman * Joe Catania <small>(supervisin producer: season 3)</small> * Robin Weiner<br><small>(supervisin producer: saison 1–2)</small> * Warren Bell<br><small>(consultin producer: saison 2)</small> * Jake Farrow<br><small>(early saison 3)</small> * Christopher J. Nowak<br><small>(mid-saison 3)</small> * Matt Fleckenstein<br><small>(saison 3)</small> }} | theme_music_composer = {{Plainlist| * Lukasz Gottwald * Michael Corcoran * Dan Schneider }} | opentheme = "Make It Shine", performed bi Victoria Justice | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | num_seasons = 4 | num_episodes = 57 | list_episodes = Leet o Victorious episodes | runtime = 24 minutes, 46 minutes for specials<!-- as shown on iTunes --> | camera = Videotape (filmized); Multi-camera | company = {{Plainlist| * Schneider's Bakery * [[Sony Music Entertainment]] * Nickelodeon Productions }} | distributor = MTV Networks International<ref>{{cite web|work=The Hollywood Reporter|title=MTVNI touting 5,000 hours of programming|first=Rebecca|last=Leffler|date=October 4, 2010|accessdate=November 18, 2010|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/mtvni-touting-5000-hours-programming-28681}}</ref> | channel = [[Nickelodeon]] | picture_format = 1080i (16:9 [[HDTV]]) | audio_format = Stereo | location = Nickelodeon on Sunset<br />Hollywood, Californie | first_aired = {{Start date|2010|3|27}} | last_aired = {{End date|2013|2|2}} | followed_by = ''[[Sam & Cat]]'' | related = | website = http://www.nick.com/victorious }} '''''Victorious''''' (stylized as ''VIC'''TORi'''OUS'') is an American [[sitcom]] creatit bi [[Dan Schneider (TV producer)|Dan Schneider]] that oreeginally aired on [[Nickelodeon]] frae 27 Mairch 2010 tae 2 Februar 2013. The series is centred on the up-an-comin sangster Tori Vega (portrayed bi [[Victoria Justice]]), a teenager that attends a performin airts heich schuil cried Hollywood Arts, efter takkin her aulder sister Trina's ([[Daniella Monet]]) place in a showcase while gettin intae [[screwball comedy|screwball]] situations on a daily basis. On her first day at Hollywood Arts, she meets Andre Harris ([[Leon Thomas III]]), Robbie Shapiro ([[Matt Bennett]]), Rex Powers (Robbie's puppet), Jade West ([[Elizabeth Gillies]]), Cat Valentine ([[Ariana Grande]]), an Beck Oliver ([[Avan Jogia]]). The series premiered efter the 2010 Kids' Choice Awards. The series wan for Favorite TV Shaw awaird at the 2012 Kids' Choice Awards an 2013 Kids' Choice Awards, even beatin oot ''[[iCarly]]''. ''Victorious'' haes haed fower Emmy nominations. On 10 August 2012, Victoria Justice stated that the series wad nae be renewed.<ref>{{cite web|author=Big Time Rush|url=http://www.mmm-mag.com/2012/08/m-exclusive-victorious-will-not-be-returning-for-season-four.html|title=M Exclusive: Victorious will NOT be returning for season four! – M Magazine|publisher=Mmm-mag.com|date=August 10, 2012|accessdate=August 10, 2012|archive-date=2013-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127045008/http://www.mmm-mag.com/2012/08/m-exclusive-victorious-will-not-be-returning-for-season-four.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> An aa, efter the series' spin-off ''[[Sam & Cat]]'' wis annoonced, fans o ''Victorious'' expressed dismay that its spin-off series wis the reason for its endin, but Dan Schneider himsel stated otherwise.<ref name="danwarp.blogspot.no">{{cite web|url=http://danwarp.blogspot.no/2012/08/victorious.html|date=August 10, 2012|title=Archived copy|access-date=2017-05-29|archive-date=2014-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714121813/http://danwarp.blogspot.no/2012/08/victorious.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Awtho the ''Victorious'' cast anly filmed three seasons, when the decision tae end the series wis makkit, Nickelodeon split the third series in hauf, makin a fowert saison.<ref name="Victoria Justice Interview">{{cite web|title=Victoria Justice Interview|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7_Ei8pyY4VQ}}</ref> ==Plot== The series follaes Tori Vega, a teenager that is acceptit intae Hollywood Arts (a schuil for talented teens in various performing-airts fields) efter takkin her aulder, muckle less-talented sister Trina's place in a showcase efter Trina haes an allergic reaction tae a Cheenese yerb product designed tae help mak fowk sing better. The plot follaes Tori as she finds her place within Hollywood Arts while gettin intae crazy situations an adventures, an meetin freends tae help her alang the wey. Ither students at Hollywood Arts, an the students that mak up Tori's group o freends, include Andre Harris, a muisical prodigy that becomes Tori's best freend at Hollywood Arts efter encouragin her tae stay at the schuil an helpin her realize her talent; Robbie Shapiro, a socially awkward ventriloquist that cairies aroond his puppet Rex Powers, that is seen bi Robbie (an generally everyone else) as a livin person; Jade West, a sarcastic an Gothic "mean girl" that haes a complicated frenemy relationship wi Tori an eften threatens her; Cat Valentine, a sweet an innocent but naive an somewhat dim-witted girl; an Beck Oliver, a doun-tae-earth an handsome guy that is Jade's boyfriend. Thay hae been a couple syne afore the stairt o the series until the Series 3 episode "The Worst Couple", but got back thegither in the Series 4 episode, "Tori Fixes Beck and Jade". Beck an Tori hae an aa haed moments whaur thay war attracted tae ilk ither (thay awmaist kissed twice), but Tori did nae want tae risk her smaw freendship wi Jade ower this. Ither characters include Erwin Sikowitz, the performin-airts teacher for Hollywood Arts; Lane Alexander, the schuil's guidance counselor; an Sinjin Van Cleef, an odd classmate that is maistly in charge o A/V. ==Cast== ===Main=== * [[Victoria Justice]] as Tori Vega * [[Leon Thomas III]] as Andre Harris * [[Matt Bennett]] as Robbie Shapiro * [[Elizabeth Gillies]] as Jade West * [[Ariana Grande]] as Cat Valentine * [[Avan Jogia]] as Beck Oliver * [[Daniella Monet]] as Trina Vega ===Recurrin=== * Eric Lange as Erwin Sikowitz * Lane Napper as Lane Alexander * Michael Eric Reid as Sinjin Van Cleef * Jim Pirri as David Vega * Jennifer Carta as Holly Vega * Marilyn Harris as Andre's grandmother * Marco Aiello as Festus * Susan Chuang as Mrs. Lee * Darsan Solomon as Burf ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Wikiquote}} * {{Official website|http://www.theslap.com}} * [http://www.nick.com/shows/victorious ''Victorious''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513235723/http://www.nick.com/shows/victorious |date=2012-05-13 }} at Nick.com * {{IMDb title}} [[Category:2010s American televeesion series]] [[Category:2010 televeesion series debuts]] [[Category:American muisical televeesion series]] [[Category:Inglis-leid televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Sony Music Entertainment]] [[Category:Televeesion series aboot freendship]] f05mirt01wvkmkf81x25n0ipjkhjxps 927124 927092 2026-11-08T23:04:31Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927124 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox televeesion | show_name = Victorious | genre = [[Teen sitcom]] | creator = [[Dan Schneider (TV producer)|Dan Schneider]] | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[Victoria Justice]] * [[Leon Thomas III]] * [[Matt Bennett]] * [[Elizabeth Gillies]] * [[Ariana Grande]] * [[Avan Jogia]] * [[Daniella Monet]] }} | executive_producer = {{Plainlist| * Dan Schneider * Warren Bell<br><small>(saison 3)</small> * Robin Weiner<br><small>(saison 3)</small> }} | producer = {{Plainlist| * Bruce Rand Berman * Joe Catania <small>(supervisin producer: season 3)</small> * Robin Weiner<br><small>(supervisin producer: saison 1–2)</small> * Warren Bell<br><small>(consultin producer: saison 2)</small> * Jake Farrow<br><small>(early saison 3)</small> * Christopher J. Nowak<br><small>(mid-saison 3)</small> * Matt Fleckenstein<br><small>(saison 3)</small> }} | theme_music_composer = {{Plainlist| * Lukasz Gottwald * Michael Corcoran * Dan Schneider }} | opentheme = "Make It Shine", performed bi Victoria Justice | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | num_seasons = 4 | num_episodes = 57 | list_episodes = Leet o Victorious episodes | runtime = 24 meenit, 46 meenit fur specials | camera = Videotape (filmized); Multi-camera | company = {{Plainlist| * Schneider's Bakery * [[Sony Music Entertainment]] * Nickelodeon Productions }} | distributor = MTV Networks International<ref>{{cite web|work=The Hollywood Reporter|title=MTVNI touting 5,000 hours of programming|first=Rebecca|last=Leffler|date=October 4, 2010|accessdate=November 18, 2010|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/mtvni-touting-5000-hours-programming-28681}}</ref> | channel = [[Nickelodeon]] | picture_format = 1080i (16:9 [[HDTV]]) | audio_format = Stereo | location = Nickelodeon on Sunset<br />Hollywood, Californie | first_aired = {{Start date|2010|3|27}} | last_aired = {{End date|2013|2|2}} | followed_by = ''[[Sam & Cat]]'' | website = http://www.nick.com/victorious }} '''''Victorious''''' (stylized as ''VIC'''TORi'''OUS'') is an American [[sitcom]] creatit bi [[Dan Schneider (TV producer)|Dan Schneider]] that oreeginally aired on [[Nickelodeon]] frae 27 Mairch 2010 tae 2 Februar 2013. The series is centred on the up-an-comin sangster Tori Vega (portrayed bi [[Victoria Justice]]), a teenager that attends a performin airts heich schuil cried Hollywood Arts, efter takkin her aulder sister Trina's ([[Daniella Monet]]) place in a showcase while gettin intae [[screwball comedy|screwball]] situations on a daily basis. On her first day at Hollywood Arts, she meets Andre Harris ([[Leon Thomas III]]), Robbie Shapiro ([[Matt Bennett]]), Rex Powers (Robbie's puppet), Jade West ([[Elizabeth Gillies]]), Cat Valentine ([[Ariana Grande]]), an Beck Oliver ([[Avan Jogia]]). The series premiered efter the 2010 Kids' Choice Awards. The series wan for Favorite TV Shaw awaird at the 2012 Kids' Choice Awards an 2013 Kids' Choice Awards, even beatin oot ''[[iCarly]]''. ''Victorious'' haes haed fower Emmy nominations. On 10 August 2012, Victoria Justice stated that the series wad nae be renewed.<ref>{{cite web|author=Big Time Rush|url=http://www.mmm-mag.com/2012/08/m-exclusive-victorious-will-not-be-returning-for-season-four.html|title=M Exclusive: Victorious will NOT be returning for season four! – M Magazine|publisher=Mmm-mag.com|date=August 10, 2012|accessdate=August 10, 2012|archive-date=2013-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127045008/http://www.mmm-mag.com/2012/08/m-exclusive-victorious-will-not-be-returning-for-season-four.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> An aa, efter the series' spin-off ''[[Sam & Cat]]'' wis annoonced, fans o ''Victorious'' expressed dismay that its spin-off series wis the reason for its endin, but Dan Schneider himsel stated otherwise.<ref name="danwarp.blogspot.no">{{cite web|url=http://danwarp.blogspot.no/2012/08/victorious.html|date=August 10, 2012|title=Archived copy|access-date=2017-05-29|archive-date=2014-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714121813/http://danwarp.blogspot.no/2012/08/victorious.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Awtho the ''Victorious'' cast anly filmed three seasons, when the decision tae end the series wis makkit, Nickelodeon split the third series in hauf, makin a fowert saison.<ref name="Victoria Justice Interview">{{cite web|title=Victoria Justice Interview|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7_Ei8pyY4VQ}}</ref> ==Plot== The series follaes Tori Vega, a teenager that is acceptit intae Hollywood Arts (a schuil for talented teens in various performing-airts fields) efter takkin her aulder, muckle less-talented sister Trina's place in a showcase efter Trina haes an allergic reaction tae a Cheenese yerb product designed tae help mak fowk sing better. The plot follaes Tori as she finds her place within Hollywood Arts while gettin intae crazy situations an adventures, an meetin freends tae help her alang the wey. Ither students at Hollywood Arts, an the students that mak up Tori's group o freends, include Andre Harris, a muisical prodigy that becomes Tori's best freend at Hollywood Arts efter encouragin her tae stay at the schuil an helpin her realize her talent; Robbie Shapiro, a socially awkward ventriloquist that cairies aroond his puppet Rex Powers, that is seen bi Robbie (an generally everyone else) as a livin person; Jade West, a sarcastic an Gothic "mean girl" that haes a complicated frenemy relationship wi Tori an eften threatens her; Cat Valentine, a sweet an innocent but naive an somewhat dim-witted girl; an Beck Oliver, a doun-tae-earth an handsome guy that is Jade's boyfriend. Thay hae been a couple syne afore the stairt o the series until the Series 3 episode "The Worst Couple", but got back thegither in the Series 4 episode, "Tori Fixes Beck and Jade". Beck an Tori hae an aa haed moments whaur thay war attracted tae ilk ither (thay awmaist kissed twice), but Tori did nae want tae risk her smaw freendship wi Jade ower this. Ither characters include Erwin Sikowitz, the performin-airts teacher for Hollywood Arts; Lane Alexander, the schuil's guidance counselor; an Sinjin Van Cleef, an odd classmate that is maistly in charge o A/V. ==Cast== ===Main=== * [[Victoria Justice]] as Tori Vega * [[Leon Thomas III]] as Andre Harris * [[Matt Bennett]] as Robbie Shapiro * [[Elizabeth Gillies]] as Jade West * [[Ariana Grande]] as Cat Valentine * [[Avan Jogia]] as Beck Oliver * [[Daniella Monet]] as Trina Vega ===Recurrin=== * Eric Lange as Erwin Sikowitz * Lane Napper as Lane Alexander * Michael Eric Reid as Sinjin Van Cleef * Jim Pirri as David Vega * Jennifer Carta as Holly Vega * Marilyn Harris as Andre's grandmother * Marco Aiello as Festus * Susan Chuang as Mrs. Lee * Darsan Solomon as Burf ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Wikiquote}} * {{Official website|http://www.theslap.com}} * [http://www.nick.com/shows/victorious ''Victorious''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513235723/http://www.nick.com/shows/victorious |date=2012-05-13 }} at Nick.com * {{IMDb title}} [[Category:2010s American televeesion series]] [[Category:2010 televeesion series debuts]] [[Category:American muisical televeesion series]] [[Category:Inglis-leid televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Sony Music Entertainment]] [[Category:Televeesion series aboot freendship]] 6zfvut3kwo95yfx8vzhoey8ur24mvck 0 80147 927266 924614 2026-11-09T10:53:48Z Monospaced 75295 Remove Fix Scots; presidents updatit tae Tapia, soorces addit 927266 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox fitbaa association | Founded = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|1893|2|21}} <ref name=orig>{{Cite web|url=http://www.afa.org.ar/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7793&Itemid=128|title= Orígenes de la Asociación|work=AFA website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081212235329/http://www.afa.org.ar/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7793&Itemid=128|archive-date=12 December 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> | Headquarters = [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentinae]] | FIFA affiliation = {{Start date and age|1912}} | Region = [[CONMEBOL]] | Region affiliation = {{Start date and age|1916}} | President = [[Claudio Tapia]] |website=[http://www.afa.org.ar/ Official steid] }} [[File:Argentine Football Association logo.svg|thumb|170px|]] [[File:Prensa AFA (9170226654).jpg|thumb|170px|]] The '''Argentine Fitbaa Association''' ({{lang-es|Asociación del Fútbol Argentino}}, {{IPA-es|asosjaˈsjon del ˈfutβol arxenˈtino|local}}) is the bouk that rins [[association fitbaa|fitbaa]] in [[Argentinae]]. It organises the [[Argentine Primera División|Primera División]] an the lawer diveesions (frae [[Primera B Nacional]] tae Torneo Argentino C), the [[Copa Argentina|Argentine Cup]], [[Supercopa Argentina]] an the [[Argentinae naitional fitbaa team]]. The association is based in the ceety o [[Buenos Aires]]. It organises the amateur leagues for weemen, bairns an young fowk, [[Futsal]] an ither local leagues an aw, as weel as the [[Argentina women's national football team|naitional weemen's team]]. ==History== The Argentine Association Football League (in [[Inglis leid|Inglis]]) wis foondit on 21 Februar 1893 bi the Scots teacher [[Alexander Watson Hutton]],<ref name=histafa>{{Cite web|url=https://www.afa.com.ar/|title=Sitio Oficial de la Asociación del Fútbol Argentino|website=Sitio Oficial de la Asociación del Fútbol Argentino}}</ref> that is thocht o as "the faither" o Argentine fitbaa.<ref>[http://edant.clarin.com/suplementos/especiales/2003/02/21/l-520200.htm "La historia de una casa poderosa"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413203638/http://edant.clarin.com/suplementos/especiales/2003/02/21/l-520200.htm |date=2015-04-13 }}, ''Clarín'', 21 Feb 2003</ref> The association is the auldest in Sooth Americae an ane o the auldest ootside Europe. In 1906 Florencio Martínez de Hoz becam the first Argentine-born preses o the association.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://canchallena.lanacion.com.ar/1266332-campeones-del-bicentenario|title=Campeones del Bicentenario|website=La Nación|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416001457/http://canchallena.lanacion.com.ar/1266332-campeones-del-bicentenario|archive-date=16 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1912 the preses o Gimnasia y Esgrima de Buenos Aires, Ricardo Aldao, broke awa frae the association an set up a league o his ain, the ''Federación Argentina de Football'' (FAF), that ran a tournament alangside the offeecial ane. Amang the teams that muived tae the FAF war Gimnasia y Esgrima, [[Club Atlético Independiente|Independiente]], [[Estudiantes de La Plata]] an Atlanta. The league lastit till 1914, when it jyned the ''Asociación Argentina de Football'' again tae mak a single league for the 1915 season. A second breakawa league wis formed in 1919 an cried the ''Asociacion Amateurs de Football''. It ran its ain championships, as the FAF haed duin, till 1926, when it mergit wi the offeecial association. It includit some o the best-kent teams, sic as [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]], [[Racing Club de Avellaneda|Racing]], Independiente an [[San Lorenzo de Almagro|San Lorenzo]], but no [[Boca Juniors]], that bade in the offeecial "Asociación Argentina de Football". When the twa leagues mergit for the 1927 season, the association wis renamed "Asociación Amateur Argentina de Football" again, an kept that nem till the sport turned professional in 1931, when it becam the "Liga Argentina de Football". The first roond o the new professional championship wis played on 31 Mey 1931.<ref name=orig/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ole.clarin.com/jsp/v4/pagina.jsp?pagId=1205537 |title=Diario Ole - "Bodas de Brillante" |access-date=2014-08-21 |archive-date=2007-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310141756/http://old.ole.clarin.com/jsp/v4/pagina.jsp?pagId=1205537|url-status=dead}}</ref> Some clubs wantit tae bide amateur when the gemme turned professional, sae they set up a new league, the "Asociación de Football Amateur y Profesionales". It ran its ain tournament till 3 November 1934, when it mergit wi the LAF tae mak the "Asociación del Football Argentino", that haes been the nem syne.<ref name=orig/><ref>''Historia del Fútbol Amateur en la Argentina'', by Jorge Iwanczuk. Published by Autores Editores (1992) - ISBN 9504343848</ref> ===Names=== * Argentine Association Football League (1893-1902) * Argentine Football Association (1903–11) * Asociación Amateur Argentina de Football (1927–30) * Liga Argentina de Football (1931–34) * Asociación del Football Argentino ⁵ (1934–present) ==Preses== {{col-begin}} {{col-3}} '''Official Association''' {| class="wikitable" |- | colspan=2 style=background:#cccccc | {{center| '''Asociación del Fútbol Argentino''' }} |- ! width=70px | Period ! width=200px | Preses/s |- | 1893-96 || [[Alexander Watson Hutton]] |- | 1897-98 || A.P. Boyd |- | 1899 || Charles Wibberley |- | 1900-05 || Frank Chevallier Boutell |- | 1906 || Florencio Martínez de Hoz |- | 1907-08 || Emilio Hansen |- | 1909-14 || Hugo Wilson |- | 1915-17 || Adolfo Orma |- | 1918 || Ricardo Aldao |- | 1919 || Ricardo Aldao & F. Luzio |- | 1920 || Federico Luzio |- | 1921 || Benjamin Toulouse & F. Luzio |- | 1922-23 || Aldo Cantoni |- | 1924-25 || Virgilio Tedin Uriburu |- | 1926 || Natalio Botana & A. Cantoni |- | 1927-28 || Adrián Beccar Varela |- | 1929-30 || Juan Pignier |- | 1931 || Julio Planisi |- | 1932-33 || Eduardo Larrandart |- | 1934 || Tiburcio Padilla |- | 1935 || Ernesto F. Malbec |- | 1936 || Ángel Molinari |- | 1937-38 || Eduardo Sánchez Terrero |- | 1939-40 || Adrián Escobar |- | 1941-43 || Ramón Castillo |- | 1944 || Jacinto Armando |- | 1945 || Agustín Nicolás Matienzo |- | 1946 || Eduardo J. Avalos |- | 1947 || Pedro Canaveri |- | 1948-49 || Oscar Nicolini |- | 1949 || Cayetano Giardulli |- | 1950-53 || Valentín Suárez |- | 1954-55 || Domingo Peluffo |- | 1955 || Cecilio Conditi |- | 1956 || Arturo Bullrich ¹ |- | 1957-65 || Raúl Colombo |- | 1966 ||Francisco Perette |- | 1967-68 || Valentin Suárez ¹ |- | 1968 || Armando Ramos Ruiz ¹ |- | 1969 || Aldo JPorri 1 & O.L. Ferrari ¹ |- | 1969-71 || Juan Oneto Gaona ¹ |- | 1971-73 || Raúl D'Onofrio ¹ |- | 1973 || Horacio Bruzzone ¹ |- | 1973-74 || Baldomero Gigan ¹ |- | 1974 || Fernando Mitjans ¹ ² |- | 1974-76 || David Bracuto ³ |- | 1976-79 || Alfredo Cantilo |- | 1979-2014 || [[Julio Grondona]] |- | 2014–2016 || Luis Segura<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.infobae.com/2014/07/30/1584184-luis-segura-nuevo-presidente-la-afa-luego-del-fallecimiento-julio-grondona|title=Luis Segura, nuevo Presidente de la AFA luego del fallecimiento de Julio Grondona|work=Infobae|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140801010952/http://www.infobae.com/2014/07/30/1584184-luis-segura-asume-el-puesto-del-fallecido-julio-grondona-y-una-asamblea-hara-el-llamado-elecciones-octubre|archive-date=1 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mundod.lavoz.com.ar/extremo/murio-julio-grondona-y-luis-segura-ocupara-su-cargo-en-afa|title=Murió Julio Grondona y Luis Segura ocupará su cargo en AFA|work=La Voz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808060430/http://mundod.lavoz.com.ar/extremo/murio-julio-grondona-y-luis-segura-ocupara-su-cargo-en-afa|archive-date=2014-08-08|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | 2016–2017 || Armando Pérez ¹ |- | 2017–present || [[Claudio Tapia]]<ref>[http://www.clarin.com/deportes/futbol/claudio-chiqui-tapia-recibio-aprobacion-conmebol-listo-electo-afa_0_BJhdWuYne.html Claudio Chiqui Tapia fue electo presidente casi sin oposición y comienza una nueva era] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329220205/http://www.clarin.com/deportes/futbol/claudio-chiqui-tapia-recibio-aprobacion-conmebol-listo-electo-afa_0_BJhdWuYne.html |date=2017-03-29 }}, ''Clarín'', 29 Mar 2017</ref> |- |} {{col-3}} '''Dissident Associations''' {| class="wikitable" |- | colspan=2 style=background:#cccccc | {{center| '''Federación Argentina de Football''' }} |- ! width=70px | Period ! width=200px | Preses/s |- | 1912-14 || Ricardo Aldao |} {| class="wikitable" |- | colspan=2 style=background:#cccccc| {{center|'''Asociación Amateurs de Football'''}} |- ! width=70px | Period ! width=200px | President/s |- | 1919 || Juan Mignaburu |- | 1920-26 || Adrián Beccar Varela |} {| class="wikitable" |- | colspan=2 style=background:#cccccc | <center> '''Asociación Amateurs Argentina <br> de Football''' ⁴ </center> |- ! width=70px | Period ! width=200px | Preses/s |- |1931 || Juan Pignier |- |1932 || Carlos Anesi & S. Serra |- |1933 || José Claise |- |1934 || Alejandro Ruzo |} {{col-3}} [[File:Alejandro Watson Hutton.jpg|thumb|170px|right|[[Alexander Watson Hutton]], the first preses o the Argentine Fitbaa Association in 1893.]] [[File:Julio Grondona.jpg|thumb|right|170px|[[Julio Grondona]] haed the langest tenure at the AFA, wi 35 years as Preses o the body.]] {{col-end}} ==Notes== * ¹ ''Interventor'' (an official pit in chairge frae ootside). * ² ''Director.'' * ³ ''Pit oot bi the [[National Reorganization Process|Argentine militar dictatorship]].'' * ⁴ ''When fitbaa turned professional in Argentinae, the teams that wantit tae bide amateur formed this league, that ran its ain tournaments frae 1931 tae 1934. Syne it mergit wi the professional bouk, an aw its teams war relegatit tae the second diveesion.''<ref>[http://www.rsssf.com/tablesa/arg34a.html 1934 Argentine Amateur Primera División] at RSSSF</ref> * ⁵ ''Translatit intae [[Spainyie leid|Spainyie]] as "Asociación del Fútbol Argentino" in 1946.'' ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.afa.org.ar/ Official steid] {{es icon}} *[http://www.afa.org.ar/index.php?Itemid=238 AFA] site {{en icon}} *[http://www.fifa.com/associations/association=arg/index.html Argentina at FIFA steid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070603165127/http://www.fifa.com/associations/association=arg/index.html |date=2007-06-03 }} {{coord|34|36|02|S|58|23|09|W|display=title|region:AR-C_type:landmark_source:dewiki}} [[Category:Naitional members o CONMEBOL]] [[Category:Fitbaw in Argentinae]] [[Category:Sports clubs established in 1893]] [[Category:Sports govrenin bouks in Argentinae|Fitbaa]] gzpuzbi1kgafqb66tl26zain9d0o1yx 0 80635 927060 881254 2026-11-08T22:30:06Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; career addit, soorced 927060 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Purple thanks peanos | image = Deadpool 2 Japan Premiere Red Carpet Ryan Reynolds (cropped).jpg | caption = Reynolds at the [[Tokyo]] premiere o ''[[Deadpool 2]]'' in Mey 2018 | caption = | birth_name = Ryan Rodney Reynolds | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1976|10|23}} | birth_place = [[Vancouver]], [[Breetish Columbie]], [[Canadae]] | occupation misis | yearsactive = 1991–present | spouse = {{marriage|[[Scarlett Johansson]]|2008|2011}} <br> {{marriage|[[Blake Lively]]|2012}} }} '''Ryan Rodney Reynolds''' (born 23 October 1976 in [[Vancouver]]) is a Canadian actor. He played the title pairt in the romantic comedy ''National Lampoon's Van Wilder'' (2002), that creetics panned but that did weel at the box affice.<ref name="x225">{{cite web | title=''Van Wilder'' | website=Box Office Mojo | date=April 5, 2002 | url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl75073025/ | access-date=March 16, 2025}}</ref> He is weel kent for playin the antihero Deadpool in the ''Deadpool'' films.<ref name="l501">{{cite web | last=Kenneally | first=Tim | title=Ryan Reynolds roasted by Hugh Jackman as ''Deadpool'' actor receives Walk of Fame star | website=TheWrap | date=December 16, 2016 | url=https://www.thewrap.com/ryan-reynolds-roasted-by-hugh-jackman-as-deadpool-actor-receives-walk-of-fame-star/ | access-date=April 25, 2025}}</ref> On 15 December 2016 he got a starn on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.walkoffame.com/ryan-reynolds|title=Ryan Reynolds|publisher=[[Hollywood Walk of Fame]]|access-date=December 18, 2016|archive-date=December 21, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221020242/http://www.walkoffame.com/ryan-reynolds|url-status=live}}</ref> He haes been mairit tae the actress Blake Lively syne 2012.<ref name="c564">{{cite magazine | title=Why I'm obsessed with Ryan Reynolds ... by Ryan Reynolds | magazine=Entertainment Weekly | date=June 17, 2011 | url=https://ew.com/article/2011/06/17/why-im-obsessed-ryan-reynolds-ryan-reynolds/ | access-date=March 15, 2025}}</ref> ==Filmography== ===Film=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Notes |- | 1993 | ''Ordinary Magic'' | Ganesh/Jeffrey | |- | 1994 | ''My Name Is Kate'' | Kevin Bannister | TV film |- | 1995 | ''Serving in Silence: The Margarethe Cammermeyer Story'' | Andy | TV film |- | 1996 | ''When Friendship Kills'' | Ben Colson | TV film |- | 1996 | ''Sabrina the Teenage Witch'' | Seth | TV film |- | 1996 | ''In Cold Blood'' | Bobby Rupp | TV film |- | 1997 | ''{{sortname|The|Alarmist}}'' | Howard Ancona | |- | 1998 | ''Tourist Trap'' | Wade Early | TV film |- | 1999 | ''Coming Soon'' | Henry Lipschitz | |- | 1999 | ''Dick'' | Chip | |- | 2000 | ''Big Monster on Campus'' | Karl O'Reilly | |- | 2000 | ''We All Fall Down'' | Red Shoes | |- | 2001 | ''Finder's Fee'' | Quigley | |- | 2002 | ''[[Van Wilder|National Lampoon's Van Wilder]]'' | Van Wilder | |- | 2002 | ''Buying the Cow'' | Mike Hanson | |- | 2003 | ''{{sortname|The|In-Laws|dab=2003 film}}'' | Mark Tobias | |- | 2003 | ''Foolproof'' | Kevin | |- | 2004 | ''Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle'' | Male nourice | Cameo |- | 2004 | ''[[Blade: Trinity]]'' | Hannibal King | |- | 2005 | ''School of Life'' | Michael "Mr. D" D'Angelo | TV film |- | 2005 | ''{{sortname|The|Amityville Horror|dab=2005 film}}'' | George Lutz | |- | 2005 | ''Waiting...'' | Monty | |- | 2005 | ''[[Just Friends]]'' | Chris Brander | |- | 2006 | ''Smokin' Aces'' | Richard Messner | |- | 2007 | ''{{sortname|The|Nines}}'' | Gary/Gavin/Gabriel | |- | 2008 | ''Chaos Theory'' | Frank Allen | |- | 2008 | ''Definitely, Maybe'' | Will Hayes | |- | 2008 | ''Fireflies in the Garden'' | Michael Taylor | |- | 2009 | ''Adventureland'' | Mike Connell | |- | 2009 | ''[[X-Men Origins: Wolverine]]'' | [[Deadpool|Wade Wilson / Deadpool]] | Shared role wi Scott Adkins |- | 2009 | ''{{sortname|The|Proposal|dab=film}}'' | Andrew Paxton | |- | 2009 | ''Paper Man'' | Captain Excellent | |- | 2010 | ''Secret Origin: Story Of DC Comics'' | Narrator | |- | 2010 | ''[[Buried (film)|Buried]]'' | Paul Steven Conroy | |- | 2011 | ''[[Green Lantern (film)|Green Lantern]]'' | Hal Jordan / Green Lantern |Portrayed Hal Jordan / Green Lantern in the video gemme ''Green Lantern: Rise of the Manhunters'' an aw |- | 2011 | ''{{sortname|The|Change-Up}}'' | Mitch Planko | |- | 2011 | ''{{sortname|The|Whale|The Whale (2011 film)}}'' | Narrator | |- | 2012 | ''Safe House'' | Matt Weston | |- | 2012 | ''Ted'' | Jared | Uncreditit cameo |- | 2013 | ''The Croods'' | Guy | Vyce |- | 2013 | ''Turbo'' | Turbo | Vyce |- | 2013 | ''R.I.P.D.'' | Nick Walker | |- | 2014 | ''A Million Ways to Die in the West'' | Man killed in bar<ref>http://www.cinemablend.com/new/One-Cameo-Million-Ways-Die-West-Was-Even-Surprise-Seth-MacFarlane-43272.html</ref> | Uncreditit cameo |- | 2014 | ''The Voices'' | Jerry Hickfang | |- | 2014 | ''The Captive'' | Matthew Piper | |- | 2015 | ''Selfless'' | | Post-production |- | 2015 | ''Mississippi Grind'' | | Post-production |- | 2015 | ''The Woman in Gold'' | Randol Schoenberg | Post-production |- | 2015 | ''Criminal'' | | Filmin |- |} ===Televeesion=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Notes |- | 1991–1993 | ''Fifteen'' | Billy Simpson | Kent as ''Hillside'' an aw; 65 Episodes |- | 1993–1994 | ''{{sortname|The|Odyssey|dab=TV series}}'' | Macro | 14 episodes |- | 1995 | ''{{sortname|The|Outer Limits|dab=1995 TV series}}'' | Derek Tillman | Episode: "If These Walls Could Talk" |- | 1995 | ''{{sortname|The|Marshal}}'' | Rick | Episode: "The Heartbreak Kid" |- | 1995 | ''Lonesome Dove: The Outlaw Years'' | Griffin | Episode: "Redemption" |- | 1996 | ''{{sortname|The|X-Files}}'' | Jay "Boom" DeBoom | Episode: "Syzygy" |- | 1996 | ''{{sortname|The|John Larroquette Show}}'' | Tony Hemingway | Episode: "Napping to Success" |- | 1997–1998 | ''{{sortname|The|Outer Limits|dab=1995 TV series}}'' | Paul Nodel |2 episodes |- | 1998–2001 | ''Two Guys and a Girl'' | Michael "Berg" Bergen | 81 episodes |- | 2003 | ''Scrubs'' | Spence | Episode: "My Dream Job" |- | 2004–2005 | ''Zeroman'' | Ty Cheese | Vyce, 14 Episodes |- | 2007 | ''My Boys'' | Hams | Episode: Douchebag in the City |- | 2009 | ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' | Host | Season 35, Episode 660 |- | 2011 | ''Family Guy'' | Himsel | Vyce, Episode: "Stewie Goes for a Drive" |- | 2012 | ''Top Gear'' | Himsel | Series 18 Episode 3: "Star in a Reasonably-Priced Car" |- | 2012 | ''Family Guy'' | Overweight Guy | Vyce, Episode: "Jesus, Mary and Joseph!" |} ===Muisic video=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Airtist ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Notes |- | 2009 | "Threw It on the Ground" | The Lonely Island | Himsel | Premiered on ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' as Host |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Reynolds, Ryan}} [[Category:1976 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:20t-century Canadian male actors]] [[Category:21st-century Canadian male actors]] [[Category:Canadian film producers]] [[Category:Canadian male bairn actors]] [[Category:Canadian male film actors]] [[Category:Canadian male televeesion actors]] [[Category:Canadian male vyce actors]] [[Category:Canadian fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:Kwantlen Polytechnic Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Male actors frae Vancouver]] [[Category:Canadian emigrants tae the Unitit States]] [[Category:Canadian expatriate male actors in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Fowk wi acquired American ceetizenship]] {{stub}} d3uw98q45jeihzk9ikhjvyfw9woyg43 927103 927060 2026-11-08T22:42:21Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927103 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Purple thanks peanos | image = Deadpool 2 Japan Premiere Red Carpet Ryan Reynolds (cropped).jpg | caption = Reynolds at the [[Tokyo]] premiere o ''[[Deadpool 2]]'' in Mey 2018 | caption = | birth_name = Ryan Rodney Reynolds | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1976|10|23}} | birth_place = [[Vancouver]], [[Breetish Columbie]], [[Canadae]] | occupation misis | yearsactive = 1991–present | spouse = {{marriage|[[Scarlett Johansson]]|2008|2011}} <br> {{marriage|[[Blake Lively]]|2012}} }} '''Ryan Rodney Reynolds''' (born 23 October 1976 in [[Vancouver]]) is a Canadian actor. He pleyed the title pairt in the romantic comedy ''National Lampoon's Van Wilder'' (2002), that creetics panned but that did weel at the box affice.<ref name="x225">{{cite web | title=''Van Wilder'' | website=Box Office Mojo | date=April 5, 2002 | url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl75073025/ | access-date=March 16, 2025}}</ref> He is weel kent fur pleyin the antihero Deadpool in the ''Deadpool'' films.<ref name="l501">{{cite web | last=Kenneally | first=Tim | title=Ryan Reynolds roasted by Hugh Jackman as ''Deadpool'' actor receives Walk of Fame star | website=TheWrap | date=December 16, 2016 | url=https://www.thewrap.com/ryan-reynolds-roasted-by-hugh-jackman-as-deadpool-actor-receives-walk-of-fame-star/ | access-date=April 25, 2025}}</ref> On 15 December 2016 he got a starn on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.walkoffame.com/ryan-reynolds|title=Ryan Reynolds|publisher=[[Hollywood Walk of Fame]]|access-date=December 18, 2016|archive-date=December 21, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221020242/http://www.walkoffame.com/ryan-reynolds|url-status=live}}</ref> He haes been mairit tae the actress Blake Lively syne 2012.<ref name="c564">{{cite magazine | title=Why I'm obsessed with Ryan Reynolds ... by Ryan Reynolds | magazine=Entertainment Weekly | date=June 17, 2011 | url=https://ew.com/article/2011/06/17/why-im-obsessed-ryan-reynolds-ryan-reynolds/ | access-date=March 15, 2025}}</ref> ==Filmography== ===Film=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Notes |- | 1993 | ''Ordinary Magic'' | Ganesh/Jeffrey | |- | 1994 | ''My Name Is Kate'' | Kevin Bannister | TV film |- | 1995 | ''Serving in Silence: The Margarethe Cammermeyer Story'' | Andy | TV film |- | 1996 | ''When Friendship Kills'' | Ben Colson | TV film |- | 1996 | ''Sabrina the Teenage Witch'' | Seth | TV film |- | 1996 | ''In Cold Blood'' | Bobby Rupp | TV film |- | 1997 | ''{{sortname|The|Alarmist}}'' | Howard Ancona | |- | 1998 | ''Tourist Trap'' | Wade Early | TV film |- | 1999 | ''Coming Soon'' | Henry Lipschitz | |- | 1999 | ''Dick'' | Chip | |- | 2000 | ''Big Monster on Campus'' | Karl O'Reilly | |- | 2000 | ''We All Fall Down'' | Red Shoes | |- | 2001 | ''Finder's Fee'' | Quigley | |- | 2002 | ''[[Van Wilder|National Lampoon's Van Wilder]]'' | Van Wilder | |- | 2002 | ''Buying the Cow'' | Mike Hanson | |- | 2003 | ''{{sortname|The|In-Laws|dab=2003 film}}'' | Mark Tobias | |- | 2003 | ''Foolproof'' | Kevin | |- | 2004 | ''Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle'' | Male nourice | Cameo |- | 2004 | ''[[Blade: Trinity]]'' | Hannibal King | |- | 2005 | ''School of Life'' | Michael "Mr. D" D'Angelo | TV film |- | 2005 | ''{{sortname|The|Amityville Horror|dab=2005 film}}'' | George Lutz | |- | 2005 | ''Waiting...'' | Monty | |- | 2005 | ''[[Just Friends]]'' | Chris Brander | |- | 2006 | ''Smokin' Aces'' | Richard Messner | |- | 2007 | ''{{sortname|The|Nines}}'' | Gary/Gavin/Gabriel | |- | 2008 | ''Chaos Theory'' | Frank Allen | |- | 2008 | ''Definitely, Maybe'' | Will Hayes | |- | 2008 | ''Fireflies in the Garden'' | Michael Taylor | |- | 2009 | ''Adventureland'' | Mike Connell | |- | 2009 | ''[[X-Men Origins: Wolverine]]'' | [[Deadpool|Wade Wilson / Deadpool]] | Shared role wi Scott Adkins |- | 2009 | ''{{sortname|The|Proposal|dab=film}}'' | Andrew Paxton | |- | 2009 | ''Paper Man'' | Captain Excellent | |- | 2010 | ''Secret Origin: Story Of DC Comics'' | Narrator | |- | 2010 | ''[[Buried (film)|Buried]]'' | Paul Steven Conroy | |- | 2011 | ''[[Green Lantern (film)|Green Lantern]]'' | Hal Jordan / Green Lantern |Portrayed Hal Jordan / Green Lantern in the video gemme ''Green Lantern: Rise of the Manhunters'' an aw |- | 2011 | ''{{sortname|The|Change-Up}}'' | Mitch Planko | |- | 2011 | ''{{sortname|The|Whale|The Whale (2011 film)}}'' | Narrator | |- | 2012 | ''Safe House'' | Matt Weston | |- | 2012 | ''Ted'' | Jared | Uncreditit cameo |- | 2013 | ''The Croods'' | Guy | Vyce |- | 2013 | ''Turbo'' | Turbo | Vyce |- | 2013 | ''R.I.P.D.'' | Nick Walker | |- | 2014 | ''A Million Ways to Die in the West'' | Man killed in bar<ref>http://www.cinemablend.com/new/One-Cameo-Million-Ways-Die-West-Was-Even-Surprise-Seth-MacFarlane-43272.html</ref> | Uncreditit cameo |- | 2014 | ''The Voices'' | Jerry Hickfang | |- | 2014 | ''The Captive'' | Matthew Piper | |- | 2015 | ''Selfless'' | | Post-production |- | 2015 | ''Mississippi Grind'' | | Post-production |- | 2015 | ''The Woman in Gold'' | Randol Schoenberg | Post-production |- | 2015 | ''Criminal'' | | Filmin |- |} ===Televeesion=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Notes |- | 1991–1993 | ''Fifteen'' | Billy Simpson | Kent as ''Hillside'' an aw; 65 Episodes |- | 1993–1994 | ''{{sortname|The|Odyssey|dab=TV series}}'' | Macro | 14 episodes |- | 1995 | ''{{sortname|The|Outer Limits|dab=1995 TV series}}'' | Derek Tillman | Episode: "If These Walls Could Talk" |- | 1995 | ''{{sortname|The|Marshal}}'' | Rick | Episode: "The Heartbreak Kid" |- | 1995 | ''Lonesome Dove: The Outlaw Years'' | Griffin | Episode: "Redemption" |- | 1996 | ''{{sortname|The|X-Files}}'' | Jay "Boom" DeBoom | Episode: "Syzygy" |- | 1996 | ''{{sortname|The|John Larroquette Show}}'' | Tony Hemingway | Episode: "Napping to Success" |- | 1997–1998 | ''{{sortname|The|Outer Limits|dab=1995 TV series}}'' | Paul Nodel |2 episodes |- | 1998–2001 | ''Two Guys and a Girl'' | Michael "Berg" Bergen | 81 episodes |- | 2003 | ''Scrubs'' | Spence | Episode: "My Dream Job" |- | 2004–2005 | ''Zeroman'' | Ty Cheese | Vyce, 14 Episodes |- | 2007 | ''My Boys'' | Hams | Episode: Douchebag in the City |- | 2009 | ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' | Host | Season 35, Episode 660 |- | 2011 | ''Family Guy'' | Himsel | Vyce, Episode: "Stewie Goes for a Drive" |- | 2012 | ''Top Gear'' | Himsel | Series 18 Episode 3: "Star in a Reasonably-Priced Car" |- | 2012 | ''Family Guy'' | Overweight Guy | Vyce, Episode: "Jesus, Mary and Joseph!" |} ===Muisic video=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Airtist ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Notes |- | 2009 | "Threw It on the Ground" | The Lonely Island | Himsel | Premiered on ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' as Host |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Reynolds, Ryan}} [[Category:1976 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:20t-century Canadian male actors]] [[Category:21st-century Canadian male actors]] [[Category:Canadian film producers]] [[Category:Canadian male bairn actors]] [[Category:Canadian male film actors]] [[Category:Canadian male televeesion actors]] [[Category:Canadian male vyce actors]] [[Category:Canadian fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:Kwantlen Polytechnic Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Male actors frae Vancouver]] [[Category:Canadian emigrants tae the Unitit States]] [[Category:Canadian expatriate male actors in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Fowk wi acquired American ceetizenship]] {{stub}} rif9tw14r0tsbye4nlf59h0wrpo5vhz 927108 927103 2026-11-08T22:45:52Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 RV vandalism 927108 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Ryan Reynolds | image = Deadpool 2 Japan Premiere Red Carpet Ryan Reynolds (cropped).jpg | caption = Reynolds at the [[Tokyo]] premiere o ''[[Deadpool 2]]'' in Mey 2018 | caption = | birth_name = Ryan Rodney Reynolds | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1976|10|23}} | birth_place = [[Vancouver]], [[Breetish Columbie]], [[Canadae]] | occupation misis | yearsactive = 1991–present | spouse = {{marriage|[[Scarlett Johansson]]|2008|2011}} <br> {{marriage|[[Blake Lively]]|2012}} }} '''Ryan Rodney Reynolds''' (born 23 October 1976 in [[Vancouver]]) is a Canadian actor. He pleyed the title pairt in the romantic comedy ''National Lampoon's Van Wilder'' (2002), that creetics panned but that did weel at the box affice.<ref name="x225">{{cite web | title=''Van Wilder'' | website=Box Office Mojo | date=April 5, 2002 | url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl75073025/ | access-date=March 16, 2025}}</ref> He is weel kent fur pleyin the antihero Deadpool in the ''Deadpool'' films.<ref name="l501">{{cite web | last=Kenneally | first=Tim | title=Ryan Reynolds roasted by Hugh Jackman as ''Deadpool'' actor receives Walk of Fame star | website=TheWrap | date=December 16, 2016 | url=https://www.thewrap.com/ryan-reynolds-roasted-by-hugh-jackman-as-deadpool-actor-receives-walk-of-fame-star/ | access-date=April 25, 2025}}</ref> On 15 December 2016 he got a starn on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.walkoffame.com/ryan-reynolds|title=Ryan Reynolds|publisher=[[Hollywood Walk of Fame]]|access-date=December 18, 2016|archive-date=December 21, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221020242/http://www.walkoffame.com/ryan-reynolds|url-status=live}}</ref> He haes been mairit tae the actress Blake Lively syne 2012.<ref name="c564">{{cite magazine | title=Why I'm obsessed with Ryan Reynolds ... by Ryan Reynolds | magazine=Entertainment Weekly | date=June 17, 2011 | url=https://ew.com/article/2011/06/17/why-im-obsessed-ryan-reynolds-ryan-reynolds/ | access-date=March 15, 2025}}</ref> ==Filmography== ===Film=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Notes |- | 1993 | ''Ordinary Magic'' | Ganesh/Jeffrey | |- | 1994 | ''My Name Is Kate'' | Kevin Bannister | TV film |- | 1995 | ''Serving in Silence: The Margarethe Cammermeyer Story'' | Andy | TV film |- | 1996 | ''When Friendship Kills'' | Ben Colson | TV film |- | 1996 | ''Sabrina the Teenage Witch'' | Seth | TV film |- | 1996 | ''In Cold Blood'' | Bobby Rupp | TV film |- | 1997 | ''{{sortname|The|Alarmist}}'' | Howard Ancona | |- | 1998 | ''Tourist Trap'' | Wade Early | TV film |- | 1999 | ''Coming Soon'' | Henry Lipschitz | |- | 1999 | ''Dick'' | Chip | |- | 2000 | ''Big Monster on Campus'' | Karl O'Reilly | |- | 2000 | ''We All Fall Down'' | Red Shoes | |- | 2001 | ''Finder's Fee'' | Quigley | |- | 2002 | ''[[Van Wilder|National Lampoon's Van Wilder]]'' | Van Wilder | |- | 2002 | ''Buying the Cow'' | Mike Hanson | |- | 2003 | ''{{sortname|The|In-Laws|dab=2003 film}}'' | Mark Tobias | |- | 2003 | ''Foolproof'' | Kevin | |- | 2004 | ''Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle'' | Male nourice | Cameo |- | 2004 | ''[[Blade: Trinity]]'' | Hannibal King | |- | 2005 | ''School of Life'' | Michael "Mr. D" D'Angelo | TV film |- | 2005 | ''{{sortname|The|Amityville Horror|dab=2005 film}}'' | George Lutz | |- | 2005 | ''Waiting...'' | Monty | |- | 2005 | ''[[Just Friends]]'' | Chris Brander | |- | 2006 | ''Smokin' Aces'' | Richard Messner | |- | 2007 | ''{{sortname|The|Nines}}'' | Gary/Gavin/Gabriel | |- | 2008 | ''Chaos Theory'' | Frank Allen | |- | 2008 | ''Definitely, Maybe'' | Will Hayes | |- | 2008 | ''Fireflies in the Garden'' | Michael Taylor | |- | 2009 | ''Adventureland'' | Mike Connell | |- | 2009 | ''[[X-Men Origins: Wolverine]]'' | [[Deadpool|Wade Wilson / Deadpool]] | Shared role wi Scott Adkins |- | 2009 | ''{{sortname|The|Proposal|dab=film}}'' | Andrew Paxton | |- | 2009 | ''Paper Man'' | Captain Excellent | |- | 2010 | ''Secret Origin: Story Of DC Comics'' | Narrator | |- | 2010 | ''[[Buried (film)|Buried]]'' | Paul Steven Conroy | |- | 2011 | ''[[Green Lantern (film)|Green Lantern]]'' | Hal Jordan / Green Lantern |Portrayed Hal Jordan / Green Lantern in the video gemme ''Green Lantern: Rise of the Manhunters'' an aw |- | 2011 | ''{{sortname|The|Change-Up}}'' | Mitch Planko | |- | 2011 | ''{{sortname|The|Whale|The Whale (2011 film)}}'' | Narrator | |- | 2012 | ''Safe House'' | Matt Weston | |- | 2012 | ''Ted'' | Jared | Uncreditit cameo |- | 2013 | ''The Croods'' | Guy | Vyce |- | 2013 | ''Turbo'' | Turbo | Vyce |- | 2013 | ''R.I.P.D.'' | Nick Walker | |- | 2014 | ''A Million Ways to Die in the West'' | Man killed in bar<ref>http://www.cinemablend.com/new/One-Cameo-Million-Ways-Die-West-Was-Even-Surprise-Seth-MacFarlane-43272.html</ref> | Uncreditit cameo |- | 2014 | ''The Voices'' | Jerry Hickfang | |- | 2014 | ''The Captive'' | Matthew Piper | |- | 2015 | ''Selfless'' | | Post-production |- | 2015 | ''Mississippi Grind'' | | Post-production |- | 2015 | ''The Woman in Gold'' | Randol Schoenberg | Post-production |- | 2015 | ''Criminal'' | | Filmin |- |} ===Televeesion=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Notes |- | 1991–1993 | ''Fifteen'' | Billy Simpson | Kent as ''Hillside'' an aw; 65 Episodes |- | 1993–1994 | ''{{sortname|The|Odyssey|dab=TV series}}'' | Macro | 14 episodes |- | 1995 | ''{{sortname|The|Outer Limits|dab=1995 TV series}}'' | Derek Tillman | Episode: "If These Walls Could Talk" |- | 1995 | ''{{sortname|The|Marshal}}'' | Rick | Episode: "The Heartbreak Kid" |- | 1995 | ''Lonesome Dove: The Outlaw Years'' | Griffin | Episode: "Redemption" |- | 1996 | ''{{sortname|The|X-Files}}'' | Jay "Boom" DeBoom | Episode: "Syzygy" |- | 1996 | ''{{sortname|The|John Larroquette Show}}'' | Tony Hemingway | Episode: "Napping to Success" |- | 1997–1998 | ''{{sortname|The|Outer Limits|dab=1995 TV series}}'' | Paul Nodel |2 episodes |- | 1998–2001 | ''Two Guys and a Girl'' | Michael "Berg" Bergen | 81 episodes |- | 2003 | ''Scrubs'' | Spence | Episode: "My Dream Job" |- | 2004–2005 | ''Zeroman'' | Ty Cheese | Vyce, 14 Episodes |- | 2007 | ''My Boys'' | Hams | Episode: Douchebag in the City |- | 2009 | ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' | Host | Season 35, Episode 660 |- | 2011 | ''Family Guy'' | Himsel | Vyce, Episode: "Stewie Goes for a Drive" |- | 2012 | ''Top Gear'' | Himsel | Series 18 Episode 3: "Star in a Reasonably-Priced Car" |- | 2012 | ''Family Guy'' | Overweight Guy | Vyce, Episode: "Jesus, Mary and Joseph!" |} ===Muisic video=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Airtist ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Notes |- | 2009 | "Threw It on the Ground" | The Lonely Island | Himsel | Premiered on ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' as Host |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Reynolds, Ryan}} [[Category:1976 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:20t-century Canadian male actors]] [[Category:21st-century Canadian male actors]] [[Category:Canadian film producers]] [[Category:Canadian male bairn actors]] [[Category:Canadian male film actors]] [[Category:Canadian male televeesion actors]] [[Category:Canadian male vyce actors]] [[Category:Canadian fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:Kwantlen Polytechnic Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Male actors frae Vancouver]] [[Category:Canadian emigrants tae the Unitit States]] [[Category:Canadian expatriate male actors in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Fowk wi acquired American ceetizenship]] {{stub}} tlau6yorzh8d1eo0bfgqp7gn967mw3t 927109 927108 2026-11-08T22:46:30Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927109 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie | name = Ryan Reynolds | image = Deadpool 2 Japan Premiere Red Carpet Ryan Reynolds (cropped).jpg | caption = Reynolds at the [[Tokyo]] premiere o ''[[Deadpool 2]]'' in Mey 2018 | birth_name = Ryan Rodney Reynolds | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1976|10|23}} | birth_place = [[Vancouver]], [[Breetish Columbie]], Canadae | yearsactive = 1991–present | spouse = {{marriage|[[Scarlett Johansson]]|2008|2011}} <br> {{marriage|[[Blake Lively]]|2012}} }} '''Ryan Rodney Reynolds''' (born 23 October 1976 in [[Vancouver]]) is a Canadian actor. He pleyed the title pairt in the romantic comedy ''National Lampoon's Van Wilder'' (2002), that creetics panned but that did weel at the box affice.<ref name="x225">{{cite web | title=''Van Wilder'' | website=Box Office Mojo | date=April 5, 2002 | url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl75073025/ | access-date=March 16, 2025}}</ref> He is weel kent fur pleyin the antihero Deadpool in the ''Deadpool'' films.<ref name="l501">{{cite web | last=Kenneally | first=Tim | title=Ryan Reynolds roasted by Hugh Jackman as ''Deadpool'' actor receives Walk of Fame star | website=TheWrap | date=December 16, 2016 | url=https://www.thewrap.com/ryan-reynolds-roasted-by-hugh-jackman-as-deadpool-actor-receives-walk-of-fame-star/ | access-date=April 25, 2025}}</ref> On 15 December 2016 he got a starn on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.walkoffame.com/ryan-reynolds|title=Ryan Reynolds|publisher=[[Hollywood Walk of Fame]]|access-date=December 18, 2016|archive-date=December 21, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221020242/http://www.walkoffame.com/ryan-reynolds|url-status=live}}</ref> He haes been mairit tae the actress Blake Lively syne 2012.<ref name="c564">{{cite magazine | title=Why I'm obsessed with Ryan Reynolds ... by Ryan Reynolds | magazine=Entertainment Weekly | date=June 17, 2011 | url=https://ew.com/article/2011/06/17/why-im-obsessed-ryan-reynolds-ryan-reynolds/ | access-date=March 15, 2025}}</ref> ==Filmography== ===Film=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Notes |- | 1993 | ''Ordinary Magic'' | Ganesh/Jeffrey | |- | 1994 | ''My Name Is Kate'' | Kevin Bannister | TV film |- | 1995 | ''Serving in Silence: The Margarethe Cammermeyer Story'' | Andy | TV film |- | 1996 | ''When Friendship Kills'' | Ben Colson | TV film |- | 1996 | ''Sabrina the Teenage Witch'' | Seth | TV film |- | 1996 | ''In Cold Blood'' | Bobby Rupp | TV film |- | 1997 | ''{{sortname|The|Alarmist}}'' | Howard Ancona | |- | 1998 | ''Tourist Trap'' | Wade Early | TV film |- | 1999 | ''Coming Soon'' | Henry Lipschitz | |- | 1999 | ''Dick'' | Chip | |- | 2000 | ''Big Monster on Campus'' | Karl O'Reilly | |- | 2000 | ''We All Fall Down'' | Red Shoes | |- | 2001 | ''Finder's Fee'' | Quigley | |- | 2002 | ''[[Van Wilder|National Lampoon's Van Wilder]]'' | Van Wilder | |- | 2002 | ''Buying the Cow'' | Mike Hanson | |- | 2003 | ''{{sortname|The|In-Laws|dab=2003 film}}'' | Mark Tobias | |- | 2003 | ''Foolproof'' | Kevin | |- | 2004 | ''Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle'' | Male nourice | Cameo |- | 2004 | ''[[Blade: Trinity]]'' | Hannibal King | |- | 2005 | ''School of Life'' | Michael "Mr. D" D'Angelo | TV film |- | 2005 | ''{{sortname|The|Amityville Horror|dab=2005 film}}'' | George Lutz | |- | 2005 | ''Waiting...'' | Monty | |- | 2005 | ''[[Just Friends]]'' | Chris Brander | |- | 2006 | ''Smokin' Aces'' | Richard Messner | |- | 2007 | ''{{sortname|The|Nines}}'' | Gary/Gavin/Gabriel | |- | 2008 | ''Chaos Theory'' | Frank Allen | |- | 2008 | ''Definitely, Maybe'' | Will Hayes | |- | 2008 | ''Fireflies in the Garden'' | Michael Taylor | |- | 2009 | ''Adventureland'' | Mike Connell | |- | 2009 | ''[[X-Men Origins: Wolverine]]'' | [[Deadpool|Wade Wilson / Deadpool]] | Shared role wi Scott Adkins |- | 2009 | ''{{sortname|The|Proposal|dab=film}}'' | Andrew Paxton | |- | 2009 | ''Paper Man'' | Captain Excellent | |- | 2010 | ''Secret Origin: Story Of DC Comics'' | Narrator | |- | 2010 | ''[[Buried (film)|Buried]]'' | Paul Steven Conroy | |- | 2011 | ''[[Green Lantern (film)|Green Lantern]]'' | Hal Jordan / Green Lantern |Portrayed Hal Jordan / Green Lantern in the video gemme ''Green Lantern: Rise of the Manhunters'' an aw |- | 2011 | ''{{sortname|The|Change-Up}}'' | Mitch Planko | |- | 2011 | ''{{sortname|The|Whale|The Whale (2011 film)}}'' | Narrator | |- | 2012 | ''Safe House'' | Matt Weston | |- | 2012 | ''Ted'' | Jared | Uncreditit cameo |- | 2013 | ''The Croods'' | Guy | Vyce |- | 2013 | ''Turbo'' | Turbo | Vyce |- | 2013 | ''R.I.P.D.'' | Nick Walker | |- | 2014 | ''A Million Ways to Die in the West'' | Man killed in bar<ref>http://www.cinemablend.com/new/One-Cameo-Million-Ways-Die-West-Was-Even-Surprise-Seth-MacFarlane-43272.html</ref> | Uncreditit cameo |- | 2014 | ''The Voices'' | Jerry Hickfang | |- | 2014 | ''The Captive'' | Matthew Piper | |- | 2015 | ''Selfless'' | | Post-production |- | 2015 | ''Mississippi Grind'' | | Post-production |- | 2015 | ''The Woman in Gold'' | Randol Schoenberg | Post-production |- | 2015 | ''Criminal'' | | Filmin |- |} ===Televeesion=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Notes |- | 1991–1993 | ''Fifteen'' | Billy Simpson | Kent as ''Hillside'' an aw; 65 Episodes |- | 1993–1994 | ''{{sortname|The|Odyssey|dab=TV series}}'' | Macro | 14 episodes |- | 1995 | ''{{sortname|The|Outer Limits|dab=1995 TV series}}'' | Derek Tillman | Episode: "If These Walls Could Talk" |- | 1995 | ''{{sortname|The|Marshal}}'' | Rick | Episode: "The Heartbreak Kid" |- | 1995 | ''Lonesome Dove: The Outlaw Years'' | Griffin | Episode: "Redemption" |- | 1996 | ''{{sortname|The|X-Files}}'' | Jay "Boom" DeBoom | Episode: "Syzygy" |- | 1996 | ''{{sortname|The|John Larroquette Show}}'' | Tony Hemingway | Episode: "Napping to Success" |- | 1997–1998 | ''{{sortname|The|Outer Limits|dab=1995 TV series}}'' | Paul Nodel |2 episodes |- | 1998–2001 | ''Two Guys and a Girl'' | Michael "Berg" Bergen | 81 episodes |- | 2003 | ''Scrubs'' | Spence | Episode: "My Dream Job" |- | 2004–2005 | ''Zeroman'' | Ty Cheese | Vyce, 14 Episodes |- | 2007 | ''My Boys'' | Hams | Episode: Douchebag in the City |- | 2009 | ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' | Host | Season 35, Episode 660 |- | 2011 | ''Family Guy'' | Himsel | Vyce, Episode: "Stewie Goes for a Drive" |- | 2012 | ''Top Gear'' | Himsel | Series 18 Episode 3: "Star in a Reasonably-Priced Car" |- | 2012 | ''Family Guy'' | Overweight Guy | Vyce, Episode: "Jesus, Mary and Joseph!" |} ===Muisic video=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Airtist ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Notes |- | 2009 | "Threw It on the Ground" | The Lonely Island | Himsel | Premiered on ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' as Host |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Reynolds, Ryan}} [[Category:1976 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:20t-century Canadian male actors]] [[Category:21st-century Canadian male actors]] [[Category:Canadian film producers]] [[Category:Canadian male bairn actors]] [[Category:Canadian male film actors]] [[Category:Canadian male televeesion actors]] [[Category:Canadian male vyce actors]] [[Category:Canadian fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:Kwantlen Polytechnic Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Male actors frae Vancouver]] [[Category:Canadian emigrants tae the Unitit States]] [[Category:Canadian expatriate male actors in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Fowk wi acquired American ceetizenship]] {{stub}} hvtsz4d3vvkizrki63m5acs3roxdon0 927117 927109 2026-11-08T22:53:00Z CiphriusKane 74958 Revertin historical vandalism 927117 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie | name = Ryan Reynolds | image = Deadpool 2 Japan Premiere Red Carpet Ryan Reynolds (cropped).jpg | caption = Reynolds at the [[Tokyo]] premiere o ''[[Deadpool 2]]'' in Mey 2018 | birth_name = Ryan Rodney Reynolds | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1976|10|23}} | birth_place = [[Vancouver]], [[Breetish Columbie]], Canadae | yearsactive = 1991–present | spouse = {{marriage|[[Scarlett Johansson]]|2008|2011}} <br> {{marriage|[[Blake Lively]]|2012}} }} '''Ryan Rodney Reynolds''' (born 23 October 1976)<ref name="Bio">{{cite web|url=http://www.filmreference.com/film/48/Ryan-Reynolds.html|title=Ryan Reynolds profile at FilmReference.com|publisher=www.filmreference.com|accessdate=April 28, 2010}}</ref> is a Canadian actor, comedian, film producer, an screenwriter. He stertit his career starrin in the Canadian teen soap opera ''Hillside'' an haed minor roles afore laundin the role o Michael Bergen on the sitcom ''[[Two Guys and a Girl]]'' atween 1998 an 2001. Reynolds then starred in a reeng o films, includin comedies sic as ''[[Van Wilder|National Lampoon's Van Wilder]]'',<ref name="x225">{{cite web | title=''Van Wilder'' | website=Box Office Mojo | date=April 5, 2002 | url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl75073025/ | access-date=March 16, 2025}}</ref> ''[[Waiting... (film)|Waiting...]]'', an ''[[The Proposal (2009 film)|The Proposal]]''. He performed in dramatic roles in ''[[Buried (film)|Buried]]'', ''[[Woman in Gold (film)|Woman in Gold]]'', an ''[[Life (2017 film)|Life]]'' an aw, an starred in action films sic as ''[[Blade: Trinity]]'', ''[[Green Lantern (film)|Green Lantern]]'', an ''[[Safe House (2012 film)|Safe House]]''. In 2016, he pleyed the [[Deadpool|the teetle chairacter]] in ''[[Deadpool (film)|Deadpool]]''.<ref name="l501">{{cite web | last=Kenneally | first=Tim | title=Ryan Reynolds roasted by Hugh Jackman as ''Deadpool'' actor receives Walk of Fame star | website=TheWrap | date=December 16, 2016 | url=https://www.thewrap.com/ryan-reynolds-roasted-by-hugh-jackman-as-deadpool-actor-receives-walk-of-fame-star/ | access-date=April 25, 2025}}</ref> The film received creetical an commercial acclaim an set numerous records at the time o its release for an R-rated comedy. For his performance, Reynolds received numerous accolades, includin nominations for the [[Creetics' Choice Movie Awaird for Best Actor in an Action Movie|Creetics' Choice Movie Awairds]] and the [[Gowden Globe Awaird for Best Actor – Motion Pictur Muisical or Comedy|Gowden Globe Awairds]]. He reprised the role in ''[[Deadpool 2]]''. Reynolds wis awairdit a starn on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]] in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.walkoffame.com/ryan-reynolds|title=Ryan Reynolds|publisher=[[Hollywood Walk of Fame]]|access-date=December 18, 2016|archive-date=December 21, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221020242/http://www.walkoffame.com/ryan-reynolds|url-status=live}}</ref> He is mairied tae actress [[Blake Lively]], wi that he haes fower bairns.<ref name="c564">{{cite magazine | title=Why I'm obsessed with Ryan Reynolds ... by Ryan Reynolds | magazine=Entertainment Weekly | date=June 17, 2011 | url=https://ew.com/article/2011/06/17/why-im-obsessed-ryan-reynolds-ryan-reynolds/ | access-date=March 15, 2025}}</ref> ==Filmography== ===Film=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Notes |- | 1993 | ''Ordinary Magic'' | Ganesh/Jeffrey | |- | 1994 | ''My Name Is Kate'' | Kevin Bannister | TV film |- | 1995 | ''Serving in Silence: The Margarethe Cammermeyer Story'' | Andy | TV film |- | 1996 | ''When Friendship Kills'' | Ben Colson | TV film |- | 1996 | ''Sabrina the Teenage Witch'' | Seth | TV film |- | 1996 | ''In Cold Blood'' | Bobby Rupp | TV film |- | 1997 | ''{{sortname|The|Alarmist}}'' | Howard Ancona | |- | 1998 | ''Tourist Trap'' | Wade Early | TV film |- | 1999 | ''Coming Soon'' | Henry Lipschitz | |- | 1999 | ''Dick'' | Chip | |- | 2000 | ''Big Monster on Campus'' | Karl O'Reilly | |- | 2000 | ''We All Fall Down'' | Red Shoes | |- | 2001 | ''Finder's Fee'' | Quigley | |- | 2002 | ''[[Van Wilder|National Lampoon's Van Wilder]]'' | Van Wilder | |- | 2002 | ''Buying the Cow'' | Mike Hanson | |- | 2003 | ''{{sortname|The|In-Laws|dab=2003 film}}'' | Mark Tobias | |- | 2003 | ''Foolproof'' | Kevin | |- | 2004 | ''Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle'' | Male nourice | Cameo |- | 2004 | ''[[Blade: Trinity]]'' | Hannibal King | |- | 2005 | ''School of Life'' | Michael "Mr. D" D'Angelo | TV film |- | 2005 | ''{{sortname|The|Amityville Horror|dab=2005 film}}'' | George Lutz | |- | 2005 | ''Waiting...'' | Monty | |- | 2005 | ''[[Just Friends]]'' | Chris Brander | |- | 2006 | ''Smokin' Aces'' | Richard Messner | |- | 2007 | ''{{sortname|The|Nines}}'' | Gary/Gavin/Gabriel | |- | 2008 | ''Chaos Theory'' | Frank Allen | |- | 2008 | ''Definitely, Maybe'' | Will Hayes | |- | 2008 | ''Fireflies in the Garden'' | Michael Taylor | |- | 2009 | ''Adventureland'' | Mike Connell | |- | 2009 | ''[[X-Men Origins: Wolverine]]'' | [[Deadpool|Wade Wilson / Deadpool]] | Shared role wi Scott Adkins |- | 2009 | ''{{sortname|The|Proposal|dab=film}}'' | Andrew Paxton | |- | 2009 | ''Paper Man'' | Captain Excellent | |- | 2010 | ''Secret Origin: Story Of DC Comics'' | Narrator | |- | 2010 | ''[[Buried (film)|Buried]]'' | Paul Steven Conroy | |- | 2011 | ''[[Green Lantern (film)|Green Lantern]]'' | Hal Jordan / Green Lantern |Portrayed Hal Jordan / Green Lantern in the video gemme ''Green Lantern: Rise of the Manhunters'' an aw |- | 2011 | ''{{sortname|The|Change-Up}}'' | Mitch Planko | |- | 2011 | ''{{sortname|The|Whale|The Whale (2011 film)}}'' | Narrator | |- | 2012 | ''Safe House'' | Matt Weston | |- | 2012 | ''Ted'' | Jared | Uncreditit cameo |- | 2013 | ''The Croods'' | Guy | Vyce |- | 2013 | ''Turbo'' | Turbo | Vyce |- | 2013 | ''R.I.P.D.'' | Nick Walker | |- | 2014 | ''A Million Ways to Die in the West'' | Man killed in bar<ref>http://www.cinemablend.com/new/One-Cameo-Million-Ways-Die-West-Was-Even-Surprise-Seth-MacFarlane-43272.html</ref> | Uncreditit cameo |- | 2014 | ''The Voices'' | Jerry Hickfang | |- | 2014 | ''The Captive'' | Matthew Piper | |- | 2015 | ''Selfless'' | | Post-production |- | 2015 | ''Mississippi Grind'' | | Post-production |- | 2015 | ''The Woman in Gold'' | Randol Schoenberg | Post-production |- | 2015 | ''Criminal'' | | Filmin |- |} ===Televeesion=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Notes |- | 1991–1993 | ''Fifteen'' | Billy Simpson | Kent as ''Hillside'' an aw; 65 Episodes |- | 1993–1994 | ''{{sortname|The|Odyssey|dab=TV series}}'' | Macro | 14 episodes |- | 1995 | ''{{sortname|The|Outer Limits|dab=1995 TV series}}'' | Derek Tillman | Episode: "If These Walls Could Talk" |- | 1995 | ''{{sortname|The|Marshal}}'' | Rick | Episode: "The Heartbreak Kid" |- | 1995 | ''Lonesome Dove: The Outlaw Years'' | Griffin | Episode: "Redemption" |- | 1996 | ''{{sortname|The|X-Files}}'' | Jay "Boom" DeBoom | Episode: "Syzygy" |- | 1996 | ''{{sortname|The|John Larroquette Show}}'' | Tony Hemingway | Episode: "Napping to Success" |- | 1997–1998 | ''{{sortname|The|Outer Limits|dab=1995 TV series}}'' | Paul Nodel |2 episodes |- | 1998–2001 | ''Two Guys and a Girl'' | Michael "Berg" Bergen | 81 episodes |- | 2003 | ''Scrubs'' | Spence | Episode: "My Dream Job" |- | 2004–2005 | ''Zeroman'' | Ty Cheese | Vyce, 14 Episodes |- | 2007 | ''My Boys'' | Hams | Episode: Douchebag in the City |- | 2009 | ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' | Host | Season 35, Episode 660 |- | 2011 | ''Family Guy'' | Himsel | Vyce, Episode: "Stewie Goes for a Drive" |- | 2012 | ''Top Gear'' | Himsel | Series 18 Episode 3: "Star in a Reasonably-Priced Car" |- | 2012 | ''Family Guy'' | Overweight Guy | Vyce, Episode: "Jesus, Mary and Joseph!" |} ===Muisic video=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Airtist ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Notes |- | 2009 | "Threw It on the Ground" | The Lonely Island | Himsel | Premiered on ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' as Host |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Reynolds, Ryan}} [[Category:1976 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:20t-century Canadian male actors]] [[Category:21st-century Canadian male actors]] [[Category:Canadian film producers]] [[Category:Canadian male bairn actors]] [[Category:Canadian male film actors]] [[Category:Canadian male televeesion actors]] [[Category:Canadian male vyce actors]] [[Category:Canadian fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:Kwantlen Polytechnic Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Male actors frae Vancouver]] [[Category:Canadian emigrants tae the Unitit States]] [[Category:Canadian expatriate male actors in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Fowk wi acquired American ceetizenship]] {{stub}} 55lcdgfw5ghqx554nfcbxq3a6beh2ar 927118 927117 2026-11-08T22:56:40Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927118 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie | name = Ryan Reynolds | image = Deadpool 2 Japan Premiere Red Carpet Ryan Reynolds (cropped).jpg | caption = Reynolds at the [[Tokyo]] premiere o ''[[Deadpool 2]]'' in Mey 2018 | birth_name = Ryan Rodney Reynolds | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1976|10|23}} | birth_place = [[Vancouver]], [[Breetish Columbie]], Canadae | yearsactive = 1991–present | spouse = {{marriage|[[Scarlett Johansson]]|2008|2011}} <br> {{marriage|[[Blake Lively]]|2012}} }} '''Ryan Rodney Reynolds''' (born 23 October 1976)<ref name="Bio">{{cite web|url=http://www.filmreference.com/film/48/Ryan-Reynolds.html|title=Ryan Reynolds profile at FilmReference.com|publisher=www.filmreference.com|accessdate=April 28, 2010}}</ref> is a Canadian actor, comedian, film producer, an screenwriter. He stairtit his career starnin in the Canadian teen saip opera ''Hillside'' an haed minor roles afore laundin the role o Michael Bergen on the sitcom ''[[Two Guys and a Girl]]'' atween 1998 an 2001. Reynolds then starned in a reeng o films, includin comedies sic as ''[[Van Wilder|National Lampoon's Van Wilder]]'',<ref name="x225">{{cite web | title=''Van Wilder'' | website=Box Office Mojo | date=April 5, 2002 | url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl75073025/ | access-date=March 16, 2025}}</ref> ''[[Waiting... (film)|Waiting...]]'', an ''[[The Proposal (2009 film)|The Proposal]]''. He performed in dramatic roles in ''[[Buried (film)|Buried]]'', ''[[Woman in Gold (film)|Woman in Gold]]'', an ''[[Life (2017 film)|Life]]'' an aw, an starned in action films sic as ''[[Blade: Trinity]]'', ''[[Green Lantern (film)|Green Lantern]]'', an ''[[Safe House (2012 film)|Safe House]]''. In 2016, he pleyed the [[Deadpool|the title chairacter]] in ''[[Deadpool (film)|Deadpool]]''.<ref name="l501">{{cite web | last=Kenneally | first=Tim | title=Ryan Reynolds roasted by Hugh Jackman as ''Deadpool'' actor receives Walk of Fame star | website=TheWrap | date=December 16, 2016 | url=https://www.thewrap.com/ryan-reynolds-roasted-by-hugh-jackman-as-deadpool-actor-receives-walk-of-fame-star/ | access-date=April 25, 2025}}</ref> The film received creetical an commercial acclaim an set mony records at the time o its lowse fur an R-ratit comedy. Fur his performance, Reynolds received mony accolades, includin nominations fur the [[Creetics' Chyce Film Awaird fur Best Actor in an Action Film|Creetics' Chyce Film Awairds]] an the [[Gowden Globe Awaird for Best Actor – Motion Pictur Muisical or Comedy|Gowden Globe Awairds]]. He reprised the role in ''[[Deadpool 2]]''. Reynolds wis awairdit a starn on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]] in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.walkoffame.com/ryan-reynolds|title=Ryan Reynolds|publisher=[[Hollywood Walk of Fame]]|access-date=December 18, 2016|archive-date=December 21, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221020242/http://www.walkoffame.com/ryan-reynolds|url-status=live}}</ref> He is mairit tae actress [[Blake Lively]], wi that he haes fower bairns.<ref name="c564">{{cite magazine | title=Why I'm obsessed with Ryan Reynolds ... by Ryan Reynolds | magazine=Entertainment Weekly | date=June 17, 2011 | url=https://ew.com/article/2011/06/17/why-im-obsessed-ryan-reynolds-ryan-reynolds/ | access-date=March 15, 2025}}</ref> ==Filmography== ===Film=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Notes |- | 1993 | ''Ordinary Magic'' | Ganesh/Jeffrey | |- | 1994 | ''My Name Is Kate'' | Kevin Bannister | TV film |- | 1995 | ''Serving in Silence: The Margarethe Cammermeyer Story'' | Andy | TV film |- | 1996 | ''When Friendship Kills'' | Ben Colson | TV film |- | 1996 | ''Sabrina the Teenage Witch'' | Seth | TV film |- | 1996 | ''In Cold Blood'' | Bobby Rupp | TV film |- | 1997 | ''{{sortname|The|Alarmist}}'' | Howard Ancona | |- | 1998 | ''Tourist Trap'' | Wade Early | TV film |- | 1999 | ''Coming Soon'' | Henry Lipschitz | |- | 1999 | ''Dick'' | Chip | |- | 2000 | ''Big Monster on Campus'' | Karl O'Reilly | |- | 2000 | ''We All Fall Down'' | Red Shoes | |- | 2001 | ''Finder's Fee'' | Quigley | |- | 2002 | ''[[Van Wilder|National Lampoon's Van Wilder]]'' | Van Wilder | |- | 2002 | ''Buying the Cow'' | Mike Hanson | |- | 2003 | ''{{sortname|The|In-Laws|dab=2003 film}}'' | Mark Tobias | |- | 2003 | ''Foolproof'' | Kevin | |- | 2004 | ''Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle'' | Male nourice | Cameo |- | 2004 | ''[[Blade: Trinity]]'' | Hannibal King | |- | 2005 | ''School of Life'' | Michael "Mr. D" D'Angelo | TV film |- | 2005 | ''{{sortname|The|Amityville Horror|dab=2005 film}}'' | George Lutz | |- | 2005 | ''Waiting...'' | Monty | |- | 2005 | ''[[Just Friends]]'' | Chris Brander | |- | 2006 | ''Smokin' Aces'' | Richard Messner | |- | 2007 | ''{{sortname|The|Nines}}'' | Gary/Gavin/Gabriel | |- | 2008 | ''Chaos Theory'' | Frank Allen | |- | 2008 | ''Definitely, Maybe'' | Will Hayes | |- | 2008 | ''Fireflies in the Garden'' | Michael Taylor | |- | 2009 | ''Adventureland'' | Mike Connell | |- | 2009 | ''[[X-Men Origins: Wolverine]]'' | [[Deadpool|Wade Wilson / Deadpool]] | Shared role wi Scott Adkins |- | 2009 | ''{{sortname|The|Proposal|dab=film}}'' | Andrew Paxton | |- | 2009 | ''Paper Man'' | Captain Excellent | |- | 2010 | ''Secret Origin: Story Of DC Comics'' | Narrator | |- | 2010 | ''[[Buried (film)|Buried]]'' | Paul Steven Conroy | |- | 2011 | ''[[Green Lantern (film)|Green Lantern]]'' | Hal Jordan / Green Lantern |Portrayed Hal Jordan / Green Lantern in the video gemme ''Green Lantern: Rise of the Manhunters'' an aw |- | 2011 | ''{{sortname|The|Change-Up}}'' | Mitch Planko | |- | 2011 | ''{{sortname|The|Whale|The Whale (2011 film)}}'' | Narrator | |- | 2012 | ''Safe House'' | Matt Weston | |- | 2012 | ''Ted'' | Jared | Uncreditit cameo |- | 2013 | ''The Croods'' | Guy | Vyce |- | 2013 | ''Turbo'' | Turbo | Vyce |- | 2013 | ''R.I.P.D.'' | Nick Walker | |- | 2014 | ''A Million Ways to Die in the West'' | Man killed in bar<ref>http://www.cinemablend.com/new/One-Cameo-Million-Ways-Die-West-Was-Even-Surprise-Seth-MacFarlane-43272.html</ref> | Uncreditit cameo |- | 2014 | ''The Voices'' | Jerry Hickfang | |- | 2014 | ''The Captive'' | Matthew Piper | |- | 2015 | ''Selfless'' | | Post-production |- | 2015 | ''Mississippi Grind'' | | Post-production |- | 2015 | ''The Woman in Gold'' | Randol Schoenberg | Post-production |- | 2015 | ''Criminal'' | | Filmin |- |} ===Televeesion=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Notes |- | 1991–1993 | ''Fifteen'' | Billy Simpson | Kent as ''Hillside'' an aw; 65 Episodes |- | 1993–1994 | ''{{sortname|The|Odyssey|dab=TV series}}'' | Macro | 14 episodes |- | 1995 | ''{{sortname|The|Outer Limits|dab=1995 TV series}}'' | Derek Tillman | Episode: "If These Walls Could Talk" |- | 1995 | ''{{sortname|The|Marshal}}'' | Rick | Episode: "The Heartbreak Kid" |- | 1995 | ''Lonesome Dove: The Outlaw Years'' | Griffin | Episode: "Redemption" |- | 1996 | ''{{sortname|The|X-Files}}'' | Jay "Boom" DeBoom | Episode: "Syzygy" |- | 1996 | ''{{sortname|The|John Larroquette Show}}'' | Tony Hemingway | Episode: "Napping to Success" |- | 1997–1998 | ''{{sortname|The|Outer Limits|dab=1995 TV series}}'' | Paul Nodel |2 episodes |- | 1998–2001 | ''Two Guys and a Girl'' | Michael "Berg" Bergen | 81 episodes |- | 2003 | ''Scrubs'' | Spence | Episode: "My Dream Job" |- | 2004–2005 | ''Zeroman'' | Ty Cheese | Vyce, 14 Episodes |- | 2007 | ''My Boys'' | Hams | Episode: Douchebag in the City |- | 2009 | ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' | Host | Season 35, Episode 660 |- | 2011 | ''Family Guy'' | Himsel | Vyce, Episode: "Stewie Goes for a Drive" |- | 2012 | ''Top Gear'' | Himsel | Series 18 Episode 3: "Star in a Reasonably-Priced Car" |- | 2012 | ''Family Guy'' | Overweight Guy | Vyce, Episode: "Jesus, Mary and Joseph!" |} ===Muisic video=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Airtist ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Notes |- | 2009 | "Threw It on the Ground" | The Lonely Island | Himsel | Premiered on ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' as Host |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Reynolds, Ryan}} [[Category:1976 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:20t-century Canadian male actors]] [[Category:21st-century Canadian male actors]] [[Category:Canadian film producers]] [[Category:Canadian male bairn actors]] [[Category:Canadian male film actors]] [[Category:Canadian male televeesion actors]] [[Category:Canadian male vyce actors]] [[Category:Canadian fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:Kwantlen Polytechnic Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Male actors frae Vancouver]] [[Category:Canadian emigrants tae the Unitit States]] [[Category:Canadian expatriate male actors in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Fowk wi acquired American ceetizenship]] {{stub}} opmkvdlgu911gmc3pk6l5eluulrejg0 0 80843 927197 900507 2026-11-09T09:43:45Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; lead an early life addit, birthplace correctit, soorced 927197 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox tennis biography |name = Björn Borg |fullname = Björn Rune Borg |image = Björn Borg.jpg |residence = [[Stockholm]], Swaden |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1956|6|6}} |birth_place = [[Stockholm]], [[Swaden]] |country = {{SWE}} |height = {{height|m=1.80}} |weight = 72 [[Kilogram|kg]] (160 [[Poond (mass)|lb]]) |turnedpro = 1973<small> (internaitional debut in 1971) |retired = 4 Aprile 1983<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bjornborg.com/en/Heritage/Hard-Facts/ |title=Bjorn Borg:History |access-date=2014-09-03 |archive-date=2010-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124143942/http://www.bjornborg.com/en/Heritage/Hard-Facts/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><small> (comeback from 1991 to 1993) |plays = Richt-haundit (twa-haundit backhaund) |careerprizemoney = [[US$|$]] 3,655,751 |tennishofyear = 1987 |tennishofid = björn-borg |singlesrecord = 609–127 (82.7%) |singlestitles = 64 |highestsinglesranking = No. '''1''' (23 August 1977) |AustralianOpenresult = 3R (1974) |FrenchOpenresult = '''W''' (1974, 1975, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981) |Wimbledonresult = '''W''' (1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980) |USOpenresult = F (1976, 1978, 1980, 1981) |Othertournaments = Yes |MastersCupresult = '''W''' (1979, 1980) |WCTFinalsresult = '''W''' (1976) |doublesrecord = 86–81 (51.2%) |doublestitles = 4 |highestdoublesranking = |Team=yes |DavisCupresult = '''W''' (1975) |updated = 23 January 2012 |updated= }} '''Björn Rune Borg''' ({{IPA-sv|bjœːɳ bɔrj|-|sv-Björn Borg.ogg}}; born 6 Juin 1956) is a Swadish umwhile professional [[tennis]] player an umwhile warld No. 1.<ref name="king">{{Cite news|date=2005-06-04|title=When he was king|language=en-GB|work=The Observer|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2005/jun/05/tennis.features1|access-date=2024-11-25|issn=0029-7712}}</ref> He wan 11 major singles titles: sax at the [[French Open]] an five in a raw at [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]]. As a teenage sensation, Borg haed a stardom an a run o success that naebody haed seen afore, an it helped mak tennis mair popular in the 1970s.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/2006-05-24-borg-cover_x.htm |title=Borg still making the shots |author=Douglas Robson |newspaper=USA Today |date=25 May 2006 |access-date=24 August 2017 |archive-date=2 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702075238/http://www.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/2006-05-24-borg-cover_x.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> His rivalries wi [[Jimmy Connors]] an John McEnroe becam weel kent faur ayont tennis. The Borg–McEnroe rivalry wis at its heicht at the 1980 Wimbledon final, that is coontit ane o the best matches ever played.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/1980-wimbledon-final-bjorn-borg-john-mcenroe-pinnacle-rivalry-woodstock-era|title=1980: THE FIVE-SET FINAL BETWEEN BJORN BORG AND JOHN MCENROE WAS THE PINNACLE OF THEIR RIVALRY—AND THE WOODSTOCK OF THEIR TENNIS ERA|date=20 June 2022|access-date=5 July 2022|archive-date=5 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705191112/https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/1980-wimbledon-final-bjorn-borg-john-mcenroe-pinnacle-rivalry-woodstock-era|url-status=live}}</ref> Efter lossin tae McEnroe in the 1981 Wimbledon an US Open finals, Borg retired at 25, tae awbody's surprise. He cam back for a short spell in 1991, but it didna wirk oot. Borg is widely coontit ane o the best players o aw time, an ''Tennis'' magazine rankit him the saxt best male player o the Open Era.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/the-50-greatest-players-of-the-open-era-m-no-1-roger-federer|title=THE 50 GREATEST PLAYERS OF THE OPEN ERA|date=2 March 2018|access-date=5 July 2022|archive-date=5 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705191654/https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/the-50-greatest-players-of-the-open-era-m-no-1-roger-federer|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Early life== Borg wis born in [[Stockholm]] on 6 Juin 1956, the anly bairn o Rune, an electrician, an Margaretha Borg.<ref name="king"/> He grew up nearhaund in Södertälje. As a bairn he wis taen wi a gowden tennis racket that his faither haed wan at a table tennis tournament, an his faither gied him the racket, that stairtit aff his tennis career.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://us.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1107/14/oc.01.html |work=CNN |title=Open Court |date=14 July 2011 |access-date=24 February 2023 |archive-date=24 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224193137/http://us.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1107/14/oc.01.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{navboxes|title=Björn Borg in Grand Slam tournaments |list1= {{Men's tennis players who won two or more Grand Slam singles titles in one calendar year}} {{Wimbledon boys' singles champions}} {{French Open men's singles champions}} {{Wimbledon men's singles champions}} }} {{navboxes|title=Björn Borg's achievements |list1= {{Tennis World Number Ones (men)}} {{Year-End Championships winners}} }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Borg, Bjorn}} [[Category:French Open champions]] [[Category:Internaitional Tennis Haw o Fame inductees]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Monte Carlo]] [[Category:Fowk frae Södertälje]] [[Category:Sportsfowk frae Stockholm]] [[Category:Swadish expatriates in Monaco]] [[Category:Swadish male tennis players]] [[Category:Wimbledon champions]] [[Category:Wimbledon junior champions]] [[Category:Warld No. 1 tennis players]] [[Category:1956 births]] [[Category:Grand Slam (tennis) champions in men's singles]] irve3ivor82jwl84hnykfgaie1xahok 0 83254 927211 796320 2026-11-09T10:03:03Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; infobox an lead updatit, soorced 927211 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox basketbaw club || name =Phoenix Suns | current =2026–27 Phoenix Suns saison | logo = | imagesize =200px | conference =Western | division =Pacific | founded =1968 | history ='''Phoenix Suns'''<br />1968–present | arena ='''Mortgage Matchup Center''' | city = [[Phoenix, Arizona]] | colors = Purpie, orange, black, gray, yellae <br />{{color box|#1D1160}} {{color box|#E56020}} {{color box|#000000}} {{color box|#63727A}} {{color box|#F9A01B}} | owner =Mat an Justin Ishbia | General Manager =Brian Gregory | coach =Jordan Ott | affiliate =Valley Suns | league_champs ='''0''' | conf_champs ='''3''' (1976, 1993, 2021) | div_champs ='''8''' (1981, 1993, 1995, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2021, 2022) | ret_nums = '''10''' (5, 6, [[Kevin Johnson|7]], 9, 24, 33, [[Charles Barkley|34]], 42, 44, 832) | web =suns }} The '''Phoenix Suns''' are a professional basketbaw team based in [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]], [[Arizona]], [[Unitit States]]. Thay play in the Pacific Division o the Western Conference o the [[National Basketball Association]] (NBA). The team stairtit in 1968 as an expansion team. The Suns hae the fift-best winnin record o aw time in the NBA, the heichest o ony team that haes never wan an NBA championship, an the maist NBA Finals (three, in 1976, 1993 an 2021) athoot a title.<ref name="Hollinger FranchiseRankings-Intro">{{cite web|last=Hollinger|first=John|title=Intro to all-time NBA franchise rankings|url=https://www.espn.com/nba/playoffs/2009/columns/story?columnist=hollinger_john&page=FranchiseRankings-Intro|publisher=ESPN Internet Ventures, LLC|website=ESPN.com|date=June 11, 2009|access-date=June 30, 2015|archive-date=January 12, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112164456/http://sports.espn.go.com/nba/playoffs/2009/columns/story?columnist=hollinger_john&page=FranchiseRankings-Intro|url-status=live}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Phoenix Suns|*]] [[Category:National Basketball Association teams]] [[Category:Basketbaw clubs established in 1968]] oyzcmpikfpn3jdig6lp5saoj9tq8uxr 0 88147 927039 900354 2026-11-08T22:23:13Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 927039 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Feodosia | settlement_type = | native_name = {{small|Феодосия<br>Kefe<br>Феодосія}} | image_skyline = THEODOSIA 01.jpg | imagesize = 250px | image_caption = Genoese fortress o Caffa | image_shield = Feodosiya_coat_of_arms.svg | image_flag = Flag of Feodosia.svg | coordinates = {{coord|45|2|56|N|35|22|45|E|region:UA|display=inline,title}} | pushpin_map = Crimea | pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> | pushpin_map_caption = Location o Feodosiya within Crimea | subdivision_type = [[Kintras o the warld|Kintra]] | subdivision_name = Disputit: {{Unordered list|{{UKR}}|{{RUS}} ''(occupation)''}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Autonomous republic|Republic]] | subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Crimea}} | subdivision_type2 = [[Crimea#Admeenistrative diveesions|Region]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Feodosiya municipality]] | timezone = [[Moscow Time|MSK]] | utc_offset = +3 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | elevation_m = 50 | population_total = 97721 | population_footnotes = | population_as_of = 2001 | postal_code_type = [[Postal code]] | postal_code = 98100–98175 | area_code = +380-6562 | blank1_info = Kefe (till 1784), Caffa (till the 15t century) | blank1_name = [[Leet o renamed ceeties in Ukraine|Umwhile names]] | website = }} '''Feodosia''' ({{lang-ru|Феодо́сия}}, ''Feodosiya''; {{lang-uk|Феодо́сія}}, ''Feodosiia'';<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://zakon1.rada.gov.ua/cgi-bin/laws/main.cgi?nreg=55-2010-%EF |title=Про впорядкування транслітерації українського алфавіту... {{!}} від 27.01.2010 № 55<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2010-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190919032754/https://zakon1.rada.gov.ua/cgi-bin/laws/main.cgi?nreg=55-2010-%EF%BF%BD |archive-date=2019-09-19 |url-status=dead}}</ref> umwhile '''Theodosia''' {{Lang-el|Θεοδοσία}}) is a [[port]] an [[resort]], a toun o regional signeeficance in [[Crimea]] on the [[Black Sea]] coast. ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Feodosia municipality]] [[Category:Auncient Greek ceeties]] [[Category:Bosporan Kinrick]] [[Category:Ceeties in Crimea]] [[Category:Taurida Govrenorate]] [[Category:Umwhile populatit places in Eastren Europe]] [[Category:Greek colonies in Crimea]] [[Category:Khazar touns]] [[Category:Milesian colonies in Crimea]] [[Category:Populatit places established in the 6t century BC]] [[Category:Seaside resorts in Roushie]] [[Category:Seaside resorts in Ukraine]] [[Category:Territories o the Republic o Genoa]] [[Category:Territories o the Republic o Venice]] [[Category:Port ceeties an touns in Roushie]] [[Category:Port ceeties an touns in Ukraine]] [[Category:Port ceeties o the Black Sea]] pvh3jqffy8hvbzlx3hbw8aff7zury3t 0 88460 926820 866172 2026-11-08T18:43:08Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; shortie an whaur it comes frae addit 926820 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox prepared food | name = Shortbreid | image = [[File:Shortbreadrounds.jpg|250px]] | caption = Fully cuiked shortbreid roonds on a [[bakin sheet]] | alternate_name = | country = [[Scotland]] | region = | creator = | course = | type = [[Biscuit]] | served = | main_ingredient = Flour, [[butter]], [[succar|white succar]] | variations = | calories = | other = }} '''Shortbreid''' is a kind o [[biscuit]] traditionally makkit frae ane pairt [[succar|white succar]], twa pairts [[butter]] an three pairts flour (bi wecht).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Goldstein|first=Darra|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/905969818|title=The Oxford companion to sugar and sweets|date=2015|isbn=978-0-19-931361-7|location=Oxford|oclc=905969818}}</ref> In Scots it is aften cried '''shortie''',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/short|title=Dictionaries of the Scots Language:: SND :: short|quote= 5. ... shortbread,... Also in reduced form shortie}}</ref> an it comes frae Scotland.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=McKelvie |first1=Jenny |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2vWIEAAAQBAJ&dq=shortbread+%22originated+in%22&pg=PT36 |title=Scotland |last2=McKelvie |first2=Robin |date=2022-09-13 |publisher=Edizioni WhiteStar |isbn=978-88-544-1930-8 |language=en |quote=Another staple is, of course, shortbread. This sweet buttery treat originated in Scotland...}}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Scots inventions]] [[Category:Biscuits (Breetish style)]] [[Category:Scots cuisine]] {{Stub/Scotland}} {{Stub/Fuid}} b5cu8lju5csrdcqg3gclumu744voshz 0 90727 927064 819166 2026-11-08T22:30:54Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; lead expandit, soorced 927064 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |name = Bette Midler |image = BetteMidler90cropped.jpg |caption = Midler backstage at the Grammy Awards, Februar 1990 |background = solo_singer |alias = The Divine Miss M |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1945|12|1}} |birth_place = [[Honolulu]], [[Hawaii]], U.S. Territory |occupation = {{flatlist| * Singer * songwriter * actress * comedian * producer }} |spouse = {{Married|Martin von Haselberg|1984}} |children = 1 | module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed = yes | background = solo_singer |instrument = {{flatlist| * Vocals * ukulele }} |genre = {{flatlist| * [[Tradeetional pop muisic|Tradeetional pop]] * vocal * [[Pop muisic|pop]] * [[adult contemporary]] * [[Comedy muisic|muisical comedy]] }} |years_active = 1965–present |label = {{flatlist| * [[Atlantic Records|Atlantic]] * Warner Bros. * Columbia * Warner music }} |associated_acts = Barry Manilow |website = [http://bettemidler.com/ bettemidler.com] }} }} '''Bette Midler''' (born 1 December 1945),<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.filmreference.com/film/58/Bette-Midler.html | title=Bette Midler Biography (1945-) | publisher=FilmReference.com | accessdate = 2013-12-10}} Source notes: "Born December 1, 1945, in Paterson, NJ (some sources cite Honolulu, HI or Aiea, HI); raised in Aiea, HI".</ref> kent bi her informal stage nem '''The Divine Miss M''' an aw, is an American [[sangster]], [[sangwriter]], [[actress]], comedian, an [[film producer]]. She wis born in [[Honolulu]] an becam kent in the 1970s as a sangster. Syne 1970 she haes released 14 studio albums an sauld ower 30 million records.<ref name="BBC">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-11842187| title=Bette Midler: I wouldn't make it now| date=November 26, 2010 |first=Sinead|last=Garvan|work=BBC News |access-date=July 25, 2011}}</ref> Her hits include "[[The Rose (song)|The Rose]]" an "[[Wind Beneath My Wings]]", an she haes wan Grammy, Emmy, Tony an Golden Globe awairds. ==Filmografie== ===Film=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable"| Notes |- | 1966 | ''Hawaii'' | Passenger | uncreditit |- | 1968 | ''The Detective'' | Girl at Pairty | uncreditit |- |1969 | ''Goodbye, Columbus'' | Wedding Guest | uncreditit, cut scene |- | 1972 | ''Scarecrow in a Garden of Cucumbers'' | unkent | vyce |- | 1974 | ''{{sortname|The|Thorn}}'' | Virgin Mary | Kent as ''The Divine Mr. J'' an aw; blocked distribution o film |- | 1979 | ''{{sortname|The|Rose|dab=film}}'' | Mary Rose Foster | |- | 1980 | ''Divine Madness!'' | Hersel/<br />Divine Miss M. | concert film |- | 1982 | ''Jinxed!'' | Bonita Friml | |- | 1986 | ''[[Down and Out in Beverly Hills]]'' | Barbara Whiteman | |- | 1986 | ''Ruthless People'' | Barbara Stone | |- | 1987 | ''Outrageous Fortune'' | Sandy Brozinsky | |- | 1988 | ''Big Business'' | Sadie Shelton/Sadie Ratliff | |- | 1988 | ''[[Oliver & Company]]'' | Georgette | vyce |- | 1988 | ''[[Beaches (film)|Beaches]]'' | C. C. Bloom | |- | 1989 | ''{{sortname|The|Lottery|dab=1989 film}}'' | | Short film |- | 1990 | ''Stella'' | Stella Claire | |- | 1991 | ''[[For the Boys]]'' | Dixie Leonard | |- | 1991 | ''Scenes from a Mall'' | Deborah Fifer | |- | 1993 | ''Gypsy'' | Mama Rose | Telly film |- | 1993 | ''[[Hocus Pocus (1993 film)|Hocus Pocus]]'' | Winifred 'Winnie' Sanderson | |- | 1995 | ''Get Shorty'' | Doris Saphron | uncreditit |- | 1996 | ''{{sortname|The|First Wives Club}}'' | Brenda Cushman | |- | 1997 | ''That Old Feeling'' | Lilly Leonard | |- | 1999 |''Get Bruce'' | Hersel | |- | 1999 | ''Fantasia 2000'' | Hersel / Hostess | (segment "Piano Concerto No. 2, Allegro, Opus 102") |- | 2000 | ''What Women Want'' | Dr. J.M. Perkins | uncreditit |- | 2000 | ''Isn't She Great'' | Jacqueline Susann | |- | 2000 | ''Drowning Mona'' | Mona Dearly | |- | 2002 | ''Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood'' | | Executive producer |- | 2004 | ''{{sortname|The|Stepford Wives|dab=2004 film}}'' | Bobbie Markowitz | |- | 2007 | ''Then She Found Me'' | Bernice Graves | |- | 2008 | ''{{sortname|The|Women|dab=2008 film}}'' | Leah Miller | |- | 2010 | ''Cats & Dogs: The Revenge of Kitty Galore'' | Kitty Galore | vyce |- | 2012 | ''Parental Guidance'' | Diane Decker | |} ===Telly=== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:90%;" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable"| Notes |- | 1976 | ''Vegetable Soup'' | Woody the Spoon | Vyce role |- | 1976 | ''The Bette Midler Show'' | Hersel | Telly special |- | 1977 | ''Ol' Red Hair is Back'' | Hersel | Telly special |- | 1982 | ''The Mondo Beyondo Show'' | Mondo Beyondo | Telly film |- | 1984 | ''Art or Bust'' | Hersel/<br />Divine Miss M. | Telly special |- | 1984 | ''Video Music Awards'' | Hersel/<br />co-host | Awairds shaw |- | 1990 | ''The Earth Day Special'' | Mither Natur | Telly special |- | 1992 | ''The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson'' | Hersel | |- | 1992 | ''[[Shelley Duvall|Shelley Duvall's Bedtime Stories]]'' | Narrator | "Weird Parents" |- | 1993 | ''{{sortname|The|Simpsons}}'' | Hersel | "Krusty Gets Kancelled" |- | 1995 | ''Seinfeld'' | Hersel | "The Understudy" |- | 1997 | ''Diva Las Vegas'' | Hersel/<br />Divine Miss M. | Telly special |- | 1997 | ''{{sortname|The|Nanny|dab=TV series}}'' | Hersel | "You Bette Your Life" |- | 1998 | ''Murphy Brown | Caprice Feldman | "Never Can Say Goodbye" |- | 1999 | ''Jackie's Back'' | Hersel | Telly film |- | 2000–01 | ''Bette'' | Bette | 18 episodes |- | 2008 | ''[[Strictly Come Dancing]]'' | Hersel | Performed "[[Wind Beneath My Wings]]" |- | 2009 | ''Loose Women'' | Hersel | Guest host |- | 2009 | ''[[Dancing on Ice]]'' | Hersel | Performed |- | 2009 | ''[[Strictly Come Dancing]]'' | Hersel | Performed "[[The Rose (song)|The Rose]]" |- | 2009 | ''{{sortname|The|One Show}}'' | Hersel | Guest |- | 2009 | ''{{sortname|The|Royal Variety Performance}}'' | Hersel | Performed |- | 2009 | ''{{sortname|The|Marriage Ref|The Marriage Ref (U.S. TV series)}}'' | Hersel | Guest |- | 2009 | ''Kathy Griffin: My Life on the D-List'' | Hersel | Guest; toured Las Vegas nichtlife wi Kathy |- | 2010 | ''{{sortname|The|Showgirl Must Go On}}'' | Hersel | HBO TV special (December 31) |- | 2010 | ''Paul O'Grady's Christmas'' | Hersel | Guest |- | 2014 | ''Bette Midler: One Night Only'' | Hersel | ITV Special, UK |} ==Stage shaws== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! Notes |- |1967 |''Fiddler on the Roof'' |Tzeitel |Musical |- |1970 |''Salvation'' |Betty Lou |Off-Broadway musical |- |1973 |''Bette Midler'' |Hersel |Concerts |- |1975 |''Bette Midler's Clams on the Half Shell Revue'' |Hersel |Revue |- |1979 |''Bette! Divine Madness'' |Hersel |Concerts |- |2011 |''Priscilla, Queen of the Desert'' | |Muisical, producer |- |2013 | ''I'll Eat You Last: A Chat with Sue Mengers'' |Sue Mengers |Limitit engagement |} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Midler, Bette}} [[Category:Bette Midler]] [[Category:1945 births]] [[Category:20t-century American actresses]] [[Category:20t-century American sangsters]] [[Category:21st-century American actresses]] [[Category:21st-century American sangsters]] [[Category:Actresses frae Honolulu]] [[Category:American dance muisickers]] [[Category:American female pop sangsters]] [[Category:American film actresses]] [[Category:American stand-up comedians]] [[Category:American televeesion actresses]] [[Category:American vyce actresses]] [[Category:American weemen comedians]] [[Category:Atlantic Records airtists]] [[Category:Blue-eed soul sangsters]] [[Category:Columbia Records airtists]] [[Category:Best Miniseries or Televeesion Movie Actress Gowden Globe winners]] [[Category:Best Muisical or Comedy Actress Gowden Globe (film) winners]] [[Category:Primetime Emmy Award winners]] [[Category:Feminist muisickers]] [[Category:French-leid sangsters o the Unitit States]] [[Category:Grammy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Jewish American actresses]] [[Category:Jewish American muisickers]] [[Category:Jewish sangsters]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Muisickers frae Honolulu]] [[Category:New Starn o the Year (Actress) Gowden Globe winners]] [[Category:Tony Awaird winners]] [[Category:Torch sangsters]] [[Category:Tradeetional pop muisic sangsters]] [[Category:Warner Bros. Records airtists]] [[Category:Fowk frae Hawaii]] {{stub}} c6gask6y5152bflvy09tjzg8xnxisbs 927065 927064 2026-11-08T22:31:09Z Monospaced 75295 Traditional, no tradeetional 927065 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |name = Bette Midler |image = BetteMidler90cropped.jpg |caption = Midler backstage at the Grammy Awards, Februar 1990 |background = solo_singer |alias = The Divine Miss M |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1945|12|1}} |birth_place = [[Honolulu]], [[Hawaii]], U.S. Territory |occupation = {{flatlist| * Singer * songwriter * actress * comedian * producer }} |spouse = {{Married|Martin von Haselberg|1984}} |children = 1 | module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed = yes | background = solo_singer |instrument = {{flatlist| * Vocals * ukulele }} |genre = {{flatlist| * [[Tradeetional pop muisic|Traditional pop]] * vocal * [[Pop muisic|pop]] * [[adult contemporary]] * [[Comedy muisic|muisical comedy]] }} |years_active = 1965–present |label = {{flatlist| * [[Atlantic Records|Atlantic]] * Warner Bros. * Columbia * Warner music }} |associated_acts = Barry Manilow |website = [http://bettemidler.com/ bettemidler.com] }} }} '''Bette Midler''' (born 1 December 1945),<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.filmreference.com/film/58/Bette-Midler.html | title=Bette Midler Biography (1945-) | publisher=FilmReference.com | accessdate = 2013-12-10}} Source notes: "Born December 1, 1945, in Paterson, NJ (some sources cite Honolulu, HI or Aiea, HI); raised in Aiea, HI".</ref> kent bi her informal stage nem '''The Divine Miss M''' an aw, is an American [[sangster]], [[sangwriter]], [[actress]], comedian, an [[film producer]]. She wis born in [[Honolulu]] an becam kent in the 1970s as a sangster. Syne 1970 she haes released 14 studio albums an sauld ower 30 million records.<ref name="BBC">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-11842187| title=Bette Midler: I wouldn't make it now| date=November 26, 2010 |first=Sinead|last=Garvan|work=BBC News |access-date=July 25, 2011}}</ref> Her hits include "[[The Rose (song)|The Rose]]" an "[[Wind Beneath My Wings]]", an she haes wan Grammy, Emmy, Tony an Golden Globe awairds. ==Filmografie== ===Film=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable"| Notes |- | 1966 | ''Hawaii'' | Passenger | uncreditit |- | 1968 | ''The Detective'' | Girl at Pairty | uncreditit |- |1969 | ''Goodbye, Columbus'' | Wedding Guest | uncreditit, cut scene |- | 1972 | ''Scarecrow in a Garden of Cucumbers'' | unkent | vyce |- | 1974 | ''{{sortname|The|Thorn}}'' | Virgin Mary | Kent as ''The Divine Mr. J'' an aw; blocked distribution o film |- | 1979 | ''{{sortname|The|Rose|dab=film}}'' | Mary Rose Foster | |- | 1980 | ''Divine Madness!'' | Hersel/<br />Divine Miss M. | concert film |- | 1982 | ''Jinxed!'' | Bonita Friml | |- | 1986 | ''[[Down and Out in Beverly Hills]]'' | Barbara Whiteman | |- | 1986 | ''Ruthless People'' | Barbara Stone | |- | 1987 | ''Outrageous Fortune'' | Sandy Brozinsky | |- | 1988 | ''Big Business'' | Sadie Shelton/Sadie Ratliff | |- | 1988 | ''[[Oliver & Company]]'' | Georgette | vyce |- | 1988 | ''[[Beaches (film)|Beaches]]'' | C. C. Bloom | |- | 1989 | ''{{sortname|The|Lottery|dab=1989 film}}'' | | Short film |- | 1990 | ''Stella'' | Stella Claire | |- | 1991 | ''[[For the Boys]]'' | Dixie Leonard | |- | 1991 | ''Scenes from a Mall'' | Deborah Fifer | |- | 1993 | ''Gypsy'' | Mama Rose | Telly film |- | 1993 | ''[[Hocus Pocus (1993 film)|Hocus Pocus]]'' | Winifred 'Winnie' Sanderson | |- | 1995 | ''Get Shorty'' | Doris Saphron | uncreditit |- | 1996 | ''{{sortname|The|First Wives Club}}'' | Brenda Cushman | |- | 1997 | ''That Old Feeling'' | Lilly Leonard | |- | 1999 |''Get Bruce'' | Hersel | |- | 1999 | ''Fantasia 2000'' | Hersel / Hostess | (segment "Piano Concerto No. 2, Allegro, Opus 102") |- | 2000 | ''What Women Want'' | Dr. J.M. Perkins | uncreditit |- | 2000 | ''Isn't She Great'' | Jacqueline Susann | |- | 2000 | ''Drowning Mona'' | Mona Dearly | |- | 2002 | ''Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood'' | | Executive producer |- | 2004 | ''{{sortname|The|Stepford Wives|dab=2004 film}}'' | Bobbie Markowitz | |- | 2007 | ''Then She Found Me'' | Bernice Graves | |- | 2008 | ''{{sortname|The|Women|dab=2008 film}}'' | Leah Miller | |- | 2010 | ''Cats & Dogs: The Revenge of Kitty Galore'' | Kitty Galore | vyce |- | 2012 | ''Parental Guidance'' | Diane Decker | |} ===Telly=== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:90%;" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable"| Notes |- | 1976 | ''Vegetable Soup'' | Woody the Spoon | Vyce role |- | 1976 | ''The Bette Midler Show'' | Hersel | Telly special |- | 1977 | ''Ol' Red Hair is Back'' | Hersel | Telly special |- | 1982 | ''The Mondo Beyondo Show'' | Mondo Beyondo | Telly film |- | 1984 | ''Art or Bust'' | Hersel/<br />Divine Miss M. | Telly special |- | 1984 | ''Video Music Awards'' | Hersel/<br />co-host | Awairds shaw |- | 1990 | ''The Earth Day Special'' | Mither Natur | Telly special |- | 1992 | ''The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson'' | Hersel | |- | 1992 | ''[[Shelley Duvall|Shelley Duvall's Bedtime Stories]]'' | Narrator | "Weird Parents" |- | 1993 | ''{{sortname|The|Simpsons}}'' | Hersel | "Krusty Gets Kancelled" |- | 1995 | ''Seinfeld'' | Hersel | "The Understudy" |- | 1997 | ''Diva Las Vegas'' | Hersel/<br />Divine Miss M. | Telly special |- | 1997 | ''{{sortname|The|Nanny|dab=TV series}}'' | Hersel | "You Bette Your Life" |- | 1998 | ''Murphy Brown | Caprice Feldman | "Never Can Say Goodbye" |- | 1999 | ''Jackie's Back'' | Hersel | Telly film |- | 2000–01 | ''Bette'' | Bette | 18 episodes |- | 2008 | ''[[Strictly Come Dancing]]'' | Hersel | Performed "[[Wind Beneath My Wings]]" |- | 2009 | ''Loose Women'' | Hersel | Guest host |- | 2009 | ''[[Dancing on Ice]]'' | Hersel | Performed |- | 2009 | ''[[Strictly Come Dancing]]'' | Hersel | Performed "[[The Rose (song)|The Rose]]" |- | 2009 | ''{{sortname|The|One Show}}'' | Hersel | Guest |- | 2009 | ''{{sortname|The|Royal Variety Performance}}'' | Hersel | Performed |- | 2009 | ''{{sortname|The|Marriage Ref|The Marriage Ref (U.S. TV series)}}'' | Hersel | Guest |- | 2009 | ''Kathy Griffin: My Life on the D-List'' | Hersel | Guest; toured Las Vegas nichtlife wi Kathy |- | 2010 | ''{{sortname|The|Showgirl Must Go On}}'' | Hersel | HBO TV special (December 31) |- | 2010 | ''Paul O'Grady's Christmas'' | Hersel | Guest |- | 2014 | ''Bette Midler: One Night Only'' | Hersel | ITV Special, UK |} ==Stage shaws== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! Notes |- |1967 |''Fiddler on the Roof'' |Tzeitel |Musical |- |1970 |''Salvation'' |Betty Lou |Off-Broadway musical |- |1973 |''Bette Midler'' |Hersel |Concerts |- |1975 |''Bette Midler's Clams on the Half Shell Revue'' |Hersel |Revue |- |1979 |''Bette! Divine Madness'' |Hersel |Concerts |- |2011 |''Priscilla, Queen of the Desert'' | |Muisical, producer |- |2013 | ''I'll Eat You Last: A Chat with Sue Mengers'' |Sue Mengers |Limitit engagement |} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Midler, Bette}} [[Category:Bette Midler]] [[Category:1945 births]] [[Category:20t-century American actresses]] [[Category:20t-century American sangsters]] [[Category:21st-century American actresses]] [[Category:21st-century American sangsters]] [[Category:Actresses frae Honolulu]] [[Category:American dance muisickers]] [[Category:American female pop sangsters]] [[Category:American film actresses]] [[Category:American stand-up comedians]] [[Category:American televeesion actresses]] [[Category:American vyce actresses]] [[Category:American weemen comedians]] [[Category:Atlantic Records airtists]] [[Category:Blue-eed soul sangsters]] [[Category:Columbia Records airtists]] [[Category:Best Miniseries or Televeesion Movie Actress Gowden Globe winners]] [[Category:Best Muisical or Comedy Actress Gowden Globe (film) winners]] [[Category:Primetime Emmy Award winners]] [[Category:Feminist muisickers]] [[Category:French-leid sangsters o the Unitit States]] [[Category:Grammy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Jewish American actresses]] [[Category:Jewish American muisickers]] [[Category:Jewish sangsters]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Muisickers frae Honolulu]] [[Category:New Starn o the Year (Actress) Gowden Globe winners]] [[Category:Tony Awaird winners]] [[Category:Torch sangsters]] [[Category:Tradeetional pop muisic sangsters]] [[Category:Warner Bros. Records airtists]] [[Category:Fowk frae Hawaii]] {{stub}} raeja22kaziugqlwnhrb53nv1yqslkj 927114 927065 2026-11-08T22:51:00Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927114 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |name = Bette Midler |image = BetteMidler90cropped.jpg |caption = Midler backstage at the Grammy Awards, Februar 1990 |background = solo_singer |alias = The Divine Miss M |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1945|12|1}} |birth_place = [[Honolulu]], [[Hawaii]], U.S. Territory |occupation = {{flatlist| * Singer * songwriter * actress * comedian * producer }} |spouse = {{Married|Martin von Haselberg|1984}} |children = 1 | module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed = yes | background = solo_singer |instrument = {{flatlist| * Vocals * ukulele }} |genre = {{flatlist| * [[Tradeetional pop muisic|Traditional pop]] * vocal * [[Pop muisic|pop]] * [[adult contemporary]] * [[Comedy muisic|muisical comedy]] }} |years_active = 1965–present |label = {{flatlist| * [[Atlantic Records|Atlantic]] * Warner Bros. * Columbia * Warner music }} |associated_acts = Barry Manilow |website = [http://bettemidler.com/ bettemidler.com] }} }} '''Bette Midler''' (born 1 December 1945),<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.filmreference.com/film/58/Bette-Midler.html | title=Bette Midler Biography (1945-) | publisher=FilmReference.com | accessdate = 2013-12-10}} Source notes: "Born December 1, 1945, in Paterson, NJ (some sources cite Honolulu, HI or Aiea, HI); raised in Aiea, HI".</ref> kent bi her informal stage nem '''The Divine Miss M''' an aw, is an American sangster, sangwriter, actress, comedian, an film producer. She wis born in [[Honolulu]] an becam kent in the 1970s as a sangster. Syne 1970 she haes lowsed 14 studio albums an selt ower 30 million records.<ref name="BBC">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-11842187| title=Bette Midler: I wouldn't make it now| date=November 26, 2010 |first=Sinead|last=Garvan|work=BBC News |access-date=July 25, 2011}}</ref> Her hits include "[[The Rose (song)|The Rose]]" an "[[Wind Beneath My Wings]]", an she haes wan Grammy, Emmy, Tony an Gowden Globe awairds. ==Filmografie== ===Film=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable"| Notes |- | 1966 | ''Hawaii'' | Passenger | uncreditit |- | 1968 | ''The Detective'' | Girl at Pairty | uncreditit |- |1969 | ''Goodbye, Columbus'' | Wedding Guest | uncreditit, cut scene |- | 1972 | ''Scarecrow in a Garden of Cucumbers'' | unkent | vyce |- | 1974 | ''{{sortname|The|Thorn}}'' | Virgin Mary | Kent as ''The Divine Mr. J'' an aw; blocked distribution o film |- | 1979 | ''{{sortname|The|Rose|dab=film}}'' | Mary Rose Foster | |- | 1980 | ''Divine Madness!'' | Hersel/<br />Divine Miss M. | concert film |- | 1982 | ''Jinxed!'' | Bonita Friml | |- | 1986 | ''[[Down and Out in Beverly Hills]]'' | Barbara Whiteman | |- | 1986 | ''Ruthless People'' | Barbara Stone | |- | 1987 | ''Outrageous Fortune'' | Sandy Brozinsky | |- | 1988 | ''Big Business'' | Sadie Shelton/Sadie Ratliff | |- | 1988 | ''[[Oliver & Company]]'' | Georgette | vyce |- | 1988 | ''[[Beaches (film)|Beaches]]'' | C. C. Bloom | |- | 1989 | ''{{sortname|The|Lottery|dab=1989 film}}'' | | Short film |- | 1990 | ''Stella'' | Stella Claire | |- | 1991 | ''[[For the Boys]]'' | Dixie Leonard | |- | 1991 | ''Scenes from a Mall'' | Deborah Fifer | |- | 1993 | ''Gypsy'' | Mama Rose | Telly film |- | 1993 | ''[[Hocus Pocus (1993 film)|Hocus Pocus]]'' | Winifred 'Winnie' Sanderson | |- | 1995 | ''Get Shorty'' | Doris Saphron | uncreditit |- | 1996 | ''{{sortname|The|First Wives Club}}'' | Brenda Cushman | |- | 1997 | ''That Old Feeling'' | Lilly Leonard | |- | 1999 |''Get Bruce'' | Hersel | |- | 1999 | ''Fantasia 2000'' | Hersel / Hostess | (segment "Piano Concerto No. 2, Allegro, Opus 102") |- | 2000 | ''What Women Want'' | Dr. J.M. Perkins | uncreditit |- | 2000 | ''Isn't She Great'' | Jacqueline Susann | |- | 2000 | ''Drowning Mona'' | Mona Dearly | |- | 2002 | ''Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood'' | | Executive producer |- | 2004 | ''{{sortname|The|Stepford Wives|dab=2004 film}}'' | Bobbie Markowitz | |- | 2007 | ''Then She Found Me'' | Bernice Graves | |- | 2008 | ''{{sortname|The|Women|dab=2008 film}}'' | Leah Miller | |- | 2010 | ''Cats & Dogs: The Revenge of Kitty Galore'' | Kitty Galore | vyce |- | 2012 | ''Parental Guidance'' | Diane Decker | |} ===Telly=== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:90%;" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable"| Notes |- | 1976 | ''Vegetable Soup'' | Woody the Spoon | Vyce role |- | 1976 | ''The Bette Midler Show'' | Hersel | Telly special |- | 1977 | ''Ol' Red Hair is Back'' | Hersel | Telly special |- | 1982 | ''The Mondo Beyondo Show'' | Mondo Beyondo | Telly film |- | 1984 | ''Art or Bust'' | Hersel/<br />Divine Miss M. | Telly special |- | 1984 | ''Video Music Awards'' | Hersel/<br />co-host | Awairds shaw |- | 1990 | ''The Earth Day Special'' | Mither Natur | Telly special |- | 1992 | ''The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson'' | Hersel | |- | 1992 | ''[[Shelley Duvall|Shelley Duvall's Bedtime Stories]]'' | Narrator | "Weird Parents" |- | 1993 | ''{{sortname|The|Simpsons}}'' | Hersel | "Krusty Gets Kancelled" |- | 1995 | ''Seinfeld'' | Hersel | "The Understudy" |- | 1997 | ''Diva Las Vegas'' | Hersel/<br />Divine Miss M. | Telly special |- | 1997 | ''{{sortname|The|Nanny|dab=TV series}}'' | Hersel | "You Bette Your Life" |- | 1998 | ''Murphy Brown | Caprice Feldman | "Never Can Say Goodbye" |- | 1999 | ''Jackie's Back'' | Hersel | Telly film |- | 2000–01 | ''Bette'' | Bette | 18 episodes |- | 2008 | ''[[Strictly Come Dancing]]'' | Hersel | Performed "[[Wind Beneath My Wings]]" |- | 2009 | ''Loose Women'' | Hersel | Guest host |- | 2009 | ''[[Dancing on Ice]]'' | Hersel | Performed |- | 2009 | ''[[Strictly Come Dancing]]'' | Hersel | Performed "[[The Rose (song)|The Rose]]" |- | 2009 | ''{{sortname|The|One Show}}'' | Hersel | Guest |- | 2009 | ''{{sortname|The|Royal Variety Performance}}'' | Hersel | Performed |- | 2009 | ''{{sortname|The|Marriage Ref|The Marriage Ref (U.S. TV series)}}'' | Hersel | Guest |- | 2009 | ''Kathy Griffin: My Life on the D-List'' | Hersel | Guest; toured Las Vegas nichtlife wi Kathy |- | 2010 | ''{{sortname|The|Showgirl Must Go On}}'' | Hersel | HBO TV special (December 31) |- | 2010 | ''Paul O'Grady's Christmas'' | Hersel | Guest |- | 2014 | ''Bette Midler: One Night Only'' | Hersel | ITV Special, UK |} ==Stage shaws== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! Notes |- |1967 |''Fiddler on the Roof'' |Tzeitel |Musical |- |1970 |''Salvation'' |Betty Lou |Off-Broadway musical |- |1973 |''Bette Midler'' |Hersel |Concerts |- |1975 |''Bette Midler's Clams on the Half Shell Revue'' |Hersel |Revue |- |1979 |''Bette! Divine Madness'' |Hersel |Concerts |- |2011 |''Priscilla, Queen of the Desert'' | |Muisical, producer |- |2013 | ''I'll Eat You Last: A Chat with Sue Mengers'' |Sue Mengers |Limitit engagement |} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Midler, Bette}} [[Category:Bette Midler]] [[Category:1945 births]] [[Category:20t-century American actresses]] [[Category:20t-century American sangsters]] [[Category:21st-century American actresses]] [[Category:21st-century American sangsters]] [[Category:Actresses frae Honolulu]] [[Category:American dance muisickers]] [[Category:American female pop sangsters]] [[Category:American film actresses]] [[Category:American stand-up comedians]] [[Category:American televeesion actresses]] [[Category:American vyce actresses]] [[Category:American weemen comedians]] [[Category:Atlantic Records airtists]] [[Category:Blue-eed soul sangsters]] [[Category:Columbia Records airtists]] [[Category:Best Miniseries or Televeesion Movie Actress Gowden Globe winners]] [[Category:Best Muisical or Comedy Actress Gowden Globe (film) winners]] [[Category:Primetime Emmy Award winners]] [[Category:Feminist muisickers]] [[Category:French-leid sangsters o the Unitit States]] [[Category:Grammy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Jewish American actresses]] [[Category:Jewish American muisickers]] [[Category:Jewish sangsters]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Muisickers frae Honolulu]] [[Category:New Starn o the Year (Actress) Gowden Globe winners]] [[Category:Tony Awaird winners]] [[Category:Torch sangsters]] [[Category:Tradeetional pop muisic sangsters]] [[Category:Warner Bros. Records airtists]] [[Category:Fowk frae Hawaii]] {{stub}} 6cm26bvcgw852kkujqffym89iz52z6q 927115 927114 2026-11-08T22:51:52Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927115 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie |name = Bette Midler |image = BetteMidler90cropped.jpg |caption = Midler backstage at the Grammy Awairds, Februar 1990 |background = solo_singer |alias = The Divine Miss M |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1945|12|1}} |birth_place = [[Honolulu]], [[Hawaii]], U.S. Territory |occupation = {{flatlist| * Sangster * sangwriter * actress * comedian * producer }} |spouse = {{Married|Martin von Haselberg|1984}} |children = 1 | module = {{Infobox muisical airtist|embed = yes | background = solo_singer |instrument = {{flatlist| * Vocals * ukulele }} |genre = {{flatlist| * [[Tradeetional pop muisic|Tradeetional pop]] * vocal * [[Pop muisic|pop]] * [[adult contemporar]] * [[Comedy muisic|muisical comedy]] }} |years_active = 1965–present |label = {{flatlist| * [[Atlantic Records|Atlantic]] * Warner Bros. * Columbia * Warner music }} |associated_acts = Barry Manilow |website = [http://bettemidler.com/ bettemidler.com] }} }} '''Bette Midler''' (born 1 December 1945),<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.filmreference.com/film/58/Bette-Midler.html | title=Bette Midler Biography (1945-) | publisher=FilmReference.com | accessdate = 2013-12-10}} Source notes: "Born December 1, 1945, in Paterson, NJ (some sources cite Honolulu, HI or Aiea, HI); raised in Aiea, HI".</ref> kent bi her informal stage nem '''The Divine Miss M''' an aw, is an American sangster, sangwriter, actress, comedian, an film producer. She wis born in [[Honolulu]] an becam kent in the 1970s as a sangster. Syne 1970 she haes lowsed 14 studio albums an selt ower 30 million records.<ref name="BBC">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-11842187| title=Bette Midler: I wouldn't make it now| date=November 26, 2010 |first=Sinead|last=Garvan|work=BBC News |access-date=July 25, 2011}}</ref> Her hits include "[[The Rose (song)|The Rose]]" an "[[Wind Beneath My Wings]]", an she haes wan Grammy, Emmy, Tony an Gowden Globe awairds. ==Filmografie== ===Film=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable"| Notes |- | 1966 | ''Hawaii'' | Passenger | uncreditit |- | 1968 | ''The Detective'' | Girl at Pairty | uncreditit |- |1969 | ''Goodbye, Columbus'' | Wedding Guest | uncreditit, cut scene |- | 1972 | ''Scarecrow in a Garden of Cucumbers'' | unkent | vyce |- | 1974 | ''{{sortname|The|Thorn}}'' | Virgin Mary | Kent as ''The Divine Mr. J'' an aw; blocked distribution o film |- | 1979 | ''{{sortname|The|Rose|dab=film}}'' | Mary Rose Foster | |- | 1980 | ''Divine Madness!'' | Hersel/<br />Divine Miss M. | concert film |- | 1982 | ''Jinxed!'' | Bonita Friml | |- | 1986 | ''[[Down and Out in Beverly Hills]]'' | Barbara Whiteman | |- | 1986 | ''Ruthless People'' | Barbara Stone | |- | 1987 | ''Outrageous Fortune'' | Sandy Brozinsky | |- | 1988 | ''Big Business'' | Sadie Shelton/Sadie Ratliff | |- | 1988 | ''[[Oliver & Company]]'' | Georgette | vyce |- | 1988 | ''[[Beaches (film)|Beaches]]'' | C. C. Bloom | |- | 1989 | ''{{sortname|The|Lottery|dab=1989 film}}'' | | Short film |- | 1990 | ''Stella'' | Stella Claire | |- | 1991 | ''[[For the Boys]]'' | Dixie Leonard | |- | 1991 | ''Scenes from a Mall'' | Deborah Fifer | |- | 1993 | ''Gypsy'' | Mama Rose | Telly film |- | 1993 | ''[[Hocus Pocus (1993 film)|Hocus Pocus]]'' | Winifred 'Winnie' Sanderson | |- | 1995 | ''Get Shorty'' | Doris Saphron | uncreditit |- | 1996 | ''{{sortname|The|First Wives Club}}'' | Brenda Cushman | |- | 1997 | ''That Old Feeling'' | Lilly Leonard | |- | 1999 |''Get Bruce'' | Hersel | |- | 1999 | ''Fantasia 2000'' | Hersel / Hostess | (segment "Piano Concerto No. 2, Allegro, Opus 102") |- | 2000 | ''What Women Want'' | Dr. J.M. Perkins | uncreditit |- | 2000 | ''Isn't She Great'' | Jacqueline Susann | |- | 2000 | ''Drowning Mona'' | Mona Dearly | |- | 2002 | ''Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood'' | | Executive producer |- | 2004 | ''{{sortname|The|Stepford Wives|dab=2004 film}}'' | Bobbie Markowitz | |- | 2007 | ''Then She Found Me'' | Bernice Graves | |- | 2008 | ''{{sortname|The|Women|dab=2008 film}}'' | Leah Miller | |- | 2010 | ''Cats & Dogs: The Revenge of Kitty Galore'' | Kitty Galore | vyce |- | 2012 | ''Parental Guidance'' | Diane Decker | |} ===Telly=== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:90%;" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable"| Notes |- | 1976 | ''Vegetable Soup'' | Woody the Spoon | Vyce role |- | 1976 | ''The Bette Midler Show'' | Hersel | Telly special |- | 1977 | ''Ol' Red Hair is Back'' | Hersel | Telly special |- | 1982 | ''The Mondo Beyondo Show'' | Mondo Beyondo | Telly film |- | 1984 | ''Art or Bust'' | Hersel/<br />Divine Miss M. | Telly special |- | 1984 | ''Video Music Awards'' | Hersel/<br />co-host | Awairds shaw |- | 1990 | ''The Earth Day Special'' | Mither Natur | Telly special |- | 1992 | ''The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson'' | Hersel | |- | 1992 | ''[[Shelley Duvall|Shelley Duvall's Bedtime Stories]]'' | Narrator | "Weird Parents" |- | 1993 | ''{{sortname|The|Simpsons}}'' | Hersel | "Krusty Gets Kancelled" |- | 1995 | ''Seinfeld'' | Hersel | "The Understudy" |- | 1997 | ''Diva Las Vegas'' | Hersel/<br />Divine Miss M. | Telly special |- | 1997 | ''{{sortname|The|Nanny|dab=TV series}}'' | Hersel | "You Bette Your Life" |- | 1998 | ''Murphy Brown | Caprice Feldman | "Never Can Say Goodbye" |- | 1999 | ''Jackie's Back'' | Hersel | Telly film |- | 2000–01 | ''Bette'' | Bette | 18 episodes |- | 2008 | ''[[Strictly Come Dancing]]'' | Hersel | Performed "[[Wind Beneath My Wings]]" |- | 2009 | ''Loose Women'' | Hersel | Guest host |- | 2009 | ''[[Dancing on Ice]]'' | Hersel | Performed |- | 2009 | ''[[Strictly Come Dancing]]'' | Hersel | Performed "[[The Rose (song)|The Rose]]" |- | 2009 | ''{{sortname|The|One Show}}'' | Hersel | Guest |- | 2009 | ''{{sortname|The|Royal Variety Performance}}'' | Hersel | Performed |- | 2009 | ''{{sortname|The|Marriage Ref|The Marriage Ref (U.S. TV series)}}'' | Hersel | Guest |- | 2009 | ''Kathy Griffin: My Life on the D-List'' | Hersel | Guest; toured Las Vegas nichtlife wi Kathy |- | 2010 | ''{{sortname|The|Showgirl Must Go On}}'' | Hersel | HBO TV special (December 31) |- | 2010 | ''Paul O'Grady's Christmas'' | Hersel | Guest |- | 2014 | ''Bette Midler: One Night Only'' | Hersel | ITV Special, UK |} ==Stage shaws== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! Notes |- |1967 |''Fiddler on the Roof'' |Tzeitel |Musical |- |1970 |''Salvation'' |Betty Lou |Off-Broadway musical |- |1973 |''Bette Midler'' |Hersel |Concerts |- |1975 |''Bette Midler's Clams on the Half Shell Revue'' |Hersel |Revue |- |1979 |''Bette! Divine Madness'' |Hersel |Concerts |- |2011 |''Priscilla, Queen of the Desert'' | |Muisical, producer |- |2013 | ''I'll Eat You Last: A Chat with Sue Mengers'' |Sue Mengers |Limitit engagement |} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Midler, Bette}} [[Category:Bette Midler]] [[Category:1945 births]] [[Category:20t-century American actresses]] [[Category:20t-century American sangsters]] [[Category:21st-century American actresses]] [[Category:21st-century American sangsters]] [[Category:Actresses frae Honolulu]] [[Category:American dance muisickers]] [[Category:American female pop sangsters]] [[Category:American film actresses]] [[Category:American stand-up comedians]] [[Category:American televeesion actresses]] [[Category:American vyce actresses]] [[Category:American weemen comedians]] [[Category:Atlantic Records airtists]] [[Category:Blue-eed soul sangsters]] [[Category:Columbia Records airtists]] [[Category:Best Miniseries or Televeesion Movie Actress Gowden Globe winners]] [[Category:Best Muisical or Comedy Actress Gowden Globe (film) winners]] [[Category:Primetime Emmy Award winners]] [[Category:Feminist muisickers]] [[Category:French-leid sangsters o the Unitit States]] [[Category:Grammy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Jewish American actresses]] [[Category:Jewish American muisickers]] [[Category:Jewish sangsters]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Muisickers frae Honolulu]] [[Category:New Starn o the Year (Actress) Gowden Globe winners]] [[Category:Tony Awaird winners]] [[Category:Torch sangsters]] [[Category:Tradeetional pop muisic sangsters]] [[Category:Warner Bros. Records airtists]] [[Category:Fowk frae Hawaii]] {{stub}} tlnorp6xvbt7afaciguuad7rveszwef 927116 927115 2026-11-08T22:52:55Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927116 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie |name = Bette Midler |image = BetteMidler90cropped.jpg |caption = Midler backstage at the Grammy Awairds, Februar 1990 |background = solo_singer |alias = The Divine Miss M |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1945|12|1}} |birth_place = [[Honolulu]], [[Hawaii]], U.S. Territory |occupation = {{flatlist| * Sangster * sangwriter * actress * comedian * producer }} |spouse = {{Married|Martin von Haselberg|1984}} |children = 1 | module = {{Infobox muisical airtist|embed = yes | background = solo_singer |instrument = {{flatlist| * Vocals * ukulele }} |genre = {{flatlist| * [[Tradeetional pop muisic|Tradeetional pop]] * vocal * [[Pop muisic|pop]] * [[adult contemporar]] * [[Comedy muisic|muisical comedy]] }} |years_active = 1965–present |label = {{flatlist| * [[Atlantic Records|Atlantic]] * Warner Bros. * Columbia * Warner music }} |associated_acts = Barry Manilow |website = [http://bettemidler.com/ bettemidler.com] }} }} '''Bette Midler''' (born 1 December 1945),<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.filmreference.com/film/58/Bette-Midler.html | title=Bette Midler Biography (1945-) | publisher=FilmReference.com | accessdate = 2013-12-10}} Source notes: "Born December 1, 1945, in Paterson, NJ (some sources cite Honolulu, HI or Aiea, HI); raised in Aiea, HI".</ref> kent bi her informal stage nem '''The Divine Miss M''' an aw, is an American sangster, sangwriter, actress, comedian, an film producer. She wis born in [[Honolulu]] an becam kent in the 1970s as a sangster. Syne 1970 she haes lowsed 14 studio albums an selt ower 30 million records.<ref name="BBC">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-11842187| title=Bette Midler: I wouldn't make it now| date=November 26, 2010 |first=Sinead|last=Garvan|work=BBC News |access-date=July 25, 2011}}</ref> Her hits include "[[The Rose (song)|The Rose]]" an "[[Wind Beneath My Wings]]", an she haes wan Grammy, Emmy, Tony an Gowden Globe awairds. ==Filmography== ===Film=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable"| Notes |- | 1966 | ''Hawaii'' | Passenger | uncreditit |- | 1968 | ''The Detective'' | Girl at Pairty | uncreditit |- |1969 | ''Goodbye, Columbus'' | Wedding Guest | uncreditit, cut scene |- | 1972 | ''Scarecrow in a Garden of Cucumbers'' | unkent | vyce |- | 1974 | ''{{sortname|The|Thorn}}'' | Virgin Mary | Kent as ''The Divine Mr. J'' an aw; blocked distribution o film |- | 1979 | ''{{sortname|The|Rose|dab=film}}'' | Mary Rose Foster | |- | 1980 | ''Divine Madness!'' | Hersel/<br />Divine Miss M. | concert film |- | 1982 | ''Jinxed!'' | Bonita Friml | |- | 1986 | ''[[Down and Out in Beverly Hills]]'' | Barbara Whiteman | |- | 1986 | ''Ruthless People'' | Barbara Stone | |- | 1987 | ''Outrageous Fortune'' | Sandy Brozinsky | |- | 1988 | ''Big Business'' | Sadie Shelton/Sadie Ratliff | |- | 1988 | ''[[Oliver & Company]]'' | Georgette | vyce |- | 1988 | ''[[Beaches (film)|Beaches]]'' | C. C. Bloom | |- | 1989 | ''{{sortname|The|Lottery|dab=1989 film}}'' | | Short film |- | 1990 | ''Stella'' | Stella Claire | |- | 1991 | ''[[For the Boys]]'' | Dixie Leonard | |- | 1991 | ''Scenes from a Mall'' | Deborah Fifer | |- | 1993 | ''Gypsy'' | Mama Rose | Telly film |- | 1993 | ''[[Hocus Pocus (1993 film)|Hocus Pocus]]'' | Winifred 'Winnie' Sanderson | |- | 1995 | ''Get Shorty'' | Doris Saphron | uncreditit |- | 1996 | ''{{sortname|The|First Wives Club}}'' | Brenda Cushman | |- | 1997 | ''That Old Feeling'' | Lilly Leonard | |- | 1999 |''Get Bruce'' | Hersel | |- | 1999 | ''Fantasia 2000'' | Hersel / Hostess | (segment "Piano Concerto No. 2, Allegro, Opus 102") |- | 2000 | ''What Women Want'' | Dr. J.M. Perkins | uncreditit |- | 2000 | ''Isn't She Great'' | Jacqueline Susann | |- | 2000 | ''Drowning Mona'' | Mona Dearly | |- | 2002 | ''Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood'' | | Executive producer |- | 2004 | ''{{sortname|The|Stepford Wives|dab=2004 film}}'' | Bobbie Markowitz | |- | 2007 | ''Then She Found Me'' | Bernice Graves | |- | 2008 | ''{{sortname|The|Women|dab=2008 film}}'' | Leah Miller | |- | 2010 | ''Cats & Dogs: The Revenge of Kitty Galore'' | Kitty Galore | vyce |- | 2012 | ''Parental Guidance'' | Diane Decker | |} ===Telly=== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:90%;" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable"| Notes |- | 1976 | ''Vegetable Soup'' | Woody the Spoon | Vyce role |- | 1976 | ''The Bette Midler Show'' | Hersel | Telly special |- | 1977 | ''Ol' Red Hair is Back'' | Hersel | Telly special |- | 1982 | ''The Mondo Beyondo Show'' | Mondo Beyondo | Telly film |- | 1984 | ''Art or Bust'' | Hersel/<br />Divine Miss M. | Telly special |- | 1984 | ''Video Music Awards'' | Hersel/<br />co-host | Awairds shaw |- | 1990 | ''The Earth Day Special'' | Mither Natur | Telly special |- | 1992 | ''The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson'' | Hersel | |- | 1992 | ''[[Shelley Duvall|Shelley Duvall's Bedtime Stories]]'' | Narrator | "Weird Parents" |- | 1993 | ''{{sortname|The|Simpsons}}'' | Hersel | "Krusty Gets Kancelled" |- | 1995 | ''Seinfeld'' | Hersel | "The Understudy" |- | 1997 | ''Diva Las Vegas'' | Hersel/<br />Divine Miss M. | Telly special |- | 1997 | ''{{sortname|The|Nanny|dab=TV series}}'' | Hersel | "You Bette Your Life" |- | 1998 | ''Murphy Brown | Caprice Feldman | "Never Can Say Goodbye" |- | 1999 | ''Jackie's Back'' | Hersel | Telly film |- | 2000–01 | ''Bette'' | Bette | 18 episodes |- | 2008 | ''[[Strictly Come Dancing]]'' | Hersel | Performed "[[Wind Beneath My Wings]]" |- | 2009 | ''Loose Women'' | Hersel | Guest host |- | 2009 | ''[[Dancing on Ice]]'' | Hersel | Performed |- | 2009 | ''[[Strictly Come Dancing]]'' | Hersel | Performed "[[The Rose (song)|The Rose]]" |- | 2009 | ''{{sortname|The|One Show}}'' | Hersel | Guest |- | 2009 | ''{{sortname|The|Royal Variety Performance}}'' | Hersel | Performed |- | 2009 | ''{{sortname|The|Marriage Ref|The Marriage Ref (U.S. TV series)}}'' | Hersel | Guest |- | 2009 | ''Kathy Griffin: My Life on the D-List'' | Hersel | Guest; toured Las Vegas nichtlife wi Kathy |- | 2010 | ''{{sortname|The|Showgirl Must Go On}}'' | Hersel | HBO TV special (December 31) |- | 2010 | ''Paul O'Grady's Christmas'' | Hersel | Guest |- | 2014 | ''Bette Midler: One Night Only'' | Hersel | ITV Special, UK |} ==Stage shaws== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! Notes |- |1967 |''Fiddler on the Roof'' |Tzeitel |Musical |- |1970 |''Salvation'' |Betty Lou |Off-Broadway musical |- |1973 |''Bette Midler'' |Hersel |Concerts |- |1975 |''Bette Midler's Clams on the Half Shell Revue'' |Hersel |Revue |- |1979 |''Bette! Divine Madness'' |Hersel |Concerts |- |2011 |''Priscilla, Queen of the Desert'' | |Muisical, producer |- |2013 | ''I'll Eat You Last: A Chat with Sue Mengers'' |Sue Mengers |Limitit engagement |} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Midler, Bette}} [[Category:Bette Midler]] [[Category:1945 births]] [[Category:20t-century American actresses]] [[Category:20t-century American sangsters]] [[Category:21st-century American actresses]] [[Category:21st-century American sangsters]] [[Category:Actresses frae Honolulu]] [[Category:American dance muisickers]] [[Category:American female pop sangsters]] [[Category:American film actresses]] [[Category:American stand-up comedians]] [[Category:American televeesion actresses]] [[Category:American vyce actresses]] [[Category:American weemen comedians]] [[Category:Atlantic Records airtists]] [[Category:Blue-eed soul sangsters]] [[Category:Columbia Records airtists]] [[Category:Best Miniseries or Televeesion Movie Actress Gowden Globe winners]] [[Category:Best Muisical or Comedy Actress Gowden Globe (film) winners]] [[Category:Primetime Emmy Award winners]] [[Category:Feminist muisickers]] [[Category:French-leid sangsters o the Unitit States]] [[Category:Grammy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Jewish American actresses]] [[Category:Jewish American muisickers]] [[Category:Jewish sangsters]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Muisickers frae Honolulu]] [[Category:New Starn o the Year (Actress) Gowden Globe winners]] [[Category:Tony Awaird winners]] [[Category:Torch sangsters]] [[Category:Tradeetional pop muisic sangsters]] [[Category:Warner Bros. Records airtists]] [[Category:Fowk frae Hawaii]] {{stub}} 6xoj57extvquugqale897e8ft8msbdr 0 91379 926906 924465 2026-11-08T20:34:47Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 926906 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox airtist | bgcolour = Silver | name = Claude Monet | image = Claude Monet 1899 Nadar crop.jpg | imagesize = 225px | caption = Claude Monet, photae bi [[Nadar (photografer)|Nadar]], 1899. | birth_name = Oscar Claude Monet | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1840|11|14}} | birth_place = Paris, Fraunce | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1926|12|5|1840|11|14}} | death_place = [[Giverny]], Fraunce | nationality = French | field = Penter | movement = [[Impressionism]] | works = ''[[Impression, Sunrise]]<br />[[Rouen cathedral (Monet pentin)|Rouen Cathedral series]]<br />[[Lunnon Pairlament (Monet pentin)|Lunnon Pairlament series]]<br />[[Water Lilies]]<br />[[Haystacks (Monet)|Haystacks]]<br />[[Poplar Series (Monet)|Poplars]]'' | patrons = [[Gustave Caillebotte]], [[Ernest Hoschedé]], [[Georges Clemenceau]] | influenced by = [[Eugène Boudin]], [[Johan Jongkind]], [[Gustave Courbet]] }} '''Oscar Claude Monet''' ({{IPAc-en|m|oʊ|ˈ|n|eɪ}}; {{IPA-fr|klod mɔnɛ|lang}}; 14&nbsp;November 1840&nbsp;– 5&nbsp;December 1926) wis a foonder o French [[Impressionism|Impressionist]] pentin, an the maist consistent an prolific practitioner o the muivement's philosophy o expressin ane's perceptions afore naitur, especially as applied tae [[En plein air|plein-air]] [[Laundscape airt|laundscape pentin]].<ref>House, John, et al.: ''Monet in the 20th century'', page 2, Yale University Press, 1998.</ref><ref Name=giverny>{{cite web|url=http://giverny.org/monet/biograph/ |title=Claude MONET biography |publisher=Giverny.org |date=2 December 2009 |accessdate=5 June 2012}}</ref> The term "Impressionism" is derived frae the title o his pentin ''Impression, soleil levant'' (''[[Impression, Sunrise]]''), that wis exhibitit in 1874 in the first o the independent exhibitions moontit bi Monet an his associates as an alternative tae the [[Salon de Paris]]. Monet's ambition o documentin the French kintraside led him tae adopt a method o pentin the same scene monie times tae capture the chyngin o licht an the passin o the saisons.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://site.artsheaven.com/blog/style-and-vision-of-claude-monet-impressionist-paintings/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2018-02-27 |archive-date=2017-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115044541/http://site.artsheaven.com/blog/style-and-vision-of-claude-monet-impressionist-paintings |url-status=dead }}</ref> Frae 1883 Monet bidit in [[Giverny]], whaur he bocht a hoose an property an begoud a vast laundscapin project that includit lily ponds that wad become the subjects o his best-kent warks. In 1899 he begoud pentin the watter lilies, first in vertical views wi a Japanese brig in the middle, an later in the series o lairge-scale pentins that war tae keep him busy for the neist 20 years o his life. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Monet, Claude}} [[Category:Claude Monet| ]] [[Category:1840 births]] [[Category:1926 daiths]] [[Category:19t-century French penters]] [[Category:20t-century French penters]] [[Category:Alumni o the École des Beaux-Arts]] [[Category:Airtists frae Paris]] [[Category:Daiths frae cancer in Fraunce]] [[Category:Daiths frae buff cancer]] [[Category:French atheists]] [[Category:Impressionist penters]] [[Category:Fowk frae Le Havre]] [[Category:French Impressionist penters]] [[Category:Buirials in Fraunce]] [[Category:Fowk wi cataracts]] cvwwivxto42739bj0vh73aeybrxkcum 926913 926906 2026-11-08T20:44:37Z Monospaced 75295 Paintins, early life, series an Giverny addit, soorced 926913 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox airtist | bgcolour = Silver | name = Claude Monet | image = Claude Monet 1899 Nadar crop.jpg | imagesize = 225px | caption = Claude Monet, photae bi [[Nadar (photografer)|Nadar]], 1899. | birth_name = Oscar Claude Monet | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1840|11|14}} | birth_place = Paris, Fraunce | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1926|12|5|1840|11|14}} | death_place = [[Giverny]], Fraunce | nationality = French | field = Penter | movement = [[Impressionism]] | works = ''[[Impression, Sunrise]]<br />[[Rouen cathedral (Monet pentin)|Rouen Cathedral series]]<br />[[Lunnon Pairlament (Monet pentin)|Lunnon Pairlament series]]<br />[[Water Lilies]]<br />[[Haystacks (Monet)|Haystacks]]<br />[[Poplar Series (Monet)|Poplars]]'' | patrons = [[Gustave Caillebotte]], [[Ernest Hoschedé]], [[Georges Clemenceau]] | influenced by = [[Eugène Boudin]], [[Johan Jongkind]], [[Gustave Courbet]] }} '''Oscar Claude Monet''' ({{IPAc-en|m|oʊ|ˈ|n|eɪ}}; {{IPA-fr|klod mɔnɛ|lang}}; 14&nbsp;November 1840&nbsp;– 5&nbsp;December 1926) wis a foonder o French [[Impressionism|Impressionist]] pentin, an the maist consistent an prolific practitioner o the muivement's philosophy o expressin ane's perceptions afore naitur, especially as applied tae [[En plein air|plein-air]] [[Laundscape airt|laundscape pentin]].<ref>House, John, et al.: ''Monet in the 20th century'', page 2, Yale University Press, 1998.</ref><ref Name=giverny>{{cite web|url=http://giverny.org/monet/biograph/ |title=Claude MONET biography |publisher=Giverny.org |date=2 December 2009 |accessdate=5 June 2012}}</ref> The term "Impressionism" is derived frae the title o his pentin ''Impression, soleil levant'' (''[[Impression, Sunrise]]''), that wis exhibitit in 1874 in the first o the independent exhibitions moontit bi Monet an his associates as an alternative tae the [[Salon de Paris]]. Monet's ambition o documentin the French kintraside led him tae adopt a method o pentin the same scene monie times tae capture the chyngin o licht an the passin o the saisons.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://site.artsheaven.com/blog/style-and-vision-of-claude-monet-impressionist-paintings/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2018-02-27 |archive-date=2017-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115044541/http://site.artsheaven.com/blog/style-and-vision-of-claude-monet-impressionist-paintings |url-status=dead }}</ref> Frae 1883 Monet bidit in [[Giverny]], whaur he bocht a hoose an property an begoud a vast laundscapin project that includit lily ponds that wad become the subjects o his best-kent warks. In 1899 he begoud pentin the watter lilies, first in vertical views wi a Japanese brig in the middle, an later in the series o lairge-scale pentins that war tae keep him busy for the neist 20 years o his life. == Early life == In 1845 Monet's faimly flittit tae [[Le Havre]] in [[Normandy]]. His faither, a wholesale merchant, wantit him tae gang intae the faimly's ship-chandlin an grocery business.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The New Encyclopaedia Britannica|date=1 January 1974|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|isbn=978-0-85229-290-7|page=347|language=en}}</ref> Aboot 1858 he met the penter [[Eugène Boudin]], that encouraged him tae wirk on his technique, learnt him tae pent ''[[en plein air]]'' (ootdoors) an teuk him oot on pentin trips.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|author= |date=31 October 2011| title= Monet, Claude| url= https://doi.org/10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.B00124536 | website=[[Oxford Art Online]]| doi= 10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.B00124536| isbn=978-0-19-989991-3 |access-date=24 May 2021}}</ref> == Series == Monet stairtit pentin series o pictures o the ae subject, sic as haystacks, poplars an [[Rouen Cathedral (Monet)|Rouen Cathedral]].<ref name= Masterpieces>{{Cite book |last1=Bailey|first1=Colin B.|author-link=Colin B. Bailey|title=Masterpieces of Impressionism & Post-impressionism: The Annenberg Collection|last2=Rishel|first2=Joseph J.|last3=Rosenthal|first3=Mark Lawrence|publisher=[[Philadelphia Museum of Art]]|year=1989|isbn=978-0-8763-3079-1}}</ref> The first series he exhibitit wis o [[Haystacks (Monet)|haystacks]], pentit frae different pynts o view an at different times o the day. Fifteen o thir pentins war shawn at the Galerie Durand-Ruel in 1891, an in 1892 he pentit twinty-sax views o Rouen Cathedral.<ref name="HelenGardner">{{Cite book|title = Art through the Ages|last = Gardner|first = Helen|publisher = Harcourt College Pub|year = 1995|isbn = 978-0-15-501141-0|page = 669|edition = 10th Reiss}}</ref> == Giverny an the Water Lilies == In 1883 Monet an his faimly rentit a hoose an gairdens in [[Giverny]], that gied him a hame life as settled as he haed never haed afore.<ref name= OxfordAO>{{Cite web |last= Isaacson |first= Joel |date= 2003 |title= Monet, (Oscar-)Claude |url= https://doi.org/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T059077 |website= [[Oxford Art Online]] |doi= 10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T059077 |isbn= 9781884446054}}</ref> He bocht mair laund wi a watter meadow, an the lily pond he makkit there becam the subject o the ''[[Water Lilies]]''.<ref name=":4" /> In Mey 1927, efter he deed, 27 panel pentins war pit on display in the [[Musée de l'Orangerie]] in [[Paris]].<ref name= Masterpieces /> == Gallery == <gallery> File:Monet - Impression, Sunrise.jpg|''Impression, soleil levant'' (''Impression, Sunrise''), 1872 File:Claude Monet - Woman with a Parasol - Madame Monet and Her Son - Google Art Project.jpg|''Woman with a Parasol'', 1875 File:Monet Poplars on the River Epte.jpg|''Poplars on the Epte'', 1891 File:Claude Monet - Rouen Cathedral, Facade (Sunset).JPG|''Rouen Cathedral, Facade (Sunset)'', 1892–94 File:Water-Lilies-and-Japanese-Bridge-(1897-1899)-Monet.jpg|''Water Lilies and Japanese Bridge'', 1897–99 File:Claude Monet, Houses of Parliament, London, 1900-1903, 1933.1164, Art Institute of Chicago.jpg|''Houses of Parliament, London'', 1900–03 File:Claude Monet - Water Lilies, 1917-1919.JPG|''Water Lilies'', 1917–19 </gallery> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Monet, Claude}} [[Category:Claude Monet| ]] [[Category:1840 births]] [[Category:1926 daiths]] [[Category:19t-century French penters]] [[Category:20t-century French penters]] [[Category:Alumni o the École des Beaux-Arts]] [[Category:Airtists frae Paris]] [[Category:Daiths frae cancer in Fraunce]] [[Category:Daiths frae buff cancer]] [[Category:French atheists]] [[Category:Impressionist penters]] [[Category:Fowk frae Le Havre]] [[Category:French Impressionist penters]] [[Category:Buirials in Fraunce]] [[Category:Fowk wi cataracts]] 3lbft9kan9mbcrz8t0rcwe2jbx5nd31 1 91998 927182 493240 2026-11-09T06:54:44Z ~2026-59394-73 139963 /* Cristiano Ronaldo */ new section 927182 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talkpage}} == Cristiano Ronaldo == I'm trying to fix the Scottish page of Cristiano Ronaldo, because in there, the language used is not Scots, but rather, English with Scottish terms. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-59394-73|~2026-59394-73]] ([[Uiser collogue:~2026-59394-73|talk]]) 06:54, 9 November 2026 (UTC) 0qgty0rtfyey52jgwxjth9641dyi1av 927188 927182 2026-11-09T08:56:52Z Monospaced 75295 /* Cristiano Ronaldo */ Replie 927188 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talkpage}} == Cristiano Ronaldo == I'm trying to fix the Scottish page of Cristiano Ronaldo, because in there, the language used is not Scots, but rather, English with Scottish terms. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-59394-73|~2026-59394-73]] ([[Uiser collogue:~2026-59394-73|talk]]) 06:54, 9 November 2026 (UTC) :Thanks! If you see the ''fixscots'' template''', 'The "Scots" that wis uised in this airticle wis written bi a body that haesna a guid grip on the leid.'''', then another editor has flagged that it's not considered to be in good Scots (usually because someone has used a poor online word translator). The quality varies but any close attention would probably improve them. As we say, [[Wikipedia:Be bauld in chynging pages|be bold]], if something looks like it needs work then it probably does. If you need any help keep using the talk pages or check out the community pages. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 08:56, 9 November 2026 (UTC) 77a793hkpt1izb50u6bngoceco6w5cd 0 93578 926961 811268 2026-11-08T21:31:48Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; directin career an filmography updatit, soorced 926961 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Bradley Cooper | birth_name = Bradley Charles Cooper | image = Glasto17-44 (35547413626) Cropped.jpg | caption = Cooper filmin ''[[A Star Is Born (2018 film)|A Star Is Born]]'' in 2017 | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1975|1|5}} | birth_place = [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvanie]], U.S. | occupation = Actor, film-makar | years_active = 1999–present | spouse = {{marriage|Jennifer Esposito|2006|2007|reason=divorced}} | education = Georgetown Varsity<br> The New School |partner = }} '''Bradley Charles Cooper'''<ref>{{cite web|title=The Bradley Cooper Webchat Transcript|url=http://www.empireonline.com/interviews/interview.asp?IID=1217|publisher=Empire Online|accessdate=April 9, 2013}}</ref> (born Januar 5, 1975)<ref name=filmref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmreference.com/film/16/Bradley-Cooper.html|title=Bradley Cooper biodata|publisher=FilmReference.com|accessdate=December 2, 2014}}</ref> is an American actor an film-makar. He haes been nominatit for monie Academy Awairds, for actin, producin, writin an directin, an for a Tony Awaird. He wis named the "Sexiest Man Alive" bi ''People'' magazine in 2011.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bradley Cooper Is ''People''{{'}}s Sexiest Man Alive!|url=http://www.people.com/people/package/article/0,,20315920_20545580,00.html|work=People|accessdate=November 18, 2011|first=Alexis|last=Chiu|first2=Charlotte|last2=Triggs|date=November 16, 2011}}</ref> Cooper haes a BA in Inglis frae Georgetown Varsity (1997) an an MFA in actin frae the Actors Studio Drama Schuil at The New School (2000). He first becam kent in the spy-action telly shaw ''[[Alias (TV series)|Alias]]'' an the telly drama ''Jack & Bobby''. He later appeared in supportin roles in the romantic comedies ''[[Wedding Crashers]]'' (2005), ''Yes Man'' (2008), an ''He's Just Not That Into You'' (2009). His breakthrough role came wi the comedy franchise [[The Hangover (franchise)|''The Hangover'' trilogy]] (2009–13). Ither notable films are the action-comedy ''The A-Team'' (2010), the thriller ''[[Limitless]]'' (2011), the crime drama ''The Place Beyond the Pines'' (2013), an the superhero film ''[[Guardians of the Galaxy (film)|Guardians of the Galaxy]]'' (2014), in which he voiced [[Rocket Raccoon]]. Cooper wis nominatit for an Oscar three year rinnin for his roles in the romantic comedy ''[[Silver Linings Playbook]]'' (2012), the comedy-drama ''[[American Hustle]]'' (2013), an the biografical war drama ''[[American Sniper (film)|American Sniper]]'' (2014). For producin ''American Sniper'', Cooper wis forby nominatit for the Academy Awaird for Best Pictur. For starrin in the 2014 Broadway revival o the play ''The Elephant Man'', Cooper wis nominatit for the {{lang|en|Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play}}. == Directin == Cooper directit his first film, ''[[A Star Is Born (2018 film)|A Star Is Born]]'', in 2018. It is a remake o the 1937 film o the same nem, an Cooper starred in it as the sangster Jackson Maine alangside [[Lady Gaga]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lang |first1=Brent |title=First Look at Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper in 'A Star Is Born' |journal=Variety |date=April 17, 2017 |url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/lady-gaga-bradley-cooper-star-is-born-photo-1202032227/ |access-date=August 24, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426225059/http://variety.com/2017/film/news/lady-gaga-bradley-cooper-star-is-born-photo-1202032227/ |archive-date=April 26, 2017}}</ref> He syne directit, produced an co-wrate ''Maestro'' (2023), a biografical drama on the composer Leonard Bernstein an his wife Felicia Montealegre, wi Cooper himsel playin Bernstein.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2022/05/maestro-first-look-bradley-cooper-leonard-bernstein-1234729434/ |title='Maestro' First Look: Bradley Cooper Is Leonard Bernstein in 'A Star Is Born' Follow-Up |last=Zilko |first=Christian |date=May 30, 2022 |website=Indiewire}}</ref> The BBC's creetic Nicholas Barber wrate that Cooper haed "sky-high ambitions" as a director.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Barber |first=Nicholas |date=September 2, 2023 |title=Maestro review: Bradley Cooper's Bernstein biopic is a hit |publisher=BBC Culture |url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20230902-maestro-review-bradley-coopers-bernstein-biopic-is-a-hit |access-date=September 2, 2023}}</ref> ==Filmografie== ===Film=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! Notes |- |2001 |''Wet Hot American Summer'' |Benji | |- |2002 |''My Little Eye'' |Travis Patterson | |- |2002 |''Bending All the Rules'' |Jeff | |- |2003 |''The Last Cowboy'' |Morgan Murphy |Telly film |- |2004 |''I Want to Marry Ryan Banks'' |Todd Doherty |Telly film |- |2005 |''[[Wedding Crashers]]'' |Zachary "Sack" Lodge | |- |2006 |''Failure to Launch'' |Demo | |- |2007 |''{{sortname|The|Comebacks}}'' |Cowboy | |- |2008 |''{{sortname|The|Midnight Meat Train}}'' |Leon Kaufman | |- |2008 |''{{sortname|The|Rocker|dab=film}}'' |Trash Grice | |- |2008 |''Yes Man'' |Peter | |- |2008 |''Older Than America'' |Luke Peterson | |- |2009 |''He's Just Not That Into You'' |Ben Gunders | |- |2009 |''{{sortname|The|Hangover|dab=film}}'' |Philip "Phil" Wenneck | |- |2009 |''All About Steve'' |Steven "Steve" Miller | |- |2009 |''New York, I Love You'' |Gus Cooper | |- |2009 |''Case 39'' |Douglas J. Ames | |- |2010 |''Valentine's Day'' |Holden Wilson | |- |2010 |''{{sortname|The|A-Team|dab=film}}'' |Lieutenant Templeton Arthur "The Faceman" Peck | |- |2010 |''Brother's Justice'' |Bradley Cooper/Dwight Sage | |- |2011 |''[[Limitless]]'' |Edward "Eddie" Morra |An aa executive producer |- |2011 |''{{sortname|The|Hangover Part II}}'' |Philip "Phil" Wenneck | |- |2012 |''Hit and Run'' |Alex Dimitri | |- |2012 |''[[Silver Linings Playbook]]'' |Patrick "Pat" Solatano, Jr. |An aa executive producer |- |2012 |''{{sortname|The|Words|dab=film}}'' |Rory Jansen |An aa executive producer |- |2013 |''{{sortname|The|Place Beyond the Pines}}'' |Avery Cross | |- |2013 |''The Hangover Part III'' |Philip "Phil" Wenneck | |- |2013 |''[[American Hustle]]'' |FBI Agent Richard "Richie" DiMaso |An aa executive producer |- |2014 |''[[Guardians of the Galaxy (film)|Guardians of the Galaxy]]'' |[[Rocket Raccoon|Rocket]] |Vyce |- |2014 |''Serena'' |George Pemberton | |- |2014 |''[[American Sniper (film)|American Sniper]]'' |Chris Kyle |An aa producer |- |2015 |''Aloha'' |Brian Gilcrest | |- |2015 |''Burnt'' |Adam Jones | |- |2015 |''Joy'' | | |- |2018 |''[[A Star Is Born (2018 film)|A Star Is Born]]'' |Jackson Maine |An aa director, writer an producer |- |2023 |''Maestro'' |Leonard Bernstein |An aa director, writer an producer |- |} ===Telly=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! Notes |- |1999 |''[[Sex and the City]]'' |Jake |Episode: "They Shoot Single People, Don't They?" |- |2000–2001 |''Globe Trekker'' |Himsel (presenter) |8 episodes |- |2000–2001 |''{{sort|Street|The $treet}}'' |Clay Hammond |5 episodes |- |2001–2006 |''[[Alias (TV series)|Alias]]'' |Will Tippin |43 episodes |- |2003 |''Miss Match'' |Gary |Episode: "I Got You Babe" |- |2004 |''Touching Evil'' |OSC Agent Mark Rivers |6 episodes |- |2004–2005 |''Jack & Bobby'' |Tom Wexler Graham |14 episodes |- |2005 |''[[Law & Order: Special Victims Unit]]'' |Jason Whitaker |Episode: "Night" |- |2005 |''Law & Order: Trial by Jury'' |Jason Whitaker |Episode: "Day" |- |2005–2006 |''Kitchen Confidential'' |Jack Bourdain |13 episodes |- |2007–2009 |''[[Nip/Tuck]]'' |Aidan Stone |6 episodes |- |2009 |''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' |Himsel (host) |Episode: "Bradley Cooper/TV on the Radio" |- |2013 |''Saturday Night Live'' |Bradley Cooper |Episode: "[[Zach Galifianakis]]/Of Monsters and Men" |- |2015 |''Wet Hot American Summer: First Day of Camp'' |Ben |- |2015 |''[[Limitless#TV series sequel/continuation|Limitless]]'' |Senator Edward "Eddie" Morra | |} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cooper, Bradley}} [[Category:1975 births]] [[Category:20t-century American male actors]] [[Category:21st-century American male actors]] [[Category:Male actors frae Philadelphia]] [[Category:American male film actors]] [[Category:American male vyce actors]] [[Category:American film producers]] [[Category:American male stage actors]] [[Category:American male televeesion actors]] [[Category:American fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Italian strynd]] [[Category:American Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Georgetown Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:The New Schuil alumni]] [[Category:Fowk frae Montgomery Coonty, Pennsylvanie]] [[Category:Fowk o Campanie strynd]] [[Category:Villanova Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Actors Studio alumni]] [[Category:Ootstaundin Performance bi a Cast in a Motion Pictur Screen Actors Guild Awaird winners]] [[Category:Georgetown Hoyas athletes]] [[Category:Male actors o Italian strynd]] [[Category:Germantown Academy alumni]] lzjdwomea63av98vu67ndusxwjet2xy 927009 926961 2026-11-08T22:08:06Z Monospaced 75295 Award nems as published 927009 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Bradley Cooper | birth_name = Bradley Charles Cooper | image = Glasto17-44 (35547413626) Cropped.jpg | caption = Cooper filmin ''[[A Star Is Born (2018 film)|A Star Is Born]]'' in 2017 | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1975|1|5}} | birth_place = [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvanie]], U.S. | occupation = Actor, film-makar | years_active = 1999–present | spouse = {{marriage|Jennifer Esposito|2006|2007|reason=divorced}} | education = Georgetown Varsity<br> The New School |partner = }} '''Bradley Charles Cooper'''<ref>{{cite web|title=The Bradley Cooper Webchat Transcript|url=http://www.empireonline.com/interviews/interview.asp?IID=1217|publisher=Empire Online|accessdate=April 9, 2013}}</ref> (born Januar 5, 1975)<ref name=filmref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmreference.com/film/16/Bradley-Cooper.html|title=Bradley Cooper biodata|publisher=FilmReference.com|accessdate=December 2, 2014}}</ref> is an American actor an film-makar. He haes been nominatit for monie Academy Awards, for actin, producin, writin an directin, an for a Tony Award. He wis named the "Sexiest Man Alive" bi ''People'' magazine in 2011.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bradley Cooper Is ''People''{{'}}s Sexiest Man Alive!|url=http://www.people.com/people/package/article/0,,20315920_20545580,00.html|work=People|accessdate=November 18, 2011|first=Alexis|last=Chiu|first2=Charlotte|last2=Triggs|date=November 16, 2011}}</ref> Cooper haes a BA in Inglis frae Georgetown Varsity (1997) an an MFA in actin frae the Actors Studio Drama Schuil at The New School (2000). He first becam kent in the spy-action telly shaw ''[[Alias (TV series)|Alias]]'' an the telly drama ''Jack & Bobby''. He later appeared in supportin roles in the romantic comedies ''[[Wedding Crashers]]'' (2005), ''Yes Man'' (2008), an ''He's Just Not That Into You'' (2009). His breakthrough role came wi the comedy franchise [[The Hangover (franchise)|''The Hangover'' trilogy]] (2009–13). Ither notable films are the action-comedy ''The A-Team'' (2010), the thriller ''[[Limitless]]'' (2011), the crime drama ''The Place Beyond the Pines'' (2013), an the superhero film ''[[Guardians of the Galaxy (film)|Guardians of the Galaxy]]'' (2014), in which he voiced [[Rocket Raccoon]]. Cooper wis nominatit for an Oscar three year rinnin for his roles in the romantic comedy ''[[Silver Linings Playbook]]'' (2012), the comedy-drama ''[[American Hustle]]'' (2013), an the biografical war drama ''[[American Sniper (film)|American Sniper]]'' (2014). For producin ''American Sniper'', Cooper wis forby nominatit for the Academy Award for Best Pictur. For starrin in the 2014 Broadway revival o the play ''The Elephant Man'', Cooper wis nominatit for the {{lang|en|Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play}}. == Directin == Cooper directit his first film, ''[[A Star Is Born (2018 film)|A Star Is Born]]'', in 2018. It is a remake o the 1937 film o the same nem, an Cooper starred in it as the sangster Jackson Maine alangside [[Lady Gaga]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lang |first1=Brent |title=First Look at Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper in 'A Star Is Born' |journal=Variety |date=April 17, 2017 |url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/lady-gaga-bradley-cooper-star-is-born-photo-1202032227/ |access-date=August 24, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426225059/http://variety.com/2017/film/news/lady-gaga-bradley-cooper-star-is-born-photo-1202032227/ |archive-date=April 26, 2017}}</ref> He syne directit, produced an co-wrate ''Maestro'' (2023), a biografical drama on the composer Leonard Bernstein an his wife Felicia Montealegre, wi Cooper himsel playin Bernstein.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2022/05/maestro-first-look-bradley-cooper-leonard-bernstein-1234729434/ |title='Maestro' First Look: Bradley Cooper Is Leonard Bernstein in 'A Star Is Born' Follow-Up |last=Zilko |first=Christian |date=May 30, 2022 |website=Indiewire}}</ref> The BBC's creetic Nicholas Barber wrate that Cooper haed "sky-high ambitions" as a director.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Barber |first=Nicholas |date=September 2, 2023 |title=Maestro review: Bradley Cooper's Bernstein biopic is a hit |publisher=BBC Culture |url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20230902-maestro-review-bradley-coopers-bernstein-biopic-is-a-hit |access-date=September 2, 2023}}</ref> ==Filmografie== ===Film=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! Notes |- |2001 |''Wet Hot American Summer'' |Benji | |- |2002 |''My Little Eye'' |Travis Patterson | |- |2002 |''Bending All the Rules'' |Jeff | |- |2003 |''The Last Cowboy'' |Morgan Murphy |Telly film |- |2004 |''I Want to Marry Ryan Banks'' |Todd Doherty |Telly film |- |2005 |''[[Wedding Crashers]]'' |Zachary "Sack" Lodge | |- |2006 |''Failure to Launch'' |Demo | |- |2007 |''{{sortname|The|Comebacks}}'' |Cowboy | |- |2008 |''{{sortname|The|Midnight Meat Train}}'' |Leon Kaufman | |- |2008 |''{{sortname|The|Rocker|dab=film}}'' |Trash Grice | |- |2008 |''Yes Man'' |Peter | |- |2008 |''Older Than America'' |Luke Peterson | |- |2009 |''He's Just Not That Into You'' |Ben Gunders | |- |2009 |''{{sortname|The|Hangover|dab=film}}'' |Philip "Phil" Wenneck | |- |2009 |''All About Steve'' |Steven "Steve" Miller | |- |2009 |''New York, I Love You'' |Gus Cooper | |- |2009 |''Case 39'' |Douglas J. Ames | |- |2010 |''Valentine's Day'' |Holden Wilson | |- |2010 |''{{sortname|The|A-Team|dab=film}}'' |Lieutenant Templeton Arthur "The Faceman" Peck | |- |2010 |''Brother's Justice'' |Bradley Cooper/Dwight Sage | |- |2011 |''[[Limitless]]'' |Edward "Eddie" Morra |An aa executive producer |- |2011 |''{{sortname|The|Hangover Part II}}'' |Philip "Phil" Wenneck | |- |2012 |''Hit and Run'' |Alex Dimitri | |- |2012 |''[[Silver Linings Playbook]]'' |Patrick "Pat" Solatano, Jr. |An aa executive producer |- |2012 |''{{sortname|The|Words|dab=film}}'' |Rory Jansen |An aa executive producer |- |2013 |''{{sortname|The|Place Beyond the Pines}}'' |Avery Cross | |- |2013 |''The Hangover Part III'' |Philip "Phil" Wenneck | |- |2013 |''[[American Hustle]]'' |FBI Agent Richard "Richie" DiMaso |An aa executive producer |- |2014 |''[[Guardians of the Galaxy (film)|Guardians of the Galaxy]]'' |[[Rocket Raccoon|Rocket]] |Vyce |- |2014 |''Serena'' |George Pemberton | |- |2014 |''[[American Sniper (film)|American Sniper]]'' |Chris Kyle |An aa producer |- |2015 |''Aloha'' |Brian Gilcrest | |- |2015 |''Burnt'' |Adam Jones | |- |2015 |''Joy'' | | |- |2018 |''[[A Star Is Born (2018 film)|A Star Is Born]]'' |Jackson Maine |An aa director, writer an producer |- |2023 |''Maestro'' |Leonard Bernstein |An aa director, writer an producer |- |} ===Telly=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! Notes |- |1999 |''[[Sex and the City]]'' |Jake |Episode: "They Shoot Single People, Don't They?" |- |2000–2001 |''Globe Trekker'' |Himsel (presenter) |8 episodes |- |2000–2001 |''{{sort|Street|The $treet}}'' |Clay Hammond |5 episodes |- |2001–2006 |''[[Alias (TV series)|Alias]]'' |Will Tippin |43 episodes |- |2003 |''Miss Match'' |Gary |Episode: "I Got You Babe" |- |2004 |''Touching Evil'' |OSC Agent Mark Rivers |6 episodes |- |2004–2005 |''Jack & Bobby'' |Tom Wexler Graham |14 episodes |- |2005 |''[[Law & Order: Special Victims Unit]]'' |Jason Whitaker |Episode: "Night" |- |2005 |''Law & Order: Trial by Jury'' |Jason Whitaker |Episode: "Day" |- |2005–2006 |''Kitchen Confidential'' |Jack Bourdain |13 episodes |- |2007–2009 |''[[Nip/Tuck]]'' |Aidan Stone |6 episodes |- |2009 |''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' |Himsel (host) |Episode: "Bradley Cooper/TV on the Radio" |- |2013 |''Saturday Night Live'' |Bradley Cooper |Episode: "[[Zach Galifianakis]]/Of Monsters and Men" |- |2015 |''Wet Hot American Summer: First Day of Camp'' |Ben |- |2015 |''[[Limitless#TV series sequel/continuation|Limitless]]'' |Senator Edward "Eddie" Morra | |} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cooper, Bradley}} [[Category:1975 births]] [[Category:20t-century American male actors]] [[Category:21st-century American male actors]] [[Category:Male actors frae Philadelphia]] [[Category:American male film actors]] [[Category:American male vyce actors]] [[Category:American film producers]] [[Category:American male stage actors]] [[Category:American male televeesion actors]] [[Category:American fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Italian strynd]] [[Category:American Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Georgetown Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:The New Schuil alumni]] [[Category:Fowk frae Montgomery Coonty, Pennsylvanie]] [[Category:Fowk o Campanie strynd]] [[Category:Villanova Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Actors Studio alumni]] [[Category:Ootstaundin Performance bi a Cast in a Motion Pictur Screen Actors Guild Awaird winners]] [[Category:Georgetown Hoyas athletes]] [[Category:Male actors o Italian strynd]] [[Category:Germantown Academy alumni]] t7ua9n9drmv9jrui6uda5mvy40j1j11 0 93598 926930 899419 2026-11-08T21:13:39Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; early life, career an personal life addit, soorced 926930 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Glenn Close | image = Glenn Close - Guardians of the Galaxy premiere - July 2014 (cropped).jpg | caption = Close at the ''Guardians of the Galaxy'' premiere in Julie 2014 | image_size = 220px | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1947|3|19}}<ref name=5dylcdw/> | birth_place = [[Greenwich, Connecticut|Greenwich]], [[Connecticut]], U.S. | years_active = 1974–present | occupation = Actress, producer | spouse = Cabot Wade (1969–1971)<br>James Marlas (1984–1987)<br>[[David Evans Shaw|David Shaw]] (2006–present) | partner = John Starke (1987–1991) | children = [[Annie Starke]] (wi Starke) | alma_mater = [[College o William & Mary]] | parents = [[William Close]]<br>[[Bettine Moore Close]] }} '''Glenn Close''' (born 19 Mairch 1947)<ref name=5dylcdw>{{cite web|last=Roberts|first=Gary Boyd|authorlink=|title=Notable Kin - Additional Noted American Cousin: A Five-Year Update, Numbers 326-350|publisher=New England Historic Genealogical Society - Founded 1845|year=2010|url=http://www.americanancestors.org/notable-kin-additional-cousins-of-the-princess-of-wales/|accessdate=2010-12-07|archive-date=2014-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016123619/http://www.americanancestors.org/notable-kin-additional-cousins-of-the-princess-of-wales/|url-status=dead}}</ref> is an American film, telly an stage actress. She haes wan [[Leet o awairds an nominations received bi Glenn Close|monie awairds]], amang them three [[Tony Awairds]], three [[Gowden Globe Awairds]] an three [[Primetime Emmy Awairds]]. She haes been nominatit for an [[Academy Awairds|Academy Awaird]] eicht times withoot winnin, mair nor ony ither leevin actor, an she hauds the record for the actress wi the maist nominations withoot a win.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/stars-whove-won-oscar-ridley-scott-glenn-close/story?id=36983232|title=Stars Who've Never Won an Oscar|date=2016-02-25|publisher=ABC News|access-date=2016-08-20}}</ref> In 2016 Close wis taen intae the [[American Theater Hall of Fame]], an in 2019 ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' named her ane o the 100 maist influential fowk in the warld.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2019/5567858/glenn-close/|title=Glenn Close: The 100 Most Influential People of 2019|magazine=TIME|language=en-us|access-date=April 17, 2019|archive-date=April 17, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417112301/http://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2019/5567858/glenn-close/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Early life== Close wis born in [[Greenwich, Connecticut]], the dochter o the doctor [[William Close]]. Her faimily war in the releegious muivement Moral Re-Armament, an she left it whan she wis 22.<ref name="thr2014">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/glenn-close-returns-stage-reveals-740633 |title=Glenn Close Returns to Stage, Reveals Remarkable Childhood in Cult |magazine=The Hollywood Reporter |date=October 15, 2014 |first=Stephen |last=Galloway |access-date=October 16, 2014 }}</ref> She gaed tae the Rosemary Hall schuil, an graduatit in 1965.<ref name="CHOATE">[http://www.choate.edu/alumni/prizewinners.asp Rosemary Hall Alumnae Award] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080521142422/http://www.choate.edu/alumni/prizewinners.asp |date=May 21, 2008 }} from the [[Choate Rosemary Hall]] website</ref> Syne she studied theatre an anthropology at the [[College of William & Mary]]. ==Career== She stairtit her professional career on stage in 1974 wi ''Love for Love'' an wis maistly a New York stage actress till the early 1980s. Her wark includit [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] productions o ''[[Barnum (musical)|Barnum]]'' in 1980 an ''[[The Real Thing (play)|The Real Thing]]'' in 1983, that she wan the [[Tony Awaird for Best Actress in a Play]] for. Her film debut cam in ''[[The World According to Garp (film)|The World According to Garp]]'' (1982), that wis follit bi supportin roles in the films ''[[The Big Chill (film)|The Big Chill]]'' (1983) an ''[[The Natural (film)|The Natural]]'' (1984); aw three earned her nominations for the [[Academy Awaird for Best Supportin Actress]]. Syne she becam a star wi lead roles in ''[[Fatal Attraction]]'' (1987) an ''[[Dangerous Liaisons]]'' (1988), baith o that earned her nominations for the [[Academy Awaird for Best Actress]]. Close wan twa mair Tony Awairds for ''[[Death and the Maiden (play)|Death and the Maiden]]'' in 1992 an ''[[Sunset Boulevard (muisical)|Sunset Boulevard]]'' in 1995. She wan her first [[Primetime Emmy Awaird for Ootstaundin Lead Actress in a Leemitit Series or Movie|Primetime Emmy Awaird]] for the 1995 telly drama film ''[[Serving in Silence: The Margarethe Cammermeyer Story]]'', an she held on wi a successfu career in Hollywood, wi starrin roles in ''[[Reversal of Fortune]]'' (1990), ''[[101 Dalmatians (1996 film)|101 Dalmatians]]'' (1996), an ''[[Air Force One (film)|Air Force One]]'' (1997), amang ithers. She did mair telly wark in the 2000s, an her playin o [[Eleanor o Aquitaine]] in the 2003 telly film ''[[The Lion in Winter (2003 film)|The Lion in Winter]]'' earnin her a [[Gowden Globe Awaird for Best Actress – Miniseries or Televeesion Film|Gowden Globe Awaird]]. Frae 2007 tae 2012 Close starred as [[Patty Hewes]] in the drama series ''[[Damages (TV series)|Damages]]'', that wan her a [[Gowden Globe Awaird for Best Actress – Televeesion Series Drama|Gowden Globe Awaird]] an twa mair [[Primetime Emmy Awaird for Ootstaundin Lead Actress in a Drama Series|Primetime Emmy Awairds]]. She cam back tae the Broadway stage in a 2014 revival o ''[[A Delicate Balance (play)|A Delicate Balance]]''.<ref name="broadwaybox.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.broadwaybox.com/daily-scoop/what-play-can-come-along-that-will-be-more-star-studded-than-this/|title=What Play Can Come Along Next Season That Will Be More Star-Studded Than A Delicate Balance?|publisher=}}</ref> Aboot this time she wis nominatit for twa mair Academy Awairds, for ''[[Albert Nobbs]]'' (2011) an ''[[The Wife (2017 film)|The Wife]]'' (2017), an she wan a third [[Gowden Globe Awaird for Best Actress in a Motion Pictur – Drama|Gowden Globe]] for ''The Wife''. In 2020 she played Mamaw in the [[Netflix]] film o ''Hillbilly Elegy'', that brocht her an eichth Academy Awaird nomination.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://deadline.com/2019/04/netflix-glenn-close-hillbilly-elegy-amy-adams-ron-howard-1202593574/|title=Glenn Close Joins Amy Adams In Ron Howard & Netflix's 'Hillbilly Elegy'|date=April 11, 2019|work=Deadline|access-date=April 11, 2019|archive-date=April 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411160446/https://deadline.com/2019/04/netflix-glenn-close-hillbilly-elegy-amy-adams-ron-howard-1202593574/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Personal life== Close haes been mairit three times, an she haes a dochter, [[Annie Starke]], frae her relationship wi the producer John Starke. She is the preses o Trillium Productions an co-foondit the wabsteid FetchDog. She haes gien money tae [[Democratic Pairty (Unitit States)|Democratic]] politeecians, an speaks oot on maitters sic as gay mairiage, weemen's richts an mental heal. She foondit the chairity Bring Change 2 Mind, that fechts the stigma o mental illness.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2015/film/news/glenn-close-bring-change-2-mind-mental-illness-charity-1201475860/|title=Glenn Close Fights to End Mental Illness Stigma With Bring Change 2 Mind|last=Setoodeh|first=Ramin|date=April 21, 2015|language=en-US|access-date=August 10, 2016|archive-date=August 21, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821015018/http://variety.com/2015/film/news/glenn-close-bring-change-2-mind-mental-illness-charity-1201475860/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Filmografie== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Film |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Notes |- | 1982 | ''[[The World According to Garp (film)|The World According to Garp]]'' | Jenny Fields | |- | 1983 | ''[[The Big Chill (film)|The Big Chill]]'' | Sarah Cooper | |- | 1984 | ''[[The Natural (film)|The Natural]]'' | Iris Gaines | |- | 1984 | ''[[The Stone Boy (film)|The Stone Boy]]'' | Ruth Hillerman | |- | 1984 | ''[[Greystoke: The Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes]]'' | Jane Porter | Vyce, uncreditit |- | 1985 | ''[[Jagged Edge (film)|Jagged Edge]]'' | Teddy Barnes | |- | 1985 | ''[[Maxie (film)|Maxie]]'' | Jan / Maxie | |- | 1987 | ''[[Fatal Attraction]]'' | Alexandra "Alex" Forrest | |- | 1988 | ''[[Dangerous Liaisons]]'' | Marquise Isabelle de Merteuil | |- | 1988 | ''[[Light Years (film)|Light Years]]'' | Queen Ambisextra | Vyce |- | 1989 | ''[[Immediate Family (film)|Immediate Family]]'' | Linda Spector | |- | 1990 | ''[[Reversal of Fortune]]'' | Sunny von Bulow | |- | 1990 | ''[[Hamlet (1990 film)|Hamlet]]'' | Queen Gertrude | |- | 1991 | ''[[Hook (film)|Hook]]'' | Gutless | Cameo |- | 1991 | ''[[Meeting Venus]]'' | Karin Anderson | |- | 1993 | ''[[The House of the Spirits]]'' | Ferula Trueba | |- | 1994 | ''[[The Paper (film)|The Paper]]'' | Alicia Clark | |- | 1996 | ''[[Mars Attacks!]]'' | First Lady Marsha Dale | |- | 1996 | ''[[101 Dalmatians (1996 film)|101 Dalmatians]]'' | [[Cruella de Vil]] | |- | 1997 | ''[[Paradise Road (1997 film)|Paradise Road]]'' | Adrienne Pargiter | |- | 1997 | ''[[Air Force One (film)|Air Force One]]'' | Vice Preses Kathryn Bennett | |- | 1999 | ''[[Cookie's Fortune]]'' | Camille Dixon | |- | 1999 | ''[[Tarzan (1999 film)|Tarzan]]'' | [[Kala (Tarzan)|Kala]] | Vyce |- | 2000 | ''[[102 Dalmatians]]'' | Cruella de Vil | |- | 2000 | ''[[Things You Can Tell Just by Looking at Her]]'' | Dr. Elaine Keener | |- | 2001 | ''[[The Safety of Objects]]'' | Esther Gowd | |- | 2003 | ''[[Le Divorce]]'' | Olivia Pace | |- | 2003 | ''[[Pinocchio (2002 film)|Pinocchio]]'' | [[The Fairy with Turquoise Hair|The Blue Fairy]] | Vyce; Inglis dub |- | 2004 | ''[[Heights (film)|Heights]]'' | Diana | |- | 2004 | ''[[The Stepford Wives (2004 film)|The Stepford Wives]]'' | Claire Wellington | |- | 2005 | ''[[Tarzan II]]'' | Kala | Vyce, direct-tae-DVD |- | 2005 | ''[[The Chumscrubber]]'' | Carrie Johnson | |- | 2005 | ''[[Nine Lives (2005 film)|Nine Lives]]'' | Maggie | |- | 2006 | ''[[Hoodwinked!]]'' | Granny | Vyce |- | 2007 | ''[[Evening (film)|Evening]]'' | Mrs. Wittenborn | |- | 2011 | ''[[Hoodwinked Too! Hood vs. Evil]] | Granny | Vyce |- | 2011 | ''[[Albert Nobbs]]'' | Albert Nobbs | <small>An aa producer, co-writer an author o the lyrics o the sang "Lay Your Head Down"</small> |- | 2014 | ''[[Low Down]]'' | Gram | |- | 2014 | ''[[Guardians of the Galaxy (film)|Guardians of the Galaxy]]'' | [[Nova Corps#Known members|Nova Prime Irani Rael]] | |- | 2015 | ''[[Anesthesia (film)|Anesthesia]]'' | Marcia Zarrow | ''Feenisht'' |- | TBA | ''[[5 to 7]]'' | Arlene | ''Feenisht'' |- | TBA | ''{{sortname|Always|on My Mind|nolink=1}}'' | | ''Feenisht'' |- | TBA | ''[[The Great Gilly Hopkins (film)|The Great Gilly Hopkins]]'' | | ''Feenisht'' |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Telly |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Notes |- | 1975 | ''[[The Rules of the Game]]'' | Neighbour | TV film |- | 1979 | ''[[Too Far To Go]]'' | Rebecca Kuehn | TV film |- | 1979 | ''Orphan Train'' | Jessica | TV film |- | 1982 | ''[[The Elephant Man (1982 film)|The Elephant Man]]'' | Princess Alexandra | TV film |- | 1984 | ''[[Something About Amelia]]'' | Gail Bennett | TV film |- | 1988 | ''Stones for Ibarra'' | Sara Everton | TV film |- | 1991 | ''[[Sarah, Plain and Tall (film)|Sarah, Plain and Tall]]'' | Sarah Wheaton | TV film, an aa executive producer |- | 1993 | ''[[Skylark]]'' | Sarah Witting | TV film, an aa executive producer |- | 1995 | ''[[Serving in Silence: The Margarethe Cammermeyer Story|Serving in Silence]]'' | Margarethe Cammermeyer | TV film, an aa executive producer |- | 1995–2014 | ''[[The Simpsons]]'' | [[Mona Simpson (The Simpsons)|Mona Simpson]] | 5 episodes |- | 1997 | ''[[In the Gloaming (film)|In the Gloaming]]'' | Janet | TV film |- | 1999 | ''[[Sarah, Plain and Tall: Winter's End]]'' | Sarah Witting | TV film, an aa executive producer |- | 2000 | ''Baby'' | Adult Sophie | TV film, narrator |- | 2001 | ''The Ballad of Lucy Whipple'' | Arvella Whipple | TV film, an aa executive producer |- | 2001 | ''[[South Pacific (2001 film)|South Pacific]]'' | Nellie Forbush | TV film, an aa executive producer |- | 2002 | ''[[Will & Grace]]'' | Fanny Lieber | Episode: "Hocus Pocus" |- | 2003 | ''[[Brush with Fate]]'' | Cornelia Engelbrecht | TV film |- | 2003 | ''[[The Lion in Winter (2003 film)|The Lion in Winter]]'' | Eleanor of Aquitaine | TV film |- | 2004 | ''[[The West Wing]]'' | Evelyn Baker Lang | Episode: "The Supremes" |- | 2004 | ''[[Strip Search (film)|Strip Search]]'' | Karen Moore | TV film |- | 2005 | ''[[The Shield]]'' | Captain Monica Rawling | Season 4 (13 episodes) |- | 2007–2012 | ''[[Damages (TV series)|Damages]]'' | Patty Hewes | Seasons 1–5 (59 episodes) |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Close, Glenn}} [[Category:1947 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Connecticut]] [[Category:20t-century American actresses]] [[Category:21st-century American actresses]] [[Category:Actresses frae Greenwich, Connecticut]] [[Category:Actresses o Italian strynd]] [[Category:American film actresses]] [[Category:American muisical theatre actresses]] [[Category:American fowk o Italian strynd]] [[Category:American Shakespearean actresses]] [[Category:American stage actresses]] [[Category:American televeesion actresses]] [[Category:American vyce actresses]] [[Category:Best Drama Actress Gowden Globe (televeesion) winners]] [[Category:Best Miniseries or Televeesion Movie Actress Gowden Globe winners]] [[Category:Choate Rosemary Hall alumni]] [[Category:College of William & Mary alumni]] [[Category:Mental heal activists]] [[Category:Obie Awaird recipients]] [[Category:Ootstaundin Performance bi a Lead Actress in a Drama Series Primetime Emmy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Ootstaundin Performance bi a Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Ootstaundin Performance bi a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Televeesion Movie Screen Actors Guild Awaird winners]] [[Category:Fowk o Venetian strynd]] [[Category:Tony Awaird winners]] [[Category:Drama Desk Award winners]] l78qdepsj66fg1gr7zr7gch10rrqj5j 927002 926930 2026-11-08T22:06:27Z Monospaced 75295 Award nems as published 927002 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Glenn Close | image = Glenn Close - Guardians of the Galaxy premiere - July 2014 (cropped).jpg | caption = Close at the ''Guardians of the Galaxy'' premiere in Julie 2014 | image_size = 220px | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1947|3|19}}<ref name=5dylcdw/> | birth_place = [[Greenwich, Connecticut|Greenwich]], [[Connecticut]], U.S. | years_active = 1974–present | occupation = Actress, producer | spouse = Cabot Wade (1969–1971)<br>James Marlas (1984–1987)<br>[[David Evans Shaw|David Shaw]] (2006–present) | partner = John Starke (1987–1991) | children = [[Annie Starke]] (wi Starke) | alma_mater = [[College o William & Mary]] | parents = [[William Close]]<br>[[Bettine Moore Close]] }} '''Glenn Close''' (born 19 Mairch 1947)<ref name=5dylcdw>{{cite web|last=Roberts|first=Gary Boyd|authorlink=|title=Notable Kin - Additional Noted American Cousin: A Five-Year Update, Numbers 326-350|publisher=New England Historic Genealogical Society - Founded 1845|year=2010|url=http://www.americanancestors.org/notable-kin-additional-cousins-of-the-princess-of-wales/|accessdate=2010-12-07|archive-date=2014-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016123619/http://www.americanancestors.org/notable-kin-additional-cousins-of-the-princess-of-wales/|url-status=dead}}</ref> is an American film, telly an stage actress. She haes wan [[Leet o awairds an nominations received bi Glenn Close|monie awairds]], amang them three [[Tony Awards]], three [[Golden Globe Awards]] an three [[Emmy Awards|Primetime Emmy Awards]]. She haes been nominatit for an [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] eicht times withoot winnin, mair nor ony ither leevin actor, an she hauds the record for the actress wi the maist nominations withoot a win.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/stars-whove-won-oscar-ridley-scott-glenn-close/story?id=36983232|title=Stars Who've Never Won an Oscar|date=2016-02-25|publisher=ABC News|access-date=2016-08-20}}</ref> In 2016 Close wis taen intae the [[American Theater Hall of Fame]], an in 2019 ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' named her ane o the 100 maist influential fowk in the warld.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2019/5567858/glenn-close/|title=Glenn Close: The 100 Most Influential People of 2019|magazine=TIME|language=en-us|access-date=April 17, 2019|archive-date=April 17, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417112301/http://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2019/5567858/glenn-close/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Early life== Close wis born in [[Greenwich, Connecticut]], the dochter o the doctor [[William Close]]. Her faimily war in the releegious muivement Moral Re-Armament, an she left it whan she wis 22.<ref name="thr2014">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/glenn-close-returns-stage-reveals-740633 |title=Glenn Close Returns to Stage, Reveals Remarkable Childhood in Cult |magazine=The Hollywood Reporter |date=October 15, 2014 |first=Stephen |last=Galloway |access-date=October 16, 2014 }}</ref> She gaed tae the Rosemary Hall schuil, an graduatit in 1965.<ref name="CHOATE">[http://www.choate.edu/alumni/prizewinners.asp Rosemary Hall Alumnae Award] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080521142422/http://www.choate.edu/alumni/prizewinners.asp |date=May 21, 2008 }} from the [[Choate Rosemary Hall]] website</ref> Syne she studied theatre an anthropology at the [[College of William & Mary]]. ==Career== She stairtit her professional career on stage in 1974 wi ''Love for Love'' an wis maistly a New York stage actress till the early 1980s. Her wark includit [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] productions o ''[[Barnum (musical)|Barnum]]'' in 1980 an ''[[The Real Thing (play)|The Real Thing]]'' in 1983, that she wan the [[Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play]] for. Her film debut cam in ''[[The World According to Garp (film)|The World According to Garp]]'' (1982), that wis follit bi supportin roles in the films ''[[The Big Chill (film)|The Big Chill]]'' (1983) an ''[[The Natural (film)|The Natural]]'' (1984); aw three earned her nominations for the [[Academy Awards|Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]]. Syne she becam a star wi lead roles in ''[[Fatal Attraction]]'' (1987) an ''[[Dangerous Liaisons]]'' (1988), baith o that earned her nominations for the [[Academy Awards|Academy Award for Best Actress]]. Close wan twa mair Tony Awards for ''[[Death and the Maiden (play)|Death and the Maiden]]'' in 1992 an ''[[Sunset Boulevard (muisical)|Sunset Boulevard]]'' in 1995. She wan her first [[Emmy Awards|Primetime Emmy Award]] for the 1995 telly drama film ''[[Serving in Silence: The Margarethe Cammermeyer Story]]'', an she held on wi a successfu career in Hollywood, wi starrin roles in ''[[Reversal of Fortune]]'' (1990), ''[[101 Dalmatians (1996 film)|101 Dalmatians]]'' (1996), an ''[[Air Force One (film)|Air Force One]]'' (1997), amang ithers. She did mair telly wark in the 2000s, an her playin o [[Eleanor o Aquitaine]] in the 2003 telly film ''[[The Lion in Winter (2003 film)|The Lion in Winter]]'' earnin her a [[Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globe Award]]. Frae 2007 tae 2012 Close starred as [[Patty Hewes]] in the drama series ''[[Damages (TV series)|Damages]]'', that wan her a [[Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globe Award]] an twa mair [[Emmy Awards|Primetime Emmy Awards]]. She cam back tae the Broadway stage in a 2014 revival o ''[[A Delicate Balance (play)|A Delicate Balance]]''.<ref name="broadwaybox.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.broadwaybox.com/daily-scoop/what-play-can-come-along-that-will-be-more-star-studded-than-this/|title=What Play Can Come Along Next Season That Will Be More Star-Studded Than A Delicate Balance?|publisher=}}</ref> Aboot this time she wis nominatit for twa mair Academy Awards, for ''[[Albert Nobbs]]'' (2011) an ''[[The Wife (2017 film)|The Wife]]'' (2017), an she wan a third [[Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globe]] for ''The Wife''. In 2020 she played Mamaw in the [[Netflix]] film o ''Hillbilly Elegy'', that brocht her an eichth Academy Award nomination.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://deadline.com/2019/04/netflix-glenn-close-hillbilly-elegy-amy-adams-ron-howard-1202593574/|title=Glenn Close Joins Amy Adams In Ron Howard & Netflix's 'Hillbilly Elegy'|date=April 11, 2019|work=Deadline|access-date=April 11, 2019|archive-date=April 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411160446/https://deadline.com/2019/04/netflix-glenn-close-hillbilly-elegy-amy-adams-ron-howard-1202593574/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Personal life== Close haes been mairit three times, an she haes a dochter, [[Annie Starke]], frae her relationship wi the producer John Starke. She is the preses o Trillium Productions an co-foondit the wabsteid FetchDog. She haes gien money tae [[Democratic Pairty (Unitit States)|Democratic]] politeecians, an speaks oot on maitters sic as gay mairiage, weemen's richts an mental heal. She foondit the chairity Bring Change 2 Mind, that fechts the stigma o mental illness.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2015/film/news/glenn-close-bring-change-2-mind-mental-illness-charity-1201475860/|title=Glenn Close Fights to End Mental Illness Stigma With Bring Change 2 Mind|last=Setoodeh|first=Ramin|date=April 21, 2015|language=en-US|access-date=August 10, 2016|archive-date=August 21, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821015018/http://variety.com/2015/film/news/glenn-close-bring-change-2-mind-mental-illness-charity-1201475860/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Filmografie== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Film |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Notes |- | 1982 | ''[[The World According to Garp (film)|The World According to Garp]]'' | Jenny Fields | |- | 1983 | ''[[The Big Chill (film)|The Big Chill]]'' | Sarah Cooper | |- | 1984 | ''[[The Natural (film)|The Natural]]'' | Iris Gaines | |- | 1984 | ''[[The Stone Boy (film)|The Stone Boy]]'' | Ruth Hillerman | |- | 1984 | ''[[Greystoke: The Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes]]'' | Jane Porter | Vyce, uncreditit |- | 1985 | ''[[Jagged Edge (film)|Jagged Edge]]'' | Teddy Barnes | |- | 1985 | ''[[Maxie (film)|Maxie]]'' | Jan / Maxie | |- | 1987 | ''[[Fatal Attraction]]'' | Alexandra "Alex" Forrest | |- | 1988 | ''[[Dangerous Liaisons]]'' | Marquise Isabelle de Merteuil | |- | 1988 | ''[[Light Years (film)|Light Years]]'' | Queen Ambisextra | Vyce |- | 1989 | ''[[Immediate Family (film)|Immediate Family]]'' | Linda Spector | |- | 1990 | ''[[Reversal of Fortune]]'' | Sunny von Bulow | |- | 1990 | ''[[Hamlet (1990 film)|Hamlet]]'' | Queen Gertrude | |- | 1991 | ''[[Hook (film)|Hook]]'' | Gutless | Cameo |- | 1991 | ''[[Meeting Venus]]'' | Karin Anderson | |- | 1993 | ''[[The House of the Spirits]]'' | Ferula Trueba | |- | 1994 | ''[[The Paper (film)|The Paper]]'' | Alicia Clark | |- | 1996 | ''[[Mars Attacks!]]'' | First Lady Marsha Dale | |- | 1996 | ''[[101 Dalmatians (1996 film)|101 Dalmatians]]'' | [[Cruella de Vil]] | |- | 1997 | ''[[Paradise Road (1997 film)|Paradise Road]]'' | Adrienne Pargiter | |- | 1997 | ''[[Air Force One (film)|Air Force One]]'' | Vice Preses Kathryn Bennett | |- | 1999 | ''[[Cookie's Fortune]]'' | Camille Dixon | |- | 1999 | ''[[Tarzan (1999 film)|Tarzan]]'' | [[Kala (Tarzan)|Kala]] | Vyce |- | 2000 | ''[[102 Dalmatians]]'' | Cruella de Vil | |- | 2000 | ''[[Things You Can Tell Just by Looking at Her]]'' | Dr. Elaine Keener | |- | 2001 | ''[[The Safety of Objects]]'' | Esther Gowd | |- | 2003 | ''[[Le Divorce]]'' | Olivia Pace | |- | 2003 | ''[[Pinocchio (2002 film)|Pinocchio]]'' | [[The Fairy with Turquoise Hair|The Blue Fairy]] | Vyce; Inglis dub |- | 2004 | ''[[Heights (film)|Heights]]'' | Diana | |- | 2004 | ''[[The Stepford Wives (2004 film)|The Stepford Wives]]'' | Claire Wellington | |- | 2005 | ''[[Tarzan II]]'' | Kala | Vyce, direct-tae-DVD |- | 2005 | ''[[The Chumscrubber]]'' | Carrie Johnson | |- | 2005 | ''[[Nine Lives (2005 film)|Nine Lives]]'' | Maggie | |- | 2006 | ''[[Hoodwinked!]]'' | Granny | Vyce |- | 2007 | ''[[Evening (film)|Evening]]'' | Mrs. Wittenborn | |- | 2011 | ''[[Hoodwinked Too! Hood vs. Evil]] | Granny | Vyce |- | 2011 | ''[[Albert Nobbs]]'' | Albert Nobbs | <small>An aa producer, co-writer an author o the lyrics o the sang "Lay Your Head Down"</small> |- | 2014 | ''[[Low Down]]'' | Gram | |- | 2014 | ''[[Guardians of the Galaxy (film)|Guardians of the Galaxy]]'' | [[Nova Corps#Known members|Nova Prime Irani Rael]] | |- | 2015 | ''[[Anesthesia (film)|Anesthesia]]'' | Marcia Zarrow | ''Feenisht'' |- | TBA | ''[[5 to 7]]'' | Arlene | ''Feenisht'' |- | TBA | ''{{sortname|Always|on My Mind|nolink=1}}'' | | ''Feenisht'' |- | TBA | ''[[The Great Gilly Hopkins (film)|The Great Gilly Hopkins]]'' | | ''Feenisht'' |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Telly |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Notes |- | 1975 | ''[[The Rules of the Game]]'' | Neighbour | TV film |- | 1979 | ''[[Too Far To Go]]'' | Rebecca Kuehn | TV film |- | 1979 | ''Orphan Train'' | Jessica | TV film |- | 1982 | ''[[The Elephant Man (1982 film)|The Elephant Man]]'' | Princess Alexandra | TV film |- | 1984 | ''[[Something About Amelia]]'' | Gail Bennett | TV film |- | 1988 | ''Stones for Ibarra'' | Sara Everton | TV film |- | 1991 | ''[[Sarah, Plain and Tall (film)|Sarah, Plain and Tall]]'' | Sarah Wheaton | TV film, an aa executive producer |- | 1993 | ''[[Skylark]]'' | Sarah Witting | TV film, an aa executive producer |- | 1995 | ''[[Serving in Silence: The Margarethe Cammermeyer Story|Serving in Silence]]'' | Margarethe Cammermeyer | TV film, an aa executive producer |- | 1995–2014 | ''[[The Simpsons]]'' | [[Mona Simpson (The Simpsons)|Mona Simpson]] | 5 episodes |- | 1997 | ''[[In the Gloaming (film)|In the Gloaming]]'' | Janet | TV film |- | 1999 | ''[[Sarah, Plain and Tall: Winter's End]]'' | Sarah Witting | TV film, an aa executive producer |- | 2000 | ''Baby'' | Adult Sophie | TV film, narrator |- | 2001 | ''The Ballad of Lucy Whipple'' | Arvella Whipple | TV film, an aa executive producer |- | 2001 | ''[[South Pacific (2001 film)|South Pacific]]'' | Nellie Forbush | TV film, an aa executive producer |- | 2002 | ''[[Will & Grace]]'' | Fanny Lieber | Episode: "Hocus Pocus" |- | 2003 | ''[[Brush with Fate]]'' | Cornelia Engelbrecht | TV film |- | 2003 | ''[[The Lion in Winter (2003 film)|The Lion in Winter]]'' | Eleanor of Aquitaine | TV film |- | 2004 | ''[[The West Wing]]'' | Evelyn Baker Lang | Episode: "The Supremes" |- | 2004 | ''[[Strip Search (film)|Strip Search]]'' | Karen Moore | TV film |- | 2005 | ''[[The Shield]]'' | Captain Monica Rawling | Season 4 (13 episodes) |- | 2007–2012 | ''[[Damages (TV series)|Damages]]'' | Patty Hewes | Seasons 1–5 (59 episodes) |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Close, Glenn}} [[Category:1947 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Connecticut]] [[Category:20t-century American actresses]] [[Category:21st-century American actresses]] [[Category:Actresses frae Greenwich, Connecticut]] [[Category:Actresses o Italian strynd]] [[Category:American film actresses]] [[Category:American muisical theatre actresses]] [[Category:American fowk o Italian strynd]] [[Category:American Shakespearean actresses]] [[Category:American stage actresses]] [[Category:American televeesion actresses]] [[Category:American vyce actresses]] [[Category:Best Drama Actress Gowden Globe (televeesion) winners]] [[Category:Best Miniseries or Televeesion Movie Actress Gowden Globe winners]] [[Category:Choate Rosemary Hall alumni]] [[Category:College of William & Mary alumni]] [[Category:Mental heal activists]] [[Category:Obie Awaird recipients]] [[Category:Ootstaundin Performance bi a Lead Actress in a Drama Series Primetime Emmy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Ootstaundin Performance bi a Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Ootstaundin Performance bi a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Televeesion Movie Screen Actors Guild Awaird winners]] [[Category:Fowk o Venetian strynd]] [[Category:Tony Awaird winners]] [[Category:Drama Desk Award winners]] m6msix9c8gefixpgcp989mhm60xts3o 0 93633 927276 857236 2026-11-09T11:00:47Z Monospaced 75295 Remove Fix Scots; lead, Warld Cup record (2018, 2022, 2026) an squad updatit 927276 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox naitional fitbaw team | Name = Croatie | Nickname = {{lang|hr|Vatreni}} (The Blazers) | Badge =Croatia national football team crest.svg | Badge_size = 180px | Association = {{nowrap|{{lang|hr|[[Croatian Football Federation]]}}}} | Sub-confederation = | Confederation = [[UEFA]] (Europe) | FIFA Trigramme = CRO | FIFA Rank = {{FIFA World Rankings|CRO}} | FIFA max = 3 | FIFA max date = Januar 1999 | FIFA min = 125 | FIFA min date = Mairch 1994 | Elo Rank = {{World Football Elo Ratings|Croatia}} | Elo max = 5 | Elo max date = Julie 1998, Julie 2018 | Elo min = 26 | Elo min date = October 2002 | Coach = [[Slaven Bilić]] | Captain = [[Luka Modrić]] | Most caps = [[Luka Modrić]] (206) | Top scorer = [[Davor Šuker]] (45) |pattern_la1=_cro20H |pattern_b1=_cro20H |pattern_ra1=_cro20H |pattern_sh1=_cro20H |pattern_so1= | leftarm1=F40000 |body1=FFFFFF |rightarm1=F40000 |shorts1=ffffff |socks1=FF0000 | pattern_la2=_cro20A |pattern_b2=_cro20A |pattern_ra2=_cro20A |pattern_sh2=_cro20A |pattern_so2=_cro20A | leftarm2=000000 |body2=29459B |rightarm2=000000 |shorts2=000000 |socks2=000000 | First game = '''Unoffeecial'''<br>{{fb|Croatie|1990}} 2–1 {{fb-rt|USA}}<br />([[Zagreb]], [[Croatie]]; 17 October 1990)<br />'''Official'''<br />{{fb|AUS}} 1–0 {{fb-rt|Croatie}}<br />([[Melbourne]], [[Australie]]; 5 Julie 1992) | Largest win = {{fb|Croatie}} 7–0 {{fb-rt|AUS}}<br />([[Zagreb]], [[Croatie]]; 6 Juin 1998)<br />{{fb|Croatie}} 7–0 {{fb-rt|Andorrae}}<br />([[Zagreb]], [[Croatie]]; 7 October 2006) | Largest loss = {{fb|CRO}} 0–7 {{fb-rt|ENG}}<br />(Rijeka, Croatie; 3 October 2026) | World cup apps = 7 | World cup first = 1998 | World cup best = Runners-up ([[2018 FIFA Warld Cup|2018]]) | Regional name = [[UEFA European Championship|European Championship]] | Regional cup apps = 7 | Regional cup first = [[UEFA Euro 1996|1996]] | Regional cup best = Quarter-finals, [[UEFA Euro 1996|1996]], [[UEFA Euro 2008|2008]] }} The '''Croatie naitional fitbaw team''' ({{lang-hr|Hrvatska nogometna reprezentacija}}) represents [[Croatie]] in men's internaitional [[Association fitbaw|fitbaw]]. It is run bi the [[Croatian Football Federation]] (HNS), an is a member o [[UEFA]] an [[FIFA]]. The team is kent as the ''Vatreni'' (the Blazers) an the ''Kockasti'' (the Checkered Anes). Croatie haes qualified for ilka major tournament but UEFA Euro 2000 an the [[2010 FIFA Warld Cup]]. At the [[FIFA Warld Cup|Warld Cup]] it feenished second in [[2018 FIFA Warld Cup|2018]] an third in 1998 an [[2022 FIFA Warld Cup|2022]]. [[Davor Šuker]] wan the Golden Shoe in 1998, an [[Luka Modrić]] wan the Golden Ball in 2018. The team haes reached the quarter-finals o the [[UEFA European Championship]] twice (1996 an 2008), an feenished second in the [[UEFA Nations League]] in 2023. == Players == ===Current squad=== ''Caps an goals as o 6 October 2026, efter the UEFA Nations League match against [[Spain naitional fitbaw team|Spain]].''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eu-football.info/_players.php?id=47&data=9|title=Most Croatia Caps|website=EU-Football.info}}</ref> {{nat fs g start}} {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=GK|name=Dominik Livaković|age={{birth date and age|df=y|1995|1|9}}|caps=83|goals=0|club=Barcelona|clubnat=ESP}} {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=GK|name=Dominik Kotarski|age={{birth date and age|df=y|2000|2|10}}|caps=4|goals=0|club=Dinamo Zagreb|clubnat=CRO}} {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=GK|name=Ivor Pandur|age={{birth date and age|df=y|2000|3|25}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=Rangers|clubnat=SCO}} {{nat fs break}} {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=Joško Gvardiol|age={{birth date and age|df=y|2002|1|23}}|caps=56|goals=4|club=Manchester City|clubnat=ENG}} {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=Josip Šutalo|age={{birth date and age|df=y|2000|2|28}}|caps=40|goals=0|club=Lazio|clubnat=ITA}} {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=Duje Ćaleta-Car|age={{birth date and age|df=y|1996|9|17}}|caps=38|goals=1|club=Sassuolo|clubnat=ITA}} {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=Josip Stanišić|age={{birth date and age|df=y|2000|4|2}}|caps=38|goals=0|club=Bayern Munich|clubnat=GER}} {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=Luka Vušković|age={{birth date and age|df=y|2007|2|24}}|caps=10|goals=1|club=Brighton & Hove Albion|clubnat=ENG}} {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=Ivan Smolčić|age={{birth date and age|df=y|2000|8|17}}|caps=3|goals=0|club=Como|clubnat=ITA}} {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=Šimun Hrgović|age={{birth date and age|df=y|2004|3|20}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=Hajduk Split|clubnat=CRO}} {{nat fs break}} {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=Luka Modrić|other=captain|age={{birth date and age|df=y|1985|9|9}}|caps=206|goals=30|club=AC Milan|clubnat=ITA}} {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=Mateo Kovačić|other=third captain|age={{birth date and age|df=y|1994|5|6}}|caps=121|goals=5|club=Manchester City|clubnat=ENG}} {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=Mario Pašalić|other=fifth captain|age={{birth date and age|df=y|1995|2|9}}|caps=93|goals=12|club=Atalanta|clubnat=ITA}} {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=Nikola Vlašić|age={{birth date and age|df=y|1997|10|4}}|caps=69|goals=11|club=Torino|clubnat=ITA}} {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=Martin Baturina|age={{birth date and age|df=y|2003|2|16}}|caps=25|goals=2|club=Como|clubnat=ITA}} {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=Petar Sučić|age={{birth date and age|df=y|2003|10|25}}|caps=25|goals=2|club=Inter Milan|clubnat=ITA}} {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=Luka Sučić|age={{birth date and age|df=y|2002|9|8}}|caps=23|goals=1|club=Real Sociedad|clubnat=ESP}} {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=Kristijan Jakić|age={{birth date and age|df=y|1997|5|14}}|caps=19|goals=2|club=PAOK|clubnat=GRE}} {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=Josip Mišić|age={{birth date and age|df=y|1994|6|28}}|caps=4|goals=0|club=Dinamo Zagreb|clubnat=CRO}} {{nat fs break}} {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=Ivan Perišić|other=vice-captain|age={{birth date and age|df=y|1989|2|2}}|caps=162|goals=40|club=PSV Eindhoven|clubnat=NED}} {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=Ante Budimir|age={{birth date and age|df=y|1991|7|22}}|caps=43|goals=7|club=Osasuna|clubnat=ESP}} {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=Marco Pašalić|age={{birth date and age|df=y|2000|9|14}}|caps=20|goals=2|club=Orlando City|clubnat=USA}} {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=Igor Matanović|age={{birth date and age|df=y|2003|3|31}}|caps=15|goals=2|club=SC Freiburg|clubnat=GER}} {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=Dion Drena Beljo|age={{birth date and age|df=y|2002|3|1}}|caps=4|goals=1|club=Dinamo Zagreb|clubnat=CRO}} {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=Marin Šotiček|age={{birth date and age|df=y|2004|9|18}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=Hajduk Split|clubnat=CRO}} {{nat fs end}} ==Record at Warld Cup== {{unsoorced|section|September 2020}} Croatie haes played at the [[FIFA Warld Cup]] seiven times (1998, 2002, 2006, 2014, 2018, 2022 an 2026) syne it becam independent in 1991. Afore that, frae 1930 tae 1990, Croatie wis pairt o [[Socialist Federal Republic o Yugoslavie|Yugoslavie]]. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 10px;" !Year !Round !Position !GP !W !D* !L !GS !GA |- | align="center" |[[File:Flag_of_Uruguay.svg|link=Uruguay|alt=Uruguay|border|23x23px|[[File:Flag_of_Uruguay.svg|link=Uruguay|alt=Uruguay|border|23x23px]]]] 1930 to [[File:Flag_of_France.svg|link=Fraunce|alt=Fraunce|border|23x23px|[[File:Flag_of_France.svg|link=Fraunce|alt=Fraunce|border|23x23px]]]] 1938 | colspan="8" |''as pairt o ''[[File:Flag_of_Yugoslavia_(1918–1943).svg|link=Kinrick_o_Yugoslavie|alt=Kinrick o Yugoslavie|border|23x23px]]'' Kinrick o Yugoslavie'' |- | align="center" |[[File:Flag_of_Brazil_(1889-1960).svg|link=Brazil|alt=Brazil|border|22x22px|[[File:Flag_of_Brazil_(1889-1960).svg|link=Brazil|alt=Brazil|border|22x22px]]]] 1950 to [[File:Flag_of_Italy_(1946–2003).svg|link=Italy|alt=Italy|border|23x23px|[[File:Flag_of_Italy_(1946–2003).svg|link=Italy|alt=Italy|border|23x23px]]]] 1990 | colspan="8" |''as pairt o ''[[File:Flag_of_SFR_Yugoslavia.svg|link=Socialist_Federal_Republic_o_Yugoslavie|alt=Socialist Federal Republic o Yugoslavie|border|23x23px]]'' [[Socialist Federal Republic o Yugoslavie|SFR Yugoslavia]]'' |- | align="center" |[[File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg|link=Unitit_States|alt=Unitit States|border|23x23px|[[File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg|link=Unitit_States|alt=Unitit States|border|23x23px]]]] 1994 | colspan="8" |''Didna enter'' |- bgcolor="#cc9966" | align="center" |[[File:Flag_of_France.svg|link=Fraunce|alt=Fraunce|border|23x23px|[[File:Flag_of_France.svg|link=Fraunce|alt=Fraunce|border|23x23px]]]] [[1998 FIFA Warld Cup|1998]] |Semi-final |3rd |7 |5 |0 |2 |11 |5 |- | align="center" |[[File:Flag_of_South_Korea.svg|link=Sooth_Korea|alt=Sooth Korea|border|23x23px|[[File:Flag_of_South_Korea.svg|link=Sooth_Korea|alt=Sooth Korea|border|23x23px]]]][[File:Flag_of_Japan.svg|link=Japan|alt=Japan|border|23x23px|[[File:Flag_of_Japan.svg|link=Japan|alt=Japan|border|23x23px]]]] [[2002 FIFA Warld Cup|2002]] |Group stage |23rd |3 |1 |0 |2 |2 |3 |- | align="center" |[[File:Flag_of_Germany.svg|link=Germany|alt=Germany|border|23x23px|[[File:Flag_of_Germany.svg|link=Germany|alt=Germany|border|23x23px]]]] [[2006 FIFA Warld Cup|2006]] |Group stage |22nd |3 |0 |2 |1 |2 |3 |- | align="center" |[[File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg|link=Sooth_Africae|alt=Sooth Africae|border|23x23px|[[File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg|link=Sooth_Africae|alt=Sooth Africae|border|23x23px]]]] [[2010 FIFA Warld Cup|2010]] | colspan="8" |''Didna qualify'' |- | align="center" |[[File:Flag_of_Brazil.svg|link=Brazil|alt=Brazil|border|22x22px|[[File:Flag_of_Brazil.svg|link=Brazil|alt=Brazil|border|22x22px]]]] [[2014 FIFA Warld Cup|2014]] |Group stage |19th |3 |1 |0 |2 |6 |6 |- | align="center" |[[File:Flag_of_Russia.svg|link=Roushie|alt=Roushie|border|23x23px|[[File:Flag_of_Russia.svg|link=Roushie|alt=Roushie|border|23x23px]]]] [[2018 FIFA Warld Cup|2018]] |Final |2nt |7 |4 |2 |1 |14 |9 |- | align="center" |[[File:Flag_of_Qatar.svg|link=Qatar|alt=Qatar|border|23x23px|[[File:Flag_of_Qatar.svg|link=Qatar|alt=Qatar|border|23x23px]]]] [[2022 FIFA Warld Cup|2022]] |Third place |3rd |7 |2 |4 |1 |8 |7 |- | align="center" |[[File:Flag_of_Canada.svg|link=Canadae|alt=Canadae|border|23x23px|[[File:Flag_of_Canada.svg|link=Canadae|alt=Canadae|border|23x23px]]]][[File:Flag_of_Mexico.svg|link=Mexico|alt=Mexico|border|23x23px|[[File:Flag_of_Mexico.svg|link=Mexico|alt=Mexico|border|23x23px]]]][[File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg|link=Unitit_States|alt=Unitit States|border|23x23px|[[File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg|link=Unitit_States|alt=Unitit States|border|23x23px]]]] 2026 |Roond o 32 |20t |4 |2 |0 |2 |6 |7 |- | colspan="3" |<center>'''Total'''</center> |<center>'''34'''</center> |<center>'''15'''</center> |<center>'''8'''</center> |<center>'''11'''</center> |<center>'''49'''</center> |<center>'''40'''</center> |} : <small>''*Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks''</small> ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:European naitional association fitbaw teams]] [[Category:Croatie naitional fitbaw team| ]] [[Category:Naitional sports teams o Croatie|fitbaw]] {{stub/Sport}} rloy1j2egxbkapzelk4i15orqsw3muh 0 93845 927272 881327 2026-11-09T10:58:42Z Monospaced 75295 Remove Fix Scots; record titles an stadium addit, infobox updatit, soorced 927272 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox fitbaw club | clubname = Sparta Prague | image = | fullname = Athletic Club Sparta Praha Fotbal, A.S. | nickname = ''Železná Sparta''<br>(Iron Sparta)<br /> ''Rudí''<br>(The Reds/The Maroons)<ref group=note>Sparta Prague rivals, Slavia Prague, refer tae themsels as "''Červenobílí''" ({{lang-sco|The Reid-Whites}}) but refer tae Spartans as "''Rudí''" ({{lang-sco|The Dark Reids/The Maroons}}).</ref> | founded = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|1893|11|16}} | ground = Generali Arena,<br />[[Prague]] | capacity = 19,416 | chairman = Daniel Křetínský | manager = Brian Priske | league = [[Czech First League]] (I) | season = 2025–26 | position = 2nt o 16 | pattern_la1=_spraga1718h | pattern_la2=_finlandia16h | pattern_la3=_finlandia16h | pattern_b1=_spraga1718h | pattern_b2=_inter1617a | pattern_b3=_inter1617a | pattern_ra1=_spraga1718h | pattern_ra2=_finlandia16h | pattern_ra3=_finlandia16h | pattern_sh1=_spraga1718h | pattern_sh2=_blue_stripes | pattern_sh3=_yellow_stripes | pattern_so1=_spraga1718h | leftarm1=45040A | leftarm2=FFFFFF | leftarm3=FFFFFF | body1=880022 | body2=FFFFFF | body3=FFFFFF | rightarm1=45040A | rightarm2=FFFFFF | rightarm3=FFFFFF | shorts1=FFFFFF | shorts2=FFFFFF | shorts3=0000FF | socks1=000000 | socks2=FFFFFF | socks3=0000FF | website = http://www.sparta.cz }} '''AC Sparta Prague''' ({{lang-cs|AC Sparta Praha}} {{IPA-cs|ˈaː ˈt͡sɛː ˈsparta ˈpraɦa|}}) is a [[Czech Republic|Czech]] [[association fitbaw|fitbaw]] club based in [[Prague]]. It is the maist successfu club in the Czech Republic an ane o the maist successfu in Central Europe. It haes wan the Central European Cup (forby kent as the [[Mitropa Cup]]) three times, an reached the semi-finals o the [[European Cup]] (nou the [[UEFA Champions League]]) in 1992 an the [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup|European Cup Winners' Cup]] in 1973.<ref name=achievements>{{cite web |url=http://www.sparta.cz/en/club/achievements.shtml |title=Achievements - AC Sparta Praha |publisher=Sparta.cz |date= |accessdate=2013-11-13 |archive-date=2013-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131118200618/http://www.sparta.cz/en/club/achievements.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author= |url=http://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/teams/club=50033/profile/history/index.html |title=Sparta Praha – |publisher=Uefa.com |date=1964-09-16 |accessdate=2013-11-13 |archive-date=2018-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104073350/http://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/teams/club=50033/profile/history/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sparta haes wan a record 38 domestic league titles,<ref>{{cite web|title=Sparta Prague Win 37th Czech Title After Nine Years Wait|url=https://www.praguemorning.cz/sparta-prague-win-37th-czech-title-after-nine-years-wait/|publisher=Prague Morning|date=2023-05-23|access-date=2023-05-28|archive-date=28 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528003300/https://www.praguemorning.cz/sparta-prague-win-37th-czech-title-after-nine-years-wait/|url-status=live}}</ref> a record 16 [[Czech Cup]]s (coontin the Czechoslovak Cup afore it), an twa Czech Supercups.<ref name=achievements/> For lang it wis the main soorce o players for the [[Czech Republic naitional fitbaw team]], tho the best Czech players nou play near aw in foreign leagues. Sparta plays at Prague's [[Stadion Letná|Epet Arena]], kent as the Letná Stadium an aw. ==Notes== <references group="note"/> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sparta Prague}} [[Category:AC Sparta Prague| ]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in the Czech Republic]] [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1893]] [[Category:Czech First League clubs]] [[Category:Sport in Prague]] [[Category:Multi-sport clubs in the Czech Republic]] [[Category:1893 establishments in Bohemie]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Czechoslovakie]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Prague]] {{stub/Sport}} ef5h8v8jlf28jzkdz393zv2q29ij02m 1 93846 927273 496554 2026-11-09T10:59:00Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin ref 927273 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talkpage}} {{translatit page|en|AC Sparta Prague}} {{Translatit page|en|AC Sparta Prague|version=1383746347}} mkt0m424fk56g127fwvgydros3cdepc 0 95207 926953 922695 2026-11-08T21:23:17Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; seicont term, soorced 926953 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |name = Donald Trump |image = Official Presidential Portrait of President Donald J. Trump (2025).jpg | order = 45t & 47t | office = Preses o the Unitit States | vicepresident = [[JD Vance]] | term_start = 20 Januar 2025 | predecessor = [[Joe Biden]] | vicepresident1 = [[Mike Pence]] | term_start1 = 20 Januar 2017 | term_end1 = 20 Januar 2021 | predecessor1 = [[Barack Obama]] | successor1 = Joe Biden |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1946|6|14}} |birth_place = [[New York Ceety]], [[New York (state)|New York]], U.S. | residence = {{plainlist| * [[Mar-a-Lago]] }} |party = [[Republican Pairty (Unitit States)|Republican]] {{small|(1987–1999, 2009–2011, 2012–present)}} |otherparty = [[Democratic Pairty (Unitit States)|Democratic]] {{small|(afore 1987, 2001–2009)}}<br>[[Reform Pairty o the Unitit States o Americae|Reform]] {{small|(1999–2001)}}<br>[[Independent politeecian|Independent]] {{small|(2011–2012)}}<ref name="politifact">{{cite news |last=Gillin |first=Joshua |title=Bush says Trump was a Democrat longer than a Republican `in the last decade’ |work=[[PolitiFact.com|PolitiFact]] |date=August 24, 2015 |url=http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2015/aug/24/jeb-bush/bush-says-trump-was-democrat-longer-republican-las/ |access-date=2015-10-21 }}</ref><ref name="sargent">{{cite web |url=http://archive.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/blogs/hilary-sargent/2014/01/22/the-man-responsible-for-donald-trump-never-ending-presidential-campaign/95LunCt63n3xKoq5DyJNFI/blog.html |title=The Man Responsible for Donald Trump’s Never-Ending Presidential Campaign |last=Sargent |first=Hilary |date=January 22, 2014 |website=[[Boston.com]] |quote=A New Hampshire Republican activist named Mike Dunbar dreamed up the idea of a Donald Trump presidency [in] early summer of 1987... Dunbar launched a ‘Draft Trump’ campaign... Stories about a possible Trump presidency ran in newspapers across the country... (Trump was registered as a Democrat at the time...) |access-date=2016-11-09 |archive-date=2016-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603074751/http://archive.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/blogs/hilary-sargent/2014/01/22/the-man-responsible-for-donald-trump-never-ending-presidential-campaign/95LunCt63n3xKoq5DyJNFI/blog.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |spouse = {{unbulleted list|{{marriage|[[Ivana Trump|Ivana Zelníčková]]<br>|1977|1990|end=div}}|{{marriage|[[Marla Maples]]<br>|1993|1999|end=div}}|{{marriage|[[Melania Trump|Melania Knauss]]<br>|2005}}}}<!-- Omit married names (the use of married names implies that their surname before the marriage was "Trump", and overrules WP:COMMONNAME) --> |children = {{unbulleted list|[[Donald Trump Jr.|Donald Jr.]]|[[Ivanka Trump|Ivanka]]|[[Eric Trump|Eric]]|[[Tiffany Trump|Tiffany]]|Barron}} |alma_mater = [[Fordham Varsity]]<br>[[Varsity of Pennsylvania]] {{small|([[Bachelor o Science|BS]])}} |religion = [[Presbyterianism]] |signature = Donald Trump (Presidential signature).svg |signature_alt = Donald J Trump stylised autograph, in ink | website = {{plainlist| * {{URL|https://donaldjtrump.com|Offeecial wabsteid}} * {{URL|https://whitehouse.gov/administration/president-trump|White House wabsteid}} }} | nickname = "The Donald"<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2015/09/01/why-does-everyone-call-donald-trump-the-donald-its-an-interesting-story/ |title=Why does everyone call Donald Trump 'The Donald'? It's an interesting story. |last=Argetsinger |first=Amy |date=September 1, 2015 |website=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> }} '''Donald John Trump''' (born 14 Juin 1946) is an American politeecian an businessman that haes been the 47t [[Preses o the Unitit States]] syne 2025. He served as the 45t Preses frae 2017 tae 2021. Afore enterin politics he wis a businessman an telly personality on "The Apprentice". Trump wis born an raised in [[Queens]], [[New York Ceety]], an earned an [[economics]] degree frae the Wharton School o the Varsity o Pennsylvanie. He then teuk chairge o The Trump Organization, the property an biggin firm foondit bi his faither's mither, that he ran for fower an a hauf decades till 2017. In his real estate career, Trump biggit, renovatit an managed monie office touers, hotels, casinos an gowf coorses. Forby property, he stairtit several side ventures an haes licensed the uise o his nem for the buistin o various products an properties. He awned the Miss USA an Miss Universe pageants frae 1996 tae 2015, an he hostit ''The Apprentice'', a reality telly series on NBC telly, frae 2004 tae 2015. His estimatit net wirth {{as o|Aprile 2020|lc=y}} wis $2.1{{nbsp}}billion. (1,001st in the warld, 275t in the U.S.)<ref name="forbes-billionaires">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/donald-trump/?list=billionaires|title=#1001 Donald Trump|magazine=[[Forbes]]|year=2020|accessdate=April 13, 2020}}</ref> Trump first publicly expresst interest in rinnin for poleetical office in 1987. He buir the gree i twa Reform Pairty presidential primars in 2000, but drew back his candidacy early on. In Juin 2015, he stairtit his campaign for the [[2016 Unitit States presidential election|2016 presidential election]] an swith kythed as the front-rinner amang 17 candidates in the Republican primars. His final opponents suspendit thair campaigns in Mey 2016, an in Julie he wis formally nominatit at the Republican Naitional Convention alang wi the Indiana governor [[Mike Pence]] as his rinnin mate. Monie o his campaign statements war controversial or fause, an they got him muckle free media coverage. Trump wan the general election on November 8, 2016, in a surprise victory ower the [[Democratic Pairty (Unitit States)|Democratic]] candidate [[Hillary Clinton]]. He becam the auldest an walthiest person tae assume the presidency, the first withoot ony afore militar or government service, an the fift electit wi less nor a [[plurality (votin)|plurality]] o the [[Popular vote (representative democracy)|naitional popular vote]]. His poleetical poseetions hae been descrived bi scholars an commentators as [[fascist]]<ref>[https://www.newsweek.com/robert-paxton-trump-fascist-1560652]</ref>, [[populist]], protectionist, an [[American naitionalism|naitionalist]]. In 2019 the Hoose o Representatives impeached him for abuse o pouer an obstruction o Congress, an the Senate acquitted him in Februar 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=Trump impeached by the House for abuse of power, obstruction of Congress |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/trump-impeachment-inquiry/trump-impeached-house-abuse-power-n1104196 |access-date=December 18, 2019 |work=[[NBC News]] |date=December 18, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=[[CNBC]] |date=February 5, 2020 |title=Trump acquitted of both charges in Senate impeachment trial |last1=Wilkie |first1=Christina |last2=Breuninger |first2=Kevin |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/05/trump-acquitted-in-impeachment-trial.html |access-date=February 2, 2021}}</ref> Trump tint the [[2020 Unitit States presidential election|2020 presidential election]] tae [[Joe Biden]]. He wan the 2024 election agin [[Kamala Harris]], an wis sworn in for a seicont term on 20 Januar 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ogwude |first1=Haadiza |last2=Page |first2=Susan |date=January 20, 2025 |title=Is Donald Trump the oldest president sworn into office? A look at his historic feats |work=[[USA Today]] |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2025/01/20/who-is-the-oldest-president-to-be-sworn-in-donald-trump/77776042007/ |access-date=January 20, 2025}}</ref> In 2024 he becam the first umwhile US Preses tae be convictit o a felony, for fausifeein business records. He wis forby fund liable for sexual abuse an defamation. == Scots connection == Trump is the son o {{interlanguage link|Fred Trump|en}} (born in [[New York City|New York Ceety]], [[Unitit States]]) an {{interlanguage link|Mary Anne MacLeod Trump|en}} (born in [[Tong, Lewis|Tong]] on the [[Isle o Lewis]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scottishroots.com/people/donald.php|title=People: Donald Trump|author=Reid, Tony|author2=Reid, Stuart|date=January 30, 2017|work=ScottishRoots.com|location=Edinburgh, SCT|access-date=August 20, 2018|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref name="kruse">{{cite news|last=Kruse|first=Michael|url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/11/03/mary-macleod-trump-donald-trump-mother-biography-mom-immigrant-scotland-215779|title=The Mystery of Mary Trump|work=[[Politico Magazine]]|date=November 4, 2017|accessdate=November 4, 2017}}</ref>). He awns twa [[gowf]] coorses in the kintra: [[Trump International Golf Links]] in [[Balmedie]], [[Aiberdeenshire]] syne 2012<ref>{{cite news|title=Donald Trump's wind farm fight 'for Scotland's benefit'|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-north-east-orkney-shetland-14940814|work=BBC News|date=15 September 2011}}</ref> an the [[Turnberry gowf coorse]] in the [[Firth o Clyde]], [[Ayrshire]], syne 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/trump-scotland-what-does-president-own-northern-uk-country-1020757|title=Trump in Scotland: What Does the President Own in the Northern U.K. Country?|last1=Lemon|first1=Jason|date=12 July 2018|website=Newsweek|accessdate=17 September 2018|quote=In December, the Turnberry course also lost a controversial tax break from the Scottish government, The Guardian reported. Scottish Finance Secretary Derek Mackay was pressured to make the changes after it was revealed earlier in the year that the Trump property had kept more than $140,000 a year due to a business rates relief scheme.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/jun/24/donald-trumps-flies-in-for-scotland-visit-amid|title=Donald Trump flies in for Scotland visit as protesters converge on Turnberry|last1=MacAskill|first1=Ewen|date=24 Jun 2016|website=The Guardian}}</ref> He haes plans fur a seicont coorse in Aiberdeenshire tho the first haes been creeticised for damage o the aurie's [[naitural environs]].<ref>{{cite news |title=New Trump golf course provokes fury in Scotland |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/oct/17/new-trump-golf-course-provokes-fury-in-scotland |work=the Guardian |date=17 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref> == Economic growth durin the Trump presidency == '''Economic growth durin the Trump Presidency''' refers tae the period o sustained economic expansion in the [[Unitit States]] atween 2017 an early 2020, whan '''Donald J. Trump''' served as the 45t [[Preses o the Unitit States]]. The time wis merked bi lawer unemployment rates, increased consumer confidence, an continued [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] growth, extendin a pre-existin upward trend in the American economy. === Unemployment rates === Bi late 2019, the Unitit States recorded amang the lawest unemployment rates in decades, includin notable declines in [[African Americans|African-American]], [[Hispanic an Latino Americans|Hispanic]], an [[Asian-American]] unemployment figures. Economists debate the extent tae which Trump's policies directly produced thir results, wi some pittin the trend doun tae the recovery that wis awready unnerwey syne the [[2008 financial crisis]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=U.S. Unemployment Rate Falls to 50-Year Low – The White House|url=https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/articles/u-s-unemployment-rate-falls-50-year-low/|access-date=2025-11-14|website=trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov}}</ref> == Controversies involvin Donald Trump == The controversies involvin [[Donald Trump]] tak in a braid range o political, legal, business, an personal disputes linked tae Donald J. Trump, the 45t [[Preses o the Unitit States]]. Thir controversies hae been reportit wide bi international media, government investigators, an academic analysers, an they aye continue tae influence public opinion an political debate. == Business an siller investigations == Afore an efter his presidency, Trump cam unner scrutiny ower his business weys, siller declarations, an tax records. The release o pairt-tax documents shawed lang spells whaur he peyed gey wee or nae federal income tax, stairtin argiments aboot the fairmess o the U.S. tax system. [[The Trump Organisation]] haes been the subject o mony legal actions, amang them fraud cases that hae led tae penalties an convictions agin corporate bodies an executives.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dienst|first=Tom Winter and Jonathan|date=2022-01-19|title=NY AG says investigation into Trump and his business found 'significant evidence' suggesting fraud|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/01/19/new-york-attorney-general-alleges-trumps-company-misled-banks-and-tax-officials.html|access-date=2025-11-14|website=CNBC|language=en}}</ref> ==References== {{Notelist}} {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{Current G8 Leaders}} {{Current G20 Leaders}} {{Current APEC Leaders}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Trump, Donald}} [[Category:Donald Trump| ]] [[Category:1946 births]] [[Category:20t-century American businessfowk]] [[Category:21st-century American businessfowk]] [[Category:21st-century American politeecians]] [[Category:Alt-richt]] [[Category:American actor-politeecians]] [[Category:American beauty pageant ainers]] [[Category:American billionaires]] [[Category:American business writers]] [[Category:American casino industry businessfowk]] [[Category:American Presbyterians]] [[Category:American conspiracy theorists]] [[Category:American hoteliers]] [[Category:American infoteeners]] [[Category:American investors]] [[Category:American naitionalists]] [[Category:American fowk o German strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Scots strynd]] [[Category:American poleetical fondraisers]] [[Category:American poleetical writers]] [[Category:American real estate businessfowk]] [[Category:American reality televeesion producers]] [[Category:American televeesion hosts]] [[Category:American televeesion personalities]] [[Category:Businessfowk frae New York Ceety]] [[Category:Conservatism in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Creetics o the European Union]] [[Category:Fordham Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:New York Military Academy alumni]] [[Category:New York Republicans]] [[Category:Fowk frae Jamaica, Queens]] [[Category:Fowk frae Manhattan]] [[Category:Fowk frae Queens, New York]] [[Category:Fowk named in the Panama Papers]] [[Category:Politeecians frae New York Ceety]] [[Category:Preses o the Unitit States]] [[Category:Republican Pairty (Unitit States) presidential nominees]] [[Category:Republican Pairty Preses o the Unitit States]] [[Category:Richt-weeng populism in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Televeesion producers frae New York]] [[Category:The Apprentice (TV series)]] [[Category:The Trump Organization employees]] [[Category:United States Football League executives]] [[Category:Unitit States presidential candidates, 2000]] [[Category:Candidates in the 2016 Unitit States presidential election]] [[Category:Wharton School o the Varsity o Pennsylvanie alumni]] [[Category:Writers frae New York Ceety]] [[Category:WWE Hall of Fame]] [[Category:Florida Republicans]] 33nj5mbff18wi6oodr0w2hojpwpktnr 926973 926953 2026-11-08T21:39:11Z Monospaced 75295 Rebuilt frae soorces: early life, business, political career, legal affairs, Scots connection 926973 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |name = Donald Trump |image = Official Presidential Portrait of President Donald J. Trump (2025).jpg | order = 45t & 47t | office = Preses o the Unitit States | vicepresident = [[JD Vance]] | term_start = 20 Januar 2025 | predecessor = [[Joe Biden]] | vicepresident1 = [[Mike Pence]] | term_start1 = 20 Januar 2017 | term_end1 = 20 Januar 2021 | predecessor1 = [[Barack Obama]] | successor1 = Joe Biden |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1946|6|14}} |birth_place = [[New York Ceety]], [[New York (state)|New York]], U.S. | residence = {{plainlist| * [[Mar-a-Lago]] }} |party = [[Republican Pairty (Unitit States)|Republican]] {{small|(1987–1999, 2009–2011, 2012–present)}} |otherparty = [[Democratic Pairty (Unitit States)|Democratic]] {{small|(afore 1987, 2001–2009)}}<br>Reform {{small|(1999–2001)}}<br>[[Independent politeecian|Independent]] {{small|(2011–2012)}}<ref name="politifact">{{cite news |last=Gillin |first=Joshua |title=Bush says Trump was a Democrat longer than a Republican `in the last decade’ |work=PolitiFact |date=August 24, 2015 |url=http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2015/aug/24/jeb-bush/bush-says-trump-was-democrat-longer-republican-las/ |access-date=2015-10-21 }}</ref><ref name="sargent">{{cite web |url=http://archive.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/blogs/hilary-sargent/2014/01/22/the-man-responsible-for-donald-trump-never-ending-presidential-campaign/95LunCt63n3xKoq5DyJNFI/blog.html |title=The Man Responsible for Donald Trump’s Never-Ending Presidential Campaign |last=Sargent |first=Hilary |date=January 22, 2014 |website=Boston.com |quote=A New Hampshire Republican activist named Mike Dunbar dreamed up the idea of a Donald Trump presidency [in] early summer of 1987... Dunbar launched a ‘Draft Trump’ campaign... Stories about a possible Trump presidency ran in newspapers across the country... (Trump was registered as a Democrat at the time...) |access-date=2016-11-09 |archive-date=2016-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603074751/http://archive.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/blogs/hilary-sargent/2014/01/22/the-man-responsible-for-donald-trump-never-ending-presidential-campaign/95LunCt63n3xKoq5DyJNFI/blog.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |spouse = {{unbulleted list|{{marriage|[[Ivana Trump|Ivana Zelníčková]]<br>|1977|1990|end=div}}|{{marriage|Marla Maples<br>|1993|1999|end=div}}|{{marriage|[[Melania Trump|Melania Knauss]]<br>|2005}}}}<!-- Omit married names (the use of married names implies that their surname before the marriage was "Trump", and overrules WP:COMMONNAME) --> |children = {{unbulleted list|[[Donald Trump Jr.|Donald Jr.]]|[[Ivanka Trump|Ivanka]]|Eric|Tiffany|Barron}} |alma_mater = Fordham Varsity<br>[[Varsity o Pennsylvanie|Varsity of Pennsylvania]] {{small|(BS)}} |religion = [[Presbyterianism]] |signature = Donald Trump (Presidential signature).svg |signature_alt = Donald J Trump stylised autograph, in ink | website = {{plainlist| * {{URL|https://donaldjtrump.com|Offeecial wabsteid}} * {{URL|https://whitehouse.gov/administration/president-trump|White House wabsteid}} }} | nickname = "The Donald"<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2015/09/01/why-does-everyone-call-donald-trump-the-donald-its-an-interesting-story/ |title=Why does everyone call Donald Trump 'The Donald'? It's an interesting story. |last=Argetsinger |first=Amy |date=September 1, 2015 |website=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> }} '''Donald John Trump''' (born 14 Juin 1946) is an American politician, media personality an businessman that is the 47t [[Preses o the Unitit States]]. A member o the [[Republican Pairty (Unitit States)|Republican Pairty]], he served as the 45t preses frae 2017 tae 2021. Born intae a walthy faimily in [[New York Ceety]], Trump graduatit frae the [[Varsity o Pennsylvanie]] in 1968 wi a bachelor's degree in [[economics]]. He becam preses o his faimily's property business in 1971, gied it the nem the Trump Organization, an stairtit buyin an biggin skyscrapers, hotels, casinos an gowf coorses. Frae 2004 tae 2015 he hostit the reality telly shaw ''[[The Apprentice]]''. He wan the [[2016 Unitit States presidential election|2016 presidential election]] agin the [[Democratic Pairty (Unitit States)|Democratic]] candidate [[Hillary Clinton]]. In his first presidency Trump brocht in a traivel ban on seiven Muslim-majority kintras, signed the {{lang|en|Tax Cuts and Jobs Act}} an appointit three justices tae the Supreme Court. Efter he tint the [[2020 Unitit States presidential election|2020 election]] tae [[Joe Biden]], he refuised tae concede, an his supporters attackit the [[Unitit States Capitol]] on 6 Januar 2021. He wis impeached twice, in 2019 an 2021, an the Senate acquittit him baith times. In 2024 a New York court fund him guilty on 34 coonts o fausifyin business records, makkin him the first US preses convictit o a felony. He wan the 2024 election agin [[Kamala Harris]] an stairtit his seicont presidency on 20 Januar 2025. In his seicont term he haes pit tariffs on near aw kintras an cut the federal wirkforce, an his administration's actions hae been challenged in mair nor 550 lawsuits. == Early life an education == Trump wis born on 14 Juin 1946 at Jamaica Hospital in [[Queens]], New York Ceety, the fowert bairn o Fred Trump an Mary Anne MacLeod Trump.{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|pp=30, 37}} He is o German an Scots strynd.{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=v}} He grew up wi his fower brithers an sisters in a 23-room mansion in the Jamaica Estates pairt o Queens.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/23/us/politics/donald-trumps-old-queens-neighborhood-now-a-melting-pot-was-seen-as-a-cloister.html |title=Donald Trump's Old Queens Neighborhood Contrasts With the Diverse Area Around It |first=Jason |last=Horowitz |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 22, 2015 |access-date=December 15, 2025 |url-access=limited}}</ref> His faither sent him tae the New York Military Academy, a private bairdin schuil, frae the aicht tae the twalt grade.{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|pp=33, 38, 45}} He gaed tae Fordham Varsity in 1964,{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|pp=45}} then flittit tae the Wharton School o the Varsity o Pennsylvanie, an graduatit in Mey 1968 wi a Bachelor o Science in economics.{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|pp=47–50}} He wis exemptit frae the draft in the [[Vietnam War]] on a claim o bone spurs in his heels.{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=48}} == Business career == === Property === Frae 1968 Trump wrocht for Trump Management, his faither's property company, that luikit efter mair nor fowerteen thoosand flats for middle-cless fowk in Queens, Staten Island an [[Brooklyn]].{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|pp=51–53}} In 1971 he becam preses o the business an his faither its chairman.{{sfn|Barrett|2016|p=75}} The lawyer Roy Cohn wis his fixer an mentor for 13 year in the 1970s an 1980s.<ref name="Mahler2016Cohn">{{cite news |last1=Mahler |first1=Jonathan |last2=Flegenheimer |first2=Matt |title=What Donald Trump Learned From Joseph McCarthy's Right-Hand Man |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/21/us/politics/donald-trump-roy-cohn.html |access-date=May 26, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=June 20, 2016 |url-access=limited}}</ref> In 1973, wi Cohn's help, Trump coonter-suid the US government for $100 million ower its chairge that his properties haed discriminatit agin Black tenants an fowk luikin for flats. The case wis settled wi an agreement tae desegregate.{{sfn|Barrett|2016|pp=82–84}} In 1980 he got the richts tae develop [[Trump Touer]], a skyscraper in Midtown [[Manhattan]].<ref>{{cite magazine |title=The Expanding Empire of Donald Trump |date=April 8, 1984 |access-date=September 29, 2021 |first=William E. |last=Geist |author-link=Bill Geist |magazine=The New York Times Magazine |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/08/magazine/the-expanding-empire-of-donald-trump.html |url-access=limited}}</ref> It wis his main hame till 2019.<ref name="moved">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/31/us/politics/trump-new-york-florida-primary-residence.html |title=Trump, Lifelong New Yorker, Declares Himself a Resident of Florida |work=[[The New York Times]] |last=Haberman |first=Maggie |author-link=Maggie Haberman |date=October 31, 2019 |access-date=January 24, 2020 |url-access=limited}}</ref> In 1985 he bocht the [[Mar-a-Lago]] estate in Palm Beach, [[Florida]],<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Peterson-Withorn |first=Chase |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/chasewithorn/2018/04/23/donald-trump-has-gained-more-than-100-million-on-mar-a-lago/ |title=Donald Trump Has Gained More Than $100 Million On Mar-a-Lago |magazine=Forbes |date=April 23, 2018 |access-date=July 4, 2018}}</ref> that he declared his main hame in 2019.<ref name="moved" /> He stairtit biggin an buyin gowf coorses in 1999, an bi 2016 he awned 17 gowf coorses roond the warld.<ref>{{cite news |last=Garcia |first=Ahiza |date=December 29, 2016 |title=Trump's 17 golf courses teed up: Everything you need to know |url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/12/29/news/donald-trump-golf-courses/ |access-date=December 15, 2025 |work=CNN Business}}</ref> === Casinos an bankruptcies === In 1984 Trump appent Harrah's at Trump Plaza, a hotel an casino in [[Atlantic City]], wi siller an management help frae the Holiday Corporation.<ref name="fall">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.phillymag.com/news/2015/08/16/donald-trump-atlantic-city-empire/ |title=The Truth About the Rise and Fall of Donald Trump's Atlantic City Empire |magazine=Philadelphia |date=August 16, 2015 |access-date=March 21, 2016 |first=Dan |last=McQuade}}</ref> In 1985 he bocht the Atlantic City Hilton Hotel afore it appent, an gied it the nem Trump's Castle. Baith casinos gaed intae Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 1992.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1992/03/09/Trumps-Castle-and-Plaza-file-for-bankruptcy/3105700117200/ |title=Trump's Castle and Plaza file for bankruptcy |work=UPI News |date=March 9, 1992 |access-date=May 25, 2023}}</ref> In 1988 he bocht a third Atlantic City casino, the Trump Taj Mahal, that appent in Aprile 1990 efter costin $1.1 billion.<ref name="fall" /> Atween 1991 an 2009 his hotel an casino businesses in Atlantic City an New York gaed intae Chapter 11 bankruptcy sax times, tho Trump hissel never gaed bankrupt.<ref name="TW">{{cite news |last=Winter |first=Tom |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/trump-bankruptcy-math-doesn-t-add-n598376 |title=Trump Bankruptcy Math Doesn't Add Up |work=NBC News |date=June 24, 2016 |access-date=February 26, 2020}}</ref> Accordin tae a review bi ''USA Today'' in 2018, Trump an his businesses haed been involved in mair nor 4,000 lawsuits.<ref name=usat-lawsuits>{{cite news |date=n.d. |title=Donald Trump: Three decades: 4,095 lawsuits |url=https://www.usatoday.com/pages/interactives/trump-lawsuits/ |first1=Nick |last1=Penzenstadler |first2=Steve |last2=Reilly |first3=David |last3=Wilson |first4=Karen |last4=Yi |first5=Pim |last5=Linders |first6=John |last6=Kelly |first7=Jeff |last7=Dionise |access-date=August 26, 2025 |work=USA Today}}</ref> === Media === Trump haes published 19 buiks unner his nem, maist o them written or co-written bi ghaistwriters.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/trump-books-tweet-ghostwriter-tim-o-brien-tony-schwartz-writer-response-a8431271.html |title=Trump boasted about writing many books – his ghostwriter says otherwise |newspaper=The Independent |first=Andrew |last=Buncombe |date=July 4, 2018 |access-date=October 11, 2020}}</ref> His first buik, ''The Art of the Deal'' (1987), wis a best seller an makkit him kent ootwith New York as a rich an successfu businessman.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/07/25/donald-trumps-ghostwriter-tells-all |title=Donald Trump's Ghostwriter Tells All |magazine=The New Yorker |first=Jane |last=Mayer |author-link=Jane Mayer |date=July 18, 2016 |access-date=June 19, 2017}}</ref> Frae 2004 tae 2015 he hostit ''[[The Apprentice]]'', a reality telly shaw. In the shaws he pleyed a superrich chief executive that sent contestants hame wi the catchphrase {{lang|en|"you're fired"}}.<ref name="show">{{cite news |last1=Grynbaum |first1=Michael M. |last2=Parker |first2=Ashley |author-link2=Ashley Parker |date=July 16, 2016 |title=Donald Trump the Political Showman, Born on 'The Apprentice' |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/17/business/media/donald-trump-apprentice.html |access-date=July 8, 2018 |url-access=limited}}</ref> ''The New York Times'' cried his portrayal {{lang|en|"a highly flattering, highly fictionalized version"}} o hissel.<ref name="show" /> He earned mair nor $400 million frae the shaws an the licensin deals that gaed wi them.<ref>{{cite news |last=Poniewozik |first=James |author-link=James Poniewozik |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/28/arts/television/trump-taxes-apprentice.html |title=Donald Trump Was the Real Winner of 'The Apprentice' |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 28, 2020 |access-date=October 18, 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref> In 1996 he bocht the Miss Universe pageants, amang them Miss USA an Miss Teen USA.{{sfn|Haberman|2022|pp=129–130}} == Political career == === Early ambitions === Trump haes chynged pairty several times. He registered as a Republican in Queens in 1969 an in Manhattan in 1987;{{sfn|Barrett|2016|p=75}} he joined the Independence Pairty, the New York state branch o the Reform Pairty, in 1999, the Democrats in 2001, the Republicans again in 2009, nae pairty in 2011, an the Republicans aince mair in 2012.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hall |first=Amy |title=Donald Trump was once a registered Democrat and party donor. So why did he jump ship? |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/donald-trump-was-once-a-registered-democrat-and-party-donor-why-did-he-jump-ship/wj85mj5yq |website=SBS News |access-date=March 29, 2025 |date=July 25, 2024}}</ref> In 1987 he pit full-page adverts in the main newspapers<ref name="hint">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/02/nyregion/trump-gives-a-vague-hint-of-candidacy.html |title=Trump Gives a Vague Hint of Candidacy |work=[[The New York Times]] |first=Michael |last=Oreskes |author-link=Michael Oreskes |date=September 2, 1987 |access-date=February 17, 2016 |url-access=limited}}</ref> settin oot his views on foreign policy an hou tae dae awa wi the federal budget deficit.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/11/18/us/trump-urged-to-head-gala-of-democrats.html |title=Trump Urged To Head Gala Of Democrats |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=November 18, 1987 |access-date=October 1, 2021 |first=Fox |last=Butterfield |author-link=Fox Butterfield |url-access=limited}}</ref> He wis a candidate in the 2000 Reform Pairty presidential primaries for three month afore he drew back in Februar 2000.<ref>{{cite news |first=Richard |last=Winger |author-link=Richard Winger |title=Donald Trump Ran For President in 2000 in Several Reform Party Presidential Primaries |date=December 25, 2011 |access-date=October 1, 2021 |website=Ballot Access News |url=https://ballot-access.org/2011/12/25/donald-trump-ran-for-president-in-2000-in-several-reform-party-presidential-primaries/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Clift |first=Eleanor |author-link=Eleanor Clift |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-last-time-trump-wrecked-a-party |title=The Last Time Trump Wrecked a Party |work=The Daily Beast |date=July 18, 2016 |access-date=October 14, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Nagourney |first=Adam |author-link=Adam Nagourney |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/politics/camp/021400wh-ref-trump.html |title=Reform Bid Said to Be a No-Go for Trump |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=February 14, 2000 |access-date=December 26, 2020 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> === 2016 election === Trump annoonced his candidacy for the 2016 election in Juin 2015.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lerner |first=Adam B. |author-link=Adam B. Lerner |date=June 16, 2015 |title=The 10 best lines from Donald Trump's announcement speech |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2015/06/donald-trump-2016-announcement-10-best-lines-119066 |access-date=June 7, 2018 |work=Politico}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Graham |first=David A. |date=May 13, 2016 |title=The Lie of Trump's 'Self-Funding' Campaign |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/05/trumps-self-funding-lie/482691/ |access-date=June 7, 2018 |work=The Atlantic}}</ref> Uisin the slogan {{lang|en|"[[Make America Great Again]]"}}, that he haed trademarked in 2012,<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Wilson |first=Chris |url=https://time.com/5084673/donald-trump-make-america-great-again-trademark/ |title='Make America High Again' and 279 Other Ways People Are Ripping Off Trump's Campaign Slogan |magazine=Time |date=January 8, 2018 |access-date=April 13, 2026}}</ref> he campaigned as a rich, successfu businessman an an ootsider wi nae political experience.<ref>{{cite news |last=Terris |first=Ben |title=Donald Trump begins 2016 bid, citing his outsider status |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/donald-trump-is-now-a-candidate-for-president-of-the-united-states/2015/06/16/5e6d738e-1441-11e5-9ddc-e3353542100c_story.html |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=June 16, 2015 |access-date=April 26, 2025 |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Kiewiet de Jonge |first=Chad |date=December 19, 2015 |title=Outsider Sentiment Leaves Its Mark on 2016 Races (Poll) |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/outsider-sentiment-leaves-mark-2016-races-poll/story?id=35850546 |access-date=April 26, 2025 |work=ABC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Newport |first1=Frank |last2=Saad |first2=Lydia |title=Trump Support Built on Outsider Status, Business Experience |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/189773/trump-support-built-outsider-status-business-experience.aspx |publisher=Gallup, Inc. |date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=April 26, 2025}}</ref> In the campaign he got a record amoont o free media coverage,<ref name="Cillizza-160614">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/06/14/this-harvard-study-is-a-powerful-indictment-of-the-medias-role-in-donald-trumps-rise/ |title=This Harvard study is a powerful indictment of the media's role in Donald Trump's rise |first=Chris |last=Cillizza |author-link=Chris Cillizza |date=June 14, 2016 |access-date=October 1, 2021 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url-access=limited}}</ref> estimatit at $2 billion.<ref>{{cite news |title=$2 Billion Worth of Free Media for Donald Trump |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/16/upshot/measuring-donald-trumps-mammoth-advantage-in-free-media.html |first1=Nicholas |last1=Confessore |author-link1=Nicholas Confessore |first2=Karen |last2=Yourish |date=March 15, 2016 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url-access=limited}}</ref> Trump wan the election wi 304 electoral votes tae Hillary Clinton's 227.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Kiersten |last1=Schmidt |first2=Wilson |last2=Andrews |title=A Historic Number of Electors Defected, and Most Were Supposed to Vote for Clinton |date=December 19, 2016 |access-date=January 31, 2017 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/12/19/us/elections/electoral-college-results.html |url-access=limited}}</ref> He wis the fift person tae be electit preses tho he tint the popular vote: he got aboot 2.87 million fewer votes nor Clinton, 46.1% tae her 48.2%.<ref>{{cite web |title=FEDERAL ELECTIONS 2016 -- Election Results for the U.S. President, the U.S. Senate and the U.S. House of Representatives |url=https://www.fec.gov/documents/1889/federalelections2016.pdf#page=10 |publisher=[[Federal Election Commission]] |date=December 2017 |access-date=August 12, 2020}}</ref> He wis the only preses that haed never served in the militar nor held ony government office afore.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2016/11/11/13587532/donald-trump-no-experience |title=Donald Trump will be the only US president ever with no political or military experience |last=Crockett |first=Zachary |date=November 11, 2016 |work=Vox |access-date=January 3, 2017}}</ref> === First presidency (2017–2021) === Trump wis sworn in on 20 Januar 2017. The day efter, an estimatit 2.6 million fowk roond the warld, 500,000 o them in Washington, D.C., mairched agin him in the Women's Mairches.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2017/01/21/womens-march-aims-start-movement-trump-inauguration/96864158/ |title=At 2.6 million strong, Women's Marches crush expectations |last1=Przybyla |first1=Heidi M. |last2=Schouten |first2=Fredreka |date=January 21, 2017 |work=USA Today |access-date=January 22, 2017}}</ref> '''Economy.''' Trump teuk office at the heicht o the langest economic expansion in American history,<ref name=VanDam>{{cite news |first=Andrew |last=Van Dam |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2021/01/08/trump-jobs-record/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |title=Trump will have the worst jobs record in modern U.S. history. It's not just the pandemic. |date=January 8, 2021 |access-date=October 2, 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref> that stairtit in 2009 an gaed on till Februar 2020, whan the COVID-19 recession began.<ref>{{cite news |last=Smialek |first=Jeanna |date=June 8, 2020 |title=The U.S. Entered a Recession in February |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/08/business/economy/us-economy-recession-2020.html |access-date=June 10, 2020 |url-access=limited}}</ref> Bi late 2019 the Unitit States recordit some o the lawest unemployment rates in decades, wi notable faws in [[African Americans|African-American]], [[Hispanic an Latino Americans|Hispanic]] an Asian-American unemployment. Economists debate hou faur Trump's policies brocht this aboot, an some pit it doun tae the recovery that wis awready unnerwey efter the [[2008 financial crisis]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=U.S. Unemployment Rate Falls to 50-Year Low – The White House|url=https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/articles/u-s-unemployment-rate-falls-50-year-low/|access-date=2025-11-14|website=trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov}}</ref> In December 2017 he signed the {{lang|en|Tax Cuts and Jobs Act}}, that cut tax rates for businesses an individuals.<ref>{{cite news |last=Long |first=Heather |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/12/15/the-final-gop-tax-bill-is-complete-heres-what-is-in-it/ |title=The final GOP tax bill is complete. Here's what is in it. |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=December 15, 2017 |access-date=July 31, 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/12/15/us/politics/final-republican-tax-bill-cuts.html |title=What's in the Final Republican Tax Bill |work=[[The New York Times]] |first1=Wilson |last1=Andrews |first2=Alicia |last2=Parlapiano |date=December 15, 2017 |access-date=December 22, 2017 |url-access=limited}}</ref> '''Immigration.''' In Januar 2017 Trump signed an executive order that stappit citizens o sax Muslim-majority kintras frae comin in for fower month, an citizens o [[Sirie]] for guid.<ref name="frontline">{{cite news |last1=Walters |first1=Joanna |last2=Helmore |first2=Edward |last3=Dehghan |first3=Saeed Kamali |author-link3=Saeed Kamali Dehghan |date=January 28, 2017 |title=US airports on frontline as Donald Trump's travel ban causes chaos and protests |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jan/28/airports-us-immigration-ban-muslim-countries-trump |access-date=July 19, 2017 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref name="airport">{{cite news |date=January 28, 2017 |title=Protests erupt at airports nationwide over immigration action |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/protests-airports-immigration-action-president-trump/ |access-date=March 22, 2021 |work=CBS News}}</ref> '''Judiciary.''' Trump appointit 234 federal judges, amang them three tae the Supreme Court: Neil Gorsuch, Brett Kavanaugh an Amy Coney Barrett,<ref>{{cite web |last=Gramlich |first=John |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/01/13/how-trump-compares-with-other-recent-presidents-in-appointing-federal-judges/ |title=How Trump compares with other recent presidents in appointing federal judges |publisher=Pew Research Center |date=January 13, 2021 |access-date=May 30, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/2025-01/apptsbypres.pdf |title=Judgeship Appointments by President |work=United States Courts |access-date=January 16, 2026}}</ref> that shiftit the Court tae the richt politically.<ref>{{cite news |work=Politico |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/09/26/trump-legacy-supreme-court-422058 |title=Trump's legacy is now the Supreme Court |first=Anita |last=Kumar |date=September 26, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=Voice of America |title=Trump's Lasting Legacy: Conservative Supermajority on Supreme Court |first=Masood |last=Farivar |date=December 24, 2020 |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/usa_trumps-lasting-legacy-conservative-supermajority-supreme-court/6199935.html |access-date=December 21, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Nine Black Robes: Inside the Supreme Court's Drive to the Right and Its Historic Consequences |first=Joan |last=Biskupic |author-link=Joan Biskupic |url=https://www.wbur.org/hereandnow/2023/06/02/nine-black-robes-supreme-court |date=June 2, 2023 |work=WBUR-FM |access-date=December 21, 2023}}</ref> '''Foreign policy.''' In 2018 Trump stairtit a trade war wi [[Republic o the Fowk o Cheena|China]], pittin on tariffs an ither trade barriers that he said wad force China tae end lang-staundin unfair tradin practices an the infringement o intellectual property.<ref>{{cite news |last=Swanson |first=Ana |date=July 5, 2018 |title=Trump's Trade War With China Is Officially Underway |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/05/business/china-us-trade-war-trump-tariffs.html |access-date=May 26, 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url-access=limited}}</ref> He wis the first sittin US preses tae meet a leader o [[North Korea]], meetin Kim Jong Un three times atween Juin 2018 an Juin 2019 tae talk aboot denuclearisation. The talks broke doun in October 2019 wi nae agreement.<ref>{{cite news |last=McCurry |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/aug/26/donald-trump-kim-jong-un-north-korea-summits-a-short-history |first=Justin |title=Handshakes and hope but little progress: a short history of Trump-Kim summits |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=August 26, 2025 |access-date=September 18, 2026}}</ref> He teuk the US oot o the Paris Agreement on climate chynge in his first presidency; Biden brocht the US back intae it in 2021, an Trump teuk it oot again in his seicont presidency.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Daly |first1=Matthew |last2=Borenstein |first2=Seth |date=January 20, 2025 |title=Trump signs executive order directing US withdrawal from the Paris climate agreement — again |url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-paris-agreement-climate-change-788907bb89fe307a964be757313cdfb0 |access-date=January 23, 2025 |work=[[AP News]]}}</ref> '''COVID-19.''' Efter he haed ignored public health warnins an cries for action frae health officials in his ain administration for weeks, Trump set up the White Hoose Coronavirus Task Force at the end o Januar 2020.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/coronavirus-outbreak-task-force-created-by-trump-to-lead-us-government-response-to-wuhan-virus/ |title=Trump creates task force to lead U.S. coronavirus response |work=CBS News |date=January 30, 2020 |access-date=October 10, 2020}}</ref> In Mairch 2020 he signed the CARES Act, a $2.2 trillion economic stimulus bill backit bi baith pairties, the lairgest stimulus in US history.<ref name="NY Times stimulus united senate">{{cite news |last1=Hulse |first1=Carl |author-link1=Carl Hulse |last2=Cochrane |first2=Emily |title=As Coronavirus Spread, Largest Stimulus in History United a Polarized Senate |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/26/us/coronavirus-senate-stimulus-package.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 26, 2020 |access-date=November 27, 2024 |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref name="AP Trump signs 2.2">{{cite news |last1=Taylor |first1=Andrew |last2=Fram |first2=Alan |last3=Kellman |first3=Laurie |last4=Superville |first4=Darlene |title=Trump signs $2.2T stimulus after swift congressional votes |url=https://apnews.com/2099a53bb8adf2def7ee7329ea322f9d |work=[[AP News]] |date=March 28, 2020 |access-date=November 27, 2024}}</ref> '''Impeachments.''' Trump wis impeached twice bi the [[Unitit States Hoose o Representatives|Hoose o Representatives]], an acquittit bi the [[Unitit States Senate|Senate]] baith times. The first impeachment cam efter a whistleblower complained that in Julie 2019 Trump haed pit pressure on the [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] preses Volodymyr Zelenskyy tae investigate Joe an Hunter Biden.<ref name="undermine">{{cite news |last=Bump |first=Philip |title=Trump wanted Russia's main geopolitical adversary to help undermine the Russian interference story |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/09/25/trump-wanted-russias-main-geopolitical-adversary-help-him-undermine-russian-interference-story/ |access-date=October 1, 2019 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=September 25, 2019 |url-access=limited}}</ref> In December 2019 the Hoose votit tae impeach him for abuse o pouer an obstruction o Congress,<ref>{{cite news |last=Gregorian |first=Dareh |title=Trump impeached by the House for abuse of power, obstruction of Congress |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/trump-impeachment-inquiry/trump-impeached-house-abuse-power-n1104196 |access-date=December 18, 2019 |work=NBC News |date=December 18, 2019}}</ref> an the Senate acquittit him in Februar 2020.<ref>{{cite news |work=CNBC |date=February 5, 2020 |title=Trump acquitted of both charges in Senate impeachment trial |last1=Wilkie |first1=Christina |last2=Breuninger |first2=Kevin |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/05/trump-acquitted-in-impeachment-trial.html |access-date=February 2, 2021}}</ref> The seicont impeachment cam efter the attack on the Capitol on 6 Januar 2021, whan the Hoose chairged him wi incitement o insurrection on 13 Januar 2021.<ref name=SecondImpeachment>{{cite news |last=Fandos |first=Nicholas |title=Trump Impeached for Inciting Insurrection |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/13/us/politics/trump-impeached.html |access-date=January 14, 2021 |date=January 13, 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref> He left office on 20 Januar an wis acquittit on 13 Februar; seiven Republican senators votit tae convict him.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Levine |first1=Sam |last2=Gambino |first2=Lauren |date=February 13, 2021 |title=Donald Trump acquitted in impeachment trial |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/feb/13/donald-trump-acquitted-impeachment-trial |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=February 13, 2021}}</ref> === 2020 election an 6 Januar === Biden wan the election in November 2020, wi 81.3 million votes (51.3 percent) tae Trump's 74.2 million (46.8 percent)<ref name="vote1">{{cite news |date=December 11, 2020 |title=Presidential Election Results: Biden Wins |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/11/03/us/elections/results-president.html |access-date=December 11, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref name="vote2">{{cite news |date=December 10, 2020 |title=2020 US Presidential Election Results: Live Map |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Elections/2020-us-presidential-election-results-live-map |access-date=December 11, 2020 |work=ABC News}}</ref> an 306 electoral votes tae Trump's 232.<ref name="formalize">{{cite news |last1=Holder |first1=Josh |last2=Gabriel |first2=Trip |author-link2=Trip Gabriel |last3=Paz |first3=Isabella Grullón |date=December 14, 2020 |title=Biden's 306 Electoral College Votes Make His Victory Official |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/12/14/us/elections/electoral-college-results.html |access-date=October 9, 2021 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url-access=limited}}</ref> Trump declared victory the mornin efter the election, afore the results war kent.<ref>{{cite news |date=November 4, 2020 |title=With results from key states unclear, Trump declares victory |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/with-results-key-states-unclear-trump-declares-victory-2020-11-04/ |access-date=November 10, 2020 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> On 6 Januar 2021, while Congress wis certifyin the results, Trump held a rally whaur he cried for the election tae be owerturned, an telt his supporters tae {{lang|en|"fight like hell"}} an mairch tae the Capitol.<ref>{{cite news |last=Savage |first=Charlie |author-link=Charlie Savage (journalist) |date=January 10, 2021 |title=Incitement to Riot? What Trump Told Supporters Before Mob Stormed Capitol |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/10/us/trump-speech-riot.html |access-date=January 11, 2021 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url-access=limited}}</ref> His supporters then broke intae the biggin, stappin the certification an makkin Congress evacuate.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tan |first1=Shelley |last2=Shin |first2=Youjin |last3=Rindler |first3=Danielle |date=January 9, 2021 |title=How one of America's ugliest days unraveled inside and outside the Capitol |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/interactive/2021/capitol-insurrection-visual-timeline/ |access-date=May 2, 2021 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url-access=limited}}</ref> Mair nor 140 polis officers war injured, an five fowk deed durin or efter the attack.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rubin |first1=Olivia |last2=Mallin |first2=Alexander |last3=Steakin |first3=Will |date=January 4, 2022 |title=By the numbers: How the Jan. 6 investigation is shaping up 1 year later |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/numbers-jan-investigation-shaping-year/story?id=82057743 |access-date=June 4, 2023 |work=ABC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Cameron |first=Chris |date=January 5, 2022 |title=These Are the People Who Died in Connection With the Capitol Riot |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/05/us/politics/jan-6-capitol-deaths.html |access-date=January 29, 2022 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url-access=limited}}</ref> === 2024 election === In November 2022 Trump annoonced he wad rin in the 2024 presidential election.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Arnsdorf |first1=Isaac |last2=Scherer |first2=Michael |author-link2=Michael Scherer (journalist) |date=November 15, 2022 |title=Trump, who as president fomented an insurrection, says he is running again |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/11/15/trump-2024-announcement-running-president/ |access-date=December 5, 2022 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Schouten |first=Fredreka |date=November 16, 2022 |title=Questions about Donald Trump's campaign money, answered |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/11/16/politics/donald-trump-war-chest-presidential-campaign/index.html |access-date=December 5, 2022 |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> On 13 Julie 2024 he wis shot in the lug in an assassination attempt at a campaign rally in Butler Township, Pennsylvanie.<ref name="Browne-2024">{{cite news |last1=Browne |first1=Malachy |last2=Lum |first2=Devon |last3=Cardia |first3=Alexander |date=July 26, 2024 |title=Speculation Swirls About What Hit Trump. An Analysis Suggests It was a Bullet |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/26/us/politics/trump-shooter-bullet-trajectory-ear.html |access-date=July 29, 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hutchinson |first1=Bill |last2=Cohen |first2=Miles |date=July 16, 2024 |title=Gunman opened fire at Trump rally as witnesses say they tried to alert police |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/witnesses-trump-assassination-attempt-gunman-roof-shooting/story?id=111947616 |access-date=July 17, 2024 |work=ABC News}}</ref> He wan the election in November 2024 wi 312 electoral votes tae the sittin vice preses Kamala Harris's 226.<ref>{{cite news |title=2024 Presidential Election Results |url=https://apnews.com/projects/election-results-2024/ |date=November 25, 2024 |access-date=November 25, 2024 |work=[[AP News]]}}</ref> === Seicont presidency (2025–) === Trump stairtit his seicont term whan he wis sworn in on 20 Januar 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Morgan |first1=David |last2=Borter |first2=Gabriella |last3=Mason |first3=Jeff |last4=Ax |first4=Joseph |date=January 20, 2025 |title=Trump sworn in a second time, says he was 'saved by God' to rescue America |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/triumphant-trump-returns-white-house-launching-new-era-upheaval-2025-01-20/ |access-date=January 20, 2025 |work=[[Reuters]] |url-access=limited}}</ref> He becam the auldest preses tae tak office,<ref>{{cite news |last=Hussein |first=Mohamed H. |date=January 20, 2025 |title=How does Trump's age at inauguration compare with other presidents? |work=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/1/20/how-does-trumps-age-at-inauguration-compare-to-other-presidents |access-date=January 20, 2025}}</ref> the first wi a felony conviction, an the seicont tae serve twa terms that warna back tae back.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ogwude |first1=Haadiza |last2=Page |first2=Susan |date=January 20, 2025 |title=Is Donald Trump the oldest president sworn into office? A look at his historic feats |work=USA Today |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2025/01/20/who-is-the-oldest-president-to-be-sworn-in-donald-trump/77776042007/ |access-date=January 20, 2025}}</ref> Afore he haed been a hunner days in office, he haed signed mair executive orders nor ony ither preses in thair first hunner days.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Doan |first1=Laura |last2=Ingram |first2=Julia |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-issues-record-100-executive-order-of-second-term-breakdown/ |title=Trump issues record 100th executive order within first 100 days of term. Here's a breakdown. |work=CBS News |date=March 26, 2025 |access-date=November 8, 2025}}</ref> Bi the middle o Januar 2026 his orders an actions haed been challenged in mair nor 550 lawsuits.<ref>{{cite web |date=January 12, 2026 |title=Litigation Tracker: Legal Challenges to Trump Administration Actions |url=https://www.justsecurity.org/107087/tracker-litigation-legal-challenges-trump-administration/ |access-date=January 13, 2026 |website=Just Security}}</ref> He stairtit mass sackins o federal employees.<ref name="Collinson">{{cite news |last=Collinson |first=Stephen |date=January 28, 2025 |title=Trump sets about his retribution agenda with relish |work=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/01/28/politics/trump-retribution-agenda-analysis/index.html |access-date=January 28, 2025}}</ref> On immigration, he resumed the "Remain in Mexico" policy, designatit drug cartels as terrorist groups an ordered wirk on a border waw tae stairt again.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bustillo |first=Ximena |title=Trump signs sweeping actions on immigration and border security on Day 1 |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/01/20/g-s1-43650/trump-inauguration-day-one-immigration |work=NPR News |date=January 20, 2025 |access-date=February 16, 2025}}</ref><ref name="Cbsjan28">{{cite news |last=Montoya-Galvez |first=Camilo |title=Trump's sweeping immigration crackdown targets some legal means to enter U.S., too |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-migrants-crackdown-legal-immigration/ |website=CBS News |date=January 28, 2025 |access-date=February 16, 2025}}</ref> In Mairch 2025 he uised the Alien Enemies Act o 1798 tae deport migrants withoot trial tae be jiled at the Terrorism Confinement Center in El Salvador.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Renteria |first1=Nelson |last2=O'Boyle |first2=Brendan |last3=Cortes |first3=Raul |date=March 20, 2025 |title=Explainer: What is El Salvador's mega-prison holding Venezuelans deported from the US? |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/what-is-el-salvadors-mega-prison-that-could-take-us-criminals-2025-02-04/ |work=[[Reuters]] |access-date=April 12, 2025}}</ref> His economic policies hae been descrived as protectionist,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Douglas |first1=Jason |last2=Fairless |first2=Tom |date=March 24, 2025 |title=Trade War Explodes Across World at Pace Not Seen in Decades |url=https://www.wsj.com/economy/trade/trade-war-explodes-across-world-at-pace-not-seen-in-decades-0b6d6513 |access-date=March 25, 2025 |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url-access=subscription}}</ref> an he haes pit tariffs on maist kintras, wi lairge tariffs on major tradin pairtners sic as China, [[Canadae]] an [[Mexico]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Swanson |first1=Ana |last2=Austen |first2=Ian |last3=Romero |first3=Simon |author-link3=Simon Romero |title=Trump's Tariffs on Canada, Mexico and China Snap Into Effect |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/04/business/economy/trump-tariffs-canada-mexico-china.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=March 4, 2025 |date=March 4, 2025 |url-access=limited}}</ref> He stairtit a global trade war, wi tariffs at thair heichest level syne the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act o 1930 at the stairt o the Great Depression.<ref>{{cite news |last=Goldman |first=David |date=August 1, 2025 |title=Trump's new tariffs have no precedent in the modern era |work=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/08/01/economy/tariff-policy-trump-trade |access-date=August 8, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Romm |first=Tony |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/08/07/business/economy/trump-tariffs-trade-war.html |title=Staggering U.S. Tariffs Begin as Trump Widens Trade War |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=August 7, 2025 |access-date=August 9, 2025 |url-access=limited}}</ref> In Februar 2026 the Supreme Court ruled that the tariffs he haed pit on unner the International Emergency Economic Powers Act war illegal.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fritze |first1=John |last2=Cole |first2=Devan |last3=Buchwald |first3=Elizabeth |last4=Sneed |first4=Tierney Sneed |title=Supreme Court rules that Trump's sweeping emergency tariffs are illegal |url=https://www.cnn.com/2026/02/20/politics/supreme-court-tariffs |work=[[CNN]] |date=February 20, 2026 |access-date=February 20, 2026}}</ref> His plan for a ceasefire in [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]] atween [[Israel]] an Hamas wis signed in October 2025.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-hamas-agree-gaza-ceasefire-return-hostages-2025-10-09/ |title=Gazans trek to ruined homes as Israeli forces pull back under ceasefire |last1=Lubell |first1=Maayan |last2=Al-Mughrabi |first2=Nidal |work=[[Reuters]] |date=October 9, 2025 |access-date=October 9, 2025 |url-access=limited}}</ref> In Januar 2026 the US capturt the [[Venezuela]]n preses Nicolás Maduro in a militar raid an teuk him tae New York, whaur he wis chairged wi drug traffickin.<ref>{{cite news |last=Downs |first=Garrett |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2026/01/04/trump-venezuela-maduro-pardon-honduras.html |title=Trump admin pressed on pardon for ex-Honduras president after Venezuela's Maduro snatched |work=CNBC |date=January 4, 2026 |access-date=January 6, 2026}}</ref> In Februar 2026 Trump authorised joint US–Israeli air strikes on [[Iran]], that stairtit the 2026 Iran war an killed the Iranian supreme leader Ali Khamenei.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sanger |first=David E. |author-link=David E. Sanger |date=February 28, 2026 |title=For Trump, the Iran Attack Is the Ultimate War of Choice |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/02/28/us/politics/trump-iran-attack.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=February 28, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Holm |first1=Phil |last2=Jarrett |first2=Will |last3=Vineys |first3=Kevin |title=The US-Israeli war with Iran in maps, graphics and images |url=https://apnews.com/photo-gallery/iran-us-israel-war-conflict-gulf-visuals-8fc2192e3c05d30fd7dad5b18b9743b7 |work=[[AP News]] |date=March 3, 2026 |access-date=March 4, 2026}}</ref> == Legal affairs == In 2022 New York State brocht a civil case agin Trump, accusin him o blawin up the value o the Trump Organization tae get an advantage wi lenders an banks.<ref>{{cite news |last=Scannell |first=Kara |date=September 21, 2022 |title=New York attorney general files civil fraud lawsuit against Trump, some of his children and his business |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/09/21/politics/trump-new-york-attorney-general-letitia-james-fraud-lawsuit/index.html |access-date=September 21, 2022 |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref name="TF">{{cite news |last1=Bromwich |first1=Jonah E. |last2=Protess |first2=Ben |date=February 17, 2024 |title=Trump Fraud Trial Penalty Will Exceed $450 Million |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/16/nyregion/trump-civil-fraud-trial-ruling.html |access-date=February 17, 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Dienst|first=Tom Winter and Jonathan|date=2022-01-19|title=NY AG says investigation into Trump and his business found 'significant evidence' suggesting fraud|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/01/19/new-york-attorney-general-alleges-trumps-company-misled-banks-and-tax-officials.html|access-date=2025-11-14|website=CNBC|language=en}}</ref> He wis fund liable an ordered tae pey near $355 million plus interest.<ref name="TF" /> In August 2025 the appeal court upheld his liability but quashed the fine as excessive.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bromwich |first1=Jonah E. |last2=Protess |first2=Ben |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/08/21/nyregion/trump-fraud-james.html |title=Divided Court Eliminates Trump's Half-Billion-Dollar Fine in Fraud Case |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=August 21, 2025 |access-date=August 26, 2025 |url-access=limited}}</ref> In Mey 2024 Trump wis convictit on 34 felony coonts o fausifyin business records.<ref name="conv">{{cite news |last1=Protess |first1=Ben |last2=Bromwich |first2=Jonah E. |last3=Haberman |first3=Maggie |author-link3=Maggie Haberman |last4=Christobek |first4=Kate |last5=McKinley |first5=Jesse |author-link5=Jesse McKinley |last6=Rashbaum |first6=William K. |date=May 30, 2024 |title=Trump Convicted on All Counts to Become America's First Felon President |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/30/nyregion/trump-convicted-hush-money-trial.html |access-date=January 22, 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url-access=limited}}</ref> The case cam frae evidence that he haed bookit hush-money payments tae the adult film actress Stormy Daniels as business expenses, tae cover up an alleged affair wi her in 2006–2007, durin the 2016 election.<ref name="conv" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Bump |first=Philip |date=August 21, 2018 |title=How the campaign finance charges against Michael Cohen implicate Trump |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/politics/wp/2018/08/21/how-the-campaign-finance-charges-against-michael-cohen-may-implicate-trump |access-date=July 25, 2019 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> On 10 Januar 2025 the judge, Juan Merchan, gied him a sentence wi nae penalty, sayin that ony punishment wad hae interfered wi presidential immunity.<ref name="uds">{{cite news |last1=Hawkins |first1=Derek |last2=Jacobs |first2=Shayna |last3=Berman |first3=Mark |date=January 10, 2025 |title=What Trump's unconditional discharge sentence means in the hush money case |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2025/01/10/trump-criminal-sentence-unconditional-discharge-no-penalty/ |access-date=January 11, 2025 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url-access=limited}}</ref> In 2019 the journalist E. Jean Carroll accused Trump o rapin her in the 1990s an suid him for defamation ower his denial.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ransom |first=Jan |date=November 4, 2019 |title=E. Jean Carroll, Who Accused Trump of Rape, Sues Him for Defamation |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/04/nyregion/jean-carroll-sues-trump.html |access-date=January 24, 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url-access=limited}}</ref> He wis fund liable for sexual abuse an defamation an ordered tae pey $5 million in ae case<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sullivan |first1=Becky |last2=Bernstein |first2=Andrea |last3=Marritz |first3=Ilya |last4=Lawrence |first4=Quil |date=May 9, 2023 |title=A jury finds Trump liable for battery and defamation in E. Jean Carroll trial |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/05/09/1174975870/trump-carroll-verdict |access-date=May 10, 2023 |work=NPR News}}</ref> an $83.3 million in the ither.<ref name="uphold">{{cite news |last=Offenhartz |first=Jake |url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-carroll-appeal-award-d587004df6f7c46ec4a17b563a38bfa9 |title=Appeals court upholds E. Jean Carroll's $83.3M defamation judgment against Trump |work=[[AP News]] |date=September 8, 2025 |access-date=September 11, 2025}}</ref> Efter he wis reelectit, the federal cases agin him ower the 2020 election an ower classified documents war dismissed, acause the Justice Depairtment disna prosecute a sittin preses.<ref>{{cite news |last=Halpert |first=Madeline |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4gvd7kxxj5o |title=Special counsel's last criminal case against Trump dismissed |work=[[BBC News]] |date=November 27, 2024 |access-date=May 5, 2026}}</ref> == Assessments == Efter his first term, historians rankit Trump the fowert-warst preses in C-SPAN's 2021 survey o presidential historians.<ref>{{cite web |year=2021 |url=https://www.c-span.org/presidentsurvey2021/ |title=Presidential Historians Survey 2021 |work=C-SPAN |access-date=June 30, 2021}}</ref> Some scholars, amang them the historian Robert Paxton, hae descrived his politics as [[fascism|fascist]];<ref>[https://www.newsweek.com/robert-paxton-trump-fascist-1560652]</ref> his political views hae been descrived as populist,{{sfn|Ross|2024|p=298}}{{sfn|Urbinati|2019}} an Trump haes descrived hissel as a {{lang|en|"nationalist"}}.<ref>{{cite news |first=William |last=Cummings |title='I am a nationalist': Trump's embrace of controversial label sparks uproar |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/10/24/trump-says-hes-nationalist-what-means-why-its-controversial/1748521002/ |work=USA Today |date=October 24, 2018 |access-date=August 24, 2021}}</ref> == Personal life == In 1977 Trump mairit [[Ivana Trump|Ivana Zelníčková]], an they haed three bairns, Donald Jr., Ivanka an Eric. They divorced in 1990.<ref>{{cite news |last=Barron |first=James |author-link=James Barron (journalist) |date=December 12, 1990 |title=Trumps Get Divorce; Next, Who Gets What? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/12/nyregion/trumps-get-divorce-next-who-gets-what.html |access-date=March 5, 2023 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url-access=limited}}</ref> He mairit Marla Maples in 1993, an they haed ae dochter, Tiffany, afore they divorced in 1999.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hafner |first=Josh |date=July 19, 2016 |title=Get to know Donald's other daughter: Tiffany Trump |url=https://usatoday.com/story/news/politics/onpolitics/2016/07/19/who-is-tiffany-trump/87321708/ |access-date=July 10, 2022 |newspaper=USA Today}}</ref> In 2005 he mairit [[Melania Trump|Melania Knauss]], a model frae [[Slovenie]];{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=266}} thair son Barron wis born in 2006.<ref>{{cite news |date=July 2, 2021 |title=Donald Trump Fast Facts |url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/07/04/us/donald-trump-fast-facts/ |access-date=September 29, 2021 |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> He said he wis a Presbyterian in 2016,<ref>{{cite web |last=Campbell |first=Colin |title=Trump: If I'm president, 'Christianity will have power' in the US |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/donald-trump-christianity-merry-christmas-2016-1 |website=Business Insider |access-date=January 20, 2025 |date=January 23, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Engel |first=Pamela |title=Trump on God: 'Hopefully I won't have to be asking for much forgiveness' |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/donald-trump-on-god-jesus-2016-6 |website=Business Insider |access-date=January 20, 2025 |date=June 8, 2016}}</ref> an in 2020 that he wis a nondenominational Christian.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Jenkins |first1=Jack |last2=Mwaura |first2=Maina |title=Trump, confirmed a Presbyterian, now identifies as 'non-denominational Christian' |url=https://www.americamagazine.org/politics-society/2020/10/24/trump-confirmed-presbyterian-now-identifies-non-denominational |magazine=America |access-date=January 20, 2025 |date=October 24, 2020}}</ref> In 2026 ''Forbes'' pit his wirth at $6.5 billion, makkin him the 645t walthiest person in the warld.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Peterson-Withorn |first1=Chase |last2=Chung |first2=Grace |last3=Durot |first3=Matt |year=2026 |title=Forbes World's Billionaires List - The Richest in 2026 |url=https://www.forbes.com/billionaires/ |magazine=Forbes |access-date=March 24, 2026}} – Scroll down and enter "trump" in the search box.</ref> == Scots connection == Trump's mither, Mary Anne MacLeod, wis born in Tong on the [[Lewis an Harris|Isle o Lewis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scottishroots.com/people/donald.php|title=People: Donald Trump|author=Reid, Tony|author2=Reid, Stuart|date=January 30, 2017|work=ScottishRoots.com|location=Edinburgh, SCT|access-date=August 20, 2018|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref name="kruse">{{cite news|last=Kruse|first=Michael|url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/11/03/mary-macleod-trump-donald-trump-mother-biography-mom-immigrant-scotland-215779|title=The Mystery of Mary Trump|work=Politico Magazine|date=November 4, 2017|accessdate=November 4, 2017}}</ref> He awns twa [[gowf]] coorses in Scotland: Trump International Golf Links at [[Balmedie]], [[Aiberdeenshire]], syne 2012,<ref>{{cite news|title=Donald Trump's wind farm fight 'for Scotland's benefit'|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-north-east-orkney-shetland-14940814|work=BBC News|date=15 September 2011}}</ref> an Turnberry, on the [[Firth o Clyde]] in [[Ayrshire]], syne 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/trump-scotland-what-does-president-own-northern-uk-country-1020757|title=Trump in Scotland: What Does the President Own in the Northern U.K. Country?|last1=Lemon|first1=Jason|date=12 July 2018|website=Newsweek|accessdate=17 September 2018|quote=In December, the Turnberry course also lost a controversial tax break from the Scottish government, The Guardian reported. Scottish Finance Secretary Derek Mackay was pressured to make the changes after it was revealed earlier in the year that the Trump property had kept more than $140,000 a year due to a business rates relief scheme.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/jun/24/donald-trumps-flies-in-for-scotland-visit-amid|title=Donald Trump flies in for Scotland visit as protesters converge on Turnberry|last1=MacAskill|first1=Ewen|date=24 Jun 2016|website=The Guardian}}</ref> In his first presidency, tho he haed said he wad keep awa frae {{lang|en|"new foreign deals"}}, the Trump Organization gaed on expandin its business in Scotland, Dubai an the Dominican Republic.<ref name="BBC041817">{{cite news |date=April 18, 2017 |title=Donald Trump: A list of potential conflicts of interest |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-38069298 |access-date=October 2, 2021 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref name="Venook">{{cite news |last=Venook |first=Jeremy |title=Trump's Interests vs. America's, Dubai Edition |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2017/08/donald-trump-conflicts-of-interests/508382/ |work=The Atlantic |date=August 9, 2017 |access-date=October 2, 2021}}</ref> He haed plans for a seicont coorse in Aiberdeenshire, tho the first haes been criticised for the damage it did tae the naitural environment o the aurie.<ref>{{cite news |title=New Trump golf course provokes fury in Scotland |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/oct/17/new-trump-golf-course-provokes-fury-in-scotland |work=the Guardian |date=17 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref> ==References== {{Notelist}} {{Reflist}} === Warks citit === {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Barrett |first=Wayne |author-link=Wayne Barrett |date=2016 |orig-date=1992 |title=Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention |publisher=Regan Arts |isbn=978-1-68245-079-6}} * {{cite book |title=Confidence Man: The Making of Donald Trump and the Breaking of America |last=Haberman |first=Maggie |author-link=Maggie Haberman |date=2022 |publisher=Penguin Press |isbn=978-0-593-29734-6}} * {{cite book |title=Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President |last1=Kranish |first1=Michael |author-link1=Michael Kranish |last2=Fisher |first2=Marc |author-link2=Marc Fisher |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |year=2017 |orig-year=2016 |isbn=978-1-5011-5652-6 |title-link=Trump Revealed}} * {{cite journal |last=Ross |first=Bertrall L. |date=July 1, 2024 |title=Polarization, Populism, and the Crisis of American Democracy |journal=Annual Review of Law and Social Science |volume=20 |pages=293–308 |doi=10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-041922-035113 |doi-access=free}} * {{cite journal |last=Urbinati |first=Nadia |author-link=Nadia Urbinati |date=May 2019 |title=Political Theory of Populism |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-polisci-050317-070753 |journal=Annual Review of Political Science |volume=22 |access-date=December 20, 2024 |pages=111–127 |issn=1094-2939 |doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-050317-070753 |url-access=subscription}} {{refend}} {{Authority control}} {{Current G8 Leaders}} {{Current G20 Leaders}} {{Current APEC Leaders}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Trump, Donald}} [[Category:Donald Trump| ]] [[Category:1946 births]] [[Category:20t-century American businessfowk]] [[Category:21st-century American businessfowk]] [[Category:21st-century American politeecians]] [[Category:Alt-richt]] [[Category:American actor-politeecians]] [[Category:American beauty pageant ainers]] [[Category:American billionaires]] [[Category:American business writers]] [[Category:American casino industry businessfowk]] [[Category:American Presbyterians]] [[Category:American conspiracy theorists]] [[Category:American hoteliers]] [[Category:American infoteeners]] [[Category:American investors]] [[Category:American naitionalists]] [[Category:American fowk o German strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Scots strynd]] [[Category:American poleetical fondraisers]] [[Category:American poleetical writers]] [[Category:American real estate businessfowk]] [[Category:American reality televeesion producers]] [[Category:American televeesion hosts]] [[Category:American televeesion personalities]] [[Category:Businessfowk frae New York Ceety]] [[Category:Conservatism in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Creetics o the European Union]] [[Category:Fordham Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:New York Military Academy alumni]] [[Category:New York Republicans]] [[Category:Fowk frae Jamaica, Queens]] [[Category:Fowk frae Manhattan]] [[Category:Fowk frae Queens, New York]] [[Category:Fowk named in the Panama Papers]] [[Category:Politeecians frae New York Ceety]] [[Category:Preses o the Unitit States]] [[Category:Republican Pairty (Unitit States) presidential nominees]] [[Category:Republican Pairty Preses o the Unitit States]] [[Category:Richt-weeng populism in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Televeesion producers frae New York]] [[Category:The Apprentice (TV series)]] [[Category:The Trump Organization employees]] [[Category:United States Football League executives]] [[Category:Unitit States presidential candidates, 2000]] [[Category:Candidates in the 2016 Unitit States presidential election]] [[Category:Wharton School o the Varsity o Pennsylvanie alumni]] [[Category:Writers frae New York Ceety]] [[Category:WWE Hall of Fame]] [[Category:Florida Republicans]] 9h918o8e7g30f1zcrgwiqx47374sm94 926974 926973 2026-11-08T21:39:46Z Monospaced 75295 926974 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |name = Donald Trump |image = Official Presidential Portrait of President Donald J. Trump (2025).jpg | order = 45t & 47t | office = Preses o the Unitit States | vicepresident = [[JD Vance]] | term_start = 20 Januar 2025 | predecessor = [[Joe Biden]] | vicepresident1 = [[Mike Pence]] | term_start1 = 20 Januar 2017 | term_end1 = 20 Januar 2021 | predecessor1 = [[Barack Obama]] | successor1 = Joe Biden |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1946|6|14}} |birth_place = [[New York Ceety]], [[New York (state)|New York]], U.S. | residence = {{plainlist| * [[Mar-a-Lago]] }} |party = [[Republican Pairty (Unitit States)|Republican]] {{small|(1987–1999, 2009–2011, 2012–present)}} |otherparty = [[Democratic Pairty (Unitit States)|Democratic]] {{small|(afore 1987, 2001–2009)}}<br>Reform {{small|(1999–2001)}}<br>[[Independent politeecian|Independent]] {{small|(2011–2012)}}<ref name="politifact">{{cite news |last=Gillin |first=Joshua |title=Bush says Trump was a Democrat longer than a Republican `in the last decade’ |work=PolitiFact |date=August 24, 2015 |url=http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2015/aug/24/jeb-bush/bush-says-trump-was-democrat-longer-republican-las/ |access-date=2015-10-21 }}</ref><ref name="sargent">{{cite web |url=http://archive.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/blogs/hilary-sargent/2014/01/22/the-man-responsible-for-donald-trump-never-ending-presidential-campaign/95LunCt63n3xKoq5DyJNFI/blog.html |title=The Man Responsible for Donald Trump’s Never-Ending Presidential Campaign |last=Sargent |first=Hilary |date=January 22, 2014 |website=Boston.com |quote=A New Hampshire Republican activist named Mike Dunbar dreamed up the idea of a Donald Trump presidency [in] early summer of 1987... Dunbar launched a ‘Draft Trump’ campaign... Stories about a possible Trump presidency ran in newspapers across the country... (Trump was registered as a Democrat at the time...) |access-date=2016-11-09 |archive-date=2016-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603074751/http://archive.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/blogs/hilary-sargent/2014/01/22/the-man-responsible-for-donald-trump-never-ending-presidential-campaign/95LunCt63n3xKoq5DyJNFI/blog.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |spouse = {{unbulleted list|{{marriage|[[Ivana Trump|Ivana Zelníčková]]<br>|1977|1990|end=div}}|{{marriage|Marla Maples<br>|1993|1999|end=div}}|{{marriage|[[Melania Trump|Melania Knauss]]<br>|2005}}}}<!-- Omit married names (the use of married names implies that their surname before the marriage was "Trump", and overrules WP:COMMONNAME) --> |children = {{unbulleted list|[[Donald Trump Jr.|Donald Jr.]]|[[Ivanka Trump|Ivanka]]|Eric|Tiffany|Barron}} |alma_mater = Fordham Varsity<br>[[Varsity o Pennsylvanie]] {{small|(BS)}} |religion = [[Presbyterianism]] |signature = Donald Trump (Presidential signature).svg |signature_alt = Donald J Trump stylised autograph, in ink | website = {{plainlist| * {{URL|https://donaldjtrump.com|Offeecial wabsteid}} * {{URL|https://whitehouse.gov/administration/president-trump|White House wabsteid}} }} | nickname = "The Donald"<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2015/09/01/why-does-everyone-call-donald-trump-the-donald-its-an-interesting-story/ |title=Why does everyone call Donald Trump 'The Donald'? It's an interesting story. |last=Argetsinger |first=Amy |date=September 1, 2015 |website=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> }} '''Donald John Trump''' (born 14 Juin 1946) is an American politician, media personality an businessman that is the 47t [[Preses o the Unitit States]]. A member o the [[Republican Pairty (Unitit States)|Republican Pairty]], he served as the 45t preses frae 2017 tae 2021. Born intae a walthy faimily in [[New York Ceety]], Trump graduatit frae the [[Varsity o Pennsylvanie]] in 1968 wi a bachelor's degree in [[economics]]. He becam preses o his faimily's property business in 1971, gied it the nem the Trump Organization, an stairtit buyin an biggin skyscrapers, hotels, casinos an gowf coorses. Frae 2004 tae 2015 he hostit the reality telly shaw ''[[The Apprentice]]''. He wan the [[2016 Unitit States presidential election|2016 presidential election]] agin the [[Democratic Pairty (Unitit States)|Democratic]] candidate [[Hillary Clinton]]. In his first presidency Trump brocht in a traivel ban on seiven Muslim-majority kintras, signed the {{lang|en|Tax Cuts and Jobs Act}} an appointit three justices tae the Supreme Court. Efter he tint the [[2020 Unitit States presidential election|2020 election]] tae [[Joe Biden]], he refuised tae concede, an his supporters attackit the [[Unitit States Capitol]] on 6 Januar 2021. He wis impeached twice, in 2019 an 2021, an the Senate acquittit him baith times. In 2024 a New York court fund him guilty on 34 coonts o fausifyin business records, makkin him the first US preses convictit o a felony. He wan the 2024 election agin [[Kamala Harris]] an stairtit his seicont presidency on 20 Januar 2025. In his seicont term he haes pit tariffs on near aw kintras an cut the federal wirkforce, an his administration's actions hae been challenged in mair nor 550 lawsuits. == Early life an education == Trump wis born on 14 Juin 1946 at Jamaica Hospital in [[Queens]], New York Ceety, the fowert bairn o Fred Trump an Mary Anne MacLeod Trump.{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|pp=30, 37}} He is o German an Scots strynd.{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=v}} He grew up wi his fower brithers an sisters in a 23-room mansion in the Jamaica Estates pairt o Queens.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/23/us/politics/donald-trumps-old-queens-neighborhood-now-a-melting-pot-was-seen-as-a-cloister.html |title=Donald Trump's Old Queens Neighborhood Contrasts With the Diverse Area Around It |first=Jason |last=Horowitz |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 22, 2015 |access-date=December 15, 2025 |url-access=limited}}</ref> His faither sent him tae the New York Military Academy, a private bairdin schuil, frae the aicht tae the twalt grade.{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|pp=33, 38, 45}} He gaed tae Fordham Varsity in 1964,{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|pp=45}} then flittit tae the Wharton School o the Varsity o Pennsylvanie, an graduatit in Mey 1968 wi a Bachelor o Science in economics.{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|pp=47–50}} He wis exemptit frae the draft in the [[Vietnam War]] on a claim o bone spurs in his heels.{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=48}} == Business career == === Property === Frae 1968 Trump wrocht for Trump Management, his faither's property company, that luikit efter mair nor fowerteen thoosand flats for middle-cless fowk in Queens, Staten Island an [[Brooklyn]].{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|pp=51–53}} In 1971 he becam preses o the business an his faither its chairman.{{sfn|Barrett|2016|p=75}} The lawyer Roy Cohn wis his fixer an mentor for 13 year in the 1970s an 1980s.<ref name="Mahler2016Cohn">{{cite news |last1=Mahler |first1=Jonathan |last2=Flegenheimer |first2=Matt |title=What Donald Trump Learned From Joseph McCarthy's Right-Hand Man |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/21/us/politics/donald-trump-roy-cohn.html |access-date=May 26, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=June 20, 2016 |url-access=limited}}</ref> In 1973, wi Cohn's help, Trump coonter-suid the US government for $100 million ower its chairge that his properties haed discriminatit agin Black tenants an fowk luikin for flats. The case wis settled wi an agreement tae desegregate.{{sfn|Barrett|2016|pp=82–84}} In 1980 he got the richts tae develop [[Trump Touer]], a skyscraper in Midtown [[Manhattan]].<ref>{{cite magazine |title=The Expanding Empire of Donald Trump |date=April 8, 1984 |access-date=September 29, 2021 |first=William E. |last=Geist |author-link=Bill Geist |magazine=The New York Times Magazine |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/08/magazine/the-expanding-empire-of-donald-trump.html |url-access=limited}}</ref> It wis his main hame till 2019.<ref name="moved">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/31/us/politics/trump-new-york-florida-primary-residence.html |title=Trump, Lifelong New Yorker, Declares Himself a Resident of Florida |work=[[The New York Times]] |last=Haberman |first=Maggie |author-link=Maggie Haberman |date=October 31, 2019 |access-date=January 24, 2020 |url-access=limited}}</ref> In 1985 he bocht the [[Mar-a-Lago]] estate in Palm Beach, [[Florida]],<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Peterson-Withorn |first=Chase |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/chasewithorn/2018/04/23/donald-trump-has-gained-more-than-100-million-on-mar-a-lago/ |title=Donald Trump Has Gained More Than $100 Million On Mar-a-Lago |magazine=Forbes |date=April 23, 2018 |access-date=July 4, 2018}}</ref> that he declared his main hame in 2019.<ref name="moved" /> He stairtit biggin an buyin gowf coorses in 1999, an bi 2016 he awned 17 gowf coorses roond the warld.<ref>{{cite news |last=Garcia |first=Ahiza |date=December 29, 2016 |title=Trump's 17 golf courses teed up: Everything you need to know |url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/12/29/news/donald-trump-golf-courses/ |access-date=December 15, 2025 |work=CNN Business}}</ref> === Casinos an bankruptcies === In 1984 Trump appent Harrah's at Trump Plaza, a hotel an casino in [[Atlantic City]], wi siller an management help frae the Holiday Corporation.<ref name="fall">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.phillymag.com/news/2015/08/16/donald-trump-atlantic-city-empire/ |title=The Truth About the Rise and Fall of Donald Trump's Atlantic City Empire |magazine=Philadelphia |date=August 16, 2015 |access-date=March 21, 2016 |first=Dan |last=McQuade}}</ref> In 1985 he bocht the Atlantic City Hilton Hotel afore it appent, an gied it the nem Trump's Castle. Baith casinos gaed intae Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 1992.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1992/03/09/Trumps-Castle-and-Plaza-file-for-bankruptcy/3105700117200/ |title=Trump's Castle and Plaza file for bankruptcy |work=UPI News |date=March 9, 1992 |access-date=May 25, 2023}}</ref> In 1988 he bocht a third Atlantic City casino, the Trump Taj Mahal, that appent in Aprile 1990 efter costin $1.1 billion.<ref name="fall" /> Atween 1991 an 2009 his hotel an casino businesses in Atlantic City an New York gaed intae Chapter 11 bankruptcy sax times, tho Trump hissel never gaed bankrupt.<ref name="TW">{{cite news |last=Winter |first=Tom |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/trump-bankruptcy-math-doesn-t-add-n598376 |title=Trump Bankruptcy Math Doesn't Add Up |work=NBC News |date=June 24, 2016 |access-date=February 26, 2020}}</ref> Accordin tae a review bi ''USA Today'' in 2018, Trump an his businesses haed been involved in mair nor 4,000 lawsuits.<ref name=usat-lawsuits>{{cite news |date=n.d. |title=Donald Trump: Three decades: 4,095 lawsuits |url=https://www.usatoday.com/pages/interactives/trump-lawsuits/ |first1=Nick |last1=Penzenstadler |first2=Steve |last2=Reilly |first3=David |last3=Wilson |first4=Karen |last4=Yi |first5=Pim |last5=Linders |first6=John |last6=Kelly |first7=Jeff |last7=Dionise |access-date=August 26, 2025 |work=USA Today}}</ref> === Media === Trump haes published 19 buiks unner his nem, maist o them written or co-written bi ghaistwriters.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/trump-books-tweet-ghostwriter-tim-o-brien-tony-schwartz-writer-response-a8431271.html |title=Trump boasted about writing many books – his ghostwriter says otherwise |newspaper=The Independent |first=Andrew |last=Buncombe |date=July 4, 2018 |access-date=October 11, 2020}}</ref> His first buik, ''The Art of the Deal'' (1987), wis a best seller an makkit him kent ootwith New York as a rich an successfu businessman.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/07/25/donald-trumps-ghostwriter-tells-all |title=Donald Trump's Ghostwriter Tells All |magazine=The New Yorker |first=Jane |last=Mayer |author-link=Jane Mayer |date=July 18, 2016 |access-date=June 19, 2017}}</ref> Frae 2004 tae 2015 he hostit ''[[The Apprentice]]'', a reality telly shaw. In the shaws he pleyed a superrich chief executive that sent contestants hame wi the catchphrase {{lang|en|"you're fired"}}.<ref name="show">{{cite news |last1=Grynbaum |first1=Michael M. |last2=Parker |first2=Ashley |author-link2=Ashley Parker |date=July 16, 2016 |title=Donald Trump the Political Showman, Born on 'The Apprentice' |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/17/business/media/donald-trump-apprentice.html |access-date=July 8, 2018 |url-access=limited}}</ref> ''The New York Times'' cried his portrayal {{lang|en|"a highly flattering, highly fictionalized version"}} o hissel.<ref name="show" /> He earned mair nor $400 million frae the shaws an the licensin deals that gaed wi them.<ref>{{cite news |last=Poniewozik |first=James |author-link=James Poniewozik |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/28/arts/television/trump-taxes-apprentice.html |title=Donald Trump Was the Real Winner of 'The Apprentice' |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 28, 2020 |access-date=October 18, 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref> In 1996 he bocht the Miss Universe pageants, amang them Miss USA an Miss Teen USA.{{sfn|Haberman|2022|pp=129–130}} == Political career == === Early ambitions === Trump haes chynged pairty several times. He registered as a Republican in Queens in 1969 an in Manhattan in 1987;{{sfn|Barrett|2016|p=75}} he joined the Independence Pairty, the New York state branch o the Reform Pairty, in 1999, the Democrats in 2001, the Republicans again in 2009, nae pairty in 2011, an the Republicans aince mair in 2012.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hall |first=Amy |title=Donald Trump was once a registered Democrat and party donor. So why did he jump ship? |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/donald-trump-was-once-a-registered-democrat-and-party-donor-why-did-he-jump-ship/wj85mj5yq |website=SBS News |access-date=March 29, 2025 |date=July 25, 2024}}</ref> In 1987 he pit full-page adverts in the main newspapers<ref name="hint">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/02/nyregion/trump-gives-a-vague-hint-of-candidacy.html |title=Trump Gives a Vague Hint of Candidacy |work=[[The New York Times]] |first=Michael |last=Oreskes |author-link=Michael Oreskes |date=September 2, 1987 |access-date=February 17, 2016 |url-access=limited}}</ref> settin oot his views on foreign policy an hou tae dae awa wi the federal budget deficit.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/11/18/us/trump-urged-to-head-gala-of-democrats.html |title=Trump Urged To Head Gala Of Democrats |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=November 18, 1987 |access-date=October 1, 2021 |first=Fox |last=Butterfield |author-link=Fox Butterfield |url-access=limited}}</ref> He wis a candidate in the 2000 Reform Pairty presidential primaries for three month afore he drew back in Februar 2000.<ref>{{cite news |first=Richard |last=Winger |author-link=Richard Winger |title=Donald Trump Ran For President in 2000 in Several Reform Party Presidential Primaries |date=December 25, 2011 |access-date=October 1, 2021 |website=Ballot Access News |url=https://ballot-access.org/2011/12/25/donald-trump-ran-for-president-in-2000-in-several-reform-party-presidential-primaries/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Clift |first=Eleanor |author-link=Eleanor Clift |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-last-time-trump-wrecked-a-party |title=The Last Time Trump Wrecked a Party |work=The Daily Beast |date=July 18, 2016 |access-date=October 14, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Nagourney |first=Adam |author-link=Adam Nagourney |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/politics/camp/021400wh-ref-trump.html |title=Reform Bid Said to Be a No-Go for Trump |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=February 14, 2000 |access-date=December 26, 2020 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> === 2016 election === Trump annoonced his candidacy for the 2016 election in Juin 2015.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lerner |first=Adam B. |author-link=Adam B. Lerner |date=June 16, 2015 |title=The 10 best lines from Donald Trump's announcement speech |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2015/06/donald-trump-2016-announcement-10-best-lines-119066 |access-date=June 7, 2018 |work=Politico}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Graham |first=David A. |date=May 13, 2016 |title=The Lie of Trump's 'Self-Funding' Campaign |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/05/trumps-self-funding-lie/482691/ |access-date=June 7, 2018 |work=The Atlantic}}</ref> Uisin the slogan {{lang|en|"[[Make America Great Again]]"}}, that he haed trademarked in 2012,<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Wilson |first=Chris |url=https://time.com/5084673/donald-trump-make-america-great-again-trademark/ |title='Make America High Again' and 279 Other Ways People Are Ripping Off Trump's Campaign Slogan |magazine=Time |date=January 8, 2018 |access-date=April 13, 2026}}</ref> he campaigned as a rich, successfu businessman an an ootsider wi nae political experience.<ref>{{cite news |last=Terris |first=Ben |title=Donald Trump begins 2016 bid, citing his outsider status |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/donald-trump-is-now-a-candidate-for-president-of-the-united-states/2015/06/16/5e6d738e-1441-11e5-9ddc-e3353542100c_story.html |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=June 16, 2015 |access-date=April 26, 2025 |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Kiewiet de Jonge |first=Chad |date=December 19, 2015 |title=Outsider Sentiment Leaves Its Mark on 2016 Races (Poll) |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/outsider-sentiment-leaves-mark-2016-races-poll/story?id=35850546 |access-date=April 26, 2025 |work=ABC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Newport |first1=Frank |last2=Saad |first2=Lydia |title=Trump Support Built on Outsider Status, Business Experience |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/189773/trump-support-built-outsider-status-business-experience.aspx |publisher=Gallup, Inc. |date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=April 26, 2025}}</ref> In the campaign he got a record amoont o free media coverage,<ref name="Cillizza-160614">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/06/14/this-harvard-study-is-a-powerful-indictment-of-the-medias-role-in-donald-trumps-rise/ |title=This Harvard study is a powerful indictment of the media's role in Donald Trump's rise |first=Chris |last=Cillizza |author-link=Chris Cillizza |date=June 14, 2016 |access-date=October 1, 2021 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url-access=limited}}</ref> estimatit at $2 billion.<ref>{{cite news |title=$2 Billion Worth of Free Media for Donald Trump |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/16/upshot/measuring-donald-trumps-mammoth-advantage-in-free-media.html |first1=Nicholas |last1=Confessore |author-link1=Nicholas Confessore |first2=Karen |last2=Yourish |date=March 15, 2016 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url-access=limited}}</ref> Trump wan the election wi 304 electoral votes tae Hillary Clinton's 227.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Kiersten |last1=Schmidt |first2=Wilson |last2=Andrews |title=A Historic Number of Electors Defected, and Most Were Supposed to Vote for Clinton |date=December 19, 2016 |access-date=January 31, 2017 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/12/19/us/elections/electoral-college-results.html |url-access=limited}}</ref> He wis the fift person tae be electit preses tho he tint the popular vote: he got aboot 2.87 million fewer votes nor Clinton, 46.1% tae her 48.2%.<ref>{{cite web |title=FEDERAL ELECTIONS 2016 -- Election Results for the U.S. President, the U.S. Senate and the U.S. House of Representatives |url=https://www.fec.gov/documents/1889/federalelections2016.pdf#page=10 |publisher=[[Federal Election Commission]] |date=December 2017 |access-date=August 12, 2020}}</ref> He wis the only preses that haed never served in the militar nor held ony government office afore.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2016/11/11/13587532/donald-trump-no-experience |title=Donald Trump will be the only US president ever with no political or military experience |last=Crockett |first=Zachary |date=November 11, 2016 |work=Vox |access-date=January 3, 2017}}</ref> === First presidency (2017–2021) === Trump wis sworn in on 20 Januar 2017. The day efter, an estimatit 2.6 million fowk roond the warld, 500,000 o them in Washington, D.C., mairched agin him in the Women's Mairches.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2017/01/21/womens-march-aims-start-movement-trump-inauguration/96864158/ |title=At 2.6 million strong, Women's Marches crush expectations |last1=Przybyla |first1=Heidi M. |last2=Schouten |first2=Fredreka |date=January 21, 2017 |work=USA Today |access-date=January 22, 2017}}</ref> '''Economy.''' Trump teuk office at the heicht o the langest economic expansion in American history,<ref name=VanDam>{{cite news |first=Andrew |last=Van Dam |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2021/01/08/trump-jobs-record/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |title=Trump will have the worst jobs record in modern U.S. history. It's not just the pandemic. |date=January 8, 2021 |access-date=October 2, 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref> that stairtit in 2009 an gaed on till Februar 2020, whan the COVID-19 recession began.<ref>{{cite news |last=Smialek |first=Jeanna |date=June 8, 2020 |title=The U.S. Entered a Recession in February |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/08/business/economy/us-economy-recession-2020.html |access-date=June 10, 2020 |url-access=limited}}</ref> Bi late 2019 the Unitit States recordit some o the lawest unemployment rates in decades, wi notable faws in [[African Americans|African-American]], [[Hispanic an Latino Americans|Hispanic]] an Asian-American unemployment. Economists debate hou faur Trump's policies brocht this aboot, an some pit it doun tae the recovery that wis awready unnerwey efter the [[2008 financial crisis]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=U.S. Unemployment Rate Falls to 50-Year Low – The White House|url=https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/articles/u-s-unemployment-rate-falls-50-year-low/|access-date=2025-11-14|website=trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov}}</ref> In December 2017 he signed the {{lang|en|Tax Cuts and Jobs Act}}, that cut tax rates for businesses an individuals.<ref>{{cite news |last=Long |first=Heather |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/12/15/the-final-gop-tax-bill-is-complete-heres-what-is-in-it/ |title=The final GOP tax bill is complete. Here's what is in it. |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=December 15, 2017 |access-date=July 31, 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/12/15/us/politics/final-republican-tax-bill-cuts.html |title=What's in the Final Republican Tax Bill |work=[[The New York Times]] |first1=Wilson |last1=Andrews |first2=Alicia |last2=Parlapiano |date=December 15, 2017 |access-date=December 22, 2017 |url-access=limited}}</ref> '''Immigration.''' In Januar 2017 Trump signed an executive order that stappit citizens o sax Muslim-majority kintras frae comin in for fower month, an citizens o [[Sirie]] for guid.<ref name="frontline">{{cite news |last1=Walters |first1=Joanna |last2=Helmore |first2=Edward |last3=Dehghan |first3=Saeed Kamali |author-link3=Saeed Kamali Dehghan |date=January 28, 2017 |title=US airports on frontline as Donald Trump's travel ban causes chaos and protests |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jan/28/airports-us-immigration-ban-muslim-countries-trump |access-date=July 19, 2017 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref name="airport">{{cite news |date=January 28, 2017 |title=Protests erupt at airports nationwide over immigration action |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/protests-airports-immigration-action-president-trump/ |access-date=March 22, 2021 |work=CBS News}}</ref> '''Judiciary.''' Trump appointit 234 federal judges, amang them three tae the Supreme Court: Neil Gorsuch, Brett Kavanaugh an Amy Coney Barrett,<ref>{{cite web |last=Gramlich |first=John |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/01/13/how-trump-compares-with-other-recent-presidents-in-appointing-federal-judges/ |title=How Trump compares with other recent presidents in appointing federal judges |publisher=Pew Research Center |date=January 13, 2021 |access-date=May 30, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/2025-01/apptsbypres.pdf |title=Judgeship Appointments by President |work=United States Courts |access-date=January 16, 2026}}</ref> that shiftit the Court tae the richt politically.<ref>{{cite news |work=Politico |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/09/26/trump-legacy-supreme-court-422058 |title=Trump's legacy is now the Supreme Court |first=Anita |last=Kumar |date=September 26, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=Voice of America |title=Trump's Lasting Legacy: Conservative Supermajority on Supreme Court |first=Masood |last=Farivar |date=December 24, 2020 |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/usa_trumps-lasting-legacy-conservative-supermajority-supreme-court/6199935.html |access-date=December 21, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Nine Black Robes: Inside the Supreme Court's Drive to the Right and Its Historic Consequences |first=Joan |last=Biskupic |author-link=Joan Biskupic |url=https://www.wbur.org/hereandnow/2023/06/02/nine-black-robes-supreme-court |date=June 2, 2023 |work=WBUR-FM |access-date=December 21, 2023}}</ref> '''Foreign policy.''' In 2018 Trump stairtit a trade war wi [[Republic o the Fowk o Cheena|China]], pittin on tariffs an ither trade barriers that he said wad force China tae end lang-staundin unfair tradin practices an the infringement o intellectual property.<ref>{{cite news |last=Swanson |first=Ana |date=July 5, 2018 |title=Trump's Trade War With China Is Officially Underway |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/05/business/china-us-trade-war-trump-tariffs.html |access-date=May 26, 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url-access=limited}}</ref> He wis the first sittin US preses tae meet a leader o [[North Korea]], meetin Kim Jong Un three times atween Juin 2018 an Juin 2019 tae talk aboot denuclearisation. The talks broke doun in October 2019 wi nae agreement.<ref>{{cite news |last=McCurry |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/aug/26/donald-trump-kim-jong-un-north-korea-summits-a-short-history |first=Justin |title=Handshakes and hope but little progress: a short history of Trump-Kim summits |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=August 26, 2025 |access-date=September 18, 2026}}</ref> He teuk the US oot o the Paris Agreement on climate chynge in his first presidency; Biden brocht the US back intae it in 2021, an Trump teuk it oot again in his seicont presidency.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Daly |first1=Matthew |last2=Borenstein |first2=Seth |date=January 20, 2025 |title=Trump signs executive order directing US withdrawal from the Paris climate agreement — again |url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-paris-agreement-climate-change-788907bb89fe307a964be757313cdfb0 |access-date=January 23, 2025 |work=[[AP News]]}}</ref> '''COVID-19.''' Efter he haed ignored public health warnins an cries for action frae health officials in his ain administration for weeks, Trump set up the White Hoose Coronavirus Task Force at the end o Januar 2020.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/coronavirus-outbreak-task-force-created-by-trump-to-lead-us-government-response-to-wuhan-virus/ |title=Trump creates task force to lead U.S. coronavirus response |work=CBS News |date=January 30, 2020 |access-date=October 10, 2020}}</ref> In Mairch 2020 he signed the CARES Act, a $2.2 trillion economic stimulus bill backit bi baith pairties, the lairgest stimulus in US history.<ref name="NY Times stimulus united senate">{{cite news |last1=Hulse |first1=Carl |author-link1=Carl Hulse |last2=Cochrane |first2=Emily |title=As Coronavirus Spread, Largest Stimulus in History United a Polarized Senate |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/26/us/coronavirus-senate-stimulus-package.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 26, 2020 |access-date=November 27, 2024 |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref name="AP Trump signs 2.2">{{cite news |last1=Taylor |first1=Andrew |last2=Fram |first2=Alan |last3=Kellman |first3=Laurie |last4=Superville |first4=Darlene |title=Trump signs $2.2T stimulus after swift congressional votes |url=https://apnews.com/2099a53bb8adf2def7ee7329ea322f9d |work=[[AP News]] |date=March 28, 2020 |access-date=November 27, 2024}}</ref> '''Impeachments.''' Trump wis impeached twice bi the [[Unitit States Hoose o Representatives|Hoose o Representatives]], an acquittit bi the [[Unitit States Senate|Senate]] baith times. The first impeachment cam efter a whistleblower complained that in Julie 2019 Trump haed pit pressure on the [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] preses Volodymyr Zelenskyy tae investigate Joe an Hunter Biden.<ref name="undermine">{{cite news |last=Bump |first=Philip |title=Trump wanted Russia's main geopolitical adversary to help undermine the Russian interference story |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/09/25/trump-wanted-russias-main-geopolitical-adversary-help-him-undermine-russian-interference-story/ |access-date=October 1, 2019 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=September 25, 2019 |url-access=limited}}</ref> In December 2019 the Hoose votit tae impeach him for abuse o pouer an obstruction o Congress,<ref>{{cite news |last=Gregorian |first=Dareh |title=Trump impeached by the House for abuse of power, obstruction of Congress |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/trump-impeachment-inquiry/trump-impeached-house-abuse-power-n1104196 |access-date=December 18, 2019 |work=NBC News |date=December 18, 2019}}</ref> an the Senate acquittit him in Februar 2020.<ref>{{cite news |work=CNBC |date=February 5, 2020 |title=Trump acquitted of both charges in Senate impeachment trial |last1=Wilkie |first1=Christina |last2=Breuninger |first2=Kevin |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/05/trump-acquitted-in-impeachment-trial.html |access-date=February 2, 2021}}</ref> The seicont impeachment cam efter the attack on the Capitol on 6 Januar 2021, whan the Hoose chairged him wi incitement o insurrection on 13 Januar 2021.<ref name=SecondImpeachment>{{cite news |last=Fandos |first=Nicholas |title=Trump Impeached for Inciting Insurrection |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/13/us/politics/trump-impeached.html |access-date=January 14, 2021 |date=January 13, 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref> He left office on 20 Januar an wis acquittit on 13 Februar; seiven Republican senators votit tae convict him.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Levine |first1=Sam |last2=Gambino |first2=Lauren |date=February 13, 2021 |title=Donald Trump acquitted in impeachment trial |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/feb/13/donald-trump-acquitted-impeachment-trial |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=February 13, 2021}}</ref> === 2020 election an 6 Januar === Biden wan the election in November 2020, wi 81.3 million votes (51.3 percent) tae Trump's 74.2 million (46.8 percent)<ref name="vote1">{{cite news |date=December 11, 2020 |title=Presidential Election Results: Biden Wins |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/11/03/us/elections/results-president.html |access-date=December 11, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref name="vote2">{{cite news |date=December 10, 2020 |title=2020 US Presidential Election Results: Live Map |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Elections/2020-us-presidential-election-results-live-map |access-date=December 11, 2020 |work=ABC News}}</ref> an 306 electoral votes tae Trump's 232.<ref name="formalize">{{cite news |last1=Holder |first1=Josh |last2=Gabriel |first2=Trip |author-link2=Trip Gabriel |last3=Paz |first3=Isabella Grullón |date=December 14, 2020 |title=Biden's 306 Electoral College Votes Make His Victory Official |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/12/14/us/elections/electoral-college-results.html |access-date=October 9, 2021 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url-access=limited}}</ref> Trump declared victory the mornin efter the election, afore the results war kent.<ref>{{cite news |date=November 4, 2020 |title=With results from key states unclear, Trump declares victory |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/with-results-key-states-unclear-trump-declares-victory-2020-11-04/ |access-date=November 10, 2020 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> On 6 Januar 2021, while Congress wis certifyin the results, Trump held a rally whaur he cried for the election tae be owerturned, an telt his supporters tae {{lang|en|"fight like hell"}} an mairch tae the Capitol.<ref>{{cite news |last=Savage |first=Charlie |author-link=Charlie Savage (journalist) |date=January 10, 2021 |title=Incitement to Riot? What Trump Told Supporters Before Mob Stormed Capitol |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/10/us/trump-speech-riot.html |access-date=January 11, 2021 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url-access=limited}}</ref> His supporters then broke intae the biggin, stappin the certification an makkin Congress evacuate.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tan |first1=Shelley |last2=Shin |first2=Youjin |last3=Rindler |first3=Danielle |date=January 9, 2021 |title=How one of America's ugliest days unraveled inside and outside the Capitol |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/interactive/2021/capitol-insurrection-visual-timeline/ |access-date=May 2, 2021 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url-access=limited}}</ref> Mair nor 140 polis officers war injured, an five fowk deed durin or efter the attack.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rubin |first1=Olivia |last2=Mallin |first2=Alexander |last3=Steakin |first3=Will |date=January 4, 2022 |title=By the numbers: How the Jan. 6 investigation is shaping up 1 year later |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/numbers-jan-investigation-shaping-year/story?id=82057743 |access-date=June 4, 2023 |work=ABC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Cameron |first=Chris |date=January 5, 2022 |title=These Are the People Who Died in Connection With the Capitol Riot |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/05/us/politics/jan-6-capitol-deaths.html |access-date=January 29, 2022 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url-access=limited}}</ref> === 2024 election === In November 2022 Trump annoonced he wad rin in the 2024 presidential election.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Arnsdorf |first1=Isaac |last2=Scherer |first2=Michael |author-link2=Michael Scherer (journalist) |date=November 15, 2022 |title=Trump, who as president fomented an insurrection, says he is running again |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/11/15/trump-2024-announcement-running-president/ |access-date=December 5, 2022 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Schouten |first=Fredreka |date=November 16, 2022 |title=Questions about Donald Trump's campaign money, answered |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/11/16/politics/donald-trump-war-chest-presidential-campaign/index.html |access-date=December 5, 2022 |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> On 13 Julie 2024 he wis shot in the lug in an assassination attempt at a campaign rally in Butler Township, Pennsylvanie.<ref name="Browne-2024">{{cite news |last1=Browne |first1=Malachy |last2=Lum |first2=Devon |last3=Cardia |first3=Alexander |date=July 26, 2024 |title=Speculation Swirls About What Hit Trump. An Analysis Suggests It was a Bullet |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/26/us/politics/trump-shooter-bullet-trajectory-ear.html |access-date=July 29, 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hutchinson |first1=Bill |last2=Cohen |first2=Miles |date=July 16, 2024 |title=Gunman opened fire at Trump rally as witnesses say they tried to alert police |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/witnesses-trump-assassination-attempt-gunman-roof-shooting/story?id=111947616 |access-date=July 17, 2024 |work=ABC News}}</ref> He wan the election in November 2024 wi 312 electoral votes tae the sittin vice preses Kamala Harris's 226.<ref>{{cite news |title=2024 Presidential Election Results |url=https://apnews.com/projects/election-results-2024/ |date=November 25, 2024 |access-date=November 25, 2024 |work=[[AP News]]}}</ref> === Seicont presidency (2025–) === Trump stairtit his seicont term whan he wis sworn in on 20 Januar 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Morgan |first1=David |last2=Borter |first2=Gabriella |last3=Mason |first3=Jeff |last4=Ax |first4=Joseph |date=January 20, 2025 |title=Trump sworn in a second time, says he was 'saved by God' to rescue America |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/triumphant-trump-returns-white-house-launching-new-era-upheaval-2025-01-20/ |access-date=January 20, 2025 |work=[[Reuters]] |url-access=limited}}</ref> He becam the auldest preses tae tak office,<ref>{{cite news |last=Hussein |first=Mohamed H. |date=January 20, 2025 |title=How does Trump's age at inauguration compare with other presidents? |work=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/1/20/how-does-trumps-age-at-inauguration-compare-to-other-presidents |access-date=January 20, 2025}}</ref> the first wi a felony conviction, an the seicont tae serve twa terms that warna back tae back.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ogwude |first1=Haadiza |last2=Page |first2=Susan |date=January 20, 2025 |title=Is Donald Trump the oldest president sworn into office? A look at his historic feats |work=USA Today |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2025/01/20/who-is-the-oldest-president-to-be-sworn-in-donald-trump/77776042007/ |access-date=January 20, 2025}}</ref> Afore he haed been a hunner days in office, he haed signed mair executive orders nor ony ither preses in thair first hunner days.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Doan |first1=Laura |last2=Ingram |first2=Julia |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-issues-record-100-executive-order-of-second-term-breakdown/ |title=Trump issues record 100th executive order within first 100 days of term. Here's a breakdown. |work=CBS News |date=March 26, 2025 |access-date=November 8, 2025}}</ref> Bi the middle o Januar 2026 his orders an actions haed been challenged in mair nor 550 lawsuits.<ref>{{cite web |date=January 12, 2026 |title=Litigation Tracker: Legal Challenges to Trump Administration Actions |url=https://www.justsecurity.org/107087/tracker-litigation-legal-challenges-trump-administration/ |access-date=January 13, 2026 |website=Just Security}}</ref> He stairtit mass sackins o federal employees.<ref name="Collinson">{{cite news |last=Collinson |first=Stephen |date=January 28, 2025 |title=Trump sets about his retribution agenda with relish |work=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/01/28/politics/trump-retribution-agenda-analysis/index.html |access-date=January 28, 2025}}</ref> On immigration, he resumed the "Remain in Mexico" policy, designatit drug cartels as terrorist groups an ordered wirk on a border waw tae stairt again.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bustillo |first=Ximena |title=Trump signs sweeping actions on immigration and border security on Day 1 |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/01/20/g-s1-43650/trump-inauguration-day-one-immigration |work=NPR News |date=January 20, 2025 |access-date=February 16, 2025}}</ref><ref name="Cbsjan28">{{cite news |last=Montoya-Galvez |first=Camilo |title=Trump's sweeping immigration crackdown targets some legal means to enter U.S., too |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-migrants-crackdown-legal-immigration/ |website=CBS News |date=January 28, 2025 |access-date=February 16, 2025}}</ref> In Mairch 2025 he uised the Alien Enemies Act o 1798 tae deport migrants withoot trial tae be jiled at the Terrorism Confinement Center in El Salvador.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Renteria |first1=Nelson |last2=O'Boyle |first2=Brendan |last3=Cortes |first3=Raul |date=March 20, 2025 |title=Explainer: What is El Salvador's mega-prison holding Venezuelans deported from the US? |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/what-is-el-salvadors-mega-prison-that-could-take-us-criminals-2025-02-04/ |work=[[Reuters]] |access-date=April 12, 2025}}</ref> His economic policies hae been descrived as protectionist,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Douglas |first1=Jason |last2=Fairless |first2=Tom |date=March 24, 2025 |title=Trade War Explodes Across World at Pace Not Seen in Decades |url=https://www.wsj.com/economy/trade/trade-war-explodes-across-world-at-pace-not-seen-in-decades-0b6d6513 |access-date=March 25, 2025 |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url-access=subscription}}</ref> an he haes pit tariffs on maist kintras, wi lairge tariffs on major tradin pairtners sic as China, [[Canadae]] an [[Mexico]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Swanson |first1=Ana |last2=Austen |first2=Ian |last3=Romero |first3=Simon |author-link3=Simon Romero |title=Trump's Tariffs on Canada, Mexico and China Snap Into Effect |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/04/business/economy/trump-tariffs-canada-mexico-china.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=March 4, 2025 |date=March 4, 2025 |url-access=limited}}</ref> He stairtit a global trade war, wi tariffs at thair heichest level syne the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act o 1930 at the stairt o the Great Depression.<ref>{{cite news |last=Goldman |first=David |date=August 1, 2025 |title=Trump's new tariffs have no precedent in the modern era |work=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/08/01/economy/tariff-policy-trump-trade |access-date=August 8, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Romm |first=Tony |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/08/07/business/economy/trump-tariffs-trade-war.html |title=Staggering U.S. Tariffs Begin as Trump Widens Trade War |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=August 7, 2025 |access-date=August 9, 2025 |url-access=limited}}</ref> In Februar 2026 the Supreme Court ruled that the tariffs he haed pit on unner the International Emergency Economic Powers Act war illegal.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fritze |first1=John |last2=Cole |first2=Devan |last3=Buchwald |first3=Elizabeth |last4=Sneed |first4=Tierney Sneed |title=Supreme Court rules that Trump's sweeping emergency tariffs are illegal |url=https://www.cnn.com/2026/02/20/politics/supreme-court-tariffs |work=[[CNN]] |date=February 20, 2026 |access-date=February 20, 2026}}</ref> His plan for a ceasefire in [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]] atween [[Israel]] an Hamas wis signed in October 2025.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-hamas-agree-gaza-ceasefire-return-hostages-2025-10-09/ |title=Gazans trek to ruined homes as Israeli forces pull back under ceasefire |last1=Lubell |first1=Maayan |last2=Al-Mughrabi |first2=Nidal |work=[[Reuters]] |date=October 9, 2025 |access-date=October 9, 2025 |url-access=limited}}</ref> In Januar 2026 the US capturt the [[Venezuela]]n preses Nicolás Maduro in a militar raid an teuk him tae New York, whaur he wis chairged wi drug traffickin.<ref>{{cite news |last=Downs |first=Garrett |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2026/01/04/trump-venezuela-maduro-pardon-honduras.html |title=Trump admin pressed on pardon for ex-Honduras president after Venezuela's Maduro snatched |work=CNBC |date=January 4, 2026 |access-date=January 6, 2026}}</ref> In Februar 2026 Trump authorised joint US–Israeli air strikes on [[Iran]], that stairtit the 2026 Iran war an killed the Iranian supreme leader Ali Khamenei.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sanger |first=David E. |author-link=David E. Sanger |date=February 28, 2026 |title=For Trump, the Iran Attack Is the Ultimate War of Choice |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/02/28/us/politics/trump-iran-attack.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=February 28, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Holm |first1=Phil |last2=Jarrett |first2=Will |last3=Vineys |first3=Kevin |title=The US-Israeli war with Iran in maps, graphics and images |url=https://apnews.com/photo-gallery/iran-us-israel-war-conflict-gulf-visuals-8fc2192e3c05d30fd7dad5b18b9743b7 |work=[[AP News]] |date=March 3, 2026 |access-date=March 4, 2026}}</ref> == Legal affairs == In 2022 New York State brocht a civil case agin Trump, accusin him o blawin up the value o the Trump Organization tae get an advantage wi lenders an banks.<ref>{{cite news |last=Scannell |first=Kara |date=September 21, 2022 |title=New York attorney general files civil fraud lawsuit against Trump, some of his children and his business |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/09/21/politics/trump-new-york-attorney-general-letitia-james-fraud-lawsuit/index.html |access-date=September 21, 2022 |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref name="TF">{{cite news |last1=Bromwich |first1=Jonah E. |last2=Protess |first2=Ben |date=February 17, 2024 |title=Trump Fraud Trial Penalty Will Exceed $450 Million |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/16/nyregion/trump-civil-fraud-trial-ruling.html |access-date=February 17, 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Dienst|first=Tom Winter and Jonathan|date=2022-01-19|title=NY AG says investigation into Trump and his business found 'significant evidence' suggesting fraud|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/01/19/new-york-attorney-general-alleges-trumps-company-misled-banks-and-tax-officials.html|access-date=2025-11-14|website=CNBC|language=en}}</ref> He wis fund liable an ordered tae pey near $355 million plus interest.<ref name="TF" /> In August 2025 the appeal court upheld his liability but quashed the fine as excessive.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bromwich |first1=Jonah E. |last2=Protess |first2=Ben |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/08/21/nyregion/trump-fraud-james.html |title=Divided Court Eliminates Trump's Half-Billion-Dollar Fine in Fraud Case |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=August 21, 2025 |access-date=August 26, 2025 |url-access=limited}}</ref> In Mey 2024 Trump wis convictit on 34 felony coonts o fausifyin business records.<ref name="conv">{{cite news |last1=Protess |first1=Ben |last2=Bromwich |first2=Jonah E. |last3=Haberman |first3=Maggie |author-link3=Maggie Haberman |last4=Christobek |first4=Kate |last5=McKinley |first5=Jesse |author-link5=Jesse McKinley |last6=Rashbaum |first6=William K. |date=May 30, 2024 |title=Trump Convicted on All Counts to Become America's First Felon President |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/30/nyregion/trump-convicted-hush-money-trial.html |access-date=January 22, 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url-access=limited}}</ref> The case cam frae evidence that he haed bookit hush-money payments tae the adult film actress Stormy Daniels as business expenses, tae cover up an alleged affair wi her in 2006–2007, durin the 2016 election.<ref name="conv" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Bump |first=Philip |date=August 21, 2018 |title=How the campaign finance charges against Michael Cohen implicate Trump |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/politics/wp/2018/08/21/how-the-campaign-finance-charges-against-michael-cohen-may-implicate-trump |access-date=July 25, 2019 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> On 10 Januar 2025 the judge, Juan Merchan, gied him a sentence wi nae penalty, sayin that ony punishment wad hae interfered wi presidential immunity.<ref name="uds">{{cite news |last1=Hawkins |first1=Derek |last2=Jacobs |first2=Shayna |last3=Berman |first3=Mark |date=January 10, 2025 |title=What Trump's unconditional discharge sentence means in the hush money case |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2025/01/10/trump-criminal-sentence-unconditional-discharge-no-penalty/ |access-date=January 11, 2025 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url-access=limited}}</ref> In 2019 the journalist E. Jean Carroll accused Trump o rapin her in the 1990s an suid him for defamation ower his denial.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ransom |first=Jan |date=November 4, 2019 |title=E. Jean Carroll, Who Accused Trump of Rape, Sues Him for Defamation |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/04/nyregion/jean-carroll-sues-trump.html |access-date=January 24, 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url-access=limited}}</ref> He wis fund liable for sexual abuse an defamation an ordered tae pey $5 million in ae case<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sullivan |first1=Becky |last2=Bernstein |first2=Andrea |last3=Marritz |first3=Ilya |last4=Lawrence |first4=Quil |date=May 9, 2023 |title=A jury finds Trump liable for battery and defamation in E. Jean Carroll trial |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/05/09/1174975870/trump-carroll-verdict |access-date=May 10, 2023 |work=NPR News}}</ref> an $83.3 million in the ither.<ref name="uphold">{{cite news |last=Offenhartz |first=Jake |url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-carroll-appeal-award-d587004df6f7c46ec4a17b563a38bfa9 |title=Appeals court upholds E. Jean Carroll's $83.3M defamation judgment against Trump |work=[[AP News]] |date=September 8, 2025 |access-date=September 11, 2025}}</ref> Efter he wis reelectit, the federal cases agin him ower the 2020 election an ower classified documents war dismissed, acause the Justice Depairtment disna prosecute a sittin preses.<ref>{{cite news |last=Halpert |first=Madeline |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4gvd7kxxj5o |title=Special counsel's last criminal case against Trump dismissed |work=[[BBC News]] |date=November 27, 2024 |access-date=May 5, 2026}}</ref> == Assessments == Efter his first term, historians rankit Trump the fowert-warst preses in C-SPAN's 2021 survey o presidential historians.<ref>{{cite web |year=2021 |url=https://www.c-span.org/presidentsurvey2021/ |title=Presidential Historians Survey 2021 |work=C-SPAN |access-date=June 30, 2021}}</ref> Some scholars, amang them the historian Robert Paxton, hae descrived his politics as [[fascism|fascist]];<ref>[https://www.newsweek.com/robert-paxton-trump-fascist-1560652]</ref> his political views hae been descrived as populist,{{sfn|Ross|2024|p=298}}{{sfn|Urbinati|2019}} an Trump haes descrived hissel as a {{lang|en|"nationalist"}}.<ref>{{cite news |first=William |last=Cummings |title='I am a nationalist': Trump's embrace of controversial label sparks uproar |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/10/24/trump-says-hes-nationalist-what-means-why-its-controversial/1748521002/ |work=USA Today |date=October 24, 2018 |access-date=August 24, 2021}}</ref> == Personal life == In 1977 Trump mairit [[Ivana Trump|Ivana Zelníčková]], an they haed three bairns, Donald Jr., Ivanka an Eric. They divorced in 1990.<ref>{{cite news |last=Barron |first=James |author-link=James Barron (journalist) |date=December 12, 1990 |title=Trumps Get Divorce; Next, Who Gets What? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/12/nyregion/trumps-get-divorce-next-who-gets-what.html |access-date=March 5, 2023 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url-access=limited}}</ref> He mairit Marla Maples in 1993, an they haed ae dochter, Tiffany, afore they divorced in 1999.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hafner |first=Josh |date=July 19, 2016 |title=Get to know Donald's other daughter: Tiffany Trump |url=https://usatoday.com/story/news/politics/onpolitics/2016/07/19/who-is-tiffany-trump/87321708/ |access-date=July 10, 2022 |newspaper=USA Today}}</ref> In 2005 he mairit [[Melania Trump|Melania Knauss]], a model frae [[Slovenie]];{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=266}} thair son Barron wis born in 2006.<ref>{{cite news |date=July 2, 2021 |title=Donald Trump Fast Facts |url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/07/04/us/donald-trump-fast-facts/ |access-date=September 29, 2021 |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> He said he wis a Presbyterian in 2016,<ref>{{cite web |last=Campbell |first=Colin |title=Trump: If I'm president, 'Christianity will have power' in the US |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/donald-trump-christianity-merry-christmas-2016-1 |website=Business Insider |access-date=January 20, 2025 |date=January 23, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Engel |first=Pamela |title=Trump on God: 'Hopefully I won't have to be asking for much forgiveness' |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/donald-trump-on-god-jesus-2016-6 |website=Business Insider |access-date=January 20, 2025 |date=June 8, 2016}}</ref> an in 2020 that he wis a nondenominational Christian.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Jenkins |first1=Jack |last2=Mwaura |first2=Maina |title=Trump, confirmed a Presbyterian, now identifies as 'non-denominational Christian' |url=https://www.americamagazine.org/politics-society/2020/10/24/trump-confirmed-presbyterian-now-identifies-non-denominational |magazine=America |access-date=January 20, 2025 |date=October 24, 2020}}</ref> In 2026 ''Forbes'' pit his wirth at $6.5 billion, makkin him the 645t walthiest person in the warld.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Peterson-Withorn |first1=Chase |last2=Chung |first2=Grace |last3=Durot |first3=Matt |year=2026 |title=Forbes World's Billionaires List - The Richest in 2026 |url=https://www.forbes.com/billionaires/ |magazine=Forbes |access-date=March 24, 2026}} – Scroll down and enter "trump" in the search box.</ref> == Scots connection == Trump's mither, Mary Anne MacLeod, wis born in Tong on the [[Lewis an Harris|Isle o Lewis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scottishroots.com/people/donald.php|title=People: Donald Trump|author=Reid, Tony|author2=Reid, Stuart|date=January 30, 2017|work=ScottishRoots.com|location=Edinburgh, SCT|access-date=August 20, 2018|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref name="kruse">{{cite news|last=Kruse|first=Michael|url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/11/03/mary-macleod-trump-donald-trump-mother-biography-mom-immigrant-scotland-215779|title=The Mystery of Mary Trump|work=Politico Magazine|date=November 4, 2017|accessdate=November 4, 2017}}</ref> He awns twa [[gowf]] coorses in Scotland: Trump International Golf Links at [[Balmedie]], [[Aiberdeenshire]], syne 2012,<ref>{{cite news|title=Donald Trump's wind farm fight 'for Scotland's benefit'|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-north-east-orkney-shetland-14940814|work=BBC News|date=15 September 2011}}</ref> an Turnberry, on the [[Firth o Clyde]] in [[Ayrshire]], syne 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/trump-scotland-what-does-president-own-northern-uk-country-1020757|title=Trump in Scotland: What Does the President Own in the Northern U.K. Country?|last1=Lemon|first1=Jason|date=12 July 2018|website=Newsweek|accessdate=17 September 2018|quote=In December, the Turnberry course also lost a controversial tax break from the Scottish government, The Guardian reported. Scottish Finance Secretary Derek Mackay was pressured to make the changes after it was revealed earlier in the year that the Trump property had kept more than $140,000 a year due to a business rates relief scheme.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/jun/24/donald-trumps-flies-in-for-scotland-visit-amid|title=Donald Trump flies in for Scotland visit as protesters converge on Turnberry|last1=MacAskill|first1=Ewen|date=24 Jun 2016|website=The Guardian}}</ref> In his first presidency, tho he haed said he wad keep awa frae {{lang|en|"new foreign deals"}}, the Trump Organization gaed on expandin its business in Scotland, Dubai an the Dominican Republic.<ref name="BBC041817">{{cite news |date=April 18, 2017 |title=Donald Trump: A list of potential conflicts of interest |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-38069298 |access-date=October 2, 2021 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref name="Venook">{{cite news |last=Venook |first=Jeremy |title=Trump's Interests vs. America's, Dubai Edition |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2017/08/donald-trump-conflicts-of-interests/508382/ |work=The Atlantic |date=August 9, 2017 |access-date=October 2, 2021}}</ref> He haed plans for a seicont coorse in Aiberdeenshire, tho the first haes been criticised for the damage it did tae the naitural environment o the aurie.<ref>{{cite news |title=New Trump golf course provokes fury in Scotland |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/oct/17/new-trump-golf-course-provokes-fury-in-scotland |work=the Guardian |date=17 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref> ==References== {{Notelist}} {{Reflist}} === Warks citit === {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Barrett |first=Wayne |author-link=Wayne Barrett |date=2016 |orig-date=1992 |title=Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention |publisher=Regan Arts |isbn=978-1-68245-079-6}} * {{cite book |title=Confidence Man: The Making of Donald Trump and the Breaking of America |last=Haberman |first=Maggie |author-link=Maggie Haberman |date=2022 |publisher=Penguin Press |isbn=978-0-593-29734-6}} * {{cite book |title=Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President |last1=Kranish |first1=Michael |author-link1=Michael Kranish |last2=Fisher |first2=Marc |author-link2=Marc Fisher |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |year=2017 |orig-year=2016 |isbn=978-1-5011-5652-6 |title-link=Trump Revealed}} * {{cite journal |last=Ross |first=Bertrall L. |date=July 1, 2024 |title=Polarization, Populism, and the Crisis of American Democracy |journal=Annual Review of Law and Social Science |volume=20 |pages=293–308 |doi=10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-041922-035113 |doi-access=free}} * {{cite journal |last=Urbinati |first=Nadia |author-link=Nadia Urbinati |date=May 2019 |title=Political Theory of Populism |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-polisci-050317-070753 |journal=Annual Review of Political Science |volume=22 |access-date=December 20, 2024 |pages=111–127 |issn=1094-2939 |doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-050317-070753 |url-access=subscription}} {{refend}} {{Authority control}} {{Current G8 Leaders}} {{Current G20 Leaders}} {{Current APEC Leaders}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Trump, Donald}} [[Category:Donald Trump| ]] [[Category:1946 births]] [[Category:20t-century American businessfowk]] [[Category:21st-century American businessfowk]] [[Category:21st-century American politeecians]] [[Category:Alt-richt]] [[Category:American actor-politeecians]] [[Category:American beauty pageant ainers]] [[Category:American billionaires]] [[Category:American business writers]] [[Category:American casino industry businessfowk]] [[Category:American Presbyterians]] [[Category:American conspiracy theorists]] [[Category:American hoteliers]] [[Category:American infoteeners]] [[Category:American investors]] [[Category:American naitionalists]] [[Category:American fowk o German strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Scots strynd]] [[Category:American poleetical fondraisers]] [[Category:American poleetical writers]] [[Category:American real estate businessfowk]] [[Category:American reality televeesion producers]] [[Category:American televeesion hosts]] [[Category:American televeesion personalities]] [[Category:Businessfowk frae New York Ceety]] [[Category:Conservatism in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Creetics o the European Union]] [[Category:Fordham Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:New York Military Academy alumni]] [[Category:New York Republicans]] [[Category:Fowk frae Jamaica, Queens]] [[Category:Fowk frae Manhattan]] [[Category:Fowk frae Queens, New York]] [[Category:Fowk named in the Panama Papers]] [[Category:Politeecians frae New York Ceety]] [[Category:Preses o the Unitit States]] [[Category:Republican Pairty (Unitit States) presidential nominees]] [[Category:Republican Pairty Preses o the Unitit States]] [[Category:Richt-weeng populism in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Televeesion producers frae New York]] [[Category:The Apprentice (TV series)]] [[Category:The Trump Organization employees]] [[Category:United States Football League executives]] [[Category:Unitit States presidential candidates, 2000]] [[Category:Candidates in the 2016 Unitit States presidential election]] [[Category:Wharton School o the Varsity o Pennsylvanie alumni]] [[Category:Writers frae New York Ceety]] [[Category:WWE Hall of Fame]] [[Category:Florida Republicans]] 3ulf2o0bt1icr1nph0g2m8nyda37ljm 1 95208 926975 879745 2026-11-08T21:40:07Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin ref 926975 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talkpage}} {{translatit page|en|Donald Trump}} {{Translatit page|en|Donald Trump|version=1384543708}} {{DYKtalk|18 August|2015}} ebz0a7hlt08o6h4pajd7mmvdyte0kk1 0 95241 927247 624875 2026-11-09T10:36:26Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 927247 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Radio Studio 54 Network logo.svg|thumbnail|Studio 54 Network logo]] '''Radio Studio 54 Network''' is a Italian radio station, stairtit in 1985, based in Locri, Calabria. The programming is characterized by the transmission of musical hits and real-time information, with 28 daily updates. == Presenters == Rossella Laface, Alex Albano, Enzo DiChiera, Paolo Sia, Demetrio Malgeri, Marika Torcivia, Franco Siciliano, Mara Rechichi, Luigi Di Dieco ==External links== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20191225112737/http://www.studio54network.it/ Radio Studio 54 Network Official Website] * [http://share.xdevel.com/scriptshare/streamsolution/playeros/index.php?logobackground=000000&logo=true&autostart=true&height=36&width=380&id=442964986e275016d0e4a3e3ec40e0d6 Radio Studio 54 Network webcast streaming] {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Radio stations in Italy]] [[Category:Radio stations established in 1985]] [[Category:Media in Calabrie]] {{Stub}} jx3mau7zodeg3ak8w0tzrg3t1ywpmso 0 125378 926805 876910 2026-11-08T18:17:05Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; the faut an the Great Glen Way addit 926805 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:great glen fault.png|right|frame|The Great Glen Fault]] The '''Great Glen''' ([[Scots Gaelic]]: ''An Gleann Mòr''), kent as '''Glen Albyn''' (frae the [[Scots Gaelic]] ''Gleann Albainn'' "Glen o Scotland") or '''Glen More''' (frae the [[Scots Gaelic]] ''An Gleann Mòr'') an aw, is a lang an stracht [[glen]] in [[Scotland]] that rins for {{convert|62|mi}} frae [[Innerness]] on the edge o the [[Moray Firth]] tae [[The Fort (Lochaber)|The Fort]] at the heid o [[Loch Linnhe]]. It follaes a geological faut, the Great Glen Faut, an splits the [[Scots Hielands]] in twa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Great Glen from The Gazetteer for Scotland|url=https://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst3871.html|access-date=2022-07-19|website=www.scottish-places.info|language=en-gb}}</ref> The glen is a naitural road throu the Hielands, uised bi the Caledonian Canal an the A82, an syne 2002 bi the Great Glen Way, a lang-distance peth frae The Fort tae Innerness.<ref>The Great Glen Way, Paddy Dillon, Cicerone, 2007</ref> {{coord|57.3000|N|4.4500|W|source:wikidata|display=title}}{{stub/Scotland}} == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Glens o Scotland]] [[Category:Valleys o Argyll an Bute]] [[Category:Valleys o Hieland (cooncil area)]] fhie8wvr389sdua3116ssmmvd9det4c 0 129836 926815 879375 2026-11-08T18:31:18Z Monospaced 75295 Drap Fix Scots 926815 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist | name = Sir James Dewar | image = James Dewar.jpg | caption = Sir James Dewar FRS | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1842|9|20}} | birth_place = [[Kincardine-on-Forth]], [[Scotland]] | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1923|3|27|1842|9|20}} | death_place = [[Lunnon]], [[Ingland]] | nationality = Scots / Breetish | field = [[Pheesics]]<br>[[Chemistry]] | work_institution = [[Ryal Institution]]<br>[[Varsity o Cambridge]] | alma_mater = [[Varsity o Edinburgh]] | doctoral_advisor = [[Lyon Playfair, 1st Baron Playfair|Laird Playfair]] | doctoral_students = | known_for = [[Liquid oxygen]]<br>[[Liquid hydrogen]] | prizes = Hodgkins gowd medal ([[Smithsonian Institution]])<br>[[Lavoisier Medal]] ([[French Academy o Sciences]])<br>[[Albert Medal (RSA)|Albert Medal]] ([[Ryal Society o Airts]])<br>[[Rumford Medal]] (1894)<br>[[Franklin Medal]] (1919) | website = | footnotes = }} '''Sir James Dewar''' {{Post-nominals|post-noms=[[Fellae o the Ryal Society|FRS]]}} (20 September 1842 – 27 Mairch 1923) wis a Scots [[chemist]] an [[physicist]]. He is probably best-kent the day for his invention o the [[Dewar flask]], that he uised in conjunction wi extensive research intae the liquefaction o gases. A plaque o Dewar bi Sir Bertram Mackennal (in 1925) wis pit up in the [[Ryal Institution]] (RI) London, whaur Dewar haed gien lecturs tae RI memmers, in 1904. An eemage o the event wis pentit bi Henry Jamyn Brooks an hings in the RI, wha hae forby yin o Dewar's origeenal flasks.<ref>{{Cite web|title=James Dewar lecturing on liquid hydrogen|url=https://www.rigb.org/our-history/iconic-images/dewar-lecture|access-date=2022-01-19|website=www.rigb.org|language=en}}</ref> [[File:Henry Jamyn Brooks - Sir James Dewar Lecturing on Liquid Hydrogen at the Royal Institution - 1904.jpg|center|thumb|500x500px|Sir James Dewar lectur at Ryal Insitution, 1904 (Henry Jamyn Brooks)]] [[File:Ri 2014 - Thermos flask - James Dewar (27).jpg|thumb|270x270px|oreeginal Dewar Flask, at Ryal Institution, London|center]][[File:James Dewar memorial, Royal Institution.jpg|thumb|Plaque o James Dewar at the Ryal Institution, London]] == References == {{DEFAULTSORT:Dewar, James}} [[Category:1842 births]] [[Category:1923 daiths]] [[Category:Fellaes o Peterhouse, Cambridge]] [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Edinburgh]] [[Category:Cordite]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Dollar Academy]] [[Category:Fowk frae Kincardine]] [[Category:Scots chemists]] [[Category:Scots inventors]] [[Category:Scots physicists]] [[Category:Fellaes o the Ryal Society]] [[Category:Preses o the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers]] [[Category:Recipients o the Copley Medal]] [[Category:Golders Green Crematorium]] pv4oqn5sumjhg8ppqgtq5sozt6eojs0 926862 926815 2026-11-08T19:49:44Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up 926862 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist | name = Sir James Dewar | image = James Dewar.jpg | caption = Sir James Dewar FRS | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1842|9|20}} | birth_place = [[Kincardine-on-Forth]], [[Scotland]] | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1923|3|27|1842|9|20}} | death_place = [[Lunnon]], [[Ingland]] | nationality = Scots / Breetish | field = [[Pheesics]]<br>[[Chemistry]] | work_institution = [[Ryal Institution]]<br>[[Varsity o Cambridge]] | alma_mater = [[Varsity o Edinburgh]] | doctoral_advisor = [[Lyon Playfair, 1st Baron Playfair|Laird Playfair]] | doctoral_students = | known_for = [[Liquid oxygen]]<br>[[Liquid hydrogen]] | prizes = Hodgkins gowd medal ([[Smithsonian Institution]])<br>[[Lavoisier Medal]] ([[French Academy o Sciences]])<br>[[Albert Medal (RSA)|Albert Medal]] ([[Ryal Society o Airts]])<br>[[Rumford Medal]] (1894)<br>[[Franklin Medal]] (1919) | website = | footnotes = }} '''Sir James Dewar''' {{Post-nominals|post-noms=[[Fellae o the Ryal Society|FRS]]}} (20 September 1842 – 27 Mairch 1923) wis a Scots [[chemist]] an [[physicist]]. He is probably best-kent the day for his invention o the [[Dewar flask]], that he uised in conjunction wi extensive research intae the liquefaction o gases. A plaque o Dewar bi Sir Bertram Mackennal (in 1925) wis pit up in the [[Ryal Institution]] (RI) London, whaur Dewar haed gien lectures tae RI members in 1904. A pictur o the lecture wis pentit bi Henry Jamyn Brooks an hings in the RI, that haes ane o Dewar's original flasks an aw.<ref>{{Cite web|title=James Dewar lecturing on liquid hydrogen|url=https://www.rigb.org/our-history/iconic-images/dewar-lecture|access-date=2022-01-19|website=www.rigb.org|language=en}}</ref> [[File:Henry Jamyn Brooks - Sir James Dewar Lecturing on Liquid Hydrogen at the Royal Institution - 1904.jpg|center|thumb|500x500px|Sir James Dewar lecturin at the Ryal Institution, 1904 (Henry Jamyn Brooks)]] [[File:Ri 2014 - Thermos flask - James Dewar (27).jpg|thumb|270x270px|An original Dewar flask, at the Ryal Institution, London|center]][[File:James Dewar memorial, Royal Institution.jpg|thumb|Plaque o James Dewar at the Ryal Institution, London]] == References == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dewar, James}} [[Category:1842 births]] [[Category:1923 daiths]] [[Category:Fellaes o Peterhouse, Cambridge]] [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Edinburgh]] [[Category:Cordite]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Dollar Academy]] [[Category:Fowk frae Kincardine]] [[Category:Scots chemists]] [[Category:Scots inventors]] [[Category:Scots physicists]] [[Category:Fellaes o the Ryal Society]] [[Category:Preses o the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers]] [[Category:Recipients o the Copley Medal]] [[Category:Golders Green Crematorium]] 7mu76hmd4dgmoa0k06p4u5stpzbcsvp 0 133631 927171 913787 2026-11-09T02:17:49Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 927171 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Jessica Alba | image = Jessica Alba SDCC 2014.jpg | caption = Alba at the 2014 [[San Diego Comic-Con Internaitional]] | birth_name = Jessica Marie Alba | birth_date = {{birth date and age|mf=no|1981|4|28}} | birth_place = {{nowrap|[[Pomona, California]], U.S.}} | residence = {{nowrap|[[Beverly Hills, California]], U.S.}} | occupation = [[Actress]], [[Model (person)|model]], [[businesswoman]] | years_active = 1994–present | spouse = {{marriage|Cash Warren|2008|}} | children = 2 }} '''Jessica Marie Alba''' (born 28 Apryle 1981)<ref name="AlbaH">{{cite web |url=http://movies.msn.com/celebrities/celebrity-biography/jessica-alba/ |title=Jessica Alba: Biography on MSN |accessdate=July 14, 2008 |year=2008 |publisher=MSN |archive-date=2012-10-17 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6BUMvvaoc?url=http://movies.msn.com/celebrities/celebrity-biography/jessica-alba/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> is an American actress, model an businesswoman.<ref>{{Cite web|title = How Jessica Alba Built A $1 Billion Company, And $200 Million Fortune, Selling Parents Peace Of Mind|url = http://www.forbes.com/sites/clareoconnor/2015/05/27/how-jessica-alba-built-a-1-billion-company-and-200-million-fortune-selling-parents-peace-of-mind/|accessdate = 2015-06-15|first = Clare|last = O'Connor}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Jessica Alba Opens Up On Being A Successful Businesswoman|url = http://www.latintimes.com/jessica-alba-being-successful-businesswoman-people-pretty-much-expected-nothing-me-318367|accessdate = 2015-06-15|date = 22 May 2015|last = Roiz|first = Jessica Lucia|publisher = Latin Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = 10 Most Powerful Women Entrepreneurs|url = http://fortune.com/2012/09/27/10-most-powerful-women-entrepreneurs/|accessdate = 2015-06-15|date = 27 September 2012|publisher = Fortune|first = Colleen|last = Leahey}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.maxim.com/maxim-man/iconoclasts/article/we-weren%E2%80%99t-joking-jessica-alba-serious-businesswoman|title = We Weren't Joking, Jessica Alba Is a Serious Businesswoman|date = 28 August 2014|accessdate = 2015-06-15|website = |publisher = Maxim|last = Burmon|first = Andrew|archive-date = 2015-03-30|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150330045140/http://www.maxim.com/maxim-man/iconoclasts/article/we-weren%E2%80%99t-joking-jessica-alba-serious-businesswoman|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Jessica Alba Does It All: Mom, Actress, Businesswoman|url = http://www.inquisitr.com/1210089/jessica-alba-does-it-all-mom-actress-businesswoman/|accessdate = 2015-06-15|date = 12 April 2014|publisher = Inquisitr|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150604222517/http://www.inquisitr.com/1210089/jessica-alba-does-it-all-mom-actress-businesswoman/|archive-date = 2015-06-04|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Jessica Alba Covers Forbes' Richest Self Made Woman!|url = http://www.msn.com/en-ae/health/medical/jessica-alba-covers-forbes-richest-self-made-woman/vp-BBkoKah|website = www.msn.com|accessdate = 2015-06-15|publisher = Perform UK|date = 30 May 2015}}</ref> Her big screen breakthrou came in ''[[Honey (2003 film)|Honey]]'' (2003). She suin established hersel as a [[Hollywood]] actress, an haes starned in numerous box office hits ootthrou her career, includin ''[[Fantastic Four (2005 film)|Fantastic Four]]'' (2005), ''[[Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer]]'' (2007), ''[[Good Luck Chuck]]'' (2007), ''[[The Eye (2008 film)|The Eye]]'' (2008), ''[[Valentine's Day (2010 film)|Valentine's Day]]'' (2010), ''[[Little Fockers]]'' (2010), an ''[[Mechanic: Resurrection]]'' (2016).<ref name="theage">{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/film/look-at-me/2007/06/21/1182019240554.html |title=Look at me |accessdate=April 24, 2008 |work=The Age |location=Australia |date=June 22, 2007}}</ref> She is a frequent collaborator o director [[Robert Rodriguez]], haein starred in ''[[Sin City (film)|Sin City]]'' (2005), ''[[Machete (2010 film)|Machete]]'' (2010), ''[[Spy Kids: All the Time in the World]]'' (2011), ''[[Machete Kills]]'' (2013), an ''[[Sin City: A Dame to Kill For]]'' (2014). ==References== {{Reflist}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Alba, Jessica}} [[Category:1981 births]] [[Category:20t-century American actresses]] [[Category:21st-century American actresses]] [[Category:Actresses frae Beverly Hills, Californie]] [[Category:Actresses frae Mississippi]] [[Category:Actresses frae Texas]] [[Category:American actresses o Mexican strynd]] [[Category:American businessfowk in retailin]] [[Category:American bairn actresses]] [[Category:American company foonders]] [[Category:American film actresses]] [[Category:American feminists]] [[Category:American fowk o Dens strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o French-Canadian strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o German strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Inglis strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Welsh strynd]] [[Category:American televeesion actresses]] [[Category:American weemen in business]] [[Category:Businessfowk frae Los Angeles, Californie]] [[Category:Businessfowk frae Mississippi]] [[Category:Umwhile Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Hispanic an Latino American actresses]] [[Category:LGBT richts activists frae the Unitit States]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Militar brats]] [[Category:Fowk frae Biloxi, Mississippi]] [[Category:Fowk frae Pomona, Californie]] [[Category:Fowk frae Val Verde Coonty, Texas]] [[Category:Fowk wi attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]] [[Category:Weemen company foonders]] ddnnnqm05gyzisq6zg8h6mcixkqkdmy 0 134607 926926 897561 2026-11-08T21:12:00Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; Edinburgh, history an games addit, soorced 926926 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company | name = Rockstar North | logo = Rockstar North Logo.svg | image = 20231022 Rockstar North.jpg | image_caption = Heidquarters at Barclay House in [[Edinburgh]] | former_name = {{Unbulleted list|DMA Design Limited (1988–2002)|Rockstar Studios Limited (2002)|Rockstar North Limited (2002–2021)}} | type = Subsidiary | industry = Video gemmes | founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1988}} in [[Dundee]], Scotland | founder = David Jones | hq_location_city = [[Edinburgh]] | hq_location_country = Scotland | key_people = Andrew Semple (studio director) | products = ''Lemmings'' series (1991–1994)<br />''[[Grand theft auto|Grand Theft Auto]]'' series (1997–present) | num_employees = 650<ref name="GQ">{{cite web |url=https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/red-dead-redemption-2-interview |title=Red Dead Redemption 2: The inside story of the most lifelike video game ever |last=White |first=Sam |work=[[GQ]] |publisher=[[Condé Nast]] |date=24 October 2018 |access-date=10 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190312080457/https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/red-dead-redemption-2-interview |archive-date=12 March 2019 |url-status=live |lang=en}}</ref> | num_employees_year = 2018 | parent = {{Unbulleted list|Gremlin Interactive (1997–1999)|Infogrames (1999)|[[Take-Two Interactive]] (1999–2002)|Rockstar Games (2002–present)}} | website = {{URL|https://www.rockstarnorth.com/|rockstarnorth.com}} }} '''Rockstar North Limited''' (umwhile kent as '''DMA Design Limited''') is a [[video gemme]] developer based in [[Edinburgh]], [[Scotland]], an a studio o [[Rockstar Games]]. It is best kent for the ''Lemmings'' an ''[[Grand theft auto|Grand Theft Auto]]'' series, includin ''[[Grand Theft Auto V]]'', that haes selt mair nor 200 million copies an is the seicont best-sellin gemme ever.<ref name="VGC: Grand Theft Auto V sales">{{cite web |url=https://www.videogameschronicle.com/news/gta-5-has-surpassed-200-million-copies-sold-according-to-take-two/ |title=GTA 5 Has Surpassed 200&nbsp;Million Copies Sold, According to Take Two |first=Jordan |last=Middler |date=16 May 2024 |website=[[Video Games Chronicle]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=27 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527003812/https://www.videogameschronicle.com/news/gta-5-has-surpassed-200-million-copies-sold-according-to-take-two/ |url-status=live}}</ref> == History == === DMA Design in Dundee === The company wis foondit as DMA Design in [[Dundee]] in 1988 bi David Jones, whan he wis 22 year auld.<ref name="Develop: IP profile">{{cite web |url=http://www.developmag.com/interviews/135/IP-profile-Grand-Theft-Auto |title=IP Profile: Grand Theft Auto |first1=Rick |last1=Gibson |first2=Nick |last2=Gibson |date=5 March 2008 |website=[[Develop (UK magazine)|Develop]] |archive-date=9 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309184934/http://www.developmag.com/interviews/135/IP-profile-Grand-Theft-Auto |url-status=dead}}</ref> Its first office wis abuin the auld steid o a fish an chip shop on the Nethergate in Dundee.<ref name="Dundee Culture: Nethergate">{{cite web |url=https://www.dundeeculture.com/post/the-history-of-the-wee-pink-nethergate-house-in-dundee |title=The History of the Wee Pink Nethergate House in Dundee |first=Andrew |last=Batchelor |date=28 May 2024 |website=Dundee Culture |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716214735/https://www.dundeeculture.com/post/the-history-of-the-wee-pink-nethergate-house-in-dundee |url-status=live}}</ref> In its early years DMA Design wis backit bi its publisher Psygnosis, an it focused on gemmes for the Amiga, the Atari ST an the [[Commodore 64]]. It makkit successfu shooters sic as ''Menace'' an ''Blood Money'', but it suin turnt tae platform gemmes efter ''Lemmings'' cam oot in Februar 1991.<ref name="Grand Thieves & Tomb Raiders: Wandering Creatures">{{cite book |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/grandthievestomb0000ande/page/158/mode/2up |title=Grand Thieves & Tomb Raiders: How British Video Games Conquered the World |first1=Rebecca |last1=Levene |author1-link=Rebecca Levene |first2=Magnus |last2=Anderson |year=2012 |publisher=[[The Quarto Group|Aurum]] |isbn=978-1-84513-704-5 |chapter=Wandering Creatures |pages=156–170 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> ''Lemmings'' wis an internaitional success an led tae several sequels an spin-affs. Efter wirkin for [[Nintendo]] for a while, DMA Design wis set tae be ane o its main seicont-pairty developers, but the pairtnership endit efter Nintendo disapprovit o ''Body Harvest''. === Grand Theft Auto === In 1997 DMA pit oot ''Grand Theft Auto'', that wis a muckle success, an the gemme becam a successfu series. The company wis suin bocht bi Gremlin Interactive. Efter ''Grand Theft Auto 2'' cam oot, Gremlin wis bocht bi Infogrames, an DMA Design wis selt tae [[Take-Two Interactive]], the awner o Rockstar Games, the publisher o ''Grand Theft Auto''. In 2002, efter ''Grand Theft Auto III'' cam oot, DMA Design becam pairt o Rockstar Games as Rockstar Studios, an in Mey that year it wis renamed '''Rockstar North'''.<ref name="IGN: Rockstar North rename">{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2002/05/24/e3-2002-rockstar-changes-name |title=E3 2002: Rockstar Changes Name |date=24 May 2000 |website=[[IGN]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716212722/https://www.ign.com/articles/2002/05/24/e3-2002-rockstar-changes-name |url-status=live}}</ref> === Rockstar North === Efter the cheenge, the company stairtit wirk on new titles sic as ''Manhunt'', gied support tae ither Rockstar gemmes sic as ''Red Dead Redemption'' an ''Max Payne 3'', an keepit up the ''Grand Theft Auto'' franchise wi ''[[Grand Theft Auto IV]]'' (2008) an ''[[Grand Theft Auto V]]'' (2013). Baith gemmes are coontit amang the best video gemmes ever makkit, an ''Grand Theft Auto V'' becam ane o the best-sellin gemmes o aw time. Leslie Benzies heidit the studio frae the Take-Two takeower till he left in 2016. In 2014 Rockstar North teuk ower office space in Barclay House on Holyrood Road in Edinburgh, a biggin that haed been biggit for the newspaper group ''[[The Scotsman]]'' in 1999.<ref name="The Herald: Barclay House">{{cite web |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/business_hq/13137464.scotsman-group-seeks-new-headquarters-rockstar-prepares-move-barclay-house/ |title=Scotsman Group Seeks New Headquarters as Rockstar Prepares to Move Into Barclay House |first=Colin |last=Donald |date=22 December 2013 |website=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]] |oclc=29991088 |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204191330/https://www.heraldscotland.com/business_hq/13137464.scotsman-group-seeks-new-headquarters-rockstar-prepares-move-barclay-house/ |url-status=live}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} {{Stub/Video Gemmes}} [[Category:Companies o Scotland]] [[Category:Rockstar Games]] [[Category:Scots buists]] [[Category:Video gemme development companies]] [[Category:Video gemme companies o the Unitit Kinrick]] qw89z6bux9asedvwdtyz9umr2ms2gjd 0 136038 927021 909330 2026-11-08T22:14:53Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; expandit, soorced 927021 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yasushi Yamaguchi''' (forby kent as ''Judy Totoya'') is a [[Japan]]ese gemme designer an airtist. He designed the chairacter [[Miles "Tails" Prower]] in an internal contest held bi the [[Sonic the Hedgehog|Sonic]] team at [[Sega]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://info.sonicretro.org/Miles_%22Tails%22_Prower|title=Miles "Tails" Prower|website=Sonic Retro|access-date=December 2, 2020}}</ref> He first nemmed the chairacter "Miles Prower", but Sega wantit tae cry him "Tails". In the end "Miles Prower" becam the chairacter's full nem an "Tails" his tee-nem. His main wark wis makkin an designin Tails, an he wis the Chief Airtist an ane o the Zone airtists on ''Sonic the Hedgehog 2''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soniczone0.com/games/sonic2/backgroundinfo/|title=Sonic the Hedgehog 2|website=Zone: 0|access-date=December 2, 2020}}</ref> He wis the Special Stage Designer on ''Sonic CD'' an aw, an wrocht on ither Sega gemmes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gamefaqs.gamespot.com/segacd/587997-sonic-cd|title=Sonic CD for Sega CD|website=GameFAQs|access-date=December 2, 2020}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Yamaguchi, Yasushi}} [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Video gemme airtists]] [[Category:Japanese video gemme designers]] [[Category:Year o birth missin (livin fowk)]] {{stub}} fixl7on90aj1t4x206hzyalkk2bi3gh 0 136768 927238 924887 2026-11-09T10:21:54Z Monospaced 75295 Remove Fix Scots; lead expandit (1954, Ancient Eight), university nems as published 927238 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Ivy League''' is an American collegiate athletic conference o aicht private research [[varsity|varsities]] in the Northeastren [[Unitit States]]. The term ''Ivy League'' is uised mair braidly for the aicht varsities themsels, that are kent warldwide for heich academic standarts an haurd admissions. The term wis uised as early as 1933, an becam offeecial in 1954 whan the Ivy League athletic conference wis foondit.<ref name=officialhistory>{{cite web|url=http://www.ivyleaguesports.com/history/timeline/index|title=Ivy League History and Timeline|access-date=November 13, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420101456/http://www.ivyleaguesports.com/history/timeline/index|archive-date=April 20, 2016}}</ref> Whiles thay are cried the "Ancient Eight" an aw.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Beginning of the Ancient Eight |url=https://cornellsun.com/2009/07/19/beginning-ancient-eight/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026133515/https://cornellsun.com/2009/07/19/beginning-ancient-eight/ |archive-date=October 26, 2020 |access-date=November 3, 2020 |publisher=The Cornell Daily Sun}}</ref> ==Members== Ivy League [[varsitie]]s hae some o the lairgest university [[financial endowment]]s in the warld, that lets the varsities provide monie resources for thair academic programmes an research. As o 2014, Harvard University haes an endowment o $36.4 billion.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://online.wsj.com/articles/harvard-endowment-earns-15-4-return-for-fiscal-2014-1411506002 | work=The Wall Street Journal | first=Dan | last=Fitzpatrick | title=Harvard Endowment Earns 15.4% Return for Fiscal 2014 | date=2014-09-23}}</ref> Ilk university gets millions o dollars in research grants an ither subsidies frae federal an state government an aw. [[Image:IvyLeagueLocations.png|right|thumb|275px|Locations o Ivy League varsities]] {| class="wikitable" cellspacing=4 style="text-align:left; margin-right:0;" class="wikitable sortable" |- !Institution !class="unsortable"|Location !class="unsortable"|Athletic nickname !Unnergraduate enrollment !Graduate enrollment !Tot enrollment !2015 Endowment !Academic staff !class="unsortable"|Motto |- |[[Brown University]] |[[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]],<br>[[Rhode Island]] |Bears |{{nts|6316}}<ref name="brown.edu">{{cite web |url=http://www.brown.edu/web/about/facts/enrollment |title=Facts about Brown University |publisher=Brown.edu |accessdate=2011-01-30 |archive-date=2010-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725211837/http://www.brown.edu/web/about/facts/enrollment |url-status=dead }}</ref> |{{nts|2333}}<ref name="brown.edu"/> |{{nts|8649}} |$3.3 billion<ref>Michael McDonald, "Brown Posts 16.1 Percent Investment Gain in Year Ended June 30," Bloomberg.com/news, Oct. 1, 2014 (bloomberg.com/news/2014-10-01/brown-posts-16-1-investment-gain-in-year-ended-june-30.html)</ref> |{{nts|736}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brown.edu/about/facts/faculty-and-employees|title=Faculty & Employees|publisher=Brown University|accessdate=8 October 2014}}</ref> |''In Deo Speramus''<br />(In God We Hope) |- |[[Columbia University]] |[[New York Ceety]],<br>[[New York]] |Lions |{{nts|7160}}<ref name="columbia.edu">[http://www.columbia.edu/cu/opir/abstract/enrollment_fte_school_all.htm]. Columbia University Common Data Set. Retrieved on 2010-04-18.</ref> |{{nts|15760}}<ref name="columbia.edu"/> |{{nts|22920}} |$9.6 billion<ref>Christian Zhang, "University announces 17.5 percent return on endowment in 2014," ''Columbia Daily Spectator'', Oct. 1, 2014 (columbiaspectator.com/news/2014/10/01/university-announces-175-percent-return-endowment-2014)</ref> |{{nts|3763}}<ref>http://www.columbia.edu/cu/opir/abstract/opir_faculty_history_1.htm</ref> |''In lumine Tuo videbimus lumen''<br />(In Thy licht shall we see the licht) |- |[[Cornell University]] |Ithaca,<br>[[New York]] |Big Red |{{nts|13931}}<ref name="dpb.cornell.edu">{{cite web |url=http://www.dpb.cornell.edu/documents/1000435.pdf#pagemode=bookmarks |title=Cornell Common Data Set |accessdate=2011-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185815/http://dpb.cornell.edu/documents/1000435.pdf#pagemode=bookmarks |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |{{nts|6702}}<ref name="dpb.cornell.edu"/> |{{nts|20,633}} |$6.2 billion<ref name="ReferenceA">Peter Jacobs, "How All the Ivy League Endowments Performed," ''Business Insider'', Oct. 22, 2014 (businessinsider.com/ivy-league-university-endowments-fiscal-year-2014-returns-2014-10)</ref> |{{nts|2908}} |I wad foond an institution whaur ony person can find instruction in ony study. |- |[[Dartmouth College]] |Hanover,<br>[[New Hampshire|New&nbsp;Hampshire]] |Big Green |{{nts|4248}}<ref name="dartmouth.edu">{{cite web|url=http://www.dartmouth.edu/~oir/pdfs/enrollments_10.pdf |title=Microsoft Word - header_factbook.doc |format=PDF |accessdate=2011-07-17}}</ref> |{{nts|1893}}<ref name="dartmouth.edu"/> |{{nts|6141}} |$4.7 billion<ref>"College endowment valued at $4.5 billion," ''The Dartmouth'', Sept. 16, 2014 (thedartmouth.com/2014/09/16/news/college-endowment-valued-at-4-5-billio)</ref> |571 |''Vox clamantis in deserto''<br />(The vyce o ane cryin in the wilderness)<ref>The umwhile translation is that mair commonly uised bi Dartmouth itsel</ref> |- |[[Harvard Varsity|Harvard University]] |Cambridge,<br>[[Massachusetts]] |Crimson |{{nts|7181}}<ref name="provost.harvard.edu">[http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/Provost_-_FB2009_10_Sec02_Enrollments.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331065306/http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/Provost_-_FB2009_10_Sec02_Enrollments.pdf |date=2010-03-31 }}. Harvard University Factbook. Retrieved on 2010-04-18.</ref> |{{nts|14044}}<ref name="provost.harvard.edu"/> |{{nts|21225}} |$37.6 billion<ref>Michael McDonald, "Harvard’s 15.4% Gain Trails as Mendillo Successor Sought," Bloomberg.com/news, Sept. 24, 2014 (bloomberg.com/news/2014-09-23/harvard-has-15-4-investment-gain-trailing-dartmouth-penn-1-.html)</ref> |{{nts|4671}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/Provost_-_09_18-19facuni.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-02-04 |archive-date=2012-04-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425050912/http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/Provost_-_09_18-19facuni.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |''Veritas''<br/>(Truth) |- |[[University of Pennsylvania]] |[[Philadelphia]],<br>[[Pennsylvanie]] |Quakers |{{nts|10337}}<ref name="Penn: Facts and Figures">{{cite web |url=http://www.upenn.edu/about/facts.php |title=Penn: Facts and Figures |publisher=Upenn.edu |date=2010-11-19 |accessdate=2011-01-30 |archive-date=2010-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100226023403/http://www.upenn.edu/about/facts.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> |{{nts|10306}}<ref name="Penn: Facts and Figures"/> |{{nts|20643}} |$10.1 billion<ref>Michael McDonald, "University of Pennsylvania Posts 17.5% Investment Return," Bloomberg.com/news, Sept. 18, 2014 (bloomberg.com/news/2014-09-18/university-of-pennsylvania-posts-17-5-investment-return-1-.html)</ref> |{{nts|4464}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upenn.edu/about/facts.php|title=Penn: Penn Facts|publisher=The University of Pennsylvania|accessdate=8 October 2014|archive-date=2010-02-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100226023403/http://www.upenn.edu/about/facts.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> |''Leges sine moribus vanae''<br />(Laws wioot morals are uiseless)<ref>[http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/vis_obj/heraldry/guide.html Guide to the Usage of the Seal and Arms of the University of Pennsylvania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201629/http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/vis_obj/heraldry/guide.html |date=2016-03-03 }} University Archives and Records Center, University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 10 September 2009.</ref> |- |[[Princeton University]] |[[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]],<br>[[New Jersey]] |Tigers |{{nts|5113}}<ref name="registrar.princeton.edu">[http://registrar.princeton.edu/university_enrollment_sta/common_cds2009.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130421120450/http://registrar.princeton.edu/university_enrollment_sta/common_cds2009.pdf |date=2013-04-21 }}. Princeton University Common Data Set. Retrieved on 2010-04-18.</ref> |{{nts|2479}}<ref name="registrar.princeton.edu"/> |{{nts|7592}} |$22.7 billion<ref name="ReferenceA"/> |{{nts|1172}} |''Dei sub numine viget''<br />(Unner God's pouer she flourishes) |- |[[Yale University]] |New Haven,<br>[[Connecticut]] |Bulldugs |{{nts|5275}}<ref name="yale.edu">{{cite web |url=http://www.yale.edu/oir/factsheet.html#Fall%201995%20Enrollment |title=Factsheet – Statistical Summary of Yale University |publisher=Yale.edu |date=2009-06-30 |accessdate=2011-01-30 |archive-date=2007-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403080525/http://www.yale.edu/oir/factsheet.html#Fall%201995%20Enrollment |url-status=dead }}</ref> |{{nts|6391}}<ref name="yale.edu"/> |{{nts|11666}} |$25.6 billion<ref>Adrian Rodrigues, "Yale endowment rises to all-time high," ''Yale Daily News'', Sept. 25, 2014 (yaledailynews.com/blog/2014/09/25/yale-endowment-rises-to-all-time-high)</ref> |{{nts|4140}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yale.edu/about/facts.html|title=About - Facts|publisher=Yale University|accessdate=8 October 2014|archive-date=2015-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222054308/http://www.yale.edu//about/facts.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |אורים ותומים<br />''Lux et veritas''<br />(Licht an truth) |} <gallery mode="packed" heights="175px"> File:Brown Campus Manning Hall.JPG|[[Brown University]] File:Columbia_University,_Low_Library,_Manhattan,_Nov_2013.jpg|[[Columbia University]] File:Cornell University, Ho Plaza and Sage Hall.jpg|[[Cornell University]] File:Dartmouth College campus 2007-10-20 10.JPG|[[Dartmouth College]] File:Harvard yard winter 2009j.JPG|[[Harvard Varsity|Harvard University]] File:Penn campus 2.jpg|[[University of Pennsylvania]] File:ClevelandTowerWatercolor20060829.jpg|[[Princeton University]] File:Yale University Old Campus 04.JPG|[[Yale University]] </gallery> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Ivy League| ]] [[Category:Northeastren Unitit States]] [[Category:Organisations established in 1954]] [[Category:Sports in the Eastren Unitit States]] [[Category:1954 establishments in the Unitit States]] [[Category:NCAA Diveesion I conferences]] ff9ohidsov82v8m4xdiwk4er5pm9f9e 0 139590 926879 904156 2026-11-08T20:18:47Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 926879 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie|name=Hamish Henderson|birth_name=James Scott Henderson|birth_date=11 November 1919|birth_place=[[Blairgowrie an Rattray| Blairgowrie]]|death_date=8 Mairch 2002|death_place=[[Edinburgh]]|known for=Scots sangs, poetry in Scots an Inglis, socialism}} '''Hamish Henderson''' (born James Scott Henderson; 11 November 1919 – 8 Mairch 2002) wis a Scots poet, sangwriter an collector o fowk sangs, a political activist an, for a while, a sodger. He haes been cried "one of the most brilliant Scots of his age".<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=31 August 2019|title=Letters: Honouring the great Hamish Henderson|url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/opinion/17872506.honouring-great-hamish/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-23|website=HeraldScotland|language=en}}</ref> Henderson wis brocht up in [[Blairgowrie an Rattray|Blairgowrie]], Perthshire, an in [[Somerset]], an wis eddicatit at Dulwich College in Lunnon an Downing College, [[Varsity o Cambridge|Cambridge]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Neat|first=Timothy|date=2002-03-11|title=Obituary: Hamish Henderson|url=http://www.theguardian.com/news/2002/mar/11/guardianobituaries.booksobituaries|access-date=2022-01-23|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> In the [[Warld War II|Seicont Warld War]] he served in intelligence in North Africa an Italy, an on 2 Mey 1945 he wis at the surrender o Marshal Rodolfo Graziani.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=About Hamish Henderson|url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/information-services/library-museum-gallery/crc/research-resources/scottish-literature/hamish-henderson-archive/about-hamish-henderson|access-date=2022-01-23|website=The University of Edinburgh|language=en}}</ref> He wrote war poetry, an wrote or gaithert sangs: ''Elegies for the Dead in Cyrenaica'' (1948), ''The 51st (Highland) Division's Farewell to Sicily'' an ''Ballads of World War II'' (1947). Efter the war he taucht in Germany an wi preesoners o war in [[Comrie]].<ref name=":4" /> In 1948–1949 Henderson wrocht wi the [[Workers' Educational Association]], an wrote in Inglis an Scots.<ref name=":1"/> Frae 1955 tae 1987 he wrocht at the [[Scuil o Scots Studies]] at the [[University o Edinburgh]],<ref name=":1" /> an haed a lang flytin wi [[Hugh MacDiarmid]]. He owerset the prison letters o the socialist [[Antonio Gramsci]] an aw.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Hamish Henderson - Poet|url=https://www.scottishpoetrylibrary.org.uk/poet/hamish-henderson/|access-date=2022-01-23|website=Scottish Poetry Library|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> His ''The Flyting o' Life and Daith'' (1964) an ither warks in Scots war pairt o the [[Scots Renaissance]].<ref name=":0"/> In 1983 ''Radio Scotland'' listeners votit him Scot o the Year, an he turnt doun an [[Order o the Breetish Empire|OBE]] in protest at nuclear weapons.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr Hamish Henderson|url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/obituaries/dr-hamish-henderson-2469163|access-date=2022-01-23|website=www.scotsman.com|language=en}}</ref> Henderson deed on 8 Mairch 2002,<ref name=":4" /> an 1,500 fowk cam tae his funeral at St Mary's Episcopal Cathedral.<ref name=":0"/> His sang ''[[Freedom Come All Ye]]'' wis sung at the [[Scots Pairlament]] on his centenary.<ref>{{Cite web|title=meeting of the parliament 04/09/2019|url=https://www.parliament.scot/chamber-and-committees/official-report/what-was-said-in-parliament/meeting-of-parliament-04-09-2019?meeting=12228&iob=110478|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-23|website=www.parliament.scot|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":3" /> The University o Edinburgh haes an archive o Henderson's warks an correspondence.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Hamish Henderson Archive|url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/information-services/library-museum-gallery/crc/research-resources/scottish-literature/hamish-henderson-archive|access-date=2022-01-23|website=The University of Edinburgh|language=en}}</ref> [[File:Sandy Bell's, Forrest Road - geograph.org.uk - 1349975.jpg|thumb|Sandy Bell's, the tavern frequentit bi Hamish Henderson]] == Selectit warks == Frae the Scottish Poetry Library: * ''[https://www.scottishpoetrylibrary.org.uk/poem/51st-highland-divisions-farewell-sicily/ The 51st (Highland) Division's Farewell to Sicily]''<ref>{{Cite web|title=The 51st Highland Division’s Farewell to Sicily by Hamish Henderson|url=https://www.scottishpoetrylibrary.org.uk/poem/51st-highland-divisions-farewell-sicily/|access-date=2022-01-23|website=Scottish Poetry Library|language=en-GB}}</ref> * ''[https://www.scottishpoetrylibrary.org.uk/poem/flyting-o-life-and-daith-0/ The Flyting o Life an Daith]''<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Flyting o' Life and Daith by Hamish Henderson|url=https://www.scottishpoetrylibrary.org.uk/poem/flyting-o-life-and-daith-0/|access-date=2022-01-23|website=Scottish Poetry Library|language=en-GB}}</ref> * ''[https://www.scottishpoetrylibrary.org.uk/poem/freedom-come-all-ye/ Freedom Come All Ye]'' <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Freedom Come-All-Ye by Hamish Henderson|url=https://www.scottishpoetrylibrary.org.uk/poem/freedom-come-all-ye/|access-date=2022-01-23|website=Scottish Poetry Library|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Freemit airtins == * [http://www.tobarandualchais.co.uk/en/searchperson?id=10 Kist o Riches: Hamish Henderson] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101125519/http://www.tobarandualchais.co.uk/en/searchperson?id=10 |date=2020-11-01 }} * [http://www.tobarandualchais.co.uk Tobar an Dualchais] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140215231903/http://www.tobarandualchais.co.uk/ |date=2014-02-15 }} * [https://www.ed.ac.uk/information-services/library-museum-gallery/crc/research-resources/scottish-literature/hamish-henderson-archive Hamish Henderson Archive]<ref name=":2" /> Timothy Neat (2012) ''Hamish Henderson: Poetry Becomes People (1952-2002),'' Birlinn Ltd, Edinburgh<ref>{{Cite book|last=Neat|first=Timothy|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/904291234|title=Hamish Henderson : a biography. Vol. 2, Poetry becomes people (1952-2002)|date=2009|publisher=Polygon|isbn=0-85790-487-6|location=Edinburgh|oclc=904291234}}</ref> Corey Gibson (2015) ''The Voice of the People: Hamish Henderson and Scottish Cultural Politics,'' Edinburgh University Press<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gibson|first=Corey|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/919188115|title=The voice of the people : Hamish Henderson and Scottish cultural politics|date=2015|isbn=978-0-7486-9996-4|location=Edinburgh|oclc=919188115}}</ref> Ian Spring (2020) ''Hamish Henderson: A Critical Appreciation,'' Rymour Books, Perth<ref>{{Cite book|last=Spring|first=Ian|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1276781176|title=Hamish Henderson : a critical appreciation|date=2020|isbn=978-1-8381863-3-3|location=Perth|oclc=1276781176}}</ref>{{Makars}} {{stub/Makar}} {{stub/Scotland}} {{stub/Leid}} == References == <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Henderson, Hamish}} [[Category:Scots poets]] [[Category:Scots sangwriters]] [[Category:1919 births]] [[Category:2002 daiths]] [[Category:Scots socialists]] [[Category:Scots-leid writers]] [[Category:Scots translators]] [[Category:Fowk associatit wi Edinburgh]] [[Category:Scots sang collectors]] 249tlc1p7ga059m452295kxoq01k6ww 0 139649 927102 819843 2026-11-08T22:42:20Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; soorced paragraph addit 927102 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | show_name = House, M.D. | image = House logo.svg | show_name_2 = ''House, M.D.'', ''Dr. House'' | genre = {{Plainlist| * [[Medical drama]] * [[Black comedy]] }} | creator = [[David Shore]] | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[Hugh Laurie]] * [[Lisa Edelstein]] * [[Omar Epps]] * [[Robert Sean Leonard]] * [[Jennifer Morrison]] * [[Jesse Spencer]] * Peter Jacobson * Kal Penn * Olivia Wilde * Amber Tamblyn * Odette Annable * Charlyne Yi }} | opentheme = "Teardrop" bi Massive Attack | composer = {{Plainlist| * Jason Derlatka * Jon Ehrlich }} | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | num_seasons = 8 | num_episodes = 177 | list_episodes = Leet o House episodes | executive_producer = {{Plainlist| * [[Paul Attanasio]] * [[Katie Jacobs]] * David Shore * [[Bryan Singer]] * Thomas L. Moran * Russel Friend * Garrett Lerner * Greg Yaitanes * [[Hugh Laurie]] }} | runtime = 41–49 meenits<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.netflix.com/search/House?jbv=70136117&jbp=1&jbr=0|title=House, M.D.|work=[[Netflix]]|accessdate=February 6, 2016}}</ref> | company = {{Plainlist| * Heel and Toe Films * Shore Z Productions * Bad Hat Harry Productions * NBC Universal Television Studio <small>(2004–07)</small> * Universal Media Studios <small>(2007–11)</small> * Universal Television <small>(2011–12)</small> }} | distributor = NBCUniversal Television Distribution | network = [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] | picture_format = {{Plainlist| * 480i * HDTV 720p }} | audio_format = | first_aired = {{Start date|2004|11|16}} | last_aired = {{End date|2012|5|21}} | related = ''Nurse Jeffrey'' | website = https://web.archive.org/web/20120603011341/http://www.fox.com/house/ }} '''''House''''' (cried '''''House, M.D.''''' an aw) is an American telly [[medical drama]] makkit bi [[David Shore]] for the [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] netwark. It ran for aicht seasons, frae November 16, 2004 tae Mey 21, 2012. The main chairacter is Dr. Gregory House ([[Hugh Laurie]]), an unconventional, misanthropic medical genius that depends on painkillers an leads a team o [[medical diagnosis|diagnosticians]] at the feectional Princeton–Plainsboro Teachin Hospital (PPTH) in [[New Jersey]]. He aften fechts wi his fellae doctors an wi his gaffer, Dr. Lisa Cuddy ([[Lisa Edelstein]]), an his ae true freend is Dr. James Wilson ([[Robert Sean Leonard]]). The series is fu o references tae the detective [[Sherlock Holmes]].<ref name="FactCheckEd">{{cite web |url=http://www.factchecked.org/Downloads/LessonPlans/DeductionInduction/teacher.handout.2.guide.to.clinic.scene.pdf |title=House and Holmes: A Guide to Deductive and Inductive Reasoning |access-date=June 25, 2009 |publisher=FactCheck |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080807010831/http://www.factchecked.org/Downloads/LessonPlans/DeductionInduction/teacher.handout.2.guide.to.clinic.scene.pdf|archive-date=August 7, 2008}}</ref> Hugh Laurie wan the [[Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globe Award]] for Best Actor in a Televeesion Drama Series in 2006 for playin House.<ref name="gg63">{{cite news|url=http://www.goldenglobes.org/blog/2006/01/63rd-golden-globe-award-winners/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309164904/http://www.goldenglobes.org/nominations/year/2005|archive-date=March 9, 2008|title=Golden Globe Nominations and Winners (2006)|access-date=September 26, 2008|publisher=Hollywood Foreign Press Association}}</ref> The maist-watched episode wis "Frozen", in season fower, that wis shawn efter the Super Bowl in 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://featuresblogs.chicagotribune.com/entertainment_tv/2008/02/house-post-supe.html|title=''House'' post-Super Bowl episode to air again, plus ''Bones'' news|work=Chicago Tribune|date=February 5, 2008|author=Ryan, Maureen|access-date=December 24, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720133752/http://featuresblogs.chicagotribune.com/entertainment_tv/2008/02/house-post-supe.html|archive-date=July 20, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:House (Tv Series)}} [[Category:House (TV series)| ]] [[Category:2000s American televeesion series]] [[Category:2004 American televeesion series debuts]] [[Category:2010s American televeesion series]] [[Category:2012 American televeesion series endins]] [[Category:American comedy-drama televeesion series]] [[Category:American drama televeesion series]] [[Category:American medical televeesion series]] [[Category:Black comedy televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Inglis-leid televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Fox netwark shaws]] [[Category:Peabody Awaird winners]] [[Category:Peabody Awaird-winnin televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Plainsboro Tounship, New Jersey]] [[Category:Serial drama televeesion series]] [[Category:Televeesion series bi Universal Television]] [[Category:Televeesion series shot in Los Angeles, Californie]] [[Category:Televeesion shaws set in New Jersey]] 1n3y0pohmacu3p0678zt46wqw883ift 927133 927102 2026-11-08T23:14:02Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927133 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox televeesion | show_name = House, M.D. | image = House logo.svg | show_name_2 = ''House, M.D.'', ''Dr. House'' | genre = {{Plainlist| * [[Medical drama]] * [[Black comedy]] }} | creator = [[David Shore]] | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[Hugh Laurie]] * [[Lisa Edelstein]] * [[Omar Epps]] * [[Robert Sean Leonard]] * [[Jennifer Morrison]] * [[Jesse Spencer]] * Peter Jacobson * Kal Penn * Olivia Wilde * Amber Tamblyn * Odette Annable * Charlyne Yi }} | opentheme = "Teardrop" bi Massive Attack | composer = {{Plainlist| * Jason Derlatka * Jon Ehrlich }} | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | num_seasons = 8 | num_episodes = 177 | list_episodes = Leet o House episodes | executive_producer = {{Plainlist| * [[Paul Attanasio]] * [[Katie Jacobs]] * David Shore * [[Bryan Singer]] * Thomas L. Moran * Russel Friend * Garrett Lerner * Greg Yaitanes * [[Hugh Laurie]] }} | runtime = 41–49 meenit<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.netflix.com/search/House?jbv=70136117&jbp=1&jbr=0|title=House, M.D.|work=[[Netflix]]|accessdate=February 6, 2016}}</ref> | company = {{Plainlist| * Heel and Toe Films * Shore Z Productions * Bad Hat Harry Productions * NBC Universal Television Studio <small>(2004–07)</small> * Universal Media Studios <small>(2007–11)</small> * Universal Television <small>(2011–12)</small> }} | distributor = NBCUniversal Television Distribution | network = [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] | picture_format = {{Plainlist| * 480i * HDTV 720p }} | first_aired = {{Start date|2004|11|16}} | last_aired = {{End date|2012|5|21}} | related = ''Nurse Jeffrey'' | website = https://web.archive.org/web/20120603011341/http://www.fox.com/house/ }} '''''House''''' (cried '''''House, M.D.''''' an aw) is an American telly [[medical drama]] makkit bi [[David Shore]] for the [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] netwark. It ran for aicht seasons, frae November 16, 2004 tae Mey 21, 2012. The main chairacter is Dr. Gregory House ([[Hugh Laurie]]), an unconventional, misanthropic medical genius that depends on painkillers an leads a team o [[medical diagnosis|diagnosticians]] at the feectional Princeton–Plainsboro Teachin Hospital (PPTH) in [[New Jersey]]. He aften fechts wi his fellae doctors an wi his gaffer, Dr. Lisa Cuddy ([[Lisa Edelstein]]), an his ae true freend is Dr. James Wilson ([[Robert Sean Leonard]]). The series is fu o references tae the detective [[Sherlock Holmes]].<ref name="FactCheckEd">{{cite web |url=http://www.factchecked.org/Downloads/LessonPlans/DeductionInduction/teacher.handout.2.guide.to.clinic.scene.pdf |title=House and Holmes: A Guide to Deductive and Inductive Reasoning |access-date=June 25, 2009 |publisher=FactCheck |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080807010831/http://www.factchecked.org/Downloads/LessonPlans/DeductionInduction/teacher.handout.2.guide.to.clinic.scene.pdf|archive-date=August 7, 2008}}</ref> Hugh Laurie wan the [[Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globe Award]] for Best Actor in a Televeesion Drama Series in 2006 for playin House.<ref name="gg63">{{cite news|url=http://www.goldenglobes.org/blog/2006/01/63rd-golden-globe-award-winners/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309164904/http://www.goldenglobes.org/nominations/year/2005|archive-date=March 9, 2008|title=Golden Globe Nominations and Winners (2006)|access-date=September 26, 2008|publisher=Hollywood Foreign Press Association}}</ref> The maist-watched episode wis "Frozen", in season fower, that wis shawn efter the Super Bowl in 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://featuresblogs.chicagotribune.com/entertainment_tv/2008/02/house-post-supe.html|title=''House'' post-Super Bowl episode to air again, plus ''Bones'' news|work=Chicago Tribune|date=February 5, 2008|author=Ryan, Maureen|access-date=December 24, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720133752/http://featuresblogs.chicagotribune.com/entertainment_tv/2008/02/house-post-supe.html|archive-date=July 20, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:House (Tv Series)}} [[Category:House (TV series)| ]] [[Category:2000s American televeesion series]] [[Category:2004 American televeesion series debuts]] [[Category:2010s American televeesion series]] [[Category:2012 American televeesion series endins]] [[Category:American comedy-drama televeesion series]] [[Category:American drama televeesion series]] [[Category:American medical televeesion series]] [[Category:Black comedy televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Inglis-leid televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Fox netwark shaws]] [[Category:Peabody Awaird winners]] [[Category:Peabody Awaird-winnin televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Plainsboro Tounship, New Jersey]] [[Category:Serial drama televeesion series]] [[Category:Televeesion series bi Universal Television]] [[Category:Televeesion series shot in Los Angeles, Californie]] [[Category:Televeesion shaws set in New Jersey]] s9wy8jy1zoyq1pp87weq8tmwb64332g 927164 927133 2026-11-09T01:23:13Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 927164 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox televeesion | show_name = House, M.D. | image = House logo.svg | show_name_2 = ''House, M.D.'', ''Dr. House'' | genre = {{Plainlist| * [[Medical drama]] * [[Black comedy]] }} | creator = [[David Shore]] | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[Hugh Laurie]] * [[Lisa Edelstein]] * [[Omar Epps]] * [[Robert Sean Leonard]] * [[Jennifer Morrison]] * [[Jesse Spencer]] * Peter Jacobson * Kal Penn * Olivia Wilde * Amber Tamblyn * Odette Annable * Charlyne Yi }} | opentheme = "Teardrop" bi Massive Attack | composer = {{Plainlist| * Jason Derlatka * Jon Ehrlich }} | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | num_seasons = 8 | num_episodes = 177 | list_episodes = Leet o House episodes | executive_producer = {{Plainlist| * [[Paul Attanasio]] * [[Katie Jacobs]] * David Shore * [[Bryan Singer]] * Thomas L. Moran * Russel Friend * Garrett Lerner * Greg Yaitanes * [[Hugh Laurie]] }} | runtime = 41–49 meenit<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.netflix.com/search/House?jbv=70136117&jbp=1&jbr=0|title=House, M.D.|work=[[Netflix]]|accessdate=February 6, 2016}}</ref> | company = {{Plainlist| * Heel and Toe Films * Shore Z Productions * Bad Hat Harry Productions * NBC Universal Television Studio <small>(2004–07)</small> * Universal Media Studios <small>(2007–11)</small> * Universal Television <small>(2011–12)</small> }} | distributor = NBCUniversal Television Distribution | network = [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] | picture_format = {{Plainlist| * 480i * HDTV 720p }} | first_aired = {{Start date|2004|11|16}} | last_aired = {{End date|2012|5|21}} | related = ''Nurse Jeffrey'' | website = https://web.archive.org/web/20120603011341/http://www.fox.com/house/ }} '''''House''''' (cried '''''House, M.D.''''' an aw) is an American telly [[medical drama]] makkit bi [[David Shore]] for the [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] netwark. It ran for aicht seasons, frae November 16, 2004 tae Mey 21, 2012. The main chairacter is Dr. Gregory House ([[Hugh Laurie]]), an unconventional, misanthropic medical genius that depends on painkillers an leads a team o [[medical diagnosis|diagnosticians]] at the feectional Princeton–Plainsboro Teachin Hospital (PPTH) in [[New Jersey]]. He aften fechts wi his fellae doctors an wi his gaffer, Dr. Lisa Cuddy ([[Lisa Edelstein]]), an his ae true freend is Dr. James Wilson ([[Robert Sean Leonard]]). The series is fu o references tae the detective [[Sherlock Holmes]].<ref name="FactCheckEd">{{cite web |url=http://www.factchecked.org/Downloads/LessonPlans/DeductionInduction/teacher.handout.2.guide.to.clinic.scene.pdf |title=House and Holmes: A Guide to Deductive and Inductive Reasoning |access-date=June 25, 2009 |publisher=FactCheck |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080807010831/http://www.factchecked.org/Downloads/LessonPlans/DeductionInduction/teacher.handout.2.guide.to.clinic.scene.pdf|archive-date=August 7, 2008}}</ref> Hugh Laurie wan the [[Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globe Award]] for Best Actor in a Televeesion Drama Series in 2006 for playin House.<ref name="gg63">{{cite news|url=http://www.goldenglobes.org/blog/2006/01/63rd-golden-globe-award-winners/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309164904/http://www.goldenglobes.org/nominations/year/2005|archive-date=March 9, 2008|title=Golden Globe Nominations and Winners (2006)|access-date=September 26, 2008|publisher=Hollywood Foreign Press Association}}</ref> The maist-watched episode wis "Frozen", in season fower, that wis shawn efter the Super Bowl in 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://featuresblogs.chicagotribune.com/entertainment_tv/2008/02/house-post-supe.html|title=''House'' post-Super Bowl episode to air again, plus ''Bones'' news|work=Chicago Tribune|date=February 5, 2008|author=Ryan, Maureen|access-date=December 24, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720133752/http://featuresblogs.chicagotribune.com/entertainment_tv/2008/02/house-post-supe.html|archive-date=July 20, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:House (Tv Series)}} [[Category:House (TV series)| ]] [[Category:2000s American televeesion series]] [[Category:2004 American televeesion series debuts]] [[Category:2010s American televeesion series]] [[Category:2012 American televeesion series endins]] [[Category:American comedy-drama televeesion series]] [[Category:American drama televeesion series]] [[Category:American medical televeesion series]] [[Category:Black comedy televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Inglis-leid televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Fox netwark shaws]] [[Category:Peabody Awaird winners]] [[Category:Peabody Awaird-winnin televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Plainsboro Tounship, New Jersey]] [[Category:Serial drama televeesion series]] [[Category:Televeesion series bi Universal Television]] [[Category:Televeesion series shot in Los Angeles, Californie]] [[Category:Televeesion shaws set in New Jersey]] gg3xhycnv5ju9q3xxcryjcf2dq3pctx 0 140807 927200 794527 2026-11-09T09:47:38Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; history an honours addit, soorced 927200 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox rugby team | teamname = Kelso | image = | imagesize = 100px | union = [[Scottish Rugby Union]] | fullname = Kelso Rugby Football Club | nickname = | shortname = | founded = 1876 | region = | ground = Poynder Pairk | capacity = | chairman = | ceo = | president = Terry Frame | captain = Dom Buckley (2016/17) | coach = Adam Roxburgh | top scorer = | caps = | website = {{URL|www.kelsorfc.co.uk}} | league = {{Scottish rugby updater|Kelso}} | season = | position = | pattern_la1=_white_hoops |pattern_b1=_whitehoops|pattern_ra1=_white_hoops |pattern_so1=|pattern_sh1= | leftarm1=000001|body1=000001|rightarm1=000001|shorts1=000001|socks1=FF0000| }} '''Kelso Rugby Football Club''' ({{lang-sco|Kelsae Rugby Fitbaa Club}}) is a Scots [[rugby union]] club foondit in 1876.<ref>{{cite web|title=Club Website|url=http://www.kelsorfc.co.uk|publisher=Kelso Rugby Club|accessdate=8 January 2013}}</ref> It plays its hame gemmes at Poynder Pairk in [[Kelsae]], in [[the Mairches]]. ==History== Kelso wan the Melrose Sevens seiven times in the space o 12 year, atween 1978 an 1989, an the club wis Scots Premiership champions in 1987–88 an 1988–89. The team got tae the final o the [[Scots Cup|Scottish Cup]] at [[Murrayfield Stadium|Murrayfield]] in baith 1998 an 1999 an aw, but lost baith times: tae Glasgow Hawks (36–14) an tae thair local rivals [[Gala RFC]] (8–3).<ref>{{cite web|title=Rugby Archive. |url=http://www.rugbyarchive.net/Pagine/PaginaCompetizioni.aspx?ID=84 |publisher=Rugby Archive |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122051613/http://www.rugbyarchive.net/Pagine/PaginaCompetizioni.aspx?ID=84 |archive-date=2012-11-22 }}</ref> Adam Roxburgh teuk ower as heid coach in 2015.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thesouthernreporter.co.uk/sport/rugby/adam-returns-to-his-roots-1-3741450 |title=Adam returns to his roots |work=Southern Reporter |date=9 April 2015 |access-date=1 August 2016 |archive-date=18 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818085027/http://www.thesouthernreporter.co.uk/sport/rugby/adam-returns-to-his-roots-1-3741450 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The captain for the 2016–17 season wis Dom Buckley.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kelsorfc.co.uk/squad/100/dom-buckley-captain/ |title=Squad: forwards: Dom Buckley (captain) |website=Kelsorfc.co.uk |access-date=10 December 2016 |archive-date=5 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305013748/http://www.kelsorfc.co.uk/squad/100/dom-buckley-captain/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Efter drappin tae the third tier in 2016, the team wan promotion back tae Scottish National League Division One the season efter, feenishin second.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thesouthernreporter.co.uk/sport/rugby/derby-victory-secures-promotion-for-kelso-1-4422926 |title=Derby victory secures promotion for Kelso |first=Michael |last=Lyall |work=The Southern Reporter |date=19 April 2017 |access-date=1 August 2017 |archive-date=2 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802044406/http://www.thesouthernreporter.co.uk/sport/rugby/derby-victory-secures-promotion-for-kelso-1-4422926 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Kelso Sevens== The club hauds its ain [[Seivins|sevens]] tournament, the Kelso Sevens, ilka Mey. It is pairt o the Kings o the Sevens circuit o Mairches sevens tournaments. ==Honours== * Scots Premiership ** Champions (2): 1987–88, 1988–89 * [[Scots Cup|Scottish Cup]] ** Runners-up (2): 1997–98, 1998–99 * Kelso Sevens ** Champions (19): 1926, 1927, 1928, 1930, 1936, 1948, 1973, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1986, 1987, 1989, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2008, 2025 * Melrose Sevens ** Champions (7): 1978, 1980, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1989 ==Notable players== * [[Ross Ford]] * [[John Jeffrey]] * [[Alan Tait]], that gaed ower tae [[rugby league]] an cam back again ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kelso Rfc}} [[Category:Sports clubs established in 1876]] [[Category:Scots rugby union teams]] [[Category:Sport in the Mairches]] [[Category:Kelsae]] eqoln2pqajkzuuty7ahsj2nlh3ihfgi 927201 927200 2026-11-09T09:49:02Z Monospaced 75295 Scottish Premiership (proper nem); twal (spellin oot tae match) 927201 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox rugby team | teamname = Kelso | image = | imagesize = 100px | union = [[Scottish Rugby Union]] | fullname = Kelso Rugby Football Club | nickname = | shortname = | founded = 1876 | region = | ground = Poynder Pairk | capacity = | chairman = | ceo = | president = Terry Frame | captain = Dom Buckley (2016/17) | coach = Adam Roxburgh | top scorer = | caps = | website = {{URL|www.kelsorfc.co.uk}} | league = {{Scottish rugby updater|Kelso}} | season = | position = | pattern_la1=_white_hoops |pattern_b1=_whitehoops|pattern_ra1=_white_hoops |pattern_so1=|pattern_sh1= | leftarm1=000001|body1=000001|rightarm1=000001|shorts1=000001|socks1=FF0000| }} '''Kelso Rugby Football Club''' ({{lang-sco|Kelsae Rugby Fitbaa Club}}) is a Scots [[rugby union]] club foondit in 1876.<ref>{{cite web|title=Club Website|url=http://www.kelsorfc.co.uk|publisher=Kelso Rugby Club|accessdate=8 January 2013}}</ref> It plays its hame gemmes at Poynder Pairk in [[Kelsae]], in [[the Mairches]]. ==History== Kelso wan the Melrose Sevens seiven times in the space o twal year, atween 1978 an 1989, an the club wis Scottish Premiership champions in 1987–88 an 1988–89. The team got tae the final o the [[Scots Cup|Scottish Cup]] at [[Murrayfield Stadium|Murrayfield]] in baith 1998 an 1999 an aw, but lost baith times: tae Glasgow Hawks (36–14) an tae thair local rivals [[Gala RFC]] (8–3).<ref>{{cite web|title=Rugby Archive. |url=http://www.rugbyarchive.net/Pagine/PaginaCompetizioni.aspx?ID=84 |publisher=Rugby Archive |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122051613/http://www.rugbyarchive.net/Pagine/PaginaCompetizioni.aspx?ID=84 |archive-date=2012-11-22 }}</ref> Adam Roxburgh teuk ower as heid coach in 2015.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thesouthernreporter.co.uk/sport/rugby/adam-returns-to-his-roots-1-3741450 |title=Adam returns to his roots |work=Southern Reporter |date=9 April 2015 |access-date=1 August 2016 |archive-date=18 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818085027/http://www.thesouthernreporter.co.uk/sport/rugby/adam-returns-to-his-roots-1-3741450 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The captain for the 2016–17 season wis Dom Buckley.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kelsorfc.co.uk/squad/100/dom-buckley-captain/ |title=Squad: forwards: Dom Buckley (captain) |website=Kelsorfc.co.uk |access-date=10 December 2016 |archive-date=5 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305013748/http://www.kelsorfc.co.uk/squad/100/dom-buckley-captain/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Efter drappin tae the third tier in 2016, the team wan promotion back tae Scottish National League Division One the season efter, feenishin second.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thesouthernreporter.co.uk/sport/rugby/derby-victory-secures-promotion-for-kelso-1-4422926 |title=Derby victory secures promotion for Kelso |first=Michael |last=Lyall |work=The Southern Reporter |date=19 April 2017 |access-date=1 August 2017 |archive-date=2 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802044406/http://www.thesouthernreporter.co.uk/sport/rugby/derby-victory-secures-promotion-for-kelso-1-4422926 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Kelso Sevens== The club hauds its ain [[Seivins|sevens]] tournament, the Kelso Sevens, ilka Mey. It is pairt o the Kings o the Sevens circuit o Mairches sevens tournaments. ==Honours== * Scots Premiership ** Champions (2): 1987–88, 1988–89 * [[Scots Cup|Scottish Cup]] ** Runners-up (2): 1997–98, 1998–99 * Kelso Sevens ** Champions (19): 1926, 1927, 1928, 1930, 1936, 1948, 1973, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1986, 1987, 1989, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2008, 2025 * Melrose Sevens ** Champions (7): 1978, 1980, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1989 ==Notable players== * [[Ross Ford]] * [[John Jeffrey]] * [[Alan Tait]], that gaed ower tae [[rugby league]] an cam back again ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kelso Rfc}} [[Category:Sports clubs established in 1876]] [[Category:Scots rugby union teams]] [[Category:Sport in the Mairches]] [[Category:Kelsae]] bluhb5cjuk3fsoxjh2fu8dvjfp65dyn 0 142964 927267 916598 2026-11-09T10:55:36Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 927267 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Reseda |image_map = Map of Reseda neighborhood, Los Angeles, California.jpg |map_caption = Boundaries o Reseda as drawn bi the ''Los Angeles Times'' |pushpin_map = United States San Fernando Valley |pushpin_label_position = bottom |pushpin_map_caption = Location athin Los Angeles/San Fernando Valley |pushpin_map1 = California |pushpin_label_position1 = bottom |pushpin_map_caption1 = Location athin Californie |settlement_type = [[Neebourheids o Los Angeles|Neebourheid o Los Angeles]] |coordinates = {{coord|34|12|4|N|118|32|8|W|region:US-CA|display=inline}} }} '''Reseda''' {{IPAc-en|r|ə|ˈ|s|iː|d|ə}} is a neebourheid in the [[San Fernando Valley]] in [[Los Angeles]], [[Californie]]. It wis foondit in 1912, an its central business destrict stairtit in 1915. The neebourheid wis devotit tae agricultur for mony years. Yirdquauks struck the aurie in 1971 an 1994. The neebourheid haes fifteen public an five private schuils. The commonty includes public pairks, a senior center an a regional branch librar. Pairts o Reseda hae been uised in several motion pictur an telly productions. ==References== {{Reflist|2}} ==Freemit airtins== {{commons category|Reseda, Los Angeles}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160524110349/http://www.resedacouncil.org/ The Reseda Neighborhood Council] {{Geographic location | Centre = Reseda | North = [[Northridge, Los Angeles|Northridge]] | Northeast = [[North Hills, Los Angeles|North Hills]] | East = [[Lake Balboa, Los Angeles|Lake Balboa]] | Southeast = [[Sepulveda Basin#Points of interest|Sepulveda Basin]] | South = [[Tarzana, Los Angeles|Tarzana]] & [[Encino, Los Angeles|Encino]] | Southwest = [[Woodland Hills, Los Angeles|Woodland Hills]] | West = [[Winnetka, Los Angeles|Winnetka]] | Northwest = [[Chatsworth, Californie|Chatsworth]] }} {{Coord|34|12|4|N|118|32|8|W|type:city_region:US|display=title}} [[Category:Reseda, Los Angeles| ]] [[Category:1912 establishments]] [[Category:Commonties in the San Fernando Valley]] [[Category:Neebourheids in Los Angeles]] [[Category:Populatit places established in the 1910s]] [[Category:1910s establishments in North Americae]] srmnfc79k8q1dleuvcpb4o22x5eoi8i 0 142969 926971 917570 2026-11-08T21:36:51Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up an expandit frae soorces 926971 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Palco BolognaPride08.jpg|thumb|LGBT publications, [[pride parade]]s an relatit events, sic as this stage at [[Bologna]] Pride 2008 in Italy, mair an mair drap the ''LGBT'' initialism insteid o addin new letters aw the time, an haein tae deal wi whaur thae letters gang in the new title.<ref>Cahill, Sean, and Bryan Kim-Butler. "Policy priorities for the LGBT community: Pride Survey 2006." New York, NY: National Gay and Lesbian Task Force (2006).</ref>]] '''LGBT''' or '''GLBT''' is an [[initialism]] that stauns for [[Homosexuality|'''l'''esbian, '''g'''ay]], [[bisexuality|'''b'''isexual]] an [[transgender|'''t'''ransgender]]. In uise syne the 1990s, the term is an adaptation o the initialism '''LGB''', that wis uised insteid o the term ''gay'' for the LGBT commonty frae the mid tae late 1980s.<ref>''Acronyms, Initialisms & Abbreviations Dictionary,'' Volume 1, Part 1. Gale Research Co., 1985, ISBN 978-0-8103-0683-7. [https://books.google.com/books?id=JDtUAAAAMAAJ Factsheet five, Issues 32–36, Mike Gunderloy, 1989]</ref> Activists believed that the term ''gay commonty'' didna richtly represent aw the fowk it referred tae.<ref name="Gay Pride Nee">{{cite web | last=Swain | first=Keith W. | title=Gay Pride Needs New Direction | publisher=Denver Post | date=21 June 2007 |url = http://www.denverpost.com/ci_6198394?source=rss |accessdate= 2008-07-05 }}</ref> The term an its variants are umbrella terms, that stairtit in the [[Unitit States]], for aw sexual an gender minorities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LGBTQ+ – Stanford Med Education |url=https://mededucation.stanford.edu/glossary/lgbtq/ |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=mededucation.stanford.edu}}</ref> A common variant is '''LGBTQ''', that adds ''[[queer]]''. Monie ither variants are uised tae tak in [[intersex]], [[Asexuality|asexual]], aromantic, agender an ither identities.<ref name="MW-2024">{{Cite web |title=Definition of LGBTQIA |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/LGBTQIA |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}</ref> == History == In the 1970s, the phrase maist uised bi activists wis "gay and lesbian", in full. In the 1990s the initialism ''GLBT'' (later ''LGBT'') wis taen up bit bi bit, as bisexual an transgender fowk gained recognition.<ref name=lgbt-timeline-MS>{{cite web |last=Zak |first=Emily |title=LGBPTTQQIIAA+: How We Got Here from Gay |work=Ms. Magazine |date=10 January 2013 |url=https://msmagazine.com/2013/10/01/lgbpttqqiiaa-how-we-got-here-from-gay/ |url-status=live |access-date=26 December 2025 }}</ref> Frae aboot 1988, activists in the Unitit States begoud tae uise the initialism ''LGBT''.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=PiglAQAAIAAJ Research, policy and practice: Annual meeting] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619085339/https://books.google.com/books?id=PiglAQAAIAAJ |date=19 June 2019}}, American Educational Research Association Verlag AERA, 1988.</ref> It wisna till the 1990s that gay, lesbian, bisexual an transgender fowk gained equal respect within the muivement.<ref name="Bisexuality and Transgend">{{cite book |last1=Alexander |first1=Jonathan |first2=Karen |last2=Yescavage |title=Bisexuality and Transgenderism: InterSEXions of The Others |publisher=Haworth Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-56023-287-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2SOe4igsrbgC |access-date=2 July 2015 |archive-date=6 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906150516/https://books.google.com/books?id=2SOe4igsrbgC |url-status=live}}</ref> This led some organisations tae tak new nems, as the GLBT Historical Society did in 1999.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.glbthistory.org/timeline |title=Our History |last=Koskovich |first=Gerard |website=The GLBT Historical Society |access-date=7 January 2022 |archive-date=7 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107212644/https://www.glbthistory.org/timeline |url-status=live}}</ref> Tho there haes been muckle argument in the LGBT commonty ower the acceptance o its different groups (bisexual an transgender fowk in parteecular hae whiles been pushed tae the margins bi the wider LGBT commonty), the term ''LGBT'' haes been a positive symbol o inclusion.<ref name="The Handbook of Lesb">{{cite book |last=Shankle |first=Michael D. |title=The Handbook of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Public Health: A Practitioner's Guide To Service |publisher=Haworth Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-56023-496-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pUUyLSKD5voC |access-date=2 July 2015 |archive-date=6 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906170653/https://books.google.com/books?id=pUUyLSKD5voC |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Bisexuality and Transgend"/> Frae the 1990s, the wird ''queer'' began tae be reclaimed frae its earlier uise as an insult, especially bi radical activists that rejectit causes they saw as assimilationist, sic as mairiage, service in the military an adoption.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sycamore |first=Mattilda |title=That's Revolting! Queer Strategies for Resisting Assimilation |date=2008 |publisher=Soft Skull Press |isbn=978-1-59376-195-0 |location=Berkeley |pages=1–7}}</ref> == Variants == There are monie variants o the term, sic as '''LGBT+''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=LGBT+ |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/lgbt+ |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=Dictionary.com |language=en |archive-date=25 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325032603/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/lgbt+ }}</ref> an variants that chynge the order o the letters or add mair letters. Ither common variants include '''LGBTQIA''', whaur the ''I'' stauns for intersex an the ''A'' for asexual, aromantic or agender,<ref name="MW-2024"/> an '''LGBTQIA+''', whaur "the '+' represents those who are part of the community, but for whom LGBTQ does not accurately capture or reflect their identity".<ref name="UNCW">{{cite web |title=LGBTQIA+ |url=https://uncw.edu/lgbtqia/facstaff-resources/lgbtqia.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503035352/https://uncw.edu/lgbtqia/facstaff-resources/lgbtqia.html |archive-date=3 May 2023 |access-date=31 August 2021 |website=University of North Carolina, Wilmington}}</ref> == Criticism == No awbody that the initialism is meant tae include agrees wi it. For example, some argue that transgender an transsexual causes arena the same as thae o lesbian, gay an bisexual (LGB) fowk.<ref name="Coming Out in Christi">{{cite book | last=Wilcox | first=Melissa M. | title=Coming Out in Christianity: Religion, Identity, and Community | publisher=Indiana University Press | year=2003 | isbn=978-0-253-21619-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yjdhpMnHEIMC | access-date=2 July 2015 | archive-date=6 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906172731/https://books.google.com/books?id=yjdhpMnHEIMC | url-status=live}}</ref> This argument rests on the idea that bein transgender or transsexual haes mair tae dae wi [[gender identity]], or a person's unnerstaunin o bein or no bein a man or a wumman, whitever their sexual orientation, while LGB issues can be seen as a maitter o [[sexual orientation]] or attraction.<ref name="Bisexuality and Transgend"/> A belief in "lesbian and gay separatism" hauds that lesbians an gay men form, or shoud form, a commonty o their ain, separate frae ither groups that are ordinarly includit.<ref name="Gays/Justice">{{cite book | last=Mohr | first=Richard D. | title=Gays/Justice: A Study of Ethics, Society, and Law | publisher=Columbia University Press | year=1988 | isbn=978-0-231-06735-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dfUw8Zl0kPEC | access-date=5 July 2008 | archive-date=19 June 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619085713/https://books.google.com/books?id=dfUw8Zl0kPEC | url-status=live}}</ref> == See an aw == * [[LGBT richts muivement]] ==Notes== {{Reflist|30em}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lgbt}} [[Category:LGBT| ]] [[Category:Acronyms]] [[Category:Lesbianism]] [[Category:Transgender]] [[Category:Wirds coined in the 1990s]] pd990revdlh9avj9q9h7e7gibssp7xt 0 143754 927269 923172 2026-11-09T10:56:48Z Monospaced 75295 Remove Fix Scots; history an honours addit, infobox updatit, soorced 927269 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox fitbaw club | nickname = ''[[Double-headed eagle|dooble-heidit eagle]] o the North''<br>''White-Blacks'' | ground = [[Toumba Stadium]]<br> [[Thessaloniki]], [[Greece]] | capacity = 28,803<ref name=sway>{{cite web|url=http://uk.soccerway.com/teams/greece/paok-fc/1041/|title=PAOK THESSALONIKI FC|work=Soccerway|publisher=Perform|accessdate=30 August 2015|archive-date=2016-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413073338/http://uk.soccerway.com/teams/greece/paok-fc/1041/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | season = 2025–26 | current = | pattern_la1 =_paokfc1516h | pattern_la2=_paokfc1516a | pattern_la3=_paokfc1516t | pattern_b2=_paokfc1516a | pattern_b3=_paokfc1516t | pattern_ra1 =_paokfc1516h | pattern_ra2=_paokfc1516a | pattern_ra3=_paokfc1516t | pattern_sh1 =_paok1516h | pattern_sh2=_paok1516a | pattern_sh3=_paok1516h | pattern_so1 =_paokfc1516h | pattern_so2=_paokfc1516a | pattern_so3=_paokfc1516h | leftarm1 = FFFFFF | leftarm2=FFFFFF | leftarm3=FFFFFF | body1 = FFFFFF | body2=FFFFFF | body3=FFFFFF | rightarm1 = FFFFFF | rightarm2=FFFFFF | rightarm3=FFFFFF | shorts1 = FFFFFF | shorts2=FFFFFF | shorts3=FFFFFF | socks1 = 000000 | socks2=FFFFFF | socks3=000000 | clubname = PAOK FC | image = [[File:Paok2013.png|200px]] | caption = PAOK's offeecial logo, syne 2013 | fullname = ({{lang-el| Πανθεσσαλονίκειος Αθλητικός Όμιλος (Κωνσταντινουπολιτών}})<br />(Pan-Thessaloniki Athletic Club o Constantinopolitans) | short name = PAOK | motto = "Ane ceety, Ane team" | founded = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|1926|4|20}} | emblem founder = | colours = {{color box|black}} {{color box|white}} [[Black]], White | anthem = ''PAOK, PAOK'' <br>(Mimis Traiforos Petros Giannakos) | owntitle = Ainer | owner = [[Ivan Savvidis]]<ref name="savv">{{cite web|url=http://sports.in.gr/football/superleague/article/?aid=1231208927|title=Εποχή Σαββίδη στον ΠΑΟΚ με επένδυση 20 εκατ. ευρώ στην ΠΑΕ (Savvidis' era at PAOK with 10M Euro investment)|date=10 August 2012|publisher=In.gr|language=Greek|accessdate=14 August 2012|location=Thessaloniki}}</ref> | chairman = [[Ivan Savvidis]] | manager = Alessio Lisci | league = [[Super League Greece]] | position = [[Super League Greece]], 3rd o 14 | website = http://www.paokfc.gr/ | topscorer= {{Flagicon|Greece}} Stavros Sarafis (136) | firstgame = {{Start date and age|df=yes|26 July 1926}} in [[Thessaloniki]] vs Iraklis FC. Result: Win bi 2–1.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.paokfc.gr/swift.jsp?CMCCode=100309&extLang= |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-05-29 |archive-date=2009-08-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830042600/http://www.paokfc.gr/swift.jsp?CMCCode=100309&extLang= |url-status=dead }}</ref> | pattern_b1 = _paokfc1516h }} '''PAOK F.C.''' ({{lang-el|ΠΑΕ ΠΑΟΚ}}, {{IPA-el|paˈe ˈpaok}}), forby kent as '''PAOK Thessaloniki''' or '''PAOK Salonika''', short for '''Panthessalonikios Athlitikos Omilos Konstantinoupoliton''' ({{lang-el|Πανθεσσαλονίκειος Αθλητικός Όμιλος Κωνσταντινουπολιτών}}, transliteratit ''Pan-Thessaloniki Athletic Club o Constantinopolitans''),<ref>[http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/association=gre/news/newsid=2174545.html uefa.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103025540/http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/association=gre/news/newsid=2174545.html |date=2014-11-03 }} Myths, heroes and legends: PAOK in focus</ref> an commonly kent as '''PAOK''' ({{lang-el|ΠΑΟΚ}}, {{IPA-el|ˈpaok|pron}}), is a professional Greek [[Association fitbaw|fitbaw]] club, a pairt o [[P.A.O.K.|A.C. PAOK]], based in [[Thessaloniki]], Greece. It wis foondit on 20 Apryle 1926 bi Greek refugees that haed fled tae Thessaloniki frae [[Istanbul|Constantinople]] efter the Greco-Turkish War, an plays its hame gemmes at the [[Toumba Stadium]]. Its nem an its badge, a double-heidit eagle in the Byzantine style, honour the fowk an places o the [[Eastren Roman Empire]] that it cam frae.<ref name="History">{{cite web|url=http://www.paokfc.gr/en/history-2/time-line/special-1/|title=History|work=paokfc.gr|access-date=26 June 2015}}</ref> PAOK plays in the [[Super League Greece|Super League]], that it haes wan fower times (1976, 1985, 2019 an 2024), an it haes wan the [[Greek Football Cup|Greek Cup]] aicht times. It is ane o three clubs that hae niver been relegatit frae the tap Greek division, an the anly team in Greece tae win the Double athoot lossin a league gemme, in 2019.<ref name="2018/19 squad">{{cite web|title=A look at PAOK's 2018/19 squad|url=http://www.agonasport.com/agonasport-allnews/varela-has-change-of-heart-and-set-to-remain-at-paok-y5g9r-tbjfw|work=agonasport.com|author=Athan Stylos|date=30 May 2019|access-date=22 October 2019|archive-date=22 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022080443/https://www.agonasport.com/agonasport-allnews/varela-has-change-of-heart-and-set-to-remain-at-paok-y5g9r-tbjfw}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{PAOK F.C. squad}} {{PAOK FC managers}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Paok F.C.}} [[Category:PAOK FC| ]] [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1926]] [[Category:1926 establishments in Greece]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Thessaloniki]] [[Category:Unrelegatit association fitbaw clubs]] {{stub/Sport}} jd0m1fzfm2fmpumv0ltdpg0jsxt72so 0 145403 926800 876933 2026-11-08T18:15:11Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; touns an walkin addit 926800 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:River Earn at Forteviot.jpg|thumb|250px|The River Earn viewed frae [[Forteviot]] brig.]] The '''River Earn''' ({{lang-gd|Uisge Èireann}}) in [[Scotland]] leaves Loch Earn at St Fillans an runs east throu Strathearn, then east an sooth, jynin the River Tay near [[Abernethy, Perth an Kinross|Abernethy]]. On its wey it gangs past [[Comrie]], [[Crieff]] an [[Brig o Earn]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=River Earn from The Gazetteer for Scotland|url=https://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst3332.html|access-date=2023-01-23|website=The Gazetteer for Scotland|language=en-gb}}</ref> The river is popular for walkin, an for fishin on monie stretches.<ref name=visitscotland>{{cite web|url=https://www.visitscotland.com/info/towns-villages/river-earn-p252831|title=River Earn|publisher=VisitScotland.com|date=2018|access-date=2018-05-18}}</ref> {{coord|56|21|N|3|19|W|display=title|region:GB_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}} [[Category:Rivers o Pairth an Kinross|Earn]] [[Category:Tay catchment|1Earn]] [[Category:Naitional Scenic Auries in Scotland]] [[Category:Pertectit auries o Pairth an Kinross]] {{Stub/Scotland}} == References == {{reflist}} i5lg9iejhhn5qyof400coj9c6v23gq6 0 145547 927174 916232 2026-11-09T03:29:43Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 927174 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox UK place | country = Scotland | official_name = Kirkcudbright | scots_name =Kirkcoubrie | gaelic_name = Cille Chuithbeirt<ref>{{cite web|title=Ainmean-Àite na h-Alba (2011) 'Ainmean-Àite na h-Alba - Gaelic Place-Names of Scotland - Database', Ainmean-Aite.org.|url=http://www.gaelicplacenames.org/databasedetails.php?id=851|access-date=2016-06-12|archive-date=2016-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407210629/http://gaelicplacenames.org/databasedetails.php?id=851|url-status=dead}}</ref> | population = 3,352 | population_ref = (2011) | os_grid_reference = NX685505 | coordinates = {{coord|54.832|-4.048|display=inline,title}} | unitary_scotland = [[Dumfries an Gallowa]] | lieutenancy_scotland = [[Kirkcoubrieshire]] | constituency_westminster = [[Dumfries and Galloway (UK Parliament constituency)|Dumfries and Galloway]] | constituency_scottish_parliament = [[Galloway and West Dumfries (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Galloway and West Dumfries]] | post_town = KIRKCUDBRIGHT | postcode_district = DG6 | postcode_area = DG | dial_code = 01557 | static_image_name = File:Kasteelruïne aan een rivier in Kirkcudbright, Bestanddeelnr 190-1107.jpg | static_image_caption = Kirkcoubrie | edinburgh_distance_mi = 84 | london_distance_mi = 282 }} '''Kirkcoubrie''' ({{IPAc-en|k|ər|ˈ|k|uː|b|r|i}} {{respell|kur|KOO|bree}} {{lang-en|Kirkcudbright}} {{lang-gd|Cille Chuithbeirt}}) is a toun, pairish, an ryal burgh fae 1455 in [[Kirkcoubrieshire]], [[Dumfries an Gallowa]], [[Scotland]]. Kirkcoubrie wis the coonty toun o Kirkcoubrieshire. The toun lies southwast o [[Castle Douglas]] an [[Dawbeattie]] at the mooth o the [[River Dee, Gallowa|River Dee]], aroond 4 mile fae the [[Erse Sea]]. ==History== An early rendeetion o the name o the toun wis Kilcudbrit;<ref>Learmonth, W (2012) ''Kirkcudbrightshire and Wigtownshire'', Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press</ref> this derives fae the [[Scots Gaelic]] ''Cille Chuithbeirt'' meanin "chaipel o [[Saunt Cutbear|Cutbear (Cuthbert)]]", the saunt whase mortal remeens wis keepit at the toun atween thair exhumation at [[Lindisfarne]] an reinternment at [[Chester-le-Street]].<ref>Eyre, C (1849) ''The History of St. Cuthbert: Or an Account of His Life, Decease, and Miracles; of the Wanderings with his Body at Intervals During CXXIV. Years; of the State of his Body from his Decease Until A.D. 1542; and of the Various Monuments Erected to His Memory'', City of Westminster: James Burns</ref> [[John Spottiswoode]], in his accoont o releegious hooses in Scotland, mentions that the [[Franciscan]]s, o Grayfreers, hid been estaiblisht at Kirkcoubrie fae the 12t century.<ref>Spottiswood, J (1655) ''The history of the Church of Scotland, beginning in the year of our Lord 203 and continued to the end of the reign of King James the VI of ever blessed memory : wherein are described the progress of Christianity, the persecutions and interruptions of it, the foundation of churches, the erecting of bishopricks, the building and endowing monasteries, and other religious places, the succession of bishops in their sees, the reformation of religion, and the frequent disturbances of that nation by wars, conspiracies, tumults, schisms : together with great variety of other matters, both ecclesiasticall and politicall'', City of London: J. Flesher for R. Royston</ref> No hints o the Grayfreers o Franciscan dwallins remeen in the pairish o Kirkcoubrie. [[John I de Balliol|John Balliol]] wis awnin o the auncient castle at Castledykes in the late 13t century an [[Edward I o Ingland|Keeng Edward I o England]] is said tae hae steyed here in 1300 durin his war again Scotland.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Keay|first=John|title=Collins Encyclopedia of Scotland|url=https://archive.org/details/collinsencyclopa00john|publisher=HarperCollinsPublishers|year=1994|isbn=0002550822|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/collinsencyclopa00john/page/585 585]}}</ref> In 1455 Kirkcoubrie becam a [[Ryal Burgh]].<ref>Bell, J (2015) 'Old Kirkcudbright - History of an Ancient Parish & Burgh.', Kirkcudbright Community Website. [http://www.old-kirkcudbright.net/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213113719/http://www.old-kirkcudbright.net/|date=2020-02-13}}</ref> Aboot a century later, the bailies o the toun obteent permeesion fae [[Mary, Queen o Scots]] tae uise pairt o the convent an nunnery as a pairish kirk. Fae aroond 1570, Sir Tammas MacLellan o Bombie, the chief bailie, receive't a chairter for the site, its grunds, an its gairdens. MacLellan later dismantle't the kirk sae as tae obteen material for his new [[MacLellan's Castle|castle]], a gey fine hoose, that wis built on the site.<ref>Coventry, M (2006) The Castles of Scotland, City of Edinburgh: Birlinn Limited</ref> Efter his defeat at the [[Battle o Towton]], [[Henry VI o Ingland|Keen Henry VI o England]] crosst the [[Solway Firth]] in August 1461 tae laund at Kirkcoubrie tae defend [[Queen Margaret o Anjou|Queen Margaret]] at [[Lithgae]]. The toun for some time gainstuid a siege in 1547 fae the English commaunder Sir Thomas Carleton bit, efter the surroondin kintra hid been ower-rin, wis gart tae surrender.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nicolson|first1=J |last2= Burn|first2= R|year=1777|title=The History and Antiquities of the counties of Westmorland and Cumberland|volume=1|location=City of Westminster|url=https://archive.org/stream/historyandantiq00burngoog#page/n60/mode/2up.asp}}</ref> Kirkcoubrie Towebuith wis built atween 1625 an 1629 an serve no anely as the [[towebuith]], bit the cooncil offices, the burgh an shirra coorts, the creeminal preeson, an the dyvour's preeson an aw. Ane o the maist famous preesoners wis [[John Paul Jones]], foonder o the [[Unitit States Navy]] that wis born in [[Kirkbean]].<ref>[http://www.jpj.demon.co.uk/jpjlife.htm Slaving and a Murder Trial] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023212600/http://www.jpj.demon.co.uk/jpjlife.htm |date=2013-10-23 }}. Retrieved on 14 November 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.scan.org.uk/researchrtools/courtrecords.htm 1770 Extract of Warrant for the arrest of John Paul (Jones)]. Scan.org.uk. Retrieved on 14 November 2012.</ref> [[File:Johnston_School,_Kirkcudbright_-_view_from_NW.jpg|thumb|The Johnston School, Kirkcoubrie]] The Johnston School wis the toun primary schuil until replace't wi a new biggin in 2009. The schuil wis endoued wi a bequest bi Kirkcoubrie merchand an shipawner William Johnston (1769-1845) an appent in 1847 as Johnston's Free School. The biggin wis designt bi Edinburgh airchitect [[James Newlands]] that later gaed on tae be the first Borough Engineer fae [[Liverpuil]] whaur he designt an built the first integratit sewerage seestem in the warld in 1848. The schuil biggin was rebuilt, reteenin the Italianate tour an facade in 1933 bi William A MacKinnell (1871-1940). He wis the Coonty Airchitect for Kirkcoubrieshire an built mony schuils in Kirkcoubrieshire. In 2020 the biggin is bein replenisht as a Community Acteevity and Resoorce Centre. The biggin is leetit Categorie B.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://canmore.org.uk/site/212431/kirkcudbright-st-mary-street-johnston-school|title=The Johnston School|publisher=Canmore|access-date=2020-03-20|archive-date=2020-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125025051/https://canmore.org.uk/site/212431/kirkcudbright-st-mary-street-johnston-school|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.buildingsatrisk.org.uk/details/991918|title=Johnston School (Former), St Mary Street, Kirkcudbright &#124; Buildings at Risk Register|website=www.buildingsatrisk.org.uk|access-date=2020-03-20|archive-date=2020-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125025111/http://www.buildingsatrisk.org.uk/details/991918|url-status=dead}}</ref> St Andrew's and St Cuthberts Kirk wis designt in 1886 by Lunnon airchitect A E Purdie (1843-1920) in the Gothic style. It wis built on the site o the medieval St Andra's Kirk. In 1971 the ben o the kirk wis re-redd an strippit o its Victorian fixturs an fittins an noo featurs an abstract airn an concrete cross bi the Liverpuil sculptor [[Sean Rice]] (1931-1997),[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-sean-rice-1283255.html] modren staint gless bi the Pols airtist [[Jerzy Faczynski]] (1917-1994), an a set o fower pentins bi [[Vivian K Chapman]] depictin The Passion. The kirk wis built on the site o the auld preeson an the governor's hoose noo serves as the clergy's hoose. The kirk wis built closse til the site of the pre-reformation St Andra's Kirk. The [[Kirkcudbright Railway]] appent in 1864 bit the railwey line an its [[Kirkcudbright railwey station|station]] closed in 1965.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://canmore.org.uk/site/69353/kirkcudbright-st-mary-street-railway-station|title=Kirkcudbright, St Mary Street, Railway Station|publisher=Canmore|access-date=2020-03-20|archive-date=2015-06-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611061447/http://canmore.org.uk/site/69353/kirkcudbright-st-mary-street-railway-station|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Toun Hoose wis designt bi airchitects [[Peddie and Kinnear]]. It wis completit in 1879 an is a Categorie B leetit biggin.<ref name="SArch">{{cite web |title=Kirkcudbright Public Hall and Museum |url=http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/building_full.php?id=215193 |website=Scottish Architects |accessdate=27 January 2020}}</ref> It his been convertit intil the Kirkcudbright Galleries. The War Memorial dates fae 1922 an wis creatit bi the sculptor [[George Henry Paulin]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Edwards|first= M |year=2006|title=Roll of Honour - Kirkcudbrightshire - Kircudbright|url=http://www.roll-of-honour.com/Kirkcudbrightshire/Kirkcudbright.html}}</ref> ===Kirkcudbright trainin airt=== Like mony ither hiddly places durin [[Warld War II]], a 4,700 acre airt til the sootheast o the toun an stendin til the coast o the Solway Firth wis acquire't bi the Airmy in 1942, as a trainin aure for the [[D-Day]] invasion.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kirkcudbright Training Area |url=http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/AboutDefence/WhatWeDo/DefenceEstateandEnvironment/AccessRecreation/Scotland/KirkcudbrightTrainingArea.htm |publisher=[[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]]}} </ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.secretscotland.org.uk/index.php/Secrets/KirkcudbrightTrainingArea|title=Secret Scotland - Kirkcudbright Training Area|website=www.secretscotland.org.uk|access-date=2020-03-20|archive-date=2020-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319222323/http://www.secretscotland.org.uk/index.php/Secrets/KirkcudbrightTrainingArea|url-status=dead}}</ref> The airt remeens in activ uiss for live-firin exerceeses. Pairt o the trainin airt is the [[Dundrennan Range]], a wappens development an testin range. The uiss o this range for the testin o [[depletit uranium]] shells his been controversial.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Call to stop uranium shell tests |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/1157417.stm |date=7 February 2001 |publisher=[[BBC News]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Weapon test move comes under fire |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/south_of_scotland/7289584.stm |date=11 March 2008 |publisher=[[BBC News]] }}</ref> The range conteens ane o the twa survivin [[A39 Tortoise]] hivy assaut tanks fae the sax prototypes oreeginal produce't. the 32-punder gun his been remuived an the tank is uised for target practice. Acause o the range's designation as a Site o Speicial Interest, the remuivin o the tank til a museum is no likely. ===Museums=== [[File:Broughton_House,_Kirkcudbright.jpg|thumb|Broughton Hoose, Kirkcoubrie]] [[Broughton House]] is an 18th century toonhoose staundin on the Heich Street. It wis the hame o Scots impressionist airtist [[Edward Atkinson Hornel]] atween his 1901 an his deith in 1933. The [[National Trust for Scotland]] mainteen the hoose an its guids as a museum o Hornel's life an wirk. The [[Stewarty Museum]] wis foondit in 1879 an wis at first sted in the Toon Hoose until it becam ower smaw tae hoose the collections. The collection flittit til a purpose-built site. It conteens the local an naitural history o the Stewartrie o Kirkcoubrie. Breetain's earliest survivin sportin trophy, the Siller Gun, is pairt o the collection, as is pentins bi mony local airtists. The towebuith biggin is noo uised as an airts centre. The new Kirkcudbright Galleries wis offeecial appent in Julie 2018 bi the Princess Ryal. It is situatit in the umwhile Toon Hoose. On shaw is pentins by the various airtists that bade and wrocht in the toun. The're a gailerie for veesitin exhibeetions, an cafe, an a gift shap. ==Airts== ===Airtist's Toun=== [[File:The_Greengage,_High_Street,_Kirkcudbright,_Scotland.jpg|thumb|The Greengate, hame an studio o Jessie M King, Heich Street]] Kirkcoubrie his for a lang time been a centre for visual airtists an is noo kent as "the Airtist's Toun".<ref name=artist>[http://www.kirkcudbright.co.uk/ Artists' Town official website]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Kirkcudbright. Retrieved on 22 June 2011.</ref> The toun's roadside signs an logo include a representation o pent on a penter's pallet. Nouadays, penters, textile airtists, floorishers, ceramicists, photae-makkers, etchers, print-makkers, sculptors, encaustic airtists, willae-makkers, an mair anes aw wirk in or aroond the toun. Kirkcoubrie is hame til an airtist's collective that his a shap in the toun centre, [http://papop-up.co.uk/ The PA, Professional Artists Collective].<ref name="PA">{{cite web |title=The PA Pop-up |url=http://papop-up.co.uk/ |website=PA Pop-up |accessdate=26 January 2020}}</ref>. WASPS (Working Artists Studio Spaces, Scotland) occupees twa linkit tounhooses, Canonwalls an Claverhouse, in the Heich Street. It is a centre that mony airtists appen thair studios in durin [[Spring Fling Open Studios]]. The [https://www.artandcraftstrail.com/ Kirkcudbright Arts & Crafts Trail] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617051606/http://www.artandcraftstrail.com/ |date=2016-06-17 }} taks place ilka simmer. This fower-day event, finishin on the first Monanday in August, allous veesitors tae see airtist's studios an veesit places that is for ordinar aff-leemits tae veesitors. ====Gaileries==== Gaileries in Kirkcoubrie incluse [[Kirkcudbright Galleries]], umwhile the Toon Hoose, in St Mary Street. Belike the auldest gailerie is [http://www.harbourcottagegallery.org.uk The Harbour Cottage Gallery]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.harbourcottagegallery.org.uk/history/|title=History – Harbour Cottage Gallery|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-01-28}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ither anes include the [https://www.whitehousegallery.co.uk/ Whitehouse Gallery], the [https://www.ochregallery.co.uk/ Ochre Gallery], an the [http://www.highstgallery.co.uk/ High St Gallery]. ===Cinema an literatur=== [[File:Kirkcudbright Harbour.jpg|thumb|Kirkcoubrie Herbour]] [[File:In Memory Of Loved Ones Lost At Sea - Kirkudbright.jpg|thumb|upright|1994 widden sculpture ''In Memory Of Loved Ones Lost At Sea'' bi Charlie Easterfield in Kirkcoubrie Herbour]] The [[whaduinit]] [[Five Red Herrings]] bi [[Dorothy L. Sayers]] involves the airtistic community o Kirkcoubrie.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0072502/|title=Five Red Herrings|via=www.imdb.com}}</ref> In the 1975, the beuk wis made intil a BBC TV pictur shot in the toun, wi [[Ian Carmichael]] playin the lead role o [[Laird Peter Wimsey]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=IMDb.com|title=Five Red Herrings (TV Mini-Series 1975)|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0072502/}}</ref> The toun providit locations for the cult 1973 horror pictur ''[[The Wicker Man]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Where was 'The Wicker Man' filmed?|url=http://www.british-film-locations.com/The-Wicker-Man-1973|website=British Film Locations|accessdate=5 June 2017|archive-date=2020-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319225910/http://www.british-film-locations.com/The-Wicker-Man-1973|url-status=dead}}</ref> Several pairts o the toun can be easily seen in the pictur. [[Robert Urquhart (aktor)|Robert Urquhart]] sterred in a 1980 BBC adaptation o [[Henrik Ibsen]]'s ''[[An Enemy of the People]]'', shot on location in Kirkcoubrie. The 2018 meestery novelle ''The Shadow of the Black Earl'' bi [[Charles E McGarry]] his scenes set in Kirkcoubrie while maist o the action taks place in a fictional version of Laurieston Hall an the surroondin airts. ===Muisic=== [[Matt McGinn]] wrate an recordit ''The Wee Kirkcudbright Centipede'' that his been kivert bi ither sangers an aw, includin [[Alastair McDonald]] on disc an on his BBC Scotland shaw "Songs of Scotland" that includit a segment filmt on location at the toun's Johnston Primary School whaur McDonald led the childer in a dance sequence. The baund Betrayal, that comprised Kirkcoubrie muisicker Stephen Milligan (lead guitar), Mervin Mackllin (rhythm guitar), an Stephen McClelland (keyboards), as weel as Andrew Black (bass), Blue (vocals), and Marty (drums), released an album "Rattlesnake Waltz on Liverpuil's [[Probe Plus Records]] in 1987. As reviewed in Q Magazine at the time as "This seven-piece outfit from Galloway make their album debut with a strange brew containing a healthy dash of speed metal and a fistful of disparate elements taken from early Genesis, The Lovin' Spoonful, Led Zeppelin, and The Skids. On paper this might seem unworkable but in reality it adds up to a highly individual sound, with tracks like Made, Dead Man's Hand and No Big Thing - where Sue Dring's soaring vocals form an attractive contrast to Steve McClelland's manic synthesizer-providing the high spots. The only obvious drawback to this formula is that by utilising such an unusual variety of influences the band may be limiting their appeal to lovers of the eccentric ..." ==Namely fowk== ===Airtists=== Kirkcoubrie his hid a lang associe wi the Glasgow Art Movement. Several airtists, includin the [[Glasgow School|Glasgow Boys]] and the famed [[Scots Colourists]], sic as [[Samuel Peploe]] an [[Francis Cadell (airtist)|Francis Cadell]], steidit thaimsels in the area ower a 30-year speal fae 1880 til 1910, estaiblishin the [[Kirkcudbright Artists' Colony]]. Amang thaim that flittit tae here fae [[Glesga]] wis [[Edward Atkinson Hornel]], [[George Henry (penter)|George Henry]], an [[Jessie M. King]]. Later anither curn o Glega-traint airtists built thair studios ower the river at The Stell, includin [[John Charles Lamont]] an [[Robert Sivell]]. Laundskip penter [[Charles Oppenheimer]] flittit tae Kirkcoubrie in 1908. He is gien creedit alang wi airtist [[Dorothy Nesbitt]] for hainin the Harbour Cottage (Art) Gallery fae demolishin in 1967. Kirkcoubrie becam kent as "the airtist's toun"<ref name=artist/> awtho langime residenters conseedert is a "fishin toun". Ither airtists include: * [[Joseph Simpson (airtist)|Joseph Simpson]] (1879-1939) - penter an etcher o limns an sportin subjects<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kirkcudbrightgalleries.org.uk/artists-footsteps/artist/joseph-w-simpson/|title=Joseph W Simpson &#124; Kirkcudbright Galleries &#124; Dumfries and Galloway &#124; Artists &#124; Gallery|website=Kirkcudbright Galleries}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * [[Phyllis Bone]] (1894-1972) - sculptor, first female member o the [[Ryal Scots Academy]]<ref name="Alumni">{{cite web |title=Phyllis Mary Bone (1894 – 1972) |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/alumni/services/notable-alumni/alumni-in-history/phyllis-mary-bone |website=University of Edinburgh Alumni |publisher=University of Edinburgh |accessdate=26 January 2020}}</ref> * [[William Hanna Clarke]] (1882-1924) - laundskip and feegur penter<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.artistsfootsteps.co.uk/artists_a_z.asp?ID=25 |title=William Hanna Clarke |publisher=Artists' Footsteps |access-date=2020-03-20 |archive-date=2018-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022232455/http://www.artistsfootsteps.co.uk/artists_a_z.asp?ID=25 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Jankel Adler]] (1895-1949) - penter an printmakker <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kirkcudbrightgalleries.org.uk/artists-footsteps/artist/jankel-adler/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2020-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803142430/https://www.kirkcudbrightgalleries.org.uk/artists-footsteps/artist/jankel-adler/ |archive-date=2019-08-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>https://www.artrabbit.com/events/jankel-adler-a-degenerate-artist-in-britain-194049</ref> ===Sportspeople=== ====Perfaisional fitbawers==== * [[Bob McDougall (fitbawer)|Bob McDougall]] (1894-1936) * [[George Cloy (fitbawer)|George Cloy]] * [[David Mathieson (fitbawer)|David Mathieson]] (born 1978)<ref name="McCartney, I 2008">McCartney, I (2008) Queen of the South: The History 1919–2008, Staffordshire: The Breedon Books Publishing Company Limited</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=McLean|first=K |year=2009|title=QosFC: Legends - George Cloy|publisher= Queen of the South Football Club|url=http://qosfc.com/content-legendsView.aspx?playerid=1050}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=McLean|first=K |year=2009|title=QosFC: Legends - Tommy Bryce|publisher= Queen of the South Football Club|url=http://qosfc.com/content-legendsView.aspx?playerid=1045}}</ref> ====Rugby==== * [[David MacMyn (rugby)|David MacMyn]] (1903-1978)<ref>HG (1978) 'Obituary', British Medical Journal, 1 (6119, April), 1058 to 1060</ref> ===Ither fowk=== [[File:Craigville, St Mary's Street, Kirkcudbright, Scotland.jpg|alt=|thumb|Lawrence o Arabia's faimily bade at Craigville, St Mary's Street, Kirkcoubrie atween 1889 an 1891]] * [[Malcolm Caldwell]] (1931-1978) - academic an Marxist scriever. Murthert in Cambodia. His faither wis the coonty airchitect for Kirkcoubriesire fae 1950 tae 1957. Caldwell wis Dux o [[Kirkcudbright Academy]] in 1949.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kirkcudbrightacademy.website/caldwell.html|title=Caldwell|access-date=2020-03-20|archive-date=2019-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420150538/http://www.kirkcudbrightacademy.website/caldwell.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Cecil Coles]] (1888-1918) - composer. Killt in [[Warld War I]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Commonwealth War Graves Commission|year=1918|title=Comprehensive Report|url=http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/71046/COLES,%20CECIL%20FREDERICK%20G}}</ref> * [[Marrott Edgar]] (1880-1951) - poet, scriptwriter, comedian. Edgar wrate for [[Stanley Holloway]]. * [[John Erskine, 1t Baron Erskine o Rerrick]] (1893-1980) - baunker, Governor o Northren Ireland fae 1964 tae 1968 * [[T. E. Lawrence]] (1888-1935) - Kent as Lawrence o Arabia, he bade in Kirkcoubrie as a babbie fae 1889 tae 1891.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://livesofthefirstworldwar.iwm.org.uk/lifestory/2323783|title=Life story: William George Lawrence {{!}} Lives of the First World War|website=livesofthefirstworldwar.iwm.org.uk|access-date=2020-01-30}}</ref> * Marchand Robert Lenox, faither o philanthropist and bibliophone [[James Lenox]]. James's personal collection o beuks wad gie rise til the [[New York City Library]]. * [[Gary Lewis (actor)|Gary Lewis]] (born 1957) - actor, sterred in ''Gangs of New York'', ''Billy Elliot'', etc * [[William (Billy) Marshall]] (1672-1792) - King o the [[Romani fowk|Gipsys]]. ==Sport== Kirkcoubrie is representit in the [[South of Scotland Football League]] bi [[St Cuthbert Wanderers F.C.]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=St Cuthbert Wanderers FC|year=2014|title=St Cuthbert Wanderers FC|url=http://www.stcuthbertwanderers.co.uk/|access-date=2020-03-20|archive-date=2020-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319235600/https://www.stcuthbertwanderers.co.uk/|url-status=dead}}</ref> It wis foondert bi the pairishoners o St Cuthbert Catholic Church. The club's best-kent umwhile players is Bob McDougall, Billy Halliday, an David Mathieson.<ref name="McCartney, I 2008"/> ===2019 Tour o Breetain=== The first stage fae [[Glesga]] o the 2019 Tour o Breetain endit in Kirkcoubrie on 7 September. The winner wis Dutchman [[Dylan Groenewegen]]. == References == {{Reflist}} == External links == {{Commons category|Kirkcudbright}} * [http://www.kirkcudbright.town/ Visit Kirkcudbright Wabsteid]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.kirkcudbright.com/ Kirkcudbright Community Wabsteid] *http://www.kirkcudbrightacademy.website/caldwell.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420150538/http://www.kirkcudbrightacademy.website/caldwell.html |date=2019-04-20 }} *https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-sean-rice-1283255.html *https://www.ed.ac.uk/alumni/services/notable-alumni/alumni-in-history/phyllis-mary-bone *https://www.kirkcudbright.town/arts/kirkcudbright-artists-town/{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *https://www.kirkcudbrightgalleries.org.uk/artists-footsteps/artist/joseph-w-simpson/{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *https://papop-up.co.uk/kirkcudbright/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126141655/http://papop-up.co.uk/kirkcudbright/ |date=2020-01-26 }} *https://www.waspsstudios.org.uk/spaces/artist-space/canonwalls-and-claverhouse/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510173941/https://www.waspsstudios.org.uk/spaces/artist-space/canonwalls-and-claverhouse/ |date=2019-05-10 }} *https://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/320810/LAWRENCE,%20WILLIAM%20GEORGE {{Authority control}} [[Category:Ryal burghs]] [[Category:Gallowa]] [[Category:Kirkcoubrieshire]] [[Category:Touns in Dumfries an Gallowa]] [[Category:Pairishes in Dumfries an Gallowa]] [[Category:Dumfries an Gallowa]] [[Category:Places o Scotland]] cymzg9dwy7wejdhckdbmggablwwgyqd 0 145577 927023 909253 2026-11-08T22:17:27Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 927023 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Serbo-Croatie |altname = [[Serbie leid|Serbie]]<br />[[Croatie leid|Croatie]]<br />[[Bosnie leid|Bosnie]]<br />[[Montenegrin leid|Montenegrin]] |nativename = {{lang|sh|srpskohrvatski}} / {{lang|sh|hrvatskosrpski}}<br />{{lang|sh-Cyrl|српскохрватски}} / {{lang|sh-Cyrl|хрватскосрпски}} |states = [[Serbie]], [[Croatie]], [[Bosnie an Herzegovinae]], [[Montenegro]], an [[Kosovo]]{{efn|name=status}} |region = |ethnicity = [[Serbs|Serb]], [[Croats|Croat]], [[Bosniaks|Bosniak]], [[Montenegrins|Montenegrin]], <small>Bunjevac</small> |speakers = {{sigfig|18.8|2}} million |date = 2007 |ref = ne2007 |familycolor = Indo-European |fam2 = [[Balto-Slavic leids|Balto-Slavic]] |fam3 = [[Slavic leids|Slavic]] |fam4 = [[South Slavic leids|South]] |fam5 = Wastren |stand1 = [[Serbie leid|Serbie]] |stand2 = [[Croatie leid|Croatie]] |stand3 = [[Bosnie leid|Bosnie]] |stand4 = [[Montenegrin leid|Montenegrin]] (incipient) |stand5=[[Kajkavian]] (till 20t century) |dia1= '''Dialects o Serbo-Croatian''': |dia2= [[Shtokavian]] (staundart) |dia3= [[Chakavian]] |dia4= [[Kajkavian]] |dia5= [[Torlakian]] (disputit) |script = [[Laitin script|Laitin]] ([[Gaj's Laitin alphabet|Gaj]])<br />[[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] ([[Serbie Cyrillic alphabet|Serbie]])<br />Yugoslav Braille |iso1 = sh (deprecatit) |iso2 = scr <!-- template supports only one language code in this position; both scr and scc are deprecated --> |iso2comment = , [[ISO639-3:scc|scc]] (deprecated) |iso3 = hbs |lc1 = srp|ld1=[[Serbie leid|Serbie]] |lc2 = hrv|ld2=[[Croatie leid|Croatie]] |lc3 = bos|ld3=[[Bosnie leid|Bosnie]] |lc4 = svm|ld4=Slavomolisano |lc5 = kjv|ld5=[[Kajkavian]] |lingua = 53-AAA-g |glotto = moli1249 |glottorefname=Molise–SKB |nation=[[Serbia]] (as Serbie)<br />[[Croatie]] (as Croatie)<br />[[Bosnie an Herzegovinae]] (as Bosnie, Croatie, Serbie)<br />[[Montenegro]] (as Montenegrin)<br />[[Kosovo]]{{efn|name=status}} (as Serbie)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kushtetutakosoves.info/repository/docs/Constitution.of.the.Republic.of.Kosovo.pdf |title=Constitution of the Republic of Kosovo |page=2 |date= |accessdate=2012-08-17}}</ref><br>{{EU}} (as Croatie) |minority={{flag|Austrick}} (Burgenland){{citation needed|date=April 2016}}<br />{{flag|Hungary}} (in [[Baranya Coonty]]){{citation needed|date=April 2016}}<br />{{flag|Italy}} (Molise){{citation needed|date=April 2016}}<br />{{flag|Romanie}} (in Carașova, Lupac){{citation needed|date=April 2016}}<br />{{flag|Slovakie}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.b92.net/eng/news/society-article.php?yyyy=2010&mm=02&dd=09&nav_id=65083 |title=B92.net |publisher=B92.net |date= |accessdate=2013-09-01 |archive-date=2013-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110174015/http://www.b92.net/eng/news/society-article.php?yyyy=2010&mm=02&dd=09&nav_id=65083 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />{{CZE}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=1834 |title=Minority Rights Group International : Czech Republic : Czech Republic Overview |publisher=Minorityrights.org |date= |accessdate=2012-10-24}}</ref><br />{{MKD}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=4021 |title=Minority Rights Group International : Macedonia : Macedonia Overview |publisher=Minorityrights.org |date= |accessdate=2012-10-24}}</ref> |agency=Institute o Croatie Leid an Lingueestics (Croatie)<br /> Buird for Staundartisation o the Serbie Leid (Serbie)<br /> Varsity o Sarajevo (Bosnie) |map = Serbo croatian language2005.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#a7f0f0|Auries whaur Serbo-Croatie is spoken bi a plurality o speakers (as o 2005).}}<br /> ---- <small>'''Note:''' <sup>a</sup> [[Kosovo]] unthirldom disputit, see [[2008 Kosovo declaration o unthirldom]]</small> |notice=IPA }} '''Serbo-Croatie''', cried '''Serbo-Croat''', '''Serbo-Croat-Bosnie''' ('''SCB'''),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Čamdžić |first1=Amela |last2=Hudson |first2=Richard |year= |title=Serbo-Croat-Bosnian clitics and Word Grammar |publisher=UCL Psychology and Language Sciences |url=http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/PUB/WPL/02papers/camdzic_hudson.pdf |accessdate=11 September 2013 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924072545/http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/PUB/WPL/02papers/camdzic_hudson.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''Bosnie-Croatie-Serbie''' ('''BCS'''),<ref>{{citation|last=Alexander|first=Ronelle|title=Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian – A Grammar with Sociolinguistic Commentary|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-299-21194-3}}</ref> or '''Bosnie-Croatie-Montenegrin-Serbie''' ('''BCMS''')<ref name=ThomasOsipov>{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=Paul-Louis |last2=Osipov |first2=Vladimir |year=2012 |title=Grammaire du bosniaque, croate, monténégrin, serbe |trans_title=Grammar of Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, and Serbian |language=French |series=Collection de grammaires de l'Institut d'études slaves ; vol. 8 |location=Paris |publisher=Institut d'études slaves |page=624 |isbn=9782720404900 |oclc=805026664 |laysummary=http://www.etudes-slaves.paris-sorbonne.fr/spip.php?article1002}}</ref> an aw, is a Sooth Slavic leid o the [[Indo-European leids|Indo-European]] faimily, spak bi aboot 19 million fowk. It is the main leid o [[Serbie]], [[Croatie]], [[Bosnie an Herzegovinae]] an [[Montenegro]], whaur it haes fower staundart forms: [[Serbie leid|Serbie]], [[Croatie leid|Croatie]], [[Bosnie leid|Bosnie]] an [[Montenegrin leid|Montenegrin]]. ==Notes an references== ===Notes=== {{notes | notes = {{efn | name = status | {{Kosovo-note}} }} }} ===References=== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Serbo-Croatie Leid}} [[Category:Sooth Slavic leids]] [[Category:Fusional leids]] [[Category:Leids o Serbie]] [[Category:Leids o Montenegro]] [[Category:Leids o Kosovo]] [[Category:Leids o Bosnie an Herzegovinae]] [[Category:Leids o Croatie]] [[Category:Leids o Slovenie]] {{stub/Leid}} hqn5hq2xo5p2ttproo037uvg9pt3kwh 0 146144 927225 805864 2026-11-09T10:16:23Z Monospaced 75295 Remove Fix Scots; history addit (1867, Paris–Rouen 1894), Scots raceway links made soorces 927225 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox gemme |italic title = no |title = Shogi |image_link = Shogi.jpg |image_size = 290px |image_caption = A gemme o shogi on a magnetic travel set. Captured pieces in the tray (bottom centre) can be dropped back intae play on the buird bi the player that teuk them. |genre = [[Buird gemme]]<br />[[Abstract strategy gemme]] |players = 2 |ages = 5+ |setup_time = < 2 meenit |playing_time = 30 meenit tae 2 oors (uisually) |random_chance = Nane |skills = Strategy, tactics |AKA = Japanese chess <br />The Generals' Gemme }} {{Nihongo|'''Shogi'''|将棋|shōgi}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ʃ|oʊ|ɡ|iː}}, {{IPA-ja|ɕo̞ːɡi|lang}} or {{IPA-ja|ɕo̞ːŋi|}}), cried '''Japanese chess''' or the '''Generals' Game''' an aa, is a twa-player [[Abstract strategy gemme|strategy]] [[buird gemme]] in the same faimily as [[Wastren warld|Wastren]] (internaitional) [[chess]], chaturanga, makruk, shatranj an [[xiangqi]], an is the maist popular o a faimily o [[chess variant]]s native tae [[Japan]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hosking|first=A.L.|title=The Art of Shogi|publisher=The Shogi Foundation|year=1997|pages=1-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Fergus Duniho; Hans Bodlaender|title=Shogi (将棋): Japanese Chess – The Chess Variant Pages|url=https://www.chessvariants.com/shogi.html|access-date=2025-11-10|website=www.chessvariants.com|language=en}}</ref> == Drops == A kenspeckle feature o shogi is that whan a player captures ane o thair opponent's pieces, thay keep it "in haund" (''mochigoma'') an can drap it back intae the gemme on a later turn. Shogi wis the first gemme o the chess faimily in history wi this rule.<ref name="chessvariants1">{{cite web |url= http://www.chessvariants.com/shogi.html |title=Shogi: Japanese Chess | work = The Chess Variant Pages | access-date= 8 March 2012}}</ref> ==Famous players== * [[Kana Satomi]] * [[Hiroe Nakai]] * [[Ichiyo Shimizu]] == References == <references /> {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Shogi}} [[Category:Shogi| ]] [[Category:Asian cultur]] [[Category:Japanese gemmes]] [[Category:Japanese wirds an phrases]] [[Category:Buirdsports]] {{stub/Japan}} muy7gqj02gyk8l931fq83167iee7e9s 14 147061 927231 555449 2026-11-09T10:18:01Z Monospaced 75295 Monospaced flittit page [[Category:Formula Ane drivers]] til [[Category:Formula 1 drivers]]: Brand uises Inglis nor numeral 555449 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commons category|Formula One drivers}} [[Category:Formula Ane fowk|Drivers]] [[Category:Formula racin drivers bi series|Formula 1]] 2tmooayy62xjjtpmgr4j38n94634vmq 14 147668 927226 555448 2026-11-09T10:16:53Z Monospaced 75295 Monospaced flittit page [[Category:Formula Ane constructors]] til [[Category:Formula 1 constructors]]: Brand uises Inglis nor numeral 555448 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commons category|Formula One constructors}} [[Category:Formula Ane|Constructors]] [[Category:Racecaur constructors]] tptry0fu1tbufizahxgy14k7qnykvhz 927246 927226 2026-11-09T10:35:57Z Monospaced 75295 Category:Formula 1 (category moved frae Formula Ane) 927246 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commons category|Formula One constructors}} [[Category:Formula 1|Constructors]] [[Category:Racecaur constructors]] 83qjfdzfwnu2eqw9bwfu20m8gvmefoh 14 147669 927233 555446 2026-11-09T10:18:19Z Monospaced 75295 Monospaced flittit page [[Category:Formula Ane]] til [[Category:Formula 1]]: Brand uises Inglis nor numeral 555446 wikitext text/x-wiki {{DEFAULTSORT:Formula 1}} {{Commons category|Formula One}} [[Category:Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile]] [[Category:Racin formulas]] [[Category:Formula racin series]] [[Category:Grand Prix motor racin]] [[Category:Warld auto racin series]] ss9wuede01i9b3xkr3nyhgbzt4omqlm 14 147670 927228 555450 2026-11-09T10:17:18Z Monospaced 75295 Monospaced flittit page [[Category:Formula Ane fowk]] til [[Category:Formula 1 fowk]]: Brand uises Inglis nor numeral 555450 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commons category|Formula One people}} [[Category:Formula Ane|Fowk]] [[Category:Auto racin fowk]] b1m79zbi087q5w248dfdf8ok586tyqm 927248 927228 2026-11-09T10:37:09Z Monospaced 75295 Category:Formula 1 (category moved frae Formula Ane) 927248 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commons category|Formula One people}} [[Category:Formula 1|Fowk]] [[Category:Auto racin fowk]] 5xxj22h6ypznar6w78ohl6n2bvkvqfv 0 148447 927285 911358 2026-11-09T11:29:06Z Monospaced 75295 Fix twa links tae the real page titles; seicont → second; English link titles marked as English 927285 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}}{{Ulster Scots}}{{Infobox national football team | Name = Northern Ireland | Badge = | Badge_size = 175px | FIFA Trigramme = NIR | Nickname = Green and White Army, Norn Iron | Association = [[Irish Football Association]] | Confederation = [[UEFA]] (Europe) | Coach = Michael O'Neill | Captain = Conor Bradley | Most caps = Steve Davis (140) | Top scorer = David Healy (36) | Home Stadium = Windsor Park | FIFA Rank = 69 (19 November 2025) | FIFA max = 20 (September 2017) | FIFA max date = | FIFA min = 129 (September 2012) | FIFA min date = | Elo Rank = | Elo max = | Elo max date = | Elo min = | Elo min date = | pattern_la1 = _nir26h | pattern_b1 = _nir26hA | pattern_ra1 = _nir26h | pattern_sh1 = _nir26h | pattern_so1 = | leftarm1 = 1F504C | body1 = 008000 | rightarm1 = 008000 | shorts1 = 22913C | socks1 = 1F504C | pattern_la2 = _nir24a | pattern_b2 = _nir24a | pattern_ra2 = _nir24a | pattern_sh2 = _nir24a | pattern_so2 =_nir24al | leftarm2 = FFFFFF | body2 = FFFFFF | rightarm2 = FFFFFF | shorts2 = FFFFFF | socks2 = FFFFFF | First game = Offeecial:<br />{{fb|Ireland}} 0–13 {{fb-rt|England}}<br />([[Belfast]]; 18 Februar 1882)<br /> As Northren Ireland{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}: <br /> {{fb|Northren Ireland}} 1–3 {{fb-rt|Scotland}}<br />([[Belfast]]; 3 October 1953) | Largest win = {{fb|Ireland}} 7–0 {{fb-rt|Wales}}<br />([[Belfast]]; 1 Februar 1930) | Largest loss = {{fb|Ireland}} 0–13 {{fb-rt|Ingland}}<br />([[Belfast]]; 18 Februar 1882) | World cup apps = 3 | World cup first = 1958 | World cup best = Quairter feenals, [[1958 FIFA Warld Cup|1958]] | Regional name = [[UEFA European Championship|European Championship]] | Regional cup apps = 1 | Regional cup first = [[UEFA Euro 2016|2016]] | Regional cup best = Roond o 16, [[UEFA Euro 2016|2016]] }} The [[Norlin Airlan]] ([[Ulster Scots leid|Ulstèr-Scotch]]; in [[Lallans]] ''Northren Ireland'') natiounal [[fitba]] team represents the kintrie in internaitional [[fitbaw]]. Frae 1882 tae 1921 aw o [[Airlan]] wis representit bi an [[Ireland national football team (1882–1950)|aw-Airlan natiounal fitba team]], organisit bi the [[Irish Football Association]] (IFA). In 1921 the jurisdiction o the IFA wis reducit tae Norlin Airlan follaein the secession o clubs in the suin-tae-be [[Erse Free State]], awtho its team remained the naitional team for aw o Airlan till 1950, an uised the nem ''Ireland'' til the 1970s.<ref>Matthew Taylor (2008). ''The Association Game: A History of British Football''. Harlow:Pearson Education Ltd.</ref>{{refn|group=n|The last match played as Ireland was 1978 versus Scotland,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nifootball.blogspot.co.uk/2010/03/northern-ireland-programmes-1975-1978_27.html|title=NIFG: Northern Ireland Programmes 1975–1978|publisher=|accessdate=13 June 2016}}</ref> housomeivver, apairt frae this match, aw Breetish Championship matches haed been played as "Northern Ireland" syne the 1973–74 toornament.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nifootball.blogspot.co.uk/2010/03/northern-ireland-programmes-1972-1975.html|title=NIFG: Northern Ireland Programmes 1972–1975|publisher=|accessdate=13 June 2016}}</ref> In the 1972–73 toornament, the first twa matches wur played as "Ireland" an the third as "Northern Ireland". In the 1971–72 toornament, the first wis played as "Ireland" an the second an third as "Northern Ireland". 1970–71 wis the last toornament in which aw matches wur played unner the name "Ireland".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nifootball.blogspot.co.uk/2010/03/northern-ireland-programmes-1882-1889.html|title=NIFG: Northern Ireland Programmes 1968–1972|publisher=|accessdate=13 June 2016}}</ref>}} The [[Football Association of Ireland]] (FAI) organises the separate [[Republic o Ireland naitional fitbaw team]]. ==Notes== {{Reflist|group=n}} == References == {{Reflist|30em}} == Freemit airtins == {{commons category}} * [http://www.irishfa.com/ Irish Football Association – Northern Ireland Football offeecial steid] * [http://nifootball.blogspot.com/2006/07/welcome.html {{lang|en|Northern Ireland Stats & Statistics}}] * [http://www.rsssf.com/tablesn/nil-intres.html {{lang|en|RSSSF archive of international results 1882–}}] * [http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/nil-recintlp.html {{lang|en|RSSSF archive of most capped players and highest goalscorers}}] {{DEFAULTSORT:Northren Ireland Naitional Fitbaa Team}} [[Category:Northren Ireland naitional fitbaw team| ]] [[Category:European naitional association fitbaw teams]] [[Category:Naitional sports teams o Northren Ireland|Fitbaa]] [[Category:1950s establishments in Northren Ireland]] 5qe2o2cqjobpmff1iliasomu1izldmy 927286 927285 2026-11-09T11:29:21Z Monospaced 75295 Drap Fix Scots 927286 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ulster Scots}}{{Infobox national football team | Name = Northern Ireland | Badge = | Badge_size = 175px | FIFA Trigramme = NIR | Nickname = Green and White Army, Norn Iron | Association = [[Irish Football Association]] | Confederation = [[UEFA]] (Europe) | Coach = Michael O'Neill | Captain = Conor Bradley | Most caps = Steve Davis (140) | Top scorer = David Healy (36) | Home Stadium = Windsor Park | FIFA Rank = 69 (19 November 2025) | FIFA max = 20 (September 2017) | FIFA max date = | FIFA min = 129 (September 2012) | FIFA min date = | Elo Rank = | Elo max = | Elo max date = | Elo min = | Elo min date = | pattern_la1 = _nir26h | pattern_b1 = _nir26hA | pattern_ra1 = _nir26h | pattern_sh1 = _nir26h | pattern_so1 = | leftarm1 = 1F504C | body1 = 008000 | rightarm1 = 008000 | shorts1 = 22913C | socks1 = 1F504C | pattern_la2 = _nir24a | pattern_b2 = _nir24a | pattern_ra2 = _nir24a | pattern_sh2 = _nir24a | pattern_so2 =_nir24al | leftarm2 = FFFFFF | body2 = FFFFFF | rightarm2 = FFFFFF | shorts2 = FFFFFF | socks2 = FFFFFF | First game = Offeecial:<br />{{fb|Ireland}} 0–13 {{fb-rt|England}}<br />([[Belfast]]; 18 Februar 1882)<br /> As Northren Ireland{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}: <br /> {{fb|Northren Ireland}} 1–3 {{fb-rt|Scotland}}<br />([[Belfast]]; 3 October 1953) | Largest win = {{fb|Ireland}} 7–0 {{fb-rt|Wales}}<br />([[Belfast]]; 1 Februar 1930) | Largest loss = {{fb|Ireland}} 0–13 {{fb-rt|Ingland}}<br />([[Belfast]]; 18 Februar 1882) | World cup apps = 3 | World cup first = 1958 | World cup best = Quairter feenals, [[1958 FIFA Warld Cup|1958]] | Regional name = [[UEFA European Championship|European Championship]] | Regional cup apps = 1 | Regional cup first = [[UEFA Euro 2016|2016]] | Regional cup best = Roond o 16, [[UEFA Euro 2016|2016]] }} The [[Norlin Airlan]] ([[Ulster Scots leid|Ulstèr-Scotch]]; in [[Lallans]] ''Northren Ireland'') natiounal [[fitba]] team represents the kintrie in internaitional [[fitbaw]]. Frae 1882 tae 1921 aw o [[Airlan]] wis representit bi an [[Ireland national football team (1882–1950)|aw-Airlan natiounal fitba team]], organisit bi the [[Irish Football Association]] (IFA). In 1921 the jurisdiction o the IFA wis reducit tae Norlin Airlan follaein the secession o clubs in the suin-tae-be [[Erse Free State]], awtho its team remained the naitional team for aw o Airlan till 1950, an uised the nem ''Ireland'' til the 1970s.<ref>Matthew Taylor (2008). ''The Association Game: A History of British Football''. Harlow:Pearson Education Ltd.</ref>{{refn|group=n|The last match played as Ireland was 1978 versus Scotland,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nifootball.blogspot.co.uk/2010/03/northern-ireland-programmes-1975-1978_27.html|title=NIFG: Northern Ireland Programmes 1975–1978|publisher=|accessdate=13 June 2016}}</ref> housomeivver, apairt frae this match, aw Breetish Championship matches haed been played as "Northern Ireland" syne the 1973–74 toornament.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nifootball.blogspot.co.uk/2010/03/northern-ireland-programmes-1972-1975.html|title=NIFG: Northern Ireland Programmes 1972–1975|publisher=|accessdate=13 June 2016}}</ref> In the 1972–73 toornament, the first twa matches wur played as "Ireland" an the third as "Northern Ireland". In the 1971–72 toornament, the first wis played as "Ireland" an the second an third as "Northern Ireland". 1970–71 wis the last toornament in which aw matches wur played unner the name "Ireland".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nifootball.blogspot.co.uk/2010/03/northern-ireland-programmes-1882-1889.html|title=NIFG: Northern Ireland Programmes 1968–1972|publisher=|accessdate=13 June 2016}}</ref>}} The [[Football Association of Ireland]] (FAI) organises the separate [[Republic o Ireland naitional fitbaw team]]. ==Notes== {{Reflist|group=n}} == References == {{Reflist|30em}} == Freemit airtins == {{commons category}} * [http://www.irishfa.com/ Irish Football Association – Northern Ireland Football offeecial steid] * [http://nifootball.blogspot.com/2006/07/welcome.html {{lang|en|Northern Ireland Stats & Statistics}}] * [http://www.rsssf.com/tablesn/nil-intres.html {{lang|en|RSSSF archive of international results 1882–}}] * [http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/nil-recintlp.html {{lang|en|RSSSF archive of most capped players and highest goalscorers}}] {{DEFAULTSORT:Northren Ireland Naitional Fitbaa Team}} [[Category:Northren Ireland naitional fitbaw team| ]] [[Category:European naitional association fitbaw teams]] [[Category:Naitional sports teams o Northren Ireland|Fitbaa]] [[Category:1950s establishments in Northren Ireland]] axczm1j256nyxpgtgftw33vvsx8nww8 0 148992 927208 795295 2026-11-09T10:00:38Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; infobox an history updatit (2026 NBA title), soorced 927208 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox basketbaw club | color1 = #FFFFFF | color2 = #006BB6 | color3 = #F58426 | name = New York Knicks | current = 2026–27 New York Knicks saison | logo = | imagesize = 200px | conference = Eastern | division = Atlantic | founded = 1946 | history = '''New York Knicks'''<br>1946–present | arena = [[Madison Square Garden]] | location = [[New York Ceety|New York, New York]] | colors = Blue, orange, siller, black, white<ref name="Knickerbocker">{{cite web|title=Why Knickerbockers?|url=http://www.nba.com/knicks/history/why_knickerbockers.html|publisher=New York Knicks|accessdate=June 5, 2016}}</ref><ref name="KnicksJerseyVault">{{cite web|title=Knicks Jersey Vault|url=http://www.nba.com/knicks/knicks-jersey-vault|publisher=New York Knicks|accessdate=June 5, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=New York Knicks Reproduction and Usage Guideline Sheet|url=https://mediacentral.nba.com/wp-content/uploads/logos/nba/nyk/NewYork_Knicks_Logosheet.jpg|publisher=NBA Media Central|date=May 31, 2016|accessdate=May 31, 2016}}</ref><br />{{color box|#006BB6}} {{color box|#F58426}} {{color box|#BEC0C2}} {{color box|#000000}} {{color box|#FFFFFF}} | owner = Madison Square Garden Sports (James L. Dolan, Executive Chairman) | president = Leon Rose | manager = Gersson Rosas | coach = Mike Brown | affiliation = Westchester Knicks | league_champs = '''3''' (1970, 1973, 2026) | conf_champs = '''5''' (1972, 1973, 1994, 1999, 2026) | div_champs = '''5''' (1971, 1989, 1993, 1994, 2013) | ret_nums = '''9''' ([[Walt Frazier|10]], 12, 15, 15, [[Willis Reed|19]], 22, 24, [[Patrick Ewing|33]], [[Red Holzman|613]]) | website = [http://www.knicks.com/ knicks.com] | h_body = 006BB6 | h_pattern_b = _knicks12h | h_shorts = 006BB6 | h_pattern_s = _knicks12h | a_body = 006BB6 | a_pattern_b = _knicks12a | a_shorts = 006BB6 | a_pattern_s = _knicks12a }} The '''New York Knickerbockers''',<ref name="Knickerbocker" /> commonly cried the '''Knicks''', are an American professional [[basketbaw]] team based in [[New York Ceety]], in the borough o [[Manhattan]]. Thay play in the Atlantic Division o the Eastern Conference o the [[National Basketball Association]] (NBA), an play thair hame gemmes at [[Madison Square Garden]]. == History == The Knicks war ane o the foondin teams o the [[Basketball Association of America]] (BAA) in 1946, that jyned wi the National Basketball League in 1949 tae mak the NBA.<ref>{{cite web |title=Basketball Association of America League Minutes |url=http://www.apbr.org/baaminutes.html |publisher=APBR.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125141811/http://www.apbr.org/baaminutes.html |archive-date=November 25, 2010 |access-date=February 27, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In thair first years thay got tae three NBA Finals in a raw, in 1951, 1952 an 1953, but lost ilk ane.<ref name="NYK History">{{cite web |title=New York Knicks History |url=http://www.nba.com/knicks/history/New_York_Knicks_History.html |publisher=NBA Media Ventures, LLC |website=NYKnicks.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204232613/http://www.nba.com/knicks/history/New_York_Knicks_History.html#24 |archive-date=December 4, 2008 |access-date=April 16, 2011}}</ref> In 2026 the Knicks beat the [[San Antonio Spurs]] 4–1 in the NBA Finals tae win thair first NBA championship in 53 year.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vardon |first1=Joe |title=Knicks win first NBA championship since 1973, topping Spurs in Game 5 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/7355407/2026/06/13/knicks-nba-championship-game-5-win/ |access-date=14 June 2026 |publisher=The Athletic |date=June 13, 2026}}</ref> [[Jalen Brunson]] wis gien the NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Holmes |first1=C.J. |title=Jalen Brunson answers every doubt, wins Finals MVP as Knicks end 53-year wait |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/articles/jalen-brunson-named-nba-finals-035400086.html |access-date=June 17, 2026 |website=Yahoo Sports |date=June 13, 2026}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:New York Knicks]] [[Category:National Basketball Association teams]] [[Category:Basketbaw teams established in 1946]] [[Category:1946 establishments in New York]] [[Category:Basketbaw teams in New York Ceety|Knicks]] 7ff4ual6y1lha7hydy244tmsnspr8b2 0 149058 926803 896095 2026-11-08T18:16:01Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; the estuary addit 926803 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:River Ythan mouth.jpg|right|thumb|The mooth o the River Ythan, drainin intae the North Sea near [[Newburgh, Aiberdeenshire|Newburgh]]]] The '''Ythan''' is a river in the north-east o [[Scotland]] risin at Wells o Ythan near the village o [[Ythanwells]] an flowin sooth-east throu the touns o [[Fyvie]], Methlick an [[Ellon, Aiberdeenshire|Ellon]] afore flowin intae the [[North Sea]] near [[Newburgh, Aiberdeenshire|Newburgh]], in Formartine.<ref>{{Cite web|title=River Ythan from The Gazetteer for Scotland|url=https://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst2664.html|access-date=2024-06-27|website=www.scottish-places.info|language=en-gb}}</ref> The lawer pairt o the river, the Ythan Estuary, is a pertectit aurie for birds, maist o aw as a breedin grund for terns.<ref name = SNH>{{cite web | url = https://www.nature.scot/sites/default/files/2017-12/Marine%20Proteted%20Area%20%28Proposed%29%20-%20Advice%20to%20support%20management%20-%20Ythan%20Estuary%2C%20Sands%20of%20Forvie%20and%20Meikle%20Loch.pdf | title = Ythan Estuary, Sands of Forvie and Meikle Loch Special Protection Area proposed marine extension Advice to support management | accessdate = 13 March 2020 | publisher = Scottish Natural Heritage}}</ref> {{coord|57|18|N|2|00|W|display=title|region:GB_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}} [[Category:Rivers o Aiberdeenshire|Ythan]] [[Category:Ramsar steids in Scotland]] {{Stub/Scotland}} == References == {{reflist}} oxpjcmehv04ipyvmbck0zrfhfevacp2 927277 926803 2026-11-09T11:05:59Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 927277 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:River Ythan mouth.jpg|right|thumb|The mooth o the River Ythan, drainin intae the North Sea near [[Newburgh, Aiberdeenshire|Newburgh]]]] The '''Ythan''' is a river in the north-east o [[Scotland]] risin at Wells o Ythan near the village o [[Ythanwells]] an flowin sooth-east throu the touns o [[Fyvie]], Methlick an [[Ellon, Aiberdeenshire|Ellon]] afore flowin intae the [[North Sea]] near [[Newburgh, Aiberdeenshire|Newburgh]], in Formartine.<ref>{{Cite web|title=River Ythan from The Gazetteer for Scotland|url=https://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst2664.html|access-date=2024-06-27|website=www.scottish-places.info|language=en-gb}}</ref> The lawer pairt o the river, the Ythan Estuary, is a pertectit aurie for birds, maist o aw as a breedin grund for terns.<ref name = SNH>{{cite web | url = https://www.nature.scot/sites/default/files/2017-12/Marine%20Proteted%20Area%20%28Proposed%29%20-%20Advice%20to%20support%20management%20-%20Ythan%20Estuary%2C%20Sands%20of%20Forvie%20and%20Meikle%20Loch.pdf | title = Ythan Estuary, Sands of Forvie and Meikle Loch Special Protection Area proposed marine extension Advice to support management | accessdate = 13 March 2020 | publisher = Scottish Natural Heritage}} {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> {{coord|57|18|N|2|00|W|display=title|region:GB_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}} [[Category:Rivers o Aiberdeenshire|Ythan]] [[Category:Ramsar steids in Scotland]] {{Stub/Scotland}} == References == {{reflist}} 4x6obfy52f63vxmfjph6tztkstz113n 0 149087 926804 842446 2026-11-08T18:16:43Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; coonty toun an history addit 926804 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox Scotland county| |County= Banff |Image= Banffshire County.svg |CountyTown= [[Banff, Scotland|Banff]] |ChapmanCode=BAN }} '''Banffshire''' ({{lang-gd|Siorrachd Bhanbh}}) is an umwhile coonty, an a [[Lieutenancy areas o Scotland|lieutenancy area]] o [[Scotland]]. The '''Coonty o Banff''' is a Scots [[registration coonty]].<ref>[http://www.ros.gov.uk/public/publications/leaflets.html Registers of Scotland. Publications, leaflets, Land Register Counties] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707023808/http://www.ros.gov.uk/public/publications/leaflets.html |date=2013-07-07 }}.</ref> Its coonty toun is Banff, tho the biggest toun is [[Buckie]]. It stoppit bein uised for local government in 1975, an syne 1996 the aurie haes been split atween [[Aiberdeenshire]] an [[Moray]]. It mairches wi the [[Moray Firth]] tae the north. There is some evidence it wis a shire frae the time o David I, but the first sheriff o Banff on record is frae the 13t century.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cramond |first1=William |title=The Annals of Banff, Volume 2 |date=1893 |publisher=New Spalding Club |location=Aberdeen |page=329 |url=https://www.tradeshouselibrary.org/uploads/4/7/7/2/47723681/the_annals_of_banff_~_1893.pdf |access-date=20 August 2024}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{coord|57|30|N|3|05|W|region:GB_type:adm2nd_source:GNS-enwiki|display=title}} {{Stub/Places o Scotland}} [[Category:Lieutenancy areas o Scotland]] [[Category:Coonties o Scotland]] [[Category:Banffshire| ]] [[Category:Places o Scotland]] 9mqa6fl121ak8sw99vn1b4u6ksfizcu 0 150748 927284 917126 2026-11-09T11:22:52Z Monospaced 75295 Remove Fix Scots; history, honours an stadium addit, infobox updatit, soorced 927284 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox fitbaw club |clubname=Beşiktaş |image=[[File:Besiktas_JK's_official_logo.png|200px|Beşiktaş Jimnastik Kulübü]] |fullname=Beşiktaş Jimnastik Kulübü<ref name=BJKOfficialCharter>{{cite news | title = Beşiktaş Jimnastik Kulübü Derneği Tüzüğü | url = http://www.bjk.com.tr/docs/BJK_TUZUK.pdf | page = 1 | accessdate = 6 September 2013 | language = tr | archive-date = 2013-07-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130702090519/http://www.bjk.com.tr/docs/BJK_TUZUK.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> |nickname=''Kara Kartallar'' (Black Eagles)<ref name=Karakartallar>{{cite news| title =Kara Kartallar Efsanesi | url =http://www.bjk.com.tr/tr/haber/32064/kara_kartallar_efsanesi.html | publisher= Beşiltaş JK | date =22 October 2004 | accessdate =6 September 2013}}</ref><ref name=Karakartallar2>{{cite news| title =Turkey - Club Nicknames | url =http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/turnick.html | publisher=RSSSF | date =10 July 2005 | accessdate =8 January 2014}}</ref><br/>''Siyah Beyazlılar'' (Black and Whites) |founded={{Start date and years ago|df=yes|1903|3|19}},<ref name=BJKOfficialCharter/> <br/> as Beşiktaş Bereket Jimnastik Kulübü<ref name=TheClub>{{cite news| title =The Club | url =https://www.bjk.com.tr/en/cms/hakkinda/1 | accessdate = 6 September 2013}}</ref> |ground=[[Beşiktaş Stadium|Vodafone Arena]]<br>[[Istanbul]], Turkey |capacity=41,903 |colors = {{colorbox|#000000}} {{colorbox|#FFFFFF}} {{colorbox|#FF0000}} Black, White an Reid |chairman=Serdal Adalı<ref name=InonuCapacity2>{{cite news| title = Info Bank » Club Details| url =http://www.tff.org/Default.aspx?pageID=535&kulupID=3590 | accessdate = 6 September 2013}}</ref> |mgrtitle=Manager |manager=Vincenzo Italiano | league = | season = | position = | website = https://www.bjk.com.tr/ | pattern_la1 = _bjk2324h | pattern_b1 = _bjk2324h | pattern_ra1 = _bjk2324h | pattern_sh1 = _bjk2324h | pattern_so1 = _bjk2324h | leftarm1 = ffffff | body1 = ffffff | rightarm1 = ffffff | shorts1 = | socks1 = | pattern_la2 = _bjk2324a | pattern_b2 = _bjk2324a | pattern_ra2 = _bjk2324a | pattern_sh2 = _bjk2324a | pattern_so2 = _bjk2324a | leftarm2 = | body2 = | rightarm2 = | shorts2 = | socks2 = | pattern_la3 = _bjk2324t | pattern_b3 = _bjk2324t | pattern_ra3 = _bjk2324t | pattern_sh3 = _bjk2324t | pattern_so3 = _bjk2324t }} '''Beşiktaş Jimnastik Kulübü''' ({{IPA-tr|beˈʃiktaʃ}}, {{lang-sco|Beşiktaş Gymnastics Club}}), kent as '''Beşiktaş''' or '''BJK''', is a Turkis professional sports club foondit in 1903 an based in the [[Beşiktaş]] destrict o [[Istanbul]]. Its fitbaw team is ane o the Big Three in [[Turkey]] an ane o the maist successfu in the kintra, an it haes niver been relegatit. It wis the first registered sports club in Turkey. The fitbaw team haes wan 21 league titles, 16 o them in the [[Süper Lig]], an 11 [[Turkish Cup]]s. It is the anly team tae win the Süper Lig athoot lossin a gemme, in 1991–92. Its hame grund is the [[Beşiktaş Stadium]], a 42,684-seat stadium aside the [[Dolmabahçe Palace]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Vodafone Park wins Stadium Project of the Year |url=https://turkish-football.com/liverpool-fc-las-vegas-project-pipped-by-the-besiktas-vodafone-park-for-stadium-project-of-the-year-award/ |access-date=9 August 2025 |work=Turkish-Football.com |publisher=Turkish Football |language=en}}</ref> Beşiktaş reached the quarter-finals o the 1986–87 European Cup, an o the [[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cup]] in 2002–03 an 2016–17. Its rivals are [[Galatasaray S.K. (football)|Galatasaray]] an [[Fenerbahçe S.K. (football)|Fenerbahçe]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Club coefficients: UEFA rankings |url=https://www.uefa.com/nationalassociations/uefarankings/club/?year=2026 |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=[[UEFA]] |language=en}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Beşiktaş J.K. squad}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Besiktas J.K.}} [[Category:Beşiktaş J.K.| ]] [[Category:Sport in Istanbul]] [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1903]] [[Category:1903 establishments in the Ottoman Empire]] [[Category:Unrelegatit association fitbaw clubs]] {{stub/Sport}} 3aaqrvya3wtewulbpd7o8ngvlf0h84x 0 151148 927104 923194 2026-11-08T22:42:33Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; soorced paragraph addit 927104 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | show_name = Rugrats | image = Rugrats logo.png | genre = {{Plainlist| * [[Comedy]] * Adventur }} | creator = {{Plainlist| * [[Arlene Klasky]] * [[Gábor Csupó]] * [[Paul Germain]] }} | voices = {{Plainlist| * [[Elizabeth Daily|E.G. Daily]] * [[Christine Cavanaugh]] * [[Nancy Cartwright]] * Kath Soucie * [[Cheryl Chase]] * [[Tara Strong]] * Cree Summer * Dionne Quan * [[Dan Castellaneta]] * ([[Rugrats#Vyce actors|Complete leet]]) }} | theme_music_composer = Mark Mothersbaugh | opentheme = "Rugrats Theme" | composer = {{Plainlist| * Mark Mothersbaugh * Denis M. Hannigan * Bob Mothersbaugh * Rusty Andrews }} | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | num_seasons = 9 | num_episodes = 172 | list_episodes = Leet o Rugrats episodes | executive_producer = {{Plainlist| * Arlene Klasky * Gábor Csupó * Vanessa Coffey }} | producer = {{Plainlist| * Paul Germain * Cella Nichols Harris * Geraldine Clarke * [[David Blum]] * Kate Boutilier }} | editor = {{Plainlist| * Karl Garabedian * John Bryant }} | runtime = 23 minutes | company = {{Plainlist| * Klasky Csupo * Nickelodeon Animation Studio * Anivision }} | distributor = Viacom International | network = [[Nickelodeon]] | picture_format = NTSC | audio_format = Surround | first_aired = {{Start date|1991|8|11}} | last_aired = {{End date|2004|8|1}}<ref name= "RugratsTVGuide">{{cite web|url=http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/rugrats/episodes/191757/|title=Rugrats - TVGuide.com|work=TVGuide.com|accessdate=June 28, 2016|archive-date=2016-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818033213/http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/rugrats/episodes/191757|url-status=dead}}</ref> | followed_by = ''All Grown Up!'' | related = ''[[Rugrats|Rugrats Pre-School Daze]]'' | website = http://www.nick.com/shows/rugrats }} '''''Rugrats''''' is an American animatit telly series creatit bi [[Arlene Klasky]], [[Gábor Csupó]] an [[Paul Germain]] for [[Nickelodeon]]. The shaw is aboot a group o [[toddler]]s, maistly Tommy, Chuckie, twins Phil an Lil, an Angelica, an thair day-tae-day lives, whaur ordinar things turn intae adventures in the bairns' imaginations.<ref>{{cite news|title=Talk About A Baby Boom|work=The Los Angeles Times|date=August 16, 1998|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1998/aug/16/entertainment/ca-13511|accessdate=2010-11-10|first=Paul|last=Brownfield}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=View From the Rug Up : 'RUGRATS,' NICKELODEON'S ANIMATED HIT, LOOKS AT WORLD THROUGH EYES OF A TODDLER|first=Lynne|last=Heffley|work=The Los Angeles Times|date=July 21, 1996|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1996-07-21/news/tv-26268_1|accessdate=2010-11-10}}</ref> The grown-ups in the series hardly ever ken whit the bairns are up tae. The series wis makkit for Nickelodeon's first line o cartoons, the "Nicktoons".<ref name="1989proposal">{{Cite magazine |title=Original Rugrats Proposal (1989) |date=August 29, 1989 |url=https://archive.org/details/rugrats-pilot-script-and-proposal/Original%20Rugrats%20Proposal/mode/2up |magazine=A Proposal for a Television Series |publisher=Klasky-Csupo, Inc. |via=the Internet Archive}}</ref> It first ran on August 11, 1991, an the last o its 172 episodes wis shawn on August 1, 2004. On June 28, 2001, for its tent anniversary, ''Rugrats'' got a starn on the Hollywood Walk o Fame, the first Nickelodeon series tae get ane.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://projects.latimes.com/hollywood/star-walk/the-rugrats/|title=Rugrats|website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:1990s American animatit televeesion series]] [[Category:1990s Nickelodeon shaws]] [[Category:1991 American televeesion series debuts]] [[Category:2000s American animatit televeesion series]] [[Category:2000s Nickelodeon shaws]] [[Category:2004 American televeesion series endins]] [[Category:American bairns' comedy series]] [[Category:American bairns' televeesion series]] [[Category:Animatit sitcoms]] [[Category:Daytime Emmy Awaird for Ootstaundin Animatit Programme winners]] [[Category:Inglis-leid televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Jewish-relatit televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Nicktoons]] [[Category:Televeesion series bi Klasky Csupo]] [[Category:Rugrats an All Grown Up!| ]] [[Category:Televeesion programmes adaptit intae films]] [[Category:Televeesion series aboot twins]] [[Category:Televeesion shaws set in Californie]] [[Category:YTV shaws]] 2wplzk7lie3hnv9h0cfn1dakkq0eylt 927134 927104 2026-11-08T23:14:40Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927134 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox televeesion | show_name = Rugrats | image = Rugrats logo.png | genre = {{Plainlist| * [[Comedy]] * Adventur }} | creator = {{Plainlist| * [[Arlene Klasky]] * [[Gábor Csupó]] * [[Paul Germain]] }} | voices = {{Plainlist| * [[Elizabeth Daily|E.G. Daily]] * [[Christine Cavanaugh]] * [[Nancy Cartwright]] * Kath Soucie * [[Cheryl Chase]] * [[Tara Strong]] * Cree Summer * Dionne Quan * [[Dan Castellaneta]] * ([[Rugrats#Vyce actors|Complete leet]]) }} | theme_music_composer = Mark Mothersbaugh | opentheme = "Rugrats Theme" | composer = {{Plainlist| * Mark Mothersbaugh * Denis M. Hannigan * Bob Mothersbaugh * Rusty Andrews }} | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | num_seasons = 9 | num_episodes = 172 | list_episodes = Leet o Rugrats episodes | executive_producer = {{Plainlist| * Arlene Klasky * Gábor Csupó * Vanessa Coffey }} | producer = {{Plainlist| * Paul Germain * Cella Nichols Harris * Geraldine Clarke * [[David Blum]] * Kate Boutilier }} | editor = {{Plainlist| * Karl Garabedian * John Bryant }} | runtime = 23 meenit | company = {{Plainlist| * Klasky Csupo * Nickelodeon Animation Studio * Anivision }} | distributor = Viacom International | network = [[Nickelodeon]] | picture_format = NTSC | audio_format = Surround | first_aired = {{Start date|1991|8|11}} | last_aired = {{End date|2004|8|1}}<ref name= "RugratsTVGuide">{{cite web|url=http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/rugrats/episodes/191757/|title=Rugrats - TVGuide.com|work=TVGuide.com|accessdate=June 28, 2016|archive-date=2016-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818033213/http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/rugrats/episodes/191757|url-status=dead}}</ref> | followed_by = ''All Grown Up!'' | related = ''[[Rugrats|Rugrats Pre-School Daze]]'' | website = http://www.nick.com/shows/rugrats }} '''''Rugrats''''' is an American animatit telly series creatit bi [[Arlene Klasky]], [[Gábor Csupó]] an [[Paul Germain]] for [[Nickelodeon]]. The shaw is aboot a group o [[toddler]]s, maistly Tommy, Chuckie, twins Phil an Lil, an Angelica, an thair day-tae-day lives, whaur ordinar things turn intae adventures in the bairns' imaginations.<ref>{{cite news|title=Talk About A Baby Boom|work=The Los Angeles Times|date=August 16, 1998|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1998/aug/16/entertainment/ca-13511|accessdate=2010-11-10|first=Paul|last=Brownfield}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=View From the Rug Up : 'RUGRATS,' NICKELODEON'S ANIMATED HIT, LOOKS AT WORLD THROUGH EYES OF A TODDLER|first=Lynne|last=Heffley|work=The Los Angeles Times|date=July 21, 1996|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1996-07-21/news/tv-26268_1|accessdate=2010-11-10}}</ref> The grown-ups in the series hardly ever ken whit the bairns are up tae. The series wis makkit for Nickelodeon's first line o cartoons, the "Nicktoons".<ref name="1989proposal">{{Cite magazine |title=Original Rugrats Proposal (1989) |date=August 29, 1989 |url=https://archive.org/details/rugrats-pilot-script-and-proposal/Original%20Rugrats%20Proposal/mode/2up |magazine=A Proposal for a Television Series |publisher=Klasky-Csupo, Inc. |via=the Internet Archive}}</ref> It first ran on August 11, 1991, an the last o its 172 episodes wis shawn on August 1, 2004. On June 28, 2001, for its tent anniversary, ''Rugrats'' got a starn on the Hollywood Walk o Fame, the first Nickelodeon series tae get ane.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://projects.latimes.com/hollywood/star-walk/the-rugrats/|title=Rugrats|website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:1990s American animatit televeesion series]] [[Category:1990s Nickelodeon shaws]] [[Category:1991 American televeesion series debuts]] [[Category:2000s American animatit televeesion series]] [[Category:2000s Nickelodeon shaws]] [[Category:2004 American televeesion series endins]] [[Category:American bairns' comedy series]] [[Category:American bairns' televeesion series]] [[Category:Animatit sitcoms]] [[Category:Daytime Emmy Awaird for Ootstaundin Animatit Programme winners]] [[Category:Inglis-leid televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Jewish-relatit televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Nicktoons]] [[Category:Televeesion series bi Klasky Csupo]] [[Category:Rugrats an All Grown Up!| ]] [[Category:Televeesion programmes adaptit intae films]] [[Category:Televeesion series aboot twins]] [[Category:Televeesion shaws set in Californie]] [[Category:YTV shaws]] oj3pd77u26laq5tz943n6ekufka530l 927135 927134 2026-11-08T23:15:30Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 dmy 927135 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox televeesion | show_name = Rugrats | image = Rugrats logo.png | genre = {{Plainlist| * [[Comedy]] * Adventur }} | creator = {{Plainlist| * [[Arlene Klasky]] * [[Gábor Csupó]] * [[Paul Germain]] }} | voices = {{Plainlist| * [[Elizabeth Daily|E.G. Daily]] * [[Christine Cavanaugh]] * [[Nancy Cartwright]] * Kath Soucie * [[Cheryl Chase]] * [[Tara Strong]] * Cree Summer * Dionne Quan * [[Dan Castellaneta]] * ([[Rugrats#Vyce actors|Complete leet]]) }} | theme_music_composer = Mark Mothersbaugh | opentheme = "Rugrats Theme" | composer = {{Plainlist| * Mark Mothersbaugh * Denis M. Hannigan * Bob Mothersbaugh * Rusty Andrews }} | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | num_seasons = 9 | num_episodes = 172 | list_episodes = Leet o Rugrats episodes | executive_producer = {{Plainlist| * Arlene Klasky * Gábor Csupó * Vanessa Coffey }} | producer = {{Plainlist| * Paul Germain * Cella Nichols Harris * Geraldine Clarke * [[David Blum]] * Kate Boutilier }} | editor = {{Plainlist| * Karl Garabedian * John Bryant }} | runtime = 23 meenit | company = {{Plainlist| * Klasky Csupo * Nickelodeon Animation Studio * Anivision }} | distributor = Viacom International | network = [[Nickelodeon]] | picture_format = NTSC | audio_format = Surround | first_aired = {{Start date|1991|8|11}} | last_aired = {{End date|2004|8|1}}<ref name= "RugratsTVGuide">{{cite web|url=http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/rugrats/episodes/191757/|title=Rugrats - TVGuide.com|work=TVGuide.com|accessdate=June 28, 2016|archive-date=2016-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818033213/http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/rugrats/episodes/191757|url-status=dead}}</ref> | followed_by = ''All Grown Up!'' | related = ''[[Rugrats|Rugrats Pre-School Daze]]'' | website = http://www.nick.com/shows/rugrats }} '''''Rugrats''''' is an American animatit telly series creatit bi [[Arlene Klasky]], [[Gábor Csupó]] an [[Paul Germain]] for [[Nickelodeon]]. The shaw is aboot a group o [[toddler]]s, maistly Tommy, Chuckie, twins Phil an Lil, an Angelica, an thair day-tae-day lives, whaur ordinar things turn intae adventures in the bairns' imaginations.<ref>{{cite news|title=Talk About A Baby Boom|work=The Los Angeles Times|date=August 16, 1998|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1998/aug/16/entertainment/ca-13511|accessdate=2010-11-10|first=Paul|last=Brownfield}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=View From the Rug Up : 'RUGRATS,' NICKELODEON'S ANIMATED HIT, LOOKS AT WORLD THROUGH EYES OF A TODDLER|first=Lynne|last=Heffley|work=The Los Angeles Times|date=July 21, 1996|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1996-07-21/news/tv-26268_1|accessdate=2010-11-10}}</ref> The grown-ups in the series hardly ever ken whit the bairns are up tae. The series wis makkit for Nickelodeon's first line o cartoons, the "Nicktoons".<ref name="1989proposal">{{Cite magazine |title=Original Rugrats Proposal (1989) |date=August 29, 1989 |url=https://archive.org/details/rugrats-pilot-script-and-proposal/Original%20Rugrats%20Proposal/mode/2up |magazine=A Proposal for a Television Series |publisher=Klasky-Csupo, Inc. |via=the Internet Archive}}</ref> It first ran on 11 August 1991, an the last o its 172 episodes wis shawn on 1 August 2004. On 28 Juin 2001, for its tent anniversary, ''Rugrats'' got a starn on the Hollywood Walk o Fame, the first Nickelodeon series tae get ane.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://projects.latimes.com/hollywood/star-walk/the-rugrats/|title=Rugrats|website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:1990s American animatit televeesion series]] [[Category:1990s Nickelodeon shaws]] [[Category:1991 American televeesion series debuts]] [[Category:2000s American animatit televeesion series]] [[Category:2000s Nickelodeon shaws]] [[Category:2004 American televeesion series endins]] [[Category:American bairns' comedy series]] [[Category:American bairns' televeesion series]] [[Category:Animatit sitcoms]] [[Category:Daytime Emmy Awaird for Ootstaundin Animatit Programme winners]] [[Category:Inglis-leid televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Jewish-relatit televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Nicktoons]] [[Category:Televeesion series bi Klasky Csupo]] [[Category:Rugrats an All Grown Up!| ]] [[Category:Televeesion programmes adaptit intae films]] [[Category:Televeesion series aboot twins]] [[Category:Televeesion shaws set in Californie]] [[Category:YTV shaws]] 9dnqz1q6u6nhxvce015qzud3vguttfh 0 151310 927037 901536 2026-11-08T22:22:52Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; soorce addit 927037 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language family |name=Uralic |region=[[Central Europe|Central]], [[Eastren Europe|Eastren]], an [[Northren Europe]], North Asie |familycolor=Uralic |family=Ane o the warld's primary [[leid faimily|leid faimilies]] |protoname=[[Proto-Uralic leid|Proto-Uralic]] |child1=[[Finnic leids|Finnic]] |child2=[[Hungarian leid|Hungarian]] |child3=[[Khanty leid|Khanty]] |child4=[[Mansi leid|Mansi]] |child5=[[Mari leid|Mari]] |child6=[[Mordvinic leids|Mordvinic]] |child7=[[Permic leids|Permic]] |child8=[[Sami leids|Sami]] |child9=[[Samoyedic leids|Samoyedic]] |iso5=urj |glotto=ural1272 |glottorefname=Uralic |map=Linguistic map of the Uralic languages (en).png |mapcaption=Geografical distribution o the Uralic leids }} The '''Uralic leids''' (whiles cried '''Uralian leids''') ar a [[leid faimily]] o some 38<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=1109-16 Language family tree of Uralic on Ethnologue]</ref> [[leid]]s spak bi aboot 25 million fowk, maistly in the north o [[Eurasie]]. The biggest Uralic leids bi nummer o native speakers ar [[Hungarian leid|Hungarian]], [[Finnish leid|Finnish]] an [[Estonie leid|Estonian]]. Ithers include the [[Sami leids]] o the faur north o Europe. The nem ''Uralic'' comes frae the faimily's supposed first hameland, thocht tae hae been somewhaur near the Ural Muntains, an wis first pit forrit bi Julius Klaproth in ''Asia Polyglotta'' (1823).<ref>{{Cite book |title=Asia Polyglotta | author-first=Julius |author-last=Klaproth |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/ia.ark:/13960/t2m66bs0q?urlappend=%3Bseq=7 |page=182|year=1823|language=de|location=Paris|publisher=A. Schubart| hdl=2027/ia.ark:/13960/t2m66bs0q?urlappend=%3Bseq=7 }}</ref> The Uralic leids micht be sib tae the [[Yukaghir leids]] o [[Siberie]]. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Uralic Leids}} [[Category:Agglutinative leids]] [[Category:Leids o Roushie]] d9422ithf047207evftcxy3kfm4zwye 0 151541 926849 858891 2026-11-08T18:53:40Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; Richard o Gordon addit, soorced 926849 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox clan |clan name = Clan Gordon |image badge = Clan member crest badge - Clan Gordon.svg |chiefs crest = Issuant frae a crest coronet Or a stag's heid (affrontée) Proper attired wi ten tines Or |chiefs motto = ''Bydand'' |chiefs slogan =''An Gordonach'' |war cry = A Gordon! A Gordon!<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/scottishclansand00edin#page/11/mode/1up|title=The Scottish clans and their tartans : with notes|publisher=}}</ref> |region =[[Scots Hieland|Hieland]] |district =[[Aiberdeenshire]] |gaelic names =''Gordanach'' (Singular), ''Na Gordanaich'' (Collective) |image arms = Marquess of Huntly arms.svg |plant badge = Rock [[ivy]] |animal = |pipe music = "The Gordon's Mairch", "[[Cock o' the North (muisic)|Cock o' the North]]" |chiefs name = [[Granville Gordon, 13t Marquess o Huntly|The Maist Hon. Granville Charles Gordon]] |chiefs title = The 13t [[Marquess o Huntly]] |chiefs gaelic title= |seat = [[Aboyne Castle]]<ref name="Canmore2">[http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/35305/details/aboyne+castle/ Aboyne Castle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020151443/http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/35305/details/aboyne+castle/ |date=2012-10-20 }} (spelling variation of "Marquis") canmore.rcahms.gov.uk. Retrieved 5 May 2015.</ref> |historic seat = [[Huntly Castle]]<ref name="Coventry">Coventry, Martin. (2008). ''Castles of the Clans: The Strongholds and Seats of 750 Scottish Families and Clans''. pp. 225 - 234. ISBN 978-1-899874-36-1.</ref> |septs = Ackane, Adam(son), Ad(d)i.e., Addison, Adkins, Aiken, Aitchison, Aitken, Akane, [[Akins]], Atkin, Atkins(on), Badenoch, Barrie, Connor, Connon, Cote, Craig, Cromb(i.e.), Cullen, Culane, Darg(e), Dorward, Duff, Durward, Eadie, Ed(d)i.e., Edison, Esslemont, Garden, Gard(i)ner, Garioch, Garr(o)ick, Geddes, Gerr(y)ie, Harrison, Haddo(w), Huntl(e)y, Jeffrey, Jessiman, Jolly, Jopp, Jupp, La(i)ng, Laurie, Lawrie, Leng, Ling, Long, MacAdam, MacGwyverdyne, Mallett, Manteach, Marr, Maver, McGonigal, Meldrum, Mill, Mills, Milles, Miln(e), Milner, [[Clan Muir|Moir]], [[Clan Muir|More]], Morrice, [[Clan Muir|Muir]], Milnes, Mylne, Pittendri(e)gh, Shellgren, Steel(e), Teal, Tod(d), Troup |branches = [[Marquess o Huntly|Gordon o Huntly]] (chiefs)<br>[[Earl o Aboyne|Gordon of Aboyne]]<br>[[Marquess o Aberdeen and Temair|Gordon o Aiberdeen an Temair]]<br>[[Viscoont o Kenmure|Gordon o Kenmure]]<ref name="Coventry"/><br>Gordon o Auchindoun<ref name="Coventry"/><br>Gordon o Abergeldie<ref name="Coventry"/><br>Gordon o Haddo<ref name="Coventry"/><br>Gordon o Glenbuchat<ref name="Coventry"/><br>Gordon o Gight<ref name="Coventry"/><br>Gordon of Rothiemay<ref name="Coventry"/><br>See an aa:<br>[[Gordon baronets]]<br>[[Duke o Gordon]] |Allied clans = [[Clan Seton]]<br>[[Clan Sutherland]]<br>[[Clan Burnett]] |Rival clans = [[Clan Lindsay]]<br>[[Clan Douglas]]<br>[[Clan Forbes]]<br>[[Clan Leask]] |last chiefs name= |date of death of last chief= |commander = }} '''Clan Gordon''', forby kent as the '''Hoose o Gordon''', is a [[Scots clan]] o the Hielands, ance ane o the maist pouerfu Scots clans. The chief o the clan wis the Earl o Huntly, an later the Marquess o Huntly. The first Gordon on record is Richard o Gordon, laird o the barony o Gordon in the Merse, that deed aboot 1200.<ref name="Clan.Encyclopedia.Gordon">{{cite book |last1=Way |first1=George of Plean |last2=Squire |first2=Romilly of Rubislaw |author-link2=Romilly Squire of Rubislaw |author-link1=George Way of Plean |year=1994 |title=Collins Scottish Clan & Family Encyclopedia |location=[[Glasgow]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] (for the [[Standing Council of Scottish Chiefs]]) |isbn=0-00-470547-5 |pages=146–147}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} == Freemit airtins == [https://www.houseofgordon.org The House of Gordon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513092109/https://www.houseofgordon.org/ |date=2021-05-13 }} – the official website o the Hoose o Gordon. {{Scots clans}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gordon}} [[Category:Scots clans]] [[Category:Hoose o Gordon| ]] {{Stub/Clans}} dji0v7gt0pvpacntrwtz6i63gnlpb0w 0 152337 927059 890970 2026-11-08T22:29:46Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; oot-o-date ownership line taen oot, soorced 927059 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television channel | name = Nickelodeon | logofile = Nickelodeon 2023 logo (outline).svg | logosize = 245px | logocaption = | logoalt = | logo2 = | launch = {{Start date and age|1977|12|1}} {{small|(as Pinwheel)}}<br>{{Start date and age|1979|4|1}} {{small|(as Nickelodeon)}} | picture format = 1080i ([[heich-defineetion televeesion|HDTV]])<br>480i ([[Staundart-defineetion televeesion|SDTV]]) | owner = [[Viacom Media Networks]]<br>([[Viacom]]) | country = [[Unitit States]] | language = [[Inglis leid|Inglis]] | broadcast area = Naitionwide | headquarters = [[New York Ceety|New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]] | former names = Pinwheel (1977–1979) | sister names = [[Nick Jr.]]<br/>[[Nicktoons (TV channel)|Nicktoons]]<br/>[[TeenNick]]<br/>[[Nick at Nite]]<br/>[[MTV]]<br/>[[VH1]]<br/>[[TV Land]] | timeshift names = [[#Ither services|Nick 2 East or Nick 2 West]] | studios = Nickelodeon Animation Studio<br>[[Nickelodeon Movies]]<br>Nickelodeon on Sunset | web = {{url|http://www.nick.com/}} }} '''Nickelodeon''' (commonly shortened tae '''Nick''', stylised as '''nickelodeon''' syne 28 September 2009, an originally cried '''Pinwheel''') is an [[Unitit States|American]] basic cable an satellite [[televeesion network|telly network]]. It stairtit on 1 Aprile 1979 as the first cable channel for bairns. It is maistly aimed at [[bairn]]s an young fowk aged 2 tae 17,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/m/b39c8860-9f0d-35a7-834b-026ac947a05d/viacom%E2%80%99s-nickelodeon-remains.html|title=Viacom's Nickelodeon Remains Driving Force for Media Segment|last=Hemsworth|first=Aaron|work=Yahoo! Finance|date=January 3, 2018|access-date=January 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108233746/https://finance.yahoo.com/m/b39c8860-9f0d-35a7-834b-026ac947a05d/viacom%E2%80%99s-nickelodeon-remains.html|archive-date=January 8, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> while its weekday mornin [[edutainment]] programmes are for younger bairns. Its programmin is maistly original [[Televeesion programme|telly series]], alang wi whiles films makkit for cable an some programmes frae ither companies. == References == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nickelodeon}} [[Category:Nickelodeon| ]] [[Category:1977 establishments in Ohio]] [[Category:Bairns' televeesion networks in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Inglis-leid televeesion stations in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Viacom Media Networks]] [[Category:Televeesion channels an stations established in 1977]] [[Category:Viacom subsidiaries]] nlf6mqtrouomx8bn842x42cgzgc8b39 927095 927059 2026-11-08T22:41:13Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927095 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox televeesion chainel | name = Nickelodeon | logofile = Nickelodeon 2023 logo (outline).svg | logosize = 245px | launch = {{Start date and age|1977|12|1}} {{small|(as Pinwheel)}}<br>{{Start date and age|1979|4|1}} {{small|(as Nickelodeon)}} | picture format = 1080i ([[heich-defineetion televeesion|HDTV]])<br>480i ([[Staundart-defineetion televeesion|SDTV]]) | owner = [[Viacom Media Networks]]<br>([[Viacom]]) | country = [[Unitit States]] | language = [[Inglis leid|Inglis]] | broadcast area = Naitionwide | headquarters = [[New York Ceety|New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]] | former names = Pinwheel (1977–1979) | sister names = [[Nick Jr.]]<br/>[[Nicktoons (TV channel)|Nicktoons]]<br/>[[TeenNick]]<br/>[[Nick at Nite]]<br/>[[MTV]]<br/>[[VH1]]<br/>[[TV Land]] | timeshift names = [[#Ither services|Nick 2 East or Nick 2 West]] | studios = Nickelodeon Animation Studio<br>[[Nickelodeon Movies]]<br>Nickelodeon on Sunset | web = {{url|http://www.nick.com/}} }} '''Nickelodeon''' (commonly shortened tae '''Nick''', stylised as '''nickelodeon''' syne 28 September 2009, an originally cried '''Pinwheel''') is an [[Unitit States|American]] basic cable an satellite [[televeesion network|telly network]]. It stairtit on 1 Aprile 1979 as the first cable channel for bairns. It is maistly aimed at [[bairn]]s an young fowk aged 2 tae 17,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/m/b39c8860-9f0d-35a7-834b-026ac947a05d/viacom%E2%80%99s-nickelodeon-remains.html|title=Viacom's Nickelodeon Remains Driving Force for Media Segment|last=Hemsworth|first=Aaron|work=Yahoo! Finance|date=January 3, 2018|access-date=January 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108233746/https://finance.yahoo.com/m/b39c8860-9f0d-35a7-834b-026ac947a05d/viacom%E2%80%99s-nickelodeon-remains.html|archive-date=January 8, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> while its weekday mornin [[edutainment]] programmes are for younger bairns. Its programmin is maistly original [[Televeesion programme|telly series]], alang wi whiles films makkit for cable an some programmes frae ither companies. == References == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nickelodeon}} [[Category:Nickelodeon| ]] [[Category:1977 establishments in Ohio]] [[Category:Bairns' televeesion networks in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Inglis-leid televeesion stations in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Viacom Media Networks]] [[Category:Televeesion channels an stations established in 1977]] [[Category:Viacom subsidiaries]] 8jy02tlxrmmlyl5pu7i5vezzrqfterj 0 152702 926905 841942 2026-11-08T20:34:09Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 926905 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italic title}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Cyclopterus lumpus'' | image = Jielbeaumadier poisson gris 2 paris 2014.jpeg | image_caption = Adult at the [[Dorée Tropical Aquarium]] | image2 = Cyclopterus lumpus (juvenile).jpg | image2_caption = Juvenile | status = NT | status_system = IUCN3.1 | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]] | classis = [[Actinopterygii]] | ordo = [[Scorpaeniformes]] | familia = [[Cyclopteridae]] | genus = '''''Cyclopterus''''' | genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758 | species = '''''C. lumpus''''' | binomial = ''Cyclopterus lumpus'' | binomial_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758 }} '''''Cyclopterus lumpus''''' is a species o marine fish in the faimily [[Cyclopteridae]] (lumpsuckers). It is the anerly member o the genus ''Cyclopterus''.<ref>{{FishBase genus | genus = Cyclopterus | month = July | year = 2012 }}</ref> It is fund in the North [[Atlantic]] an adjacent pairts o the [[Arctic Ocean]], rangin as far sooth as [[Chesapeake Bay]] (rare sooth o [[New Jersey]]) on the North American coast an [[Spain]] on the European coast.<ref name=fishbase>{{FishBase species | genus = Cyclopterus | species = lumpus | month = July | year = 2012 }}</ref> ==Common names== Common names for this species include '''baggitie''', '''blue paidle''', '''hen paidle''', an '''runker'''. ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Ainimals descrived in 1758]] [[Category:Commercial fish]] [[Category:Cyclopteridae]] [[Category:Fish o the Atlantic Ocean]] [[Category:Fish o the Baltic Sea]] [[Category:Fish o the North Sea]] {{stub/Fish}} qu5bak0c6wg15o9g260sacmo28hyxk6 0 152758 926941 923155 2026-11-08T21:18:18Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; career addit, soorced 926941 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Miranda Cosgrove | image = File:Miranda Cosgrove 2013.jpg | caption = Cosgrove in 2013 | birth_name = Miranda Taylor Cosgrove | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1993|5|14}} | birth_place = [[Los Angeles]], [[Californie]], U.S. | education = [[University o Soothren Californie]]<ref name="usatodayfilm">{{cite web|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/life/people/2012/11/25/cosgrove-icarly-college/1720135/|title=Miranda Cosgrove goes from 'iCarly' to college|publisher=[[USA Today]]|accessdate=February 1, 2013|date=November 25, 2012}}</ref> | occupation = {{flatlist| * Actress * sangster * sangwriter }} | years_active = 2001–present | television = {{flatlist| * ''[[Drake & Josh]]'' * ''[[iCarly]]'' * ''[[Crowded (TV series)|Crowded]]'' }} | module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes | background = solo_singer | genre = {{flatlist| * [[Pop muisic|Pop]] * [[pop rock]] }} | instrument = {{flatlist| * [[Sangin|Vocals]] * [[guitar]] }} | label = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] | associated_acts = [[Drake Bell]] }}}} '''Miranda Taylor Cosgrove'''<ref>{{cite web|title=Miranda Cosgrove|url=http://www.ellentv.com/artists/miranda-cosgrove/|website=Ellen TV|accessdate=January 6, 2015|archive-date=2015-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107032231/http://www.ellentv.com/artists/miranda-cosgrove/|url-status=dead}}</ref> (born 14 Mey 1993)<ref name=bdate>{{cite web |url=http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/miranda-cosgrove/259256 |title=Miranda Cosgrove |publisher=[[TV Guide]] |accessdate=November 25, 2015 |archive-date=2016-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160722204552/http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/miranda-cosgrove/259256/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> is an American actress an sangster. She stairtit actin as a bairn in [[televeesion commercials|telly adverts]], an haed her film debut in ''[[School of Rock]]'' (2003). She becam weel kent as Megan Parker in the [[Nickelodeon]] sitcom ''[[Drake & Josh]]'' an as Carly Shay in ''[[iCarly]]''. She is the vyce o Margo in the ''Despicable Me'' films. == Career == Cosgrove's career stairtit whan she wis a bairn, whan she appeared in telly adverts. Her film debut cam in 2003, whan she played Summer Hathaway in ''[[School of Rock]]''. She haed a nummer o wee roles on the telly ower several year afore she becam weel kent as Megan Parker on the Nickelodeon series ''[[Drake & Josh]]''. A few year later, she got the role o Carly Shay, the lead chairacter in the Nickelodeon series ''iCarly''. In Mey 2010, Cosgrove wis peyed $180,000 an episode o ''iCarly'', makkin her the seicont-heichest-peyed bairn starn on the telly.<ref>{{cite web|last=Starr |first=Michael |url=http://www.nypost.com/p/entertainment/tv/tv_richest_kids_bs5LNT6qkgJlBcLtRic1KM |title=Miley Cyrus, Miranda Cosgrove, Selena Gomez among TV's richest kids |work=New York Post |date=May 10, 2010 |accessdate=August 1, 2010}}</ref> In 2012, ''[[Guinness World Records]]'' listit her as the heichest-peyed bairn actress, for ''iCarly''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Erenza|first=Jen|title=Justin Bieber, Miranda Cosgrove, & Lady Gaga Are Welcomed Into 2012 Guinness World Records|url=http://ryanseacrest.com/2011/09/14/justin-bieber-miranda-cosgrove-lady-gaga-are-welcomed-into-2012-guinness-world-records/|publisher=RyanSeacrest.com|accessdate=September 16, 2011|date=September 14, 2011}}</ref> On 15 Februar 2013 it wis annoonced that Cosgrove wad star as Evie in ''Girlfriend in a Coma'', a telly series for [[NBC]], but the series wis cancelled whan [[Christina Ricci]] left the production. In 2013 she gied the vyce o Margo again in ''[[Despicable Me 2]]'', an she did it again in ''Despicable Me 3'' in 2017.<ref name=":0b">{{cite news|title=Despicable Me 3 and Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas Set for 2017|url=https://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=113587|access-date=December 3, 2016|website=[[ComingSoon.net]]|date=January 15, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031111215/http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=113587|archive-date=October 31, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015 she wis cast in the NBC comedy pilot ''[[Crowded (TV series)|Crowded]]'', creatit bi [[Suzanne Martin]].<ref name=CrowdedPickup>{{cite news|last1=Andreeva|first1=Nellie|title=Suzanne Martin Comedy ‘Crowded’, Justin Spitzer’s ‘Superstore’ Get NBC Pickups|url=http://deadline.com/2015/05/suzanne-martin-crowded-superstore-nbc-comedy-series-pickup-1201422325/|accessdate=May 13, 2015|work=Deadline|date=May 7, 2015}}</ref> Syne 2019 she haes presentit ''Mission Unstoppable with Miranda Cosgrove'' on [[CBS]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Rice|first=Lynette|date=April 11, 2020|title=From 'iCarly' to showcasing STEM careers: What Miranda Cosgrove is doing now|url=https://ew.com/tv/icarly-miranda-cosgrove-mission-unstoppable-cbs/|access-date=August 2, 2020|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|language=EN|archive-date=January 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122181954/https://ew.com/tv/icarly-miranda-cosgrove-mission-unstoppable-cbs/|url-status=live}}</ref> She played Carly Shay again in the ''iCarly'' revival on Paramount+, that ran frae Juin 2021 tae Julie 2023.<ref name="S2Premiere">{{cite web |last=Ng |first=Philiana |title='iCarly' Season 2 Trailer Teases Josh Peck and Possible Carly-Freddie Romance (Exclusive) |url=https://www.etonline.com/icarly-season-2-trailer-teases-carly-freddie-romance-and-josh-peck-exclusive-180091 |website=Entertainment Tonight |access-date=March 2, 2022 |date=March 2, 2022 |archive-date=March 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302185241/https://www.etonline.com/icarly-season-2-trailer-teases-carly-freddie-romance-and-josh-peck-exclusive-180091 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2022 she presentit the [[Kids' Choice Awards]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Erik Pedersen |date=March 9, 2022 |title=Kids' Choice Awards Nominations Set; Miranda Cosgrove & Rob Gronkowski To Host Show |url=https://deadline.com/2022/03/kids-choice-awards-2022-nominations-hosts-miranda-cosgrove-rob-gronkowski-1234974061/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309174404/https://deadline.com/2022/03/kids-choice-awards-2022-nominations-hosts-miranda-cosgrove-rob-gronkowski-1234974061/ |archive-date=March 9, 2022 |access-date=March 9, 2022 |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cosgrove, Miranda}} [[Category:Miranda Cosgrove]] [[Category:1993 births]] [[Category:21st-century American actresses]] [[Category:21st-century American sangsters]] [[Category:Actresses frae Los Angeles]] [[Category:American bairn actresses]] [[Category:American female pop sangsters]] [[Category:American film actresses]] [[Category:American fowk o Inglis strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o French strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Mexican strynd]] [[Category:American televeesion actresses]] [[Category:American vyce actresses]] [[Category:Bairn pop muisickers]] [[Category:Columbia Records airtists]] [[Category:Epic Records airtists]] [[Category:Hispanic an Latino American actresses]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Sangsters frae Los Angeles]] [[Category:USC School of Cinematic Arts alumni]] [[Category:Varsity o Soothren Californie alumni]] szp61cc7zlj766ntm3h3fv7a75jsjs5 927179 926941 2026-11-09T06:35:18Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 927179 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Miranda Cosgrove | image = File:Miranda Cosgrove 2013.jpg | caption = Cosgrove in 2013 | birth_name = Miranda Taylor Cosgrove | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1993|5|14}} | birth_place = [[Los Angeles]], [[Californie]], U.S. | education = [[University o Soothren Californie]]<ref name="usatodayfilm">{{cite web|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/life/people/2012/11/25/cosgrove-icarly-college/1720135/|title=Miranda Cosgrove goes from 'iCarly' to college|publisher=[[USA Today]]|accessdate=February 1, 2013|date=November 25, 2012}}</ref> | occupation = {{flatlist| * Actress * sangster * sangwriter }} | years_active = 2001–present | television = {{flatlist| * ''[[Drake & Josh]]'' * ''[[iCarly]]'' * ''[[Crowded (TV series)|Crowded]]'' }} | module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes | background = solo_singer | genre = {{flatlist| * [[Pop muisic|Pop]] * [[pop rock]] }} | instrument = {{flatlist| * [[Sangin|Vocals]] * [[guitar]] }} | label = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] | associated_acts = [[Drake Bell]] }}}} '''Miranda Taylor Cosgrove'''<ref>{{cite web|title=Miranda Cosgrove|url=http://www.ellentv.com/artists/miranda-cosgrove/|website=Ellen TV|accessdate=January 6, 2015|archive-date=2015-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107032231/http://www.ellentv.com/artists/miranda-cosgrove/|url-status=dead}}</ref> (born 14 Mey 1993)<ref name=bdate>{{cite web |url=http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/miranda-cosgrove/259256 |title=Miranda Cosgrove |publisher=[[TV Guide]] |accessdate=November 25, 2015 |archive-date=2016-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160722204552/http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/miranda-cosgrove/259256/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> is an American actress an sangster. She stairtit actin as a bairn in [[televeesion commercials|telly adverts]], an haed her film debut in ''[[School of Rock]]'' (2003). She becam weel kent as Megan Parker in the [[Nickelodeon]] sitcom ''[[Drake & Josh]]'' an as Carly Shay in ''[[iCarly]]''. She is the vyce o Margo in the ''Despicable Me'' films. == Career == Cosgrove's career stairtit whan she wis a bairn, whan she appeared in telly adverts. Her film debut cam in 2003, whan she played Summer Hathaway in ''[[School of Rock]]''. She haed a nummer o wee roles on the telly ower several year afore she becam weel kent as Megan Parker on the Nickelodeon series ''[[Drake & Josh]]''. A few year later, she got the role o Carly Shay, the lead chairacter in the Nickelodeon series ''iCarly''. In Mey 2010, Cosgrove wis peyed $180,000 an episode o ''iCarly'', makkin her the seicont-heichest-peyed bairn starn on the telly.<ref>{{cite web|last=Starr |first=Michael |url=http://www.nypost.com/p/entertainment/tv/tv_richest_kids_bs5LNT6qkgJlBcLtRic1KM |title=Miley Cyrus, Miranda Cosgrove, Selena Gomez among TV's richest kids |work=New York Post |date=May 10, 2010 |accessdate=August 1, 2010}}</ref> In 2012, ''[[Guinness World Records]]'' listit her as the heichest-peyed bairn actress, for ''iCarly''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Erenza|first=Jen|title=Justin Bieber, Miranda Cosgrove, & Lady Gaga Are Welcomed Into 2012 Guinness World Records|url=http://ryanseacrest.com/2011/09/14/justin-bieber-miranda-cosgrove-lady-gaga-are-welcomed-into-2012-guinness-world-records/|publisher=RyanSeacrest.com|accessdate=September 16, 2011|date=September 14, 2011}}</ref> On 15 Februar 2013 it wis annoonced that Cosgrove wad star as Evie in ''Girlfriend in a Coma'', a telly series for [[NBC]], but the series wis cancelled whan [[Christina Ricci]] left the production. In 2013 she gied the vyce o Margo again in ''[[Despicable Me 2]]'', an she did it again in ''Despicable Me 3'' in 2017.<ref name=":0b">{{cite news|title=Despicable Me 3 and Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas Set for 2017|url=https://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=113587|access-date=December 3, 2016|website=[[ComingSoon.net]]|date=January 15, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031111215/http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=113587|archive-date=October 31, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2015 she wis cast in the NBC comedy pilot ''[[Crowded (TV series)|Crowded]]'', creatit bi [[Suzanne Martin]].<ref name=CrowdedPickup>{{cite news|last1=Andreeva|first1=Nellie|title=Suzanne Martin Comedy ‘Crowded’, Justin Spitzer’s ‘Superstore’ Get NBC Pickups|url=http://deadline.com/2015/05/suzanne-martin-crowded-superstore-nbc-comedy-series-pickup-1201422325/|accessdate=May 13, 2015|work=Deadline|date=May 7, 2015}}</ref> Syne 2019 she haes presentit ''Mission Unstoppable with Miranda Cosgrove'' on [[CBS]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Rice|first=Lynette|date=April 11, 2020|title=From 'iCarly' to showcasing STEM careers: What Miranda Cosgrove is doing now|url=https://ew.com/tv/icarly-miranda-cosgrove-mission-unstoppable-cbs/|access-date=August 2, 2020|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|language=EN|archive-date=January 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122181954/https://ew.com/tv/icarly-miranda-cosgrove-mission-unstoppable-cbs/|url-status=live}}</ref> She played Carly Shay again in the ''iCarly'' revival on Paramount+, that ran frae Juin 2021 tae Julie 2023.<ref name="S2Premiere">{{cite web |last=Ng |first=Philiana |title='iCarly' Season 2 Trailer Teases Josh Peck and Possible Carly-Freddie Romance (Exclusive) |url=https://www.etonline.com/icarly-season-2-trailer-teases-carly-freddie-romance-and-josh-peck-exclusive-180091 |website=Entertainment Tonight |access-date=March 2, 2022 |date=March 2, 2022 |archive-date=March 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302185241/https://www.etonline.com/icarly-season-2-trailer-teases-carly-freddie-romance-and-josh-peck-exclusive-180091 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2022 she presentit the [[Kids' Choice Awards]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Erik Pedersen |date=March 9, 2022 |title=Kids' Choice Awards Nominations Set; Miranda Cosgrove & Rob Gronkowski To Host Show |url=https://deadline.com/2022/03/kids-choice-awards-2022-nominations-hosts-miranda-cosgrove-rob-gronkowski-1234974061/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309174404/https://deadline.com/2022/03/kids-choice-awards-2022-nominations-hosts-miranda-cosgrove-rob-gronkowski-1234974061/ |archive-date=March 9, 2022 |access-date=March 9, 2022 |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cosgrove, Miranda}} [[Category:Miranda Cosgrove]] [[Category:1993 births]] [[Category:21st-century American actresses]] [[Category:21st-century American sangsters]] [[Category:Actresses frae Los Angeles]] [[Category:American bairn actresses]] [[Category:American female pop sangsters]] [[Category:American film actresses]] [[Category:American fowk o Inglis strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o French strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Mexican strynd]] [[Category:American televeesion actresses]] [[Category:American vyce actresses]] [[Category:Bairn pop muisickers]] [[Category:Columbia Records airtists]] [[Category:Epic Records airtists]] [[Category:Hispanic an Latino American actresses]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Sangsters frae Los Angeles]] [[Category:USC School of Cinematic Arts alumni]] [[Category:Varsity o Soothren Californie alumni]] b9e95m30e2rf7wwd0dsh062mlqwhyuu 0 153559 926829 866153 2026-11-08T18:46:24Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 926829 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Wfm kelvingrove park.jpg|thumb|right|The Kelvin flowin throu [[Kelvingrove Pairk]]]] The '''Kelvin''' is a river in [[Glesga]] that rins intae the [[River Clyde]]. It rises on the muir sooth-east o the village o [[Banton, Scotland|Banton]], east o [[Kilsyth]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/1716279|title=Source of the Kelvin (C) Robert Murray :: Geograph Britain and Ireland|author=Robert Murray|publisher=}}</ref> an flows intae Glesga, throu Dawsholm Pairk, aneist the Botanic Gairdens, an throu Kelvingrove Pairk.<ref>{{Cite web|title=River Kelvin from The Gazetteer for Scotland|url=https://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst2997.html|access-date=2022-05-10|website=www.scottish-places.info|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Photographs, route description and map of the Kelvin River Walkway in Glasgow from Maryhill Park through Dawsholm Park to the Aqueduct of the Forth and Clyde Canal in Maryhill|url=https://www.caingram.info/Scotland/Pic_htm/kelvin_walkway.htm|access-date=2022-05-10|website=www.caingram.info}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Coord|55.8814|N|4.2920|W|display=title|region:GB_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kelvin}} [[Category:Rivers o Glesga]] [[Category:River Clyde]] {{Stub/Glesga}} {{Stub/Scotland}} hyobqfpvywvhnm7bjtof76zeub015fd 0 154488 927057 901635 2026-11-08T22:29:16Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 927057 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Shelley Duvall | image = ShelleyDuvall.jpg | caption = Duvall in 1990 | birthname = Shelley Alexis Duvall | birth_date = {{birth date|1949|7|7}} | birth_place = [[Houston]], [[Texas]], [[Unitit States|U.S.]] | death_date = 11 Julie 2024 (aged 75)<ref>Risen, C., [https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/11/arts/shelley-duvall-dead.html "Shelley Duvall, Star of ‘The Shining’ and ‘Nashville,’ Dies at 75"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 11 Julie 2024.</ref> | death_place = Blanco, Texas, U.S. | resting_place = | body_discovered = | height = 5'8" (1.73 m) | occupation = Actress, producer, writer, sangster, comedian | yearsactive = 1970–2002 | education = South Texas Junior College | spouse = {{marriage|Bernard Sampson|1970|1974|reason=divorced}} | partner = [[Paul Simon]]<br />(1976–1978)<br />Stanley Wilson<br />(1979–1981)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20078824,00.html|title=Olive's Wasn't the Only 'Popeye' Love Story—Shelley Duvall Snagged a Prince Charming Too|publisher=|accessdate=11 June 2015|archive-date=2016-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319052025/http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20078824,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | parents = Bobbie Crawford }} '''Shelley Alexis Duvall''' (7 Julie 1949 – 11 Julie 2024)<ref name="howdid">{{cite news|last=Taylor|first=Clarke|title=How Did Shelley Duvall Become a Star?|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1291&dat=19771106&id=uiFUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=OI0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=5290,1006613|accessdate=April 12, 2014|newspaper=Boca Raton News|date=November 6, 1977}}</ref> wis an [[Unitit States|American]] actress, producer, writer, sangster, an comedian. She began her career in various [[Robert Altman]] films in the 1970s, includin ''Brewster McCloud'' (1970), ''McCabe & Mrs. Miller'' (1971), ''Thieves Like Us'' (1974), ''[[Nashville (film)|Nashville]]'' (1975), an ''3 Women'' (1977), that wan her the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actress an a BAFTA nomination for Best Actress. Duvall haed a supportin role in ''[[Annie Hall]]'' (1977) afore starrin in lead roles in ''Popeye'' (1980) an ''[[The Shining (film)|The Shining]]'' (1980). ==References== {{reflist|2}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Duvall, Shelley}} [[Category:1949 births]] [[Category:2024 daiths]] [[Category:American actresses]] [[Category:American weemen writers]] [[Category:American female sangsters]] [[Category:American vyce actresses]] [[Category:American film actresses]] [[Category:American televeesion actresses]] [[Category:American televeesion producers]] [[Category:Actresses frae Houston]] [[Category:Duvall faimily|S]] ipvq5bei8tjbhiwv49u1aonwk3k8kv3 927083 927057 2026-11-08T22:36:52Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927083 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Shelley Duvall | image = ShelleyDuvall.jpg | caption = Duvall in 1990 | birthname = Shelley Alexis Duvall | birth_date = {{birth date|1949|7|7}} | birth_place = [[Houston]], [[Texas]], [[Unitit States|U.S.]] | death_date = 11 Julie 2024 (aged 75)<ref>Risen, C., [https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/11/arts/shelley-duvall-dead.html "Shelley Duvall, Star of ‘The Shining’ and ‘Nashville,’ Dies at 75"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 11 Julie 2024.</ref> | death_place = Blanco, Texas, U.S. | resting_place = | body_discovered = | height = 5'8" (1.73 m) | occupation = Actress, producer, writer, sangster, comedian | yearsactive = 1970–2002 | education = South Texas Junior College | spouse = {{marriage|Bernard Sampson|1970|1974|reason=divorced}} | partner = [[Paul Simon]]<br />(1976–1978)<br />Stanley Wilson<br />(1979–1981)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20078824,00.html|title=Olive's Wasn't the Only 'Popeye' Love Story—Shelley Duvall Snagged a Prince Charming Too|publisher=|accessdate=11 June 2015|archive-date=2016-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319052025/http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20078824,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | parents = Bobbie Crawford }} '''Shelley Alexis Duvall''' (7 Julie 1949 – 11 Julie 2024)<ref name="howdid">{{cite news|last=Taylor|first=Clarke|title=How Did Shelley Duvall Become a Star?|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1291&dat=19771106&id=uiFUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=OI0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=5290,1006613|accessdate=April 12, 2014|newspaper=Boca Raton News|date=November 6, 1977}}</ref> wis an American actress, producer, writer, sangster, an comedian. She begoud her career in mony [[Robert Altman]] films in the 1970s, includin ''Brewster McCloud'' (1970), ''McCabe & Mrs. Miller'' (1971), ''Thieves Like Us'' (1974), ''[[Nashville (film)|Nashville]]'' (1975), an ''3 Women'' (1977), that wan her the Cannes Film Fest Awaird fur Best Actress an a BAFTA nomination fur Best Actress. Duvall haed a supportin role in ''[[Annie Hall]]'' (1977) afore starrin in lead roles in ''Popeye'' (1980) an ''[[The Shining (film)|The Shining]]'' (1980). ==References== {{reflist|2}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Duvall, Shelley}} [[Category:1949 births]] [[Category:2024 daiths]] [[Category:American actresses]] [[Category:American weemen writers]] [[Category:American female sangsters]] [[Category:American vyce actresses]] [[Category:American film actresses]] [[Category:American televeesion actresses]] [[Category:American televeesion producers]] [[Category:Actresses frae Houston]] [[Category:Duvall faimily|S]] 18s1arodf7oclcrykleve3qmbsn6k84 927086 927083 2026-11-08T22:37:50Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927086 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie | name = Shelley Duvall | image = ShelleyDuvall.jpg | caption = Duvall in 1990 | birthname = Shelley Alexis Duvall | birth_date = {{birth date|1949|7|7}} | birth_place = [[Houston]], [[Texas]], U.S. | death_date = 11 Julie 2024 (aged 75)<ref>Risen, C., [https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/11/arts/shelley-duvall-dead.html "Shelley Duvall, Star of ‘The Shining’ and ‘Nashville,’ Dies at 75"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 11 Julie 2024.</ref> | death_place = Blanco, Texas, U.S. | height = 5'8" (1.73 m) | occupation = Actress, producer, writer, sangster, comedian | yearsactive = 1970–2002 | education = South Texas Junior College | spouse = {{marriage|Bernard Sampson|1970|1974|reason=divorced}} | partner = [[Paul Simon]]<br />(1976–1978)<br />Stanley Wilson<br />(1979–1981)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20078824,00.html|title=Olive's Wasn't the Only 'Popeye' Love Story—Shelley Duvall Snagged a Prince Charming Too|publisher=|accessdate=11 June 2015|archive-date=2016-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319052025/http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20078824,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | parents = Bobbie Crawford }} '''Shelley Alexis Duvall''' (7 Julie 1949 – 11 Julie 2024)<ref name="howdid">{{cite news|last=Taylor|first=Clarke|title=How Did Shelley Duvall Become a Star?|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1291&dat=19771106&id=uiFUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=OI0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=5290,1006613|accessdate=April 12, 2014|newspaper=Boca Raton News|date=November 6, 1977}}</ref> wis an American actress, producer, writer, sangster, an comedian. She begoud her career in mony [[Robert Altman]] films in the 1970s, includin ''Brewster McCloud'' (1970), ''McCabe & Mrs. Miller'' (1971), ''Thieves Like Us'' (1974), ''[[Nashville (film)|Nashville]]'' (1975), an ''3 Women'' (1977), that wan her the Cannes Film Fest Awaird fur Best Actress an a BAFTA nomination fur Best Actress. Duvall haed a supportin role in ''[[Annie Hall]]'' (1977) afore starrin in lead roles in ''Popeye'' (1980) an ''[[The Shining (film)|The Shining]]'' (1980). ==References== {{reflist|2}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Duvall, Shelley}} [[Category:1949 births]] [[Category:2024 daiths]] [[Category:American actresses]] [[Category:American weemen writers]] [[Category:American female sangsters]] [[Category:American vyce actresses]] [[Category:American film actresses]] [[Category:American televeesion actresses]] [[Category:American televeesion producers]] [[Category:Actresses frae Houston]] [[Category:Duvall faimily|S]] a3dy2th8ix3gt5n3vo8snunqiis5cew 0 155056 926834 898781 2026-11-08T18:47:38Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 926834 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Scottish island |coordinates = {{coord|60.8603|-0.8741|display=inline}} |GridReference=HP612202 |celtic name= |norse name= |meaning of name= |area= |area rank= |highest elevation= {{convert|27|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} |Population=0 |population rank= |main settlement= |island group=[[Mainland, Shetland|Shetland]] |local authority=[[Shetland|Shetland Islands]] |references= }} [[File:Out Stack.1..jpg|thumb|Out Stack]] '''{{lang|en|Out Stack}}''' or '''Ootsta''' in [[Shetland]], [[Scotland]], is the northmaist pynt o the [[Breetish Isles]], lyin 600 m north o Muckle Flugga an {{convert|1.8|mi}} north o the island o [[Unst]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Out Stack from The Gazetteer for Scotland|url=https://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst1104.html|access-date=2024-09-18|website=www.scottish-places.info|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Out Stack {{!}} Shetland Islands Coast|url=https://coastradar.com/places/united-kingdom/shetland-islands/out-stack/|access-date=2024-09-18|language=en-GB}}</ref> It is ane o the North Isles o Shetland, an sits athin the Hermaness National Nature Reserve.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hermaness NNR - visiting the reserve leaflet|url=https://www.nature.scot/doc/hermaness-nnr-visiting-reserve-leaflet|url-status=live|access-date=18 September 2024|website=NatureScot}}</ref>{{Commons category|Out Stack|position=left}} == References == <references /> {{North Isles}} {{Coord|60.8603|N|0.8741|W|display=title}} [[Category:Stacks o Scotland]] [[Category:Uninhabitit islands o Shetland]] [[Category:Unst]] {{stub/Scotland}} {{Stub/Places o Scotland}} [[Category:Places o Scotland]] qvhgrlu2jjiy104lckasc2ipg4zkgff 0 156244 926963 903019 2026-11-08T21:33:01Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; main roles an daith addit, soorced 926963 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Dame Maggie Smith | honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|CH|DBE}} | image = Dame Maggie Smith 1973 (front side) (cropped).jpg | caption = Smith in 1973 | imagesize = 200px | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1934|12|28}} | birth_place = Ilford, [[Essex]], Ingland<ref>{{cite web |url=https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QVQ8-6JSH |title=Person Details for Margaret N. Smith, "England and Wales Birth Registration Index, 1837-2008" |work=FamilySearch.org}}</ref><ref name="glasgow">{{cite news |last=Mackenzie |first=Suzie |title=You have to laugh |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |location=UK |date=20 November 2004 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2004/nov/20/theatre |language=en |accessdate=31 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thetottenhamindependent.co.uk/news/14040551.Ilford_born_Maggie_Smith_talks_about_starring_in_The_Lady_in_the_Van/ |newspaper=The Tottenham Independent |title=Ilford born Maggie Smith talks about starring in The Lady in the Van |first=Laura |last=Enfield |date=18 November 2015 |accessdate=16 June 2016}}</ref><ref>Ilford wis pairt o the Coonty o Essex afore 1965, but is nou pairt o Greater Lunnon.</ref> | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2024|09|27|1934|12|28}} | death_place = [[Lunnon]], Ingland | nationality = [[Breetish fowk|Breetish]] | birth_name = Margaret Natalie Smith | occupation = Actress | years_active = 1952–2024 | spouse = {{marriage|Robert Stephens<br/>|29 June 1967|6 May 1974|end=divorced}}<br/>{{marriage|Beverley Cross<br/>|23 August 1975|20 March 1998|end=died}} | children = Chris Larkin<br/>Toby Stephens | relatives = Anna-Louise Plowman<br/>(dauchter-in-law) }} '''Dame Margaret Natalie''' "'''Maggie'''" '''Smith''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|CH|DBE}} (28 December 1934 – 27 September 2024)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.debretts.com/people/honours/orders-and-decorations-conferred-crown |publisher=Debrett's |title=Orders and decorations conferred by the crown |accessdate=4 January 2015 |archive-date=2016-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629220334/http://www.debretts.com/people/honours/orders-and-decorations-conferred-crown |url-status=dead }}</ref> wis an Inglis actress. She haed a lang career on the stage an the screen ower aicht decades, an wis ane o Breetain's best-kent actresses.<ref name="britannica.com">{{Cite web |date=7 September 2023 |title=Maggie Smith {{!}} Biography, Movies, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Maggie-Smith |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote=Maggie Smith, in full Dame Margaret Natalie Smith}}</ref> She wan twa [[Academy Awairds]]: Best Actress for ''The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie'' (1969), whaur she played the Edinburgh schuilmistress Jean Brodie,<ref>{{cite web |title=Academy Awards Best Actress |url=https://www.filmsite.org/bestactress.html |access-date=7 August 2013 |work=Filmsite.org}}</ref> an Best Supportin Actress for ''California Suite'' (1978). Frae 2001 tae 2011 she played Professor Minerva McGonagall in the ''[[Harry Potter]]'' films,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Davies |first1=Hugh |title=Author's favourites are chosen for Potter film |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1352721/Authors-favourites-are-chosen-for-Potter-film.html |access-date=27 September 2024 |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=14 August 2000}}</ref> an frae 2010 tae 2015 Violet Crawley, the Dowager Countess o Grantham, in the telly drama ''Downton Abbey'', that wan her three Emmy Awairds.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dame Maggie Smith Receives Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance in a Drama Series |work=PBS.org |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/dame-maggie-smith-receives-screen-actors-guild-award-for-outstanding-performance-in-a-drama-series/ |date=18 January 2014 |access-date=19 January 2014}}</ref> She wis makkit a [[Commander o the Order o the Breetish Empire]] (CBE) in 1970. She wis makkit a [[Dame Commander o the Order o the Breetish Empire]] (DBE) in the 1990 New Year Honours for services tae the performin airts,<ref>{{cite web |title=Queen Honors Naipaul, Maggie Smith |date=30 December 1989 |url=http://articles.philly.com/1989-12-30/news/26159758_1_british-empire-telephone-pole-police-chase |first=W. |last=Spears |work=Philly.com |accessdate=1 January 2014 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080246/http://articles.philly.com/1989-12-30/news/26159758_1_british-empire-telephone-pole-police-chase |url-status=dead }}</ref> an a Member o the Order o the Companions o Honour (CH) in the 2014 Birthday Honours for services tae drama.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=60895 |date=14 June 2014 |startpage=b5 |supp=yes}}</ref> ==Daith== Smith deed at the Chelsea an Westminster Hospital in [[Lunnon]] on 27 September 2024, at the age o 89.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cgk7375ngkxo|title=Actress Dame Maggie Smith dies at 89|publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=27 September 2024|access-date=27 September 2024}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Smith, Maggie}} [[Category:1934 births]] [[Category:2024 daiths]] [[Category:20t-century Inglis actresses]] [[Category:21st-century Inglis actresses]] [[Category:Actresses awairdit Breetish dameheids]] [[Category:American Theater Hall of Fame inductees]] [[Category:BAFTA fellaes]] [[Category:Best Actress Academy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Best Actress BAFTA Awaird winners]] [[Category:Best Muisical or Comedy Actress Gowden Globe (film) winners]] [[Category:Best Supportin Actress Academy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Best Supportin Actress BAFTA Awaird winners]] [[Category:Best Supportin Actress Gowden Globe (film) winners]] [[Category:Best Supportin Actress Gowden Globe (televeesion) winners]] [[Category:Breast cancer survivors]] [[Category:Dames Commander o the Order o the Breetish Empire]] [[Category:Inglis film actresses]] [[Category:Inglis fowk o Scots strynd]] [[Category:Inglis stage actresses]] [[Category:Inglis televeesion actresses]] [[Category:Evening Standard Awaird for Best Actress winners]] [[Category:Helpmann Awaird winners]] [[Category:Laurence Olivier Awaird winners]] [[Category:Members o the Order o the Companions o Honour]] [[Category:Ootstaundin Performance bi a Cast in a Motion Pictur Screen Actors Guild Awaird winners]] [[Category:Ootstaundin Performance bi a Female Actor in a Drama Series Screen Actors Guild Awaird winners]] [[Category:Ootstaundin Performance bi a Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Ootstaundin Performance bi a Supportin Actress in a Drama Series Primetime Emmy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Ootstaundin Performance bi a Supportin Actress in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Oxford High School (Oxford)]] [[Category:Fowk frae Oxford]] [[Category:Breetish Shakespearean actresses]] [[Category:Tony Awaird winners]] [[Category:Shakespeare Prize recipients]] d86vc0la0b5gfdkyppuqy7cnniaw779 926964 926963 2026-11-08T21:33:44Z Monospaced 75295 926964 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Dame Maggie Smith | honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|CH|DBE}} | image = Dame Maggie Smith 1973 (front side) (cropped).jpg | caption = Smith in 1973 | imagesize = 200px | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1934|12|28}} | birth_place = Ilford, [[Essex]], Ingland<ref>{{cite web |url=https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QVQ8-6JSH |title=Person Details for Margaret N. Smith, "England and Wales Birth Registration Index, 1837-2008" |work=FamilySearch.org}}</ref><ref name="glasgow">{{cite news |last=Mackenzie |first=Suzie |title=You have to laugh |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |location=UK |date=20 November 2004 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2004/nov/20/theatre |language=en |accessdate=31 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thetottenhamindependent.co.uk/news/14040551.Ilford_born_Maggie_Smith_talks_about_starring_in_The_Lady_in_the_Van/ |newspaper=The Tottenham Independent |title=Ilford born Maggie Smith talks about starring in The Lady in the Van |first=Laura |last=Enfield |date=18 November 2015 |accessdate=16 June 2016}}</ref><ref>Ilford wis pairt o the Coonty o Essex afore 1965, but is nou pairt o Greater Lunnon.</ref> | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2024|09|27|1934|12|28}} | death_place = [[Lunnon]], Ingland | nationality = [[Breetish fowk|Breetish]] | birth_name = Margaret Natalie Smith | occupation = Actress | years_active = 1952–2024 | spouse = {{marriage|Robert Stephens<br/>|29 June 1967|6 May 1974|end=divorced}}<br/>{{marriage|Beverley Cross<br/>|23 August 1975|20 March 1998|end=died}} | children = Chris Larkin<br/>Toby Stephens | relatives = Anna-Louise Plowman<br/>(dauchter-in-law) }} '''Dame Margaret Natalie''' "'''Maggie'''" '''Smith''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|CH|DBE}} (28 December 1934 – 27 September 2024)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.debretts.com/people/honours/orders-and-decorations-conferred-crown |publisher=Debrett's |title=Orders and decorations conferred by the crown |accessdate=4 January 2015 |archive-date=2016-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629220334/http://www.debretts.com/people/honours/orders-and-decorations-conferred-crown |url-status=dead }}</ref> wis an Inglis actress. She haed a lang career on the stage an the screen ower aicht decades, an wis ane o Breetain's best-kent actresses.<ref name="britannica.com">{{Cite web |date=7 September 2023 |title=Maggie Smith {{!}} Biography, Movies, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Maggie-Smith |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote=Maggie Smith, in full Dame Margaret Natalie Smith}}</ref> She wan twa [[Academy Awards|Oscars]]: Best Actress for ''The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie'' (1969), whaur she played the Edinburgh schuilmistress Jean Brodie,<ref>{{cite web |title=Academy Awards Best Actress |url=https://www.filmsite.org/bestactress.html |access-date=7 August 2013 |work=Filmsite.org}}</ref> an Best Supportin Actress for ''California Suite'' (1978). Frae 2001 tae 2011 she played Professor Minerva McGonagall in the ''[[Harry Potter]]'' films,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Davies |first1=Hugh |title=Author's favourites are chosen for Potter film |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1352721/Authors-favourites-are-chosen-for-Potter-film.html |access-date=27 September 2024 |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=14 August 2000}}</ref> an frae 2010 tae 2015 Violet Crawley, the Dowager Countess o Grantham, in the telly drama ''Downton Abbey'', that wan her three Emmy Awairds.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dame Maggie Smith Receives Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance in a Drama Series |work=PBS.org |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/dame-maggie-smith-receives-screen-actors-guild-award-for-outstanding-performance-in-a-drama-series/ |date=18 January 2014 |access-date=19 January 2014}}</ref> She wis makkit a [[Commander o the Order o the Breetish Empire]] (CBE) in 1970. She wis makkit a [[Dame Commander o the Order o the Breetish Empire]] (DBE) in the 1990 New Year Honours for services tae the performin airts,<ref>{{cite web |title=Queen Honors Naipaul, Maggie Smith |date=30 December 1989 |url=http://articles.philly.com/1989-12-30/news/26159758_1_british-empire-telephone-pole-police-chase |first=W. |last=Spears |work=Philly.com |accessdate=1 January 2014 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080246/http://articles.philly.com/1989-12-30/news/26159758_1_british-empire-telephone-pole-police-chase |url-status=dead }}</ref> an a Member o the Order o the Companions o Honour (CH) in the 2014 Birthday Honours for services tae drama.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=60895 |date=14 June 2014 |startpage=b5 |supp=yes}}</ref> ==Daith== Smith deed at the Chelsea an Westminster Hospital in [[Lunnon]] on 27 September 2024, at the age o 89.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cgk7375ngkxo|title=Actress Dame Maggie Smith dies at 89|publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=27 September 2024|access-date=27 September 2024}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Smith, Maggie}} [[Category:1934 births]] [[Category:2024 daiths]] [[Category:20t-century Inglis actresses]] [[Category:21st-century Inglis actresses]] [[Category:Actresses awairdit Breetish dameheids]] [[Category:American Theater Hall of Fame inductees]] [[Category:BAFTA fellaes]] [[Category:Best Actress Academy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Best Actress BAFTA Awaird winners]] [[Category:Best Muisical or Comedy Actress Gowden Globe (film) winners]] [[Category:Best Supportin Actress Academy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Best Supportin Actress BAFTA Awaird winners]] [[Category:Best Supportin Actress Gowden Globe (film) winners]] [[Category:Best Supportin Actress Gowden Globe (televeesion) winners]] [[Category:Breast cancer survivors]] [[Category:Dames Commander o the Order o the Breetish Empire]] [[Category:Inglis film actresses]] [[Category:Inglis fowk o Scots strynd]] [[Category:Inglis stage actresses]] [[Category:Inglis televeesion actresses]] [[Category:Evening Standard Awaird for Best Actress winners]] [[Category:Helpmann Awaird winners]] [[Category:Laurence Olivier Awaird winners]] [[Category:Members o the Order o the Companions o Honour]] [[Category:Ootstaundin Performance bi a Cast in a Motion Pictur Screen Actors Guild Awaird winners]] [[Category:Ootstaundin Performance bi a Female Actor in a Drama Series Screen Actors Guild Awaird winners]] [[Category:Ootstaundin Performance bi a Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Ootstaundin Performance bi a Supportin Actress in a Drama Series Primetime Emmy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Ootstaundin Performance bi a Supportin Actress in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Oxford High School (Oxford)]] [[Category:Fowk frae Oxford]] [[Category:Breetish Shakespearean actresses]] [[Category:Tony Awaird winners]] [[Category:Shakespeare Prize recipients]] q5a6e7btnk8i9rid5f0wg5g7uvyh3at 926999 926964 2026-11-08T22:05:55Z Monospaced 75295 Award nems as published 926999 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Dame Maggie Smith | honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|CH|DBE}} | image = Dame Maggie Smith 1973 (front side) (cropped).jpg | caption = Smith in 1973 | imagesize = 200px | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1934|12|28}} | birth_place = Ilford, [[Essex]], Ingland<ref>{{cite web |url=https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QVQ8-6JSH |title=Person Details for Margaret N. Smith, "England and Wales Birth Registration Index, 1837-2008" |work=FamilySearch.org}}</ref><ref name="glasgow">{{cite news |last=Mackenzie |first=Suzie |title=You have to laugh |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |location=UK |date=20 November 2004 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2004/nov/20/theatre |language=en |accessdate=31 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thetottenhamindependent.co.uk/news/14040551.Ilford_born_Maggie_Smith_talks_about_starring_in_The_Lady_in_the_Van/ |newspaper=The Tottenham Independent |title=Ilford born Maggie Smith talks about starring in The Lady in the Van |first=Laura |last=Enfield |date=18 November 2015 |accessdate=16 June 2016}}</ref><ref>Ilford wis pairt o the Coonty o Essex afore 1965, but is nou pairt o Greater Lunnon.</ref> | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2024|09|27|1934|12|28}} | death_place = [[Lunnon]], Ingland | nationality = [[Breetish fowk|Breetish]] | birth_name = Margaret Natalie Smith | occupation = Actress | years_active = 1952–2024 | spouse = {{marriage|Robert Stephens<br/>|29 June 1967|6 May 1974|end=divorced}}<br/>{{marriage|Beverley Cross<br/>|23 August 1975|20 March 1998|end=died}} | children = Chris Larkin<br/>Toby Stephens | relatives = Anna-Louise Plowman<br/>(dauchter-in-law) }} '''Dame Margaret Natalie''' "'''Maggie'''" '''Smith''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|CH|DBE}} (28 December 1934 – 27 September 2024)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.debretts.com/people/honours/orders-and-decorations-conferred-crown |publisher=Debrett's |title=Orders and decorations conferred by the crown |accessdate=4 January 2015 |archive-date=2016-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629220334/http://www.debretts.com/people/honours/orders-and-decorations-conferred-crown |url-status=dead }}</ref> wis an Inglis actress. She haed a lang career on the stage an the screen ower aicht decades, an wis ane o Breetain's best-kent actresses.<ref name="britannica.com">{{Cite web |date=7 September 2023 |title=Maggie Smith {{!}} Biography, Movies, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Maggie-Smith |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote=Maggie Smith, in full Dame Margaret Natalie Smith}}</ref> She wan twa [[Academy Awards]]: Best Actress for ''The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie'' (1969), whaur she played the Edinburgh schuilmistress Jean Brodie,<ref>{{cite web |title=Academy Awards Best Actress |url=https://www.filmsite.org/bestactress.html |access-date=7 August 2013 |work=Filmsite.org}}</ref> an Best Supportin Actress for ''California Suite'' (1978). Frae 2001 tae 2011 she played Professor Minerva McGonagall in the ''[[Harry Potter]]'' films,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Davies |first1=Hugh |title=Author's favourites are chosen for Potter film |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1352721/Authors-favourites-are-chosen-for-Potter-film.html |access-date=27 September 2024 |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=14 August 2000}}</ref> an frae 2010 tae 2015 Violet Crawley, the Dowager Countess o Grantham, in the telly drama ''Downton Abbey'', that wan her three Emmy Awards.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dame Maggie Smith Receives Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance in a Drama Series |work=PBS.org |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/dame-maggie-smith-receives-screen-actors-guild-award-for-outstanding-performance-in-a-drama-series/ |date=18 January 2014 |access-date=19 January 2014}}</ref> She wis makkit a [[Commander o the Order o the Breetish Empire]] (CBE) in 1970. She wis makkit a [[Dame Commander o the Order o the Breetish Empire]] (DBE) in the 1990 New Year Honours for services tae the performin airts,<ref>{{cite web |title=Queen Honors Naipaul, Maggie Smith |date=30 December 1989 |url=http://articles.philly.com/1989-12-30/news/26159758_1_british-empire-telephone-pole-police-chase |first=W. |last=Spears |work=Philly.com |accessdate=1 January 2014 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080246/http://articles.philly.com/1989-12-30/news/26159758_1_british-empire-telephone-pole-police-chase |url-status=dead }}</ref> an a Member o the Order o the Companions o Honour (CH) in the 2014 Birthday Honours for services tae drama.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=60895 |date=14 June 2014 |startpage=b5 |supp=yes}}</ref> ==Daith== Smith deed at the Chelsea an Westminster Hospital in [[Lunnon]] on 27 September 2024, at the age o 89.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cgk7375ngkxo|title=Actress Dame Maggie Smith dies at 89|publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=27 September 2024|access-date=27 September 2024}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Smith, Maggie}} [[Category:1934 births]] [[Category:2024 daiths]] [[Category:20t-century Inglis actresses]] [[Category:21st-century Inglis actresses]] [[Category:Actresses awairdit Breetish dameheids]] [[Category:American Theater Hall of Fame inductees]] [[Category:BAFTA fellaes]] [[Category:Best Actress Academy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Best Actress BAFTA Awaird winners]] [[Category:Best Muisical or Comedy Actress Gowden Globe (film) winners]] [[Category:Best Supportin Actress Academy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Best Supportin Actress BAFTA Awaird winners]] [[Category:Best Supportin Actress Gowden Globe (film) winners]] [[Category:Best Supportin Actress Gowden Globe (televeesion) winners]] [[Category:Breast cancer survivors]] [[Category:Dames Commander o the Order o the Breetish Empire]] [[Category:Inglis film actresses]] [[Category:Inglis fowk o Scots strynd]] [[Category:Inglis stage actresses]] [[Category:Inglis televeesion actresses]] [[Category:Evening Standard Awaird for Best Actress winners]] [[Category:Helpmann Awaird winners]] [[Category:Laurence Olivier Awaird winners]] [[Category:Members o the Order o the Companions o Honour]] [[Category:Ootstaundin Performance bi a Cast in a Motion Pictur Screen Actors Guild Awaird winners]] [[Category:Ootstaundin Performance bi a Female Actor in a Drama Series Screen Actors Guild Awaird winners]] [[Category:Ootstaundin Performance bi a Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Ootstaundin Performance bi a Supportin Actress in a Drama Series Primetime Emmy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Ootstaundin Performance bi a Supportin Actress in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Oxford High School (Oxford)]] [[Category:Fowk frae Oxford]] [[Category:Breetish Shakespearean actresses]] [[Category:Tony Awaird winners]] [[Category:Shakespeare Prize recipients]] cd0k19h602qpxer7ly1kg1d5ptzini3 0 156259 927061 874243 2026-11-08T22:30:24Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; run dates addit, soorced 927061 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television |show_name = The Walking Dead |image = The Walking Dead title card.jpg |caption = Teetle caird frae series 1–2 |genre = {{Plainlist | * Serial drama<ref>{{cite web|last=Stelter|first=Brian|authorlink=Brian Stelter|title=At AMC, Two Character Dramas Just One Hit|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/15/business/media/15amc.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=December 28, 2013|date=November 14, 2010}}</ref> * [[Horror fiction|Horror]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/movie/the-walking-dead-tv-series-v527037|publisher=AllMovie|title=The Walking Dead [TV Series]|accessdate=March 4, 2014|author=Seibert, Perry}}</ref> * Zombie apocalypse}} |based_on = {{Plainlist | * ''[[The Walking Dead (comic beuk)|The Walking Dead]]'' * bi [[Robert Kirkman]] * Tony Moore * Charlie Adlard }} |developer = [[Frank Darabont]] |starring = {{Plainlist| *[[Andrew Lincoln]] *Jon Bernthal *[[Sarah Wayne Callies]] *Laurie Holden *Jeffrey DeMunn *[[Steven Yeun]] *Chandler Riggs *[[Norman Reedus]] *[[Lauren Cohan]] *[[Danai Gurira]] *Michael Rooker *David Morrissey *Melissa McBride *Scott Wilson *Michael Cudlitz *Emily Kinney *Chad L. Coleman *Lennie James *Sonequa Martin-Green }} |composer = Bear McCreary |country = Unitit States |language = Inglis |num_seasons = 11 |num_episodes = 177 |list_episodes = Leet o The Walking Dead episodes |executive_producer = {{Plain list | *Frank Darabont *Gale Anne Hurd *David Alpert *Robert Kirkman *Charles H. Eglee *Glen Mazzara *Scott M. Gimple *Greg Nicotero *Tom Luse }} |producer = {{Plain list | *Jolly Dale *Caleb Womble *Paul Gadd *Heather Bellson }} |editor= {{Plain list | *Julius Ramsay *Hunter M. Via *Avi Youabian *Dan Liu *Nathan Gunn *Rachel Goodlett Katz *Kelley Dixon }} |location = [[Georgie (U.S. state)|Georgie]] |cinematography = {{Plain list | *Rohn Schmidt *David Boyd *Michael E. Satrazemis *Stephen Campbell *David Tattersall }} |runtime = 42–67 minutes |company = {{Plain list | *AMC Studios *Circle o Confusion *Valhalla Entertainment *Idiot Box Productions }} |distributor = |picture_format = 1080i (16:9 [[HDTV]]) |audio_format = {{ubl|Dolby Digital 5.1 (DVD)|Dolby TrueHD 5.1 (Blu-ray)|Dolby TrueHD 7.1 (Blu-ray)}} |first_aired = {{Start date|2010|10|31}} |last_aired = present |related = {{ubl|''Talking Dead''|''[[Fear the Walking Dead]]''}} |website = http://www.amctv.com/shows/the-walking-dead |website_title = Offeecial wabsteid |channel = [[AMC (TV channel)|AMC]] }} '''''The Walking Dead''''' is an American horror [[drama]] telly series developed bi [[Frank Darabont]], based on the [[The Walking Dead (comic beuk)|comic beuk series o the same nem]] bi [[Robert Kirkman]], Tony Moore, an Charlie Adlard. [[Andrew Lincoln]] plays the shaw's lead chairacter, sheriff's deputy Rick Grimes,<ref name="Sheriff'sDeputy">{{cite web|url=http://www.amctv.com/shows/the-walking-dead/cast/rick-grimes|title=Rick Grimes|publisher=AMC|accessdate=March 29, 2012 | quote =a small-town sheriff's deputy}}</ref> that waukens frae a coma tae find a warld owerrun bi [[zombie]]s, that are aften cried "walkers".<ref name="amc">{{cite web|title=The Walking Dead|url=http://www.amc.com/shows/the-walking-dead|publisher=AMC|accessdate=July 7, 2015|archive-date=2015-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150809080319/http://www.amc.com/shows/the-walking-dead|url-status=dead}}</ref> Grimes finds his faimily again an becomes the heid o a group he forms wi ither survivors. Thegither thay struggle tae survive an adapt in a post-apocalyptic warld fillt wi walkers an opponin groups o survivors, that are aften mair dangerous nor the walkers theirsels.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dreadcentral.com/news/38564/breaking-bad-director-michelle-maclaren-talks-the-walking-dead|title=Breaking Bad Director Michelle MacLaren Talks The Walking Dead|work=Dread Central |author=Miska, Brad |date=July 5, 2010|accessdate=July 15, 2010}}</ref> The series stairtit on AMC on 31 October 2010.<ref name="premiere">{{cite web |url=http://blogs.amctv.com/the-walking-dead/2010/08/premiere-comic-con-trailer-video.php |title=''The Walking Dead'' Premieres Halloween; Comic-Con Trailer Now Online |publisher=AMC |date=August 24, 2010 |access-date=August 24, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827121235/http://blogs.amctv.com/the-walking-dead/2010/08/premiere-comic-con-trailer-video.php |archive-date=August 27, 2010}}</ref> It ran for eleiven saisons, the last o them in 2021–22.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Walking Dead announced to launch on Disney+ |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/ustv/a36485674/walking-dead-uk-premiere-disney-plus-star/ |last=Warner |first=Sam |work=Digital Spy |date=May 20, 2021 |access-date=May 20, 2021 |archive-date=May 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520164043/https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/ustv/a36485674/walking-dead-uk-premiere-disney-plus-star/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Walking Dead, The}} [[Category:The Walking Dead|* TV series]] [[Category:2010 televeesion series debuts]] [[Category:2010s American televeesion series]] [[Category:AMC (TV channel) network shaws]] [[Category:American drama televeesion series]] [[Category:Inglis-leid televeesion programmes]] [[Category:American horror feection televeesion series]] [[Category:Nonlinear narrative televeesion series]] [[Category:Serial drama televeesion series]] [[Category:Televeesion programmes based on comics]] [[Category:Televeesion series bi Entertainment One]] [[Category:Televeesion shaws filmed in Georgie (U.S. state)]] [[Category:Televeesion shaws set in Georgie (U.S. state)]] [[Category:Televeesion shaws set in Virginie]] [[Category:Wirks bi Frank Darabont]] [[Category:Zombies in televeesion]] t7i4mz2wpbzga7jk0c2t7kv35kxeoa2 927112 927061 2026-11-08T22:48:44Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927112 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox televeesion |show_name = The Walking Dead |image = The Walking Dead title card.jpg |caption = Title caird frae series 1–2 |genre = {{Plainlist | * Serial drama<ref>{{cite web|last=Stelter|first=Brian|authorlink=Brian Stelter|title=At AMC, Two Character Dramas Just One Hit|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/15/business/media/15amc.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=December 28, 2013|date=November 14, 2010}}</ref> * [[Horror fiction|Horror]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/movie/the-walking-dead-tv-series-v527037|publisher=AllMovie|title=The Walking Dead [TV Series]|accessdate=March 4, 2014|author=Seibert, Perry}}</ref> * Zombie apocalypse}} |based_on = {{Plainlist | * ''[[The Walking Dead (comic beuk)|The Walking Dead]]'' * bi [[Robert Kirkman]] * Tony Moore * Charlie Adlard }} |developer = [[Frank Darabont]] |starring = {{Plainlist| *[[Andrew Lincoln]] *Jon Bernthal *[[Sarah Wayne Callies]] *Laurie Holden *Jeffrey DeMunn *[[Steven Yeun]] *Chandler Riggs *[[Norman Reedus]] *[[Lauren Cohan]] *[[Danai Gurira]] *Michael Rooker *David Morrissey *Melissa McBride *Scott Wilson *Michael Cudlitz *Emily Kinney *Chad L. Coleman *Lennie James *Sonequa Martin-Green }} |composer = Bear McCreary |country = Unitit States |language = Inglis |num_seasons = 11 |num_episodes = 177 |list_episodes = Leet o The Walking Dead episodes |executive_producer = {{Plain list | *Frank Darabont *Gale Anne Hurd *David Alpert *Robert Kirkman *Charles H. Eglee *Glen Mazzara *Scott M. Gimple *Greg Nicotero *Tom Luse }} |producer = {{Plain list | *Jolly Dale *Caleb Womble *Paul Gadd *Heather Bellson }} |editor= {{Plain list | *Julius Ramsay *Hunter M. Via *Avi Youabian *Dan Liu *Nathan Gunn *Rachel Goodlett Katz *Kelley Dixon }} |location = [[Georgie (U.S. state)|Georgie]] |cinematography = {{Plain list | *Rohn Schmidt *David Boyd *Michael E. Satrazemis *Stephen Campbell *David Tattersall }} |runtime = 42–67 minutes |company = {{Plain list | *AMC Studios *Circle o Confusion *Valhalla Entertainment *Idiot Box Productions }} |distributor = |picture_format = 1080i (16:9 [[HDTV]]) |audio_format = {{ubl|Dolby Digital 5.1 (DVD)|Dolby TrueHD 5.1 (Blu-ray)|Dolby TrueHD 7.1 (Blu-ray)}} |first_aired = {{Start date|2010|10|31}} |last_aired = present |related = {{ubl|''Talking Dead''|''[[Fear the Walking Dead]]''}} |website = http://www.amctv.com/shows/the-walking-dead |website_title = Offeecial wabsteid |channel = [[AMC (TV channel)|AMC]] }} '''''The Walking Dead''''' is an American horror [[drama]] telly series developed bi [[Frank Darabont]], based on the [[The Walking Dead (comic beuk)|comic beuk series o the same nem]] bi [[Robert Kirkman]], Tony Moore, an Charlie Adlard. [[Andrew Lincoln]] plays the shaw's lead chairacter, sheriff's deputy Rick Grimes,<ref name="Sheriff'sDeputy">{{cite web|url=http://www.amctv.com/shows/the-walking-dead/cast/rick-grimes|title=Rick Grimes|publisher=AMC|accessdate=March 29, 2012 | quote =a small-town sheriff's deputy}}</ref> that waukens frae a coma tae find a warld owerrun bi [[zombie]]s, that are aften cried "walkers".<ref name="amc">{{cite web|title=The Walking Dead|url=http://www.amc.com/shows/the-walking-dead|publisher=AMC|accessdate=July 7, 2015|archive-date=2015-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150809080319/http://www.amc.com/shows/the-walking-dead|url-status=dead}}</ref> Grimes finds his faimily again an becomes the heid o a group he forms wi ither survivors. Thegither thay struggle tae survive an adapt in a post-apocalyptic warld fillt wi walkers an opponin groups o survivors, that are aften mair dangerous nor the walkers theirsels.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dreadcentral.com/news/38564/breaking-bad-director-michelle-maclaren-talks-the-walking-dead|title=Breaking Bad Director Michelle MacLaren Talks The Walking Dead|work=Dread Central |author=Miska, Brad |date=July 5, 2010|accessdate=July 15, 2010}}</ref> The series stairtit on AMC on 31 October 2010.<ref name="premiere">{{cite web |url=http://blogs.amctv.com/the-walking-dead/2010/08/premiere-comic-con-trailer-video.php |title=''The Walking Dead'' Premieres Halloween; Comic-Con Trailer Now Online |publisher=AMC |date=August 24, 2010 |access-date=August 24, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827121235/http://blogs.amctv.com/the-walking-dead/2010/08/premiere-comic-con-trailer-video.php |archive-date=August 27, 2010}}</ref> It ran for eleiven saisons, the last o them in 2021–22.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Walking Dead announced to launch on Disney+ |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/ustv/a36485674/walking-dead-uk-premiere-disney-plus-star/ |last=Warner |first=Sam |work=Digital Spy |date=May 20, 2021 |access-date=May 20, 2021 |archive-date=May 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520164043/https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/ustv/a36485674/walking-dead-uk-premiere-disney-plus-star/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Walking Dead, The}} [[Category:The Walking Dead|* TV series]] [[Category:2010 televeesion series debuts]] [[Category:2010s American televeesion series]] [[Category:AMC (TV channel) network shaws]] [[Category:American drama televeesion series]] [[Category:Inglis-leid televeesion programmes]] [[Category:American horror feection televeesion series]] [[Category:Nonlinear narrative televeesion series]] [[Category:Serial drama televeesion series]] [[Category:Televeesion programmes based on comics]] [[Category:Televeesion series bi Entertainment One]] [[Category:Televeesion shaws filmed in Georgie (U.S. state)]] [[Category:Televeesion shaws set in Georgie (U.S. state)]] [[Category:Televeesion shaws set in Virginie]] [[Category:Wirks bi Frank Darabont]] [[Category:Zombies in televeesion]] hes05jasi09u1pzubx3f9xo1mkos4t7 0 156364 926919 888790 2026-11-08T20:46:48Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 926919 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox information appliance | name = Nintendo Switch | logo = Nintendo Switch logo.svg <!-- please consult talk page discussion topic on the logo before any change is made --> | logo_size = 150px <!-- "Default is 250px. Must not normally be changed." per template page, adjusted for size --> | image = [[File:Nintendo-Switch-Console-Docked-wJoyConRB.jpg|300px|frameless]] [[File:Nintendo-Switch-wJoyCons-BlRd-Standing-FL.png|300px|rameless]] | caption = A Nintendo Switch console in docked mode (abuin) an portable mode (ablo) | title = Nintendo Switch | releasedate = {{Video game release|WW|3 Mairch 2017}} | aka = NX <small>(codename)</small> <!-- Do not change this. The console's codename is officially known as "NX", not "Project NX". --> | developer = [[Nintendo]] | manufacturer = [[Nintendo PTD]] | family = | type = [[Hybrid video gemme console]] | generation = <!-- Do not fill this field. Any changes to this WILL be reverted UNLESS a reliable source is provided ON THE TALK PAGE so we can gather consensus. --> | lifespan = 2017–present | discontinued = | media = {{collapsible list|titlestyle=font-weight:normal;background:transparent;text-align:left|title=Physical an digital| * [[Nintendo gemme caird|Gemme Caird]] * [[Deegital distribution in video gemmes|Digital distribution]] <small>([[Nintendo eShop]])</small>}} | os = [[Nintendo Switch seestem saftware]] | power = 4310 mAh [[lithium-ion battery]] | soc = Custom [[Tegra|Nvidia Tegra]] (20 nm) <ref>{{cite web|author1=Leadbetter, Richard|title=New performance mode boosts Switch mobile clocks by 25 per cent|url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/digitalfoundry-2017-new-performance-mode-boosts-handheld-switch-clocks-by-25-per-cent|accessdate=February 25, 2017}}</ref> | cpu = Octa-core (4×[[ARM Cortex-A57]] & 4×[[ARM Cortex-A53]]) @ 1.020 GHz | memory = 4 GB LPDDR4 | storage = Internal [[flash memory]]: 32&nbsp;[[Gigabyte|GB]] | memory card = [[microSD]]/[[microSDHC]]/[[microSDXC]] up tae 2 [[Terabyte|TB]] | display = 6.2-inch, 1280 × 720 LCD @ 237 [[Pixel density|ppi]] | graphics = {{unbulleted list|Up tae [[1080p|1080p (1920 × 1080)]] while docked|Up tae [[720p]] while undocked}} | sound = Linear PCM 5.1ch (via HDMI)<br/>Stereo speakers<br />Headphone jack | input = | controllers = Joy-Con, Pro Controller | camera = | touchpad = [[Capacitive touchscreen|Capacitive]] | connectivity = 2.4/5 GHz [[IEEE 802.11ac|802.11ac]] [[Wi-Fi]]<br />[[Bluetooth 4.1]]<br />1 × [[USB 3.0]] <small>(on dock)</small><br />2 × [[USB 2.0]] <small>(on dock)</small><br />1 × [[USB-C|USB Type-C]] <small>(on unit)</small> | platform = | dimensions = {{convert|9.41 × 4.02 × 0.55 | in | cm }} (Console only) | weight = {{convert|10.48|oz|g}} (Console only) | compatibility= <!--[[Virtual Console]] - Nintendo is not yet confirmed how VC might work yet--> | predecessor = [[Wii U]]<!-- Do not add 3DS as a predecessor. Any changes to this WILL be reverted UNLESS a reliable source is provided ON THE TALK PAGE so we can gather consensus. --> | successor = <!-- Do not add any Nintendo console as a successor. Any changes to this WILL be reverted UNLESS a reliable source is provided ON THE TALK PAGE so we can gather consensus. --> | related = [[Nintendo Switch Lite]] | website = {{URL|https://www.nintendo.com/switch/}} | price = {{ubl|[[Unitit States dollar|US$]]299.99|[[Japanese yen|JP¥]]29,980|[[Poond sterling|£]]279.99|[[Euro|€]]329.99|[[Australie dollar|AU$]]469.95}} | units sold = <!-- Nintendo only reports shipped units --> | units shipped = {{Plainlist| '''Combined''': 41.67 million * Switch: 39.7 million * Switch Lite: 1.95 million ({{as of|2019|9|30|df=US|lc=y}}) }} | service = {{Unbulleted list|[[Nintendo eShop]]|[[Nintendo Switch Online]]}} | topgame = ''[[Mario Kart 8 Deluxe]]'' ({{Nowrap|19.01 million}} {{as of|2019|09|30|df=US|lc=y}})<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/en/finance/hard_soft/index.html |title=Dedicated Video Game Sales Units |website=[[Nintendo]] |date=September 30, 2019 |accessdate=October 31, 2019}}</ref> }} {{nihongo|'''Nintendo Switch'''|ニンテンドースイッチ|Nintendō Suitchi|lead=yes}} is a [[video gemme console]] bi [[Nintendo]]. Officially unveiled in October 2016, it wis released warldwide on 3 Mairch 2017. Nintendo Switch is a hybrid device; the Switch console is a [[tablet computer|tablet]]-lik [[Haundheld gemme console|portable console]], that can be insertit intae a [[dockin station]] attached tae a telly tae uise it as a [[hame video gemme console|hame console]]. Even sae, Nintendo still mercats the Switch as mainly a hame console raither nor a portable.<ref name="polygon-homefirst">{{cite web|title=Nintendo: Switch is a home gaming system ‘first and foremost’|url=http://www.polygon.com/2016/10/20/13347910/nintendo-switch-home-gaming-system|website=Polygon|accessdate=20 October 2016}}</ref> The Switch haes twa detachable wireless controllers, that can be uised on their ain or attached tae a grip tae gie a traditional [[gamepad]] form. ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:2010s toys]] [[Category:2017 in video gemmin]] [[Category:ARM-based video gemme consoles]] [[Category:2017 introductions]] [[Category:Hame video gemme consoles]] [[Category:Haundheld gemme consoles]] [[Category:Nintendo Switch| ]] [[Category:Products introduced in 2017]] [[Category:Regionless gemme consoles]] r8kl9cv5ao4r88w5y4an45vmpz8zaj8 0 157522 927041 884725 2026-11-08T22:24:33Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; early life an warks addit, soorced 927041 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | image = George R. R. Martin by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg | caption = George R. R. Martin in 2016 | birth_name = George Raymond Martin | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1948|9|20|}} | birth_place = Bayonne, New Jersey, Unitit States | occupation = {{Hlist | [[Novelist]] | short story writer | [[screenwriter]]}} | nationality = American | alma_mater = Northwastren Varsity | genre = {{Hlist | [[Science feection]] | [[Horror feection|horror]] | [[Fantasie|fantasy]]}} | notableworks = ''[[A Song of Ice and Fire]]'' | spouse = {{marriage|Gale Burnick|1975|1979|end=divorced}}<br>{{marriage|Parris McBride|2011}} | signature = George_R._R._Martin_signature.svg | website = {{URL|http://www.georgerrmartin.com/}} <!--| net worth = {{gain}} $15 million--> <!--| Height = <span style="white-space: nowrap"> 5 ft 2 in (1.57.13 m) </span>--> <!--| influences = {{Hlist | [[J. R. R. Tolkien]] | [[Robert A. Heinlein]] | [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]] | [[H. P. Lovecraft]] | [[Robert E. Howard]] | [[Stan Lee]] | [[William Faulkner]] | [[Roger Zelazny]] | Bernard Cornwell | [[Jack Vance]] | George MacDonald Fraser<ref>{{cite web|title=George R. R. Martin Webchat Transcript|url=http://www.empireonline.com/interviews/interview.asp?IID=1496|publisher=Empire Online|accessdate=July 22, 2013|archive-date=2015-10-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004082931/http://www.empireonline.com/interviews/interview.asp?IID=1496|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}--> <!--| influenced = {{Hlist Daniel Abraham | Scott Lynch | David Anthony Durham | Damon Lindelof<ref name="Blip; Kevin Pollak Chat Show">{{cite web|url=http://blip.tv/kevin-pollaks-chat-show/kpcs-damon-lindelof-117-5318730|title=KPCS: Damon Lindelof #117|publisher=Blip.tv|date=June 27, 2011|accessdate=October 29, 2012|archive-date=2012-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729235951/http://blip.tv/kevin-pollaks-chat-show/kpcs-damon-lindelof-117-5318730|url-status=dead}}</ref> | Joe Abercrombie}}--> }} '''George Raymond Richard Martin'''<ref name="middlename">{{cite web |last=Richards |first=Linda |url=http://januarymagazine.com/profiles/grrmartin.html |title=January interview: George R.R. Martin |publisher=januarymagazine.com |date=January 2001 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/66ff9Skfe?url=http://januarymagazine.com/profiles/grrmartin.html |archivedate=2012-04-04 |deadurl=no |accessdate=January 21, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> (born '''George Raymond Martin'''; September 20, 1948), kent as '''GRRM''' an aw,<ref name="grrm">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesrecordnews.com/news/2011/sep/22/quest-into-world-of-fantasy-books-can-be-hobbit/|title=Choate: Quest into world of fantasy books can be hobbit-forming|last=Choate|first=Trish|date=September 22, 2011|work=Times Record News|accessdate=February 28, 2012|archive-date=2013-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409090228/http://www.timesrecordnews.com/news/2011/sep/22/quest-into-world-of-fantasy-books-can-be-hobbit/|url-status=dead}}</ref> is an American [[novelist]] an [[short story|short-story]] writer o [[Fantasie|fantasy]], [[horror feection|horror]] an [[science feection]], an a screenwriter an telly producer. He is best kent for his series o [[epic fantasy]] novels, ''[[A Song of Ice and Fire]]'', that wis selt aw ower the warld an wis makkit intae the [[HBO]] drama series ''[[Game of Thrones]]'' (2011–2019) an its prequel ''House of the Dragon''. He helpit stairt the ''Wild Cards'' anthology series an aw. In 2005 Lev Grossman o ''Time'' cried him "the American Tolkien".<ref name=time_american_tolkien>{{cite news|last=Grossman |first=Lev |author-link=Lev Grossman |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1129596,00.html |title=Books: The American Tolkien | magazine=Time | issn=2169-1665 |date=November 13, 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229125934/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C1129596%2C00.html |archive-date=December 29, 2008 |url-status=dead |access-date=August 2, 2014 }}</ref> ==Early life== Martin wis born on September 20, 1948, in Bayonne, New Jersey. His faither, Raymond Collins, wis a dockwirker.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://georgerrmartin.com/life/ |title=Life & Times of George R.R. Martin|website= George R.R. Martin (official website)|access-date=February 27, 2012}}</ref> ==Warks== ''A Song of Ice and Fire'': * ''A Game of Thrones'' (1996) * ''A Clash of Kings'' (1998) * ''A Storm of Swords'' (2000) * ''A Feast for Crows'' (2005) * ''A Dance with Dragons'' (2011) Ither novels: * ''Dying of the Light'' (1977) * ''Fevre Dream'' (1982) * ''The Armageddon Rag'' (1983) * ''Fire & Blood'' (2018)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/apr/25/george-rr-martin-winds-winter-not-coming-2018-sixth-volume-game-thrones-targaryen|title=George RR Martin: a new Game of Thrones book is coming ...|last=Flood|first=Alison|date=April 26, 2018|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=April 27, 2018}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Martin, George R. R.}} [[Category:1948 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:20t-century American novelists]] [[Category:21st-century American novelists]] [[Category:A Song of Ice and Fire]] [[Category:Game of Thrones (TV series)]] [[Category:American agnostics]] [[Category:American bloggers]] [[Category:American conscientious objectors]] [[Category:American enterteenment industry businessfowk]] [[Category:American fantasy writers]] [[Category:American horror writers]] [[Category:American science feection writers]] [[Category:American televeesion producers]] [[Category:American televeesion writers]] [[Category:American fowk o Inglis strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o French strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o German strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Italian strynd]] [[Category:Hugo Awaird-winnin writers]] [[Category:Nebula Awaird winners]] [[Category:New Mexico Democrats]] [[Category:Male televeesion writers]] [[Category:Medill School of Journalism alumni]] [[Category:Writers frae Bayonne, New Jersey]] [[Category:Writers frae Santa Fe, New Mexico]] [[Category:Fowk frae Bernalillo Coonty, New Mexico]] [[Category:Science feection fans]] [[Category:VISTA volunteers]] [[Category:Umwhile Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Clarke Varsity faculty an staff]] [[Category:Theatre ainers]] [[Category:American male novelists]] [[Category:American male screenwriters]] [[Category:American male short story writers]] [[Category:20t-century American writers]] [[Category:21st-century American short story writers]] 112kakysawzhpd88rkwq8cmairagt39 927044 927041 2026-11-08T22:25:52Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927044 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | image = George R. R. Martin by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg | caption = George R. R. Martin in 2016 | birth_name = George Raymond Martin | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1948|9|20|}} | birth_place = Bayonne, New Jersey, U.S. | occupation = {{Hlist | [[Novelist]] | short story writer | [[screenwriter]]}} | nationality = American | alma_mater = Northwastren University | genre = {{Hlist | [[Science feection]] | [[Horror feection|horror]] | [[Fantasie|fantasy]]}} | notableworks = ''[[A Song of Ice and Fire]]'' | spouse = {{marriage|Gale Burnick|1975|1979|end=divorced}}<br>{{marriage|Parris McBride|2011}} | signature = George_R._R._Martin_signature.svg | website = {{URL|http://www.georgerrmartin.com/}} <!--| net worth = {{gain}} $15 million--> <!--| Height = <span style="white-space: nowrap"> 5 ft 2 in (1.57.13 m) </span>--> <!--| influences = {{Hlist | [[J. R. R. Tolkien]] | [[Robert A. Heinlein]] | [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]] | [[H. P. Lovecraft]] | [[Robert E. Howard]] | [[Stan Lee]] | [[William Faulkner]] | [[Roger Zelazny]] | Bernard Cornwell | [[Jack Vance]] | George MacDonald Fraser<ref>{{cite web|title=George R. R. Martin Webchat Transcript|url=http://www.empireonline.com/interviews/interview.asp?IID=1496|publisher=Empire Online|accessdate=July 22, 2013|archive-date=2015-10-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004082931/http://www.empireonline.com/interviews/interview.asp?IID=1496|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}--> <!--| influenced = {{Hlist Daniel Abraham | Scott Lynch | David Anthony Durham | Damon Lindelof<ref name="Blip; Kevin Pollak Chat Show">{{cite web|url=http://blip.tv/kevin-pollaks-chat-show/kpcs-damon-lindelof-117-5318730|title=KPCS: Damon Lindelof #117|publisher=Blip.tv|date=June 27, 2011|accessdate=October 29, 2012|archive-date=2012-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729235951/http://blip.tv/kevin-pollaks-chat-show/kpcs-damon-lindelof-117-5318730|url-status=dead}}</ref> | Joe Abercrombie}}--> }} '''George Raymond Richard Martin'''<ref name="middlename">{{cite web |last=Richards |first=Linda |url=http://januarymagazine.com/profiles/grrmartin.html |title=January interview: George R.R. Martin |publisher=januarymagazine.com |date=January 2001 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/66ff9Skfe?url=http://januarymagazine.com/profiles/grrmartin.html |archivedate=2012-04-04 |deadurl=no |accessdate=January 21, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> (born '''George Raymond Martin'''; September 20, 1948), kent as '''GRRM''' an aw,<ref name="grrm">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesrecordnews.com/news/2011/sep/22/quest-into-world-of-fantasy-books-can-be-hobbit/|title=Choate: Quest into world of fantasy books can be hobbit-forming|last=Choate|first=Trish|date=September 22, 2011|work=Times Record News|accessdate=February 28, 2012|archive-date=2013-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409090228/http://www.timesrecordnews.com/news/2011/sep/22/quest-into-world-of-fantasy-books-can-be-hobbit/|url-status=dead}}</ref> is an American [[novelist]] an [[short story|short-story]] writer o [[Fantasie|fantasy]], [[horror feection|horror]] an [[science feection]], an a screenwriter an telly producer. He is best kent for his series o [[epic fantasy]] novels, ''[[A Song of Ice and Fire]]'', that wis selt aw ower the warld an wis makkit intae the [[HBO]] drama series ''[[Game of Thrones]]'' (2011–2019) an its prequel ''House of the Dragon''. He helpit stairt the ''Wild Cards'' anthology series an aw. In 2005 Lev Grossman o ''Time'' cried him "the American Tolkien".<ref name=time_american_tolkien>{{cite news|last=Grossman |first=Lev |author-link=Lev Grossman |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1129596,00.html |title=Books: The American Tolkien | magazine=Time | issn=2169-1665 |date=November 13, 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229125934/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C1129596%2C00.html |archive-date=December 29, 2008 |url-status=dead |access-date=August 2, 2014 }}</ref> ==Early life== Martin wis born on September 20, 1948, in Bayonne, New Jersey. His faither, Raymond Collins, wis a dockwirker.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://georgerrmartin.com/life/ |title=Life & Times of George R.R. Martin|website= George R.R. Martin (official website)|access-date=February 27, 2012}}</ref> ==Warks== ''A Song of Ice and Fire'': * ''A Game of Thrones'' (1996) * ''A Clash of Kings'' (1998) * ''A Storm of Swords'' (2000) * ''A Feast for Crows'' (2005) * ''A Dance with Dragons'' (2011) Ither novels: * ''Dying of the Light'' (1977) * ''Fevre Dream'' (1982) * ''The Armageddon Rag'' (1983) * ''Fire & Blood'' (2018)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/apr/25/george-rr-martin-winds-winter-not-coming-2018-sixth-volume-game-thrones-targaryen|title=George RR Martin: a new Game of Thrones book is coming ...|last=Flood|first=Alison|date=April 26, 2018|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=April 27, 2018}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Martin, George R. R.}} [[Category:1948 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:20t-century American novelists]] [[Category:21st-century American novelists]] [[Category:A Song of Ice and Fire]] [[Category:Game of Thrones (TV series)]] [[Category:American agnostics]] [[Category:American bloggers]] [[Category:American conscientious objectors]] [[Category:American enterteenment industry businessfowk]] [[Category:American fantasy writers]] [[Category:American horror writers]] [[Category:American science feection writers]] [[Category:American televeesion producers]] [[Category:American televeesion writers]] [[Category:American fowk o Inglis strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o French strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o German strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Italian strynd]] [[Category:Hugo Awaird-winnin writers]] [[Category:Nebula Awaird winners]] [[Category:New Mexico Democrats]] [[Category:Male televeesion writers]] [[Category:Medill School of Journalism alumni]] [[Category:Writers frae Bayonne, New Jersey]] [[Category:Writers frae Santa Fe, New Mexico]] [[Category:Fowk frae Bernalillo Coonty, New Mexico]] [[Category:Science feection fans]] [[Category:VISTA volunteers]] [[Category:Umwhile Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Clarke Varsity faculty an staff]] [[Category:Theatre ainers]] [[Category:American male novelists]] [[Category:American male screenwriters]] [[Category:American male short story writers]] [[Category:20t-century American writers]] [[Category:21st-century American short story writers]] qe7ow049qakj1o3awa9vaw9ate24c4m 927046 927044 2026-11-08T22:27:13Z Monospaced 75295 Fantasy links pointit at Fantasy 927046 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | image = George R. R. Martin by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg | caption = George R. R. Martin in 2016 | birth_name = George Raymond Martin | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1948|9|20|}} | birth_place = Bayonne, New Jersey, Unitit States | occupation = {{Hlist | [[Novelist]] | short story writer | [[screenwriter]]}} | nationality = American | alma_mater = Northwastren Varsity | genre = {{Hlist | [[Science feection]] | [[Horror feection|horror]] | [[Fantasy|fantasy]]}} | notableworks = ''[[A Song of Ice and Fire]]'' | spouse = {{marriage|Gale Burnick|1975|1979|end=divorced}}<br>{{marriage|Parris McBride|2011}} | signature = George_R._R._Martin_signature.svg | website = {{URL|http://www.georgerrmartin.com/}} <!--| net worth = {{gain}} $15 million--> <!--| Height = <span style="white-space: nowrap"> 5 ft 2 in (1.57.13 m) </span>--> <!--| influences = {{Hlist | [[J. R. R. Tolkien]] | [[Robert A. Heinlein]] | [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]] | [[H. P. Lovecraft]] | [[Robert E. Howard]] | [[Stan Lee]] | [[William Faulkner]] | [[Roger Zelazny]] | Bernard Cornwell | [[Jack Vance]] | George MacDonald Fraser<ref>{{cite web|title=George R. R. Martin Webchat Transcript|url=http://www.empireonline.com/interviews/interview.asp?IID=1496|publisher=Empire Online|accessdate=July 22, 2013|archive-date=2015-10-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004082931/http://www.empireonline.com/interviews/interview.asp?IID=1496|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}--> <!--| influenced = {{Hlist Daniel Abraham | Scott Lynch | David Anthony Durham | Damon Lindelof<ref name="Blip; Kevin Pollak Chat Show">{{cite web|url=http://blip.tv/kevin-pollaks-chat-show/kpcs-damon-lindelof-117-5318730|title=KPCS: Damon Lindelof #117|publisher=Blip.tv|date=June 27, 2011|accessdate=October 29, 2012|archive-date=2012-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729235951/http://blip.tv/kevin-pollaks-chat-show/kpcs-damon-lindelof-117-5318730|url-status=dead}}</ref> | Joe Abercrombie}}--> }} '''George Raymond Richard Martin'''<ref name="middlename">{{cite web |last=Richards |first=Linda |url=http://januarymagazine.com/profiles/grrmartin.html |title=January interview: George R.R. Martin |publisher=januarymagazine.com |date=January 2001 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/66ff9Skfe?url=http://januarymagazine.com/profiles/grrmartin.html |archivedate=2012-04-04 |deadurl=no |accessdate=January 21, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> (born '''George Raymond Martin'''; September 20, 1948), kent as '''GRRM''' an aw,<ref name="grrm">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesrecordnews.com/news/2011/sep/22/quest-into-world-of-fantasy-books-can-be-hobbit/|title=Choate: Quest into world of fantasy books can be hobbit-forming|last=Choate|first=Trish|date=September 22, 2011|work=Times Record News|accessdate=February 28, 2012|archive-date=2013-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409090228/http://www.timesrecordnews.com/news/2011/sep/22/quest-into-world-of-fantasy-books-can-be-hobbit/|url-status=dead}}</ref> is an American [[novelist]] an [[short story|short-story]] writer o [[Fantasy|fantasy]], [[horror feection|horror]] an [[science feection]], an a screenwriter an telly producer. He is best kent for his series o [[Fantasy|epic fantasy]] novels, ''[[A Song of Ice and Fire]]'', that wis selt aw ower the warld an wis makkit intae the [[HBO]] drama series ''[[Game of Thrones]]'' (2011–2019) an its prequel ''House of the Dragon''. He helpit stairt the ''Wild Cards'' anthology series an aw. In 2005 Lev Grossman o ''Time'' cried him "the American Tolkien".<ref name=time_american_tolkien>{{cite news|last=Grossman |first=Lev |author-link=Lev Grossman |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1129596,00.html |title=Books: The American Tolkien | magazine=Time | issn=2169-1665 |date=November 13, 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229125934/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C1129596%2C00.html |archive-date=December 29, 2008 |url-status=dead |access-date=August 2, 2014 }}</ref> ==Early life== Martin wis born on September 20, 1948, in Bayonne, New Jersey. His faither, Raymond Collins, wis a dockwirker.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://georgerrmartin.com/life/ |title=Life & Times of George R.R. Martin|website= George R.R. Martin (official website)|access-date=February 27, 2012}}</ref> ==Warks== ''A Song of Ice and Fire'': * ''A Game of Thrones'' (1996) * ''A Clash of Kings'' (1998) * ''A Storm of Swords'' (2000) * ''A Feast for Crows'' (2005) * ''A Dance with Dragons'' (2011) Ither novels: * ''Dying of the Light'' (1977) * ''Fevre Dream'' (1982) * ''The Armageddon Rag'' (1983) * ''Fire & Blood'' (2018)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/apr/25/george-rr-martin-winds-winter-not-coming-2018-sixth-volume-game-thrones-targaryen|title=George RR Martin: a new Game of Thrones book is coming ...|last=Flood|first=Alison|date=April 26, 2018|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=April 27, 2018}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Martin, George R. R.}} [[Category:1948 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:20t-century American novelists]] [[Category:21st-century American novelists]] [[Category:A Song of Ice and Fire]] [[Category:Game of Thrones (TV series)]] [[Category:American agnostics]] [[Category:American bloggers]] [[Category:American conscientious objectors]] [[Category:American enterteenment industry businessfowk]] [[Category:American fantasy writers]] [[Category:American horror writers]] [[Category:American science feection writers]] [[Category:American televeesion producers]] [[Category:American televeesion writers]] [[Category:American fowk o Inglis strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o French strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o German strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Italian strynd]] [[Category:Hugo Awaird-winnin writers]] [[Category:Nebula Awaird winners]] [[Category:New Mexico Democrats]] [[Category:Male televeesion writers]] [[Category:Medill School of Journalism alumni]] [[Category:Writers frae Bayonne, New Jersey]] [[Category:Writers frae Santa Fe, New Mexico]] [[Category:Fowk frae Bernalillo Coonty, New Mexico]] [[Category:Science feection fans]] [[Category:VISTA volunteers]] [[Category:Umwhile Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Clarke Varsity faculty an staff]] [[Category:Theatre ainers]] [[Category:American male novelists]] [[Category:American male screenwriters]] [[Category:American male short story writers]] [[Category:20t-century American writers]] [[Category:21st-century American short story writers]] cs2urako33p4r7jtgpfhiz4xo269uwo 927067 927046 2026-11-08T22:31:32Z CiphriusKane 74958 927067 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | image = George R. R. Martin by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg | caption = George R. R. Martin in 2016 | birth_name = George Raymond Martin | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1948|9|20|}} | birth_place = Bayonne, New Jersey, Unitit States | occupation = {{Hlist | [[Novelist]] | short story writer | [[screenwriter]]}} | nationality = American | alma_mater = Northwastren University | genre = {{Hlist | [[Science fiction]] | [[Horror fiction|horror]] | [[Fantasy]]}} | notableworks = ''[[A Song of Ice and Fire]]'' | spouse = {{marriage|Gale Burnick|1975|1979|end=divorced}}<br>{{marriage|Parris McBride|2011}} | signature = George_R._R._Martin_signature.svg | website = {{URL|http://www.georgerrmartin.com/}} <!--| net worth = {{gain}} $15 million--> <!--| Height = <span style="white-space: nowrap"> 5 ft 2 in (1.57.13 m) </span>--> <!--| influences = {{Hlist | [[J. R. R. Tolkien]] | [[Robert A. Heinlein]] | [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]] | [[H. P. Lovecraft]] | [[Robert E. Howard]] | [[Stan Lee]] | [[William Faulkner]] | [[Roger Zelazny]] | Bernard Cornwell | [[Jack Vance]] | George MacDonald Fraser<ref>{{cite web|title=George R. R. Martin Webchat Transcript|url=http://www.empireonline.com/interviews/interview.asp?IID=1496|publisher=Empire Online|accessdate=July 22, 2013|archive-date=2015-10-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004082931/http://www.empireonline.com/interviews/interview.asp?IID=1496|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}--> <!--| influenced = {{Hlist Daniel Abraham | Scott Lynch | David Anthony Durham | Damon Lindelof<ref name="Blip; Kevin Pollak Chat Show">{{cite web|url=http://blip.tv/kevin-pollaks-chat-show/kpcs-damon-lindelof-117-5318730|title=KPCS: Damon Lindelof #117|publisher=Blip.tv|date=June 27, 2011|accessdate=October 29, 2012|archive-date=2012-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729235951/http://blip.tv/kevin-pollaks-chat-show/kpcs-damon-lindelof-117-5318730|url-status=dead}}</ref> | Joe Abercrombie}}--> }} '''George Raymond Richard Martin'''<ref name="middlename">{{cite web |last=Richards |first=Linda |url=http://januarymagazine.com/profiles/grrmartin.html |title=January interview: George R.R. Martin |publisher=januarymagazine.com |date=January 2001 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/66ff9Skfe?url=http://januarymagazine.com/profiles/grrmartin.html |archivedate=2012-04-04 |deadurl=no |accessdate=January 21, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> (born '''George Raymond Martin'''; September 20, 1948), kent as '''GRRM''' an aw,<ref name="grrm">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesrecordnews.com/news/2011/sep/22/quest-into-world-of-fantasy-books-can-be-hobbit/|title=Choate: Quest into world of fantasy books can be hobbit-forming|last=Choate|first=Trish|date=September 22, 2011|work=Times Record News|accessdate=February 28, 2012|archive-date=2013-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409090228/http://www.timesrecordnews.com/news/2011/sep/22/quest-into-world-of-fantasy-books-can-be-hobbit/|url-status=dead}}</ref> is an American [[novelist]] an [[short story|short-story]] writer o [[fantasy]], [[horror fiction|horror]] an [[science fiction]], an a screenwriter an telly producer. He is best kent for his series o [[Fantasy|epic fantasy]] novels, ''[[A Song of Ice and Fire]]'', that wis selt aw ower the warld an wis makkit intae the [[HBO]] drama series ''[[Game of Thrones]]'' (2011–2019) an its prequel ''House of the Dragon''. He helpit stairt the ''Wild Cards'' anthology series an aw. In 2005 Lev Grossman o ''Time'' cried him "the American Tolkien".<ref name=time_american_tolkien>{{cite news|last=Grossman |first=Lev |author-link=Lev Grossman |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1129596,00.html |title=Books: The American Tolkien | magazine=Time | issn=2169-1665 |date=November 13, 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229125934/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C1129596%2C00.html |archive-date=December 29, 2008 |url-status=dead |access-date=August 2, 2014 }}</ref> ==Early life== Martin wis born on September 20, 1948, in Bayonne, New Jersey. His faither, Raymond Collins, wis a dockwirker.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://georgerrmartin.com/life/ |title=Life & Times of George R.R. Martin|website= George R.R. Martin (official website)|access-date=February 27, 2012}}</ref> ==Warks== ''A Song of Ice and Fire'': * ''A Game of Thrones'' (1996) * ''A Clash of Kings'' (1998) * ''A Storm of Swords'' (2000) * ''A Feast for Crows'' (2005) * ''A Dance with Dragons'' (2011) Ither novels: * ''Dying of the Light'' (1977) * ''Fevre Dream'' (1982) * ''The Armageddon Rag'' (1983) * ''Fire & Blood'' (2018)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/apr/25/george-rr-martin-winds-winter-not-coming-2018-sixth-volume-game-thrones-targaryen|title=George RR Martin: a new Game of Thrones book is coming ...|last=Flood|first=Alison|date=April 26, 2018|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=April 27, 2018}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Martin, George R. R.}} [[Category:1948 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:20t-century American novelists]] [[Category:21st-century American novelists]] [[Category:A Song of Ice and Fire]] [[Category:Game of Thrones (TV series)]] [[Category:American agnostics]] [[Category:American bloggers]] [[Category:American conscientious objectors]] [[Category:American enterteenment industry businessfowk]] [[Category:American fantasy writers]] [[Category:American horror writers]] [[Category:American science fiction writers]] [[Category:American televeesion producers]] [[Category:American televeesion writers]] [[Category:American fowk o Inglis strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o French strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o German strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Italian strynd]] [[Category:Hugo Awaird-winnin writers]] [[Category:Nebula Awaird winners]] [[Category:New Mexico Democrats]] [[Category:Male televeesion writers]] [[Category:Medill School of Journalism alumni]] [[Category:Writers frae Bayonne, New Jersey]] [[Category:Writers frae Santa Fe, New Mexico]] [[Category:Fowk frae Bernalillo Coonty, New Mexico]] [[Category:Science fiction fans]] [[Category:VISTA volunteers]] [[Category:Umwhile Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Clarke Varsity faculty an staff]] [[Category:Theatre ainers]] [[Category:American male novelists]] [[Category:American male screenwriters]] [[Category:American male short story writers]] [[Category:20t-century American writers]] [[Category:21st-century American short story writers]] 41x8lo50t4sskedygo6xph14d5ricmu 0 158340 926954 916267 2026-11-08T21:23:46Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; soorces addit 926954 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Cher | image = Cher - Casablanca.jpg | caption = Publicity photo of Cher, {{circa}} 1970s | birth_name = Cherilyn Sarkisian | alias = {{plainlist|Cheryl LaPiere<br>Cher Bono<br>Cherilyn Sarkisian LaPiere Bono Allman }} | birth_date = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1946|5|20}} | birth_place = [[El Centro, Californie]], U.S. | residence = | religion = | parents = {{ubl|[[Georgia Holt]]|John Sarkisian}} | spouse = {{plainlist| * {{marriage|[[Sonny Bono]]|1969|1975|reason=divorced}} * {{marriage|[[Gregg Allman]]|1975|1979|reason=divorced}} }} | children = {{plainlist| * [[Chaz Bono]] * [[Elijah Blue Allman]] }} | net_worth = | occupation = {{flatlist| * Sangster * actress * author * businesswoman * comedian * dancer * fashion designer * model * filanthropist * record producer * sangwriter * televeesion host }} | years_active = 1963{{ndash}}present | module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes | background = solo_singer | genre = {{flatlist| * [[Pop muisic|Pop]] * [[Dance muisic|dance]] * [[disco]] * [[Folk muisic|folk]] * [[Rock muisic|rock]] }} | instrument = Vocals | label = {{flatlist| * [[Atco Records|Atco]] * [[Casablanca Records|Casablanca]] * [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] * [[Geffen Records|Geffen]] * [[Imperial Records|Imperial]] * [[Kapp Records|Kapp]] * [[MCA Records|MCA]] * [[Warner Bros. Records|Warner Bros.]] * [[Warner Music Group|Wea]] }} | associated_acts = {{flatlist| * [[Sonny & Cher]] * Allman and Woman * Black Rose }} }} }} '''Cher''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ʃ|ɛər}}; born '''Cherilyn Sarkisian'''; 20 Mey 1946) is an American sangster an actress. Aften cried the "Goddess o Pop",<ref>{{cite news |first=Michael Andor |last=Brodeur |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/music/2013/09/23/album-review-cher-closer-truth/ULMSsWNd4TQFU0Ywth8sdM/story.html |title=Album Review: Cher, ''Closer to the Truth'' |newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] |date=September 24, 2013 |access-date=January 17, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124122911/http://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/music/2013/09/23/album-review-cher-closer-truth/ULMSsWNd4TQFU0Ywth8sdM/story.html |archive-date=January 24, 2016}}</ref> she is seen as standin for weemen's independence in an industry run bi men. She is kent for her contralto sangin vyce, for wirkin in monie pairts o entertainment, an for the monie styles an luiks she haes taen on in a career o sax decades. Cher gained popularity in 1965 as ane-hauf o the [[fowk rock]] guidman-an-guidwife duo [[Sonny & Cher]] efter their sang "[[I Got You Babe]]" got tae nummer ane on the American an Breetish chairts. Bi the end o 1967, thay haed sauld 40&nbsp;million records warldwide an haed becom, accordin tae ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine, rock's "it" couple.<ref name=time1998>{{cite journal|last=Bellafante|first=Ginia|authorlink=Ginia Bellafante|url=http://edition.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1998/01/12/time/Bellafante.html|title=Appreciation: The Sonny Side of Life|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=January 19, 1998|accessdate=January 16, 2016|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201195234/http://edition.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1998/01/12/time/Bellafante.html|archivedate=February 1, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref> She begoud her solo career at the same time, an in 1966 she released her first million-seller sang, "[[Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down)]]". She becam a telly personality in the 1970s wi her shaws ''[[The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour]]'', watcht bi ower 30 million viewers weekly in its three-year run, an ''[[Cher (TV series)|Cher]]''. She becam a fashion trendsetter bi weirin fancy ootfits on her telly shaws. While she wis wirkin on telly, Cher makkit her nem as a solo airtist wi the U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] chart-tappin singles "[[Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves]]", "[[Half-Breed (sang)|Half-Breed]]", an "[[Dark Lady (sang)|Dark Lady]]". Efter her divorce frae [[Sonny Bono]] in 1975, she launcht a comeback in 1979 wi the [[disco]] album ''[[Take Me Home (Cher album)|Take Me Home]]'' an earnt $300,000 a week for her 1980–1982 [[Cher in Concert#A Celebration at Caesars Palace|concert residency]] in Las Vegas. In 1982, Cher makkit her Broadway debut in the play ''[[Come Back to the Five and Dime, Jimmy Dean, Jimmy Dean (play)|Come Back to the Five and Dime, Jimmy Dean, Jimmy Dean]]'' an starned in its [[Come Back to the Five and Dime, Jimmy Dean, Jimmy Dean (film)|film adaptation]]. She syne got creetical praise for her pairts in films lik ''[[Silkwood]]'' (1983), ''[[Mask (1985 film)|Mask]]'' (1985), ''[[The Witches of Eastwick (film)|The Witches of Eastwick]]'' (1987) an ''[[Moonstruck]]'' (1987), an ''Moonstruck'' wan her the [[Academy Awaird for Best Actress]].<ref name=GoldenGlobes>{{cite web |url=http://www.goldenglobes.com/person/cher |title=Cher – Golden Globes |publisher=[[Hollywood Foreign Press Association]] |access-date=January 17, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226131525/http://www.goldenglobes.com/person/cher |archive-date=December 26, 2015}}</ref> She then revived her muisical career bi recordin the [[Rock muisic|rock]]-inflectit albums ''[[Cher (1987 album)|Cher]]'' (1987), ''[[Heart of Stone (Cher album)|Heart of Stone]]'' (1989) an ''[[Love Hurts (Cher album)|Love Hurts]]'' (1991), an aw o them gied successfu singles sic as [[I Found Someone#Cher version|"I Found Someone"]], "[[If I Could Turn Back Time]]" an "[[Love and Understanding]]". Cher hit a new commercial heich in 1998 wi the [[dance-pop]] album ''[[Believe (Cher album)|Believe]]'', an its [[Believe (Cher song)|title track]] becam the biggest-sellin single o aw time bi a female airtist in the UK. It wis ane o the first sangs tae uise [[Auto-Tune]], kent as the "Cher effect" forby. Her 2002–2005 [[Living Proof: The Farewell Tour]] becam ane o the heichest-grossin concert tours o aw time, earnin $250 million. In 2008, she signed a $180&nbsp;million deal tae heidline [[the Colosseum at Caesars Palace]] in Las Vegas fur three year. In 2018, Cher cam back tae film for her first on-screen role syne 2010's ''[[Burlesque (2010 American film)|Burlesque]]'', starnin in the muisical romantic comedy film ''[[Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again]]''. Inspired bi the film, the album ''[[Dancing Queen (album)|Dancing Queen]]'' (2018) debuted at nummer three on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]], tyin wi 2013's ''[[Closer to the Truth (Cher album)|Closer to the Truth]]'' for Cher's heichest-chairtin solo album in the U.S. Cher haes wan a [[Grammy Awaird]], an [[Emmy Awaird]], an [[Academy Awairds|Academy Awaird]], three [[Gowden Globe Awaird]]s, a [[Cannes Film Festival]] Awaird, an an awaird frae the [[Kennedy Center Honors]] an the [[Council of Fashion Designers of America]], amang several ither honours. She haes sauld 100 million records warldwide tae date, an she is ane o the best-sellin muisic airtists in history. She is the anerly airtist tae date tae hae a nummer-ane single on a ''Billboard'' chairt in sax consecutive decades, frae the 1960s tae the 2010s. Forby her muisic an actin, she is kent for her poleetical views, philanthropic activities, an social activism, amang them [[LGBT richts bi kintra or territory|LGBT richts]] an [[HIV/AIDS]] prevention. == Albums == * ''All I Really Want to Do'' (1965) * ''The Sonny Side of Chér'' (1966) * ''Chér'' (1966) * ''With Love, Chér'' (1967) * ''Backstage'' (1968) * ''3614 Jackson Highway'' (1969) * ''Chér / Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves'' (1971) * ''Foxy Lady'' (1972) * ''Bittersweet White Light'' (1973) * ''Half-Breed'' (1973) * ''Dark Lady'' (1974) * ''Stars'' (1975) * ''I'd Rather Believe in You'' (1976) * ''Cherished'' (1977) * ''Take Me Home'' (1979) * ''Prisoner'' (1979) * ''I Paralyze'' (1982) * ''Cher'' (1987) * ''Heart of Stone'' (1989) * ''Love Hurts'' (1991) * ''It's a Man's World'' (1995) * ''Believe'' (1998) * ''Not.com.mercial'' (2000) * ''Living Proof'' (2001) * ''Closer to the Truth'' (2013) * ''Dancing Queen'' (2018) * ''Christmas'' (2023) ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Cher]] <!-- Awaird winner --> [[Category:Best Actress Academy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Best Muisical or Comedy Actress Gowden Globe (film) winners]] [[Category:Best Muisical or Comedy Actress Gowden Globe (televeesion) winners]] [[Category:Best Supportin Actress Gowden Globe (film) winners]] [[Category:Grammy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Primetime Emmy Awaird winners]] <!-- Muisicker --> [[Category:American contraltos]] [[Category:American dance muisickers]] [[Category:American disco muisickers]] [[Category:American female pop sangsters]] [[Category:American female rock sangsters]] [[Category:American female sangster-sangwriters]] [[Category:American hoose muisickers]] [[Category:American pop rock sangsters]] [[Category:American record producers]] [[Category:Atco Records airtists]] [[Category:Atlantic Records airtists]] [[Category:Columbia Records airtists]] [[Category:Geffen Records airtists]] [[Category:Imperial Records airtists]] [[Category:MCA Records airtists]] [[Category:Warner Bros. Records airtists]] <!-- Actress --> [[Category:American film actresses]] [[Category:American televeesion actresses]] <!-- Birth --> [[Category:20t-century American actresses]] [[Category:20t-century American sangsters]] [[Category:21st-century American actresses]] [[Category:21st-century American sangsters]] [[Category:1946 births]] [[Category:Activists frae Californie]] [[Category:Actresses frae Los Angeles]] [[Category:American adoptees]] [[Category:American muisickers o Armenie strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Inglis strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o French strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o German strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:Californie Democrats]] [[Category:Echo (muisic awaird) winners]] [[Category:Kapp Records airtists]] [[Category:LGBT richts activists frae the Unitit States]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk diagnosed wi dyslexia]] [[Category:Fowk frae El Centro, Californie]] [[Category:Sangsters frae Los Angeles]] [[Category:Sonny & Cher]] [[Category:Torch sangsters]] [[Category:Academy Awaird winners]] [[Category:American actresses]] [[Category:Ethnic Armenie actresses]] {{stub}} nvk00zvuuhpf62amyajkmejwcx3svmo 926955 926954 2026-11-08T21:25:43Z Monospaced 75295 Red links tidied: minor anes unlinkit, genres, awairds an main fowk kept 926955 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Cher | image = Cher - Casablanca.jpg | caption = Publicity photo of Cher, {{circa}} 1970s | birth_name = Cherilyn Sarkisian | alias = {{plainlist|Cheryl LaPiere<br>Cher Bono<br>Cherilyn Sarkisian LaPiere Bono Allman }} | birth_date = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1946|5|20}} | birth_place = El Centro, [[Californie]], U.S. | residence = | religion = | parents = {{ubl|Georgia Holt|John Sarkisian}} | spouse = {{plainlist| * {{marriage|[[Sonny Bono]]|1969|1975|reason=divorced}} * {{marriage|[[Gregg Allman]]|1975|1979|reason=divorced}} }} | children = {{plainlist| * [[Chaz Bono]] * Elijah Blue Allman }} | net_worth = | occupation = {{flatlist| * Sangster * actress * author * businesswoman * comedian * dancer * fashion designer * model * filanthropist * record producer * sangwriter * televeesion host }} | years_active = 1963{{ndash}}present | module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes | background = solo_singer | genre = {{flatlist| * [[Pop muisic|Pop]] * [[Dance muisic|dance]] * [[disco]] * [[Folk muisic|folk]] * [[Rock muisic|rock]] }} | instrument = Vocals | label = {{flatlist| * Atco * Casablanca * Columbia * Geffen * Imperial * Kapp * MCA * Warner Bros. * Wea }} | associated_acts = {{flatlist| * [[Sonny & Cher]] * Allman and Woman * Black Rose }} }} }} '''Cher''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ʃ|ɛər}}; born '''Cherilyn Sarkisian'''; 20 Mey 1946) is an American sangster an actress. Aften cried the "Goddess o Pop",<ref>{{cite news |first=Michael Andor |last=Brodeur |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/music/2013/09/23/album-review-cher-closer-truth/ULMSsWNd4TQFU0Ywth8sdM/story.html |title=Album Review: Cher, ''Closer to the Truth'' |newspaper=The Boston Globe |date=September 24, 2013 |access-date=January 17, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124122911/http://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/music/2013/09/23/album-review-cher-closer-truth/ULMSsWNd4TQFU0Ywth8sdM/story.html |archive-date=January 24, 2016}}</ref> she is seen as standin for weemen's independence in an industry run bi men. She is kent for her contralto sangin vyce, for wirkin in monie pairts o entertainment, an for the monie styles an luiks she haes taen on in a career o sax decades. Cher gained popularity in 1965 as ane-hauf o the [[fowk rock]] guidman-an-guidwife duo [[Sonny & Cher]] efter their sang "[[I Got You Babe]]" got tae nummer ane on the American an Breetish chairts. Bi the end o 1967, thay haed sauld 40&nbsp;million records warldwide an haed becom, accordin tae ''Time'' magazine, rock's "it" couple.<ref name=time1998>{{cite journal|last=Bellafante|first=Ginia|authorlink=Ginia Bellafante|url=http://edition.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1998/01/12/time/Bellafante.html|title=Appreciation: The Sonny Side of Life|magazine=Time|date=January 19, 1998|accessdate=January 16, 2016|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201195234/http://edition.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1998/01/12/time/Bellafante.html|archivedate=February 1, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref> She begoud her solo career at the same time, an in 1966 she released her first million-seller sang, "Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down)". She becam a telly personality in the 1970s wi her shaws ''The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour'', watcht bi ower 30 million viewers weekly in its three-year run, an ''Cher''. She becam a fashion trendsetter bi weirin fancy ootfits on her telly shaws. While she wis wirkin on telly, Cher makkit her nem as a solo airtist wi the U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] chart-tappin singles "Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves", "Half-Breed", an "Dark Lady". Efter her divorce frae [[Sonny Bono]] in 1975, she launcht a comeback in 1979 wi the [[disco]] album ''Take Me Home'' an earnt $300,000 a week for her 1980–1982 concert residency in Las Vegas. In 1982, Cher makkit her Broadway debut in the play ''Come Back to the Five and Dime, Jimmy Dean, Jimmy Dean'' an starned in its film adaptation. She syne got creetical praise for her pairts in films lik ''Silkwood'' (1983), ''Mask'' (1985), ''The Witches of Eastwick'' (1987) an ''[[Moonstruck]]'' (1987), an ''Moonstruck'' wan her the [[Academy Awaird for Best Actress]].<ref name=GoldenGlobes>{{cite web |url=http://www.goldenglobes.com/person/cher |title=Cher – Golden Globes |publisher=Hollywood Foreign Press Association |access-date=January 17, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226131525/http://www.goldenglobes.com/person/cher |archive-date=December 26, 2015}}</ref> She then revived her muisical career bi recordin the [[Rock muisic|rock]]-inflectit albums ''Cher'' (1987), ''Heart of Stone'' (1989) an ''Love Hurts'' (1991), an aw o them gied successfu singles sic as "I Found Someone", "If I Could Turn Back Time" an "Love and Understanding". Cher hit a new commercial heich in 1998 wi the [[Pop muisic|dance-pop]] album ''Believe'', an its [[Believe (Cher song)|title track]] becam the biggest-sellin single o aw time bi a female airtist in the UK. It wis ane o the first sangs tae uise Auto-Tune, kent as the "Cher effect" forby. Her 2002–2005 Living Proof: The Farewell Tour becam ane o the heichest-grossin concert tours o aw time, earnin $250 million. In 2008, she signed a $180&nbsp;million deal tae heidline the Colosseum at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas fur three year. In 2018, Cher cam back tae film for her first on-screen role syne 2010's ''Burlesque'', starnin in the muisical romantic comedy film ''Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again''. Inspired bi the film, the album ''Dancing Queen'' (2018) debuted at nummer three on the ''Billboard'' 200, tyin wi 2013's ''Closer to the Truth'' for Cher's heichest-chairtin solo album in the U.S. Cher haes wan a [[Grammy Awaird]], an [[Emmy Awaird]], an [[Academy Awairds|Academy Awaird]], three [[Gowden Globe Awaird]]s, a [[Cannes Film Festival]] Awaird, an an awaird frae the Kennedy Center Honors an the Council of Fashion Designers of America, amang several ither honours. She haes sauld 100 million records warldwide tae date, an she is ane o the best-sellin muisic airtists in history. She is the anerly airtist tae date tae hae a nummer-ane single on a ''Billboard'' chairt in sax consecutive decades, frae the 1960s tae the 2010s. Forby her muisic an actin, she is kent for her poleetical views, philanthropic activities, an social activism, amang them [[LGBT richts muivement|LGBT richts]] an [[HIV/AIDS]] prevention. == Albums == * ''All I Really Want to Do'' (1965) * ''The Sonny Side of Chér'' (1966) * ''Chér'' (1966) * ''With Love, Chér'' (1967) * ''Backstage'' (1968) * ''3614 Jackson Highway'' (1969) * ''Chér / Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves'' (1971) * ''Foxy Lady'' (1972) * ''Bittersweet White Light'' (1973) * ''Half-Breed'' (1973) * ''Dark Lady'' (1974) * ''Stars'' (1975) * ''I'd Rather Believe in You'' (1976) * ''Cherished'' (1977) * ''Take Me Home'' (1979) * ''Prisoner'' (1979) * ''I Paralyze'' (1982) * ''Cher'' (1987) * ''Heart of Stone'' (1989) * ''Love Hurts'' (1991) * ''It's a Man's World'' (1995) * ''Believe'' (1998) * ''Not.com.mercial'' (2000) * ''Living Proof'' (2001) * ''Closer to the Truth'' (2013) * ''Dancing Queen'' (2018) * ''Christmas'' (2023) ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Cher]] <!-- Awaird winner --> [[Category:Best Actress Academy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Best Muisical or Comedy Actress Gowden Globe (film) winners]] [[Category:Best Muisical or Comedy Actress Gowden Globe (televeesion) winners]] [[Category:Best Supportin Actress Gowden Globe (film) winners]] [[Category:Grammy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Primetime Emmy Awaird winners]] <!-- Muisicker --> [[Category:American contraltos]] [[Category:American dance muisickers]] [[Category:American disco muisickers]] [[Category:American female pop sangsters]] [[Category:American female rock sangsters]] [[Category:American female sangster-sangwriters]] [[Category:American hoose muisickers]] [[Category:American pop rock sangsters]] [[Category:American record producers]] [[Category:Atco Records airtists]] [[Category:Atlantic Records airtists]] [[Category:Columbia Records airtists]] [[Category:Geffen Records airtists]] [[Category:Imperial Records airtists]] [[Category:MCA Records airtists]] [[Category:Warner Bros. Records airtists]] <!-- Actress --> [[Category:American film actresses]] [[Category:American televeesion actresses]] <!-- Birth --> [[Category:20t-century American actresses]] [[Category:20t-century American sangsters]] [[Category:21st-century American actresses]] [[Category:21st-century American sangsters]] [[Category:1946 births]] [[Category:Activists frae Californie]] [[Category:Actresses frae Los Angeles]] [[Category:American adoptees]] [[Category:American muisickers o Armenie strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Inglis strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o French strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o German strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:Californie Democrats]] [[Category:Echo (muisic awaird) winners]] [[Category:Kapp Records airtists]] [[Category:LGBT richts activists frae the Unitit States]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk diagnosed wi dyslexia]] [[Category:Fowk frae El Centro, Californie]] [[Category:Sangsters frae Los Angeles]] [[Category:Sonny & Cher]] [[Category:Torch sangsters]] [[Category:Academy Awaird winners]] [[Category:American actresses]] [[Category:Ethnic Armenie actresses]] {{stub}} e4x7uh97gf27bjjvfmuy832mhduhv68 926986 926955 2026-11-08T21:58:27Z Monospaced 75295 Award nems as published (Academy Award, Grammy, Emmy, Golden Globe) 926986 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Cher | image = Cher - Casablanca.jpg | caption = Publicity photo of Cher, {{circa}} 1970s | birth_name = Cherilyn Sarkisian | alias = {{plainlist|Cheryl LaPiere<br>Cher Bono<br>Cherilyn Sarkisian LaPiere Bono Allman }} | birth_date = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1946|5|20}} | birth_place = El Centro, [[Californie]], U.S. | residence = | religion = | parents = {{ubl|Georgia Holt|John Sarkisian}} | spouse = {{plainlist| * {{marriage|[[Sonny Bono]]|1969|1975|reason=divorced}} * {{marriage|[[Gregg Allman]]|1975|1979|reason=divorced}} }} | children = {{plainlist| * [[Chaz Bono]] * Elijah Blue Allman }} | net_worth = | occupation = {{flatlist| * Sangster * actress * author * businesswoman * comedian * dancer * fashion designer * model * filanthropist * record producer * sangwriter * televeesion host }} | years_active = 1963{{ndash}}present | module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes | background = solo_singer | genre = {{flatlist| * [[Pop muisic|Pop]] * [[Dance muisic|dance]] * [[disco]] * [[Folk muisic|folk]] * [[Rock muisic|rock]] }} | instrument = Vocals | label = {{flatlist| * Atco * Casablanca * Columbia * Geffen * Imperial * Kapp * MCA * Warner Bros. * Wea }} | associated_acts = {{flatlist| * [[Sonny & Cher]] * Allman and Woman * Black Rose }} }} }} '''Cher''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ʃ|ɛər}}; born '''Cherilyn Sarkisian'''; 20 Mey 1946) is an American sangster an actress. Aften cried the "Goddess o Pop",<ref>{{cite news |first=Michael Andor |last=Brodeur |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/music/2013/09/23/album-review-cher-closer-truth/ULMSsWNd4TQFU0Ywth8sdM/story.html |title=Album Review: Cher, ''Closer to the Truth'' |newspaper=The Boston Globe |date=September 24, 2013 |access-date=January 17, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124122911/http://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/music/2013/09/23/album-review-cher-closer-truth/ULMSsWNd4TQFU0Ywth8sdM/story.html |archive-date=January 24, 2016}}</ref> she is seen as standin for weemen's independence in an industry run bi men. She is kent for her contralto sangin vyce, for wirkin in monie pairts o entertainment, an for the monie styles an luiks she haes taen on in a career o sax decades. Cher gained popularity in 1965 as ane-hauf o the [[fowk rock]] guidman-an-guidwife duo [[Sonny & Cher]] efter their sang "[[I Got You Babe]]" got tae nummer ane on the American an Breetish chairts. Bi the end o 1967, thay haed sauld 40&nbsp;million records warldwide an haed becom, accordin tae ''Time'' magazine, rock's "it" couple.<ref name=time1998>{{cite journal|last=Bellafante|first=Ginia|authorlink=Ginia Bellafante|url=http://edition.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1998/01/12/time/Bellafante.html|title=Appreciation: The Sonny Side of Life|magazine=Time|date=January 19, 1998|accessdate=January 16, 2016|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201195234/http://edition.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1998/01/12/time/Bellafante.html|archivedate=February 1, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref> She begoud her solo career at the same time, an in 1966 she released her first million-seller sang, "Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down)". She becam a telly personality in the 1970s wi her shaws ''The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour'', watcht bi ower 30 million viewers weekly in its three-year run, an ''Cher''. She becam a fashion trendsetter bi weirin fancy ootfits on her telly shaws. While she wis wirkin on telly, Cher makkit her nem as a solo airtist wi the U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] chart-tappin singles "Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves", "Half-Breed", an "Dark Lady". Efter her divorce frae [[Sonny Bono]] in 1975, she launcht a comeback in 1979 wi the [[disco]] album ''Take Me Home'' an earnt $300,000 a week for her 1980–1982 concert residency in Las Vegas. In 1982, Cher makkit her Broadway debut in the play ''Come Back to the Five and Dime, Jimmy Dean, Jimmy Dean'' an starned in its film adaptation. She syne got creetical praise for her pairts in films lik ''Silkwood'' (1983), ''Mask'' (1985), ''The Witches of Eastwick'' (1987) an ''[[Moonstruck]]'' (1987), an ''Moonstruck'' wan her the [[Academy Awards|Academy Award for Best Actress]].<ref name=GoldenGlobes>{{cite web |url=http://www.goldenglobes.com/person/cher |title=Cher – Golden Globes |publisher=Hollywood Foreign Press Association |access-date=January 17, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226131525/http://www.goldenglobes.com/person/cher |archive-date=December 26, 2015}}</ref> She then revived her muisical career bi recordin the [[Rock muisic|rock]]-inflectit albums ''Cher'' (1987), ''Heart of Stone'' (1989) an ''Love Hurts'' (1991), an aw o them gied successfu singles sic as "I Found Someone", "If I Could Turn Back Time" an "Love and Understanding". Cher hit a new commercial heich in 1998 wi the [[Pop muisic|dance-pop]] album ''Believe'', an its [[Believe (Cher song)|title track]] becam the biggest-sellin single o aw time bi a female airtist in the UK. It wis ane o the first sangs tae uise Auto-Tune, kent as the "Cher effect" forby. Her 2002–2005 Living Proof: The Farewell Tour becam ane o the heichest-grossin concert tours o aw time, earnin $250 million. In 2008, she signed a $180&nbsp;million deal tae heidline the Colosseum at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas fur three year. In 2018, Cher cam back tae film for her first on-screen role syne 2010's ''Burlesque'', starnin in the muisical romantic comedy film ''Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again''. Inspired bi the film, the album ''Dancing Queen'' (2018) debuted at nummer three on the ''Billboard'' 200, tyin wi 2013's ''Closer to the Truth'' for Cher's heichest-chairtin solo album in the U.S. Cher haes wan a [[Grammy Awards|Grammy Award]], an [[Emmy Awards|Emmy Award]], an [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]], three [[Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globe Award]]s, a [[Cannes Film Festival]] Awaird, an an awaird frae the Kennedy Center Honors an the Council of Fashion Designers of America, amang several ither honours. She haes sauld 100 million records warldwide tae date, an she is ane o the best-sellin muisic airtists in history. She is the anerly airtist tae date tae hae a nummer-ane single on a ''Billboard'' chairt in sax consecutive decades, frae the 1960s tae the 2010s. Forby her muisic an actin, she is kent for her poleetical views, philanthropic activities, an social activism, amang them [[LGBT richts muivement|LGBT richts]] an [[HIV/AIDS]] prevention. == Albums == * ''All I Really Want to Do'' (1965) * ''The Sonny Side of Chér'' (1966) * ''Chér'' (1966) * ''With Love, Chér'' (1967) * ''Backstage'' (1968) * ''3614 Jackson Highway'' (1969) * ''Chér / Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves'' (1971) * ''Foxy Lady'' (1972) * ''Bittersweet White Light'' (1973) * ''Half-Breed'' (1973) * ''Dark Lady'' (1974) * ''Stars'' (1975) * ''I'd Rather Believe in You'' (1976) * ''Cherished'' (1977) * ''Take Me Home'' (1979) * ''Prisoner'' (1979) * ''I Paralyze'' (1982) * ''Cher'' (1987) * ''Heart of Stone'' (1989) * ''Love Hurts'' (1991) * ''It's a Man's World'' (1995) * ''Believe'' (1998) * ''Not.com.mercial'' (2000) * ''Living Proof'' (2001) * ''Closer to the Truth'' (2013) * ''Dancing Queen'' (2018) * ''Christmas'' (2023) ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Cher]] <!-- Awaird winner --> [[Category:Best Actress Academy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Best Muisical or Comedy Actress Gowden Globe (film) winners]] [[Category:Best Muisical or Comedy Actress Gowden Globe (televeesion) winners]] [[Category:Best Supportin Actress Gowden Globe (film) winners]] [[Category:Grammy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Primetime Emmy Awaird winners]] <!-- Muisicker --> [[Category:American contraltos]] [[Category:American dance muisickers]] [[Category:American disco muisickers]] [[Category:American female pop sangsters]] [[Category:American female rock sangsters]] [[Category:American female sangster-sangwriters]] [[Category:American hoose muisickers]] [[Category:American pop rock sangsters]] [[Category:American record producers]] [[Category:Atco Records airtists]] [[Category:Atlantic Records airtists]] [[Category:Columbia Records airtists]] [[Category:Geffen Records airtists]] [[Category:Imperial Records airtists]] [[Category:MCA Records airtists]] [[Category:Warner Bros. Records airtists]] <!-- Actress --> [[Category:American film actresses]] [[Category:American televeesion actresses]] <!-- Birth --> [[Category:20t-century American actresses]] [[Category:20t-century American sangsters]] [[Category:21st-century American actresses]] [[Category:21st-century American sangsters]] [[Category:1946 births]] [[Category:Activists frae Californie]] [[Category:Actresses frae Los Angeles]] [[Category:American adoptees]] [[Category:American muisickers o Armenie strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Inglis strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o French strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o German strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:Californie Democrats]] [[Category:Echo (muisic awaird) winners]] [[Category:Kapp Records airtists]] [[Category:LGBT richts activists frae the Unitit States]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk diagnosed wi dyslexia]] [[Category:Fowk frae El Centro, Californie]] [[Category:Sangsters frae Los Angeles]] [[Category:Sonny & Cher]] [[Category:Torch sangsters]] [[Category:Academy Awaird winners]] [[Category:American actresses]] [[Category:Ethnic Armenie actresses]] {{stub}} ap4gnfi4p81r70c96z7bqpqkcij0t3u 0 158474 926977 834082 2026-11-08T21:42:29Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; career, honours an controversies addit, soorced 926977 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |name = Mel Gibson<br><small> AO |image = Mel_Gibson_Cannes_2016_3.jpg |caption = Gibson at the Cannes Film Festival in 2016 |birth_name = {{nowrap|Mel Colmcille Gerard Gibson}} |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1956|1|3}} |birth_place = Peekskill, [[New York (state)|New York]], Unitit States |death_date = |death_place = |nationality = <!-- UNCLEAR - DIFFERENT SOURCES STATE DIFFERENT NATIONALITIES - PLEASE SEE TALK --> |occupation = Actor, filmmaker |years_active = 1976–present |net_worth = {{decrease}} $425 million (2011)<ref name=KKatie>Kindelan, Katie. [http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/entertainment/2011/12/mel-gibsons-loses-half-of-his-850-million-fortune-to-ex-wife-in-divorce/ "Mel Gibson Loses Half of His $850 Million Fortune to Ex-Wife in Divorce"], Good Morning America, published 12-26-2011. Retrieved 11-05-2015.</ref> |website = |parents = Hutton Gibson<br> Anne Reilly |relatives = Donal Gibson <small>(brither)</small><br>Eva Mylott <small>(faither's mither)</small> |children = 9 |spouse = {{marriage|Robyn Moore<br>|1980|2011|end=div}} |partner = Oksana Grigorieva (2009–2010)<br>Rosalind Ross (2014–present) |signature = Firma de Mel Gibson.svg }} '''Mel Colmcille Gerard Gibson''' {{post-nominals|country=USA-cats|AO}} (born 3 Januar 1956) is an American actor an film-makar. He wis born in Peekskill, New York, an flittit wi his parents tae [[Sydney]], [[Australie]], when he wis 12 year auld. Gibson is best kent as an action hero, for pairts sic as Martin Riggs in the ''Lethal Weapon'' series o buddy cop films, an Max Rockatansky in the first three films o the post-apocalyptic ''Mad Max'' action series.<ref name="Cagle">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,998731-1,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724012602/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,998731-1,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 24, 2010|title=Cinema: A Softer Side of Mel|last=Cagle|first=Jess|date=December 11, 2000|magazine=Time|access-date=July 20, 2010}}</ref> Efter legal troubles, an controversial remarks o his that cam oot in public, his popularity in Hollywood fell awa, but he cam back as a director wi ''Hacksaw Ridge'' (2016), that wan twa Academy Awairds. == Career == He studied actin at the Australian {{lang|en|National Institute of Dramatic Art}}. In the 1980s he foondit Icon Entertainment, a production company that the independent film director Atom Egoyan haes cried "an alternative to the studio system."<ref>{{cite news | title = Mad Mel's passion for vengeance | author = Brian D. Johnson | publisher = Maclean's | date = December 25, 2006}}</ref> The director Peter Weir cast him as ane o the leads in the [[Warld War I]] drama ''Gallipoli'' (1981), that creetics praised an that wan Gibson a Best Actor Awaird frae the Australian Film Institute.<ref name="autogenerated1">The Australian Film Institute. [http://www.afi.org.au/Past_Winners2/AM/ContentManagerNet/ContentDisplay.aspx?ContentID=6460&Section=Past_Winners Past Winners] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100723062132/http://www.afi.org.au/Past_Winners2/AM/ContentManagerNet/ContentDisplay.aspx?ContentID=6460&Section=Past_Winners |date=July 23, 2010 }}</ref> The film helpit gie Gibson a nem as a serious actor that coud play monie kinds o pairt. In 1995 Gibson produced, directit an starred in the historical epic ''[[Braveheart]]'', on [[William Wallace]], that wan him the Gowden Globe an the Academy Awaird for Best Director, alang wi the Academy Awaird for Best Pictur. In 2004 he directit an produced the [[Bible|biblical]] drama ''The Passion of the Christ'', that makkit a lot o siller but wis controversial forby. His directin o the 2006 action-adventur film ''Apocalypto'', that is set in Mesoamericae in the early 16t century, got mair notice frae creetics. In 2016, efter ten year awa frae directin, Gibson cam back wi ''Hacksaw Ridge'', a [[Warld War II]] drama on the conscientious objector Desmond Doss, played bi Andrew Garfield.<ref name=November2014Deadline>{{cite news|last1=Jaafar|first1=Ali|title=Mel Gibson In Talks To Direct 'Hacksaw Ridge' With Andrew Garfield Starring In War Hero Pic|url=https://deadline.com/2014/11/mel-gibson-and-andrew-garfield-circling-hacksaw-ridge-1201290454/|access-date=November 23, 2014|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=November 20, 2014|archive-date=November 23, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141123054408/http://deadline.com/2014/11/mel-gibson-and-andrew-garfield-circling-hacksaw-ridge-1201290454/|url-status=live}}</ref> The film wis weel liked bi creetics an did weel at the box affice. In Januar 2025 [[Donald Trump]], than president-elect, nemmed Gibson ane o three "special ambassadors" tae [[Hollywood]], alang wi the actors Jon Voight an Sylvester Stallone. Trump said he wantit them tae mak Hollywood "stronger than ever before" bi bringin back business lost tae "foreign countries".<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Moreau |first=Jordan |date=2025-01-16 |title=Trump Names Sylvester Stallone, Mel Gibson and Jon Voight as 'Special Ambassadors' to 'Troubled' Hollywood: They'll Bring 'Lost Business' Back |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/trump-sylvester-stallone-mel-gibson-jon-voight-ambassadors-hollywood-1236276088 |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |language=en-US |access-date=2025-01-16 |archive-date=January 16, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250116183238/https://variety.com/2025/film/news/trump-sylvester-stallone-mel-gibson-jon-voight-ambassadors-hollywood-1236276088/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He said the three wad be his "eyes and ears", but whit they wad dae wisna set oot.<ref>{{cite news |last=Horton|first=Adrian |title=Trump names Mel Gibson, Jon Voight and Sylvester Stallone as Hollywood 'special ambassadors' |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=2025-01-16 |url=https://theguardian.com/film/2025/jan/16/trump-mel-gibson-jon-voight-sylvester-stallone |access-date=2025-01-16}}</ref> == Controversies == In 1991 the American organisation GLAAD accused Gibson o homophobia efter he makkit derogatory remarks aboot gay fowk in an interview wi the Spanish newspaper ''El País''.<ref name="sfbay">Wockner, Rex. [http://www.sfbaytimes.com/index.php?sec=article&article_id=5399 "Mel Gibson, Circa 1992, "Refuses to Apologize to Gays"."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109141256/http://www.sfbaytimes.com/index.php?sec=article&article_id=5399 |date=November 9, 2013 }} ''San Francisco Bay Times''. August 17, 2006. Quote: Asked what he thought of gay people, he said, "They take it up the ass." Gibson then proceeded to point at his posterior and said: "This is only for taking a shit." When reminded that he had worked closely with gay people at drama school, Gibson said, "They were good people, kind, I like them. But their thing is not my thing." When the interviewer asked if Gibson was afraid that people would think he is gay because he's an actor, Gibson replied, "Do I sound like a homosexual? Do I talk like them? Do I move like them? What happens is when you're an actor, they stick that label on you."</ref><ref name="deangelis">DeAngelis, Michael. [https://books.google.com/books?id=aZkshPsocwgC&pg=PA165 ''Gay Fandom and Crossover Stardom''.] [[Duke University Press]], 2001. {{ISBN|0-8223-2738-4}}, p. 166.</ref> In 1999 he said o the remarks, "I shouldn't have said it, but I was tickling a bit of vodka during that interview, and the quote came back to bite me on the ass."<ref name="NutTeKoha">Nui Te Koka. "Did I say that?" ''The Daily Telegraph''. January 30, 1999, pg 33.</ref> ''[[The Passion of the Christ]]'' (2004) wis criticised as antisemitic. The Anti-Defamation League accused Gibson o [[antisemitism]] ower the wey the film shawed Caiaphas an the Sanhedrin, an the creetic Katha Pollitt wrate in ''The Nation'' that Gibson haed broken "just about every precept" o the American Catholic bishops' 1988 guidelines on hou Jews shoud be portrayed in Passion dramas.<ref name="pollitt">{{cite news |last=Pollitt |first=Katha |date=March 11, 2004 |title=The Protocols of Mel Gibson |work=[[The Nation]] |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/protocols-mel-gibson/ |access-date=August 20, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018024641/https://www.thenation.com/article/protocols-mel-gibson/ |archive-date=October 18, 2010}}</ref> Ithers defendit him, amang them the Orthodox Jewish rabbi Daniel Lapin an the radio presenter Michael Medved.<ref name="Lapin">{{cite web| url=https://forward.com/news/6434/passion-critics-endanger-jews-angry-rabbis/| website=fordward.com| title='Passion' Critics Endanger Jews, Angry Rabbis Claim, Attacking Groups, Foxman| last=Cattan| first=Nacha| date=March 5, 2004| access-date=March 5, 2004| archive-date=October 17, 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017050225/http://forward.com/news/6434/passion-critics-endanger-jews-angry-rabbis/| url-status=live}}</ref> Gibson said that "If anyone has distorted Gospel passages to rationalize cruelty towards Jews or anyone, it's in defiance of repeated Papal condemnation."<ref>{{cite news | title=Mel Gibson Interview | work=The Globe and Mail|date=February 14, 2004}}</ref> On 28 Julie 2006 Gibson wis arrestit in Malibu, Californie, for drink-drivin while he wis speedin wi an open bottle o drink in the caur. Accordin tae the arrest report, he said tae the officer, "Fucking Jews... the Jews are responsible for all the wars in the world. Are you a Jew?"<ref>{{cite news|last=Weiner|first=Allison Hope|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/30/us/30gibson.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|title=Mel Gibson Apologizes for Tirade After Arrest|date=July 30, 2006|access-date=June 6, 2020|archive-date=June 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613121700/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/30/us/30gibson.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=tmz>{{cite news|url=https://www.tmz.com/2006/07/28/gibsons-anti-semitic-tirade-alleged-cover-up/|title=Gibson's Anti-Semitic Tirade Alleged Cover Up|work=[[TMZ.com]]|date=July 28, 2006|access-date=June 6, 2020|archive-date=May 31, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531031522/https://www.tmz.com/2006/07/28/gibsons-anti-semitic-tirade-alleged-cover-up/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Sara|last=Dover|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/james-mee-jewish-cop-who-arrested-mel-gibson-gets-trial-discrimination-suit-394898|title=James Mee: Jewish Cop Who Arrested Mel Gibson Gets Trial in Discrimination Suit|date=January 12, 2012|work=[[International Business Times]]|access-date=November 27, 2016|archive-date=February 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210120815/http://www.ibtimes.com/james-mee-jewish-cop-who-arrested-mel-gibson-gets-trial-discrimination-suit-394898|url-status=live}}</ref> Efter the report wis leaked tae the wabsteid TMZ, Gibson apologised twice throu his publicist.<ref name="apology2">{{cite web |url=http://www.today.com/id/14135592 |title=Gibson's statement about anti-Semitic remarks |website=[[Today.com]] |date=August 1, 2006 |access-date=July 12, 2010 |archive-date=June 25, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625022946/http://www.today.com/id/14135592 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He caad his behaviour "despicable", said the remarks were "blurted out in a moment of insanity",<ref name="first role">{{cite news |title=Gibson takes first starring role in six years |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2008/apr/29/news.melgibson |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=April 29, 2008 |access-date=May 12, 2010 |archive-date=October 23, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023114106/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2008/apr/29/news.melgibson |url-status=live }}</ref> an askit tae meet Jewish leaders.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gibson Asks Jews For Help To Find 'Appropriate Path To Healing'|url=http://www.accesshollywood.com/mel-gibson/gibson-asks-jews-for-help-to-find-appropriate-path-to-healing_article_1069|date=August 1, 2006|work=[[Access Hollywood]]|access-date=May 24, 2009|archive-date=July 23, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100723062011/http://www.accesshollywood.com/mel-gibson/gibson-asks-jews-for-help-to-find-appropriate-path-to-healing_article_1069|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 17 August 2006 he pleadit no contest tae a misdemeanour chairge o drink-drivin an wis gien three year o probation.<ref name="first role" /> In Julie 2010 recordins o phone caws atween Gibson an his umwhile pairtner Oksana Grigorieva were leaked. In them he uised a racist slur, sayin that if she wis raped bi a gang o Black men it wad be her ain faut, an threatened tae burn doun her hoose wi her inside it.<ref name="guardianjuly2">{{cite news | first = Ed | last = Pilkington | url = https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/jul/02/mel-gibson-racist-rant | title = Mel Gibson faces flak again after alleged racist rant | date = July 2, 2010 |work=[[The Guardian]] | access-date =July 2, 2010 }}</ref><ref name="telegraphjuly15">{{cite news | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/7891640/Mel-Gibson-threatens-to-burn-house-down-in-new-tape.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100717181200/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/7891640/Mel-Gibson-threatens-to-burn-house-down-in-new-tape.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = July 17, 2010 | title = Mel Gibson 'threatens to burn house down in new tape' | date = July 15, 2010 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] | access-date =July 15, 2010 }}</ref> Grigorieva said the voices on the recordins were hers an Gibson's, accordin tae [[CNN]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/SHOWBIZ/celebrity.news.gossip/07/14/mel.gibson.rant/index.html|title=RadarOnline releases another purported Gibson rant|work=[[CNN]]|date=July 16, 2010|access-date=February 3, 2022|archive-date=February 3, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203064534/http://edition.cnn.com/2010/SHOWBIZ/celebrity.news.gossip/07/14/mel.gibson.rant/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> A restrainin order relatit tae domestic violence barred him frae comin near Grigorieva or their dochter.<ref name="guardianjuly2"/> The Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department stairtit a domestic violence investigation,<ref name="abuseinvestigation2">{{cite news|url=https://vancouversun.com/entertainment/movie-guide/Gibson+investigated+domestic+violence/3252404/story.html |title=Mel Gibson investigated for domestic violence |date=July 8, 2010 |work=The Vancouver Sun |access-date=July 9, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710200701/http://www.vancouversun.com/entertainment/movie-guide/Gibson%2Binvestigated%2Bdomestic%2Bviolence/3252404/story.html |archive-date=July 10, 2010}}</ref> that wis drappit when Gibson pleadit no contest tae a misdemeanour battery chairge in Mairch 2011.<ref name=nocontest>{{cite news |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 11, 2011 |title=Mel Gibson in Plea Deal in Battering Case |author=Michael Cieply |author-link=Michael Cieply |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/12/business/media/12gibson.html |access-date=December 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409203247/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/12/business/media/12gibson.html |archive-date=April 9, 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The actress Winona Ryder haes said that at a pairty Gibson askit a gay freend o hers if he wad get AIDS frae speakin wi him, an askit her, wha is Jewish, if she wis an "oven dodger".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Earl |first=William |date=2020-06-23 |title=Winona Ryder Accuses Mel Gibson of Making Anti-Semitic and Homophobic Remarks |url=https://variety.com/2020/film/news/winona-ryder-mel-gibson-oven-dodger-1234646288/ |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=Variety |language=en-US |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414212708/https://variety.com/2020/film/news/winona-ryder-mel-gibson-oven-dodger-1234646288/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Child |first1=Ben |title=Winona Ryder: Mel Gibson called me an 'oven dodger' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/dec/17/winona-ryder-mel-gibson |access-date=31 July 2025 |work=The Guardian |date=17 December 2010}}</ref> A representative o Gibson denied it.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mel Gibson denies Winona Ryder's anti-Semitism accusation - National {{!}} Globalnews.ca |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7096628/mel-gibson-anti-semitic-comments-winona-ryder/ |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=Global News |language=en-US |archive-date=August 8, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808165826/https://globalnews.ca/news/7096628/mel-gibson-anti-semitic-comments-winona-ryder/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Gibson's statements led tae him bein blacklistit in Hollywood for near ten year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/shane-black-mel-gibson-is-being-blacklisted-2016-5|title=The 'Lethal Weapon' writer says Mel Gibson is 'blacklisted' in Hollywood|first=Jason|last=Guerrasio|date=May 21, 2016|website=[[Business Insider|Business Insider Australia]]|access-date=December 26, 2020|archive-date=January 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126125310/https://www.businessinsider.com.au/shane-black-mel-gibson-is-being-blacklisted-2016-5|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014 [[Robert Downey Jr.]] an the journalist Allison Hope Weiner baith caad for him tae be forgien.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/robert-downey-jr-forgive-mel-gibson/|title=Robert Downey Jr.: Forgive Mel Gibson|work=[[Times of Israel]]|date=7 October 2014|access-date=November 27, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2014/03/mel-gibson-career-hollywood-deserves-chance-697084/|title=A Journalist's Plea On 10th Anniversary Of 'The Passion Of The Christ': Hollywood, Take Mel Gibson Off Your Blacklist|first=Allison Hope Weiner Special To|last=Deadline|date=March 11, 2014|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|access-date=November 27, 2016|archive-date=November 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118031941/http://deadline.com/2014/03/mel-gibson-career-hollywood-deserves-chance-697084/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Hacksaw Ridge]]'' (2016), that got sax Academy Awaird nominations, wis seen as a "thaw" in his reputation.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Siegel|first1=Tatiana|title=Mel Gibson Is No Longer Persona Non Grata in Hollywood|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/mel-gibson-is-no-longer-937208|access-date=November 6, 2016|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=October 12, 2016|archive-date=November 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107225501/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/mel-gibson-is-no-longer-937208|url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2026 he wis accused o mockin a sign leid interpreter at Fan Expo Canada in [[Toronto]]. He apologised, sayin, "There was no intended maliciousness attached, and I certainly apologize to anyone who was upset by it."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2026/film/news/mel-gibson-mocks-asl-interpreter-fan-expo-apologizes-1236847278/|title=Mel Gibson Apologizes for Mocking Sign Language Interpreter as Backlash Grows: 'Thoughtless Idiocy' With 'No Intended Maliciousness'|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=August 31, 2026|access-date=August 31, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tmz.com/2026/08/31/mel-gibson-criticized-for-hand-gestures-asl-interpreter/|title=Mel Gibson Catches Heat For Allegedly Mocking Deaf Interpreter at Canadian Fan Expo|website=[[TMZ]]|date=August 31, 2026|access-date=August 31, 2026}}</ref> == Honours == On 25 Julie 1997 Gibson wis makkit an honorary Officer o the Order o Australie (AO) for his "service to the Australian film industry". The awaird is honorary acause the full awairds gang anerly tae Australian citizens.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/869892 |title=It's an Honour&nbsp;– Honours&nbsp;– Search Australian Honours |publisher=Itsanhonour.gov.au |date=July 25, 1997 |access-date=July 13, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222042237/https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/869892 |archive-date=February 22, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gibson, Mel}} [[Category:Mel Gibson| ]] [[Category:1956 births]] [[Category:20t-century American male actors]] [[Category:21st-century American male actors]] [[Category:21st-century American writers]] [[Category:American emigrants tae Australie]] [[Category:American film directors]] [[Category:American male film actors]] [[Category:American male stage actors]] [[Category:American male televeesion actors]] [[Category:American fowk o Australie strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Inglis strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Scots strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Welsh strynd]] [[Category:American philanthropists]] [[Category:American Roman Catholics]] [[Category:American male screenwriters]] [[Category:American televeesion producers]] [[Category:American Tradeetionalist Catholics]] [[Category:Best Actor AACTA Awaird winners]] [[Category:Best Directin Academy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Best Director Gowden Globe winners]] [[Category:Erse male film actors]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Male actors frae New York]] [[Category:National Institute of Dramatic Art alumni]] [[Category:Fowk frae Peekskill, New York]] [[Category:Male actors frae Sydney]] [[Category:Producers that wan the Best Pictur Academy Awaird]] [[Category:Inglis-leid film directors]] [[Category:Academy Awaird winners]] gwiovhzb24stmhbeljmnjqu3fcxzsj9 926978 926977 2026-11-08T21:42:50Z Monospaced 75295 Minor red links unlinkit 926978 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |name = Mel Gibson<br><small> AO |image = Mel_Gibson_Cannes_2016_3.jpg |caption = Gibson at the Cannes Film Festival in 2016 |birth_name = {{nowrap|Mel Colmcille Gerard Gibson}} |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1956|1|3}} |birth_place = Peekskill, [[New York (state)|New York]], Unitit States |death_date = |death_place = |nationality = <!-- UNCLEAR - DIFFERENT SOURCES STATE DIFFERENT NATIONALITIES - PLEASE SEE TALK --> |occupation = Actor, filmmaker |years_active = 1976–present |net_worth = {{decrease}} $425 million (2011)<ref name=KKatie>Kindelan, Katie. [http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/entertainment/2011/12/mel-gibsons-loses-half-of-his-850-million-fortune-to-ex-wife-in-divorce/ "Mel Gibson Loses Half of His $850 Million Fortune to Ex-Wife in Divorce"], Good Morning America, published 12-26-2011. Retrieved 11-05-2015.</ref> |website = |parents = Hutton Gibson<br> Anne Reilly |relatives = Donal Gibson <small>(brither)</small><br>Eva Mylott <small>(faither's mither)</small> |children = 9 |spouse = {{marriage|Robyn Moore<br>|1980|2011|end=div}} |partner = Oksana Grigorieva (2009–2010)<br>Rosalind Ross (2014–present) |signature = Firma de Mel Gibson.svg }} '''Mel Colmcille Gerard Gibson''' {{post-nominals|country=USA-cats|AO}} (born 3 Januar 1956) is an American actor an film-makar. He wis born in Peekskill, New York, an flittit wi his parents tae [[Sydney]], [[Australie]], when he wis 12 year auld. Gibson is best kent as an action hero, for pairts sic as Martin Riggs in the ''Lethal Weapon'' series o buddy cop films, an Max Rockatansky in the first three films o the post-apocalyptic ''Mad Max'' action series.<ref name="Cagle">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,998731-1,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724012602/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,998731-1,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 24, 2010|title=Cinema: A Softer Side of Mel|last=Cagle|first=Jess|date=December 11, 2000|magazine=Time|access-date=July 20, 2010}}</ref> Efter legal troubles, an controversial remarks o his that cam oot in public, his popularity in Hollywood fell awa, but he cam back as a director wi ''Hacksaw Ridge'' (2016), that wan twa Academy Awairds. == Career == He studied actin at the Australian {{lang|en|National Institute of Dramatic Art}}. In the 1980s he foondit Icon Entertainment, a production company that the independent film director Atom Egoyan haes cried "an alternative to the studio system."<ref>{{cite news | title = Mad Mel's passion for vengeance | author = Brian D. Johnson | publisher = Maclean's | date = December 25, 2006}}</ref> The director Peter Weir cast him as ane o the leads in the [[Warld War I]] drama ''Gallipoli'' (1981), that creetics praised an that wan Gibson a Best Actor Awaird frae the Australian Film Institute.<ref name="autogenerated1">The Australian Film Institute. [http://www.afi.org.au/Past_Winners2/AM/ContentManagerNet/ContentDisplay.aspx?ContentID=6460&Section=Past_Winners Past Winners] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100723062132/http://www.afi.org.au/Past_Winners2/AM/ContentManagerNet/ContentDisplay.aspx?ContentID=6460&Section=Past_Winners |date=July 23, 2010 }}</ref> The film helpit gie Gibson a nem as a serious actor that coud play monie kinds o pairt. In 1995 Gibson produced, directit an starred in the historical epic ''[[Braveheart]]'', on [[William Wallace]], that wan him the Gowden Globe an the Academy Awaird for Best Director, alang wi the Academy Awaird for Best Pictur. In 2004 he directit an produced the [[Bible|biblical]] drama ''The Passion of the Christ'', that makkit a lot o siller but wis controversial forby. His directin o the 2006 action-adventur film ''Apocalypto'', that is set in Mesoamericae in the early 16t century, got mair notice frae creetics. In 2016, efter ten year awa frae directin, Gibson cam back wi ''Hacksaw Ridge'', a [[Warld War II]] drama on the conscientious objector Desmond Doss, played bi Andrew Garfield.<ref name=November2014Deadline>{{cite news|last1=Jaafar|first1=Ali|title=Mel Gibson In Talks To Direct 'Hacksaw Ridge' With Andrew Garfield Starring In War Hero Pic|url=https://deadline.com/2014/11/mel-gibson-and-andrew-garfield-circling-hacksaw-ridge-1201290454/|access-date=November 23, 2014|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=November 20, 2014|archive-date=November 23, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141123054408/http://deadline.com/2014/11/mel-gibson-and-andrew-garfield-circling-hacksaw-ridge-1201290454/|url-status=live}}</ref> The film wis weel liked bi creetics an did weel at the box affice. In Januar 2025 [[Donald Trump]], than president-elect, nemmed Gibson ane o three "special ambassadors" tae [[Hollywood]], alang wi the actors Jon Voight an Sylvester Stallone. Trump said he wantit them tae mak Hollywood "stronger than ever before" bi bringin back business lost tae "foreign countries".<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Moreau |first=Jordan |date=2025-01-16 |title=Trump Names Sylvester Stallone, Mel Gibson and Jon Voight as 'Special Ambassadors' to 'Troubled' Hollywood: They'll Bring 'Lost Business' Back |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/trump-sylvester-stallone-mel-gibson-jon-voight-ambassadors-hollywood-1236276088 |magazine=Variety |language=en-US |access-date=2025-01-16 |archive-date=January 16, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250116183238/https://variety.com/2025/film/news/trump-sylvester-stallone-mel-gibson-jon-voight-ambassadors-hollywood-1236276088/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He said the three wad be his "eyes and ears", but whit they wad dae wisna set oot.<ref>{{cite news |last=Horton|first=Adrian |title=Trump names Mel Gibson, Jon Voight and Sylvester Stallone as Hollywood 'special ambassadors' |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=2025-01-16 |url=https://theguardian.com/film/2025/jan/16/trump-mel-gibson-jon-voight-sylvester-stallone |access-date=2025-01-16}}</ref> == Controversies == In 1991 the American organisation GLAAD accused Gibson o homophobia efter he makkit derogatory remarks aboot gay fowk in an interview wi the Spanish newspaper ''El País''.<ref name="sfbay">Wockner, Rex. [http://www.sfbaytimes.com/index.php?sec=article&article_id=5399 "Mel Gibson, Circa 1992, "Refuses to Apologize to Gays"."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109141256/http://www.sfbaytimes.com/index.php?sec=article&article_id=5399 |date=November 9, 2013 }} ''San Francisco Bay Times''. August 17, 2006. Quote: Asked what he thought of gay people, he said, "They take it up the ass." Gibson then proceeded to point at his posterior and said: "This is only for taking a shit." When reminded that he had worked closely with gay people at drama school, Gibson said, "They were good people, kind, I like them. But their thing is not my thing." When the interviewer asked if Gibson was afraid that people would think he is gay because he's an actor, Gibson replied, "Do I sound like a homosexual? Do I talk like them? Do I move like them? What happens is when you're an actor, they stick that label on you."</ref><ref name="deangelis">DeAngelis, Michael. [https://books.google.com/books?id=aZkshPsocwgC&pg=PA165 ''Gay Fandom and Crossover Stardom''.] Duke University Press, 2001. {{ISBN|0-8223-2738-4}}, p. 166.</ref> In 1999 he said o the remarks, "I shouldn't have said it, but I was tickling a bit of vodka during that interview, and the quote came back to bite me on the ass."<ref name="NutTeKoha">Nui Te Koka. "Did I say that?" ''The Daily Telegraph''. January 30, 1999, pg 33.</ref> ''[[The Passion of the Christ]]'' (2004) wis criticised as antisemitic. The Anti-Defamation League accused Gibson o [[antisemitism]] ower the wey the film shawed Caiaphas an the Sanhedrin, an the creetic Katha Pollitt wrate in ''The Nation'' that Gibson haed broken "just about every precept" o the American Catholic bishops' 1988 guidelines on hou Jews shoud be portrayed in Passion dramas.<ref name="pollitt">{{cite news |last=Pollitt |first=Katha |date=March 11, 2004 |title=The Protocols of Mel Gibson |work=[[The Nation]] |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/protocols-mel-gibson/ |access-date=August 20, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018024641/https://www.thenation.com/article/protocols-mel-gibson/ |archive-date=October 18, 2010}}</ref> Ithers defendit him, amang them the Orthodox Jewish rabbi Daniel Lapin an the radio presenter Michael Medved.<ref name="Lapin">{{cite web| url=https://forward.com/news/6434/passion-critics-endanger-jews-angry-rabbis/| website=fordward.com| title='Passion' Critics Endanger Jews, Angry Rabbis Claim, Attacking Groups, Foxman| last=Cattan| first=Nacha| date=March 5, 2004| access-date=March 5, 2004| archive-date=October 17, 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017050225/http://forward.com/news/6434/passion-critics-endanger-jews-angry-rabbis/| url-status=live}}</ref> Gibson said that "If anyone has distorted Gospel passages to rationalize cruelty towards Jews or anyone, it's in defiance of repeated Papal condemnation."<ref>{{cite news | title=Mel Gibson Interview | work=The Globe and Mail|date=February 14, 2004}}</ref> On 28 Julie 2006 Gibson wis arrestit in Malibu, Californie, for drink-drivin while he wis speedin wi an open bottle o drink in the caur. Accordin tae the arrest report, he said tae the officer, "Fucking Jews... the Jews are responsible for all the wars in the world. Are you a Jew?"<ref>{{cite news|last=Weiner|first=Allison Hope|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/30/us/30gibson.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|title=Mel Gibson Apologizes for Tirade After Arrest|date=July 30, 2006|access-date=June 6, 2020|archive-date=June 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613121700/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/30/us/30gibson.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=tmz>{{cite news|url=https://www.tmz.com/2006/07/28/gibsons-anti-semitic-tirade-alleged-cover-up/|title=Gibson's Anti-Semitic Tirade Alleged Cover Up|work=TMZ.com|date=July 28, 2006|access-date=June 6, 2020|archive-date=May 31, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531031522/https://www.tmz.com/2006/07/28/gibsons-anti-semitic-tirade-alleged-cover-up/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Sara|last=Dover|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/james-mee-jewish-cop-who-arrested-mel-gibson-gets-trial-discrimination-suit-394898|title=James Mee: Jewish Cop Who Arrested Mel Gibson Gets Trial in Discrimination Suit|date=January 12, 2012|work=International Business Times|access-date=November 27, 2016|archive-date=February 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210120815/http://www.ibtimes.com/james-mee-jewish-cop-who-arrested-mel-gibson-gets-trial-discrimination-suit-394898|url-status=live}}</ref> Efter the report wis leaked tae the wabsteid TMZ, Gibson apologised twice throu his publicist.<ref name="apology2">{{cite web |url=http://www.today.com/id/14135592 |title=Gibson's statement about anti-Semitic remarks |website=Today.com |date=August 1, 2006 |access-date=July 12, 2010 |archive-date=June 25, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625022946/http://www.today.com/id/14135592 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He caad his behaviour "despicable", said the remarks were "blurted out in a moment of insanity",<ref name="first role">{{cite news |title=Gibson takes first starring role in six years |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2008/apr/29/news.melgibson |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=April 29, 2008 |access-date=May 12, 2010 |archive-date=October 23, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023114106/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2008/apr/29/news.melgibson |url-status=live }}</ref> an askit tae meet Jewish leaders.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gibson Asks Jews For Help To Find 'Appropriate Path To Healing'|url=http://www.accesshollywood.com/mel-gibson/gibson-asks-jews-for-help-to-find-appropriate-path-to-healing_article_1069|date=August 1, 2006|work=Access Hollywood|access-date=May 24, 2009|archive-date=July 23, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100723062011/http://www.accesshollywood.com/mel-gibson/gibson-asks-jews-for-help-to-find-appropriate-path-to-healing_article_1069|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 17 August 2006 he pleadit no contest tae a misdemeanour chairge o drink-drivin an wis gien three year o probation.<ref name="first role" /> In Julie 2010 recordins o phone caws atween Gibson an his umwhile pairtner Oksana Grigorieva were leaked. In them he uised a racist slur, sayin that if she wis raped bi a gang o Black men it wad be her ain faut, an threatened tae burn doun her hoose wi her inside it.<ref name="guardianjuly2">{{cite news | first = Ed | last = Pilkington | url = https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/jul/02/mel-gibson-racist-rant | title = Mel Gibson faces flak again after alleged racist rant | date = July 2, 2010 |work=[[The Guardian]] | access-date =July 2, 2010 }}</ref><ref name="telegraphjuly15">{{cite news | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/7891640/Mel-Gibson-threatens-to-burn-house-down-in-new-tape.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100717181200/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/7891640/Mel-Gibson-threatens-to-burn-house-down-in-new-tape.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = July 17, 2010 | title = Mel Gibson 'threatens to burn house down in new tape' | date = July 15, 2010 |work=The Daily Telegraph | access-date =July 15, 2010 }}</ref> Grigorieva said the voices on the recordins were hers an Gibson's, accordin tae [[CNN]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/SHOWBIZ/celebrity.news.gossip/07/14/mel.gibson.rant/index.html|title=RadarOnline releases another purported Gibson rant|work=[[CNN]]|date=July 16, 2010|access-date=February 3, 2022|archive-date=February 3, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203064534/http://edition.cnn.com/2010/SHOWBIZ/celebrity.news.gossip/07/14/mel.gibson.rant/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> A restrainin order relatit tae domestic violence barred him frae comin near Grigorieva or their dochter.<ref name="guardianjuly2"/> The Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department stairtit a domestic violence investigation,<ref name="abuseinvestigation2">{{cite news|url=https://vancouversun.com/entertainment/movie-guide/Gibson+investigated+domestic+violence/3252404/story.html |title=Mel Gibson investigated for domestic violence |date=July 8, 2010 |work=The Vancouver Sun |access-date=July 9, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710200701/http://www.vancouversun.com/entertainment/movie-guide/Gibson%2Binvestigated%2Bdomestic%2Bviolence/3252404/story.html |archive-date=July 10, 2010}}</ref> that wis drappit when Gibson pleadit no contest tae a misdemeanour battery chairge in Mairch 2011.<ref name=nocontest>{{cite news |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 11, 2011 |title=Mel Gibson in Plea Deal in Battering Case |author=Michael Cieply |author-link=Michael Cieply |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/12/business/media/12gibson.html |access-date=December 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409203247/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/12/business/media/12gibson.html |archive-date=April 9, 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The actress Winona Ryder haes said that at a pairty Gibson askit a gay freend o hers if he wad get AIDS frae speakin wi him, an askit her, wha is Jewish, if she wis an "oven dodger".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Earl |first=William |date=2020-06-23 |title=Winona Ryder Accuses Mel Gibson of Making Anti-Semitic and Homophobic Remarks |url=https://variety.com/2020/film/news/winona-ryder-mel-gibson-oven-dodger-1234646288/ |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=Variety |language=en-US |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414212708/https://variety.com/2020/film/news/winona-ryder-mel-gibson-oven-dodger-1234646288/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Child |first1=Ben |title=Winona Ryder: Mel Gibson called me an 'oven dodger' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/dec/17/winona-ryder-mel-gibson |access-date=31 July 2025 |work=The Guardian |date=17 December 2010}}</ref> A representative o Gibson denied it.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mel Gibson denies Winona Ryder's anti-Semitism accusation - National {{!}} Globalnews.ca |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7096628/mel-gibson-anti-semitic-comments-winona-ryder/ |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=Global News |language=en-US |archive-date=August 8, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808165826/https://globalnews.ca/news/7096628/mel-gibson-anti-semitic-comments-winona-ryder/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Gibson's statements led tae him bein blacklistit in Hollywood for near ten year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/shane-black-mel-gibson-is-being-blacklisted-2016-5|title=The 'Lethal Weapon' writer says Mel Gibson is 'blacklisted' in Hollywood|first=Jason|last=Guerrasio|date=May 21, 2016|website=Business Insider Australia|access-date=December 26, 2020|archive-date=January 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126125310/https://www.businessinsider.com.au/shane-black-mel-gibson-is-being-blacklisted-2016-5|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014 [[Robert Downey Jr.]] an the journalist Allison Hope Weiner baith caad for him tae be forgien.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/robert-downey-jr-forgive-mel-gibson/|title=Robert Downey Jr.: Forgive Mel Gibson|work=Times of Israel|date=7 October 2014|access-date=November 27, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2014/03/mel-gibson-career-hollywood-deserves-chance-697084/|title=A Journalist's Plea On 10th Anniversary Of 'The Passion Of The Christ': Hollywood, Take Mel Gibson Off Your Blacklist|first=Allison Hope Weiner Special To|last=Deadline|date=March 11, 2014|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|access-date=November 27, 2016|archive-date=November 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118031941/http://deadline.com/2014/03/mel-gibson-career-hollywood-deserves-chance-697084/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Hacksaw Ridge]]'' (2016), that got sax Academy Awaird nominations, wis seen as a "thaw" in his reputation.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Siegel|first1=Tatiana|title=Mel Gibson Is No Longer Persona Non Grata in Hollywood|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/mel-gibson-is-no-longer-937208|access-date=November 6, 2016|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=October 12, 2016|archive-date=November 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107225501/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/mel-gibson-is-no-longer-937208|url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2026 he wis accused o mockin a sign leid interpreter at Fan Expo Canada in [[Toronto]]. He apologised, sayin, "There was no intended maliciousness attached, and I certainly apologize to anyone who was upset by it."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2026/film/news/mel-gibson-mocks-asl-interpreter-fan-expo-apologizes-1236847278/|title=Mel Gibson Apologizes for Mocking Sign Language Interpreter as Backlash Grows: 'Thoughtless Idiocy' With 'No Intended Maliciousness'|website=Variety|date=August 31, 2026|access-date=August 31, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tmz.com/2026/08/31/mel-gibson-criticized-for-hand-gestures-asl-interpreter/|title=Mel Gibson Catches Heat For Allegedly Mocking Deaf Interpreter at Canadian Fan Expo|website=TMZ|date=August 31, 2026|access-date=August 31, 2026}}</ref> == Honours == On 25 Julie 1997 Gibson wis makkit an honorary Officer o the Order o Australie (AO) for his "service to the Australian film industry". The awaird is honorary acause the full awairds gang anerly tae Australian citizens.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/869892 |title=It's an Honour&nbsp;– Honours&nbsp;– Search Australian Honours |publisher=Itsanhonour.gov.au |date=July 25, 1997 |access-date=July 13, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222042237/https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/869892 |archive-date=February 22, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gibson, Mel}} [[Category:Mel Gibson| ]] [[Category:1956 births]] [[Category:20t-century American male actors]] [[Category:21st-century American male actors]] [[Category:21st-century American writers]] [[Category:American emigrants tae Australie]] [[Category:American film directors]] [[Category:American male film actors]] [[Category:American male stage actors]] [[Category:American male televeesion actors]] [[Category:American fowk o Australie strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Inglis strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Scots strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Welsh strynd]] [[Category:American philanthropists]] [[Category:American Roman Catholics]] [[Category:American male screenwriters]] [[Category:American televeesion producers]] [[Category:American Tradeetionalist Catholics]] [[Category:Best Actor AACTA Awaird winners]] [[Category:Best Directin Academy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Best Director Gowden Globe winners]] [[Category:Erse male film actors]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Male actors frae New York]] [[Category:National Institute of Dramatic Art alumni]] [[Category:Fowk frae Peekskill, New York]] [[Category:Male actors frae Sydney]] [[Category:Producers that wan the Best Pictur Academy Awaird]] [[Category:Inglis-leid film directors]] [[Category:Academy Awaird winners]] 6qowafy81dwehamrfvyoqwlb5x8bcyi 927007 926978 2026-11-08T22:07:38Z Monospaced 75295 Award nems as published 927007 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |name = Mel Gibson<br><small> AO |image = Mel_Gibson_Cannes_2016_3.jpg |caption = Gibson at the Cannes Film Festival in 2016 |birth_name = {{nowrap|Mel Colmcille Gerard Gibson}} |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1956|1|3}} |birth_place = Peekskill, [[New York (state)|New York]], Unitit States |death_date = |death_place = |nationality = <!-- UNCLEAR - DIFFERENT SOURCES STATE DIFFERENT NATIONALITIES - PLEASE SEE TALK --> |occupation = Actor, filmmaker |years_active = 1976–present |net_worth = {{decrease}} $425 million (2011)<ref name=KKatie>Kindelan, Katie. [http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/entertainment/2011/12/mel-gibsons-loses-half-of-his-850-million-fortune-to-ex-wife-in-divorce/ "Mel Gibson Loses Half of His $850 Million Fortune to Ex-Wife in Divorce"], Good Morning America, published 12-26-2011. Retrieved 11-05-2015.</ref> |website = |parents = Hutton Gibson<br> Anne Reilly |relatives = Donal Gibson <small>(brither)</small><br>Eva Mylott <small>(faither's mither)</small> |children = 9 |spouse = {{marriage|Robyn Moore<br>|1980|2011|end=div}} |partner = Oksana Grigorieva (2009–2010)<br>Rosalind Ross (2014–present) |signature = Firma de Mel Gibson.svg }} '''Mel Colmcille Gerard Gibson''' {{post-nominals|country=USA-cats|AO}} (born 3 Januar 1956) is an American actor an film-makar. He wis born in Peekskill, New York, an flittit wi his parents tae [[Sydney]], [[Australie]], when he wis 12 year auld. Gibson is best kent as an action hero, for pairts sic as Martin Riggs in the ''Lethal Weapon'' series o buddy cop films, an Max Rockatansky in the first three films o the post-apocalyptic ''Mad Max'' action series.<ref name="Cagle">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,998731-1,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724012602/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,998731-1,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 24, 2010|title=Cinema: A Softer Side of Mel|last=Cagle|first=Jess|date=December 11, 2000|magazine=Time|access-date=July 20, 2010}}</ref> Efter legal troubles, an controversial remarks o his that cam oot in public, his popularity in Hollywood fell awa, but he cam back as a director wi ''Hacksaw Ridge'' (2016), that wan twa Academy Awards. == Career == He studied actin at the Australian {{lang|en|National Institute of Dramatic Art}}. In the 1980s he foondit Icon Entertainment, a production company that the independent film director Atom Egoyan haes cried "an alternative to the studio system."<ref>{{cite news | title = Mad Mel's passion for vengeance | author = Brian D. Johnson | publisher = Maclean's | date = December 25, 2006}}</ref> The director Peter Weir cast him as ane o the leads in the [[Warld War I]] drama ''Gallipoli'' (1981), that creetics praised an that wan Gibson a Best Actor Awaird frae the Australian Film Institute.<ref name="autogenerated1">The Australian Film Institute. [http://www.afi.org.au/Past_Winners2/AM/ContentManagerNet/ContentDisplay.aspx?ContentID=6460&Section=Past_Winners Past Winners] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100723062132/http://www.afi.org.au/Past_Winners2/AM/ContentManagerNet/ContentDisplay.aspx?ContentID=6460&Section=Past_Winners |date=July 23, 2010 }}</ref> The film helpit gie Gibson a nem as a serious actor that coud play monie kinds o pairt. In 1995 Gibson produced, directit an starred in the historical epic ''[[Braveheart]]'', on [[William Wallace]], that wan him the Golden Globe an the Academy Award for Best Director, alang wi the Academy Award for Best Pictur. In 2004 he directit an produced the [[Bible|biblical]] drama ''The Passion of the Christ'', that makkit a lot o siller but wis controversial forby. His directin o the 2006 action-adventur film ''Apocalypto'', that is set in Mesoamericae in the early 16t century, got mair notice frae creetics. In 2016, efter ten year awa frae directin, Gibson cam back wi ''Hacksaw Ridge'', a [[Warld War II]] drama on the conscientious objector Desmond Doss, played bi Andrew Garfield.<ref name=November2014Deadline>{{cite news|last1=Jaafar|first1=Ali|title=Mel Gibson In Talks To Direct 'Hacksaw Ridge' With Andrew Garfield Starring In War Hero Pic|url=https://deadline.com/2014/11/mel-gibson-and-andrew-garfield-circling-hacksaw-ridge-1201290454/|access-date=November 23, 2014|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=November 20, 2014|archive-date=November 23, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141123054408/http://deadline.com/2014/11/mel-gibson-and-andrew-garfield-circling-hacksaw-ridge-1201290454/|url-status=live}}</ref> The film wis weel liked bi creetics an did weel at the box affice. In Januar 2025 [[Donald Trump]], than president-elect, nemmed Gibson ane o three "special ambassadors" tae [[Hollywood]], alang wi the actors Jon Voight an Sylvester Stallone. Trump said he wantit them tae mak Hollywood "stronger than ever before" bi bringin back business lost tae "foreign countries".<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Moreau |first=Jordan |date=2025-01-16 |title=Trump Names Sylvester Stallone, Mel Gibson and Jon Voight as 'Special Ambassadors' to 'Troubled' Hollywood: They'll Bring 'Lost Business' Back |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/trump-sylvester-stallone-mel-gibson-jon-voight-ambassadors-hollywood-1236276088 |magazine=Variety |language=en-US |access-date=2025-01-16 |archive-date=January 16, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250116183238/https://variety.com/2025/film/news/trump-sylvester-stallone-mel-gibson-jon-voight-ambassadors-hollywood-1236276088/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He said the three wad be his "eyes and ears", but whit they wad dae wisna set oot.<ref>{{cite news |last=Horton|first=Adrian |title=Trump names Mel Gibson, Jon Voight and Sylvester Stallone as Hollywood 'special ambassadors' |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=2025-01-16 |url=https://theguardian.com/film/2025/jan/16/trump-mel-gibson-jon-voight-sylvester-stallone |access-date=2025-01-16}}</ref> == Controversies == In 1991 the American organisation GLAAD accused Gibson o homophobia efter he makkit derogatory remarks aboot gay fowk in an interview wi the Spanish newspaper ''El País''.<ref name="sfbay">Wockner, Rex. [http://www.sfbaytimes.com/index.php?sec=article&article_id=5399 "Mel Gibson, Circa 1992, "Refuses to Apologize to Gays"."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109141256/http://www.sfbaytimes.com/index.php?sec=article&article_id=5399 |date=November 9, 2013 }} ''San Francisco Bay Times''. August 17, 2006. Quote: Asked what he thought of gay people, he said, "They take it up the ass." Gibson then proceeded to point at his posterior and said: "This is only for taking a shit." When reminded that he had worked closely with gay people at drama school, Gibson said, "They were good people, kind, I like them. But their thing is not my thing." When the interviewer asked if Gibson was afraid that people would think he is gay because he's an actor, Gibson replied, "Do I sound like a homosexual? Do I talk like them? Do I move like them? What happens is when you're an actor, they stick that label on you."</ref><ref name="deangelis">DeAngelis, Michael. [https://books.google.com/books?id=aZkshPsocwgC&pg=PA165 ''Gay Fandom and Crossover Stardom''.] Duke University Press, 2001. {{ISBN|0-8223-2738-4}}, p. 166.</ref> In 1999 he said o the remarks, "I shouldn't have said it, but I was tickling a bit of vodka during that interview, and the quote came back to bite me on the ass."<ref name="NutTeKoha">Nui Te Koka. "Did I say that?" ''The Daily Telegraph''. January 30, 1999, pg 33.</ref> ''[[The Passion of the Christ]]'' (2004) wis criticised as antisemitic. The Anti-Defamation League accused Gibson o [[antisemitism]] ower the wey the film shawed Caiaphas an the Sanhedrin, an the creetic Katha Pollitt wrate in ''The Nation'' that Gibson haed broken "just about every precept" o the American Catholic bishops' 1988 guidelines on hou Jews shoud be portrayed in Passion dramas.<ref name="pollitt">{{cite news |last=Pollitt |first=Katha |date=March 11, 2004 |title=The Protocols of Mel Gibson |work=[[The Nation]] |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/protocols-mel-gibson/ |access-date=August 20, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018024641/https://www.thenation.com/article/protocols-mel-gibson/ |archive-date=October 18, 2010}}</ref> Ithers defendit him, amang them the Orthodox Jewish rabbi Daniel Lapin an the radio presenter Michael Medved.<ref name="Lapin">{{cite web| url=https://forward.com/news/6434/passion-critics-endanger-jews-angry-rabbis/| website=fordward.com| title='Passion' Critics Endanger Jews, Angry Rabbis Claim, Attacking Groups, Foxman| last=Cattan| first=Nacha| date=March 5, 2004| access-date=March 5, 2004| archive-date=October 17, 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017050225/http://forward.com/news/6434/passion-critics-endanger-jews-angry-rabbis/| url-status=live}}</ref> Gibson said that "If anyone has distorted Gospel passages to rationalize cruelty towards Jews or anyone, it's in defiance of repeated Papal condemnation."<ref>{{cite news | title=Mel Gibson Interview | work=The Globe and Mail|date=February 14, 2004}}</ref> On 28 Julie 2006 Gibson wis arrestit in Malibu, Californie, for drink-drivin while he wis speedin wi an open bottle o drink in the caur. Accordin tae the arrest report, he said tae the officer, "Fucking Jews... the Jews are responsible for all the wars in the world. Are you a Jew?"<ref>{{cite news|last=Weiner|first=Allison Hope|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/30/us/30gibson.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|title=Mel Gibson Apologizes for Tirade After Arrest|date=July 30, 2006|access-date=June 6, 2020|archive-date=June 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613121700/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/30/us/30gibson.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=tmz>{{cite news|url=https://www.tmz.com/2006/07/28/gibsons-anti-semitic-tirade-alleged-cover-up/|title=Gibson's Anti-Semitic Tirade Alleged Cover Up|work=TMZ.com|date=July 28, 2006|access-date=June 6, 2020|archive-date=May 31, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531031522/https://www.tmz.com/2006/07/28/gibsons-anti-semitic-tirade-alleged-cover-up/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Sara|last=Dover|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/james-mee-jewish-cop-who-arrested-mel-gibson-gets-trial-discrimination-suit-394898|title=James Mee: Jewish Cop Who Arrested Mel Gibson Gets Trial in Discrimination Suit|date=January 12, 2012|work=International Business Times|access-date=November 27, 2016|archive-date=February 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210120815/http://www.ibtimes.com/james-mee-jewish-cop-who-arrested-mel-gibson-gets-trial-discrimination-suit-394898|url-status=live}}</ref> Efter the report wis leaked tae the wabsteid TMZ, Gibson apologised twice throu his publicist.<ref name="apology2">{{cite web |url=http://www.today.com/id/14135592 |title=Gibson's statement about anti-Semitic remarks |website=Today.com |date=August 1, 2006 |access-date=July 12, 2010 |archive-date=June 25, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625022946/http://www.today.com/id/14135592 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He caad his behaviour "despicable", said the remarks were "blurted out in a moment of insanity",<ref name="first role">{{cite news |title=Gibson takes first starring role in six years |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2008/apr/29/news.melgibson |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=April 29, 2008 |access-date=May 12, 2010 |archive-date=October 23, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023114106/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2008/apr/29/news.melgibson |url-status=live }}</ref> an askit tae meet Jewish leaders.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gibson Asks Jews For Help To Find 'Appropriate Path To Healing'|url=http://www.accesshollywood.com/mel-gibson/gibson-asks-jews-for-help-to-find-appropriate-path-to-healing_article_1069|date=August 1, 2006|work=Access Hollywood|access-date=May 24, 2009|archive-date=July 23, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100723062011/http://www.accesshollywood.com/mel-gibson/gibson-asks-jews-for-help-to-find-appropriate-path-to-healing_article_1069|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 17 August 2006 he pleadit no contest tae a misdemeanour chairge o drink-drivin an wis gien three year o probation.<ref name="first role" /> In Julie 2010 recordins o phone caws atween Gibson an his umwhile pairtner Oksana Grigorieva were leaked. In them he uised a racist slur, sayin that if she wis raped bi a gang o Black men it wad be her ain faut, an threatened tae burn doun her hoose wi her inside it.<ref name="guardianjuly2">{{cite news | first = Ed | last = Pilkington | url = https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/jul/02/mel-gibson-racist-rant | title = Mel Gibson faces flak again after alleged racist rant | date = July 2, 2010 |work=[[The Guardian]] | access-date =July 2, 2010 }}</ref><ref name="telegraphjuly15">{{cite news | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/7891640/Mel-Gibson-threatens-to-burn-house-down-in-new-tape.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100717181200/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/7891640/Mel-Gibson-threatens-to-burn-house-down-in-new-tape.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = July 17, 2010 | title = Mel Gibson 'threatens to burn house down in new tape' | date = July 15, 2010 |work=The Daily Telegraph | access-date =July 15, 2010 }}</ref> Grigorieva said the voices on the recordins were hers an Gibson's, accordin tae [[CNN]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/SHOWBIZ/celebrity.news.gossip/07/14/mel.gibson.rant/index.html|title=RadarOnline releases another purported Gibson rant|work=[[CNN]]|date=July 16, 2010|access-date=February 3, 2022|archive-date=February 3, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203064534/http://edition.cnn.com/2010/SHOWBIZ/celebrity.news.gossip/07/14/mel.gibson.rant/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> A restrainin order relatit tae domestic violence barred him frae comin near Grigorieva or their dochter.<ref name="guardianjuly2"/> The Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department stairtit a domestic violence investigation,<ref name="abuseinvestigation2">{{cite news|url=https://vancouversun.com/entertainment/movie-guide/Gibson+investigated+domestic+violence/3252404/story.html |title=Mel Gibson investigated for domestic violence |date=July 8, 2010 |work=The Vancouver Sun |access-date=July 9, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710200701/http://www.vancouversun.com/entertainment/movie-guide/Gibson%2Binvestigated%2Bdomestic%2Bviolence/3252404/story.html |archive-date=July 10, 2010}}</ref> that wis drappit when Gibson pleadit no contest tae a misdemeanour battery chairge in Mairch 2011.<ref name=nocontest>{{cite news |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 11, 2011 |title=Mel Gibson in Plea Deal in Battering Case |author=Michael Cieply |author-link=Michael Cieply |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/12/business/media/12gibson.html |access-date=December 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409203247/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/12/business/media/12gibson.html |archive-date=April 9, 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The actress Winona Ryder haes said that at a pairty Gibson askit a gay freend o hers if he wad get AIDS frae speakin wi him, an askit her, wha is Jewish, if she wis an "oven dodger".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Earl |first=William |date=2020-06-23 |title=Winona Ryder Accuses Mel Gibson of Making Anti-Semitic and Homophobic Remarks |url=https://variety.com/2020/film/news/winona-ryder-mel-gibson-oven-dodger-1234646288/ |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=Variety |language=en-US |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414212708/https://variety.com/2020/film/news/winona-ryder-mel-gibson-oven-dodger-1234646288/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Child |first1=Ben |title=Winona Ryder: Mel Gibson called me an 'oven dodger' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/dec/17/winona-ryder-mel-gibson |access-date=31 July 2025 |work=The Guardian |date=17 December 2010}}</ref> A representative o Gibson denied it.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mel Gibson denies Winona Ryder's anti-Semitism accusation - National {{!}} Globalnews.ca |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7096628/mel-gibson-anti-semitic-comments-winona-ryder/ |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=Global News |language=en-US |archive-date=August 8, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808165826/https://globalnews.ca/news/7096628/mel-gibson-anti-semitic-comments-winona-ryder/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Gibson's statements led tae him bein blacklistit in Hollywood for near ten year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/shane-black-mel-gibson-is-being-blacklisted-2016-5|title=The 'Lethal Weapon' writer says Mel Gibson is 'blacklisted' in Hollywood|first=Jason|last=Guerrasio|date=May 21, 2016|website=Business Insider Australia|access-date=December 26, 2020|archive-date=January 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126125310/https://www.businessinsider.com.au/shane-black-mel-gibson-is-being-blacklisted-2016-5|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014 [[Robert Downey Jr.]] an the journalist Allison Hope Weiner baith caad for him tae be forgien.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/robert-downey-jr-forgive-mel-gibson/|title=Robert Downey Jr.: Forgive Mel Gibson|work=Times of Israel|date=7 October 2014|access-date=November 27, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2014/03/mel-gibson-career-hollywood-deserves-chance-697084/|title=A Journalist's Plea On 10th Anniversary Of 'The Passion Of The Christ': Hollywood, Take Mel Gibson Off Your Blacklist|first=Allison Hope Weiner Special To|last=Deadline|date=March 11, 2014|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|access-date=November 27, 2016|archive-date=November 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118031941/http://deadline.com/2014/03/mel-gibson-career-hollywood-deserves-chance-697084/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Hacksaw Ridge]]'' (2016), that got sax Academy Award nominations, wis seen as a "thaw" in his reputation.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Siegel|first1=Tatiana|title=Mel Gibson Is No Longer Persona Non Grata in Hollywood|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/mel-gibson-is-no-longer-937208|access-date=November 6, 2016|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=October 12, 2016|archive-date=November 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107225501/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/mel-gibson-is-no-longer-937208|url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2026 he wis accused o mockin a sign leid interpreter at Fan Expo Canada in [[Toronto]]. He apologised, sayin, "There was no intended maliciousness attached, and I certainly apologize to anyone who was upset by it."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2026/film/news/mel-gibson-mocks-asl-interpreter-fan-expo-apologizes-1236847278/|title=Mel Gibson Apologizes for Mocking Sign Language Interpreter as Backlash Grows: 'Thoughtless Idiocy' With 'No Intended Maliciousness'|website=Variety|date=August 31, 2026|access-date=August 31, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tmz.com/2026/08/31/mel-gibson-criticized-for-hand-gestures-asl-interpreter/|title=Mel Gibson Catches Heat For Allegedly Mocking Deaf Interpreter at Canadian Fan Expo|website=TMZ|date=August 31, 2026|access-date=August 31, 2026}}</ref> == Honours == On 25 Julie 1997 Gibson wis makkit an honorary Officer o the Order o Australie (AO) for his "service to the Australian film industry". The awaird is honorary acause the full awairds gang anerly tae Australian citizens.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/869892 |title=It's an Honour&nbsp;– Honours&nbsp;– Search Australian Honours |publisher=Itsanhonour.gov.au |date=July 25, 1997 |access-date=July 13, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222042237/https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/869892 |archive-date=February 22, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gibson, Mel}} [[Category:Mel Gibson| ]] [[Category:1956 births]] [[Category:20t-century American male actors]] [[Category:21st-century American male actors]] [[Category:21st-century American writers]] [[Category:American emigrants tae Australie]] [[Category:American film directors]] [[Category:American male film actors]] [[Category:American male stage actors]] [[Category:American male televeesion actors]] [[Category:American fowk o Australie strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Inglis strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Scots strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Welsh strynd]] [[Category:American philanthropists]] [[Category:American Roman Catholics]] [[Category:American male screenwriters]] [[Category:American televeesion producers]] [[Category:American Tradeetionalist Catholics]] [[Category:Best Actor AACTA Awaird winners]] [[Category:Best Directin Academy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Best Director Gowden Globe winners]] [[Category:Erse male film actors]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Male actors frae New York]] [[Category:National Institute of Dramatic Art alumni]] [[Category:Fowk frae Peekskill, New York]] [[Category:Male actors frae Sydney]] [[Category:Producers that wan the Best Pictur Academy Awaird]] [[Category:Inglis-leid film directors]] [[Category:Academy Awaird winners]] 5m9qy0gq37fhhhougtiry062p5oo8su 1 158475 926979 558665 2026-11-08T21:43:09Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin ref 926979 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|en|Mel Gibson}} {{Translatit page|en|Mel Gibson|version=1383626479}} pdycr6jl7ujzvomobfo8jldp894kqo5 0 158482 926889 900225 2026-11-08T20:23:17Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 926889 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = Léon: The Professional | image = Leon-poster.jpg | caption = French theatrical release poster | director = [[Luc Besson]] | writer = Luc Besson | producer = [[Patrice Ledoux]] | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[Jean Reno]] * [[Gary Oldman]] * [[Natalie Portman]] * [[Danny Aiello]] }} | music = [[Éric Serra]] | cinematography = [[Thierry Arbogast]] | editing = Sylvie Landra | studio = {{Plainlist| * [[Gaumont Film Company|Gaumont]] * Les Films du Dauphin }} | distributor = {{Plainlist| * Gaumont<br/>Buena Vista International }} | released = {{Film date|1994|9|14|df=y}} | runtime = 133 minutes (oreeginal) 110 minutes (U.S. version) | country = Fraunce | language = Inglis | budget = $16 million<ref name="the-numbers">{{cite web | title = Box Office Information for Léon | url = http://www.the-numbers.com/movies/1994/0PROF.php | publisher = [[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]] | accessdate = 4 April 2010 | archive-date = 2011-06-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110611060614/http://www.the-numbers.com/movies/1994/0PROF.php | url-status = dead }}</ref> | gross = $46.1 million<ref>{{cite web|author=JP |url=http://www.jpbox-office.com/fichfilm.php?id=4251 |title=Léon (The Professional) (1994) |publisher=JPBox-Office |accessdate=25 November 2016}}</ref> }} '''''Léon: The Professional''''' ({{lang-fr|'''Léon'''}}; forby kent as '''''The Professional''''') is a 1994 Inglis-leid French [[thriller film]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-professional-1994|title=The Professional Movie Review (1994)|last=Ebert|first=Roger|publisher=rogerebert.com|access-date=12 October 2016}}</ref> written an directit bi [[Luc Besson]]. It stars [[Jean Reno]] an [[Gary Oldman]], an features the motion pictur debut o [[Natalie Portman]]. In the film Léon (Reno), a professional hitman, reluctantly taks in 12-year-auld Mathilda (Portman), efter her faimily is murthert bi corrupt [[Drug Enforcement Administration]] agent [[Norman Stansfield]] (Oldman). Léon an Mathilda form an unco relationship, as she becomes his [[Mentorship|protégée]] an learns the hitman's trade. ''Léon: The Professional'' wis a commercial success, grossin ower $45 million warldwide on a $16 million budget.<ref name="the-numbers"/> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Leon}} [[Category:1994 films]] [[Category:1990s crime thriller films]] [[Category:French films]] [[Category:French crime films]] [[Category:French crime thriller films]] [[Category:Inglis-leid films]] [[Category:Buddy films]] [[Category:Mafia films]] [[Category:Feectional portrayals o the New York Ceety Polis Depairtment]] [[Category:Films aboot contract killing]] [[Category:Films aboot orphants]] [[Category:Films aboot revenge]] [[Category:Films directit bi Luc Besson]] [[Category:Juvenile sexuality in films]] [[Category:Films set in New Jersey]] [[Category:Films set in New York Ceety]] [[Category:Films shot in New York Ceety]] [[Category:Films shot in New Jersey]] [[Category:Films shot in Paris]] [[Category:Gaumont Film Company films]] {{stub/Fillum}} sjmmvozx8fc9x8c4ii6dsl89lbkf1ey 0 158615 926983 923148 2026-11-08T21:45:02Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 926983 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Mary Tyler Moore | image = File:Mary Tyler Moore rework.jpg | caption = Moore at Broadway Barks, 2011 | birth_date = {{Birth date|1936|12|29}} | birth_place = [[Brooklyn]], [[New York Ceety]], U.S. | death_date = {{death date and age|2017|01|25|1936|12|29}} | death_place = Greenwich, Connecticut, U.S. | death_cause = Hert an lung failure frae [[pneumonia]] | occupation = Actress | education = Immaculate Heart Heich School | years_active = 1957–2013 | spouse ={{unbulleted list|{{marriage|Dick Meeker|1955|1961}}|{{marriage|Grant Tinker|1962|1981}}|{{marriage| Robert Levine|1983|2017|end=her daith}}}} | children = 1 }} '''Mary Tyler Moore''' (29 December 1936 – 25 Januar 2017) wis an American actress, kent for her roles in twa telly [[sitcom]]s: ''[[The Mary Tyler Moore Show]]'' (1970–1977), whaur she played Mary Richards, a single wumman wirkin as a local news producer in [[Minneapolis]], an ''[[The Dick Van Dyke Show]]'' (1961–1966), whaur she played [[The Dick Van Dyke Show#Characters|Laura Petrie]], a umquhile dancer turnt Westchester hamemaker, wife an mither.<ref>Kohen, Yael. [https://books.google.com/books?id=wUj4QgKBwaIC&pg=PR19 ''We Killed: The Rise of Women in American Comedy''] New York: Macmillan, 2012. p. xix. ISBN 9780374287238.</ref><ref>Carrigan, Henry C., Jr. "Mary Tyler Moore (1936– )" in Sickels, Robert C. (ed.) [https://books.google.com/books?id=kXCjAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA409 ''100 Entertainers Who Changed America: An Encyclopedia of Pop Culture Luminaries: An Encyclopedia of Pop Culture Luminaries''] ABC-CLIO, 2013. p. 409. ISBN 9781598848311</ref><ref>Chan, Amanda, [http://www.nbcnews.com/id/43008034/ns/health-health_care/t/whats-meningioma-science-mary-tyler-moores-brain-tumor/ "What's a meningioma? The science of Mary Tyler Moore's brain tumor"] NBCNews.com (May 12, 2011)</ref><ref>Li, David K. [http://pagesix.com/2014/05/22/mary-tyler-moore-is-nearly-blind/ "Page Six: Mary Tyler Moore is nearly blind"] ''New York Post'' (May 22, 2014)</ref> Her films include ''Thoroughly Modern Millie'' (1967) an ''[[Ordinary People]]'' (1980), whaur she played a role gey different frae her telly chairacters, an that she wis nominatit for [[Academy Awaird for Best Actress]] for.<ref name=RStoneSeriously>{{cite web| title = But Seriously: 18 Comedians Who Went Dramatic for Oscar |url = http://www.rollingstone.com/movies/lists/18-comedians-who-went-serious-for-oscar-20150213/mary-tyler-moore-ordinary-people-1980-20150212| accessdate = October 20, 2015| publisher = Rolling Stone}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=McGee|first1=Scott|title=Ordinary People|url=http://www.tcm.com/this-month/article/18955%7C0/Ordinary-People.html|publisher=Turner Classic Movies, Inc.|accessdate=January 25, 2017|archive-date=2017-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128125102/http://www.tcm.com/this-month/article/18955%7C0/Ordinary-People.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Darrach, Brad; MacKay, Kathy; Wilhelm, Maria; and Reilly, Sue. [http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20078109,00.html "Life Spirals Out Of Control For A Regular Family"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319005520/http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20078109,00.html |date=2016-03-19 }} ''People'' (December 15, 1980)</ref> In baith ''The Mary Tyler Moore Show'' an ''The Dick Van Dyke Show'' her chairacters aften brak awa frae the steriotyped eemage o weemen, an Moore becam a cultural icon an an inspiration tae monie younger actresses, professional weemen an feminists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2017/01/25/how-mary-tyler-moore-changed-america-with-feminism-tv-and-comedy.html|title=How Mary Tyler Moore Changed America With Feminism, TV, and Comedy|first=Tim|last=Teeman|date=January 25, 2017|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theatlantic.com/sexes/archive/2013/05/the-real-feminist-impact-of-i-the-mary-tyler-moore-show-i-was-behind-the-scenes/275875/|title=The Real Feminist Impact of 'The Mary Tyler Moore Show' Was Behind the Scenes|first=Hope|last=Reese|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/tvandradioblog/2017/jan/25/mary-tyler-moore-appreciation-true-icon-feminism|title=Mary Tyler Moore: a true cultural icon who changed the face of television|first=John|last=Patterson|date=January 25, 2017|publisher=|via=The Guardian}}</ref> Later she wrocht for chairities an sindry poleetical causes, maistly [[ainimal richts]] an [[diabetes mellitus type 1|diabetes]]. She wis diagnosed wi teep 1 diabetes early in the run o ''The Mary Tyler Moore Show''.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2009-03-22-mtm-diabetes_N.htm | work=USA Today | title=Mary Tyler Moore tells how she took control of diabetes | date=March 25, 2009}}</ref> She suffered frae [[alcoholism]] an aw, that she wrote aboot in the first o her twa memoirs. In Mey 2011 Moore haed elective harn surgery tae tak oot a benign meningioma.<ref name=brain>{{cite news|url=http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/U/US_PEOPLE_MARY_TYLER_MOORE?SITE=NCWIN&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT|title=Mary Tyler Moore 'recovering nicely' from surgery|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=May 14, 2011}}{{dead link|date=March 2015}}</ref> She deed o hert an lung failure frae [[pneumonia]] on 25 Januar 2017, at the age o 80.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/25/arts/television/mary-tyler-moore-dead.html |title=Mary Tyler Moore, Who Incarnated the Modern Woman on TV, Dies at 80|work=The New York Times |access-date=January 25, 2017}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Moore, Mary Tyler}} [[Category:1936 births]] [[Category:2017 daiths]] [[Category:American televeesion actresses]] [[Category:American film actresses]] [[Category:American stage actresses]] [[Category:20t-century American actresses]] [[Category:21st-century American actresses]] [[Category:Ootstaundin Performance bi a Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Primetime Emmy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Ootstaundin Performance bi a Supportin Actress in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Best Muisical or Comedy Actress Gowden Globe (televeesion) winners]] [[Category:Best Drama Actress Gowden Globe (film) winners]] [[Category:American televeesion producers]] [[Category:Activists frae New York]] [[Category:American heal activists]] [[Category:Fowk wi diabetes mellitus teep 1]] [[Category:Ainimal richts advocates]] [[Category:American libertarians]] [[Category:Actresses frae New York Ceety]] [[Category:Fowk frae Brooklyn]] [[Category:Fowk frae the Greater Los Angeles Area]] [[Category:American fowk o Inglis strynd]] 4bmm2c7fcjch31d9lbps34imqmcjxp2 926984 926983 2026-11-08T21:45:49Z Monospaced 75295 926984 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Mary Tyler Moore | image = File:Mary Tyler Moore rework.jpg | caption = Moore at Broadway Barks, 2011 | birth_date = {{Birth date|1936|12|29}} | birth_place = [[Brooklyn]], [[New York Ceety]], U.S. | death_date = {{death date and age|2017|01|25|1936|12|29}} | death_place = Greenwich, Connecticut, U.S. | death_cause = Hert an lung failure frae [[pneumonia]] | occupation = Actress | education = Immaculate Heart Heich School | years_active = 1957–2013 | spouse ={{unbulleted list|{{marriage|Dick Meeker|1955|1961}}|{{marriage|Grant Tinker|1962|1981}}|{{marriage| Robert Levine|1983|2017|end=her daith}}}} | children = 1 }} '''Mary Tyler Moore''' (29 December 1936 – 25 Januar 2017) wis an American actress, kent for her roles in twa telly [[sitcom]]s: ''[[The Mary Tyler Moore Show]]'' (1970–1977), whaur she played Mary Richards, a single wumman wirkin as a local news producer in [[Minneapolis]], an ''[[The Dick Van Dyke Show]]'' (1961–1966), whaur she played [[The Dick Van Dyke Show#Characters|Laura Petrie]], a umquhile dancer turnt Westchester hamemaker, wife an mither.<ref>Kohen, Yael. [https://books.google.com/books?id=wUj4QgKBwaIC&pg=PR19 ''We Killed: The Rise of Women in American Comedy''] New York: Macmillan, 2012. p. xix. ISBN 9780374287238.</ref><ref>Carrigan, Henry C., Jr. "Mary Tyler Moore (1936– )" in Sickels, Robert C. (ed.) [https://books.google.com/books?id=kXCjAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA409 ''100 Entertainers Who Changed America: An Encyclopedia of Pop Culture Luminaries: An Encyclopedia of Pop Culture Luminaries''] ABC-CLIO, 2013. p. 409. ISBN 9781598848311</ref><ref>Chan, Amanda, [http://www.nbcnews.com/id/43008034/ns/health-health_care/t/whats-meningioma-science-mary-tyler-moores-brain-tumor/ "What's a meningioma? The science of Mary Tyler Moore's brain tumor"] NBCNews.com (May 12, 2011)</ref><ref>Li, David K. [http://pagesix.com/2014/05/22/mary-tyler-moore-is-nearly-blind/ "Page Six: Mary Tyler Moore is nearly blind"] ''New York Post'' (May 22, 2014)</ref> Her films include ''Thoroughly Modern Millie'' (1967) an ''[[Ordinary People]]'' (1980), whaur she played a role gey different frae her telly chairacters, an that she wis nominatit for [[Academy Awards|Academy Award for Best Actress]] for.<ref name=RStoneSeriously>{{cite web| title = But Seriously: 18 Comedians Who Went Dramatic for Oscar |url = http://www.rollingstone.com/movies/lists/18-comedians-who-went-serious-for-oscar-20150213/mary-tyler-moore-ordinary-people-1980-20150212| accessdate = October 20, 2015| publisher = Rolling Stone}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=McGee|first1=Scott|title=Ordinary People|url=http://www.tcm.com/this-month/article/18955%7C0/Ordinary-People.html|publisher=Turner Classic Movies, Inc.|accessdate=January 25, 2017|archive-date=2017-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128125102/http://www.tcm.com/this-month/article/18955%7C0/Ordinary-People.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Darrach, Brad; MacKay, Kathy; Wilhelm, Maria; and Reilly, Sue. [http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20078109,00.html "Life Spirals Out Of Control For A Regular Family"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319005520/http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20078109,00.html |date=2016-03-19 }} ''People'' (December 15, 1980)</ref> In baith ''The Mary Tyler Moore Show'' an ''The Dick Van Dyke Show'' her chairacters aften brak awa frae the steriotyped eemage o weemen, an Moore becam a cultural icon an an inspiration tae monie younger actresses, professional weemen an feminists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2017/01/25/how-mary-tyler-moore-changed-america-with-feminism-tv-and-comedy.html|title=How Mary Tyler Moore Changed America With Feminism, TV, and Comedy|first=Tim|last=Teeman|date=January 25, 2017|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theatlantic.com/sexes/archive/2013/05/the-real-feminist-impact-of-i-the-mary-tyler-moore-show-i-was-behind-the-scenes/275875/|title=The Real Feminist Impact of 'The Mary Tyler Moore Show' Was Behind the Scenes|first=Hope|last=Reese|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/tvandradioblog/2017/jan/25/mary-tyler-moore-appreciation-true-icon-feminism|title=Mary Tyler Moore: a true cultural icon who changed the face of television|first=John|last=Patterson|date=January 25, 2017|publisher=|via=The Guardian}}</ref> Later she wrocht for chairities an sindry poleetical causes, maistly [[ainimal richts]] an [[diabetes mellitus type 1|diabetes]]. She wis diagnosed wi teep 1 diabetes early in the run o ''The Mary Tyler Moore Show''.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2009-03-22-mtm-diabetes_N.htm | work=USA Today | title=Mary Tyler Moore tells how she took control of diabetes | date=March 25, 2009}}</ref> She suffered frae [[alcoholism]] an aw, that she wrote aboot in the first o her twa memoirs. In Mey 2011 Moore haed elective harn surgery tae tak oot a benign meningioma.<ref name=brain>{{cite news|url=http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/U/US_PEOPLE_MARY_TYLER_MOORE?SITE=NCWIN&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT|title=Mary Tyler Moore 'recovering nicely' from surgery|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=May 14, 2011}}{{dead link|date=March 2015}}</ref> She deed o hert an lung failure frae [[pneumonia]] on 25 Januar 2017, at the age o 80.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/25/arts/television/mary-tyler-moore-dead.html |title=Mary Tyler Moore, Who Incarnated the Modern Woman on TV, Dies at 80|work=The New York Times |access-date=January 25, 2017}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Moore, Mary Tyler}} [[Category:1936 births]] [[Category:2017 daiths]] [[Category:American televeesion actresses]] [[Category:American film actresses]] [[Category:American stage actresses]] [[Category:20t-century American actresses]] [[Category:21st-century American actresses]] [[Category:Ootstaundin Performance bi a Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Primetime Emmy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Ootstaundin Performance bi a Supportin Actress in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Best Muisical or Comedy Actress Gowden Globe (televeesion) winners]] [[Category:Best Drama Actress Gowden Globe (film) winners]] [[Category:American televeesion producers]] [[Category:Activists frae New York]] [[Category:American heal activists]] [[Category:Fowk wi diabetes mellitus teep 1]] [[Category:Ainimal richts advocates]] [[Category:American libertarians]] [[Category:Actresses frae New York Ceety]] [[Category:Fowk frae Brooklyn]] [[Category:Fowk frae the Greater Los Angeles Area]] [[Category:American fowk o Inglis strynd]] so4v53ju1t8h1henbby1ebsn4oquxb3 1 159105 926972 560285 2026-11-08T21:37:10Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin ref 926972 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Talkpage}} {{Translatit page|en|LGBTQ (term)|version=1381748207}} nlnvfk0gz73mzts9nzs8gew3hatj68i 0 159565 926857 860224 2026-11-08T18:57:00Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 926857 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |image = Lady Grisell Baillie.jpg |caption = Engravin bi G. J. Stodart efter a portrait bi [[Maria Verelst]] at [[Mellerstain Hoose]]|birth_date = 25 December 1665 |birth_place = [[Redbraes Castle]], [[Berwickshire]] |death_date = 6 December 1746 (aged 80) |death_place = [[Lunnon]] |occupation = sangwriter |nationality = [[Scotland|Scots]] |notable_works = ''Were na my heart licht I wad die'' }} '''Lady Grizel Baillie''' (''née'' Hume; 25 December 1665 – 6 December 1746) wis a [[Scotland|Scots]] sangwriter.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The new biographical dictionary of Scottish women|last=|first=|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|year=2017|isbn=9781474436298|editor-last=Ewan|editor-first=Elizabeth|location=Edinburgh|pages=23|oclc=1057237368}}</ref> She wis born at Redbraes Castle, the dochter o Sir Patrick Hume, later Earl o Marchmont, an Grisell Ker.<ref name=":0" /> Her maist kenspeckled sang wis "And werena my heart light I wad dee", that wis in William Thomson's ''Orpheus Caledonius, or a Collection of the Best Scotch Songs'' (1725)<ref>{{Citation|title=Chisholm, Hugh, (22 Feb. 1866–29 Sept. 1924), Editor of the Encyclopædia Britannica (10th, 11th and 12th editions)|date=2007-12-01|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u194658|work=Who Was Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=2022-01-17}}</ref> ==References== <references /> {{Stub/Scotland}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Baillie, Grizel}} [[Category:1665 births]] [[Category:1746 daiths]] [[Category:Dauchters o Breetish earls]] [[Category:Lallans poets]] [[Category:Fowk frae the Mairches]] [[Category:Scots sangwriters]] [[Category:Scots weemen poets]] [[Category:Scots weemen writers]] [[Category:Scots writers]] [[Category:17t-century Scots fowk]] [[Category:18t-century Scots fowk]] [[Category:17t-century Scots muisickers]] [[Category:18t-century Scots muisickers]] drc9818rj5xriryl4zx7fh2fgb4ubpc 0 159857 926880 899635 2026-11-08T20:19:00Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; Gorbals birth an end o laureateship addit, soorced 926880 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Dame Carol Ann Duffy | honorific-suffix = [[Dame Commander o the Order o the Breetish Empire|DBE]] [[Ryal Society o Leeteratur|FRSL]] | image = Carol Ann Duffy (cropped).jpg | imagesize = 170px | alt = | office = [[Poet Laureate o the Unitit Kinrick]] | monarch = [[Elizabeth II]] | term_start = 1 Mey 2009 | term_end = 2019 | predecessor = [[Andrew Motion]] | successor = | caption = Duffy in Juin 2009 | pseudonym = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1955|12|23}} | birth_place = [[Glesga]], Scotland | death_date = | death_place = | occupation = Poet, playwricht | language = Inglis | nationality = Breetish | citizenship = | education = B.A. (Hons) Philosophy | alma_mater = [[Varsity o Liverpuil]] | period = | genre = | subject = | movement = | notableworks = | spouse = | children = | relatives = Mary Black (mither) died 2005<br /> Frank Duffy (faither) | influences = | influenced = | awards = [[OBE]] 1995<br> [[CBE]] 2002<br />[[DBE]] 2015 | signature = | signature_alt = | website = | portaldisp = }} '''Dame Carol Ann Duffy''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|DBE|FRSL}} (born 23 December 1955) is a Scots poet an playwricht, born in the [[Gorbals]] in [[Glesga]].<ref name=scottishpoetrylibrary>{{cite web | url = http://www.scottishpoetrylibrary.org.uk/poetry/poets/carol-ann-duffy | title=Carol Ann Duffy (b. 1955)| publisher = [[Scottish Poetry Library]] | access-date= 26 March 2015}}</ref> She is Professor o Contemporary Poetry at [[Manchester Metropolitan Varsity]], an wis appointit [[Poet Laureate o the Unitit Kingdom|Poet Laureate]] in Mey 2009, servin till her term endit in 2019.<ref name=about>{{cite web| url=http://www2.hlss.mmu.ac.uk/english/academic-staff/?profileID=47| publisher=Manchester Metropolitan University| title=Prof Carol Ann Duffy| accessdate=2 November 2009| archivedate=10 May 2013| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510070955/http://www2.hlss.mmu.ac.uk/english/academic-staff/?profileID=47}} {{Cite web |url=http://www2.hlss.mmu.ac.uk/english/academic-staff/?profileID=47 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-02-09 |archive-date=2014-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107022702/http://www2.hlss.mmu.ac.uk/english/academic-staff/?profileID=47 |url-status=dead }}</ref> She wis the first wumman, the first Scot an the first openly [[LGBT]] person tae hauld the post.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8029388.stm |title=Entertainment &#124; Duffy reacts to new Laureate post |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=1 May 2009 |accessdate=17 July 2016}}</ref> Her collections include ''Standing Female Nude'' (1985), that wan a Scottish Arts Council Book Award; ''Selling Manhattan'' (1987), that wan a [[Somerset Maugham Awaird|Somerset Maugham Award]]; ''Mean Time'' (1993), that wan the Whitbread Poetry Award; an ''Rapture'' (2005), that wan the [[T. S. Eliot Prize]]. Her poems tak on subjects sic as oppression, gender an violence, in leid that's easy tae get intae.<ref name=EB>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Carol-Ann-Duffy |title=Carol Ann Duffy &#124; British poet |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |accessdate=17 July 2016}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{Stub/Scotland}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Duffy, Carol Ann}} [[Category:1955 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Liverpuil]] [[Category:Breetish Poets Laureate]] [[Category:Fellaes o the Ryal Society o Leeteratur]] [[Category:LGBT writers frae Scotland]] [[Category:Fowk frae Glesga]] [[Category:Fowk frae Stafford]] [[Category:Scots weemen poets]] [[Category:Scots poets]] [[Category:Academics o Manchester Metropolitan Varsity]] [[Category:Dames Commander o the Order o the Breetish Empire]] [[Category:Fellaes o Homerton College, Cambridge]] [[Category:20t-century Scots poets]] [[Category:21st-century Scots poets]] [[Category:20t-century weemen writers]] [[Category:21st-century weemen writers]] [[Category:Scots dramatists an playwrichts]] [[Category:20t-century Breetish dramatists an playwrichts]] [[Category:21st-century dramatists an playwrichts]] [[Category:LGBT poets]] [[Category:Weemen dramatists an playwrichts]] [[Category:Breetish dramatists an playwrichts]] [[Category:21st-century Breetish writers]] jtp0smbtwhoob2kvfxq6w21uktg5f8i 927010 926880 2026-11-08T22:08:20Z Monospaced 75295 Award nems as published 927010 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Dame Carol Ann Duffy | honorific-suffix = [[Dame Commander o the Order o the Breetish Empire|DBE]] [[Ryal Society o Leeteratur|FRSL]] | image = Carol Ann Duffy (cropped).jpg | imagesize = 170px | alt = | office = [[Poet Laureate o the Unitit Kinrick]] | monarch = [[Elizabeth II]] | term_start = 1 Mey 2009 | term_end = 2019 | predecessor = [[Andrew Motion]] | successor = | caption = Duffy in Juin 2009 | pseudonym = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1955|12|23}} | birth_place = [[Glesga]], Scotland | death_date = | death_place = | occupation = Poet, playwricht | language = Inglis | nationality = Breetish | citizenship = | education = B.A. (Hons) Philosophy | alma_mater = [[Varsity o Liverpuil]] | period = | genre = | subject = | movement = | notableworks = | spouse = | children = | relatives = Mary Black (mither) died 2005<br /> Frank Duffy (faither) | influences = | influenced = | awards = [[OBE]] 1995<br> [[CBE]] 2002<br />[[DBE]] 2015 | signature = | signature_alt = | website = | portaldisp = }} '''Dame Carol Ann Duffy''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|DBE|FRSL}} (born 23 December 1955) is a Scots poet an playwricht, born in the [[Gorbals]] in [[Glesga]].<ref name=scottishpoetrylibrary>{{cite web | url = http://www.scottishpoetrylibrary.org.uk/poetry/poets/carol-ann-duffy | title=Carol Ann Duffy (b. 1955)| publisher = [[Scottish Poetry Library]] | access-date= 26 March 2015}}</ref> She is Professor o Contemporary Poetry at [[Manchester Metropolitan Varsity]], an wis appointit [[Poet Laureate o the Unitit Kingdom|Poet Laureate]] in Mey 2009, servin till her term endit in 2019.<ref name=about>{{cite web| url=http://www2.hlss.mmu.ac.uk/english/academic-staff/?profileID=47| publisher=Manchester Metropolitan University| title=Prof Carol Ann Duffy| accessdate=2 November 2009| archivedate=10 May 2013| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510070955/http://www2.hlss.mmu.ac.uk/english/academic-staff/?profileID=47}} {{Cite web |url=http://www2.hlss.mmu.ac.uk/english/academic-staff/?profileID=47 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-02-09 |archive-date=2014-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107022702/http://www2.hlss.mmu.ac.uk/english/academic-staff/?profileID=47 |url-status=dead }}</ref> She wis the first wumman, the first Scot an the first openly [[LGBT]] person tae hauld the post.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8029388.stm |title=Entertainment &#124; Duffy reacts to new Laureate post |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=1 May 2009 |accessdate=17 July 2016}}</ref> Her collections include ''Standing Female Nude'' (1985), that wan a Scottish Arts Council Book Award; ''Selling Manhattan'' (1987), that wan a [[Somerset Maugham Award|Somerset Maugham Award]]; ''Mean Time'' (1993), that wan the Whitbread Poetry Award; an ''Rapture'' (2005), that wan the [[T. S. Eliot Prize]]. Her poems tak on subjects sic as oppression, gender an violence, in leid that's easy tae get intae.<ref name=EB>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Carol-Ann-Duffy |title=Carol Ann Duffy &#124; British poet |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |accessdate=17 July 2016}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{Stub/Scotland}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Duffy, Carol Ann}} [[Category:1955 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Liverpuil]] [[Category:Breetish Poets Laureate]] [[Category:Fellaes o the Ryal Society o Leeteratur]] [[Category:LGBT writers frae Scotland]] [[Category:Fowk frae Glesga]] [[Category:Fowk frae Stafford]] [[Category:Scots weemen poets]] [[Category:Scots poets]] [[Category:Academics o Manchester Metropolitan Varsity]] [[Category:Dames Commander o the Order o the Breetish Empire]] [[Category:Fellaes o Homerton College, Cambridge]] [[Category:20t-century Scots poets]] [[Category:21st-century Scots poets]] [[Category:20t-century weemen writers]] [[Category:21st-century weemen writers]] [[Category:Scots dramatists an playwrichts]] [[Category:20t-century Breetish dramatists an playwrichts]] [[Category:21st-century dramatists an playwrichts]] [[Category:LGBT poets]] [[Category:Weemen dramatists an playwrichts]] [[Category:Breetish dramatists an playwrichts]] [[Category:21st-century Breetish writers]] lwpfx3y9o71oaqg9duyl0kvh61ucyx4 0 159861 926883 905444 2026-11-08T20:19:55Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; his life an wark addit, soorced 926883 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:The grave of Sydney Goodsir Smith, Dean Cemetery.JPG|thumb|The grave o Sydney Goodsir Smith, [[Dean Seemetry]]]] '''Sydney Goodsir Smith''' (26 October 1915 – 15 Januar 1975) wis a New Zealand-born Scots poet, airtist, dramatist an novelist.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sydney Goodsir Smith|url=https://www.scottishpoetrylibrary.org.uk/poet/sydney-goodsir-smith/|access-date=2025-05-29|website=Scottish Poetry Library|language=en-GB}}</ref> He wrote poetry in literary [[Scots leid|Scots]], that's whiles cried [[Lallans]], an wis a major figure o the [[Scots Renaissance]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-08-21|title=About Sydney Goodsir Smith|url=https://library.ed.ac.uk/heritage-collections/collections-and-search/research-resources/scottish-literature/sgsmith/about|access-date=2025-05-29|website=The University of Edinburgh|language=en}}</ref> == Life an wark == He wis born in [[Wellington]], [[New Zealand]], an flittit tae Edinburgh wi his faimly in 1928.<ref name="UoE">{{cite web|url=http://www.ed.ac.uk/schools-departments/information-services/library-museum-gallery/crc/collections/special-collections/scottish-literature/sgsmith/about|title=About Sydney Goodsir Smith|publisher=University of Edinburgh|accessdate=22 November 2014}}</ref> In a letter tae [[Hugh MacDiarmid]] in 1941, he said he haed "gave up writing English for Scots" efter readin MacDiarmid's ''A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle'' (1926).<ref>McCaffery, Richie (2020) (Ed.), ''Sydney Goodsir Smith, Poet: Essays on His Life and Work'', Brill Rodopi, Leiden & Boston, p. 10. {{isbn|978-90-04-42510-1}}</ref> His lang poem ''Under the Eildon Tree'' (1948), in 24 pairts, is thocht bi monie tae be his best wark.<ref name="UoE" /> == References == <references /> {{Makars}} {{Authority control}} {{Stub/Scotland}}{{Stub/Makar}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Smith, Sydney Goodsir}} [[Category:1915 births]] [[Category:1975 daiths]] [[Category:Scots Makars]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Malvern College]] [[Category:Alumni o Oriel College, Oxford]] [[Category:Lallans poets]] [[Category:Buirials at the Dean Seemetry]] [[Category:Fowk frae Wellington City]] [[Category:Writers frae Edinburgh]] [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Edinburgh]] [[Category:Scots poets]] [[Category:Scots airtists]] [[Category:Scots dramatists an playwrichts]] [[Category:Scots novelists]] [[Category:Scots comedy writers]] [[Category:Scots biografers]] [[Category:Scots Renaissance]] [[Category:New Zealand poets]] [[Category:New Zealand male writers]] [[Category:Breetish male poets]] [[Category:New Zealand airtists]] [[Category:New Zealand dramatists an playwrichts]] [[Category:New Zealand male novelists]] [[Category:New Zealand biografers]] [[Category:Male biografers]] [[Category:New Zealand emigrants tae the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:20t-century Breetish novelists]] [[Category:20t-century Scots writers]] [[Category:20t-century Breetish dramatists an playwrichts]] [[Category:20t-century Scots poets]] [[Category:Scots male poets]] [[Category:20t-century biografers]] [[Category:Breetish male dramatists an playwrichts]] ptoybc510a02fe96ksa0yeuib7b262h 0 159866 926884 846717 2026-11-08T20:20:08Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; his wark addit, soorced 926884 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:William Soutar by Benno Schotz 1959.JPG|thumb|William Soutar bi [[Benno Schotz]] 1959]] '''William Soutar''' (28 Aprile 1898 – 15 October 1943)<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00mr8yj/profiles/william-soutar William Soutar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809025707/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00mr8yj/profiles/william-soutar |date=2013-08-09 }} www.bbc.co.uk, accessed 4 Mey 2013</ref> wis a [[Scotland|Scots]] [[poet]] an diarist that wrote in baith Inglis an [[Scots leid|Braid Scots]], an is best kent for his epigrams.<ref>ODNB entry by Joy Hendry. [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/49536. Retrieved 16 August 2013. Pay-walled.]</ref> == Life an wark == Soutar wis born in [[Perth]]. Efter he got in touch wi [[Hugh MacDiarmid]] he becam a leadin figure o the [[Scots Renaissance]], an later editors cried him "one of the greatest poets Scotland has produced".<ref>Carl Mac Dougall & Douglas Gifford: Introduction: ''Into a Room: Selected Poems of William Soutar'' (Perth and Kinross Libraries, Perth, 2000). {{ISBN|1902831225}}.</ref> His ''Seeds in the Wind'' (1933) is a buik o "bairn-rhymes" in Scots.<ref>Scottish Poetry Library. [http://www.scottishpoetrylibrary.org.uk/poetry/poets/william-soutar. Retrieved 16 August 2013.]</ref> ==References== {{reflist}}{{Stub/Makar}}{{Makars}} {{Authority control}} {{Stub/Scotland}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Soutar, William}} [[Category:1898 births]] [[Category:1943 daiths]] [[Category:20t-century daiths frae tuberculosis]] [[Category:Scots poets]] [[Category:Lallans poets]] [[Category:Scots Makars]] [[Category:Fowk frae Perth, Scotland]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Perth Academy]] [[Category:20t-century Scots writers]] [[Category:20t-century Scots poets]] [[Category:Scots male poets]] [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Edinburgh]] ptgm6ond9usoyjfwm35jav2ww4ibkdj 0 160695 926904 878329 2026-11-08T20:33:50Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 926904 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | fossil_range= {{fossil range|Early Cambrian|Recent}} | name = Cephalochordate | image = Branchiostoma lanceolatum.jpg | image_caption = A ''[[Branchiostoma lanceolatum]]'' lancelet | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]] | subphylum = '''Cephalochordata''' | subphylum_authority = [[Haeckel]], 1866<ref name="Nielsen2012">{{cite journal | author=Nielsen, C. | date=July 2012 | title=The authorship of higher chordate taxa | journal=Zoologica Scripta | volume=41 | issue=4 | pages=435–436 | doi=10.1111/j.1463-6409.2012.00536.x }}</ref> | subdivision_ranks = Groups | subdivision = * †[[Pikaiidae]] <small>Walcott 1911</small> * [[Leptocardii]] <small>Müller, 1845</small> ** †''[[Cathaymyrus]]'' <small>Shu, Conway Morris & Zhang 1996</small> ** †''[[Paleobranchiostoma]]'' <small>Oelofsen & Loock 1981</small> ** [[Branchiostomiformes]] *** [[Asymmetronidae]] *** [[Branchiostomidae]] <small>Bonaparte 1841</small> | synonyms = * Pharyngobranchii (or Cirrhostomi) <small>Owen, 1846</small> * Amphioxidei <small>Bleeker, 1859</small> * Acrania <small>Haeckel, 1866</small> }} A '''cephalochordate''' (frae [[Greek leid|Greek]]: κεφαλή kephalé, "heid" an χορδή khordé, "chord") is an animal in the [[chordate]] [[subphylum]], '''Cephalochordata'''. They are chairacterised as chordates, as they hae aw 5 o the chordate chairacteristics durin larval stages an throu tae adultheid. This includes: notocord, dorsal nerve cord, endostyle, pharynx an post-anal tail.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Comparative Anatomy: manual of dissection|last=Fishbeck, D. Sebastiani, A.|first=|publisher=Morton Publisher Company|year=2015|isbn=|location=|pages=|quote=|via=}}</ref> Cephalochordates are representit in the modren oceans bi the Amphioxiformes ([[lancelet]]s, forby kent as [[amphioxus]]). Alang wi its sister phylum, [[Urochordata]], Cephalochordata can be clessified as belangin tae the taxon [[Protochordata]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Hickman|title=Animal Diversity|publisher=Michael S. Hackett|page=313}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Cephalochordata| ]] [[Category:Extant Cambrian first appearances]] {{Stub/Ainimal}} 32hfnawld978h76gbnu9viydh4iu6cd 0 161681 926808 876927 2026-11-08T18:24:52Z Monospaced 75295 Drap Fix Scots 926808 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox MSP | honorific-prefix = | name = Kezia Dugdale | honorific-suffix = [[Member o Scots Pairlament|MSP]] | image = Kezia Dugdale MSP - May 2016.JPG | office = [[Scots Labour Pairty#Leader o the Scots Labour Pairty|Leader o the Scots Labour Pairty]] | deputy = [[Alex Rowley]] | leader = [[Harriet Harman]] (Actin)<br />[[Jeremy Corbyn]] | term_start = 15 August 2015 | term_end = 29 August 2017 | predecessor = [[Jim Murphy]] | successor = [[Richard Leonard (Scots politeecian)|Richard Leonard]] | office1 = [[Scots Labour Pairty#Deputy Leader o the Scots Labour Pairty|Depute Leader o the Scots Labour Pairty]] | leader1 = [[Jim Murphy]] | term_start1 = 13 December 2014 | term_end1 = 13 Juin 2015 | predecessor1 = [[Anas Sarwar]] | successor1 = [[Alex Rowley]] | module = {{Collapsed infobox section begin|[[Shaidae Cabinet (Scots Pairlament)|Shaidae Cabinet]] poseetions |titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey}}{{Infobox officeholder |embed = yes | office2 = [[Scots Labour]] [[Shaidae Cabinet (Scots Pairlament)|Spokesperson]] [[Cabinet Secretaryfor Finance an Constitution|for Finance an the Constitution]] | leader2 = [[Alex Rowley]] (Acting)<br />[[Jackie Baillie]] (Actin)<br />[[Richard Leonard (Scots politeecian)|Richard Leonard]] | term_start2 = 25 Mey 2016 | term_end2 = 29 August 2017 | predecessor2 = [[Jackie Baillie]] | successor2 = [[Jackie Baillie]] (Economy, Fair Wark an Jobs)<br />[[James Kelly (Scots politeecian)|James Kelly]] (Finance an the Constitution) | office3 = [[Scots Labour]] [[Shaidae Cabinet (Scots Pairlament)|Spokesperson]] [[Cabinet Secretar for Eddication an Skills|for Eddication an Lifelang Learnin]] | leader3 = [[Johann Lamont]] | term_start3 = 29 Juin 2013 | term_end3 = 13 December 2014 | predecessor3 = ''Poseetion established'' | successor3 = [[Iain Gray]] {{Collapsed infobox section end}} | office4 = [[Member o the Scots Pairlament]]<br />for [[Lowden (Scots Pairlament electoral region)|Lowden]]<br /><small>(1 o 7 Regional MSPs)</small> | term_start4 = 5 Mey 2011 | term_end4 = 15 Julie 2019 | predecessor4 = [[Fiona Hyslop]] | successor4 = [[Sarah Boyack]] | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1981|08|28|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Aiberdeen]], [[Scotland]] | birthname = | nationality = Breetish | party = [[Labour Co-operative]] | partner = Louise Riddell | relations = | children = | residence = [[Lochend, Edinburgh]] | alma_mater = [[Aiberdeen Varsity]]<br>[[Edinburgh Varsity]] | occupation = | profession = | cabinet = | committees = | signature = | website = [http://www.keziadugdale.com/ www.keziadugdale.com] | footnotes = }}}} '''Kezia Alexandra Ross Dugdale''' (born 28 August 1981)<ref name="scotparl-info-kezia-dugdale">{{Cite web |url=http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/msps/currentmsps/Kezia-Dugdale-MSP.aspx |title=The Scottish Parliament – Current MSPs – Kezia Dugdale – Personal Information |access-date=2017-03-06 |archive-date=2014-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720014207/http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/msps/currentmsps/Kezia-Dugdale-MSP.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> is a [[Labour Pairty (UK)|Labour]] politician wha wis the Leader o the [[Scots Labour Pairty]] frae 15 August 2015 tae 29 August 2017, when she propaled her demission as Labour leader.<ref name="BBC290817">{{cite web|title=Kezia Dugdale quits as Scottish Labour leader|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-41082916|date=29 August 2017|work=BBC News|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829214505/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-41082916|archivedate=29 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In July 2019, Dugdale wis nae langer a memmer o the [[Scots Pairlament]],<ref name="end">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Kezia Dugdale ceased to be a Member of the Scottish Parliament on the 15th of July 2019|url=https://www.keziadugdale.com/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720151516/http://www.keziadugdale.com/|archive-date=20 July 2019|access-date=9 August 2020|website=Kezia Dugdale}}</ref> nor the Labour pairty.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-10-10|title=Kezia Dugdale quits Scottish Labour over Brexit|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-50002775|access-date=2019-10-11}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dugdale, Kezia}} [[Category:1981 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Politeecians frae Aiberdeen]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Harris Academy]] [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Aiberdeen]] [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Edinburgh]] [[Category:Labour MSPs]] [[Category:Members o the Scots Pairlament 2011–16]] [[Category:Members o the Scots Pairlament 2016–]] [[Category:Scots bloggers]] [[Category:LGBT politeecians frae Scotland]] [[Category:Female members o the Scots Pairlament]] [[Category:21st-century weemen politeecians]] {{stub/scotpol}} 328l0i1ob4ldhazatmecakwq4a10ucz 926861 926808 2026-11-08T19:49:19Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up 926861 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox MSP | honorific-prefix = | name = Kezia Dugdale | honorific-suffix = [[Member o Scots Pairlament|MSP]] | image = Kezia Dugdale MSP - May 2016.JPG | office = [[Scots Labour Pairty#Leader o the Scots Labour Pairty|Leader o the Scots Labour Pairty]] | deputy = [[Alex Rowley]] | leader = [[Harriet Harman]] (Actin)<br />[[Jeremy Corbyn]] | term_start = 15 August 2015 | term_end = 29 August 2017 | predecessor = [[Jim Murphy]] | successor = [[Richard Leonard (Scots politeecian)|Richard Leonard]] | office1 = [[Scots Labour Pairty#Deputy Leader o the Scots Labour Pairty|Depute Leader o the Scots Labour Pairty]] | leader1 = [[Jim Murphy]] | term_start1 = 13 December 2014 | term_end1 = 13 Juin 2015 | predecessor1 = [[Anas Sarwar]] | successor1 = [[Alex Rowley]] | module = {{Collapsed infobox section begin|[[Shaidae Cabinet (Scots Pairlament)|Shaidae Cabinet]] poseetions |titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey}}{{Infobox officeholder |embed = yes | office2 = [[Scots Labour]] [[Shaidae Cabinet (Scots Pairlament)|Spokesperson]] [[Cabinet Secretaryfor Finance an Constitution|for Finance an the Constitution]] | leader2 = [[Alex Rowley]] (Acting)<br />[[Jackie Baillie]] (Actin)<br />[[Richard Leonard (Scots politeecian)|Richard Leonard]] | term_start2 = 25 Mey 2016 | term_end2 = 29 August 2017 | predecessor2 = [[Jackie Baillie]] | successor2 = [[Jackie Baillie]] (Economy, Fair Wark an Jobs)<br />[[James Kelly (Scots politeecian)|James Kelly]] (Finance an the Constitution) | office3 = [[Scots Labour]] [[Shaidae Cabinet (Scots Pairlament)|Spokesperson]] [[Cabinet Secretar for Eddication an Skills|for Eddication an Lifelang Learnin]] | leader3 = [[Johann Lamont]] | term_start3 = 29 Juin 2013 | term_end3 = 13 December 2014 | predecessor3 = ''Poseetion established'' | successor3 = [[Iain Gray]] {{Collapsed infobox section end}} | office4 = [[Member o the Scots Pairlament]]<br />for [[Lowden (Scots Pairlament electoral region)|Lowden]]<br /><small>(1 o 7 Regional MSPs)</small> | term_start4 = 5 Mey 2011 | term_end4 = 15 Julie 2019 | predecessor4 = [[Fiona Hyslop]] | successor4 = [[Sarah Boyack]] | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1981|08|28|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Aiberdeen]], [[Scotland]] | birthname = | nationality = Breetish | party = [[Labour Co-operative]] | partner = Louise Riddell | relations = | children = | residence = [[Lochend, Edinburgh]] | alma_mater = [[Aiberdeen Varsity]]<br>[[Edinburgh Varsity]] | occupation = | profession = | cabinet = | committees = | signature = | website = [http://www.keziadugdale.com/ www.keziadugdale.com] | footnotes = }}}} '''Kezia Alexandra Ross Dugdale''' (born 28 August 1981)<ref name="scotparl-info-kezia-dugdale">{{Cite web |url=http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/msps/currentmsps/Kezia-Dugdale-MSP.aspx |title=The Scottish Parliament – Current MSPs – Kezia Dugdale – Personal Information |access-date=2017-03-06 |archive-date=2014-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720014207/http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/msps/currentmsps/Kezia-Dugdale-MSP.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> is a [[Labour Pairty (UK)|Labour]] politician that wis the Leader o the [[Scots Labour Pairty]] frae 15 August 2015 tae 29 August 2017, whan she stuid doun as leader.<ref name="BBC290817">{{cite web|title=Kezia Dugdale quits as Scottish Labour leader|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-41082916|date=29 August 2017|work=BBC News|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829214505/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-41082916|archivedate=29 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Bi Julie 2019, Dugdale wis nae langer a member o the [[Scots Pairlament]],<ref name="end">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Kezia Dugdale ceased to be a Member of the Scottish Parliament on the 15th of July 2019|url=https://www.keziadugdale.com/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720151516/http://www.keziadugdale.com/|archive-date=20 July 2019|access-date=9 August 2020|website=Kezia Dugdale}}</ref> nor the Labour pairty.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-10-10|title=Kezia Dugdale quits Scottish Labour over Brexit|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-50002775|access-date=2019-10-11}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dugdale, Kezia}} [[Category:1981 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Politeecians frae Aiberdeen]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Harris Academy]] [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Aiberdeen]] [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Edinburgh]] [[Category:Labour MSPs]] [[Category:Members o the Scots Pairlament 2011–16]] [[Category:Members o the Scots Pairlament 2016–]] [[Category:Scots bloggers]] [[Category:LGBT politeecians frae Scotland]] [[Category:Female members o the Scots Pairlament]] [[Category:21st-century weemen politeecians]] {{stub/scotpol}} 2eccz8k2og0zf6b972g7accpgynfqgy 0 161937 927016 818836 2026-11-08T22:12:43Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; brocht up tae date, soorced 927016 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = PewDiePie | image = Pewdiepie head shot.jpg | caption = Kjellberg in 2019 | birth_name = Felix Arvid Ulf Kjellberg | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1989|10|24|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Gothenburg]], [[Swaden]] | nationality = [[Swadish fowk|Swadish]] | residence = [[Japan]] | parents = {{plainlist| * Ulf Kjellberg (faither) * Johanna Kjellberg (mither) }} | relatives = {{plainlist| * Fanny Sylwander (sister) }} | occupation = {{flatlist| * YouTuber }} | spouse = {{marriage|[[Marzia Bisognin]]|2019}} | website = {{URL|represent.com/pewdiepie}} | signature = [[File:Felix Arvid Ulf Kjellberg Signature.svg|200px]] | module = {{Infobox YouTube personality|embed=yes | channel_name = PewDiePie | years_active = 2010–present | genre = {{flatlist| * Let's Play * vlog * comedy * satire }} | subscribers = 109 million<!--please update date in stats_update field when you update this--> <!--do not add the date here as that is already at the bottom of the infobox--> | views = 29.5 billion<!--please update date in stats_update field when you update this--> <!--do not add the date here as that is already at the bottom of the infobox--> | network = Nane (umwhile Machinima an efter that Maker Studios) | associated_acts ={{hlist|CinnamonToastKen|Cryaotic|Dolan Dark|Emma Blackery|FlyingKitty|Grandayy|h3h3Productions|iDubbbz|Jack Douglass|Jacksepticeye|Jordan Maron|[[Markiplier]]|[[Marzia Bisognin]]|[[MrBeast]]|Party In Backyard|PJ Liguori|Roomie }} | silver_button = yes | silver_year = 2012{{efn|Kjellberg gat a seicont Silver Play Button for the Jack septiceye2 channel in 2016.<ref name=Playbutton>{{cite AV media |author=PewDiePie |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GdJcBoJYwRY |title=I WAITED 4 YEARS FOR THIS!!!! |work=PewDiePie |publisher=[[YouTube]]|date=24 November 2016 |accessdate=26 November 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125003035/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GdJcBoJYwRY |archivedate=25 November 2016 }}</ref>}} | gold_button = yes | gold_year = 2012{{efn|Kjellberg gat a seicont Gold Play Button for the Jack septiceye2 channel in 2016.<ref name=Playbutton/>}} | diamond_button = yes | diamond_year = 2013<ref>{{cite AV media |author=PewDiePie |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yWIZpZdpTUw |title=THE DIAMOND PLAYBUTTON (Part 3) |work=PewDiePie |publisher=[[YouTube]]|date=11 June 2016 |accessdate=11 June 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612163108/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yWIZpZdpTUw |archivedate=12 June 2016}}</ref> | ruby_button = yes | ruby_year = 2016<ref name=Cohen2016>{{cite web|last=Cohen|first=Joshua|url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2016/12/19/pewdiepie-ruby-play-button-youtube-50-million-subscribers/|title=YouTube Sends PewDiePie Custom Ruby Play Button To Commemorate 50 Million Subscribers|work=Tubefilter|date=19 December 2016|accessdate=1 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728215537/https://www.tubefilter.com/2016/12/19/pewdiepie-ruby-play-button-youtube-50-million-subscribers/|archive-date=28 July 2018|dead-url=no}}</ref> | stats_update = 29 October 2026 }} }} '''Felix Arvid Ulf Kjellberg'''<ref name="Hot On YouTube: Videos About Video Games, And Science, Too">{{cite web |url=http://www.npr.org/blogs/alltechconsidered/2013/12/30/257552199/hot-on-youtube-videos-about-video-games-and-science-too | title=Hot On YouTube: Videos About Video Games, And Science, Too | publisher=''NPR'' | date=30 December 2013 | accessdate=30 December 2013 | author=Sydell, Laura}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ʃ|ɛ|l|b|ɜːr|ɡ}} {{respell|SHEL|burg}},<ref>{{cite interview|interviewer=Emma Blackery|title=An Interview With PewDiePie|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5lG3xeSU_EA&t=24s|date=15 July 2015|quote=Felix: It's err, Kjellberg [pronounced SHEL-bərg]}}</ref> {{IPA-sv|ˈfeːlɪks ˈɕɛlˈbærj|lang}};<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forvo.com/word/kjellberg/|title=Kjellberg pronunciation|publisher=''Forvo''|accessdate=23 November 2013}}</ref> born on 24 October 1989), better kent bi his online nem '''PewDiePie''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|juː|d|i|p|aɪ}} {{respell|PEW|dee-py}}), is a Swadish YouTuber, comedian an video producer. He is kent for his Let's Play commentaries on [[video gemme]]s an for his vlogs on [[YouTube]]. He wis the maist-subscribed body on YouTube for lang, an is ane o the best-kent online personalities. == Early life == Kjellberg wis born in [[Gothenburg]], [[Swaden]]. He stairtit a degree in industrial economics an technology at {{lang|en|Chalmers University of Technology}} in Gothenburg.<ref name="Rosengren2012">{{cite web|title=Han hoppade av Chalmers&nbsp;– blev heltidskändis på Youtube|url=http://www.idg.se/2.1085/1.477094/han-hoppade-av-chalmers---blev-heltidskandis-pa-youtube|work=International Data Group|language=sv|last=Rosengren|first=Lina|date=19 November 2012|access-date=21 November 2012|archive-date=21 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121121164838/http://www.idg.se/2.1085/1.477094/han-hoppade-av-chalmers---blev-heltidskandis-pa-youtube|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2010, while he wis at the varsity, he registered a YouTube accoont unner the nem PewDiePie. The neist year he drappit oot o Chalmers efter he lost interest in his degree, tae the scunner o his parents. Efter he failed tae get an apprenticeship wi an advertisin agency in Scandinavie, he decidit tae pit his mind tae makkin content for his YouTube channel. Tae pey for his videos, he selt prents o his Photoshop airt projects an wrocht at a hot dug staun.<ref name="Dewey2015">{{cite news|title=Who is PewDiePie, the first person to ever hit 10 billion YouTube views?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2015/09/09/who-is-pewdiepie-the-first-person-to-ever-hit-10-billion-youtube-views/?noredirect=on|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|last=Dewey|first=Caitlin|date=9 September 2015|access-date=31 July 2018|archive-date=21 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221041915/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2015/09/09/who-is-pewdiepie-the-first-person-to-ever-hit-10-billion-youtube-views/?noredirect=on|url-status=live}}</ref> == YouTube career == PewDiePie suin gaithert a muckle follaein online, an in Julie 2012 his channel gaed ower ae million subscribers. On 15 August 2013 he becam the maist-subscribed uiser on YouTube,<ref name="Cohen2013b">{{cite web|title=It's Official: PewDiePie Becomes The Most Subscribed Channel On YouTube|url=http://www.tubefilter.com/2013/08/15/its-official-pewdiepie-becomes-most-subscribed-channel-on-youtube/|work=Tubefilter|last=Cohen|first=Joshua|date=15 August 2013|access-date=16 August 2013|archive-date=17 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817151439/http://www.tubefilter.com/2013/08/15/its-official-pewdiepie-becomes-most-subscribed-channel-on-youtube/|url-status=live}}</ref> though he wis owertaen for a short while in late 2013 bi the YouTube Spotlight channel. He wan back the tap steid on 23 December 2013, an bi Januar 2019 the channel haed gethert ower 80 million subscribers. Frae 29 December 2014 tae 14 Februar 2017, PewDiePie's channel wis the maist-viewed channel on YouTube. As o Januar 2019 the channel haed haen ower 19 billion video views, the 8t maist on the platform. PewDiePie's best-kent YouTube content is his Let's Play-style video gemme commentaries, mainly o horror gemmes. Monie o his early videos war o him reactin tae the fearsome pairts o horror gemmes, but he suin shiftit awa frae horror an played gemmes o aw kinds. While he keepit his focus on video gemme commentaries, he pit comedy vlogs intae his videos mair an mair. In the mid tae late 2010s he stairtit makkin formatit vlogs that focused on [[Internet]] culture an on his audience. His content haes been praised as genuine an unfiltered, an at times it haes met wi controversy. In early 2017 there war allegations o [[antisemitism]] in a nummer o PewDiePie's videos, an Maker Studios, the multi-channel netwark (MCN) he wis signed tae, endit its pairtnership wi him.<ref name="Berg201722">{{cite news|title=Disney Cuts Ties With PewDiePie After Anti-Semitic Posts|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/maddieberg/2017/02/13/disney-cuts-ties-with-pewdiepie-after-anti-semitic-posts|work=Forbes|last=Berg|first=Madeline|date=13 February 2017|access-date=14 February 2017|archive-date=17 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217160407/http://www.forbes.com/sites/maddieberg/2017/02/13/disney-cuts-ties-with-pewdiepie-after-anti-semetic-posts/|url-status=live}}</ref> He criticised the coverage an defendit his content as jokes taen oot o context, but he grantit that it wis offensive. In late 2018 an early 2019 PewDiePie wis in a public competeition wi the Indian record label T-Series tae be the maist-subscribed channel, an T-Series ended up owertakkin him. Efter that he gaed back tae makkin gemmin videos, maistly o ''[[Minecraft]]''. In the 2020s he haes uploadit less an taen monie brakks frae the Internet, an he haes hauf retired frae YouTube. == Influence == Acause he is sae popular, PewDiePie's coverage o indie gemmes haes haen an "Oprah effect", boostin sales o the gemmes he plays. In 2016 ''Time'' nemmed him ane o "The World's 100 Most Influential People".<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=The 100 Most Influential People |url=https://time.com/collections/2016-time-100/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260207103805/https://time.com/collections/2016-time-100/ |archive-date=7 February 2026 |access-date=1 March 2026 |magazine=Time}}</ref> == Personal life == Kjellberg mairit the Italian Internet personality an fashion designer [[Marzia Bisognin]] in 2019. They bade in [[Brighton]], [[Ingland]], afore they flittit tae [[Japan]].<ref name="StMichel2022">{{cite web|title=YouTuber PewDiePie's 'honeymoon phase' brings positive vibes to Japan content|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2022/06/11/digital/pewdiepie-j-vlogging/|work=The Japan Times|last=St. Michel|first=Patrick|date=11 June 2022|access-date=8 August 2022|archive-date=18 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118091145/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2022/06/11/digital/pewdiepie-j-vlogging/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Notes== {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:1989 births]] [[Category:21st-century airtists]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Gothenburg]] [[Category:Swadish atheists]] [[Category:Swadish expatriates in Ingland]] [[Category:Swadish expatriates in Italy]] [[Category:Swadish airtists]] [[Category:Male vyce actors]] [[Category:YouTubers]] [[Category:YouTube Diamond Play Button recipients]] 83efptulwxphes7xc21pjgzrz78vnq5 927196 927016 2026-11-09T09:43:37Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 927196 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = PewDiePie | image = Pewdiepie head shot.jpg | caption = Kjellberg in 2019 | birth_name = Felix Arvid Ulf Kjellberg | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1989|10|24|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Gothenburg]], [[Swaden]] | nationality = [[Swadish fowk|Swadish]] | residence = [[Japan]] | parents = {{plainlist| * Ulf Kjellberg (faither) * Johanna Kjellberg (mither) }} | relatives = {{plainlist| * Fanny Sylwander (sister) }} | occupation = {{flatlist| * YouTuber }} | spouse = {{marriage|[[Marzia Bisognin]]|2019}} | website = {{URL|represent.com/pewdiepie}} | signature = [[File:Felix Arvid Ulf Kjellberg Signature.svg|200px]] | module = {{Infobox YouTube personality|embed=yes | channel_name = PewDiePie | years_active = 2010–present | genre = {{flatlist| * Let's Play * vlog * comedy * satire }} | subscribers = 109 million<!--please update date in stats_update field when you update this--> <!--do not add the date here as that is already at the bottom of the infobox--> | views = 29.5 billion<!--please update date in stats_update field when you update this--> <!--do not add the date here as that is already at the bottom of the infobox--> | network = Nane (umwhile Machinima an efter that Maker Studios) | associated_acts ={{hlist|CinnamonToastKen|Cryaotic|Dolan Dark|Emma Blackery|FlyingKitty|Grandayy|h3h3Productions|iDubbbz|Jack Douglass|Jacksepticeye|Jordan Maron|[[Markiplier]]|[[Marzia Bisognin]]|[[MrBeast]]|Party In Backyard|PJ Liguori|Roomie }} | silver_button = yes | silver_year = 2012{{efn|Kjellberg gat a seicont Silver Play Button for the Jack septiceye2 channel in 2016.<ref name=Playbutton>{{cite AV media |author=PewDiePie |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GdJcBoJYwRY |title=I WAITED 4 YEARS FOR THIS!!!! |work=PewDiePie |publisher=[[YouTube]]|date=24 November 2016 |accessdate=26 November 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125003035/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GdJcBoJYwRY |archivedate=25 November 2016 }}</ref>}} | gold_button = yes | gold_year = 2012{{efn|Kjellberg gat a seicont Gold Play Button for the Jack septiceye2 channel in 2016.<ref name=Playbutton/>}} | diamond_button = yes | diamond_year = 2013<ref>{{cite AV media |author=PewDiePie |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yWIZpZdpTUw |title=THE DIAMOND PLAYBUTTON (Part 3) |work=PewDiePie |publisher=[[YouTube]]|date=11 June 2016 |accessdate=11 June 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612163108/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yWIZpZdpTUw |archivedate=12 June 2016}}</ref> | ruby_button = yes | ruby_year = 2016<ref name=Cohen2016>{{cite web|last=Cohen|first=Joshua|url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2016/12/19/pewdiepie-ruby-play-button-youtube-50-million-subscribers/|title=YouTube Sends PewDiePie Custom Ruby Play Button To Commemorate 50 Million Subscribers|work=Tubefilter|date=19 December 2016|accessdate=1 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728215537/https://www.tubefilter.com/2016/12/19/pewdiepie-ruby-play-button-youtube-50-million-subscribers/|archive-date=28 July 2018|dead-url=no}}</ref> | stats_update = 29 October 2026 }} }} '''Felix Arvid Ulf Kjellberg'''<ref name="Hot On YouTube: Videos About Video Games, And Science, Too">{{cite web |url=http://www.npr.org/blogs/alltechconsidered/2013/12/30/257552199/hot-on-youtube-videos-about-video-games-and-science-too | title=Hot On YouTube: Videos About Video Games, And Science, Too | publisher=''NPR'' | date=30 December 2013 | accessdate=30 December 2013 | author=Sydell, Laura}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ʃ|ɛ|l|b|ɜːr|ɡ}} {{respell|SHEL|burg}},<ref>{{cite interview|interviewer=Emma Blackery|title=An Interview With PewDiePie|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5lG3xeSU_EA&t=24s|date=15 July 2015|quote=Felix: It's err, Kjellberg [pronounced SHEL-bərg]}}</ref> {{IPA-sv|ˈfeːlɪks ˈɕɛlˈbærj|lang}};<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forvo.com/word/kjellberg/|title=Kjellberg pronunciation|publisher=''Forvo''|accessdate=23 November 2013}}</ref> born on 24 October 1989), better kent bi his online nem '''PewDiePie''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|juː|d|i|p|aɪ}} {{respell|PEW|dee-py}}), is a Swadish YouTuber, comedian an video producer. He is kent for his Let's Play commentaries on [[video gemme]]s an for his vlogs on [[YouTube]]. He wis the maist-subscribed body on YouTube for lang, an is ane o the best-kent online personalities. == Early life == Kjellberg wis born in [[Gothenburg]], [[Swaden]]. He stairtit a degree in industrial economics an technology at {{lang|en|Chalmers University of Technology}} in Gothenburg.<ref name="Rosengren2012">{{cite web|title=Han hoppade av Chalmers&nbsp;– blev heltidskändis på Youtube|url=http://www.idg.se/2.1085/1.477094/han-hoppade-av-chalmers---blev-heltidskandis-pa-youtube|work=International Data Group|language=sv|last=Rosengren|first=Lina|date=19 November 2012|access-date=21 November 2012|archive-date=21 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121121164838/http://www.idg.se/2.1085/1.477094/han-hoppade-av-chalmers---blev-heltidskandis-pa-youtube|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2010, while he wis at the varsity, he registered a YouTube accoont unner the nem PewDiePie. The neist year he drappit oot o Chalmers efter he lost interest in his degree, tae the scunner o his parents. Efter he failed tae get an apprenticeship wi an advertisin agency in Scandinavie, he decidit tae pit his mind tae makkin content for his YouTube channel. Tae pey for his videos, he selt prents o his Photoshop airt projects an wrocht at a hot dug staun.<ref name="Dewey2015">{{cite news|title=Who is PewDiePie, the first person to ever hit 10 billion YouTube views?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2015/09/09/who-is-pewdiepie-the-first-person-to-ever-hit-10-billion-youtube-views/?noredirect=on|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|last=Dewey|first=Caitlin|date=9 September 2015|access-date=31 July 2018|archive-date=21 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221041915/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2015/09/09/who-is-pewdiepie-the-first-person-to-ever-hit-10-billion-youtube-views/?noredirect=on|url-status=live}}</ref> == YouTube career == PewDiePie suin gaithert a muckle follaein online, an in Julie 2012 his channel gaed ower ae million subscribers. On 15 August 2013 he becam the maist-subscribed uiser on YouTube,<ref name="Cohen2013b">{{cite web|title=It's Official: PewDiePie Becomes The Most Subscribed Channel On YouTube|url=http://www.tubefilter.com/2013/08/15/its-official-pewdiepie-becomes-most-subscribed-channel-on-youtube/|work=Tubefilter|last=Cohen|first=Joshua|date=15 August 2013|access-date=16 August 2013|archive-date=17 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817151439/http://www.tubefilter.com/2013/08/15/its-official-pewdiepie-becomes-most-subscribed-channel-on-youtube/|url-status=live}}</ref> though he wis owertaen for a short while in late 2013 bi the YouTube Spotlight channel. He wan back the tap steid on 23 December 2013, an bi Januar 2019 the channel haed gethert ower 80 million subscribers. Frae 29 December 2014 tae 14 Februar 2017, PewDiePie's channel wis the maist-viewed channel on YouTube. As o Januar 2019 the channel haed haen ower 19 billion video views, the 8t maist on the platform. PewDiePie's best-kent YouTube content is his Let's Play-style video gemme commentaries, mainly o horror gemmes. Monie o his early videos war o him reactin tae the fearsome pairts o horror gemmes, but he suin shiftit awa frae horror an played gemmes o aw kinds. While he keepit his focus on video gemme commentaries, he pit comedy vlogs intae his videos mair an mair. In the mid tae late 2010s he stairtit makkin formatit vlogs that focused on [[Internet]] culture an on his audience. His content haes been praised as genuine an unfiltered, an at times it haes met wi controversy. In early 2017 there war allegations o [[antisemitism]] in a nummer o PewDiePie's videos, an Maker Studios, the multi-channel netwark (MCN) he wis signed tae, endit its pairtnership wi him.<ref name="Berg201722">{{cite news|title=Disney Cuts Ties With PewDiePie After Anti-Semitic Posts|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/maddieberg/2017/02/13/disney-cuts-ties-with-pewdiepie-after-anti-semitic-posts|work=Forbes|last=Berg|first=Madeline|date=13 February 2017|access-date=14 February 2017|archive-date=17 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217160407/http://www.forbes.com/sites/maddieberg/2017/02/13/disney-cuts-ties-with-pewdiepie-after-anti-semetic-posts/|url-status=live}}</ref> He criticised the coverage an defendit his content as jokes taen oot o context, but he grantit that it wis offensive. In late 2018 an early 2019 PewDiePie wis in a public competeition wi the Indian record label T-Series tae be the maist-subscribed channel, an T-Series ended up owertakkin him. Efter that he gaed back tae makkin gemmin videos, maistly o ''[[Minecraft]]''. In the 2020s he haes uploadit less an taen monie brakks frae the Internet, an he haes hauf retired frae YouTube. == Influence == Acause he is sae popular, PewDiePie's coverage o indie gemmes haes haen an "Oprah effect", boostin sales o the gemmes he plays. In 2016 ''Time'' nemmed him ane o "The World's 100 Most Influential People".<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=The 100 Most Influential People |url=https://time.com/collections/2016-time-100/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260207103805/https://time.com/collections/2016-time-100/ |archive-date=7 February 2026 |access-date=1 March 2026 |magazine=Time}}</ref> == Personal life == Kjellberg mairit the Italian Internet personality an fashion designer [[Marzia Bisognin]] in 2019. They bade in [[Brighton]], [[Ingland]], afore they flittit tae [[Japan]].<ref name="StMichel2022">{{cite web|title=YouTuber PewDiePie's 'honeymoon phase' brings positive vibes to Japan content|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2022/06/11/digital/pewdiepie-j-vlogging/|work=The Japan Times|last=St. Michel|first=Patrick|date=11 June 2022|access-date=8 August 2022|archive-date=18 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118091145/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2022/06/11/digital/pewdiepie-j-vlogging/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Notes== {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:1989 births]] [[Category:21st-century airtists]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Gothenburg]] [[Category:Swadish atheists]] [[Category:Swadish expatriates in Ingland]] [[Category:Swadish expatriates in Italy]] [[Category:Swadish airtists]] [[Category:Male vyce actors]] [[Category:YouTubers]] [[Category:YouTube Diamond Play Button recipients]] focuk7gwrjkppkr7r7qqlo8kiqmi83u 0 162777 927080 819592 2026-11-08T22:36:01Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; soorce addit 927080 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:MDR Kripo live.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A live TV shaw set an cameras.]] A '''telly programme''' (or '''telly shaw''') is content makkit for watchin on a [[televeesion|telly]], that is sent oot ower the air, bi satellite or bi cable, or shared digitally on streamin platforms.<ref name="Willcox-TV">{{cite web|last1=Willcox |first1=James K. |title=The Many Ways to Watch Television |url=https://www.consumerreports.org/tv-service/the-many-ways-to-watch-television/ |website=Consumer Reports |date=June 27, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817064706/https://www.consumerreports.org/tv-service/the-many-ways-to-watch-television/ |archive-date=August 17, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> It disnae include [[breakin news]] or the [[Televeesion advertisement|adverts]] that are shawn atween programmes. It may be a single production, or mair aften a series o relatit productions, cried a '''telly series'''. == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Televeesion programmes|*]] [[Category:Televeesion terminology|Programme]] {{stub/TV}} csc2gg3u7uobbvk49s1lq1rkjjv274j 0 162869 926841 884719 2026-11-08T18:51:32Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; Glamis addit, soorced 926841 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty | consort = yes | name = Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon | title = [[Breetish queen mithers|The Queen Mother]] | image = Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother portrait.jpg | caption = Portrait bi [[Richard Stone (painter)|Richard Stone]], 1986 | succession = [[Leet o Breetish consorts|Queen consort o the Unitit Kinrick]]<br />an the [[Dominion|Breetish Dominions]] | reign = 11 December 1936 – {{nowrap|6 Februar 1952}} | cor-type = [[Coronation o Keeng George VI an Queen Elizabeth|Coronation]] | coronation = 12 Mey 1937 | succession1 = [[Empress consort o Indie]] | reign1 = 11 December 1936 – {{nowrap|15 August 1947}} | birth_date = {{birth date|1900|8|4|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Hitchin]] or [[Lunnon]], Ingland | death_date = {{death date and age|2002|3|30|1900|8|4|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Royal Lodge]], [[Windsor, Berkshire]] | burial_date = 9 Aprile 2002 | burial_place = [[St George's Chapel, Windsor&nbsp;Castle]] | spouse = [[George VI]]<br />(m. 1923; d. 1952) | issue = [[Elizabeth II]]<br />[[Princess Margaret, Coontess o Snowdon]] | full name = Elizabeth Angela Marguerite Bowes-Lyon{{efn|name=hyphen|The surname wis written wi a hyphen in official documents at the time o her mairriage, but the faimily itsel tends tae leave it oot.<ref>Shawcross, p. 8</ref>}} | house = [[Hoose of Windsor|Windsor]] {{small|(bi mairriage)}} | father = [[Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14t Earl o Strathmore an Kinghorne]] | mother = [[Cecilia Bowes-Lyon, Coontess o Strathmore an Kinghorne|Cecilia Cavendish-Bentinck]] }} '''Elizabeth Angela Marguerite Bowes-Lyon''' (4 August 1900 – 30 Mairch 2002) wis the wife o King [[George VI]] an the mither o Queen [[Elizabeth II]] an [[Princess Margaret, Coontess o Snowdon]]. She wis [[Leet o Breetish consorts|Queen consort o the Unitit Kinrick]] an the [[Dominion]]s frae her husband's accession in 1936 till his daith in 1952, efter which she wis kent as '''Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother''',<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=55932|date=4 August 2000|startpage=8617|supp=yes}} {{London Gazette|issue=56653|date=5 August 2002|startpage=1|supp=yes}} {{London Gazette|issue=56969|date=16 June 2003|startpage=7439 }}</ref> sae fowk wadnae mix her up wi her dauchter. She wis the last [[Empress consort o Indie]]. She spent muckle o her bairnheid at [[Glaums|Glamis]] Castle, her faither's faimily hame in [[Scotland]].<ref>Vickers, p. 8</ref> ==Notes== {{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}} ==References== {{reflist}} === Soorces === {{Refbegin}} * {{Citation |last=Shawcross |first=William |title=Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother: The Official Biography |date=2009 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-1-4050-4859-0 |author-link=William Shawcross}} * {{Citation |last=Vickers |first=Hugo |title=Elizabeth, The Queen Mother |date=2006 |publisher=Arrow Books/Random House |isbn=978-0-09-947662-7 |author-link=Hugo Vickers}} {{Refend}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Elizabeth}} [[Category:1900 births]] [[Category:2002 daiths]] [[Category:Bowes-Lyon faimily]] [[Category:Breetish centenarians]] [[Category:Breetish Anglicans]] [[Category:Breetish princesses bi mairiage|Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon]] [[Category:Breetish ryal consorts|Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon]] [[Category:Breetish weemen in Warld War II]] [[Category:Centenarian ryalty]] [[Category:Chancellors o the Varsity o Dundee]] [[Category:Chancellors o the Varsity o Lunnon]] [[Category:Breast cancer survivors]] [[Category:Colorectal cancer survivors]] [[Category:Companions o the Order o Canadae]] [[Category:Companions o the Order o the Croun o Indie]] [[Category:Dames Grand Cross o the Order o St John]] [[Category:Dames Grand Cross o the Order o the Breetish Empire]] [[Category:Dames Grand Cross o the Ryal Victorian Order]] [[Category:Jewellery collectors]] [[Category:Ladies o the Gairten]] [[Category:Ladies o the Thistle]] [[Category:Members o the Order o New Zealand]] [[Category:Members o the Ryal Reid Cross]] [[Category:Recipients o the Ryal Victorian Cheen]] [[Category:Grand Crosses o the Order o St. Sava]] [[Category:Grand Cordons o the Order o the Precious Croun]] [[Category:Grand Croix o the Légion d'honneur]] [[Category:Grand Crosses o the Order o the Croun (Romanie)]] [[Category:Grand Crosses o the Order o the Sun o Peru]] [[Category:Recipients o the War Cross wi Swuird (Norawa)]] [[Category:Dauchters o Breetish earls]] [[Category:Duchesses o York]] [[Category:George VI]] [[Category:Honorary air commodores]] [[Category:Hoose o Windsor|Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon]] [[Category:Indian empresses|Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon]] [[Category:Lairds Warden o the Cinque Ports]] [[Category:Fowk frae Angus]] [[Category:Fowk frae Hitchin]] [[Category:Fowk frae Lunnon]] [[Category:Queen mithers|Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon]] [[Category:Victoria Medal o Honour (Horticultur) recipients]] [[Category:Buirials at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle]] r0wzjot0behhv1bc13r0c5tqt6b8qz5 0 163013 926947 909845 2026-11-08T21:20:24Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 926947 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=October 2020}} {{Infobox scientist |nobel=yes |box width = |birth_name = Donald Arthur Glaser |image = Donald Glaser.jpg |caption = Donald A. Glaser |birth_date = {{Birth date|1926|9|21|mf=yes}} |birth_place = [[Cleveland, Ohio]], [[United States|U.S.]] |death_date = {{Death date and age|2013|02|28|1926|9|21|mf=yes}} |death_place = [[Berkeley, Californie]], U.S. |field = [[Physics]], [[Molecular biology]] |work_institution = {{Unbulleted list | [[Varsity o Michigan]] | [[Varsity o Californie at Berkeley]] }} |alma_mater = {{Unbulleted list | [[Case School of Applied Science]] ([[Case Western Reserve Varsity]]) | [[California Institute of Technology]] }} |doctoral_advisor = [[Carl David Anderson]] |doctoral_students = |known_for = {{Unbulleted list | [[bubble chamber|Invention o bubble chamber]] | Business executive }} |prizes = {{Unbulleted list | [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] (1960) | [[Elliott Cresson Medal]] (1961) }} |religion = [[Judaism]] |footnotes = |spouse = {{Unbulleted list | Ruth Bonnie Thompson (m. 1960; 2 bairns) | Lynn Bercovitz (m. 1975) }} }} '''Donald Arthur Glaser''' (September 21, 1926&nbsp;– Februar 28, 2013) wis an [[Americans|American]] [[physicist]], [[neurobiologist]], an the winner o the 1960 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] for his invention o the [[bubble chamber]] uised in [[subatomic pairticle]] physics.<ref name="obit">{{Cite journal | last1 = Poggio | first1 = Tomaso | authorlink1 = Tomaso Poggio | title = Donald Arthur Glaser (1926–2013) Physicist and biotechnologist who invented the bubble chamber | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2013-04-04_496_7443/page/32 | doi = 10.1038/496032a | journal = Nature | volume = 496 | issue = 7443 | pages = 32 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23552936 | pmc = |bibcode = 2013Natur.496...32P }}</ref><ref name=Vettel>{{Cite document|url=http://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/roho/ucb/text/glaser_donald.pdf|author=Vettel, Eric|title=Donald Glaser: The Bubble Chamber, Bioengineering, Business Consulting, and Neurobiology&nbsp;– an oral history conducted in 2003–2004|publisher=Regional Oral History Office, The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley|year=2006|accessdate=2013-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329073417/http://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/roho/ucb/text/glaser_donald.pdf|archive-date=2018-03-29|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Glaser | first1 = D. | title = Some Effects of Ionizing Radiation on the Formation of Bubbles in Liquids | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_physical-review_1952-08-15_87_4/page/n119 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRev.87.665 | journal = Physical Review | volume = 87 | issue = 4 | pages = 665 | year = 1952 | pmid = | pmc = |bibcode = 1952PhRv...87..665G }}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Glaser, Donald A.}} [[Category:1926 births]] [[Category:2013 daiths]] [[Category:20t-century physicists]] [[Category:American Nobel laureates]] [[Category:American neuroscientists]] [[Category:Californie Institute o Technology alumni]] [[Category:Case Western Reserve Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Experimental physicists]] [[Category:Jews an Judaism in Cleveland]] [[Category:Nobel laureates in Physics]] [[Category:Fowk frae Cleveland]] [[Category:Varsity o Californie, Berkeley faculty]] [[Category:Varsity o Michigan faculty]] [[Category:American fowk o Roushie-Jewish strynd]] [[Category:Jewish American scientists]] [[Category:Jewish physicists]] [[Category:Members o the Unitit States Naitional Academy o Sciences]] {{stub/Science}} j5i9k6irk4jnupqn17rephiqa9zt1c1 0 163533 926809 802612 2026-11-08T18:26:10Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; soorces addit 926809 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox building | name = Naitional Museum o Scotland | native_name = | former_names = | alternate_names = | image = Museum of Scotland.jpg | alt = | caption = The Museum o Scotland biggin, pairt o the Naitional Museum o Scotland | map_type = | map_alt = | map_caption = | altitude = | building_type = | architectural_style = Victorian [[Romanesque Revival]] an modren | structural_system = | cost = | client = | owner = | current_tenants = | landlord = | location = | address = | location_town = [[Edinburgh]] | location_country = Scotland | coordinates = | start_date = 1861 | completion_date = 1866 an 1998 | inauguration_date = 1866 | renovation_date = 2011 | demolition_date = | destruction_date = | height = | diameter = | floor_count = | floor_area = | main_contractor = | architect = [[Benson & Forsyth]] | architecture_firm = | structural_engineer = Anthony Hunt Associates | services_engineer = | civil_engineer = | awards = | url = | references = }} The '''Naitional Museum o Scotland''' in [[Edinburgh]], Scotland, is a museum o Scots history an culture. It wis formed in 2006 wi the merger o the new '''Museum o Scotland''', wi collections relatin tae Scots [[antiquities]], [[Scots cultur|culture]] an [[History o Scotland|history]], an the '''Royal Scottish Museum''' next door, that appent in 1866, wi collections coverin science an technology, [[naitural history]] an warld cultures.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Swinney |first1=Geoffrey |title=PhD thesis:Towards an Historical Geography of a 'National' Museum: The Industrial Museum of Scotland, the Edinburgh Museum of Science and Art and the Royal Scottish Museum, 1854 - 1939. |url=http://era.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/8109 |website=Edinburgh Research Archive |date=July 2013 |publisher=University of Edinburgh}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Allan |first1=Douglas A. |title=The Royal Scottish Museum: Art & Ethnography, Natural History, Technology, Geology, 1854 to 1954 |date=1954 |publisher=Oliver and Boyd |location=Edinburgh}}</ref> The twa biggins staund side bi side on Chambers Street in the centre o Edinburgh, an it is free tae get in.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Swinney |first1=Geoffrey N. |last2=Heppell |first2=David |title=Public and Privileged Access: A Historical Survey of Admission Charges and Visitor Figures for Part of the Scottish National Collections |journal=Book of the Old Edinburgh Club |series=New Series |date=1997 |volume=4 |page=69 84}}</ref> The Museum o Scotland is in a modren biggin that appent in 1998. The auld Royal Museum biggin wis begun in 1861 an pairtly appent in 1866. It appent again on 29 Julie 2011 efter a £47 million wark tae restore an extend it.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-14313739 |title=National Museum of Scotland to reopen after £47m refit |publisher=BBC News |date=27 July 2011 |access-date=20 December 2011}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{coord|55|56|49|N|3|11|24|W|display=title}} [[Category:Naitional Museums o Scotland| ]] [[Category:1866 establishments in Scotland]] [[Category:1998 establishments in Scotland]]<!-- addition --> [[Category:Infrastructur completit in 1866]] [[Category:Infrastructur completit in 1998]]<!-- addition --> [[Category:Museums established in 1866]] [[Category:Museums established in 1998]]<!-- addition --> [[Category:Museums in Edinburgh]] [[Category:Category A leetit biggins in Edinburgh]] [[Category:Leetit museum biggins in Scotland]] [[Category:History o Scotland|Scotland, Museum o]] [[Category:Auld Toun, Edinburgh]] [[Category:Science museums in Scotland]] [[Category:Technology museums in the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Industry museums in Scotland]] [[Category:Naitural history museums in Scotland]] [[Category:Decorative airts museums in Scotland]] [[Category:History museums in Scotland]] [[Category:Museums o Auncient Near East]] [[Category:Romanesque Revival airchitectur in the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Asie airt museums]] [[Category:Egyptological collections in Scotland]] [[Category:Edinburgh Festival Fringe venues]] {{stub/Scotland}} 4wms50trwwpu5u1z6v1wp0se9o4226m 0 163854 927206 829326 2026-11-09T09:59:02Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 927206 wikitext text/x-wiki {{taxobox | name = Polygonaceae | image = Polygonum persicaria bgiu.jpg | image_width = | image_caption = ''[[Polygonum persicaria]]'' | regnum = [[Plantae]] | unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]] | unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]] | unranked_ordo = [[Core eudicots]] | ordo = [[Caryophyllales]] | familia = '''Polygonaceae''' | familia_authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]]<ref name="apgiii">{{Citation |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122630309/abstract |accessdate=2010-12-10 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x |archive-date=2017-05-25 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170525104318/http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x/abstract |url-status=dead }}</ref> | subdivision_ranks = Subfaimilies | subdivision = Polygonoideae <br/> Eriogonoideae |}} The '''Polygonaceae''' are a [[Faimily (biology)|faimily]] o [[flouerin plant]]s. == Genera == {{As of|2019|March}}, [[Plants of the World Online]] acceptit 56 genera:<ref name="POWO_30000532-2">{{cite web |title=''Polygonaceae''&#32;<small>Juss.</small> |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |url=http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000532-2 |accessdate=2019-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301201856/http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000532-2 |archive-date=2019-03-01 |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{Div col|colwidth=20em}} *''[[Acanthoscyphus]]'' <small>Small</small> *''[[Afrobrunnichia]]'' <small>Hutch. & Dalziel</small> *''[[Antigonon]]'' <small>Endl.</small> *''[[Aristocapsa]]'' <small>Reveal & Hardham</small> *''[[Atraphaxis]]'' <small>L.</small> *''[[Bactria]]'' <small>Yurtseva & Mavrodiev</small> *''[[Bistorta]]'' <small>(L.) Scop.</small> *''[[Brunnichia]]'' <small>Banks ex Gaertn.</small> *''[[Calligonum]]'' <small>L.</small> *''[[Centrostegia]]'' <small>A.Gray</small> *''[[Chorizanthe]]'' <small>R.Br. ex Benth.</small> *''[[Coccoloba]]'' <small>P.Browne</small> *''[[Dedeckera]]'' <small>Reveal & J.T.Howell</small> *''[[Dodecahema]]'' <small>Reveal & C.B.Hardham</small> *''[[Duma]]'' <small>[[Tanja_M._Schuster|T.M.Schust.]]</small> *''[[Enneatypus]]'' <small>Herzog</small> *''[[Eriogonum]]'' <small>Michx.</small> *''[[Eskemukerjea]]'' <small>Malick & Sengupta</small> *''[[Fagopyrum]]'' <small>Mill.</small> *''[[Fallopia]]'' <small>Adans.</small> *''[[Gilmania]]'' <small>Coville</small> *''[[Goodmania]]'' <small>Reveal & Ertter</small> *''[[Gymnopodium]]'' <small>Rolfe</small> *''[[Harfordia (plant)|Harfordia]]'' <small>Greene & Parry</small> *''[[Harpagocarpus]]'' <small>Hutch. & Dandy</small> *''[[Hollisteria]]'' <small>S.Watson</small> *''[[Johanneshowellia]]'' <small>Reveal</small> *''[[Knorringia]]'' <small>(Czukav.) Tzvelev</small> *''[[Koenigia]]'' <small>L.</small> *''[[Lastarriaea]]'' <small>Remy</small> *''[[Leptogonum]]'' <small>Benth.</small> *''[[Magoniella]]'' <small>Adr.Sanchez</small> *''[[Mucronea]]'' <small>Benth.</small> *''[[Muehlenbeckia]]'' <small>Meisn.</small> *''[[Nemacaulis]]'' <small>Nutt.</small> *''[[Neomillspaughia]]'' <small>S.F.Blake</small> *''[[Oxygonum]]'' <small>Burch.</small> *''[[Oxyria]]'' <small>Hill</small> *''[[Oxytheca]]'' <small>Nutt.</small> *''[[Persicaria]]'' <small>Mill.</small> *''[[Peutalis]]'' <small>Raf.</small> *''[[Podopterus]]'' <small>Bonpl.</small> *''[[Polygonum]]'' <small>L.</small> *''[[Pteropyrum]]'' <small>Jaub. & Spach</small> *''[[Pterostegia]]'' <small>Fisch. & C.A.Mey.</small> *''[[Pteroxygonum]]'' <small>Dammer & Diels</small> *''[[Reynoutria]]'' <small>Houtt.</small> *''[[Rheum (plant)|Rheum]]'' <small>L.</small> *''[[Rumex]]'' <small>L.</small> *''[[Ruprechtia]]'' <small>C.A.Mey.</small> *''[[Salta]]'' <small>Adr.Sanchez</small> *''[[Sidotheca]]'' <small>Reveal</small> *''[[Stenogonum]]'' <small>Nutt.</small> *''[[Symmeria]]'' <small>Benth.</small> *''[[Systenotheca]]'' <small>Reveal & Hardham</small> *''[[Triplaris]]'' <small>Loefl.</small> {{Div col end}} ===Umwhile genera=== *''Aconogonon'' <small>(Meisn.) Rchb.</small> – nou includit in ''[[Koenigia]]'' *''Homalocladium'' <small>(F.Muell.) L.H.Bailey</small> – nou includit in ''[[Muehlenbeckia]]'' *''Parapteropyrum'' <small>A.J.Li</small> – nou includit in ''[[Fagopyrum]]'' *''Polygonella'' <small>Michx.</small> – nou includit in ''[[Polygonum]]'' *''Rubrivena'' <small>M.Král</small> – nou includit in ''[[Koenigia]]'' ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Polygonaceae| ]] [[Category:Caryophyllales faimilies]] 1tx46x9iej8fbufp64hxa90qqx96iht 0 164875 926946 903379 2026-11-08T21:19:09Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; registers an history addit, soorced 926946 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name=Hindustani |nativename= {{hlist|हिन्दुस्तानी &nbsp;|&nbsp; {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ہندوستانی}}}}}} |altname= Hindi-Urdu |image = File:Term Hindustani in Deva Nagri and in Nastaleq.jpg |imagesize = 150px |imagecaption =The wird "Hindustani" in [[Devanagari script]] an [[Perso-Arabic script]] |states=[[Bihar]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Delhi]], [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 50th report (July 2012 to June 2013) |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |format=PDF |accessdate=27 November 2016 |archive-date=2016-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region = |speakers=329 million |date= 2001 |ref=<ref name=ethnologue>Staundart Hindi L1: 260.1 million (2001), L2: 120.5 million (1999). Urdu L1: 68.6 million (2001-2014), L2: 94 million (1999): ''Ethnologue'' 19.</ref> |speakers2=[[L2 speakers]]: 215 million (1999)<ref name=ethnologue/> |familycolor=Indo-European |fam2=[[Indo-Iranian leids|Indo-Iranian]] |fam3=[[Indo-Aryan leids|Indo-Aryan]] |fam4=[[Hindi leids|Central Zone (Hindi)]] |fam5=[[Wastren Hindi]] |stand1=[[Staundart Hindi]] |stand2=[[Staundart Urdu]] |dia1=[[Khariboli]] |dia2=[[Urdu#Dialects|Urdu dialects]] |script= [[Devanagari]] (Hindi alphabet)<br>[[Perso-Arabic script|Perso-Arabic]] ([[Urdu alphabet]])<br>[[Braille]] ([[Hindi Braille]] an [[Pakistani Urdu Braille]])<br>[[Kaithi]] (historical) |sign=[[Indie Signin Seestem]] (ISS)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://punarbhava.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1056&Itemid=614 |title=Punarbhava: Sign Language Interpreter Course |access-date=2017-03-24 |archive-date=2018-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224202556/http://punarbhava.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1056&Itemid=614 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |nation={{flag|India}} <br> <small> (as [[Staundart Hindi|Hindi]], [[Staundart Urdu|Urdu]]) </small> <br> {{flag|Pakistan}} <br> <small> (as [[Staundart Urdu|Urdu]]) </small> <br> {{flag|Fiji}} <br> <small> (as [[Fiji Hindi]]) </small> |minority = {{flag|Mauritius}}<ref>[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00856408008722995?journalCode=csas20]</ref> <br> {{flag|Suriname}}<ref name="uwispace.sta.uwi.edu">{{Cite web |url=http://uwispace.sta.uwi.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/2139/41235/Caribbean%20Heritage%20Ferreira%202012.pdf?sequence=1 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-03-24 |archive-date=2016-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220080555/http://uwispace.sta.uwi.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/2139/41235/Caribbean%20Heritage%20Ferreira%202012.pdf?sequence=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <br> <small> (as [[Caribbean Hindustani#Sarnami Hindoestani|Sarnami Hindoestani]]) </small> <br> {{flag|Guyana}}<ref name="uwispace.sta.uwi.edu">[http://uwispace.sta.uwi.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/2139/41235/Caribbean%20Heritage%20Ferreira%202012.pdf?sequence=1]</ref> <br> <small> (as [[Caribbean Hindustani#Guyanese HIndustani|Guyanese Hindustani]]) </small> <br> {{flag|Trinidad an Tobago}}<ref name="uwispace.sta.uwi.edu">[http://uwispace.sta.uwi.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/2139/41235/Caribbean%20Heritage%20Ferreira%202012.pdf?sequence=1]</ref> <br> <small> (as [[Caribbean Hindustani#Trinidadian Hindustani|Trinidadian Hindustani]]) </small> |agency=[[Central Hindi Directorate]] (Hindi, Indie),<ref>The Central Hindi Directorate regulates the uise o [[Devanagari]] script an Hindi spellin in [[Indie]]. Soorce: [http://hindinideshalaya.nic.in/hindi/introduction.html Central Hindi Directorate: Introduction] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100415010138/http://hindinideshalaya.nic.in/hindi/introduction.html |date=2010-04-15 }}</ref> <br>[[Naitional Leid Authority]], (Urdu, Pakistan); <br>[[Naitional Cooncil for Promotion o Urdu Leid]] (Urdu, Indie)<ref>[http://www.urducouncil.nic.in/ National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language]</ref> |iso1=hi, ur |iso2=hin, urd |lc1=hin|ld1=[[Staundart Hindi]] |lc2=urd|ld2=[[Urdu]] |lingua=59-AAF-qa tae -qf |glotto=hind1270 |glottorefname=Hindustani |map=Hindustani map.png |mapcaption=Auries (reid) whaur Hindustani (Khariboli/Kauravi) is the native leid |map2= |mapcaption2= {{legend|#FF7F36|Provincial or state level}} {{legend|#FFCC2E|Seicontar provincial or state leid}} {{legend|#FDF72F|Naitional level}} |notice=IPA }} '''Hindustani''' ({{lang-hi|{{script|deva|हिन्दुस्तानी}},{{efn|''{{transl|hin|ISO|Hindustānī}}''}} {{lang-ur|ہندوستانی}},{{efn|''{{transl|ur|ALA-LC|Hindūstānī}}''}} {{IPA-hns|ˌɦɪnd̪ʊsˈt̪aːniː|}}|links=no|lit=of Hindustan}}<ref name="NCSU-Hindustani">{{Cite web|url = http://sasw.chass.ncsu.edu/fl/faculty/taj/hindi/abturdu.htm|title = About Hindi-Urdu|publisher = [[North Carolina State University]]|accessdate = 2009-08-09|deadurl = yes|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090815023328/http://sasw.chass.ncsu.edu/fl/faculty/taj/hindi/abturdu.htm|archivedate = 15 August 2009|df = dmy-all}}</ref>), cried '''Hamari/Apni Boli''' (lit. oor leid) bi some in ordinar speech,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hindiurduflagship.org/resources/learning-teaching/hamari-boli/|title=Hamari Boli - The Hindi Urdu Flagship at the University of Texas at Austin|website=hindiurduflagship.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1103363/drawn-from-the-same-wellspring/|title=Drawn from the same wellspring - The Express Tribune|date=14 May 2016|publisher=}}</ref> an in the past kent as '''Hindavi''', '''Dehlvi''' an '''[[Rekhta]]''' an aw, is an Indo-Aryan leid o the [[Indo-European leids|Indo-European]] faimily. It is the ''[[lingua franca]]'' o the north o [[Indie]] an o [[Pakistan]].<ref name="siddiqi1994">{{Citation | title=Hindustani-English code-mixing in modern literary texts | author=Mohammad Tahsin Siddiqi | year=1994 | isbn= | publisher=University of Wisconsin | url=https://books.google.com/?id=vnrTAAAAMAAJ | quote=''... Hindustani is the lingua franca of both India and Pakistan ...''}}</ref><ref name="pulsipher2005">{{Citation | title=World Regional Geography: Global Patterns, Local Lives |author1=Lydia Mihelič Pulsipher |author2=Alex Pulsipher |author3=Holly M. Hapke | year=2005 | isbn=0-7167-1904-5 | publisher=Macmillan | url=https://books.google.com/?id=WfNaSNNAppQC | quote=''... By the time of British colonialism, Hindustani was the lingua franca of all of northern India and what is today Pakistan ...''}}</ref> == Registers == Hindustani haes twa staundart registers: [[Hindi]], written in the [[Devanagari]] script, an [[Urdu]], written in the Perso-Arabic script. Baith ar official leids o Indie, an Urdu is the naitional leid o Pakistan an aw.<ref name="britannica-2018-hindustani-language">{{cite web|title=Hindustani language|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|date=1 November 2018|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hindustani-language|access-date=18 October 2021|quote=(subscription required) lingua franca of northern India and Pakistan. Two variants of Hindustani, Urdu and Hindi, are official languages in Pakistan and India, respectively. Hindustani began to develop during the 13th century CE in and around the Indian cities of Delhi and Meerut in response to the increasing linguistic diversity that resulted from Muslim hegemony. In the 19th century its use was widely promoted by the British, who initiated an effort at standardization. Hindustani is widely recognized as India's most common lingua franca, but its status as a vernacular renders it difficult to measure precisely its number of speakers.}}</ref> In speech Hindi an Urdu ar the same leid, but thay ar written in different alphabets an differ a guid deal in thair abstract an technical vocabulary, sae the leid is cried '''Hindi–Urdu''' an aw.<ref name="trask-hclinguistics">{{citation |last=Trask |first=R. L. |title=Dictionary of Historical and Comparative Linguistics |date=8 August 2019 |pages=149&ndash;150 |chapter=Hindi-Urdu |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jacxEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA149 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=9781474473316 |quote='''Hindi-Urdu''' The most important modern Indo-Aryan language, spoken by well over 250 million people, mainly in India and Pakistan. At the spoken level ''Hindi'' and ''Urdu'' are the same language (called ''Hindustani'' before the political partition), but the two varieties are written in different alphabets and differ substantially in their abstract and technical vocabularies}}</ref> == History == Hindustani stairtit tae develop in the 13t century in an aroond the Indie ceeties o [[Delhi]] an Meerut. In the 19t century the [[Breetish Raj|Breetish]] promotit its uiss an begoud tae staundartise it.<ref name="britannica-2018-hindustani-language" /> ==Notes== <references group="lower-alpha"/> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hindustani Leid}} [[Category:Leid comparison]] [[Category:Indo-Aryan leids]] [[Category:Leids o Fiji]] {{stub/Leid}} mk0w1ogrhvqs2ko08j7s3cfmlbwm89i 926948 926946 2026-11-08T21:20:42Z Monospaced 75295 Soorce errors fixed, standartise, spik 926948 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name=Hindustani |nativename= {{hlist|हिन्दुस्तानी &nbsp;|&nbsp; {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ہندوستانی}}}}}} |altname= Hindi-Urdu |image = File:Term Hindustani in Deva Nagri and in Nastaleq.jpg |imagesize = 150px |imagecaption =The wird "Hindustani" in [[Devanagari script]] an [[Perso-Arabic script]] |states=[[Bihar]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Delhi]], [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 50th report (July 2012 to June 2013) |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |format=PDF |accessdate=27 November 2016 |archive-date=2016-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region = |speakers=329 million |date= 2001 |ref=<ref name=ethnologue>Staundart Hindi L1: 260.1 million (2001), L2: 120.5 million (1999). Urdu L1: 68.6 million (2001-2014), L2: 94 million (1999): ''Ethnologue'' 19.</ref> |speakers2=[[L2 speakers]]: 215 million (1999)<ref name=ethnologue/> |familycolor=Indo-European |fam2=[[Indo-Iranian leids|Indo-Iranian]] |fam3=[[Indo-Aryan leids|Indo-Aryan]] |fam4=[[Hindi leids|Central Zone (Hindi)]] |fam5=[[Wastren Hindi]] |stand1=[[Staundart Hindi]] |stand2=[[Staundart Urdu]] |dia1=[[Khariboli]] |dia2=[[Urdu#Dialects|Urdu dialects]] |script= [[Devanagari]] (Hindi alphabet)<br>[[Perso-Arabic script|Perso-Arabic]] ([[Urdu alphabet]])<br>[[Braille]] ([[Hindi Braille]] an [[Pakistani Urdu Braille]])<br>[[Kaithi]] (historical) |sign=[[Indie Signin Seestem]] (ISS)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://punarbhava.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1056&Itemid=614 |title=Punarbhava: Sign Language Interpreter Course |access-date=2017-03-24 |archive-date=2018-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224202556/http://punarbhava.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1056&Itemid=614 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |nation={{flag|India}} <br> <small> (as [[Staundart Hindi|Hindi]], [[Staundart Urdu|Urdu]]) </small> <br> {{flag|Pakistan}} <br> <small> (as [[Staundart Urdu|Urdu]]) </small> <br> {{flag|Fiji}} <br> <small> (as [[Fiji Hindi]]) </small> |minority = {{flag|Mauritius}}<ref>[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00856408008722995?journalCode=csas20]</ref> <br> {{flag|Suriname}}<ref name="uwispace.sta.uwi.edu">{{Cite web |url=http://uwispace.sta.uwi.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/2139/41235/Caribbean%20Heritage%20Ferreira%202012.pdf?sequence=1 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-03-24 |archive-date=2016-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220080555/http://uwispace.sta.uwi.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/2139/41235/Caribbean%20Heritage%20Ferreira%202012.pdf?sequence=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <br> <small> (as [[Caribbean Hindustani#Sarnami Hindoestani|Sarnami Hindoestani]]) </small> <br> {{flag|Guyana}}<ref name="uwispace.sta.uwi.edu" /> <br> <small> (as [[Caribbean Hindustani#Guyanese HIndustani|Guyanese Hindustani]]) </small> <br> {{flag|Trinidad an Tobago}}<ref name="uwispace.sta.uwi.edu" /> <br> <small> (as [[Caribbean Hindustani#Trinidadian Hindustani|Trinidadian Hindustani]]) </small> |agency=[[Central Hindi Directorate]] (Hindi, Indie),<ref>The Central Hindi Directorate regulates the uise o [[Devanagari]] script an Hindi spellin in [[Indie]]. Soorce: [http://hindinideshalaya.nic.in/hindi/introduction.html Central Hindi Directorate: Introduction] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100415010138/http://hindinideshalaya.nic.in/hindi/introduction.html |date=2010-04-15 }}</ref> <br>[[Naitional Leid Authority]], (Urdu, Pakistan); <br>[[Naitional Cooncil for Promotion o Urdu Leid]] (Urdu, Indie)<ref>[http://www.urducouncil.nic.in/ National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language]</ref> |iso1=hi, ur |iso2=hin, urd |lc1=hin|ld1=[[Staundart Hindi]] |lc2=urd|ld2=[[Urdu]] |lingua=59-AAF-qa tae -qf |glotto=hind1270 |glottorefname=Hindustani |map=Hindustani map.png |mapcaption=Auries (reid) whaur Hindustani (Khariboli/Kauravi) is the native leid |map2= |mapcaption2= {{legend|#FF7F36|Provincial or state level}} {{legend|#FFCC2E|Seicontar provincial or state leid}} {{legend|#FDF72F|Naitional level}} |notice=IPA }} '''Hindustani''' ({{lang-hi|{{script|deva|हिन्दुस्तानी}},{{efn|''{{transl|hi|ISO|Hindustānī}}''}} {{lang-ur|ہندوستانی}},{{efn|''{{transl|ur|ALA-LC|Hindūstānī}}''}} {{IPA-hns|ˌɦɪnd̪ʊsˈt̪aːniː|}}|links=no|lit=of Hindustan}}<ref name="NCSU-Hindustani">{{Cite web|url = http://sasw.chass.ncsu.edu/fl/faculty/taj/hindi/abturdu.htm|title = About Hindi-Urdu|publisher = [[North Carolina State University]]|accessdate = 2009-08-09|url-status=dead|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090815023328/http://sasw.chass.ncsu.edu/fl/faculty/taj/hindi/abturdu.htm|archivedate = 15 August 2009|df = dmy-all}}</ref>), cried '''Hamari/Apni Boli''' (lit. oor leid) bi some in ordinar speech,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hindiurduflagship.org/resources/learning-teaching/hamari-boli/|title=Hamari Boli - The Hindi Urdu Flagship at the University of Texas at Austin|website=hindiurduflagship.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1103363/drawn-from-the-same-wellspring/|title=Drawn from the same wellspring - The Express Tribune|date=14 May 2016|publisher=}}</ref> an in the past kent as '''Hindavi''', '''Dehlvi''' an '''[[Rekhta]]''' an aw, is an Indo-Aryan leid o the [[Indo-European leids|Indo-European]] faimily. It is the ''[[lingua franca]]'' o the north o [[Indie]] an o [[Pakistan]].<ref name="siddiqi1994">{{Citation | title=Hindustani-English code-mixing in modern literary texts | author=Mohammad Tahsin Siddiqi | year=1994 | isbn= | publisher=University of Wisconsin | url=https://books.google.com/?id=vnrTAAAAMAAJ | quote=''... Hindustani is the lingua franca of both India and Pakistan ...''}}</ref><ref name="pulsipher2005">{{Citation | title=World Regional Geography: Global Patterns, Local Lives |author1=Lydia Mihelič Pulsipher |author2=Alex Pulsipher |author3=Holly M. Hapke | year=2005 | isbn=0-7167-1904-5 | publisher=Macmillan | url=https://books.google.com/?id=WfNaSNNAppQC | quote=''... By the time of British colonialism, Hindustani was the lingua franca of all of northern India and what is today Pakistan ...''}}</ref> == Registers == Hindustani haes twa staundart registers: [[Hindi]], written in the [[Devanagari]] script, an [[Urdu]], written in the Perso-Arabic script. Baith ar official leids o Indie, an Urdu is the naitional leid o Pakistan an aw.<ref name="britannica-2018-hindustani-language">{{cite web|title=Hindustani language|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|date=1 November 2018|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hindustani-language|access-date=18 October 2021|quote=(subscription required) lingua franca of northern India and Pakistan. Two variants of Hindustani, Urdu and Hindi, are official languages in Pakistan and India, respectively. Hindustani began to develop during the 13th century CE in and around the Indian cities of Delhi and Meerut in response to the increasing linguistic diversity that resulted from Muslim hegemony. In the 19th century its use was widely promoted by the British, who initiated an effort at standardization. Hindustani is widely recognized as India's most common lingua franca, but its status as a vernacular renders it difficult to measure precisely its number of speakers.}}</ref> In speech Hindi an Urdu ar the same leid, but thay ar written in different alphabets an differ a guid deal in thair abstract an technical vocabulary, sae the leid is cried '''Hindi–Urdu''' an aw.<ref name="trask-hclinguistics">{{citation |last=Trask |first=R. L. |title=Dictionary of Historical and Comparative Linguistics |date=8 August 2019 |pages=149&ndash;150 |chapter=Hindi-Urdu |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jacxEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA149 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=9781474473316 |quote='''Hindi-Urdu''' The most important modern Indo-Aryan language, spoken by well over 250 million people, mainly in India and Pakistan. At the spoken level ''Hindi'' and ''Urdu'' are the same language (called ''Hindustani'' before the political partition), but the two varieties are written in different alphabets and differ substantially in their abstract and technical vocabularies}}</ref> == History == Hindustani stairtit tae develop in the 13t century in an aroond the Indie ceeties o [[Delhi]] an Meerut. In the 19t century the [[Breetish Raj|Breetish]] promotit its uiss an begoud tae standartise it.<ref name="britannica-2018-hindustani-language" /> ==Notes== <references group="lower-alpha"/> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hindustani Leid}} [[Category:Leid comparison]] [[Category:Indo-Aryan leids]] [[Category:Leids o Fiji]] {{stub/Leid}} rl4ahd8r2gcbru68ighgvxcjmh8kgxd 0 166650 927027 901537 2026-11-08T22:18:54Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 927027 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Sami |altname = Lappish |nativename = ''Saami'' |states = [[Finland]], [[Norawa]], [[Roushie]] an [[Swaden]] |region = [[Sápmi]] |ethnicity = [[Sami fowk|Sami people]] |speakers ={{sigfig|28,820|1}}<!--Norway [sme] fig. of 20k to just 1 sig jjjjjjjJJJJJ bvfig. Others total 8,295 to 9,345.--> |date = 1992–2013 |ref = e18 |familycolor = Uralic |protoname = Proto-Samic |nation = Swaden an some pairts o Norawa; recognized as a minority leid in mony municipalities o Finland. |lc1 = sma |ld1 = [[Southern Sami leid|Southern]] |lc2 = sju |ld2 = Ume |lc3 = sje |ld3 = Pite |lc4 = smj |ld4 = [[Lule Sami leid|Lule]] |lc5 = sme |ld5 = [[Northern Sami leid|Northern]] |lc6 = sjk |ld6 = Kemi |lc7 = smn |ld7 = [[Inari Sami leid|Inari]] |lc8 = sms |ld8 = [[Skolt Sami leid|Skolt]] |lc9 = sia |ld9 = [[Akkala Sami leid|Akkala]] |lc10= sjd |ld10 = [[Kildin Sami leid|Kildin]] |lc11= sjt |ld11 = [[Ter Sami leid|Ter]] |glotto = saam1281 |glottorefname= Saami |map = Corrected sami map 4.PNG |mapcaption = Historically verified distribution o the Sami leids: 1. Soothren Sami, 2. Ume Sami, 3. Pite Sami, 4. Lule Sami, 5. Northren Sami, 6. Skolt Sami, 7. Inari Sami, 8. Kildin Sami, 9. Ter Sami. Darkened aurie represents municipalities that recognise Sami as an offeecial leid. }} '''Sami''' is a group o [[Uralic leids]] spak bi the [[Sami fowk]] in the north o Europe, in pairts o northren [[Finland]], [[Norawa]] an [[Swaden]] an the faur north-wast o [[Roushie]], bi aboot 30,000 fowk. Dependin on hou thay ar dividit, thare ar ten or mair Sami leids. Several nems ar uised for the Sami leids: ''Saami'', ''Sámi'', ''Saame'', ''Samic'' an ''Saamic'', as weel as the exonyms ''Lappish'' an ''Lappic''. The last twa, alang wi the term ''Lapp'', ar nou aften thocht o as derogatory.<ref>{{cite book |last=Karlsson |first=Fred |title=An Essential Finnish Grammar |url= |year=2008 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon-on-Thames, [[Oxfordshire]] |isbn=978-0-415-43914-5 |page=1 }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sami Leids}} [[Category:Leids o Finland]] [[Category:Leids o Norawa]] [[Category:Leids o Roushie]] [[Category:Leids o Swaden]] [[Category:Sami|L01]] dcyf11rincpase8c0q849kk3bsh1kg4 0 167531 926957 908933 2026-11-08T21:27:31Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; early life an muisic career addit, soorced 926957 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Janet Jackson | image = JanetJacksonUnbreakableTourSanFran2015 (cropped).jpg | caption = Jackson performin on her Unbreakable Tour in 2015 | birth_name = Janet Damita Jo Jackson | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1966|5|16}} | birth_place = [[Gary, Indiana]], U.S. | spouse = {{marriage|James DeBarge<br />|1984|1985|reason=ann.}}<br />{{marriage|René Elizondo, Jr.<br />|1991|2003|reason=div.}}<br />{{marriage|Wissam Al Mana<br />|2012|2017|reason=sep.}} | children = 1 | relatives = [[Michael Jackson]] (brither) | occupation = {{flatlist| * Sangster * sangwriter * dancer * actress * record producer * film producer * businesswoman * philanthropist * author }} | years_active = 1974–present | module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes | background = solo_singer | genre = {{flatlist| * [[Pop muisic|Pop]] * [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] * [[Hip hop muisic|hip hop]] * [[Dance muisic|dance]] }} | instrument = {{flatlist| * Vocals * keyboards }} | label = {{flatlist| * A&M * Virgin * Island * Rhythm Nation }} }} | net worth = $150 million<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/2007/01/17/richest-women-entertainment-tech-media-cz_lg_richwomen07_0118womenstars_slide_8.html |title=In Pictures: The Richest 20 Women In Entertainment |last=Goldman |first=Lea |date=18 January 2017 |website=forbes |publisher=Forbes |access-date=8 April 2017 |quote=Net Worth (in $ millions): 150}}</ref> | website = {{URL|janetjackson.com}} }} '''Janet Damita Jo Jackson''' (born 16 Mey 1966) is an American sangster, sangwriter, dancer an actress. Kent for new-soondin records wi social an sexual themes, as weel as fancy stage shaws an telly an film pairts, she haes been a weel-kent feegur in popular culture for ower 30 year. She haes sauld ower 100 million records, an she is ane o the warld's best-sellin muisic airtists.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.vibe.com/2020/04/janet-jackson-biopic-reportedly-in-development |title=Janet Jackson Biopic Reportedly In Development |author=Vibe Staff |work=Vibe |date=April 29, 2020 |access-date=January 10, 2020 |archive-date=May 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506054806/https://www.vibe.com/2020/04/janet-jackson-biopic-reportedly-in-development |url-status=live }}</ref> == Early life an career == Jackson is the youngest o the Jackson faimily, the sister o [[Michael Jackson]] an his brithers.<ref>{{Cite book| last = Strong | first = Martin | title = The Great Rock Discography: Complete Discographies Listing Every Track | publisher=Canongate U.S. | year = 2004 | page = 749 | isbn = 978-1-84195-615-2}}</ref> She stairtit actin as a bairn in the 1970s, on telly shaws sic as ''Good Times''. When she wis fifteen, her faither an manager Joseph Jackson got her a contract wi A&M Records.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Pro Equipment & Services|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|volume=94|issue=19|page=47|date=May 15, 1982}}</ref> == Muisical career == Efter her first twa albums, Jackson becam a warld star wi ''Control'' (1986) an ''Rhythm Nation 1814'' (1989). When her contract wi A&M Records feenished in 1991, she signed a deal wi Virgin Records that makkit her the heichest-peyed recordin airtist at the time.<ref name="multimillion">{{cite news|title=The Biggest Brother-Sister Stars in Show Business History|newspaper=Ebony|volume=46|issue=10|year=1991|page=40|issn=0012-9011}}</ref> Her albums ''Janet'' (1993) an ''The Velvet Rope'' (1997) war forby big successes. In Februar 2004 Jackson performed at the Super Bowl XXXVIII hauf-time shaw alang wi Justin Timberlake. The shaw becam a muckle controversy efter Timberlake tore open her costume.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last1=Sheffield|first1=Rob|date=February 11, 2020|title=How Nipplegate Created YouTube|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/youtube-origin-nipplegate-janet-jackson-justin-timberlake-949019/|access-date=April 3, 2021|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|archive-date=May 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515081548/https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/youtube-origin-nipplegate-janet-jackson-justin-timberlake-949019/|url-status=live}}</ref> She gaed on recordin efter that, wi albums lik ''Discipline'' (2008) an ''Unbreakable'' (2015). In 2015 she wis nominatit for the {{lang|en|Rock and Roll Hall of Fame}} for the first time.<ref name=RRHF>{{cite news|author=Lisa Respers France|title=Janet Jackson, N.W.A., Los Lobos among Rock and Roll Hall of Fame nominees|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/10/08/entertainment/rock-roll-hall-of-fame-nominees-feat/|publisher=CNN|date=October 8, 2015|access-date=October 8, 2015|archive-date=October 11, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151011012624/http://www.cnn.com/2015/10/08/entertainment/rock-roll-hall-of-fame-nominees-feat|url-status=live}}</ref> == Studio albums == * ''Janet Jackson'' (1982) * ''Dream Street'' (1984) * ''Control'' (1986) * ''Janet Jackson's Rhythm Nation 1814'' (1989) * ''Janet'' (1993) * ''The Velvet Rope'' (1997) * ''All for You'' (2001) * ''Damita Jo'' (2004) * ''20 Y.O.'' (2006) * ''Discipline'' (2008) * ''Unbreakable'' (2015) ==References== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jackson, Janet}} [[Category:20t-century American actresses]] [[Category:20t-century American sangsters]] [[Category:21st-century American actresses]] [[Category:21st-century American sangsters]] [[Category:1966 births]] [[Category:A&M Records airtists]] [[Category:Actresses frae Indiana]] [[Category:African-American actresses]] [[Category:African-American choreografers]] [[Category:African-American fashion designers]] [[Category:African-American female dancers]] [[Category:African-American female models]] [[Category:African-American female sangster-sangwriters]] [[Category:African-American female sangsters]] [[Category:African-American feminists]] [[Category:African-American film producers]] [[Category:African-American record producers]] [[Category:African-American rock sangsters]] [[Category:African-American weemen writers]] [[Category:American bairn actresses]] [[Category:American bairn sangsters]] [[Category:American dance muisickers]] [[Category:American fashion businessfowk]] [[Category:American female dancers]] [[Category:American female pop sangsters]] [[Category:American female rock sangsters]] [[Category:American female sangster-sangwriters]] [[Category:American film actresses]] [[Category:American funk sangsters]] [[Category:American hip hop sangsters]] [[Category:American hoose muisickers]] [[Category:American keybuirdists]] [[Category:American mezzo-sopranos]] [[Category:American philanthropists]] [[Category:American pop rock sangsters]] [[Category:American rhythm an blues sangster-sangwriters]] [[Category:American rock sangwriters]] [[Category:American soul sangsters]] [[Category:American stage actresses]] [[Category:American televeesion actresses]] [[Category:American weemen activists]] [[Category:American weemen in business]] [[Category:Emmy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Feminist muisickers]] [[Category:Umwhile Jehovah's Witnesses]] [[Category:Grammy Awaird winners]] [[Category:HIV/AIDS activists]] [[Category:Island Records airtists]] [[Category:Jackson faimily (shaw business)]] [[Category:Janet Jackson]] [[Category:LGBT richts activists frae the Unitit States]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Muisickers frae Gary, Indiana]] [[Category:Sex-positive feminists]] [[Category:Sangsters frae Los Angeles]] [[Category:Sangwriters frae Californie]] [[Category:Sangwriters frae Indiana]] [[Category:Spokespersons]] [[Category:Teen idols]] [[Category:Virgin Records airtists]] [[Category:World Music Awards winners]] [[Category:Writers frae Gary, Indiana]] [[Category:Writers frae Los Angeles]] 78dcq42pnlekzvfrikf1e5puilgi6g8 0 167587 926914 908833 2026-11-08T20:45:03Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; soorce an categories addit 926914 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox televeesion |show_name = My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic |image = My Little Pony Friendship is Magic logo.svg |caption = |genre = {{Plain list| *[[Adventur feection|Adventur]] *[[Fantasie]] *[[Comedy]] }} |based_on = {{Based on|''[[My Little Pony]]''|[[Bonnie Zacherle]]}} |creator = [[Lauren Faust]] |director = {{Plain list| *[[Jayson Thiessen]] <small>(series 1–2, 4–5)</small> *James Wootton <small>(series 1–3)</small> *Jim Miller <small>(series 4–5)</small> *Denny Lu <small>(series 5–9)</small> *Tim Stuby <small>(series 6–7)</small> *Mike Myhre <small>(series 7–9)</small> }} | voices = {{Plain list| *[[Tara Strong]] *[[Ashleigh Ball]] *[[Andrea Libman]] *[[Tabitha St. Germain]] *[[Cathy Weseluck]] }} |theme_music_composer = [[Daniel Ingram (componer)|Daniel Ingram]] |opentheme = "Friendship Is Magic" |endtheme = "Friendship Is Magic" (instrumental) |composer = {{Plain list| *William Anderson *Daniel Ingram *[[Caleb Chan (componer)|Caleb Chan]] *[[Steffan Andrews]] }} |country = {{Plain list| *Unitit States *Canadae }} |language = Inglis | num_seasons = 9 | num_episodes = 222 |list_episodes = Leet o My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic episodes |executive_producer = {{Plain list| *Lauren Faust <small>(series 1, The Return of Harmony)</small> *Beth Stevenson <small>(series 1)</small> *Stephen Davis *Kirsten Newlands *Blair Peters <small>(series 1–2)</small> *Chris Bartleman <small>(series 1–3)</small> *[[Meghan McCarthy]] <small>(series 3–5, 8)</small> *Jayson Thiessen <small>(series 4–5)</small> *Sarah Wall <small>(series 5–9)</small> *[[Asaph Fipke]] <small>(series 6–7)</small> }} | producer = {{Plain list| *Devon Cody <small>(series 3–9)</small> *Sarah Wall <small>(series 1–4)</small> }} |runtime = 22 meenites |company = {{Plain list| *[[Hasbro Studios]] *[[DHX Media|DHX Media/Vancouver]]<ref>Forby kent as [[Studio B Productions]] in series 1 an series 2's "[[The Return of Harmony]]".</ref> }} |distributor = Hasbro |network = [[Discovery Family]]<ref>Kent as The Hub for the first 3 Series an Hub Network for Series 4.</ref> |picture_format = {{Plain list| *[[480i]] [[NTSC]] *[[1080i]] HDTV an [[1080p]] ([[digital distribution]]) }} |audio_format = {{Plain list| *[[5.1 Surround Sound]] *[[Stereophonic sound|Stereo]] *[[Monaural|Mono]]<!-- Ukraine --> }} |first_aired = {{start date|2010|10|10}} | last_aired = {{end date|2019|10|12}} |preceded_by = {{Plain list| *''[[My Little Pony (TV series)|My Little Pony]]'' *''[[My Little Pony Tales]]'' }} |website = https://mylittlepony.hasbro.com }} '''''My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic''''' is a telly programme for bairns makkit bi Lauren Faust for Hasbro.<ref name="awn">{{Cite web|url = http://www.awn.com/blogs/miscweant/ponies-and-bronies|title = Of Ponies and Bronies|first = Joe|last = Strike|date = July 5, 2011|access-date = July 6, 2011|work = [[Animation World Network]]|archive-date = April 29, 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210429001627/https://www.awn.com/blog/ponies-and-bronies|url-status = live}}</ref> The series is based on Hasbro's set o My Little Pony toys. The series stairtit airin on 10 October 2010 on The Hub cable channel. == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic| ]] [[Category:My Little Pony]] [[Category:American animatit televeesion series]] [[Category:Televeesion series aboot freendship]] mkdjpvny8wbkrg3nhenyev4wa03k8qy 0 167591 926936 815250 2026-11-08T21:16:05Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; production an filmin addit, soorced 926936 wikitext text/x-wiki {{about|the televeesion series|the novel in the series A Song of Ice and Fire|A Game of Thrones||A Game of Thrones (disambiguation)}} {{Infobox televeesion | show_name = Game of Thrones | image = | genre = {{plainlist| * [[Fantasie]] * [[Serial (radio an televeesion)|Serial drama]] }} | creator = {{plainlist| * [[David Benioff]] * [[D. B. Weiss]] }} | based_on = {{Based on|''[[A Song of Ice and Fire]]''|[[George R. R. Martin]]}} | starring = see [[Leet o Game of Thrones chairacters#Main chairacters|Leet o ''Game of Thrones'' chairacters]] | theme_music_composer = [[Ramin Djawadi]] | opentheme = "[[Game of Thrones Theme|Main Teetle]]" | composer = Ramin Djawadi | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | num_seasons = 8 | num_episodes = <onlyinclude>73</onlyinclude> | list_episodes = Leet o Game o Thrones episodes | executive_producer = {{plainlist| <!--- Season 1 ---> * David Benioff * D. B. Weiss <!--- Season 3 ---> * [[Carolyn Strauss]] * Frank Doelger * [[Bernadette Caulfield]] <!--- Season 6 ---> * [[Bryan Cogman]] <!--- Season 8 ---> * [[Miguel Sapochnik]] * [[David Nutter]] }} | producer = {{plainlist| <!--- Season 1 ---> * [[Mark Huffam]] * Frank Doelger <!--- Season 3 ---> * Chris Newman * Greg Spence <!--- Season 5 ---> * Lisa McAtackney * Bryan Cogman <!--- Season 8 ---> * Duncan Muggoch }} | location = <!-- Per [[WP:OVERLINK]] we do not wikilink the names of countries. --><!-- Try to keep in order of prevalence -->{{plainlist| * Northren Ireland <!-- Main shooting location is studios in Belfast, used for most interior scenes. Also used for Winterfell, Castle Black, Vaes Dothrak, Riverrun, Iron Islands. --> * Croatie <!-- King's Landing, Red Keep, Red Waste, Qarth, Meereen --> * Iceland <!-- Scenes north of the Wall --> * Spain <!-- Dorne, Volantis --> * Maltae <!-- S1 King's Landing exterior --> * Morocco <!-- S3 Astapor, Yunkai --> }} | runtime = 50–80 minutes <!-- Shortest: 50:32, longest: 79:43, please update this hidden notice after each episode once runtimes have been calculated. --> | company = {{plainlist| * Television 360 * Grok! Television * Generator Entertainment * Startling Television * Bighead Littlehead }} | distributor = [[Warner Bros. Television Distribution]] | picture_format = [[1080i]] ([[16:9]] [[Heich-defineetion televeesion|HDTV]]) | audio_format = [[Dolby Digital]] 5.1 | first_aired = {{Start date|2011|4|17}} | last_aired = {{End date|2019|5|19}} | related = ''[[After the Thrones]]'' <br /> ''[[Thronecast]]'' | website = https://www.hbo.com/game-of-thrones | production_website = http://www.makinggameofthrones.com/ | channel = [[HBO]] }} '''''Game of Thrones''''' is an American [[fantasie]] [[Drama (film an televeesion)|drama]] telly series creatit bi [[David Benioff]] an [[D. B. Weiss]]. It is an adaptation o ''[[A Song of Ice and Fire]]'', [[George R. R. Martin]]'s series o fantasie novels, the first o that is ''[[A Game of Thrones]]''. It wis shawn on [[HBO]] frae 17 Aprile 2011 tae 19 Mey 2019, ower aicht seasons an 73 episodes. Set on the fictional continents o [[Warld o A Song of Ice and Fire|Westeros an Essos]], ''Game of Thrones'' haes a lairge [[ensemmle cast|ensemble cast]] an follaes several [[story arc]]s. Ane arc is aboot the [[Iron Throne (A Song of Ice and Fire)|Iron Throne]] o the [[Warld o A Song of Ice and Fire#Westeros|Seven Kingdoms]] o Westeros an follaes a wab o alliances an conflicts amang the noble faimilies that are aither fechtin tae claim the throne or fechtin tae be free o it. Anither is aboot [[Daenerys Targaryen]], the last o the realm's owerthrawn rulin faimily, that haes been exiled tae Essos an is plottin a return tae the throne. Anither follaes the Night's Watch, a britherheid defendin the realm against the wild fowk an legendary craiturs o the North. ''Game of Thrones'' drew record audiences for HBO an haes a big, active, internaitional [[Fandom|fan base]]. Critics praised the series for its actin, complex chairacters, story, scope an production values, tho its aft uise o nudity an violence (includin sexual violence) wis criticised. The final season wis criticised for its hurried story an creative decisions, an monie fowk thocht it a disappyntin endin. The series wan 59 [[Primetime Emmy Awaird]]s, the maist bi a drama series, includin [[Primetime Emmy Awaird for Ootstaundin Drama Series|Ootstaundin Drama Series]] in 2015, 2016, 2018, an 2019. Its ither awairds an nominations include three [[Hugo Awaird for Best Dramatic Presentation|Hugo Awairds for Best Dramatic Presentation]] (2012–2014), a 2011 [[Peabody Awaird]], an five nominations for the [[Gowden Globe Awaird for Best Televeesion Series – Drama]] (2012 an 2015–2018). Monie critics an publications hae named it ane o the best telly series o aw time. == Production == [[File:D. B. Weiss and David Benioff.jpg|thumb|[[D. B. Weiss]] an [[David Benioff]] creatit the series an wrote maist o its episodes.]] Benioff an Weiss pitched the series tae HBO. Development stairtit in Januar 2007, whan HBO bocht the telly richts tae the novels, wi Benioff an Weiss as the executive producers an Martin as a co-executive producer. The plan wis for ilka novel tae gie a season's worth o episodes.<ref name="var">{{cite news |last=Fleming |first=Michael |title=HBO turns 'Fire' into fantasy series |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |publisher=[[Penske Media Corporation]] |date=January 16, 2007 |access-date=March 2, 2010 |url=https://variety.com/2007/scene/markets-festivals/hbo-turns-fire-into-fantasy-series-1117957532/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516224747/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117957532?refCatId=14 |archive-date=May 16, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> == Filmin == [[File:Dubrovnik crop.jpg|thumb|The waw'd ceety o [[Dubrovnik]] stuid in for King's Landing frae the seicont season.]] The series wis filmed in the Unitit Kinrick, Canadae, Croatie, Iceland, Maltae, Morocco an Spain.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=WeRoad |date=July 30, 2024 |title=Where is Game of Thrones filmed? Discover all the locations |url=https://www.weroad.com/blog/where-is-game-of-thrones-filmed-discover-all-the-locations |access-date=May 9, 2026 |website=Stories |language=en-US}}</ref> The main location wis the Paint Hall studios in [[Belfast]], Northren Ireland.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Grubbs |first1=Jefferson |title=Which 'Game Of Thrones' Locations Film In Belfast? Kit Harington's Trip Gave Fans Hope |url=https://www.bustle.com/articles/101169-which-game-of-thrones-locations-film-in-belfast-kit-haringtons-trip-gave-fans-hope |access-date=May 20, 2020 |work=[[Bustle (magazine)|Bustle]] |publisher=Bustle Digital Group |date=August 9, 2015}}</ref> [[Doune Castle]] in [[Stirlin]] wis uised in the oreeginal pilot episode for scenes at Winterfell.<ref>{{cite news |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811101337/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/tayside_and_central/8322843.stm |archive-date=August 11, 2016 |title=Medieval keep becomes film set |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/tayside_and_central/8322843.stm |access-date=April 11, 2012 |work=[[BBC News]] |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=October 23, 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> The producers first thocht o filmin the hale series in Scotland, but chuise Northren Ireland acause o the studio space an tax credits thare.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Celik Rappas |first1=Ipek A |title=From Titanic to Game of Thrones : Promoting Belfast as a Global Media Capital |journal=[[Media, Culture & Society]] |date=January 21, 2019 |volume=41 |issue=4 |page=550 |doi=10.1177/0163443718823148 |s2cid=150442108 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0163443718823148 |access-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054121/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0163443718823148 |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Game Of Thrones (TV Series)}} [[Category:2010s American drama television series]] [[Category:2010s American televeesion series]] [[Category:2011 American televeesion series debuts]] [[Category:2019 American televeesion series endins]] [[Category:American adventur televeesion series]] [[Category:American drama televeesion series]] [[Category:American fantasie televeesion series]] [[Category:Daurk fantasie televeesion series]] [[Category:Draigons in popular cultur]] [[Category:Inglis-leid televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Faimily saga]] [[Category:Game of Thrones| ]] [[Category:Giants in feection]] [[Category:HBO network shaws]] [[Category:Heich fantasie televeesion series]] [[Category:Incest in televeesion]] [[Category:Magic in televeesion]] [[Category:Peabody Awaird-winnin televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Primetime Emmy Awaird for Ootstaundin Drama Series winners]] [[Category:Serial drama televeesion series]] [[Category:Televeesion programmes based on novelles]] [[Category:Televeesion series aboot dysfunctional faimilies]] [[Category:Televeesion shaws filmed in Los Angeles]] [[Category:Televeesion shaws filmed in Northern Ireland]] [[Category:Witchcraft in televeesion]] [[Category:Wizards in televeesion]] [[Category:Zombies in televeesion]] 9m3zuxo53m6c1z89oi4rqozf5q3k73y 926937 926936 2026-11-08T21:16:43Z Monospaced 75295 926937 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox televeesion | show_name = Game of Thrones | image = | genre = {{plainlist| * [[Fantasie]] * [[Serial (radio an televeesion)|Serial drama]] }} | creator = {{plainlist| * [[David Benioff]] * [[D. B. Weiss]] }} | based_on = {{Based on|''[[A Song of Ice and Fire]]''|[[George R. R. Martin]]}} | starring = see [[Leet o Game of Thrones chairacters#Main chairacters|Leet o ''Game of Thrones'' chairacters]] | theme_music_composer = [[Ramin Djawadi]] | opentheme = "[[Game of Thrones Theme|Main Teetle]]" | composer = Ramin Djawadi | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | num_seasons = 8 | num_episodes = <onlyinclude>73</onlyinclude> | list_episodes = Leet o Game o Thrones episodes | executive_producer = {{plainlist| <!--- Season 1 ---> * David Benioff * D. B. Weiss <!--- Season 3 ---> * [[Carolyn Strauss]] * Frank Doelger * [[Bernadette Caulfield]] <!--- Season 6 ---> * [[Bryan Cogman]] <!--- Season 8 ---> * [[Miguel Sapochnik]] * [[David Nutter]] }} | producer = {{plainlist| <!--- Season 1 ---> * [[Mark Huffam]] * Frank Doelger <!--- Season 3 ---> * Chris Newman * Greg Spence <!--- Season 5 ---> * Lisa McAtackney * Bryan Cogman <!--- Season 8 ---> * Duncan Muggoch }} | location = <!-- Per [[WP:OVERLINK]] we do not wikilink the names of countries. --><!-- Try to keep in order of prevalence -->{{plainlist| * Northren Ireland <!-- Main shooting location is studios in Belfast, used for most interior scenes. Also used for Winterfell, Castle Black, Vaes Dothrak, Riverrun, Iron Islands. --> * Croatie <!-- King's Landing, Red Keep, Red Waste, Qarth, Meereen --> * Iceland <!-- Scenes north of the Wall --> * Spain <!-- Dorne, Volantis --> * Maltae <!-- S1 King's Landing exterior --> * Morocco <!-- S3 Astapor, Yunkai --> }} | runtime = 50–80 minutes <!-- Shortest: 50:32, longest: 79:43, please update this hidden notice after each episode once runtimes have been calculated. --> | company = {{plainlist| * Television 360 * Grok! Television * Generator Entertainment * Startling Television * Bighead Littlehead }} | distributor = [[Warner Bros. Television Distribution]] | picture_format = [[1080i]] ([[16:9]] [[Heich-defineetion televeesion|HDTV]]) | audio_format = [[Dolby Digital]] 5.1 | first_aired = {{Start date|2011|4|17}} | last_aired = {{End date|2019|5|19}} | related = ''[[After the Thrones]]'' <br /> ''[[Thronecast]]'' | website = https://www.hbo.com/game-of-thrones | production_website = http://www.makinggameofthrones.com/ | channel = [[HBO]] }} '''''Game of Thrones''''' is an American [[fantasie]] [[Drama (film an televeesion)|drama]] telly series creatit bi [[David Benioff]] an [[D. B. Weiss]]. It is an adaptation o ''[[A Song of Ice and Fire]]'', [[George R. R. Martin]]'s series o fantasie novels, the first o that is ''[[A Game of Thrones]]''. It wis shawn on [[HBO]] frae 17 Aprile 2011 tae 19 Mey 2019, ower aicht seasons an 73 episodes. Set on the fictional continents o [[Warld o A Song of Ice and Fire|Westeros an Essos]], ''Game of Thrones'' haes a lairge [[ensemmle cast|ensemble cast]] an follaes several [[story arc]]s. Ane arc is aboot the [[Iron Throne (A Song of Ice and Fire)|Iron Throne]] o the [[Warld o A Song of Ice and Fire#Westeros|Seven Kingdoms]] o Westeros an follaes a wab o alliances an conflicts amang the noble faimilies that are aither fechtin tae claim the throne or fechtin tae be free o it. Anither is aboot [[Daenerys Targaryen]], the last o the realm's owerthrawn rulin faimily, that haes been exiled tae Essos an is plottin a return tae the throne. Anither follaes the Night's Watch, a britherheid defendin the realm against the wild fowk an legendary craiturs o the North. ''Game of Thrones'' drew record audiences for HBO an haes a big, active, internaitional [[Fandom|fan base]]. Critics praised the series for its actin, complex chairacters, story, scope an production values, tho its aft uise o nudity an violence (includin sexual violence) wis criticised. The final season wis criticised for its hurried story an creative decisions, an monie fowk thocht it a disappyntin endin. The series wan 59 [[Primetime Emmy Awaird]]s, the maist bi a drama series, includin [[Primetime Emmy Awaird for Ootstaundin Drama Series|Ootstaundin Drama Series]] in 2015, 2016, 2018, an 2019. Its ither awairds an nominations include three [[Hugo Awaird for Best Dramatic Presentation|Hugo Awairds for Best Dramatic Presentation]] (2012–2014), a 2011 [[Peabody Awaird]], an five nominations for the [[Gowden Globe Awaird for Best Televeesion Series – Drama]] (2012 an 2015–2018). Monie critics an publications hae named it ane o the best telly series o aw time. == Production == [[File:D. B. Weiss and David Benioff.jpg|thumb|[[D. B. Weiss]] an [[David Benioff]] creatit the series an wrote maist o its episodes.]] Benioff an Weiss pitched the series tae HBO. Development stairtit in Januar 2007, whan HBO bocht the telly richts tae the novels, wi Benioff an Weiss as the executive producers an Martin as a co-executive producer. The plan wis for ilka novel tae gie a season's worth o episodes.<ref name="var">{{cite news |last=Fleming |first=Michael |title=HBO turns 'Fire' into fantasy series |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |publisher=[[Penske Media Corporation]] |date=January 16, 2007 |access-date=March 2, 2010 |url=https://variety.com/2007/scene/markets-festivals/hbo-turns-fire-into-fantasy-series-1117957532/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516224747/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117957532?refCatId=14 |archive-date=May 16, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> == Filmin == [[File:Dubrovnik crop.jpg|thumb|The waw'd ceety o [[Dubrovnik]] stuid in for King's Landing frae the seicont season.]] The series wis filmed in the Unitit Kinrick, Canadae, Croatie, Iceland, Maltae, Morocco an Spain.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=WeRoad |date=July 30, 2024 |title=Where is Game of Thrones filmed? Discover all the locations |url=https://www.weroad.com/blog/where-is-game-of-thrones-filmed-discover-all-the-locations |access-date=May 9, 2026 |website=Stories |language=en-US}}</ref> The main location wis the Paint Hall studios in [[Belfast]], Northren Ireland.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Grubbs |first1=Jefferson |title=Which 'Game Of Thrones' Locations Film In Belfast? Kit Harington's Trip Gave Fans Hope |url=https://www.bustle.com/articles/101169-which-game-of-thrones-locations-film-in-belfast-kit-haringtons-trip-gave-fans-hope |access-date=May 20, 2020 |work=[[Bustle (magazine)|Bustle]] |publisher=Bustle Digital Group |date=August 9, 2015}}</ref> [[Doune Castle]] in [[Stirlin]] wis uised in the oreeginal pilot episode for scenes at Winterfell.<ref>{{cite news |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811101337/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/tayside_and_central/8322843.stm |archive-date=August 11, 2016 |title=Medieval keep becomes film set |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/tayside_and_central/8322843.stm |access-date=April 11, 2012 |work=[[BBC News]] |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=October 23, 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> The producers first thocht o filmin the hale series in Scotland, but chuise Northren Ireland acause o the studio space an tax credits thare.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Celik Rappas |first1=Ipek A |title=From Titanic to Game of Thrones : Promoting Belfast as a Global Media Capital |journal=[[Media, Culture & Society]] |date=January 21, 2019 |volume=41 |issue=4 |page=550 |doi=10.1177/0163443718823148 |s2cid=150442108 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0163443718823148 |access-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054121/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0163443718823148 |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Game Of Thrones (TV Series)}} [[Category:2010s American drama television series]] [[Category:2010s American televeesion series]] [[Category:2011 American televeesion series debuts]] [[Category:2019 American televeesion series endins]] [[Category:American adventur televeesion series]] [[Category:American drama televeesion series]] [[Category:American fantasie televeesion series]] [[Category:Daurk fantasie televeesion series]] [[Category:Draigons in popular cultur]] [[Category:Inglis-leid televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Faimily saga]] [[Category:Game of Thrones| ]] [[Category:Giants in feection]] [[Category:HBO network shaws]] [[Category:Heich fantasie televeesion series]] [[Category:Incest in televeesion]] [[Category:Magic in televeesion]] [[Category:Peabody Awaird-winnin televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Primetime Emmy Awaird for Ootstaundin Drama Series winners]] [[Category:Serial drama televeesion series]] [[Category:Televeesion programmes based on novelles]] [[Category:Televeesion series aboot dysfunctional faimilies]] [[Category:Televeesion shaws filmed in Los Angeles]] [[Category:Televeesion shaws filmed in Northern Ireland]] [[Category:Witchcraft in televeesion]] [[Category:Wizards in televeesion]] [[Category:Zombies in televeesion]] i9b2u6tl7ubj9fa5l0059lrvoyt56u4 927005 926937 2026-11-08T22:07:13Z Monospaced 75295 Award nems as published 927005 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox televeesion | show_name = Game of Thrones | image = | genre = {{plainlist| * [[Fantasie]] * [[Serial (radio an televeesion)|Serial drama]] }} | creator = {{plainlist| * [[David Benioff]] * [[D. B. Weiss]] }} | based_on = {{Based on|''[[A Song of Ice and Fire]]''|[[George R. R. Martin]]}} | starring = see [[Leet o Game of Thrones chairacters#Main chairacters|Leet o ''Game of Thrones'' chairacters]] | theme_music_composer = [[Ramin Djawadi]] | opentheme = "[[Game of Thrones Theme|Main Teetle]]" | composer = Ramin Djawadi | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | num_seasons = 8 | num_episodes = <onlyinclude>73</onlyinclude> | list_episodes = Leet o Game o Thrones episodes | executive_producer = {{plainlist| <!--- Season 1 ---> * David Benioff * D. B. Weiss <!--- Season 3 ---> * [[Carolyn Strauss]] * Frank Doelger * [[Bernadette Caulfield]] <!--- Season 6 ---> * [[Bryan Cogman]] <!--- Season 8 ---> * [[Miguel Sapochnik]] * [[David Nutter]] }} | producer = {{plainlist| <!--- Season 1 ---> * [[Mark Huffam]] * Frank Doelger <!--- Season 3 ---> * Chris Newman * Greg Spence <!--- Season 5 ---> * Lisa McAtackney * Bryan Cogman <!--- Season 8 ---> * Duncan Muggoch }} | location = <!-- Per [[WP:OVERLINK]] we do not wikilink the names of countries. --><!-- Try to keep in order of prevalence -->{{plainlist| * Northren Ireland <!-- Main shooting location is studios in Belfast, used for most interior scenes. Also used for Winterfell, Castle Black, Vaes Dothrak, Riverrun, Iron Islands. --> * Croatie <!-- King's Landing, Red Keep, Red Waste, Qarth, Meereen --> * Iceland <!-- Scenes north of the Wall --> * Spain <!-- Dorne, Volantis --> * Maltae <!-- S1 King's Landing exterior --> * Morocco <!-- S3 Astapor, Yunkai --> }} | runtime = 50–80 minutes <!-- Shortest: 50:32, longest: 79:43, please update this hidden notice after each episode once runtimes have been calculated. --> | company = {{plainlist| * Television 360 * Grok! Television * Generator Entertainment * Startling Television * Bighead Littlehead }} | distributor = [[Warner Bros. Television Distribution]] | picture_format = [[1080i]] ([[16:9]] [[Heich-defineetion televeesion|HDTV]]) | audio_format = [[Dolby Digital]] 5.1 | first_aired = {{Start date|2011|4|17}} | last_aired = {{End date|2019|5|19}} | related = ''[[After the Thrones]]'' <br /> ''[[Thronecast]]'' | website = https://www.hbo.com/game-of-thrones | production_website = http://www.makinggameofthrones.com/ | channel = [[HBO]] }} '''''Game of Thrones''''' is an American [[fantasie]] [[Drama (film an televeesion)|drama]] telly series creatit bi [[David Benioff]] an [[D. B. Weiss]]. It is an adaptation o ''[[A Song of Ice and Fire]]'', [[George R. R. Martin]]'s series o fantasie novels, the first o that is ''[[A Game of Thrones]]''. It wis shawn on [[HBO]] frae 17 Aprile 2011 tae 19 Mey 2019, ower aicht seasons an 73 episodes. Set on the fictional continents o [[Warld o A Song of Ice and Fire|Westeros an Essos]], ''Game of Thrones'' haes a lairge [[ensemmle cast|ensemble cast]] an follaes several [[story arc]]s. Ane arc is aboot the [[Iron Throne (A Song of Ice and Fire)|Iron Throne]] o the [[Warld o A Song of Ice and Fire#Westeros|Seven Kingdoms]] o Westeros an follaes a wab o alliances an conflicts amang the noble faimilies that are aither fechtin tae claim the throne or fechtin tae be free o it. Anither is aboot [[Daenerys Targaryen]], the last o the realm's owerthrawn rulin faimily, that haes been exiled tae Essos an is plottin a return tae the throne. Anither follaes the Night's Watch, a britherheid defendin the realm against the wild fowk an legendary craiturs o the North. ''Game of Thrones'' drew record audiences for HBO an haes a big, active, internaitional [[Fandom|fan base]]. Critics praised the series for its actin, complex chairacters, story, scope an production values, tho its aft uise o nudity an violence (includin sexual violence) wis criticised. The final season wis criticised for its hurried story an creative decisions, an monie fowk thocht it a disappyntin endin. The series wan 59 [[Emmy Awards|Primetime Emmy Award]]s, the maist bi a drama series, includin [[Emmy Awards|Outstanding Drama Series]] in 2015, 2016, 2018, an 2019. Its ither awairds an nominations include three [[Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation|Hugo Awards for Best Dramatic Presentation]] (2012–2014), a 2011 [[Peabody Award]], an five nominations for the [[Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globe Award for Best Televeesion Series – Drama]] (2012 an 2015–2018). Monie critics an publications hae named it ane o the best telly series o aw time. == Production == [[File:D. B. Weiss and David Benioff.jpg|thumb|[[D. B. Weiss]] an [[David Benioff]] creatit the series an wrote maist o its episodes.]] Benioff an Weiss pitched the series tae HBO. Development stairtit in Januar 2007, whan HBO bocht the telly richts tae the novels, wi Benioff an Weiss as the executive producers an Martin as a co-executive producer. The plan wis for ilka novel tae gie a season's worth o episodes.<ref name="var">{{cite news |last=Fleming |first=Michael |title=HBO turns 'Fire' into fantasy series |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |publisher=[[Penske Media Corporation]] |date=January 16, 2007 |access-date=March 2, 2010 |url=https://variety.com/2007/scene/markets-festivals/hbo-turns-fire-into-fantasy-series-1117957532/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516224747/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117957532?refCatId=14 |archive-date=May 16, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> == Filmin == [[File:Dubrovnik crop.jpg|thumb|The waw'd ceety o [[Dubrovnik]] stuid in for King's Landing frae the seicont season.]] The series wis filmed in the Unitit Kinrick, Canadae, Croatie, Iceland, Maltae, Morocco an Spain.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=WeRoad |date=July 30, 2024 |title=Where is Game of Thrones filmed? Discover all the locations |url=https://www.weroad.com/blog/where-is-game-of-thrones-filmed-discover-all-the-locations |access-date=May 9, 2026 |website=Stories |language=en-US}}</ref> The main location wis the Paint Hall studios in [[Belfast]], Northren Ireland.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Grubbs |first1=Jefferson |title=Which 'Game Of Thrones' Locations Film In Belfast? Kit Harington's Trip Gave Fans Hope |url=https://www.bustle.com/articles/101169-which-game-of-thrones-locations-film-in-belfast-kit-haringtons-trip-gave-fans-hope |access-date=May 20, 2020 |work=[[Bustle (magazine)|Bustle]] |publisher=Bustle Digital Group |date=August 9, 2015}}</ref> [[Doune Castle]] in [[Stirlin]] wis uised in the oreeginal pilot episode for scenes at Winterfell.<ref>{{cite news |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811101337/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/tayside_and_central/8322843.stm |archive-date=August 11, 2016 |title=Medieval keep becomes film set |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/tayside_and_central/8322843.stm |access-date=April 11, 2012 |work=[[BBC News]] |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=October 23, 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> The producers first thocht o filmin the hale series in Scotland, but chuise Northren Ireland acause o the studio space an tax credits thare.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Celik Rappas |first1=Ipek A |title=From Titanic to Game of Thrones : Promoting Belfast as a Global Media Capital |journal=[[Media, Culture & Society]] |date=January 21, 2019 |volume=41 |issue=4 |page=550 |doi=10.1177/0163443718823148 |s2cid=150442108 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0163443718823148 |access-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054121/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0163443718823148 |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Game Of Thrones (TV Series)}} [[Category:2010s American drama television series]] [[Category:2010s American televeesion series]] [[Category:2011 American televeesion series debuts]] [[Category:2019 American televeesion series endins]] [[Category:American adventur televeesion series]] [[Category:American drama televeesion series]] [[Category:American fantasie televeesion series]] [[Category:Daurk fantasie televeesion series]] [[Category:Draigons in popular cultur]] [[Category:Inglis-leid televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Faimily saga]] [[Category:Game of Thrones| ]] [[Category:Giants in feection]] [[Category:HBO network shaws]] [[Category:Heich fantasie televeesion series]] [[Category:Incest in televeesion]] [[Category:Magic in televeesion]] [[Category:Peabody Awaird-winnin televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Primetime Emmy Awaird for Ootstaundin Drama Series winners]] [[Category:Serial drama televeesion series]] [[Category:Televeesion programmes based on novelles]] [[Category:Televeesion series aboot dysfunctional faimilies]] [[Category:Televeesion shaws filmed in Los Angeles]] [[Category:Televeesion shaws filmed in Northern Ireland]] [[Category:Witchcraft in televeesion]] [[Category:Wizards in televeesion]] [[Category:Zombies in televeesion]] guyl7xgocloc8kti9o9hppus6qvvt50 0 168356 926933 852259 2026-11-08T21:15:26Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; early life an career addit, soorced 926933 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Shah Rukh Khan | image = Shahrukh interacts with media after KKR's maiden IPL title.jpg | image_size = | caption = Khan interactin wi the media in 2012 | birth_name = Shahrukh Khan | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1965|11|2}}<ref name="time">{{cite news|last=James |first=Randy |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1917090,00.html |title=2-Min. Bio: Bollywood Star Shah Rukh Khan |work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=18 August 2009 |accessdate=15 December 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111235225/http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1917090,00.html |archivedate=11 November 2013}}</ref> | birth_place = [[New Delhi]], Indie{{sfn|Chopra|2007||loc= p. 27|ps=: "born on 2 November 1965 at Talwar Nursing Home, in New Delhi"}} | residence = [[Bandra]], [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Indie]] | nationality = [[Indie fowk|Indie]] | education = [[Hansraj College]], [[Delhi Varsity]] <ref>{{cite news | title =SRK finally receives graduation degree from Hansraj College after 28 years | url = http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-receives-graduation-degree-after-28-years/ | date = 17 February 2016 | accessdate = 17 February 2016 | work= [[The Indian Express]] }}</ref> | occupation = Film actor, producer, televeesion presenter | years_active = 1988–present | spouse = {{marriage|[[Gauri Khan]]|1991}} | children = 3 | signature = ShahRukh Khan Sgnature transparent.png }} '''Shah Rukh Khan''' (born '''Shahrukh Khan'''; 2 November 1965), kent as '''SRK''' an aw, is an Indie film actor, producer an telly presenter. The media caw him the "[[Padishah|Baadshah]] o Bollywood", "King o Bollywood" or "King Khan". He haes been in mair nor 90 Bollywood films, an haes wan [[Leet o awairds an nominations received bi Shah Rukh Khan|monie awairds]], amang them 15 Filmfare Awairds an a Naitional Film Awaird.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Mukesh Khanna backs Shah Rukh Khan's National Award win |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/mukesh-khanna-backs-shah-rukh-khans-national-award-win-76404.html |magazine=Filmfare |date=6 August 2025 |access-date=9 August 2025}}</ref> Khan haes a muckle follaein in Asie an amang the [[Non-resident Indian an person o Indie origin|Indie diaspora]] aw ower the warld. For the size o his audience an his income, he haes been descrived as ane o the maist successfu film starns in the warld.<ref name="billion">{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/srk-finds-better-competition-in-tom-cruise-/852082/ |title=SRK finds better competition in Tom Cruise? |work=The Indian Express |date=26 September 2011 |accessdate=5 November 2015}}</ref><ref name="Richest Actors">{{cite news|url=http://gma.yahoo.com/richest-actors-world-not-expect-015943179--abc-news-celebrities.html|title=The Richest Actors in the World Are Not Who You Expect|publisher=[[Good Morning America]]|first=Susanna|last=Kim|date=22 May 2014|accessdate=22 May 2014|archive-date=2014-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522090931/http://gma.yahoo.com/richest-actors-world-not-expect-015943179--abc-news-celebrities.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="thetimes1">{{cite news | url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/arts/film/article3831707.ece | title=Meet the biggest film star in the world | work=[[The Times]] | date=2 August 2013 | accessdate=4 November 2015 | author=Nixey, Catherine}}</ref> ==Early life== Khan wis born in [[New Delhi]] on 2 November 1965. His faither, Mir Taj Mohammed Khan, wis an Indie independence activist frae [[Peshawar]], an wis in the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="ancestral5">{{Cite news |last=Khan, Omer Farooq |date=19 March 2010 |title=SRK's ancestral home traced to Pakistan |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/SRKs-ancestral-home-traced-to-Pakistan/articleshow/5701179.cms |url-status=live |access-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701111712/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/SRKs-ancestral-home-traced-to-Pakistan/articleshow/5701179.cms |archive-date=1 July 2015 |quote=There is a strong misperception about Shah Rukh's identity who is widely considered as a Pathan. In fact, his entire family speaks Hindko language. His ancestors came from Kashmir and settled in Peshawar centuries back, revealed Maqsood. This may disappoint many of Shah Rukh’s Pashto speaking fans who consider him a Pathan by origin. Shah Rukh’s family also contradicted the claim that his grandfather Jan Muhammad was from Afghanistan.}}</ref> ==Career== Khan stairtit oot in telly series in the late 1980s, an his first film, ''Deewana'', cam oot in Juin 1992.<ref>{{Cite news |title=B'day Special: Shah Rukh Khan (p. 26) |work=The Times of India |url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan/bday-special-shahrukh-khan/articleshow/25059260.cms |url-status=live |access-date=30 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103120905/http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan/bday-special-shahrukh-khan/articleshow/25059260.cms |archive-date=3 November 2014}}</ref> He becam a leadin actor wi a string o romantic hits, sic as ''[[Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge]]'' (1995), ''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]'' (1998) an ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham]]'' (2001). In 2004 he turned his production company intae [[Red Chillies Entertainment]], wi his wife Gauri as a producer.<ref name="RedCh">{{Cite news |date=19 April 2012 |title=Shreyas Talpade set to venture into production |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shreyas-Talpade-set-to-venture-into-production/articleshow/12728369.cms |url-status=live |access-date=1 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912020828/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shreyas-Talpade-set-to-venture-into-production/articleshow/12728369.cms |archive-date=12 September 2015}}</ref> In 2008 he bocht the richts tae the [[Kolkata]] team in the [[Indian Premier League]] cricket tournament, an cried it the [[Kolkata Knight Riders]].<ref name="price">{{Cite news |last=Kuber |date=9 February 2008 |title=Shah Rukh Khan's Kolkata IPL team to be called Night Riders or Knight Riders |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/shah-rukh-khans-kolkata-ipl-team-to-be-called-night-riders-or-knight-riders/articleshow/2768334.cms |url-status=live |access-date=19 September 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260302055255/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/shah-rukh-khans-kolkata-ipl-team-to-be-called-night-riders-or-knight-riders/articleshow/2768334.cms |archive-date=2 March 2026|first=Girish}}</ref> For the 2023 film ''Jawan'' he wan the Naitional Film Awaird for Best Actor. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Shah Rukh}} [[Category:Shah Rukh Khan| ]] [[Category:1965 births]] [[Category:Indie male film producers]] [[Category:Indie gemme shaw hosts]] [[Category:Indie male film actors]] [[Category:Indie male televeesion actors]] [[Category:Indie male vyce actors]] [[Category:Indie Muslims]] [[Category:Indie fowk o Hindkowan strynd]] [[Category:Indie fowk o Pashtun strynd]] [[Category:Indie Premier League franchise awners]] [[Category:Indie televeesion presenters]] [[Category:Jamia Millia Islamia alumni]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]] [[Category:Officiers o the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]] [[Category:Fowk frae Delhi]] [[Category:Recipients o the Padma Shri in arts]] [[Category:Filmfare Awairds winners]] [[Category:Screen Awairds winners]] [[Category:St. Columba's School, Delhi alumni]] [[Category:Stardust Awairds winners]] [[Category:Zee Cine Awairds winners]] [[Category:20t-century Indie male actors]] [[Category:21st-century Indie male actors]] n809vc188t9xclga9kh1lwhjpbbjzve 0 168375 927180 868020 2026-11-09T06:43:29Z ~2026-59394-73 139963 i fixed some of the scottish in the article, but i need help to link the trophies, the clubs, and thats it 927180 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Paul Scholes | image = P Scholes.jpg | image_size = 225px | caption = Scholes wi [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] in 2008 | fullname = Paul Scholes<ref name="PFA 548">{{cite book |editor1-last=Hugman |editor1-first=Barry J. |title=The PFA Premier & Football League Players' Records 1946–2005 |publisher=Queen Anne Press |year=2005 |page=548 |isbn=1-85291-665-6 }}</ref> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1974|11|16|df=y}}<ref name="PFA 548"/> | birth_place = [[Salford, Greater Manchester|Salford]], Ingland | height = {{convert|1.68|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="Prem profile">{{cite web|title=Paul Scholes player profile|url=http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/players/profile.career-history.html/paul-scholes|website=premierleague.com|accessdate=6 August 2015|archive-date=2015-08-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150827035628/http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/players/profile.career-history.html/paul-scholes|url-status=dead}}</ref> | position = [[Midfielder]] | currentclub = | youthyears1 = 1991–1993 |youthclubs1 = [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] | years1 = 1993–2011 |clubs1 = [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] |caps1 = 466 |goals1 = 102 | years2 = 2012–2013 |clubs2 = [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] |caps2 = 33 |goals2 = 5 | totalcaps = 499 |totalgoals = 107<!-- LEAGUE ONLY --> | nationalyears1 = 1993 |nationalteam1 = [[Ingland naitional unner-18 fitbaw team|Ingland U18]] |nationalcaps1 = 3 |nationalgoals1 = 0 | nationalyears2 = 1997–2004 |nationalteam2 = [[Ingland naitional fitbaw team|Ingland]] |nationalcaps2 = 66 |nationalgoals2 = 14 | manageryears1 = 2015 |managerclubs1 = [[Salford City F.C.|Salford City]] (caretaker) }} Paul Scholes (born 16 november 1974) is an English former professional footballer, pundit, an coach. Widely regardit as ane o the greatest midfielders o his generation,[2] scholes spent his entire professional playin career wi manchester united, for whom he scorit ower 150 goals i more than 700 appearances between 1993 an 2013. Scholes won 25 trophies, includin 11 premier league titles (more than any other english player), three FA Cups, an twa UEFA Champions League titles. He is renownit for his technical skills, accurate passing, intelligent movement, powerful shootin from long range, an goal-scorin ability. Scholes came throuch the anchester unitit academy as ane o fergie's fledglings, a group o players recruitit bi the club under the management o alex ferguson. He made his fou debut i the 1994–95 season. He went on tae make 718 appearances for the club, the third-hichest number o appearances bi any player. He announcit his retirement from playin i may 2011 an wis appointit as a coach at manchester unitit. He returnit tae playin i january 2012, an playit ane more season for the club before retirin again i may 2013. scholes representit the england national team from 1997 tae 2004, gainin 66 caps an participatin i the 1998 an 2002 fifa world cups, an aw as the 2000 an 2004 uefa european championships. He announcit his retirement from international football i august 2004, citin his family life an his club career wi manchester unitit as bein more important. scholes' first managerial position wis at oldham athletic, for 31 days i february an march 2019. I 2020, he haed a short spell as interim manager o salford city. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Navboxes colour | title = Awards | bg = gold | fg = navy | list1 = {{2002–03 Premier League Team of the Year}} {{2006–07 Premier League Team of the Year}} {{English Football Hall of Fame}} }} {{Navboxes colour | title = England squads | bg = white | fg = #CE1124 | bordercolor = #0B0B3F | list1 = {{England squad 1998 FIFA World Cup}} {{England squad UEFA Euro 2000}} {{England squad 2002 FIFA World Cup}} {{England squad UEFA Euro 2004}} }} {{Salford City F.C. managers}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Scholes, Paul}} [[Category:1974 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Middleton, Greater Manchester]] [[Category:Sportsfowk frae Salford, Greater Manchester]] [[Category:Sportsfowk frae Manchester]] [[Category:Inglis fitbawers]] [[Category:Association fitbaw midfielders]] [[Category:Manchester United F.C. players]] [[Category:Manchester United F.C. non-playin staff]] [[Category:Premier League players]] [[Category:Ingland youth internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Ingland internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Inglish Fitbaa Haw o Fame inductees]] [[Category:1998 FIFA Warld Cup players]] [[Category:UEFA Euro 2000 players]] [[Category:2002 FIFA Warld Cup players]] [[Category:UEFA Euro 2004 players]] [[Category:Fitbawers frae Greater Manchester]] [[Category:Salford City F.C.]] [[Category:Inglis fowk o Northren Ireland strynd]] [[Category:Inglis fowk o Erse strynd]] t6gmj7xqjdthwiqd2wcdtf5eroowe7h 927181 927180 2026-11-09T06:46:09Z ~2026-59394-73 139963 927181 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Paul Scholes | image = P Scholes.jpg | image_size = 225px | caption = Scholes wi [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] in 2008 | fullname = Paul Scholes<ref name="PFA 548">{{cite book |editor1-last=Hugman |editor1-first=Barry J. |title=The PFA Premier & Football League Players' Records 1946–2005 |publisher=Queen Anne Press |year=2005 |page=548 |isbn=1-85291-665-6 }}</ref> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1974|11|16|df=y}}<ref name="PFA 548"/> | birth_place = [[Salford, Greater Manchester|Salford]], Ingland | height = {{convert|1.68|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="Prem profile">{{cite web|title=Paul Scholes player profile|url=http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/players/profile.career-history.html/paul-scholes|website=premierleague.com|accessdate=6 August 2015|archive-date=2015-08-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150827035628/http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/players/profile.career-history.html/paul-scholes|url-status=dead}}</ref> | position = [[Midfielder]] | currentclub = | youthyears1 = 1991–1993 |youthclubs1 = [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] | years1 = 1993–2011 |clubs1 = [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] |caps1 = 466 |goals1 = 102 | years2 = 2012–2013 |clubs2 = [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] |caps2 = 33 |goals2 = 5 | totalcaps = 499 |totalgoals = 107<!-- LEAGUE ONLY --> | nationalyears1 = 1993 |nationalteam1 = [[Ingland naitional unner-18 fitbaw team|Ingland U18]] |nationalcaps1 = 3 |nationalgoals1 = 0 | nationalyears2 = 1997–2004 |nationalteam2 = [[Ingland naitional fitbaw team|Ingland]] |nationalcaps2 = 66 |nationalgoals2 = 14 | manageryears1 = 2015 |managerclubs1 = [[Salford City F.C.|Salford City]] (caretaker) }} Paul Scholes (born 16 november 1974) is an English former professional footballer, pundit, an coach. Widely regardit as ane o the greatest midfielders o his generation,[2] Scholes spent his entire professional playin career wi Manchester United, for whom he scorit ower 150 goals i more than 700 appearances between 1993 an 2013. Scholes won 25 trophies, includin 11 premier league titles (more than any other english player), three FA Cups, an twa UEFA Champions League titles. He is renownit for his technical skills, accurate passing, intelligent movement, powerful shootin from long range, an goal-scorin ability. Scholes came throuch the Manchester Unitit academy as ane o fergie's fledglings, a group o players recruitit bi the club under the management o alex ferguson. He made his fou debut i the 1994–95 season. He went on tae make 718 appearances for the club, the third-hichest number o appearances bi any player. He announcit his retirement from playin i may 2011 an wis appointit as a coach at manchester unitit. He returnit tae playin i january 2012, an playit ane more season for the club before retirin again i May 2013. Scholes representit the England National Team from 1997 tae 2004, gainin 66 caps an participatin i the 1998 an 2002 fifa world cups, an aw as the 2000 an 2004 uefa european championships. He announcit his retirement from international football i August 2004, citin his family life an his club career wi Manchester Unitit as bein more important. Scholes' first managerial position wis at oldham athletic, for 31 days i february an march 2019. I 2020, he haed a short spell as interim manager o salford city. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Navboxes colour | title = Awards | bg = gold | fg = navy | list1 = {{2002–03 Premier League Team of the Year}} {{2006–07 Premier League Team of the Year}} {{English Football Hall of Fame}} }} {{Navboxes colour | title = England squads | bg = white | fg = #CE1124 | bordercolor = #0B0B3F | list1 = {{England squad 1998 FIFA World Cup}} {{England squad UEFA Euro 2000}} {{England squad 2002 FIFA World Cup}} {{England squad UEFA Euro 2004}} }} {{Salford City F.C. managers}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Scholes, Paul}} [[Category:1974 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Middleton, Greater Manchester]] [[Category:Sportsfowk frae Salford, Greater Manchester]] [[Category:Sportsfowk frae Manchester]] [[Category:Inglis fitbawers]] [[Category:Association fitbaw midfielders]] [[Category:Manchester United F.C. players]] [[Category:Manchester United F.C. non-playin staff]] [[Category:Premier League players]] [[Category:Ingland youth internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Ingland internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Inglish Fitbaa Haw o Fame inductees]] [[Category:1998 FIFA Warld Cup players]] [[Category:UEFA Euro 2000 players]] [[Category:2002 FIFA Warld Cup players]] [[Category:UEFA Euro 2004 players]] [[Category:Fitbawers frae Greater Manchester]] [[Category:Salford City F.C.]] [[Category:Inglis fowk o Northren Ireland strynd]] [[Category:Inglis fowk o Erse strynd]] bqwi0qwqfn5esbn0wd0m5ndyiz79kvy 0 169166 927015 871613 2026-11-08T22:12:25Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; models, hardware an sales addit, soorced 927015 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox information appliance | name = PlayStation 5 | logo = PS5_logo.svg | logo_size = 175px | image = PlayStation 5 and DualSense with transparent background.png | caption = The base PlayStation 5 console (wi optical drive) in rest mode an [[DualSense]] controller | aka = PS5 | developer = [[Sony Interactive Entertainment]] | manufacturer = [[Sony]] | family = [[PlayStation]] | type = Hame video gemme console | generation = [[:en:Ninth generation of video game consoles|Nint]] | releasedate = {{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal;background:transparent;text-align:left; |title=12 November 2020 | {{Vgrelease|AU/JP/KR/NA/NZ/SGP|12 November 2020|WW|19 November 2020|INA|22 Januar 2021|IND|2 Februar 2021}} }} | lifespan = 2020–present | price = {{Unbulleted list | '''Base''' / '''Digital edition''' | {{USD|499|link=yes}} / {{USD|399|link=yes}} | {{Euro|499|link=yes}} / {{Euro|399|link=yes}} | {{AUD|750|link=yes}} / {{AUD|599|link=yes}} | {{JPY|49980|link=yes}} / {{JPY|39980|link=yes}} | {{GBP|449|link=yes}} / {{GBP|359|link=yes}} }} | units sold = 4.5 million ({{asof|2020|12|31|lc=y|df=us}})<ref>{{cite web|last=Bankhurst|first=Adam|title=PS5 Shipped 4.5 Million Units in 2020, Matches PS4's Launch|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/ps5-shipped-45-million-units-in-2020-matches-ps4s-launch|work=IGN|language=en|date=3 Februar 2021|accessdate=8 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Supplemental Information for the Consolidated Financial Results for the Third Quarter Ended December 31, 2020|url=https://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/IR/library/presen/er/pdf/20q3_supplement.pdf|work=Sony|language=en|date=3 Februar 2021|accessdate=8 March 2021|format=PDF}}</ref> | media = {{Unbulleted list | [[Ultra HD Blu-ray]] | [[Blu-ray]] | [[DVD]] | [[:en:Digital distribution of video games|Digital distribution]] }} | os = | soc = | cpu = Custom 8-core [[Advanced Micro Devices|AMD]] Zen 2,<br /> variable frequency, up tae 3.5&nbsp;GHz | RAM = 16 GB GDDR6 SDRAM<br> 512 MB DDR4 RAM (for background tasks)<ref name="ifixit">{{cite web|title=PlayStation 5 Teardown|url=https://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/PlayStation+5+Teardown/138280|publisher=iFixit|date=November 5, 2020|access-date=March 7, 2020}}</ref> | storage = Custom 825&nbsp;GB [[solid-state drive|SSD]] | memory card = Internal (uiser upgradeable) NVMe M.2 [[solid-state drive|SSD]], or external [[USB]]-based [[hard disk drive|HDD]] | display = {{ubl | Video output formats | [[HDMI]]: 720p, 1080i, 1080p, 4K UHD, 8K UHD }} | graphics = Custom [[Advanced Micro Devices|AMD]] RDNA 2,<br /> 36 CUs @ variable frequency up tae 2.23&nbsp;GHz | sound = {{Unbulleted list | Custom Tempest Engine 3D Audio | [[Dolby Atmos]] & DTS:X (Blu-ray video & UHD Blu-ray video) | 7.1 surround sound }} | controllers = [[DualSense]], [[DualShock 4]], PlayStation Move | camera = | touchpad = | connectivity = {{Unbulleted list | [[Wi-Fi]] IEEE 802.11ax | [[Bluetooth 5.1]] | Gigabit Ethernet | 2× USB 3.2 Gen 2×1 | 1× USB 2.0 | 1× [[USB-C]] wi USB 3.2 Gen 2×1 | 1× HDMI 2.1 }} | power = | online service = [[PlayStation Network]]<br />PlayStation Now | dimensions = {{ubl | '''Base''': {{convert|390|x|260|x|104|mm|in|abbr=on}} | '''Digital''': {{convert|390|x|260|x|92|mm|in|abbr=on}} }} | weight = {{ubl | '''Base''': {{convert|4.5|kg|lb}} | '''Digital''': {{convert|3.9|kg|lb}} }} | topgame = | compatibility = Amaist aw [[PlayStation 4]] an [[PlayStation VR]] gemmes | predecessor = [[PlayStation 4]] | successor = | related = | website = {{url|https://www.playstation.com/ps5|playstation.com/ps5}} }} The '''PlayStation 5''' ('''PS5''') is a hame [[video gemme]] console developit bi [[Sony Interactive Entertainment]], the fift console in its [[PlayStation]] line. It wis annoonced in Aprile 2019 as the successor tae the [[PlayStation 4]],<ref name="wired_april2019">{{cite magazine | url = https://www.wired.com/story/exclusive-sony-next-gen-console/ | title = Exclusive: What to Expect From Sony's Next-Gen PlayStation | first = Peter | last = Rubin | date = April 16, 2019 | access-date = April 16, 2019 | magazine = Wired | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190421080115/https://www.wired.com/story/exclusive-sony-next-gen-console/ | archive-date = April 21, 2019 | url-status = live }}</ref> an it wis lowsed on 12 November 2020 in [[Austrailie]], [[Japan]], [[New Zealand]], [[North Americae]], [[Singapore]] an [[Sooth Korea]], an warldwide a week efter.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.polygon.com/2020/9/16/21323105/ps5-price-playstation-5-release-date-pre-orders | title = PlayStation 5 launches Nov. 12 for $499 | first1 = Michael | last1 = McWhertor | first2 = Nicole | last2 = Carpenter | date = September 16, 2020 | work = Polygon | access-date = September 16, 2020 | archive-date = September 17, 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200917082957/https://www.polygon.com/2020/9/16/21323105/ps5-price-playstation-5-release-date-pre-orders | url-status = live }}</ref> The PlayStation 5 an [[Microsoft]]'s Xbox Series X an Series S consoles, that war lowsed the same month, are pairt o the nint generation o video gemme consoles. == Models == The base model haes an optical disc drive that can play [[Ultra HD Blu-ray]] discs. The Digital Edition haes nae drive, an is a cheaper model for fowk that buy gemmes anly bi doonload. Baith models war lowsed at the same time. Slimmer versions o baith models replaced the oreeginal anes in the shops in November 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yin-Poole |first=Wesley |date=October 10, 2023 |title=Sony Confirms PS5 Slim for This Holiday Season |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/sony-confirms-ps5-slim-for-this-holiday-season |access-date=October 24, 2023 |website=IGN |language=en |archive-date=October 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023215112/https://www.ign.com/articles/sony-confirms-ps5-slim-for-this-holiday-season |url-status=live }}</ref> Sony annoonced the '''PlayStation 5 Pro''' on 10 September 2024,<ref name="PS5Pro">{{Cite web |last=Nishino |first=Hideaki |date=September 10, 2024 |title=Welcome PlayStation 5 Pro, the most visually impressive way to play games on PlayStation |url=https://blog.playstation.com/2024/09/10/welcome-playstation-5-pro-the-most-visually-impressive-way-to-play-games-on-playstation/ |website=PlayStation.Blog |language=en-US |access-date=September 10, 2024 |archive-date=September 10, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910151405/https://blog.playstation.com/2024/09/10/welcome-playstation-5-pro-the-most-visually-impressive-way-to-play-games-on-playstation/ |url-status=live }}</ref> an it cam oot on 7 November 2024 wi a faster graphics processor. == Hardware == The PlayStation 5 haes a custom solid-state drive (SSD) biggit tae stream data quick. Its graphics processor, frae [[Advanced Micro Devices|AMD]], can shaw [[4K resolution|4K]] pictures at up tae 120 frames a seicont. The console is twa-tone, wi a black middle an white side panels that match the [[DualSense]] controller, an it can staund up or lie flat.<ref name="PS5 official teardown Ars">{{cite web |last=Orland |first=Kyle |date=October 7, 2020 |title=The first PlayStation 5 teardown reveals some hardware secrets |url=https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2020/10/sonys-official-ps5-teardown-shows-how-the-system-stand-actually-works/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009172802/https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2020/10/sonys-official-ps5-teardown-shows-how-the-system-stand-actually-works/ |archive-date=October 9, 2020 |access-date=October 10, 2020 |work=Ars Technica}}</ref> It can play maist PlayStation 4 an PlayStation VR gemmes. == Sales == Twa weeks efter it wis lowsed, Sony said it wis the biggest launch in PlayStation history, passin the PlayStation 4's 2.1 million units in its first twa weeks in 2013.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2020-11-25-ps5-is-biggest-console-launch-in-history | title = PS5 is biggest console launch in history | first = James | last = Batchelor | date = November 25, 2020 | access-date = November 25, 2020 | work = GamesIndustry.biz | archive-date = November 25, 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201125135755/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2020-11-25-ps5-is-biggest-console-launch-in-history | url-status = live }}</ref> In its first week in Japan, 118,082 consoles war selt, makkin it the best-sellin console in the kintra that week.<ref name="Gematsu Japanese launch sales">{{cite web |last=Romano|first=Sal|date=November 19, 2020 |url=https://www.gematsu.com/2020/11/famitsu-sales-11-9-20-11-15-20|title=Famitsu Sales: 11/9/20 – 11/15/20|publisher=Gematsu|access-date=November 19, 2020|archive-date=March 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306012143/https://www.gematsu.com/2020/11/famitsu-sales-11-9-20-11-15-20|url-status=live}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Fremmit airtins== * {{Official website|https://www.playstation.com/ps5}} [[Category:Hame video gemme consoles]] [[Category:Sony consoles]] ppgrpbq8dstezsvoewav1baongnqby4 0 170945 926890 919960 2026-11-08T20:23:59Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 926890 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Multiple image|direction=vertical|align=right|image1=Sudoku Puzzle by L2G-20050714 standardized layout.svg|image2=Sudoku Puzzle by L2G-20050714 solution standartised layout.svg|width=250|caption1=A typical Sudoku puzzle|caption2=An its solution|alt1=A typical Sudoku puzzle, wi nine raws an nine columns that intersect at square spaces. Some o the cells are filled wi a nummer; ithers are blank cells tae be solved.|alt2=The previous puzzle, shawin its solution.}} {{nihongo|'''Sudoku'''|数独|sūdoku|digit-single|}} (originally cried '''Number Place''')<ref name="time magazine">{{cite web|last=Grossman|first=Lev|title=The Answer Men|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2137423,00.html|publisher=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|accessdate=March 4, 2013|date=March 11, 2013|archive-date=2013-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130816024154/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2137423,00.html|url-status=dead}}{{registration required}}</ref> is a [[logic]]-based,<ref>{{cite news |last=Arnoldy |first=Ben|title=Sudoku Strategies|work=The Home Forum |publisher=The Christian Science Monitor}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Schaschek|first=Sarah|title=Sudoku champ's surprise victory|date=March 22, 2006|publisher=The Prague Post |url=http://www.praguepost.com/P03/2006/Art/0323/news5.php|accessdate=February 18, 2009 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060813145953/http://www.praguepost.com/P03/2006/Art/0323/news5.php|archivedate = August 13, 2006}}</ref> [[combinatorics|combinatorial]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lawler|first1=E. L. |authorlink1=Eugene Lawler|title=The Traveling Salesman Problem: A Guided Tour of Combinatorial Optimization|url=https://archive.org/details/travelingsalesma00lawl|location=West Sussex|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=1985|isbn=0-471-90413-9}}</ref> nummer-placement [[puzzle]]. The objective is tae fill a 9×9 grid wi digits sae that ilk column, ilk raw an ilk o the nine 3×3 subgrids that mak up the grid (cried "boxes", "blocks" or "regions" an aw) hauds aw the digits frae 1 tae 9. ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Sudoku]] [[Category:Puzzles]] [[Category:Laitin squares]] [[Category:Logic puzzles]] [[Category:Gemme theory]] [[Category:NP-complete problems]] [[Category:Abstract strategy gemmes]] [[Category:Recreautional mathematics]] {{stub}} fyf5zuw3mv2kdnmqpp1iwkeeqyg8bjs 926891 926890 2026-11-08T20:24:56Z Monospaced 75295 Fix broken image (filename) 926891 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Multiple image|direction=vertical|align=right|image1=Sudoku Puzzle by L2G-20050714 standardized layout.svg|image2=Sudoku Puzzle by L2G-20050714 solution standardized layout.svg|width=250|caption1=A typical Sudoku puzzle|caption2=An its solution|alt1=A typical Sudoku puzzle, wi nine raws an nine columns that intersect at square spaces. Some o the cells are filled wi a nummer; ithers are blank cells tae be solved.|alt2=The previous puzzle, shawin its solution.}} {{nihongo|'''Sudoku'''|数独|sūdoku|digit-single|}} (originally cried '''Number Place''')<ref name="time magazine">{{cite web|last=Grossman|first=Lev|title=The Answer Men|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2137423,00.html|publisher=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|accessdate=March 4, 2013|date=March 11, 2013|archive-date=2013-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130816024154/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2137423,00.html|url-status=dead}}{{registration required}}</ref> is a [[logic]]-based,<ref>{{cite news |last=Arnoldy |first=Ben|title=Sudoku Strategies|work=The Home Forum |publisher=The Christian Science Monitor}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Schaschek|first=Sarah|title=Sudoku champ's surprise victory|date=March 22, 2006|publisher=The Prague Post |url=http://www.praguepost.com/P03/2006/Art/0323/news5.php|accessdate=February 18, 2009 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060813145953/http://www.praguepost.com/P03/2006/Art/0323/news5.php|archivedate = August 13, 2006}}</ref> [[combinatorics|combinatorial]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lawler|first1=E. L. |authorlink1=Eugene Lawler|title=The Traveling Salesman Problem: A Guided Tour of Combinatorial Optimization|url=https://archive.org/details/travelingsalesma00lawl|location=West Sussex|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=1985|isbn=0-471-90413-9}}</ref> nummer-placement [[puzzle]]. The objective is tae fill a 9×9 grid wi digits sae that ilk column, ilk raw an ilk o the nine 3×3 subgrids that mak up the grid (cried "boxes", "blocks" or "regions" an aw) hauds aw the digits frae 1 tae 9. ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Sudoku]] [[Category:Puzzles]] [[Category:Laitin squares]] [[Category:Logic puzzles]] [[Category:Gemme theory]] [[Category:NP-complete problems]] [[Category:Abstract strategy gemmes]] [[Category:Recreautional mathematics]] {{stub}} pc4m8jnad3v8e0h3frnwsjugj1xffko 0 171410 927093 926349 2026-11-08T22:40:48Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 927093 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | show_name = Sam & Cat | image = | genre = [[Teen sitcom]] | creator = [[Dan Schneider (TV producer)|Dan Schneider]] | starring = {{plainlist| * [[Jennette McCurdy]] * [[Ariana Grande]] * Cameron Ocasio * Maree Cheatham <!-- not in opening credits but listed as "Starring" in end credits - see talk page for more --> }} | executive_producer = Dan Schneider<br>Warren Bell | producer = Christopher J. Nowak<br>Bruce Rand Berman | theme_music_composer = Michael Corcoran | opentheme = "Just Fine" bi Backhouse Mike | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | num_seasons = 1 <!-- This number is the season the last aired episode belongs to --> | num_episodes = 35 <!-- This attribute is for the number episodes that have actually aired --> | list_episodes = Leet o Sam & Cat episodes | runtime = 23 minutes | camera = Videotape (filmized); Multi-camera | company = Schneider's Bakery<br/>Nickelodeon Productions | distributor = [[Viacom Media Networks]] | channel = [[Nickelodeon]]<!--Parameter is for original broadcast network, which was Nickelodeon only.--> | picture_format = 1080i ([[High-definition television|HDTV]]) | audio_format = Stereo | location = Nickelodeon on Sunset<br>Hollywood, Californie | first_aired = {{Start date|2013|6|8}} | last_aired = {{End date|2014|7|17}} | preceded_by = ''[[iCarly]]''<br>''[[Victorious]]'' | followed_by = | website = http://www.nick.com/shows/sam-and-cat/ }} '''''Sam & Cat''''' is<!-- Do not change "is" to "was". Per MOS:TV, fiction is always treated in the present, even if a series has ended, so "is" is the correct word to use. --> an American [[teen sitcom]] that oreeginally aired frae Juin 8, 2013, tae Julie 17, 2014, on [[Nickelodeon]]. It is a crossover [[Spin-off (media)|spin-off]]/sequel o baith ''[[iCarly]]'' an ''[[Victorious]]''. It stars [[Jennette McCurdy]] as Sam Puckett an [[Ariana Grande]] as Cat Valentine. The girls meet bi chance durin a bizarre adventur an acome roommates, then stairt a babysittin business tae earn extra money. The series wis picked up for 20 episodes on November 29, 2012. It began filmin in Januar 2013 an premiered on Juin 8, 2013. The first saison wis doubled tae 40 episodes on Julie 11, 2013.<ref name="hollywoodreporter1"/> At the Nickelodeon upfront meetin wi advertisers on Mairch 13, 2014, Nickelodeon programmin preses Russell Hicks stated that ''Sam & Cat'' haed been renewed for a seicont series<ref name=adweek>{{cite web |url=http://www.adweek.com/news/television/nickelodeons-jim-perry-courting-more-adult-advertisers-156309 |title=Nickelodeon's Jim Perry Is Courting More Adult Advertisers |date=March 14, 2014 |accessdate=March 20, 2014 |work=Adweek |first=Sam |last=Thielman|quote=Sam & Cat has been renewed, per programming president Russell Hicks}}</ref> an producer Dan Schneider told ''Adweek'' that saison twa wis slated for twinty episodes.<ref name=adweek2>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/samthielman/status/444223555090518016 |title=Live tweeting at Nick upfront by Adweek staff writer|date=March 13, 2014 |accessdate=July 14, 2014 |publisher=[[Twitter]] |first=Sam |last=Thielman|quote=20-ep order for a new series from Sam & Cat dude Dan Schneider}}</ref> Houiver, that month, ither Nickelodeon soorces stated that an offeecial decision wis yet tae be makkit if the shaw wad be renewed, leadin tae monie cancellation rumors efter Nickelodeon put the series on a production hiatus on Apryle 3, 2014.<ref name=deadline140331>{{cite web |url=http://www.deadline.com/2014/04/future-of-nickelodeon-series-sam-cat-in-limbo-amidst-behind-the-scenes-drama/ |title= Future Of Nickelodeon Series 'Sam & Cat' In Limbo Amidst Behind-The-Scenes Drama |date=March 31, 2014 |first=Nellie |last=Andreeva |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |accessdate=April 2, 2014}}</ref> Efter airing 33 episodes, Nickelodeon released a promo statin twa episodes remained tae air.<ref name=SAM&CATWEBSITE>{{cite web | url=http://www.nick.com/shows/sam-and-cat/ | title=Sam & Cat: Next Saturday @ 8pm! | publisher=NICK | date=July 2, 2014 | accessdate=July 3, 2014 | archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6QyeNMHzN?url=http://www.nick.com/shows/sam-and-cat/ | url-status=dead | archivedate=2014-07-11 | url-status=live }}</ref> On Julie 13, 2014, efter a three-month production hiatus, Nickelodeon canceled the series, haein produced anly 36 <!-- not 35, see the Deadline.com reference after the end of this sentence - it states 36 episodes: and 36 half-hour episodes were produced (prod. codes: 101–136) -->episodes o a 40 episode order.<ref name=DeadlineCancel>{{cite web |url=http://www.deadline.com/2014/07/sam-cat-wont-cancelled-nickelodeon/ |title=Nickelodeon's 'Sam & Cat' To End Run After One Season |accessdate=July 13, 2014 |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |first=Nellie |last=Andreeva |date=July 13, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Kaplan|first1=Don|title=Jennette McCurdy's sexy selfie lands her in hot water with Nickelodeon's hit show 'Sam & Cat'|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/selfie-scandal-engulfs-sam-cat-article-1.1741968|website=Daily News|accessdate=November 27, 2014|date=April 1, 2014|location=New York}}</ref> Media outlets attributed the cancellation tae a salary dispute atween McCurdy an Nickelodeon, a feud atween McCurdy an Grande, the leak o racy photographs o McCurdy, the risin muisical career o Grande, an baith actresses' desires tae muive on tae ither projects. The last episode aired on Julie 17, 2014, as a lead-in tae the first ''Kids' Choice Sports Awards'' ceremony.<ref name=DeadlineCancel /><ref name="TV series finale">{{cite web | url=http://tvseriesfinale.com/tv-show/sam-cat-cancelled-by-nickelodeon-no-season-two-33128/ | title=Sam and Cat cancelled, no season two| publisher=TV Series Finale | date=July 12, 2014 | accessdate= July 13, 2014 }}</ref><ref name="The Hollywood Reporter">{{cite news |first=Philiana |last=Ng |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/nickelodeons-sam-cat-canceled-718195 |title=Nickelodeon Cancels 'Sam & Cat' After Behind-the-Scenes Drama |work=The Hollywood Reporter |date=July 13, 2013 |accessdate=July 13, 2014}}</ref><ref name="The Washington Post">{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/style-blog/wp/2014/07/14/sam-cat-canceled-after-one-season-where-did-it-all-go-wrong/ |title='Sam & Cat' canceled after one season: Where did it all go wrong? |accessdate=July 13, 2014 |work=The Washington Post |first=Emily |last=Yahr |date=July 13, 2013}}</ref> ==Plot== Ever syne Carly Shay flittit tae Italy wi her faither (in the series finale o ''[[iCarly]]''), Sam Puckett haes been touring the West Coast on her motorcycle an stops in Venice, Los Angeles. She witnesses Cat Valentine bein thrown intae the back o a garbage truck an rescues her. Thay acome friends an Cat convinces her tae acome roommates efter Cat's cheerful an supportive grandmother Nona flits tae an auld fowk's hame cried Elderly Acres. Tae mak siller raither than gettin traditional efter-schuil jobs, Sam an Cat form an efter-schuil babysitting business cried "Sam and Cat's Super Rockin' Funtime Babysitting Service", whilk leads them intae a series o comical adventures. Forby Nona, ither fowk in thair lives are Dice, thair neist duir neibour wha is notorious for aidin fowk for money, an Goomer, a dim-witted professional MMA fighter wham Dice manages.<ref name="SAM&CATPICKEDUPHWR">{{cite news | url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/icarly-victorious-spinoff-sam-cat-395824 | title=Nickelodeon Greenlights Spinoff of 'iCarly,' 'Victorious' | work=The Hollywood Reporter | date=November 29, 2012 | accessdate=November 29, 2012 | author=Nordyke, Kimberly}}</ref> ==Cast an chairacters== ===Main=== {{anchor|Sam Puckett}} * [[Jennette McCurdy]] as Sam Puckett, wha is rude, aggressive, lues pranks, an hates wirkin. Efter her best friend Carly Shay flittit tae Italy fur tae bide wi her faither, Sam tours the wast coast on her motorcycle til she saves Cat frae a garbage truck. She becomes friends wi Cat an jynes her in the babbysittin job thay stairt. She secretly haes a hert o gowd an a saft spot for Cat, but will threaten violence on onybody wha harms her friends. Sam isnae feart o onything an is handy at fechtin or bossin her wey oot o ony situation. {{anchor|Cat Valentine}} * [[Ariana Grande]] as Cat Valentine, wha is sweet, naive, bubbly an awmaist always happy. She haes a playfu naitur, eften takes things literally, an faints whan she is frightened. She haes a short attention span an haes bricht reid hair dyed tae resemble her favorite snack, a red velvet cupcake. Cat haes been bidin wi her grandmother Nona syne her parents gaed aw tae veesit her brither. She can be emotional an disnae tak criticism well. In maugre o her ditziness, she is actually gey intelligent an [[Empathy|empathetic]]. In the earlier pairts o the show, Ariana Grande dyed her hair reid whan playin Cat Valentine (which she an aa did whan playin the character on ''Victorious'') til it wis changed tae her wearing a reid-haired wig in later episodes. {{anchor|Dice}} * Cameron Ocasio as Dice, is Sam an Cat's neighbor wha bides wi his mom an his weird Aunt Ferjeen (wha is notorious for haein "night gas"). Dice is cuil, caum an colleckit, an he kens aw the tenants an gossip. He maks extra siller bi wheelin an dealin, eften sellin unusual items lik hair cuttings frae celebrities (includin some he obtained frae Sam), hats wi misspelled logos, an odd gadgets. He is a talentit pitchman. Dice manages a mixed martial arts fighter named Goomer wha isnae gleg.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nick.com/shows/sam-and-cat/characters/dice.html |title=Dice from Sam & Cat |publisher=Nick.com |date= |accessdate=June 2, 2013}}</ref> {{anchor|Nona}} * <!-- not in opening credits, listed as "Starring" in end credits, but not in every episode so both recurring and starring in this show -->Maree Cheatham as Nona, Cat's cheerful, supportive, an independent grandmother. Fun-luvin an young at hert, Nona prefers the company o fowk her ain age. Awtho she is always aroond whenever Sam an Cat need her, she haes moved oot o the apartment she shared wi Cat an intae Elderly Acres tae be nearer tae her friends, allouin Sam tae muive in permanently. She is criticized for nae bein in touch wi the younger generation, an tells stories which fail tae interest them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nick.com/shows/sam-and-cat/characters/nona.html |title=Nona from Sam & Cat |publisher=Nick.com |date= |accessdate=June 2, 2013}}</ref> ===Recurring=== * Zoran Korach as Goomer, a professional mixed martial airts fechter that trains at Punchy's Gym. He is 27 year auld but haes the mental ability o somebody a feck younger. He is gey dim-wittit an eith bambeeselt. In maugre o his bairnie naitur, he is gey guid at fechtin. Dice teuk ower his management. * Griffin Kane an Emily Skinner as Max an Chloe, a brither an sister wha, alangside thair baby brither Darby, war amang the less rammy bairns babysat bi Nona; Sam an Cat babysit them nou. Thay appear in episodes "#Pilot","#NewGoat", an "#PeezyB". * Sophia Grace Brownlee & Rosie McClelland as Gwen an Ruby, Breetish girls wham Sam an Cat babysit in the episode "#TheBritBrats". At first, thay seem polite, but later thay behave quite rude. Thay are experienced con artists wha bilk Dice oot o $500 an Cat oot o her bicycle. In a loose parody o ''The Sting'', Sam concocts a rigged bingo gemme tae trick the Breetish brats intae surrendering Dice's money an Cat's bike.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nick.com/videos/clip/digital-short-sam-and-cat-sophia-grace-interview.html |title=Sophia Grace and Rosie interview Sam & Cat! Episode Clip &#124; Nick Videos |publisher=Nick.com |date=May 23, 2012 |accessdate=June 23, 2013 |archive-date=2013-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621190350/http://www.nick.com/videos/clip/digital-short-sam-and-cat-sophia-grace-interview.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=8P5Jrx_dQsU#! |title=Sophia Grace & Rosie Rafts |publisher=YouTube |date=February 18, 2013 |accessdate=June 23, 2013}}</ref> Thay war forby in "#RevengeOfTheBritBrats" whaur thay return an drive a wedge atween Sam an Cat. This plan failed whan Sam an Cat caucht onto thair plans.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tvlistings.zap2it.com/tv/sam-and-cat-revengeofthebritbrats/EP017396430014?aid=zap2it |title=Sam & Cat Season 1 Episode 11 - RevengeOfTheBritBrats |publisher=Zap2it |accessdate=October 27, 2013 |archive-date=2017-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912055324/http://tvlistings.zap2it.com/tv/sam-and-cat-revengeofthebritbrats/EP017396430014?aid=zap2it |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Dan Schneider (TV producer)|Dan Schneider]] as the vyce o Tandy, a reid robot that works at the restaurant "Bots" as a waiter. * Lisa Lillien as the vyce o Bungle, a blue female robot that works at the restaurant "Bots" as a waitress. * Nick Gore as Randy, a wean wha appeart numerous times in the show an is constantly introducin himsel. Randy wis oreeginally supposed tae appear in ane episode, but the creautor o the show, Dan Schneider, foond him funny sae he becam a recurring character.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Schneider|first1=Dan|title=FUN FACTS! Sam & Cat: #TheKillerTunaJump|url=http://danwarp.blogspot.com/2014/01/fun-facts-sam-cat-thekillertunajump.html|website=DanWarp|date=January 18, 2014|access-date=2017-05-30|archive-date=2014-02-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226093600/http://danwarp.blogspot.com/2014/01/fun-facts-sam-cat-thekillertunajump.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Ronnie Clark as Herb, a man wha pretends tae be homeless, but he is in fact rich an ains a condo. * Cyrus Arnold as BJ Malloy, a lad wha lues tae eat eggs an caw Dice "Diceberg", acause it rhymes wi "iceberg" an this attitude stresses Dice. He considers Dice as his friend. * Steve Lewis as Brody, a spear fisherman that always boasts his job an is eften seen wi a speargun in his haund. * Ryan P. Shrime as Yokvish, a clerk at the Handy Quick wha enjoys takkin selfies an gruimin himsel. ===Special guest stars <!-- This section should ONLY include "SPECIAL" guest stars-->=== * Eric Lange as Mr. Sikowitz, Cat's actin teacher at [[Victorious|Hollywood Arts]], an eccentric agin hippie wha occasionally disnae wear shuin. His teaching methods is eften wanconventional, sic as whan he throws a ball at Cat while she is performin, but thay are whiles effective.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lewis |first=Casey |url=http://www.teenvogue.com/entertainment/tv/2013-05/jennette-mccurdy-ariana-grande-sam-and-cat-nickelodeon |title=Jennette McCurdy and Ariana Grande on New Nick Comedy 'Sam & Cat' |work=Teen Vogue |date=May 29, 2013 |accessdate=June 23, 2013}}</ref>&nbsp; He is a recurring character in ''[[Victorious]]'' an appeared in "#MommaGoomer". * [[Penny Marshall]] an Cindy Williams as Sylvia Burke an Janice Dobbins, the oreeginal creators o the puppet show ''Salmon Cat'', a TV show frae the 1970s. Marshall an Williams are famous for playin Laverne DeFazio an Shirley Feeney, respectively, on ''Laverne & Shirley''.<ref name="salmoncat">{{cite web |last=Bibel |first=Sara |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/06/26/penny-marshall-and-cindy-williams-to-reunite-on-nickelodeons-sam-cat/189259/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+Tvbythenumbers+%28TVbytheNumbers%29 |title=Penny Marshall and Cindy Williams to Reunite on Nickelodeon's 'Sam & Cat' |publisher=TVbytheNumbers |date=June 26, 2013 |accessdate=June 26, 2013 |archive-date=2015-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019074734/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/06/26/penny-marshall-and-cindy-williams-to-reunite-on-nickelodeons-sam-cat/189259/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+Tvbythenumbers+%28TVbytheNumbers%29 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Kel Mitchell, as Peezy B, a huge rap starn wao haes rejected Cat's muisic video audeetion.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/22/kel-mitchell-nickelodeon-sam-and-cat_n_3635152.html |title=Kel Mitchell Returns To His Nickelodeon Roots On 'Sam And Cat' This Fall |work=The Huffington Post |date=July 22, 2013 |accessdate=October 27, 2013}}</ref> * Abby Wilde as Stacey Dillsen, a college student umwhile seen in ''[[Zoey 101]]'' wha is injured durin a bicycle incident an losses ane o her shuin, whilk Cat finns, leadin her tae finn the seicont shae. * Scott Baio as Officer Kelvin, a police officer wha arrests Sam an Cat for "stealing money" frae an ATM at the Handy Quick whan Yokvish catches on tae Cat's activity. * [[Elizabeth Gillies]] as Jade West, Cat's friend frae Hollywood Arts. She is mean, aggressive, violent, an eften offends Cat. She befriends Sam when thay diskiver that thay hae a lot in common. * [[Nathan Kress]] as Freddie Benson, Sam's friend frae Seattle an ex-boyfriend. He likes technological stuff, an served as technical producer o the iCarly wab show on ''[[iCarly]]''. Cat brings him tae her hoose in order tae flirt wi him at the time when Sam wis hanging oot wi Jade. * [[Matt Bennett]] as Robbie Shapiro, Cat's friend an luve interest. He is a nerd wha cairies a puppet named Rex (wha he maks speak as a ventriloquist). He kisst Cat in ane o the final episodes o ''[[Victorious]]''. Whan Cat hits on Freddie oot o jealousy o Sam's friendship wi Jade, Robbie is brocht in bi Jade fur that Sam can hit on him. * Michael Eric Reid as Himsel, he plays Sinjin Van Cleef in ''Victorious''. Michael appears in "#BlooperEpisode" an tells Zoran Korach that he kens what it's lik tae be left oot for nae bein a main character. * Danielle Morrow as Nora Dershlit, an auld enemy o Carly, Sam, an Freddie. In "#SuperPsycho," her pet chicken Maurice helps Nora escape frae the prison somewhere near Seattle sae that she can exact her revenge. * Reed Alexander as Nevel Papperman, an auld enemy o Carly, Sam, an Freddie. In "#SuperPsycho," Nevel is seen in a Peter Sinai hospital for the very sick upon contracting Porcupox (a disease which somehow comes frae a porcupine). Sam an Cat veesit him in order tae get advice on how tae find Nora Dershlit. * [[Noah Munck]] as Gibby Gibson, a friend o Carly, Sam, an Freddie. Efter he is visited bi Nora during his date wi a girl at a movie theater, Gibby tips off Sam that Nora haes escaped frae prison. * Jessica Chaffin as Coco Wexler, a character frae ''[[Zoey 101]]'' wham Sam an Cat meet at the airport. Coco wis ance mairit tae Carl, then thay divorced. Coco is devastate whan Carl propones tae her mither. * Josh Server as Agent Partridge, an airport agent wha interrogates Dice an Goomer efter thay are mistaen for terrorist plotters. ==Production== In August 2012, Nickelodeon annoonced that [[Dan Schneider (TV producer)|Dan Schneider]], the creautor o ''iCarly'' an ''Victorious'', wad be makin a spin-off o baith shows cried ''Sam & Cat'', an ordered the pilot episode.<ref name=SAM&CATPICKEDUPHWR /> The series wis then picked up for 20 episodes in November, wi the premiere planned for 2013. Production began in Januar 2013,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.danwarp.blogspot.com/2012/11/sam-cat-is-go.html |first1=Dan |last1=Schneider |title=Sam & Cat is a GO! |publisher=[[Dan Schneider (TV producer)|Dan Schneider]] |date=November 30, 2012 |accessdate=December 2, 2012 |archive-date=2021-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314192358/http://danwarp.blogspot.com/2012/11/sam-cat-is-go.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> an on Juin 8, 2013, ''Sam & Cat'' premiered in the Unitit States. Several weeks later, on Julie 11, Nickelodeon doubled the saison ane order o 20 episodes, tae 40.<ref name="hollywoodreporter1">{{cite news | first=Kimberly | last=Nordyke |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/nickelodeons-sam-cat-doubles-season-583191 |title=Nickelodeon's 'Sam & Cat' Doubles Season 1 Order |work=The Hollywood Reporter |date=November 17, 2011 |accessdate=March 6, 2016}}</ref> Filmin wis scheduled tae resume in early September 2013 tae finish the seicont hauf o the first saison.<ref name="hollywoodreporter1"/> Schneider oreeginally aimed for a Mairch 23, 2013, premiere o ''Sam & Cat'', follaein the Kids' Choice Awards;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xgzGtzahYjg |title=Jennette McCurdy and Jade at McCurdicon |publisher=YouTube |date=January 20, 2013 |accessdate=January 26, 2013}}</ref> houiver, Nickelodeon intendit for the show tae mak its debut in the faw.<ref name=upfront>{{cite web |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/02/26/nickelodeon-renews-teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-and-announces-new-series-breadwinners-the-haunted-hathaways-more/171083/ |title=Nickelodeon Renews 'Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles' and Announces New Series 'Breadwinners', 'The Haunted Hathaways' & More |date=February 26, 2013 |accessdate=March 4, 2013 |first=Amanda |last=Kondolojy |publisher=Nickelodeon press release via Zap2It |archive-date=2016-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411185122/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/02/26/nickelodeon-renews-teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-and-announces-new-series-breadwinners-the-haunted-hathaways-more/171083/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> On Apryle 18, 2013, the show's twa stars Jennette McCurdy an Ariana Grande, via Twitter, annoonced its premiere wis set for Juin.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/18/sam-cat-premiere-date-ann_n_3112824.html |title='Sam & Cat' Premiere Date Announced By Ariana Grande And Jennette McCurdy |work=The Huffington Post |date=April 18, 2013}}</ref> ===Cancellation=== On Apryle 2, 2014, Nickelodeon annoonced the series wad be on hiatus.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/nickelodeons-sam-cat-goes-hiatus-693018 | work=The Hollywood Reporter | title=Nickelodeon's 'Sam & Cat' Goes on Hiatus Amid Drama | date=April 2, 2014}}</ref> Awtho thay insisted the series wis nae cancelled, monie speculated that it wis. This wis due tae a rumored dispute atween McCurdy an the network, Grande's rising muisical career, an baith actresses' desires tae muive on tae ither projects. On Julie 13, 2014, it wis annoonced that the last episode wad be "#GettinWiggy," which aired fower days later.<ref name=DeadlineCancel /> ===Controversy=== In Mairch 2014, Jennette McCurdy becam the subject o scandal efter the leak o photographs revealing McCurdy in various states o undress. Her absence wis noted at the 2014 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards, whaur ''Sam & Cat'' won "Favorite Show" an Ariana Grande won "Best Actress." McCurdy claimed that Nickelodeon wis treatin her unfairly an that wis the sole purpose for her failure tae attend the awards.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.teen.com/2014/03/30/celebrities/jennette-mccurdy-kids-choice-awards-ariana-grande-feud/|title=Jennette McCurdy Explains Why She Was a No Show at the 2014 Kids' Choice Awards|publisher=Teen.com|access-date=2017-05-30|archive-date=2014-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404144827/http://www.teen.com/2014/03/30/celebrities/jennette-mccurdy-kids-choice-awards-ariana-grande-feud/|url-status=dead}}</ref> On Apryle 2, 2014, despite reports o a seicont saison an wi fower episodes yet tae be produced, Nickelodeon abruptly put the series on hiatus. Rumors war that McCurdy an Grande war haein problems wi the network ower thair salaries, wi McCurdy accusing Nickelodeon o paying Grande mair money. Grande later teuk tae social media tae deny the allegations.<ref>{{cite web|last=Grande|first=Ariana|url=http://www.twitlonger.com/show/n_1s18u2b|title=I hate addressing rumors...|via=TwitLonger.com|date=April 4, 2014}}</ref> Houiver, thay anly stated that the hiatus wis planned an said the series wis nae canceled.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.ew.com/article/2014/04/02/nickelodeon-sam-cat-cancellation-rumors | work=Entertainment Weekly | first=Ariana | last=Bacle | title=Nickelodeon denies 'Sam & Cat' cancellation rumors | date=April 2, 2014}}</ref> Houiver, three month later on Julie 13, 2014, Nickelodeon annoonced that the series haed been canceled.<ref name=DeadlineCancel /> For months in atween, rumors o a feud atween Grande an McCurdy ran heich, an still dae efter the series' cancellation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://grantland.com/hollywood-prospectus/know-your-beef-ariana-grande-vs-jennette-mccurdy-vs-andre-drummond/|title=Know Your Beef: Ariana Grande vs. Jennette McCurdy (vs. Andre Drummond)|first=Emily|last=Yoshida|work=Grantland}}</ref> Houiver, McCurdy stated in a 2015 interview wi E! Online: "I just feel that Ariana and I were and are extremely close and extremely like-minded in a lot of different ways, and then sort of as the show dissolved everybody wanted to find some sort of hidden meaning in our relationship and some like drama, and I think we butted heads at times but in a very sisterly way. Like she knows me so well and I know her so well that I think it was unfortunate that things got misconstrued."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eonline.com/news/633761/jennette-mccurdy-addresses-ariana-grande-feud-we-butted-heads-at-times-but-in-a-very-sisterly-way-watch|title=Jennette McCurdy Addresses Ariana Grande Feud: ''We Butted Heads at Times but in a Very Sisterly Way''—Watch!|date=March 9, 2015|publisher=E!}}</ref> ==Reception== ===Ratings=== The pilot episode debuted on Nickelodeon Juin 8, 2013, tae an audience o 4.2 million viewers.<ref>{{cite web |first=Sara |last=Bibel |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/06/11/nickelodeons-sam-cat-debuts-at-number-one-nets-biggest-live-action-launch-in-three-years/186828/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+Tvbythenumbers+%28TVbytheNumbers%29 |title=Nickelodeon's 'Sam & Cat' Debuts at Number One, Net's Biggest Live-Action Launch in Three Years |publisher=TVbytheNumbers |date=June 11, 2013 |accessdate=June 11, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204720/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/06/11/nickelodeons-sam-cat-debuts-at-number-one-nets-biggest-live-action-launch-in-three-years/186828/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed:+Tvbythenumbers+(TVbytheNumbers) |archive-date=2021-06-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The seicont episode, ane week later, drew 2.6 million viewers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/ratings/2013/06/18/saturdays-cable-ratings-nbc-sports-network-tops-charts-with-stanley-cup-finals-667111/cable_20130615/ |title=Ratings - Saturday's Cable Ratings: NBC Sports Network Tops Charts with Stanley Cup Finals |publisher=TheFutonCritic.com |date=June 15, 2013 |accessdate=June 23, 2013}}</ref> The maist watched episode is "#TheKillerTunaJump: #Freddie #Jade #Robbie," which aired Januar 18, 2014, tae 4.8 million viewers;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/01/21/nickelodeons-sam-cat-special-scores-4-8-million-total-viewers/230917/ |title=Nickelodeon's 'Sam & Cat' Special Scores 4.8 Million Total Viewers |first=Sara |last=Bibel |date=January 21, 2014 |accessdate=January 21, 2014 |publisher=Zap2it.com |archive-date=2015-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231020940/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/01/21/nickelodeons-sam-cat-special-scores-4-8-million-total-viewers/230917/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> the seicont maist watched episode is the pilot (4.2 million), while the least watched is "#SecretSafe" (2.0 million, on October 5, 2013).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/ratings/2013/10/08/saturdays-cable-ratings-and-broadcast-finals-college-football-snares-top-spots-841413/cable_20131005/ |title=Ratings - Saturday's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals: College Football Snares Top Spots |publisher=TheFutonCritic.com |date=October 5, 2013 |accessdate=December 30, 2013}}</ref> In the Unitit Kinrick the series premiere delivered 340,000 viewers, the maist for that week. The Halloween episode premiere on October 26, 2013, brocht 210,000 viewers staying in the same place.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.barb.co.uk/viewing/weekly-top-10 |title=Top 10 Programmes |publisher=BARB |date=February 16, 2014 |accessdate=March 1, 2014}}</ref> ==Broadcast== The series wis shawn on Nickelodeon warldwide. It premiered in Canada on August 12, 2013, on YTV an on September 7, 2013, on the oreeginal channel.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newswire.ca/en/story/1191691/ytv-fast-forwards-to-fall-with-eight-side-splitting-new-series |title=YTV Canada Inc. &#124; YTV Fast Forwards to Fall with Eight Side-Splitting New Series |publisher=Newswire.ca |date=June 27, 2013 |accessdate=October 27, 2013 |archive-date=2017-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907165404/http://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/ytv-fast-forwards-to-fall-with-eight-side-splitting-new-series-512660511.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The show previewed on September 1, 2013, an premiered on October 14, 2013, in the Unitit Kinrick an Ireland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vimn.com/press/nickelodeon/press-releases/sam-and-cat-premieres-monday-14th-october |title=Sam and Cat Premieres Monday, 14th October |publisher=Viacom Press |date=September 4, 2013 |accessdate=October 27, 2013}}</ref> It previewed on September 30, 2013, an premiered on October 7, 2013, an October 11, 2013, in New Zealand<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/nickelodeon-greenlights-additional-20-episodes-of-top-rated-comedy-sam--cat-starring-jennette-mccurdy-and-ariana-grande-215105791.html |title=Nickelodeon Greenlights Additional 20 Episodes Of Top-Rated Comedy Sam & Cat |agency=PR Newswire |date=July 11, 2013 |accessdate=October 27, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nickelodeon.com.au/shows/tvschedule/ |title=Nickelodeon Schedule &#124; Ariana Grande &#124; Ariana Grand &#124; Victorious Nick &#124; Victoria Justice |publisher=Nickelodeon.com.au |date= |accessdate=October 27, 2013 |archive-date=2015-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507162424/http://www.nickelodeon.com.au/shows/tvschedule |url-status=dead }}</ref> an Australie,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nickelodeon.com.au/shows |title=Nickelodeon Shows &#124; SpongeBob SquarePants &#124; SpongeBob Episodes &#124; Games SpongeBob |publisher=Nickelodeon.com.au |date= |accessdate=October 27, 2013 |archive-date=2015-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622230548/http://www.nickelodeon.com.au/shows |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nview.co.uk/show/show-08/f9uerb|title=Watch the EPIC new episode of N-View!|accessdate=June 2, 2013|publisher=N-View|archive-date=2013-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603135356/http://www.nview.co.uk/show/show-08/f9uerb|url-status=dead}}</ref> respectively. In Southeast Asia it stairtit airing on October 19, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nick-asia.com/shows/sam-and-cat/hru46f |title=Watch free Sam & Cat online videos including full episodes and clips only on Nick Asia |publisher=Nick-asia.com |date= |accessdate=December 30, 2013}}</ref> ==Awards an nominations== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Association ! scope="col" | Category ! scope="col" | Nominee ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Result ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ref. |- | scope="row" rowspan="3"|2014 | Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards | Favorite TV Show | ''Sam & Cat'' | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref name = "samcatKCA14">{{cite web|title=KCA 2014|url=http://www.nick.com/kids-choice-awards/2014/nominees/|publisher=Nickelodeon|accessdate=March 30, 2014}}</ref> |- | Teen Choice Awards | Choice Comedy TV Show | ''Sam & Cat'' | {{nominated}} | style="text-align:center;" | |- | Kids' Choice Awards Mexico | Internaitional Program Favorite | ''Sam & Cat'' | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://entretenimiento.starmedia.com/alfombra-roja/lista-ganadores-kids-choice-awards-mexico-2014.html|title=Lista de ganadores de los Kids Choice Awards México 2014|author=Marie Palma F|publisher= starMedia|date=September 22, 2014|accessdate=September 25, 2014|language=Spanish}}</ref> |} ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== * [https://www.nick.com/shows/sam-and-cat ''Sam & Cat''] at Nick.com * {{IMDb title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sam and Cat}} [[Category:2010s American comedy televeesion series]] [[Category:American televeesion sitcoms]] [[Category:Inglis-leid televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Televeesion series aboot freendship]] 6n7x8vh059ahkcqvfizzr2e317jtdms 0 171446 927094 902731 2026-11-08T22:41:00Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 927094 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | show_name = Phineas and Ferb | image = | genre = [[Comedy]]<br>[[Muisic]]al | creator = [[Dan Povenmire]]<br>[[Jeff "Swampy" Marsh]] | director = {{plain list| *Dan Povenmire *Jeff "Swampy" Marsh *Zac Moncrief *Robert F. Hughes *Jay Lender *Sue Perrotto *Kim Roberson }} | voices = {{plain list| *[[Vincent Martella]] *[[Thomas Sangster]] *[[Ashley Tisdale]] *[[Dee Bradley Baker]] *Dan Povenmire *Jeff "Swampy" Marsh *Caroline Rhea *Richard O'Brien *Alyson Stoner *Mitchel Musso *Maulik Pancholy *Bobby Gaylor *Olivia Olson *Kelly Hu *Ariel Winter }} | opentheme = "Today Is Gonna Be a Great Day" (variation) bi Bowling for Soup | endtheme = | composer = Danny Jacob | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | num_seasons = 4 | num_episodes = 222 | list_episodes = Leet o Phineas and Ferb episodes | executive_producer = Dan Povenmire<br>Jeff "Swampy" Marsh | producer = Robert F. Hughes | runtime = 22 meenits | company = Walt Disney Television Animation | distributor = Disney-ABC Domestic Television | network = [[Disney Channel]] (2007–15)<br />[[Disney XD]] (2009–15) | audio_format = Dolby Digital 5.1 | first_aired = {{Start date|2007|8|17}} | last_aired = {{End date|2015|6|12}} | followed_by = ''O.W.C.A. Files'' | related = ''Take Two with Phineas and Ferb''<!-- remakes, spin-offs, adaptations for different audiences --> | website = http://disneyxd.disney.com/phineas-and-ferb | website_title = Official Website | image_alt = A circle wi the words "{{lang|en|Phineas and Ferb}}" }} '''''Phineas and Ferb''''' is<!-- Do not change "is" to "was". Per MOS:TV, fiction is always treated in the present, even if a series has ended, so "is" is the correct word to use. --> an American animatit muisical comedy telly series. Oreeginally broadcast as a ane-episode preview on 17 August 2007 an again previewed on 28 September 2007, the series offeecially premiered on 1 Februar 2008 on [[Disney Channel]], an follaes [[Phineas Flynn]] an his [[United Kingdom|Breetish]] stepbrother [[Ferb Fletcher]]<ref name="AM1">{{cite web|url=http://www.awn.com/articles/production/swampy-dan-emerges-iphineas-and-ferbi/page/1 |title=From Swampy & Dan Emerges Phineas and Ferb", PFage 1. |author=Strike, Joe |work=Animation World Magazine |accessdate=2009-08-26 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722044630/http://www.awn.com/articles/production/swampy-dan-emerges-iphineas-and-ferbi/page/1 |archivedate=2010-07-22 |df= }}</ref> on the simmer holidays. Every day, the boys embark on some grand new project, which annoys thair controlling sister, Candace, that aften tries tae reveal thair shenanigans tae her an Phineas' mither, Linda Flynn-Fletcher, an less aften tae Ferb's faither, Lawrence Fletcher. The series follaes a set plot seestem; running gags occur every episode, an the b-plot awmaist always features [[Perry the Platypus]] wirkin as a spy ("Agent P") for OWCA (the {{lang|en|Organization Without a Cool Acronym}}), tae defeat the latest scheme o [[Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz]], a mad scientist driven maistly bi a need tae assert his evilness. Whiles, ither villains scoff at his level o evil. The twa plots meet at the end tae erase aw traces o the boys' project juist afore Candace can shaw it tae thair mither. This uisually leaves Candace gey frustrate. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Phineas And Ferb}} [[Category:Phineas and Ferb| ]] [[Category:2000s American animatit televeesion series]] [[Category:2000s American comedy televeesion series]] [[Category:2007 American televeesion series debuts]] [[Category:2010s American animatit televeesion series]] [[Category:2010s American comedy televeesion series]] [[Category:2015 American televeesion series endins]] [[Category:American bairns' animatit televeesion series]] [[Category:American bairns' comedy televeesion series]] [[Category:American muisical televeesion series]] [[Category:Animatit duos]] [[Category:Cairtoons animatit wi Toon Boom]] [[Category:Disney Channel shaws]] [[Category:Disney XD shaws]] [[Category:Inglis-leid televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Family Channel shaws]] [[Category:Animatit muisical televeesion series]] [[Category:Televeesion programmes featurin anthropomorphic chairacters]] [[Category:Flash cairtoons]] [[Category:Televeesion series aboot siblings]] [[Category:Televeesion series aboot vacationin]] [[Category:Televeesion series bi Disney Television Animation]] [[Category:Televeesion series creatit bi Dan Povenmire an Jeff "Swampy" Marsh]] 5a5o629985i56t0n9iiescyj0qwiqiw 927125 927094 2026-11-08T23:05:12Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927125 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox televeesion | show_name = Phineas and Ferb | genre = [[Comedy]]<br>[[Muisic]]al | creator = [[Dan Povenmire]]<br>[[Jeff "Swampy" Marsh]] | director = {{plain list| *Dan Povenmire *Jeff "Swampy" Marsh *Zac Moncrief *Robert F. Hughes *Jay Lender *Sue Perrotto *Kim Roberson }} | voices = {{plain list| *[[Vincent Martella]] *[[Thomas Sangster]] *[[Ashley Tisdale]] *[[Dee Bradley Baker]] *Dan Povenmire *Jeff "Swampy" Marsh *Caroline Rhea *Richard O'Brien *Alyson Stoner *Mitchel Musso *Maulik Pancholy *Bobby Gaylor *Olivia Olson *Kelly Hu *Ariel Winter }} | opentheme = "Today Is Gonna Be a Great Day" (variation) bi Bowling for Soup | composer = Danny Jacob | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | num_seasons = 4 | num_episodes = 222 | list_episodes = Leet o Phineas and Ferb episodes | executive_producer = Dan Povenmire<br>Jeff "Swampy" Marsh | producer = Robert F. Hughes | runtime = 22 meenits | company = Walt Disney Television Animation | distributor = Disney-ABC Domestic Television | network = [[Disney Channel]] (2007–15)<br />[[Disney XD]] (2009–15) | audio_format = Dolby Digital 5.1 | first_aired = {{Start date|2007|8|17}} | last_aired = {{End date|2015|6|12}} | followed_by = ''O.W.C.A. Files'' | related = ''Take Two with Phineas and Ferb'' | website = http://disneyxd.disney.com/phineas-and-ferb | website_title = Official Website | image_alt = A circle wi the words "{{lang|en|Phineas and Ferb}}" }} '''''Phineas and Ferb''''' is<!-- Do not change "is" to "was". Per MOS:TV, fiction is always treated in the present, even if a series has ended, so "is" is the correct word to use. --> an American animatit muisical comedy telly series. Oreeginally broadcast as a ane-episode preview on 17 August 2007 an again previewed on 28 September 2007, the series offeecially premiered on 1 Februar 2008 on [[Disney Channel]], an follaes [[Phineas Flynn]] an his [[United Kingdom|Breetish]] stepbrother [[Ferb Fletcher]]<ref name="AM1">{{cite web|url=http://www.awn.com/articles/production/swampy-dan-emerges-iphineas-and-ferbi/page/1 |title=From Swampy & Dan Emerges Phineas and Ferb", PFage 1. |author=Strike, Joe |work=Animation World Magazine |accessdate=2009-08-26 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722044630/http://www.awn.com/articles/production/swampy-dan-emerges-iphineas-and-ferbi/page/1 |archivedate=2010-07-22 |df= }}</ref> on the simmer holidays. Every day, the boys embark on some grand new project, which annoys thair controlling sister, Candace, that aften tries tae reveal thair shenanigans tae her an Phineas' mither, Linda Flynn-Fletcher, an less aften tae Ferb's faither, Lawrence Fletcher. The series follaes a set plot seestem; running gags occur every episode, an the b-plot awmaist always features [[Perry the Platypus]] wirkin as a spy ("Agent P") for OWCA (the {{lang|en|Organization Without a Cool Acronym}}), tae defeat the latest scheme o [[Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz]], a mad scientist driven maistly bi a need tae assert his evilness. Whiles, ither villains scoff at his level o evil. The twa plots meet at the end tae erase aw traces o the boys' project juist afore Candace can shaw it tae thair mither. This uisually leaves Candace gey frustrate. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Phineas And Ferb}} [[Category:Phineas and Ferb| ]] [[Category:2000s American animatit televeesion series]] [[Category:2000s American comedy televeesion series]] [[Category:2007 American televeesion series debuts]] [[Category:2010s American animatit televeesion series]] [[Category:2010s American comedy televeesion series]] [[Category:2015 American televeesion series endins]] [[Category:American bairns' animatit televeesion series]] [[Category:American bairns' comedy televeesion series]] [[Category:American muisical televeesion series]] [[Category:Animatit duos]] [[Category:Cairtoons animatit wi Toon Boom]] [[Category:Disney Channel shaws]] [[Category:Disney XD shaws]] [[Category:Inglis-leid televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Family Channel shaws]] [[Category:Animatit muisical televeesion series]] [[Category:Televeesion programmes featurin anthropomorphic chairacters]] [[Category:Flash cairtoons]] [[Category:Televeesion series aboot siblings]] [[Category:Televeesion series aboot vacationin]] [[Category:Televeesion series bi Disney Television Animation]] [[Category:Televeesion series creatit bi Dan Povenmire an Jeff "Swampy" Marsh]] 99gubrbav10pnsvu7knddg7gvs85eom 0 171920 926885 905449 2026-11-08T20:20:20Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; his faimly addit, soorced 926885 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person wikidata}}[[File:Giambattista Basile.jpg|170px|left|thumb|Portrait o a court poet o the kind common in Montgomerie's day]] '''Alexander Montgomerie''' (c. 1550?&ndash;1598) wis a [[Scotland|Scots]] courtier an poet, or [[makar]], at the court o [[Jamie VI, King o Scots|James VI]], born in [[Ayrshire]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alexander Montgomerie|url=https://www.scottishpoetrylibrary.org.uk/poet/alexander-montgomerie/|access-date=2025-05-29|website=Scottish Poetry Library|language=en-GB}}</ref> He wis a younger son o the Ayrshire [[laird]] Hugh Montgomerie o Hessilhead (deed 1558), an sae wis kin tae the Earl o Eglinton.<ref>{{cite DNB|wstitle=Montgomerie, Alexander (1556?-1610?)|first=James |last=Cranstoun|volume=38}}</ref> == References == <references /> {{Makars}} {{Authority control}} {{Stub/Makar}} {{Stub/Scotland}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Montgomerie, Alexander}} [[Category:1550s births]] [[Category:1598 daiths]] [[Category:16t-century Scots writers]] [[Category:16t-century Scots poets]] [[Category:Converts tae Roman Catholicism frae Calvinism]] [[Category:Scots sodgers]] [[Category:Scots Makars]] [[Category:Scots poets]] [[Category:Buirials at the Kirk o the Canongate]] [[Category:Middle Scots poets]] 9v8hzhk7ffks6x6pd46vtxcvpt241no 0 171953 926818 814463 2026-11-08T18:42:37Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; soorce addit 926818 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person wikidata}} '''Liz Lochhead''' (born 26 December 1947) is a Scots poet, playwricht, owersetter an broadcaster.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/profiles/3YbRQ6DbdwhCVyzFYG9dc02/liz-lochhead|title=Writing Scotland - Liz Lochhead - BBC Two|website=BBC}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|title = Writing Scotland - Liz Lochhead - BBC Two|url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/profiles/3YbRQ6DbdwhCVyzFYG9dc02/liz-lochhead|website = BBC|access-date = 2016-01-25}}</ref> Atween 2011 an 2016 she wis the [[Makar]], or Naitional Poet o Scotland.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Liz Lochhead appointed as makar, Scotland's national poet|url = https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/jan/19/liz-lochhead-makar-scotland-national-poet|newspaper = The Guardian|date = 2011-01-19|access-date = 2016-01-25|issn = 0261-3077|language = en-GB|first = Maev|last = Kennedy|first2 = Severin|last2 = Carrell}}</ref> She grew up in a "little ex-mining village just outside [[Motherwal|Motherwell]]".<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news|title = Liz Lochhead: 'You're stuck writing something until you go, "To hell with it, I'll tell the truth"'|url = https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/jan/16/liz-lochhead-interview-you-re-stuck-writing-something-until-you-go-to-hell-with-it|newspaper = The Guardian|date = 2016-01-16|access-date = 2016-01-25|issn = 0261-3077|language = en-GB|first = Sarah|last = Crown}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} == Freemit airtins == * [https://www.scottishpoetrylibrary.org.uk/poet/liz-lochhead/ Her profile at the Scottish Poetry Library] {{in|en}} {{Makars}} {{Authority control}} {{Stub/Scotland}}{{Stub/Makar}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lochhead, Liz}} [[Category:1947 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Scots weemen poets]] [[Category:Scots weemen dramatists an playwrichts]] [[Category:Scots weemen writers]] [[Category:Scots writers]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Dalziel High School]] [[Category:Alumni o the Glasgow School of Art]] [[Category:Scots Makars]] [[Category:Fowk frae North Lanrikshire]] [[Category:20t-century Scots writers]] [[Category:20t-century Breetish dramatists an playwrichts]] [[Category:20t-century Scots poets]] [[Category:20t-century weemen writers]] fzu1wjm0lcrfpzx2h5y886d30du1b7l 0 172636 926868 785174 2026-11-08T20:11:38Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; birth an RLS link addit, soorced 926868 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:DEStevenson.jpg|thumb|right|D. E. Stevenson, date unknown]] '''Dorothy Emily Stevenson''' (18 November 1892 &ndash; 30 December 1973) wis a best-sellin Scots novelist. She published mair nor 40 "licht romantic novelles"<ref name=Laurel>{{cite press release | url = https://www.historicenvironment.scot/about-us/news/commemorative-plaque-due-to-be-mounted-on-stan-laurel-s-glasgow-home/ | title = Commemorative Plaque due to be mounted on Stan Laurel’s Glasgow home | date = 2 August 2016 | first = Alan | last = Bannon | publisher = Historic Environment Scotland | access-date = 29 January 2017}}</ref> ower mair nor 40 year. She wis born in [[Edinburgh]]; her faither, David Alan Stevenson, wis a lichthoose ingineer an a first cousin o the writer [[Robert Louis Stevenson]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk|title=1892 STEVENSON, DOROTHY EMILY (Statutory registers Births 685/1 1959)|website=Scotland's People}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{Stub/Scotland}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Stevenson, D. E.}} [[Category:Scots weemen novelists]] [[Category:20t-century weemen writers]] [[Category:1892 births]] [[Category:1973 daiths]] [[Category:Writers frae Edinburgh]] [[Category:20t-century Scots novelists]] g2as7ftdjk7ujke4czhir6jwp5u3s2e 0 172718 926770 860783 2026-11-08T17:24:30Z Monospaced 75295 Quick redd-up: spellin an grammar, apologetic apostrophes taen oot, titles in italics 926770 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Aileen Paterson | honorific_suffix = [[Order o the Breetish Empire|MBE]] | birth_date = {{Birth date|1934|11|30|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Bruntisland]], [[Fife]], Scotland | death_date = 23 Mairch 2018 (aged 83) | occupation = Author an illustrator |known for=[[Maisie MacKenzie |Maisie]] buiks}} '''Aileen Frances Paterson''', [[Order o the Breetish Empire|MBE]] (née Henderson) (30 November 1934 – 23 Mairch 2018) wis a [[Scotland|Scots]] writer an illustrator,<ref>{{cite news|title=Best Scottish children's author|url=http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/books/best-scottish-children-s-author-1-1148418|accessdate=9 January 2015|work=[[The Scotsman]]|publisher=The Scotsman Publications Limited|date=25 November 2008}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> best kent for her series o bairns' buiks aboot [[Maisie MacKenzie]] the kitten.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Author of Morningside Maisie books Aileen Paterson has died|url=https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/author-morningside-maisie-books-aileen-paterson-has-died-308362|access-date=2022-01-21|website=www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com|language=en}}</ref> She cam frae [[Fife]], wis eddicatit at [[Edinburgh College of Art|Edinburgh College o Airt]] an taucht airt for 18 year. She wis mither tae five dochters an twa sons. Efter yin o her sons deed o leukaemia at 11 year auld, Paterson stairtit scrievin the ''Maisie'' buiks in 1980, aboot "the adult world from a child's point of view".<ref name=":0" /> The first yin tae be published wis ''Maisie Comes to Morningside'', in 1984.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1245530164|title=Maisie comes to Morningside|date=1984|publisher=Byway Books|isbn=9780907448099|location=Galashiels|oclc=1245530164}}</ref> Paterson uised Scots wirds lik ''perjink'', ''guddle'' an ''dreich'' in her scrievin for comic effect.<ref name=":0" /> She scrievit 32 buiks in the ''Maisie'' series,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Books by Aileen Paterson (Author of Maisie Comes to Morningside)|url=https://www.goodreads.com/author/list/764795.Aileen_Paterson|access-date=2022-01-21|website=www.goodreads.com}}</ref> an ither warks forby, sic as ''Braw Stories'' (2005) an ''Scottish Summer Schools'' (2007).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Burntisland, Fife - [Aileen]|url=https://burntisland.net/paterson-aileen.htm|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-21|website=burntisland.net}}</ref> Paterson wis gien the honour o an [[Order o the Breetish Empire|MBE]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-06-12|title=Queen's birthday honours list 2015: MBE|url=http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/jun/12/queens-birthday-honours-list-2014-mbe|access-date=2022-01-21|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> but thocht she didnae deserve it.<ref name=":0" /> Accordin tae a local history site in her hame toun o [[Bruntisland|Burntisland]], Lothian Buses pit her pictur o Maisie on the nummer 11 bus, that gangs throu Morningside. A cairtoon series for the television, in Inglis an Gaelic, haed the vyces o [[Stanley Baxter]] an Tony Kearney.<ref name=":1" /> Paterson deed on 23 Mairch 2018.<ref name=":0" /> == Selectit warks == * ''Maisie comes to Morningside'' (1984)<ref name=":2" /> * ''Maisie goes to Glasgow'' (1984, 1988)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1200476003|title=Maisie goes to Glasgow|date=1988|publisher=Three Hills Books|isbn=9781871705010|location=Galashiels|oclc=1200476003}}</ref> * ''Maisie's Mystery Tour'' (1984, 1989)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/316378388|title=Maisie's mystery tour|date=1989|publisher=Three Hills Books|isbn=1-871705-02-9|location=Galashiels|oclc=316378388}}</ref> * ''Maisie Meets her Match'' (1984, 1988) * ''Maisie in London'' (1985, 1988)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/316378351|title=Maisie in London|date=1988|publisher=Three Hills Books|isbn=1-871705-04-5|location=Galashiels|oclc=316378351}}</ref> * ''Maisie and the Monster'' (1985, 1988)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48120106|title=Maisie and the monster|date=1988|publisher=Three Hills Books|isbn=1-871705-05-3|location=Scotland|oclc=48120106}}</ref> * ''Maisie goes to School'' (1988)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21035772|title=Maisie goes to school.|date=1988|publisher=Amaising Pub|isbn=1-871512-01-8|oclc=21035772}}</ref> * ''Maisie and the Space Invader'' (1988)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21035739|title=Maisie and the space invader.|date=1988|publisher=Amaising Pub|isbn=1-871512-02-6|oclc=21035739}}</ref> * ''Maisie and the Posties'' (1988)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21035793|title=Maisie and the posties.|date=1988|publisher=Amaising Pub|isbn=1-871512-03-4|oclc=21035793}}</ref> * ''Maisie's Festival Adventure'' (1988)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21035781|title=Maisie's festival adventure.|date=1988|publisher=Amaising Pub|isbn=1-871512-04-2|oclc=21035781}}</ref> * ''Maisie Loves Paris'' (1989)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/819776179|title=Maisie loves Paris.|date=1999|publisher=Glowworm Books|isbn=1-871512-05-0|location=Broxburn|oclc=819776179}}</ref> * ''Maisie goes to Hospital'' (1989)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1176260417|title=Maisie goes to hospital.|date=1989|publisher=Glowworm Books Ltd|others=Aileen Paterson|isbn=9781871512069|oclc=1176260417}}</ref> * ''What Maisie did Next'' (1991)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/26673150|title=What Maisie did next|date=1991|publisher=Amaising Pub. House|isbn=1-871512-09-3|location=Musselburgh|oclc=26673150}}</ref> * ''Maisie in the Rainforest'' (1992)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/26673153|title=Maisie in the rainforest|date=1992|publisher=Amaising Pub. House|isbn=1-871512-29-8|location=Musselburgh|oclc=26673153}}</ref> * ''Maisie and the Puffer'' (1992)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/27678665|title=Maisie and the puffer|date=1992|publisher=Amaising Pub. House|isbn=1-871512-33-6|location=Musselburgh|oclc=27678665}}</ref> * ''Maisie Digs up the Past'' (1994)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34283079|title=Maisie digs up the past|date=1994|publisher=Amaising|isbn=1-871512-41-7|location=Musselburgh|oclc=34283079}}</ref> * ''Maisie at the Edinburgh Book Festival'' (1994) * ''Maisie Goes to Hollywood'' (1994)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34025499|title=Maisie goes to Hollywood.|date=1994|publisher=Amaising Pub. House|isbn=1-871512-40-9|location=Musselburgh|oclc=34025499}}</ref> * ''Maisie's Merry Christmas'' (1995)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34150994|title=Maisie's merry Christmas|date=1995|publisher=Amaising Pub. House|isbn=1-871512-46-8|location=Broxburn|oclc=34150994}}</ref> * ''Maisie and the Pirates'' (1998)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39714306|title=Maisie and the pirates|date=1998|publisher=Amaising Pub. House|isbn=1-871512-55-7|location=Broxburn|oclc=39714306}}</ref> * ''Maisie's Millennium Calendar'' (1999) * ''Maisie Jumps into Japan'' (2000)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1256532515|title=Maisie jumps into Japan|date=2001|publisher=Glowworm|isbn=9781871512656|location=Broxburn|oclc=1256532515}}</ref> * ''Maisie Bites the Big Apple'' (2002)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1150282403|title=Maisie bites the Big Apple|date=2002|publisher=Glowworm Books|isbn=9781871512694|location=Broxburn|oclc=1150282403}}</ref> * ''Maisie and the Botanic Garden Mystery'' (2006)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/77514916|title=Maisie and the botanic garden mystery|date=2006|publisher=Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh|isbn=1-872291-35-X|location=Edinburgh|oclc=77514916}}</ref> * ''The Pigs of Puddledub'' (1992)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1245623338|title=The pigs of Puddledub|date=1992|publisher=Amaising Pub. House|isbn=9781871512342|location=Musselburgh|oclc=1245623338}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{Stub/Scotland}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Paterson, Aileen}} [[Category:1934 births]] [[Category:2018 daiths]] [[Category:Scots childer's writers]] [[Category:Alumni o the Edinburgh College of Art]] [[Category:Scots illustrators]] [[Category:Fowk frae Kirkcaudy]] [[Category:Fowk frae Bruntisland]] [[Category:Scots weemen airtists]] [[Category:Scots airtists]] [[Category:Scots weemen writers]] [[Category:Scots writers]] [[Category:Writers frae Edinburgh]] j8mwq54h75icntyf9j8pdqnyq7vjicl 926771 926770 2026-11-08T17:25:46Z Monospaced 75295 Add beuk stub 926771 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Aileen Paterson | honorific_suffix = [[Order o the Breetish Empire|MBE]] | birth_date = {{Birth date|1934|11|30|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Bruntisland]], [[Fife]], Scotland | death_date = 23 Mairch 2018 (aged 83) | occupation = Author an illustrator |known for=[[Maisie MacKenzie |Maisie]] buiks}} '''Aileen Frances Paterson''', [[Order o the Breetish Empire|MBE]] (née Henderson) (30 November 1934 – 23 Mairch 2018) wis a [[Scotland|Scots]] writer an illustrator,<ref>{{cite news|title=Best Scottish children's author|url=http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/books/best-scottish-children-s-author-1-1148418|accessdate=9 January 2015|work=[[The Scotsman]]|publisher=The Scotsman Publications Limited|date=25 November 2008}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> best kent for her series o bairns' buiks aboot [[Maisie MacKenzie]] the kitten.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Author of Morningside Maisie books Aileen Paterson has died|url=https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/author-morningside-maisie-books-aileen-paterson-has-died-308362|access-date=2022-01-21|website=www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com|language=en}}</ref> She cam frae [[Fife]], wis eddicatit at [[Edinburgh College of Art|Edinburgh College o Airt]] an taucht airt for 18 year. She wis mither tae five dochters an twa sons. Efter yin o her sons deed o leukaemia at 11 year auld, Paterson stairtit scrievin the ''Maisie'' buiks in 1980, aboot "the adult world from a child's point of view".<ref name=":0" /> The first yin tae be published wis ''Maisie Comes to Morningside'', in 1984.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1245530164|title=Maisie comes to Morningside|date=1984|publisher=Byway Books|isbn=9780907448099|location=Galashiels|oclc=1245530164}}</ref> Paterson uised Scots wirds lik ''perjink'', ''guddle'' an ''dreich'' in her scrievin for comic effect.<ref name=":0" /> She scrievit 32 buiks in the ''Maisie'' series,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Books by Aileen Paterson (Author of Maisie Comes to Morningside)|url=https://www.goodreads.com/author/list/764795.Aileen_Paterson|access-date=2022-01-21|website=www.goodreads.com}}</ref> an ither warks forby, sic as ''Braw Stories'' (2005) an ''Scottish Summer Schools'' (2007).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Burntisland, Fife - [Aileen]|url=https://burntisland.net/paterson-aileen.htm|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-21|website=burntisland.net}}</ref> Paterson wis gien the honour o an [[Order o the Breetish Empire|MBE]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-06-12|title=Queen's birthday honours list 2015: MBE|url=http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/jun/12/queens-birthday-honours-list-2014-mbe|access-date=2022-01-21|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> but thocht she didnae deserve it.<ref name=":0" /> Accordin tae a local history site in her hame toun o [[Bruntisland|Burntisland]], Lothian Buses pit her pictur o Maisie on the nummer 11 bus, that gangs throu Morningside. A cairtoon series for the television, in Inglis an Gaelic, haed the vyces o [[Stanley Baxter]] an Tony Kearney.<ref name=":1" /> Paterson deed on 23 Mairch 2018.<ref name=":0" /> == Selectit warks == * ''Maisie comes to Morningside'' (1984)<ref name=":2" /> * ''Maisie goes to Glasgow'' (1984, 1988)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1200476003|title=Maisie goes to Glasgow|date=1988|publisher=Three Hills Books|isbn=9781871705010|location=Galashiels|oclc=1200476003}}</ref> * ''Maisie's Mystery Tour'' (1984, 1989)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/316378388|title=Maisie's mystery tour|date=1989|publisher=Three Hills Books|isbn=1-871705-02-9|location=Galashiels|oclc=316378388}}</ref> * ''Maisie Meets her Match'' (1984, 1988) * ''Maisie in London'' (1985, 1988)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/316378351|title=Maisie in London|date=1988|publisher=Three Hills Books|isbn=1-871705-04-5|location=Galashiels|oclc=316378351}}</ref> * ''Maisie and the Monster'' (1985, 1988)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48120106|title=Maisie and the monster|date=1988|publisher=Three Hills Books|isbn=1-871705-05-3|location=Scotland|oclc=48120106}}</ref> * ''Maisie goes to School'' (1988)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21035772|title=Maisie goes to school.|date=1988|publisher=Amaising Pub|isbn=1-871512-01-8|oclc=21035772}}</ref> * ''Maisie and the Space Invader'' (1988)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21035739|title=Maisie and the space invader.|date=1988|publisher=Amaising Pub|isbn=1-871512-02-6|oclc=21035739}}</ref> * ''Maisie and the Posties'' (1988)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21035793|title=Maisie and the posties.|date=1988|publisher=Amaising Pub|isbn=1-871512-03-4|oclc=21035793}}</ref> * ''Maisie's Festival Adventure'' (1988)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21035781|title=Maisie's festival adventure.|date=1988|publisher=Amaising Pub|isbn=1-871512-04-2|oclc=21035781}}</ref> * ''Maisie Loves Paris'' (1989)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/819776179|title=Maisie loves Paris.|date=1999|publisher=Glowworm Books|isbn=1-871512-05-0|location=Broxburn|oclc=819776179}}</ref> * ''Maisie goes to Hospital'' (1989)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1176260417|title=Maisie goes to hospital.|date=1989|publisher=Glowworm Books Ltd|others=Aileen Paterson|isbn=9781871512069|oclc=1176260417}}</ref> * ''What Maisie did Next'' (1991)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/26673150|title=What Maisie did next|date=1991|publisher=Amaising Pub. House|isbn=1-871512-09-3|location=Musselburgh|oclc=26673150}}</ref> * ''Maisie in the Rainforest'' (1992)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/26673153|title=Maisie in the rainforest|date=1992|publisher=Amaising Pub. House|isbn=1-871512-29-8|location=Musselburgh|oclc=26673153}}</ref> * ''Maisie and the Puffer'' (1992)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/27678665|title=Maisie and the puffer|date=1992|publisher=Amaising Pub. House|isbn=1-871512-33-6|location=Musselburgh|oclc=27678665}}</ref> * ''Maisie Digs up the Past'' (1994)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34283079|title=Maisie digs up the past|date=1994|publisher=Amaising|isbn=1-871512-41-7|location=Musselburgh|oclc=34283079}}</ref> * ''Maisie at the Edinburgh Book Festival'' (1994) * ''Maisie Goes to Hollywood'' (1994)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34025499|title=Maisie goes to Hollywood.|date=1994|publisher=Amaising Pub. House|isbn=1-871512-40-9|location=Musselburgh|oclc=34025499}}</ref> * ''Maisie's Merry Christmas'' (1995)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34150994|title=Maisie's merry Christmas|date=1995|publisher=Amaising Pub. House|isbn=1-871512-46-8|location=Broxburn|oclc=34150994}}</ref> * ''Maisie and the Pirates'' (1998)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39714306|title=Maisie and the pirates|date=1998|publisher=Amaising Pub. House|isbn=1-871512-55-7|location=Broxburn|oclc=39714306}}</ref> * ''Maisie's Millennium Calendar'' (1999) * ''Maisie Jumps into Japan'' (2000)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1256532515|title=Maisie jumps into Japan|date=2001|publisher=Glowworm|isbn=9781871512656|location=Broxburn|oclc=1256532515}}</ref> * ''Maisie Bites the Big Apple'' (2002)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1150282403|title=Maisie bites the Big Apple|date=2002|publisher=Glowworm Books|isbn=9781871512694|location=Broxburn|oclc=1150282403}}</ref> * ''Maisie and the Botanic Garden Mystery'' (2006)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/77514916|title=Maisie and the botanic garden mystery|date=2006|publisher=Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh|isbn=1-872291-35-X|location=Edinburgh|oclc=77514916}}</ref> * ''The Pigs of Puddledub'' (1992)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1245623338|title=The pigs of Puddledub|date=1992|publisher=Amaising Pub. House|isbn=9781871512342|location=Musselburgh|oclc=1245623338}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Stub/Scotland}} {{Stub/Beuk}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Paterson, Aileen}} [[Category:1934 births]] [[Category:2018 daiths]] [[Category:Scots childer's writers]] [[Category:Alumni o the Edinburgh College of Art]] [[Category:Scots illustrators]] [[Category:Fowk frae Kirkcaudy]] [[Category:Fowk frae Bruntisland]] [[Category:Scots weemen airtists]] [[Category:Scots airtists]] [[Category:Scots weemen writers]] [[Category:Scots writers]] [[Category:Writers frae Edinburgh]] seovunicooxyrm5fm72zdjoz2ice67z 926796 926771 2026-11-08T18:13:54Z CiphriusKane 74958 Replace goodreads soorce wi Scotsman soorce 926796 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Aileen Paterson | honorific_suffix = [[Order o the Breetish Empire|MBE]] | birth_date = {{Birth date|1934|11|30|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Bruntisland]], [[Fife]], Scotland | death_date = 23 Mairch 2018 (aged 83) | occupation = Author an illustrator |known for=[[Maisie MacKenzie |Maisie]] buiks}} '''Aileen Frances Paterson''', [[Order o the Breetish Empire|MBE]] (née Henderson) (30 November 1934 – 23 Mairch 2018) wis a [[Scotland|Scots]] writer an illustrator,<ref>{{cite news|title=Best Scottish children's author|url=http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/books/best-scottish-children-s-author-1-1148418|accessdate=9 January 2015|work=[[The Scotsman]]|publisher=The Scotsman Publications Limited|date=25 November 2008}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> best kent for her series o bairns' buiks aboot [[Maisie MacKenzie]] the kitten.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Author of Morningside Maisie books Aileen Paterson has died|url=https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/author-morningside-maisie-books-aileen-paterson-has-died-308362|access-date=2022-01-21|website=www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com|language=en}}</ref> She cam frae [[Fife]], wis eddicatit at [[Edinburgh College of Art|Edinburgh College o Airt]] an taucht airt for 18 year. She wis mither tae five dochters an twa sons. Efter yin o her sons deed o leukaemia at 11 year auld, Paterson stairtit scrievin the ''Maisie'' buiks in 1980, aboot "the adult world from a child's point of view".<ref name=":0" /> The first yin tae be published wis ''Maisie Comes to Morningside'', in 1984.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1245530164|title=Maisie comes to Morningside|date=1984|publisher=Byway Books|isbn=9780907448099|location=Galashiels|oclc=1245530164}}</ref> Paterson uised Scots wirds lik ''perjink'', ''guddle'' an ''dreich'' in her scrievin for comic effect.<ref name=":0" /> Paterson scrievit 25 buiks in the ''Maisie'' series,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Emslie |first1=Katie |title=Why Botanics has miaow factor for Maisie |url=http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/why-botanics-has-miaow-factor-for-maisie-1-1066628 |access-date=8 November 2026 |work=www.scotsman.com |date=30 August 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304203704/http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/why-botanics-has-miaow-factor-for-maisie-1-1066628 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |language=en |url-status=dead}}</ref> an ither warks forby, sic as ''Braw Stories'' (2005) an ''Scottish Summer Schools'' (2007).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Burntisland, Fife - [Aileen]|url=https://burntisland.net/paterson-aileen.htm|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-21|website=burntisland.net}}</ref> Paterson wis gien the honour o an [[Order o the Breetish Empire|MBE]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-06-12|title=Queen's birthday honours list 2015: MBE|url=http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/jun/12/queens-birthday-honours-list-2014-mbe|access-date=2022-01-21|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> but thocht she didnae deserve it.<ref name=":0" /> Accordin tae a local history site in her hame toun o [[Bruntisland|Burntisland]], Lothian Buses pit her pictur o Maisie on the nummer 11 bus, that gangs throu Morningside. A cairtoon series for the television, in Inglis an Gaelic, haed the vyces o [[Stanley Baxter]] an Tony Kearney.<ref name=":1" /> Paterson deed on 23 Mairch 2018.<ref name=":0" /> == Selectit warks == * ''Maisie comes to Morningside'' (1984)<ref name=":2" /> * ''Maisie goes to Glasgow'' (1984, 1988)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1200476003|title=Maisie goes to Glasgow|date=1988|publisher=Three Hills Books|isbn=9781871705010|location=Galashiels|oclc=1200476003}}</ref> * ''Maisie's Mystery Tour'' (1984, 1989)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/316378388|title=Maisie's mystery tour|date=1989|publisher=Three Hills Books|isbn=1-871705-02-9|location=Galashiels|oclc=316378388}}</ref> * ''Maisie Meets her Match'' (1984, 1988) * ''Maisie in London'' (1985, 1988)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/316378351|title=Maisie in London|date=1988|publisher=Three Hills Books|isbn=1-871705-04-5|location=Galashiels|oclc=316378351}}</ref> * ''Maisie and the Monster'' (1985, 1988)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48120106|title=Maisie and the monster|date=1988|publisher=Three Hills Books|isbn=1-871705-05-3|location=Scotland|oclc=48120106}}</ref> * ''Maisie goes to School'' (1988)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21035772|title=Maisie goes to school.|date=1988|publisher=Amaising Pub|isbn=1-871512-01-8|oclc=21035772}}</ref> * ''Maisie and the Space Invader'' (1988)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21035739|title=Maisie and the space invader.|date=1988|publisher=Amaising Pub|isbn=1-871512-02-6|oclc=21035739}}</ref> * ''Maisie and the Posties'' (1988)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21035793|title=Maisie and the posties.|date=1988|publisher=Amaising Pub|isbn=1-871512-03-4|oclc=21035793}}</ref> * ''Maisie's Festival Adventure'' (1988)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21035781|title=Maisie's festival adventure.|date=1988|publisher=Amaising Pub|isbn=1-871512-04-2|oclc=21035781}}</ref> * ''Maisie Loves Paris'' (1989)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/819776179|title=Maisie loves Paris.|date=1999|publisher=Glowworm Books|isbn=1-871512-05-0|location=Broxburn|oclc=819776179}}</ref> * ''Maisie goes to Hospital'' (1989)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1176260417|title=Maisie goes to hospital.|date=1989|publisher=Glowworm Books Ltd|others=Aileen Paterson|isbn=9781871512069|oclc=1176260417}}</ref> * ''What Maisie did Next'' (1991)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/26673150|title=What Maisie did next|date=1991|publisher=Amaising Pub. House|isbn=1-871512-09-3|location=Musselburgh|oclc=26673150}}</ref> * ''Maisie in the Rainforest'' (1992)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/26673153|title=Maisie in the rainforest|date=1992|publisher=Amaising Pub. House|isbn=1-871512-29-8|location=Musselburgh|oclc=26673153}}</ref> * ''Maisie and the Puffer'' (1992)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/27678665|title=Maisie and the puffer|date=1992|publisher=Amaising Pub. House|isbn=1-871512-33-6|location=Musselburgh|oclc=27678665}}</ref> * ''Maisie Digs up the Past'' (1994)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34283079|title=Maisie digs up the past|date=1994|publisher=Amaising|isbn=1-871512-41-7|location=Musselburgh|oclc=34283079}}</ref> * ''Maisie at the Edinburgh Book Festival'' (1994) * ''Maisie Goes to Hollywood'' (1994)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34025499|title=Maisie goes to Hollywood.|date=1994|publisher=Amaising Pub. House|isbn=1-871512-40-9|location=Musselburgh|oclc=34025499}}</ref> * ''Maisie's Merry Christmas'' (1995)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34150994|title=Maisie's merry Christmas|date=1995|publisher=Amaising Pub. House|isbn=1-871512-46-8|location=Broxburn|oclc=34150994}}</ref> * ''Maisie and the Pirates'' (1998)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39714306|title=Maisie and the pirates|date=1998|publisher=Amaising Pub. House|isbn=1-871512-55-7|location=Broxburn|oclc=39714306}}</ref> * ''Maisie's Millennium Calendar'' (1999) * ''Maisie Jumps into Japan'' (2000)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1256532515|title=Maisie jumps into Japan|date=2001|publisher=Glowworm|isbn=9781871512656|location=Broxburn|oclc=1256532515}}</ref> * ''Maisie Bites the Big Apple'' (2002)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1150282403|title=Maisie bites the Big Apple|date=2002|publisher=Glowworm Books|isbn=9781871512694|location=Broxburn|oclc=1150282403}}</ref> * ''Maisie and the Botanic Garden Mystery'' (2006)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/77514916|title=Maisie and the botanic garden mystery|date=2006|publisher=Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh|isbn=1-872291-35-X|location=Edinburgh|oclc=77514916}}</ref> * ''The Pigs of Puddledub'' (1992)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Aileen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1245623338|title=The pigs of Puddledub|date=1992|publisher=Amaising Pub. House|isbn=9781871512342|location=Musselburgh|oclc=1245623338}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Stub/Scotland}} {{Stub/Beuk}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Paterson, Aileen}} [[Category:1934 births]] [[Category:2018 daiths]] [[Category:Scots childer's writers]] [[Category:Alumni o the Edinburgh College of Art]] [[Category:Scots illustrators]] [[Category:Fowk frae Kirkcaudy]] [[Category:Fowk frae Bruntisland]] [[Category:Scots weemen airtists]] [[Category:Scots airtists]] [[Category:Scots weemen writers]] [[Category:Scots writers]] [[Category:Writers frae Edinburgh]] 9frcikw2gn6bipy2e7q3plhk25z4j57 0 173144 926870 877346 2026-11-08T20:12:48Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; Bloody Scotland an teachin addit, soorced 926870 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] --> | name = Alex Gray | image = AlexGray2007.jpg | caption = Alex Gray (2007) | pseudonym = Alex Gray | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1950|5|27|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Glesga]] | death_date = | death_place = | occupation = [[Writer]] | nationality = [[Scotland|Scots]] | period = | genre = [[Crime fiction]] | subject = | movement = | notableworks = | influences = | influenced = | signature = | website = {{URL|https://www.alexgrayauthor.co.uk/}} }} '''Alex Gray''' (born 27 Mey 1950) is a Scots crime writer frae [[Glesga]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/alex-gray-how-ill-health-influenced-her-writing-1543041?r=3927|title=Alex Gray on how ill-health influenced her writing|last=Christie|first=Janet|date=8 March 2014|website=The Scotsman|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=14 November 2020}}</ref> She is a member o the ''Femmes Fatales'' trio o crime writers, an wi Lin Anderson she foondit Bloody Scotland, Scotland's first internaitional crime writin festival, that's held in Stirlin.<ref name=":0" /> Afore she turnt tae writin full-time in the 1990s, she wis a teacher.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Spowart |first1=Nan |title=Alex Gray: 10 things that changed my life |url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/16996078.alex-gray-10-things-changed-life/ |access-date=1 February 2023 |work=The National |date=21 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref> == References == <references /> {{Authority control}} {{Stub/Scotland}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gray, Alex}} [[Category:1950 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Scots weemen writers]] [[Category:Scots writers]] qf6omctlmnsg1f1rflt65mvwudawub1 0 173148 926823 814455 2026-11-08T18:44:03Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; Flowers o the Forest addit, soorced 926823 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alison Cockburn''' (an aw '''Alison Rutherford''' or '''Alicia Cockburn''') (8 October 1712{{snd}}22 November 1794) wis a [[Scots fowk|Scots]] [[poet]], [[wit]] an [[socialite]] that gaithert a circle o weel-kent freends in 18t-century [[Scots Enlichtment|enlichtment]] Edinburgh includin [[Walter Scott]], [[Robert Burns]] an [[David Hume]].<ref>{{Cite DNB|wstitle=Cockburn, Alicia|first=Thomas Finlayson|last=Henderson|volume=11|pages=181-182}}</ref> She is best kent for her wirds tae the tune "The Flowers of the Forest", that begin "I've seen the smiling of Fortune beguiling".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Flowers of the Forest {{!}} ballad by Cockburn {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Flowers-of-the-Forest|access-date=2021-11-16|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> ==References== <references /> {{Authority control}} {{Stub/Scotland}} {{Stub/Makar}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cockburn, Alison}} [[Category:1712 births]] [[Category:1794 daiths]] [[Category:Scots weemen poets]] [[Category:Scots weemen writers]] [[Category:Scots writers]] [[Category:Cockburn faimily|Alison]] [[Category:Fowk o the Scots Enlichtment]] [[Category:18t-century Scots poets]] [[Category:Scots socialites]] [[Category:Fowk frae the Mairches]] [[Category:18t-century Breetish weemen writers]] f61vo68idkqvu9e3ng0s9u2giytbri5 0 173178 926851 915061 2026-11-08T18:55:17Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 926851 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] --> | name = Dame Muriel Spark | image = Muriel Spark 1960.jpg | caption = Spark in 1960 | birth_name = Muriel Sarah Camberg | birth_date = {{Birth date|1918|2|1|df= y}} | birth_place = [[Edinburgh]], Scotland | death_date = {{Death date and age|2006|4|13|1918|2|1|df= y}} | death_place = [[Florence]], Tuscany, Italy | occupation = Novelist, short story writer, poet, essayist | genre = | movement = | notableworks = ''[[The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (novelle)|The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie]]''<br> ''[[The Mandelbaum Gate]]''<br />''[[The Driver's Seat (novelle)|The Driver's Seat]]''<br> ''[[Memento Mori (novelle)|Memento Mori]]'' | influences = | influenced = | website = }} '''Dame Muriel Sarah Spark''' [[Order o the Breetish Empire|DBE]], [[Ryal Society o Leeteratur|CLit]], [[Ryal Society o Edinburgh|FRSE]], [[Ryal Society o Leeteratur|FRSL]] (née '''Camberg'''; 1 Februar 1918 – 13 Aprile 2006)<ref name = Guardian>{{Citation | url = http://books.guardian.co.uk/obituaries/story/0,,1755114,00.html |author=Jenny Turner| newspaper = [[The Guardian]] | title = Dame Muriel Spark|date=17 April 2006}}.</ref> wis a [[Leet of Scots novelists|Scots novelist]], short story writer, poet an essayist. In 2008, ''[[The Times]]'' named Spark as No. 8 in its leet o "the 50 greatest Breetish writers syne 1945".<ref>{{Citation | url = http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/article3127837.ece | title = The 50 greatest British writers since 1945 | date = 5 January 2008 | newspaper = [[The Times]] | accessdate = 19 February 2010 | archive-date = 2011-04-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110425050801/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/article3127837.ece | url-status = dead }}.</ref> Her best-kent wark is the novel [[The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (novelle)|''The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie'']]. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{Stub/Scotland}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Spark, Muriel}} [[Category:1918 births]] [[Category:2006 daiths]] [[Category:Alumni o Heriot-Watt Varsity]] [[Category:Converts tae Roman Catholicism frae Anglicanism]] [[Category:Dames Commander o the Order o the Breetish Empire]] [[Category:Inglis Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Inglis writers]] [[Category:David Cohen Prize recipients]] [[Category:James Tait Black Memorial Prize recipients]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at James Gillespie's High School]] [[Category:Writers frae Edinburgh]] [[Category:Fowk frae Camberwell]] [[Category:Prix Italia winners]] [[Category:Roman Catholic writers]] [[Category:Scots Catholic poets]] [[Category:Scots expatriates in Italy]] [[Category:Scots weemen novelists]] [[Category:Scots Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Scots fowk o Lithuanie-Jewish strynd]] [[Category:20t-century Inglis novelists]] [[Category:21st-century Breetish novelists]] [[Category:20t-century weemen writers]] [[Category:21st-century weemen writers]] [[Category:Scots weemen poets]] [[Category:20t-century Scots poets]] [[Category:Fellaes o the Ryal Society o Leeteratur]] 7f156rd085toowc26dpxem9ihbz9kii 0 173201 926871 814462 2026-11-08T20:14:14Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; Dundee, Granta an Costa addit, soorced 926871 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | name = A. L. Kennedy | image = A. L. Kennedy (3).jpg | caption = A.L. Kennedy in 2012 | birth_name = Alison Louise Kennedy | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1965|10|22|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Dundee]], Scotland | death_date = | death_place = | occupation =Writer, academic, comedian | nationality = Scots | citizenship = Unitit Kinrick | education = | alma_mater = [[University o Warwick]] | website = {{URL|http://www.a-l-kennedy.co.uk}} | imagesize = 200px }} '''Alison Louise "A. L." Kennedy''' (born 22 October 1965) is a Scots writer, academic an staund-up comedian. She writes novels, short stories an non-fiction.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/profiles/5hf7lDmJDBlkxtNyJ4ShMQl/al-kennedy|title=AL Kennedy|last=|first=|date=|website=BBC Two Writing Scotland|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=14 November 2020}}</ref> She wis born in [[Dundee]] an studied at the University o Warwick.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Fox|first1=Genevieve|title=AL Kennedy: interview|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/authorinterviews/8681035/AL-Kennedy-interview.html|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=5 August 2011}}</ref> She wis twice named ane o ''Granta''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Best Young British Novelists, in 1993 an 2003,<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=International Who's Who of Women 2014|publisher=Routledge|year=2014|isbn=9781857436945|edition=9th|location=Abingdon|pages=545}}</ref> an her novel ''Day'' wan the Costa Book o the Year in 2007.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2008/jan/23/books.booksnews|title=Perfect Day for AL Kennedy as she takes Costa book prize|work=The Guardian|date=23 January 2008|access-date=23 January 2008|location=London|first=Mark|last=Brown}}</ref> == References == <references /> {{Authority control}} {{Stub/Scotland}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kennedy, Alison Louise}} [[Category:1965 births]] [[Category:20t-century Scots novelists]] [[Category:21st-century Scots novelists]] [[Category:20t-century weemen writers]] [[Category:21st-century weemen writers]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Academics o the Varsity o St Andras]] [[Category:Academics o the Varsity o Warwick]] [[Category:Fellaes o the Ryal Society o Leeteratur]] [[Category:John Llewellyn Rhys Prize winners]] [[Category:Fowk frae Dundee]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at the High School of Dundee]] [[Category:Scots non-feection writers]] [[Category:Scots weemen novelists]] [[Category:Scots weemen writers]] [[Category:Scots writers]] [[Category:Scots short story writers]] [[Category:Breetish weemen short story writers]] [[Category:20t-century short story writers]] [[Category:21st-century short story writers]] [[Category:Writers frae Dundee]] 8gusqsqae11cjf5gwemlyzfggw2uddi 0 174040 927055 806720 2026-11-08T22:28:39Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; birth date correctit, Broadchurch addit, soorced 927055 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Jodie Whittaker | image = Jodie Whittaker by Gage Skidmore.jpg | imagesize = | caption = Whittaker in Julie 2018 | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1982|06|17}} | birth_place = Skelmanthorpe, Wast Yorkshire, Ingland | alma_mater = Guildhall School of Music and Drama | occupation = Actress | yearsactive = 2005–present | spouse = Christian Contreras<br />(2008–present) }} '''Jodie Auckland Whittaker''' (born 17 Juin 1982)<ref name="ap">{{cite web |url=https://www.apnews.com/6d072f494a3649f18cbafc97efdab80b |title=Today in Entertainment History |date=11 June 2018 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |access-date=18 June 2018 |archive-date=3 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103080328/https://apnews.com/6d072f494a3649f18cbafc97efdab80b |url-status=dead}}</ref> is an Inglis actress, best kent for playin Beth Latimer in ''[[Broadchurch]]'' an the Thirteent Doctor in ''[[Doctor Who]]''. In 2017 she becam the first wumman tae play [[The Doctor (Doctor Who)|the Doctor]], takin ower the role in the Christmas special "Twice Upon a Time".<ref name="ThirteenthDoctorCasting">{{cite web |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/tv/2017/07/16/doctor-jodie-whittaker-replace-peter-capaldi-time-lord-regeneration/ |title=Doctor Who: Jodie Whittaker is to replace Peter Capaldi in the Time Lord regeneration game |work=The Telegraph |date=16 July 2017 |accessdate=16 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="ThirteenthDoctorCasting">{{cite web |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/tv/2017/07/16/doctor-jodie-whittaker-replace-peter-capaldi-time-lord-regeneration/ |title=Doctor Who: Jodie Whittaker is to replace Peter Capaldi in the Time Lord regeneration game |work=The Telegraph |date=16 July 2017 |accessdate=16 July 2017}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Whittaker, Jodie}} [[Category:Inglis film actresses]] [[Category:Inglis televeesion actresses]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Inglis stage actresses]] [[Category:Inglis radio actresses]] [[Category:Fowk frae Skelmanthorpe]] [[Category:Alumni o the Guildhall School of Music and Drama]] [[Category:1982 births]] [[Category:21st-century Inglis actresses]] [[Category:Actresses frae Yorkshire]] {{stub/Actor}} 0e9x76qo66gg63ht70fxrumraxr3y2h 927073 927055 2026-11-08T22:34:19Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927073 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie | name = Jodie Whittaker | image = Jodie Whittaker by Gage Skidmore.jpg | caption = Whittaker in Julie 2018 | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1982|06|17}} | birth_place = Skelmanthorpe, Wast Yorkshire, Ingland | alma_mater = Guildhall Schuil o Muisic an Drama | occupation = Actress | yearsactive = 2005–present | spouse = Christian Contreras<br />(2008–present) }} '''Jodie Auckland Whittaker''' (born 17 Juin 1982)<ref name="ap">{{cite web |url=https://www.apnews.com/6d072f494a3649f18cbafc97efdab80b |title=Today in Entertainment History |date=11 June 2018 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |access-date=18 June 2018 |archive-date=3 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103080328/https://apnews.com/6d072f494a3649f18cbafc97efdab80b |url-status=dead}}</ref> is an Inglis actress, best kent for playin Beth Latimer in ''[[Broadchurch]]'' an the Thirteent Doctor in ''[[Doctor Who]]''. In 2017 she becam the first wumman tae play [[The Doctor (Doctor Who)|the Doctor]], takin ower the role in the Christmas special "Twice Upon a Time".<ref name="ThirteenthDoctorCasting">{{cite web |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/tv/2017/07/16/doctor-jodie-whittaker-replace-peter-capaldi-time-lord-regeneration/ |title=Doctor Who: Jodie Whittaker is to replace Peter Capaldi in the Time Lord regeneration game |work=The Telegraph |date=16 July 2017 |accessdate=16 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="ThirteenthDoctorCasting">{{cite web |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/tv/2017/07/16/doctor-jodie-whittaker-replace-peter-capaldi-time-lord-regeneration/ |title=Doctor Who: Jodie Whittaker is to replace Peter Capaldi in the Time Lord regeneration game |work=The Telegraph |date=16 July 2017 |accessdate=16 July 2017}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Whittaker, Jodie}} [[Category:Inglis film actresses]] [[Category:Inglis televeesion actresses]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Inglis stage actresses]] [[Category:Inglis radio actresses]] [[Category:Fowk frae Skelmanthorpe]] [[Category:Alumni o the Guildhall School of Music and Drama]] [[Category:1982 births]] [[Category:21st-century Inglis actresses]] [[Category:Actresses frae Yorkshire]] {{stub/Actor}} ly6yrpxwxgtlq9qigrmrrx9hajm4487 0 174107 927194 837288 2026-11-09T09:41:19Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; early life, meenistry an honours addit, soorced 927194 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox tennis biography | name = Margaret Court<br /><small>AC [[Member o the Order o the Breetish Empire|MBE]]</small> | image = Margaret Court 1964.jpg | caption = Court in 1964 | country = {{flagu|Australia}} | residence = [[Perth]], [[Wastren Australie]] | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1942|7|16}} | birth_place = [[Albury]], [[New South Wales]] | height = {{height|ft=5|in=9}} | turnedpro = 1960 | retired = 1977 | plays = Richt-haundit (ane-haundit backhaund) | careerprizemoney = | tennishofyear = 1979 | tennishofid = margaret-smith-court | singlesrecord = | singlestitles = 192<small> (92 in the appen era) | highestsinglesranking = No. '''1''' (1962) | AustralianOpenresult = '''W''' (1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1969, '''1970''', 1971, 1973) | FrenchOpenresult = '''W''' (1962, 1964, 1969, '''1970''', 1973) | Wimbledonresult = '''W''' (1963, 1965, '''1970''') | USOpenresult = '''W''' (1962, 1965, 1969, '''1970''', 1973) | doublesrecord = | highestdoublesranking = No. '''1''' (1963) | AustralianOpenDoublesresult = '''W''' (1961, 1962, 1963, 1965, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1973) | FrenchOpenDoublesresult = '''W''' (1964, 1965, 1966, 1973) | WimbledonDoublesresult = '''W''' (1964, 1969) | USOpenDoublesresult = '''W''' (1963, 1968, 1970, 1973, 1975) |OthertournamentsDoubles = Yes |WTAChampionshipsDoublesresult = '''W''' (1973, 1975) | Mixed = yes | mixedtitles = 21<small> (7 in the appen era) | AustralianOpenMixedresult = '''W''' ('''1963''', 1964, '''1965''', 1969) | FrenchOpenMixedresult = '''W''' ('''1963''', 1964, '''1965''', 1969) | WimbledonMixedresult = '''W''' ('''1963''', '''1965''', 1966, 1968, 1975) | USOpenMixedresult = '''W''' (1961, 1962, '''1963''', 1964, '''1965''', 1969, 1970, 1972) | Team=yes | FedCupresult = '''W''' (1964, 1965, 1968, 1971) }} '''Margaret Court''' {{post-nominals|post-noms=AC [[Member o the Order o the Breetish Empire|MBE]]}} (née '''Smith'''; born 16 Julie 1942), kent as '''Margaret Smith Court''' an aw, is a retired Australie [[tennis]] player an umwhile warld No. 1. In her career she wan a record 24 Grand Slam singles titles (ane ahead o [[Serena Williams]]) an 40 Grand Slam titles in doubles an mixed doubles. The [[International Tennis Hall of Fame]] says: "For sheer strength of performance and accomplishment there has never been a tennis player to match (her)."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tennisfame.com/famer.aspx?pgID=867&hof_id=150 |publisher=International Tennis Hall of Fame |title=Hall of Famers – Margaret Court Smith "The Arm" |access-date=14 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061119112638/http://www.tennisfame.com/famer.aspx?pgID=867&hof_id=150 |archive-date=19 November 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1960, aged 17, she wan the first o seiven Australian Open singles titles in a raw. She wan the Grand Slam in 1970, winnin aw fower major singles titles in the ae year. Efter the birth o her bairns she teuk breaks frae the gemme, an she retired in 1977. In the 2010s she haes caused controversy wi her views on [[homosexuality]]. ==Early life== Court wis born on 16 Julie 1942 in [[Albury]], [[New South Wales]].<ref name=sg>{{cite news|url=https://www.womenaustralia.info/exhib/sg/court.html|title=Margaret Court|work=She's Game: Women Making Australian Sporting History|publisher=Australian Women's Archives Project|year=2007|access-date=27 December 2024}}</ref> ==Ministry an views== Court wis brocht up a Catholic, but in the 1970s she becam involved wi Pentecostalism, an in 1991 she becam a Christian meenister in that tradition. She haes been a steady critic o same-sex mairriage in Australie.<ref name="Pink News 2011">{{cite news |url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2011/12/15/former-tennis-star-margaret-court-serves-up-controversy-over-gay-marriage/ |title=Former tennis star Margaret Court serves up controversy over gay marriage |last=Gray |first=Stephen |date=15 December 2011 |work=Pink News |access-date=19 April 2012 |archive-date=14 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314224630/http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2011/12/15/former-tennis-star-margaret-court-serves-up-controversy-over-gay-marriage/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In Januar 2003, Show Court One at Melbourne Park wis renamed Margaret Court Arena.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.margaretcourtarena.com.au/about/history/|title=History {{!}} Margaret Court Arena|website=www.margaretcourtarena.com.au|language=en-US|access-date=2 June 2017|archive-date=24 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524191409/http://www.margaretcourtarena.com.au/about/history/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sin 2012 there hae been caws for the arena's nem tae be chynged acause o Court's statements against gay an lesbian richts.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/40103968|title=Margaret Court: Tennis is 'full of lesbians', says Australian Grand Slam legend|date=31 May 2017|website=BBC|access-date=31 May 2017|archive-date=31 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170531103623/http://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/40103968|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Honours== In 2021 she becam a Companion o the Order o Australie (AC), for "eminent service to tennis as an internationally acclaimed player and record-holding grand slam champion, and as a mentor of young sportspersons".<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.gg.gov.au/sites/default/files/2021-01/AD21%20Media%20Notes%20-%20AC.pdf | title = COMPANION (AC) IN THE GENERAL DIVISION OF THE ORDER OF AUSTRALIA | website = www.gg.gov.au | publisher = Governor General of Australia | access-date = 25 January 2021 | archive-date = 4 March 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220304010019/https://www.gg.gov.au/sites/default/files/2021-01/AD21%20Media%20Notes%20-%20AC.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Court, Margaret Smith}} [[Category:1942 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Australie female tennis players]] [[Category:Australie Championships (tennis) champions]] [[Category:Australie Open (tennis) champions]] [[Category:Australie Pentecostals]] [[Category:Converts tae Pentecostal denominations]] [[Category:Converts tae evangelical Christianity frae Roman Catholicism]] [[Category:Umwhile Roman Catholics]] [[Category:French Championships (tennis) champions]] [[Category:French Open champions]] [[Category:International Tennis Hall of Fame inductees]] [[Category:Australie Members o the Order o the Breetish Empire]] [[Category:Officers o the Order o Australie]] [[Category:Fowk frae Albury, New Sooth Wales]] [[Category:Recipients o the Australie Sports Medal]] [[Category:Recipients o the Centenary Medal]] [[Category:Sport Australia Hall of Fame inductees]] [[Category:Sportsweemen frae New Sooth Wales]] [[Category:Sportsweemen frae Wastren Australie]] [[Category:Tennis fowk frae New Sooth Wales]] [[Category:Tennis fowk frae Wastren Australie]] [[Category:Unitit States Naitional champions (tennis)]] [[Category:US Open (tennis) champions]] [[Category:Wastren Australie Sports Starn o the Year winners]] [[Category:Wimbledon champions]] [[Category:Wimbledon champions (pre-Open Era)]] [[Category:Warld No. 1 tennis players]] [[Category:Grand Slam (tennis) champions in weemen's singles]] [[Category:Grand Slam (tennis) champions in weemen's doobles]] [[Category:Grand Slam (tennis) champions in mixed doobles]] [[Category:Tennis players frae Perth, Wastren Australie]] [[Category:Sportsfowk frae Perth, Wastren Australie]] 1rw1wue5tphtdvu0l9x8z8e2qvonxkp 927195 927194 2026-11-09T09:43:14Z Monospaced 75295 Meenistry (SND, tae match meenister) 927195 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox tennis biography | name = Margaret Court<br /><small>AC [[Member o the Order o the Breetish Empire|MBE]]</small> | image = Margaret Court 1964.jpg | caption = Court in 1964 | country = {{flagu|Australia}} | residence = [[Perth]], [[Wastren Australie]] | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1942|7|16}} | birth_place = [[Albury]], [[New South Wales]] | height = {{height|ft=5|in=9}} | turnedpro = 1960 | retired = 1977 | plays = Richt-haundit (ane-haundit backhaund) | careerprizemoney = | tennishofyear = 1979 | tennishofid = margaret-smith-court | singlesrecord = | singlestitles = 192<small> (92 in the appen era) | highestsinglesranking = No. '''1''' (1962) | AustralianOpenresult = '''W''' (1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1969, '''1970''', 1971, 1973) | FrenchOpenresult = '''W''' (1962, 1964, 1969, '''1970''', 1973) | Wimbledonresult = '''W''' (1963, 1965, '''1970''') | USOpenresult = '''W''' (1962, 1965, 1969, '''1970''', 1973) | doublesrecord = | highestdoublesranking = No. '''1''' (1963) | AustralianOpenDoublesresult = '''W''' (1961, 1962, 1963, 1965, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1973) | FrenchOpenDoublesresult = '''W''' (1964, 1965, 1966, 1973) | WimbledonDoublesresult = '''W''' (1964, 1969) | USOpenDoublesresult = '''W''' (1963, 1968, 1970, 1973, 1975) |OthertournamentsDoubles = Yes |WTAChampionshipsDoublesresult = '''W''' (1973, 1975) | Mixed = yes | mixedtitles = 21<small> (7 in the appen era) | AustralianOpenMixedresult = '''W''' ('''1963''', 1964, '''1965''', 1969) | FrenchOpenMixedresult = '''W''' ('''1963''', 1964, '''1965''', 1969) | WimbledonMixedresult = '''W''' ('''1963''', '''1965''', 1966, 1968, 1975) | USOpenMixedresult = '''W''' (1961, 1962, '''1963''', 1964, '''1965''', 1969, 1970, 1972) | Team=yes | FedCupresult = '''W''' (1964, 1965, 1968, 1971) }} '''Margaret Court''' {{post-nominals|post-noms=AC [[Member o the Order o the Breetish Empire|MBE]]}} (née '''Smith'''; born 16 Julie 1942), kent as '''Margaret Smith Court''' an aw, is a retired Australie [[tennis]] player an umwhile warld No. 1. In her career she wan a record 24 Grand Slam singles titles (ane ahead o [[Serena Williams]]) an 40 Grand Slam titles in doubles an mixed doubles. The [[International Tennis Hall of Fame]] says: "For sheer strength of performance and accomplishment there has never been a tennis player to match (her)."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tennisfame.com/famer.aspx?pgID=867&hof_id=150 |publisher=International Tennis Hall of Fame |title=Hall of Famers – Margaret Court Smith "The Arm" |access-date=14 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061119112638/http://www.tennisfame.com/famer.aspx?pgID=867&hof_id=150 |archive-date=19 November 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1960, aged 17, she wan the first o seiven Australian Open singles titles in a raw. She wan the Grand Slam in 1970, winnin aw fower major singles titles in the ae year. Efter the birth o her bairns she teuk breaks frae the gemme, an she retired in 1977. In the 2010s she haes caused controversy wi her views on [[homosexuality]]. ==Early life== Court wis born on 16 Julie 1942 in [[Albury]], [[New South Wales]].<ref name=sg>{{cite news|url=https://www.womenaustralia.info/exhib/sg/court.html|title=Margaret Court|work=She's Game: Women Making Australian Sporting History|publisher=Australian Women's Archives Project|year=2007|access-date=27 December 2024}}</ref> ==Meenistry an views== Court wis brocht up a Catholic, but in the 1970s she becam involved wi Pentecostalism, an in 1991 she becam a Christian meenister in that tradition. She haes been a steady critic o same-sex mairriage in Australie.<ref name="Pink News 2011">{{cite news |url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2011/12/15/former-tennis-star-margaret-court-serves-up-controversy-over-gay-marriage/ |title=Former tennis star Margaret Court serves up controversy over gay marriage |last=Gray |first=Stephen |date=15 December 2011 |work=Pink News |access-date=19 April 2012 |archive-date=14 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314224630/http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2011/12/15/former-tennis-star-margaret-court-serves-up-controversy-over-gay-marriage/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In Januar 2003, Show Court One at Melbourne Park wis renamed Margaret Court Arena.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.margaretcourtarena.com.au/about/history/|title=History {{!}} Margaret Court Arena|website=www.margaretcourtarena.com.au|language=en-US|access-date=2 June 2017|archive-date=24 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524191409/http://www.margaretcourtarena.com.au/about/history/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sin 2012 there hae been caws for the arena's nem tae be chynged acause o Court's statements against gay an lesbian richts.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/40103968|title=Margaret Court: Tennis is 'full of lesbians', says Australian Grand Slam legend|date=31 May 2017|website=BBC|access-date=31 May 2017|archive-date=31 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170531103623/http://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/40103968|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Honours== In 2021 she becam a Companion o the Order o Australie (AC), for "eminent service to tennis as an internationally acclaimed player and record-holding grand slam champion, and as a mentor of young sportspersons".<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.gg.gov.au/sites/default/files/2021-01/AD21%20Media%20Notes%20-%20AC.pdf | title = COMPANION (AC) IN THE GENERAL DIVISION OF THE ORDER OF AUSTRALIA | website = www.gg.gov.au | publisher = Governor General of Australia | access-date = 25 January 2021 | archive-date = 4 March 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220304010019/https://www.gg.gov.au/sites/default/files/2021-01/AD21%20Media%20Notes%20-%20AC.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Court, Margaret Smith}} [[Category:1942 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Australie female tennis players]] [[Category:Australie Championships (tennis) champions]] [[Category:Australie Open (tennis) champions]] [[Category:Australie Pentecostals]] [[Category:Converts tae Pentecostal denominations]] [[Category:Converts tae evangelical Christianity frae Roman Catholicism]] [[Category:Umwhile Roman Catholics]] [[Category:French Championships (tennis) champions]] [[Category:French Open champions]] [[Category:International Tennis Hall of Fame inductees]] [[Category:Australie Members o the Order o the Breetish Empire]] [[Category:Officers o the Order o Australie]] [[Category:Fowk frae Albury, New Sooth Wales]] [[Category:Recipients o the Australie Sports Medal]] [[Category:Recipients o the Centenary Medal]] [[Category:Sport Australia Hall of Fame inductees]] [[Category:Sportsweemen frae New Sooth Wales]] [[Category:Sportsweemen frae Wastren Australie]] [[Category:Tennis fowk frae New Sooth Wales]] [[Category:Tennis fowk frae Wastren Australie]] [[Category:Unitit States Naitional champions (tennis)]] [[Category:US Open (tennis) champions]] [[Category:Wastren Australie Sports Starn o the Year winners]] [[Category:Wimbledon champions]] [[Category:Wimbledon champions (pre-Open Era)]] [[Category:Warld No. 1 tennis players]] [[Category:Grand Slam (tennis) champions in weemen's singles]] [[Category:Grand Slam (tennis) champions in weemen's doobles]] [[Category:Grand Slam (tennis) champions in mixed doobles]] [[Category:Tennis players frae Perth, Wastren Australie]] [[Category:Sportsfowk frae Perth, Wastren Australie]] 9zbouueje1tlndo1dajjb0vfom0mnlf 0 175144 926826 796348 2026-11-08T18:45:43Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; his daith on Egilsay addit, soorced 926826 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub/Orkney}} {{Infobox peer | name = Magnus Erlendsson | image = Domkirka statuer 37.jpg | caption = Statue o St. Magnus on the waw o [[Nidaros Cathedral]]. | birth_date = 1080 | birth_place = | death_date = 16 Aprile 1115 | death_place = Egilsay | title = Yerl o Orkney | tenure = 1106–1115 | other_names = Magnus the Mairtyr | known_for = | nationality = | locality = | spouse = | issue = | parents = Finn Arnesson }} '''Saunt Magnus Erlendsson, Yerl o Orkney''', whiles kent as '''Magnus the Mairtyr''', wis [[Yerl o Orkney]] frae 1106<ref>{{cite book|last=Muir|first=Tom|year=2005|title=Orkney in the Sagas: The Story of the Earldom of Orkney as told in the Icelandic Sagas|publisher=The Orcadian|location=Kirkwall|isbn=0954886232|page=63}}</ref> tae aboot 1115. He ruled wi his cousin Haakon, an the twa greed tae meet on [[Egilsay]] at Easter, ilk ane wi anerly twa ships; but Haakon cam wi aicht ships, an Magnus wis killt.<ref name=Towrie>{{Cite web |url=http://orkneyjar.com/history/stmagnus/magnus3.htm |title=Towrie, Sigurd. "Magnus – the Martyr of Orkney", Orkneyjar |access-date=18 February 2015 |archive-date=14 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114014901/http://www.orkneyjar.com/history/stmagnus/magnus3.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Orkney, Magnus Erlendsson, Yerl o}} [[Category:Norse Roman Catholic saunts]] [[Category:Yerls o Orkney]] [[Category:1075 births]] [[Category:1115 daiths]] [[Category:Buurials at St Magnus Cathedral]] [[Category:12t-century Christian saunts]] [[Category:Medieval Scots saunts]] [[Category:Mormaers o Caithness]] j38i1wf79rvbbglkld3873imrouqeub 0 175749 926867 814276 2026-11-08T20:10:55Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; MacDiarmid quote addit, soorced 926867 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie|name=Violet Jacob|image=Henry Harris Brown - Violet Jacob.jpg|birthname=Violet Augusta Mary Frederica Kennedy-Erskine|birth_date=1 September 1863|death_date=9 September 1946|spouse=Arthur Otway Jacob (m. 1894–1936)|known for=Poetry}} '''Violet Jacob''' (1 September 1863 – 9 September 1946) wis a Scots writer, kent maistly for her historical novel ''Flemington'' an her poetry, maistly in [[Scots leid|Scots]].<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Jacob [née Kennedy-Erskine], Violet Augusta Mary Frederica |last=Anderson |first=Carol |date=25 May 2006 |doi = 10.1093/ref:odnb/58422}}</ref> [[Hugh MacDiarmid]] cried her "by far the most considerable of contemporary vernacular poets".<ref>{{Cite book |title=Contemporary Scottish Studies |last=MacDiarmid |first=Hugh |year=1925 }}</ref> Her faimily's estate wis at Dun in [[Angus]], an the coonty wis the settin for muckle o her fiction. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{Stub/Scotland}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jacob, Violet}} [[Category:Scots weemen novelists]] [[Category:History o Angus]] [[Category:Doric poets]] [[Category:1863 births]] [[Category:1946 daiths]] [[Category:Scots weemen poets]] [[Category:Scots fowk o Dutch strynd]] [[Category:Scots fowk o Huguenot strynd]] [[Category:Scots fowk o Welsh strynd]] [[Category:Schuyler faimily]] [[Category:Van Cortlandt faimily]] byekmso03ozlrhkzq1it0rf9ob67wfe 0 175768 926824 898777 2026-11-08T18:44:20Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; hou the baund stairtit addit, soorced 926824 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | name = Old Blind Dogs | image = Old Blind Dogs blacksheep 2016 0439.jpg | image_size = | landscape = <!-- yes, if wide image, otherwise leave blank --> | alt = | caption = Old Blind Dogs at the 2016 blacksheep festival in Germany | background = group_or_band | alias = | origin = | genre = [[Scots fowk muisic]], [[Celtic muisic]] | years_active = 1990–present | label = | associated_acts = | website = {{URL|http://www.oldblinddogs.co.uk/}} | current_members = | past_members = | module = | module2 = | module3 = }} '''Old Blind Dogs''' is a Scots muisical group that plays traditional Scots fowk muisic an Celtic muisic, wi influences frae rock, [[reggae]], jazz, [[blues]] an Middle Eastren muisic rhythms.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Old Blind Dogs|url=https://www.allcelticmusic.com/artists/Old%20Blind%20Dogs.html|access-date=2024-09-18|website=www.allcelticmusic.com}}</ref> Its foonders first met on a "buskers' holiday" in the [[Scots Hielands]] in 1990.<ref name="SGabVTrib">{{cite news|last1=Mills|first1=Michelle|title=Scotland’s Old Blind Dogs in concert in Pasadena|url=http://www.sgvtribune.com/arts-and-entertainment/20160303/scotlands-old-blind-dogs-in-concert-in-pasadena|access-date=7 October 2016|publisher=San Gabriel Valley Tribune|date=3 March 2016}}</ref> == References == <references /> {{Authority control}} [[Category:Celtic fusion groups]] [[Category:Scots fowk muisic groups]] [[Category:Scots fowk muisickers]] [[Category:Breetish fowk muisickers]] [[Category:Scots fowk sangsters]] [[Category:Scots buskers]] {{stub}} ga19o34aafk5cc2t96jcha23ir5gp92 0 176863 926814 895107 2026-11-08T18:30:36Z Monospaced 75295 Drap Fix Scots 926814 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Italic title}} [[File:Flatey Book, Orkneyinga saga.jpg|thumb|An ensaumple o a page frae the ''Orkneyinga saga'', as it appears in the 14t century ''[[Flatey Book]]''.]] The '''''Orkneyinga saga''''' (cried the '''''History o the Earls o Orkney''''' an aw) is an historical narrative o the history o the [[Orkney Islands]], frae thair captur bi the Norse king in the nint century onwart till aboot 1200.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://orkneyjar.com/history/ |title=''The History of the Orkney Islands'' (Orkneyjar, the heritage of the Orkney Islands) |access-date=2017-09-04 |archive-date=2017-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928134546/http://www.orkneyjar.com/history/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The saga haes "na parallel in the social an leeterar record o Scotland".<ref>Crawford (1987) p. 221</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} '''Soorces''' * Crawford, Barbara E. (1987) ''Scandinavian Scotland''. Leicester Varsity Press. {{ISBN|0-7185-1197-2}} [[Category:Norse acteevity in Scotland]] [[Category:Scots leeteratur]] [[Category:Scandinavian fowklair]] [[Category:Sagas]] [[Category:Soorces o Norse meethologie]] [[Category:Norawa–Scotland relations]] [[Category:Medieval Scots leeteratur]] [[Category:Orkneyinga saga| ]] {{stub/Orkney}} mkxqbu0zhwz8w7oyce4lz7d9ggo3kvd 926863 926814 2026-11-08T19:50:26Z Monospaced 75295 926863 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Italic title}} [[File:Flatey Book, Orkneyinga saga.jpg|thumb|An ensaumple o a page frae the ''Orkneyinga saga'', as it appears in the 14t century ''[[Flatey Book]]''.]] The '''''Orkneyinga saga''''' (cried the '''''History o the Earls o Orkney''''' an aw) is an historical narrative o the history o the [[Orkney Islands]], frae thair capture bi the Norse king in the nint century onwart till aboot 1200.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://orkneyjar.com/history/ |title=''The History of the Orkney Islands'' (Orkneyjar, the heritage of the Orkney Islands) |access-date=2017-09-04 |archive-date=2017-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928134546/http://www.orkneyjar.com/history/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Crawford writes that the saga haes "no parallel in the social and literary record of Scotland".<ref>Crawford (1987) p. 221</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} '''Soorces''' * Crawford, Barbara E. (1987) ''Scandinavian Scotland''. Leicester Varsity Press. {{ISBN|0-7185-1197-2}} [[Category:Norse acteevity in Scotland]] [[Category:Scots leeteratur]] [[Category:Scandinavian fowklair]] [[Category:Sagas]] [[Category:Soorces o Norse meethologie]] [[Category:Norawa–Scotland relations]] [[Category:Medieval Scots leeteratur]] [[Category:Orkneyinga saga| ]] {{stub/Orkney}} h43x8g06s1gbxdemfy6gx4yg7jd7kfc 0 176869 926792 796350 2026-11-08T18:12:42Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 926792 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub/Orkney}} ''' Paul Thorfinnsson''' (deed 1098) an '''Erlend Thorfinnsson ''' (deed 1098) were brithers that ruled thegither as [[Yerl o Orkney|Yerls o Orkney]]. <ref>{{cite web|url= https://snl.no/Erlend_Torfinnsson |title= Erlend Torfinnsson|publisher = Store norske leksikon |author= Per Norseng|accessdate= June 1, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://snl.no/P%C3%A5l_Torfinnsson|title= Pål Torfinnsson|publisher = Store norske leksikon |author= Per Norseng |accessdate= June 1, 2017}}</ref> They were the sons o [[Thorfinn the Michty|Thorfinn Sigurdsson]] an Ingibiorg Finnsdottir.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://snl.no/Torfinn_Sigurdsson|title= Torfinn Sigurdsson|publisher =Store norske leksikon|author= Per Norseng|accessdate= June 1, 2017}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Thorfinnsson, Paul an Erlend}} [[Category:11t-century births]] [[Category:Year o daith unkent]] [[Category:Yerls o Orkney]] [[Category:Mormaers o Caithness]] o6msoa0fw5g7dinxrwlmg8unutfcluo 0 176928 926873 785333 2026-11-08T20:15:01Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; Carroll, Lewis an Tolkien addit, soorced 926873 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | name = George MacDonald | image = George MacDonald 1860s.jpg | caption = George MacDonald in the 1860s | pseudonym = | birth_date = {{birth date|1824|12|10|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Huntly, Scotland|Huntly]], [[Aiberdeenshire (tradeetional)|Aiberdeenshire]], Scotland, [[Unitit Kinrick o Great Breetain an Ireland|Unitit Kinrick]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1905|9|18|1824|12|10|df=y}} | death_place = [[Ashtead]], Surrey, Ingland, Unitit Kinrick | occupation = [[Meenister (Christianity)|Meenister]], Writer (poet, novelist) | nationality = Scots/Breetish | period = 19t century | genre = Childer's leeteratur | subject = | movement = | notableworks = ''[[Lilith (novelle)|Lilith]]'', ''[[Phantastes]]'', ''[[David Elginbrod]]'', ''[[The Princess and the Goblin]]'', ''[[At the Back of the North Wind]]'' | signature = | website = | imagesize = 225px }} '''George MacDonald''' (10 December 1824 – 18 September 1905) wis a Scots writer, poet an Christian meenister, born in [[Huntly]]. He wis a pioneer o modren [[fantasy leeteratur|fantasy literature]], an the mentor o the writer [[Lewis Carroll]]: it wis MacDonald's advice, an the welcome that his bairns gied ''Alice'', that persuadit Carroll tae send ''Alice'' tae be published.<ref name=reis>Reis, Richard H. (1972). ''George MacDonald'', pp. 25–34. Twayne Publishers, Inc.</ref> He wis an influence on writers sic as [[C. S. Lewis]] an [[J. R. R. Tolkien]].<ref name="Johnson2014">{{cite journal |author=Johnson, K. J. |date=2014 |title=Rooted Deep: Discovering the Literary Identity of Mythopoeic Fantacist George MacDonald |journal=Linguaculture |volume = 2 |publisher=University of Iasi Press |pages=27f | url=http://journal.linguaculture.ro/images/stories/22014/johnson.pdf}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{Stub/Scotland}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Macdonald, George}} [[Category:1824 births]] [[Category:1905 daiths]] [[Category:Victorian novelists]] [[Category:19t-century Scots novelists]] [[Category:20t-century Scots fowk]] [[Category:19t-century Christian Universalists]] [[Category:20t-century Christian Universalists]] [[Category:Christian novelists]] [[Category:Scots Christian Universalists]] [[Category:Scots clergy]] [[Category:Scots Congregationalist meenisters]] [[Category:Scots fantasie writers]] [[Category:Scots male novelists]] [[Category:Scots childer's writers]] [[Category:Scots male poets]] [[Category:Scots Christian theologians]] [[Category:Meethopoeic writers]] [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Aiberdeen]] [[Category:Fowk frae Huntly]] [[Category:Kailyard school]] [[Category:Christian Universalist clergy]] [[Category:Christian Universalist theologians]] [[Category:Christian writers]] [[Category:Christian poets]] [[Category:Christian meestics]] [[Category:Lallans poets]] [[Category:19t-century Scots poets]] sjvicn8nt72qrfghqvxjviobhljcwp4 0 177692 927161 896160 2026-11-09T01:04:08Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; history tae 2026 addit, soorced 927161 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Chvrches 10-03-2016 -1 (30165768505).jpg|thumb|Chvrches on stage in 2016]] '''Chvrches''' (said "churches") are a Scots [[synth-pop]] baund frae [[Glesga]], formed in September 2011. The baund is [[Lauren Mayberry]], Iain Cook an Martin Doherty,<ref>"Chvurches", interviewed by Shad Kabango on the radio/television program ''Q'', Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 17 January 2016.</ref> wi Jonny Scott playin the drums wi them syne 2018.<ref name="new-drummer">{{cite news |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/chvrches-drummer-now-2260983 |title=Chvrches have a drummer now |first=Tim |last=Connick |work=NME |date=12 March 2018 |access-date=20 October 2020 }}</ref> Thair soond comes maistly frae synth-pop, but thay draw on [[Electronic muisic|indietronica]], [[indie pop]] an [[electronic dance muisic]] an aw. Twa year efter thay formed, Chvrches released the ''Recover EP'' (2013), an thair first album, ''The Bones of What You Believe'', cam oot on 20 September 2013, the year the [[BBC]] placed them fift on its Sound of 2013 leet.<ref name="bbcsound2013">{{cite news|title=BBC News – BBC Sound of 2013: Chvrches|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-20780332|accessdate=31 December 2012 | date=31 December 2012}}</ref> Thay hae released fower albums syne, aw o them in the UK tap ten an the US Billboard 200 tap 40, an thay hae played at monie o the warld's biggest muisic festivals, includin Glastonbury, Coachella, SXSW, Reading an Leeds, T in the Park an Lollapalooza.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Media|first=P. A.|date=2024-06-26|title=Scots singer and World Cup-winning footballer awarded honorary degrees|url=https://news.stv.tv/west-central/chvrches-star-mayberry-and-world-cup-winning-footballer-awarded-honorary-degrees-at-university-of-strathclyde|access-date=2024-06-28|website=STV News|language=en-GB}}</ref> The nem ''Chvrches'' haes naethin tae dae wi releegion; the members chose it acause it soondit "cool". ==History== ===Beginnins (2011–12)=== Afore Chvrches, Iain Cook played in the baunds Aereogramme an The Unwinding Hours, an wrote muisic for film an television.<ref name="bbcsound2013" /> Martin Doherty wis a member o [[The Twilight Sad]],<ref name="scotsman">{{cite web|url=http://radar.scotsman.com/viewpost.aspx?id=690|title=On the Radar – No 207: CHURCHES|last=Duncan|first=Bryan|date=June 1, 2012|website=Radar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419063005/http://radar.scotsman.com/viewpost.aspx?id=690|archive-date=April 19, 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=February 18, 2017}} {{Cite web |url=http://radar.scotsman.com/viewpost.aspx?id=690 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-10-05 |archive-date=2015-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419063005/http://radar.scotsman.com/viewpost.aspx?id=690 |url-status=dead }}</ref> an Lauren Mayberry haed played in twa baunds, Boyfriend/Girlfriend an Blue Sky Archives.<ref name="TheDailyBeast">{{cite web|url=http://europe.newsweek.com/chvrches-most-addicting-band-summer-237696?rm=eu|title=Chvrches Is the Most Addicting Band of the Summer|last=Stern|first=Marlow|date=10 July 2013|work=Newsweek}}</ref> In 2011 Cook an Doherty, that war baith at the [[Varsity o Strathclyde]], wrote some sangs an askit Mayberry tae sing on twa demos.<ref name="bbcsound2013" /> Mayberry haed studied at Strathclyde an aw, whaur she teuk a degree in [[law]] an a maister's in journalism, an wan the Royal Environmental Health Institute for Scotland Journalism Award in 2010.<ref name=":0" /> The three o them decidit tae form a baund in 2011.<ref name="bbcsound2013" /> The first time thay played live, thay uised the fause nem "Shark Week", an thay released twa singles in 2012, "Lies" an "The Mother We Share". ===''Recover EP'' an ''The Bones of What You Believe'' (2013–14)=== In Januar 2013 the baund signed wi the label Glassnote Records,<ref name="Billboard">{{cite web|title=CHVRCHES' Hype Dreams: Can Blog Buzz Produce A Hit Album?|work=Billboard blog|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/5695483/chvrches-hype-dreams-can-blog-buzz-produce-a-hit-album|accessdate=20 September 2013}}</ref> an released the ''Recover EP'' in the UK on 25 Mairch 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chvrches: Recover – Tracks – Pitchfork|url=http://pitchfork.com/reviews/tracks/14887-recover/|publisher=Pitchfork Media|accessdate=6 February 2013|archive-date=2013-02-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208145251/http://pitchfork.com/reviews/tracks/14887-recover/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Thair first album, ''The Bones of What You Believe'', cam oot on Virgin Records on 20 September 2013. ===''Every Open Eye'' (2015–16)=== The baund stairtit recordin thair second album, ''Every Open Eye'', in Januar 2015,<ref>{{cite web|first=Luke Morgan|last=Britton|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/chvrches-46-1215674|title=Chvrches to start work on new album in January 2015|work=NME|date=1 December 2022|access-date=6 June 2022}}</ref> an it wis released on 25 September 2015. ===''Love Is Dead'' (2017–19)=== The baund stairtit wirk on thair third album in Februar 2017,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BQOoWrig9uL/ |work= Instagram |title=When you were trying to document the first day of writing for album three but your camera jammed and you only fixed it once you got home. #CHV3 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://diymag.com/2017/02/09/chvrches-started-working-on-album-three|title=Chvrches have started working on album three|work=DIY|date=9 February 2017|access-date=6 June 2022}}</ref> an ''Love Is Dead'' wis released on 25 Mey 2018. ===''Screen Violence'' an efter (2020–the day)=== Chvrches stairtit wirkin on thair fowert album in Februar 2020.<ref>{{cite web|first=Aliya|last=Chaudhry|url=https://slate.com/culture/2021/08/chvrches-interview-screen-violence-review.html|title=Chvrches Refuse to Be the "Final Girls"|work=Slate|date=26 August 2021|access-date=18 December 2021}}</ref> Doherty an Mayberry wirkit on it frae Los Angeles while Cook wirkit frae Glesga,<ref>{{cite web|first=Stephen|last=Ackroyd|url=https://readdork.com/news/chvrches-screen-violence/|title=Chvrches have announced the details of their fourth studio album, 'Screen Violence'|work=Dork|date=3 June 2021|access-date=4 June 2021}}</ref> an ''Screen Violence'' wis released on 27 August 2021. Efter a lang brak, the baund telt ''NME'' in Februar 2026 that thair fift album wis "90% complete",<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/chvrches-are-90-per-cent-finished-on-fearless-new-album-its-going-to-rip-some-faces-off-3929497|title=Chvrches are "90 per cent finished" on "fearless" new album: "It's going to rip some faces off"|website=Nme.com|first=Laura|last=Molloy|date=15 February 2026|access-date=6 May 2026}}</ref> an its first single, "Roses", wis released on 22 September 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-09-22 |title=CHVRCHES Return With New Single 'Roses' |url=https://au.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/chvrches-roses-new-single-101342/ |access-date=2026-09-22 |website=Rolling Stone Australia |language=en-AU}}</ref> In 2024 Mayberry wis gien an honorary degree bi the Varsity o Strathclyde, for her muisic an her chairity wirk, includin wi Rape Crisis Glasgow.<ref name=":0" /> ==Members== <ref name="bbd">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/artists/6a93afbb-257f-4166-b389-9f2a1e5c5df8 |title=BBC – Music – CHVRCHES}}</ref> * [[Lauren Mayberry]] – lead vocals, drums, synthesizers, samplers * Iain Cook – synthesizers, guitar, bass, vocals * Martin Doherty – synthesizers, samplers, vocals ==Albums== * ''The Bones of What You Believe'' (2013) * ''Every Open Eye'' (2015) * ''Love Is Dead'' (2018) * ''Screen Violence'' (2021) ==Freemit airtins== * [http://chvrch.es/ Chvrches's official wabsteid] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Scots muisical groups]] fxuzj14qkfyfv6y39aos80f8s8qoilq 927169 927161 2026-11-09T02:11:42Z CiphriusKane 74958 Varsity is gey uncommon (an is spelt 'varisty, wi the apostrophe, fan it is eesed) 927169 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Chvrches 10-03-2016 -1 (30165768505).jpg|thumb|Chvrches on stage in 2016]] '''Chvrches''' (said "churches") are a Scots [[synth-pop]] baund frae [[Glesga]], formed in September 2011. The baund is [[Lauren Mayberry]], Iain Cook an Martin Doherty,<ref>"Chvurches", interviewed by Shad Kabango on the radio/television program ''Q'', Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 17 January 2016.</ref> wi Jonny Scott playin the drums wi them syne 2018.<ref name="new-drummer">{{cite news |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/chvrches-drummer-now-2260983 |title=Chvrches have a drummer now |first=Tim |last=Connick |work=NME |date=12 March 2018 |access-date=20 October 2020 }}</ref> Thair soond comes maistly frae synth-pop, but thay draw on [[Electronic muisic|indietronica]], [[indie pop]] an [[electronic dance muisic]] an aw. Twa year efter thay formed, Chvrches released the ''Recover EP'' (2013), an thair first album, ''The Bones of What You Believe'', cam oot on 20 September 2013, the year the [[BBC]] placed them fift on its Sound of 2013 leet.<ref name="bbcsound2013">{{cite news|title=BBC News – BBC Sound of 2013: Chvrches|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-20780332|accessdate=31 December 2012 | date=31 December 2012}}</ref> Thay hae released fower albums syne, aw o them in the UK tap ten an the US Billboard 200 tap 40, an thay hae played at monie o the warld's biggest muisic festivals, includin Glastonbury, Coachella, SXSW, Reading an Leeds, T in the Park an Lollapalooza.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Media|first=P. A.|date=2024-06-26|title=Scots singer and World Cup-winning footballer awarded honorary degrees|url=https://news.stv.tv/west-central/chvrches-star-mayberry-and-world-cup-winning-footballer-awarded-honorary-degrees-at-university-of-strathclyde|access-date=2024-06-28|website=STV News|language=en-GB}}</ref> The nem ''Chvrches'' haes naethin tae dae wi releegion; the members chose it acause it soondit "cool". ==History== ===Beginnins (2011–12)=== Afore Chvrches, Iain Cook played in the baunds Aereogramme an The Unwinding Hours, an wrate muisic for film an television.<ref name="bbcsound2013" /> Martin Doherty wis a member o [[The Twilight Sad]],<ref name="scotsman">{{cite web|url=http://radar.scotsman.com/viewpost.aspx?id=690|title=On the Radar – No 207: CHURCHES|last=Duncan|first=Bryan|date=June 1, 2012|website=Radar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419063005/http://radar.scotsman.com/viewpost.aspx?id=690|archive-date=April 19, 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=February 18, 2017}} {{Cite web |url=http://radar.scotsman.com/viewpost.aspx?id=690 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-10-05 |archive-date=2015-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419063005/http://radar.scotsman.com/viewpost.aspx?id=690 |url-status=dead }}</ref> an Lauren Mayberry haed played in twa baunds, Boyfriend/Girlfriend an Blue Sky Archives.<ref name="TheDailyBeast">{{cite web|url=http://europe.newsweek.com/chvrches-most-addicting-band-summer-237696?rm=eu|title=Chvrches Is the Most Addicting Band of the Summer|last=Stern|first=Marlow|date=10 July 2013|work=Newsweek}}</ref> In 2011 Cook an Doherty, that war baith at the [[University o Strathclyde]], wrate some sangs an askit Mayberry tae sing on twa demos.<ref name="bbcsound2013" /> Mayberry haed studied at Strathclyde an aw, whaur she teuk a degree in [[law]] an a maister's in journalism, an wan the Royal Environmental Health Institute for Scotland Journalism Award in 2010.<ref name=":0" /> The three o them decidit tae form a baund in 2011.<ref name="bbcsound2013" /> The first time thay played live, thay uised the fause nem "Shark Week", an thay released twa singles in 2012, "Lies" an "The Mother We Share". ===''Recover EP'' an ''The Bones of What You Believe'' (2013–14)=== In Januar 2013 the baund signed wi the label Glassnote Records,<ref name="Billboard">{{cite web|title=CHVRCHES' Hype Dreams: Can Blog Buzz Produce A Hit Album?|work=Billboard blog|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/5695483/chvrches-hype-dreams-can-blog-buzz-produce-a-hit-album|accessdate=20 September 2013}}</ref> an released the ''Recover EP'' in the UK on 25 Mairch 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chvrches: Recover – Tracks – Pitchfork|url=http://pitchfork.com/reviews/tracks/14887-recover/|publisher=Pitchfork Media|accessdate=6 February 2013|archive-date=2013-02-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208145251/http://pitchfork.com/reviews/tracks/14887-recover/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Thair first album, ''The Bones of What You Believe'', cam oot on Virgin Records on 20 September 2013. ===''Every Open Eye'' (2015–16)=== The baund stairtit recordin thair second album, ''Every Open Eye'', in Januar 2015,<ref>{{cite web|first=Luke Morgan|last=Britton|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/chvrches-46-1215674|title=Chvrches to start work on new album in January 2015|work=NME|date=1 December 2022|access-date=6 June 2022}}</ref> an it wis released on 25 September 2015. ===''Love Is Dead'' (2017–19)=== The baund stairtit wirk on thair third album in Februar 2017,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BQOoWrig9uL/ |work= Instagram |title=When you were trying to document the first day of writing for album three but your camera jammed and you only fixed it once you got home. #CHV3 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://diymag.com/2017/02/09/chvrches-started-working-on-album-three|title=Chvrches have started working on album three|work=DIY|date=9 February 2017|access-date=6 June 2022}}</ref> an ''Love Is Dead'' wis released on 25 Mey 2018. ===''Screen Violence'' an efter (2020–the day)=== Chvrches stairtit wirkin on thair fowert album in Februar 2020.<ref>{{cite web|first=Aliya|last=Chaudhry|url=https://slate.com/culture/2021/08/chvrches-interview-screen-violence-review.html|title=Chvrches Refuse to Be the "Final Girls"|work=Slate|date=26 August 2021|access-date=18 December 2021}}</ref> Doherty an Mayberry wirkit on it frae Los Angeles while Cook wirkit frae Glesga,<ref>{{cite web|first=Stephen|last=Ackroyd|url=https://readdork.com/news/chvrches-screen-violence/|title=Chvrches have announced the details of their fourth studio album, 'Screen Violence'|work=Dork|date=3 June 2021|access-date=4 June 2021}}</ref> an ''Screen Violence'' wis released on 27 August 2021. Efter a lang brak, the baund telt ''NME'' in Februar 2026 that thair fift album wis "90% complete",<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/chvrches-are-90-per-cent-finished-on-fearless-new-album-its-going-to-rip-some-faces-off-3929497|title=Chvrches are "90 per cent finished" on "fearless" new album: "It's going to rip some faces off"|website=Nme.com|first=Laura|last=Molloy|date=15 February 2026|access-date=6 May 2026}}</ref> an its first single, "Roses", wis released on 22 September 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-09-22 |title=CHVRCHES Return With New Single 'Roses' |url=https://au.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/chvrches-roses-new-single-101342/ |access-date=2026-09-22 |website=Rolling Stone Australia |language=en-AU}}</ref> In 2024 Mayberry wis gien an honorary degree bi the University o Strathclyde, for her muisic an her chairity wirk, includin wi Rape Crisis Glasgow.<ref name=":0" /> ==Members== <ref name="bbd">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/artists/6a93afbb-257f-4166-b389-9f2a1e5c5df8 |title=BBC – Music – CHVRCHES}}</ref> * [[Lauren Mayberry]] – lead vocals, drums, synthesizers, samplers * Iain Cook – synthesizers, guitar, bass, vocals * Martin Doherty – synthesizers, samplers, vocals ==Albums== * ''The Bones of What You Believe'' (2013) * ''Every Open Eye'' (2015) * ''Love Is Dead'' (2018) * ''Screen Violence'' (2021) ==Freemit airtins== * [http://chvrch.es/ Chvrches's official wabsteid] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Scots muisical groups]] nrq7uj0apimnp9sidbhqp90le5ao86o 0 178391 926917 889315 2026-11-08T20:46:01Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 926917 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox weapon |name=Heckler & Koch MP5 | image= Heckler & Koch MP5-1.jpg | image_size = 300 |caption=MP5A3 wi a retractable stock |origin= [[Wast Germany]] |type=[[Submachine gun]] <!-- Type selection --> |is_ranged=yes <!-- Service history --> |service=1966–present |used_by= |wars= <!-- Production history --> |designer=Tilo Möller, Manfred Guhring, Georg Seidl, Helmut Baureuter |design_date=1964–1966 |manufacturer=[[Heckler & Koch]] |unit_cost= |production_date=1966–present |number= |variants=See ''[[#Variants|Variants]]'' <!-- General specifications --> |spec_label= |weight= * {{convert|2.5|kg|abbr=on}} (''MP5A2'') * {{convert|3.1|kg|abbr=on}} (''MP5A3'') * {{convert|2.9|kg|abbr=on}} (''MP5A4'') * {{convert|3.1|kg|abbr=on}} (''MP5A5'') * {{convert|2.7|kg|abbr=on}} fixed stock /<br /> {{convert|2.85|kg|abbr=on}} retractable stock (''MP5/10'') * {{convert|2.7|kg|abbr=on}} fixed stock /<br /> {{convert|2.85|kg|abbr=on}} retractable stock (''MP5/40'') * {{convert|2.8|kg|abbr=on}} (''MP5SD1'') * {{convert|3.1|kg|abbr=on}} (''MP5SD2'') * {{convert|2.8|kg|abbr=on}} (''MP5SD3'')<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hk-usa.com/military_products/mp5sd_specs.asp |title=Heckler & Koch – USA |publisher=Hk-usa.com |date= |accessdate=2012-12-29 |archive-date=2013-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514104452/http://www.hk-usa.com/military_products/mp5sd_specs.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{convert|2.8|kg|abbr=on}} (''MP5SD4'') * {{convert|3.1|kg|abbr=on}} (''MP5SD5'')<br />{{convert|3.4|kg|abbr=on}} (''MP5SD6'') * {{convert|2.0|kg|abbr=on}} (''MP5K, MP5KA1, MP5KA4, MP5KA5'') * {{convert|2.5|kg|abbr=on}} (''MP5K-PDW'') |length=Fixed stock: * {{convert|680|mm|in|abbr=on}} (''MP5A2, MP5A4, MP5/10, MP5/40'') * {{convert|790|mm|abbr=on|1}} (''MP5SD2, MP5SD5'') * {{convert|634|mm|abbr=on|1}} (''T-94 ZSG'')<br />Telescoping stock: * {{convert|700|mm|abbr=on|1}} stock extended /<br />{{convert|550|mm|abbr=on|1}} stock collapsed (''MP5A3, MP5A5'') * {{convert|660|mm|abbr=on|1}} stock extended / <br />{{convert|490|mm|abbr=on|1}} stock collapsed (''MP5/10, MP5/40'') * {{convert|805|mm|abbr=on|1}} stock extended /<br /> {{convert|670|mm|abbr=on|1}} stock collapsed (''MP5SD3, MP5SD6'') * {{convert|603|mm|abbr=on|1}} stock extended /<br />{{convert|368|mm|abbr=on|1}} stock foldit (''MP5K-PDW'')<br />Receiver end cap: * {{convert|550|mm|abbr=on|1}} (''MP5SD1, MP5SD4'') * {{convert|325|mm|abbr=on|1}} (''MP5K, MP5KA1, MP5KA4, MP5KA5'') * {{convert|349|mm|abbr=on|1}} (''MP5K-PDW'') |part_length= * {{convert|225|mm|abbr=on|1}} (''MP5A2, MP5A3, MP5A4, MP5A5, MP5/10, MP5/40'') * {{convert|146|mm|abbr=on|1}} (''MP5SD1, MP5SD2, MP5SD3, MP5SD4, MP5SD5, MP5SD6'') * {{convert|140|mm|abbr=on|1}} (''T-94 ZSG'') * {{convert|115|mm|abbr=on|1}} (''MP5K, MP5KA1, MP5KA4, MP5KA5'') * {{convert|148|mm|abbr=on|1}} (''MP5K-PDW'') |height= * {{convert|260|mm|abbr=on|1}} (''MP5A2, MP5A3, MP5A4, MP5A5, MP5SD1, MP5SD2, MP5SD3, MP5SD4, MP5SD5, MP5SD6, MP5/10, MP5/40'') * {{convert|210|mm|abbr=on|1}} (''MP5K, MP5KA1, MP5KA4, MP5KA5, MP5K-PDW'') |width= * {{convert|50|mm|abbr=on|1}} (''MP5A2, MP5A3, MP5A4, MP5A5, MP5K, MP5KA1, MP5KA4, MP5KA5, MP5K-PDW, MP5/10, MP5/40'') * {{convert|60|mm|abbr=on|1}} (''MP5SD1, MP5SD2, MP5SD3, MP5SD4, MP5SD5, MP5SD6'') <!-- Ranged weapon specifications --> |cartridge= * [[9×19mm Parabellum]] * [[10mm Auto]] (''MP5/10'') * [[.40 S&W]] (''MP5/40'') |action=[[Rower-delayed blowback]], [[closed bolt]] |rate= * 800 rounds/min (''MP5A series, MP5/10 an MP5/40'') * 700 rounds/min (''MP5SD series'') * 900 rounds/min (''MP5K series'')<br />{{sfn|Tilstra|2012|p=42}} |velocity= * {{convert|400|m/s|0|abbr=on}} (''MP5A2, MP5A3, MP5A4, MP5A5'') * {{convert|425|m/s|abbr=on|0}} (''MP5/10'') * {{convert|315|m/s|abbr=on|0}} (''MP5/40'') * {{convert|285|m/s|abbr=on|0}} (''MP5SD1, MP5SD2, MP5SD3, MP5SD4, MP5SD5, MP5SD6'') * {{convert|375|m/s|abbr=on|0}} (''MP5K, MP5KA1, MP5KA4, MP5KA5, MP5K-PDW'') |range= * {{convert|200|m|0|abbr=on}} (''MP5A2, MP5A3, MP5A4, MP5A5'') * {{convert|125|m|0|abbr=on}} (''MP5/10'') * {{convert|100|m|0|abbr=on}} (''MP5/40'') * {{convert|100|m|0|abbr=on}} (''MP5K, MP5KA1, MP5KA4, MP5KA5, MP5K-PDW'') |max_range= |feed=15, 30 or 40 roond detachable [[box magazine]] an 100-roond [[Beta C-Mag|Beta C-Mag drum magazine]] |sights=[[Airn sicht]]s. Rear: rotary drum; front: huidit post }} The '''Heckler & Koch MP5''' (frae {{lang-de|Maschinenpistole 5}}, meanin ''Submachine gun 5'') is a [[9×19mm Parabellum|9mm]] [[submachine gun]] o German design, developed in the 1960s bi a team o ingineers frae the German [[smaw airms|sma airms]] manufacturer [[Heckler & Koch|Heckler & Koch GmbH]] (H&K) o [[Oberndorf am Neckar]]. Thare are ower 100 variants o the MP5,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.heckler-koch.com/en/military/products/submachine-guns/mp5/mp5/overview.html |title=H&K Web site, MP5 overview |publisher=Heckler-koch.com |date= |accessdate=2012-12-29 |archive-date=2013-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119043103/http://www.heckler-koch.com/en/military/products/submachine-guns/mp5/mp5/overview.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> includin some semi-automatic versions. ==References== {{Reflist}} '''Soorces''' *{{cite book|last=Tilstra|first=Russell C.|title=Small Arms for Urban Combat|year=2012|publisher=McFarland|location=US|isbn=978-0-7864-6523-1|url=http://www.mcfarlandpub.com/book-2.php?id=978-0-7864-6523-1|ref=harv|access-date=2017-10-19|archive-date=2012-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509024618/http://www.mcfarlandpub.com/book-2.php?id=978-0-7864-6523-1|url-status=dead}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Heckler an Koch Mp5}} [[Category:9mm Parabellum fireairms]] [[Category:Delayed blowback fireairms]] [[Category:Heckler & Koch submachine guns|MP5]] [[Category:Polis wappens]] [[Category:Cauld War wappens o Germany]] {{Stub}} exwbtm9ccvkqz25fxhpu63kl03cirbx 0 180556 926866 785183 2026-11-08T20:10:20Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; Burray birth an editions addit, soorced 926866 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox person |name = Mary Brunton |birth_name = Mary Balfour |image = MaryBrunton.jpg |caption = Mary Brunton, frae the 2nt ed. o ''Emmeline'' (1820) |nationality = Scots |occupation = novelist |birth_date = {{birth date|1778|11|1|df=y}} |death_date = {{death date and age|1818|12|7|1778|11|1|df=y}}}} '''Mary Brunton''' (née '''Balfour'''; 1 November 1778 – 7 December 1818) wis a Scots novelist, whase wark haes been seen as redefinin femininity. She wis born on Burray in [[Orkney]].<ref name="ODNB">Isabelle Bour: Brunton, Mary... In: ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' (Oxford: OUP, 2004; online e. October 2005). [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/3781 Retrieved 18 November 2010. Subscription required.]</ref> The novelist Fay Weldon praised her novels as "rich in invention, ripe with incident, shrewd in comment, and erotic in intention and fact."<ref>Fay Weldon: Introduction. In: Mary Brunton: ''Discipline'' (London: Pandora Press, 1986), p. vii.</ref> ''The Works of Mary Brunton'' cam oot in 1820, an her first twa novels war prentit again in 1832, 1837 an 1852.<ref name="ODNB"/> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{Stub/Scotland}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Brunton, Mary}} [[Category:1778 births]] [[Category:1818 daiths]] [[Category:Fowk frae Orkney]] [[Category:Fowk associatit wi Orkney]] [[Category:Scots weemen novelists]] [[Category:19t-century Scots writers]] [[Category:19t-century Breetish novelists]] [[Category:19t-century Breetish weemen writers]] [[Category:19t-century Breetish writers]] btjiccy8cxevfobifuzzo7dkakqgr9f 0 180599 926876 899647 2026-11-08T20:17:29Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; birth an nerves addit, soorced 926876 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist |name = Sir Charles Bell |image = CharlesBell001.jpg |image_size = 200px |caption = Sir Charles Bell in 1839 |birth_date = 12 November 1774 |birth_place = Edinburgh |death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1842|4|28|1774|11|12}} |death_place = [[Hallow Park]], Worcestershire |residence = |citizenship = |nationality = [[Unitit Kinrick|Breetish]] |field = [[Anatomy]] |work_institutions = Surgeon, [[Edinburgh Royal Infirmary]] (1799-)<br>Practisin surgeon, Lunnon (1804-)<br>Principal Lecturer, [[Great Windmill Street School of Anatomy]] (1812-25)<br>Lectured at [[Middlesex Hospital]] etc (1812-36)<br>Professor o Surgery, [[Edinburgh Varsity]] (1836-42) |alma_mater = Edinburgh Varsity |doctoral_advisor = |doctoral_students = |known_for = Authority on the [[human nervous seestem]] |author_abbrev_bot =|author_abbrev_zoo = |influences = |influenced = |prizes = [[Ryal Medal]] (1829) |religion = |footnotes = Author of "Treatise on Animal Mechanics", "An Essay on the Hand, its Mechanism and Vital Endowments as Evincing Design" |signature = }} '''Sir Charles Bell''' {{Post-nominals|post-noms= [[Knicht o the Hanoverian Guelphic Order|KH]] [[Fellae o the Ryal Society o Lunnon|FRS]] [[Fellae o the Ryal Society o Edinburgh|FRSE]] [[Fellae o the Ryal College o Surgeons o Edinburgh|FRCSE]] [[Member o the Wernerian Society|MWS]]}} (12 November 1774{{spaced ndash}}28 Aprile 1842) wis a [[Scotland|Scots]] surgeon, [[anatomist]], [[physiologist]], [[neurologist]], airtist, an [[philosophical theologian]]. He wis born in [[Edinburgh]],<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1211566921.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924202636/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1211566921.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=24 September 2015 |title=Sir Charles Bell: The artist who went to the roots!|journal= Journal of Postgraduate Medicine|date=1 April 2004|last1=Kazi|first1=Rehan|last2=Rhys-Evans|first2=P.|volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=158–9 |via=[[HighBeam Research]] |url-access=subscription |pmid=15235222 }}</ref> an he fund the difference atween the sensory an motor nerves in the spinal cord.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The experimental method in medical science.|last=Dalton|first=John Call|series=Cartwright lectures,1882 |year=1882|publisher=New York|hdl = 2027/hvd.32044106446636}}</ref> Bell's palsy is named efter him.{{fact}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bell, Charles}} [[Category:1774 births]] [[Category:1842 daiths]] [[Category:19t-century Scots fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Edinburgh]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at the Royal High School, Edinburgh]] [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Edinburgh]] [[Category:Christian creationists]] [[Category:Fellaes o the Ryal Society o Edinburgh]] [[Category:Fellaes o the Ryal Society]] [[Category:History o mental heal in the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Knichts o the Ryal Guelphic Order]] [[Category:Members o the Ryal Swadish Academy o Sciences]] [[Category:Philosophers o releegion]] [[Category:Breetish neurologists]] [[Category:Breetish neuroscientists]] [[Category:Scots anatomists]] [[Category:Scots knichts]] [[Category:19t-century Scots medical doctors]] [[Category:Scots physiologists]] [[Category:Scots surgeons]] [[Category:Scots writers]] [[Category:Academics o the Varsity o Edinburgh]] [[Category:Scots medical writers]] {{stub}} 8rtmu9fye90iszc33hbfwxmp1kgkk03 0 180819 926831 796344 2026-11-08T18:46:50Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 926831 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub/Orkney}} {{Infobox person | name = Erlend Haraldsson | birth_date = Aroond 1124 | death_date = 21 December 1154 | death_place = [[Damsay]] | other_names = Ungi | parents = [[Harald Haakonsson|Harald "Smuith-tongue"]] }} ''' Erlend Haraldsson ''' wis jynt [[Yerl o Orkney]] frae 1151–1154. The son o Yerl [[Harald Haakonsson]],<ref name=Thomson89>Thomson (2008) p. 89</ref> he ruled wi [[Harald Maddadsson]] an [[Rögnvald Kali Kolsson]].<ref name=Thomson101>Thomson (2008) p. 101</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} '''Soorces''' * Thomson, William P. L. (2008) ''The New History of Orkney'', Edinburgh, Birlinn. {{ISBN|978-1-84158-696-0}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Haraldsson, Erlend}} [[Category:Yerls o Orkney]] [[Category:12t-century rulers]] [[Category:Year o daith unkent]] [[Category:Year o birth unkent]] [[Category:Mormaers o Caithness]] psxnbbo2vgtetj6bi074dmdb6yibpes 0 181120 926839 816677 2026-11-08T18:49:26Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; Teba an Bruce's hert addit, soorced 926839 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Sir James Douglas | image = File:Douglas Arms 1.svg | image_size = | caption = Coat o airms o Sir James Douglas | birth_date = c. 1289 | birth_place = [[Douglas, Sooth Lanrikshire|Douglas]], [[Lanrikshire]], [[Scotland]] | death_date = 25 August {{death year and age|1330|1289}} | death_place = [[Teba]], [[Andalucia]] | occupation = Scots [[Guerrilla]] Leader an [[General]], in the [[Wars o Scots Unthirldom]] | spouse = unkent | parents = [[William the Haurdy, Laird o Douglas|Sir William Douglas]], Elizabeth Stewart, dauchter o [[Alexander Stewart, 4t Heich Stewart o Scotland|Alexander, Heich Stewart o Scotland]] | children = [[William IV, Laird o Douglas]], [[Archibald the Grim]] }} '''Sir James Douglas''' (forby kent as '''Guid Sir James''' an the '''Black Douglas''') (c. 1289<ref name=ODNB-JDouglas>A. A. M. Duncan, « Douglas, Sir James (d. 1330) », ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 2004.</ref> – 25 August 1330<ref name=ODNB-JDouglas/>) wis a [[Kinrick o Scotland|Scots]] [[knicht]] an [[feudal]] [[laird]]. He wis ane o the chief commanders in the [[Wars o Scots Unthirldom]]. Efter the daith o [[Robert the Bruce]] in 1329 he set oot tae cairy the King's hert on crusade, an he wis killt in Spain in 1330, at the siege o Teba.<ref>Sonja Cameron, Sir James Douglas, Spain and the Holy Land in 'Freedom and Authority – Scotland 1050–1650.' ed. Brotherstone & Ditchwell, Edinburgh, 2000</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Douglas, James}} [[Category:1280s births]] [[Category:1330 daiths]] [[Category:Hoose o Douglas an Angus|James Douglas, Laird o Douglas]] [[Category:Scots generals]] [[Category:Scots knichts]] [[Category:Scots pre-union militar personnel killt in action]] [[Category:Fowk o the Reconquista]] [[Category:Scots fowk o the Wars o Scots Unthirldom]] [[Category:Declaration o Arbroath signaters]] [[Category:Knichts banneret]] {{stub/Scotland}} jk9cqvoyb4mmvccpu1a5qwnpaqr2bzd 0 181150 926819 802898 2026-11-08T18:42:52Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; birth an knichthood addit, soorced 926819 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox architect |image = |name = Sir Basil Urwin Spence |nationality = Scots |citizenship = Unitit Kinrick |birth_date = {{birth date|1907|8|13|df=yes}} |birth_place = [[Bombay]], Indie |death_date = {{death date and age|1976|11|19|1907|8|13|df=yes}} |death_place = [[Yaxley, Suffolk]] |practice = Basil Spence & Partners |significant_buildings = [[Coventry Cathedral]]<br>[[Hyde Park Barracks, Lunnon|Hyde Park Barracks]]<br>[[Beehive (biggin)|New Zealand pairlament extension]] |significant_projects = |significant_design = |awards = }} Sir '''Basil Urwin Spence''', [[Order o Merit|OM]], [[Order o the Breetish Empire|OBE]], [[Ryal Academy|RA]] (13 August 1907 – 19 November 1976) wis a Scots airchitect, maist associatit wi [[Coventry Cathedral]] in Ingland an the [[Beehive (New Zealand)|Beehive]] in New Zealand, but responsible for monie ither biggins in the [[Modernist]] an [[Brutalist]] styles an aw. He wis born in [[Mumbai|Bombay]], in Breetish Indie,<ref name=Frank>[https://www.theguardian.com/society/2007/oct/16/communities Let's be frank about Spence], ''The Guardian'' (16 October 2007). Retrieved: 10 October 2021.</ref> an wis knichtit in 1960 for his wark at Coventry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.basilspence.org.uk/worship|title=Sir Basil Spence Archive Project|website=www.basilspence.org.uk |archive-url=https://webarchive.nrscotland.gov.uk/20170903010506/http://www.basilspence.org.uk/worship |archive-date=3 September 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Coventry_Cathedral_(29788664491).jpg|alt=|center|thumb|Coventry Cathedral]] == References == {{reflist}} {{stub}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Spence, Basil}} [[Category:1907 births]] [[Category:1976 daiths]] [[Category:Academics o the Varsity o Leeds]] [[Category:Alumni o the Edinburgh College of Art]] [[Category:Airchitects o cathedrals]] [[Category:Breetish Airmy personnel o Warld War II]] [[Category:Brutalist airchitects]] [[Category:Camoufleurs]] [[Category:Scots ecclesiastical airchitects]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at George Watson's College]] [[Category:Airchitects frae Edinburgh]] [[Category:Preses o the Ryal Institute o Breetish Airchitects]] [[Category:Modrenist airchitects frae Scotland]] [[Category:Scots knichts]] [[Category:20t-century Breetish airchitects]] [[Category:Officers o the Order o the Breetish Empire]] [[Category:Buirials in Suffolk]] armj74b6tz6s7ahi0iq9ykybikc695h 0 181301 926852 818775 2026-11-08T18:55:49Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; birth an faither addit, soorced 926852 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Sir Andrew Murray | image = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = Pentecost 1298 | birth_place = | death_date = Lent 1338 (agit c. 40) | death_place = | death_cause = | resting_place = [[Dunfaurlin Aibey]] | resting_place_coordinates = | residence = [[Avoch Castle]], Hallhill manor, Gauldwell Castle an [[Boddle Castle]] | nationality = Scots | other_names = | known_for = leadin resistance campaign in [[Seicont War o Scots Unthirldom]] | education = | employer = | occupation = | title = [[Gairdian o Scotland]], Laird o Petty an Boddle | salary = | networth = | height = | weight = | term = | predecessor = | successor = | party = | boards = | religion = | spouse = (1) Unkent; (2) [[Christina Bruce]] | partner = | children = John Murray; Thomas Murray. | parents = Faither: [[Andrew Moray]] | relatives = Brither-in-law: [[Robert I o Scotland]]. | signature = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Sir Andrew Murray''' (1298–1338), kent as '''Sir Andrew Moray''' or '''Sir Andrew de Moray''' an aw, wis a [[Scotland|Scots]] militar an political leader that supportit [[David II o Scotland]] agin [[Edward Balliol]] an King [[Edward III o Ingland]] in the [[Seicont War o Scots Unthirldom]]. He held the lairdships o Avoch an Petty in the north o Scotland, an Bothwell in wast-central Scotland. He wis born in 1298, the son o [[Andrew Moray]], that wis fatally woundit at the [[Battle o Stirlin Brig]] an deed afore his son wis born.<ref>Calendar of Documents Relating to Scotland, ed. J. Bain, vol.2, no.1178, p.300</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Murray, Andrew}} [[Category:1298 births]] [[Category:1338 daiths]] [[Category:Gairdians o Scotland]] [[Category:Scots fowk o the Wars o Scots Unthirldom]] [[Category:Scots sodgers]] [[Category:Scots knichts]] [[Category:Buirials at Dunfaurlin Aibey]] {{stub/Scotland}} 80r7jje071o2kav1cjm4bcbnypu1k69 0 181587 926793 779495 2026-11-08T18:12:45Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; his faither's daith an title addit, soorced 926793 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ infobox nobility | name = Sir Alan Stewart o Darnley | image = | caption = | noble family = [[Stewart o Darnley]] | father = [[John Stewart o Darnley]] | mother = Elizabeth o Lennox | spouse = Catherine Seton | birth_date = efter 1406 | birth_place = | death_date = 1439 | death_place = }} '''Sir Alan Stewart o Darnley''' (efter 1406 &ndash; 1439) wis a [[Kinrick o Scotland|Scots]] nobleman o the [[Stewart o Darnley]] faimily, that focht in the [[Hunder Years War]]. Efter his faither wis killed at the Battle o the Herrins in 1429, durin the Siege o Orléans, he heired his faither's title o Lord o Concressault.<ref>{{Cite ODNB |last=Macdonald |first=Alastair J. |title=Stewart [Stuart], Sir John, of Darnley (c. 1380–1429), soldier |url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-26714 |url-access=subscription |access-date=21 May 2022 |year=2004 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/26714|isbn=978-0-19-861412-8 }}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{Stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Stewart o Darnley, Alan}} [[Category:1439 daiths]] [[Category:Hoose o Stewart o Darnley]] [[Category:Fowk o the Hunder Years' War]] [[Category:15t-century Scots fowk]] [[Category:Year o birth uncertaint]] 777wmf6i2mqxi0zbju67j9n444vsn0c 0 181618 926797 818729 2026-11-08T18:13:54Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; 1297 risin addit 926797 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gartnait o Mar''', kent as '''Gartnait mac Domhnaill''' (Gartnait, Donald's son) an aw, wis the aicht kent [[Mormaer]] o [[Marr|Mar]], rulin frae aboot 1301, aiblins as early as 1297, till his daith in 1305. He wis a son o [[Domhnall I, Yerl o Mar|Domhnall I o Mar]]. In the [[Wars o Scots Unthirldom|first War o Scots Unthirldom]], [[Edward I o Ingland]] sent him, alang wi the Bishop o Aiberdeen an the Yerl o Buchan, tae pit doun [[Andrew Moray]]'s risin in the north in 1297.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Paul|first1=James Balfour|title=The Scots Peerage: Founded on Wood's Edition of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland|date=1908|location=Edinburgh|page=5:578–79|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ErEEAAAAIAAJ&q=gratney+earl+of+mar+1297&pg=PA578|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{s-start}} {{succession box | before=[[Domhnall I, Yerl o Mar|Domhnall I]]| title=[[Mormaer o Mar]]| after=[[Domhnall II, Yerl o Mar|Domhnall II]]| years=1301–1305| }} {{s-end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mar, Gartnait, Yerl o }} [[Category:1305 daiths]] [[Category:Fowk frae Aiberdeenshire]] [[Category:14t-century Scots fowk]] [[Category:Year o birth unkent]] [[Category:Scots fowk o the Wars o Scots Unthirldom]] [[Category:Mormaers o Mar]] {{stub/Scotland}} ps0ci6hvmrd88z48rwpt245w9drkl0k 0 181695 926931 923035 2026-11-08T21:14:43Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; No Time to Die addit, soorced 926931 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Ben Whishaw|image=ben whishaw 2018 1.jpg|birth_name=Benjamin John Whishaw|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1980|10|14|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Clifton, Bedfordshire]], [[Ingland]]|alma mater=[[Royal Academy of Dramatic Art]]|alma_mater=[[Royal Academy of Dramatic Art]]|occupation=Actor|years active=1999–present|yearsactive=1999–present|home town=[[Langford, Bedfordshire]]|home_town=[[Langford, Bedfordshire]]|partner=[[Mark Bradshaw (composer)|Mark Bradshaw]] (2012–present)}}'''Benjamin John Whishaw''' (born 14 October 1980) is an Inglis actor. He played the title role in a 2004 production o ''[[Hamlet]]'' at the [[Old Vic]]. On the telly he haes been in ''[[Nathan Barley]]'', ''[[Criminal Justice (TV series)|Criminal Justice]]'', ''The Hour'', ''[[London Spy]]'' an ''[[A Very English Scandal (TV series)|A Very English Scandal]]''. His film roles include ''[[Perfume: The Story of a Murderer (film)|Perfume: The Story of a Murderer]]'' (2006), ''I'm Not There'' (2007), ''Brideshead Revisited'' (2008), ''Bright Star'' (2009), ''Cloud Atlas'' (2012), ''The Lobster'' (2015), ''Suffragette'' (2015) an ''The Danish Girl'' (2015).<ref name="ReferenceA">https://www.theguardian.com/culture/commentisfree/2015/oct/25/ben-whishaw-impish-star-steals-the-show-from-james-bond</ref> He plays [[Q (James Bond)|Q]] in the James Bond films ''[[Skyfall]]'' (2012), ''Spectre'' (2015)<ref name="Grdn">{{cite news|last=Kellaway|first=Kate|title=Ben Whishaw: 'I feel I'm always in the dark' – interview|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2013/mar/17/ben-whishaw-interview|accessdate=18 March 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|date=17 March 2013|location=London}}</ref> an ''No Time to Die'' (2021).<ref>{{cite news|last=Geisinger|first=Gabriella|date=11 November 2020|title=Bond movie No Time to Die pushed back to April 2021|work=Digital Spy|url=https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/a822503/no-time-to-die-trailer-cast-release-date-bond-007/|access-date=21 December 2020}}</ref> He is the vyce o Paddington Bear in ''Paddington'' (2014) an ''Paddington 2'' (2017).<ref name="deadline2">{{cite web|last=Yamato|first=Jen|url=http://www.deadline.com/2014/07/paddington-bear-movie-ben-whishaw-colin-firth/|title=Bear Necessity: Ben Whishaw To Voice CG 'Paddington'|publisher=Deadline.com|date=1970-01-01|accessdate=2014-07-17}}</ref> == Early life == Whishaw wis born in Clifton, [[Bedfordshire]], an brocht up thare an in Langford. He is the son o Linda (née Hope), that wirks in cosmetics, an Jose Whishaw, that wirks in [[information technology]].<ref name="dra">{{cite news|last=Curtis|first=Nick|title=My Hamlet Fears|work=[[The Evening Standard]]|date=29 April 2004|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+crisis+that+taught+me+how+to+be+Hamlet%3B+Yesterday+Ben+Whishaw+was...-a0116045814|accessdate=8 September 2010}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> His faither is o French, German an Roushie descent, an his mither is o Inglis descent.<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/moslive/article-2275004/Skyfalls-Ben-Whishaw-I-actually-actually-Im-like-real-life.html 'I found a part of me that was actually a show-off and actually I'm not at all like in real life': How Ben Whishaw became Britain's next big], Dan Davies, ''[[The Guardian]]'' 9 February 2013</ref><ref name="spect1">[http://www.spectator.co.uk/arts/5481858/in-love-with-hamlet-dylan-keats/ In love with Hamlet, Dylan, Keats . . .], Marianne Gray, ''[[The Spectator]]'', 28 October 2009</ref> He haes a twin brither, James. "Whishaw" isna the faimily's oreeginal nem: the faimily wis first cried Stellmacher, a German trade nem for a cartwricht.<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/11952207/Bond-star-Ben-Whishaw-reveals-that-his-grandfather-was-a-British-spy-with-a-double-identity.html Bond star Ben Whishaw reveals that his grandfather was a British spy with a double identity]</ref> He first becam kent as a member o the Bancroft Players Youth Theatre, Big Spirit, at the Queen Mother Theatre in Hitchin. He went tae Henlow Middle School an then Samuel Whitbread Community College in Shefford. He graduatit frae the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in 2003.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rada.ac.uk/profiles?prof_act=7837].|title=RADA: The Royal Academy of Dramatic Art - Student|work=rada.ac.uk}}</ref> == Career == Whishaw wis in monie productions wi Big Spirit, includin ''If This is a Man'' (an aw performed as ''The Drowned & The Saved''), a piece the company devised frae the beuk o the same nem bi Primo Levi, a survivor o [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]]. The group turned it intae a physical theatre piece an took it tae the 1995 Edinburgh Festival, whaur it got five-starn reviews an muckle praise frae critics. [[File:Judy_and_Ben_(8749969035)_(2).jpg|thumb|Whishaw wi [[Judi Dench]] in ''[[Peter and Alice]]'', at the [[Noël Coward Theatre]] in Mey 2013]] As the lead in Trevor Nunn's 2004 production o ''Hamlet'' at the Old Vic, Whishaw got byordinar guid reviews, an wis nominatit for the Olivier Award for Best Actor an the Ian Charleson Award. He shared the role wi Al Weaver in an unuisual arrangement: Whishaw played ilka nicht but Mondays an the matinées. Nunn is said tae hae makkit this arrangement acause the twa actors playin the lead war sae young, tae tak some o the strain aff ilk ane. It wis Whishaw, but, that wis shawn maist in the advertisin an in maist o the reviews.{{Citation needed|reason=Need reference|date=December 2015}} His film an telly credits include ''Layer Cake'' an Chris Morris's 2005 sitcom ''[[Nathan Barley]]'', whaur he played a chairacter cried Pingu. He wis named "Most Promising Newcomer" at the 2001 British Independent Film Awards for ''My Brother Tom'', an in 2005 he wis nominatit as best actor at fower awaird ceremonies for his Hamlet. He an aw played [[Keith Richards]] in the Brian Jones biopic ''Stoned''. In the spring o 2005, Whishaw got muckle praise for his role as a drug dealer in Philip Ridley's controversial stage play ''Mercury Fur''.{{Citation needed|reason=Need reference|date=December 2015}} In ''[[Perfume: The Story of a Murderer (film)|Perfume]]'', Whishaw played Jean-Baptiste Grenouille, a perfume makar whase craft turns deidly. The film cam oot in Germany in September 2006 an in US cinemas in December 2006. The same year, Whishaw wirkit on Paweł Pawlikowski's unfeenished film ''The Restraint of Beasts''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117972465.html?categoryid=1246&cs=1|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|first=Adam|last=Dawtrey|title=Pawel Pawlikowski takes on Stalin|date=20 September 2007|access-date=2017-12-18|archive-date=2008-12-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229161046/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117972465.html?categoryid=1246&cs=1|url-status=dead}}</ref> Whishaw played ane o the [[Bob Dylan]] figures in ''I'm Not There'' in 2007, an wis in the [[BBC]]'s ''[[Criminal Justice (TV series)|Criminal Justice]]'' in 2008, in a new adaptation o ''Brideshead Revisited'', an in ''...some trace of her'', a stage adaptation o ''The Idiot'' at the National Theatre.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationaltheatre.org.uk/sometrace|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2008-07-28|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828034149/http://www.nationaltheatre.org.uk/sometrace|archivedate=28 August 2008|df=dmy-all}}. [[Royal National Theatre]].</ref> At the end o 2009 he starred in ''Cock'', a new play bi Mike Bartlett at the Royal Court Theatre.<ref>Bishop, Caroline (14 August 2009). [http://www.officiallondontheatre.co.uk/news/latest/view/item107063/Whishaw-in-Royal-Court-autumn- "Whishaw in Royal Court Autumn"]. officiallondontheatre.co.uk. Retrieved 29 December 2012.</ref> An aw in 2009 he starred as the poet John Keats in the film ''Bright Star''. In Februar 2010, Whishaw haed a successfu aff-Broadway debut at MCC Theater in the American premiere o Alexi Kaye Campbell's awaird-winnin play ''The Pride''. He played Ariel in Julie Taymor's 2010 film o ''The Tempest'', an wis in ''The Hour'', a [[BBC Two]] drama series.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2010/11_november/10/the_hour.shtml]. [[BBC]].</ref> In 2012 Whishaw played Richard II in the telly film ''Richard II'', pairt o the BBC Two series ''The Hollow Crown'', an wan the British Academy Television Award for Leadin Actor for it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2013/television/leading-actor|title=2013 Television Leading Actor|publisher=awards.bafta.org|accessdate=4 August 2013}}</ref> An aw in 2012, he wis pairt o the ensemble cast o the science-fiction drama film ''Cloud Atlas''. Whishaw played [[Q (James Bond)|Q]] in the 23rd James Bond film, ''[[Skyfall]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-15889689|title=Ben Whishaw Cast as Q in New James Bond Film Skyfall|date=25 November 2011|work=BBC News}}</ref> His Q wis younger than in earlier films: Peter Burton an [[Desmond Llewelyn]] war baith in thair forties whan thay got the role, an Llewelyn an [[John Cleese]] played it intae thair aichties an saxties. It wis an aw the third time he wirkit wi [[Daniel Craig]], efter the films ''The Trench'' an ''Layer Cake''. In spring 2013, Whishaw starred on stage alangside [[Judi Dench]] in the warld premiere o ''Peter and Alice'', a new play bi John Logan aboot the lives o Alice Liddell an Peter Llewelyn Davies.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lastminutetheatretickets.com/londonwestend/spotlight-ben-whishaw-peter-peter-alice/|title=Ben Whishaw to Star Alongside Dame Judi Dench|date=18 July 2012}}</ref> Frae October 2013 tae Februar 2014 he wis on stage in the revival o Jez Butterworth's Olivier-awaird-winnin play ''Mojo'', wi Rupert Grint, Brendan Coyle, Daniel Mays an Colin Morgan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/theatre/theatre-reviews/10446422/Mojo-Harold-Pinter-Theatre-review.html|title=Mojo, Harold Pinter Theatre, review|date=14 November 2013|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Charles|last=Spencer}}</ref> He wis nominatit for a WhatsOnStage Award for Best Actor<ref name="whatsonstage.com">[http://www.whatsonstage.com/london-theatre/news/12-2013/the-full-2014-whatsonstage-awards-shortlists_32864.html] WhatsOnStage Awards</ref> for baith roles. In the simmer o 2015 he played [[Dionysus|Dionysos]] in Euripides' tragedy ''Bakkhai'' at the Almeida Theatre in Lunnon.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.whatsonstage.com/london-theatre/news/almeida-greek-season-ben-whishaw_37350.html|title=Ben Whishaw stars in Almeida's Greek season' - whatsonstage.com|date=12 Mar 2015}}</ref> In 2014, Whishaw starred in the independent film ''Lilting'' an gied the vyce o Paddington Bear in the film ''Paddington''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/2014/film/news/sundance-strand-releasing-acquires-hong-khaous-lilting-1201088021/|title=Sundance: Strand Releasing Acquires Hong Khaou's 'Lilting'|date=5 February 2014|work=Variety}}</ref> In 2015, Whishaw co-starred in ''The Lobster'', a romantic science-fiction drama bi the Greek director Yorgos Lanthimos. He wis an aw in ''Suffragette'', a story o the early feminist muivement written bi Abi Morgan, wi [[Carey Mulligan]], [[Helena Bonham Carter]], [[Meryl Streep]] an his ''The Hour'' co-starn Romola Garai.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.movieweb.com/news/ben-whishaw-and-brendan-gleeson-join-suffragette/|title=Ben Whishaw and Brendan Gleeson Join Suffragette|date=20 February 2014|access-date=2017-12-18|archive-date=2014-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221095721/http://www.movieweb.com/news/ben-whishaw-and-brendan-gleeson-join-suffragette|url-status=dead}}</ref> The same year he played Q again in ''Spectre'', the 24t James Bond film, an played the writer Herman Melville in [[Ron Howard]]'s ''In the Heart of the Sea''.<ref name="theguardian.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/sep/07/moby-dick-melville-film|title=Real adventure that inspired Moby-Dick lures film directors|date=7 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.flicksandbits.com/2014/01/18/skyfall-writer-john-logan-talks-bond-24-build-on-what-we-did-on-skyfall-but-make-it-its-own-unique-animal/63682/|title=''Skyfall'' Writer John Logan Talks ''Bond 24'': 'Build On What We Did On ''Skyfall'', But Make It Its Own Unique Animal'|date=18 January 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221192418/http://www.flicksandbits.com/2014/01/18/skyfall-writer-john-logan-talks-bond-24-build-on-what-we-did-on-skyfall-but-make-it-its-own-unique-animal/63682/|archivedate=21 February 2014|df=dmy}}</ref> In 2017, Whishaw played Paddington Bear again in ''Paddington 2''. In 2018 he played Norman Scott in the BBC miniseries ''[[A Very English Scandal (TV series)|A Very English Scandal]]''. == Personal life == For several year Whishaw wadnae answer quaistions aboot his personal life, sayin: "For me, it's important to keep a level of anonymity. As an actor, your job is to persuade people that you're someone else. So if you're constantly telling people about yourself, I think you're shooting yourself in the foot."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/jamesbond/9631242/Ben-Whishaw-on-playing-Q-in-Skyfall-I-dont-even-have-a-computer.html|title=Ben Whishaw on playing Q in Skyfall: 'I don't even have a computer'|work=The Telegraph|first1=James|last1=Rampton|date=26 October 2012|accessdate=20 August 2013|location=London}}</ref> In 2011, he telt ''Out'' magazine: "As an actor you have total rights to privacy and mystery, whatever your sexuality, whatever you do. I don't see why that has to be something you discuss openly because you do something in the public eye. I have no understanding of why we turn actors into celebrities."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.out.com/entertainment/theater/2011/03/27/ben-whishaw-mysterious-skin?page=0,1|work=[[Out (magazine)|Out]]|first=Gareth|last=McLean|title=Ben Whishaw: Mysterious Skin|date=27 March 2011}}</ref> Whishaw entered a ceevil pairtnership wi the [[Australie]]n composer Mark Bradshaw in August 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-2384165/Bond-star-marries-gay-partner--happy-proud.html|title=Bond star 'marries' his gay partner – and they are both 'so happy and proud'|work=MailOnline|first1=Charlotte|last1=Griffiths|first2=Elizabeth|last2=Sanderson|date=3 August 2013|accessdate=4 August 2013|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/05/ben-whishaw-comes-out-gay_n_3706827.html|work=Huffington Post|first=Cavan|last=Sieczkowski|title=James Bond Actor Officially Comes Out, Reveals He's Married}}</ref> In 2014 he spoke in public aboot comin oot as gay, sayin it wis a tense experience for him but "everyone was surprisingly lovely".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Selby|first1=Jenn|title=Ben Whishaw on the 'courage' it takes to come out as gay|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/ben-whishaw-on-the-courage-it-takes-to-come-out-as-gay-9646122.html|accessdate=14 February 2015|work=The Independent|date=4 August 2014}}</ref> == Filmography == === Film === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Notes |- | 1999 | ''[[The Trench (film)|The Trench]]'' | Pte. James Deamis |- | 1999 | ''The Escort'' | Jay |- | 2001 | ''Baby'' | Little Joe | Short film |- | 2001 | ''My Brother Tom'' | Tom | [[British Independent Film Award]] for Most Promising Newcomer<br> [[Kinotavr|Sochi International Film Festival Award for Best Actor]] |- | 2002 | ''Spiritual Rampage'' | Short film |- | 2003 | ''[[Ready When You Are Mr. McGill]]'' | Bruno |- | 2003 | ''[[The Booze Cruise]]'' | Daniel |- | 2004 | ''77 Beds'' | Ishmael | Short film |- | 2004 | ''[[Enduring Love (film)|Enduring Love]]'' | Spud |- | 2004 | ''[[Layer Cake (film)|Layer Cake]]'' | Sidney |- | 2005 | ''[[Stoned (film)|Stoned]]'' | [[Keith Richards]] |- | 2006 | ''[[Perfume: The Story of a Murderer (film)|Perfume: The Story of a Murderer]]'' | Jean-Baptiste Grenouille | [[Bambi (prize)|Bambi Award for Best Film{{Spaced en dash}} National]] <small>(shared wi [[Bernd Eichinger]] and [[Tom Tykwer]])</small><br> Nominated{{Spaced en dash}}[[Rising Star Award, BAFTA|British Academy Film Award for Rising Star]]<br> Nominated{{Spaced en dash}} [[European Film Award for Best Actor]] |- | 2007 | ''[[I'm Not There]]'' | Arthur | [[Independent Spirit Awards|Independent Spirit Award for Best Cast]] |- | 2008 | ''[[Brideshead Revisited (film)|Brideshead Revisited]]'' | [[Sebastian Flyte]] |- | 2009 | ''[[The International (2009 film)|The International]]'' | Rene Antall |- | 2009 | ''[[Bright Star (film)|Bright Star]]'' | [[John Keats]] |- | 2009 | ''Love Hate'' | Tom | Short film |- | 2010 | ''[[The Tempest (2010 film)|The Tempest]]'' | [[Ariel (The Tempest)|Ariel]] |- | 2012 | ''[[Skyfall]]'' | [[Q (James Bond)|Q]] |- | 2012 | ''[[Cloud Atlas (film)|Cloud Atlas]]'' | Cabin Boy<br> Robert Frobisher<br> Store Clerk<br> Georgette<br> Tribesman |- | 2013 | ''Beat''<ref>[http://59productions.co.uk/project/beat_film] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723003134/http://59productions.co.uk/project/beat_film|date=2013-07-23}} . 59 Productions</ref> | Unkent | Short film |- | 2013 | ''[[The Zero Theorem]]'' | Doctor 3 |- | 2013 | ''Teenage''<ref>[http://www.teenagefilm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424234408/http://www.teenagefilm.com/ |date=2013-04-24 }} teenagefilm.com</ref> | Narrator | Documentary |- | 2013 | ''[[Days and Nights]]'' | Eric<ref>[https://twitter.com/therealcamrgo/status/204732839961436160] Twitter: Christian Camargo</ref> |- | 2014 | ''[[Lilting (film)|Lilting]]'' | Richard<ref name="hamiltonhodell.co.uk">[http://www.hamiltonhodell.co.uk/cv/client_ben-whishaw_id_100196.htm] hamiltonhodell.co.uk</ref> |- | 2014 | ''[[Paddington (film)|Paddington]]'' | [[Paddington Bear]] | Voice |- | 2015 | ''The Muse''<ref>[https://www.wearecolony.com/the-muse] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525232745/https://www.wearecolony.com/the-muse/|date=2015-05-25}} wearecolony.com</ref> | Edward Dunstan | Short film |- | 2015 | ''[[The Lobster]]'' | Limping Man | Nominated – [[BIFA Award for Best Supporting Actor]] |- | 2015 | ''[[Unity (film)|Unity]]''<ref>{{cite web|author1=Dave McNary|title=Documentary ‘Unity’ Set for 12 August Release with 100 Star Narrators|url=https://variety.com/2015/film/news/documentary-unity-set-for-aug-12-release-with-100-star-narrators-1201477200/|publisher=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|accessdate=May 1, 2015|date=April 22, 2015}}</ref> | Narrator | Documentary |- | 2015 | ''[[Suffragette (film)|Suffragette]]'' | Sonny |- | 2015 | ''[[The Danish Girl (film)|The Danish Girl]]'' | Henrik |- | 2015 | ''[[Spectre (2015 film)|Spectre]]'' | Q |- | 2015 | ''[[In the Heart of the Sea (film)|In the Heart of the Sea]]'' | [[Herman Melville]] |- | 2016 | ''[[A Hologram for the King (film)|A Hologram for the King]]'' | Dave |- | 2017 | ''[[Paddington 2]]''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/777311-hugh-grant-and-brendan-gleeson-join-paddington-2-as-filming-begins#/slide/1|title=Hugh Grant and Brendan Gleeson Join Paddington 2|date=2016-10-18|newspaper=ComingSoon.net|access-date=2017-02-11|language=en-US}}</ref> | Paddington Bear | Voice; post-production |- | 2018 | ''[[Mary Poppins Returns]]'' | Michael Banks |Filmin |} === Telly === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Notes |- | 2000 | ''Black Cab'' | Ryan | Episode: "Work" |- | 2000 | ''[[Other People's Children (TV series)|Other People's Children]]'' | Sully | 4 episodes |- | 2005 | ''[[Nathan Barley]]'' | Pingu | 6 episodes |- | 2008 | ''[[Criminal Justice (TV series)|Criminal Justice]]'' | Ben Coulter | 5 episodes<br> [[International Emmy Award for best actor]]<br> [[Royal Television Society|Royal Television Society Award for Best Actor]]<br> Nominated{{Spaced en dash}} [[British Academy Television Award for Best Actor]] |- | 2011–12 | ''[[The Hour (BBC TV series)|The Hour]]'' | Freddie Lyon | 12 episodes<br> Nominated – [[Broadcasting Press Guild]] Best Actor (2013) |- | 2012 | ''[[Richard II (2012 film)|Richard II]]'' | [[Richard II o Ingland]] | Telly film<br> Nominated – [[Broadcasting Press Guild]] Best Actor<br> [[British Academy Television Award]] Leadin Actor |- | 2014 | ''[[Playhouse Presents]]'' | Ezra | Episode: "Foxtrot" |- | 2015 | ''[[London Spy]]'' | Danny | 5 episodes<br> Nominated – [[British Academy Television Award for Best Actor]] |- | 2017 | ''Queers'' | Perce | Episode: "The Man on the Platform"<br> BBC4 TV monologue written bi [[Mark Gatiss]] |- | 2018 | ''[[A Very English Scandal (TV series)|A Very English Scandal]]'' | [[Thorpe affair#Josiffe, later named Scott|Norman Scott]] |} === Stage === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" ! Year ! Title ! Role ! Theatre ! Notes |- | 2003 | [[His Dark Materials (play)|''His Dark Materials'']] | Brother Jasper | [[Royal National Theatre]] |- | 2004 | ''[[Hamlet]]'' | Hamlet | [[Old Vic]] | Ian Charleson Award Third Prize 2005<br> Nominated – [[Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor]]<br> Nominated – [[South Bank Sky Arts Award]] for Breakthrough Artist<br> Nominated – [[Evening Standard Award]] for Outstanding Newcomer<br> Nominated – What's On Stage Theatregoers Choice Awards for Best Actor |- | 2005 | ''[[Mercury Fur]]'' | Elliot | [[Paines Plough]] at the [[Menier Chocolate Factory]] |- | 2006 | ''[[The Seagull]]'' | Konstantin | [[Royal National Theatre]] |- | 2007 | ''[[Leaves of Glass]]'' | Steven | [[Soho Theatre]] |- | 2008 | ''...some trace of her'' | [[Prince Myshkin]] | [[Royal National Theatre]] |- | 2009 | ''[[Mike Bartlett (playwright)|Cock]] '' | John | [[Royal Court Theatre]] |- | 2010 | ''[[The Pride (play)|The Pride]]'' | Oliver | [[Lucille Lortel Theatre]] |- | 2013 | ''[[Peter and Alice]]'' | [[Peter Llewelyn Davies]] | [[Noël Coward Theatre]] | Nominated – [[Whatsonstage.com Awards|WhatsOnStage Award]] for Best Actor |- | 2013 | ''[[Mojo (play & film)|Mojo]]'' | Baby | [[Harold Pinter Theatre]] | Nominated – [[Whatsonstage.com Awards|WhatsOnStage Award]] for Best Actor |- | 2015 | ''[[The Bacchae|Bakkhai]]'' | [[Dionysus]] | [[Almeida Theatre]] |- |2016 |''[[The Crucible]]'' | [[John Proctor (Salem witch trials)|John Proctor]] | [[Walter Kerr Theatre]] | [[Theatre World Award]] |- |2017 |''Against'' | Luke | [[Almeida Theatre]] |- |2018 |''[[Julius Caesar (play)|Julius Caesar]]'' | Brutus | [[Bridge Theatre]] |} === Radio === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" ! Year ! Title ! Role |- | 2004 | ''Arthur'' | Arthur |- | 2006 | ''[[Look Back in Anger]]'' | Jimmy Porter |- | 2011 | ''Cock'' | John |} == References == {{reflist|30em}} == External links == * {{IMDb name|0924210|id=0924210}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Whishaw, Ben}} [[Category:1980 births]] [[Category:20t-century Inglis male actors]] [[Category:21st-century Inglis male actors]] [[Category:Alumni o the Ryal Academy o Dramatic Airt]] [[Category:Breetish male film actors]] [[Category:Breetish male radio actors]] [[Category:Breetish male stage actors]] [[Category:Breetish male televeesion actors]] [[Category:Breetish fowk o Inglis strynd]] [[Category:Breetish fowk o French strynd]] [[Category:Breetish fowk o German strynd]] [[Category:Breetish fowk o Roushie strynd]] [[Category:Inglis male film actors]] [[Category:Inglis male radio actors]] [[Category:Inglis male stage actors]] [[Category:Inglis male televeesion actors]] [[Category:Inglis fowk o French strynd]] [[Category:Inglis fowk o German strynd]] [[Category:Gay actors]] [[Category:LGBT enterteeners frae Ingland]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] jk61q854w9su57nv8zsgrh6wp6yjpe8 0 182133 926847 889601 2026-11-08T18:53:14Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; Kerr effect explained, his life addit, soorced 926847 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist | known_for = [[Kerr effect]] | name = John Kerr (physicist) | image = John Kerr (physicist).jpg | caption = John Kerr, c. 1860, photograph bi [[Thomas Annan]] | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1824|12|17}} | birth_place = [[Ardrossan]], Scotland | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1907|8|15|1824|12|17}} | death_place = [[Glesga]], Scotland }} '''John Kerr''' [[Fellae o the Ryal Society|FRS]] (17 December 1824 – 15 August 1907) wis a Scots [[physicist]] an a pioneer in the field o electro-optics. He is best kent for findin whit is nou cried the Kerr effect: in 1875 he shawed that solid an liquid dielectrics turn birefringent (split licht intae twa rays) in an electrostatic field.<ref>{{cite journal | author = John Kerr LL.D. | title = A new relation between electricity and light: Dielectrified media birefringent | journal = Philosophical Magazine |series=Series 4 | volume = 50 | issue = 332 | pages = 337–348 |year = 1875 | doi = 10.1080/14786447508641302 }}</ref> He wis born in [[Ardrossan]] an studied in Glesga frae 1841 tae 1846, an at the Theological College o the [[Free Kirk o Scotland]] in Edinburgh in 1849. Frae 1857 he lecturt in mathematics at the Free Church Training College in Glesga, an he deed in [[Glesga]] in 1907.<ref name="ODNB">Steele (2004)</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} === Soorces === {{Refbegin}} * Steele, R. rev. Anita McConnell (2004) "[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/34300 Kerr, John (1824–1907)]", ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]'', Oxford University Press. Retrieved 19 June 2005 {{ODNBsub}} {{Refend}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kerr, John}} [[Category:1824 births]] [[Category:1907 daiths]] [[Category:Fellaes o the Ryal Society]] [[Category:Scots clergy]] [[Category:Scots physicists]] [[Category:Optical physicists]] [[Category:Ryal Medal winners]] {{stub}} ik1hhpxlyyadlcyqp2eins9kw2pda9y 0 182190 926802 895087 2026-11-08T18:15:34Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; hou he got the yerldom addit 926802 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Magnus II''' (d. 1239) wis [[Yerl]] ([[Jarl (teetle)|Jarl]]) o [[Orkney]], the first o the Angus line o yerls.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Orkneyjar - The Earls of Orkney: The Angus Line|url=http://www.orkneyjar.com/history/vikingorkney/angusline.htm|access-date=2023-01-23|website=www.orkneyjar.com|archive-date=2023-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123202215/http://www.orkneyjar.com/history/vikingorkney/angusline.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> King [[Haakon IV o Norawa]] gied him the yerldom in 1236, efter the daith o [[Jon Haraldsson]] in 1231, tho there were ither claimants. He deed three year efter, an his son Gilbert follit him.<ref name="Saint-Clair1862">{{cite book |url=http://fionamsinclair.co.uk/genealogy/isles/EarlsCaithness.htm |title=The Saint-Clairs of the Isles; Being a History of the Sea-Kings of Orkney and Their Scottish Successors of the Sirname of Sinclair |publisher=fionamsinclair.co.uk |year=1862 |isbn=978-1-298-50478-4 |chapter=The Earldom of Caithness 871-1476}}</ref> {{S-start}} {{succession box|title=[[Yerl o Orkney]]|before=Vacant<br><small>Last occupied bi [[Jon Haraldsson]]</small>|after=[[Gilbert, Yerl o Orkney|Gilbert]]|years=1236&ndash;1239}} {{S-end}}{{stub/Orkney}} == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:1239 daiths]] [[Category:Yerls o Orkney|Magnus II]] [[Category:Fowk frae Angus]] [[Category:13t-century Scots fowk]] [[Category:Year o birth unkent]] [[Category:Mormaers o Caithness]] ad4wluly4wpe20oqxlpxk3sahyo4arp 0 182266 926810 907097 2026-11-08T18:27:20Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; soorces addit 926810 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Andrew Moray | honorific-suffix = | image = | caption = | office = | term_start = | term_end = | alongside = | predecessor = | successor = | birth_date = | birth_place = | death_date = sometime in late 1297 | death_place = | death_cause = wounds he got at the [[Battle o Stirlin Brig]] | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = | nationality = Scottish | children = [[Sir Andrew Murray]], later laird o Petty an Boddle, an Gairdian o Scotland. | parents = Faither: [[Andrew Moray (justiciar)|Sir Andrew Moray o Petty]], d. 8 April 1298<br /> Mither: unnamed dauchter o [[John I Comyn, Laird o Badenoch|John (I) Comyn o Badenoch]] | relations = Uncle: Sir William Moray o Boddle, d.c.1300<br /> Uncle: [[David de Moravia|David Moray]], [[bishop o Moray]], d.1326. | alma_mater = | occupation = Militar leader | religion = [[Roman Catholicism]] | signature = <!--Military service--> | nickname = | allegiance = [[Kinrick o Scotland]] | branch = | serviceyears = 1297 | rank = Commander | commands = | battles = '''[[First War o Scots Unthirldom]]:''' * [[Battle o Stirlin Brig]] }} '''Andrew Moray''' ([[French]]: ''Andreu de Moray''; {{lang-la|Andreas de Moravia}}), forby kent as '''Andrew de Moray''', '''Andrew o Moray''', or '''Andrew Murray''', an esquire,<ref>Barrow, Robert Bruce, fourth edition, p. 98.</ref> wis prominent in the [[Scots Wars o Unthirldom]]. In the early simmer o 1297 he raised a sma baund at Avoch Castle on the Black Isle tae fecht King [[Edward I o Ingland]],<ref name="Barrow1">Barrow, Robert Bruce, p. 98</ref> an soon won back the north o [[Scotland]] for King [[John Balliol]]. He then jyned his men wi the forces led bi [[William Wallace]], an on 11 September 1297 the twa led the combined airmy tae victory at the [[Battle o Stirlin Brig]]. Moray wis sair woundit in the fechtin, an deed at an unkent date an place later that year.<ref>Andrew Fisher, "Murray, Andrew (d. 1297)", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 2004 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/50013, accessed 2 Aug 2007]</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Moray, Andrew}} [[Category:1297 daiths]] [[Category:Scots generals]] [[Category:Scots Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Scots fowk o the Wars o Scots Unthirldom]] [[Category:Scots rebels]] [[Category:Fowk frae Ross an Cromarty]] [[Category:Scots escapees]] [[Category:Scots pre-union militar personnel killt in action]] [[Category:Gairdians o Scotland]] [[Category:Year o birth unkent]] {{stub}} j09e75ybo5b9pihot0da5cg1z3lyiz7 0 182808 926790 896099 2026-11-08T18:11:05Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 926790 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:River Tummel near Pitlochry - geograph.org.uk - 40694.jpg|thumb|275px|River Tummel]] The '''River Tummel''' ({{lang-gd|Teimhil / Abhainn Teimhil}}) is a [[river]] in [[Perth an Kinross]], [[Scotland]], an a tributary o the River Tay.<ref>{{Cite web|title=River Tummel from The Gazetteer for Scotland|url=https://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst3349.html|access-date=2024-06-27|website=www.scottish-places.info|language=en-gb}}</ref> {{coord|56|38|N|3|40|W|display=title|region:GB_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}} {{Stub/Scotland}} == References == <references /> [[Category:Rivers o Scotland]] javhkmy23mt1651u1cfyhspneesbgy2 926791 926790 2026-11-08T18:11:55Z Monospaced 75295 Fix Gaelic twa time 926791 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:River Tummel near Pitlochry - geograph.org.uk - 40694.jpg|thumb|275px|River Tummel]] The '''River Tummel''' ({{lang-gd|Abhainn Teimhil}}) is a [[river]] in [[Perth an Kinross]], [[Scotland]], an a tributary o the River Tay.<ref>{{Cite web|title=River Tummel from The Gazetteer for Scotland|url=https://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst3349.html|access-date=2024-06-27|website=www.scottish-places.info|language=en-gb}}</ref> {{coord|56|38|N|3|40|W|display=title|region:GB_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}} {{Stub/Scotland}} == References == <references /> [[Category:Rivers o Scotland]] tq3rd0ntgo50cauuk23oztpf3zqo2nk 0 183054 926835 866155 2026-11-08T18:47:50Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; God Help the Girl addit, soorced 926835 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | name = Stuart Murdoch | background = solo_singer | image = StuartMurdoch-LA.jpg | landscape = yes | caption = Murdoch performin in Los Angeles in 2003 | alias = Stewpot<ref>[http://www.belleandsebastian.com/?MemberName=Stuart Belle & Sebastian<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1968|8|25}} | origin = [[Clairkstoyn, East Renfrewshire|Clairkstoun]], East Renfrewshire, Scotland | genre = [[Indie pop]] | occupation = Muisicker | instrument = Vocals<br/>guitar<br>Piano<br/>Keybuird | associated_acts = [[Belle & Sebastian]]<br />[[God Help the Girl]] }} '''Stuart Lee Murdoch''' (born 25 August 1968) is a [[Scots fowk|Scots]] muisicker, writer an filmmaker,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-06-22|title=Los Angeles Review of Books|url=https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/all-the-poets-musicians-on-writing-stuart-murdoch/|access-date=2022-05-10|website=Los Angeles Review of Books|language=en}}</ref> an the lead sangster an sangwriter for the [[indie pop]] baund {{lang|en|Belle and Sebastian}}.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-05-04|title=Belle and Sebastian’s Stuart Murdoch: ‘I love a band. There’s nothing like it’|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/belle-and-sebastian-interview-stuart-murdoch-b2068306.html|access-date=2022-05-10|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref> He wrote an directit the film ''God Help the Girl'', that cam oot in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hertzfeld |first=Laura |date=January 20, 2014 |title=Belle & Sebastian's Stuart Murdoch on 'God Help The Girl': Sundance |url=https://ew.com/article/2014/01/20/sundance-2014-belle-and-sebastian-stuart-murdoch-god-help-the-girl/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502140939/https://ew.com/article/2014/01/20/sundance-2014-belle-and-sebastian-stuart-murdoch-god-help-the-girl/ |archive-date=May 2, 2023 |access-date=May 9, 2024 |website=EW.com |language=en}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Murdoch, Stuart}} [[Category:1968 births]] [[Category:Belle and Sebastian members]] [[Category:Breetish indie pop muisickers]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk wi chronic fatigue syndrome]] [[Category:Scots pop sangsters]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Belmont Academy]] [[Category:Fowk frae Clairkstoun, East Renfrewshire]] {{Stub/Glesga}} {{Stub/Scotland}} k0vyvgr3kz7u05t48wvbipk343q9h9y 0 183295 926786 779499 2026-11-08T18:09:20Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; soorce an links addit 926786 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Loch Steinacleit.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Ruined dun in [[Loch Steinacleit]] on [[Lewis]]]] A '''dun''' is an auncient or medieval fort. In the [[Breetish Isles]] it is maistly a kind o [[hillfort]], an a kind o [[Atlantic roondhoose]] an aw. Monie place nems in Scotland hae the Gaelic wird ''dun'' ("fort") in them, sic as [[Dundee]], [[Dumbarton]] an [[Dunfaurlin]].<ref name="BLITON">{{cite web |last1=James |first1=Alan |title=The Brittonic Language in the Old North |url=https://spns.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Alan_James_Brittonic_Language_in_the_Old_North_BLITON_Volume_II_Dictionary_2020_Edition.pdf |website=Scottish Place Name Society |access-date=28 March 2021}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{Stub}} [[Category:Fortifications in the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Geografie o Scotland]] [[Category:Placename element etymologies]] [[Category:Airchaeology o Scotland]] [[Category:Toponymy]] [[Category:Fortifications bi teep]] [[Category:Fortifications in Ireland]] hpqyyzgx696ci1uqcozx00hfo4psv29 926787 926786 2026-11-08T18:09:54Z Monospaced 75295 Link 926787 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Loch Steinacleit.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Ruined dun in [[Loch Steinacleit]] on [[Lewis]]]] A '''dun''' is an auncient or medieval fort. In the [[Breetish Isles]] it is maistly a kind o [[hillfort]], an a kind o [[Atlantic roondhoose]] an aw. Monie place nems in Scotland hae the [[Scots Gaelic|Gaelic]] wird ''dun'' ("fort") in them, sic as [[Dundee]], [[Dumbarton]] an [[Dunfaurlin]].<ref name="BLITON">{{cite web |last1=James |first1=Alan |title=The Brittonic Language in the Old North |url=https://spns.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Alan_James_Brittonic_Language_in_the_Old_North_BLITON_Volume_II_Dictionary_2020_Edition.pdf |website=Scottish Place Name Society |access-date=28 March 2021}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{Stub}} [[Category:Fortifications in the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Geografie o Scotland]] [[Category:Placename element etymologies]] [[Category:Airchaeology o Scotland]] [[Category:Toponymy]] [[Category:Fortifications bi teep]] [[Category:Fortifications in Ireland]] go7t8nv0p282bjxoy5i96www8zkf4fx 0 183934 926874 926252 2026-11-08T20:15:25Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 926874 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] --> | name = Neil M. Gunn | imagesize = | caption = | pseudonym = | birth_name = Neil Miller Gunn | birth_date = {{Birth date|1891|11|08|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Dunbeath]], [[Caithness]], Scotland | death_date = {{death date and age|1973|01|15|1891|11|08|df=y}} | death_place = | occupation = Novelist | nationality = Scots | citizenship = Breetish | period = | genre = general feection | subject = Scots hielands | movement = 20t century [[Scots Renaissance]] | notableworks = ''The Silver Darlings'' (1941) | spouse = Jessie Dallas Frew (m. 1921- | awards = [[James Tait Black Memorial Prize]] for feection | website = {{URL|http://www.neilgunn.org.uk}} }} '''Neil Miller Gunn''' (8 November 1891 – 15 Januar 1973) wis a Scots novelist, critic an dramatist, an ane o the leadin lichts o the [[Scots Renaissance]] o the 1920s an 1930s. Wi ower twinty novels, Gunn wis arguably the maist influential Scots fiction writer o the first hauf o the 20t century, wi the possible exception o [[Lewis Grassic Gibbon]], the pen nem o James Leslie Mitchell.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Wittig|first=Kurt|title=The Scottish Tradition in Literature|publisher=The Mercat Press|year=1978|pages=325}}</ref> Lik his contemporary [[Hugh MacDiarmid]], Gunn wis commitit tae the ideals o baith Scots naitionalism an socialism. His fiction deals maistly wi the Hieland communities an the landscapes o their fowk.<ref name=":0" /> Unlik MacDiarmid an his follaers, he chose tae write near anerly in Inglis raither nor Scots or Gaelic, but his style o writin wis strangly influenced bi them.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BBC Two - Writing Scotland - Episode guide|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00mr8yj/episodes/guide|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927205147/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00mr8yj/episodes/guide|archive-date=2022-09-27|access-date=2023-01-29|website=BBC|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Neil M. Gunn profile|url=http://birlinn.co.uk/author/details/Neil-M--Gunn-742|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220015757/http://birlinn.co.uk/author/details/Neil-M--Gunn-742/|archive-date=2012-02-20|access-date=2023-01-29|website=Birlinn Limited}}</ref> Gunn haed aicht brithers an sisters, an whan he feenished his primary schuilin in 1904, he flittit sooth tae bide wi his aulder sister Mary an her man, the local doctor in [[St John's Toun o Dalry]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-06-16|title=About Neil Gunn|url=https://neilgunntrust.org/about-neil-gunn-2/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208062626/https://neilgunntrust.org/about-neil-gunn-2/|archive-date=2022-12-08|access-date=2023-01-29|website=Neil Gunn Trust|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Alan Riach {{!}} Neil M.Gunn Light in the North 2021|url=https://www.lightinthenorth.com/alan-riach|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129120624/https://www.lightinthenorth.com/alan-riach|archive-date=2023-01-29|access-date=2023-01-29|website=LIGHTINTHENORTH|language=en}}</ref> He cairied on his eddication thare wi tutors, the local schuilmaister an the writer an bard J.G. Carter ("''Theodore Mayne''"). He sat the civil service exams in 1907, an this teuk him tae [[Lunnon]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=BBC Two - Writing Scotland - Neil M Gunn|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/profiles/2SMhK7YlrfpdsCQVyNpPQ4Q/neil-m-gunn|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922110932/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/profiles/2SMhK7YlrfpdsCQVyNpPQ4Q/neil-m-gunn|archive-date=2022-09-22|access-date=2023-01-29|website=BBC|language=en-GB}}</ref> ; Novels * ''The Grey Coast'' (1926) * ''The Lost Glen'' (1928) * ''Morning Tide'' (1930) * ''The Poaching at Grianan'' (1930 as serial in ''Scots Magazine'') (2005) * ''Sun Circle'' (1933) * ''Butcher's Broom'' (1934) * ''Highland River'' (1937) * ''Wild Geese Overhead'' (1939) * ''Second Sight'' (c1940) * ''The Silver Darlings'' (1941) * ''Young Art and Old Hector'' (1942) * ''The Serpent'' (1943) * ''The Green Isle of the Great Deep'' (1944) * ''The Key of the Chest'' (1945) * ''The Drinking Well'' (1946) * ''The Silver Bough'' (1948) * ''The Shadow'' (1948) * ''The Lost Chart'' (1949) * ''The Well at the World's End'' (1951) * ''Blood Hunt'' (1952) * ''The Other Landscape'' (1954) ; Short stories * ''Hidden Doors'' (1929) * ''The White Hour'' (1950) ; Essays an autobiography * ''Whisky & Scotland: a practical and spiritual survey'' (1935) * ''Off in a Boat'' (1938) * ''Highland Pack'' (1949) * ''The Atom of Delight'' (1956) * ''Landscape to Light'' (wi Alistair McCleery an Dairmid Gunn) {{Authority control}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gunn, Neil M.}} [[Category:1891 births]] [[Category:1973 daiths]] [[Category:Scots men novelists]] [[Category:Scots essayists]] [[Category:Fowk frae Caithness]] [[Category:James Tait Black Memorial Prize recipients]] [[Category:20t-century Scots writers]] [[Category:Place o daith missin]] [[Category:20t-century essayists]] [[Category:20t-century male writers]] 704dws9gaj5x95h62vk1e5fwdjlkxgm 0 183936 926886 785171 2026-11-08T20:20:33Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; her best-kent warks addit, soorced 926886 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] --> | name = Elizabeth Hamilton | image = Elizabeth Hamilton - Writer and educationalist.jpg | imagesize = | alt = | caption = Portrait o Elizabeth Hamilton, 1812, bi Sir [[Henry Raeburn]]. | pseudonym = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1756|7|25}} | birth_place = [[Belfast]], Ireland | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1816|7|23|1756|7|25}} | death_place = [[Harrogate]], Ingland | resting_place = | occupation = Essayist, poet, novelist | language = Inglis | nationality = | citizenship = | education = | alma_mater = | period = | genre = | subject = | movement = | notableworks = ''The Cottagers of Glenburnie'' | spouse = | partner = | relatives = | influences = | influenced = | signature = }} '''Elizabeth Hamilton''' (1756?– 23 July 1816)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/12062 |title=Hamilton, Elizabeth (1756?–1816), novelist and essayist |author=Perkins, Pam |year=2004 |work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |publisher=Oxford University press |accessdate=20 December 2011}}</ref> wis a Scots essayist, [[poet]], satirist an novelist, best kent for ''The Cottagers of Glenburnie'' (1808), a tale o Scots weys o life that luiked hard at the hardships weemen bore in the hame.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Grogan|first=Claire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qNQGDAAAQBAJ&q=David+Manson,+Elizabeth+Hamilton&pg=PA150|title=Politics and Genre in the Works of Elizabeth Hamilton, 1756–1816|date=2016-04-22|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-07852-4|pages=150|language=en}}</ref> In 1800 she published the novel ''Memoirs of Modern Philosophers''.<ref>Ty, Eleanor (1991). [http://ariel.ucalgary.ca/ariel/index.php/ariel/article/view/2409/2363 "Female Philosophy Refunctioned: Elizabeth Hamilton's Parodic Novel"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821175151/http://ariel.ucalgary.ca/ariel/index.php/ariel/article/view/2409/2363|date=21 August 2016}} ''Ariel'', Vol. 22, pp. 111–129.</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{Stub/Scotland}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hamilton, Elizabeth}} [[Category:Fowk frae Belfast]] [[Category:Scots weemen novelists]] [[Category:Scots essayists]] [[Category:Scots satirists]] [[Category:Weemen o the Regency era]] [[Category:1756 births]] [[Category:1816 daiths]] [[Category:18t-century Scots writers]] [[Category:18t-century Breetish weemen writers]] [[Category:19t-century Breetish weemen writers]] [[Category:19t-century Scots writers]] [[Category:18t-century Scots novelists]] [[Category:Breetish weemen essayists]] [[Category:Weemen satirists]] [[Category:Scots weemen poets]] 6ayvz9gj92istk9jf0qm8z5lp9c3ilf 0 183946 926865 785172 2026-11-08T20:10:07Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; Munross, Kafka an the Voss award addit, soorced 926865 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | name = Willa Muir | image = | caption = | birth_date = {{birth date|1890|3|13|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Montrose, Angus|Montrose]], Scotland | death_date = {{death date and age|1970|5|22|1890|3|13|df=y}} | occupation = Novelist, essayist, translator | language = Inglis | nationality = Scotland | genre = [[Fiction]], [[novelle]], [[short story]], [[essay]] | movement = [[Modrenist leeteratur|Modrenism]] | notableworks = ''Imagined Corners'', ''Mrs Ritchie'', ''Women: An Inquiry'', ''The Trial'' (translator) }} '''Willa Muir''' (born '''Willa Anderson'''; 13 Mairch 1890 – 22 Mey 1970), kent as '''Agnes Neill Scott''' an aw, wis a Scots novelist, essayist an owersetter.<ref name="bd">Beth Dickson, '' British women writers : a critical reference guide'' edited by [[Janet Todd]]. New York : Continuum, 1989. {{ISBN|0804433348}}; (p. 487-9).</ref> She wis brocht up in [[Munross]], an her parents cam frae [[Unst]] in [[Shetland]]; the Shetland dialect o [[Scots leid|Scots]] wis spak at hame.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dangerouswomenproject.org/2016/10/30/willa-muir/|title=Willa Muir|last=Palmer McCulloch|first=Margery|date=30 October 2016|work=Scottish PEN: Dangerous Women project|access-date=6 March 2019}}</ref> Wi her man, Edwin Muir, she owerset the warks o Franz Kafka an ither German-leid writers intae Inglis.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Belonging|last=Muir|first=Willa|publisher=Hogarth Press|year=1968|location=London|pages=150}}</ref> In 1958 Willa an Edwin Muir war gien the first Johann-Heinrich-Voss Translation Award.<ref>[http://www.deutscheakademie.de/preise_voss.html Homepage of the Johann Heinrich Voss Prize with List of Award-Winners] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115232504/http://www.deutscheakademie.de/preise_voss.html |date=15 November 2012 }} {{in lang|de}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{Stub/Scotland}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Muir, Willa}} [[Category:Scots essayists]] [[Category:Scots novelists]] [[Category:Scots weemen novelists]] [[Category:Scots translators]] [[Category:Scots feminists]] [[Category:1890 births]] [[Category:1970 daiths]] [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o St Andras]] [[Category:Fowk frae Montrose, Angus]] [[Category:Breetish weemen essayists]] [[Category:Translators o Franz Kafka]] eh06hrh5m17qqf0hpf0n8v24hnery9l 0 187797 926801 804672 2026-11-08T18:15:17Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; the Howlat addit 926801 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person wikidata}} '''Richard Holland''' or '''Richard de Holande''' (deed in or efter 1483) wis a [[Scotland|Scots]] cleric an poet, author o the ''[[Buke of the Howlat]]''.<ref>{{cite ODNB|id=13537|title=Holland, Richard|first=C.|last=Edington}}</ref> His poem ''The Buke of the Howlat'', written aboot 1450, shaws his devotion tae the Douglases, an is dedicate tae Lady Elizabeth Douglas at Darnaway Castle in Moray.<ref name=WWNLS>{{cite web |url= https://wee-windaes.nls.uk/the-buke-of-the-howlat/ |title= The Buke of the Howlat |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website= National Library of Scotland |publisher= |access-date= 24 March 2026 |quote=}}</ref> He wis secretar or chaplain tae [[Archibald Douglas, Yerl o Moray]], an when the Douglases fell he gaed tae [[Orkney]] an syne tae [[Shetland]].{{fact}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Makars}} {{Authority control}} {{Stub/Scotland}} {{Stub/Leid}} {{Stub/Makar}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Holland, Richard}} [[Category:15t-century daiths]] [[Category:Scots Makars]] [[Category:Scots poets]] [[Category:Scots clergy]] [[Category:Fowk associatit wi Orkney]] [[Category:Fowk associatit wi Shetland]] [[Category:Shetland writers]] [[Category:Scots Renaissance writers]] [[Category:Year o birth unkent]] [[Category:15t-century Scots writers]] [[Category:15t-century Scots poets]] [[Category:Early Scots poets]] [[Category:Middle Scots poets]] rrd0rt7a3m7edjr0ps5tvtw0sfsww10 0 189860 927105 901634 2026-11-08T22:42:45Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; soorced paragraph addit 927105 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | show_name = Adventure Time | image = Adventure Time - Title card.png | alt = | show_name_2 = Adventure Time with<br>Finn & Jake | genre = [[Comedy]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Sava |first=Oliver |title=Beneath ''Adventure Time''{{'}}s Weirdness Lies Surprising Emotional Complexity |url=http://www.avclub.com/article/beneath-iadventure-timesi-weirdness-lies-surprisin-103956 |website=The A.V. Club |date=October 9, 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203050227/http://www.avclub.com/article/beneath-iadventure-timesi-weirdness-lies-surprisin-103956 |archivedate=December 3, 2013 |dead-url=no |quote=''Adventure Time'' has become deeply entrenched in the comedy community. |df=mdy-all }}</ref><br>[[Fantasy]]<ref name=fantasty2future/><br>[[Adventure fiction|Adventure]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Perlmutter|first=David|title=America Toons In|url=https://archive.org/details/americatoonsinhi0000perl|date=2014|publisher=McFarland & Company|place=Jefferson, North Carolina|isbn=978-1-4766-1488-5|p=[https://archive.org/details/americatoonsinhi0000perl/page/346 346]|quote=In the manner of Robert E. Howard's ''[[Conan the Barbarian|Conan]]'', this duo peddles their heroic skills&nbsp;... and consequently they enter into a variety of adventurous situations.}}</ref><br>[[Science fiction]]<ref name=fantasty2future>{{cite news|last=Whalen|first=Andrew|title='Adventure Time: Islands' Review: Most Futures Are Dark In New Season 8 Episodes, Life|url=http://www.idigitaltimes.com/adventure-time-islands-review-most-futures-are-dark-new-season-8-episodes-life-580834|work=iDigitalTimes|date=January 26, 2017|quote=''Adventure Time: Islands'' stands as the full fruition of ''Adventure Time''{{'}}s slow embrace of science fiction&nbsp;... At first ''Adventure Time'' was post-apocalyptic: a far-flung fantasy future in which magic has returned&nbsp;... but ''Islands'' opens a new phase in the series' science fiction storytelling by confronting the human race head-on.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225142903/http://www.idigitaltimes.com/adventure-time-islands-review-most-futures-are-dark-new-season-8-episodes-life-580834|archivedate=February 25, 2017|dead-url=no}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225142903/http://www.idigitaltimes.com/adventure-time-islands-review-most-futures-are-dark-new-season-8-episodes-life-580834 |date=2017-02-25 }}</ref> | creator = [[Pendleton Ward]] | director = Larry Leichliter{{efn|name=note1|Larry Leichliter served as director till the fift-series episode "Bad Little Boy". Efter this episode, the term wis phased oot in favour o "superveesin director", an the follaein hae served in this role: Nate Cash (series 5), Adam Muto (series 5{{en dash}}9), Elizabeth Ito (series 5{{en dash}}9), Kent Osborne (series 6), Andres Salaff (series 6{{en dash}}8), Cole Sanchez (series 6, 8{{en dash}}10), an Diana Lafyatis (series 10). Guest directors for the series hae includit: David OReilly ("A Glitch Is a Glitch"), Masaaki Yuasa ("Food Chain"), David Ferguson ("Water Park Prank"), an Kristen Lepore ("Bad Jubies"). Houiver, the term "airt director" wis reteened; Nick Jennings (series 1{{en dash}}6) an Sandra Lee (series 6{{en dash}}10) hae served in this capacity.}} | creative_director = Patrick McHale{{efn|name=note2|Anerly for series 1{{en dash}}2.}}<br/>Cole Sanchez{{efn|name=note3|Anerly for series 2{{en dash}}3.}}<br/>Adam Muto{{efn|name=note4|Anerly for series 3{{en dash}}5.}}<br/>Nate Cash{{efn|name=note4}} | voices = [[Jeremy Shada]]<br/>[[John DiMaggio]]<br/>[[Hynden Walch]]<br/>Niki Yang<br/>[[Tom Kenny]]<br/>Olivia Olson<br/>Dee Bradley Baker<br/>Pendleton Ward<br/>Polly Lou Livingston<br/>Jessica DiCicco<br/>Maria Bamford | opentheme = "Adventure Time", performed bi Pendleton Ward | endtheme = "The Island Song", performed bi Ashley Eriksson | composer = Casey James Basichis<br/>Tim Kiefer | country = Unitit States | num_seasons = 10{{ref|seasons8-10|‡}} | num_episodes = 283{{efn|name=note5|Ten addeetional shorts (i.e., mini-episodes aboot twa meenits in lenth) war an aa produced.}} | list_episodes = Leet o Adventure Time episodes | executive_producer = Fred Seibert<br/>Derek Drymon{{efn|name=note6|Anerly for series 1.}}<br/>Pendleton Ward{{efn|name=note7|Anerly for series 3{{en dash}}10.}}<br/>Adam Muto{{efn|name=note8|Anerly for series 7{{en dash}}10.}}<br>{{small|'''Co-executive producers:'''}}<br>Adam Muto{{efn|name=note9|Anerly for 2014{{en dash}}15.}} |producer = Kelly Crews<br>Pendleton Ward{{efn|name=note2}}<br>{{small|'''Superveesin producers:'''}}<br>Nick Jennings{{efn|name=note10|Anerly for series 1{{en dash}}6.}}<br>Thurop Van Orman{{efn|name=note2}}<br>Adam Muto{{efn|name=note11|Anerly for 2013{{en dash}}14.}} | runtime = 11 meenits<br/>6 meenits <small>(pilot anerly)</small> | company = Frederator Studios<br/>Cartoon Network Studios | distributor = Warner Bros. Television Distribution | picture_format = 1080i (16:9 [[HDTV]]) | first_run = {{Start date|2007|1|11}} (Nicktoons; pilot) | first_aired = {{Start date|2010|4|5}} | last_aired = {{End date|2018|9|3}} | preceded_by = ''Random! Cartoons'' | related = | website = http://www.cartoonnetwork.com/video/adventuretime/index.html | production_website = http://kingofooo.tumblr.com | image_size = 250 | network = [[Cartoon Network]]<br/>Nicktoons {{small|(pilot anerly)}} }} '''''Adventure Time'''''{{efn|name=note12|In its first series, the shaw wis aften billed as ''Adventure Time with Finn and Jake''<ref name=LATimesReview2>For example, see: {{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2010/apr/05/entertainment/la-et-finn-jake5-2010apr05 |work=The Los Angeles Times|title='Adventure Time With Finn & Jake' Enters a Wild New World |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304231546/http://articles.latimes.com/2010/apr/05/entertainment/la-et-finn-jake5-2010apr05 |archivedate=March 4, 2016 |dead-url=no |first=Robert |last=Lloyd |date=April 5, 2010 |df=mdy-all |quote=''Adventure Time With Finn & Jake'', a new animated series getting its official premiere Monday on the Cartoon Network... }}</ref> acause the producers warna shuir whether thay coud get the richts tae the simpler teetle ''Adventure Time''.<ref>{{cite web|author=Muto, Adam [MrMuto]|date=January 2014|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20140113181832/http://new.spring.me/%23!/daniloobolari/q/545295932506263707|title=For a short time, we weren't sure if we'd be able to use Adventure Time (without "with Finn and Jake") as the official title for the show|url=http://new.spring.me/#!/daniloobolari/q/545295932506263707|archivedate=January 13, 2014|via=Spring.me}}</ref>}} is an American animatit [[Fantasy|fantasy]] telly series makkit bi [[Pendleton Ward]] for [[Cartoon Network]]. It follaes the adventurs o a laddie cried Finn (Jeremy Shada) an his best freend an adoptit brither Jake (John DiMaggio), a dug that can chynge his size an shape whan he likes. Thay bide in the Laund o Ooo, efter an apocalypse. The series grew oot o a seiven-meenit short film that Ward makkit near aw bi himsel, first shawn on Nicktoons Network on Januar 11, 2007.<ref name=anotherera>{{cite web|last=Seibert|first=Fred|title=From Another Era, it Seems Like|url=http://pwcartoons.frederator.com/post/33238852809/from-another-era-it-seems-like-thanks-cartoon|publisher=Frederator|date=October 9, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140623122240/https://jaylopes.tumblr.com/post/33239936178/adventuretime-from-another-era-it-seems-like|archive-date=2014-06-23}}</ref> The series ran on Cartoon Network frae Aprile 5, 2010, an its last episode wis shawn on September 3, 2018, tae great praise.<ref name="ew">{{Cite magazine |title=''Adventure Time'' Finale Review: One of the Greatest TV Shows Ever Had a Soulful, Mind-Expanding Conclusion |url=https://ew.com/tv/2018/09/04/adventure-time-finale-review/ |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |date=September 4, 2018 |access-date=September 4, 2018 |last=Franich |first=Darren |archive-date=May 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521073828/https://ew.com/tv/2018/09/04/adventure-time-finale-review/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Notes== {{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Adventure Time}} [[Category:2010 televeesion series debuts]] [[Category:2010s animated televeesion series]] <!--[[Category:2018 American televeesion series endins]]--><!--Do not add until the series finale has aired!--> [[Category:Televeesion programmes featurin anthropomorphic chairacters]] [[Category:Childer's televeesion series]] [[Category:Animatit adventur televeesion series]] [[Category:Animatit comedy televeesion series]] [[Category:Animatit duos]] [[Category:Animatit fantasie televeesion series]] [[Category:Annie Awaird winners]] [[Category:Boom! Studios titles]] [[Category:Cartoon Network Studios series]] [[Category:Inglis-leid televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Post-apocalyptic televeesion series]] [[Category:Shapeshiftin in feection]] [[Category:Size chynge in feection]] [[Category:Televeesion series aboot freendship]] [[Category:Wizards in televeesion]] dxcz3f4865mpmti3zhsyjbhrtaqipii 927136 927105 2026-11-08T23:15:54Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927136 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox televeesion | show_name = Adventure Time | image = Adventure Time - Title card.png | alt = | show_name_2 = Adventure Time with<br>Finn & Jake | genre = [[Comedy]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Sava |first=Oliver |title=Beneath ''Adventure Time''{{'}}s Weirdness Lies Surprising Emotional Complexity |url=http://www.avclub.com/article/beneath-iadventure-timesi-weirdness-lies-surprisin-103956 |website=The A.V. Club |date=October 9, 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203050227/http://www.avclub.com/article/beneath-iadventure-timesi-weirdness-lies-surprisin-103956 |archivedate=December 3, 2013 |dead-url=no |quote=''Adventure Time'' has become deeply entrenched in the comedy community. |df=mdy-all }}</ref><br>[[Fantasy]]<ref name=fantasty2future/><br>[[Adventure fiction|Adventure]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Perlmutter|first=David|title=America Toons In|url=https://archive.org/details/americatoonsinhi0000perl|date=2014|publisher=McFarland & Company|place=Jefferson, North Carolina|isbn=978-1-4766-1488-5|p=[https://archive.org/details/americatoonsinhi0000perl/page/346 346]|quote=In the manner of Robert E. Howard's ''[[Conan the Barbarian|Conan]]'', this duo peddles their heroic skills&nbsp;... and consequently they enter into a variety of adventurous situations.}}</ref><br>[[Science fiction]]<ref name=fantasty2future>{{cite news|last=Whalen|first=Andrew|title='Adventure Time: Islands' Review: Most Futures Are Dark In New Season 8 Episodes, Life|url=http://www.idigitaltimes.com/adventure-time-islands-review-most-futures-are-dark-new-season-8-episodes-life-580834|work=iDigitalTimes|date=January 26, 2017|quote=''Adventure Time: Islands'' stands as the full fruition of ''Adventure Time''{{'}}s slow embrace of science fiction&nbsp;... At first ''Adventure Time'' was post-apocalyptic: a far-flung fantasy future in which magic has returned&nbsp;... but ''Islands'' opens a new phase in the series' science fiction storytelling by confronting the human race head-on.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225142903/http://www.idigitaltimes.com/adventure-time-islands-review-most-futures-are-dark-new-season-8-episodes-life-580834|archivedate=February 25, 2017|dead-url=no}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225142903/http://www.idigitaltimes.com/adventure-time-islands-review-most-futures-are-dark-new-season-8-episodes-life-580834 |date=2017-02-25 }}</ref> | creator = [[Pendleton Ward]] | director = Larry Leichliter{{efn|name=note1|Larry Leichliter served as director till the fift-series episode "Bad Little Boy". Efter this episode, the term wis phased oot in favour o "superveesin director", an the follaein hae served in this role: Nate Cash (series 5), Adam Muto (series 5{{en dash}}9), Elizabeth Ito (series 5{{en dash}}9), Kent Osborne (series 6), Andres Salaff (series 6{{en dash}}8), Cole Sanchez (series 6, 8{{en dash}}10), an Diana Lafyatis (series 10). Guest directors for the series hae includit: David OReilly ("A Glitch Is a Glitch"), Masaaki Yuasa ("Food Chain"), David Ferguson ("Water Park Prank"), an Kristen Lepore ("Bad Jubies"). Houiver, the term "airt director" wis reteened; Nick Jennings (series 1{{en dash}}6) an Sandra Lee (series 6{{en dash}}10) hae served in this capacity.}} | creative_director = Patrick McHale{{efn|name=note2|Anerly for series 1{{en dash}}2.}}<br/>Cole Sanchez{{efn|name=note3|Anerly for series 2{{en dash}}3.}}<br/>Adam Muto{{efn|name=note4|Anerly for series 3{{en dash}}5.}}<br/>Nate Cash{{efn|name=note4}} | voices = [[Jeremy Shada]]<br/>[[John DiMaggio]]<br/>[[Hynden Walch]]<br/>Niki Yang<br/>[[Tom Kenny]]<br/>Olivia Olson<br/>Dee Bradley Baker<br/>Pendleton Ward<br/>Polly Lou Livingston<br/>Jessica DiCicco<br/>Maria Bamford | opentheme = "Adventure Time", performed bi Pendleton Ward | endtheme = "The Island Song", performed bi Ashley Eriksson | composer = Casey James Basichis<br/>Tim Kiefer | country = Unitit States | num_seasons = 10{{ref|seasons8-10|‡}} | num_episodes = 283{{efn|name=note5|Ten addeetional shorts (i.e., mini-episodes aboot twa meenits in lenth) war an aa produced.}} | list_episodes = Leet o Adventure Time episodes | executive_producer = Fred Seibert<br/>Derek Drymon{{efn|name=note6|Anerly for series 1.}}<br/>Pendleton Ward{{efn|name=note7|Anerly for series 3{{en dash}}10.}}<br/>Adam Muto{{efn|name=note8|Anerly for series 7{{en dash}}10.}}<br>{{small|'''Co-executive producers:'''}}<br>Adam Muto{{efn|name=note9|Anerly for 2014{{en dash}}15.}} |producer = Kelly Crews<br>Pendleton Ward{{efn|name=note2}}<br>{{small|'''Superveesin producers:'''}}<br>Nick Jennings{{efn|name=note10|Anerly for series 1{{en dash}}6.}}<br>Thurop Van Orman{{efn|name=note2}}<br>Adam Muto{{efn|name=note11|Anerly for 2013{{en dash}}14.}} | runtime = 11 meenits<br/>6 meenits <small>(pilot anerly)</small> | company = Frederator Studios<br/>Cartoon Network Studios | distributor = Warner Bros. Television Distribution | picture_format = 1080i (16:9 [[HDTV]]) | first_run = {{Start date|2007|1|11}} (Nicktoons; pilot) | first_aired = {{Start date|2010|4|5}} | last_aired = {{End date|2018|9|3}} | preceded_by = ''Random! Cartoons'' | related = | website = http://www.cartoonnetwork.com/video/adventuretime/index.html | production_website = http://kingofooo.tumblr.com | image_size = 250 | network = [[Cartoon Network]]<br/>Nicktoons {{small|(pilot anerly)}} }} '''''Adventure Time'''''{{efn|name=note12|In its first series, the shaw wis aften billed as ''Adventure Time with Finn and Jake''<ref name=LATimesReview2>For example, see: {{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2010/apr/05/entertainment/la-et-finn-jake5-2010apr05 |work=The Los Angeles Times|title='Adventure Time With Finn & Jake' Enters a Wild New World |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304231546/http://articles.latimes.com/2010/apr/05/entertainment/la-et-finn-jake5-2010apr05 |archivedate=March 4, 2016 |dead-url=no |first=Robert |last=Lloyd |date=April 5, 2010 |df=mdy-all |quote=''Adventure Time With Finn & Jake'', a new animated series getting its official premiere Monday on the Cartoon Network... }}</ref> acause the producers warna shuir whether thay coud get the richts tae the simpler teetle ''Adventure Time''.<ref>{{cite web|author=Muto, Adam [MrMuto]|date=January 2014|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20140113181832/http://new.spring.me/%23!/daniloobolari/q/545295932506263707|title=For a short time, we weren't sure if we'd be able to use Adventure Time (without "with Finn and Jake") as the official title for the show|url=http://new.spring.me/#!/daniloobolari/q/545295932506263707|archivedate=January 13, 2014|via=Spring.me}}</ref>}} is an American animatit [[Fantasy|fantasy]] telly series makkit bi [[Pendleton Ward]] for [[Cartoon Network]]. It follaes the adventurs o a laddie cried Finn (Jeremy Shada) an his best freend an adoptit brither Jake (John DiMaggio), a dug that can chynge his size an shape whan he likes. Thay bide in the Laund o Ooo, efter an apocalypse. The series grew oot o a seiven-meenit short film that Ward makkit near aw bi himsel, first shawn on Nicktoons Network on Januar 11, 2007.<ref name=anotherera>{{cite web|last=Seibert|first=Fred|title=From Another Era, it Seems Like|url=http://pwcartoons.frederator.com/post/33238852809/from-another-era-it-seems-like-thanks-cartoon|publisher=Frederator|date=October 9, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140623122240/https://jaylopes.tumblr.com/post/33239936178/adventuretime-from-another-era-it-seems-like|archive-date=2014-06-23}}</ref> The series ran on Cartoon Network frae Aprile 5, 2010, an its last episode wis shawn on September 3, 2018, tae great praise.<ref name="ew">{{Cite magazine |title=''Adventure Time'' Finale Review: One of the Greatest TV Shows Ever Had a Soulful, Mind-Expanding Conclusion |url=https://ew.com/tv/2018/09/04/adventure-time-finale-review/ |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |date=September 4, 2018 |access-date=September 4, 2018 |last=Franich |first=Darren |archive-date=May 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521073828/https://ew.com/tv/2018/09/04/adventure-time-finale-review/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Notes== {{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Adventure Time}} [[Category:2010 televeesion series debuts]] [[Category:2010s animated televeesion series]] <!--[[Category:2018 American televeesion series endins]]--><!--Do not add until the series finale has aired!--> [[Category:Televeesion programmes featurin anthropomorphic chairacters]] [[Category:Childer's televeesion series]] [[Category:Animatit adventur televeesion series]] [[Category:Animatit comedy televeesion series]] [[Category:Animatit duos]] [[Category:Animatit fantasie televeesion series]] [[Category:Annie Awaird winners]] [[Category:Boom! Studios titles]] [[Category:Cartoon Network Studios series]] [[Category:Inglis-leid televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Post-apocalyptic televeesion series]] [[Category:Shapeshiftin in feection]] [[Category:Size chynge in feection]] [[Category:Televeesion series aboot freendship]] [[Category:Wizards in televeesion]] jrt57vqf8m7eqmnvo5yv1k5g3m1mlxt 0 194174 927282 926411 2026-11-09T11:19:54Z Monospaced 75295 Remove Fix Scots; history rewritten, honours an soorces addit 927282 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Notability}}{{unsoorced}}{{Infobox fitbaw club | clubname = St Cuthbert Wanderers | fullname = Saint Cuthbert Wanderers Football Club | image = File:scwfc.png | nickname = The Saints | founded = 1879 | ground = St Mary's Park, [[Kirkcoubrie]] | capacity = 2,000 | managers = Raymond Gordon and Craig Fraser | league = {{Scottish football updater|StCuthbr}} | season = {{Scottish football updater|StCuthbr2}} | position = {{Scottish football updater|StCuthbr3}} | pattern_la1=_white_hoops|pattern_b1=_whitehoops|pattern_ra1=_white_hoops| leftarm1=0000CC|body1=0000CC|rightarm1=0000CC|shorts1=0000CC|socks1=0000CC| pattern_la2=_blueshoulders|pattern_b2=_blueshoulders|pattern_ra2=_blueshoulders| leftarm2=FFD949|body2=FFD949|rightarm2=FFD949|shorts2=0000CC|socks2=0000CC| }} '''Saint Cuthbert Wanderers Football Club''' is a [[association fitbaw|fitbaw]] club frae the toun o [[Kirkcoubrie]] in the [[Dumfries an Gallowa]] airt o [[Scotland]]. It plays in the [[South of Scotland Football League]]. == History == The club is named efter [[Cuthbert|Saunt Cuthbert o Lindisfarne]], the patron saunt o Kirkcoubrie.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.kirkcudbrightparish.org.uk/history/building.html| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080828023542/http://www.kirkcudbrightparish.org.uk/history/building.html| archive-date = 2008-08-28| title = Kirkcudbright Parish Church of Scotland - History - Church Building}} </ref> St Cuthbert Wanderers is ane o the auldest clubs in the Sooth o Scotland League. It wis formed in 1879 bi members o the congregation o St Cuthbert's Catholic Kirk in the High Street, nou St Andrew an St Cuthbert's. Ae Sunday mornin in 1879, afore [[Mess|Mass]], seiven or aicht men o the congregation got tae talkin aboot formin a fitbaw club. Amang them war Thomas Branney, James Crossan, Michael Crossan, William Flannigan, George Murphy an Wilson Murray. The first meetin wis held in St Cuthbert's schuil shelter, whaur ilka man swore tae save three pund an come back in a month tae get a club gaun. It cost £50 aw thegither tae set the club up, coontin a wheen o gifts frae weel-wishers. Efter a few dances in the kirk's St Andrew's Haw tae raise siller, a last meetin wis cried tae pit a team thegither. Office-bearers war electit: Robert McMonies as chairman, George Murphy as secretar an William Flannigan as treasurer. Efter a few trial gemmes it wis decidit tae cry the club '''St Cuthbert's Wanderers'''. The club broke up in 1886 but wis formed again on 13 October 1890. Later, efter a wheen o freendly gemmes wi local amateur clubs, it wis admittit tae the [[Southern Counties League (Scotland)|Southern Counties League]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.stcuthbertwanderers.co.uk/col.asp?cid=37| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100310015043/http://www.stcuthbertwanderers.co.uk/col.asp?cid=37| archive-date = 2010-03-10| title = St Cuthbert Wanderers FC}} </ref> As a full member o the [[Scottish Football Association]], the club can play in the [[Scottish Cup]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://m.southofscotlandfootballleague.co.uk/?forceTheme=true&theme=Mobile |title=Archived copy |access-date=2019-08-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802185359/http://m.southofscotlandfootballleague.co.uk/%3FforceTheme%3Dtrue%26theme%3DMobile |archive-date=2019-08-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Victorian_lamp_standard_at_St_Andrew_and_St_Cuthbert_Catholic_church_in_Kirkcudbright,_Scotland.jpg|alt=|thumb|218x218px|St Cuthbert's whaur the club wis foondit.]] == Stadium == The Saints, as the club is nicknamed, play thair hame matches at St Mary's Pairk, that haes an offeecial capacity o 848. == Honours == * '''[[South of Scotland Football League]]''' winners: 1927–28, 1928–29, 1934–35, 1935–36, 1936–37, 1954–55, 1956–57, 1958–59, 1970–71, 1973–74, 1980–81, 1995–96, 2015–16, 2021–22 == References == {{reflist}} {{coord|54.83313|-4.060392|region:GB|display=title}} [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Scotland]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Dumfries an Gallowa]] [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1879]] [[Category:St Cuthbert Wanderers F.C.| ]] [[Category:1879 establishments in Scotland]] [[Category:South of Scotland Football League teams]] f0q30572lqz52ii53w104qo9py2xsw3 927283 927282 2026-11-09T11:22:17Z Monospaced 75295 Removing notability: It's an notably auld club wi media airticles. Removing unsoorced: it haes soorces noo. 927283 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox fitbaw club | clubname = St Cuthbert Wanderers | fullname = Saint Cuthbert Wanderers Football Club | image = File:scwfc.png | nickname = The Saints | founded = 1879 | ground = St Mary's Park, [[Kirkcoubrie]] | capacity = 2,000 | managers = Raymond Gordon and Craig Fraser | league = {{Scottish football updater|StCuthbr}} | season = {{Scottish football updater|StCuthbr2}} | position = {{Scottish football updater|StCuthbr3}} | pattern_la1=_white_hoops|pattern_b1=_whitehoops|pattern_ra1=_white_hoops| leftarm1=0000CC|body1=0000CC|rightarm1=0000CC|shorts1=0000CC|socks1=0000CC| pattern_la2=_blueshoulders|pattern_b2=_blueshoulders|pattern_ra2=_blueshoulders| leftarm2=FFD949|body2=FFD949|rightarm2=FFD949|shorts2=0000CC|socks2=0000CC| }} '''Saint Cuthbert Wanderers Football Club''' is a [[association fitbaw|fitbaw]] club frae the toun o [[Kirkcoubrie]] in the [[Dumfries an Gallowa]] airt o [[Scotland]]. It plays in the [[South of Scotland Football League]]. == History == The club is named efter [[Cuthbert|Saunt Cuthbert o Lindisfarne]], the patron saunt o Kirkcoubrie.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.kirkcudbrightparish.org.uk/history/building.html| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080828023542/http://www.kirkcudbrightparish.org.uk/history/building.html| archive-date = 2008-08-28| title = Kirkcudbright Parish Church of Scotland - History - Church Building}} </ref> St Cuthbert Wanderers is ane o the auldest clubs in the Sooth o Scotland League. It wis formed in 1879 bi members o the congregation o St Cuthbert's Catholic Kirk in the High Street, nou St Andrew an St Cuthbert's. Ae Sunday mornin in 1879, afore [[Mess|Mass]], seiven or aicht men o the congregation got tae talkin aboot formin a fitbaw club. Amang them war Thomas Branney, James Crossan, Michael Crossan, William Flannigan, George Murphy an Wilson Murray. The first meetin wis held in St Cuthbert's schuil shelter, whaur ilka man swore tae save three pund an come back in a month tae get a club gaun. It cost £50 aw thegither tae set the club up, coontin a wheen o gifts frae weel-wishers. Efter a few dances in the kirk's St Andrew's Haw tae raise siller, a last meetin wis cried tae pit a team thegither. Office-bearers war electit: Robert McMonies as chairman, George Murphy as secretar an William Flannigan as treasurer. Efter a few trial gemmes it wis decidit tae cry the club '''St Cuthbert's Wanderers'''. The club broke up in 1886 but wis formed again on 13 October 1890. Later, efter a wheen o freendly gemmes wi local amateur clubs, it wis admittit tae the [[Southern Counties League (Scotland)|Southern Counties League]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.stcuthbertwanderers.co.uk/col.asp?cid=37| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100310015043/http://www.stcuthbertwanderers.co.uk/col.asp?cid=37| archive-date = 2010-03-10| title = St Cuthbert Wanderers FC}} </ref> As a full member o the [[Scottish Football Association]], the club can play in the [[Scottish Cup]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://m.southofscotlandfootballleague.co.uk/?forceTheme=true&theme=Mobile |title=Archived copy |access-date=2019-08-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802185359/http://m.southofscotlandfootballleague.co.uk/%3FforceTheme%3Dtrue%26theme%3DMobile |archive-date=2019-08-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Victorian_lamp_standard_at_St_Andrew_and_St_Cuthbert_Catholic_church_in_Kirkcudbright,_Scotland.jpg|alt=|thumb|218x218px|St Cuthbert's whaur the club wis foondit.]] == Stadium == The Saints, as the club is nicknamed, play thair hame matches at St Mary's Pairk, that haes an offeecial capacity o 848. == Honours == * '''[[South of Scotland Football League]]''' winners: 1927–28, 1928–29, 1934–35, 1935–36, 1936–37, 1954–55, 1956–57, 1958–59, 1970–71, 1973–74, 1980–81, 1995–96, 2015–16, 2021–22 == References == {{reflist}} {{coord|54.83313|-4.060392|region:GB|display=title}} [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Scotland]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Dumfries an Gallowa]] [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1879]] [[Category:St Cuthbert Wanderers F.C.| ]] [[Category:1879 establishments in Scotland]] [[Category:South of Scotland Football League teams]] 5otukoa0xs4glc11wedusrenw03lh5b 0 194249 927202 911099 2026-11-09T09:51:05Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; history addit 927202 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox rugby team | teamname = Watsonian Football Club | image = watsonian.jpg | imagesize = 90px | union = [[Scottish Rugby Union]] | fullname = Watsonian Football Club | location = [[Edinburgh]], [[Scotland]] | countryflag = Scotland | founded = {{Start date and age|1875}} | region = | ground = New Myreside | capacity = 5,500<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/rugby-union/38643330 |title=Edinburgh: Myreside 'can be better than Glasgow's Scotstoun' - Andy Irvine |first=Jane |last=Lewis |work=BBC Sport |date=16 January 2017 |accessdate=22 January 2017}}</ref> | chairman = | ceo = | president = {{flagicon|Scotland}} Keith Watters (2014-16) | vice president = {{flagicon|Scotland}} Alistair Wright | captain = Graham Turnbull | coach = {{flagicon|Scotland}} Steven Lawrie (heid) | top scorer = {{flagicon|Scotland}} Gavin Hastings (1203) | caps = {{flagicon|Scotland}} Mark Watters (348) | url = www.watsoniansrugby.com | league = {{Scottish rugby updater|Watsonian}} | season = {{Scottish rugby updater|Watsonian2}} | position = {{Scottish rugby updater|Watsonian3}} | pattern_la1=_white_hoops |pattern_b1=_whitehoops|pattern_ra1=_white_hoops |pattern_so1=|pattern_sh1= | leftarm1=B22222|body1=B22222|rightarm1=B22222|shorts1=FFFFFF|socks1=B22222| | pattern_la2=_maroonhoops2|pattern_b2=_maroonhoops2|pattern_ra2=_maroonhoops2|pattern_so2=|pattern_sh2= | leftarm2=000080|body2=000080|rightarm2=000080|shorts2=|socks2=B22222| }} '''Watsonian Football Club''' is a [[rugby union]] club based in [[Edinburgh]] an pairt o the [[Scottish Rugby Union]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Myreside 'can be better than Scotstoun'|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/rugby-union/38643330|access-date=2022-11-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Watsonian Rugby Club|url=https://watsoniansrugby.com/|access-date=2022-11-16|website=Watsonians RFC|language=en|archive-date=2022-11-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116203108/https://watsoniansrugby.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is ane o a wee nummer o rugby union clubs that can caw itsel a "football club" raither nor a "rugby football club". Atween the 2019–20 an 2023–24 seasons the club ran a professional men's side in the Super 6 league. == History == The club is connectit wi George Watson's College as a club for former pupils, but in the 1980s it chynged its policy an becam a fully open club, that welcomes players whether thay gaed tae the schuil or no. Watsonians played thair first gemme on 30 Januar 1875, a draw against St George. In 1876 the club teuk up the maroon an white colours it weirs the day, an twa year efter it flittit tae Myreside, nemmed efter a local fairm. In 1877 it becam a member o the Scottish Football Union, that becam the SRU in 1924. Watsonians wan thair first Scottish Unofficial Championship in 1891–92, but thair best spell wis atween 1908 an 1914, whan thay wan the championship anither five times. On 4 Mairch 1933 Watsonians appent thair present hame at New Myreside wi a win ower Royal High School FP. Whan the National League stairtit in 1973–74, Watsonians war pit in Division 1. Efter relegation in 1989 the club gaed unbeaten tae win Division II in 1990–91, an it wan the Scottish Championship again in 1997–98. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Watsonians Rfc}} [[Category:Scots rugby union teams]] [[Category:Rugby union in Edinburgh]] [[Category:Sports teams in Edinburgh]] 6rgumcblgu3faqipsncb9b2qupm1w1z 0 194564 926872 814457 2026-11-08T20:14:45Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; birthplace an ghaist stories addit, soorced 926872 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer <!-- For more information see [[:Template:Infobox Writer/doc]]. --> | name = Margaret Oliphant | image = Margaret_Oliphant_Wilson_Oliphant.jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = an 1881 sketch | pseudonym = | birth_name = Margaret Oliphant Wilson | birth_date = {{Birth date|1828|4|4|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Wallyford]], Scotland | death_date = {{Death date and age|1897|6|25|1828|4|4|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Wimbledon, Lunnon]] | resting_place = | occupation = | nationality = | education = | alma_mater = | period = | genre = [[Romance novelle|Romance]] | subject = | movement = | notableworks = | spouse = | partner = | children = | relatives = | influences = | influenced = | awards = | signature = Signature of Margaret Oliphant.jpg }} '''Margaret Oliphant Wilson Oliphant''' (born '''Margaret Oliphant Wilson''') (4 Aprile 1828 – 20 Juin 1897<ref name="Times1897Nov06">{{cite newspaper The Times|url=http://find.galegroup.com/ttda/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=TTDA&userGroupName=hamlib&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=BasicSearchForm&docId=CS235331942&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0|articlename=Wills.-Mrs. Margaret Oliphant Wilson|section=News|date=6 November 1897|page_number=14|issue=35354|accessdate=11 November 2017}}</ref>), wis a [[Leet o Scots novelists|Scots novelist]] an historical writer, that uisually wrote as '''Mrs. Oliphant'''. She wis born at Wallyford, near [[Musselburrae]] in East Lowden.<ref>{{Cite ODNB |last=Jay |first=Elisabeth |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-20712 |title=Oliphant, Margaret Oliphant Wilson (1828–1897), novelist and biographer |date=2004-09-23 |volume=1 |language=en |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/20712|isbn=978-0-19-861412-8 }}</ref> Her fiction covers "domestic realism, the historical novel and tales of the supernatural",<ref>Margaret Oliphant, ''Miss Majoribanks'', ed. Elisabeth Jay. New York: Penguin Classics, 1999, pg. vii.</ref> an amang her ghaist stories is "The Open Door".<ref name="OpenDoor">{{cite magazine |last1=Oliphant |first1=Margaret |date=January 1882 | magazine=Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine |title=The Open Door |url=http://archive.org/details/sim_blackwoods-magazine_1882-01_131_795 |access-date=2026-07-07 |volume=131 |issue=795 |pages=1–30 }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{Stub/Scotland}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Oliphant, Margaret}} [[Category:1828 births]] [[Category:1897 daiths]] [[Category:Fowk frae East Lowden]] [[Category:Scots autobiografers]] [[Category:Scots weemen novelists]] [[Category:Scots historical novelists]] [[Category:Scots horror writers]] [[Category:Victorian novelists]] [[Category:Victorian weemen writers]] [[Category:Victorian writers]] [[Category:Scots weemen writers]] [[Category:Scots writers]] [[Category:19t-century Scots writers]] [[Category:19t-century Breetish novelists]] [[Category:Ghost story writers]] [[Category:Weemen horror writers]] [[Category:19t-century Breetish weemen writers]] [[Category:Weemen historical novelists]] 66p9iae1degatyy1efmioekkhm5dwrd 0 194712 926795 896086 2026-11-08T18:13:28Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; length, fishin an course addit 926795 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:River Deveron Near Inverkeithny - geograph.org.uk - 990270.jpg|thumb|River Deveron near [[Inverkeithny]] ]] The '''River Deveron''' ({{lang-gd|Dubh Èireann}}), kent in auld times as the '''Dovern''', is a river in the north-east o [[Scotland]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=River Deveron from The Gazetteer for Scotland|url=https://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst2651.html|access-date=2024-06-27|website=www.scottish-places.info|language=en-gb}}</ref> It is aboot 60 mile lang, an it is weel kent for its saumon, sea troot an broon troot fishin.<ref name="turriff">{{cite web | title = The Deveron | url = http://www.fishingthedeveron.co.uk/The_Deveron.htm | publisher = Turriff Tackle And Trophies | accessdate = 23 April 2006 }}</ref> It rises in the Ladder Hills an flows throu [[Huntly]] an [[Turra]] afore it rins intae the [[Moray Firth]] atween Banff an Macduff.<ref name="devorg">{{cite web | title = The Rivers | url = http://www.deveron.org/rivers.html | publisher = The River Deveron District Salmon Fishery Board | accessdate = 23 April 2006 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060519032813/http://www.deveron.org/rivers.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 19 May 2006}}</ref> {{coord|57|40|N|2|31|W|display=title|region:GB_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}} [[Category:Rivers o Aiberdeenshire|Deeveron]] [[Category:Rivers o Moray|Deeveron]] [[Category:Moray Firth catchment aurie|0Deeveron]] [[Category:Huntly]] {{Stub/Scotland}} == References == {{reflist}} ef6gellteei6gvkgfs03dt9h0dk592d 0 194758 927199 874003 2026-11-09T09:46:12Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; history frae 1865 addit, soorced (1899 in en looks like a typo for 1889) 927199 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox rugby team | teamname = West of Scotland | image = | imagesize = 100px | fullname = West of Scotland Football Club | location = [[Mulguy]], [[Scotland]] | countryflag = Scotland | founded = 1865 | ground = Burnbrae | capacity = 2,500 | url = westofscotlandfc.co.uk | president = John Cameron | coach = {{flagicon|Scotland}} Andrew Douglas | captain = {{flagicon|Scotland}} Jamie McAulay | league = {{Scottish rugby updater|WestofScotland}} | season = {{Scottish rugby updater|WestofScotland2}} | position = {{Scottish rugby updater|WestofScotland3}} | pattern_la1 = _red_hoops | pattern_b1 = _redhoops | pattern_ra1 = _red_hoops | pattern_so1 = _hoops_red | leftarm1 = FFcc00 | body1 = FFcc00 | rightarm1 = FFcc00 | shorts1 = 000066 | socks1 = ffcc00 }} '''{{lang|en|West of Scotland Football Club}}''' is a [[rugby union]] club based in [[Mulguy]], [[Scotland]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to West of Scotland Football Club Website {{!}} West of Scotland Football Club|url=https://www.westofscotlandfc.co.uk/|access-date=2022-11-16|website=www.westofscotlandfc.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Glasgow|first=What's On|title=West of Scotland Rugby Club, Milngavie|url=https://www.whatsonglasgow.co.uk/listings/west-of-scotland-rugby-club/|access-date=2022-11-16|website=What's On Glasgow|language=en}}</ref> It wis foondit in 1865, makkin it ane o the auldest rugby clubs in the warld, an it wis ane o the foondin members o the [[Scottish Rugby Union]]. The club haes produced monie internaitional players, amang them a guid wheen o [[British and Irish Lions|{{lang|en|British and Irish Lions}}]]. == History == === Early years === The club stairtit oot at [[Hamilton Crescent]] in [[Pairtick]], [[Glesga]], as an affshoot o the West of Scotland Cricket Club, an its bye-laws war settled on 15 October 1865. In November 1867 West played against ither opposition for the first time, beatin Edinburgh Academicals in ane o the first rugby matches ever played. In 1872 West wis ane o the clubs that foondit the Scottish Rugby Union at a meetin at Glasgow Academy. The club haes played in rid an yellae sin 1871, when the club drapped its auld navy strips. The local fitba club [[Partick Thistle F.C.|Partick Thistle]] copied it in the 1930s, when thay switched frae daurk blue an aw.<ref>[http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/Scottish_Football_League/Partick_Thistle/Partick_Thistle.htm Partick Thistle], Historical Football Kits</ref> In Aprile 1873, eleiven members o the club, uisin the nem '''Glasgow Wanderers''', played [[Queen's Park F.C.]] unner [[Fitba|association fitba]] rules at the original Hampden Park. The Wanderers lost anly 1–0, an thair defendin wis praised, but the experiment wisna repeatit.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Glasgow Wanderers v Queen's Park |journal=North British Daily Mail |date=7 April 1873 |page=6}}</ref> Alexander Robertson, that played in the first ever rugby internaitional in 1871, wis West's first internaitional cap. Atween 1871 an 1914 the club providit ower 42 players tae the naitional side.<ref name=Encycl>Jones, p170</ref> === Burnbrae === At the stairt o the Second Warld War the cricket club endit West's lease in Pairtick, an it wis 15 year afore West foond a new permanent hame. In 1952 the club bocht the grund at Burnbrae in Mulguy, though it teuk anither aicht year afore the first gemme wis played there. In the 1960s an 1970s West fieldit monie Scots internaitionals, an some o them went on tae play for the {{lang|en|British and Irish Lions}}, amang them Gordon Brown, Peter Brown, Sandy Carmichael an Alastair McHarg. The club shared the championship wi Hawick in 1965 an wan it again in 1971. The club wan the Scottish Shield in 2006 an then twa promotions in a raw, winnin Premiership Division Twa on 29 Mairch 2008. In August 2014 wark stairtit on a Waitrose supermarket on laund bocht frae the club, an West got a new aw-wather pitch oot o the deal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.milngavieherald.co.uk/news/local-headlines/new-waitrose-is-coming-to-milngavie-1-3514157|title=New Waitrose is coming to Milngavie|work=milngavieherald.co.uk|access-date=3 July 2015}}</ref> == Sevens tournament == The club rins the West of Scotland Sevens tournament.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://scottishsevens.sport.blog/west-of-scotland-sevens/|title=West of Scotland Sevens|date=16 June 2019}}</ref> West's ''A'' side wan the trophy in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.westofscotlandfc.co.uk/news/burnbrae-bulletin-may-2022/|title=BURNBRAE BULLetin - May 2022 &#124; West of Scotland Football Club|website=www.westofscotlandfc.co.uk}}</ref> == Honours == * Scottish National League Division One ** Champions (2): 1991–92, 2007–08 * Scottish National League Division Two ** Champions (1): 2006–07 * Scottish Rugby Shield ** Winners (1): 2005–06 * Scottish Unofficial Championship ** Winners: 1883, 1885, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892, 1895, 1965, 1971 == Bibliography == * Jones, J.R. ''Encyclopedia of Rugby Union Football'' (Robert Hale, London, 1976 {{ISBN|0-7091-5394-5}}) {{coord|55.934875|-4.313536|display=title}} == References == <references /> [[Category:Scots rugby union teams]] [[Category:Sport in East Dunbartonshire]] [[Category:Rugby clubs established in 1865]] [[Category:1865 establishments in Scotland]] [[Category:Organisations based in East Dunbartonshire]] [[Category:Mulguy]] pxqsqioa6nmww7hpfwkdxo40bjtwkfb 927260 927199 2026-11-09T10:50:34Z Monospaced 75295 Fix broken link ({{lang}} oot o the link label) 927260 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox rugby team | teamname = West of Scotland | image = | imagesize = 100px | fullname = West of Scotland Football Club | location = [[Mulguy]], [[Scotland]] | countryflag = Scotland | founded = 1865 | ground = Burnbrae | capacity = 2,500 | url = westofscotlandfc.co.uk | president = John Cameron | coach = {{flagicon|Scotland}} Andrew Douglas | captain = {{flagicon|Scotland}} Jamie McAulay | league = {{Scottish rugby updater|WestofScotland}} | season = {{Scottish rugby updater|WestofScotland2}} | position = {{Scottish rugby updater|WestofScotland3}} | pattern_la1 = _red_hoops | pattern_b1 = _redhoops | pattern_ra1 = _red_hoops | pattern_so1 = _hoops_red | leftarm1 = FFcc00 | body1 = FFcc00 | rightarm1 = FFcc00 | shorts1 = 000066 | socks1 = ffcc00 }} '''{{lang|en|West of Scotland Football Club}}''' is a [[rugby union]] club based in [[Mulguy]], [[Scotland]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to West of Scotland Football Club Website {{!}} West of Scotland Football Club|url=https://www.westofscotlandfc.co.uk/|access-date=2022-11-16|website=www.westofscotlandfc.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Glasgow|first=What's On|title=West of Scotland Rugby Club, Milngavie|url=https://www.whatsonglasgow.co.uk/listings/west-of-scotland-rugby-club/|access-date=2022-11-16|website=What's On Glasgow|language=en}}</ref> It wis foondit in 1865, makkin it ane o the auldest rugby clubs in the warld, an it wis ane o the foondin members o the [[Scottish Rugby Union]]. The club haes produced monie internaitional players, amang them a guid wheen o {{lang|en|[[British and Irish Lions|British and Irish Lions]]}}. == History == === Early years === The club stairtit oot at [[Hamilton Crescent]] in [[Pairtick]], [[Glesga]], as an affshoot o the West of Scotland Cricket Club, an its bye-laws war settled on 15 October 1865. In November 1867 West played against ither opposition for the first time, beatin Edinburgh Academicals in ane o the first rugby matches ever played. In 1872 West wis ane o the clubs that foondit the Scottish Rugby Union at a meetin at Glasgow Academy. The club haes played in rid an yellae sin 1871, when the club drapped its auld navy strips. The local fitba club [[Partick Thistle F.C.|Partick Thistle]] copied it in the 1930s, when thay switched frae daurk blue an aw.<ref>[http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/Scottish_Football_League/Partick_Thistle/Partick_Thistle.htm Partick Thistle], Historical Football Kits</ref> In Aprile 1873, eleiven members o the club, uisin the nem '''Glasgow Wanderers''', played [[Queen's Park F.C.]] unner [[Fitba|association fitba]] rules at the original Hampden Park. The Wanderers lost anly 1–0, an thair defendin wis praised, but the experiment wisna repeatit.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Glasgow Wanderers v Queen's Park |journal=North British Daily Mail |date=7 April 1873 |page=6}}</ref> Alexander Robertson, that played in the first ever rugby internaitional in 1871, wis West's first internaitional cap. Atween 1871 an 1914 the club providit ower 42 players tae the naitional side.<ref name=Encycl>Jones, p170</ref> === Burnbrae === At the stairt o the Second Warld War the cricket club endit West's lease in Pairtick, an it wis 15 year afore West foond a new permanent hame. In 1952 the club bocht the grund at Burnbrae in Mulguy, though it teuk anither aicht year afore the first gemme wis played there. In the 1960s an 1970s West fieldit monie Scots internaitionals, an some o them went on tae play for the {{lang|en|British and Irish Lions}}, amang them Gordon Brown, Peter Brown, Sandy Carmichael an Alastair McHarg. The club shared the championship wi Hawick in 1965 an wan it again in 1971. The club wan the Scottish Shield in 2006 an then twa promotions in a raw, winnin Premiership Division Twa on 29 Mairch 2008. In August 2014 wark stairtit on a Waitrose supermarket on laund bocht frae the club, an West got a new aw-wather pitch oot o the deal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.milngavieherald.co.uk/news/local-headlines/new-waitrose-is-coming-to-milngavie-1-3514157|title=New Waitrose is coming to Milngavie|work=milngavieherald.co.uk|access-date=3 July 2015}}</ref> == Sevens tournament == The club rins the West of Scotland Sevens tournament.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://scottishsevens.sport.blog/west-of-scotland-sevens/|title=West of Scotland Sevens|date=16 June 2019}}</ref> West's ''A'' side wan the trophy in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.westofscotlandfc.co.uk/news/burnbrae-bulletin-may-2022/|title=BURNBRAE BULLetin - May 2022 &#124; West of Scotland Football Club|website=www.westofscotlandfc.co.uk}}</ref> == Honours == * Scottish National League Division One ** Champions (2): 1991–92, 2007–08 * Scottish National League Division Two ** Champions (1): 2006–07 * Scottish Rugby Shield ** Winners (1): 2005–06 * Scottish Unofficial Championship ** Winners: 1883, 1885, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892, 1895, 1965, 1971 == Bibliography == * Jones, J.R. ''Encyclopedia of Rugby Union Football'' (Robert Hale, London, 1976 {{ISBN|0-7091-5394-5}}) {{coord|55.934875|-4.313536|display=title}} == References == <references /> [[Category:Scots rugby union teams]] [[Category:Sport in East Dunbartonshire]] [[Category:Rugby clubs established in 1865]] [[Category:1865 establishments in Scotland]] [[Category:Organisations based in East Dunbartonshire]] [[Category:Mulguy]] g4iiv2ny4k4uvdnexzksfyqu2skgacc 0 195374 926858 809649 2026-11-08T18:57:12Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 926858 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Robert Stirling's engine patent-retouched.png|thumb|Illustration tae Robert Stirling's 1816 patent application o the heat ingine which later came tae be kent as the Stirling Ingine]] A '''Stirling ingine''' is a [[heat ingine]] that operates bi cyclic compression an expansion o air or ither gas (the ''working fluid'') at different temperatures, sic that thare is a net conversion o [[heat]] energy tae mechanical [[Wirk (physics)|wirk]].<ref>"Stirling Engines", G. Walker (1980), Clarenden Press, Oxford, page 1: "A Stirling engine is a mechanical device which operates on a *closed* regenerative thermodynamic cycle, with cyclic compression and expansion of the working fluid at different temperature levels."</ref><ref name="W.R. Martini 1983, p.6">W.R. Martini (1983), p.6</ref> Mair specifically, the Stirling ingine is a closed-cycle regenerative heat ingine wi a permanently [[gas]]eous wirkin fluid. ''Closed-cycle'', in this context, means a thermodynamic system whaur the wirkin fluid is aye held inside the system, an ''regenerative'' describes the uise o a specific type o internal heat exchanger an thermal store, kent as the ''regenerator''. Strictly speakin, it is the regenerator that sets a Stirling ingine apairt frae ither closed-cycle het air ingines. Originally conceived in 1816 bi [[Robert Stirling]] as an industrial prime mover tae rival the [[steam ingine]], its practical uise wis largely confined tae law-pouer domestic applications for ower a century.<ref>T. Finkelstein; A.J. Organ (2001), Chapters 2&3</ref> ==Diagrams== <gallery> File:Alpha_Stirling.gif|thumb|216x216px|Alpha-type Stirling ingine. Thare are twa cylinders. The expansion cylinder (red) is maintained at a heich temperature while the compression cylinder (blue) is cooled. The passage atween the twa cylinders contains the regenerator. File:Stirling_Animation.gif|thumb|272x272px|Beta-type Stirling ingine. Thare is anly ane cylinder, het at ane end an cauld at the ither. A loose-fitting displacer shunts the air atween the het an cauld ends o the cylinder. A power piston at the end o the cylinder drives the flywheel. </gallery> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ingines]] [[Category:Cuilin technology]] [[Category:Heat pumps]] [[Category:Scots inventions]] 9j8wlgdrl4b6u79yn1tcljvc3cliicq 0 196548 926799 860299 2026-11-08T18:14:44Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; Brunstane Hoose addit 926799 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Brunstane Station - geograph.org.uk - 2951803.jpg|thumb|Brunstane Station]] '''Brunstane''' is a suburb in the north-east o the ceety o [[Edinburgh]], [[Scotland]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=#GetOutside: do more in the British Outdoors - Brunstane City of Edinburgh|url=https://getoutside.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/local/brunstane-city-of-edinburgh|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-17|website=OS GetOutside|language=en-gb}}</ref> Brunstane Hoose, biggit in 1639 for the first Yerl o Lauderdale an extendit bi William Bruce in 1672, haes some o the earliest sash windaes kent in Scotland.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hha.org.uk/Property/1571/Brunstane-Houseref |title=Brunstane House :: Historic Houses Association |publisher=Hha.org.uk |access-date=2012-03-06 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305124708/http://www.hha.org.uk/Property/1571/Brunstane-Houseref |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[File:Housing - geograph.org.uk - 345839.jpg|thumb|View frae Brunstane Station ]] [[File:Brunstane Burn - geograph.org.uk - 2951813.jpg|thumb|Brunstane Burn]] [[File:Brunstane Castle - geograph.org.uk - 1567978.jpg|thumb|Brunstane Castle]] {{coord|55|56|52.93|N|3|6|8.29|W|display=title}} {{stub/Scotland}} {{stub/Edinburgh}} ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Auries o Edinburgh]] ijhgtfyxwlbz6jvkkgrf0ja79x2u0jk 0 197016 926768 863996 2026-11-08T17:22:27Z Monospaced 75295 Unsoorced 926768 wikitext text/x-wiki {{unsoorced}} {{fixscots}} {{Infobox rail line|name=Inverclyde Line|color=2E8B57|logo_width=145px|image=Gourock train.jpg|image_width=270px|caption=A [[British Rail Class 314|Class 314]] train leaves Gourock pierhead to run along the south bank of the Firth of Clyde towards Glasgow|locale=[[Inverclyde]]<br>[[Scotland]]|stations=22|system=[[National Rail]]|operator=[[Abellio ScotRail]]|owner=[[Network Rail]]|stock=[[British Rail Class 380|Class 380]]|electrification=[[25 kV AC railway electrification|25 kV 50 Hz AC]]|gauge={{track gauge|uksg}}|map={{Inverclyde Line|inline=1}}|map_state=collapsed}} The '''Inverclyde Line''' is a railwey line runnin frae [[Glesga Central station]] throu [[Paisley]] (Gilmour Street) and a series o stations tae the sooth o the [[River Clyde]] an the [[Firth o Clyde]], terminatin at [[Gourock]] and Wemyss Bay, whaur it connects tae [[Caledonian MacBrayne]] ferry services. The line haes been in operation syne the 1840s atween Glesga and [[Greenock]] and wis the first passenger service tae follae the [[River Clyde]] tae the coast. The line wis electrified in 1967. == History == The line wis opened bi the Glasgow, Paisley and Greenock Railway on 31 Mairch 1841, an initially ran frae Brig Street railwey station in Glesga tae a terminus at Cathcart Street, [[Greenock]] (later renamed Greenock Central railwey station), wi the section atween Glesga, an Paisley Gilmour Street bein run bi the Glasgow and Paisley Jynt Railway. For the first time a railwey teuk passengers right doun the [[River Clyde]], takin aboot ane oor whaur Clyde steamers teuk aroond twice as lang. The terminus wis a short walk frae Custom House Quay, Greenock, an the railwey wis very popular wi passengers who boarded steamers thare tae veesit holiday resorts doun the [[Firth o Clyde]] or tae commute in simmer tae thair villas aroond the shores o the [[firth]]. On 9 Julie 1847 the railway merged wi the [[Caledonian Railway]] and became thair main outlet tae the coast. The Greenock and Wemyss Bay Railway opened its branch line on 13 May 1865 wi its trains bein operated bi the Caledonian Railway, but its steamer operations war slow tae live up tae thair promise and when in 1869 the [[Glasgow and South Western Railway]] opened its station at Princes Pier, Greenock, the Cathcart Street station wis effectively bypassed an the Caley lost tred. Thay haed been tryin for some time tae organise an extension tae Gourock, an haein gained Parliamentary approval in 1884 thay spent three years in construction which involved extensive tunnelling, an opened Gourock railway station on 1 Juin 1889. In August 1893 the Greenock and Wemyss Bay Railway amalgamated wi the Caledonian Railway. In the 1923 [[Railways Act 1921|grouping]], the line became pairt o the [[London, Midland and Scottish Railway]] (LMS). The line wis electrified in 1967, seiven years efter the [[North Clyde Line]]s. The electric Class 311 trains war specially biggit for the line in 1967, awtho Class 303 trains war an aa uised. The Inverclyde line uses the same Glasgow and Paisley Jynt Railway tracks as the Ayrshire Coast Line until Paisley Gilmour Street; awtho the twa lines occupy different sets o platforms at Paisley Gilmour Street. Frae Paisley, the line heads tae [[Port Glesga]] station, efter which it branches. The main route heads throu [[Greenock]] tae [[Gourock]], whaur it connects wi ferry services tae [[Dunuin]] and Kilcreggan. The branch heads throu the soothern suburbs o Greenock tae Wemyss Bay, whaur it connects wi ferry services tae Rothesay on the island o Bute. For maist o the day five trains an oor operate each wey on the Glesga tae Port Glesga stretch, fower o which run tae Gourock, the ither serving the Wemyss Bay line. The latter and ane o the Gourock trains are express services stopping anly at Paisley Gilmour Street and Bishopton atween Glesga and Port Glesga, while the ither twa Gourock trains stap at aw stations. This changes in the evenings, an efter 8pm anly twa trains an oor run tae Gourock, wi the Wemyss Bay train stopping at aw stations. == Proposed link to Glasgow Airport == The Glasgow Airport Rail Link tae [[Glesga Airport]] wad hae branched off frae the Inverclyde Line near [[Paisley St James railwey station|Paisley St. James station]]. In December 2006, the [[Scots Govrenment|Scottish Executive]] gae the final go-ahead for the new link tae be biggit, houiver the project wis subsequently cancelled in September 2009. [[Category:Staundart gauge railweys in Scotland]] [[Category:Railwey lines in Scotland]] s60mgzycssucch23z5lamnu3wzodglg 0 197210 927050 789811 2026-11-08T22:27:56Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 927050 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Space City 2016 - Billie Piper (26730694674).jpg|thumb|Billie Piper at Space City 2016]] '''Billie Paul Piper''' (born '''Leian Paul Piper'''; 22 September 1982) is a Breetish sangster, dancer an actress frae [[Swindon]], [[Wiltshire]]. She makkit her debut in ''Scratchy & Co.'' (1995–1998) an at the age o 15 she signed a recording contract an released her debut single "Because We Want To", which entered at the tap o the [[UK Singles Chart]] an makkit her the youngest airtist ever tae enter at nummer ane on the chart. The single wis follit bi Piper's album ''Honey to the B'' (1998), which wis certified dooble platinum bi the Recording Industry Association o New Zealand (RIANZ) an platinum bi the Breetish Phonographic Industry (BPI). In 2000, she released her seicont album, ''Walk of Life''. In 2003, she retired frae the recording industry an launched an actin career. Piper's transition intae actin began in 2004. She played Rose Tyler, companion tae The Doctor frae 2005 tae 2006, in the BBC sci-fi series ''[[Doctor Who]]'', reprising the role in 2008, 2010, an 2013. Frae 2007 until 2011, she starred as the heich-fleein escort Belle de Jour in the telly series ''Secret Diary of a Call Girl''. She an aa starred as Brona Croft/Lily in the Showtime series ''Penny Dreadful''. Later Piper turned tae the stage. She haes starred in five plays that creetics praised, an wan several Best Actress awairds, maist notably a Laurence Olivier Awaird for her performance in ''Yerma'' which wis describit as "earth-quaking" bi ''[[The Guardian]]'' an "a generation's greatest performance" bi ''The Stage''.<ref name="theguardian.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2016/aug/07/yerma-review-young-vic-billie-piper-simon-stone|title=Yerma five-star review – Billie Piper is earth-quaking as Lorca's heroine|first=Susannah|last=Clapp|date=7 August 2016|website=Theguardian.com|accessdate=30 December 2017}}</ref> She went on tae win sax Best Actress awairds for that ane performance. == References == {{Reflist}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Piper, Billie}} [[Category:1982 births]] [[Category:20t-century Inglis actresses]] [[Category:20t-century Inglis sangsters]] [[Category:21st-century Inglis actresses]] [[Category:21st-century Inglis sangsters]] [[Category:Inglis dance muisickers]] [[Category:Inglis film actresses]] [[Category:Inglis stage actresses]] [[Category:Inglis televeesion actresses]] [[Category:Laurence Olivier Awaird winners]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Swindon]] [[Category:Doctor Who actors]] mb70123h0w4vy7934yn5tqgcjdtn4k2 0 197973 926962 834965 2026-11-08T21:32:37Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; infobox, career an awairds addit, soorced 926962 wikitext text/x-wiki In 1993 she stairtit wirkin on satellite resairch at the Met Office.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="bbc1">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/8403564.stm Heather the weather to leave BBC Scotland], BBC News Online, 9 December 2009</ref> Frae 1994 tae 2009 she presentit the wather for BBC Scotland on ''Reporting Scotland'', an becam BBC Scotland's heid wather forecaster. Her last forecast on ''Reporting Scotland'' wis on 22 December 2009.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="bbc1" /> Syne she haes wrocht as a science eddication consultant, an at promotin science tae the public.<ref name=":1" /> Frae 1999 tae 2001 Reid wis chair o the [[Institute o Pheesics]] in Scotland. In 2006 she jyned the Board o Trustees o Glasgow Science Centre, whaur she helpit mak eddicational wather shaws an warkshops.<ref>[https://www.tvnewsroom.co.uk/biography-images/heather-reid-1123/ TV Newsroom website, ''Heather Reid'']</ref> She wis on the Board for ten year.<ref>[https://www.lochlomond-trossachs.org/park-authority/our-board-committees/national-park-board/dr-heather-reid/ Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park Authority website, ''Dr Heather Reid (Convenor)'']</ref> In 2018 she wis appyntit tae the Board o the Loch Lomond an the Trossachs Naitional Park Authority, an in 2021 tae the Board o NatureScot.<ref>[https://www.nature.scot/about-naturescot/board-directors-and-committees/our-board/board-members Nature Scot website, ''Board Members'', retrieved 11 December 2023]</ref> ==Awairds an honours== In 2001 the [[Institute o Pheesics]] gied her its Public Awareness o Physics prize, an in 2004 its Kelvin Medal. She got an honorary doctorate frae Paisley University in 2003,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uws.ac.uk/media/3440/university-of-paisley-honorary-awards-1993-2007.pdf|title=Honorary Doctors of the University of Paisley|date=September 2017|website=University of the West of Scotland|access-date=2018-06-22|archive-date=23 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623032756/https://www.uws.ac.uk/media/3440/university-of-paisley-honorary-awards-1993-2007.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> an anither frae the [[University o Glesga]] on 16 Juin 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gla.ac.uk/news/archiveofnews/2010/april/headline_147755_en.html|title=University of Glasgow – University news – Archive of news – 2010 – April Honorary doctorate for Heather the Weather|website=www.gla.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=2018-06-22}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Reid, Heather}} [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Edinburgh]] [[Category:BBC Scotland newsreaders an jurnalists]] [[Category:1969 births]] [[Category:Fellaes o the Institute o Pheesics]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Scots meteorologists]] [[Category:Scots physicists]] [[Category:Officers o the Order o the Breetish Empire]] [[Category:Weemen physicists]] [[Category:Fowk frae Paisley, Renfrewshire]] [[Category:BBC wather forecasters]] [[Category:Breetish weemen televeesion jurnalists]] {{stub/Scotland}} pxrlp0d3244zql6sntvyx9whsq5df74 926965 926962 2026-11-08T21:34:41Z Monospaced 75295 Missin soorce restored 926965 wikitext text/x-wiki In 1993 she stairtit wirkin on satellite resairch at the Met Office.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.scotsman.com/200voices/cultural-icons/heather-reid/|title=Heather Reid shares optimism over future of science education|date=2017-03-27|work=The Scotsman|access-date=2018-06-22|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="bbc1">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/8403564.stm Heather the weather to leave BBC Scotland], BBC News Online, 9 December 2009</ref> Frae 1994 tae 2009 she presentit the wather for BBC Scotland on ''Reporting Scotland'', an becam BBC Scotland's heid wather forecaster. Her last forecast on ''Reporting Scotland'' wis on 22 December 2009.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="bbc1" /> Syne she haes wrocht as a science eddication consultant, an at promotin science tae the public.<ref name=":1" /> Frae 1999 tae 2001 Reid wis chair o the [[Institute o Pheesics]] in Scotland. In 2006 she jyned the Board o Trustees o Glasgow Science Centre, whaur she helpit mak eddicational wather shaws an warkshops.<ref>[https://www.tvnewsroom.co.uk/biography-images/heather-reid-1123/ TV Newsroom website, ''Heather Reid'']</ref> She wis on the Board for ten year.<ref>[https://www.lochlomond-trossachs.org/park-authority/our-board-committees/national-park-board/dr-heather-reid/ Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park Authority website, ''Dr Heather Reid (Convenor)'']</ref> In 2018 she wis appyntit tae the Board o the Loch Lomond an the Trossachs Naitional Park Authority, an in 2021 tae the Board o NatureScot.<ref>[https://www.nature.scot/about-naturescot/board-directors-and-committees/our-board/board-members Nature Scot website, ''Board Members'', retrieved 11 December 2023]</ref> ==Awairds an honours== In 2001 the [[Institute o Pheesics]] gied her its Public Awareness o Physics prize, an in 2004 its Kelvin Medal. She got an honorary doctorate frae Paisley University in 2003,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uws.ac.uk/media/3440/university-of-paisley-honorary-awards-1993-2007.pdf|title=Honorary Doctors of the University of Paisley|date=September 2017|website=University of the West of Scotland|access-date=2018-06-22|archive-date=23 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623032756/https://www.uws.ac.uk/media/3440/university-of-paisley-honorary-awards-1993-2007.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> an anither frae the [[University o Glesga]] on 16 Juin 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gla.ac.uk/news/archiveofnews/2010/april/headline_147755_en.html|title=University of Glasgow – University news – Archive of news – 2010 – April Honorary doctorate for Heather the Weather|website=www.gla.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=2018-06-22}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Reid, Heather}} [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Edinburgh]] [[Category:BBC Scotland newsreaders an jurnalists]] [[Category:1969 births]] [[Category:Fellaes o the Institute o Pheesics]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Scots meteorologists]] [[Category:Scots physicists]] [[Category:Officers o the Order o the Breetish Empire]] [[Category:Weemen physicists]] [[Category:Fowk frae Paisley, Renfrewshire]] [[Category:BBC wather forecasters]] [[Category:Breetish weemen televeesion jurnalists]] {{stub/Scotland}} rs89xafzttq3rh2nwzamjz6o7dbzia3 926969 926965 2026-11-08T21:36:08Z CiphriusKane 74958 Eik lede back in 926969 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Heather Reid''' [[Officer o the Maist Excellent Order o the Breetish Empire|OBE]] [[Chairtered Physicist|CPhys]] [[Institute o Physics|FinstP]] (born c. 1969), kent as '''"Heather the Weather"''' forby, is a Scots [[meteorologist]] an umhile telly [[wather presenter]] for [[BBC Scotland]]. In 1993 she stairtit wirkin on satellite resairch at the Met Office.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.scotsman.com/200voices/cultural-icons/heather-reid/|title=Heather Reid shares optimism over future of science education|date=2017-03-27|work=The Scotsman|access-date=2018-06-22|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="bbc1">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/8403564.stm Heather the weather to leave BBC Scotland], BBC News Online, 9 December 2009</ref> Frae 1994 tae 2009 she presentit the wather for BBC Scotland on ''Reporting Scotland'', an becam BBC Scotland's heid wather forecaster. Her last forecast on ''Reporting Scotland'' wis on 22 December 2009.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="bbc1" /> Syne she haes wrocht as a science eddication consultant, an at promotin science tae the public.<ref name=":1" /> Frae 1999 tae 2001 Reid wis chair o the [[Institute o Physics]] in Scotland. In 2006 she jyned the Board o Trustees o Glasgow Science Centre, whaur she helpit mak eddicational wather shaws an warkshops.<ref>[https://www.tvnewsroom.co.uk/biography-images/heather-reid-1123/ TV Newsroom website, ''Heather Reid'']</ref> She wis on the Board for ten year.<ref>[https://www.lochlomond-trossachs.org/park-authority/our-board-committees/national-park-board/dr-heather-reid/ Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park Authority website, ''Dr Heather Reid (Convenor)'']</ref> In 2018 she wis appyntit tae the Board o the Loch Lomond an the Trossachs Naitional Park Authority, an in 2021 tae the Board o NatureScot.<ref>[https://www.nature.scot/about-naturescot/board-directors-and-committees/our-board/board-members Nature Scot website, ''Board Members'', retrieved 11 December 2023]</ref> ==Awairds an honours== In 2001 the [[Institute o Physics]] gied her its Public Awareness o Physics prize, an in 2004 its Kelvin Medal. She got an honorary doctorate frae Paisley University in 2003,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uws.ac.uk/media/3440/university-of-paisley-honorary-awards-1993-2007.pdf|title=Honorary Doctors of the University of Paisley|date=September 2017|website=University of the West of Scotland|access-date=2018-06-22|archive-date=23 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623032756/https://www.uws.ac.uk/media/3440/university-of-paisley-honorary-awards-1993-2007.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> an anither frae the [[University o Glesga]] on 16 Juin 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gla.ac.uk/news/archiveofnews/2010/april/headline_147755_en.html|title=University of Glasgow – University news – Archive of news – 2010 – April Honorary doctorate for Heather the Weather|website=www.gla.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=2018-06-22}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Reid, Heather}} [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Edinburgh]] [[Category:BBC Scotland newsreaders an jurnalists]] [[Category:1969 births]] [[Category:Fellaes o the Institute o Physics]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Scots meteorologists]] [[Category:Scots physicists]] [[Category:Officers o the Order o the Breetish Empire]] [[Category:Weemen physicists]] [[Category:Fowk frae Paisley, Renfrewshire]] [[Category:BBC wather forecasters]] [[Category:Breetish weemen televeesion jurnalists]] {{stub/Scotland}} egcufq6nsh8thz9jxmoigx3t1thqjcr 0 199008 927058 849947 2026-11-08T22:29:31Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 927058 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Chinese-language singer and actor <!------See WikiProject Chinese-language entertainment-------> | name = Zhao Wei | gender =female | image= Zhaoweiredcarpet.jpg | caption = Zhao Wei at Huabiao Awaird reid cairpet in 2007 | tradchinesename = {{linktext|趙|薇}} | simpchinesename = {{linktext|赵|薇}} | pinyinchinesename = Zhào Wēi | jyutpingchinesename = Ziu<sup>6</sup> Mei<sup>4</sup> | vietnamesename = Triệu Vi | ancestry = | ethnicity = [[Han Cheenese|Han]] | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1976|3|12}} | birth_place = [[Wuhu City|Wuhu]], [[Anhui]], [[Cheenae|China]] | death_date = | death_place = | restingplace = | restingplacecoordinates = | othername = Vicki Zhao<br>Vicky Zhao | origin = {{CHN}} | occupation = {{flatlist| * [[Actress]] * [[Film director|Director]] * [[Film producer|Producer]] * [[Sangster]] }} | genre = [[Mandopop]] | instrument = | voicetype = | label = | yearsactive = 1994–present | currentmembers = | pastmembers = | associatedact = | partner = | spouse = {{marriage|Huang Youlong|2008}} | children = April Huang (dochter) | parents = Zhao Jiahai (faither)<br>Wei Qiying (mither) | influences = | influenced = | education = Master o Fine Airts | alma mater = [[Beijing Film Academy]] | website = | hongkongfilmwards = {{awd|Best Actress|2015|Dearest|Li Hongqin}}<br>{{awd|Best Film frae Mainland an Taiwan|2014|[[So Young (film)|So Young]]}} | goldenbauhiniaawards = | hkfcsawards = {{awd|Best Actress|2015|Dearest|Li Hongqin}} | goldenhorseawards = | huabiaoawards = {{awd|Ootstaundin Actress|2005|A Time to Love|Qu Ran}} | goldenroosterawards = {{awd|Best Directorial Debut|2013|[[So Young (film)|So Young]]}} | hundredflowersawards = {{awd|Best Actress|2010|[[Mulan (2009 film)|Mulan]]|Hua Mulan}}<br>{{awd|Best Director|2014|[[So Young (film)|So Young]]}} | goldeneagleawards={{awd|Best Actress|1999|[[My Fair Princess]]|Xiaoyanzi}} | goldenmelodyawards = | mtvasiaawards = {{awd|Favourite Airtist, Mainland Cheenae|2006}} | rthktop10goldsongsawards={{awd|Ootstaundin Mandarin Sang|1999|Swallow}} | chinamusicawards = {{awd|Sang o the Year|2007|Angel's Suitcase}} | awards = '''Changchun Film Festival'''<br/>Best Actress<br/>2006 ''A Time to Love''<br/>2010 ''[[Mulan (2009 film)|Mulan]]''<br/>'''Golden Phoenix Awards'''<br/>2005 Society Awaird<br/>2009 Special Jury Awaird<br/>'''Shanghai Film Critics Awards'''<br/>Best Actress<br/>2010 ''[[Mulan (2009 film)|Mulan]]'' & ''14 Blades''<br/>Best New Director<br/>2013 ''[[So Young (film)|So Young]]''<br/>'''Shanghai Internaitional Film Festival'''<br/>Best Actress<br/>2005 ''A Time to Love''<br/>Most Attractive Actress<br/>2007 ''The Longest Night in Shanghai'' }} '''Zhao Wei''' (born 12 Mairch 1976), kent as '''Vicky Zhao''' or '''Vicki Zhao''' forby, is a Chinese actress, film director, producer an pop sangster. She is considert ane o the maist popular actresses in China an Chinese-speakin regions, an ane o the heichest paid actresses.<ref name="time">{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/asia/magazine/article/0,13673,501040329-603270,00.html|title=Beyond Cute|work=Time|date=29 March 2004|access-date=2018-05-31|archive-date=2006-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061224042041/http://www.time.com/time/asia/magazine/article/0,13673,501040329-603270,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/celebrity/2014-11/18/content_18928239.htm|title=Leaked list reveals China's top earning actresses|work=China Daily|date=18 November 2014}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Zhao, Wei}} [[Category:1976 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Beijing Film Academy alumni]] [[Category:Cheenese female sangsters]] [[Category:Cheenese weemen film directors]] [[Category:Actresses frae Anhui]] [[Category:Fowk frae Wuhu]] [[Category:Cheenese Mandopop sangsters]]] [[Category:Fowkrepublic o Cheenae Buddhists]] [[Category:20t-century Cheenese actresses]] [[Category:21st-century Cheenese actresses]] [[Category:Sangsters frae Anhui]] [[Category:Cheenese film actresses]] [[Category:Cheenese televeesion actresses]] {{stub/Cheenae}} ggjildsvv74dpagfpj8fpgk7ulavjk2 927091 927058 2026-11-08T22:40:05Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927091 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Chinese-language singer and actor | name = Zhao Wei | gender =female | image= Zhaoweiredcarpet.jpg | caption = Zhao Wei at Huabiao Awaird reid cairpet in 2007 | tradchinesename = {{linktext|趙|薇}} | simpchinesename = {{linktext|赵|薇}} | pinyinchinesename = Zhào Wēi | jyutpingchinesename = Ziu<sup>6</sup> Mei<sup>4</sup> | vietnamesename = Triệu Vi | ethnicity = [[Han Cheenese|Han]] | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1976|3|12}} | birth_place = [[Wuhu City|Wuhu]], [[Anhui]], [[Cheenae|China]] | othername = Vicki Zhao<br>Vicky Zhao | origin = {{CHN}} | occupation = {{flatlist| * Actress * Director * Producer * Sangster }} | genre = [[Mandopop]] | yearsactive = 1994–present | spouse = {{marriage|Huang Youlong|2008}} | children = April Huang (dochter) | parents = Zhao Jiahai (faither)<br>Wei Qiying (mither) | education = Master o Fine Airts | alma mater = [[Beijing Film Academy]] | hongkongfilmwards = {{awd|Best Actress|2015|Dearest|Li Hongqin}}<br>{{awd|Best Film frae Mainland an Taiwan|2014|[[So Young (film)|So Young]]}} | hkfcsawards = {{awd|Best Actress|2015|Dearest|Li Hongqin}} | huabiaoawards = {{awd|Ootstaundin Actress|2005|A Time to Love|Qu Ran}} | goldenroosterawards = {{awd|Best Directorial Debut|2013|[[So Young (film)|So Young]]}} | hundredflowersawards = {{awd|Best Actress|2010|[[Mulan (2009 film)|Mulan]]|Hua Mulan}}<br>{{awd|Best Director|2014|[[So Young (film)|So Young]]}} | goldeneagleawards={{awd|Best Actress|1999|[[My Fair Princess]]|Xiaoyanzi}} | mtvasiaawards = {{awd|Favourite Airtist, Mainland Cheenae|2006}} | rthktop10goldsongsawards={{awd|Ootstaundin Mandarin Sang|1999|Swallow}} | chinamusicawards = {{awd|Sang o the Year|2007|Angel's Suitcase}} | awards = '''Changchun Film Festival'''<br/>Best Actress<br/>2006 ''A Time to Love''<br/>2010 ''[[Mulan (2009 film)|Mulan]]''<br/>'''Golden Phoenix Awards'''<br/>2005 Society Awaird<br/>2009 Special Jury Awaird<br/>'''Shanghai Film Critics Awards'''<br/>Best Actress<br/>2010 ''[[Mulan (2009 film)|Mulan]]'' & ''14 Blades''<br/>Best New Director<br/>2013 ''[[So Young (film)|So Young]]''<br/>'''Shanghai Internaitional Film Festival'''<br/>Best Actress<br/>2005 ''A Time to Love''<br/>Most Attractive Actress<br/>2007 ''The Longest Night in Shanghai'' }} '''Zhao Wei''' (born 12 Mairch 1976), kent as '''Vicky Zhao''' or '''Vicki Zhao''' forby, is a Chinese actress, film director, producer an pop sangster. She is considert ane o the maist popular actresses in China an Chinese-speakin regions, an ane o the heichest paid actresses.<ref name="time">{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/asia/magazine/article/0,13673,501040329-603270,00.html|title=Beyond Cute|work=Time|date=29 March 2004|access-date=2018-05-31|archive-date=2006-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061224042041/http://www.time.com/time/asia/magazine/article/0,13673,501040329-603270,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/celebrity/2014-11/18/content_18928239.htm|title=Leaked list reveals China's top earning actresses|work=China Daily|date=18 November 2014}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Zhao, Wei}} [[Category:1976 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Beijing Film Academy alumni]] [[Category:Cheenese female sangsters]] [[Category:Cheenese weemen film directors]] [[Category:Actresses frae Anhui]] [[Category:Fowk frae Wuhu]] [[Category:Cheenese Mandopop sangsters]]] [[Category:Fowkrepublic o Cheenae Buddhists]] [[Category:20t-century Cheenese actresses]] [[Category:21st-century Cheenese actresses]] [[Category:Sangsters frae Anhui]] [[Category:Cheenese film actresses]] [[Category:Cheenese televeesion actresses]] {{stub/Cheenae}} guv1qkig7h5l62vnxtk3f9k8i7u8ax4 0 200469 927244 783572 2026-11-09T10:30:00Z Monospaced 75295 Fix owertranslatit nem (F1) 927244 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox sports league | title = FIA Formula One eSports Series | current_season = 2018 | logo = File:F1 eSports Series logo.png | pixels = | caption = | sport = [[eSports]] | owner = [[Formula One Management]], [[Liberty Media]] | founded = [[2017 Formula One eSports Series|2017]] | ceo = | commissioner = Sean Bratches | countries = Warldwide | website = | champion = {{flagicon|GBR}} Brendon Leigh | most_champs = }} The '''FIA Formula One eSports Series''' is a perfaisional [[eSports]] event promotit bi [[Formula 1]]. The event wis creatit in 2017 tae involve the F1 video gemme an its commonty o players closer tae the sport o Formula 1. ==Results== {|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;" ! Year ! Gemme ! Venue ! Champion ! Report |- ! 2017 | ''[[F1 2017 (video gemme)|F1 2017]]'' ([[Codemasters]]) | [[Yas Marina Circuit]], [[Abu Dhabi]] | {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Brendon Leigh]] | [[2017 Formula One eSports Series|report]] |} [[Category:ESports competeetions|Formula 1]] [[Category:Formula 1|eSports]] eslucnwsht26dkixihx35oy17v2d5mh 0 200935 927097 904233 2026-11-08T22:41:30Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 927097 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox televeesion | show_name = Descendants | image = | image_size = | image_alt = | caption = | genre = {{plainlist| * [[Muisical film|Muisical]] * [[Fantasy|Fantasy]] * Adventur * Teen }} | creator = | based_on = | writer = {{plainlist| * Josann McGibbon * Sara Parriott }} | screenplay = | story = | director = [[Kenny Ortega]] | starring = {{plainlist| * [[Dove Cameron]] * [[Cameron Boyce]] * [[Booboo Stewart]] * [[Sofia Carson]] * Kristin Chenoweth <!-- Includin in cast list here, as the shadow o Maleficent is shown in the film's poster --> }} | narrated = [[Dove Cameron]] | composer = David Lawrence | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | num_episodes = | producer = {{plainlist| * Tracey Jeffrey (line producer) * Judy Taylor (executive producer) }} | editor = Don Brochu | cinematography = Thomas Burstyn | runtime = 112 meenits | company = {{plainlist| * Bad Angels Productions * A 5678 Productions * Disney Channel Original Productions }} | distributor = Disney–ABC Domestic Television | budget = | network = [[Disney Channel]] | first_aired = {{Start date|2015|7|31}} | last_aired = | preceded_by = | followed_by = ''[[Descendants 2]]'' | related = {{Plainlist| * ''Descendants: School of Secrets'' * ''Descendants: Wicked World'' }} | website = }} '''''Descendants''''' is a 2015 American [[muisical film|muisical]] [[fantasie]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2017/04/descendants-2-premiere-five-disneyabc-television-group-networks-1202076765/|title='Descendants 2' Set For Simultaneous July Premiere On Five Disney{{!}}ABC Television Group Networks|last=Petski|first=Denise|date=April 25, 2017|website=Deadline|language=en|access-date=August 5, 2019|archive-date=August 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805045734/https://deadline.com/2017/04/descendants-2-premiere-five-disneyabc-television-group-networks-1202076765/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nypost.com/2014/12/15/5-things-to-know-about-disneys-descendants/|title=5 things to know about Disney's 'Descendants'|last=Hendricks|first=Jaclyn|date=2014-12-15|website=New York Post|language=en|access-date=August 5, 2019|archive-date=August 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805045736/https://nypost.com/2014/12/15/5-things-to-know-about-disneys-descendants/|url-status=live}}</ref> adventur-comedy [[televeesion film]] directit an choreographed bi [[Kenny Ortega]]. The film starns [[Dove Cameron]], [[Sofia Carson]], [[Booboo Stewart]], an [[Cameron Boyce]] as the teenage childer o [[Maleficent]], the Evil Queen, Jafar, an Cruella de Vil, respectively. The film follaes these teenagers gettin uised tae life ootwith thair island preeson, while on a mission tae steal the Fairy Godmother's wand an free thair parents frae captivity. It debuted on 31 Julie 2015, as a [[Disney Channel Original Movie]], tae positive reviews an 6.6 million viewers. The film an aa starns Mitchell Hope, Melanie Paxson, Brenna D'Amico, [[Sarah Jeffery]], Zachary Gibson, Jedidiah Goodacre, Dianne Doan, Dan Payne, Keegan Connor Tracy, Wendy Raquel Robinson, Maz Jobrani, Kathy Najimy, an Kristin Chenoweth. The first installment in the ''[[Descendants (franchise)|Descendants]]'' franchise, ''Descendants'' wis spun aff intae a CGI animatit short-form series teetled ''Descendants: Wicked World'', an wis follit bi a sequel, ''[[Descendants 2]]'', which premiered on 21 Julie 2017,<ref name="sequel1">{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/DisneyChannel/photos/np.1444921252262547.646808682/1159156290779502/?type=3&notif_t=notify_me_page|title=sequel confirmation on Facebook|author=Disney Channel|work=Facebook|date=October 15, 2015|access-date=October 15, 2015|archive-date=December 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202130753/https://www.facebook.com/DisneyChannel/photos/np.1444921252262547.646808682/1159156290779502/?type=3&notif_t=notify_me_page|url-status=live}}</ref> an a third film, ''Descendants 3'', which premiered on 2 August 2019.<ref name="D3">{{cite web|first=Derek|last=Lawrence|url=https://ew.com/tv/2018/02/16/disney-channel-descendants-3/|title=Disney Channel officially announces ''Descendants 3''|work=Entertainment Weekly|date=February 16, 2018|access-date=February 16, 2018|archive-date=February 17, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217074636/http://ew.com/tv/2018/02/16/disney-channel-descendants-3/|url-status=live}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} == Freemit airtins == {{wikiquote}} {{Portal|Disney}} * {{Offeecial wabsteid|http://movies.disney.com/descendants}} * {{IMDb title|3440298}} {{Stub/Fillum}} [[Category:2010s comedy-drama films]] [[Category:2010s fantasie films]] [[Category:2010s muisical films]] [[Category:2015 televeesion films]] [[Category:American films]] [[Category:American fantasie adventur films]] [[Category:American teen comedy films]] [[Category:American televeesion films]] [[Category:Crossover films]] [[Category:Disney Channel Original Movie films]] [[Category:Films based on fairy tales]] [[Category:Films directit bi Kenny Ortega]] [[Category:Films shot in Vancouver]] [[Category:Teen films]] [[Category:Descendants (film series)]] bb7evqmt8f4c421mbxton9iswqo8ujh 927129 927097 2026-11-08T23:11:29Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927129 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox televeesion | show_name = Descendants | genre = {{plainlist| * [[Muisical film|Muisical]] * [[Fantasy|Fantasy]] * Adventur * Teen }} | writer = {{plainlist| * Josann McGibbon * Sara Parriott }} | director = [[Kenny Ortega]] | starring = {{plainlist| * [[Dove Cameron]] * [[Cameron Boyce]] * [[Booboo Stewart]] * [[Sofia Carson]] * Kristin Chenoweth }} | narrated = [[Dove Cameron]] | composer = David Lawrence | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | producer = {{plainlist| * Tracey Jeffrey (line producer) * Judy Taylor (executive producer) }} | editor = Don Brochu | cinematography = Thomas Burstyn | runtime = 112 meenits | company = {{plainlist| * Bad Angels Productions * A 5678 Productions * Disney Channel Original Productions }} | distributor = Disney–ABC Domestic Television | network = [[Disney Channel]] | first_aired = {{Start date|2015|7|31}} | followed_by = ''[[Descendants 2]]'' | related = {{Plainlist| * ''Descendants: School of Secrets'' * ''Descendants: Wicked World'' }} }} '''''Descendants''''' is a 2015 American [[muisical film|muisical]] [[fantasie]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2017/04/descendants-2-premiere-five-disneyabc-television-group-networks-1202076765/|title='Descendants 2' Set For Simultaneous July Premiere On Five Disney{{!}}ABC Television Group Networks|last=Petski|first=Denise|date=April 25, 2017|website=Deadline|language=en|access-date=August 5, 2019|archive-date=August 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805045734/https://deadline.com/2017/04/descendants-2-premiere-five-disneyabc-television-group-networks-1202076765/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nypost.com/2014/12/15/5-things-to-know-about-disneys-descendants/|title=5 things to know about Disney's 'Descendants'|last=Hendricks|first=Jaclyn|date=2014-12-15|website=New York Post|language=en|access-date=August 5, 2019|archive-date=August 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805045736/https://nypost.com/2014/12/15/5-things-to-know-about-disneys-descendants/|url-status=live}}</ref> adventur-comedy [[televeesion film]] directit an choreographed bi [[Kenny Ortega]]. The film starns [[Dove Cameron]], [[Sofia Carson]], [[Booboo Stewart]], an [[Cameron Boyce]] as the teenage childer o [[Maleficent]], the Evil Queen, Jafar, an Cruella de Vil, respectively. The film follaes these teenagers gettin uised tae life ootwith thair island preeson, while on a mission tae steal the Fairy Godmother's wand an free thair parents frae captivity. It debuted on 31 Julie 2015, as a [[Disney Channel Original Movie]], tae positive reviews an 6.6 million viewers. The film an aa starns Mitchell Hope, Melanie Paxson, Brenna D'Amico, [[Sarah Jeffery]], Zachary Gibson, Jedidiah Goodacre, Dianne Doan, Dan Payne, Keegan Connor Tracy, Wendy Raquel Robinson, Maz Jobrani, Kathy Najimy, an Kristin Chenoweth. The first installment in the ''[[Descendants (franchise)|Descendants]]'' franchise, ''Descendants'' wis spun aff intae a CGI animatit short-form series teetled ''Descendants: Wicked World'', an wis follit bi a sequel, ''[[Descendants 2]]'', which premiered on 21 Julie 2017,<ref name="sequel1">{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/DisneyChannel/photos/np.1444921252262547.646808682/1159156290779502/?type=3&notif_t=notify_me_page|title=sequel confirmation on Facebook|author=Disney Channel|work=Facebook|date=October 15, 2015|access-date=October 15, 2015|archive-date=December 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202130753/https://www.facebook.com/DisneyChannel/photos/np.1444921252262547.646808682/1159156290779502/?type=3&notif_t=notify_me_page|url-status=live}}</ref> an a third film, ''Descendants 3'', which premiered on 2 August 2019.<ref name="D3">{{cite web|first=Derek|last=Lawrence|url=https://ew.com/tv/2018/02/16/disney-channel-descendants-3/|title=Disney Channel officially announces ''Descendants 3''|work=Entertainment Weekly|date=February 16, 2018|access-date=February 16, 2018|archive-date=February 17, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217074636/http://ew.com/tv/2018/02/16/disney-channel-descendants-3/|url-status=live}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} == Freemit airtins == {{wikiquote}} {{Portal|Disney}} * {{Offeecial wabsteid|http://movies.disney.com/descendants}} * {{IMDb title|3440298}} {{Stub/Fillum}} [[Category:2010s comedy-drama films]] [[Category:2010s fantasie films]] [[Category:2010s muisical films]] [[Category:2015 televeesion films]] [[Category:American films]] [[Category:American fantasie adventur films]] [[Category:American teen comedy films]] [[Category:American televeesion films]] [[Category:Crossover films]] [[Category:Disney Channel Original Movie films]] [[Category:Films based on fairy tales]] [[Category:Films directit bi Kenny Ortega]] [[Category:Films shot in Vancouver]] [[Category:Teen films]] [[Category:Descendants (film series)]] nh42t259c4i5azyxrjnf2luygephlgm 0 200936 927098 915960 2026-11-08T22:41:44Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 927098 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox televeesion | show_name = Descendants 2 | image = | image_size = | image_alt = | caption = | genre = {{plainlist| * [[Muisical film|Muisical]] * [[Fantasy|Fantasy]] * Adventur * Teen }} | creator = | based_on = | writer = {{plainlist| * Josann McGibbon * Sara Parriott }} | screenplay = | story = | director = [[Kenny Ortega]] | starring = {{plainlist| * [[Dove Cameron]] * [[Cameron Boyce]] * [[Sofia Carson]] * [[Booboo Stewart]] * [[China Anne McClain]] <!-- Note: Do not add Mitchell Hope – he is not included in the poster art. --> }} | narrated = | composer = David Lawrence | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | num_episodes = | executive_producer = {{plainlist| * Judy Taylor * Josann McGibbon * Sara Parriott * Kenny Ortega }} | producer = Tracey Jeffrey (line producer) | editor = Don Brochu | cinematography = | runtime = 111 meenits | company = {{plainlist| * Bad Angels Productions * 5678 Productions * Disney Channel Original Productions }} | distributor = Disney–ABC Domestic Television | budget = | network = {{plainlist| * [[Disney Channel]] * Disney XD * Lifetime * Lifetime Movies * Freeform * [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] }} | first_aired = {{start date|2017|7|21}}<ref name="Variety">{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2017/scene/vpage/descendants-2-premiere-dove-cameron-disney-channel-1202493764/|title=‘Descendants 2’ Cast Talks ‘Bigger’ Sets and Musical Numbers at Disney Channel Premiere|first=Malina|last=Saval|date=July 12, 2017|work=Variety|access-date=July 17, 2017|archive-date=July 16, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716015914/http://variety.com/2017/scene/vpage/descendants-2-premiere-dove-cameron-disney-channel-1202493764/|url-status=live}}</ref> | last_aired = | preceded_by = ''[[Descendants (2015 film)|Descendants]]'' | followed_by = ''[[Descendants 3]]'' | website = }} '''''Descendants 2''''' is an American [[muisical film|muisical]] [[fantasie]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2017/07/12/review-descendants-2-is-a-darker-deeper-better-sequel/|title=Review: 'Descendants 2' Is A Darker, Deeper, Better Sequel|last=Mendelson|first=Scott|website=Forbes|language=en|date=2017-07-12|access-date=2019-08-05|archive-date=August 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805045246/https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2017/07/12/review-descendants-2-is-a-darker-deeper-better-sequel/|url-status=live|url-access=limited}}</ref> [[televeesion film]]. It premiered as a [[Disney Channel Original Movie]] on 21 Julie 2017 on [[Disney Channel]], an wis simulcast on [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]]-owned netwarks [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]], Disney XD, Freeform, Lifetime an Lifetime Movies.<ref name="Variety" /> It is the seicont installment in the [[Descendants (franchise)|''Descendants'' franchise]] an the sequel tae the 2015 film ''[[Descendants (2015 film)|Descendants]]''. The film starns [[Dove Cameron]], [[Cameron Boyce]], [[Sofia Carson]], [[Booboo Stewart]], Mitchell Hope an [[China Anne McClain]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|last1=Swift|first1=Andy|title=Descendants 2 Premiering in 2017; China Anne McClain Cast as Ursula|url=https://tvline.com/2016/06/10/descendants-2-cast-china-anne-mcclain-ursula-2017-premiere-date/|work=[[TVLine]]|date=June 10, 2016|access-date=July 27, 2016|archive-date=July 29, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729183710/http://tvline.com/2016/06/10/descendants-2-cast-china-anne-mcclain-ursula-2017-premiere-date/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="DH-06-2016">{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2016/06/descendants-2-disney-channel-china-anne-mcclain-1201770262/|title=‘Descendants 2’ Greenlighted By Disney Channel For 2017, New Characters Added|first=Ross A.|last=Lincoln|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=June 10, 2016|access-date=July 27, 2016|archive-date=July 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709230900/http://deadline.com/2016/06/descendants-2-disney-channel-china-anne-mcclain-1201770262/|url-status=live}}</ref> A third film, ''[[Descendants 3]]'', premiered on 2 August 2019.<ref name="Descendants3">{{cite web |first=Derek |last=Lawrence |url=https://ew.com/tv/2018/02/16/disney-channel-descendants-3/ |title=Disney Channel officially announces ''Descendants 3'' |work=Entertainment Weekly |date=February 16, 2018 |access-date=February 16, 2018 |archive-date=February 17, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217074636/http://ew.com/tv/2018/02/16/disney-channel-descendants-3/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * {{IMDb title|5117876}} {{Stub/Fillum}} [[Category:2010s fantasie films]] [[Category:2010s muisical films]] [[Category:2017 televeesion films]] [[Category:American films]] [[Category:American fantasie films]] [[Category:American televeesion films]] [[Category:Disney Channel Original Movie films]] [[Category:Films based on fairy tales]] [[Category:Films directit bi Kenny Ortega]] [[Category:Films shot in Vancouver]] [[Category:Televeesion sequel films]] [[Category:Simulcasts]] [[Category:Descendants (film series)]] nmjnw4gpc8ml294qbtwujv2cpcijcu9 927131 927098 2026-11-08T23:12:33Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927131 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox televeesion | show_name = Descendants 2 | genre = {{plainlist| * [[Muisical film|Muisical]] * [[Fantasy|Fantasy]] * Adventur * Teen }} | writer = {{plainlist| * Josann McGibbon * Sara Parriott }} | director = [[Kenny Ortega]] | starring = {{plainlist| * [[Dove Cameron]] * [[Cameron Boyce]] * [[Sofia Carson]] * [[Booboo Stewart]] * [[China Anne McClain]] }} | composer = David Lawrence | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | executive_producer = {{plainlist| * Judy Taylor * Josann McGibbon * Sara Parriott * Kenny Ortega }} | producer = Tracey Jeffrey (line producer) | editor = Don Brochu | runtime = 111 meenit | company = {{plainlist| * Bad Angels Productions * 5678 Productions * Disney Channel Original Productions }} | distributor = Disney–ABC Domestic Television | network = {{plainlist| * [[Disney Channel]] * Disney XD * Lifetime * Lifetime Movies * Freeform * [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] }} | first_aired = {{start date|2017|7|21}}<ref name="Variety">{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2017/scene/vpage/descendants-2-premiere-dove-cameron-disney-channel-1202493764/|title=‘Descendants 2’ Cast Talks ‘Bigger’ Sets and Musical Numbers at Disney Channel Premiere|first=Malina|last=Saval|date=July 12, 2017|work=Variety|access-date=July 17, 2017|archive-date=July 16, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716015914/http://variety.com/2017/scene/vpage/descendants-2-premiere-dove-cameron-disney-channel-1202493764/|url-status=live}}</ref> | preceded_by = ''[[Descendants (2015 film)|Descendants]]'' | followed_by = ''[[Descendants 3]]'' }} '''''Descendants 2''''' is an American [[muisical film|muisical]] [[fantasie]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2017/07/12/review-descendants-2-is-a-darker-deeper-better-sequel/|title=Review: 'Descendants 2' Is A Darker, Deeper, Better Sequel|last=Mendelson|first=Scott|website=Forbes|language=en|date=2017-07-12|access-date=2019-08-05|archive-date=August 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805045246/https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2017/07/12/review-descendants-2-is-a-darker-deeper-better-sequel/|url-status=live|url-access=limited}}</ref> [[televeesion film]]. It premiered as a [[Disney Channel Original Movie]] on 21 Julie 2017 on [[Disney Channel]], an wis simulcast on [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]]-owned netwarks [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]], Disney XD, Freeform, Lifetime an Lifetime Movies.<ref name="Variety" /> It is the seicont installment in the [[Descendants (franchise)|''Descendants'' franchise]] an the sequel tae the 2015 film ''[[Descendants (2015 film)|Descendants]]''. The film starns [[Dove Cameron]], [[Cameron Boyce]], [[Sofia Carson]], [[Booboo Stewart]], Mitchell Hope an [[China Anne McClain]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|last1=Swift|first1=Andy|title=Descendants 2 Premiering in 2017; China Anne McClain Cast as Ursula|url=https://tvline.com/2016/06/10/descendants-2-cast-china-anne-mcclain-ursula-2017-premiere-date/|work=[[TVLine]]|date=June 10, 2016|access-date=July 27, 2016|archive-date=July 29, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729183710/http://tvline.com/2016/06/10/descendants-2-cast-china-anne-mcclain-ursula-2017-premiere-date/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="DH-06-2016">{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2016/06/descendants-2-disney-channel-china-anne-mcclain-1201770262/|title=‘Descendants 2’ Greenlighted By Disney Channel For 2017, New Characters Added|first=Ross A.|last=Lincoln|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=June 10, 2016|access-date=July 27, 2016|archive-date=July 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709230900/http://deadline.com/2016/06/descendants-2-disney-channel-china-anne-mcclain-1201770262/|url-status=live}}</ref> A third film, ''[[Descendants 3]]'', premiered on 2 August 2019.<ref name="Descendants3">{{cite web |first=Derek |last=Lawrence |url=https://ew.com/tv/2018/02/16/disney-channel-descendants-3/ |title=Disney Channel officially announces ''Descendants 3'' |work=Entertainment Weekly |date=February 16, 2018 |access-date=February 16, 2018 |archive-date=February 17, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217074636/http://ew.com/tv/2018/02/16/disney-channel-descendants-3/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * {{IMDb title|5117876}} {{Stub/Fillum}} [[Category:2010s fantasie films]] [[Category:2010s muisical films]] [[Category:2017 televeesion films]] [[Category:American films]] [[Category:American fantasie films]] [[Category:American televeesion films]] [[Category:Disney Channel Original Movie films]] [[Category:Films based on fairy tales]] [[Category:Films directit bi Kenny Ortega]] [[Category:Films shot in Vancouver]] [[Category:Televeesion sequel films]] [[Category:Simulcasts]] [[Category:Descendants (film series)]] 06sf0txf08pc1vnkiy3kq4gzagme6s8 0 200937 926940 915962 2026-11-08T21:18:06Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; early life an career addit, soorced 926940 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Dove Cameron | image = Dove Cameron 2019 by Glenn Francis.jpg | caption = Cameron in October 2019 | birth_name = Chloe Celeste Hosterman | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1996|1|15}} | birth_place = [[Seattle, Washington]], U.S. | occupation = {{Flatlist| * Actress * sangster }} | years_active = 2012–present | website = | television = <!-- Television programmes presented bi or closely associated wi the subject. --> | module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes | background = solo_singer | instrument = Vocals | label = {{flatlist| * [[Walt Disney Records|Walt Disney]] * [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] }} | associated_acts = [[The Girl and the Dreamcatcher]] }} }} '''Dove Cameron'''<ref name=Instagram>{{cite web|title=Instagram: Dove Cameron (official account)|url=http://instagram.com/p/r3IzUzpBlW|date=August 18, 2014|accessdate=August 18, 2014|quote=So. I just wanted to take this time to explain my name I all of you lovelies, because I have seen that there is quite a bit of confusion. My birth name is Chloe. But my daddy called me Dove/Dovey as a nickname since I was very small; just over a year old. As some of you know, my father passed away a few years ago, right around the time I started acting. So, I decided to change it legally in honor of him, which gives me great joy every day that I was able to do something so lasting and permanent to pay homage to his memory. But I still go by Chloe to some family members and Ryan. And some Starbucks employees. So Dove is not a stage name, it's actually a name that means a lot to me for many reasons. I Love you all!}}</ref> (born '''Chloe Celeste Hosterman'''; 15 Januar 1996)<ref name="dcmedianet">{{cite web|url=http://www.disneychannelmedianet.com/web/showpage/showpage.aspx?program_id=3155753&type=cameron|title=Dove Cameron "Liv and Maddie Rooney"|publisher=Disney Channel Medianet|year=2013|accessdate=Julie 9, 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103013840/http://www.disneychannelmedianet.com/web/showpage/showpage.aspx?program_id=3155753&type=cameron|archivedate=November 3, 2013}}</ref><ref name=twitter>{{cite tweet|first=Dove|last=Cameron|user=DoveCameron|number=416702545650655233|title=Just wanted to set this straight: I see literally everywhere that my birthday is January 14. It's January Fifteenth, my loves!|date=December 27, 2013|accessdate=Apryle 14, 2017}}</ref> is an American actress an sangster. She is kent for playin the twa title chairacters in the [[Disney Channel]] teen sitcom ''[[Liv and Maddie]]'' (2013–2017), an for playin Mal, the dochter o [[Maleficent]], in the films ''[[Descendants (2015 film)|Descendants]]'' (2015),<ref name=variety>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2013/tv/news/disney-channel-puts-spotlight-on-dove-cameron-with-series-movie-1200005222|title=Disney Channel Puts Spotlight on Dove Cameron with Series, Movie (EXCLUSIVE)|date=Mairch 7, 2013|first=Marc|last=Graser|publisher=Variety|archivedate=Mey 31, 2013|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6H25og3OU?url=http://variety.com/2013/tv/news/disney-channel-puts-spotlight-on-dove-cameron-with-series-movie-1200005222/|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref> its sequel ''[[Descendants 2]]'' (2017) an the third film, ''[[Descendants 3]]'' (2019).<ref name="E!News">{{cite news|last1=Johnson|first1=Zach|title=Descendants 3 First Look: See Carlos, Evie, Jay and Mal's Makeovers|url=https://www.eonline.com/news/940813/descendants-3-first-look-see-carlos-evie-jay-and-mal-s-makeovers|work=[[E!]]|date=Juin 1, 2018|accessdate=Juin 5, 2018}}</ref> == Early life == Cameron wis born Chloe Celeste Hosterman in Washington State, the dochter o Philip Alan Hosterman an Bonnie Wallace, that later divorced.<ref name="Seattle Times-2017">{{Cite web|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/entertainment/tv/the-future-is-uncertain-for-disney-star-dove-cameron-and-shes-just-fine-with-that/|title=The future is uncertain for Disney star Dove Cameron — and she's just fine with that|date=July 19, 2017|website=The Seattle Times|language=en-US|access-date=September 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906155930/https://www.seattletimes.com/entertainment/tv/the-future-is-uncertain-for-disney-star-dove-cameron-and-shes-just-fine-with-that/|archive-date=September 6, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> == Career == In 2013 Cameron got her first big role, playin baith Liv an Maddie Rooney, twin sisters, in the Disney Channel series ''Liv and Maddie''. The first episode wis shawn on 19 Julie 2013.<ref name="FutonEp1">{{cite web|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/listings/20130627disney15|title=Episode Title: (#01) "Twin-A-Rooney"|website=The Futon Critic|access-date=July 5, 2013|archive-date=March 30, 2026|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/g7Rwv|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015 she starred as Mal in the Disney Channel film ''Descendants'', an she played the role again in ''Descendants 2'' in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thewaltdisneycompany.com/descendants-2-greenlit |title='Descendants 2' Greenlit |publisher=The Walt Disney Company |date=June 10, 2016 |access-date=October 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914195442/https://thewaltdisneycompany.com/descendants-2-greenlit/ |archive-date=September 14, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2016 she played Amber Von Tussle in ''[[Hairspray Live!]]'', a live telly muisical on [[NBC]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2016/08/hairspray-live-dove-cameron-garrett-clayton-1201796950|title='Hairspray Live!' Adds Dove Cameron & Garrett Clayton|first=Erik|last=Pedersen|date=August 2, 2016|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|access-date=July 12, 2017|archive-date=August 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819173246/https://deadline.com/2016/08/hairspray-live-dove-cameron-garrett-clayton-1201796950/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Februar 2022 she released the single "Boyfriend", that got tae nummer 16 on the US ''Billboard'' Hot 100 an nummer 9 on the [[UK Singles Chart]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-chart/20220318/7501/|title=Official Singles Chart Top 100|publisher=[[UK Singles Chart]]|access-date=March 18, 2022|archive-date=March 18, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318161416/https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-chart/20220318/7501/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * {{Official website|http://www.dovecameron.com/}} * {{IMDb name|4874651}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cameron, Dove}} [[Category:1996 births]] [[Category:21st-century American actresses]] [[Category:21st-century American sangsters]] [[Category:American fowk o French strynd]] [[Category:American bairn actresses]] [[Category:American bairn sangsters]] [[Category:American film actresses]] [[Category:American stage actresses]] [[Category:American televeesion actresses]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:American expatriates in Fraunce]] 81c3hygowgj92nr4r7hx9low6lga1u3 0 200938 927078 904425 2026-11-08T22:35:47Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 927078 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | show_name = Adventures in Babysitting | image = | image_size = | image_alt = | caption = | based_on = {{based on|''[[Adventures in Babysitting]]''|[[David Simkins]]}} | writer = Tiffany Paulsen | screenplay = | story = | director = [[John Schultz (director)|John Schultz]]<ref name="CinemaBlend"/> | starring = {{plainlist| * [[Sabrina Carpenter]] * [[Sofia Carson]] }} | music = Richard Gibbs | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | executive_producer = Michelle Manning | producer = Shawn Williamson | editor = Lisa Binkley | cinematography = Charles Minsky | runtime = 93 meenits | company = Bad Angels Productions<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.filmingvancouver.com/2015/02/current-film-list-from-creative-bc.html|title=Current Film List From Creative BC February 24, 2015|date=February 26, 2015|work=Filming Vancouver|access-date=2018-07-21|archive-date=2015-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709170855/http://www.filmingvancouver.com/2015/02/current-film-list-from-creative-bc.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | distributor = Disney–ABC Domestic Television | budget = | network = [[Disney Channel]] | released = {{Film date|2016|6|24|TV=y}} }} '''''Adventures in Babysitting''''' is a 2016 American [[Adventur film|adventur]] [[Comedy film|comedy]] [[televeesion film|telly film]] directit bi [[John Schultz (director)|John Schultz]] an starrin [[Sabrina Carpenter]] an [[Sofia Carson]]. It is a remake o the 1987 [[Adventures in Babysitting|film o the same nem]].<ref name="CinemaBlend">{{cite web|url=http://www.cinemablend.com/television/Adventures-Babysitting-Coming-Back-Get-Totally-Rad-Details-69388.html|title=Adventures In Babysitting Is Coming Back, Get The Totally Rad Details|work=CinemaBlend|last=Venable|first=Nick|date=January 10, 2015|accessdate=September 16, 2015}}</ref> The film wis first shawn on [[Disney Channel]] in the Unitit States an Canadae on 24 Juin 2016, an is the 100th [[Disney Channel Original Movie]].<ref name="THR">{{cite news|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/disney-channel-sets-adventures-babysitting-762313|accessdate=February 15, 2016|date=January 9, 2015|work=The Hollywood Reporter|first=Natalie|last=Stone|publisher=Prometheus Global Media|title=Disney Channel Sets 'Further Adventures in Babysitting' TV Movie}}</ref><ref name="premiere_date">{{cite web|last1=Roots|first1=Kimberly|title=Adventures in Babysitting Movie Gets Premiere Date at Disney Channel|url=http://tvline.com/2016/04/26/adventures-in-babysitting-premiere-date-disney-channel-movie/|website=TVLine.com|accessdate=May 1, 2016|date=April 26, 2016|archive-date=2022-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823131733/https://tvline.com/2016/04/26/adventures-in-babysitting-premiere-date-disney-channel-movie/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * {{IMDb title|4456850|Adventures in Babysitting}} {{Stub/Fillum}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Adventures in Babysitting}} [[Category:2010s adventur films]] [[Category:2010s teen comedy films]] [[Category:2016 televeesion films]] [[Category:Adventur televeesion films]] [[Category:American adventur comedy films]] [[Category:American films]] [[Category:American teen comedy films]] [[Category:Child care occupations in television]] [[Category:Comedy televeesion films]] [[Category:Disney Channel Original Movie films]] [[Category:Disney film remakes]] [[Category:Films directit bi John Schultz (director)]] [[Category:Films shot in Vancouver]] [[Category:Televeesion remakes o films]] [[Category:Teen adventur films]] cc2t8hv4sb2pk91y4ewr5xva02ruv8w 927120 927078 2026-11-08T23:00:26Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927120 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox televeesion | show_name = Adventures in Babysitting | based_on = {{based on|''[[Adventures in Babysitting]]''|[[David Simkins]]}} | writer = Tiffany Paulsen | director = [[John Schultz (director)|John Schultz]]<ref name="CinemaBlend"/> | starring = {{plainlist| * [[Sabrina Carpenter]] * [[Sofia Carson]] }} | music = Richard Gibbs | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | executive_producer = Michelle Manning | producer = Shawn Williamson | editor = Lisa Binkley | cinematography = Charles Minsky | runtime = 93 meenits | company = Bad Angels Productions<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.filmingvancouver.com/2015/02/current-film-list-from-creative-bc.html|title=Current Film List From Creative BC February 24, 2015|date=February 26, 2015|work=Filming Vancouver|access-date=2018-07-21|archive-date=2015-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709170855/http://www.filmingvancouver.com/2015/02/current-film-list-from-creative-bc.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | distributor = Disney–ABC Domestic Television | network = [[Disney Channel]] | released = {{Film date|2016|6|24|TV=y}} }} '''''Adventures in Babysitting''''' is a 2016 American [[Adventur film|adventur]] [[Comedy film|comedy]] [[televeesion film|telly film]] directit bi [[John Schultz (director)|John Schultz]] an starrin [[Sabrina Carpenter]] an [[Sofia Carson]]. It is a remake o the 1987 [[Adventures in Babysitting|film o the same nem]].<ref name="CinemaBlend">{{cite web|url=http://www.cinemablend.com/television/Adventures-Babysitting-Coming-Back-Get-Totally-Rad-Details-69388.html|title=Adventures In Babysitting Is Coming Back, Get The Totally Rad Details|work=CinemaBlend|last=Venable|first=Nick|date=January 10, 2015|accessdate=September 16, 2015}}</ref> The film wis first shawn on [[Disney Channel]] in the Unitit States an Canadae on 24 Juin 2016, an is the 100th [[Disney Channel Original Movie]].<ref name="THR">{{cite news|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/disney-channel-sets-adventures-babysitting-762313|accessdate=February 15, 2016|date=January 9, 2015|work=The Hollywood Reporter|first=Natalie|last=Stone|publisher=Prometheus Global Media|title=Disney Channel Sets 'Further Adventures in Babysitting' TV Movie}}</ref><ref name="premiere_date">{{cite web|last1=Roots|first1=Kimberly|title=Adventures in Babysitting Movie Gets Premiere Date at Disney Channel|url=http://tvline.com/2016/04/26/adventures-in-babysitting-premiere-date-disney-channel-movie/|website=TVLine.com|accessdate=May 1, 2016|date=April 26, 2016|archive-date=2022-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823131733/https://tvline.com/2016/04/26/adventures-in-babysitting-premiere-date-disney-channel-movie/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * {{IMDb title|4456850|Adventures in Babysitting}} {{Stub/Fillum}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Adventures in Babysitting}} [[Category:2010s adventur films]] [[Category:2010s teen comedy films]] [[Category:2016 televeesion films]] [[Category:Adventur televeesion films]] [[Category:American adventur comedy films]] [[Category:American films]] [[Category:American teen comedy films]] [[Category:Child care occupations in television]] [[Category:Comedy televeesion films]] [[Category:Disney Channel Original Movie films]] [[Category:Disney film remakes]] [[Category:Films directit bi John Schultz (director)]] [[Category:Films shot in Vancouver]] [[Category:Televeesion remakes o films]] [[Category:Teen adventur films]] azz3gk6uzoo2vt0eheomnocc48cga3c 0 201953 926956 834906 2026-11-08T21:26:57Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; early life, career, shows an recognition addit, soorced 926956 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist |name = Bill Nye |image = Bill Nye 2017.jpg | alt = A close-up shot of Bill Nye's face, wearing one of his trademark bowties. |image_size = |caption = Nye in May 2017 |birth_name = William Sanford Nye |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1955|11|27}} |birth_place = [[Washington, D.C.]], U.S. |residence = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], U.S.<br> [[New York Ceety]], [[New York (state)|New York]], U.S. |nationality = American |alma_mater = {{nowrap|Cornell Varsity <small>(BS, 1977)</small>}} |known_for = ''Bill Nye the Science Guy'' (1993–1998)<br>''Bill Nye: Science Guy'' (2017)<br>''Bill Nye Saves the World'' (2017–2018) |signature = Bill Nye signature.svg |field = Mechanical [[ingineerin]] |work_institutions = [[Boeing]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/blogs/secretlife/engineering/bill-nye/ |title=Bill Nye, engineer/television genius|work=[[PBS|Public Broadcasting Service]] |accessdate=April 22, 2016}}</ref><br />Cornell Varsity<br />The Planetary Society }} '''William Sanford Nye'''<ref name="Rutgers Commencement Speaker">{{cite web |last1=Rutgers |title=2015 Commencement Speaker: William Sanford Nye |url=http://commencement.rutgers.edu/2015-commencement-speaker|website=Rutgers.edu |publisher=Rutgers |accessdate=May 4, 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506015015/http://commencement.rutgers.edu/2015-commencement-speaker|archivedate=May 6, 2015}}</ref> (born 27 November 1955), kent weel as '''Bill Nye the Science Guy''', is an American science communicator, [[Telly|telly]] presenter an umwhile mechanical [[ingineer]]. He is best kent as the host o the bairns' science shaw ''Bill Nye the Science Guy'' (1993–1998). == Early life an career == Nye wis born in [[Washington, D.C.]] He studied mechanical [[ingineerin]] at Cornell Varsity, whaur he wis taucht astronomy bi Carl Sagan. He syne wirkit as an ingineer for [[Boeing]] in [[Seattle]], whaur he inventit a hydraulic resonance suppressor tube that wis uised on [[Boeing 747]] aeroplanes.<ref name="encyclopedia-of-science">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Nye, Bill (1955–) |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Science and Technology Communication |publisher=SAGE Publications |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l1F2AwAAQBAJ&q=%22hydraulic+resonance+suppressor+tube%22&pg=PP1 |access-date=April 23, 2017 |last=Priest |first=Susanna Hornig |date=2010 |page=533 |isbn=9781452265780}}</ref> In 1986 he left Boeing tae tak up comedy, writin an performin for the local sketch shaw ''Almost Live!'', whaur he aften did daft science experiments.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eals |first=Clay |date=2024-08-24 |title=Seattle's 'Almost Live!' cast: Where are they now |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/entertainment/tv/seattles-almost-live-cast-where-are-they-now/ |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=The Seattle Times |language=en-US}}</ref> == ''Bill Nye the Science Guy'' == Nye pitched ''Bill Nye the Science Guy'' tae the Seattle public telly station KCTS-TV. The shaw ran frae 1993 tae 1998 an becam a hit wi bairns an adults. It wis kent for its fast, lively style, an it wis nominatit for 23 Emmy Awairds an wan 19 o them, amang them ane for Nye himsel as performer in a bairns' programme.<ref>{{cite news |last=Goldberg |first=Carey |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/04/09/garden/pondering-fire-infinity-and-a-head-of-lettuce-cool.html |title=Pondering Fire, Infinity and a Head of Lettuce (Cool!) |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=April 9, 1997 |access-date=April 27, 2017}}</ref> == Later wirk an recognition == Nye becam the heid (CEO) o The Planetary Society. In 2014 he debatit the creationist Ken Ham at the Creation Museum aboot the oreegins o life.<ref name="NBC-20140204">{{cite web |last=Boyle |first=Alan |author-link=Alan Boyle |title=Bill Nye Wins Over the Science Crowd at Evolution Debate |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/science/science-news/bill-nye-wins-over-science-crowd-evolution-debate-n22836 |work=NBC News |date=February 5, 2014 |access-date=February 6, 2014}}</ref> On 4 Januar 2025 he wis gien the Presidential Medal of Freedom bi Preses [[Joe Biden]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Hussein|first=Fatima|date=January 4, 2025|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/watch-live-biden-honors-hillary-clinton-bill-nye-lionel-messi-and-16-others-with-medal-of-freedom|title=WATCH: Biden honors Hillary Clinton, Bill Nye, Magic Johnson and others with Medal of Freedom|publisher=[[PBS]]|agency=[[Associated Press]]|access-date=January 4, 2025}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nye, Bill}} [[Category:Bill Nye| ]] [[Category:1955 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:American agnostics]] [[Category:American male comedians]] [[Category:American mechanical ingineers]] [[Category:American sceptics]] [[Category:American televeesion personalities]] [[Category:Boeing fowk]] [[Category:Californie Democrats]] [[Category:Cornell Varsity College of Engineering alumni]] [[Category:Cornell Varsity faculty]] [[Category:Creetics o creautionism]] [[Category:Daytime Emmy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Fellaes o the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry]] [[Category:Pairteecipants in American reality televeesion series]] [[Category:Fowk frae Seattle]] [[Category:Fowk frae Washington, D.C.]] [[Category:Science communicators]] [[Category:Sidwell Friends School alumni]] [[Category:Space advocates]] [[Category:Comedians frae Washington, D.C.]] [[Category:Comedians frae Washington (state)]] [[Category:Ingineers frae Washington, D.C.]] [[Category:Ingineers frae Washington (state)]] [[Category:American humanists]] [[Category:PBS fowk]] avb6bd4u5yazxy0tw3y5i5oj824qpvq 927008 926956 2026-11-08T22:07:55Z Monospaced 75295 Award nems as published 927008 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist |name = Bill Nye |image = Bill Nye 2017.jpg | alt = A close-up shot of Bill Nye's face, wearing one of his trademark bowties. |image_size = |caption = Nye in May 2017 |birth_name = William Sanford Nye |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1955|11|27}} |birth_place = [[Washington, D.C.]], U.S. |residence = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], U.S.<br> [[New York Ceety]], [[New York (state)|New York]], U.S. |nationality = American |alma_mater = {{nowrap|Cornell Varsity <small>(BS, 1977)</small>}} |known_for = ''Bill Nye the Science Guy'' (1993–1998)<br>''Bill Nye: Science Guy'' (2017)<br>''Bill Nye Saves the World'' (2017–2018) |signature = Bill Nye signature.svg |field = Mechanical [[ingineerin]] |work_institutions = [[Boeing]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/blogs/secretlife/engineering/bill-nye/ |title=Bill Nye, engineer/television genius|work=[[PBS|Public Broadcasting Service]] |accessdate=April 22, 2016}}</ref><br />Cornell Varsity<br />The Planetary Society }} '''William Sanford Nye'''<ref name="Rutgers Commencement Speaker">{{cite web |last1=Rutgers |title=2015 Commencement Speaker: William Sanford Nye |url=http://commencement.rutgers.edu/2015-commencement-speaker|website=Rutgers.edu |publisher=Rutgers |accessdate=May 4, 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506015015/http://commencement.rutgers.edu/2015-commencement-speaker|archivedate=May 6, 2015}}</ref> (born 27 November 1955), kent weel as '''Bill Nye the Science Guy''', is an American science communicator, [[Telly|telly]] presenter an umwhile mechanical [[ingineer]]. He is best kent as the host o the bairns' science shaw ''Bill Nye the Science Guy'' (1993–1998). == Early life an career == Nye wis born in [[Washington, D.C.]] He studied mechanical [[ingineerin]] at Cornell Varsity, whaur he wis taucht astronomy bi Carl Sagan. He syne wirkit as an ingineer for [[Boeing]] in [[Seattle]], whaur he inventit a hydraulic resonance suppressor tube that wis uised on [[Boeing 747]] aeroplanes.<ref name="encyclopedia-of-science">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Nye, Bill (1955–) |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Science and Technology Communication |publisher=SAGE Publications |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l1F2AwAAQBAJ&q=%22hydraulic+resonance+suppressor+tube%22&pg=PP1 |access-date=April 23, 2017 |last=Priest |first=Susanna Hornig |date=2010 |page=533 |isbn=9781452265780}}</ref> In 1986 he left Boeing tae tak up comedy, writin an performin for the local sketch shaw ''Almost Live!'', whaur he aften did daft science experiments.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eals |first=Clay |date=2024-08-24 |title=Seattle's 'Almost Live!' cast: Where are they now |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/entertainment/tv/seattles-almost-live-cast-where-are-they-now/ |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=The Seattle Times |language=en-US}}</ref> == ''Bill Nye the Science Guy'' == Nye pitched ''Bill Nye the Science Guy'' tae the Seattle public telly station KCTS-TV. The shaw ran frae 1993 tae 1998 an becam a hit wi bairns an adults. It wis kent for its fast, lively style, an it wis nominatit for 23 Emmy Awards an wan 19 o them, amang them ane for Nye himsel as performer in a bairns' programme.<ref>{{cite news |last=Goldberg |first=Carey |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/04/09/garden/pondering-fire-infinity-and-a-head-of-lettuce-cool.html |title=Pondering Fire, Infinity and a Head of Lettuce (Cool!) |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=April 9, 1997 |access-date=April 27, 2017}}</ref> == Later wirk an recognition == Nye becam the heid (CEO) o The Planetary Society. In 2014 he debatit the creationist Ken Ham at the Creation Museum aboot the oreegins o life.<ref name="NBC-20140204">{{cite web |last=Boyle |first=Alan |author-link=Alan Boyle |title=Bill Nye Wins Over the Science Crowd at Evolution Debate |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/science/science-news/bill-nye-wins-over-science-crowd-evolution-debate-n22836 |work=NBC News |date=February 5, 2014 |access-date=February 6, 2014}}</ref> On 4 Januar 2025 he wis gien the Presidential Medal of Freedom bi Preses [[Joe Biden]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Hussein|first=Fatima|date=January 4, 2025|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/watch-live-biden-honors-hillary-clinton-bill-nye-lionel-messi-and-16-others-with-medal-of-freedom|title=WATCH: Biden honors Hillary Clinton, Bill Nye, Magic Johnson and others with Medal of Freedom|publisher=[[PBS]]|agency=[[Associated Press]]|access-date=January 4, 2025}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nye, Bill}} [[Category:Bill Nye| ]] [[Category:1955 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:American agnostics]] [[Category:American male comedians]] [[Category:American mechanical ingineers]] [[Category:American sceptics]] [[Category:American televeesion personalities]] [[Category:Boeing fowk]] [[Category:Californie Democrats]] [[Category:Cornell Varsity College of Engineering alumni]] [[Category:Cornell Varsity faculty]] [[Category:Creetics o creautionism]] [[Category:Daytime Emmy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Fellaes o the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry]] [[Category:Pairteecipants in American reality televeesion series]] [[Category:Fowk frae Seattle]] [[Category:Fowk frae Washington, D.C.]] [[Category:Science communicators]] [[Category:Sidwell Friends School alumni]] [[Category:Space advocates]] [[Category:Comedians frae Washington, D.C.]] [[Category:Comedians frae Washington (state)]] [[Category:Ingineers frae Washington, D.C.]] [[Category:Ingineers frae Washington (state)]] [[Category:American humanists]] [[Category:PBS fowk]] n4aaxm5h61ixfrqu2q7p8m7xjr7hk0e 10 203245 926740 689723 2026-11-08T16:21:39Z Monospaced 75295 On this day for 14 November: reid airtins taen oot, spellins fixed 926740 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[14 November]]''': <div style="float:right;margin-left:0.5em"> [[File:Herman Melville.jpg|130x130px]] </div> *[[1851]] &ndash; ''[[Moby-Dick]]'', a novel bi Herman Melville ''(picturt)'', is published in the Unitit States. *[[1918]] &ndash; [[Czechoslovakie]] becomes a republic. *[[1922]] &ndash; The British Broadcasting Company, later the [[BBC]], begins its radio service in the [[Unitit Kinrick]]. *[[1940]] &ndash; [[Warld War II]]: In Ingland, [[Coventry]] is heavily bombed bi German bombers, an Coventry Cathedral is near destroyed. *1975 &ndash; Wi the signin o the Madrid Accords, Spain gies up [[Wastren Sahara]]. '''[[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]]''' (d.&nbsp;1716){{·}} '''[[Claude Monet]]''' (b.&nbsp;1840){{·}} '''[[Charles III]]''' (b.&nbsp;1948) </li> {{SelAnnivFooter|Month=November}} <noinclude> </noinclude> s8fpb11daly5qr0ou4f3eq7m527rtbx 0 203287 926812 813554 2026-11-08T18:28:59Z Monospaced 75295 Drap Fix Scots 926812 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Rothesay_Castle_&_tollbooth.jpg|alt=black and white engraving showing old castle and tolbooth|thumb|300x300px|[[Rothesay Castle]] an [[tolbooth]] {{Circa}} 1680]] The '''Bute witches''' war sax Scots wummen accuisit o [[witchcraft]] an interrogate in [[Rothesay, Bute|Rothesay]] paroch on [[Isle of Bute|Bute]] durin the [[Great Scots Witch Hunt o 1661–62]].{{sfnp|Willumsen|2011|p=536|ps=none}} The [[Privy Cooncil o Scotland|Privy Cooncil]] grantit a [[Commission of Justiciary|Commeession o Juisticiary]] tae haud local assizes an fower o the wummen{{sfnp|Henderson|2008|p=105|ps=none}}&nbsp;– thocht bi historians tae be Margaret McLevin, Margaret McWilliam, Janet Morrison{{efn|Spelled as Jonet Morisone in the original document reproduced by James R. N. MacPhail.{{sfnp|MacPhail|1920|p=3|ps=none}}}} an Isobell McNicoll{{sfnp|Scott|2007|p=279|ps=none}}&nbsp;– war execute in 1662;{{sfnp|Henderson|2008|p=105|ps=none}} a fifth micht hae deed whan incarcerate.{{sfnp|Scott|2007|p=280|ps=none}} Ane wumman, Jonet NcNicoll, escapit frae prison afore she coud be execute but whan she retourt tae the isle in 1673 the sentence wis implemented. == References == === Notes === <references group="lower-alpha" responsive=""></references> === Citations === <references group=""></references> === Bibliography === {{Refbegin}} *{{Citation|last=Goodare|first=Julian|title=The Oxford Companion to Scottish History|year=2001|editor-last=Lynch|editor-first=Michael|chapter=Witch-hunts|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-211696-7}} *{{Citation|last=Henderson|first=Lizanne|title=Witchcraft and Belief in Early Modern Scotland|year=2008|editor-last=Goodare|editor-first=Julian|chapter=Witch-Hunting and Witch Belief in the Gàidhealtachd|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-50788-3}} *{{Citation|last=Henderson|first=Lizanne|title=Historic Bute, land and people|year=2012|editor-last=Ritchie|editor-first=Anna|chapter=The witches of Bute|publisher=The Scottish Society for Northern Studies|isbn=0-9535226-4-4}} *{{Citation|last=Henderson|first=Lizanne|title=Witchcraft and Folk Belief in the Age of Enlightenment Scotland, 1670–1740|year=2016|publisher=Palgrave MacMillan|isbn=978-1-137-31324-9}} *{{Citation|last=Henderson|first=Lizanne|title=Scottish Fairy Belief: A History|year=2001|publisher=Tuckwell|isbn=1-86232-190-6|last2=Cowan|first2=Edward J.}} *{{Citation|last=Hewison|first=James King|title=The Isle of Bute in the olden times|volume=2|year=1895|publisher=William Blackwood and Sons}} *{{Citation|last=Levack|first=Brian P.|title=Witch-hunting in Scotland: law, politics and religion|year=2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-39943-2}} *{{Citation|last=MacPhail|first=James R. N.|title=Highland Papers|volume=III|year=1920|publisher=Scottish History Society}} *{{Citation|last=Scott|first=William|title=The Bute Witches|year=2007|publisher=Elenkus|isbn=978-0-9521910-7-0}} *{{Citation|last=Sutherland|first=Alex|title=The Brahan Seer: The Making of a Legend|year=2009|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=978-3-03911-868-7}} *{{Citation|last=Wilby|first=Emma|title=The Visions of Isobel Gowdie: Magic, Witchcraft and Dark Shamanism in Seventeenth-Century Scotland|year=2010|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-84519-179-5}} *{{Citation|last=Willumsen|first=Liv Helene|title=A Narratological Approach to Witchcraft Trial: A Scottish Case|work=Journal of Early Modern History|volume=15|issue=6|year=2011|publisher=BRILL}} {{Refend}} [[Category:17t century in Scotland]] 46px6dp5ilbhk4kla61wr1kjqs6jn2c 926864 926812 2026-11-08T19:53:44Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up 926864 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Rothesay_Castle_&_tollbooth.jpg|alt=black and white engraving showing old castle and tolbooth|thumb|300x300px|[[Rothesay Castle]] an [[tolbooth]] {{Circa}} 1680]] The '''Bute witches''' war sax Scots wummen accuisit o [[witchcraft]] an interrogate in [[Rothesay, Bute|Rothesay]] paroch on [[Isle of Bute|Bute]] durin the [[Great Scots Witch Hunt o 1661–62]].{{sfnp|Willumsen|2011|p=536|ps=none}} The [[Privy Cooncil o Scotland|Privy Cooncil]] grantit a [[Commission of Justiciary|Commission o Justiciary]] tae haud local assizes an fower o the wummen{{sfnp|Henderson|2008|p=105|ps=none}}&nbsp;– thocht bi historians tae be Margaret McLevin, Margaret McWilliam, Janet Morrison{{efn|Spelled as Jonet Morisone in the original document reproduced by James R. N. MacPhail.{{sfnp|MacPhail|1920|p=3|ps=none}}}} an Isobell McNicoll{{sfnp|Scott|2007|p=279|ps=none}}&nbsp;– war execute in 1662;{{sfnp|Henderson|2008|p=105|ps=none}} a fifth micht hae deed in the jile.{{sfnp|Scott|2007|p=280|ps=none}} Ane wumman, Jonet NcNicoll, escapit frae prison afore she coud be execute but whan she cam back tae the isle in 1673 the sentence wis cairied oot. == References == === Notes === <references group="lower-alpha" responsive=""></references> === Citations === <references group=""></references> === Bibliography === {{Refbegin}} *{{Citation|last=Goodare|first=Julian|title=The Oxford Companion to Scottish History|year=2001|editor-last=Lynch|editor-first=Michael|chapter=Witch-hunts|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-211696-7}} *{{Citation|last=Henderson|first=Lizanne|title=Witchcraft and Belief in Early Modern Scotland|year=2008|editor-last=Goodare|editor-first=Julian|chapter=Witch-Hunting and Witch Belief in the Gàidhealtachd|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-50788-3}} *{{Citation|last=Henderson|first=Lizanne|title=Historic Bute, land and people|year=2012|editor-last=Ritchie|editor-first=Anna|chapter=The witches of Bute|publisher=The Scottish Society for Northern Studies|isbn=0-9535226-4-4}} *{{Citation|last=Henderson|first=Lizanne|title=Witchcraft and Folk Belief in the Age of Enlightenment Scotland, 1670–1740|year=2016|publisher=Palgrave MacMillan|isbn=978-1-137-31324-9}} *{{Citation|last=Henderson|first=Lizanne|title=Scottish Fairy Belief: A History|year=2001|publisher=Tuckwell|isbn=1-86232-190-6|last2=Cowan|first2=Edward J.}} *{{Citation|last=Hewison|first=James King|title=The Isle of Bute in the olden times|volume=2|year=1895|publisher=William Blackwood and Sons}} *{{Citation|last=Levack|first=Brian P.|title=Witch-hunting in Scotland: law, politics and religion|year=2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-39943-2}} *{{Citation|last=MacPhail|first=James R. N.|title=Highland Papers|volume=III|year=1920|publisher=Scottish History Society}} *{{Citation|last=Scott|first=William|title=The Bute Witches|year=2007|publisher=Elenkus|isbn=978-0-9521910-7-0}} *{{Citation|last=Sutherland|first=Alex|title=The Brahan Seer: The Making of a Legend|year=2009|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=978-3-03911-868-7}} *{{Citation|last=Wilby|first=Emma|title=The Visions of Isobel Gowdie: Magic, Witchcraft and Dark Shamanism in Seventeenth-Century Scotland|year=2010|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-84519-179-5}} *{{Citation|last=Willumsen|first=Liv Helene|title=A Narratological Approach to Witchcraft Trial: A Scottish Case|work=Journal of Early Modern History|volume=15|issue=6|year=2011|publisher=BRILL}} {{Refend}} [[Category:17t century in Scotland]] hwokzm0tr2k2kjm0f4j65vfr0krgpbr 0 204339 927017 901298 2026-11-08T22:12:59Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 927017 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox video game | title = The Last of Us Part II | image = The Last of Us Part II logo.svg | image_size = 275 | caption = | alt = | developer = [[Naughty Dog]] | publisher = [[Sony Interactive Entertainment]] | director = {{Unbulleted list|[[Neil Druckmann]]|Anthony Newman|Kurt Margenau}} | designer = {{Unbulleted list|Emilia Schatz|Richard Cambier}} | programmer = | artist = | writer = {{Unbulleted list|Neil Druckmann|Halley Gross}} | composer = [[Gustavo Santaolalla]] | series = <!-- Blank because of Wikidata --> | engine = <!-- Blank because of Wikidata --> | platforms = [[PlayStation 4]] | released = [[19 Juin]] 2020 | genre = Action-adventur, survival horror | modes = Single-player, multiplayer }} '''''The Last of Us Part II''''' is a 2020 action-adventur gemme developit bi [[Naughty Dog]] an published bi [[Sony Interactive Entertainment]] for the [[PlayStation 4]]. It wis released on 19 Juin 2020.<ref name="Sony Release Date">{{cite web |url=https://blog.us.playstation.com/2020/04/27/release-date-updates-for-the-last-of-us-part-ii-ghost-of-tsushima/ |title=Release Date Updates For ''The Last of Us Part II'', ''Ghost of Tsushima'' |last=Hulst |first=Herman |website=PlayStation Blog |publisher=[[Sony Interactive Entertainment]] |date=April 27, 2020 |accessdate=April 27, 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427214957/https://blog.us.playstation.com/2020/04/27/release-date-updates-for-the-last-of-us-part-ii-ghost-of-tsushima/ |archivedate=April 27, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> Set fower year efter ''[[The Last of Us]]'' (2013), the gemme follaes twa playable chairacters in a post-apocalyptic [[Unitit States]] whase lives come thegither: Ellie, wha sets oot for revenge efter Joel is murthert, an Abby, a sodger wha killed Joel an gets taen up in a fecht atween her militia an a releegious cult. Critics coont it ane o the best video gemmes o its generation, an it haes wan monie awairds, amang them Ultimate Game of the Year at the Golden Joystick Awards 2020<ref name="Golden Joystick 2020">{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/every-winner-at-the-golden-joystick-awards-2020/ |title=Every winner at the Golden Joystick Awards 2020 |last=Tyrer |first=Ben |work=GamesRadar |publisher=Future plc |date=November 24, 2020 |accessdate=November 25, 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124224231/https://www.gamesradar.com/every-winner-at-the-golden-joystick-awards-2020/ |archivedate=November 24, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> an Game of the Year at [[The Game Awards]] 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/playstation-4/the-last-of-us-part-ii|title=The Last of Us Part II|website=Metacritic|language=en|accessdate=2020-07-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://multiplayer.it/giochi/the-last-of-us-part-ii-per-ps4.html|title=The Last of Us Parte II|website=Multiplayer.it|language=it|accessdate=2020-07-28}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} == Fremmit airtins == *{{Official website|http://www.thelastofus.playstation.com/}} *{{IMDB title|6298000}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Last of Us Part II, The}} [[Category:Action-adventur gemmes]] [[Category:Horror video gemmes]] [[Category:PlayStation 4 gemmes]] [[Category:Survival video gemmes]] [[Category:Video gemme sequels]] [[Category:Video gemmes featurin female protagonists]] [[Category:Sony Interactive Entertainment gemmes]] im82uxc8b99pjjs13s99uf8n9k3jc5i 0 204937 926822 866360 2026-11-08T18:43:43Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; Makars' Court addit, soorced 926822 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Scottish Writers' Museum.jpg|thumb|The Writers' Museum at Lady Stair's Close in [[Edinburgh]], Scotland.]] The '''Writers' Museum''', hoosed in '''Lady Stair's House''' at the Lawnmarket, on the [[Ryal Mile]] in Edinburgh, shaws the lives o three o the best-kent [[Scots writers]]: [[Robert Burns]], [[Walter Scott]] an [[Robert Louis Stevenson]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-07|title=The Writers' Museum|url=https://www.edinburghmuseums.org.uk/venue/writers-museum|access-date=2022-05-12|website=Museums and Galleries Edinburgh|language=en}}</ref> It sits in Makars' Court, that haes been cried an "evolving national literary monument".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.edinburghmuseums.org.uk/Venues/The-Writers--Museum/Makars--Court |title=Makar's Court |publisher=Edinburgh Museums and Galleries |access-date=21 August 2025 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409003326/http://www.edinburghmuseums.org.uk/Venues/The-Writers--Museum/Makars--Court |archive-date=9 April 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> {{coord|55.9497|-3.1937|type:landmark_region:GB|display=title}} {{stub/Scotland}} {{stub/Burns}} == References == <references /> {{Robert Burns}} [[Category:Museums in Edinburgh]] [[Category:Leeterar museums in Scotland]] [[Category:Ryal Mile]] [[Category:Robert Burns]] [[Category:Walter Scott]] [[Category:Robert Louis Stevenson]] [[Category:Biografical museums in Scotland]] 3gdv4tok1yy7p5enlpm4gxwdtuhb7xx 0 205718 926903 902311 2026-11-08T20:33:34Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 926903 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox album | Name = Halloween Howls | Type = Studio | Artist = [[Andrew Gold]] | Released = 20 August [[1996]] | Genre = [[Soft rock]] | Length = 41:45 }} '''Halloween Howls''' (Scots: ''Hallae-een Howls'') is a [[Album|muisic album]] bi [[Andrew Gold]], released in [[1996]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Willis|first=Joey|date=2023-10-27|title=Andrew Gold's Charming 'Halloween Howls: Fun & Scary Music' Gets Timely Vinyl Reissue (ALBUM REVIEW) - Glide Magazine|language=en-US|work=Glide Magazine|url=https://glidemagazine.com/297305/andrew-golds-charming-halloween-howls-fun-scary-music-gets-timely-vinyl-reissue-album-review/|access-date=2025-02-03}}</ref> The album haes three cover sangs ("Monster Mash", "Ghostbusters" an "The Addams Family") an nine sangs aboot [[Hallae E'en]] lik ghaists, haunted hooses, wice weemin, skellats an sweeties.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cavanaugh|first=Patrick|date=2023-09-15|title=Andrew Gold's Halloween Howls Getting New Vinyl Release From Craft Recordings|url=https://comicbook.com/horror/news/andrew-gold-spooky-scary-skeletons-album-halloween-howls-vinyl/|access-date=2025-02-03|website=ComicBook.com|language=en-US}}</ref> == Leet o sangs == # "It Must Be Halloween" - 2:58 # "The Monster Mash" - 3:44 # "[[Spooky Scary Skeletons]]" - 2:10 # "Trick Or Treat" - 3:28 # "The Addams Family" - 1:28 # "Ghostbusters" - 4:10 # "Gimme A Smile (The Pumpkin Song)" - 4:04 # "Don't Scream (It's Only Halloween)" - 3:35 # "The Creature From The Tub" - 3:48 # "Halloween Party" - 3:12 # "Witches, Witches, Witches" - 3:10 # "In Our Haunted House" - 6:01 == References == <references /> [[Category:1996 albums]] [[Category:Hallae E'en]] tem814etb6y9wuptwkcu94wncm7v9zh 0 205753 927081 910472 2026-11-08T22:36:30Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 927081 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | show_name = Butterbean's Café | image = | alt = | caption = | genre = [[Childer's televeesion series]]<br>[[Fantasy film|Fantasy]]<br>[[Magical girl]] | creator = Jonny Belt<br>Robert Scull | writer = | director = | voices = {{Plainlist| * Margaret Ying Drake * [[Gabriella Pizzolo]] * Kirrilee Berger * Olivia Grace Manning * Koda Gursoy * [[Alysia Reiner]] }} | composer = Mike Barnett | country = {{Plainlist| * Unitit States * Ireland<ref name="THR" /> }} | language = {{Plainlist| * Inglis }} | num_seasons = 2<!-- increment as episodes actually air --> | num_episodes = 60<!-- increment as episodes actually air --> | list_episodes = | executive_producer = Cathal Gaffney<br>Darragh O'Connell | producer = | editor = | runtime = 22 minutes | company = {{Plainlist| * Brown Bag Films<ref name="THR" /> * Nickelodeon Animation Studio }} | distributor = {{Plainlist| * 9 Story International Distribution (Canada/International) * [[Viacom Media Networks]] (United States) }} | network = [[Nickelodeon]] | picture_format = | first_aired = {{Start date|2018|11|12}} | last_aired = {{End date|2020|11|1}} | preceded_by = | related = | website = | website_title = | image_alt = | channel = | first_run = | released = }} '''''Butterbean's Café''''' is an animatit fantasy telly series creatit bi Jonny Belt an Robert Scull, the creators o ''[[Bubble Guppies]]'',<ref name="THR">{{cite web |author=Kimberly Nordyke |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/nickelodeon-doubles-preschool-programming-4-892939 |title=Nickelodeon Doubles Preschool Programming With 4 New Series, 3 Specials (Exclusive) |work=The Hollywood Reporter |date=May 12, 2016 |access-date=July 18, 2018}}</ref> ordered bi [[Nickelodeon]]. The series follaes Butterbean, a fairy that rins a neebourheid café wi her freends. The series is aboot creative cookin wi fresh local fuid, an it teaches bairns social an emotional skills sic as leadership. Forty episodes war ordered at first.<ref name="AM">{{cite web|author=Mercedes Milligan|url=http://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/nick-jr-serves-up-butterbeans-cafe-nov-12-with-culinary-celeb-guests/|title=Nick Jr. Serves Up 'Butterbean's Cafe' Nov. 12, with Culinary Celeb Guests|work=Animation Magazine|date=October 22, 2018|access-date=November 21, 2018}}</ref><ref name="PR">{{cite press release|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2018/03/06/nickelodeon-unveils-content-pipeline-of-more-than-800-new-episodes-details-expansion-into-location-based-and-vr-experiences-881312/20180306nickelodeon08/|title=Nickelodeon Unveils Content Pipeline of More Than 800 New Episodes, Details Expansion into Location-Based and VR Experiences|publisher=Nickelodeon|via=The Futon Critic|date=March 6, 2018|access-date=July 18, 2018}}</ref> The series stairtit on 12 November 2018 an endit on 1 November 2020.<ref name="premiere">{{cite press release|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2018/10/22/nickelodeon-serves-up-brand-new-animated-preschool-series-butterbeans-cafe-premiering-monday-nov-12-at-1-pm-et-pt-192400/20181022nickelodeon01/|title=Nickelodeon Serves Up Brand-New Animated Preschool Series, "Butterbean's Cafe," Premiering Monday, Nov. 12, at 1 P.M. (ET/PT)|publisher=Nickelodeon|via=The Futon Critic|date=October 22, 2018|access-date=October 22, 2018}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.nickjr.com/butterbeans-cafe/ Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504025521/http://www.nickjr.com/butterbeans-cafe/ |date=2019-05-04 }} * {{IMDb title|tt7833624}} {{Nickelodeon original series and Nicktoons}} [[Category:2018 televeesion series debuts]] [[Category:2010s American animatit televeesion series]] [[Category:Preschuil eddication televeesion series]] [[Category:Inglis-leid televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Feectional fairies an sprites]] [[Category:Animatit televeesion programs featurin anthropomorphic chairacters]] [[Category:Nick Jr. shaws]] [[Category:Televeesion series bi Brown Bag Films]] [[Category:Childer's televeesion series]] [[Category:Magical girl televeesion series]] 9c6bgjulf4uq968crjynt97e1nuu727 927121 927081 2026-11-08T23:01:40Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927121 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox televeesion | show_name = Butterbean's Café | genre = [[Childer's televeesion series]]<br>[[Fantasy film|Fantasy]]<br>[[Magical girl]] | creator = Jonny Belt<br>Robert Scull | voices = {{Plainlist| * Margaret Ying Drake * [[Gabriella Pizzolo]] * Kirrilee Berger * Olivia Grace Manning * Koda Gursoy * [[Alysia Reiner]] }} | composer = Mike Barnett | country = {{Plainlist| * Unitit States * Ireland<ref name="THR" /> }} | language = {{Plainlist| * Inglis }} | num_seasons = 2 | num_episodes = 60 | executive_producer = Cathal Gaffney<br>Darragh O'Connell | runtime = 22 meenit | company = {{Plainlist| * Brown Bag Films<ref name="THR" /> * Nickelodeon Animation Studio }} | distributor = {{Plainlist| * 9 Story International Distribution (Canada/International) * [[Viacom Media Networks]] (United States) }} | network = [[Nickelodeon]] | first_aired = {{Start date|2018|11|12}} | last_aired = {{End date|2020|11|1}} }} '''''Butterbean's Café''''' is an animatit fantasy telly series creatit bi Jonny Belt an Robert Scull, the creators o ''[[Bubble Guppies]]'',<ref name="THR">{{cite web |author=Kimberly Nordyke |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/nickelodeon-doubles-preschool-programming-4-892939 |title=Nickelodeon Doubles Preschool Programming With 4 New Series, 3 Specials (Exclusive) |work=The Hollywood Reporter |date=May 12, 2016 |access-date=July 18, 2018}}</ref> ordered bi [[Nickelodeon]]. The series follaes Butterbean, a fairy that rins a neebourheid café wi her freends. The series is aboot creative cookin wi fresh local fuid, an it teaches bairns social an emotional skills sic as leadership. Forty episodes war ordered at first.<ref name="AM">{{cite web|author=Mercedes Milligan|url=http://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/nick-jr-serves-up-butterbeans-cafe-nov-12-with-culinary-celeb-guests/|title=Nick Jr. Serves Up 'Butterbean's Cafe' Nov. 12, with Culinary Celeb Guests|work=Animation Magazine|date=October 22, 2018|access-date=November 21, 2018}}</ref><ref name="PR">{{cite press release|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2018/03/06/nickelodeon-unveils-content-pipeline-of-more-than-800-new-episodes-details-expansion-into-location-based-and-vr-experiences-881312/20180306nickelodeon08/|title=Nickelodeon Unveils Content Pipeline of More Than 800 New Episodes, Details Expansion into Location-Based and VR Experiences|publisher=Nickelodeon|via=The Futon Critic|date=March 6, 2018|access-date=July 18, 2018}}</ref> The series stairtit on 12 November 2018 an endit on 1 November 2020.<ref name="premiere">{{cite press release|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2018/10/22/nickelodeon-serves-up-brand-new-animated-preschool-series-butterbeans-cafe-premiering-monday-nov-12-at-1-pm-et-pt-192400/20181022nickelodeon01/|title=Nickelodeon Serves Up Brand-New Animated Preschool Series, "Butterbean's Cafe," Premiering Monday, Nov. 12, at 1 P.M. (ET/PT)|publisher=Nickelodeon|via=The Futon Critic|date=October 22, 2018|access-date=October 22, 2018}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.nickjr.com/butterbeans-cafe/ Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504025521/http://www.nickjr.com/butterbeans-cafe/ |date=2019-05-04 }} * {{IMDb title|tt7833624}} {{Nickelodeon original series and Nicktoons}} [[Category:2018 televeesion series debuts]] [[Category:2010s American animatit televeesion series]] [[Category:Preschuil eddication televeesion series]] [[Category:Inglis-leid televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Feectional fairies an sprites]] [[Category:Animatit televeesion programs featurin anthropomorphic chairacters]] [[Category:Nick Jr. shaws]] [[Category:Televeesion series bi Brown Bag Films]] [[Category:Childer's televeesion series]] [[Category:Magical girl televeesion series]] 0dp93hpqe9xzof66dork2slkh6bvccw 0 205754 927076 903963 2026-11-08T22:35:32Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 927076 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | show_name = Bubble Guppies | image = | genre = [[Animation]]<ref name=CommonSenseMedia>{{cite web|url=https://www.commonsensemedia.org/tv-reviews/bubble-guppies|title=Bubble Guppies|work=commonsensemedia.org|accessdate=30 April 2015}}</ref><br />[[Pre-school]]<br />[[Muisical film|Muisical]]<br />[[Comedy]]<br />[[Sketch comedy]] | creator = [[Bubble Guppies|Jonny Belt]]<br />Robert Scull | developer = | writer = | creative_director = | voices = Brianna Gentilella<br />[[Zachary Gordon]]<br />Jelani Imani<br />Angelina Wahler<br />Reyna Shaskan<br />Eamon Pirruccello | theme_music_composer = Terry Fryer | opentheme = "Bubble Guppies!" | endtheme = Various ending themes | composer = Nick Balaban<br />[[Michael Rubin]]<br />[[John Angier]] | country = Unitit States<br />Canada | language = Inglis | num_seasons = 6 | num_episodes = 129 | list_episodes = Leet o Bubble Guppies episodes | executive_producer = Jonny Belt<br />Robert Scull | runtime = 22–23 minutes | company = WildBrain Entertainment (Season 1)<br />Nelvana<br />(Seasons 2-4)<br />Nickelodeon Animation Studio | distributor = [[ViacomCBS Domestic Media Networks|MTV Networks]] (Unitit States)<br />Corus Entertainment (International) | network = [[Nickelodeon]]<br />[[Nick Jr.]] | picture_format = [[HDTV]] (1080i) | audio_format = Dolby Digital 5.1 (2011–2016) (NTSC) | first_aired = {{Start date|2011|1|24}} | last_aired = {{Start date|2016|10|21}} | related = | website = http://bubbleguppies.nickjr.com/ }} '''''Bubble Guppies''''' is a [[childer's televeesion series|bairns' telly series]] produced for [[Nickelodeon]] an creatit bi Jonny Belt an Robert Scull.<ref name="NYT">{{cite news | first=Neil | last=Genzlinger | title=Splish Splash: Fantastical Fish Tales | url=http://tv.nytimes.com/2010/08/02/arts/television/24guppies.html | date =January 23, 2011 | newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> The series is a mix o [[sketch comedy]], [[eddicational televeesion|eddication]] an muisic, aboot the unnerwatter adventurs o a group o merfowk preschuilers cried Gil, Molly, Deema, Goby, Oona an Nonny, an thair pets.<ref>{{cite web | first=Carey | last=Bryson | url=http://kidstvmovies.about.com/od/BubbleGuppies/fr/Review-For-Parents.htm | publisher=About.com | title=Bubble Guppies – TV Show Review for Parents | work=About.com:Kids, Movies & TV | accessdate=2010-04-10 | archive-date=2011-01-31 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110131163411/http://kidstvmovies.about.com/od/BubbleGuppies/fr/Review-For-Parents.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> The programme stairtit on [[Nickelodeon]] on 24 Januar 2011 an endit on 21 October 2016. The series is makkit uisin Autodesk Maya 3D software. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://bubbleguppies.nickjr.com/ Official Website]{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{IMDb title|0965404|Bubble Guppies}} [[Category:2010s American animatit televeesion series]] [[Category:2010s Canadian animatit televeesion series]] [[Category:2010s Canadian sketch comedy televeesion series]] [[Category:2011 televeesion series debuts]] [[Category:2016 televeesion series endings]] [[Category:Childer's televeesion series]] [[Category:American computer-animated television series]] [[Category:Canadian computer-animatit televeesion series]] [[Category:Childer's sketch comedy]] [[Category:Inglis-leid televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Nick Jr. shaws]] [[Category:Preschuil eddication televeesion series]] [[Category:Televeesion series bi DHX Media]] [[Category:Televeesion series bi Nelvana]] [[Category:Televeesion series aboot freendship]] hgb2hzg0nqmi5qr5borzv9jonlcp9at 927119 927076 2026-11-08T22:59:17Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927119 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox televeesion | show_name = Bubble Guppies | genre = [[Animation]]<ref name=CommonSenseMedia>{{cite web|url=https://www.commonsensemedia.org/tv-reviews/bubble-guppies|title=Bubble Guppies|work=commonsensemedia.org|accessdate=30 April 2015}}</ref><br />[[Pre-school]]<br />[[Muisical film|Muisical]]<br />[[Comedy]]<br />[[Sketch comedy]] | creator = [[Bubble Guppies|Jonny Belt]]<br />Robert Scull | voices = Brianna Gentilella<br />[[Zachary Gordon]]<br />Jelani Imani<br />Angelina Wahler<br />Reyna Shaskan<br />Eamon Pirruccello | theme_music_composer = Terry Fryer | opentheme = "Bubble Guppies!" | endtheme = Various ending themes | composer = Nick Balaban<br />[[Michael Rubin]]<br />[[John Angier]] | country = Unitit States<br />Canada | language = Inglis | num_seasons = 6 | num_episodes = 129 | list_episodes = Leet o Bubble Guppies episodes | executive_producer = Jonny Belt<br />Robert Scull | runtime = 22–23 meenit | company = WildBrain Entertainment (Season 1)<br />Nelvana<br />(Seasons 2-4)<br />Nickelodeon Animation Studio | distributor = [[ViacomCBS Domestic Media Networks|MTV Networks]] (Unitit States)<br />Corus Entertainment (International) | network = [[Nickelodeon]]<br />[[Nick Jr.]] | picture_format = [[HDTV]] (1080i) | audio_format = Dolby Digital 5.1 (2011–2016) (NTSC) | first_aired = {{Start date|2011|1|24}} | last_aired = {{Start date|2016|10|21}} | website = http://bubbleguppies.nickjr.com/ }} '''''Bubble Guppies''''' is a [[childer's televeesion series|bairns' telly series]] produced for [[Nickelodeon]] an creatit bi Jonny Belt an Robert Scull.<ref name="NYT">{{cite news | first=Neil | last=Genzlinger | title=Splish Splash: Fantastical Fish Tales | url=http://tv.nytimes.com/2010/08/02/arts/television/24guppies.html | date =January 23, 2011 | newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> The series is a mix o [[sketch comedy]], [[eddicational televeesion|eddication]] an muisic, aboot the unnerwatter adventurs o a group o merfowk preschuilers cried Gil, Molly, Deema, Goby, Oona an Nonny, an thair pets.<ref>{{cite web | first=Carey | last=Bryson | url=http://kidstvmovies.about.com/od/BubbleGuppies/fr/Review-For-Parents.htm | publisher=About.com | title=Bubble Guppies – TV Show Review for Parents | work=About.com:Kids, Movies & TV | accessdate=2010-04-10 | archive-date=2011-01-31 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110131163411/http://kidstvmovies.about.com/od/BubbleGuppies/fr/Review-For-Parents.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> The programme stairtit on [[Nickelodeon]] on 24 Januar 2011 an endit on 21 October 2016. The series is makkit uisin Autodesk Maya 3D software. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://bubbleguppies.nickjr.com/ Official Website]{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{IMDb title|0965404|Bubble Guppies}} [[Category:2010s American animatit televeesion series]] [[Category:2010s Canadian animatit televeesion series]] [[Category:2010s Canadian sketch comedy televeesion series]] [[Category:2011 televeesion series debuts]] [[Category:2016 televeesion series endings]] [[Category:Childer's televeesion series]] [[Category:American computer-animated television series]] [[Category:Canadian computer-animatit televeesion series]] [[Category:Childer's sketch comedy]] [[Category:Inglis-leid televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Nick Jr. shaws]] [[Category:Preschuil eddication televeesion series]] [[Category:Televeesion series bi DHX Media]] [[Category:Televeesion series bi Nelvana]] [[Category:Televeesion series aboot freendship]] rrsu668l626r38i0uspz9xmjgixif2i 0 206204 927101 909373 2026-11-08T22:42:07Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; soorces addit 927101 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Ben & Holly's Little Kingdom''''' is a Breetish animatit telly series for bairns o pre-schuil age, first shawn on [[Nickelodeon (UK)|Nickelodeon UK]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Crump |first1=William D. |title=Happy Holidays—Animated! A Worldwide Encyclopedia of Christmas, Hanukkah, Kwanzaa and New Year's Cartoons on Television and Film |date=2019 |publisher=McFarland & Co |isbn=9781476672939 |pages=26–27}}</ref> It haes been shawn on [[Nickelodeon]]'s channels throughout [[Africa]], [[Asia-Pacific]], [[Europe]], the [[Middle East]], [[Laitin Americae|Latin Americae]] an [[North Americae]]. The shaw wis creatit bi Neville Astley an [[Mark Baker (animator)|Mark Baker]], an produced bi [[Astley Baker Davies]] an Entertainment One (the companies that makkit ''[[Peppa Pig]]'').<ref>{{Cite web |title=Astley Baker Davies Ltd |url=http://www.theelffactory.co.uk/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503102810/http://www.theelffactory.co.uk/index.html |archive-date=3 May 2017 |access-date=2017-04-27 |website=theelffactory.co.uk}}</ref> Monie o the actors that gie vyces tae chairacters in ''Peppa Pig'' wirk on ''Little Kingdom'' forby, amang them John Sparkes, [[Sarah Ann Kennedy]], [[David Rintoul]] an David Graham. The muisic is bi Julian Nott, that is kent for his ''[[Wallace and Gromit]]'' an ''Peppa Pig'' scores.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.juliannottmusic.com/Julian_Nott/Welcome.html|title=Julian Nott – Film Music Composer|website=juliannottmusic.com|language=en|access-date=2017-04-27|archive-date=24 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324200105/http://www.juliannottmusic.com/Julian_Nott/Welcome.html|url-status=live}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ben and Holly's Little Kingdom}} [[Category:Childer's televeesion series]] [[Category:2010s Breetish televeesion series]] [[Category:BAFTA winners (televeesion series)]] [[Category:British bairns animatit telly programmes]] [[Category:Inglis-leid televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Nick Jr. shaws]] cfdfsjm5oadda6tw4jn8sro2hyvcx1b 0 206763 926773 835568 2026-11-08T17:38:34Z Monospaced 75295 Redd up: misuised wirds an respellins fixed, plural verbs, soorces for the short references addit 926773 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | status = LC | status_system = iucn3.1 | trend = stable | status_ref = <ref name="iucn">{{cite journal |author1=Kryštufek, B. |author2=Lunde, D.P. |author3=Meinig, H. |author4=Aplin, K. |author5=Batsaikhan, N. |author6=Henttonen, H. |year=2019 |title=Micromys minutus |journal=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |volume=2019 |page=e.T13373A119151882 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T13373A119151882.en |language=en}}</ref> | image = Micromysminutus1.jpg | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]] | classis = [[Mammal]]ia | ordo = [[Rodent]]ia | familia = [[Muridae]] | genus = ''Micromys'' | species = '''''M. minutus''''' | binomial = ''Micromys minutus'' | binomial_authority = [[Peter Simon Pallas|Pallas]], 1771 | range_map = Distribution of Micromys minutus Map.png | range_map_caption = Hairst moose range }} The '''hairst moose''' (''Micromys'') is a smaw [[mammal]] o the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[rodent]]ia hamelt tae [[Europe]] an [[Asie]]. It is a kyne o [[moose]]. It can be fund in fields o [[cereal]] crops, sic as [[wheat]] an [[aits]], in reeds, an in ither heich, thick growthe, sic as lang [[Poaceae|girse]] an hedges. It haes moorit fur wi a white wame, an a bare tail that it can grip wi when it is speelin; it is the anerly European mammal that uises its tail as a fifth haund. It is the smawest European rodent; an adult can wecht as little as {{Convert|4|g|oz}}. Hairst mice big roond nests, gey lik birds' nests, cannily wrocht frae [[Poaceae|girse]] an bun tae [[Plant stem|stems]] abuin the grund. Belangin tae the subfaimily ''Murinae'', the genus isnae near sib tae ony ither murine genus{{Sfn|Musser|Carleton|2005|pp=1383–1384}} an it haes twa species still livin. ''Micromys minutus'', kent as the European hairst moose, is the mair routh o the twa. The ither, scarcer ane is ''Micromys erythrotis'', that bides in Vietnam an Soothren China (an aiblins the kintras that mairch wi them).{{Sfn|Abramov|Meschersky|Rozhnov|2009|p=58}} [[Fossil]]s o ''Micromys'' date back tae the Late Miocene an include at least 10 extinct species, formin twathry lineages.{{Sfn|Musser|Carleton|2005|p=1384}} == Description == The hairst moose ranges frae {{Convert|55|to|75|mm|in}} lang, an its tail frae {{Convert|50|to|75|mm|in}} lang; it wechts frae {{Convert|4|to|11|g|oz}},<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/wildfacts/factfiles/266.shtml |title=Archived copy |access-date=2004-09-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041119125341/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/wildfacts/factfiles/266.shtml |archive-date=2004-11-19 |df=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arkive.org/harvest-mouse/micromys-minutus/#text=FactsStatus |title=Arkive: ''Micromys minutus''. |access-date=2010-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100829140225/http://www.arkive.org/harvest-mouse/micromys-minutus/#text=FactsStatus#text=FactsStatus |archive-date=2010-08-29 |url-status=dead |df=}}</ref> or aboot hauf the wecht o the [[hoose moose]] (''Mus musculus''). The een an lugs are lairge affaerin tae its lenth. It haes a smaw neb, wi cuttie, stibble wuskers, an a thick, saft fur.<ref name="ADW">{{cite web |url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Micromys_minutus.html |author=Ivaldi, Francesca |title=Micromys minutus |access-date=28 May 2009}}</ref> == Geographie == ''M. minutus'' bides ootthro Europe an Northren Asie, rangin frae Northwast [[Spain]] throu the maist feck o Europe, athort [[Siberie]] tae [[Korea]], north tae aboot 65 degree in [[Roushie|Russia]], sooth tae the northren edge o [[Mongolie]]. Thare are populations in Soothren [[China]] forby, thro the [[Yunnan]] aurie.{{Sfn|Wilson|Reeder|2005}} == References == {{reflist|2}} === Soorces === {{Refbegin}} *{{cite journal | last1 = Abramov | first1 = A.V. | last2 = Meschersky | first2 = I.G. | last3 = Rozhnov | first3 = V.V. | year = 2009 | pages = 58–68 | title = On the taxonomic status of the harvest mouse Micromys minutus (Rodentia: Muridae) from Vietnam | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 2199 | doi = 10.11646/zootaxa.2199.1.2 }} *{{Cite book |title=Grzimek's Encyclopedia of Mammals Volume 3 |last=Grzimek |first=Bernhard |publisher=McGraw-Hill Publishing |year=1990 |isbn=9780079095084 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/grzimeksencyclop0005unse }} *{{cite book | last1 = Musser | first1 = G.G. | last2 = Carleton | first2 = M.D. | year = 2005 | url = http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3 | publisher = The Johns Hopkins University Press | location = Baltimore, Maryland | isbn = 978-0-8018-8221-0 | pages = 894–1531 | chapter = Superfamily Muroidea | title = Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference | edition = 3rd | editor1-last = Wilson | editor1-first = D.E. | editor2-last = Reeder | editor2-first = D.M. }} *{{cite book |editor1-last= Wilson |editor1-first= D.E. |editor2-last= Reeder |editor2-first= D.M. |year= 2005 |chapter= Micromys |title=Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference |publisher= The Johns Hopkins University Press |location= Baltimore, Maryland |edition=3rd |isbn= 978-0-8018-8221-0 }} {{Refend}} [[Category:Mammals o Roushie]] [[Category:Mammals o Azerbaijan]] [[Category:Mammals o Cheenae]] [[Category:Mammals o the Middle East]] [[Category:IUCN Reid Leet least concern species]] [[Category:Mammals o Asie]] [[Category:Rodents o Europe]] 4oogh3ipe1f0pf7zp1yl28l3hl4zeqh 926774 926773 2026-11-08T17:39:28Z Monospaced 75295 926774 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | status = LC | status_system = iucn3.1 | trend = stable | status_ref = <ref name="iucn">{{cite journal |author1=Kryštufek, B. |author2=Lunde, D.P. |author3=Meinig, H. |author4=Aplin, K. |author5=Batsaikhan, N. |author6=Henttonen, H. |year=2019 |title=Micromys minutus |journal=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |volume=2019 |page=e.T13373A119151882 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T13373A119151882.en |language=en}}</ref> | image = Micromysminutus1.jpg | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]] | classis = [[Mammal]]ia | ordo = [[Rodent]]ia | familia = [[Muridae]] | genus = ''Micromys'' | species = '''''M. minutus''''' | binomial = ''Micromys minutus'' | binomial_authority = [[Peter Simon Pallas|Pallas]], 1771 | range_map = Distribution of Micromys minutus Map.png | range_map_caption = Hairst moose range }} The '''hairst moose''' (''Micromys'') is a sma [[mammal]] o the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[rodent]]ia hamelt tae [[Europe]] an [[Asie]]. It is a kyne o [[moose]]. It can be fund in fields o [[cereal]] crops, sic as [[wheat]] an [[aits]], in reeds, an in ither heich, thick growthe, sic as lang [[Poaceae|girse]] an hedges. It haes moorit fur wi a white wame, an a bare tail that it can grip wi when it is speelin; it is the anerly European mammal that uises its tail as a fifth haund. It is the smaest European rodent; an adult can wecht as little as {{Convert|4|g|oz}}. Hairst mice big roond nests, gey lik birds' nests, cannily wrocht frae [[Poaceae|girse]] an bun tae [[Plant stem|stems]] abuin the grund. Belangin tae the subfaimily ''Murinae'', the genus isnae near sib tae ony ither murine genus{{Sfn|Musser|Carleton|2005|pp=1383–1384}} an it haes twa species still livin. ''Micromys minutus'', kent as the European hairst moose, is the mair routh o the twa. The ither, scarcer ane is ''Micromys erythrotis'', that bides in Vietnam an Soothren China (an aiblins the kintras that mairch wi them).{{Sfn|Abramov|Meschersky|Rozhnov|2009|p=58}} [[Fossil]]s o ''Micromys'' date back tae the Late Miocene an include at least 10 extinct species, formin twathry lineages.{{Sfn|Musser|Carleton|2005|p=1384}} == Description == The hairst moose ranges frae {{Convert|55|to|75|mm|in}} lang, an its tail frae {{Convert|50|to|75|mm|in}} lang; it wechts frae {{Convert|4|to|11|g|oz}},<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/wildfacts/factfiles/266.shtml |title=Archived copy |access-date=2004-09-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041119125341/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/wildfacts/factfiles/266.shtml |archive-date=2004-11-19 |df=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arkive.org/harvest-mouse/micromys-minutus/#text=FactsStatus |title=Arkive: ''Micromys minutus''. |access-date=2010-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100829140225/http://www.arkive.org/harvest-mouse/micromys-minutus/#text=FactsStatus#text=FactsStatus |archive-date=2010-08-29 |url-status=dead |df=}}</ref> or aboot hauf the wecht o the [[hoose moose]] (''Mus musculus''). The een an lugs are lairge affaerin tae its lenth. It haes a sma neb, wi cuttie, stibble wuskers, an a thick, saft fur.<ref name="ADW">{{cite web |url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Micromys_minutus.html |author=Ivaldi, Francesca |title=Micromys minutus |access-date=28 May 2009}}</ref> == Geographie == ''M. minutus'' bides ootthro Europe an Northren Asie, rangin frae Northwast [[Spain]] throu the maist feck o Europe, athort [[Siberie]] tae [[Korea]], north tae aboot 65 degree in [[Roushie|Russia]], sooth tae the northren edge o [[Mongolie]]. Thare are populations in Soothren [[China]] forby, thro the [[Yunnan]] aurie.{{Sfn|Wilson|Reeder|2005}} == References == {{reflist|2}} === Soorces === {{Refbegin}} *{{cite journal | last1 = Abramov | first1 = A.V. | last2 = Meschersky | first2 = I.G. | last3 = Rozhnov | first3 = V.V. | year = 2009 | pages = 58–68 | title = On the taxonomic status of the harvest mouse Micromys minutus (Rodentia: Muridae) from Vietnam | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 2199 | doi = 10.11646/zootaxa.2199.1.2 }} *{{Cite book |title=Grzimek's Encyclopedia of Mammals Volume 3 |last=Grzimek |first=Bernhard |publisher=McGraw-Hill Publishing |year=1990 |isbn=9780079095084 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/grzimeksencyclop0005unse }} *{{cite book | last1 = Musser | first1 = G.G. | last2 = Carleton | first2 = M.D. | year = 2005 | url = http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3 | publisher = The Johns Hopkins University Press | location = Baltimore, Maryland | isbn = 978-0-8018-8221-0 | pages = 894–1531 | chapter = Superfamily Muroidea | title = Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference | edition = 3rd | editor1-last = Wilson | editor1-first = D.E. | editor2-last = Reeder | editor2-first = D.M. }} *{{cite book |editor1-last= Wilson |editor1-first= D.E. |editor2-last= Reeder |editor2-first= D.M. |year= 2005 |chapter= Micromys |title=Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference |publisher= The Johns Hopkins University Press |location= Baltimore, Maryland |edition=3rd |isbn= 978-0-8018-8221-0 }} {{Refend}} [[Category:Mammals o Roushie]] [[Category:Mammals o Azerbaijan]] [[Category:Mammals o Cheenae]] [[Category:Mammals o the Middle East]] [[Category:IUCN Reid Leet least concern species]] [[Category:Mammals o Asie]] [[Category:Rodents o Europe]] e24mz94fo6di56ri8vh2x2970td9zqw 0 208662 927170 915544 2026-11-09T02:13:02Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 927170 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fixscots}} Jankel Adler (born Jankiel Jakub Adler;[1] 26 July 1895 – 25 April 1949) wis a Polish painter and printmaker. [[File:Jankel_Adler_(1895-1949).jpg|thumb|Adler in 1924, photograph by [[August Sander]]|alt=]]Jankiel Jakob Adler wis born as the seventh o ten bairns in Tuszyn, a suburb o' [[Łódź]]. In 1912 he began training as an engraver wi his uncle in [[Belgrade]]. He moved in 1914 tae [[Germany]] whaur he leed fur a time wi his sister in [[Barmen]], (now pairt o' [[Wuppertal]]). Thare he studied at the College o Arts an Crafts wi Professor Gustav Wiethücher. Wi the outbreak o World War II n 1939, he volunteered fur the Polish airmie that hud bin relocatit tae France; in 1941 he wis dischairged fur health reasons an leed thereaifter in [[Kirkcoubrie]] in Scotland whaur his wirk at this time include his '''''Venus o' Kirkcudbright'''''. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kirkcudbrightgalleries.org.uk/artists-footsteps/artist/jankel-adler/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2020-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803142430/https://www.kirkcudbrightgalleries.org.uk/artists-footsteps/artist/jankel-adler/ |archive-date=2019-08-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1943 he moved tae [[Lunnon]]. <ref>https://www.artrabbit.com/events/jankel-adler-a-degenerate-artist-in-britain-194049</ref> He later moved tae Whitley Cottage in Aldbourne, [[Wiltshire]] whar he died oan 25 April 1949 at the age o 53 years an wi the knowledge that nane o his nine brothers an sisters hud survived the [[Holocaust]]. [[File:The_Venus_of_Kirkcudbright_by_Polish_artist_Jankel_Adler.webp|thumb|The Venus o' Kirkcudbright, 1943]] == References == [[Category:1895 births]] [[Category:1949 daiths]] 3wbogyod3oy4b4rrl4isxpxivsdagg4 0 208752 926828 805402 2026-11-08T18:46:12Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; soorce addit 926828 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coord|56.048|4=N|5=2.785|8=W|9=region:GB_scale:500000|display=title}} [[File:Dirleton,_War_Memorial._-_geograph.org.uk_-_164565.jpg|thumb|Dirleton, War Memorial. - geograph.org.uk - 164565]] '''Dirleton''' is a village an pairish in [[East Lothian]], Scotland, aboot 20 mile (32&nbsp;km) east o Edinburgh on the A198.<ref>Martine, John, ''Fourteen Parishes of the County of Haddington'', Edinburgh, 1890, p.44.</ref> Dirleton sits atween [[Berrick]] (east), [[Guillan]] (wast), Fenton Barns (sooth) an the Yellowcraigs Nature Reserve, Archerfield Estate an the [[Firth o Forth]] (north). Guillan pairish wis eikit tae Dirleton pairish in 1612 bi an Act o Pairlament, acause "Golyn (as it was anciently spelt) is ane decaying toun, and Dirleton is ane thriven place."<ref>Martine, John, ''Fourteen Parishes of the County of Haddington'', Edinburgh, 1890, p.52</ref> == ''Two Weeks in September'' == The 1967 British-French picture ''Two'' ''Weeks in September'' ({{Lang-fr|À Cœur Joie}}) wis filmt in the area. The picture starred [[Brigitte Bardot]] an Laurent Terzieff an wis directed bi Serge Bourguignon. Scenes for the picture were shot on location at [[Dirleton Castle]] an on the beach at [[Guilane|Gullane]] in September 1966. The cast bided at the Open Arms Hotel in Dirleton.<ref>https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b6bbced7a</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:East Lowden]] [[Category:Places o Scotland]] {{Stub/Places o Scotland}} 30v2w9i6xq2o72f5nxpdlbj27x7kk57 14 211175 927249 720724 2026-11-09T10:37:59Z Monospaced 75295 Category:Formula 1 (category moved frae Formula Ane) 927249 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Formula 1|Race reports]] [[Category:Formula races]] ajjh2n24xfssfhmesjci863d3pqgc50 0 211724 926980 873917 2026-11-08T21:43:54Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; history an celebrations addit, soorced 926980 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Windsor castle guyfawkesnight1776.jpg|thumb|350px|Festivities at [[Windsor Castle]] bi Paul Sandby, {{circa|1776}}]] '''Guy Fawkes Nicht''', kent as '''Guy Fawkes Day''', '''Banefire Nicht''' an '''Firewarks Nicht''' an aw, is a commemoration held ilka year on 5 November, maistly in the [[Unitit Kinrick]], wi [[banefire]]s an [[firewarks]] displays. Its history stairts wi the events o 5 November 1605 [[Julian calendar|O.S.]], whan [[Guy Fawkes]], ane o the plotters in the [[Gunpouder Plot]], wis arrestit while he wis gairdin [[explosive]]s that the plotters haed pit ablo the [[Pailace o Wastmeenster]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=CNN|first=By Francesca Street|title=Guy Fawkes Night: What those fireworks and bonfires are all about|url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/guy-fawkes-bonfire-night/index.html|access-date=2022-11-15|website=CNN|language=en}}</ref> The [[Catholic]] plotters haed meant tae kill the [[Protestant]] [[James VI an I|King James]] an his pairlament. Tae celebrate the fact that the king haed survived, fowk lit banefires roond [[Lunnon]], an months later the Observance of 5th November Act makkit a public day o thanksgiein for the plot's failure a yearly thing.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Commemoration of the Gunpowder Plot|url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/parliamentaryauthority/the-gunpowder-plot-of-1605/overview/aftermath/commemoration-/|url-status=live|access-date=15 November 2022|website=UK Parliament}}</ref> The day cairied strang Protestant owertones, an it becam a focus for anti-Catholic feelin. At mair an mair rowdy celebrations, fowk brunt effigies o the [[Pape]] an ither hate-figures.<ref>{{Harvnb|Cressy|1992|pp=74–75}}</ref> In the 19t century bairns gaithered wid for the banefire an beggit for siller wi a "guy", an effigy o Fawkes, an the day cam tae be kent as Guy Fawkes Day.<ref name="Huttonp43">{{Harvnb|Hutton|2001|p=403}}</ref> == History == Richt efter Fawkes wis arrestit on 5 November, gairdin a cache o explosives ablo the [[Hoose o Lairds]], King James's Cooncil let the public celebrate the King's survival wi banefires, as lang as thay war "without any danger or disorder".<ref>{{Harvnb|Fraser|2005|p=207}}</ref> That makkit 1605 the first year the plot's failure wis celebrated.<ref>{{Harvnb|Fraser|2005|pp=351–352}}</ref> The follaein Januar, days afore the survivin plotters war executit, Pairlament passed the Observance of 5th November Act 1605 at the instigation o James,<ref>{{Citation|last1=Williamson|first1=Philip|last2=Mears|first2=Natalie|date=2021|title=Jame I and Gunpowder Treason Day|url=https://dro.dur.ac.uk/31800/1/31800.pdf|journal=The Historical Journal|language=en|volume=64|issue=2|pages=185–210|doi=10.1017/S0018246X20000497|s2cid=228920584 |issn=0018-246X}}</ref> commonly kent as the "Thanksgiving Act". It wis proponed bi a Puritan Member o Pairlament, Edward Montagu, that said the king's deliverance bi divine intervention deserved some kind o official recognition. The Act kept 5 November free as a day o thanksgiein, an in theory makkit gaun tae the kirk compulsory.<ref>{{Harvnb|Sharpe|2005|pp=78–79}}</ref> A new form o service wis addit tae the [[Kirk o Ingland]]'s ''Book of Common Prayer'' for uise on that day.<ref>{{citation|first=Edward L. |last=Bond |title=Spreading the gospel in colonial Virginia'|publisher=Colonial Williamsburg Foundation|year= 2005|page=93}}</ref> In 1625 James's son, the future King Charles I, mairit the Catholic Henrietta Maria o Fraunce. On 5 November that year effigies o the Pape an the deil war brunt, an bi 1670 the prentices o Lunnon haed turnt the day intae a fire festival, attackin no juist popery but "sobriety and good order".<ref>{{Harvnb|Cressy|1992|p=75}}</ref> Whan the Duke o York turnt Catholic in 1673, the prentices brunt an effigy o the Whore o Babylon, deckit oot wi papal seembols, in front o a procession o aboot 1,000 fowk.<ref>{{Harvnb|Cressy|1992|pp=74–75}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Sharpe|2005|pp=96–97}}</ref> Ower the 19t century sic scenes grew less popular. Wi little resistance in Pairlament, the thanksgiein prayer for 5 November in the ''Book of Common Prayer'' wis abolished, an in Mairch 1859 the Anniversary Days Observance Act repealed the Observance of 5th November Act 1605.<ref>{{Harvnb|Cressy|1992|pp=82–83}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Fraser|2005|pp=354–356}}</ref> == Celebrations == [[File:Guy Fawkes effigy by William Warby from Flickr.jpg|thumb|upright|An effigy o Fawkes, brunt on 5 November 2010 at Billericay]] In Victorian times, gaitherin wid for the banefire mair an mair becam a job for workin-cless bairns, that socht things tae burn, siller, meat an drink frae better-aff neebours, aften wi the help o sangs. Maist o thir sangs stairtit wi the weel-kent lines "Remember, remember, the fifth of November, Gunpowder Treason and Plot".<ref name="Huttonp43" /> The custom o beggin for a "penny for the Guy" haes nou near disappeared awthegither.<ref name="Sharpep157">{{Harvnb|Sharpe|2005|p=157}}</ref> Some aulder customs aye survive. In Ottery St Mary fowk rin throu the streets cairyin flamin tar barrels,<ref>{{Harvnb|Hutton|2001|pp=406–407}}</ref> an syne 1679 [[Lewes]] haes held some o Ingland's maist extravagant 5 November celebrations, the Lewes Bonfire.<ref>{{Harvnb|Sharpe|2005|pp=147–152}}</ref> The day is aften gey near [[Halloween]], an David Cressy summed up the modren celebration lik this: "The rockets go higher and burn with more colour, but they have less and less to do with memories of the Fifth of November&nbsp;... it might be observed that Guy Fawkes' Day is finally declining, having lost its connection with politics and religion. But we have heard that many times before."<ref>{{Harvnb|Cressy|1992|pp=86–87}}</ref> == In Scotland an Ireland == Banefires are aye lit on 5 November in various ceeties in [[Scotland]], but in [[Norlin Airlan]] the celebration is mair controversial.<ref>{{citation |last=Rogers |first=Nicholas |title=Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stWZ_UDteMIC |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-19-516896-9|pages=38–39}}</ref> Some fowk hae claimed that Guy Fawkes Nicht took the place o aulder fire customs, but the historian Ronald Hutton disagrees, writin: "There is, in brief, nothing to link the Hallowe'en fires of North Wales, Man, and central Scotland with those which appeared in England upon 5&nbsp;November."<ref name="Huttonp394">{{Harvnb|Hutton|2001|p=394}}</ref> In Norlin Airlan, whaur some commonties celebrate Guy Fawkes Nicht, the line atween the Fift an Halloween isna aye clear.<ref>{{citation | last = Santino | first = Jack | title = Light up the Sky: Halloween Bonfires and Cultural Hegemony in Northern Ireland | journal = Western Folklore | issue = 3 | volume = 55 | date = Summer 1996 | pages = 213–232 | publisher = Western States Folklore Society | jstor = 1500482 | doi=10.2307/1500482 | doi-access = free }}</ref> == References == <references /> === Warks citit === {{refbegin}} *{{citation |last=Cressy |first=David |editor=Roy Porter |title=Myths of the English |chapter=The Fifth of November Remembered |year=1992 |publisher=Polity Press |isbn=978-0-7456-0844-0}} *{{citation |last=Fraser |first=Antonia |author-link=Antonia Fraser |title=The Gunpowder Plot |publisher=Phoenix |year=2005 |orig-year=1996 |isbn=978-0-7538-1401-7}} *{{citation |last=Hutton |first=Ronald |author-link=Ronald Hutton |title=The stations of the sun: a history of the ritual year in Britain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0WhvTFmRDCQC |edition=reprinted, illustrated |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-285448-3}} *{{citation |last=Sharpe |first=J. A. |title=Remember, remember: a cultural history of Guy Fawkes Day |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hYYSKgMpAxIC |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-674-01935-5}} {{refend}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:1605 establishments]] [[Category:Annual events in the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Anti-Catholicism in Ingland]] [[Category:Autumn tradeetions]] [[Category:Breetish tradeetions]] [[Category:Cultur o New Ingland]] [[Category:Firewarks events in Europe]] [[Category:Guy Fawkes]] [[Category:Halidays in Ingland]] [[Category:November observances]] [[Category:Tradeetions involvin fire]] [[Category:Autumn events in Ingland]] 6k3nr4g2mrd0zalf81erdgtpbzjdzur 0 212324 926788 805448 2026-11-08T18:10:13Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; Toun Hoose an population addit, soorced 926788 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:High St Strathmiglo.JPG|thumb|Heich St Stramiglae]] '''Stramiglae''' ({{lang-gd|Srath Mioglach}}) ([[Ordnance Survey]] {{gbmapping|NO214101}}) is a village an pairish in the north-east o [[Fife]], Scotland, on the [[River Eden, Fife|River Eden]]. It sits on the auld A91 road frae Milnathort tae [[Cupar]] an St Andrews, but a new road tae the north gaed roond it in the 1970s. [[Muchtie]] an [[Fauklan]] are near haund. Its Toun Hoose wis feenisht in 1734.<ref>{{Historic Environment Scotland|num=LB15754|desc= Town House, High Street, Strathmiglo |access-date=24 August 2022}}</ref> The pairish haed a population o 880 in 2021.<ref name= KS101SC>Census of Scotland 2021, Table KS101SC – Usually Resident Population, publ. by National Records of Scotland. Web site http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/ retrieved March 2016. See “Standard Outputs”, Table KS101SC, Area type: Civil Parish 1930</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{coord|56.27684|N|3.27095|W|region:GB_source:enwiki-osgb36(NO214101)|display=title}}<!-- Note: WGS84 lat/long, converted from OSGB36 grid ref --> [[Category:Veelages in Fife]] [[Category:Pairishes in Fife]] {{stub/Scotland}} {{Stub/Places o Scotland}} [[Category:Places o Scotland]] a9zx6gs87jgszwrl4gqzvyvsqlryxdb 0 212905 927261 923104 2026-11-09T10:51:02Z Monospaced 75295 Remove Fix Scots; rewritten frae soorces: history, format, winners 927261 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox fitbaw tournament | image = | imagesize = 100px | caption = | name = Intercontinental Cup <br/>{{small|European/South American Cup}}<br/>{{small|Toyota Cup}} | organiser = [[UEFA]] and [[CONMEBOL]] | founded = 1960 | abolished = 2004 | region = Europe<br>Sooth Americae | number of teams = 2 | current champions = {{nowrap|{{flagicon|POR}} [[FC Porto|Porto]]<br/>(2nt teetle)}} | first title won = {{nowrap|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]]}} | most successful club = {{nowrap|{{nowrap|{{flagicon|URU}} [[Peñarol]]}}<br>{{nowrap|{{flagicon|URU}} [[Club Nacional de Football|Nacional]]}}<br>{{nowrap|{{flagicon|ITA}} [[A.C. Milan|Milan]]}}<br>{{nowrap|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]]}}<br>{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Boca Juniors]]}}<br>(3 teetles ilk) |Top scorer=Pelé }} The '''Intercontinental Cup''', kent as the '''European/Sooth American Cup''' an aw, an as the '''Toyota Cup''' frae 1980 tae 2004 efter its sponsor, the [[Toyota|caur makker]], wis an internaitional club [[association fitbaw|fitbaw]] competition endorsed bi the [[UEFA|Union o European Fitbaw Associations]] (UEFA) an the [[CONMEBOL|Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol]] (CONMEBOL),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/printoutfiles/competitions/ucl/2010/e/e_01_md.pdf|title=Legend – UEFA club competition|work=Union des Associations Européennes de Football|format=PDF|page=99|year=2009|accessdate=23 August 2014|archive-date=2012-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023011029/http://www.uefa.com/printoutfiles/competitions/ucl/2010/e/e_01_md.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|language=Spanish|url=http://www.conmebol.com/books/Repasando%20la%20Historia/Repasando%20la%20Historia.html|title=Competencias oficiales de la CONMEBOL|work=Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol|pages=99; 107|year=2011|accessdate=23 August 2014|archive-date=2019-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519215740/http://www.conmebol.com/books/Repasando%20la%20Historia/Repasando%20la%20Historia.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>- The winners o UEFA Champions League unnertak tae pairt in the follaein competeetions: a) The UEFA Super cup, that is held at the stairt o ilk new saison. b) Intercontinental competeetions arranged bi UEFA an ither confederations. – Clubs are nae authorised tae represent UEFA or the UEFA Champions League withoot UEFA's prior written appruival. cfr. {{cite news|url=https://kassiesa.net/uefafiles/2003-uefa-cl-rules.pdf|title=We care about football – Regulation of the UEFA Champions League 2003/04|publisher=Union of European Football Associations|format=PDF|pages=2|access-date=2019-12-11|archive-date=2018-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816124046/https://kassiesa.net/uefafiles/2003-uefa-cl-rules.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> It wis contestit atween clubs frae thir twa confederations, uisually the winners o the [[UEFA Champions League]] an the Sooth American [[Copa Libertadores]]. It ran frae 1960 tae 2004, when the [[FIFA Club World Cup]] teuk its place, tho the twa ran at the same time in 2000. Frae 1960 tae 1979 the competition wis played ower twa legs, wi a play-aff if needit up tae 1968, an penalty kicks efter that. Frae 1980 it wis a single match played in [[Japan]]. == Performances''<ref name="FIFA Report 2017">{{cite journal|date=December 2017|title=FIFA Club World Cup 2017|url=http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/fifafacts/mencompcwc/02/67/91/87/statskit_fcwc2017_event_neutral.pdf|format=PDF|journal=FIFA Report 2017|location=[[Zurich]]|publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association|page=pages 15, 40, 41, 42|access-date=2021-01-10|archive-date=2017-12-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230230452/http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/fifafacts/mencompcwc/02/67/91/87/statskit_fcwc2017_event_neutral.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>'' == {|class="wikitable" |+ |- | width="40px" bgcolor="#FBCEB1" align="center"| | Match wis wan durin extra time |- | width="40px" bgcolor="#cedff2" align="center"| | Match wis wan on a penalty shoot-out |- | width="40px" bgcolor="#D0F0C0" align="center"|‡ | Play-off |- | width="40px" align="center"|# | [[UEFA Champions League|European]] runner-up |} {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;" |- !width=4% |Season !width=7% |Fitbaw association !width=15%|Winners !width=10% |Score !width=15%|Runners-up !width=7% |Fitbaw association ! width="20%" |Host |- |rowspan=2 align=center|1960 | rowspan="2" |{{flag|ESP|1945}} | rowspan="2" |[[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] |align=center|0–0 | rowspan="2" |[[Peñarol]] | rowspan="2" |{{flag|URU}} |[[Montevideo]], Uruguay |- |align=center|5–1 |[[Madrid]], Spain |- |rowspan=3 align=center|1961 | rowspan="3" |{{nowrap|{{flag|URU}}}} | rowspan="3" |[[Peñarol]] |align=center|0–1 | rowspan="3" |[[S.L. Benfica|Benfica]] | rowspan="3" |{{flag|POR}} |[[Lisbon]], Portugal |- |align=center|5–0 |[[Montevideo]], Uruguay |- |align=center bgcolor="#D0F0C0"|{{0|<sup>‡</sup>}}2–1<sup>‡</sup> |[[Montevideo]], Uruguay |- |rowspan=2 align=center|1962 | rowspan="2" |{{flag|BRA|1960}} | rowspan="2" |[[Santos FC|Santos]] |align=center|3–2 | rowspan="2" |[[S.L. Benfica|Benfica]] | rowspan="2" |{{flag|POR}} |[[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil |- |align=center|5–2 |[[Lisbon]], Portugal |- |rowspan=3 align=center|1963 | rowspan="3" |{{flag|BRA|1960}} | rowspan="3" |[[Santos FC|Santos]] |align=center|2–4 | rowspan="3" |[[A.C. Milan|Milan]] | rowspan="3" |{{flag|ITA}} |[[Milan]], Italy |- |align=center|4–2 | rowspan="2" |[[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil |- |align=center bgcolor="#D0F0C0"|{{0|<sup>‡</sup>}}1–0<sup>‡</sup> |- |rowspan=3 align=center|1964 | rowspan="3" |{{flag|ITA}} | rowspan="3" |[[Inter Milan|Internazionale]] |align=center|0–1 | rowspan="3" |[[Club Atlético Independiente|Independiente]] | rowspan="3" |{{flag|ARG}} |[[Avellaneda]], Argentina |- |align=center|2–0 |[[Milan]], Italy |- |align=center bgcolor="#D0F0C0"|{{0|<sup>‡</sup>}}1–0 {{aet}}<sup>‡</sup> |[[Madrid]], Spain |- |rowspan=2 align=center|1965 | rowspan="2" |{{flag|ITA}} | rowspan="2" |[[Inter Milan|Internazionale]] |align=center|3–0 | rowspan="2" |[[Club Atlético Independiente|Independiente]] | rowspan="2" |{{flag|ARG}} |[[Milan]], Italy |- |align=center|0–0 |[[Avellaneda]], Argentina |- |rowspan=2 align=center|1966 | rowspan="2" |{{flag|URU}} | rowspan="2" |[[Peñarol]] |align=center|2–0 | rowspan="2" |[[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] | rowspan="2" |{{flag|ESP|1945}} |[[Montevideo]], Uruguay |- |align=center|2–0 |[[Madrid]], Spain |- |rowspan=3 align=center|1967 | rowspan="3" |{{nowrap|{{flag|ARG}}}} | rowspan="3" |[[Racing Club de Avellaneda|Racing]] |align=center|0–1 | rowspan="3" |[[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]] | rowspan="3" |{{flag|SCO}} |[[Glasgow]], Scotland |- |align=center|2–1 |[[Avellaneda]], Argentina |- |align=center bgcolor="#D0F0C0"|{{0|<sup>‡</sup>}}1–0<sup>‡</sup> |[[Montevideo]], Uruguay |- |rowspan=2 align=center|1968 | rowspan="2" |{{flag|ARG}} | rowspan="2" |[[Estudiantes de La Plata|Estudiantes]] |align=center|1–0 | rowspan="2" |[[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] | rowspan="2" |{{flag|ENG}} |[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina |- |align=center|1–1 |[[Manchester]], England |- |rowspan=2 align=center|1969 | rowspan="2" |{{flag|ITA}} | rowspan="2" |[[A.C. Milan|Milan]] |align=center|3–0 | rowspan="2" |[[Estudiantes de La Plata|Estudiantes]] | rowspan="2" |{{flag|ARG}} |[[Milan]], Italy |- |align=center|1–2 |[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina |- |rowspan=2 align=center|1970 | rowspan="2" |{{flag|NED}} | rowspan="2" |[[Feyenoord]] |align=center|2–2 | rowspan="2" |[[Estudiantes de La Plata|Estudiantes]] | rowspan="2" |{{flag|ARG}} |[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina |- |align=center|1–0 |[[Rotterdam]], Netherlands |- |rowspan=2 align=center|1971 | rowspan="2" |{{flag|URU}} | rowspan="2" |[[Club Nacional de Football|Nacional]] |align=center|1–1 | rowspan="2" |[[Panathinaikos F.C.|Panathinaikos]]<sup>#1</sup> |{{flag|GRE|1970}} |[[Piraeus]], Greece |- |align=center|2–1 |{{flag|GRE|1970}} |[[Montevideo]], Uruguay |- |rowspan=2 align=center|1972 | rowspan="2" |{{flag|NED}} | rowspan="2" |[[AFC Ajax|Ajax]] |align=center|1–1 | rowspan="2" |[[Club Atlético Independiente|Independiente]] | rowspan="2" |{{flag|ARG}} |[[Avellaneda]], Argentina |- |align=center|3–0 |[[Amsterdam]], Netherlands |- |rowspan=2 align=center|1973 |{{flag|ARG}} |[[Club Atlético Independiente|Independiente]] |align=center|1–0 |[[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]]<sup>#2</sup> |{{flag|ITA}} |[[Rome]], Italy |- | colspan="5" style="background:#efefef" |<center>The second leg wisna played. {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Club Atlético Independiente|Independiente]] wis declared the winner.</center> |- |rowspan=2 align=center|1974 | rowspan="2" |{{flag|ESP|1945}} | rowspan="2" |[[Atlético Madrid]]<sup>#3</sup> |align=center|0–1 | rowspan="2" |[[Club Atlético Independiente|Independiente]] | rowspan="2" |{{flag|ARG}} |[[Avellaneda]], Argentina |- |align=center|2–0 |[[Madrid]], Spain |- | |align=center|''1975'' | colspan="5" style="background:#efefef" |<center>{{flagicon|GER}} [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] an {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Club Atlético Independiente|Independiente]] coudna find a date tae play.</center> |- |rowspan=2 align=center|1976 | rowspan="2" |{{flag|FRG}} | rowspan="2" |[[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] |align=center|2–0 | rowspan="2" |[[Cruzeiro Esporte Clube|Cruzeiro]] | rowspan="2" |{{flag|BRA|1968}} |[[Munich]], [[Wast Germany]] |- |align=center|0–0 |[[Belo Horizonte]], Brazil |- |rowspan=2 align=center|1977 | rowspan="2" |{{flag|ARG}} | rowspan="2" |[[Boca Juniors]] |align=center|2–2 | rowspan="2" |[[Borussia Mönchengladbach]]<sup>#4</sup> | rowspan="2" |{{flag|FRG}} |[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina |- |align=center|3–0 |[[Karlsruhe]], [[Wast Germany]] |- | |align=center|''1978'' | colspan="5" style="background:#efefef" |<center>{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] and {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Boca Juniors]] declined to play each other. |- |rowspan=2 align=center|1979 | rowspan="2" |{{flag|PAR|1954}} | rowspan="2" |[[Club Olimpia|Olimpia]] |align=center|1–0 | rowspan="2" |[[Malmö FF]]<sup>#5</sup> | rowspan="2" |{{flag|SWE}} |[[Malmö]], Sweden |- |align=center|2–1 |[[Asunción]], Paraguay |- |align=center|1980 |{{flag|URU}} |[[Club Nacional de Football|Nacional]] |align=center|1–0 |[[Nottingham Forest F.C.|Nottingham Forest]] | rowspan="3" |{{flag|ENG}}|| rowspan="22" | [[Tokyo]], Japan |- |align=center|1981 |{{flag|BRA}} |[[Clube de Regatas Flamengo|Flamengo]] |align=center|3–0 |[[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] |- |align=center|1982 |{{flag|URU}} |[[Peñarol]] |align=center|2–0 |[[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]] |- |align=center|1983 |{{flag|BRA|1968}} |[[Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense|Grêmio]] |align=center bgcolor="#FBCEB1"|2–1 {{aet}} |[[Hamburger SV]] |{{flag|FRG}} |- |align=center|1984 |{{flag|ARG}} |[[Club Atlético Independiente|Independiente]] |align=center|1–0 |[[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] |{{flag|ENG}} |- |align=center|1985 |{{flag|ITA}} |[[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]] |align=center bgcolor=#cedff2|2–2 {{aet}} {{pso|4–2}} |Argentinos Juniors |{{flag|ARG}} |- |align=center|1986 |{{flag|ARG}} |[[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]] |align=center|1–0 |[[FCSB|Steaua București]] |{{flag|ROU|1965}} |- |align=center|1987 |{{flag|POR}} |[[FC Porto|Porto]] |align=center bgcolor="#FBCEB1"|2–1 {{aet}} |[[Peñarol]] |{{flag|URU}} |- |align=center|1988 |{{flag|URU}} |[[Club Nacional de Football|Nacional]] |align=center bgcolor=#cedff2|2–2 {{aet}} {{pso|7–6}} |[[PSV Eindhoven]] |{{flag|NED}} |- |align=center|1989 |{{flag|ITA}} |[[A.C. Milan|Milan]] |align=center bgcolor="#FBCEB1"|1–0 {{aet}} |[[Atlético Nacional]] |{{flag|COL}} |- |align=center|1990 |{{flag|ITA}} |[[A.C. Milan|Milan]] |align=center|3–0 |[[Club Olimpia|Olimpia]] |{{flag|PAR|1990}} |- |align=center|1991 |{{flag|YUG}} |[[Red Star Belgrade]] |align=center|3–0 |[[Colo-Colo]] |{{flag|CHI}} |- |align=center|1992 |{{flag|BRA}} |[[São Paulo FC|São Paulo]] |align=center|2–1 |[[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] |{{flag|ESP}} |- |align=center|1993 |{{flag|BRA}} |[[São Paulo FC|São Paulo]] |align=center|3–2 |[[A.C. Milan|Milan]]<sup>#6</sup> | rowspan="2" |{{flag|ITA}} |- |align=center|1994 |{{flag|ARG}} |[[Club Atlético Vélez Sársfield|Vélez Sársfield]] |align=center|2–0 |[[A.C. Milan|Milan]] |- |align=center|1995 |{{flag|NED}} |[[AFC Ajax|Ajax]] |align=center bgcolor=#cedff2|0–0 {{aet}} {{pso|4–3}} |[[Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense|Grêmio]] |{{flag|BRA}} |- |align=center|1996 |{{flag|ITA}} |[[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]] |align=center|1–0 |[[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]] |{{flag|ARG}} |- |align=center|1997 |{{flag|GER}} |[[Borussia Dortmund]] |align=center|2–0 |[[Cruzeiro Esporte Clube|Cruzeiro]] | rowspan="3" |{{flag|BRA}} |- |align=center|1998 |{{flag|ESP}} |[[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] |align=center|2–1 |[[CR Vasco da Gama|Vasco da Gama]] |- |align=center|1999 |{{flag|ENG}} |[[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] |align=center|1–0 |[[Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras|Palmeiras]] |- |align=center|2000 |{{flag|ARG}} |[[Boca Juniors]] |align=center|2–1 |[[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] |{{flag|ESP}} |- |align=center|2001 |{{flag|GER}} |[[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] |align=center bgcolor="#FBCEB1"|1–0 {{aet}} |[[Boca Juniors]] |{{flag|ARG}} |- |align=center|2002 |{{flag|ESP}} |[[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] |align=center|2–0 |[[Club Olimpia|Olimpia]] |{{flag|PAR|1990}}|| rowspan="3" | [[Yokohama]], Japan |- |align=center|2003 |{{flag|ARG}} |[[Boca Juniors]] |align=center bgcolor=#cedff2|1–1 {{aet}} {{pso|3–1}} |[[A.C. Milan|Milan]] |{{flag|ITA|2003}} |- |align=center|2004 |{{flag|POR}} |[[FC Porto|Porto]] |align=center bgcolor=#cedff2|{{nowrap|0–0 {{aet}} {{pso|8–7}}}} |Once Caldas |{{flag|COL}} |} ==See forby== *[[FIFA Club World Cup]] *[[Leet o warld champion fitba clubs]] ==References== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} [[Category:Warld championships]] [[Category:Intercontinental Cup (fitbaw)| ]] [[Category:Defunct CONMEBOL club competeetions]] [[Category:Defunct UEFA club competeetions]] [[Category:Warld championships in association fitbaw]] [[Category:Recurrin sportin events established in 1960]] [[Category:Recurrin events disestablished in 2004]] [[Category:November sportin events]] [[Category:December sportin events]] {{stub/Sports}} 685oacx4rn25nn6b332nwy5hura2po2 927262 927261 2026-11-09T10:51:30Z Monospaced 75295 Fix heading (reference oot o the heading) 927262 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox fitbaw tournament | image = | imagesize = 100px | caption = | name = Intercontinental Cup <br/>{{small|European/South American Cup}}<br/>{{small|Toyota Cup}} | organiser = [[UEFA]] and [[CONMEBOL]] | founded = 1960 | abolished = 2004 | region = Europe<br>Sooth Americae | number of teams = 2 | current champions = {{nowrap|{{flagicon|POR}} [[FC Porto|Porto]]<br/>(2nt teetle)}} | first title won = {{nowrap|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]]}} | most successful club = {{nowrap|{{nowrap|{{flagicon|URU}} [[Peñarol]]}}<br>{{nowrap|{{flagicon|URU}} [[Club Nacional de Football|Nacional]]}}<br>{{nowrap|{{flagicon|ITA}} [[A.C. Milan|Milan]]}}<br>{{nowrap|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]]}}<br>{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Boca Juniors]]}}<br>(3 teetles ilk) |Top scorer=Pelé }} The '''Intercontinental Cup''', kent as the '''European/Sooth American Cup''' an aw, an as the '''Toyota Cup''' frae 1980 tae 2004 efter its sponsor, the [[Toyota|caur makker]], wis an internaitional club [[association fitbaw|fitbaw]] competition endorsed bi the [[UEFA|Union o European Fitbaw Associations]] (UEFA) an the [[CONMEBOL|Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol]] (CONMEBOL),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/printoutfiles/competitions/ucl/2010/e/e_01_md.pdf|title=Legend – UEFA club competition|work=Union des Associations Européennes de Football|format=PDF|page=99|year=2009|accessdate=23 August 2014|archive-date=2012-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023011029/http://www.uefa.com/printoutfiles/competitions/ucl/2010/e/e_01_md.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|language=Spanish|url=http://www.conmebol.com/books/Repasando%20la%20Historia/Repasando%20la%20Historia.html|title=Competencias oficiales de la CONMEBOL|work=Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol|pages=99; 107|year=2011|accessdate=23 August 2014|archive-date=2019-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519215740/http://www.conmebol.com/books/Repasando%20la%20Historia/Repasando%20la%20Historia.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>- The winners o UEFA Champions League unnertak tae pairt in the follaein competeetions: a) The UEFA Super cup, that is held at the stairt o ilk new saison. b) Intercontinental competeetions arranged bi UEFA an ither confederations. – Clubs are nae authorised tae represent UEFA or the UEFA Champions League withoot UEFA's prior written appruival. cfr. {{cite news|url=https://kassiesa.net/uefafiles/2003-uefa-cl-rules.pdf|title=We care about football – Regulation of the UEFA Champions League 2003/04|publisher=Union of European Football Associations|format=PDF|pages=2|access-date=2019-12-11|archive-date=2018-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816124046/https://kassiesa.net/uefafiles/2003-uefa-cl-rules.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> It wis contestit atween clubs frae thir twa confederations, uisually the winners o the [[UEFA Champions League]] an the Sooth American [[Copa Libertadores]]. It ran frae 1960 tae 2004, when the [[FIFA Club World Cup]] teuk its place, tho the twa ran at the same time in 2000. Frae 1960 tae 1979 the competition wis played ower twa legs, wi a play-aff if needit up tae 1968, an penalty kicks efter that. Frae 1980 it wis a single match played in [[Japan]]. == Performances bi club == The follaein table is frae the FIFA report for 2017.<ref name="FIFA Report 2017">{{cite journal|date=December 2017|title=FIFA Club World Cup 2017|url=http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/fifafacts/mencompcwc/02/67/91/87/statskit_fcwc2017_event_neutral.pdf|format=PDF|journal=FIFA Report 2017|location=[[Zurich]]|publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association|page=pages 15, 40, 41, 42|access-date=2021-01-10|archive-date=2017-12-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230230452/http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/fifafacts/mencompcwc/02/67/91/87/statskit_fcwc2017_event_neutral.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> {|class="wikitable" |+ |- | width="40px" bgcolor="#FBCEB1" align="center"| | Match wis wan durin extra time |- | width="40px" bgcolor="#cedff2" align="center"| | Match wis wan on a penalty shoot-out |- | width="40px" bgcolor="#D0F0C0" align="center"|‡ | Play-off |- | width="40px" align="center"|# | [[UEFA Champions League|European]] runner-up |} {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;" |- !width=4% |Season !width=7% |Fitbaw association !width=15%|Winners !width=10% |Score !width=15%|Runners-up !width=7% |Fitbaw association ! width="20%" |Host |- |rowspan=2 align=center|1960 | rowspan="2" |{{flag|ESP|1945}} | rowspan="2" |[[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] |align=center|0–0 | rowspan="2" |[[Peñarol]] | rowspan="2" |{{flag|URU}} |[[Montevideo]], Uruguay |- |align=center|5–1 |[[Madrid]], Spain |- |rowspan=3 align=center|1961 | rowspan="3" |{{nowrap|{{flag|URU}}}} | rowspan="3" |[[Peñarol]] |align=center|0–1 | rowspan="3" |[[S.L. Benfica|Benfica]] | rowspan="3" |{{flag|POR}} |[[Lisbon]], Portugal |- |align=center|5–0 |[[Montevideo]], Uruguay |- |align=center bgcolor="#D0F0C0"|{{0|<sup>‡</sup>}}2–1<sup>‡</sup> |[[Montevideo]], Uruguay |- |rowspan=2 align=center|1962 | rowspan="2" |{{flag|BRA|1960}} | rowspan="2" |[[Santos FC|Santos]] |align=center|3–2 | rowspan="2" |[[S.L. Benfica|Benfica]] | rowspan="2" |{{flag|POR}} |[[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil |- |align=center|5–2 |[[Lisbon]], Portugal |- |rowspan=3 align=center|1963 | rowspan="3" |{{flag|BRA|1960}} | rowspan="3" |[[Santos FC|Santos]] |align=center|2–4 | rowspan="3" |[[A.C. Milan|Milan]] | rowspan="3" |{{flag|ITA}} |[[Milan]], Italy |- |align=center|4–2 | rowspan="2" |[[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil |- |align=center bgcolor="#D0F0C0"|{{0|<sup>‡</sup>}}1–0<sup>‡</sup> |- |rowspan=3 align=center|1964 | rowspan="3" |{{flag|ITA}} | rowspan="3" |[[Inter Milan|Internazionale]] |align=center|0–1 | rowspan="3" |[[Club Atlético Independiente|Independiente]] | rowspan="3" |{{flag|ARG}} |[[Avellaneda]], Argentina |- |align=center|2–0 |[[Milan]], Italy |- |align=center bgcolor="#D0F0C0"|{{0|<sup>‡</sup>}}1–0 {{aet}}<sup>‡</sup> |[[Madrid]], Spain |- |rowspan=2 align=center|1965 | rowspan="2" |{{flag|ITA}} | rowspan="2" |[[Inter Milan|Internazionale]] |align=center|3–0 | rowspan="2" |[[Club Atlético Independiente|Independiente]] | rowspan="2" |{{flag|ARG}} |[[Milan]], Italy |- |align=center|0–0 |[[Avellaneda]], Argentina |- |rowspan=2 align=center|1966 | rowspan="2" |{{flag|URU}} | rowspan="2" |[[Peñarol]] |align=center|2–0 | rowspan="2" |[[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] | rowspan="2" |{{flag|ESP|1945}} |[[Montevideo]], Uruguay |- |align=center|2–0 |[[Madrid]], Spain |- |rowspan=3 align=center|1967 | rowspan="3" |{{nowrap|{{flag|ARG}}}} | rowspan="3" |[[Racing Club de Avellaneda|Racing]] |align=center|0–1 | rowspan="3" |[[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]] | rowspan="3" |{{flag|SCO}} |[[Glasgow]], Scotland |- |align=center|2–1 |[[Avellaneda]], Argentina |- |align=center bgcolor="#D0F0C0"|{{0|<sup>‡</sup>}}1–0<sup>‡</sup> |[[Montevideo]], Uruguay |- |rowspan=2 align=center|1968 | rowspan="2" |{{flag|ARG}} | rowspan="2" |[[Estudiantes de La Plata|Estudiantes]] |align=center|1–0 | rowspan="2" |[[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] | rowspan="2" |{{flag|ENG}} |[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina |- |align=center|1–1 |[[Manchester]], England |- |rowspan=2 align=center|1969 | rowspan="2" |{{flag|ITA}} | rowspan="2" |[[A.C. Milan|Milan]] |align=center|3–0 | rowspan="2" |[[Estudiantes de La Plata|Estudiantes]] | rowspan="2" |{{flag|ARG}} |[[Milan]], Italy |- |align=center|1–2 |[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina |- |rowspan=2 align=center|1970 | rowspan="2" |{{flag|NED}} | rowspan="2" |[[Feyenoord]] |align=center|2–2 | rowspan="2" |[[Estudiantes de La Plata|Estudiantes]] | rowspan="2" |{{flag|ARG}} |[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina |- |align=center|1–0 |[[Rotterdam]], Netherlands |- |rowspan=2 align=center|1971 | rowspan="2" |{{flag|URU}} | rowspan="2" |[[Club Nacional de Football|Nacional]] |align=center|1–1 | rowspan="2" |[[Panathinaikos F.C.|Panathinaikos]]<sup>#1</sup> |{{flag|GRE|1970}} |[[Piraeus]], Greece |- |align=center|2–1 |{{flag|GRE|1970}} |[[Montevideo]], Uruguay |- |rowspan=2 align=center|1972 | rowspan="2" |{{flag|NED}} | rowspan="2" |[[AFC Ajax|Ajax]] |align=center|1–1 | rowspan="2" |[[Club Atlético Independiente|Independiente]] | rowspan="2" |{{flag|ARG}} |[[Avellaneda]], Argentina |- |align=center|3–0 |[[Amsterdam]], Netherlands |- |rowspan=2 align=center|1973 |{{flag|ARG}} |[[Club Atlético Independiente|Independiente]] |align=center|1–0 |[[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]]<sup>#2</sup> |{{flag|ITA}} |[[Rome]], Italy |- | colspan="5" style="background:#efefef" |<center>The second leg wisna played. {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Club Atlético Independiente|Independiente]] wis declared the winner.</center> |- |rowspan=2 align=center|1974 | rowspan="2" |{{flag|ESP|1945}} | rowspan="2" |[[Atlético Madrid]]<sup>#3</sup> |align=center|0–1 | rowspan="2" |[[Club Atlético Independiente|Independiente]] | rowspan="2" |{{flag|ARG}} |[[Avellaneda]], Argentina |- |align=center|2–0 |[[Madrid]], Spain |- | |align=center|''1975'' | colspan="5" style="background:#efefef" |<center>{{flagicon|GER}} [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] an {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Club Atlético Independiente|Independiente]] coudna find a date tae play.</center> |- |rowspan=2 align=center|1976 | rowspan="2" |{{flag|FRG}} | rowspan="2" |[[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] |align=center|2–0 | rowspan="2" |[[Cruzeiro Esporte Clube|Cruzeiro]] | rowspan="2" |{{flag|BRA|1968}} |[[Munich]], [[Wast Germany]] |- |align=center|0–0 |[[Belo Horizonte]], Brazil |- |rowspan=2 align=center|1977 | rowspan="2" |{{flag|ARG}} | rowspan="2" |[[Boca Juniors]] |align=center|2–2 | rowspan="2" |[[Borussia Mönchengladbach]]<sup>#4</sup> | rowspan="2" |{{flag|FRG}} |[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina |- |align=center|3–0 |[[Karlsruhe]], [[Wast Germany]] |- | |align=center|''1978'' | colspan="5" style="background:#efefef" |<center>{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] and {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Boca Juniors]] declined to play each other. |- |rowspan=2 align=center|1979 | rowspan="2" |{{flag|PAR|1954}} | rowspan="2" |[[Club Olimpia|Olimpia]] |align=center|1–0 | rowspan="2" |[[Malmö FF]]<sup>#5</sup> | rowspan="2" |{{flag|SWE}} |[[Malmö]], Sweden |- |align=center|2–1 |[[Asunción]], Paraguay |- |align=center|1980 |{{flag|URU}} |[[Club Nacional de Football|Nacional]] |align=center|1–0 |[[Nottingham Forest F.C.|Nottingham Forest]] | rowspan="3" |{{flag|ENG}}|| rowspan="22" | [[Tokyo]], Japan |- |align=center|1981 |{{flag|BRA}} |[[Clube de Regatas Flamengo|Flamengo]] |align=center|3–0 |[[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] |- |align=center|1982 |{{flag|URU}} |[[Peñarol]] |align=center|2–0 |[[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]] |- |align=center|1983 |{{flag|BRA|1968}} |[[Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense|Grêmio]] |align=center bgcolor="#FBCEB1"|2–1 {{aet}} |[[Hamburger SV]] |{{flag|FRG}} |- |align=center|1984 |{{flag|ARG}} |[[Club Atlético Independiente|Independiente]] |align=center|1–0 |[[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] |{{flag|ENG}} |- |align=center|1985 |{{flag|ITA}} |[[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]] |align=center bgcolor=#cedff2|2–2 {{aet}} {{pso|4–2}} |Argentinos Juniors |{{flag|ARG}} |- |align=center|1986 |{{flag|ARG}} |[[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]] |align=center|1–0 |[[FCSB|Steaua București]] |{{flag|ROU|1965}} |- |align=center|1987 |{{flag|POR}} |[[FC Porto|Porto]] |align=center bgcolor="#FBCEB1"|2–1 {{aet}} |[[Peñarol]] |{{flag|URU}} |- |align=center|1988 |{{flag|URU}} |[[Club Nacional de Football|Nacional]] |align=center bgcolor=#cedff2|2–2 {{aet}} {{pso|7–6}} |[[PSV Eindhoven]] |{{flag|NED}} |- |align=center|1989 |{{flag|ITA}} |[[A.C. Milan|Milan]] |align=center bgcolor="#FBCEB1"|1–0 {{aet}} |[[Atlético Nacional]] |{{flag|COL}} |- |align=center|1990 |{{flag|ITA}} |[[A.C. Milan|Milan]] |align=center|3–0 |[[Club Olimpia|Olimpia]] |{{flag|PAR|1990}} |- |align=center|1991 |{{flag|YUG}} |[[Red Star Belgrade]] |align=center|3–0 |[[Colo-Colo]] |{{flag|CHI}} |- |align=center|1992 |{{flag|BRA}} |[[São Paulo FC|São Paulo]] |align=center|2–1 |[[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] |{{flag|ESP}} |- |align=center|1993 |{{flag|BRA}} |[[São Paulo FC|São Paulo]] |align=center|3–2 |[[A.C. Milan|Milan]]<sup>#6</sup> | rowspan="2" |{{flag|ITA}} |- |align=center|1994 |{{flag|ARG}} |[[Club Atlético Vélez Sársfield|Vélez Sársfield]] |align=center|2–0 |[[A.C. Milan|Milan]] |- |align=center|1995 |{{flag|NED}} |[[AFC Ajax|Ajax]] |align=center bgcolor=#cedff2|0–0 {{aet}} {{pso|4–3}} |[[Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense|Grêmio]] |{{flag|BRA}} |- |align=center|1996 |{{flag|ITA}} |[[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]] |align=center|1–0 |[[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]] |{{flag|ARG}} |- |align=center|1997 |{{flag|GER}} |[[Borussia Dortmund]] |align=center|2–0 |[[Cruzeiro Esporte Clube|Cruzeiro]] | rowspan="3" |{{flag|BRA}} |- |align=center|1998 |{{flag|ESP}} |[[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] |align=center|2–1 |[[CR Vasco da Gama|Vasco da Gama]] |- |align=center|1999 |{{flag|ENG}} |[[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] |align=center|1–0 |[[Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras|Palmeiras]] |- |align=center|2000 |{{flag|ARG}} |[[Boca Juniors]] |align=center|2–1 |[[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] |{{flag|ESP}} |- |align=center|2001 |{{flag|GER}} |[[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] |align=center bgcolor="#FBCEB1"|1–0 {{aet}} |[[Boca Juniors]] |{{flag|ARG}} |- |align=center|2002 |{{flag|ESP}} |[[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] |align=center|2–0 |[[Club Olimpia|Olimpia]] |{{flag|PAR|1990}}|| rowspan="3" | [[Yokohama]], Japan |- |align=center|2003 |{{flag|ARG}} |[[Boca Juniors]] |align=center bgcolor=#cedff2|1–1 {{aet}} {{pso|3–1}} |[[A.C. Milan|Milan]] |{{flag|ITA|2003}} |- |align=center|2004 |{{flag|POR}} |[[FC Porto|Porto]] |align=center bgcolor=#cedff2|{{nowrap|0–0 {{aet}} {{pso|8–7}}}} |Once Caldas |{{flag|COL}} |} ==See forby== *[[FIFA Club World Cup]] *[[Leet o warld champion fitba clubs]] ==References== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} [[Category:Warld championships]] [[Category:Intercontinental Cup (fitbaw)| ]] [[Category:Defunct CONMEBOL club competeetions]] [[Category:Defunct UEFA club competeetions]] [[Category:Warld championships in association fitbaw]] [[Category:Recurrin sportin events established in 1960]] [[Category:Recurrin events disestablished in 2004]] [[Category:November sportin events]] [[Category:December sportin events]] {{stub/Sports}} aabofdgtttp4rny6fw6jh3gmcptmuov 0 212923 927082 919055 2026-11-08T22:36:42Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 927082 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television|show_name=The High Life|image=|caption=The High Life|runtime=30 minutes|creator=[[Alan Cumming]] and [[Forbes Masson]]|starring=[[Alan Cumming]]<br />[[Forbes Masson]]<br />Siobhan Redmond<br />Patrick Ryecart|country=Scotland|network=[[BBC Two|BBC2]]|first_aired=9 January 1994, 6 January 1995|last_aired=10 February 1995|num_episodes=6 (+1 pilot)}} '''''The High Life''''' is a Scots situation comedy written bi an starring [[Forbes Masson]] as Steve McCracken an [[Alan Cumming]] as Sebastian Flight.<ref>www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00gsj9b</ref> Cumming an Masson met at the {{lang|en|Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama}} in Glesga, an efter a wheen o solo projects they cam thegither tae mak the BBC sitcom ''The High Life''.<ref>www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B001OAHLB6</ref> The twa leads war based heavily on thair Scots comedy double act, Victor an Barry. [[File:Forbes_Masson.jpg|thumb|Forbes Masson]] [[File:AlanCummingSept2013TIFF.jpg|thumb|Alan Cumming September 2013<br />]] The series follit the cabin crew at the fictional airline, Air Scotia, fleein oot o Prestwick Airport. The crew war the camp, drink-lovin, self-centred an spitefu steward Sebastian; his sex-obsessed colleague Steve; thair up-tight, crabbit Chief Stewardess, Shona Spurtle; an the eccentric pilot, captain Hilary Duff.[[File:Glasgow_Prestwick_Airport,_January_2017.jpg|thumb|Glesga Prestwick Airport, the settin for the programme.]] == Cast an crew == * [[Alan Cumming]] - Sebastian Flight * [[Forbes Masson]] - Steve McCracken * Siobhan Redmond - Shona Spurtle * Patrick Ryecart - Captain Hilary Duff '''Crew''' * [[Alan Cumming]] - Writer * [[Forbes Masson]] - Writer * Tony Dow - Director (pilot) * Angela deChastelai Smith - Director (series) * Tony Dow - Producer ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Televeesion series]] {{stub}} 9iuivxs1n8bxqxpivk8133nyvqvc8vi 927084 927082 2026-11-08T22:37:23Z Monospaced 75295 BBC soorce citit, Amazon link taen oot, RSAMD linkit 927084 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television|show_name=The High Life|image=|caption=The High Life|runtime=30 minutes|creator=[[Alan Cumming]] an [[Forbes Masson]]|starring=[[Alan Cumming]]<br />[[Forbes Masson]]<br />Siobhan Redmond<br />Patrick Ryecart|country=Scotland|network=[[BBC Two|BBC2]]|first_aired=9 January 1994, 6 January 1995|last_aired=10 February 1995|num_episodes=6 (+1 pilot)}} '''''The High Life''''' is a Scots situation comedy written bi an starring [[Forbes Masson]] as Steve McCracken an [[Alan Cumming]] as Sebastian Flight.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00gsj9b|title=The High Life|website=BBC Scotland|access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> Cumming an Masson met at the [[Royal Conservatoire of Scotland|{{lang|en|Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama}}]] in Glesga, an efter a wheen o solo projects they cam thegither tae mak the BBC sitcom ''The High Life''. The twa leads war based heavily on thair Scots comedy double act, Victor an Barry. [[File:Forbes_Masson.jpg|thumb|Forbes Masson]] [[File:AlanCummingSept2013TIFF.jpg|thumb|Alan Cumming September 2013<br />]] The series follit the cabin crew at the fictional airline, Air Scotia, fleein oot o Prestwick Airport. The crew war the camp, drink-lovin, self-centred an spitefu steward Sebastian; his sex-obsessed colleague Steve; thair up-tight, crabbit Chief Stewardess, Shona Spurtle; an the eccentric pilot, captain Hilary Duff.[[File:Glasgow_Prestwick_Airport,_January_2017.jpg|thumb|Glesga Prestwick Airport, the settin for the programme.]] == Cast an crew == * [[Alan Cumming]] - Sebastian Flight * [[Forbes Masson]] - Steve McCracken * Siobhan Redmond - Shona Spurtle * Patrick Ryecart - Captain Hilary Duff '''Crew''' * [[Alan Cumming]] - Writer * [[Forbes Masson]] - Writer * Tony Dow - Director (pilot) * Angela deChastelai Smith - Director (series) * Tony Dow - Producer ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Televeesion series]] {{stub}} cr0w1p814jkx2dm4nap76avw8seqici 927259 927084 2026-11-09T10:50:12Z Monospaced 75295 Fix broken link ({{lang}} oot o the link label) 927259 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television|show_name=The High Life|image=|caption=The High Life|runtime=30 minutes|creator=[[Alan Cumming]] an [[Forbes Masson]]|starring=[[Alan Cumming]]<br />[[Forbes Masson]]<br />Siobhan Redmond<br />Patrick Ryecart|country=Scotland|network=[[BBC Two|BBC2]]|first_aired=9 January 1994, 6 January 1995|last_aired=10 February 1995|num_episodes=6 (+1 pilot)}} '''''The High Life''''' is a Scots situation comedy written bi an starring [[Forbes Masson]] as Steve McCracken an [[Alan Cumming]] as Sebastian Flight.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00gsj9b|title=The High Life|website=BBC Scotland|access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> Cumming an Masson met at the {{lang|en|[[Royal Conservatoire of Scotland|Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama]]}} in Glesga, an efter a wheen o solo projects they cam thegither tae mak the BBC sitcom ''The High Life''. The twa leads war based heavily on thair Scots comedy double act, Victor an Barry. [[File:Forbes_Masson.jpg|thumb|Forbes Masson]] [[File:AlanCummingSept2013TIFF.jpg|thumb|Alan Cumming September 2013<br />]] The series follit the cabin crew at the fictional airline, Air Scotia, fleein oot o Prestwick Airport. The crew war the camp, drink-lovin, self-centred an spitefu steward Sebastian; his sex-obsessed colleague Steve; thair up-tight, crabbit Chief Stewardess, Shona Spurtle; an the eccentric pilot, captain Hilary Duff.[[File:Glasgow_Prestwick_Airport,_January_2017.jpg|thumb|Glesga Prestwick Airport, the settin for the programme.]] == Cast an crew == * [[Alan Cumming]] - Sebastian Flight * [[Forbes Masson]] - Steve McCracken * Siobhan Redmond - Shona Spurtle * Patrick Ryecart - Captain Hilary Duff '''Crew''' * [[Alan Cumming]] - Writer * [[Forbes Masson]] - Writer * Tony Dow - Director (pilot) * Angela deChastelai Smith - Director (series) * Tony Dow - Producer ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Televeesion series]] {{stub}} nrfq6k0fc96v4l8m63tnnyijid61mvq 0 212981 926837 896774 2026-11-08T18:48:37Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; soorces addit 926837 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Neale Hanvey | image = Official portrait of Neale Hanvey MP crop 2.jpg | caption = Hanvey in 2019 | honorific_suffix = [[Member o Pairlament (Unitit Kinrick)|MP]] | office = [[Member o Pairlament (Unitit Kinrick)|Member o Pairlament]]<br>for Kirkcaudy an Coudenbeith | term_start = 12 December 2019 | term_end = 4 Julie 2024 | predecessor = [[Lesley Laird]] | successor = | majority = 1,243 (2.6%) | birth_date = 28 December 1964 | birth_place = | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[Alba Pairty]] (syne 2021) | otherparty = Independent (2019–2020)<br> [[Scots National Pairty|SNP]] (–2019; 2020–2021) | alma_mater = | website = }} '''Neale Hanvey''' (born 28 December 1964)<ref name="whoswho">{{cite web |title=Hanvey, (James) Neale, (born 28 Dec. 1964), MP (SNP) Kirkcaldy and Cowdenbeath, since 2019 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U293966 |website=WHO'S WHO & WHO WAS WHO |year=2020 |access-date=25 March 2021 |language=en |doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u293966|isbn=978-0-19-954088-4 }}</ref> is a [[Scots fowk|Scots]] politician. He wis the Member o Pairlament (MP) for Kirkcaudy an Coudenbeith frae 2019 tae 2024.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/politics/constituencies/S14000041|title=General Election 2019: Kirkcaldy & Cowdenbeath Parliamentary constituency |work=BBC News |accessdate=13 December 2019}}</ref> He wis the [[Scots National Pairty]]'s candidate for the seat in 2019, but the pairty suspendit him afore the election, sae he sat as an independent till Juin 2020, whan the SNP took him back.<ref name="SNP">{{Cite News|url=https://www.thecourier.co.uk/fp/news/local/fife/1343906/fife-mp-welcomed-back-into-snp-after-six-month-suspension|title=Fife MP 'welcomed back' into SNP after six-month suspension|last=Smith|first=Craig|date=June 1, 2020|work=The Courier|access-date=June 4, 2020}}</ref> In Mairch 2021 he left the SNP for the [[Alba Pairty]], an he led its MPs in the [[Hoose o Commons o the Unitit Kinrick|Hoose o Commons]] till he lost his seat in 2024.{{fact}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}}{{Stub/scotpol}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Hanvey, Neale}} [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:UK MPs 2019–]] [[Category:Year o birth missin (livin fowk)]] [[Category:Scots National Pairty politeecians]] [[Category:LGBT politeecians frae Scotland]] [[Category:LGBT members o the Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Members o the Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick for Scots constituencies]] [[Category:Independent members o the Hoose o Commons o the Unitit Kinrick]] 0dhmy2sg4h1rr4tuaygfz0nced7t6um 0 212999 926781 802894 2026-11-08T18:00:52Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 926781 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Unsoorced}} The '''{{lang|en|Royal Conservatoire of Scotland}}''' ([[Scots Gaelic|Gaelic]]: ''Acadamh-chiùil Rìoghail na h-Alba''), that wis aince the '''{{lang|en|Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama}}''', is a conservatoire o dance, drama, muisic, production an film in the centre o [[Glesga]], Scotland. It is a member o the {{lang|en|Federation of Drama Schools}}.<ref>https://www.rcs.ac.uk</ref> {{Stub/Scotland}} [[Category:Glesga]] 8069fqtt5pplcz96jgs05j1tmmoi54b 926782 926781 2026-11-08T18:02:10Z Monospaced 75295 Expandit wi soorces: foondin, rankins, library 926782 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''{{lang|en|Royal Conservatoire of Scotland}}''' ([[Scots Gaelic|Gaelic]]: ''Acadamh-chiùil Rìoghail na h-Alba''<ref>{{cite web |title=Acadamh-chiùil Rìoghail na h-Alba |url=https://faclair.info/ViewEntry.aspx?ID=FBCD1BE50F37F8C4BF126DF1E096380F |website=Am Faclair Beag|publisher=Cairnwater Consulting and Akerbeltz|access-date=12 November 2024}}</ref>), that wis aince the '''{{lang|en|Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama}}''', is a conservatoire o dance, drama, muisic, production an film in the centre o [[Glesga]], Scotland. It is a member o the {{lang|en|Federation of Drama Schools}}.<ref>https://www.rcs.ac.uk</ref> It wis foondit in 1847 bi Moses Provan as pairt o the Glasgow Athenaeum,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=John Guthrie |title=The Parish of Strathblane |date=1886 |publisher=Glasgow University |page=38 |url=https://archive.org/details/parishstrathbla01smitgoog}}</ref> an [[Charles Dickens]] wis in the chair at its first Grand Soiree in December that year.<ref name="auto1">Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama, 150th Celebration, by Grace Matchett and Frank Spedding, published in 1997</ref> In the QS warld rankins for the performin airts it haes been in the tap ten five years oot o sax, an wis third in 2017<ref>{{Cite web|title=Performing Arts|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/university-subject-rankings/2017/performing-arts|access-date=2021-03-05|website=Top Universities|language=en}}</ref> an 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=QS World University Rankings by Subject 2021: Performing Arts|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/university-subject-rankings/2021/performing-arts|access-date=2021-03-05|website=Top Universities|language=en}}</ref> Its Whittaker Library hauds ane o the biggest collections o sheet muisic an scripts in the warld.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Royal Conservatoire of Scotland Chooses Koha |url=https://www.ptfs-europe.com/news/scotlands-national-conservatoire-the-royal-conservatoire-of-scotland-selects-the-koha-open-source-library-management-system-for-its-library-hosted-and-supported-by-ptfs-europe-and-the-explo/ |access-date=2023-01-12 |website=PTFS Europe |language=en-GB}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{Stub/Scotland}} [[Category:Glesga]] erk0bnsk1h14ubgjzuz73q0kr5beyp6 0 214498 927020 911263 2026-11-08T22:14:31Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; wrang release date taen oot 927020 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox information appliance | name = Intellivision Amico | title = | aka = | logo = | logo_alt = | image = | image_size = | image_alt = | caption = | developer = [[Intellivision#Intellivision Entertainment|Intellivision Entertainment]] | manufacturer = | family = | type = Hame video gemme console | generation = Nint generation | release date = Nae release date | retail availability = | lifespan = | price = approx. US$200 | discontinued = | units sold = | units shipped = | media = Digital doonloads, SD | os = Custom [[Android (operatin seestem)|Android]]/[[Linux]] operatin seestem | power = | soc = | cpu = 8 core 1.8GHz CPU<ref name="Amico Tech Specs">{{cite web |title=Amico Tech Specs — Intellivision Entertainment |url=https://www.intellivisionamico.com/amico-tech-specs |publisher=Intellivision Entertainment |accessdate=7 January 2020 |archive-date=2020-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214164524/https://www.intellivisionamico.com/amico-tech-specs |url-status=dead }}</ref> | memory = 2 GB [[Random-access memory|RAM]]<ref name="Amico Tech Specs" /> | storage = 16 GB flash memory<ref name="Amico Tech Specs" /> | memory card = | display = [[HDMI]] <small>(1080p)</small><ref name="Amico Tech Specs" /> | graphics = | sound = | input = | controllers = Intellivision Amico controller<ref name="Amico Tech Specs" /> | camera = | touchpad = | connectivity = Bluetooth, [[Wi-Fi]], RFID, [[Universal Serial Bus|USB]]<ref name="Amico Tech Specs" /> | currentfw = | platform = | service = | dimensions = {{convert|11|xx|9.5|xx|2.5|in|mm|2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Amico Tech Specs" /> | weight = | topgame = | compatibility = | predecessor = [[Intellivision]] | successor = | related = | website = {{url|www.intellivisionamico.com}} }} The '''Intellivision Amico''' (nou cried jist '''Amico''') is a plannt hame [[video gemme]] console developit bi Amico Entertainment, that wis kent as Intellivision Entertainment afore Atari bocht the Intellivision brand in Mey 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://atari.com/blogs/newsroom/atari-acquires-intellivision-brand|title=Atari Acquires Intellivision Brand|date=May 23, 2024|website=Atari}}</ref> It is the successor tae the [[Intellivision]], an the seicont console in the Intellivision series. The console wis tae be released in October 2020, but it wis held back time an again,<ref name="GaIn200821">{{cite web|last=Batchelor|first=James|date=August 5, 2020|title=Intellivision Amico delayed to April 2021|url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2020-08-05-intellivision-amico-delayed-to-april-2021|access-date=January 23, 2022|website=Gamesindustry.biz|archive-date=February 8, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208142530/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2020-08-05-intellivision-amico-delayed-to-april-2021|url-status=live}}</ref> pairtly acause o supply problems in the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], an it haes nae release date. It wis plannt for faimilies, wi anly faimily-friendly gemmes, an touchscreen controllers. ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Hame video gemme consoles]] nsl6fesfc2b5pafdgpv45k5q8khyd5l 0 214535 927175 912090 2026-11-09T05:00:18Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 927175 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Livonian''' is a leid o northren [[Latvia]]. Livonian haes aboot 65 - 200 spakers an is spaken bi the [[Livonians]]. The Livonian leid has 0 hamelt spakers an the last hamelt spaker dee'd in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Charter|first=David|date=2013-06-05|title=Death of a language: last ever speaker of Livonian passes away aged 103|url=https://www.thetimes.com/comment/register/article/death-of-a-language-last-ever-speaker-of-livonian-passes-away-aged-103-8k0rlplv8xj|access-date=2026-01-19|website=www.thetimes.com|language=en}}</ref>Aiblins uniquely amang the Uralic leids but siclik Latvian an Lithuanian, Livonian haes been descrived as a pitch-accent leid.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sketch of Livonian Sounds and Grammar|url=http://virtuallivonia.info/?page_id=134|access-date=2026-01-19|website=Virtual Livonia|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260508081105/http://virtuallivonia.info/?page_id=134|archive-date=2026-05-08|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Soorces== {{Reflist}} {{stub}} rohnussjgy1ulqotyqr952lsadnzax7 0 215105 927033 810507 2026-11-08T22:22:06Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; soorce addit 927033 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name= Pennsylvanie Dutch Inglis |states = [[Unitit States]], [[Canadae]] |region= [[Pennsylvanie]]; [[Ohio]]; [[Indiana]]; [[Ontario]]; an ither auries |familycolor=Indo-European |fam2 = [[Germanic leids|Germanic]] |fam3 = [[Wast Germanic leids|Wast Germanic]] |fam4 = [[Ingvaeonic leids|Ingvaeonic]] |fam5 = [[Anglo-Frisian leids|Anglo–Frisian]] |fam6 = [[Inglis leid|Inglis]] |script = [[Latin script|Latin]] (Inglis alphabet) |isoexception=dialect | map = Map of PA Dutch Region.gif | mapsize = 250px | mapalt = | mapcaption = Coonties in "[[Pennsylvanie Dutch Kintra]]", yin o mony auries in whilk Pennsylvanie German an "Pennsylvanie Dutch Inglis" hae traditionally been spakken. }} '''Pennsylvanie Dutch Inglis''' is a [[byleid]] o the [[Inglis leid]] that haes been influenced bi the [[Pennsylvanish|Pennsylvanish leid]]. It is spak maistly in the sooth-centre o [[Pennsylvanie]] in the [[Unitit States]], baith bi fowk that speak anerly Inglis an bi fowk that speak Inglis an Pennsylvanish. The byleid haes been deein oot, as younger [[Pennsylvanie Dutch|Pennsylvanie Germans]] that arna Amish for ordinar speak General American Inglis. Few o thaim that arna Amish can speak Pennsylvanish, tho maist ken some wirds an phrases. Pennsylvanish haesna been braidly spak ootside the Amish an Auld Order Mennonite commonties syne the generation o [[Warld War II]].<ref name="Tony">{{cite news |last1=Di Domizio |first1=Tony |title=Pennsylvania Dutch dialect is still alive in the region |url=http://www.montgomerynews.com/soudertonindependent/news/pennsylvania-dutch-dialect-is-still-alive-in-the-region/article_906840c3-08cf-5fde-b5b3-0d65f373fb14.html |work=Souderton Independent |date=2010-11-10}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Inglis leid]] hogf3sh985fky0o32tvvghfzi20kuyg 0 215779 926875 895041 2026-11-08T20:15:44Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 926875 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Angela Haggerty''' is a Scots writer. She haes written for publications includin the ''Sunday Herald'', ''The Drum'', an ''CommonSpace''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2014/jul/15/journalist-safety-rangers|title=Journalist suffers sexist and racist abuse after BBC interview about Rangers|last=Greenslade|first=Roy|date=15 July 2014|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=14 November 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pressgazette.co.uk/scottish-journalist-angela-haggerty-reveals-shocking-levels-of-online-abuse-after-herald-and-sunday-herald-columns-axed/|title=Scottish journalist Angela Haggerty reveals 'shocking levels' of online abuse after Herald and Sunday Herald columns axed|last=Tobitt|first=Charlotte|date=31 August 2018|website=Press Gazette|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=14 November 2020}}</ref> She haes been a contributor on Scots TV an radio, discussin politics an [[Scots unthirldom]] in pairticular. ==Backgrund== Haggerty grew up on the Isle o Bute an stairtit in the media bi volunteerin tae host a weekly news shaw at a sma community radio station. She studied journalism at Cardonald College in [[Glesga]]. ==Career== Haggerty haes wrocht for sindry media businesses, lik ''The Drum'', ''CommonSpace'' an the ''Sunday Herald''. She editit an pairt-wrate a buik aboot the liquidation o [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers Fitbaw Club]], an she wrate a weekly column for the ''Sunday Herald''. Whan her fellae columnist Graham Spiers wis sacked for writin aboot sectarian singin in Scots fitba, her comments on [[Twitter]] war seen as underminin the newspaper's apology, an she wis dismissed an aw. She wis later taen back.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pressgazette.co.uk/scottish-journalist-angela-haggerty-reveals-shocking-levels-of-online-abuse-after-herald-and-sunday-herald-columns-axed/|title=Scottish journalist Angela Haggerty reveals 'shocking levels' of online abuse after Herald and Sunday Herald columns axed|last=Tobitt|first=Charlotte|date=31 August 2018|website=Press Gazette|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=14 November 2020}}</ref> == References == <references /> {{authority control}} {{Stub/Scotland}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Haggerty, Angela}} [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Scots weemen writers]] [[Category:Scots writers]] [[Category:Fowk frae the Isle o Bute]] [[Category:Year o birth missin (livin fowk)]] lopd6lwsie7wjjdh2nh9bufcatfuc9a 0 220314 926887 902334 2026-11-08T20:20:47Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; his life an wark addit, soorced 926887 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person wikidata}} '''George Campbell Hay''' (1915&ndash;1984)<ref>{{Cite news|last=Campbell|first=James|date=2003-03-01|title=The eighth man|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2003/mar/01/featuresreviews.guardianreview13|access-date=2025-02-03|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> wis a [[Scotland|Scots]] poet an translator that wrote in [[Scots Gaelic leid|Scots Gaelic]], [[Scots leid|Lawland Scots]] an Inglis. His Gaelic nem wis Deòrsa Mac Iain Dheòrsa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hay, George Campbell [Mac Iain Deòrsa] (1915–1984), poet|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-40321|access-date=2025-02-03|website=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|language=en|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-40321}}</ref> == Life an wark == He wis born in [[Elderslie]], [[Renfrewshire]], an brocht up in Tarbert in [[Kintyre]], [[Argyll]], whaur his faither, the novelist John MacDougall Hay, haed been born.<ref name="DT04">{{cite ODNB |last1=Thomson |first1=Derick |title=Hay, George Campbell [Mac Iain Deòrsa] |date=2004 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/40321}}</ref> In the [[Warld War II|Seicont Warld War]] he served in the Breetish Airmy in North Africae, Italy an Macedonie, an later he bade lang in Edinburgh, whaur he wrocht in the National Library o Scotland.<ref name="DT04"/> He published three collections atween 1947 an 1952: ''Fuaran slèibh'' (1947), ''Wind on Loch Fyne'' (1948) an ''O na ceithir àirdean'' (1952).<ref name="DT04"/> Wi [[Sydney Goodsir Smith]], [[Hamish Henderson]] an ithers, he wis pairt o the [[Scots Renaissance]].{{fact}} == References == <references /> {{Makars}} {{Authority control}} {{Stub/Scotland}} {{Stub/Leid}} {{Stub/Makar}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hay, George Campbell}} [[Category:1915 births]] [[Category:1984 daiths]] [[Category:Scots Makars]] [[Category:Lallans poets]] [[Category:Fowk frae Renfrewshire]] [[Category:Scots naitionalists]] [[Category:Scots translators]] [[Category:Scots Renaissance]] [[Category:Scots male poets]] [[Category:20t-century translators]] 11ivyjaxc2nh5v04l7i3tdfiy2571h5 0 221807 927198 778971 2026-11-09T09:45:02Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; Perth an Paisley, career an daith addit, soorced 927198 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Eastern Slavic name|Sergeevna|Baltacha}} {{Infobox tennis biography | name = Elena Baltacha | image = Elena Baltacha.jpg | caption = Baltacha at the 2010 US Open | country = {{GBR}} | birth_date = {{birth date|1983|8|14|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Kiev]], [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian SSR]], Soviet Union | death_date = {{death date and age|2014|5|4|1983|8|14|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Ipswich]], Ingland | height = {{convert|1.75|m|abbr=on}} | turnedpro = 1997 | retired = 2013 | plays = Richt-haundit (twa-haundit backhaund) | careerprizemoney = $1,190,893 | singlesrecord = 324–243 | singlestitles = 0 WTA, 11 ITF | highestsinglesranking = No. 49 (13 September 2010) | AustralianOpenresult = 3R (2005, 2010) | FrenchOpenresult = 2R (2011) | Wimbledonresult = 3R (2002) | USOpenresult = 2R (2010, 2011) | doublesrecord = 59–59 | doublestitles = 0 WTA, 4 ITF | highestdoublesranking = No. 211 (17 Januar 2011) | AustralianOpenDoublesresult = 2R (2010) | WimbledonDoublesresult = 2R (2005, 2010) | WimbledonMixedresult = 3R (2002) | Team = yes | FedCupresult = 33–16 }} {{MedalTableTop}} {{MedalSport|[[Tennis]]}} {{MedalCountry|{{flag|Scotland}}}} {{MedalCompetition|Commonweel Youth Gemmes}} {{MedalSilver|2000 Edinburgh|Weemen's Team}} {{MedalBottom}} '''Elena Sergeevna Baltacha''' ({{lang-ua|Олена Сергіївна Балтача}}; 14 August 1983 – 4 Mey 2014) wis a [[Ukrainian fowk|Ukrainian-born]] [[Breetish fowk|Breetish]] professional [[tennis]] player that grew up in Scotland. She wis British No. 1 on an aff frae 2002 tae 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2002/oct/02/tennis?INTCMP=ILCNETTXT3487|title=Mystery bug half Baltacha's march|last=Jago|first=Richard|date=2 October 2002|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=6 June 2011}}</ref> Her heichest rankin, warld No. 49, cam in September 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8997002.stm|title=Elena Baltacha breaks into women's top 50 rankings|work=BBC Sport|date=14 September 2010|access-date=16 September 2010}}</ref> She retired in November 2013, an she deed o liver cancer on 4 Mey 2014, aged 30, juist a few month efter she wis mairit.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2014/05/05/elena-baltacha-former-wom_n_5265364.html|title=Elena Baltacha, Former British Number One Tennis Star, Dies at 30 of Liver Cancer (VIDEO)|date=5 May 2014|work=The Huffington Post UK|access-date=5 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="BBC 4 May 2014">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/27280549 |title=Elena Baltacha: Former British number one dies of liver cancer |work=BBC Sport |location=London |date=4 May 2014 |access-date=4 May 2014 }}</ref> ==Early life== Baltacha wis born in [[Kyiv]]. Her faither, Sergei Baltacha, wis a professional fitba player that played for the Soviet Union, an frae 1988 tae 1995 he played in the UK for [[Ipswich Town F.C.|Ipswich Town]], [[St Johnstone F.C.|St Johnstone]] an [[Inverness Caledonian Thistle F.C.|Inverness Caledonian Thistle]]. Her mither Olga wis a sportswumman an aw.<ref name="Independent">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/elena-baltacha-beating-ill-health-is-baltachas-first-target-109803.html|title=Elena Baltacha: Beating ill health is Baltacha's first target|work=The Independent|date=21 June 2003|access-date=1 May 2010}}</ref> The faimily cam tae Britain in Januar 1989 an bade in [[Ipswich]] for a year afore flittin tae [[Perth]], whaur she grew up an spent pairt o her teenage years.<ref name="Independent"/> Efter that thay flittit tae [[Paisley]], whaur she gaed tae Castlehead High School.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/football/george-burley-admits-scotland-blunders-1036858?plckOnPage=2|title=George Burley admits Scotland blunders – but vows he won't let Tartan Army down next time|author=Gary Ralston|date=16 September 2009|work=dailyrecord|access-date=5 May 2016}}</ref> ==Personal life an daith== At the age o 19 she wis diagnosed wi the liver condeetion primary sclerosing cholangitis, an in Juin 2010 she becam patron o the Children's Liver Disease Foundation.<ref name="express0610">{{cite news|url=https://www.express.co.uk/posts/view/182266/Elena-Baltacha-on-her-incurable-liver-disease|title=Elena Baltacha on her incurable liver disease|first=Adrian|last=Lee|date=22 June 2010|access-date=3 July 2011|publisher=Express.co.uk }}</ref> On 8 December 2013, a month efter she retired, she mairit her coach Nino Severino in Ipswich.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/home-news/an-ace-day-as-scots-tennis-star-baltacha-marries-her-coach.22899252|title=An ace day as Scots tennis star Baltacha marries her coach|publisher=Herald Scotland|date=10 December 2013|access-date=7 March 2014}}</ref> Her funeral wis in Ipswich on 19 Mey 2014. Mourners war asked tae weir bricht colours insteid o black, an tae gie siller tae Rally for Bally raither nor buy flouers.<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-suffolk-27463510|title=Tennis star Elena Baltacha's funeral held in Ipswich|work=BBC News|date=19 May 2014 |access-date=5 May 2016}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Baltacha, Elena}} [[Category:1983 births]] [[Category:Naituralised ceetizens o the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Sportsfowk frae Ipswich]] [[Category:Sportsfowk frae Perth, Scotland]] [[Category:Sportsfowk frae Paisley, Renfrewshire]] [[Category:Soviet emigrants tae the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Ukrainian emigrants tae the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Ukrainian expatriates in Ingland]] [[Category:Breetish female tennis players]] [[Category:Scots female tennis players]] [[Category:Sportsfowk frae Kiev]] [[Category:Tennis players at the 2012 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Olympic tennis players o Great Breetain]] [[Category:2014 daiths]] [[Category:Daiths frae liver cancer]] [[Category:Daiths frae cancer in Ingland]] [[Category:Ukrainian fowk o Scots strynd]] onjynfweg5t4dqz1llayc1h3n103zci 0 221999 927215 856634 2026-11-09T10:04:28Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; expandit, preses updatit, soorced 927215 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox sports league |title=Azərbaycan Basketbol Federasiyası |current_season= |logo= |pixels= |caption= |sport=[[Basketbaw]] |founded=1992 |folded= |fame= |motto = |teams= |continent={{flagicon|Europe}} [[FIBA Europe]] |country={{flagicon|Azerbaijan}} [[Azerbaijan]] |headquarters=[[Baku]] |champion = |website=[https://aze.basketball/ aze.basketball] |president =Emin Amrullayev |TV= }} '''Azerbaijan Basketbaw Federation''' ({{lang-az|Azərbaycan Basketbol Federasiyası}}), kent as '''ABF''' an aw, is the naitional governin body o [[basketbaw]] in [[Azerbaijan]]. It haes its heidquarters in [[Baku]]. The federation runs the Azerbaijan men's an weemen's naitional teams, an organises naitional competitions for baith men's an weemen's senior teams an the youth teams. The tap professional league in Azerbaijan is the Azerbaijan Basketball League.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eurobasket.com/Azerbaijan/basketball.aspx|title=Azerbaijan FIBA Europe|publisher=eurobasket.com|date=21 February 2024}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} == Fremmit airtins == * {{Official website|https://aze.basketball/}} {{in lang|az|en}} [[Category:Basketbaw in Azerbaijan]] [[Category:1992 establishments in Azerbaijan]] {{Stub/Sport}} {{stub/Azerbaijan}} cvt7khms6aeu7c5i5lwwsx8nelrp92w 0 222007 927216 834876 2026-11-09T10:07:10Z Monospaced 75295 History an World Athletics soorce addit 927216 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox sports league |title=Azərbaycan Atletika Federasiyası |current_season= |logo= |pixels= |caption= |sport=[[Sport o athletics|Athletics]] |founded=[[1923]] |folded= |fame= |motto = |teams= |continent={{flagicon|Europe}} [[European Athletic Association|EAA]] |country={{flagicon|Azerbaijan}} [[Azerbaijan]] |headquarters=[[Baku]] |champion = |website=[https://www.athletics.az/ athletics.az] |president =Çingiz Hüseynzadə |TV= }} The '''Azerbaijan Athletics Federation''' ({{lang-az|Azərbaycan Atletika Federasiyası}}), kent as '''AAF''' an aw, is the naitional governin body for [[sport o athletics|athletics]] in [[Azerbaijan]]. It wis foondit in 1923, a few weeks efter Azerbaijan wis taen intae the [[Soviet Union]], an haes its heidquarters in [[Baku]].<ref name="wa-centenary">{{cite web|url=https://worldathletics.org/heritage/news/azerbaijan-fedeartion-centenary|title=Jumping into its second century – Azerbaijan athletics celebrates its centenary|last=Minshull|first=Phil|website=World Athletics|date=1 January 2023|access-date=9 November 2026}}</ref> Efter unthirldom in 1991 it jyned the IAAF (nou {{lang|en|World Athletics}}), an in 1999 it becam the maist easterly member o European Athletics.<ref name="wa-centenary" /> == Affiliations == *[[World Athletics|{{lang|en|World Athletics}}]] (formerly the IAAF) *[[European Athletic Association]] (EAA) *[[Azerbaijan Olympic Committee]] == Naitional records == The federation keeps the Azerbaijani records in athletics. == References == {{reflist}} == Fremmit airtins == * {{Official website|https://www.athletics.az/}} {{in lang|az|en}} [[Category:1923 establishments]] [[Category:Athletics in Azerbaijan]] {{Stub/Sport}} doeejcvnls5w54k2j9uhupjre4uspu9 927217 927216 2026-11-09T10:08:04Z Monospaced 75295 Remove tag for link tae Inglis nem 927217 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox sports league |title=Azərbaycan Atletika Federasiyası |current_season= |logo= |pixels= |caption= |sport=[[Sport o athletics|Athletics]] |founded=[[1923]] |folded= |fame= |motto = |teams= |continent={{flagicon|Europe}} [[European Athletic Association|EAA]] |country={{flagicon|Azerbaijan}} [[Azerbaijan]] |headquarters=[[Baku]] |champion = |website=[https://www.athletics.az/ athletics.az] |president =Çingiz Hüseynzadə |TV= }} The '''Azerbaijan Athletics Federation''' ({{lang-az|Azərbaycan Atletika Federasiyası}}), kent as '''AAF''' an aw, is the naitional governin body for [[sport o athletics|athletics]] in [[Azerbaijan]]. It wis foondit in 1923, a few weeks efter Azerbaijan wis taen intae the [[Soviet Union]], an haes its heidquarters in [[Baku]].<ref name="wa-centenary">{{cite web|url=https://worldathletics.org/heritage/news/azerbaijan-fedeartion-centenary|title=Jumping into its second century – Azerbaijan athletics celebrates its centenary|last=Minshull|first=Phil|website=World Athletics|date=1 January 2023|access-date=9 November 2026}}</ref> Efter unthirldom in 1991 it jyned the IAAF (nou {{lang|en|World Athletics}}), an in 1999 it becam the maist easterly member o European Athletics.<ref name="wa-centenary" /> == Affiliations == *[[World Athletics]] (formerly the IAAF) *[[European Athletic Association]] (EAA) *[[Azerbaijan Olympic Committee]] == Naitional records == The federation keeps the Azerbaijani records in athletics. == References == {{reflist}} == Fremmit airtins == * {{Official website|https://www.athletics.az/}} {{in lang|az|en}} [[Category:1923 establishments]] [[Category:Athletics in Azerbaijan]] {{Stub/Sport}} gehbeb76u92c6fh54dt8gm98x7fljor 0 222054 926934 789520 2026-11-08T21:15:39Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; early life, career an daith addit, soorced 926934 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Jayne Mansfield | image = Jayne Mansfield (Kiss them for me-1957).jpg | caption = Mansfield in ''[[Kiss Them for Me (film)|Kiss Them for Me]]'' (1957) | birth_name = Vera Jayne Palmer | birth_date = {{birth date|mf=yes|1933|04|19}} | birth_place = [[Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania]], Unitit States | death_date = {{death date and age|mf=yes|1967|06|29|1933|04|19}} | death_place = [[New Orleans, Louisiana]], Unitit States | death_cause = Brain trauma susteened in automobile crash | resting_place = [[Fairview Cemetery (Pen Argyl, Pennsylvania)|Fairview Cemetery]], <br>[[Pen Argyl, Pennsylvania]] | resting_place_coordinates = {{Coord|40.861672|N|75.240244|W|type:landmark|display=inline}} | other_names = <!--No need to list.--> | alma_mater = [[Southern Methodist Varsity]]<br>[[Varsity o Texas at Austin]]<br>[[Varsity o Californie, Los Angeles]] | occupation = {{flatlist| * Actress * sangster * [[Playboy Playmate|''Playboy'' Playmate]] * nichtclub entertainer * model}} | years_active = 1954–1967 | children = 5, includin [[Jayne Marie Mansfield]] an [[Mariska Hargitay]] | awards = [[Theatre Warld Awaird]] for ''Promising Personality'' (1956)<br />[[Gowden Globe]] for ''New Star Of The Year&nbsp;– Actress'' (1957) | website = {{URL|http://www.jaynemansfield.com/}} | signature = JMsig Converted.svg | signature_size = 100px | spouse = {{marriage|Paul Mansfield|1950|1958|end=div}}<br />{{marriage|[[Mickey Hargitay|Miklós ("Mickey") Hargitay]]|1958|1964|end=div}}<br />{{marriage|[[Matt Cimber]]|1964|1966|end=div}} }} '''Jayne Mansfield''' (born '''Vera Jayne Palmer'''; 19 Aprile 1933 – 29 Juin 1967) wis an American film, theatre an telly actress. She wis a sangster an nichtclub enterteener, an ane o the early [[Playboy Playmate|''Playboy'' Playmates]]. She wis ane o Hollywood's tap sex seembols in the 1950s an early 1960s, whan she wis unner contract wi [[20th Century Fox]]. She wis kent an aw for her weel-publicised personal life an her publicity stunts, sic as "[[wardrobe malfunction]]s". She deed in a caur crash in 1967, at the age o 34. ==Early life== Mansfield wis born Vera Jayne Palmer on 19 Aprile 1933 at the hospital in [[Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Golden |first=Eve | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8RP2DwAAQBAJ&dq=grace+kelly+born+hospital&pg=PT10 | title=Jayne Mansfield: The Girl Couldn't Help It | publisher=[[University Press of Kentucky]] | year= 2021|isbn=978-0-8131-8098-4|quote=Jayne was actually born in Bryn Mawr{{snd}}the Bryn Mawr Hospital to be precise. ... Why Jayne was born in Bryn Mawr is a mystery, as her parents lived in Pen Argyll, ...}}</ref> ==Career== Her brakthrou cam in 1955, whan she played the film starn Rita Marlowe in the [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] comedy ''Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter?''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Stein |first1=Jeannine |title=Last of the 'Blonde Bombshells' : The Survival Saga of Ex-Sex Kitten Mamie Van Doren |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-09-15-vw-8165-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times |date=September 15, 1987 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250419163309/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-09-15-vw-8165-story.html |archive-date=April 19, 2025 |quote=It’s a role Van Doren plays in part by choice and in part because she thinks Hollywood never gave her a fair shake. "It was life and I just accepted it. The one mistake I will always kick myself for is not doing 'Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter?' It was written for me. Had I taken that role it would have gotten me out of this situation that I’ve always been in. My star would have been higher."}}</ref> In 1956 she wan a [[Theatre Warld Awaird]] for it, an [[20th Century Fox]] signed her, an saw her as an answer tae [[Marilyn Monroe]]. Her first starrin film role wis in [[Frank Tashlin]]'s muisical comedy ''The Girl Can't Help It'' (1956).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Crowther |first1=Bosley |title=Screen: One-Track Film; 'Girl Can't Help It' Has a Mansfield Mania |work=The New York Times |date=February 9, 1957 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1957/02/09/archives/screen-onetrack-film-girl-cant-help-it-has-a-mansfield-mania.html |access-date=June 28, 2024}}</ref> She went on tae play in the film version o ''Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter?'' (1957), an in dramas sic as ''The Wayward Bus'' (1957). She wis aften on televeesion, an toured wi [[Bob Hope]] in his USO shaws. ==Daith== Mansfield deed on 29 Juin 1967, whan the caur she wis in ran intae the back o a lorry on U.S. Highway 90 in Louisiana. Her bairns, that war sleepin in the back seat, cam through wi smaw injuries.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/actress-jayne-mansfield-dies-in-car-crash | title=Actress Jayne Mansfield dies in car crash | date=November 13, 2009 | publisher=[[History Channel]] }}</ref> Stories that her heid wis cut aff are no true, tho she haed severe heid injuries.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/04/magazine/jayne-mansfield-s-head.html |title=Jayne Mansfield's Head |work=[[The New York Times Magazine]] |date=May 4, 1997 | url-access=limited | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520181217/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/04/magazine/jayne-mansfield-s-head.html| archive-date=May 20, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> Efter her daith, a stoot bar wis recommendit for the back o aw lorry trailers in the Unitit States, an it is whiles cried a "Mansfield bar".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.autoweek.com/car-life/but-wait-theres-more/a2142281/heres-why-those-extensions-semi-trailers-are-called-mansfield-bars/ | title=Here's Why Those Extensions On Semi-Trailers Are Called Mansfield Bars | work=[[Autoweek]]}}</ref> {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mansfield, Jayne}} [[Category:Jayne Mansfield| ]] [[Category:1933 births]] [[Category:1967 daiths]] [[Category:Actresses o Breetish strynd]] [[Category:Actresses o German strynd]] [[Category:American film actresses]] [[Category:American fowk o Inglis strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o German strynd]] [[Category:American stage actresses]] [[Category:American televeesion actresses]] [[Category:Buirials in Pennsylvanie]] [[Category:New Starn o the Year (Actress) Gowden Globe winners]] [[Category:Fowk frae Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvanie]] [[Category:Fowk frae Phillipsburg, New Jersey]] [[Category:1950s Playboy Playmates]] [[Category:Road incident daiths in Louisiana]] [[Category:Varsity o Dallas alumni]] [[Category:Varsity o Texas at Austin College of Fine Arts alumni]] [[Category:20t-century American actresses]] [[Category:20th Century Fox contract players]] [[Category:Original Sound airtists]] [[Category:UCLA Film School alumni]] [[Category:American LaVeyan Satanists]] [[Category:Soothren Methodist Varsity alumni]] t44ixejo8jbsn3s512b77d2ss3ke1nr 927006 926934 2026-11-08T22:07:25Z Monospaced 75295 Award nems as published 927006 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Jayne Mansfield | image = Jayne Mansfield (Kiss them for me-1957).jpg | caption = Mansfield in ''[[Kiss Them for Me (film)|Kiss Them for Me]]'' (1957) | birth_name = Vera Jayne Palmer | birth_date = {{birth date|mf=yes|1933|04|19}} | birth_place = [[Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania]], Unitit States | death_date = {{death date and age|mf=yes|1967|06|29|1933|04|19}} | death_place = [[New Orleans, Louisiana]], Unitit States | death_cause = Brain trauma susteened in automobile crash | resting_place = [[Fairview Cemetery (Pen Argyl, Pennsylvania)|Fairview Cemetery]], <br>[[Pen Argyl, Pennsylvania]] | resting_place_coordinates = {{Coord|40.861672|N|75.240244|W|type:landmark|display=inline}} | other_names = <!--No need to list.--> | alma_mater = [[Southern Methodist Varsity]]<br>[[Varsity o Texas at Austin]]<br>[[Varsity o Californie, Los Angeles]] | occupation = {{flatlist| * Actress * sangster * [[Playboy Playmate|''Playboy'' Playmate]] * nichtclub entertainer * model}} | years_active = 1954–1967 | children = 5, includin [[Jayne Marie Mansfield]] an [[Mariska Hargitay]] | awards = [[Theatre World Award]] for ''Promising Personality'' (1956)<br />[[Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globe]] for ''New Star Of The Year&nbsp;– Actress'' (1957) | website = {{URL|http://www.jaynemansfield.com/}} | signature = JMsig Converted.svg | signature_size = 100px | spouse = {{marriage|Paul Mansfield|1950|1958|end=div}}<br />{{marriage|[[Mickey Hargitay|Miklós ("Mickey") Hargitay]]|1958|1964|end=div}}<br />{{marriage|[[Matt Cimber]]|1964|1966|end=div}} }} '''Jayne Mansfield''' (born '''Vera Jayne Palmer'''; 19 Aprile 1933 – 29 Juin 1967) wis an American film, theatre an telly actress. She wis a sangster an nichtclub enterteener, an ane o the early [[Playboy Playmate|''Playboy'' Playmates]]. She wis ane o Hollywood's tap sex seembols in the 1950s an early 1960s, whan she wis unner contract wi [[20th Century Fox]]. She wis kent an aw for her weel-publicised personal life an her publicity stunts, sic as "[[wardrobe malfunction]]s". She deed in a caur crash in 1967, at the age o 34. ==Early life== Mansfield wis born Vera Jayne Palmer on 19 Aprile 1933 at the hospital in [[Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Golden |first=Eve | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8RP2DwAAQBAJ&dq=grace+kelly+born+hospital&pg=PT10 | title=Jayne Mansfield: The Girl Couldn't Help It | publisher=[[University Press of Kentucky]] | year= 2021|isbn=978-0-8131-8098-4|quote=Jayne was actually born in Bryn Mawr{{snd}}the Bryn Mawr Hospital to be precise. ... Why Jayne was born in Bryn Mawr is a mystery, as her parents lived in Pen Argyll, ...}}</ref> ==Career== Her brakthrou cam in 1955, whan she played the film starn Rita Marlowe in the [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] comedy ''Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter?''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Stein |first1=Jeannine |title=Last of the 'Blonde Bombshells' : The Survival Saga of Ex-Sex Kitten Mamie Van Doren |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-09-15-vw-8165-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times |date=September 15, 1987 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250419163309/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-09-15-vw-8165-story.html |archive-date=April 19, 2025 |quote=It’s a role Van Doren plays in part by choice and in part because she thinks Hollywood never gave her a fair shake. "It was life and I just accepted it. The one mistake I will always kick myself for is not doing 'Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter?' It was written for me. Had I taken that role it would have gotten me out of this situation that I’ve always been in. My star would have been higher."}}</ref> In 1956 she wan a [[Theatre World Award]] for it, an [[20th Century Fox]] signed her, an saw her as an answer tae [[Marilyn Monroe]]. Her first starrin film role wis in [[Frank Tashlin]]'s muisical comedy ''The Girl Can't Help It'' (1956).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Crowther |first1=Bosley |title=Screen: One-Track Film; 'Girl Can't Help It' Has a Mansfield Mania |work=The New York Times |date=February 9, 1957 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1957/02/09/archives/screen-onetrack-film-girl-cant-help-it-has-a-mansfield-mania.html |access-date=June 28, 2024}}</ref> She went on tae play in the film version o ''Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter?'' (1957), an in dramas sic as ''The Wayward Bus'' (1957). She wis aften on televeesion, an toured wi [[Bob Hope]] in his USO shaws. ==Daith== Mansfield deed on 29 Juin 1967, whan the caur she wis in ran intae the back o a lorry on U.S. Highway 90 in Louisiana. Her bairns, that war sleepin in the back seat, cam through wi smaw injuries.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/actress-jayne-mansfield-dies-in-car-crash | title=Actress Jayne Mansfield dies in car crash | date=November 13, 2009 | publisher=[[History Channel]] }}</ref> Stories that her heid wis cut aff are no true, tho she haed severe heid injuries.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/04/magazine/jayne-mansfield-s-head.html |title=Jayne Mansfield's Head |work=[[The New York Times Magazine]] |date=May 4, 1997 | url-access=limited | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520181217/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/04/magazine/jayne-mansfield-s-head.html| archive-date=May 20, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> Efter her daith, a stoot bar wis recommendit for the back o aw lorry trailers in the Unitit States, an it is whiles cried a "Mansfield bar".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.autoweek.com/car-life/but-wait-theres-more/a2142281/heres-why-those-extensions-semi-trailers-are-called-mansfield-bars/ | title=Here's Why Those Extensions On Semi-Trailers Are Called Mansfield Bars | work=[[Autoweek]]}}</ref> {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mansfield, Jayne}} [[Category:Jayne Mansfield| ]] [[Category:1933 births]] [[Category:1967 daiths]] [[Category:Actresses o Breetish strynd]] [[Category:Actresses o German strynd]] [[Category:American film actresses]] [[Category:American fowk o Inglis strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o German strynd]] [[Category:American stage actresses]] [[Category:American televeesion actresses]] [[Category:Buirials in Pennsylvanie]] [[Category:New Starn o the Year (Actress) Gowden Globe winners]] [[Category:Fowk frae Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvanie]] [[Category:Fowk frae Phillipsburg, New Jersey]] [[Category:1950s Playboy Playmates]] [[Category:Road incident daiths in Louisiana]] [[Category:Varsity o Dallas alumni]] [[Category:Varsity o Texas at Austin College of Fine Arts alumni]] [[Category:20t-century American actresses]] [[Category:20th Century Fox contract players]] [[Category:Original Sound airtists]] [[Category:UCLA Film School alumni]] [[Category:American LaVeyan Satanists]] [[Category:Soothren Methodist Varsity alumni]] 8zs5am443hx5ymeb84ogso9n5lqg7vl 0 222128 927237 888907 2026-11-09T10:19:35Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 927237 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox sportsperson | name = Joanne Missingham | image = File:JoanmissingHam2016.jpg | occupation = Professional [[Go]] player }} '''Joanne Missingham''' ({{zh|t=黑嘉嘉|p=Hēi Jiājiā}}; born 26 Mey 1994) is an Australian-born Taiwanese professional [[Go]] player. ==Life== She got [[media]] attention in 2011 whan she held up a fan readin "protest [[gender]] discrimination" at a professional tournament. She protestit acause she haed lairnt that female Go players warnae peyed fairly.<ref>{{cite web|title=Joanne Missingham Stands up for Gender Equality in Go|url=http://www.usgo.org/news/2011/09/joanne-missingham-gender-equality/|publisher=American Go Association|accessdate=5 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Moskowitz|first1=Marc|title=Go Nation: Chinese Masculinities and the Game of Weiqi in China|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0520276314|pages=18}}</ref> ==Performance== The tables ablo gie a short owerview o her career. ===Promotion record=== {| class="wikitable" !width=40| Rank !width=40| Year !width=400| Notes<ref name="sen">[https://senseis.xmp.net/?JoanneMissingham Joanne Missingham at Sensei's Library]</ref><ref>[http://www.ranka.intergofed.org/?p=445 Interview with Joanne Missingham]</ref> |- |'''1 [[dan]]''' |2008 |Promotit tae professional rank efter the Cheenese professional qualification tournament. She wis the first Australian citizen tae win this status. |- | '''2 dan''' |2010 |Attainit 20 wins as a 1 dan. |- | '''3 & 4 dan''' |2010 |Skippit due tae the Taiwan Qiyuan (Taiwan Go Association, 台灣棋院) promotion rules. |- | '''5 dan''' |2010 |Reached the final o the 1st Bingsheng Cup. |- | '''6 dan''' |2013 |Attainit 70 wins as a 5 dan. |- | '''7 dan''' |2015 |Wan the 1st Female Zuiqiang title. |- |} ===Notable achievements=== {| class="wikitable" !width=40| Year !width=400| Notes<ref name="sen"/> |- |2004 |Representit [[Taiwan]] in the Amateur Pair Go Championship. |- |2005 |Representit Taiwan in the Warld Youth Go Championship in [[Barcelona]], [[Spain]]. |- |2006 |Wan the Taiwan National Female Champion title. |- |2008 |Wan the Oceania Toyota an Denso Cup Open Champion title. She representit [[Oceania]] in the Warld Oza tournament an aw (the youngest player ever tae dae sae), an representit [[Australia]] at the Warld Mind Sports Games in [[Beijing]]. |- |2010 |Representit Taiwan at the Asian Games. |- |} ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==Freemit airtins== *[https://www.goratings.org/en/players/1143.html Hei Jiajia International Ranking] * {{Instagram|jiajia94526|黑嘉嘉}} * {{Twitter|jiajia945|黑嘉嘉Joanne Missingham}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Missingham, Joanne}} [[Category:1994 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Taiwanese fowk]] [[Category:Australie weemen]] [[Category:Sportsweemen]] mef4gtu6ac01jjhxz68la0w92sj59zj 3 222319 926719 846470 2026-11-08T15:18:26Z CiphriusKane 74958 /* History preservation */ new section 926719 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, Monospaced, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye faer [[Special:Contributions/Monospaced|yer werks]]. Some gibbles ye'll fynd uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isnae. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|How tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> &#8211;<span style="font-family:CG Times">[[User:MJL|<span style="color:black">MJL</span>]]&thinsp;[[User talk:MJL|‐'''Tauk'''‐]]<sup>[[Special:CentralAuth/MJL|☖]]</sup></span> 23:33, 26 August 2020 (UTC) == Hiiii == Hello, just replying to your message on the talkpage. I will quietly admit I am not fluent in scots but I try my best to appear as though I am [lol] regarding sources, in future I will try my best to add them too my sincere apologies. Thank you for bringing this to my attention. :) Signed Tom ([[Special:Contributions/31.185.199.27|31.185.199.27]] ([[User talk:31.185.199.27|talk]]) 14:20, 11 September 2020 (UTC)) :Hi Tom, if you are interested in improving your Scots in your area of expertise, there are fluent Scots speakers willing to help. There is a [https://discord.gg/H7jMBa6 Discord server] which is a good place to start, but if that's not your thing just say and we can help other ways! ☺ (will post this on your own page too in case you miss this) [[Uiser:Soothrhins|soothrhins]] ([[Uiser collogue:Soothrhins|tauk]]) 20:05, 11 September 2020 (UTC) : Thanks. My main concern is that it's hard to justify the [[en:Notability|notability]] of articles that aren't sourced. This can lead to articles being deleted if it's difficult to determine their importance, especially if the effort put into an individual article is low. With that in mind I just thought it was important to advise that a smaller number of deeper articles would be more seen to be more valuable, if you need help doing this in Scots then Soothrins comment above is a great place to start. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 20:10, 11 September 2020 (UTC) =={{en}} Next Editathon!== Just a wee note to invite you to the next [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon September 2020|Editathon - 29th & 30th September]] - where we'll be focussing on places in Scotland. Training will take place at 12 noon and 6pm on the 29th - any questions or requests, please let us know! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 12:27, 23 September 2020 (UTC) =={{en}} Next Scots Wiki editathon - 14 & 15 November== Hey there, as you attended one of our previous editathons, thought you might like to know about the next one! 14 & 15 November, details [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon November 2020|on the event page]], the theme is '''Weemin an Minorities fae Scotland an Ulster.''' :) [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 12:39, 10 November 2020 (UTC) =={{en}} Next editathon== Hey there, as a previous attendee of a Scots Wiki editathon, I thought you might like to know about the [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon Dizember 2020|December event, Sat 12 & Sun 13th.]] In addition to the usual wiki support, this month I'm really excited to say that we'll have '''language support in place from the Scots Language Centre''', who'll be online between 12-3 on Zoom on Saturday with us to help with any of your queries. * [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-december-2020-tickets-131613729207 Eventbrite link to sign up to Saturday Zoom session] * [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon Dizember 2020|On-wiki event page]] Hope to see you there! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 13:53, 8 Dizember 2020 (UTC) == {{en}} Sunday 13th December - extra zoom session with the Scots Language Centre! == We've added another session for the [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon Dizember 2020|editathon this weekend,]] with the folks from the SLC. Join us on Zoom for editing 12-3 on Sunday now too; we can help with wiki and language queries :) [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-december-2020-sunday-13th-tickets-132517919665 Book your place on Eventbrite here.] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 16:26, 11 Dizember 2020 (UTC) =={{en}} January editathon== Just a wee reminder that the next scots wiki editathon takes place this weekend, Sat 30 & Sun 31 January. If you'd like help improving your written scots skills, then folks from the Scots Language Centre will be on Zoom on [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-january-2021-saturday-30th-tickets-137925028473 Saturday (15:00-17:00 GMT)] and [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-january-2021-sunday-31st-tickets-137925646321 Sunday (12:00-14:00 GMT)] to do some collaborative editing, and I'll be around to help with any wiki queries. Feedback last time was that the language support was really helpful (and fun!), and we'd love to see you. We're looking mainly at improving articles to do with politics, particularly articles about politicians. More info, article lists, and sign up details on the event page: [[wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Januar 2021|Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Januar 2021.]] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 10:06, 27 Januar 2021 (UTC) ==Mairch editathon== {{en}}Just a wee reminder that the next scots wiki editathon takes place this weekend, Sat 20 & Sun 11 march, we'll be looking at Scots & Irish media & art. If you'd like help improving your written scots skills, or just want to come and edit socially, then myself and folks from the Scots Language Centre will be on Zoom on [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-march-2021-saturday-20th-tickets-145533926893 Saturday (12:00-14:00 GMT)] and [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-march-2021-sunday-21st-tickets-145534247853 Sunday (12:00-14:00 GMT)] to do some collaborative editing, and I'll be around to help with any wiki queries. More info, article lists, and dashboard sign up details on the event page: [[Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Mairch 2021]] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 15:42, 19 Mairch 2021 (UTC) == {{en}} Next Editathon == Heya, heads up that the next Editathon will take place this weekend (5 & 6 June), we're looking at Scots in STEM as a starting point. More info on the event page [[Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Juin 2021|here.]] Hope to see ou at the Zoom sessions! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 13:17, 3 Juin 2021 (UTC) == History preservation == Hey Gin yer gauna be shiftin a page bit canna acause the tairget haes history (as wis fit happent wi anthropology), please tag the tairget fur deletion wi <nowiki>{{delete|explanation}}</nowiki> insteid ae copyin ower the text. Iss is sae we kin keep the editin history preserved, fit is required bi oor CC-by-SA license. A'v sortit it noo An a dae appreciate aa the wirk ye'v pit in the day [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 15:18, 8 November 2026 (UTC) k65lmhvaxmetzvo0a5c6v63kj25iugk 926720 926719 2026-11-08T15:24:31Z Monospaced 75295 /* History preservation */ 926720 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, Monospaced, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye faer [[Special:Contributions/Monospaced|yer werks]]. Some gibbles ye'll fynd uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isnae. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|How tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> &#8211;<span style="font-family:CG Times">[[User:MJL|<span style="color:black">MJL</span>]]&thinsp;[[User talk:MJL|‐'''Tauk'''‐]]<sup>[[Special:CentralAuth/MJL|☖]]</sup></span> 23:33, 26 August 2020 (UTC) == Hiiii == Hello, just replying to your message on the talkpage. I will quietly admit I am not fluent in scots but I try my best to appear as though I am [lol] regarding sources, in future I will try my best to add them too my sincere apologies. Thank you for bringing this to my attention. :) Signed Tom ([[Special:Contributions/31.185.199.27|31.185.199.27]] ([[User talk:31.185.199.27|talk]]) 14:20, 11 September 2020 (UTC)) :Hi Tom, if you are interested in improving your Scots in your area of expertise, there are fluent Scots speakers willing to help. There is a [https://discord.gg/H7jMBa6 Discord server] which is a good place to start, but if that's not your thing just say and we can help other ways! ☺ (will post this on your own page too in case you miss this) [[Uiser:Soothrhins|soothrhins]] ([[Uiser collogue:Soothrhins|tauk]]) 20:05, 11 September 2020 (UTC) : Thanks. My main concern is that it's hard to justify the [[en:Notability|notability]] of articles that aren't sourced. This can lead to articles being deleted if it's difficult to determine their importance, especially if the effort put into an individual article is low. With that in mind I just thought it was important to advise that a smaller number of deeper articles would be more seen to be more valuable, if you need help doing this in Scots then Soothrins comment above is a great place to start. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 20:10, 11 September 2020 (UTC) =={{en}} Next Editathon!== Just a wee note to invite you to the next [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon September 2020|Editathon - 29th & 30th September]] - where we'll be focussing on places in Scotland. Training will take place at 12 noon and 6pm on the 29th - any questions or requests, please let us know! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 12:27, 23 September 2020 (UTC) =={{en}} Next Scots Wiki editathon - 14 & 15 November== Hey there, as you attended one of our previous editathons, thought you might like to know about the next one! 14 & 15 November, details [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon November 2020|on the event page]], the theme is '''Weemin an Minorities fae Scotland an Ulster.''' :) [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 12:39, 10 November 2020 (UTC) =={{en}} Next editathon== Hey there, as a previous attendee of a Scots Wiki editathon, I thought you might like to know about the [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon Dizember 2020|December event, Sat 12 & Sun 13th.]] In addition to the usual wiki support, this month I'm really excited to say that we'll have '''language support in place from the Scots Language Centre''', who'll be online between 12-3 on Zoom on Saturday with us to help with any of your queries. * [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-december-2020-tickets-131613729207 Eventbrite link to sign up to Saturday Zoom session] * [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon Dizember 2020|On-wiki event page]] Hope to see you there! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 13:53, 8 Dizember 2020 (UTC) == {{en}} Sunday 13th December - extra zoom session with the Scots Language Centre! == We've added another session for the [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon Dizember 2020|editathon this weekend,]] with the folks from the SLC. Join us on Zoom for editing 12-3 on Sunday now too; we can help with wiki and language queries :) [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-december-2020-sunday-13th-tickets-132517919665 Book your place on Eventbrite here.] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 16:26, 11 Dizember 2020 (UTC) =={{en}} January editathon== Just a wee reminder that the next scots wiki editathon takes place this weekend, Sat 30 & Sun 31 January. If you'd like help improving your written scots skills, then folks from the Scots Language Centre will be on Zoom on [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-january-2021-saturday-30th-tickets-137925028473 Saturday (15:00-17:00 GMT)] and [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-january-2021-sunday-31st-tickets-137925646321 Sunday (12:00-14:00 GMT)] to do some collaborative editing, and I'll be around to help with any wiki queries. Feedback last time was that the language support was really helpful (and fun!), and we'd love to see you. We're looking mainly at improving articles to do with politics, particularly articles about politicians. More info, article lists, and sign up details on the event page: [[wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Januar 2021|Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Januar 2021.]] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 10:06, 27 Januar 2021 (UTC) ==Mairch editathon== {{en}}Just a wee reminder that the next scots wiki editathon takes place this weekend, Sat 20 & Sun 11 march, we'll be looking at Scots & Irish media & art. If you'd like help improving your written scots skills, or just want to come and edit socially, then myself and folks from the Scots Language Centre will be on Zoom on [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-march-2021-saturday-20th-tickets-145533926893 Saturday (12:00-14:00 GMT)] and [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-march-2021-sunday-21st-tickets-145534247853 Sunday (12:00-14:00 GMT)] to do some collaborative editing, and I'll be around to help with any wiki queries. More info, article lists, and dashboard sign up details on the event page: [[Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Mairch 2021]] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 15:42, 19 Mairch 2021 (UTC) == {{en}} Next Editathon == Heya, heads up that the next Editathon will take place this weekend (5 & 6 June), we're looking at Scots in STEM as a starting point. More info on the event page [[Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Juin 2021|here.]] Hope to see ou at the Zoom sessions! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 13:17, 3 Juin 2021 (UTC) == History preservation == Hey Gin yer gauna be shiftin a page bit canna acause the tairget haes history (as wis fit happent wi anthropology), please tag the tairget fur deletion wi <nowiki>{{delete|explanation}}</nowiki> insteid ae copyin ower the text. Iss is sae we kin keep the editin history preserved, fit is required bi oor CC-by-SA license. A'v sortit it noo An a dae appreciate aa the wirk ye'v pit in the day [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 15:18, 8 November 2026 (UTC) :Sorry! A realised efter but coudnae pit it richt masel. Thanks for takin the time tae redd it up. A'll tag the page for deletion in future. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 15:24, 8 November 2026 (UTC) qeg6dvfrq390ifei07grno2u5m3v2pw 927150 926720 2026-11-08T23:48:52Z CiphriusKane 74958 /* Seicont */ new section 927150 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, Monospaced, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye faer [[Special:Contributions/Monospaced|yer werks]]. Some gibbles ye'll fynd uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isnae. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|How tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> &#8211;<span style="font-family:CG Times">[[User:MJL|<span style="color:black">MJL</span>]]&thinsp;[[User talk:MJL|‐'''Tauk'''‐]]<sup>[[Special:CentralAuth/MJL|☖]]</sup></span> 23:33, 26 August 2020 (UTC) == Hiiii == Hello, just replying to your message on the talkpage. I will quietly admit I am not fluent in scots but I try my best to appear as though I am [lol] regarding sources, in future I will try my best to add them too my sincere apologies. Thank you for bringing this to my attention. :) Signed Tom ([[Special:Contributions/31.185.199.27|31.185.199.27]] ([[User talk:31.185.199.27|talk]]) 14:20, 11 September 2020 (UTC)) :Hi Tom, if you are interested in improving your Scots in your area of expertise, there are fluent Scots speakers willing to help. There is a [https://discord.gg/H7jMBa6 Discord server] which is a good place to start, but if that's not your thing just say and we can help other ways! ☺ (will post this on your own page too in case you miss this) [[Uiser:Soothrhins|soothrhins]] ([[Uiser collogue:Soothrhins|tauk]]) 20:05, 11 September 2020 (UTC) : Thanks. My main concern is that it's hard to justify the [[en:Notability|notability]] of articles that aren't sourced. This can lead to articles being deleted if it's difficult to determine their importance, especially if the effort put into an individual article is low. With that in mind I just thought it was important to advise that a smaller number of deeper articles would be more seen to be more valuable, if you need help doing this in Scots then Soothrins comment above is a great place to start. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 20:10, 11 September 2020 (UTC) =={{en}} Next Editathon!== Just a wee note to invite you to the next [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon September 2020|Editathon - 29th & 30th September]] - where we'll be focussing on places in Scotland. Training will take place at 12 noon and 6pm on the 29th - any questions or requests, please let us know! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 12:27, 23 September 2020 (UTC) =={{en}} Next Scots Wiki editathon - 14 & 15 November== Hey there, as you attended one of our previous editathons, thought you might like to know about the next one! 14 & 15 November, details [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon November 2020|on the event page]], the theme is '''Weemin an Minorities fae Scotland an Ulster.''' :) [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 12:39, 10 November 2020 (UTC) =={{en}} Next editathon== Hey there, as a previous attendee of a Scots Wiki editathon, I thought you might like to know about the [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon Dizember 2020|December event, Sat 12 & Sun 13th.]] In addition to the usual wiki support, this month I'm really excited to say that we'll have '''language support in place from the Scots Language Centre''', who'll be online between 12-3 on Zoom on Saturday with us to help with any of your queries. * [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-december-2020-tickets-131613729207 Eventbrite link to sign up to Saturday Zoom session] * [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon Dizember 2020|On-wiki event page]] Hope to see you there! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 13:53, 8 Dizember 2020 (UTC) == {{en}} Sunday 13th December - extra zoom session with the Scots Language Centre! == We've added another session for the [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon Dizember 2020|editathon this weekend,]] with the folks from the SLC. Join us on Zoom for editing 12-3 on Sunday now too; we can help with wiki and language queries :) [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-december-2020-sunday-13th-tickets-132517919665 Book your place on Eventbrite here.] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 16:26, 11 Dizember 2020 (UTC) =={{en}} January editathon== Just a wee reminder that the next scots wiki editathon takes place this weekend, Sat 30 & Sun 31 January. If you'd like help improving your written scots skills, then folks from the Scots Language Centre will be on Zoom on [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-january-2021-saturday-30th-tickets-137925028473 Saturday (15:00-17:00 GMT)] and [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-january-2021-sunday-31st-tickets-137925646321 Sunday (12:00-14:00 GMT)] to do some collaborative editing, and I'll be around to help with any wiki queries. Feedback last time was that the language support was really helpful (and fun!), and we'd love to see you. We're looking mainly at improving articles to do with politics, particularly articles about politicians. More info, article lists, and sign up details on the event page: [[wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Januar 2021|Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Januar 2021.]] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 10:06, 27 Januar 2021 (UTC) ==Mairch editathon== {{en}}Just a wee reminder that the next scots wiki editathon takes place this weekend, Sat 20 & Sun 11 march, we'll be looking at Scots & Irish media & art. If you'd like help improving your written scots skills, or just want to come and edit socially, then myself and folks from the Scots Language Centre will be on Zoom on [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-march-2021-saturday-20th-tickets-145533926893 Saturday (12:00-14:00 GMT)] and [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-march-2021-sunday-21st-tickets-145534247853 Sunday (12:00-14:00 GMT)] to do some collaborative editing, and I'll be around to help with any wiki queries. More info, article lists, and dashboard sign up details on the event page: [[Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Mairch 2021]] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 15:42, 19 Mairch 2021 (UTC) == {{en}} Next Editathon == Heya, heads up that the next Editathon will take place this weekend (5 & 6 June), we're looking at Scots in STEM as a starting point. More info on the event page [[Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Juin 2021|here.]] Hope to see ou at the Zoom sessions! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 13:17, 3 Juin 2021 (UTC) == History preservation == Hey Gin yer gauna be shiftin a page bit canna acause the tairget haes history (as wis fit happent wi anthropology), please tag the tairget fur deletion wi <nowiki>{{delete|explanation}}</nowiki> insteid ae copyin ower the text. Iss is sae we kin keep the editin history preserved, fit is required bi oor CC-by-SA license. A'v sortit it noo An a dae appreciate aa the wirk ye'v pit in the day [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 15:18, 8 November 2026 (UTC) :Sorry! A realised efter but coudnae pit it richt masel. Thanks for takin the time tae redd it up. A'll tag the page for deletion in future. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 15:24, 8 November 2026 (UTC) == Seicont == A'm geyan shuir "seicont" is a hypercorrection aat is rare in actual eese. It's nae got ony hits in the DSL an chackin the Scots Corpus jis hae ae hit fur baith seicont an seicond (the same essay fur baith) [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 23:48, 8 November 2026 (UTC) d084zicebh7idv5ztzhrinr8s6w4e18 927160 927150 2026-11-09T00:57:14Z Monospaced 75295 /* Seicont */ Replied wae the data 927160 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, Monospaced, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye faer [[Special:Contributions/Monospaced|yer werks]]. Some gibbles ye'll fynd uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isnae. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|How tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> &#8211;<span style="font-family:CG Times">[[User:MJL|<span style="color:black">MJL</span>]]&thinsp;[[User talk:MJL|‐'''Tauk'''‐]]<sup>[[Special:CentralAuth/MJL|☖]]</sup></span> 23:33, 26 August 2020 (UTC) == Hiiii == Hello, just replying to your message on the talkpage. I will quietly admit I am not fluent in scots but I try my best to appear as though I am [lol] regarding sources, in future I will try my best to add them too my sincere apologies. Thank you for bringing this to my attention. :) Signed Tom ([[Special:Contributions/31.185.199.27|31.185.199.27]] ([[User talk:31.185.199.27|talk]]) 14:20, 11 September 2020 (UTC)) :Hi Tom, if you are interested in improving your Scots in your area of expertise, there are fluent Scots speakers willing to help. There is a [https://discord.gg/H7jMBa6 Discord server] which is a good place to start, but if that's not your thing just say and we can help other ways! ☺ (will post this on your own page too in case you miss this) [[Uiser:Soothrhins|soothrhins]] ([[Uiser collogue:Soothrhins|tauk]]) 20:05, 11 September 2020 (UTC) : Thanks. My main concern is that it's hard to justify the [[en:Notability|notability]] of articles that aren't sourced. This can lead to articles being deleted if it's difficult to determine their importance, especially if the effort put into an individual article is low. With that in mind I just thought it was important to advise that a smaller number of deeper articles would be more seen to be more valuable, if you need help doing this in Scots then Soothrins comment above is a great place to start. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 20:10, 11 September 2020 (UTC) =={{en}} Next Editathon!== Just a wee note to invite you to the next [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon September 2020|Editathon - 29th & 30th September]] - where we'll be focussing on places in Scotland. Training will take place at 12 noon and 6pm on the 29th - any questions or requests, please let us know! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 12:27, 23 September 2020 (UTC) =={{en}} Next Scots Wiki editathon - 14 & 15 November== Hey there, as you attended one of our previous editathons, thought you might like to know about the next one! 14 & 15 November, details [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon November 2020|on the event page]], the theme is '''Weemin an Minorities fae Scotland an Ulster.''' :) [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 12:39, 10 November 2020 (UTC) =={{en}} Next editathon== Hey there, as a previous attendee of a Scots Wiki editathon, I thought you might like to know about the [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon Dizember 2020|December event, Sat 12 & Sun 13th.]] In addition to the usual wiki support, this month I'm really excited to say that we'll have '''language support in place from the Scots Language Centre''', who'll be online between 12-3 on Zoom on Saturday with us to help with any of your queries. * [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-december-2020-tickets-131613729207 Eventbrite link to sign up to Saturday Zoom session] * [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon Dizember 2020|On-wiki event page]] Hope to see you there! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 13:53, 8 Dizember 2020 (UTC) == {{en}} Sunday 13th December - extra zoom session with the Scots Language Centre! == We've added another session for the [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon Dizember 2020|editathon this weekend,]] with the folks from the SLC. Join us on Zoom for editing 12-3 on Sunday now too; we can help with wiki and language queries :) [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-december-2020-sunday-13th-tickets-132517919665 Book your place on Eventbrite here.] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 16:26, 11 Dizember 2020 (UTC) =={{en}} January editathon== Just a wee reminder that the next scots wiki editathon takes place this weekend, Sat 30 & Sun 31 January. If you'd like help improving your written scots skills, then folks from the Scots Language Centre will be on Zoom on [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-january-2021-saturday-30th-tickets-137925028473 Saturday (15:00-17:00 GMT)] and [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-january-2021-sunday-31st-tickets-137925646321 Sunday (12:00-14:00 GMT)] to do some collaborative editing, and I'll be around to help with any wiki queries. Feedback last time was that the language support was really helpful (and fun!), and we'd love to see you. We're looking mainly at improving articles to do with politics, particularly articles about politicians. More info, article lists, and sign up details on the event page: [[wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Januar 2021|Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Januar 2021.]] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 10:06, 27 Januar 2021 (UTC) ==Mairch editathon== {{en}}Just a wee reminder that the next scots wiki editathon takes place this weekend, Sat 20 & Sun 11 march, we'll be looking at Scots & Irish media & art. If you'd like help improving your written scots skills, or just want to come and edit socially, then myself and folks from the Scots Language Centre will be on Zoom on [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-march-2021-saturday-20th-tickets-145533926893 Saturday (12:00-14:00 GMT)] and [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-march-2021-sunday-21st-tickets-145534247853 Sunday (12:00-14:00 GMT)] to do some collaborative editing, and I'll be around to help with any wiki queries. More info, article lists, and dashboard sign up details on the event page: [[Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Mairch 2021]] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 15:42, 19 Mairch 2021 (UTC) == {{en}} Next Editathon == Heya, heads up that the next Editathon will take place this weekend (5 & 6 June), we're looking at Scots in STEM as a starting point. More info on the event page [[Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Juin 2021|here.]] Hope to see ou at the Zoom sessions! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 13:17, 3 Juin 2021 (UTC) == History preservation == Hey Gin yer gauna be shiftin a page bit canna acause the tairget haes history (as wis fit happent wi anthropology), please tag the tairget fur deletion wi <nowiki>{{delete|explanation}}</nowiki> insteid ae copyin ower the text. Iss is sae we kin keep the editin history preserved, fit is required bi oor CC-by-SA license. A'v sortit it noo An a dae appreciate aa the wirk ye'v pit in the day [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 15:18, 8 November 2026 (UTC) :Sorry! A realised efter but coudnae pit it richt masel. Thanks for takin the time tae redd it up. A'll tag the page for deletion in future. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 15:24, 8 November 2026 (UTC) == Seicont == A'm geyan shuir "seicont" is a hypercorrection aat is rare in actual eese. It's nae got ony hits in the DSL an chackin the Scots Corpus jis hae ae hit fur baith seicont an seicond (the same essay fur baith) [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 23:48, 8 November 2026 (UTC) : Guid catch! A've been gaun wi a convention frae here, but it's no weel attestit at aw. The dictionars hae every spellin but that ane, yet it's aw ower the wiki. :* [https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/second SND: SECOND] (secont, saicont, seecond an ither variations, but nae seicont) :* [https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=seicont&fulltext=1 Search for "seicont"] (2,679 hits) :* [[MediaWiki:Seconds]] (the site's interface uises "seicont") :* [[Wikipedia:Spellin Fettle/MediaWiki/Time]] (the 2020 review o the interface wordin) : [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 00:57, 9 November 2026 (UTC) iearhjngqjlk7z78xn8unf455wi9mdd 927163 927160 2026-11-09T01:19:38Z CiphriusKane 74958 /* Seicont */ Replie 927163 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, Monospaced, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye faer [[Special:Contributions/Monospaced|yer werks]]. Some gibbles ye'll fynd uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isnae. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|How tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> &#8211;<span style="font-family:CG Times">[[User:MJL|<span style="color:black">MJL</span>]]&thinsp;[[User talk:MJL|‐'''Tauk'''‐]]<sup>[[Special:CentralAuth/MJL|☖]]</sup></span> 23:33, 26 August 2020 (UTC) == Hiiii == Hello, just replying to your message on the talkpage. I will quietly admit I am not fluent in scots but I try my best to appear as though I am [lol] regarding sources, in future I will try my best to add them too my sincere apologies. Thank you for bringing this to my attention. :) Signed Tom ([[Special:Contributions/31.185.199.27|31.185.199.27]] ([[User talk:31.185.199.27|talk]]) 14:20, 11 September 2020 (UTC)) :Hi Tom, if you are interested in improving your Scots in your area of expertise, there are fluent Scots speakers willing to help. There is a [https://discord.gg/H7jMBa6 Discord server] which is a good place to start, but if that's not your thing just say and we can help other ways! ☺ (will post this on your own page too in case you miss this) [[Uiser:Soothrhins|soothrhins]] ([[Uiser collogue:Soothrhins|tauk]]) 20:05, 11 September 2020 (UTC) : Thanks. My main concern is that it's hard to justify the [[en:Notability|notability]] of articles that aren't sourced. This can lead to articles being deleted if it's difficult to determine their importance, especially if the effort put into an individual article is low. With that in mind I just thought it was important to advise that a smaller number of deeper articles would be more seen to be more valuable, if you need help doing this in Scots then Soothrins comment above is a great place to start. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 20:10, 11 September 2020 (UTC) =={{en}} Next Editathon!== Just a wee note to invite you to the next [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon September 2020|Editathon - 29th & 30th September]] - where we'll be focussing on places in Scotland. Training will take place at 12 noon and 6pm on the 29th - any questions or requests, please let us know! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 12:27, 23 September 2020 (UTC) =={{en}} Next Scots Wiki editathon - 14 & 15 November== Hey there, as you attended one of our previous editathons, thought you might like to know about the next one! 14 & 15 November, details [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon November 2020|on the event page]], the theme is '''Weemin an Minorities fae Scotland an Ulster.''' :) [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 12:39, 10 November 2020 (UTC) =={{en}} Next editathon== Hey there, as a previous attendee of a Scots Wiki editathon, I thought you might like to know about the [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon Dizember 2020|December event, Sat 12 & Sun 13th.]] In addition to the usual wiki support, this month I'm really excited to say that we'll have '''language support in place from the Scots Language Centre''', who'll be online between 12-3 on Zoom on Saturday with us to help with any of your queries. * [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-december-2020-tickets-131613729207 Eventbrite link to sign up to Saturday Zoom session] * [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon Dizember 2020|On-wiki event page]] Hope to see you there! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 13:53, 8 Dizember 2020 (UTC) == {{en}} Sunday 13th December - extra zoom session with the Scots Language Centre! == We've added another session for the [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon Dizember 2020|editathon this weekend,]] with the folks from the SLC. Join us on Zoom for editing 12-3 on Sunday now too; we can help with wiki and language queries :) [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-december-2020-sunday-13th-tickets-132517919665 Book your place on Eventbrite here.] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 16:26, 11 Dizember 2020 (UTC) =={{en}} January editathon== Just a wee reminder that the next scots wiki editathon takes place this weekend, Sat 30 & Sun 31 January. If you'd like help improving your written scots skills, then folks from the Scots Language Centre will be on Zoom on [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-january-2021-saturday-30th-tickets-137925028473 Saturday (15:00-17:00 GMT)] and [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-january-2021-sunday-31st-tickets-137925646321 Sunday (12:00-14:00 GMT)] to do some collaborative editing, and I'll be around to help with any wiki queries. Feedback last time was that the language support was really helpful (and fun!), and we'd love to see you. We're looking mainly at improving articles to do with politics, particularly articles about politicians. More info, article lists, and sign up details on the event page: [[wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Januar 2021|Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Januar 2021.]] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 10:06, 27 Januar 2021 (UTC) ==Mairch editathon== {{en}}Just a wee reminder that the next scots wiki editathon takes place this weekend, Sat 20 & Sun 11 march, we'll be looking at Scots & Irish media & art. If you'd like help improving your written scots skills, or just want to come and edit socially, then myself and folks from the Scots Language Centre will be on Zoom on [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-march-2021-saturday-20th-tickets-145533926893 Saturday (12:00-14:00 GMT)] and [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-march-2021-sunday-21st-tickets-145534247853 Sunday (12:00-14:00 GMT)] to do some collaborative editing, and I'll be around to help with any wiki queries. More info, article lists, and dashboard sign up details on the event page: [[Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Mairch 2021]] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 15:42, 19 Mairch 2021 (UTC) == {{en}} Next Editathon == Heya, heads up that the next Editathon will take place this weekend (5 & 6 June), we're looking at Scots in STEM as a starting point. More info on the event page [[Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Juin 2021|here.]] Hope to see ou at the Zoom sessions! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 13:17, 3 Juin 2021 (UTC) == History preservation == Hey Gin yer gauna be shiftin a page bit canna acause the tairget haes history (as wis fit happent wi anthropology), please tag the tairget fur deletion wi <nowiki>{{delete|explanation}}</nowiki> insteid ae copyin ower the text. Iss is sae we kin keep the editin history preserved, fit is required bi oor CC-by-SA license. A'v sortit it noo An a dae appreciate aa the wirk ye'v pit in the day [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 15:18, 8 November 2026 (UTC) :Sorry! A realised efter but coudnae pit it richt masel. Thanks for takin the time tae redd it up. A'll tag the page for deletion in future. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 15:24, 8 November 2026 (UTC) == Seicont == A'm geyan shuir "seicont" is a hypercorrection aat is rare in actual eese. It's nae got ony hits in the DSL an chackin the Scots Corpus jis hae ae hit fur baith seicont an seicond (the same essay fur baith) [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 23:48, 8 November 2026 (UTC) : Guid catch! A've been gaun wi a convention frae here, but it's no weel attestit at aw. The dictionars hae every spellin but that ane, yet it's aw ower the wiki. :* [https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/second SND: SECOND] (secont, saicont, seecond an ither variations, but nae seicont) :* [https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=seicont&fulltext=1 Search for "seicont"] (2,679 hits) :* [[MediaWiki:Seconds]] (the site's interface uises "seicont") :* [[Wikipedia:Spellin Fettle/MediaWiki/Time]] (the 2020 review o the interface wordin) : [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 00:57, 9 November 2026 (UTC) ::Aat's easy eneuch ti explain: the OSD, the dictionair aat ootricht maks ap wirds an disna gie proper exemples, pits "seicont" as the ainly hit fur second. A keep meanin ti gang throw an tak oot aa the bad spellins bit lik ye seyed abeen, 2,679 hits an maist fowks aat edit focus on ither stuff [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 01:19, 9 November 2026 (UTC) c122bvsmo67xfyj7s6c39bqmvksik7i 927190 927163 2026-11-09T09:15:38Z Monospaced 75295 /* Seicont */ Replie 927190 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, Monospaced, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye faer [[Special:Contributions/Monospaced|yer werks]]. Some gibbles ye'll fynd uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isnae. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|How tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> &#8211;<span style="font-family:CG Times">[[User:MJL|<span style="color:black">MJL</span>]]&thinsp;[[User talk:MJL|‐'''Tauk'''‐]]<sup>[[Special:CentralAuth/MJL|☖]]</sup></span> 23:33, 26 August 2020 (UTC) == Hiiii == Hello, just replying to your message on the talkpage. I will quietly admit I am not fluent in scots but I try my best to appear as though I am [lol] regarding sources, in future I will try my best to add them too my sincere apologies. Thank you for bringing this to my attention. :) Signed Tom ([[Special:Contributions/31.185.199.27|31.185.199.27]] ([[User talk:31.185.199.27|talk]]) 14:20, 11 September 2020 (UTC)) :Hi Tom, if you are interested in improving your Scots in your area of expertise, there are fluent Scots speakers willing to help. There is a [https://discord.gg/H7jMBa6 Discord server] which is a good place to start, but if that's not your thing just say and we can help other ways! ☺ (will post this on your own page too in case you miss this) [[Uiser:Soothrhins|soothrhins]] ([[Uiser collogue:Soothrhins|tauk]]) 20:05, 11 September 2020 (UTC) : Thanks. My main concern is that it's hard to justify the [[en:Notability|notability]] of articles that aren't sourced. This can lead to articles being deleted if it's difficult to determine their importance, especially if the effort put into an individual article is low. With that in mind I just thought it was important to advise that a smaller number of deeper articles would be more seen to be more valuable, if you need help doing this in Scots then Soothrins comment above is a great place to start. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 20:10, 11 September 2020 (UTC) =={{en}} Next Editathon!== Just a wee note to invite you to the next [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon September 2020|Editathon - 29th & 30th September]] - where we'll be focussing on places in Scotland. Training will take place at 12 noon and 6pm on the 29th - any questions or requests, please let us know! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 12:27, 23 September 2020 (UTC) =={{en}} Next Scots Wiki editathon - 14 & 15 November== Hey there, as you attended one of our previous editathons, thought you might like to know about the next one! 14 & 15 November, details [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon November 2020|on the event page]], the theme is '''Weemin an Minorities fae Scotland an Ulster.''' :) [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 12:39, 10 November 2020 (UTC) =={{en}} Next editathon== Hey there, as a previous attendee of a Scots Wiki editathon, I thought you might like to know about the [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon Dizember 2020|December event, Sat 12 & Sun 13th.]] In addition to the usual wiki support, this month I'm really excited to say that we'll have '''language support in place from the Scots Language Centre''', who'll be online between 12-3 on Zoom on Saturday with us to help with any of your queries. * [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-december-2020-tickets-131613729207 Eventbrite link to sign up to Saturday Zoom session] * [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon Dizember 2020|On-wiki event page]] Hope to see you there! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 13:53, 8 Dizember 2020 (UTC) == {{en}} Sunday 13th December - extra zoom session with the Scots Language Centre! == We've added another session for the [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon Dizember 2020|editathon this weekend,]] with the folks from the SLC. Join us on Zoom for editing 12-3 on Sunday now too; we can help with wiki and language queries :) [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-december-2020-sunday-13th-tickets-132517919665 Book your place on Eventbrite here.] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 16:26, 11 Dizember 2020 (UTC) =={{en}} January editathon== Just a wee reminder that the next scots wiki editathon takes place this weekend, Sat 30 & Sun 31 January. If you'd like help improving your written scots skills, then folks from the Scots Language Centre will be on Zoom on [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-january-2021-saturday-30th-tickets-137925028473 Saturday (15:00-17:00 GMT)] and [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-january-2021-sunday-31st-tickets-137925646321 Sunday (12:00-14:00 GMT)] to do some collaborative editing, and I'll be around to help with any wiki queries. Feedback last time was that the language support was really helpful (and fun!), and we'd love to see you. We're looking mainly at improving articles to do with politics, particularly articles about politicians. More info, article lists, and sign up details on the event page: [[wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Januar 2021|Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Januar 2021.]] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 10:06, 27 Januar 2021 (UTC) ==Mairch editathon== {{en}}Just a wee reminder that the next scots wiki editathon takes place this weekend, Sat 20 & Sun 11 march, we'll be looking at Scots & Irish media & art. If you'd like help improving your written scots skills, or just want to come and edit socially, then myself and folks from the Scots Language Centre will be on Zoom on [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-march-2021-saturday-20th-tickets-145533926893 Saturday (12:00-14:00 GMT)] and [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-march-2021-sunday-21st-tickets-145534247853 Sunday (12:00-14:00 GMT)] to do some collaborative editing, and I'll be around to help with any wiki queries. More info, article lists, and dashboard sign up details on the event page: [[Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Mairch 2021]] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 15:42, 19 Mairch 2021 (UTC) == {{en}} Next Editathon == Heya, heads up that the next Editathon will take place this weekend (5 & 6 June), we're looking at Scots in STEM as a starting point. More info on the event page [[Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Juin 2021|here.]] Hope to see ou at the Zoom sessions! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 13:17, 3 Juin 2021 (UTC) == History preservation == Hey Gin yer gauna be shiftin a page bit canna acause the tairget haes history (as wis fit happent wi anthropology), please tag the tairget fur deletion wi <nowiki>{{delete|explanation}}</nowiki> insteid ae copyin ower the text. Iss is sae we kin keep the editin history preserved, fit is required bi oor CC-by-SA license. A'v sortit it noo An a dae appreciate aa the wirk ye'v pit in the day [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 15:18, 8 November 2026 (UTC) :Sorry! A realised efter but coudnae pit it richt masel. Thanks for takin the time tae redd it up. A'll tag the page for deletion in future. [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 15:24, 8 November 2026 (UTC) == Seicont == A'm geyan shuir "seicont" is a hypercorrection aat is rare in actual eese. It's nae got ony hits in the DSL an chackin the Scots Corpus jis hae ae hit fur baith seicont an seicond (the same essay fur baith) [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 23:48, 8 November 2026 (UTC) : Guid catch! A've been gaun wi a convention frae here, but it's no weel attestit at aw. The dictionars hae every spellin but that ane, yet it's aw ower the wiki. :* [https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/second SND: SECOND] (secont, saicont, seecond an ither variations, but nae seicont) :* [https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=seicont&fulltext=1 Search for "seicont"] (2,679 hits) :* [[MediaWiki:Seconds]] (the site's interface uises "seicont") :* [[Wikipedia:Spellin Fettle/MediaWiki/Time]] (the 2020 review o the interface wordin) : [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 00:57, 9 November 2026 (UTC) ::Aat's easy eneuch ti explain: the OSD, the dictionair aat ootricht maks ap wirds an disna gie proper exemples, pits "seicont" as the ainly hit fur second. A keep meanin ti gang throw an tak oot aa the bad spellins bit lik ye seyed abeen, 2,679 hits an maist fowks aat edit focus on ither stuff [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 01:19, 9 November 2026 (UTC) :::Aye, as ye micht hae guessed, A'm gaun aboot ma recent chynges wi a semi-automated approach. A ken that's got its doonsides, but we're years oan wi monie decent airticles an mair bad yins. A'm luikin at makkin a bot tae sort oot agreed, simple problems like this spellin ane. A wis aboot for the auld cleanup, sae A ken fine weel the trouble the OSD caused, an wi fowk aye reachin for the "maist Scots" wirds an aw (still daein it masel cause A'm tryin tae keep a kinna consistency). [[Uiser:Monospaced|Monospaced]] ([[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|tauk]]) 09:15, 9 November 2026 (UTC) aaumenus16e0inxeejfqmgonjkd60ay 0 224520 926881 915930 2026-11-08T20:19:14Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 926881 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person wikidata}} {{Short description|15t/16t-century Scots makar}} '''William Stewart''' (c. 1476{{snd}}c. 1548) wis a Scots [[makar]] o the first hauf o the 16t century, best kent for his court poems an his verse owersettin o [[Hector Boece]]'s ''History of Scotland''. ==Life== William Stewart wis a great-grandson o ane o the luve-bairns o [[Alexander Stewart, Earl of Buchan|Alexander Stewart, Earl o Buchan]]. He wis eddicatit at the [[Varsity o Saunt Aundraes|University o St Andrews]]. He wis meant for the Kirk, but later becam a courtier. In 1527 he held a pension frae [[James V o Scotland]], an the last payment o it (o £40) is recordit in the accoonts o 1541.<ref name="EB1911">{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Stewart, William|volume=25|page=914}}</ref> He deed afore 1560.<ref name="DNB">{{cite DNB|wstitle=Stewart, William (1481?-1550?)}}</ref> ==Warks== Stewart wrote a nummer o poems o advice for the young [[James V o Scotland]], an owerset [[Hector Boece]]'s Latin ''History of Scotland'' intae Scots verse. He wis the bard mentioned twice in [[David Lyndsay]]'s ''Complaynt of the Papingo'', an [[John Rolland]] mentions him in his [[prologue]] tae the ''Seven Sages'' an aw.<ref>Turnbull, vol. 1, (1858), pp. ix-xiii.</ref> Thare war twa students wi his nem at St Andrews at the same time, sae the twa can be mixed up; in the ''Buik of Chronicles'', Stewart said he wis thare for 14 year. Tho it haes for ordinar been thocht that Stewart wrote baith the owersettin an the court poems, the critic [[Matthew McDiarmid]] ascribed the owersettin tae the ither William Stewart.<ref>MacDonald (1996), p. 182 fn. 11, citing Jack, RDS, ed., ''History of Scottish Literature'', vol. 1 (1988), p. 36.</ref> ===Court poetry=== Some o Stewart's survivin poems describe life at the Stewart court, an the fash o courtiers hopin for royal favour an reward. This verse is frae ''First Lerges'' (largesse), aboot the [[New Year|'new yeirday']] gifts courtiers expectit frae the Scots exchequer:<ref>MacDonald (1996), 196.</ref><blockquote>The thesaur and compttrollar,<br>Thay bade me cum I wait nocht quhair,<br>And thay suld gar I wait nocht quhay,<br>Gif me I wat nocht quhat full fair,<br>For lerges of this new yeirday.<ref>[http://xtf.lib.virginia.edu/xtf/view?docId=chadwyck_ep/uvaGenText/tei/chep_1.2332.xml&query=thing See the whole poem here (Bannatyne Manuscript)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331072024/https://xtf.lib.virginia.edu/xtf/view?docId=chadwyck_ep/uvaGenText/tei/chep_1.2332.xml&query=thing |date=2024-03-31 }}: Craigie, W. A., ed., ''Maitland Folio Manuscript'', vol. 1, STS (1919), 248-9.</ref></blockquote> ===Owersettin o Boece=== A verse version o [[Hector Boece]]'s Latin ''History of Scotland'' wis commissioned aither bi James V or his mither, [[Margaret Tudor]]. Boece's wark wis published in Latin in Paris in 1527. James asked [[John Bellenden]] tae owerset it intae Scots prose, an Stewart intae Scots verse. Bellenden's version cam oot in 1536, but Stewart's, that he stairtit in 1531, bade in manuscript till 1858, whan it wis published in the [[Rolls Series]];<ref name="EB1911"/> it wis editit bi [[William Barclay Turnbull]] frae the anerly manuscript, that haed been ained bi Hew Craufurd o Cloverhill, Bishop [[John Moore (bishop o Ely)|John Moore]] an George I afore it gaed tae Cambridge University Library. Stewart shaws a knawledge o the warks o [[John Major (philosopher)|John Major]], [[Jean Froissart]], an [[John o Fordun]]. In pairts he expandit on the original.<ref name="DNB"/> He wrote a prologue, in which his narrator, Discretion's cuisin, explains that Inglismen destroyed aw the written historical records o Scotland they coud fin in the [[Wars o Scots Unthirldom|Scots Wars o Unthirldom]] in the time o [[William Wallace]]. She says that scraps o buiks an memories keepit at [[Iona Abbey]] war Boece's soorces:<blockquote>Our auld storeis befoir thir mony yeir,<br>Thai war distroyit all with Inglismen,<br>In Wallace weir as it eith to ken;<br>Syne efterwart, quhen that thai wreit the storie,<br>Auld eldaris deidis to put into memorie,<br>Tha maid thair buikis, thair tractatis, and thair tabillis,<br>Part by gues, and part be fenyeit fabillis;<br>Part tha fand in ald broades of bukkis,<br>Part in lous quarris lyand wer in nukkis,<br>* * * * * *<br>Ane abbay sumtyme of authoritie,<br>In Iona yle within the occident se,<br>And in that place thair wes thir storeis fund,<br>Sum in lowss quarris and uther sum weill bund.<ref>Turnbull, vol. 1, (1858), pp. 3-4, from lines 79-103</ref></blockquote> ==References== {{Reflist|2}} ==Further readin== {{Refbegin}} * Hadley Williams, Janet, 'Dunbar & his immediate heirs', in Mapstone, Sally, ed., ''William Dunbar, The Nobill Poet'', Tuckwell (2001), 93-100, {{ISBN|1-86232-196-5}} * MacDonald, A. A., 'William Stewart and Court Poetry', in Hadley Williams, Janet, ed., ''Stewart Style 1513–1542'', Tuckwell (1996), 179–200, {{ISBN|1-898410-82-8}} * [https://archive.org/details/buikcroniclissc01stewgoog Turnbull, William B., ed., ''The Buik of the Chroniclis of Scotland by William Stewart'', 3 vols, Rolls Series, Longman (1858)] {{Refend}} '''Attribution:''' {{DNB|wstitle=Stewart, William (1481?-1550?)}} {{Makars}} {{stub/Makar}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Stewart, William}} [[Category:Coort o James V of Scotland]] [[Category:Makars]] [[Category:Lallans poets]] [[Category:16t-centurie Scots writers]] [[Category:16t-centurie male writers]] [[Category:16t-centurie Scots poets]] [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity of St Andras]] [[Category:Middle Scots poets]] 3bzqizoop4hnwnyt2l351i6gccoyn9j 0 224522 926877 804668 2026-11-08T20:18:19Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 926877 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person wikidata}} '''Huchoun''' (a diminutive form o ''Hugh'', that is 'wee Hughie'), or '''Huchown''' ''of the Awle Ryale'' (''fl.'' 14t century), wis a poet that is thocht tae hae been scrievin in the 14t century. Some scholars, follaein the Scots antiquarian [[George Neilson]] (1858–1923), identified him wi a Scots [[knicht]], Hugh o Eglinton, an pit forrit that he wrote monie important pieces o alliterative verse; but there isnae muckle evidence for this. == Evidence == The little that is kent aboot Huchoun comes frae the Chronicle o [[Andra o Wyntoun]], that says: <blockquote> Hucheon, þat cunnande was in littratur. He made a gret Gest of Arthure And þe Awntyr of Gawane, Þe Pistil als of Suet Susane. He was curyousse in his stille, Fayr of facunde and subtile, And ay to pleyssance hade delyte, Mad in metyr meit his dyte Litil or noucht neuir þe lesse Wauerande fra þe suythfastnes.(Cotton Manuscript Buik V. II, 4308-4318). </blockquote> Interest in Huchoun wis stirred up maistly bi the wark o George Neilson, an advocate (lawyer) an antiquarian, that gied a few lectures on the subject at [[Glesga Varsity]] in 1902, an published a buik aboot Huchoun the same year.<ref name="dgnhas">[http://users.quista.net/dgnhas/Members/GeorgeNeilson.htm George Neilson] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201104542/http://users.quista.net/dgnhas/Members/GeorgeNeilson.htm|date=2008-12-01}}, Dumfriesshire & Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society </ref><ref name="neilson1">Neilson, G. ''Huchoun of the Awle Ryale, the Alliterative Poet'', Glasgow, 1902.</ref> O the warks Wyntoun mentions, the easiest tae identify is ''Þe Pistil als of Suet Susane''; this is likly ''The Pistel of Swete Susan'', an alliterative poem that survives in 5 manuscripts.<ref name="rochester">Peck, R. A. [http://www.lib.rochester.edu/Camelot/teams/susanfrm.htm Epistle of Sweet Susan] in ''Heroic Women for the Old Testament in Middle English Verse'', Kalamazoo, Michigan: Medieval Institute Publications, 1991</ref> [[File:Gawain_and_the_Green_Knight.jpg|right|thumb|A pictur frae ''Cotton Nero A.x.'', the anerly manuscript wi the poem ''Sir Gawain and the Green Knight''. Neilson an ithers ascribed this poem tae Huchoun, likly wrangly.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Echard |first1=Sian |last2=Rouse |first2=Robert |title=The Encyclopedia of Medieval Literature in Britain, 4 Volume Set |date=2017 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-39698-8 |page=832 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UXoqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA832 |language=en}}</ref>]] == Identity == Wha Huchoun wis isnae certain. Monie o the poems that Neilson ascribed tae Huchoun are in different dialects, an nane o thaim in [[Scots leid|Scots]]. Even the poem maist likly tae be Huchoun's ain wark, the ''Pistel of Swete Susan'', seems tae be in a north Yorkshire dialect laid ower a Midland Inglis soorce.<ref name="rochester" /> == Notes == {{reflist}} == References == {{Refbegin}} * Harvey, Paul. 1967. ''The Oxford Companion to English Literature.'' London: Oxford University Press. * Ward and Trent, eds. ''et al.'' 1907-1921. ''[http://www.bartleby.com/212/0505.html The Cambridge history of English and American literature: An encyclopedia in eighteen volumes]. Retrieved July 7, 2005.'' {{Refend}} == Freemit airtins == * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Huchown|short=x}} {{Makars}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Middle Inglis leid]] [[Category:Scots poetry]] [[Category:Scots male poets]] [[Category:14t-century births]] [[Category:14t-century daiths]] [[Category:Makars]] [[Category:Early Scots leid]] m3in86j7ddd7pbndhiqgmdhb8buicfi 0 224618 927089 810495 2026-11-08T22:38:31Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; soorces addit 927089 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox comic beuk teetle|title=Pimpa|image=Pimpa.jpg|imagesize=196|creators=[[Francesco Tullio Altan]]}} '''''Pimpa''''' or '''''La Pimpa''''' is an Italian comic strip, makkit bi [[Francesco Tullio Altan]]. Its main chairacter is a lassie dug wi reid spots, muckle feet an a wee tail. The strip first appeared on 13 Julie 1975 in the comics magazine ''Corriere dei Piccoli'',<ref name="Stampa">{{cite news |title=La Pimpa non avrà mai il telefonino |url=https://www.lastampa.it/cultura/2010/03/16/news/la-pimpa-non-avra-mai-il-telefonino-1.37020311/ |access-date=27 March 2023 |work=La Stampa |date=16 March 2010 |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Vanzetto |first1=Chiara |title=La cagnetta a pois che diverte da 40 anni: la Pimpa va in mostra |url=https://milano.corriere.it/notizie/cronaca/14_ottobre_25/cagnetta-pois-che-diverte-40-anni-pimpa-va-mostra-534e601a-5c1a-11e4-a063-152f34c0ded7.shtml |access-date=27 March 2023 |work=Corriere della Sera |date=25 October 2014 |language=it}}</ref> that cairied it till 1995. Frae 1987 Pimpa haed a monthly bairns' magazine o her ain an aw.<ref name="Stampa" /><ref name=fff>{{cite book|last=Roberto Pigro|title=La risposta è esatta!|publisher=Espero, Partizánske, 2012}}</ref> Pimpa haes been in three animatit series, directit bi Osvaldo Cavandoli an Enzo D'Alò, that war makkit an shawn bi [[RAI|Rai TV]] an later brocht oot on DVD.<ref name=fff/> In 1998 Pimpa wis the main chairacter in twa stage plays, ''Pimpa Cappuccetto Rosso'' an ''Pimpa, Kamillo e il libro magico''.<ref>''Giornale della libreria'', issues 9-12, Associazione italiana editori, 2005</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == Freemit airtins == * [http://www.pimpa.it/ Offeecial wabsteid] [[Category:Comics adaptit intae animatit series]] [[Category:Comics adaptit intae televeesion series]] [[Category:Italian comics]] pkntque0et9bs0q7kh9ou7vfvrjlsdb 927090 927089 2026-11-08T22:39:02Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; soorces addit, broken image taen oot 927090 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox comic beuk teetle|title=Pimpa|image=|imagesize=196|creators=[[Francesco Tullio Altan]]}} '''''Pimpa''''' or '''''La Pimpa''''' is an Italian comic strip, makkit bi [[Francesco Tullio Altan]]. Its main chairacter is a lassie dug wi reid spots, muckle feet an a wee tail. The strip first appeared on 13 Julie 1975 in the comics magazine ''Corriere dei Piccoli'',<ref name="Stampa">{{cite news |title=La Pimpa non avrà mai il telefonino |url=https://www.lastampa.it/cultura/2010/03/16/news/la-pimpa-non-avra-mai-il-telefonino-1.37020311/ |access-date=27 March 2023 |work=La Stampa |date=16 March 2010 |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Vanzetto |first1=Chiara |title=La cagnetta a pois che diverte da 40 anni: la Pimpa va in mostra |url=https://milano.corriere.it/notizie/cronaca/14_ottobre_25/cagnetta-pois-che-diverte-40-anni-pimpa-va-mostra-534e601a-5c1a-11e4-a063-152f34c0ded7.shtml |access-date=27 March 2023 |work=Corriere della Sera |date=25 October 2014 |language=it}}</ref> that cairied it till 1995. Frae 1987 Pimpa haed a monthly bairns' magazine o her ain an aw.<ref name="Stampa" /><ref name=fff>{{cite book|last=Roberto Pigro|title=La risposta è esatta!|publisher=Espero, Partizánske, 2012}}</ref> Pimpa haes been in three animatit series, directit bi Osvaldo Cavandoli an Enzo D'Alò, that war makkit an shawn bi [[RAI|Rai TV]] an later brocht oot on DVD.<ref name=fff/> In 1998 Pimpa wis the main chairacter in twa stage plays, ''Pimpa Cappuccetto Rosso'' an ''Pimpa, Kamillo e il libro magico''.<ref>''Giornale della libreria'', issues 9-12, Associazione italiana editori, 2005</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == Freemit airtins == * [http://www.pimpa.it/ Offeecial wabsteid] [[Category:Comics adaptit intae animatit series]] [[Category:Comics adaptit intae televeesion series]] [[Category:Italian comics]] ra0w3kduq1oxzo40sno293q1vglzj26 0 224736 927166 926101 2026-11-09T01:48:51Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 927166 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | name = Iona Fyfe | background = solo_singer | image = Scots Folk Singer Iona Fyfe.jpg | caption = Iona Fyfe in 2017 | birth_name = | alias = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1998|01|16}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Search results for Iona Fyfe |url=https://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk/record-results?search_type=People&surname=Fyfe&forename=Iona&forename_so=exact&from_year=1998&to_year=1998&surname_so=exact&record_type=stat_births |website=ScotlandsPeople |access-date=26 September 2020 |language=en |archive-date=2021-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817122539/https://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk/record-results?search_type=People&surname=Fyfe&forename=Iona&forename_so=exact&from_year=1998&to_year=1998&surname_so=exact&record_type=stat_births |url-status=dead }}</ref> | birth_place = [[Huntly]], [[Aiberdeenshire]], [[Scotland]] | genre = [[Scottish folk music]]<br>[[Doric dialect (Scotland)|Doric folk music]] | occupation = Folk sangster-sangwriter<br>Multi-instrumentalist | instrument = Vocals, piana | years_active = 2012-present | label = Cairnie Records | associated_acts = | website = [https://ionafyfe.com ionafyfe.com] | current_members = | past_members = }} '''Iona Fyfe''' is a Scots sangster frae [[Huntly]], [[Aiberdeenshire]] maist weel-kent for singin Scots folk sangs an muckle sangs (ballads). Efter lowsin her seicont EP "''East''" in 2016, Fyfe made forrit til baith the semi-finals o the [[BBC Radio 2]] ''Young Folk Award''<ref>{{cite web |title=Iona Fyfe Trio |url=https://eyemouthhippodrome.org/events/iona-fyfe/ |website=eyemouthhippodrome.org |access-date=26 September 2020 |archive-date=2020-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814144007/https://eyemouthhippodrome.org/events/iona-fyfe/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> an the finals o [[BBC Radio Scotland]] ''Young Traditional Musician of the Year'' the follaein year.<ref name="YTM2017" /> She makkit forrit tae the ''Young Tranditional Musician of the Year'' finals again in 2021.<ref name="YTM2021" /> In 2019, Fyfe wan "Young Scots Speaker o the Year" at the first [[Scots Language Awards]] ceremony in [[Glesga|Glesca]],<ref name="Scotsman2019">{{cite news |last1=Ferguson |first1=Brian |title=Winners of first ever Scots language ‘Oscars’ revealed |url=https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/theatre-and-stage/winners-first-ever-scots-language-oscars-revealed-1406494 |access-date=27 October 2020 |work=The Scotsman |publisher=JPI Media |date=29 September 2019|lang=en}}</ref> an in 2020, wan Scots Performer o the year.<ref name="National">{{cite news |last1=Hannan |first1=Martin |title=Janey Godley and Stuart Paterson muckle winners o' Scots awards |url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/18821205.janey-godley-stuart-paterson-muckle-winners-o-scots-awards/ |access-date=27 October 2020 |work=The National |agency=NewsQuest Media Group Ltd |publisher=NewsQuest |date=26 October 2020}}</ref> She is a National Director o the Traditional Music and Song Association an sers as a committee memmer o the Musicians Union Scotland.<ref>{{cite web |title=Scots Language Awards 2020: Iona Fyfe |url=https://projects.handsupfortrad.scot/scotslanguageawards/scots-language-awards-2020-iona-fyfe/?lang=en |website=handsupfortrad.scot |access-date=4 December 2020 |archive-date=2020-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029041321/https://projects.handsupfortrad.scot/scotslanguageawards/scots-language-awards-2020-iona-fyfe/?lang=en |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Biography== Fyfe wis born on the 16 Januar 1998 an wis brocht up in the rounds o Huntly. She stertit learin poems in the Doric byleid o Scots as a bairn. As a bairn Fyfe troked wi a wheen kenspeckle bothy balladers siclike as [[Jock Duncan]], [[Joe Aitken]], an [[Geordie Murison]], bodies that Fyfe haes cried her "adoptive family".<ref name="lt">{{cite web |title=Iona Fyfe - the Real Deal {{!}} Living Tradition |url=https://www.livingtradition.co.uk/articles/ionafyfe |website=www.livingtradition.co.uk |access-date=4 December 2020}}</ref> Syne, efter singin folk sangs, muckle sangs, an [[bothy ballads]] athort the North East, Fyfe pit hersel forrit for a degree at the [[Royal Conservatoire of Scotland]] an wis gien a place at the age o 16.<ref>{{cite web |last1=The Cross-Eyed Pianist |title=Iona Fyfe, folksinger |url=https://meettheartist.online/2020/03/13/iona-fyfe-folksinger/ |website=Meet the Artist |language=en |date=13 March 2020}}</ref> She graduatit in 2019 wi a First Class Honours degree in Traditional Music.<ref>{{cite web |title=BBC Radio Scotland Young Traditional Musician |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/44PR10XVLrZgmcxNWwL58M5/2021-finals |website=www.bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC |access-date=14 March 2021}}</ref> Fyfe is pairt o the Scots leed advocacy body, [[Oor Vyce]] an outspeaks aften o the mister for Scots tae be kent as a "legal langauge".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gerrard |first1=Philippa |title=Scots language: Reclaiming Scotland's mither tongue |url=https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/news/specials/2585665/spikkin-scots-scots-language/ |website=Press and Journal |access-date=4 December 2020}}</ref><ref name="lt" /> The [[Scots Language Awards]] gied mense tae Fyfe's wark wi the Scots leid wi awards in 2019 and 2020.<ref name="Scotsman2019" /><ref name="National" /> ==Music== Fyfe plays the piana an sings sangs in baith English an Scots, the hinner ane aye in the Doric byleid, an pits English sangs intae Doric Scots. She performs alangside fiddler Charlie Grey an guitarist Aidan Moodie, that crys thairsels the Iona Fyfe Trio.<ref>{{cite web |title=MG ALBA Scots Trad Music Awards 2019: Iona Fyfe Trio |url=https://projects.handsupfortrad.scot/scotstradmusicawards/mg-alba-scots-trad-music-awards-2019-iona-fyfe-trio/ |website=handsupfortrad.scot |access-date=4 December 2020}}</ref> Her muisic haes been played on [[BBC Radio Scotland]], [[BBC Radio 2]], an [[BBC Radio nan Gàidheal]].<ref>{{cite web |title=BBC Radio Scotland - Travelling Folk, 21/03/2018 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b09wcgp1 |website=www.bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC |lang=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=BBC Radio 2 - The Folk Show with Mark Radcliffe, Darlington in Session |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0b19krb |website=www.bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC |lang=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=BBC Radio nan Gàidheal - Caithream Ciùil, Mairead NicIllinnein le ceòl Ceilteach |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000s7y4 |website=www.bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC |lang=gd}}</ref> Her furst solo album. ''Away From My Window'', wis recordit wi sindry ither airtists, the likes o Tim Edey an Luc McNally.<ref>{{cite web |title=Iona Fyfe: Away from my window – Global Music Magazine |url=https://www.global-music.de/review/iona-fyfe-away-from-my-window/ |website=www.global-music.de |access-date=14 March 2021 |archive-date=2021-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423181227/https://www.global-music.de/review/iona-fyfe-away-from-my-window/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Graham |first1=Kenny |title=The future of Scots Trad music is in safe hands |url=https://www.scottishfield.co.uk/culture/music/the-future-of-scots-trad-music-is-in-safe-hands/ |access-date=14 March 2021 |work=Scottish Field |date=12 April 2018}}</ref> In Dizember 2020, Fyfe lowsed her Scots owersettin o [[Christina Rossetti]]'s Yulesang, ''In the Bleak Midwinter''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Leslie |first1=Bob |title=FATEA - Home |url=https://www.fatea-records.co.uk/magazine/reviews/IonaFyfe3/ |website=www.fatea-records.co.uk |access-date=14 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225093307/https://www.fatea-records.co.uk/magazine/reviews/IonaFyfe3/ |archive-date=2020-12-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Efter she wisna able tae wale Scots as the leed for her sang's metadata, she publicly speirt at muisic streamin service [[Spotify]] tae eik Scots til the leids available tae descrieve uploadit sangs.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Marlborough |first1=Conor |title=Spotify urged to recognise indigenous Scottish languages by Scots singer |url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/people/spotify-urged-recognise-indigenous-scottish-languages-scots-singer-3070589 |access-date=19 December 2020 |work=The Scotsman |date=16 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref> In Mairch 2021, Spotify eikit Scots tae their leet o leids.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ferguson |first1=Brian |title=Singer wins campaign to persuade Spotify to recognise Scots language for first time |url=https://www.scotsman.com/whats-on/arts-and-entertainment/singer-wins-campaign-to-persuade-spotify-to-recognise-scots-language-for-first-time-3155256 |access-date=14 March 2021 |work=The Scotsman |language=en}}</ref> In 2016, Fyfe wis a semi-finalist o the [[BBC Radio 2 Young Folk Award]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Iona Fyfe Trio |url=https://eyemouthhippodrome.org/events/iona-fyfe/ |website=eyemouthhippodrome.org |access-date=17 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814144007/https://eyemouthhippodrome.org/events/iona-fyfe/ |archive-date=2020-08-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2017 an 2021, she wis a finalist o the [[BBC Radio Scotland Young Traditional Musician]] awaird.<ref name="YTM2017">{{cite news |title=Charlie Stewart named young traditional musician 2017 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-38878575 |access-date=17 March 2021 |work=BBC News |agency=BBC |date=6 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="YTM2021">{{cite news |title=Pianist Michael Biggins is BBC Scotland Young Traditional Musician of the year |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-55888672 |access-date=17 March 2021 |work=BBC News |date=1 February 2021}}</ref> Forby in 2017, she wan the Molloy Award.<ref name="Kidman" /> In 2018, she wan "Scots Singer of the Year" at the [[Scots Trad Music Awards|MG ALBA Scots Trad Music Awards]].<ref name="Robertson" /> In Januar 2021, Fyfe scrievit a petition opponin the UK government's plans tae exclude professional muiscikers frae thair leet o wirkers permittit tae enter the EU athoot a visa, claimin the plans wid mak tourin Europe "financially unviable".<ref>{{cite news |last1=O'Toole |first1=Emer |title=Iona Fyfe joins SNP in fighting against 'shoddy' plan to scrap musicians' visas |url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/18997669.iona-fyfe-joins-snp-fighing-shoddy-plan-scrap-musicians-visas/ |access-date=20 March 2021 |work=The National |agency=Newsquest Media Group |publisher=Herald and Times Group |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hutchison |first1=Caitlin |title=UK ‘rejected offer’ of visa-free tours for musicians in EU amid calls to negotiate 'free cultural work permit' |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/19000515.uk-government-rejected-offer-visa-free-tours-musicians-eu/ |access-date=20 March 2021 |work=HeraldScotland |agency=Newsquest Media Group |publisher=Herald and Times Group |date=10 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> In Apryle 2021, Fyfe pit oot a rendition o The Northern Lights, the unofficial anthem o [[Aberdeen F.C.]], efter bein commissioned bi the club.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Da Silva |first1=Ana |title=Aberdeenshire folksinger's voice becomes soundtrack to hopeful Aberdeen fans |url=https://www.eveningexpress.co.uk/fp/news/local/aberdeenshire-folksingers-voice-becomes-soundtrack-to-hopeful-aberdeen-fans/ |access-date=4 May 2021 |work=Evening Express |agency=DC Thomson Media |publisher=Aberdeen Journals Ltd |date=30 April 2021 |archive-date=2021-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504074923/https://www.eveningexpress.co.uk/fp/news/local/aberdeenshire-folksingers-voice-becomes-soundtrack-to-hopeful-aberdeen-fans/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Discography== Fyfe haes lowsed twa albums an twa EPs o her sangs.<ref>{{cite web |last1=McFayden |first1=Neil |date=3 August 2016 |title=Iona Fyfe Band: East (Album Review) |url=https://www.folkradio.co.uk/2016/08/iona-fyfe-band-east-ep/ |website=www.folkradio.co.uk |access-date=14 March 2021}}</ref> '''2015:''' ''The First Sangs''<br> '''2016:''' ''East EP''<br> '''2018:''' ''Away From My Window'' (Cairnie Records)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pratt |first1=David |title=FATEA - Home |url=https://www.fatea-records.co.uk/magazine/reviews/IonaFyfe/ |website=www.fatea-records.co.uk |access-date=2026-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226033226/https://www.fatea-records.co.uk/magazine/reviews/IonaFyfe/ |archive-date=2025-02-26 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br> '''2019:''' ''Dark Turn of Mind'' (Cairnie Records)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Grant |first1=Nicky |title=FATEA - Home |url=https://www.fatea-records.co.uk/magazine/reviews/IonaFyfe2/ |website=www.fatea-records.co.uk |access-date=2026-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126161058/https://www.fatea-records.co.uk/magazine/reviews/IonaFyfe2/ |archive-date=2024-11-26 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Awairds== '''2017''' - Molloy Award<ref name="Kidman">{{cite web |last1=Kidman |first1=David |title=Iona Fyfe: Away from my Window (album review) |url=https://www.folkradio.co.uk/2018/05/iona-fyfe-away-from-my-window/ |website=www.folkradio.co.uk |access-date=14 March 2021}}</ref><br> '''2018''' - Scots Singer of the Year - MG ALBA Scots Trad Music Awards<ref name="Robertson">{{cite news |last1=Robertson |first1=Kirsten |title=Huntly singer Iona Fyfe nominated for accolade at MG Alba Scots Trad Music Awards |url=https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/news/aberdeenshire/1892280/huntly-singer-iona-fyfe-nominated-for-accolade-at-mg-alba-scots-trad-music-awards/ |access-date=14 March 2021 |work=Press and Journal |agency=DC Thomson Media |publisher=Aberdeen Journals Ltd |date=19 November 2019}}</ref><br> '''2019''' - Young Scots Speaker o the Year - Scots Language Awards<ref name="Scotsman2019" /><br> '''2020''' - Scots Performer o the Year - Scots Language Awards<ref name="National" /><br> == Fremmit airtins == * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J0b0FIadyFE Interview wi Iona Fyfe] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U22V3v0vHGU The Northern Lights sang bi Iona Fyfe] == References == {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Fowk frae Huntly]] [[Category:Scots female sangsters]] ncld0e4cxrfi3b91kj061kj8fy4g0wh 0 224780 927047 869134 2026-11-08T22:27:40Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; birth year correctit, soorced 927047 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie | name = Benedict Wong | image = Benedict Wong (28352087500) (cropped).jpg | caption = Wong in 2016 | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1971|07|03|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Eccles, Greater Manchester|Eccles]], [[Lancashire]], Ingland | years_active = 1992–present | occupation = Actor }} '''Benedict Wong''' (born 3 Julie 1971)<ref>{{cite web |title=Famous Salfordians |url=https://www.salford.gov.uk/people-communities-and-local-information/famous-salfordians/ |website=Salford City Council |access-date=30 May 2024 |quote=Actor. Born on 3 July 1971.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Solanki |first1=Misha |title=INTERVIEW: Benedict Wong |url=https://www.salfordnow.co.uk/2016/10/25/us-interview-benedict-wong/ |website=Salford Now |access-date=30 May 2024 |date=25 October 2016 |quote=He was born in Eccles in 1971...}}</ref> is an Inglis actor. He stairtit on the stage, an syne wis in the film ''Dirty Pretty Things'' (2002) an the BBC sitcom ''15 Storeys High'' (2002–2004). He is best kent for playin [[Kublai Khan]] in the [[Netflix]] series ''Marco Polo'' (2014–2016), Bruce Ng in ''The Martian'' (2015), an Wong in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films ''Doctor Strange'' (2016), ''Avengers: Infinity War'' (2018), ''Avengers: Endgame'' (2019), ''Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings'' (2021) an ''Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness'' (2022).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/martian-actor-nabs-key-doctor-858155 |title='The Martian' Actor Nabs Key 'Doctor Strange' Role |first=Borys |last=Kit |newspaper=The Hollywood Reporter |date=21 January 2016 |access-date=10 August 2016}}</ref> Frae 2024 he haes starred in the Netflix series ''3 Body Problem''. ==Early life== He wis born in Eccles, the son o parents frae Hong Kong that traivelt through Ireland afore settlin in Ingland.<ref>{{cite news |first=Susie |last=Mesure |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/benedict-wong-im-the-goto-guy-for-victims-of-torture-8735044.html |title=Benedict Wong: 'I'm the go- to guy for victims of torture' |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |date=28 July 2013 |access-date=13 July 2014}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Wong, Benedict}} [[Category:21st-century Inglis male actors]] [[Category:20t-century Inglis male actors]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Inglis male televeesion actors]] [[Category:Inglis male stage actors]] [[Category:Inglis male radio actors]] [[Category:Inglis male film actors]] [[Category:Inglis male comedians]] [[Category:1971 births]] s2wyce22js51ed62887w9k94nj0k62s 0 225193 926838 807587 2026-11-08T18:48:56Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 926838 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox comedian|name=Larry Dean|image=|caption=|birth_date={{birth date and age|1989|12|13}}|birth_place=[[Glesga]]|medium=[[Stand-up comedy]]|genre=[[Observational humour]], [[Physical comedy]], [[Storytellin]], [[Impressionist (entertainment)|Impressionist]], [[Ribaldry]]|subject=[[Scotland]], [[Homosexuality]], [[Relationship]]s, [[Family]], [[Sexual intercourse|Sex]] {{small|Influences: [[Billy Connolly]], [[Richard Pryor]], [[Jim Carrey]], [[Omid Djalili]], [[Frank Skinner]]}}|nationality=[[Scots fowk|Scots]]|active=2010–present|website={{Official URL}}}} '''Larry Dean''' (born 13 December 1989) is a [[Scots fowk|Scots]] stand-up comedian an actor. His comedy, that draws on [[gay]] an Scots themes, haes wan him several awards, amang them Scots Comedian o the Year in 2013. == Career == Dean grew up in the Soothside o [[Glesga|Glasgow]].<ref name="Live">{{Cite web|url=https://www.glasgowlive.co.uk/news/glasgow-news/glasgow-comedian-larry-dean-tipped-11780620|title=Glasgow comedian Larry Dean tipped for stardom after winning top comedy prize at Edinburgh festival|date=August 22, 2016|publisher=Glasgow Live}}</ref> He stairtit his stand-up career in 2010 whan he wis a student at {{lang|en|Southampton Solent University}}.<ref name="Guide">{{Cite web|url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/live/feature/larry_dean_wins_bath_new_act_of_year_2013/|title=Larry Dean wins Bath Comedy Festival's New Act of the Year 2013|date=April 12, 2013|publisher=British Comedy Guide}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist|2}} {{Stub/Scotland}}{{Stub/LGBT}} [[Category:LGBT enterteeners frae Scotland]] [[Category:Gay enterteeners]] [[Category:LGBT comedians]] [[Category:1989 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Scots male comedians]] lv2omnh11hlv4tqhbf8qxyp7aanqh1e 926842 926838 2026-11-08T18:52:06Z CiphriusKane 74958 CiphriusKane flittit page [[Larry Dean (comedian)]] til [[Larry Dean]]: Nae ither pages cried Larry Dean on the wiki 926838 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox comedian|name=Larry Dean|image=|caption=|birth_date={{birth date and age|1989|12|13}}|birth_place=[[Glesga]]|medium=[[Stand-up comedy]]|genre=[[Observational humour]], [[Physical comedy]], [[Storytellin]], [[Impressionist (entertainment)|Impressionist]], [[Ribaldry]]|subject=[[Scotland]], [[Homosexuality]], [[Relationship]]s, [[Family]], [[Sexual intercourse|Sex]] {{small|Influences: [[Billy Connolly]], [[Richard Pryor]], [[Jim Carrey]], [[Omid Djalili]], [[Frank Skinner]]}}|nationality=[[Scots fowk|Scots]]|active=2010–present|website={{Official URL}}}} '''Larry Dean''' (born 13 December 1989) is a [[Scots fowk|Scots]] stand-up comedian an actor. His comedy, that draws on [[gay]] an Scots themes, haes wan him several awards, amang them Scots Comedian o the Year in 2013. == Career == Dean grew up in the Soothside o [[Glesga|Glasgow]].<ref name="Live">{{Cite web|url=https://www.glasgowlive.co.uk/news/glasgow-news/glasgow-comedian-larry-dean-tipped-11780620|title=Glasgow comedian Larry Dean tipped for stardom after winning top comedy prize at Edinburgh festival|date=August 22, 2016|publisher=Glasgow Live}}</ref> He stairtit his stand-up career in 2010 whan he wis a student at {{lang|en|Southampton Solent University}}.<ref name="Guide">{{Cite web|url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/live/feature/larry_dean_wins_bath_new_act_of_year_2013/|title=Larry Dean wins Bath Comedy Festival's New Act of the Year 2013|date=April 12, 2013|publisher=British Comedy Guide}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist|2}} {{Stub/Scotland}}{{Stub/LGBT}} [[Category:LGBT enterteeners frae Scotland]] [[Category:Gay enterteeners]] [[Category:LGBT comedians]] [[Category:1989 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Scots male comedians]] lv2omnh11hlv4tqhbf8qxyp7aanqh1e 0 225386 926968 926155 2026-11-08T21:35:45Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; soorces addit, facts correctit, Scotland section 926968 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''LGBT richts muivement''', an aw cried the '''gay richts muivement''' or the '''gay liberation muivement''', is a civil richts muivement that argues for equal richts for [[gay]] men, [[lesbian]]s, [[bisexual]] an [[transgender]] fowk (the ''[[LGBT]] commonty''). It seeks tae dae awa wi sodomy laws that ban homosexual acts atween consentin adults, an it caws for an end tae discrimination against LGBT fowk in employment, credit, hoosin an ither pairts o life. == Afore the 20t century == Releegious teachin against sexual relations atween fowk o the same sex (maistly men) meant that sic behaviour wis lang punished. Even sae, maist legal codes in Europe said naethin aboot it. The courts o monie maistly [[Muslim]] kintras applied [[Islamic law]] in a wide range o cases, an same-sex intimacy wis makkit a crime in thae kintras, wi hivy punishments that includit execution. Stairtin in the 16t century, lawmakers in [[Breetain]] begoud tae class homosexual behaviour as a crime. In the 1530s, in the reign o [[Henry VIII]], [[Ingland]] passed the Buggery Act 1533, that makkit sexual relations atween men a crime punishable bi daith. === The Enlichtenment === ''See an aw: [[Age o Enlichtenment]], [[Scots Enlichtment]]'' The 18t-century writer [[Thomas Cannon]] wrote whit is mibbe the earliest published defence o [[homosexuality]] in [[Inglis leid|Inglis]], ''Ancient and Modern Pederasty Investigated and Exemplify'd'' (1749).<ref>{{cite book | title=Closeted writing and lesbian and gay literature: classical, early modern, eighteenth-century | first=David M. | last=Robinson | publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. | year=2006 | isbn=978-0-7546-5550-3 | page=38 }}</ref> The Inglis social reformer [[Jeremy Bentham]] wrote the first kent argument for reformin the law on homosexuality in Ingland aroond 1785.<ref name="Bentham Review">{{cite web |last1=Dabhoiwala |first1=Faramerz |title=Of Sexual Irregularities by Jeremy Bentham – review |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/jun/26/sexual-irregularities-morality-jeremy-bentham-review |website=The Guardian |access-date=June 28, 2025 |date=June 26, 2014}}</ref> His argument cam frae his utilitarian [[philosophie|philosophy]], that judges the morality o an action bi its net effect on human weel-bein. He argued that homosexuality wis a crime wi nae victim, an sae didna deserve social condemnation or criminal chairges. He saw popular attitudes against homosexuality as an irrational prejudice keepit gaun bi [[releegion]]. But he didna publish his views, for he wis feart o reprisals; his essay wisna published till 1978.<ref>[[Jeremy Bentham|Bentham, Jeremy]], ''Offences Against One's Self'', c1785 ([http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/eresources/exhibitions/sw25/bentham/index.html full text online]).</ref> === Atween the Enlichtenment an the Victorian era === In 1822, August, Duke o Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (the maternal grandfaither o [[Queen Victoria]]) wrote ''Ein Jahr in Arcadia: Kyllenion'' (A Year in Arcadia: Kyllenion), ane o the earliest [[Novelle|novellas]] aboot luve atween fowk o the same sex.<ref name="GM 1822">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NUrvQ5oAZ4kC&pg=PA641|title=The Gentleman's Magazine (January—June 1822)|chapter=Obituary: The Duke of Saxe Gotha|date=1822|volume=92|issue=1|page=641|publisher=John Nichols and Son|location=London|accessdate=February 3, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Inquirer 1822">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=24EAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA285|title=The Inquirer (1822)|chapter=Obituary: The Duke of Saxe Gotha|date=1822|volume=1|page=285|publisher=Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown|location=London|accessdate=February 3, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Taggerty 612">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JwB5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA612|title=Encyclopedia of Lesbian and Gay Histories and Cultures|editor1-first=George|editor1-last=Haggerty|editor2-first=Bonnie|editor2-last=Zimmerman|year=2000|chapter=German Literature|page=612|isbn=0-815-34055-9}}</ref> === Victorian era === In Breetain, sodomy wis still a capital crime, punishable bi hingin, till the Offences Against the Person Act 1861. Section 61 o the Act taen awa the daith penalty for homosexuality, but sexual acts atween men war still illegal an punishable bi jile.<ref>[https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/24-25/100/data.pdf "Offences Against the Person Act 1861" (PDF)]</ref> Twa decades efter, in 1885, Pairlament passed an amendment pit forrit bi Henry Du Pré Labouchere that creatit the crime o ''gross indecency'' for sexual relations atween men, sae that ony kind o sexual behaviour atween men coud be prosecutit (sexual relations atween weemen warna covered bi the law).<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1885 |url=https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/the-criminal-law-amendment-act-1885|access-date=October 27, 2021|website=The British Library|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101070618/https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/the-criminal-law-amendment-act-1885 |archive-date= November 1, 2020 }}</ref> In the same wey, in the [[German Empire]] in the early 1870s, whan the kintra wis bringin thegither the civil codes o its different states, the new German penal code includit [[Paragraph 175]], that makkit sexual relations atween men a crime, wi punishments that includit jile an the loss o civil richts. A secret British society cried the ''Order of Chaeronea'' campaigned for homosexuality tae be legalised. It wis foondit in 1897 bi George Cecil Ives, ane o the earliest campaigners for gay richts,<ref name="Ives">{{cite web |url=https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/taro/uthrc/00060/hrc-00060.html |title=George Cecil Ives: An Inventory of His Papers at the Harry Ransom Center |last=Ives |first=George Cecil |website=Harry Ransom Center |access-date=January 15, 2019 |archive-date=January 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112104119/https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/taro/uthrc/00060/hrc-00060.html |url-status=live }}</ref> an the playwricht [[Oscar Wilde]] wis amang its members.<ref>McKenna, Neil (2003), "The Secret Life of Oscar Wilde: An Intimate Biography". (London: Century) {{ISBN|0-7126-6986-8}}</ref> Afore the end o the 19t century there warna monie muivements for gay richts. But in his 1890s poem ''Two Loves'', [[Lord Alfred Douglas]], Oscar Wilde's luver, cried homosexuality "the love that dare not speak its name".<ref name="Independent 1993" /> This wis makkit weel kent bi Wilde whan he wis on trial for gross indecency, whaur he descrived "the love that dare not speak its name" as "such a great affection of an elder for a younger man as there was between David and Jonathan, such as [[Plato]] made the very basis of his [[philosophie|philosophy]], and such as you find in the sonnets of [[Michelangelo]] and [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]]. ... It is beautiful, it is fine, it is the noblest form of affection. There is nothing unnatural about it. It is intellectual, and it repeatedly exists between an elder and a younger man, when the elder man has intellect, and the younger man has all the joy, hope and glamour of life before him."<ref name="Independent 1993">{{cite news|title=Then & Now: The name of love|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/then-now-the-name-of-love-1494168.html|work=The Independent|date=27 June 1993|language=en|quote='The Love that dare not speak its name' in this century is such a great affection of an elder for a younger man as there was between David and Jonathan, such as Plato made the very basis of his philosophy, and such as you find in the sonnets of Michaelangelo and Shakespeare. ... It is in this century misunderstood, so much misunderstood that it may be described as the 'Love that dare not speak its name', and on account of it I am placed where I am now. It is beautiful, it is fine, it is the noblest form of affection. There is nothing unnatural about it. It is intellectual, and it repeatedly exists between an elder and a younger man, when the elder man has intellect, and the younger man has all the joy, hope and glamour of life before him. ... The world mocks at it and sometimes puts one in the pillory for it.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706114522/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/then-now-the-name-of-love-1494168.html|archive-date=2022-07-06|access-date=2020-10-11|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[John Addington Symonds]] wis a poet an an early advocate o luve atween men. In 1873 he wrote ''A Problem in Greek Ethics'', a wark o whit wad later be cried gay history.<ref>{{cite book|author=Katz|title=Love Stories|pages=243–244}}</ref> Tho the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' gies the medical writer C.G. Chaddock the credit for bringin the wird ''homosexual'' intae [[Inglis leid|Inglis]] in 1892, Symonds haed awready uised the wird in ''A Problem in Greek Ethics''.<ref>DeJean, "Sex and Philology," p. 132, pointing to the phrase [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_FJETAAAAQAAJ/page/n11 <!-- pg=2 quote="homosexual relations" inauthor:symonds. --> "homosexual relations"] (here as it appears in the later 1908 edition).</ref> Symonds an aw translatit classical poetry on homoerotic themes, an wrote poems that drew on the imagery an language o [[Auncient Greece|auncient Greece]], sic as ''Eudiades'', that haes been cried "the most famous of his homoerotic poems".<ref>{{cite book|author=Robert Aldrich|title=The Seduction of the Mediterranean: Writing, Art, and Homosexual Fantasy|url=https://archive.org/details/seductionofmedit0000aldr|url-access=registration|publisher=Routledge|year=1993|page=[https://archive.org/details/seductionofmedit0000aldr/page/78 78]}}</ref> The decoded diaries o the Yorkshire landawner [[Anne Lister]] are an earlier example in Inglis.<ref>{{cite web | last = Chafee | first = Ellen | title = Lister, Anne (1791–1840) | work = glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture | year = 2002 | url = http://www.glbtq.com/literature/lister_a.html | accessdate = 16 March 2007 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070311020637/http://www.glbtq.com/literature/lister_a.html| archivedate= 11 March 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref> Anither freend o Ives wis the Inglis [[socialism|socialist]] poet [[Edward Carpenter]]. Carpenter thocht that homosexuality wis inborn an naitural, an that it shoudna be seen as a [[sin]] or a crime.<ref name="WWiH">Warren Allen Smith: ''Who's Who in Hell, A Handbook and International Directory for Humanists, Freethinkers, Naturalists, Rationalists, and Non-Theists'', Barricade Books, New York, 2000, p. 186; {{ISBN|978-1-56980-158-1}}.</ref> His 1908 buik on the subject, ''The Intermediate Sex'', becam a foondin text o the LGBT muivements o the 20t century.<ref>Flood, M. (2007) ''International Encyclopedia of Men and Masculinities'', Routledge: Abingdon, p. 315</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bremer |first1=John |title=C.S. Lewis, Poetry, and the Great War: 1914-1918 |url=https://archive.org/details/cslewispoetrygre0000brem |date=2012 |publisher=Lexington Books |location=Plymouth, UK |isbn=978-0-7391-7152-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/cslewispoetrygre0000brem/page/47 47]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Regeneration|last=Barker|first=Pat|publisher=Dutton|year=1992|isbn=0525934278|location=New York, United States|pages=[https://archive.org/details/regeneration00bark_1/page/53 53–4]|via=|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/regeneration00bark_1/page/53}}</ref> The Scots [[anarchism|anarchist]] John Henry Mackay wrote in defence o same-sex luve, androgyny an pederasty.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/RichardStraussAndJohnHenryMackay "Richard Strauss and John Henry Mackay" by Hubert Kennedy. Thamyris 2.]</ref> Gay men an lesbians war gien a voice in 1897 wi the foondin o the ''Wissenschaftlich-Humanitäres Komitee'' (Scientific-Humanitarian Committee; WHK) in [[Berlin]] on 15 Mey 1897 (fower days afore Wilde wis lowsed frae jile) bi [[Magnus Hirschfeld]], in the [[German Empire]]. It campaigned in public against Paragraph 175.<ref name="trans clinic">{{cite web |last1=Schillace |first1=Brandy |title=The Forgotten History of the World's First Trans Clinic |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-forgotten-history-of-the-worlds-first-trans-clinic/ |website=Scientific American |access-date=June 28, 2025 |language=en |date=August 1, 2021 |archive-date=June 27, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250627021743/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-forgotten-history-of-the-worlds-first-trans-clinic/ |url-status=live }}</ref> == Atween the weirs == Magnus Hirschfeld based the WHK in his ''Institut für Sexualwissenschaft'' (Institute for [[Sexology|Sexual Science]]) frae the time it appent in 1919. The Institute makkit the first pro-gay film in the warld, ''Anders als die Anderen'' (Different frae the Ithers),<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last1=Lichti|first1=James Irvin|title=Houses on the Sand?: Pacifist Denominations in Nazi Germany|date=2008|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=978-0-8204-6731-3|page=175|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SYbwl3ML4jIC&pg=PA175|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite book|last1=Baer|first1=Marc David|title=German, Jew, Muslim, Gay: The Life and Times of Hugo Marcus|date=2020|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-55178-6|page=41|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h2KvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT41|language=en}}</ref> tae back its main wark, a petition caain for Paragraph 175 tae be owerturned (submittit in 1898, 1922 an 1925). The Committee published [[leeteratur|literature]] on emancipation, sponsored rallies, an campaigned for legal reform throu [[Germany]], an in the [[Netherlands]] an [[Austrick]] an aw. Bi 1922 it haed some 25 local chapters. Hirschfeld's Institute cam decades afore ither scientific centres (sic as the Kinsey Institute in the U.S.) that specialised in [[sexology]] an sex research. He helped sponsor the World League for Sexual Reform an aw, that wis set up in 1928 at a conference in [[Copenhagen]]. Despite Paragraph 175, an the WHK's failure tae get it repealed, homosexual men an weemen haed some freedom in Germany, especially in [[Weimar Germany|the Weimar period]] atween the end o the [[First Warld Weir]] an the [[Nazi]] seizure o pouer. In monie o the bigger German cities, gay nichtlife wis tholed, an the nummer o gay publications grew; accordin tae some historians, the nummer o gay bars an periodicals in Berlin in the 1920s wis mair nor in [[New York Ceety|New York]] sax decades later. But [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]]'s seizure o pouer in 1933 an the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi era]] pit an end tae this. Hitler ordered Paragraph 175 tae be enforced again, an on 6 Mey 1933 German students raided an ransacked Hirschfeld's archives an brunt the Institute's warks in public. ''Anders als die Anderen'' still survives in pairt acause o Hirschfeld's efforts tae save the film.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Ootwith Germany, ither groups war set up an aw. For example, in 1914 the British Society for the Study of Sex Psychology wis foondit bi Havelock Ellis an ithers, for promotion an education baith. In the [[Unitit States]] in 1924, Henry Gerber, a German immigrant, foondit the Society for Human Rights in [[Chicago]], that wis chartered bi the state o [[Illinois]]<ref name="when">Bullough, Vern, "[http://hnn.us/articles/11316.html When Did the Gay Rights Movement Begin?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412103055/http://hnn.us/articles/11316.html |date=April 12, 2020 }}", April 18, 2005</ref> an quickly suppressed. Despite sic groups bein set up, political activity bi gay fowk wis aften no very visible. Gay fowk war aften harassed bi the polis whauriver they gaithered. [[Warld Weir II]] an its efterma begoud tae chynge that. The weir brocht monie young fowk tae the cities, an makkit the gay commonty mair visible. In the U.S., mair visibility brocht a backlash, especially frae the government an the polis: civil servants war aften sacked, the military tried tae purge gay sodgers frae its ranks (a policy brocht in durin Warld Weir II), an polis vice squads aften raided gay bars an arrestit their customers. But there wis mair political activity an aw, aimed in lairge meisure at decriminalisin sodomy. == 1945–1970s == The ''Cultuur en Ontspannings Centrum'' (Centre for Culture an Recreation) wis foondit in 1946 in [[Amsterdam]]. In the Unitit States, the first major organisation for gay men, foondit in 1950–51 bi Harry Hay in [[Los Angeles]], wis the [[Mattachine Society]]. Its nem is said tae come frae a medieval French society o masked players, the ''société mattachine'', an stood for the public maskin o homosexuality (''the closet'').<ref>{{cite web |title=Mattachine Society |url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/mattachine-society.htm |website=www.nps.gov |access-date=June 30, 2025 |language=en}}</ref> The Daughters of Bilitis, foondit in 1955 bi Phyllis Lyon an Del Martin in [[San Francisco]], wis a leadin group for weemen. The Unitit States an aw saw a naitional gay periodical published, ''ONE'', that in 1958 won a Supreme Court rulin that let it send the magazine throu the post. In Breetain, a committee chaired bi Sir John Wolfenden published a groondbreakin report in 1957, the [[Wolfenden Report]], that recommendit that private homosexual relations atween consentin adults shoud be taen oot o the criminal law.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wolfenden Report, 'Report of the Departmental Committee on Homosexual Offences and Prostitution in Great Britain' |url=https://www.humandignitytrust.org/resources/wolfenden-report-report-of-the-departmental-committee-on-homosexual-offences-and-prostitution-in-great-britain/ |website=Human Dignity Trust |access-date=June 30, 2025 |language=en |date=September 4, 1957}}</ref> === ''Gay liberation'' era (1960s–1970s) === The recommendation wis brocht in for [[Ingland]] an [[Wales]] bi Pairlament in the [[Sexual Offences Act 1967]], that in effect decriminalised homosexual relations atween men aged 21 or ower. Laws in [[Scotland]] ([[Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 1980|in 1980]]) an [[Norlin Airlan]] ([[Homosexual Offences (Northern Ireland) Order 1982|in 1982]], efter a legal case the year afore) did the same there. Later laws lowered the [[age o consent]] for gay men first tae 18 (in 1994) an then tae 16 (in 2000), the latter makkin the age o consent the same for same-sex an opposite-sex relations. The gay richts muivement wis stairtin tae win victories for legal reform, especially in [[Wastren Europe]], but mibbe the single definin event o gay activism happened in the Unitit States. In the early hours o 28 Juin 1969, the Stonewall Inn, a gay bar in New York's Greenwich Village, wis raided bi the polis. Near 400 fowk jyned a riot that lastit 45 minutes an stairtit again on the follaein nichts.<ref name="when" /> The [[Stonewall riots]] cam tae be mindit ilka year in Juin wi gay pride events aw ower the warld. Breetain's first LGBT richts organisation wis the Scottish Minorities Group (later ''Outright Scotland''), set up in [[Glesca]] in 1969 bi [[Ian Dunn]]. The SMG campaigned for reform o the law for gay men, an providit safe places for LGBT fowk tae gaither. Dunn later co-foondit the Paedophile Information Exchange (a pro-[[Paedophilia|paedophile]] group that argued against [[age o consent]] laws) as a special interest group within the SMG.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/library-set-up-tribute-to-paedophile-campaigner-ian-dunn-tnwmxz6gt|title=Library set up tribute to paedophile campaigner Ian Dunn|first=Marc|last=Horne|date=10 January 2019|work=The Times|access-date=11 August 2020}}</ref> Elsewhaur in Breetain, the first meetin o the [[Gay Liberation Front]] (GLF) wis in 1971.<ref>Lucas, Ian (1998), ''OutRage!: an oral history'', Cassell, ISBN 978-0-304-33358-5</ref> The same year, ''Gay News'' magazine (co-foondit bi Dunn<ref name="autogenerated3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-ian-dunn-1151494.html|title=Obituary: Ian Dunn|date=21 March 1998|website=The Independent}}</ref>) wis first published, an it ran till 1983, wi a circulation o 18,000 at its heicht.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Downing |first1=John D. H. |title=Encyclopedia of Social Movement Media |date=2011 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-0-7619-2688-7 |page=214 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iwPX23VameIC&pg=PA214 |language=en}}</ref> Post tae the magazine frae owerseas wis aften intercepted bi {{lang|en|HM Customs and Excise}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vincent |first1=John |title=LGBT People and the UK Cultural Sector: The Response of Libraries, Museums, Archives and Heritage since 1950 |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-10549-7 |page=35 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ajkfDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA35 |language=en}}</ref> In 1974, Dunn, alang wi the lawyer Derek Ogg, convened the International Gay Rights Congress in [[Embro]], the first internaitional conference o gay richts muivements efter the weir.<ref name="autogenerated3" /> The Congress led tae the foondin o the International Gay Association (IGA)<ref name="autogenerated3" /><!-- Name at foondin --> in 1978 in [[Coventry]], Ingland. Nou based in [[Brussels]], it plays a signeeficant role in co-ordinatin internaitional efforts tae promote human richts an fecht discrimination against [[LGBT]] fowk. The first openly gay government officials in the Unitit States war Jerry DeGrieck an Nancy Wechsler, in Ann Arbor, [[Michigan]]. They war baith electit in 1972 an cam oot while servin on the city cooncil. Wechsler wis replaced on the cooncil in 1974 bi Kathy Kozachenko, that stood openly as a [[lesbian]], makkin her the first openly gay person tae win office efter comin oot. In 1977 the American gay richts activist [[Harvey Milk]] wis electit tae the governin body o [[San Francisco]], the Board of Supervisors. Milk wis assassinatit the follaein year. == 1980s == The [[HIV/AIDS]] pandemic o the [[1980s]], seen at the time as a gay disease,<ref>Altman, Lawrence K (May 11, 1982). "[https://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/11/science/new-homosexual-disorder-worries-health-officials.html?pagewanted=all New Homosexual Disorder Worries Health Officials]". ''New York Times''. Retrieved May 11, 2017.</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Block|first1=Melissa|title=Remembering the Early Days of 'Gay Cancer' Interview with Joe Wright|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5391495|work=NPR. Retrieved May 11, 2017.|date=May 8, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2015/12/01/a-disturbing-new-glimpse-at-the-reagan-administrations-indifference-to-aids/|title=A disturbing new glimpse at the Reagan administration's indifference to AIDS|last=Gibson|first=Caitlin|date=December 1, 2015|website=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=February 16, 2017|quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eDTBbgRbcwYC&pg=PA10|first=Mirko D.|last=Grmek|authorlink=Mirko Grmek|title=History of AIDS: Emergence and Origin of a Modern Pandemic|publisher=Princeton University Press|date=21 Jun 1993|page=10|isbn=0691024774}}</ref><ref>VerMeulen, Michael (May 31, 1982) "The Gay Plague". ''New York Magazine'', pp. 52-78.</ref> wis ane o the maist important gay richts issues o the time; this includit promotin the prevention o the disease an fundin for research. In the 1980s, gay political organisations multiplied, especially in the Unitit States an Europe, an spread tae ither pairts o the warld, tho their size, strength, success an the tolerance they got frae the authorities varied a lot. The Human Rights Campaign an ACT UP in the Unitit States, an monie seemilar organisations aroond the warld, begoud tae campaign for legal an social chynge. In 1981, the bairns' buik ''Jenny Lives with Eric and Martin'' wis published bi the [[Denmark|Dens]] writer Susanne Bösche. At the time, the British press condemned the buik as ''homosexual propaganda'', an it led tae the passin o [[Section 28|Section 28 o the Local Government Act 1988]], that banned the "promotion of homosexuality" as "a pretended family relationship".<ref>Mars‐Jones, Adam. [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/03064228808534518 "The book that launched clause 28."] ''Index on Censorship'' 17.8 (1988): 37-40.</ref> Efter the Act wis passed, the UK's best-kent LGBT richts organisation, Stonewall, wis co-foondit bi Sir [[Ian McKellen]] an 13 ithers.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Levine |first1=Nick |title=British Icon of the Week: Sir Ian McKellen, Beloved Actor and Tireless LGBTQ Activist |url=https://www.bbcamerica.com/anglophenia/2020/06/british-icon-of-the-week-sir-ian-mckellen-beloved-actor-and-tireless-lgbtq-activist |work=BBC America |date=June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Stonewall at 30: How the LGBT+ charity fought for equality in the UK |url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2019/05/23/stonewall-at-30-uk-lgbt-charity/ |access-date=11 October 2020 |work=PinkNews - Gay news, reviews and comment from the world's most read lesbian, gay, bisexual, and trans news service |date=23 May 2019}}</ref> In the Unitit States, gay activists won support frae the [[Democratic Pairty (Unitit States)|Democrats]] in 1980, whan the pairty addit sexual orientation tae the nondiscrimination clause in its platform. This support, alang wi campaigns bi gay activists urgin gay men an weemen tae ''come oot o the closet'', encouraged gay men an weemen tae enter politics as candidates. In 1983 Gerry Studds, a sittin representative frae [[Massachusetts]], becam the first member o the Unitit States Congress tae announce he wis gay. Barney Frank, anither member o the U.S. Hoose o Representatives frae Massachusetts, an aw cam oot while servin in Congress in the 1980s; Frank wis a pouerfu member o that body an o the Democratic Pairty intae the 21st century. {{lang|en|National Coming Out Day}} stairtit on 11 October 1988 an is nou mairked aroond the warld. The issues that gay richts groups pit the maist wecht on haes varied syne the 1970s wi time an place, wi different naitional organisations promotin policies for their ain kintra's situation. For example, while in some kintras, especially in [[Scandinavie]], anti-sodomy laws never existit or war struck doon early, in ither kintras the situation wis mair complicatit. In the Unitit States, wi its strang federal tradeetion, the fecht tae repeal sodomy laws wis at first focht at state level. In 1986 the Supreme Court upheld [[Georgie (U.S. state)|Georgia]]'s anti-sodomy law (''Bowers v. Hardwick''); 17 year later the Supreme Court reversed itsel (''Lawrence v. Texas''), owerturnin the anti-sodomy law in [[Texas]] an in 12 ither states. == 1990s tae the present == On 10 Mey 1990, OutRage! wis set up in the [[Unitit Kinrick]] efter the murder o the gay actor Michael Boothe.<ref name="Robinson2007">{{Cite book|last=Robinson|first=Lucy|year=2007|title=Gay men and the left in post-war Britain: how the personal got political|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-7434-9|url=https://books.google.com/?id=F_RmSjy3K0EC|page=175|ref=harv}}</ref> Tammy Baldwin, frae [[Wisconsin]], becam the first openly gay politeecian tae be electit tae baith the Hoose o Representatives (1998) an the Senate (2012). In 2009 Annise Parker wis electit mayor o [[Houston]], America's fowert-biggest city, makkin it the biggest U.S. city tae elect an openly gay politeecian as mayor. Ootwith the Unitit States, openly gay politeecians haed successes an aw. In [[Canadae]] in 1998, Glen Murray becam Mayor o [[Winnipeg]], [[Manitoba]], the first openly gay politeecian tae lead a lairge city. Lairge cities in Europe war guid groond for openly gay politeecians an aw: for example, Bertrand Delanoë in [[Pairis]] an Klaus Wowereit in Berlin war baith electit mayor in 2001. At local an naitional level, the nummer o openly gay politeecians grew a lot in the [[1990s]] an [[2000s (decade)|2000s]], an in 2009 [[Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir]] becam Prime Meenister o [[Iceland]], the warld's first openly gay [[heid o govrenment|heid o government]]. She wis follaed bi [[Elio Di Rupo]], that becam Prime Meenister o [[Belgium]] in 2011. In [[Africa]], [[Asie]] an [[Laitin Americae]], openly gay politeecians haena haed muckle success in winnin office; notable elections tae naitional legislatures include Patria Jiménez Flores in [[Mexico]] (1997), Mike Waters in [[Sooth Africae]] (1999) an Clodovil Hernandes in [[Brazil]] (2006). Ither issues o main importance tae the gay richts muivement include lobbyin governments for nondiscrimination policies in employment, hoosin an ither pairts o civil society; endin the ban on gay an lesbian fowk servin in the military; widenin hate crime laws tae protect LGBT fowk; an winnin [[Same-sex mairage|mairiage richts for same-sex couples]]. In Januar 2000, Breetain owerturned its ban on gay fowk servin in the airmed forces.<ref>{{cite news |title=Brigadier quits over gays in military |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/620178.stm |access-date=11 October 2020 |work=BBC News |date=27 January 2000 |language=en}}</ref> [[Same-sex mairage|Same-sex mairiage]] is legal in aw pairts o the UK; it haes been recognised an performed in [[Ingland]] an [[Wales]] syne Mairch 2014,<ref name="Marriages Start ENG + W, BBC">{{cite news|title=Same-sex marriage now legal as first couples wed|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-26793127|accessdate=29 March 2014|work=[[BBC News]]|date=29 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308042939/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-26793127|archivedate=8 March 2016}}</ref> in Scotland syne December 2014,<ref name="BBC News">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-29595701|title=Date set for first same-sex marriages in Scotland|publisher=BBC News|date=13 October 2014|accessdate=29 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107164402/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-29595701|archivedate=7 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/same-sex-marriage-becomes-legal-in-scotland-1-3635305|title=Same-sex marriage becomes legal in Scotland|publisher=[[The Scotsman]]|first=Scott |last=Macnab|date=16 December 2014|accessdate=29 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102172416/http://www.scotsman.com/news/same-sex-marriage-becomes-legal-in-scotland-1-3635305|archivedate=2 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="BBC News2">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-30637608|title=First same-sex weddings take place in Scotland|publisher=BBC News|date=31 December 2014|accessdate=29 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070014/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-30637608|archivedate=4 March 2016}}</ref> an in [[Norlin Airlan]] syne Januar 2020.<ref name=legalrecognitionNI>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-51086276|title=Same-sex marriage now legal in Northern Ireland|work=BBC News|date=13 January 2020}}</ref><ref name=nifirstmarriage>{{Cite news|last=Media|first=P. A.|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/feb/11/first-same-sex-marriage-northern-ireland-belfast-robyn-peoples-sharni-edwards|title=First same-sex marriage takes place in Northern Ireland|date=2020-02-11|work=The Guardian|access-date=2020-02-11|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Same-sex mairiage wis later legalised in 9 o the 14 [[Breetish Owerseas Territories]] an in aw the [[Croun dependencies]].<ref>[https://questions-statements.parliament.uk/written-questions/detail/2020-02-10/14718 British Overseas Territories: Civil Partnerships: Question for Foreign and Commonwealth Office] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626211107/https://questions-statements.parliament.uk/written-questions/detail/2020-02-10/14718 |date=2022-06-26 }}. UIN 14718, tabled on 10 February 2020. Answered oan 13 Februar 2020. (access via Hansard)</ref> In 2010, [[Preses o the Unitit States]] [[Barack Obama]] signed a law that repealed the U.S. military's ''Don't Ask, Don't Tell'' (DADT) policy, brocht in bi the umwhile Preses [[Bill Clinton]] in 1993.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/19/bill-clinton-dont-ask-dont-tell_n_3623245.html|title=On This Day In 1993, Bill Clinton Announced 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell'|last=Klapper|first=Ethan|date=July 19, 2013|work=HuffPost|access-date=January 28, 2019|language=en-US}}</ref> DADT let gay an lesbian fowk serve in the military as lang as they didna disclose their sexual orientation or tak pairt in gay sexual activity; the repeal in effect endit the ban on homosexuals in the military. In 2015 the Supreme Court recognised the richt o same-sex couples tae mairy (''[[Obergefell v. Hodges]]''),<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/gay-marriage-and-other-major-rulings-at-the-supreme-court/2015/06/25/ef75a120-1b6d-11e5-bd7f-4611a60dd8e5_story.html | title=Supreme Court rules gay couples nationwide have a right to marry | newspaper=The Washington Post | date=June 26, 2015 | access-date=July 10, 2016 | author=Barnes, Robert | archive-date=July 28, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728140430/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/gay-marriage-and-other-major-rulings-at-the-supreme-court/2015/06/25/ef75a120-1b6d-11e5-bd7f-4611a60dd8e5_story.html | url-status=live }}</ref> an in 2020 the court decidit that sackin an employee for bein gay, lesbian or transgender broke Title VII o the Civil Rights Act (1964), that bans discrimination on the grounds o sex (''Bostock v. Clayton County, Georgia''). == Scotland == In [[Scotland]], homosexual acts war legalised, on the same basis as the 1967 Act in Ingland an Wales, bi Section 80 o the [[Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 1980]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 1980|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1980/62/contents|work=legislation.gov.uk|publisher=Crown|access-date=18 July 2013|year=1980}}</ref> that cam intae force on 1 Februar 1981.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1980/dec/17/the-criminal-justice-scotlandact-1980|title=THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE (SCOTLAND)ACT 1980 |website=Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)|language=en-GB|date=17 December 1980|access-date=2017-09-04}}</ref> [[Section 28|Section 2A]], the law against the "promotion of homosexuality", wis repealed in Scotland in the first twa year o the [[Scottish Pairlament]], bi the ''Ethical Standards in Public Life etc. (Scotland) Act 2000''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ethical Standards in Public Life etc. (Scotland) Act 2000|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/legislation/scotland/acts2000/asp_20000007_en_6#pt6-l1g34|work=legislation.gov.uk|publisher=Crown|access-date=18 July 2013|year=2000}}</ref> Civil pairtnerships war legalised in 2005, adoption richts follaed in 2009, an same-sex mairiage in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/scottish-politics-lgbt-leadership/|title=How Scotland Became the Most LGBT Friendly Country in the World|first=Owen|last=Duffy|date=18 April 2016}}</ref> In Juin 2018 the Scottish Pairlament passed a law that gied a formal pardon tae men, livin an deid, convictit o haein consensual sex wi ither men afore it wis decriminalised.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/06/06/617635743/decades-after-massive-injustice-repealed-scotland-will-offer-pardons-to-gay-men|title=Decades After 'Massive Injustice' Repealed, Scotland Will Offer Pardons To Gay Men|work=National Public Radio|date=6 June 2018}}</ref> In 2015 an 2016, Scotland wis named the "best country in Europe for LGBTI legal equality".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.stv.tv/scotland/1320036-scotland-named-best-country-in-europe-for-lgbti-legal-equality/ |title=Scotland named best country in Europe for LGBTI legal equality |work=STV News |date=10 May 2015 |access-date=5 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072311/http://news.stv.tv/scotland/1320036-scotland-named-best-country-in-europe-for-lgbti-legal-equality/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/scotland-tops-in-europe-for-gay-equality-and-human-rights-1-4124493/ |title=Scotland tops in Europe for gay equality and human rights |work=[[The Scotsman]] |date=10 May 2016 |access-date=11 May 2016}}</ref> == References == [https://www.britannica.com/topic/gay-rights-movement "Gay Rights Movement"], ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'', unless itherwise stated ablow: {{reflist}} [[Category:Ceevil richts an liberties]] huss1te2xasdpfa7nbprjifcmy81in7 1 225389 926970 808362 2026-11-08T21:36:40Z Monospaced 75295 Owersetting ref 926970 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tauk header}} {{Translatit page|en|LGBTQ movements|version=1384444477}} == Wall of Text == {{Reply tae|Mondodi}} This page is a bit of a text wall, if you're still working on it can you add some sub-headers to break it up a little and make it more readable? If you're using source editor it's the same format as other headers, more `=` signs is smaller heading. Eg, `<nowiki>=== Header 3 ===</nowiki>`. [[Uiser:My hat stinks|my_hat_stinks]] ([[Uiser collogue:My hat stinks|tauk]]) 21:23, 11 October 2020 (UTC) : Thanks! I will try and make this more readable. --[[Uiser:Mondodi|Mondodi]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mondodi|tauk]]) 21:29, 11 October 2020 (UTC) 59i5rh6e5sniwvicaraxz415uxkyce8 0 225600 926789 908537 2026-11-08T18:10:42Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; soorce addit 926789 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Portessie from Strathlene.jpg|thumb]] '''The Sloch''' or '''Peterhythe''' ({{lang-en|Portessie}})<ref>[https://scots-online.org/dictionary/english_scots.php The Online Scots Dictionary]</ref> is a wee fishin village east o [[Buckie]], on the north-east coast o [[Scotland]]. Tho ''Peterhythe'' is anither nem for the village, it is maistly cried The Sloch. The nem The Sloch comes frae the first nem o the sattlement, Rottenslough. The village sits atween Buckie an [[Finichty]], twa popular tourist airts. The Sloch is hame tae a primary schuil, a fish factory, an a gowf club. == References == {{reflist}} {{Stub/Places o Scotland}} [[Category:Veelages in Moray]] so4bxzntv1agab69ozjy8q80uqju2pr 10 226191 926737 813916 2026-11-08T16:18:34Z Monospaced 75295 On this day for 11 November: mair items, picture an footer; reid airtins an unco spellins taen oot 926737 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[11 November]]''': '''[[Remembrance Day]]''' <div style="float:right;margin-left:0.5em"> [[File:Westminster Abbey St Peter.jpg|130x130px]] </div> *[[1918]] &ndash; [[Warld War I]]: The [[German Empire]] signs an airmistice wi the Allies in a railwey cairrage in the forest o Compiègne, [[Fraunce]]. *[[1920]] &ndash; In [[Lunnon]], the Cenotaph is unveiled an the Unknown Warrior is buried in [[Wastmeenster Aibey]] ''(picturt)'' in myndin o the First Warld War. *1965 &ndash; [[Rhodesie]], led bi Prime Meenister Ian Smith, declares itsel independent o the [[Unitit Kinrick]] withoot its agreement. *1975 &ndash; Durin a constitutional crisis in [[Austrailie]], the Governor-General, Sir John Kerr, dismisses Prime Meenister [[Gough Whitlam]]'s government. *1999 &ndash; The House of Lords Act gets royal assent, takin maist hereditary peers oot o the [[Hoose o Lairds]]. '''[[Fyodor Dostoyevsky]]''' (b.&nbsp;1821){{·}} '''[[Leonardo DiCaprio]]''' (b.&nbsp;1974) </li> {{SelAnnivFooter|Month=November}} <noinclude> </noinclude> p2zr86yasj2xgbu5g0frn0327ifjk7d 0 226726 926821 917011 2026-11-08T18:43:25Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots 926821 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox prepared food | name = Clootie dumplin | image = Clootie dumpling.jpg | image_size = 250px | caption = Clootie dumplin | alternate_name = | country = [[Scotland]] | creator = | course = | type = [[Pudden]] | served = | main_ingredient = [[Floor]], [[breidcrums]], [[dried fruit]] (sultanas and currants), [[shuet]], [[succar]], spice, [[milk]] | variations = | calories = | other = }} A '''clootie dumplin''' is a traditional [[Scotland|Scots]] dumplin makkit wi floor, breidcrums, dried fruit, shuet, succar an spice, wi milk tae mix it aw thegither. They are mixt weel intae a daich, wrappit in a floured claith (the cloot), pit in a muckle pan o bylin watter an sottert for a guid wheen o oors, afore it is taen oot an dried near the fire or in the oven.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scotlands-enchanting-kingdom.com/clootie-dumpling-recipe.html |title=Clootie Dumpling Recipe |accessdate=2020-12-12 |first=May |last=Cropley |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913100944/http://www.scotlands-enchanting-kingdom.com/clootie-dumpling-recipe.html |archive-date=2008-09-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Receipts vary frae place tae place: in North [[Fife]] an [[Dundee]], for ensample, it isnae common tae uise breidcrums, an they uise traicle insteid.{{fact}} "Clootie dumpling" haes been uised as an eik-nem for the [[Scots National Pairty]]'s logo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/a-glossary-of-uk-politics-from-ashcroft-to-whips/ |title=A Glossary Of U.K. Politics, From Ashcroft To Whips |last1=Chalabi |first1=Mona |date=30 March 2015 |website=FiveThirtyEight |access-date=12 December 2020 |archive-date=2015-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401071734/http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/a-glossary-of-uk-politics-from-ashcroft-to-whips/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Scots cuisine]] [[Category:Desserts]] g4dfxhiuh51torm84wqqpssqywauy1a 0 227883 926728 862634 2026-11-08T16:07:00Z Monospaced 75295 Monospaced flittit page [[Scots leeteratur]] til [[Scots literature]]: Misspelt title: 'Leeteratur' is a respellin, recordit anerly ance, for comic effect, in 1855. 'Literature' is the better attestit Scots spellin 862634 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Robert Louis Stevenson books at the Writers Museum Edinburgh.jpg|thumb]] '''Scots leeteratur''' is leeteratur in the [[Scots leid|Scots]]. Whiles [[Scottish leeteratur]] can be in a mixter-maxter o the Scots an the Inglish. Whaur the Scots an the Inglisg is uised theigther, the Scots is aften uised in the dialogue, like fur insaumple in [[Walter Scott]]'s novels.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Millar|first=Robert McColl|title=Modern Scots. An Analytical Survey|publisher=[[Edinburgh University]]|year=2018|location=Edinburgh|pages=162}}</ref> Ane o the major soorces fur the [[Aulder Scots]] leeteratur is the [[Bannatyne Manuscript]]. ==References== <references/> [[Category:Scots leeteratur]] 6su6eb0w2m7w5iyirge720rbf540f4x 926730 926728 2026-11-08T16:07:43Z Monospaced 75295 Owerset frae the Inglis Wikipedia: the hale history o Scots literature, frae Barbour tae the 1990s; the auld stub taen in 926730 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:PG 1063Burns Naysmith.jpg|thumb|1787 portrait o [[Robert Burns]] bi [[Alexander Nasmyth]]]] '''Scots literature''' is literature, takin in poetry, prose an drama, written in the [[Scots leid]] in its monie forms an aff-shoots. [[Middle Scots leid|Middle Scots]] becam the main leid o Scotland in the late Middle Ages. The first major text in Scots literature that survives is [[John Barbour]]'s ''[[The Brus|Brus]]'' (1375). Some ballads micht gang back tae the thirteent century, but they werenae written doun till the aichteent century. In the early fifteent yearhunner, Scots historical warks includit [[Andra o Wyntoun]]'s verse ''Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland'' an [[Blind Harry]]'s ''The Wallace''. Muckle o Middle Scots literature wis makkit bi [[Makar|makars]], poets wi links tae the royal court, amang them [[James I o Scotland|James I]], that wrote the lang poem ''The Kingis Quair''. Writers sic as [[William Dunbar]], [[Robert Henryson]], [[Walter Kennedy]] an [[Gavin Douglas]] hae been seen as makin a gowden age in Scots poetry. In the late fifteent century, Scots prose stairtit tae growe as a genre an aw. The first complete wark that survives is John Ireland's ''The Meroure of Wyssdome'' (1490). Thare are prose owersettins an aw o French buiks o chivalry that survive frae the 1450s. The landmark wark in the reign o James IV wis [[Gavin Douglas]]'s version o Virgil's ''Aeneid''. [[James V o Scotland|James V]] backit William Stewart an [[John Bellenden]], that owerset intae verse an prose the Laitin ''History of Scotland'' that Hector Boece pit thegither in 1527. [[David Lyndsay]] wrote elegiac narratives, romances an satires. Frae the 1550s, cultural pursuits were held back bi the want o a royal court, an [[The Kirk|the Kirk]] sair discouraged poetry that wisnae devotional. Even sae, poets o this time includit [[Richard Maitland]] o Lethington, John Rolland an [[Alexander Hume]]. [[Alexander Scott]]'s uise o short verse makkit tae be sung tae muisic appent the wey for the Castalian poets o [[Jamie VI, King o Scots|James VI]]'s adult reign, that includit William Fowler, John Stewart o Baldynneis an [[Alexander Montgomerie]]. Plays in Scots includit Lyndsay's ''[[Ane Satyre of the Thrie Estaitis|The Thrie Estaitis]]'', the anonymous ''The Maner of the Cyring of ane Play'' an ''Philotus''. Efter he cam tae the Inglis throne, James VI mair an mair favoured the leid o the sooth o Ingland, an the loss o the court as a centre o patronage in 1603 wis a sair blaw tae [[Scottish leeteratur|Scots literature]]. The poets that follit the king tae London stairtit tae anglicise their written leid, an the anerly important court poet that keepit on warkin in Scotland efter the king left wis [[William Drummond o Hawthornden]]. Efter the [[Acts o Union 1707|Union in 1707]] the uise o Scots wis discouraged. Allan Ramsay (1686–1758) is aften said tae hae led a "vernacular revival", an he laid the foonds o a new interest in aulder Scots literature. He wis pairt o a community o poets warkin in Scots an Inglis that includit William Hamilton o Gilbertfield, Robert Crawford, Alexander Ross, William Hamilton o Bangour, [[Alison Cockburn|Alison Rutherford Cockburn]] an James Thomson. [[Robert Fergusson]] wis important an aw. [[Robert Burns]] is widely regairdit as the naitional poet o Scotland, an he wrote in baith Scots an Inglis. His "[[Auld Lang Syne]]" is aften sung at [[Hogmanay]], an "[[Scots Wha Hae]]" served for a lang time as an unofficial [[Naitional anthem|naitional anthem]]. Scots poetry is aften seen as gaun intae a decline in the nineteent century, wi Scots-leid poetry criticised for its uise o parochial dialect. Conservative an anti-radical Burns clubs sprang up roond Scotland, fu o poets that were fixed on the "Burns stanza" as a form. Scots poetry haes been seen as gaun doun intae infantilism, as in the hivily popular ''Whistle Binkie'' anthologies, leadin on tae the sentimental parochialism o the Kailyard schuil. Poets frae the lower social orders that uised Scots includit the weaver-poet William Thom. [[Walter Scott]], the leadin literary feegur o the early nineteent yearhunner, wrote maistly in Inglis, an Scots wis held tae dialogue or narrative pit intae the text, in a model that ither novelists sic as John Galt an [[Robert Louis Stevenson]] wad follae. [[James Hogg]] gied a Scots coonterpairt tae Scott's wark.<ref name=Carruthers2009p58>G. Carruthers, ''Scottish Literature'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009), {{ISBN|074863309X}}, p. 58.</ref> But popular Scots newspapers regularly includit airticles an commentary in the vernacular, an thare wis an interest in owersettins intae Scots frae ither Germanic leids, sic as Danish, Swedish an German, amang them thae bi Robert Jamieson an Robert Williams Buchanan. In the early twintiet century thare wis a new surge o activity in Scots literature, influenced bi modernism an a resurgent naitionalism, kent as the [[Scots Renaissance]]. The leadin feegur in the movement wis [[Hugh MacDiarmid]], that tried tae revive the Scots leid as a medium for serious literature, developin a form o [[Lallans|Synthetic Scots]] that combined different regional dialects an archaic terms. Ither writers that cam forrit in this time, an that are aften treatit as pairt o the movement, include the poets Edwin Muir an [[William Soutar]]. Some writers that cam forrit efter the Seicont Warld War follit MacDiarmid bi writin in Scots, amang them [[Robert Garioch]], [[Sydney Goodsir Smith]] an [[Edwin Morgan]], that becam kent for owersettins o warks frae a wide range o European leids. Alexander Gray is maistly mindit for his owersettins intae Scots frae the German an Danish ballad traditions. Writers that reflectit urban contemporary Scots includit Douglas Dunn, [[Tom Leonard (poet)|Tom Leonard]] an [[Liz Lochhead]]. The Scots Renaissance concentratit mair an mair on the novel. George Blake led the wey in explorin the experiences o the warkin class. Lewis Grassic Gibbon makkit ane o the maist important realisations o the ideas o the Scots Renaissance in his trilogy ''A Scots Quair''. Ither writers that lookit intae the warkin class includit James Barke an J. F. Hendry. Frae the 1980s Scots literature haed anither major revival, speicially linked wi a group o Glesga writers that includit [[Alasdair Gray]] an James Kelman. Kelman wis amang the first novelists tae fully uise a warkin-class Scots voice as the main narrator. [[Irvine Welsh]] an Alan Warner baith makkit uise o vernacular leid, includin swearwirds an wirds frae the Scots leid. ==Backgrund== {{Main|Scots leid}} In the late Middle Ages, [[Middle Scots leid|Middle Scots]], that wis aften juist cried Inglis, becam the main leid o the kintra. It cam maistly frae [[Auld Inglis]], wi elements frae Gaelic an French addit. Tho it wis lik the leid spak in the north o Ingland, it becam a distinct dialect frae the late fowerteent century on.<ref name="Wormald1991pp60-7">J. Wormald, ''Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland, 1470–1625'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991), {{ISBN|0748602763}}, pp. 60–7.</ref> The rulin elite stairtit tae tak it up as they slawly gied up French. Bi the fifteent yearhunner it wis the leid o government, wi acts o pairlament, cooncil records an treasurer's accoonts near aw uisin it frae the reign o [[James I o Scotland|James I]] (1406–1437) on. As a result, Gaelic, that wis aince the main leid north o the Tay, stairtit a steady decline.<ref name="Wormald1991pp60-7"/> ==Development== [[File:Seal of Gavin Douglas.jpg|thumb|The seal o [[Gavin Douglas]] as Bishop o Dunkeld]] The first major text in Scots literature that survives is [[John Barbour]]'s ''[[The Brus|Brus]]'' (1375), makkit unner the patronage o [[Robert II o Scotland|Robert II]]. It tells in epic poetry the story o [[Robert the Bruce|Robert I]]'s deeds frae afore the Inglis invasion till the end o the [[First War o Scots Unthirldom|first war o unthirldom]].<ref>A. A. M. Duncan, ed., ''The Brus'' (Canongate, 1997), {{ISBN|0-86241-681-7}}, p. 3.</ref> The wark wis hivily popular amang the Scots-spikkin aristocracy, an Barbour is cried the faither o Scots poetry, wi a place lik that o his contemporary [[Geoffrey Chaucer|Chaucer]] in Ingland.<ref>N. Jayapalan, ''History of English Literature'' (Atlantic, 2001), {{ISBN|81-269-0041-5}}, p. 23.</ref> Some Scots ballads micht gang back tae the late medieval era, an deal wi events an fowk that can be traced back as faur as the thirteent century, sic as "Sir Patrick Spens" an "Thomas the Rhymer", but they arenae kent tae hae existit till they were gaithert an recordit in the aichteent century.<ref>E. Lyle, ''Scottish Ballads'' (Edinburgh: Canongate Books, 2001), {{ISBN|0-86241-477-6}}, pp. 9–10.</ref> They were likly makkit an passed on bi wird o mooth, an anerly stairtit tae be written doun an prentit, aften as broadsides an in chapbooks, an later recordit an notit in buiks bi collectors sic as [[Robert Burns]] an [[Walter Scott]].<ref>R. Crawford, ''Scotland's Books: a History of Scottish Literature'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), {{ISBN|0-19-538623-X}}, pp. 216–9.</ref> In the early fifteent yearhunner, Scots historical warks includit [[Andra o Wyntoun]]'s verse ''Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland'' an [[Blind Harry]]'s ''The Wallace'', that blendit historical romance wi the verse chronicle. They were likly influenced bi Scots versions o popular French romances that were makkit at the same time, sic as ''The Buik of Alexander'', ''Launcelot o the Laik'' an ''The Porteous of Noblenes'' bi [[Gilbert Hay (poet)|Gilbert Hay]].<ref name="Wormald1991pp60-7"/> Muckle o Middle Scots literature wis makkit bi [[Makar|makars]], poets wi links tae the royal court, amang them [[James I o Scotland|James I]], that wrote the lang poem ''The Kingis Quair''. Monie o the makars haed been tae the university, sae they were connectit wi the Kirk an aw. But [[William Dunbar]]'s (1460–1513) ''Lament for the Makaris'' (c. 1505) gies evidence o a wider tradition o secular writin ootwith Court an Kirk that is maistly lost nou.<ref>A. Grant, ''Independence and Nationhood, Scotland 1306–1469'' (Baltimore: Edward Arnold, 1984), pp. 102–3.</ref> Writers sic as Dunbar, [[Robert Henryson]], [[Walter Kennedy]] an [[Gavin Douglas]] hae been seen as makin a gowden age in Scots poetry.<ref name="Wormald1991pp60-7"/> Major warks include [[Richard Holland]]'s satire the ''Buke of the Howlat'' (c. 1448).<ref name=Lynch2001pp117-18/> Dunbar makkit satires, lyrics, invectives an dream visions that set up the vernacular as a flexible medium for poetry o ony kind. [[Robert Henryson]] (c. 1450-c. 1505) reworkit medieval an classical soorces, sic as [[Geoffrey Chaucer|Chaucer]] an Aesop, in warks sic as his ''Testament of Cresseid'' an ''The Morall Fabillis''. [[Gavin Douglas]] (1475–1522), that becam Bishop o Dunkeld, brocht [[Humanism|Humanist]] concerns an classical soorces intae his poetry.<ref name=vanHeijnsbergen2001pp129-30>T. van Heijnsbergen, "Culture: 9 Renaissance and Reformation: poetry to 1603", in M. Lynch, ed., ''The Oxford Companion to Scottish History'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), {{ISBN|0-19-211696-7}}, pp.&nbsp;129–30.</ref> Muckle o their wark survives in a single collection. The [[Bannatyne Manuscript]] wis pit thegither bi George Bannatyne (1545–1608) aboot 1560, an it hauds the wark o monie Scots poets that wad itherwise be unkent.<ref name=Lynch2001pp117-18>M. Lynch, "Culture: 3 Medieval", in M. Lynch, ed., ''The Oxford Companion to Scottish History'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), {{ISBN|0-19-211696-7}}, pp.&nbsp;117–8.</ref> In the late fifteent century, Scots prose stairtit tae growe as a genre an aw. Tho thare are earlier fragments o original Scots prose, sic as the ''Auchinleck Chronicle'',<ref>[[Thomas Thomson (advocate)|Thomas Thomson]] ed., ''[https://archive.org/stream/auchinleckchron00thomgoog#page/n1/mode/1up Auchinleck Chronicle]'' (Edinburgh, 1819).</ref> the first complete wark that survives is John Ireland's ''The Meroure of Wyssdome'' (1490).<ref>J. Martin, ''Kingship and Love in Scottish poetry, 1424–1540'' (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008), {{ISBN|0-7546-6273-X}}, p. 111.</ref> Thare are prose owersettins an aw o French buiks o chivalry that survive frae the 1450s, amang them ''The Book of the Law of Armys'' an the ''Order of Knychthode'', an the treatise ''Secreta Secetorum'', an Arabic wark thocht tae be Aristotle's advice tae [[Alexander the Great]].<ref name="Wormald1991pp60-7"/> The landmark wark in the reign o James IV wis [[Gavin Douglas]]'s version o Virgil's ''Aeneid'', the ''[[Eneados]]''. It wis the first complete owersettin o a major classical text in an [[Anglo-Frisie leids|Anglic]] leid, an it wis completit in 1513, but the disaster at Flodden that same year pit it in the shade.<ref name="Wormald1991pp60-7"/> ==Gowden age== [[File:Portrait of James I of England and James VI of Scotland.jpg|left|thumb|upright|[[Jamie VI, King o Scots|James VI]] in 1585, aged 19. He promotit poetry in his native Scots, but gied it up efter he cam tae the Inglis throne in 1603.]] As a patron o poets an authors, [[James V o Scotland|James V]] (r. 1513–42) backit William Stewart an [[John Bellenden]], that owerset intae verse an prose the Laitin ''History of Scotland'' that Hector Boece pit thegither in 1527.<ref name=Brownetalpp256-7/> [[David Lyndsay]] (c. 1486 – 1555), diplomat an heid o the [[Court of the Lord Lyon|Lyon Court]], wis a prolific poet. He wrote elegiac narratives, romances an satires.<ref name=vanHeijnsbergen2001pp129-30/> Frae the 1550s, in the reign o [[Mary, Queen o Scots]] (r. 1542–67) an the minority o her son [[Jamie VI, King o Scots|James VI]] (r. 1567–1625), cultural pursuits were held back bi the want o a royal court an bi political turmoil. The Kirk, hivily influenced bi Calvinism, discouraged poetry that wisnae devotional an aw. Even sae, poets o this time includit [[Richard Maitland]] o Lethington (1496–1586), that wrote meditative an satirical verses in the style o Dunbar; John Rolland (fl. 1530–75), that wrote allegorical satires in the tradition o Douglas; an the courtier an meenister [[Alexander Hume]] (c. 1556–1609), whase body o wark includes nature poetry an epistolary verse. [[Alexander Scott]]'s (?1520–82/3) uise o short verse makkit tae be sung tae muisic appent the wey for the Castalian poets o James VI's adult reign.<ref name=vanHeijnsbergen2001pp129-30/> Frae the mid saxteent century, written Scots wis mair an mair influenced bi the Standart Inglis that wis growin in the sooth o Ingland, acause o chynges in royal an political dealins wi Ingland.<ref>J. Corbett, D. McClure and J. Stuart-Smith, "A Brief History of Scots" in J. Corbett, D. McClure and J. Stuart-Smith, eds, ''The Edinburgh Companion to Scots'' (Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 2003), {{ISBN|0-7486-1596-2}}, p. 10ff.</ref> The Inglis brocht in buiks an haundit oot Bibles an Protestant literature in the [[Scots Lawlands|Lawlands]] whan they invadit in 1547.<ref>J. Wormald, ''Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland, 1470–1625'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991), {{ISBN|0-7486-0276-3}}, pp.&nbsp;102–4.</ref> As buiks prentit in Ingland grew mair influential an easier tae come bi, maist writin in Scotland cam tae be dune in the Inglis fashion.<ref>J. Corbett, D. McClure and J. Stuart-Smith, "A Brief History of Scots" in J. Corbett, D. McClure and J. Stuart-Smith, eds, ''The Edinburgh Companion to Scots'' (Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 2003), {{ISBN|0-7486-1596-2}}, p. 11.</ref> [[John Knox]], a leadin feegur o the Scots Reformation, wis accused o bein hostile tae Scots acause he wrote in a Scots-colourt Inglis that he picked up while he wis in exile at the Inglis court.<ref name=Carruthers2009p44>G. Carruthers, ''Scottish Literature'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009), {{ISBN|074863309X}}, p. 44.</ref> In the 1580s an 1590s, James VI strangly promotit the literature o the kintra o his birth in Scots. His treatise ''Some Rules and Cautions to be Observed and Eschewed in Scottish Prosody'', published in 1584 whan he wis 18, wis baith a poetic manual an a description o the poetic tradition in his mither tongue, that he applied Renaissance principles tae.<ref>R. D. S. Jack, "Poetry under King James VI", in C. Cairns, ed., ''The History of Scottish Literature'' (Aberdeen University Press, 1988), vol. 1, {{ISBN|0-08-037728-9}}, pp. 126–7.</ref> He becam patron an member o a lowse circle o Scots Jacobean court poets an muisicians, later cried the Castalian Band, that includit William Fowler (c. 1560 – 1612), John Stewart o Baldynneis (c. 1545 – c. 1605) an [[Alexander Montgomerie]] (c. 1550 – 1598).<ref>R. D. S. Jack, ''Alexander Montgomerie'' (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1985), {{ISBN|0-7073-0367-2}}, pp. 1–2.</ref> They owerset key Renaissance texts an makkit poems in French forms, includin sonnets an short sonnets, for narrative, descriptions o nature, satire an meditations on luve. Later poets that follit in this vein includit William Alexander (c. 1567 – 1640), Alexander Craig (c. 1567 – 1627) an Robert Ayton (1570–1627).<ref name=vanHeijnsbergen2001pp129-30/> Bi the late 1590s, the king's championin o his native Scots tradition wis tae some extent weakent bi the prospect o heirin the Inglis throne.<ref>R. D. S. Jack, "Poetry under King James VI", in C. Cairns, ed., ''The History of Scottish Literature'' (Aberdeen University Press, 1988), vol. 1, {{ISBN|0-08-037728-9}}, p. 137.</ref> In drama, Lyndsay pit on an interlude at [[Lithgae Pailace]] for the king an queen in 1540, thocht tae be a version o his play ''[[Ane Satyre of the Thrie Estaitis|The Thrie Estaitis]]''. It satirised the corruption o kirk an state, an it is the anerly complete play that survives frae afore the Reformation.<ref name=Brownetalpp256-7>I. Brown, T. Owen Clancy, M. Pittock, S. Manning, eds, ''The Edinburgh History of Scottish Literature: From Columba to the Union, until 1707'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007), {{ISBN|0-7486-1615-2}}, pp. 256–7.</ref> The anonymous ''The Maner of the Cyring of ane Play'' (afore 1568)<ref name=vanHeijnsbergen2001pp127-8>T. van Heijnsbergen, "Culture: 7 Renaissance and Reformation (1460–1660): literature", in M. Lynch, ed., ''The Oxford Companion to Scottish History'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), {{ISBN|0-19-211696-7}}, pp.&nbsp;127–8.</ref> an ''Philotus'' (published in London in 1603) are lane examples o plays that survive. The latter is a vernacular Scots comedy o errors, likly makkit tae be performed at court for [[Mary, Queen o Scots]] or James VI.<ref name=Carpenter2011p15>S. Carpenter, "Scottish drama until 1650", in I. Brown, ed., ''The Edinburgh Companion to Scottish Drama'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2011), {{ISBN|0748641076}}, p. 15.</ref> ==Decline== [[File:Attributed to Abraham van Blijenberch - William Drummond of Hawthornden, 1585 - 1649. Poet - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright|[[William Drummond o Hawthornden]]]] Efter praisin the virtues o Scots "poesie", James VI, eince he cam tae the Inglis throne, mair an mair favoured the leid o the sooth o Ingland. In 1611 the Kirk teuk up the Inglis Authorised King James Version o the Bible. In 1617, interpreters were declared nae langer needit in the port o London, acause the Scots an the Inglis were nou "not so far different bot ane understandeth ane uther". Jenny Wormald describes James as makin a "three-tier system, with Gaelic at the bottom and English at the top".<ref name=Wormald1991pp192-3>J. Wormald, ''Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland, 1470–1625'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991), {{ISBN|0748602763}}, pp. 192–3.</ref> The loss o the court as a centre o patronage in 1603 wis a sair blaw tae Scots literature. A nummer o Scots poets, amang them William Alexander, John Murray an Robert Aytoun, gaed wi the king tae London, whaur they keepit on writin,<ref name=Brown2003pp253-4>K. M. Brown, "Scottish identity", in B. Bradshaw and P. Roberts, eds, ''British Consciousness and Identity: The Making of Britain, 1533–1707'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), {{ISBN|0521893615}}, pp. 253–3.</ref> but they suin stairtit tae anglicise their written leid.<ref>M. Spiller, "Poetry after the Union 1603–1660" in C. Cairns, ed., ''The History of Scottish Literature'' (Aberdeen University Press, 1988), vol. 1, {{ISBN|0-08-037728-9}}, pp. 141–52.</ref> James's role as an active literary participant an patron in the Inglis court makkit him a definin feegur for Inglis Renaissance poetry an drama, that wad reach its heichest pynt in his reign,<ref>N. Rhodes, "Wrapped in the Strong Arm of the Union: Shakespeare and King James" in W. Maley and A. Murphy, eds, ''Shakespeare and Scotland'' (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004), {{ISBN|0-7190-6636-0}}, pp. 38–9.</ref> but his patronage o the heich style in his ain Scots tradition wis maistly pit tae the side.<ref>R. D. S. Jack, "Poetry under King James VI", in C. Cairns, ed., ''The History of Scottish Literature'' (Aberdeen University Press, 1988), vol. 1, {{ISBN|0-08-037728-9}}, pp. 137–8.</ref> The anerly important court poet that keepit on warkin in Scotland efter the king left wis [[William Drummond o Hawthornden]] (1585–1649),<ref name=vanHeijnsbergen2001pp127-8/> an he maistly gied up Scots for a form o court Inglis.<ref>J. Corbett, ''Written in the Language of the Scottish Nation: A History of Literary Translation Into Scots'' (Multilingual Matters, 1999), {{ISBN|1853594318}}, p. 77.</ref> The maist influential Scots literary feegur o the mid seiventeent yearhunner, Thomas Urquhart o Cromarty (1611 – c. 1660), that owerset ''The Works of Rabelais'', wrote maistly in Inglis, anerly uisin Scots nou an again for effect.<ref>J. Corbett, ''Written in the Language of the Scottish Nation: A History of Literary Translation Into Scots'' (Multilingual Matters, 1999), {{ISBN|1853594318}}, p. 89.</ref> In the late seiventeent century it lookit as if Scots micht disappear as a literary leid.<ref>J. Corbett, ''Written in the Language of the Scottish Nation: A History of Literary Translation Into Scots'' (Multilingual Matters, 1999), {{ISBN|1853594318}}, p. 94.</ref> ==Revival== Efter the [[Acts o Union 1707]] that unitit Scotland an Ingland, the uise o Scots wis discouraged bi leadin feegurs in Scots authority an education.<ref>C. Jones, ''A Language Suppressed: The Pronunciation of the Scots Language in the 18th Century'' (Edinburgh: John Donald, 1993), p. vii.</ref> Intellectuals o the [[Scots Enlichtment]] lik [[David Hume]] an [[Adam Smith]] gaed tae great lengths tae get rid o ilka Scotticism frae their writins.<ref>Ian Simpson Ross, [https://books.google.com/books?id=J38Ll9DUsUAC&dq=David+Hume+and+Adam+Smith+Scotticism&pg=PT174 ''The Life of Adam Smith''] (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2nd edn., 2010), {{ISBN|0191613940}}.</ref> Follaein sic examples, monie weel-aff Scots teuk tae learnin Inglis throu the wark o fowk sic as Thomas Sheridan, that in 1761 gied a series o lectures on Inglis elocution. He chairged a guinea a time (aboot £{{formatnum:{{inflation|UK|1.05|1761|r=-2}}}} in the day's money,{{inflation-fn|UK}}), an the lectures were attendit bi ower 300 men, an he wis makkit a freeman o the Ceety o [[Edinburgh]]. Efter this, some o the ceety's intellectuals formed the ''Select Society for Promoting the Reading and Speaking of the English Language in Scotland''. Frae sic aichteent-century activities grew [[Scots Inglis|Scots Standart Inglis]].<ref>J. Corbett, D. McClure and J. Stuart-Smith, "A Brief History of Scots" in J. Corbett, D. McClure and J. Stuart-Smith, eds, ''The Edinburgh Companion to Scots'' (Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 2003), {{ISBN|0-7486-1596-2}}, p. 13.</ref> Scots bade the vernacular o monie kintra communities an o the growin nummer o urban warkin-class Scots.<ref>J. Corbett, D. McClure and J. Stuart-Smith, "A Brief History of Scots" in J. Corbett, D. McClure and J. Stuart-Smith, eds, ''The Edinburgh Companion to Scots'' (Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 2003), {{ISBN|0-7486-1596-2}}, p. 14.</ref> [[Image:Allan Ramsay, 1684 - 1758.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Allan Ramsay, that led a vernacular revival in the 18t century]] Allan Ramsay (1686–1758) wis the maist important literary feegur o the era, aften said tae hae led a "vernacular revival". He laid the foonds o a new interest in aulder Scots literature, publishin ''The Ever Green'' (1724), a collection that includit monie major poetic warks o the Stewart period.<ref>R. M. Hogg, ''The Cambridge History of the English Language'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), {{ISBN|0521264782}}, p. 39.</ref> He led the trend for pastoral poetry, an helped tae develop the Habbie stanza, that Robert Burns wad later uise as a poetic form.<ref>{{Citation| author=J. Buchan| title=Crowded with Genius| publisher=Harper Collins| year=2003| isbn=0-06-055888-1| page=[https://archive.org/details/crowdedwithgeniu00buch/page/311 311]| url-access=registration| url=https://archive.org/details/crowdedwithgeniu00buch/page/311}}</ref> His ''Tea-Table Miscellany'' (1724–37) held poems frae auld Scots folk material, his ain poems in the folk style, an "gentilizings" o Scots poems in the Inglis neo-classical style.<ref>"Poetry in Scots: Brus to Burns" in C. R. Woodring and J. S. Shapiro, eds, ''The Columbia History of British Poetry'' (Columbia University Press, 1994), {{ISBN|0585041555}}, p. 100.</ref> Ramsay wis pairt o a community o poets warkin in Scots an Inglis. Thir includit William Hamilton o Gilbertfield (c. 1665 – 1751), Robert Crawford (1695–1733), Alexander Ross (1699–1784), the Jacobite William Hamilton o Bangour (1704–1754), the socialite [[Alison Cockburn|Alison Rutherford Cockburn]] (1712–1794), an the poet an playwricht James Thomson (1700–1748).<ref>C. Maclachlan, ''Before Burns'' (Canongate Books, 2010), {{ISBN|1847674666}}, pp. ix–xviii.</ref> [[Robert Fergusson]] (1750–1774) wis important an aw: a maistly urban poet, recognised in his short life as the unofficial "laureate" o Edinburgh. His best-kent wark wis his unfinished lang poem ''Auld Reekie'' (1773), dedicatit tae the life o the ceety. His borraein frae a range o dialects lookit forrit tae the makkin o [[Lallans|Synthetic Scots]] in the twintiet century,<ref>J. Corbett, ''Written in the Language of the Scottish Nation: A History of Literary Translation Into Scots'' (Multilingual Matters, 1999), {{ISBN|1853594318}}, p. 106.</ref> an he wad be a major influence on [[Robert Burns]].<ref>R. Crawford, ''Scotland's Books: a History of Scottish Literature'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), {{ISBN|0-19-538623-X}}, p. 335.</ref> Burns (1759–1796), an Ayrshire poet an lyricist, is widely regairdit as the naitional poet o Scotland an a major feegur in the Romantic movement. As weel as makkin original compositions, Burns gaithert folk sangs frae across Scotland an aw, aften revisin or adaptin them. His poem (an sang) "[[Auld Lang Syne]]" is aften sung at [[Hogmanay]] (the last day o the year), an "[[Scots Wha Hae]]" served for a lang time as an unofficial [[Naitional anthem|naitional anthem]] o the kintra.<ref>{{Citation |author=L. McIlvanney |date=Spring 2005 |title=Hugh Blair, Robert Burns, and the Invention of Scottish Literature |journal=Eighteenth-Century Life |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages= 25–46|doi=10.1215/00982601-29-2-25}}</ref> Burns's poetry drew on a guid kennin o classical, [[Bible|Biblical]] an Inglis literature, as weel as the Scots [[Makar]] tradition.<ref name=Literary-Style>Robert Burns: "[http://www.blurbwire.com/topics/Robert_Burns::sub::Literary_Style Literary Style] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016215809/http://www.blurbwire.com/topics/Robert_Burns::sub::Literary_Style |date=2013-10-16 }}", retrieved 24 September 2010.</ref> Burns wis skilled at writin no anerly in the [[Scots leid]] but in the [[Scots Inglis]] [[Byleid|dialect]] o the [[Inglis leid]] an aw. Some o his warks, sic as "Love and Liberty" (kent an aw as "The Jolly Beggars"), are written in baith Scots an Inglis for different effects.<ref name=some-hae-meat>Robert Burns: "[http://poetrydispatch.wordpress.com/2009/01/24/robert-burns-some-hae-meat/some hae meat]", retrieved 24 September 2010.</ref> His themes includit republicanism, [[Poleetical radicalism|radicalism]], Scots patriotism, anticlericalism, class inequalities, gender roles, commentary on the Scots Kirk o his time, Scots cultural identity, poverty, [[Human sexuality|sexuality]], an the guid sides o popular socialisin.<ref name=Address-to-the-Kibble>Red Star Cafe: "[http://redstarcafe.wordpress.com/2008/01/25/address-to-the-kibble/Address to the Kibble]." Retrieved 24 September 2010.</ref> ==Marginalisation== Scots poetry is aften seen as gaun intae a decline in the nineteent yearhunner, wi Scots-leid poetry criticised for its uise o parochial dialect.<ref name=Mandell2007pp301-07>L. Mandell, "Nineteenth-century Scottish poetry", in I. Brown, ed., ''The Edinburgh History of Scottish Literature: Enlightenment, Britain and empire (1707–1918)'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007), {{ISBN|0748624813}}, pp. 301–07.</ref> Conservative an anti-radical Burns clubs sprang up roond Scotland, fu o members that praised a sanitised version o [[Robert Burns]]' life an wark, an o poets that were fixed on the "Burns stanza" as a form.<ref name=Carruthers2009pp58-9>G. Carruthers, ''Scottish Literature'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009), {{ISBN|074863309X}}, pp. 58–9.</ref> Scots poetry haes been seen as gaun doun intae infantilism, as in the hivily popular ''Whistle Binkie'' anthologies, that cam oot 1830–90 an that notoriously includit in ae volume "Wee Willie Winkie" bi William Miller (1810–1872).<ref name=Carruthers2009pp58-9/> This tendency haes been seen as leadin late-nineteent-century Scots poetry intae the sentimental parochialism o the Kailyard schuil.<ref Name=LindsayandDuncan2005ppxxxiv-xxxv>M. Lindsay and L. Duncan, ''The Edinburgh Book of Twentieth-Century Scottish Poetry'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2005), {{ISBN|074862015X}}, pp. xxxiv–xxxv.</ref> Poets frae the lower social orders that uised Scots includit the weaver-poet William Thom (1799–1848), whase "A chieftain unknown to the Queen" (1843) combined simple Scots leid wi a social critique o [[Queen Victoria]]'s visit tae Scotland.<ref name=Mandell2007pp301-07/> [[File:Robert Louis Stevenson books at the Writers Museum Edinburgh.jpg|thumb]] [[Walter Scott]] (1771–1832), the leadin literary feegur o the era, stairtit his career as a ballad collector an becam the maist popular poet in Britain, an syne its maist successfu novelist.<ref>A. Calder, ''Byron and Scotland: Radical Or Dandy?'' (Rowman & Littlefield, 1989), {{ISBN|0389208736}}, p. 112.</ref> His warks were maistly written in Inglis, an Scots wis maistly held tae dialogue or narrative pit intae the text, in a model that ither novelists wad follae, sic as John Galt (1779–1839) an later [[Robert Louis Stevenson]] (1850–1894).<ref name=Carruthers2009pp58-9/><ref>{{Cite book|last=Millar|first=Robert McColl|title=Modern Scots. An Analytical Survey|publisher=[[Edinburgh University]]|year=2018|location=Edinburgh|pages=162}}</ref> [[James Hogg]] (1770–1835) wrote maistly in Scots, an gied a coonterpairt tae Scott's wark in Inglis. Popular Scots newspapers regularly includit airticles an commentary in the vernacular.<ref>William Donaldson, ''The Language of the People: Scots Prose from the Victorian Revival'', Aberdeen University Press 1989.</ref> Thare wis an interest in owersettins intae Scots frae ither Germanic leids, sic as Danish, Swedish an German. Thir includit Robert Jamieson's (c. 1780–1844) ''Popular Ballads And Songs From Tradition, Manuscripts And Scarce Editions With Translations Of Similar Pieces From The Ancient Danish Language'' an ''Illustrations of Northern Antiquities'' (1814), an Robert Williams Buchanan's (1841–1901) ''Ballad Stories of the Affections'' (1866).<ref>J. Corbett, ''Written in the Language of the Scottish Nation: A History of Literary Translation Into Scots'' (Multilingual Matters, 1999), {{ISBN|1853594318}}, pp. 116.</ref> ==The twintiet-century renaissance== [[File:Edwin Morgan by Alex Boyd.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Edwin Morgan]], poet, playwricht an the first official Scots [[Makar]]]] In the early twintiet century thare wis a new surge o activity in Scots literature, influenced bi modernism an a resurgent naitionalism, kent as the Scots Renaissance.<ref name=VisitingArtsScotland>{{Citation|title=The Scottish 'Renaissance' and beyond|journal=Visiting Arts: Scotland: Cultural Profile|url=http://www.culturalprofiles.net/scotland/Directories/Scotland_Cultural_Profile/-5403.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930034437/http://www.culturalprofiles.net/scotland/Directories/Scotland_Cultural_Profile/-5403.html|archive-date=30 September 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> The leadin feegur in the movement wis [[Hugh MacDiarmid]] (the pen nem o Christopher Murray Grieve, 1892–1978). MacDiarmid tried tae revive the Scots leid as a medium for serious literature in poetic warks sic as "A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle" (1936), developin a form o Synthetic Scots that combined different regional dialects an archaic terms.<ref name=VisitingArtsScotland/> Ither writers that cam forrit in this time, an that are aften treatit as pairt o the movement, include the poets Edwin Muir (1887–1959) an [[William Soutar]] (1898–1943), that explored identity, turnin their backs on nostalgia an parochialism an takin on social an political issues.<ref name=VisitingArtsScotland/> Some writers that cam forrit efter the Seicont Warld War follit MacDiarmid bi writin in Scots, amang them [[Robert Garioch]] (1909–1981) an [[Sydney Goodsir Smith]] (1915–1975). The Glesga poet [[Edwin Morgan]] (1920–2010) becam kent for owersettins o warks frae a wide range o European leids. He wis the first Scots [[Makar]] an aw (the official naitional poet), appointit bi the inaugural Scots government in 2004.<ref>{{Citation| title =The Scots Makar| publisher =The Scottish Government| date =16 February 2004| url =http://www.scotland.gov.uk/News/Releases/2004/02/5075| access-date =2007-10-28| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120204042020/http://www.scotland.gov.uk/News/Releases/2004/02/5075| archive-date =4 February 2012| url-status =dead}}</ref> Alexander Gray wis an academic an poet, but he is maistly mindit for his owersettins intae Scots frae the German an Danish ballad traditions, includin ''Arrows. A Book of German Ballads and Folksongs Attempted in Scots'' (1932) an ''Four-and-Forty. A Selection of Danish Ballads Presented in Scots'' (1954).<ref>J. Corbett, ''Written in the Language of the Scottish Nation: A History of Literary Translation Into Scots'' (Multilingual Matters, 1999), {{ISBN|1853594318}}, pp. 161–4.</ref> The generation o poets that grew up efter the war includit Douglas Dunn (born 1942), whase wark haes aften come tae terms wi class an naitional identity within the formal structures o poetry, an commentit on the events o the day, as in ''Barbarians'' (1979) an ''Northlight'' (1988). His maist personal wark is in the collection ''Elegies'' (1985), that deals wi the daith o his first wife frae cancer.<ref name=Princetonpp1276-9>"Scottish poetry" in S. Cushman, C. Cavanagh, J. Ramazani and P. Rouzer, eds, ''The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics: Fourth Edition'' (Princeton University Press, 2012), {{ISBN|1400841429}}, pp. 1276–9.</ref> [[Tom Leonard (poet)|Tom Leonard]] (born 1944) warks in the [[Gleswegian|Glesga dialect]], an led the wey for the warkin-class voice in Scots poetry.<ref name=Carruthers2009pp67-9>G. Carruthers, ''Scottish Literature'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009), {{ISBN|074863309X}}, pp. 67–9.</ref> [[Liz Lochhead]] (born 1947) explored the lives o warkin-class fowk in Glesga an aw, but addit an appreciation o weemen's voices in a whiles male-dominatit society.<ref name=Princetonpp1276-9/> She adaptit classic texts intae Scots an aw, wi versions o Molière's ''Tartuffe'' (1985) an ''The Misanthrope'' (1973–2005), while Edwin Morgan owerset ''Cyrano de Bergerac'' (1992).<ref>J. MacDonald, "Theatre in Scotland" in B. Kershaw and P. Thomson, ''The Cambridge History of British Theatre: Volume 3'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), {{ISBN|0521651328}}, p. 223.</ref> The Scots Renaissance concentratit mair an mair on the novel, speicially efter the 1930s, whan Hugh MacDiarmid wis bidin in isolation in Shetland, an monie o thir novels were written in Inglis an no in Scots. But George Blake led the wey in explorin the experiences o the warkin class in his major warks sic as ''The Shipbuilders'' (1935). Lewis Grassic Gibbon, the pen nem o James Leslie Mitchell, makkit ane o the maist important realisations o the ideas o the Scots Renaissance in his trilogy ''A Scots Quair'' (''Sunset Song'', 1932, ''Cloud Howe'', 1933 an ''Grey Granite'', 1934), that mixed different Scots dialects wi the narrative voice.<ref name=Craig2001bpp157-9>C. Craig, "Culture: modern times (1914–): the novel", in M. Lynch, ed., ''The Oxford Companion to Scottish History'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), {{ISBN|0-19-211696-7}}, pp.&nbsp;157–9.</ref> Ither warks that lookit intae the warkin class includit James Barke's (1905–1958) ''Major Operation'' (1936) an ''The Land of the Leal'' (1939), an J. F. Hendry's (1912–1986) ''Fernie Brae'' (1947).<ref name=Craig2001bpp157-9/> Frae the 1980s Scots literature haed anither major revival, speicially linked wi a group o Glesga writers that met in the hoose o the critic, poet an teacher Philip Hobsbaum (1932–2005). Peter Kravitz, editor o Polygon Books, wis important in the movement an aw.<ref name=VisitingArtsScotland/> Thir writers includit [[Alasdair Gray]] (born 1934), whase epic ''Lanark'' (1981) biggit on the warkin-class novel tae explore baith realistic an fantastic narratives. James Kelman's (born 1946) ''The Busconductor Hines'' (1984) an ''A Disaffection'' (1989) were amang the first novels tae fully uise a warkin-class Scots voice as the main narrator.<ref name=Craig2001bpp157-9/> In the 1990s, major prize-winnin Scots novels that cam oot o this movement includit Gray's ''Poor Things'' (1992), that lookit at the capitalist an imperial origins o Scotland in an upside-doun version o the Frankenstein myth,<ref name=Craig2001bpp157-9/> [[Irvine Welsh]]'s (born 1958) ''[[Trainspotting (novel)|Trainspotting]]'' (1993), that dealt wi drug addiction in the Edinburgh o its day, Alan Warner's (born 1964) ''Morvern Callar'' (1995), aboot daith an authorship, an Kelman's ''How Late It Was, How Late'' (1994), a stream o consciousness novel aboot a life o petty crime.<ref name=VisitingArtsScotland/> Thir warks were linked bi a reaction tae Thatcherism that wis whiles openly political, an they explored the margins o experience in vivid vernacular leid (includin swearwirds an Scots dialect).<ref name=VisitingArtsScotland/> ''[[But'n'Ben A-Go-Go]]'' (2000) bi [[Matthew Fitt]] is the first cyberpunk novel written hale in Scots.<ref>J. Corbett, "Past and future language: Matthew Fitt and Iain M. Banks" in C. McCracken-Flesher, ed., ''Scotland as Science Fiction'' A later work, [[Harry Josephine Giles]]' ''Deep Wheel Orcadia'', includes English translation. (Rowman & Littlefield, 2012), {{ISBN|1611483743}}, p. 121.</ref> Ae major ootlet for literature in [[Lallans]] (Lawland Scots) is ''Lallans'', the magazine o the Scots Language Society.<ref>J. Corbett, ''Language and Scottish Literature'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1997), {{ISBN|0748608265}}, p. 16.</ref> ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} [[Category:Scots leeteratur| ]] [[Category:Scots leid]] 1n5pjx7z45in7j1cy8uf9u7u5g2d12h 0 231227 927209 911816 2026-11-09T10:01:44Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; foondin year correctit (1994), coaches updatit, soorced 927209 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox fitbaw club | clubname = D.C. United | image = | nickname = Black-and-Red<ref name="DCUHistory">{{cite web|language=en|title=D.C. United History|url=http://www.mlssoccer.com/history/club/dcunited|publisher=MLS Digital|website=MLSSoccer.com|access-date=December 11, 2015|archive-date=2016-08-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810160754/http://www.mlssoccer.com/history/club/dcunited|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |language=en |url=http://www.rslsoapbox.com/2013/7/17/4532008/brandon-mcdonald-the-d-c-united-perspective-with-black-and-red-united |title=Brandon McDonald: The D.C. United perspective with Black and Red United |last=Montgomery |first=Matt |date=July 17, 2013 |publisher=RSL Soapbox |access-date=August 29, 2013 |archive-date=2013-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723151504/http://www.rslsoapbox.com/2013/7/17/4532008/brandon-mcdonald-the-d-c-united-perspective-with-black-and-red-united |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|language=en|last=Bruh|first=Molly|title=Bryce Harper reps the Black-and-Red in an interview with CSN|url=http://www.dcunited.com/blog/united-notebook/2013/08/12/bryce-harper-reps-the-black-and-red-in-an-interview-with-csn|publisher=MLS Digital|website=DCUnited.com|date=August 12, 2013|access-date=December 12, 2015|archive-date=February 2, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202114102/http://www.dcunited.com/blog/united-notebook/2013/08/12/bryce-harper-reps-the-black-and-red-in-an-interview-with-csn|url-status=dead}}</ref> | founded = {{Start date and age|1994|06|15}} | dissolved = | stadium = [[Audi Field]]<br />[[Washington, D.C.]] | capacity = 20,000 | owner = D.C. United Holdings | chrtitle = Co-chairmen | chairman = {{unbulleted list|Jason Levien|Stephen Kaplan<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dcunited.com/club/ownership |title=Ownership &#124; D.C. United|date=July 10, 2012}}</ref>}} | mgrtitle = Heid coach | manager = René Weiler | league = [[Major League Soccer]] | season = 2026 | position = Eastern Conference: 14t<br />Owerall: 28t<br />Playoffs: didnae qualify | website = https://www.dcunited.com/ | American = y | current = 2026 D.C. United season | pattern_la1 = _dcunited22h | pattern_b1 = _dcunited22H | pattern_ra1 = _dcunited22h | pattern_sh1 = _dcunited22h | pattern_so1 = _rmcf1415t | leftarm1 = 000000 | body1 = 000000 | rightarm1 = 000000 | shorts1 = 000000 | socks1 = 000000 | pattern_la2 = _dcunited23a | pattern_b2 = _dcunited23a | pattern_ra2 = _dcunited23a | pattern_sh2 = _adidasshortblack | pattern_so2 = _color_3_stripes_black | leftarm2 = ffffff | body2 = ffffff | rightarm2 = ffffff | shorts2 = ffffff | socks2 = ffffff }} '''D.C. United''' is an American professional men's [[fitbaw|fitba]] club based in [[Washington, D.C.]] that competes in the Eastern Conference o [[Major League Soccer]] (MLS), the tap tier o American fitba. Domestically, the club haes wan fower [[MLS Cup]]s (league championships), fower [[Supporters' Shield]]s (league regular saison), three [[U.S. Open Cup]]s (domestic cups), an sax Eastern Conference championships. In internaitional competitions, the club haes ane [[CONCACAF Champions Cup]] title an ane [[Copa Interamericana]], the anely American team tae win the latter. In terms o trophies wan, it is the joint-maist successful overall club in American fitba (tied wi the [[New York Cosmos (1970–1985)|New York Cosmos]] an [[LA Galaxy]]). Foondit in 1994, the club wis an inaugural franchise in [[Major League Soccer]], playin in MLS syne its first saison in 1996. The club played a majority o its matches at [[Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium]] frae 1996 till 2017 afore muivin tae the fitba-specific stadium [[Audi Field]], in 2018, whaur it haes played syne. D.C. United wis ane o the premier franchises in Major League Soccer, an in American fitba in the late 1990s, whaur it wan the bulk o its trophies. Players sic as Raúl Díaz Arce, Marco Etcheverry, Roy Lassiter, Jaime Moreno, Ben Olsen, an Eddie Pope, alang wi heid coach, [[Bruce Arena]], helped the club win aucht o their 12 major titles frae 1996 through 2000. The club wad win an MLS Cup, a U.S. Open Cup, an twa Supporters' Shield titles unner Piotr Nowak an Tom Soehn in the mid-tae-late 2000s. In 2013, unner the management o Ben Olsen, the club wan the U.S. Open Cup, its maist recent major trophy. Throu the 2010s an intae the 2020s the club haed a puir spell, wi anely ane major trophy, several seasons athoot the playoffs, an mair nor ane last-place finish in the league. Durin this time, some heich-profile acquisitions joined United, includin [[Wayne Rooney]], an several hamegrown players began makin impacts on the United squad includin Bill Hamid, Andy Najar, an Kevin Paredes. Efter a string o puir seasons, Olsen wis sacked in 2020 efter ten year as heid coach. Syne then the club haes haed fower heid coaches in sax year, amang them Hernán Losada, Rooney an Troy Lesesne. In 2026 the team is managed bi René Weiler. ==History== D.C. United's history haes seen spells o success an challenges, wi different managers an chynges in ownership shapin the club's journey in Major League Soccer. Afore the [[1994 FIFA Warld Cup]], the [[United States Soccer Federation|{{lang|en|United States Soccer Federation}}]] keepit its promise tae FIFA bi helpin tae foond a new professional league, that wad become [[Major League Soccer]] (MLS).<ref>{{Cite web |language=en|last=Baxter |first=Kevin |date=May 31, 2014 |title=World Cup in 1994 gave U.S. soccer the kick in the pants it needed |url=https://www.latimes.com/sports/soccer/la-sp-us-world-cup-mls-20140601-story.html |access-date=July 13, 2022 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> On the 15t o June, 1994, MLS selectit Washington, D.C. oot o twenty-twa applicants tae host ane o the league's first seiven franchises, wi three mair addit afore the league's launch.<ref name="overview">{{Cite web |url=http://web.mlsnet.com/about/ |title=General Overview |year=2009 |website=[[Major League Soccer]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625214719/http://web.mlsnet.com/about/ |archive-date=June 25, 2008 |language=en |access-date=June 26, 2009}}</ref> The team's nem wis chisen as a reflection o the names o European clubs, sic as [[Manchester United]] or [[Leeds United F.C.|Leeds United]], as weel as Washington bein the American caipital.<ref>{{Cite news |language=en|last=Yates |first=Clinton |date=June 30, 2015 |title=D.C. United almost had a different name |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/dc-sports-bog/wp/2015/07/30/d-c-united-almost-had-a-different-name/ |access-date=July 14, 2022 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |language=en|last=West |first=Phil |date=April 5, 2020 |title=How DC United and the San Jose Clash got their names and original look |url=https://www.mlssoccer.com/news/how-dc-united-and-san-jose-clash-got-their-names-and-original-look |access-date=July 13, 2022 |website=MLSSoccer.com}}</ref> The team's colours an original logo, alang wi thae o the ither ten original teams, war announced in October 1995, durin a presentation in New York Ceety.<ref name="overview2">{{cite web |year=2009 |language=en|title=General Overview |url=http://web.mlsnet.com/about/ |url-status=dead |work=[[Major League Soccer]] |access-date=June 26, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625214719/http://web.mlsnet.com/about/ |archive-date=June 25, 2008}}</ref> Black an white war gien as D.C. United's main colours, an reid as the club's second colour. In 1996, D.C. United, wi Bruce Arena as thair gaffer, suin becam ane o the leadin teams in MLS. Thay liftit twa MLS Cup titles, a U.S. Open Cup, the Supporters' Shield, the CONCACAF Champions' Cup an the Copa Interamericana in thair first twa seasons. The "magic triangle" o Jaime Moreno, Marco Etcheverry an Raúl Díaz Arce played a muckle pairt. The club's first gemme in 1996 wis the first ever MLS gemme, tho thay lost it. Efter fower consecutive MLS Cup appearances, the year 2000 brocht a dounturn for D.C. United. Thay endit up 11t oot o 12 teams an missed the playoffs for the first time, an thay did waur in CONCACAF an the U.S. Open Cup an aw. Efter a period o decline, the hirin o manager Peter Nowak in 2004 brocht the team back tae success. The team wan the MLS Cup in 2004 an becam a dominant force in MLS. Thay played in internaitional competitions an signed kenspeckle players sic as Freddy Adu. Tom Soehn took chairge as manager in 2007. The team wan the Supporters' Shield twa seasons rinnin but coudnae win the MLS Cup, tho thay wan the U.S. Open Cup in 2008. Efter a wheen o seasons athoot the playoffs, Soehn resigned in 2009. Ben Olsen, a former player, took ower as manager in 2010. The club haed a haurd stairt in 2010 but showed promise wi young players sic as Bill Hamid an Andy Najar. Unner Olsen thay got tae the playoffs an wan the U.S. Open Cup in 2013. In 2021, Hernán Losada wis appointit as manager, introducin an attackin style. Thay juist missed the playoffs, an Losada wis gane in 2022 efter disagreements an puir results.<ref>{{Cite web |language=en|last=Vertelney |first=Seth |date=May 10, 2022 |title=Ex-D.C. United goalkeeper Chris Seitz told a sad and strange Hernán Losada story |url=https://prosoccerwire.usatoday.com/2022/05/10/d-c-united-goalkeeper-chris-seitz-hernan-losada/ |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=USA Today}}</ref> [[Wayne Rooney]] teuk ower as manager but coudnae tak the team tae the playoffs in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |language=en|date=July 13, 2022 |title='An exciting challenge': Wayne Rooney introduced as DC United manager – video |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/video/2022/jul/13/wayne-rooney-introduced-as-dc-united-manager-video |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |language=en|last= |date=July 12, 2022 |title=D.C. United Name Wayne Rooney as Head Coach {{!}} DC United |url=https://www.dcunited.com/news/d-c-united-name-wayne-rooney-as-head-coach |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=dcunited |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=en|title=D.C. United and Head Coach Wayne Rooney Have Mutually Agreed to Part Ways |url=https://www.dcunited.com/news/d-c-united-and-head-coach-wayne-rooney-have-mutually-agreed-to-part-ways |website=dcunited.com |access-date=October 8, 2023 |date=October 7, 2023}}</ref> In Januar 2024 Troy Lesesne signed a three-year contract as heid coach.<ref>{{Cite web |last=dcunited |title=D.C. United Name Troy Lesesne as Head Coach {{!}} DC United |url=https://www.dcunited.com/news/d-c-united-name-troy-lesesne-as-head-coach |access-date=April 1, 2025 |website=dcunited |language=en}}</ref> ==Stadium== === RFK Stadium (1996–2017) === {{Main|Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium}} [[File:US v Germany at RFK - panoramio (1).jpg|thumb|[[Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium|RFK Stadium]] wis D.C. United's first hame]] Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium (RFK) wis hame tae D.C. United frae the club's first season in 1996 till the end o the 2017 season. The D.C. United Trainin Complex is set north o the stadium, an is whaur the Reserve Division team plays.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dcunited.mlsnet.com/t103/camps/academy/directions/ |title=D.C. United Academy Camps: Directions |year=2009 |website=D.C. United |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705062241/http://dcunited.mlsnet.com/t103/camps/academy/directions/ |archive-date=July 5, 2008 |access-date=July 9, 2009 |language=en}}</ref> RFK wis biggit in 1961 as a stadium for baith baseball an American fitba. Afore 1996, it occasiounally hostit fitba matches, includin the 1980 Soccer Bowl, the 1993 Supercoppa Italiana, an five matches durin the 1994 FIFA Warld Cup. Whan the Washington Nationals baseball team shared the field frae 2005 tae 2007, the playin surface an the size o the field war criticised.<ref>{{Cite news |language=en|last=Goff |first=Steven |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A16346-2005Apr26.html |title=MLS Officials: United Played on Irregular Field |date=April 26, 2005 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=May 27, 2009}}</ref> === Audi Field (2018–present)=== {{Main|Audi Field}} [[File:Audi_Field_June_25th.jpg|thumb|D.C. United flittit tae [[Audi Field]] in 2018]] Audi Field is a fitba-specific stadium at Buzzard Point in Soothwast, Washington, D.C., an haes a capacity o 20,000. It hostit its first gemme again Vancouver Whitecaps FC on July 14, 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |language=en|last=Giambalvo |first=Emily |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/dcunited/dc-united-debuts-audi-field-and-wayne-rooney-in-a-convincing-win-over-vancouver/2018/07/14/a1b843b6-86f9-11e8-8553-a3ce89036c78_story.html |title=D.C. United debuts Audi Field, and Wayne Rooney, in a convincing win over Vancouver |date=July 14, 2018 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=July 14, 2018}}</ref> The stadium's namin richts are awned bi Audi, wha signed a 12-year contract in Februar 2017. It wis designed bi Populous an Marshall Moya Design.<ref>{{Cite web |language=en |url=http://www.blackandredunited.com/stadium-news/2014/2/15/5414518/dc-united-stadium-project-buzzard-point-architect-populous |title=New D.C. United Stadium Renderings, by Architecture Firm Populous, Released |last=Bromley |first=Ben |date=February 15, 2014 |website=SB Nation |access-date=June 3, 2014 |archive-date=2021-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023213809/https://www.blackandredunited.com/stadium-news/2014/2/15/5414518/dc-united-stadium-project-buzzard-point-architect-populous |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/washington/breaking_ground/2016/04/d-c-united-stadium-has-a-name-at-least-tentatively.html |title=D.C. United Stadium Has a Name (at Least Tentatively) |language=en |last=Hansen |first=Drew |date=April 21, 2016 |website=Washington Business Journal |access-date=June 3, 2016}}</ref> Plans for a new stadium gaed back tae July 2006, whan D.C. United proponed biggin ane alang the Anacostia River near Anacostia Park, but fechts wi the ceety government forced the team tae luik at ither steids.<ref name="kravitz">{{Cite news |last=Kravitz |first=Derek |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/06/17/AR2009061703623.html |language=en|title=Fans Asked to Choose Where Team Should Find New Home |date=June 18, 2009 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=July 9, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |language=en|last=Nakamura |first=David |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/20/AR2007072002470_pf.html |title=Talks Fall Apart on Stadium for D.C. Soccer Team |date=July 21, 2007 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=September 6, 2009}}</ref> The tentative deal for the stadium wis announced on July 25, 2013,<ref>{{Cite news |language=en|url=http://www.stadiadirectory.com/deal-reached-for-new-d-c-united-stadium/ |title=Deal reached for new stadium |date=July 25, 2013 |work=StadiaDirectory |access-date=July 25, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927074329/http://www.stadiadirectory.com/deal-reached-for-new-d-c-united-stadium/ |archive-date=September 27, 2013}}</ref> which wad see a 20,000–25,000-seat stadium biggit on the steid, costin $300 million. It wis signed intae law on 30 December 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |language=en|url=http://www.wusa9.com/story/news/local/2014/12/30/vincent-gray-to-sign-four-bills-as-last-act-in-dc-mayors-office/21040219/ |title=Mayor Gray signs bill to fund DC United soccer stadium |date=December 30, 2014 |work=WUSA 9 |access-date=March 7, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402100035/http://www.wusa9.com/story/news/local/2014/12/30/vincent-gray-to-sign-four-bills-as-last-act-in-dc-mayors-office/21040219/ |archive-date=April 2, 2015}}</ref> Wirk stairtit on 27 Februar 2017,<ref name="Groundbreaking">{{Cite news |language=en |last=Rodriguez |first=Alicia |url=http://www.mlssoccer.com/post/2017/02/16/dc-united-announce-stadium-groundbreaking-ceremony-february-27 |title=DC United announce stadium groundbreaking ceremony on February 27 |date=February 16, 2017 |work=MLSsoccer.com |access-date=February 17, 2017 |archive-date=2017-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219141721/http://www.mlssoccer.com/post/2017/02/16/dc-united-announce-stadium-groundbreaking-ceremony-february-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> an the ribbon wis cut on 9 Julie 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |language=en|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/dcunited/dc-united-ushers-in-a-new-era-with-audi-field-ribbon-cutting-ceremony/2018/07/09/c7d02376-83d8-11e8-8553-a3ce89036c78_story.html |title=D.C. United ushers in 'a new era' with Audi Field ribbon-cutting ceremony |last=Giambalvo |first=Emily |date=July 10, 2018 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=July 10, 2018}}</ref> == References == {{reflist|30em}} == Freemit airtins == * {{Official website|http://www.dcunited.com/}} {{CONCACAF Champions League Winners}} [[Category:D.C. United| ]] [[Category:Soccer clubs in Washington, D.C.]] [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1995]] [[Category:1995 establishments in Washington, D.C.]] 1m8lqgc1n1t23icnvlazlyu396y4c7x 927255 927209 2026-11-09T10:46:45Z Monospaced 75295 Fix broken link ({{lang}} oot o the link label) 927255 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox fitbaw club | clubname = D.C. United | image = | nickname = Black-and-Red<ref name="DCUHistory">{{cite web|language=en|title=D.C. United History|url=http://www.mlssoccer.com/history/club/dcunited|publisher=MLS Digital|website=MLSSoccer.com|access-date=December 11, 2015|archive-date=2016-08-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810160754/http://www.mlssoccer.com/history/club/dcunited|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |language=en |url=http://www.rslsoapbox.com/2013/7/17/4532008/brandon-mcdonald-the-d-c-united-perspective-with-black-and-red-united |title=Brandon McDonald: The D.C. United perspective with Black and Red United |last=Montgomery |first=Matt |date=July 17, 2013 |publisher=RSL Soapbox |access-date=August 29, 2013 |archive-date=2013-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723151504/http://www.rslsoapbox.com/2013/7/17/4532008/brandon-mcdonald-the-d-c-united-perspective-with-black-and-red-united |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|language=en|last=Bruh|first=Molly|title=Bryce Harper reps the Black-and-Red in an interview with CSN|url=http://www.dcunited.com/blog/united-notebook/2013/08/12/bryce-harper-reps-the-black-and-red-in-an-interview-with-csn|publisher=MLS Digital|website=DCUnited.com|date=August 12, 2013|access-date=December 12, 2015|archive-date=February 2, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202114102/http://www.dcunited.com/blog/united-notebook/2013/08/12/bryce-harper-reps-the-black-and-red-in-an-interview-with-csn|url-status=dead}}</ref> | founded = {{Start date and age|1994|06|15}} | dissolved = | stadium = [[Audi Field]]<br />[[Washington, D.C.]] | capacity = 20,000 | owner = D.C. United Holdings | chrtitle = Co-chairmen | chairman = {{unbulleted list|Jason Levien|Stephen Kaplan<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dcunited.com/club/ownership |title=Ownership &#124; D.C. United|date=July 10, 2012}}</ref>}} | mgrtitle = Heid coach | manager = René Weiler | league = [[Major League Soccer]] | season = 2026 | position = Eastern Conference: 14t<br />Owerall: 28t<br />Playoffs: didnae qualify | website = https://www.dcunited.com/ | American = y | current = 2026 D.C. United season | pattern_la1 = _dcunited22h | pattern_b1 = _dcunited22H | pattern_ra1 = _dcunited22h | pattern_sh1 = _dcunited22h | pattern_so1 = _rmcf1415t | leftarm1 = 000000 | body1 = 000000 | rightarm1 = 000000 | shorts1 = 000000 | socks1 = 000000 | pattern_la2 = _dcunited23a | pattern_b2 = _dcunited23a | pattern_ra2 = _dcunited23a | pattern_sh2 = _adidasshortblack | pattern_so2 = _color_3_stripes_black | leftarm2 = ffffff | body2 = ffffff | rightarm2 = ffffff | shorts2 = ffffff | socks2 = ffffff }} '''D.C. United''' is an American professional men's [[fitbaw|fitba]] club based in [[Washington, D.C.]] that competes in the Eastern Conference o [[Major League Soccer]] (MLS), the tap tier o American fitba. Domestically, the club haes wan fower [[MLS Cup]]s (league championships), fower [[Supporters' Shield]]s (league regular saison), three [[U.S. Open Cup]]s (domestic cups), an sax Eastern Conference championships. In internaitional competitions, the club haes ane [[CONCACAF Champions Cup]] title an ane [[Copa Interamericana]], the anely American team tae win the latter. In terms o trophies wan, it is the joint-maist successful overall club in American fitba (tied wi the [[New York Cosmos (1970–1985)|New York Cosmos]] an [[LA Galaxy]]). Foondit in 1994, the club wis an inaugural franchise in [[Major League Soccer]], playin in MLS syne its first saison in 1996. The club played a majority o its matches at [[Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium]] frae 1996 till 2017 afore muivin tae the fitba-specific stadium [[Audi Field]], in 2018, whaur it haes played syne. D.C. United wis ane o the premier franchises in Major League Soccer, an in American fitba in the late 1990s, whaur it wan the bulk o its trophies. Players sic as Raúl Díaz Arce, Marco Etcheverry, Roy Lassiter, Jaime Moreno, Ben Olsen, an Eddie Pope, alang wi heid coach, [[Bruce Arena]], helped the club win aucht o their 12 major titles frae 1996 through 2000. The club wad win an MLS Cup, a U.S. Open Cup, an twa Supporters' Shield titles unner Piotr Nowak an Tom Soehn in the mid-tae-late 2000s. In 2013, unner the management o Ben Olsen, the club wan the U.S. Open Cup, its maist recent major trophy. Throu the 2010s an intae the 2020s the club haed a puir spell, wi anely ane major trophy, several seasons athoot the playoffs, an mair nor ane last-place finish in the league. Durin this time, some heich-profile acquisitions joined United, includin [[Wayne Rooney]], an several hamegrown players began makin impacts on the United squad includin Bill Hamid, Andy Najar, an Kevin Paredes. Efter a string o puir seasons, Olsen wis sacked in 2020 efter ten year as heid coach. Syne then the club haes haed fower heid coaches in sax year, amang them Hernán Losada, Rooney an Troy Lesesne. In 2026 the team is managed bi René Weiler. ==History== D.C. United's history haes seen spells o success an challenges, wi different managers an chynges in ownership shapin the club's journey in Major League Soccer. Afore the [[1994 FIFA Warld Cup]], the {{lang|en|[[United States Soccer Federation|United States Soccer Federation]]}} keepit its promise tae FIFA bi helpin tae foond a new professional league, that wad become [[Major League Soccer]] (MLS).<ref>{{Cite web |language=en|last=Baxter |first=Kevin |date=May 31, 2014 |title=World Cup in 1994 gave U.S. soccer the kick in the pants it needed |url=https://www.latimes.com/sports/soccer/la-sp-us-world-cup-mls-20140601-story.html |access-date=July 13, 2022 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> On the 15t o June, 1994, MLS selectit Washington, D.C. oot o twenty-twa applicants tae host ane o the league's first seiven franchises, wi three mair addit afore the league's launch.<ref name="overview">{{Cite web |url=http://web.mlsnet.com/about/ |title=General Overview |year=2009 |website=[[Major League Soccer]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625214719/http://web.mlsnet.com/about/ |archive-date=June 25, 2008 |language=en |access-date=June 26, 2009}}</ref> The team's nem wis chisen as a reflection o the names o European clubs, sic as [[Manchester United]] or [[Leeds United F.C.|Leeds United]], as weel as Washington bein the American caipital.<ref>{{Cite news |language=en|last=Yates |first=Clinton |date=June 30, 2015 |title=D.C. United almost had a different name |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/dc-sports-bog/wp/2015/07/30/d-c-united-almost-had-a-different-name/ |access-date=July 14, 2022 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |language=en|last=West |first=Phil |date=April 5, 2020 |title=How DC United and the San Jose Clash got their names and original look |url=https://www.mlssoccer.com/news/how-dc-united-and-san-jose-clash-got-their-names-and-original-look |access-date=July 13, 2022 |website=MLSSoccer.com}}</ref> The team's colours an original logo, alang wi thae o the ither ten original teams, war announced in October 1995, durin a presentation in New York Ceety.<ref name="overview2">{{cite web |year=2009 |language=en|title=General Overview |url=http://web.mlsnet.com/about/ |url-status=dead |work=[[Major League Soccer]] |access-date=June 26, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625214719/http://web.mlsnet.com/about/ |archive-date=June 25, 2008}}</ref> Black an white war gien as D.C. United's main colours, an reid as the club's second colour. In 1996, D.C. United, wi Bruce Arena as thair gaffer, suin becam ane o the leadin teams in MLS. Thay liftit twa MLS Cup titles, a U.S. Open Cup, the Supporters' Shield, the CONCACAF Champions' Cup an the Copa Interamericana in thair first twa seasons. The "magic triangle" o Jaime Moreno, Marco Etcheverry an Raúl Díaz Arce played a muckle pairt. The club's first gemme in 1996 wis the first ever MLS gemme, tho thay lost it. Efter fower consecutive MLS Cup appearances, the year 2000 brocht a dounturn for D.C. United. Thay endit up 11t oot o 12 teams an missed the playoffs for the first time, an thay did waur in CONCACAF an the U.S. Open Cup an aw. Efter a period o decline, the hirin o manager Peter Nowak in 2004 brocht the team back tae success. The team wan the MLS Cup in 2004 an becam a dominant force in MLS. Thay played in internaitional competitions an signed kenspeckle players sic as Freddy Adu. Tom Soehn took chairge as manager in 2007. The team wan the Supporters' Shield twa seasons rinnin but coudnae win the MLS Cup, tho thay wan the U.S. Open Cup in 2008. Efter a wheen o seasons athoot the playoffs, Soehn resigned in 2009. Ben Olsen, a former player, took ower as manager in 2010. The club haed a haurd stairt in 2010 but showed promise wi young players sic as Bill Hamid an Andy Najar. Unner Olsen thay got tae the playoffs an wan the U.S. Open Cup in 2013. In 2021, Hernán Losada wis appointit as manager, introducin an attackin style. Thay juist missed the playoffs, an Losada wis gane in 2022 efter disagreements an puir results.<ref>{{Cite web |language=en|last=Vertelney |first=Seth |date=May 10, 2022 |title=Ex-D.C. United goalkeeper Chris Seitz told a sad and strange Hernán Losada story |url=https://prosoccerwire.usatoday.com/2022/05/10/d-c-united-goalkeeper-chris-seitz-hernan-losada/ |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=USA Today}}</ref> [[Wayne Rooney]] teuk ower as manager but coudnae tak the team tae the playoffs in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |language=en|date=July 13, 2022 |title='An exciting challenge': Wayne Rooney introduced as DC United manager – video |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/video/2022/jul/13/wayne-rooney-introduced-as-dc-united-manager-video |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |language=en|last= |date=July 12, 2022 |title=D.C. United Name Wayne Rooney as Head Coach {{!}} DC United |url=https://www.dcunited.com/news/d-c-united-name-wayne-rooney-as-head-coach |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=dcunited |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=en|title=D.C. United and Head Coach Wayne Rooney Have Mutually Agreed to Part Ways |url=https://www.dcunited.com/news/d-c-united-and-head-coach-wayne-rooney-have-mutually-agreed-to-part-ways |website=dcunited.com |access-date=October 8, 2023 |date=October 7, 2023}}</ref> In Januar 2024 Troy Lesesne signed a three-year contract as heid coach.<ref>{{Cite web |last=dcunited |title=D.C. United Name Troy Lesesne as Head Coach {{!}} DC United |url=https://www.dcunited.com/news/d-c-united-name-troy-lesesne-as-head-coach |access-date=April 1, 2025 |website=dcunited |language=en}}</ref> ==Stadium== === RFK Stadium (1996–2017) === {{Main|Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium}} [[File:US v Germany at RFK - panoramio (1).jpg|thumb|[[Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium|RFK Stadium]] wis D.C. United's first hame]] Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium (RFK) wis hame tae D.C. United frae the club's first season in 1996 till the end o the 2017 season. The D.C. United Trainin Complex is set north o the stadium, an is whaur the Reserve Division team plays.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dcunited.mlsnet.com/t103/camps/academy/directions/ |title=D.C. United Academy Camps: Directions |year=2009 |website=D.C. United |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705062241/http://dcunited.mlsnet.com/t103/camps/academy/directions/ |archive-date=July 5, 2008 |access-date=July 9, 2009 |language=en}}</ref> RFK wis biggit in 1961 as a stadium for baith baseball an American fitba. Afore 1996, it occasiounally hostit fitba matches, includin the 1980 Soccer Bowl, the 1993 Supercoppa Italiana, an five matches durin the 1994 FIFA Warld Cup. Whan the Washington Nationals baseball team shared the field frae 2005 tae 2007, the playin surface an the size o the field war criticised.<ref>{{Cite news |language=en|last=Goff |first=Steven |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A16346-2005Apr26.html |title=MLS Officials: United Played on Irregular Field |date=April 26, 2005 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=May 27, 2009}}</ref> === Audi Field (2018–present)=== {{Main|Audi Field}} [[File:Audi_Field_June_25th.jpg|thumb|D.C. United flittit tae [[Audi Field]] in 2018]] Audi Field is a fitba-specific stadium at Buzzard Point in Soothwast, Washington, D.C., an haes a capacity o 20,000. It hostit its first gemme again Vancouver Whitecaps FC on July 14, 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |language=en|last=Giambalvo |first=Emily |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/dcunited/dc-united-debuts-audi-field-and-wayne-rooney-in-a-convincing-win-over-vancouver/2018/07/14/a1b843b6-86f9-11e8-8553-a3ce89036c78_story.html |title=D.C. United debuts Audi Field, and Wayne Rooney, in a convincing win over Vancouver |date=July 14, 2018 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=July 14, 2018}}</ref> The stadium's namin richts are awned bi Audi, wha signed a 12-year contract in Februar 2017. It wis designed bi Populous an Marshall Moya Design.<ref>{{Cite web |language=en |url=http://www.blackandredunited.com/stadium-news/2014/2/15/5414518/dc-united-stadium-project-buzzard-point-architect-populous |title=New D.C. United Stadium Renderings, by Architecture Firm Populous, Released |last=Bromley |first=Ben |date=February 15, 2014 |website=SB Nation |access-date=June 3, 2014 |archive-date=2021-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023213809/https://www.blackandredunited.com/stadium-news/2014/2/15/5414518/dc-united-stadium-project-buzzard-point-architect-populous |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/washington/breaking_ground/2016/04/d-c-united-stadium-has-a-name-at-least-tentatively.html |title=D.C. United Stadium Has a Name (at Least Tentatively) |language=en |last=Hansen |first=Drew |date=April 21, 2016 |website=Washington Business Journal |access-date=June 3, 2016}}</ref> Plans for a new stadium gaed back tae July 2006, whan D.C. United proponed biggin ane alang the Anacostia River near Anacostia Park, but fechts wi the ceety government forced the team tae luik at ither steids.<ref name="kravitz">{{Cite news |last=Kravitz |first=Derek |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/06/17/AR2009061703623.html |language=en|title=Fans Asked to Choose Where Team Should Find New Home |date=June 18, 2009 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=July 9, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |language=en|last=Nakamura |first=David |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/20/AR2007072002470_pf.html |title=Talks Fall Apart on Stadium for D.C. Soccer Team |date=July 21, 2007 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=September 6, 2009}}</ref> The tentative deal for the stadium wis announced on July 25, 2013,<ref>{{Cite news |language=en|url=http://www.stadiadirectory.com/deal-reached-for-new-d-c-united-stadium/ |title=Deal reached for new stadium |date=July 25, 2013 |work=StadiaDirectory |access-date=July 25, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927074329/http://www.stadiadirectory.com/deal-reached-for-new-d-c-united-stadium/ |archive-date=September 27, 2013}}</ref> which wad see a 20,000–25,000-seat stadium biggit on the steid, costin $300 million. It wis signed intae law on 30 December 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |language=en|url=http://www.wusa9.com/story/news/local/2014/12/30/vincent-gray-to-sign-four-bills-as-last-act-in-dc-mayors-office/21040219/ |title=Mayor Gray signs bill to fund DC United soccer stadium |date=December 30, 2014 |work=WUSA 9 |access-date=March 7, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402100035/http://www.wusa9.com/story/news/local/2014/12/30/vincent-gray-to-sign-four-bills-as-last-act-in-dc-mayors-office/21040219/ |archive-date=April 2, 2015}}</ref> Wirk stairtit on 27 Februar 2017,<ref name="Groundbreaking">{{Cite news |language=en |last=Rodriguez |first=Alicia |url=http://www.mlssoccer.com/post/2017/02/16/dc-united-announce-stadium-groundbreaking-ceremony-february-27 |title=DC United announce stadium groundbreaking ceremony on February 27 |date=February 16, 2017 |work=MLSsoccer.com |access-date=February 17, 2017 |archive-date=2017-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219141721/http://www.mlssoccer.com/post/2017/02/16/dc-united-announce-stadium-groundbreaking-ceremony-february-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> an the ribbon wis cut on 9 Julie 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |language=en|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/dcunited/dc-united-ushers-in-a-new-era-with-audi-field-ribbon-cutting-ceremony/2018/07/09/c7d02376-83d8-11e8-8553-a3ce89036c78_story.html |title=D.C. United ushers in 'a new era' with Audi Field ribbon-cutting ceremony |last=Giambalvo |first=Emily |date=July 10, 2018 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=July 10, 2018}}</ref> == References == {{reflist|30em}} == Freemit airtins == * {{Official website|http://www.dcunited.com/}} {{CONCACAF Champions League Winners}} [[Category:D.C. United| ]] [[Category:Soccer clubs in Washington, D.C.]] [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1995]] [[Category:1995 establishments in Washington, D.C.]] ptiukkf7u3jah5l3sv8tvo7ct7abk5s 0 231891 926985 894848 2026-11-08T21:49:16Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 926985 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Ebrahim Raisi|native_name={{nobold|ابراهیم رئیسی}}|image=Ebrahim Raisi (19.05.2024) (cropped).jpg|caption=Raisi in May 2024|order=8th|office=President of Iran|predecessor=[[Hassan Rouhani]]|successor=[[Mohammad Mokhber]] (acting)|term_start=3 August 2021|term_end=19 May 2024|1blankname={{nobreak|[[Supreme Leader of Iran|Supreme Leader]]}}|1namedata=[[Ali Khamenei]]|2blankname=[[Vice President of Iran|Vice President]]|2namedata=Mohammad Mokhber|office1=7th [[Chief Justice of Iran]]|term_start1=7 March 2019|term_end1=1 July 2021|appointer1=[[Ali Khamenei]]|1blankname1=First Deputy|1namedata1=[[Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i]]|predecessor1=[[Sadeq Larijani]]|successor1=[[Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i]]|office2=Member of [[Expediency Discernment Council]]|term_start2=14 August 2017|term_end2=7 March 2019|appointer2=[[Ali Khamenei]]|1blankname2=Chairman|1namedata2={{ubl|[[Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi]]|[[Sadeq Larijani]]}}|office3=[[Prosecutor-General of Iran]]|term_start3=23 August 2014|term_end3=1 April 2016|appointer3=[[Sadeq Larijani]]|predecessor3=[[Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i]]|successor3=[[Mohammad Jafar Montazeri]]|office4=[[Assembly of Experts|Member of the Assembly of Experts]]|term_start5=24 May 2016|term_end5=19 May 2024|constituency5=[[South Khorasan Province]]|majority5=325,139 (80%)<ref name="alef">{{cite web|title=اعلام آرای مجلس خبرگان رهبری در خراسان جنوبی|url=http://alef.ir/vdchvmnx623nxzd.tft2.html?335108|publisher=Alef|language=fa|date=27 February 2016|access-date=5 April 2017|archive-date=8 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708200533/http://alef.ir/vdchvmnx623nxzd.tft2.html?335108|url-status=live}}</ref>|term_start6=20 February 2007|term_end6=21 May 2016|constituency6=[[South Khorasan Province]]|majority6=200,906 (69%)|office7=2nd [[First Vice Chief Justice of Iran|First Deputy Chief Justice of Iran]]|term_start7=27 July 2004|term_end7=23 August 2014|1blankname7=[[Chief Justice of Iran|Chief Justice]]|1namedata7=[[Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi]]{{Clear}}[[Sadeq Larijani]]|predecessor7=Mohammad-Hadi Marvi<ref>{{cite web|title=از نمایندگی امام در مسجد سلیمان تا معاون اولی قوهٔ قضائیه|url=http://isunews.ir/11797/%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF-%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%88/|publisher=Sadegh Newsletter|access-date=5 September 2017|language=fa|date=2 March 2015|archive-date=4 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904235316/http://isunews.ir/11797/%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF-%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%88/}}</ref>|successor7=[[Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i]]|office8=Chairman of [[General Inspection Office (Iran)|General Inspection Office]]|term_start8=22 August 1994|term_end8=9 August 2004|appointer8=[[Mohammad Yazdi]]|predecessor8=[[Mostafa Mohaghegh Damad]]|successor8=Mohammad Niazi|birth_name=Sayyid Ebrahim Raisolsadati|birth_date={{birth date|1960|12|14|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Mashhad]], [[Imperial State of Iran]]|death_date={{death date and age|2024|05|19|1960|12|14|df=y}}|death_place=near [[Uzi, Varzaqan|Uzi, East Azerbaijan]], Iran|death_cause=[[2024 Varzaqan helicopter crash|Helicopter crash]]|resting_place=[[Imam Reza shrine]], Mashhad, Iran|alma_mater=[[Shahid Motahari University]]<ref name="bio">{{cite web|title=زندگی‌نامه حجت‌الاسلام و المسلمین سیدابراهیم رئیسی|url=http://raisi.org/page/biography|publisher=Official website of Seyyed Ebrahim Raisi|language=fa|access-date=5 April 2017|archive-date=23 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323021652/http://raisi.org/page/biography|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{Clear}}[[Qom Seminary]]<ref name="bio"/>{{Clear}}(both disputed)<ref name="BBC News فارسی-2021">{{Cite news|date=8 June 2021|title=مدرک تحصیلی ابراهیم رئیسی؛ 'شش کلاس' یا 'دکترا'؟|language=fa|work=BBC News فارسی|url=https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-features-57399380|url-status=live|access-date=8 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608112148/https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-features-57399380|archive-date=8 June 2021}}</ref>|party=[[Combatant Clergy Association]]<ref name="bio"/>|otherparty=[[Islamic Republican Party]]<br />(until 1987)<ref name="bio"/>|spouse={{marriage|[[Jamileh Alamolhoda]]<br />|1983}}|children=2|relatives=[[Ahmad Alamolhoda]]<br />(father-in-law)|nickname=''Butcher of Tehran''<ref>{{cite news | work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2024/05/20/ebrahim-raisi-iran-president-helicopter-butcher-tehran/ | title=Ebrahim Raisi, 'the Butcher of Tehran', hardline prosecutor who became Iran's president – obituary | date=20 May 2024 | access-date=23 May 2024 | archive-date=23 May 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523053620/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2024/05/20/ebrahim-raisi-iran-president-helicopter-butcher-tehran/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | work=[[NBC News]] | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/iranian-president-ebrahim-raisi-dead-63-helicopter-cras-rcna152967 | title=Iranian President Ebrahim Raisi, known for brutal crackdowns against political opposition, dies at 63 | date=19 May 2024 | access-date=23 May 2024 | archive-date=23 May 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523002753/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/iranian-president-ebrahim-raisi-dead-63-helicopter-cras-rcna152967| url-status=live |quote=Raisi was sometimes notably referred to as the "Butcher of Tehran"}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | work=[[ABC News (Australia)]] | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-05-21/ebrahim-raisi-the-butcher-of-tehran-rise-and-fall/103870706 | title=For Ebrahim Raisi, the 'Butcher of Tehran', life was one brutal rise. Then he came in for a 'hard landing' | date=20 May 2024 | access-date=23 May 2024 | archive-date=22 May 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522003820/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-05-21/ebrahim-raisi-the-butcher-of-tehran-rise-and-fall/103870706| url-status=live }}</ref>|website={{URL|https://raisi.ir}}|signature=Ebrahim Raisi signature.svg|native_name_lang=fa}} '''Ebrahim Raisolsadati''' ({{Lang-fa|ابراهیم رئیس‌الساداتی}}; 14 December 1960 – 19 May 2024) wis a Iranian politician thit sert as the 8t Preses o Iran frae 2021 til he dee'd in a Helicopter crash in 2024.<ref name="Iranian President Killed in Helicopter Crash">{{cite web|first= Ben |last= Shapiro|title= Iranian President Killed In Helicopter Crash |url= https://www.dailywire.com/news/iranian-president-killed-in-helicopter-crash|publisher= The Daily Wire. |accessdate= May 29, 2024}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Iranian Muslims]] [[Category:1960 births]] [[Category:CS1 Spaingie-leid soorces (es)]] [[Category:CS1 French-leid soorces (fr)]] iq8c27jzd3z3mtla7yt4ztoihp12cpc 0 232184 927186 908109 2026-11-09T08:24:25Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 927186 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Novi Sad railway station canopy collapse.jpg|thumb]] '''The fawin doun o the shelter at the railway station in Novi Sad''' wis an accident that happent on 1 November 2024 aroond 11:50 at the [[Novi Sad railway station]]. In the accident, 14 folk lost their lives, includin a six-year-auld lad, an three folk wur hurt. Three young men wur severely hurt an are in a life-threatenin condition. Amang the identified victims wur aicht Serbian nationals, an ae body frae [[North Macedonia]]. == Backgrund == In the year [[2021]], plans wur pit oot for the renovation an expansion o the station, as pairt o Serbia’s government ettles tae revitalise an modernise the rail infrastructure in the kintra, includin the introduction o high-speed trains.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.gradnja.rs/zeleznicka-stanica-novi-sad-brza-pruga-beograd-budimpesta/ |title=Whit the railway station in Novi Sad will look like an progress on the warks |date=21 December 2021 |work=Gradnja.rs |access-date=2024-11-01}}</ref> The renovation includit upgrades tae the lines, the biggin o a new platform, an a complete overhaul o the main biggin wi additional lifts for the disabled. Wirk began in September 2021.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.gradnja.rs/zeleznicka-stanica-novi-sad-rekonstrukcija-dron/ |title=Whit’s gaun on at the Novi Sad Railway Station tae accommodate the high-speed train |author=Igor Conić |date=14 February 2022 |work=Gradnja.rs |access-date=2023-09-23}}</ref> As a condition fur the upgrade, the Bosko Perosevic Brig wis demolished, an the [[Žeželj Railway Brig]] wis rebiggit, based on the projeck bi Aleksandar Bojović, duin bi the international consortium JV Azvi - Taddei - Horta Coslada International. The renovation wirk at the railwey station wis carried oot by the Chinese companies China Railway International an China Communications Construction Company (CCCC), as pairt o the [[Budapest—Belgrade railway]] projeck, that is pairt o a muckle international rail netwirk plan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://insajder.net/sve-vesti/vesti/projekat-od-vitalnog-znacaja-za-jugozapadnu-evropu-23259 |title=A project o muckle importance for southwast Europe |work=Insajder |access-date=2024-11-01 |archive-date=2024-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241104142531/https://insajder.net/sve-vesti/vesti/projekat-od-vitalnog-znacaja-za-jugozapadnu-evropu-23259 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The renovated station biggin wis appent on 19 Mairch 2022, wi the new line allooin speeds o up tae {{val|200|u=km/h}} atween Belgrade an Novi Sad.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gradnja.rs/zeleznicka-stanica-novi-sad-brzi-voz-soko/ |title=Whit the renovated station looks like an the departur o the high-speed train frae Novi Sad (video) |author=Igor Conić |date=18 March 2022 |website=Gradnja |access-date=2024-11-01}}</ref> == The Mishanter == On 1 November 2024, aroond 11:50, the shelter ower the main entrance tae the Novi Sad railway station fell doun. In the mishanter, 14 folk lost their lives, includin a six-year-auld boy, an three folk wur hurt.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.danas.rs/vesti/drustvo/dacic-zavrsena-akcija-spasavanja-u-novom-sadu/ |title=Dacic on the mishanter in Novi Sad: The rescue operation is complete, 14 deid an three hurt |date=2024-11-01 |website=Danas |access-date=2024-11-01}}</ref> Civil ingineer Danijel Dašić said that the shelter cam doun acause o an extra steel frame o gless panels that wis addit durin the renovation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.danas.rs/vesti/drustvo/gradjevinski-inzenjer-objasnio-kako-je-doslo-do-rusenja-nadstresnice-u-novom-sadu/ |title=Civil ingineer explains hou the shelter in Novi Sad fell doun |date=2024-11-01 |work=Danas}}</ref> == Reactions == The [[Government o Serbia]] declared [[2 November]] 2024 as a [[day o mournin]], whiles Novi Sad declared three day o mournin.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rtv.rs/sr_lat/vesti/drustvo/vlada-srbije-proglasila-dan-zalosti-zbog-tragedije-u-novom-sadu_1261205.html |title=The Government o Serbia declared a day o mournin acause o the tragedy in Novi Sad |date=2024-11-01 |website=RTV |access-date=2024-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241104142537/https://www.rtv.rs/sr_lat/vesti/drustvo/vlada-srbije-proglasila-dan-zalosti-zbog-tragedije-u-novom-sadu_1261205.html |archive-date=2024-11-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Republika Srpska]] also declared a day o mournin.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.srpskainfo.com/republika-srpska-ponosno-za-srbiju-oko-30-500-novih-pacijenta-srecanje-lidera-sda/ |title=The Republic o Srpska declared a day o mournin |date=2024-11-01 |website=Srpska Info |access-date=2024-11-01 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The President o [[Hungary]], [[Viktor Orbán]], expressed condolences tae Serbia an the faimiles o the victims.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dnevnik.rs/vesti/drustvo/madjarski-premijer-orban-izrazio-saucesce-povodom-tragedije-novom-sadu-nase-misli-molitve-su-uz-porodice-zrtava-2024-11-01 |title=Hungarian Prime Meenister Orbán expressed condolences acause o the tragedy in Novi Sad |date=2024-11-01 |website=Dnevnik |access-date=2024-11-01}}</ref> Serbian President [[Aleksandar Vučić]] cried oot for political an criminal responsibility cur the mishanter.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://n1info.rs/vesti/vucic-o-tragediji-u-novom-sadu/ |title=Vučić on the mishanter in Novi Sad: Ah cry for political an criminal responsibility |work=N1 |date=2024-11-01 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The Chinese consortium that did the renovation said that the shelter wisnae part o the renovation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://n1info.rs/biznis/kineski-konzorcij-o-zeleznickoj-u-novom-sadu-nadstresnica-nije-bila-predmet-rekonstrukcije/ |title=Chinese consortium on Novi Sad railway station: The shelter wisnae part o the renovation |date=2024-11-01 |work=N1 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Serbie]] 2e8hhqj0k14o1injiw3aw66wzmzryat 0 233511 926927 917183 2026-11-08T21:12:26Z Monospaced 75295 Redd-up, remove Fix Scots; gameplay an history addit, soorced 926927 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox video game | title = Minecraft | image = Minecraft Key-art.png | caption = Logo o ''Minecraft'' | developer = [[Mojang Studios]] | publisher = [[Mojang Studios]], [[Microsoft]] | designer = Markus Persson, Jens Bergensten | released = 18 November 2011 | genre = Sandbox, survival | modes = Single-player, multiplayer }} [[File:Minecraft Beta 1.8.1 Gameplay Screenshot.png|thumb|Survival mode in ''Minecraft'']] '''''Minecraft''''' is a sandbox [[video gemme]] makkit an published bi the Swadish company [[Mojang Studios]]. The first public alpha version cam oot on 17 Mey 2009,<ref name="Smith2012">{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Graham |date=6 February 2012 |title=The First Moments of ''Minecraft'' |url=http://www.pcgamer.com/2012/02/06/the-first-moments-of-minecraft/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227001022/http://www.pcgamer.com/2012/02/06/the-first-moments-of-minecraft/ |archive-date=27 December 2012 |access-date=1 January 2013 |magazine=[[PC Gamer]]}}</ref> an the full gemme wis released on 18 November 2011.<ref name="Heaney-2023">{{Cite web |last=Heaney |first=Samuel |date=16 April 2023 |title=The History and Evolution of ''Minecraft'' |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/the-history-and-evolution-of-minecraft |access-date=29 September 2025 |website=[[IGN]] |language=en |archive-date=23 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250923180205/https://www.ign.com/articles/the-history-and-evolution-of-minecraft |url-status=live}}</ref> It wis first makkit bi Markus "Notch" Persson, but it haes been awned bi [[Microsoft]] syne 2014.<ref name="Guardian2014">{{Cite news |last1=Stuart |first1=Keith |last2=Hern |first2=Alex |date=15 September 2014 |title=''Minecraft'' Sold: Microsoft Buys Mojang for $2.5bn |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/sep/15/microsoft-buys-minecraft-creator-mojang-for-25bn |access-date=9 August 2020 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=29 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929140935/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/sep/15/microsoft-buys-minecraft-creator-mojang-for-25bn |url-status=live}}</ref> It is the best-sellin video gemme o aw time.<ref name="Madan2019">{{Cite web |last=Madan |first=Asher |date=18 May 2019 |title=''Minecraft'' (Likely) Becomes the Best-Selling Game of All Time on Its 10th Birthday |url=https://www.windowscentral.com/minecraft-becomes-best-selling-game-all-time-its-10th-birthday |access-date=14 March 2026 |website=[[Windows Central]] |language=en}}</ref> == Gemmplay == [[File:Minecraft pig.jpg|thumb|A ''Minecraft'' pig]] In ''Minecraft'', players explore a warld that is procedurally generated as they gang, frae a seed that is chosen at random whan the warld is makkit, or that the player gies.<ref name="Beginner's guide">{{Cite web |last=Miller-Watt |first=Josh |title=''Minecraft'' Beginner's Guide |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/minecraft-beginners-guide/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711051549/http://www.gamesradar.com/minecraft-beginners-guide/ |archive-date=11 July 2012 |access-date=24 October 2012 |website=[[GamesRadar]]}}</ref> The warld is makkit up o three-dimensional blocks. Players can howk oot raw materials, mak tools an items, big structures, fecht hostile craiturs, an play wi or agin ither players. [[File:Peugeot 405 Minecraft Java mod by Iranian minecraft mods.png|thumb|A mod for ''Minecraft'' that adds a caur]] == History == Persson wis inspired bi ''Infiniminer'', a block-based minin gemme that first cam oot in Aprile 2009.<ref name="rubydung">{{Cite web |last=Persson |first=Markus |author-link=Markus Persson |date=30 October 2009 |title=The Origins of ''Minecraft'' |url=https://minecraftshader.com/the-origins-of-minecraft/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212110808/https://notch.tumblr.com/post/1144331509/seecret-saturday-1-but-i-failed-biomes-again |archive-date=12 December 2018 |access-date=7 May 2025 |website=The Word of Notch |via=[[Tumblr]]}}</ref> On 1 December 2011 he stuid doun frae development an haundit the lead tae Jens "Jeb" Bergensten.<ref name="bergleaddev">{{Cite web |last=Persson |first=Markus |author-link=Markus Persson |date=2 December 2011 |title=Och Med Dom Orden Så Passar Jag Micken |url=http://notch.tumblr.com/post/13633493969/och-med-dom-orden-sa-passar-jag-micken |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227053605/http://notch.tumblr.com/post/13633493969/och-med-dom-orden-sa-passar-jag-micken |archive-date=27 December 2011 |access-date=2 December 2011 |website=The Word of Notch |via=[[Tumblr]] |quote= |trans-title=And with Those Words, I Pass the Mic}}</ref> In September 2014 Microsoft annoonced that it wad buy Mojang, alang wi ''Minecraft'', for $2.5 billion.<ref name="Guardian2014" /> In Mey 2019, on the gemme's tent birthday, sales gaed ower 176 million copies, an ''Minecraft'' becam the best-sellin video gemme o aw time.<ref name="Madan2019" /> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Video gemmes]] {{Stub/Video Gemmes}} ey9m4imk4aerfypllqh3op67f0uudok 0 233519 927013 918876 2026-11-08T22:09:55Z Monospaced 75295 Updatit for the release: gemmepley, 2026 news an leaks, logo, soorces 927013 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox video game | title = Grand Theft Auto VI | image = Grand Theft Auto VI logo.svg | alt = The wirds "Grand Theft Auto" abuin a muckle "VI" in pink an orange | caption = The gemme's logo | developer = [[Rockstar Games]] | publisher = Rockstar Games | series = ''[[Grand Theft Auto]]'' | engine = [[Rockstar Advanced Game Engine|RAGE]] | platforms = {{ubl|[[PlayStation 5]]|[[Xbox Series X/S]]}} | released = 19 November 2026 | genre = [[action-adventur gemme|action-adventur]] | modes = [[single-pleyer]] }} '''''Grand Theft Auto VI''''' is an upcomin [[action-adventur gemme]] developit an published bi [[Rockstar Games]]. It is owin tae be the aicht main ''[[Grand Theft Auto]]'' gemme, follaein ''[[Grand Theft Auto V]]'' (2013), an the saxteent entry oweraw. Set athin the fictional [[US state]] o Leonida, based on [[Florida]], the story follaes the romantic criminal duo o Jason Duval an Lucia Caminos. Pleyers will be able tae freely roam Leonida's [[appen warld]], that maistly featurs the [[Miami]]-inspired [[Grand Theft Auto|Vice City]]. Follaein years o speculation an anticipation, Rockstar confirmed in Februar 2022 that the gemme wis in development. That September, fitage frae unfinished versions wis [[Data breach|leaked]] on the internet in whit journalists describit as ane o the mucklest leaks in the history o the [[Video gemme industrie]]. ''Grand Theft Auto VI'' wis formally revealed in December 2023. Follaein seevral delays, it is scheduled tae be lowsed on 19 November 2026 fur the [[PlayStation 5]] an [[Xbox Series X/S|Xbox Series X/S]]. == Gemmepley == ''Grand Theft Auto VI'' is a [[single-pleyer]] [[action-adventur gemme]] set in an [[appen warld]], pleyed in the third person as Jason Duval or Lucia Caminos. Ower the gemme, baith Jason an Lucia can pit on or loss wecht, an gin the pleyer keeps either chairacter waukin for days on end, it will shaw on thair face.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Purchese |first=Robert |date=27 August 2026 |title=GTA 6 officially has character weight and exercise systems, and even "multi-day benders" reportedly have a visible effect |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/gta-6-food-weight-exercise-benders |access-date=28 August 2026 |website=Eurogamer}}</ref> A "Criminal Profile" seestem keeps track o ilk pleyer chairacter's reputation frae whit thay dae, lik the honour seestem in ''Red Dead Redemption 2'' (2018).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hernandez |first=Patricia |date=27 August 2026 |title=GTA 6's New Reputation System Changes Everything About Playing the Game |url=https://www.polygon.com/gta-6-fame-honor-how-does-it-work-relationship-mechanics-netflix/ |website=Polygon |access-date=28 August 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260827233028/https://www.polygon.com/gta-6-fame-honor-how-does-it-work-relationship-mechanics-netflix/ |archive-date=27 August 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> In free roam, pleyers can split the twa up tae gang thair awn gates, or keep thegither an dae things as a couple.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wilde |first=Tyler |last2=Colp |first2=Tyler |last3=Park |first3=Morgan |date=26 August 2026 |title=New GTA 6 character swapping details revealed: Jason and Lucia can 'play as a couple, or go off and cause chaos independently' |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/games/grand-theft-auto/big-new-gta-6-gameplay-details-revealed-including-specifics-about-jason-and-lucia-character-swapping-play-as-a-couple-or-go-off-and-cause-chaos-independently/ |work=PC Gamer |language=en-US |access-date=28 August 2026}}</ref> The [[social media]] app Snapmatic comes back frae ''Grand Theft Auto V''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ferreira |first=Kyle |date=27 August 2026 |title=All the Confirmed GTA 6 Features Prior to the Extended Look on Netflix |url=https://primagames.com/featured/all-the-confirmed-gta-6-features-prior-to-the-extended-look-on-netflix |website=Prima Games |language=en-US |access-date=28 August 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Perry |first1=Kevin E. G. |date=27 August 2026 |title=GTA VI extended gameplay footage revealed after Netflix crashed due to high demand |url=https://www.the-independent.com/arts-entertainment/tv/news/netflix-gta-6-trailer-gameplay-down-b3040642.html |website=The Independent |language=en-GB |access-date=28 August 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260828054245/https://www.the-independent.com/arts-entertainment/tv/news/netflix-gta-6-trailer-gameplay-down-b3040642.html |archive-date=28 August 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> Pleyers can chynge Jason an Lucia's leuk, sic as thair hair, claes an accessories.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Park |first=Gene |date=27 August 2026 |title=Column {{!}} 'Grand Theft Auto VI' finally looks like the future |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/video-games/2026/08/27/grand-theft-auto-vi-trailer-shows-future-entertainment/ |work=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286 |access-date=28 August 2026}}</ref> == Settin an chairacters == ''Grand Theft Auto VI'' is an [[action-adventur gemme]] set athin an [[appen warld]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Maruf|first=Ramishah|date=2023-12-05|title=GTA 6 leak: ‘Grand Theft Auto’ trailer reveals game’s release date|url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/04/business/gta-6-trailer-release-leak|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-11|website=CNN Business|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Zwiezen|first=Zack|date=2023-12-04|title=Grand Theft Auto VI's First Trailer Drops Early After Leak|url=https://kotaku.com/gta-vi-gta6-first-trailer-gameplay-footage-details-leak-1851005265|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-11|website=Kotaku|language=en-US}}</ref> Its fictional [[US state]] o Leonida, based on [[Florida]], includes [[Grand Theft Auto|Vice City]], Grassrivers, an the Leonida Keys, based on [[Miami]], the [[Everglades]], an the [[Florida Keys]], respectively; as weel as Ambrosia, Moont Kalaga Naitional Pairk, an Port Gellhorn.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Collins|first=Riyah|last2=Richardson|first2=Tom|date=2025-05-06|title=GTA 6: New trailer released days after 2026 delay announced|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4g2grmrx4po|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-11|website=[[BBC]]|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Wilson|first=Iain|date=2025-05-06|title=Every GTA 6 location revealed so far|url=https://www.gamesradar.com/games/grand-theft-auto/gta-6-locations/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-11|website=GamesRadar+|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Harte|first=Charles|date=2026-11-19|title=Rockstar Shows Off Six Major Areas Of Vice City In Grand Theft Auto VI|url=https://gameinformer.com/2025/05/06/rockstar-shows-off-six-major-areas-of-vice-city-in-grand-theft-auto-vi|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-11|website=Game Informer|language=en}}</ref> The gemme warld parodies 2020s American cultur, wi satirical depictions o [[social media]] an influencer cultur, modren law enforcement tactics an technologie sic as polis bouk cameras, an references tae [[Internet meme|Internet memes]] sic as Florida Man. The story follaes a criminal couple: Jason Duval, wha wirkit fur local drogrinners in the Leonida Keys efter servin in the Airmy; an Lucia Caminos, [[Grand Theft Auto|the series]]'s furst non-optional female protagonist, wha wis imprisoned at Leonida Penitentiary efter fechtin fur her faimily frae [[Grand Theft Auto|Liberty City]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Middler|first=Jordan|date=2025-05-06|title=GTA 6’s cast of characters revealed, including a conspiracy theorist and strip club gangster|url=https://www.videogameschronicle.com/news/gta-6s-cast-of-characters-revealed-including-a-conspiracy-theorist-and-strip-club-gangster/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-11|website=Video Games Chronicle|language=en-US}}</ref> Follaein a dwined bank heist, the duo encoonter a state-wide conspiracy an are forced tae proteck ilk ither.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kennedy|first=Victoria|date=2025-05-06|title=GTA 6's second trailer is here|language=en|work=Eurogamer|url=https://www.eurogamer.net/gta-6s-second-trailer-is-here|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-11}}</ref> Ither chairacters include: Cal Hampton, Jason's paranoid freend; Boobie Ike, wha rins a business empire in Vice City; Dre'Quan Priest, awner o the record label Only Raw Records wi Boobie; Bae-Luxe an Roxy, a muisical duo signed tae Only Raw unner the nem Real Dimez; Raul Bautista, a saisoned bank robber; an Brian Heder, a langtime drog rinner in the Keys an Jason's landlaird.<ref name=":0" /> == Development an release == [[File:Rockstar North HQ, Edinburgh, Scotland.jpg|thumb|[[Rockstar North]]'s heidquarters in [[Edinburgh]]]] [[Rockstar Games]] begoud preliminary wirk on ''Grand Theft Auto VI'' in 2014 efter ''[[Grand Theft Auto V]]''<nowiki/>'s lowse, wi early development stairtin in late 2018 follaein ''[[Red Dead Redemption 2]]''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Schreier|first=Jason|author-link=Jason Schreier|date=2024-12-09|title=Grand Theft Auto VI Will Rule the Video Game Industry in 2025|language=en|work=Bloomberg News|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-12-09/-gta-6-release-date-will-decide-much-of-the-2025-game-calendar|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-11}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|last=Schreier|first=Jason|author-link=Jason Schreier|date=2022-07-27|title=Rockstar Games Cleaned Up Its Frat-Boy Culture — and Grand Theft Auto, Too|language=en|work=Bloomberg News|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-07-27/gta-6-release-date-rockstar-cleans-up-image-after-employee-backlash|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-11}}</ref> Principal production begoud in 2020,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Yin-Poole|first=Wesley|date=2025-05-15|title=GTA 6 Development Began 'In Earnest' in 2020 Following the 'Massive Success' of Red Dead Redemption 2, Take-Two Says|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/gta-6-development-began-in-earnest-in-2020-following-the-massive-success-of-red-dead-redemption-2-take-two-says|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-11|website=IGN|language=en}}</ref> code-named ''Project Americas''.<ref name=":2" /> Jason Schreier reportit the gemme wis "a moderately sized lowse" that wad expand ower time tae avoid its predecessors' developer crunch,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Schreier|first=Jason|author-link=Jason Schreier|date=2020-04-15|title=18 Months After Red Dead Redemption 2, Rockstar Has Made Big Cultural Changes|url=https://kotaku.com/18-months-after-red-dead-redemption-2-rockstar-has-mad-1842880524|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-11|website=Kotaku|language=en-US}}</ref> an that it wad featur twa [[Bonnie an Clyde]]–inspired protagonists, includin a [[Hispanic an Latino Americans|Laitina]],<ref name=":2" /> an "a signeeficant onwab mode" akin tae ''[[Grand Theft Auto Online]]''.<ref name=":1" /> He claimed the developers war cautiously subvertin the series's trend o jokin aboot marginalisit groups.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Middler|first=Jordan|date=2022-07-27|title=GTA 6 ‘will take place in Miami and feature a female protagonist’, it’s claimed|url=https://www.videogameschronicle.com/news/gta-6-will-take-place-in-miami-and-feature-a-female-protagonist-its-claimed/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-29|website=Video Games Chronicle|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2018, ''[[Rooster Teeth|The Know]]'' reportit that the gemme wad be set maistly in Vice City an pairtly in [[Sooth Americae]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Martin|first=Matt|date=2018-03-06|title=GTA 6 set in Vice City and South America, features first female lead character, releases in 2022 - rumour|url=https://www.vg247.com/gta-6-vice-city-miami-female-character-release-date|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-29|website=VG247|language=en}}</ref> an in 2021, Tom Henderson claimed its cairt coud evolve akin tae ''[[Fortnite]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bonthuys|first=Darryn|date=2021-07-01|title=GTA 6 Will Reportedly Only Be Out In 2025, Will Include Fortnite-Like Evolving Map|url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/gta-6-will-reportedly-only-be-out-in-2025-will-include-fortnite-like-evolving-map/1100-6493368/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-29|website=GameSpot|language=en-US}}</ref> The gemme is expectit tae uise the [[Rockstar Advanced Game Engine]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Thompson|first=Michael|date=2023-12-07|title=The GTA 6 Game Engine Looks Insane - IGN's Grand Theft Auto 6 Performance Preview|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/the-gta-6-game-engine-looks-insane-igns-grand-theft-auto-6-performance-preview|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-29|website=IGN|language=en}}</ref> It is the furst main ''Grand Theft Auto'' gemme syne the 1997 oreeginal (an the furst oweraw syne 2004's ''Advance'') nae tae be written bi [[Dan Houser]], wha left Rockstar in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=McCrae|first=Scott|date=2025-09-29|title=Rockstar co-founder Dan Houser confirms GTA 6 is "not going to be a story I wrote," but "I think it's going to be exciting"; "I think the world's probably had enough GTA from me"|url=https://www.gamesradar.com/games/grand-theft-auto/rockstar-co-founder-dan-houser-confirms-gta-6-is-not-going-to-be-a-story-i-wrote-but-i-think-its-going-to-be-exciting-i-think-the-worlds-probably-had-enough-gta-from-me/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-29|website=GamesRadar+|language=en}}</ref> The gemme becam heichly anticipatit in the years afore its annooncement,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cuthbertson|first=Anthony|date=2022-09-22|title=GTA 6 leak is ‘biggest in video game history’|url=https://www.the-independent.com/tech/gta-6-video-leaks-lucia-game-play-b2170267.html|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-29|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref> an some fans becam frustratit bi Rockstar's continued silence, pairticulairly efter it annoonced a re-lowse o ''Grand Theft Auto V'' in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bonthuys|first=Darryn|date=2021-08-31|title=Fan Invades German Show, Demanding GTA 6 Be Released|url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/fan-invades-german-show-demanding-gta-6-be-released/1100-6495767/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-29|website=GameSpot|language=en-US}}</ref> An individual received media attention fur interruptin seevral live stage an telly shaws tae reference the gemme. On 4 Februar 2022,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Skrebels|first=Joe|date=2022-02-04|title=GTA 6 Confirmed: Rockstar Finally Says It's in Development|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/gta-6-confirmed|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-29|website=IGN|language=en}}</ref> Rockstar confirmed development wis "weel unnerwey". In Julie, Rockstar annoonced ''Red Dead Online'' wad nae receive mair major updates as development resoorces wis widrawn tae focus on the upcomin gemme.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Robinson|first=Andy|date=2022-07-10|title=Rockstar says it ‘understands GTA6 needs to exceed expectations’|url=https://www.videogameschronicle.com/news/rockstar-says-it-understands-gta6-needs-to-exceed-expectations/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-29|website=Video Games Chronicle|language=en-US}}</ref> Industrie soorces statit Rockstar reallocatit addeetional resoorces efter planned remasters o ''[[Grand Theft Auto IV]]'' (2008) an ''[[Red Dead Redemption]]'' (2010) wis paused owin tae the backlash received bi ''Grand Theft Auto: The Trilogy – The Definitive Edition'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Zwiezen|first=Zack|date=2022-07-05|title=Red Dead Redemption, GTA IV Remasters Shelved After GTA Trilogy Debacle|url=https://kotaku.com/gta-iv-remastered-red-dead-redemption-canceled-rockstar-1849142371|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-29|website=Kotaku|language=en-US}}</ref> Rumours an analysts suggestit the budget surpassed $1–2 billion, makin it the maist expensive gemme iver developit,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Alt|first=Eric|date=2023-12-15|title=GTA 6: Grand Theft Auto VI could smash revenue records|url=https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20231214-gta-6-grand-theft-auto-vi-could-smash-revenue-records|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-29|website=[[BBC]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> tho the feegur remeens unverifee'd.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Huxley|first=Ben|title=GTA 6 budget rumours explained: How much has GTA 6 cost to make?|url=https://www.radiotimes.com/technology/gaming/gta-6-budget/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-29|website=[[Radio Times]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> In October 2026, Rockstar denied rumours that it cost ower $1.5 billion, tho it wadnae gie a feegur.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Yin-Poole |first1=Wesley |date=14 October 2026 |title=Rockstar Pushes Back on Rumor GTA 6 Cost More Than $1.5 Billion to Make, but It's Still Probably the Most Expensive Video Game of All Time |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/rockstar-pushes-back-on-rumor-gta-6-cost-more-than-15-billion-to-make-but-its-still-probably-the-most-expensive-video-game-of-all-time |website=IGN |language=en-US |access-date=16 October 2026}}</ref> ''Grand Theft Auto VI'' wan Maist Wantit Gemme at the Gowden Joystick Awards an Maist Anticipatit Gemme at [[the Gemme Awards]] in baith 2024 an 2025. Anticipation spawned a meme indicatin bemusement that ither surprisin events occurred "afore ''GTA 6''".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/games/grand-theft-auto/we-got-heel-cena-before-gta-6-even-john-cena-himself-is-comparing-the-20-year-wait-for-his-wwe-heel-turn-to-the-12-year-wait-for-the-next-grand-theft-auto/ |title='We got heel Cena before ''GTA 6''{{'}}: Even John Cena himself is comparing the 20-year wait for his WWE heel turn to the 12-year wait for the next ''Grand Theft Auto'' |last=Bailey |first=Dustin |work=GamesRadar+ |publisher=Future plc |date=4 March 2025 |accessdate=8 March 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250303192610/https://www.gamesradar.com/games/grand-theft-auto/we-got-heel-cena-before-gta-6-even-john-cena-himself-is-comparing-the-20-year-wait-for-his-wwe-heel-turn-to-the-12-year-wait-for-the-next-grand-theft-auto/ |archivedate=3 March 2025 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.spiegel.de/netzwelt/games/gta-vi-was-es-mit-dem-meme-we-got-before-gta-6-auf-sich-hat-a-0055b4bf-f65c-48a1-ac45-2bbe22f63c15 |title=Sogar Oasis und die Beatles sind zurück—was alles vor ''GTA VI'' passierte |language=de |trans-title=Even Oasis and the Beatles are back—what happened before ''GTA VI'' |last=Pütz |first=Florian |website=Der Spiegel |date=16 January 2025 |accessdate=8 March 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250116135846/https://www.spiegel.de/netzwelt/games/gta-vi-was-es-mit-dem-meme-we-got-before-gta-6-auf-sich-hat-a-0055b4bf-f65c-48a1-ac45-2bbe22f63c15 |archivedate=16 January 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/we-got-a-john-cena-heel-turn-before-gta-6-and-hes-in-on-the-meme |title=We Got a John Cena Heel Turn Before ''GTA 6''—and He's in on the Meme |last=Yin-Poole |first=Wesley |website=IGN |publisher=Ziff Davis |date=3 March 2025 |accessdate=8 March 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250303173315/https://www.ign.com/articles/we-got-a-john-cena-heel-turn-before-gta-6-and-hes-in-on-the-meme |archivedate=3 March 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> Seevral publishers awaitit a lowse date annooncement afore schedulin thair awn gemmes, wi ithers prepared tae reschedule tae avoid competeetion; Schreier cawed it "a massive gemme o 4D chess pleyin oot across the entire [[Video gemme industrie|video-gemme industrie]]".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/newsletters/2025-05-09/-grand-theft-auto-vi-delay-is-impacting-every-game-company |title=''Grand Theft Auto&nbsp;VI'' Delay Impacts Every Game Company |last=Schreier |first=Jason |authorlink=Jason Schreier |agency=Bloomberg News |date=9 May 2025 |accessdate=14 May 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250510161321/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/newsletters/2025-05-09/-grand-theft-auto-vi-delay-is-impacting-every-game-company |archivedate=10 May 2025 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Some industrie feegurs hoped it wad be selt fur US$80 tae $100—mair nor the standart $70—as it wad prompt a wider trend, but analysts thocht it unlikely as it coud leemit sales; in the end it wis priced at $79.99.<ref name="Reuters Price">{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/take-two-prices-grand-theft-auto-vi-7999-2026-06-24/ |title=Take-Two prices ''Grand Theft Auto VI'' at $79.99 |last=Soni |first=Adita |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=24 June 2026 |accessdate=24 June 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260624110214/https://www.reuters.com/technology/take-two-prices-grand-theft-auto-vi-7999-2026-06-24/ |archivedate=24 June 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> Circana predictit the gemme coud help "reboond" the mercat wi record consumer spendin; DFC Intelligence projeckit sales o 40 million an earnins o $3.2 billion in the furst year—doublin ''Grand Theft Auto V'', that haed the heichest-grossin gemme launch—includin $1 billion in preorders. Rockstar requestit employees cease remote wirk an return tae offices frae Aprile 2024 "fur productivity an security" as the release date drew near.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/rockstar-games-is-asking-employees-to-return-to-office-amid-gta-security-concerns |title=Rockstar Games Is Asking Employees to Return to Office Amid ''GTA'' Security Concerns |last=Borger |first=Will |website=IGN |publisher=Ziff Davis |date=28 February 2024 |access-date=29 February 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229015454/https://www.ign.com/articles/rockstar-games-is-asking-employees-to-return-to-office-amid-gta-security-concerns |archivedate=29 February 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-02-28/-grand-theft-auto-maker-tells-staff-to-return-to-office-five-days-a-week |title=''Grand Theft Auto'' Make Rockstar Games Asks Workers to Return to Office Five Days a Week |last=Schreier |first=Jason |authorlink=Jason Schreier |agency=Bloomberg News |date=28 February 2024 |access-date=29 February 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228220945/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-02-28/-grand-theft-auto-maker-tells-staff-to-return-to-office-five-days-a-week |archivedate=28 February 2024 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}</ref> The Independent Workers' Union of Great Britain (IWGB) criticised Rockstar fur contradictin thair promise tae maintain flexible wirkin condeetions; some employees war concerned it coud negatively affeck staff heal an morale an prompt resignations an crunch. ''Kotaku''<nowiki/>'s Zack Zwiezen reportit the decision wis pairtly tae avoid a delay, thou ither journalists an Rockstar's parent company, [[Take-Two Interactive]], said the gemme remained on schedule fur late 2025. The amoont o remainin wirk led employees tae expect a delay; in Mey 2025, the gemme wis delayed tae 26 Mey 2026. Tae keep the gemme secret, [[Rockstar North]]'s office in [[Edinburgh]] haed tae pit privacy film on its windaes tae stap drones takkin photies throu them.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Yin-Poole |first1=Wesley |date=September 11, 2026 |title=GTA 6 Developer Rockstar Says It Was Forced to Put Privacy Films on Its Buildings After Drones Were Used to Snap Photos Through Office Windows |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/gta-6-developer-rockstar-says-it-was-forced-to-put-privacy-films-on-its-buildings-after-drones-were-used-to-snap-photos-through-office-windows |website=IGN |language=en-US |access-date=12 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261012174351/https://www.ign.com/articles/gta-6-developer-rockstar-says-it-was-forced-to-put-privacy-films-on-its-buildings-after-drones-were-used-to-snap-photos-through-office-windows |archive-date=12 October 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> Rockstar fired 34 employees on 30 October 2025, citin public collogue an distribution o confidential information.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9v10rr1meeo |title=''Grand Theft Auto'' studio accused of 'union busting' after sacking workers |last1=McMahon |first1=Liv |last2=Vallance |first2=Chris |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=7 November 2025 |accessdate=12 November 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251112013202/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9v10rr1meeo |archivedate=12 November 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> The IWGB accused the company o union bustin, statin the employees war attemptin tae unionise wi labour organisers; thay protestit ootside [[Rockstar North]] an Take-Two's offices. The follaein week, Rockstar delayed the gemme tae 19 November 2026, citin addeetional polish. Journalists notit the firins did nae cause the delay but coud lead tae missed deidlines; a Rockstar North employee said morale wis "at rock bottom",<ref name="Union Morale">{{multiref2| {{cite web |url=https://www.gamepressure.com/newsroom/rockstar-north-morale-is-said-to-be-exceptionally-low-and-not-nec/z988f3 |title=Rockstar North morale is said to be exceptionally low, and not necessarily because of another ''GTA 6'' delay |last=Blazewicz |first=Jacob |work=[[Gamepressure]] |date=7 November 2025 |accessdate=8 November 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251107233616/https://www.gamepressure.com/newsroom/rockstar-north-morale-is-said-to-be-exceptionally-low-and-not-nec/z988f3 |archivedate=7 November 2025 |url-status=live}} |{{cite web |url=https://www.polygon.com/gta-6-delay-rockstar-employees-protest/ |title=As ''GTA 6'' gets delayed, fired Rockstar employees paint a grim picture |last=Hernandez |first=Patricia |website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |publisher=[[Valnet]] |date=7 November 2025 |accessdate=8 November 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251107233540/https://www.polygon.com/gta-6-delay-rockstar-employees-protest/ |archivedate=7 November 2025 |url-status=live}} }}</ref> an Take-Two's skare price briefly drappit bi awmaist 10%. Ither developers supportit the delay an Pols politeecian [[Witold Tumanowicz]] jokingly referenced it in a Sejm session; some pleyers expressit thair wanin interest but ithers foond it acceptable. Analysts expectit publishers wad reschedule thair gemmes tae tak ''Grand Theft Auto VI''<nowiki/>'s previous lowse windae or muive awey frae its new date tae avoid competeetion. In August 2026, Rockstar confirmed the gemme wad rin at 30 frames a seicont on baith consoles at lowse, doun frae the 60 that ''Grand Theft Auto V'' haed on consoles.<ref>{{cite web |last=Nasir |first=Hassam |date=29 August 2026 |title=Grand Theft Auto 6 will run at only 30 FPS on consoles at launch, no performance mode promised — even the souped-up PS5 Pro might not get 60 FPS support |url=https://www.tomshardware.com/video-games/grand-theft-auto-6-will-run-at-only-30-fps-on-consoles-at-launch-no-performance-mode-promised-even-the-souped-up-ps5-pro-might-not-get-60-fps-support |website=Tom's Hardware |access-date=1 September 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260901083304/https://www.tomshardware.com/video-games/grand-theft-auto-6-will-run-at-only-30-fps-on-consoles-at-launch-no-performance-mode-promised-even-the-souped-up-ps5-pro-might-not-get-60-fps-support |archive-date=1 September 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> There is nae PC version at lowse, but in October 2026 industrie soorces reportit it wad come tae PC in the first quarter o 2027.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Haslam |first=Oliver |date=2026-10-13 |title=GTA 6 could come to PC as early as Q1 2027, report claims — January-March launch window a huge improvement over 18-month GTA V wait |url=https://www.tomshardware.com/video-games/pc-gaming/gta-6-could-come-to-pc-as-early-as-q1-2027-leak-claims-january-march-launch-window-a-huge-improvement-over-18-month-gta-v-wait |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=Tom's Hardware |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Peters |first=Jay |date=2026-10-13 |title=GTA VI is reportedly launching on PC in Q1 of 2027. |url=https://www.theverge.com/games/1010098/gta-vi-is-reportedly-launching-on-pc-in-q1-of-2027 |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=The Verge |language=en-US}}</ref> === Promotion === In November 2023, [[Sam Houser]], the preses o Rockstar Games, annoonced the furst [[Trailer (promotion)|trailer]] wad lowse in early December tae celebrate the company's 25t anniversary. Athin five oors, the annooncement on Twitter surpassed twa previous posts aboot the gemme tae become the platform's maist-likit gemmin-relatit post, later surpassed bi Rockstar's post annooncin the trailer's 5 December lowse date, wi 1.8 million liks in 24 oors. Ither developers imitatit the annooncement's formattin tae promote thair trailers. On 4 December, a low-quality version o the trailer wis leakit on Twitter; in repone, Rockstar published the offeecial version on [[YouTube]], revealin the title, protagonists, settin, an 2025 lowse windae fur the [[PlayStation 5]] an the [[Xbox Series X/S]]. The trailer broke the record fur maist furst-day views on a non-muisic YouTube video athin 12 oors, wi 46 million, an, athin 24 oors, becam the thrid-maist-viewed oweraw, wi 93 million, an maist-likit gemme trailer, wi 8.9 million. It surpassed the lifetime viewership o ''Grand Theft Auto V''<nowiki/>'s 2011 reveal trailer athin twa days, wi 101 million views, an becam the seicont-maist-viewed gemme trailer bi Januar 2024, wi 168 million, an the seicont-maist-viewed trailer iver bi November 2025, wi 268 million. Its featured sang, [[Tom Petty]]'s "[[Love Is a Long Road (sang)|Love Is a Long Road]]", saw a near-37,000% increase in Spotify streams, haed awmaist 250,000 sairches on Shazam, an rankit seicont on the warldwide [[iTunes]] chairt. The trailer spawned fan-creatit recreations in ither video gemmes an mediums, includin as a brickfilm an in live-action. A seicont trailer wis lowsed on 6 Mey 2025, revealin the protagonists' fou names. It featurs the Pointer Sisters's sang "Hot Together"—that saw a 182,000% increase in Spotify streams—as weel as Wang Chung's "Everybody Have Fun Tonight", "Child Support" bi Zenglen, an Tammy Wynette's "Talkin' to Myself Again". Rockstar reiteratit the trailer wis makkit o cutscenes an gemmepley recordit on the PlayStation 5, follaein some viewers' doubts owin tae the heich graphical fidelity. Alangside the trailer cam an update tae the gemme's wabsteid wi 70 screenshots an seevral chairacter an location descriptions. The trailer received ower 475 million views athin 24 oors across aw platforms, surpassin ''Deadpool & Wolverine'''s record as the mucklest video launch. It wan Best Gemme Trailer at the Gowden Joystick Awairds in 2025. Rockstar unveiled the kiver airt on 18 Juin 2026 an annoonced that preorders wad appen on 25 Juin, initiatin the mercatin campaign, fur that Rockstar pairtnered wi [[Sony Interactive Entertainment]]'s [[PlayStation]]. Pheesical versions, conteenin anly dounload codes in lieu o disks, are set tae be available in stores on 12 November, allouin pre-loadin afore the gemme unlocks on its lowse date; journalists notit this follaed an existin trend an attreibutit the decision tae preventin leaks an reducin resellin, thou some retailers refused tae stock the gemme. Seevral pleyers an journalists creeticised the lack o disks, citin awnership restrictions, an the content lockit ahint the special edition: ''Ultimate Edition'' will grant addeetional in-gemme claethin, hairstyles, locations, missions, tattoos, vehicles, an wappens, whiles aw preorders receive the ''Vintage Vice City Pack'', featurin in-gemme items inspirt bi ''[[Grand Theft Auto: Vice City]]'' (2002) an its protagonist, [[Tommy Vercetti]]. As Vice City is based on [[Miami]], Rockstar wantit tae uise the real ceety tae mercat the gemme. The Miami-Dade Coonty Commission approved the campaign in September 2026, tho some local politeecians objectit, sayin the gemme promotes a cultur o violence.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ryan |first1=Valerie |date=September 16, 2026 |title=Miami commissioners approve GTA 6 marketing proposal ahead of game's release |url=https://www.nbcmiami.com/news/local/miami-commissioners-approve-gta-6-marketing-proposal-ahead-of-games-release/3859974/ |website=NBC Miami |language=en-US |access-date=15 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260920155508/https://www.nbcmiami.com/news/local/miami-commissioners-approve-gta-6-marketing-proposal-ahead-of-games-release/3859974/ |archive-date=20 September 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> Frae 1 October, the ruif o the Kaseya Center areena wis lit up wi a sign readin "Welcome to Vice City", that cost $975,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McKeand |first=Kirk |date=1 October 2026 |title=GTA 6 Lights Up the Kaseya Center in Miami |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/gta-6-kaseya-center |website=IGN |language=en-US |access-date=2 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261001162108/https://www.ign.com/articles/gta-6-kaseya-center |archive-date=1 October 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> The launch trailer cam oot on 15 October, an it wis revealed that the French electronic duo Justice wad write the gemme's oreeginal score;<ref>{{cite web |last1=Scullion |first1=Chris |date=15 October 2026 |title=Rockstar has revealed the official launch trailer for Grand Theft Auto 6 |url=https://www.videogameschronicle.com/news/rockstar-has-revealed-the-official-launch-trailer-for-grand-theft-auto-6/ |website=Video Games Chronicle |language=en-GB |access-date=16 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261017043107/https://www.videogameschronicle.com/news/rockstar-has-revealed-the-official-launch-trailer-for-grand-theft-auto-6/ |archive-date=17 October 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> thay makkit three oors o muisic for it.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Yin-Poole |first1=Wesley |date=29 October 2026 |title=The GTA 6: Original Score Has a Release Date and a Brand New Track You Can Listen to Right Now |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/the-gta-6-original-score-has-a-release-date-and-a-brand-new-track-you-can-listen-to-right-now |website=IGN |language=en-US |access-date=1 November 2026}}</ref> === Leaks === On 18 September 2022, a uiser kent as "teapotuberhacker" published 90 videos tae the wabsteid ''GTAForums'' shawin 50 meenits o wirk-in-progress gemme fuitage. Schreier confirmed wi soorces at Rockstar that the fuitage wis genuine, an ''[[The Guardian]]'' reportit it wis frae seevral stages o development, wi some videos aboot a year auld. The fuitage revealed a modren-day Vice City settin, contained animation an gemmepley tests, leivel layoots, an chairacter collogues, an depictit the pleyer chairacters, Lucia an Jason, enterin a strip club an robbin a diner. The hacker claimed tae be reponsible fur the Uber security breach frae the prior week, said thay haed dounloadit the files directly frae Rockstar's internal Slack groups, an threatened tae publish [[soorce code]], assets, an internal biggs o ''Grand Theft Auto V'' an ''VI''. Take-Two reponed bi submittin takdouns o videos shawin or colloguin the leaks hostit on YouTube, an contactit ''GTAForums'' an [[Reddit]] moderators tae remuive access. The hacker wrate that thay war wantin tae strike a deal wi Rockstar or Take-Two. Journalists describit the event as ane o the mucklest leaks in video gemme history; Schreier cawed it "a nichtmare fur Rockstar Games" that coud leemit employees' remote-wirk flexibility. The Jefferies Group analyst Andrew Uerkwitz cawed it a "PR disaster" that coud potentially delay the gemme an diminish staff morale, but wis unlikely tae impact reception or sales. ''The Guardian'' notit the leakit fuitage wis bein widely creeticised "bi ill-informed uisers" owin tae its quality, in maugre o nae bein representative o the final product. Some uisers erroneously claimed graphics an airt assets are finalised early in gemme development. In solidarity, seevral developers skared wirk-in-progress fuitage o thair gemmes an some, includin Cliff Bleszinski, Neil Druckmann, Rami Ismail, an Alanah Pearce, offered seempathies tae Rockstar. On 19 September, Rockstar confirmed the leak tae be a "netwirk intrusion" an lamentit the manner in that the gemme wis furst demonstratit, but did nae anticipate lang-term effecks on development. Thay disabled comments an replies on thair social media accoonts in the days follaein the leak. Take-Two eikit that steps haed been taken "tae isolate an conteen this incident". Take-Two's skare price drappit bi mair nor 6% in pre-mercat tredin that day, but rekivered durin regular tredin oors follaein thair statement. [[Uber (company)|Uber]] acknawledgit the potential links tae thair security breach an notit thay war wirkin wi the [[Federal Bureau o Investigation]] an the [[Unitit States Depairtment o Juistice]]. Thay believed the hacker wis affiliatit wi the group Lapsus$, that wis thoucht tae hae breached companies sic as [[Microsoft]], [[Nvidia]], an [[Samsung]] ower the precedin year. Strauss Zelnick, Take-Two's chairman an [[chief executive officer]], said the incident caused the companies tae become mair vigilant wi cybersecurity an haed impactit staff emotionally but business remained unaffectit. Rockstar later claimed the incident cost the company $5 million an thoosands o staff oors tae rekiver. A 17-year-auld lad frae [[Oxfordshire]]—identifee'd as "teapotuberhacker" an a key memmer o Lapsus$—wis arrestit bi the Ceety o Lunnon Polis on 22 September as pairt o an investigation supportit bi the Naitional Cyber Crime Unit an American federal law enforcement. Whiles on bail fur hackin EE an Nvidia an unner [[Polis|polis protection]] at a Travelodge hotel, he breached Rockstar uisin a mobile phone, televeesion, an an Amazon Fire TV Stick, an threatened tae lowse the soorce code in a Slack message tae aw Rockstar staff. Appearin afore Highbury Corner Youth Coort, he pleadit guilty tae twa coonts o breachin bail condeetions an nae guilty tae twa coonts o computer misuse. The case wis referred tae a heicher coort whiles the lad wis remanded tae a yung offender institution. In mid-2023, he stuid trial at Soothwark Croun Coort fur twalve offences, includin sax coonts o computer misuse, three o bleckmail, an twa o fraud. He wis deemed unfit tae staund trial owin tae his [[autism]]; insteid o assessin his guilt, a jury determined he haed committit the acks. A judge placed him unner an indefinite hospital order in December fur bein a heich public risk as he expressed an intent tae continue committin cybercrimes. On 1 Januar 2025, a Reddit uiser postit a photograph an twa videos o a PlayStation 5 development kit rinnin the gemme, taken bi a person wha "wirkit at the Rockstar office fur a few months" in mid-2021; the post wis later deletit. Based on the office's surroondins, ''Eurogamer'' determined the photograph an videos wis taken at Rockstar San Diego. ''Polygon''<nowiki/>'s Ian Walker foond nae new information wis revealed frae the post, that he cawed the "warst leak o aw time". Mony considered the appenin o the seicont trailer in Mey 2025—whaurin Jason is "juist fixin some leaks"—a reference tae the gemme's leaks. In November, fuitage imitatin the gemme received millions o views afore the creator admittit it wis a deepfake. Later that week, some development fuitage wis spottit in a umwhile Rockstar animator's demo reel. In August 2026, an accoont cawed "CyberLeek" leaked the gemme's cairt an seevral meenits o fuitage, an threatened tae leak mair unless Rockstar chynged its plans for content anly in the special edition, an for sellin it wi nae disks.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/games/grand-theft-auto/new-gta-6-leaks-show-gameplay-and-the-full-leonida-map-as-rockstar-issues-dmca-takedowns/ |title=New ''GTA 6'' leaks show gameplay and the full Leonida map as Rockstar issues DMCA takedowns |last=Bailey |first=Dustin |work=GamesRadar+ |publisher=Future plc |date=18 August 2026 |accessdate=19 August 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260818224004/https://www.gamesradar.com/games/grand-theft-auto/new-gta-6-leaks-show-gameplay-and-the-full-leonida-map-as-rockstar-issues-dmca-takedowns/ |archivedate=18 August 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.polygon.com/gta-6-hackers-cyberleek-physical-discs/ |title=''GTA 6'' hackers say new leak is meant to punish Rockstar for the game's lack of discs |last=Hernandez |first=Patricia |website=Polygon |publisher=Valnet |date=18 August 2026 |accessdate=19 August 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260818223907/https://www.polygon.com/gta-6-hackers-cyberleek-physical-discs/ |archivedate=18 August 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> At least saxteen videos war leaked ower nine days.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://mashable.com/entertainment/grand-theft-auto-vi-cyberleek-leaks-august-26 |title=''GTA VI'' Cyberleek update: Everything leaked Wednesday and earlier this week |last=Perry |first=Alex |agency=Mashable |date=26 August 2026 |accessdate=27 August 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260826221559/https://mashable.com/entertainment/grand-theft-auto-6-cyberleek-leaks-everything-posted-so-far |archivedate=26 August 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> Take-Two askit a coort in New York for subpoenas tae get records frae Discord, [[Microsoft]] an X Corp., tae fin oot wha CyberLeek wis.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kotaku.com/take-two-subpoenas-microsoft-and-discord-records-related-to-spread-of-gta-6-leaks-2000726633 |title=Take-Two Asks Court To Subpoena Trove Of Records From Microsoft And Discord As It Hunts For ''GTA 6'' Leaker |last=Gach |first=Ethan |website=Kotaku |publisher=G/O Media |date=21 August 2026 |accessdate=23 August 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260821142145/https://kotaku.com/take-two-subpoenas-microsoft-and-discord-records-related-to-spread-of-gta-6-leaks-2000726633 |archivedate=21 August 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> Rockstar acknawledgit the leaks on 26 August, cawin them "heartbreaking for our team", an apologised for the delays tae development an mercatin.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c62eg71e1z2o |title=Rockstar Games breaks silence on ''Grand Theft Auto 6'' leaks |last=Richardson |first=Tom |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=26 August 2026 |accessdate=27 August 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260826211151/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c62eg71e1z2o |archivedate=26 August 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} == Fremmit airtins == {{sister project links|d=Q23648408|q=Grand Theft Auto VI|c=category:Grand Theft Auto VI|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|wikt=no|s=no|species=no}} * {{Offeecial wabsteid|https://www.rockstargames.com/VI}} {{portal bar|Florida|Video gemmes}} [[Category:Action-adventur gemmes]] [[Category:The Gemme Awairds winners]] [[Category:Gowden Joystick Awaird winners]] [[Category:Grand Theft Auto|6]] [[Category:Appen-warld video gemmes]] [[Category:Organisit crime video gemmes]] [[Category:PlayStation 5 gemmes]] [[Category:Rockstar Advanced Game Engine gemmes]] [[Category:Rockstar Games gemmes]] [[Category:Upcomin video gemmes scheduled fur 2026]] [[Category:Video gemmes featurin female protagonists]] [[Category:Video gemmes set in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Xbox Series X an Series S gemmes]] eatir6vo94x4kn0bvfzlox5zauvctqi 927107 927013 2026-11-08T22:43:37Z Monospaced 75295 Award nems as published (The Game Awards, Golden Joystick Awards) 927107 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox video game | title = Grand Theft Auto VI | image = Grand Theft Auto VI logo.svg | alt = The wirds "Grand Theft Auto" abuin a muckle "VI" in pink an orange | caption = The gemme's logo | developer = [[Rockstar Games]] | publisher = Rockstar Games | series = ''[[Grand Theft Auto]]'' | engine = [[Rockstar Advanced Game Engine|RAGE]] | platforms = {{ubl|[[PlayStation 5]]|[[Xbox Series X/S]]}} | released = 19 November 2026 | genre = [[action-adventur gemme|action-adventur]] | modes = [[single-pleyer]] }} '''''Grand Theft Auto VI''''' is an upcomin [[action-adventur gemme]] developit an published bi [[Rockstar Games]]. It is owin tae be the aicht main ''[[Grand Theft Auto]]'' gemme, follaein ''[[Grand Theft Auto V]]'' (2013), an the saxteent entry oweraw. Set athin the fictional [[US state]] o Leonida, based on [[Florida]], the story follaes the romantic criminal duo o Jason Duval an Lucia Caminos. Pleyers will be able tae freely roam Leonida's [[appen warld]], that maistly featurs the [[Miami]]-inspired [[Grand Theft Auto|Vice City]]. Follaein years o speculation an anticipation, Rockstar confirmed in Februar 2022 that the gemme wis in development. That September, fitage frae unfinished versions wis [[Data breach|leaked]] on the internet in whit journalists describit as ane o the mucklest leaks in the history o the [[Video gemme industrie]]. ''Grand Theft Auto VI'' wis formally revealed in December 2023. Follaein seevral delays, it is scheduled tae be lowsed on 19 November 2026 fur the [[PlayStation 5]] an [[Xbox Series X/S|Xbox Series X/S]]. == Gemmepley == ''Grand Theft Auto VI'' is a [[single-pleyer]] [[action-adventur gemme]] set in an [[appen warld]], pleyed in the third person as Jason Duval or Lucia Caminos. Ower the gemme, baith Jason an Lucia can pit on or loss wecht, an gin the pleyer keeps either chairacter waukin for days on end, it will shaw on thair face.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Purchese |first=Robert |date=27 August 2026 |title=GTA 6 officially has character weight and exercise systems, and even "multi-day benders" reportedly have a visible effect |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/gta-6-food-weight-exercise-benders |access-date=28 August 2026 |website=Eurogamer}}</ref> A "Criminal Profile" seestem keeps track o ilk pleyer chairacter's reputation frae whit thay dae, lik the honour seestem in ''Red Dead Redemption 2'' (2018).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hernandez |first=Patricia |date=27 August 2026 |title=GTA 6's New Reputation System Changes Everything About Playing the Game |url=https://www.polygon.com/gta-6-fame-honor-how-does-it-work-relationship-mechanics-netflix/ |website=Polygon |access-date=28 August 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260827233028/https://www.polygon.com/gta-6-fame-honor-how-does-it-work-relationship-mechanics-netflix/ |archive-date=27 August 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> In free roam, pleyers can split the twa up tae gang thair awn gates, or keep thegither an dae things as a couple.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wilde |first=Tyler |last2=Colp |first2=Tyler |last3=Park |first3=Morgan |date=26 August 2026 |title=New GTA 6 character swapping details revealed: Jason and Lucia can 'play as a couple, or go off and cause chaos independently' |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/games/grand-theft-auto/big-new-gta-6-gameplay-details-revealed-including-specifics-about-jason-and-lucia-character-swapping-play-as-a-couple-or-go-off-and-cause-chaos-independently/ |work=PC Gamer |language=en-US |access-date=28 August 2026}}</ref> The [[social media]] app Snapmatic comes back frae ''Grand Theft Auto V''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ferreira |first=Kyle |date=27 August 2026 |title=All the Confirmed GTA 6 Features Prior to the Extended Look on Netflix |url=https://primagames.com/featured/all-the-confirmed-gta-6-features-prior-to-the-extended-look-on-netflix |website=Prima Games |language=en-US |access-date=28 August 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Perry |first1=Kevin E. G. |date=27 August 2026 |title=GTA VI extended gameplay footage revealed after Netflix crashed due to high demand |url=https://www.the-independent.com/arts-entertainment/tv/news/netflix-gta-6-trailer-gameplay-down-b3040642.html |website=The Independent |language=en-GB |access-date=28 August 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260828054245/https://www.the-independent.com/arts-entertainment/tv/news/netflix-gta-6-trailer-gameplay-down-b3040642.html |archive-date=28 August 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> Pleyers can chynge Jason an Lucia's leuk, sic as thair hair, claes an accessories.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Park |first=Gene |date=27 August 2026 |title=Column {{!}} 'Grand Theft Auto VI' finally looks like the future |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/video-games/2026/08/27/grand-theft-auto-vi-trailer-shows-future-entertainment/ |work=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286 |access-date=28 August 2026}}</ref> == Settin an chairacters == ''Grand Theft Auto VI'' is an [[action-adventur gemme]] set athin an [[appen warld]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Maruf|first=Ramishah|date=2023-12-05|title=GTA 6 leak: ‘Grand Theft Auto’ trailer reveals game’s release date|url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/04/business/gta-6-trailer-release-leak|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-11|website=CNN Business|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Zwiezen|first=Zack|date=2023-12-04|title=Grand Theft Auto VI's First Trailer Drops Early After Leak|url=https://kotaku.com/gta-vi-gta6-first-trailer-gameplay-footage-details-leak-1851005265|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-11|website=Kotaku|language=en-US}}</ref> Its fictional [[US state]] o Leonida, based on [[Florida]], includes [[Grand Theft Auto|Vice City]], Grassrivers, an the Leonida Keys, based on [[Miami]], the [[Everglades]], an the [[Florida Keys]], respectively; as weel as Ambrosia, Moont Kalaga Naitional Pairk, an Port Gellhorn.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Collins|first=Riyah|last2=Richardson|first2=Tom|date=2025-05-06|title=GTA 6: New trailer released days after 2026 delay announced|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4g2grmrx4po|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-11|website=[[BBC]]|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Wilson|first=Iain|date=2025-05-06|title=Every GTA 6 location revealed so far|url=https://www.gamesradar.com/games/grand-theft-auto/gta-6-locations/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-11|website=GamesRadar+|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Harte|first=Charles|date=2026-11-19|title=Rockstar Shows Off Six Major Areas Of Vice City In Grand Theft Auto VI|url=https://gameinformer.com/2025/05/06/rockstar-shows-off-six-major-areas-of-vice-city-in-grand-theft-auto-vi|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-11|website=Game Informer|language=en}}</ref> The gemme warld parodies 2020s American cultur, wi satirical depictions o [[social media]] an influencer cultur, modren law enforcement tactics an technologie sic as polis bouk cameras, an references tae [[Internet meme|Internet memes]] sic as Florida Man. The story follaes a criminal couple: Jason Duval, wha wirkit fur local drogrinners in the Leonida Keys efter servin in the Airmy; an Lucia Caminos, [[Grand Theft Auto|the series]]'s furst non-optional female protagonist, wha wis imprisoned at Leonida Penitentiary efter fechtin fur her faimily frae [[Grand Theft Auto|Liberty City]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Middler|first=Jordan|date=2025-05-06|title=GTA 6’s cast of characters revealed, including a conspiracy theorist and strip club gangster|url=https://www.videogameschronicle.com/news/gta-6s-cast-of-characters-revealed-including-a-conspiracy-theorist-and-strip-club-gangster/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-11|website=Video Games Chronicle|language=en-US}}</ref> Follaein a dwined bank heist, the duo encoonter a state-wide conspiracy an are forced tae proteck ilk ither.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kennedy|first=Victoria|date=2025-05-06|title=GTA 6's second trailer is here|language=en|work=Eurogamer|url=https://www.eurogamer.net/gta-6s-second-trailer-is-here|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-11}}</ref> Ither chairacters include: Cal Hampton, Jason's paranoid freend; Boobie Ike, wha rins a business empire in Vice City; Dre'Quan Priest, awner o the record label Only Raw Records wi Boobie; Bae-Luxe an Roxy, a muisical duo signed tae Only Raw unner the nem Real Dimez; Raul Bautista, a saisoned bank robber; an Brian Heder, a langtime drog rinner in the Keys an Jason's landlaird.<ref name=":0" /> == Development an release == [[File:Rockstar North HQ, Edinburgh, Scotland.jpg|thumb|[[Rockstar North]]'s heidquarters in [[Edinburgh]]]] [[Rockstar Games]] begoud preliminary wirk on ''Grand Theft Auto VI'' in 2014 efter ''[[Grand Theft Auto V]]''<nowiki/>'s lowse, wi early development stairtin in late 2018 follaein ''[[Red Dead Redemption 2]]''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Schreier|first=Jason|author-link=Jason Schreier|date=2024-12-09|title=Grand Theft Auto VI Will Rule the Video Game Industry in 2025|language=en|work=Bloomberg News|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-12-09/-gta-6-release-date-will-decide-much-of-the-2025-game-calendar|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-11}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|last=Schreier|first=Jason|author-link=Jason Schreier|date=2022-07-27|title=Rockstar Games Cleaned Up Its Frat-Boy Culture — and Grand Theft Auto, Too|language=en|work=Bloomberg News|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-07-27/gta-6-release-date-rockstar-cleans-up-image-after-employee-backlash|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-11}}</ref> Principal production begoud in 2020,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Yin-Poole|first=Wesley|date=2025-05-15|title=GTA 6 Development Began 'In Earnest' in 2020 Following the 'Massive Success' of Red Dead Redemption 2, Take-Two Says|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/gta-6-development-began-in-earnest-in-2020-following-the-massive-success-of-red-dead-redemption-2-take-two-says|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-11|website=IGN|language=en}}</ref> code-named ''Project Americas''.<ref name=":2" /> Jason Schreier reportit the gemme wis "a moderately sized lowse" that wad expand ower time tae avoid its predecessors' developer crunch,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Schreier|first=Jason|author-link=Jason Schreier|date=2020-04-15|title=18 Months After Red Dead Redemption 2, Rockstar Has Made Big Cultural Changes|url=https://kotaku.com/18-months-after-red-dead-redemption-2-rockstar-has-mad-1842880524|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-11|website=Kotaku|language=en-US}}</ref> an that it wad featur twa [[Bonnie an Clyde]]–inspired protagonists, includin a [[Hispanic an Latino Americans|Laitina]],<ref name=":2" /> an "a signeeficant onwab mode" akin tae ''[[Grand Theft Auto Online]]''.<ref name=":1" /> He claimed the developers war cautiously subvertin the series's trend o jokin aboot marginalisit groups.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Middler|first=Jordan|date=2022-07-27|title=GTA 6 ‘will take place in Miami and feature a female protagonist’, it’s claimed|url=https://www.videogameschronicle.com/news/gta-6-will-take-place-in-miami-and-feature-a-female-protagonist-its-claimed/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-29|website=Video Games Chronicle|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2018, ''[[Rooster Teeth|The Know]]'' reportit that the gemme wad be set maistly in Vice City an pairtly in [[Sooth Americae]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Martin|first=Matt|date=2018-03-06|title=GTA 6 set in Vice City and South America, features first female lead character, releases in 2022 - rumour|url=https://www.vg247.com/gta-6-vice-city-miami-female-character-release-date|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-29|website=VG247|language=en}}</ref> an in 2021, Tom Henderson claimed its cairt coud evolve akin tae ''[[Fortnite]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bonthuys|first=Darryn|date=2021-07-01|title=GTA 6 Will Reportedly Only Be Out In 2025, Will Include Fortnite-Like Evolving Map|url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/gta-6-will-reportedly-only-be-out-in-2025-will-include-fortnite-like-evolving-map/1100-6493368/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-29|website=GameSpot|language=en-US}}</ref> The gemme is expectit tae uise the [[Rockstar Advanced Game Engine]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Thompson|first=Michael|date=2023-12-07|title=The GTA 6 Game Engine Looks Insane - IGN's Grand Theft Auto 6 Performance Preview|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/the-gta-6-game-engine-looks-insane-igns-grand-theft-auto-6-performance-preview|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-29|website=IGN|language=en}}</ref> It is the furst main ''Grand Theft Auto'' gemme syne the 1997 oreeginal (an the furst oweraw syne 2004's ''Advance'') nae tae be written bi [[Dan Houser]], wha left Rockstar in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=McCrae|first=Scott|date=2025-09-29|title=Rockstar co-founder Dan Houser confirms GTA 6 is "not going to be a story I wrote," but "I think it's going to be exciting"; "I think the world's probably had enough GTA from me"|url=https://www.gamesradar.com/games/grand-theft-auto/rockstar-co-founder-dan-houser-confirms-gta-6-is-not-going-to-be-a-story-i-wrote-but-i-think-its-going-to-be-exciting-i-think-the-worlds-probably-had-enough-gta-from-me/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-29|website=GamesRadar+|language=en}}</ref> The gemme becam heichly anticipatit in the years afore its annooncement,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cuthbertson|first=Anthony|date=2022-09-22|title=GTA 6 leak is ‘biggest in video game history’|url=https://www.the-independent.com/tech/gta-6-video-leaks-lucia-game-play-b2170267.html|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-29|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref> an some fans becam frustratit bi Rockstar's continued silence, pairticulairly efter it annoonced a re-lowse o ''Grand Theft Auto V'' in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bonthuys|first=Darryn|date=2021-08-31|title=Fan Invades German Show, Demanding GTA 6 Be Released|url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/fan-invades-german-show-demanding-gta-6-be-released/1100-6495767/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-29|website=GameSpot|language=en-US}}</ref> An individual received media attention fur interruptin seevral live stage an telly shaws tae reference the gemme. On 4 Februar 2022,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Skrebels|first=Joe|date=2022-02-04|title=GTA 6 Confirmed: Rockstar Finally Says It's in Development|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/gta-6-confirmed|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-29|website=IGN|language=en}}</ref> Rockstar confirmed development wis "weel unnerwey". In Julie, Rockstar annoonced ''Red Dead Online'' wad nae receive mair major updates as development resoorces wis widrawn tae focus on the upcomin gemme.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Robinson|first=Andy|date=2022-07-10|title=Rockstar says it ‘understands GTA6 needs to exceed expectations’|url=https://www.videogameschronicle.com/news/rockstar-says-it-understands-gta6-needs-to-exceed-expectations/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-29|website=Video Games Chronicle|language=en-US}}</ref> Industrie soorces statit Rockstar reallocatit addeetional resoorces efter planned remasters o ''[[Grand Theft Auto IV]]'' (2008) an ''[[Red Dead Redemption]]'' (2010) wis paused owin tae the backlash received bi ''Grand Theft Auto: The Trilogy – The Definitive Edition'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Zwiezen|first=Zack|date=2022-07-05|title=Red Dead Redemption, GTA IV Remasters Shelved After GTA Trilogy Debacle|url=https://kotaku.com/gta-iv-remastered-red-dead-redemption-canceled-rockstar-1849142371|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-29|website=Kotaku|language=en-US}}</ref> Rumours an analysts suggestit the budget surpassed $1–2 billion, makin it the maist expensive gemme iver developit,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Alt|first=Eric|date=2023-12-15|title=GTA 6: Grand Theft Auto VI could smash revenue records|url=https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20231214-gta-6-grand-theft-auto-vi-could-smash-revenue-records|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-29|website=[[BBC]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> tho the feegur remeens unverifee'd.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Huxley|first=Ben|title=GTA 6 budget rumours explained: How much has GTA 6 cost to make?|url=https://www.radiotimes.com/technology/gaming/gta-6-budget/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-29|website=[[Radio Times]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> In October 2026, Rockstar denied rumours that it cost ower $1.5 billion, tho it wadnae gie a feegur.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Yin-Poole |first1=Wesley |date=14 October 2026 |title=Rockstar Pushes Back on Rumor GTA 6 Cost More Than $1.5 Billion to Make, but It's Still Probably the Most Expensive Video Game of All Time |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/rockstar-pushes-back-on-rumor-gta-6-cost-more-than-15-billion-to-make-but-its-still-probably-the-most-expensive-video-game-of-all-time |website=IGN |language=en-US |access-date=16 October 2026}}</ref> ''Grand Theft Auto VI'' wan Most Wanted Game at the Golden Joystick Awards an Most Anticipated Game at [[The Game Awards|the Game Awards]] in baith 2024 an 2025. Anticipation spawned a meme indicatin bemusement that ither surprisin events occurred "afore ''GTA 6''".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/games/grand-theft-auto/we-got-heel-cena-before-gta-6-even-john-cena-himself-is-comparing-the-20-year-wait-for-his-wwe-heel-turn-to-the-12-year-wait-for-the-next-grand-theft-auto/ |title='We got heel Cena before ''GTA 6''{{'}}: Even John Cena himself is comparing the 20-year wait for his WWE heel turn to the 12-year wait for the next ''Grand Theft Auto'' |last=Bailey |first=Dustin |work=GamesRadar+ |publisher=Future plc |date=4 March 2025 |accessdate=8 March 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250303192610/https://www.gamesradar.com/games/grand-theft-auto/we-got-heel-cena-before-gta-6-even-john-cena-himself-is-comparing-the-20-year-wait-for-his-wwe-heel-turn-to-the-12-year-wait-for-the-next-grand-theft-auto/ |archivedate=3 March 2025 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.spiegel.de/netzwelt/games/gta-vi-was-es-mit-dem-meme-we-got-before-gta-6-auf-sich-hat-a-0055b4bf-f65c-48a1-ac45-2bbe22f63c15 |title=Sogar Oasis und die Beatles sind zurück—was alles vor ''GTA VI'' passierte |language=de |trans-title=Even Oasis and the Beatles are back—what happened before ''GTA VI'' |last=Pütz |first=Florian |website=Der Spiegel |date=16 January 2025 |accessdate=8 March 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250116135846/https://www.spiegel.de/netzwelt/games/gta-vi-was-es-mit-dem-meme-we-got-before-gta-6-auf-sich-hat-a-0055b4bf-f65c-48a1-ac45-2bbe22f63c15 |archivedate=16 January 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/we-got-a-john-cena-heel-turn-before-gta-6-and-hes-in-on-the-meme |title=We Got a John Cena Heel Turn Before ''GTA 6''—and He's in on the Meme |last=Yin-Poole |first=Wesley |website=IGN |publisher=Ziff Davis |date=3 March 2025 |accessdate=8 March 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250303173315/https://www.ign.com/articles/we-got-a-john-cena-heel-turn-before-gta-6-and-hes-in-on-the-meme |archivedate=3 March 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> Seevral publishers awaitit a lowse date annooncement afore schedulin thair awn gemmes, wi ithers prepared tae reschedule tae avoid competeetion; Schreier cawed it "a massive gemme o 4D chess pleyin oot across the entire [[Video gemme industrie|video-gemme industrie]]".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/newsletters/2025-05-09/-grand-theft-auto-vi-delay-is-impacting-every-game-company |title=''Grand Theft Auto&nbsp;VI'' Delay Impacts Every Game Company |last=Schreier |first=Jason |authorlink=Jason Schreier |agency=Bloomberg News |date=9 May 2025 |accessdate=14 May 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250510161321/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/newsletters/2025-05-09/-grand-theft-auto-vi-delay-is-impacting-every-game-company |archivedate=10 May 2025 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Some industrie feegurs hoped it wad be selt fur US$80 tae $100—mair nor the standart $70—as it wad prompt a wider trend, but analysts thocht it unlikely as it coud leemit sales; in the end it wis priced at $79.99.<ref name="Reuters Price">{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/take-two-prices-grand-theft-auto-vi-7999-2026-06-24/ |title=Take-Two prices ''Grand Theft Auto VI'' at $79.99 |last=Soni |first=Adita |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=24 June 2026 |accessdate=24 June 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260624110214/https://www.reuters.com/technology/take-two-prices-grand-theft-auto-vi-7999-2026-06-24/ |archivedate=24 June 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> Circana predictit the gemme coud help "reboond" the mercat wi record consumer spendin; DFC Intelligence projeckit sales o 40 million an earnins o $3.2 billion in the furst year—doublin ''Grand Theft Auto V'', that haed the heichest-grossin gemme launch—includin $1 billion in preorders. Rockstar requestit employees cease remote wirk an return tae offices frae Aprile 2024 "fur productivity an security" as the release date drew near.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/rockstar-games-is-asking-employees-to-return-to-office-amid-gta-security-concerns |title=Rockstar Games Is Asking Employees to Return to Office Amid ''GTA'' Security Concerns |last=Borger |first=Will |website=IGN |publisher=Ziff Davis |date=28 February 2024 |access-date=29 February 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229015454/https://www.ign.com/articles/rockstar-games-is-asking-employees-to-return-to-office-amid-gta-security-concerns |archivedate=29 February 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-02-28/-grand-theft-auto-maker-tells-staff-to-return-to-office-five-days-a-week |title=''Grand Theft Auto'' Make Rockstar Games Asks Workers to Return to Office Five Days a Week |last=Schreier |first=Jason |authorlink=Jason Schreier |agency=Bloomberg News |date=28 February 2024 |access-date=29 February 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228220945/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-02-28/-grand-theft-auto-maker-tells-staff-to-return-to-office-five-days-a-week |archivedate=28 February 2024 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}</ref> The Independent Workers' Union of Great Britain (IWGB) criticised Rockstar fur contradictin thair promise tae maintain flexible wirkin condeetions; some employees war concerned it coud negatively affeck staff heal an morale an prompt resignations an crunch. ''Kotaku''<nowiki/>'s Zack Zwiezen reportit the decision wis pairtly tae avoid a delay, thou ither journalists an Rockstar's parent company, [[Take-Two Interactive]], said the gemme remained on schedule fur late 2025. The amoont o remainin wirk led employees tae expect a delay; in Mey 2025, the gemme wis delayed tae 26 Mey 2026. Tae keep the gemme secret, [[Rockstar North]]'s office in [[Edinburgh]] haed tae pit privacy film on its windaes tae stap drones takkin photies throu them.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Yin-Poole |first1=Wesley |date=September 11, 2026 |title=GTA 6 Developer Rockstar Says It Was Forced to Put Privacy Films on Its Buildings After Drones Were Used to Snap Photos Through Office Windows |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/gta-6-developer-rockstar-says-it-was-forced-to-put-privacy-films-on-its-buildings-after-drones-were-used-to-snap-photos-through-office-windows |website=IGN |language=en-US |access-date=12 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261012174351/https://www.ign.com/articles/gta-6-developer-rockstar-says-it-was-forced-to-put-privacy-films-on-its-buildings-after-drones-were-used-to-snap-photos-through-office-windows |archive-date=12 October 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> Rockstar fired 34 employees on 30 October 2025, citin public collogue an distribution o confidential information.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9v10rr1meeo |title=''Grand Theft Auto'' studio accused of 'union busting' after sacking workers |last1=McMahon |first1=Liv |last2=Vallance |first2=Chris |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=7 November 2025 |accessdate=12 November 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251112013202/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9v10rr1meeo |archivedate=12 November 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> The IWGB accused the company o union bustin, statin the employees war attemptin tae unionise wi labour organisers; thay protestit ootside [[Rockstar North]] an Take-Two's offices. The follaein week, Rockstar delayed the gemme tae 19 November 2026, citin addeetional polish. Journalists notit the firins did nae cause the delay but coud lead tae missed deidlines; a Rockstar North employee said morale wis "at rock bottom",<ref name="Union Morale">{{multiref2| {{cite web |url=https://www.gamepressure.com/newsroom/rockstar-north-morale-is-said-to-be-exceptionally-low-and-not-nec/z988f3 |title=Rockstar North morale is said to be exceptionally low, and not necessarily because of another ''GTA 6'' delay |last=Blazewicz |first=Jacob |work=[[Gamepressure]] |date=7 November 2025 |accessdate=8 November 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251107233616/https://www.gamepressure.com/newsroom/rockstar-north-morale-is-said-to-be-exceptionally-low-and-not-nec/z988f3 |archivedate=7 November 2025 |url-status=live}} |{{cite web |url=https://www.polygon.com/gta-6-delay-rockstar-employees-protest/ |title=As ''GTA 6'' gets delayed, fired Rockstar employees paint a grim picture |last=Hernandez |first=Patricia |website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |publisher=[[Valnet]] |date=7 November 2025 |accessdate=8 November 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251107233540/https://www.polygon.com/gta-6-delay-rockstar-employees-protest/ |archivedate=7 November 2025 |url-status=live}} }}</ref> an Take-Two's skare price briefly drappit bi awmaist 10%. Ither developers supportit the delay an Pols politeecian [[Witold Tumanowicz]] jokingly referenced it in a Sejm session; some pleyers expressit thair wanin interest but ithers foond it acceptable. Analysts expectit publishers wad reschedule thair gemmes tae tak ''Grand Theft Auto VI''<nowiki/>'s previous lowse windae or muive awey frae its new date tae avoid competeetion. In August 2026, Rockstar confirmed the gemme wad rin at 30 frames a seicont on baith consoles at lowse, doun frae the 60 that ''Grand Theft Auto V'' haed on consoles.<ref>{{cite web |last=Nasir |first=Hassam |date=29 August 2026 |title=Grand Theft Auto 6 will run at only 30 FPS on consoles at launch, no performance mode promised — even the souped-up PS5 Pro might not get 60 FPS support |url=https://www.tomshardware.com/video-games/grand-theft-auto-6-will-run-at-only-30-fps-on-consoles-at-launch-no-performance-mode-promised-even-the-souped-up-ps5-pro-might-not-get-60-fps-support |website=Tom's Hardware |access-date=1 September 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260901083304/https://www.tomshardware.com/video-games/grand-theft-auto-6-will-run-at-only-30-fps-on-consoles-at-launch-no-performance-mode-promised-even-the-souped-up-ps5-pro-might-not-get-60-fps-support |archive-date=1 September 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> There is nae PC version at lowse, but in October 2026 industrie soorces reportit it wad come tae PC in the first quarter o 2027.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Haslam |first=Oliver |date=2026-10-13 |title=GTA 6 could come to PC as early as Q1 2027, report claims — January-March launch window a huge improvement over 18-month GTA V wait |url=https://www.tomshardware.com/video-games/pc-gaming/gta-6-could-come-to-pc-as-early-as-q1-2027-leak-claims-january-march-launch-window-a-huge-improvement-over-18-month-gta-v-wait |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=Tom's Hardware |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Peters |first=Jay |date=2026-10-13 |title=GTA VI is reportedly launching on PC in Q1 of 2027. |url=https://www.theverge.com/games/1010098/gta-vi-is-reportedly-launching-on-pc-in-q1-of-2027 |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=The Verge |language=en-US}}</ref> === Promotion === In November 2023, [[Sam Houser]], the preses o Rockstar Games, annoonced the furst [[Trailer (promotion)|trailer]] wad lowse in early December tae celebrate the company's 25t anniversary. Athin five oors, the annooncement on Twitter surpassed twa previous posts aboot the gemme tae become the platform's maist-likit gemmin-relatit post, later surpassed bi Rockstar's post annooncin the trailer's 5 December lowse date, wi 1.8 million liks in 24 oors. Ither developers imitatit the annooncement's formattin tae promote thair trailers. On 4 December, a low-quality version o the trailer wis leakit on Twitter; in repone, Rockstar published the offeecial version on [[YouTube]], revealin the title, protagonists, settin, an 2025 lowse windae fur the [[PlayStation 5]] an the [[Xbox Series X/S]]. The trailer broke the record fur maist furst-day views on a non-muisic YouTube video athin 12 oors, wi 46 million, an, athin 24 oors, becam the thrid-maist-viewed oweraw, wi 93 million, an maist-likit gemme trailer, wi 8.9 million. It surpassed the lifetime viewership o ''Grand Theft Auto V''<nowiki/>'s 2011 reveal trailer athin twa days, wi 101 million views, an becam the seicont-maist-viewed gemme trailer bi Januar 2024, wi 168 million, an the seicont-maist-viewed trailer iver bi November 2025, wi 268 million. Its featured sang, [[Tom Petty]]'s "[[Love Is a Long Road (sang)|Love Is a Long Road]]", saw a near-37,000% increase in Spotify streams, haed awmaist 250,000 sairches on Shazam, an rankit seicont on the warldwide [[iTunes]] chairt. The trailer spawned fan-creatit recreations in ither video gemmes an mediums, includin as a brickfilm an in live-action. A seicont trailer wis lowsed on 6 Mey 2025, revealin the protagonists' fou names. It featurs the Pointer Sisters's sang "Hot Together"—that saw a 182,000% increase in Spotify streams—as weel as Wang Chung's "Everybody Have Fun Tonight", "Child Support" bi Zenglen, an Tammy Wynette's "Talkin' to Myself Again". Rockstar reiteratit the trailer wis makkit o cutscenes an gemmepley recordit on the PlayStation 5, follaein some viewers' doubts owin tae the heich graphical fidelity. Alangside the trailer cam an update tae the gemme's wabsteid wi 70 screenshots an seevral chairacter an location descriptions. The trailer received ower 475 million views athin 24 oors across aw platforms, surpassin ''Deadpool & Wolverine'''s record as the mucklest video launch. It wan Best Gemme Trailer at the Gowden Joystick Awairds in 2025. Rockstar unveiled the kiver airt on 18 Juin 2026 an annoonced that preorders wad appen on 25 Juin, initiatin the mercatin campaign, fur that Rockstar pairtnered wi [[Sony Interactive Entertainment]]'s [[PlayStation]]. Pheesical versions, conteenin anly dounload codes in lieu o disks, are set tae be available in stores on 12 November, allouin pre-loadin afore the gemme unlocks on its lowse date; journalists notit this follaed an existin trend an attreibutit the decision tae preventin leaks an reducin resellin, thou some retailers refused tae stock the gemme. Seevral pleyers an journalists creeticised the lack o disks, citin awnership restrictions, an the content lockit ahint the special edition: ''Ultimate Edition'' will grant addeetional in-gemme claethin, hairstyles, locations, missions, tattoos, vehicles, an wappens, whiles aw preorders receive the ''Vintage Vice City Pack'', featurin in-gemme items inspirt bi ''[[Grand Theft Auto: Vice City]]'' (2002) an its protagonist, [[Tommy Vercetti]]. As Vice City is based on [[Miami]], Rockstar wantit tae uise the real ceety tae mercat the gemme. The Miami-Dade Coonty Commission approved the campaign in September 2026, tho some local politeecians objectit, sayin the gemme promotes a cultur o violence.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ryan |first1=Valerie |date=September 16, 2026 |title=Miami commissioners approve GTA 6 marketing proposal ahead of game's release |url=https://www.nbcmiami.com/news/local/miami-commissioners-approve-gta-6-marketing-proposal-ahead-of-games-release/3859974/ |website=NBC Miami |language=en-US |access-date=15 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260920155508/https://www.nbcmiami.com/news/local/miami-commissioners-approve-gta-6-marketing-proposal-ahead-of-games-release/3859974/ |archive-date=20 September 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> Frae 1 October, the ruif o the Kaseya Center areena wis lit up wi a sign readin "Welcome to Vice City", that cost $975,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McKeand |first=Kirk |date=1 October 2026 |title=GTA 6 Lights Up the Kaseya Center in Miami |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/gta-6-kaseya-center |website=IGN |language=en-US |access-date=2 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261001162108/https://www.ign.com/articles/gta-6-kaseya-center |archive-date=1 October 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> The launch trailer cam oot on 15 October, an it wis revealed that the French electronic duo Justice wad write the gemme's oreeginal score;<ref>{{cite web |last1=Scullion |first1=Chris |date=15 October 2026 |title=Rockstar has revealed the official launch trailer for Grand Theft Auto 6 |url=https://www.videogameschronicle.com/news/rockstar-has-revealed-the-official-launch-trailer-for-grand-theft-auto-6/ |website=Video Games Chronicle |language=en-GB |access-date=16 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261017043107/https://www.videogameschronicle.com/news/rockstar-has-revealed-the-official-launch-trailer-for-grand-theft-auto-6/ |archive-date=17 October 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> thay makkit three oors o muisic for it.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Yin-Poole |first1=Wesley |date=29 October 2026 |title=The GTA 6: Original Score Has a Release Date and a Brand New Track You Can Listen to Right Now |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/the-gta-6-original-score-has-a-release-date-and-a-brand-new-track-you-can-listen-to-right-now |website=IGN |language=en-US |access-date=1 November 2026}}</ref> === Leaks === On 18 September 2022, a uiser kent as "teapotuberhacker" published 90 videos tae the wabsteid ''GTAForums'' shawin 50 meenits o wirk-in-progress gemme fuitage. Schreier confirmed wi soorces at Rockstar that the fuitage wis genuine, an ''[[The Guardian]]'' reportit it wis frae seevral stages o development, wi some videos aboot a year auld. The fuitage revealed a modren-day Vice City settin, contained animation an gemmepley tests, leivel layoots, an chairacter collogues, an depictit the pleyer chairacters, Lucia an Jason, enterin a strip club an robbin a diner. The hacker claimed tae be reponsible fur the Uber security breach frae the prior week, said thay haed dounloadit the files directly frae Rockstar's internal Slack groups, an threatened tae publish [[soorce code]], assets, an internal biggs o ''Grand Theft Auto V'' an ''VI''. Take-Two reponed bi submittin takdouns o videos shawin or colloguin the leaks hostit on YouTube, an contactit ''GTAForums'' an [[Reddit]] moderators tae remuive access. The hacker wrate that thay war wantin tae strike a deal wi Rockstar or Take-Two. Journalists describit the event as ane o the mucklest leaks in video gemme history; Schreier cawed it "a nichtmare fur Rockstar Games" that coud leemit employees' remote-wirk flexibility. The Jefferies Group analyst Andrew Uerkwitz cawed it a "PR disaster" that coud potentially delay the gemme an diminish staff morale, but wis unlikely tae impact reception or sales. ''The Guardian'' notit the leakit fuitage wis bein widely creeticised "bi ill-informed uisers" owin tae its quality, in maugre o nae bein representative o the final product. Some uisers erroneously claimed graphics an airt assets are finalised early in gemme development. In solidarity, seevral developers skared wirk-in-progress fuitage o thair gemmes an some, includin Cliff Bleszinski, Neil Druckmann, Rami Ismail, an Alanah Pearce, offered seempathies tae Rockstar. On 19 September, Rockstar confirmed the leak tae be a "netwirk intrusion" an lamentit the manner in that the gemme wis furst demonstratit, but did nae anticipate lang-term effecks on development. Thay disabled comments an replies on thair social media accoonts in the days follaein the leak. Take-Two eikit that steps haed been taken "tae isolate an conteen this incident". Take-Two's skare price drappit bi mair nor 6% in pre-mercat tredin that day, but rekivered durin regular tredin oors follaein thair statement. [[Uber (company)|Uber]] acknawledgit the potential links tae thair security breach an notit thay war wirkin wi the [[Federal Bureau o Investigation]] an the [[Unitit States Depairtment o Juistice]]. Thay believed the hacker wis affiliatit wi the group Lapsus$, that wis thoucht tae hae breached companies sic as [[Microsoft]], [[Nvidia]], an [[Samsung]] ower the precedin year. Strauss Zelnick, Take-Two's chairman an [[chief executive officer]], said the incident caused the companies tae become mair vigilant wi cybersecurity an haed impactit staff emotionally but business remained unaffectit. Rockstar later claimed the incident cost the company $5 million an thoosands o staff oors tae rekiver. A 17-year-auld lad frae [[Oxfordshire]]—identifee'd as "teapotuberhacker" an a key memmer o Lapsus$—wis arrestit bi the Ceety o Lunnon Polis on 22 September as pairt o an investigation supportit bi the Naitional Cyber Crime Unit an American federal law enforcement. Whiles on bail fur hackin EE an Nvidia an unner [[Polis|polis protection]] at a Travelodge hotel, he breached Rockstar uisin a mobile phone, televeesion, an an Amazon Fire TV Stick, an threatened tae lowse the soorce code in a Slack message tae aw Rockstar staff. Appearin afore Highbury Corner Youth Coort, he pleadit guilty tae twa coonts o breachin bail condeetions an nae guilty tae twa coonts o computer misuse. The case wis referred tae a heicher coort whiles the lad wis remanded tae a yung offender institution. In mid-2023, he stuid trial at Soothwark Croun Coort fur twalve offences, includin sax coonts o computer misuse, three o bleckmail, an twa o fraud. He wis deemed unfit tae staund trial owin tae his [[autism]]; insteid o assessin his guilt, a jury determined he haed committit the acks. A judge placed him unner an indefinite hospital order in December fur bein a heich public risk as he expressed an intent tae continue committin cybercrimes. On 1 Januar 2025, a Reddit uiser postit a photograph an twa videos o a PlayStation 5 development kit rinnin the gemme, taken bi a person wha "wirkit at the Rockstar office fur a few months" in mid-2021; the post wis later deletit. Based on the office's surroondins, ''Eurogamer'' determined the photograph an videos wis taken at Rockstar San Diego. ''Polygon''<nowiki/>'s Ian Walker foond nae new information wis revealed frae the post, that he cawed the "warst leak o aw time". Mony considered the appenin o the seicont trailer in Mey 2025—whaurin Jason is "juist fixin some leaks"—a reference tae the gemme's leaks. In November, fuitage imitatin the gemme received millions o views afore the creator admittit it wis a deepfake. Later that week, some development fuitage wis spottit in a umwhile Rockstar animator's demo reel. In August 2026, an accoont cawed "CyberLeek" leaked the gemme's cairt an seevral meenits o fuitage, an threatened tae leak mair unless Rockstar chynged its plans for content anly in the special edition, an for sellin it wi nae disks.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/games/grand-theft-auto/new-gta-6-leaks-show-gameplay-and-the-full-leonida-map-as-rockstar-issues-dmca-takedowns/ |title=New ''GTA 6'' leaks show gameplay and the full Leonida map as Rockstar issues DMCA takedowns |last=Bailey |first=Dustin |work=GamesRadar+ |publisher=Future plc |date=18 August 2026 |accessdate=19 August 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260818224004/https://www.gamesradar.com/games/grand-theft-auto/new-gta-6-leaks-show-gameplay-and-the-full-leonida-map-as-rockstar-issues-dmca-takedowns/ |archivedate=18 August 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.polygon.com/gta-6-hackers-cyberleek-physical-discs/ |title=''GTA 6'' hackers say new leak is meant to punish Rockstar for the game's lack of discs |last=Hernandez |first=Patricia |website=Polygon |publisher=Valnet |date=18 August 2026 |accessdate=19 August 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260818223907/https://www.polygon.com/gta-6-hackers-cyberleek-physical-discs/ |archivedate=18 August 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> At least saxteen videos war leaked ower nine days.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://mashable.com/entertainment/grand-theft-auto-vi-cyberleek-leaks-august-26 |title=''GTA VI'' Cyberleek update: Everything leaked Wednesday and earlier this week |last=Perry |first=Alex |agency=Mashable |date=26 August 2026 |accessdate=27 August 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260826221559/https://mashable.com/entertainment/grand-theft-auto-6-cyberleek-leaks-everything-posted-so-far |archivedate=26 August 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> Take-Two askit a coort in New York for subpoenas tae get records frae Discord, [[Microsoft]] an X Corp., tae fin oot wha CyberLeek wis.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kotaku.com/take-two-subpoenas-microsoft-and-discord-records-related-to-spread-of-gta-6-leaks-2000726633 |title=Take-Two Asks Court To Subpoena Trove Of Records From Microsoft And Discord As It Hunts For ''GTA 6'' Leaker |last=Gach |first=Ethan |website=Kotaku |publisher=G/O Media |date=21 August 2026 |accessdate=23 August 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260821142145/https://kotaku.com/take-two-subpoenas-microsoft-and-discord-records-related-to-spread-of-gta-6-leaks-2000726633 |archivedate=21 August 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> Rockstar acknawledgit the leaks on 26 August, cawin them "heartbreaking for our team", an apologised for the delays tae development an mercatin.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c62eg71e1z2o |title=Rockstar Games breaks silence on ''Grand Theft Auto 6'' leaks |last=Richardson |first=Tom |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=26 August 2026 |accessdate=27 August 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260826211151/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c62eg71e1z2o |archivedate=26 August 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} == Fremmit airtins == {{sister project links|d=Q23648408|q=Grand Theft Auto VI|c=category:Grand Theft Auto VI|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|wikt=no|s=no|species=no}} * {{Offeecial wabsteid|https://www.rockstargames.com/VI}} {{portal bar|Florida|Video gemmes}} [[Category:Action-adventur gemmes]] [[Category:The Game Awards winners]] [[Category:Gowden Joystick Awaird winners]] [[Category:Grand Theft Auto|6]] [[Category:Appen-warld video gemmes]] [[Category:Organisit crime video gemmes]] [[Category:PlayStation 5 gemmes]] [[Category:Rockstar Advanced Game Engine gemmes]] [[Category:Rockstar Games gemmes]] [[Category:Upcomin video gemmes scheduled fur 2026]] [[Category:Video gemmes featurin female protagonists]] [[Category:Video gemmes set in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Xbox Series X an Series S gemmes]] 8u2i3xe35dkq6vst1kqzo95m0vx7oun 0 233522 927159 918115 2026-11-09T00:56:49Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 927159 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Hannah Cheramy | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2003|07|13}} | birth_place = Vancouver, Breetish Columbie, Canadae | occupation = Actress | years_active = 2015–present }} '''Hannah Cheramy''' (born 13 Julie 2003) is a Canadian actress frae [[Vancouver]], [[Breetish Columbie]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-05-10|title=Hannah Cheramy - Actress|url=https://www.tvinsider.com/people/hannah-cheramy/|access-date=2026-06-02|website=TV Insider|language=en-US}}</ref> She is best kent fur her role in the [[MGM+]] telly series ''[[From (TV series)|From]]'' whaur she pleys the role o Julie Mathews.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-11-29|title=Hannah Cheramy Discusses 'From' Season 3 and What’s Ahead for Season 4|url=https://popcultureunplugged.com/blog/hannah-cheramy-discusses-from-season-3-and-whats-ahead-for-season-4|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-02|website=Pop Culture Unplugged|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=2024-11-06|title=Exclusive Interview with Hannah Cheramy of MGM+'s hit series FROM|url=https://www.spoilertv.com/2024/11/exlusive-interview-with-hannah-cheramy.html|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-02|website=SpoilerTV}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Johnson|first=Nathan|date=2024-09-27|title=Who Is Hannah Cheramy? 5 Things to Know About From TV Actress - Wiki Bio Details|url=https://thedirect.com/article/hannah-cheramy-from-tv-actress-wiki-bio-details|access-date=2026-06-02|website=The Direct|language=en}}</ref> == Early life == Cheramy wis born in [[Vancouver]], Breetish Columbie, Canadae,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dagang|first=Balyum|date=2023-01-12|title=Hannah Cheramy: Every Unknown Detail About Her|url=https://jukebugs.com/hannah-cheramy/|access-date=2026-06-02|website=JukeBugs|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260715171410/https://jukebugs.com/hannah-cheramy/|archive-date=2026-07-15|url-status=dead}}</ref> tae Louis an Terry Cheramy; she is an anly bairn.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2023-06-06|title=7 Things You Didn’t Know About From’s Hannah Cheramy|url=https://tvovermind.com/hannah-cheramy-facts-things-you-didnt-know/|access-date=2026-06-02|website=TVovermind|language=en-US}}</ref> She begound her actin career at the age o 7, pairteecipatin in local bairn’s theatre productions an later appearin in commercials an telly projecks.<ref name=":0" /> In maugre o her early stairt in the industrie, Cheramy continued her eddication an graduatit frae [[Burnaby North Secondary Schuil]] afore studyin theatre at the [[Varsity o Michigan]], whaur she earnt a [[Bachelor o Fine Airts]] degree.<ref name=":0" /> == Career == Cheramy's brakthrou role came whan she pleyed Julie Matthews in the [[MGM+|Epix]] horror series ''[[From (TV series)|From]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|last=Christine|first=|date=2023-06-03|title=Hannah Cheramy On FROM Season 2|url=https://www.amfm-magazine.tv/hannah-cheramy-on-from-season-2/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-02|website=AMFM Magazine.tv|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> that premiered in 2022. The series follaes a group o strangers wha find thaimsels trappit in a meesterious toun surroondit bi a supernaitural forest.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Home Page|language=en|work=mgm|url=https://www.mgm.com/television/from-series|access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref> Fur this role, she wis nominatit fur the [[52nd Saturn Awairds|2025 Saturn Awaird]] in the category “[[Saturn Awaird fur Best Performance bi a Yunger Actor in a Telly Series|Best Performance bi a Yunger Actor in a Telly Series]].” == Personal life == In an interview wi the Canadian magazine ''[[Elle (magazine)|Elle Canada]]'', the actress notit that she values spendin time wioot uisin screens. Amang her personal preferences, she mentioned [[romantic fantasie]] leeteratur, the telly series ''[[Friends]]'' an ''[[Modern Family]]'', an the film ''[[The Hunger Games: Catching Fire]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Fejtek|first=Melissa|date=2026-03-31|title=The Comfort Files: Hannah Cheramy|url=http://www.ellecanada.com/life-and-love/hannah-cheramy-the-comfort-files|url-status=live|access-date=2026-06-02|website=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle Canada Magazine]]|language=en}}</ref> == Filmography == === Film === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Year !Title !Role !Notes |- |2015 |''October Kiss'' |Zoe Larson |Telly film |- |2016 |''My Sweet Audrina'' |Vera (age 11) | |- |2016 |''[[Colossal (film)|Colossal]]'' |Yung Gloria | |- |2017 |''[[Escape from Mr. Lemoncello's Library (film)|Escape from Mr. Lemoncello's Library]]'' |Rose Vermette |Telly film |- |2017 |''Summer Love'' |Addison Sulliway |Telly film |- |2017 |''The Hollow Child'' |Olivia | |- |2021 |''[[Under Wraps (2021 film)|Under Wraps]]'' |Ghoul lass | |} === Televeesion === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Year !Title !Role !Notes |- |2016–2017 |''[[Van Helsing (TV series)|Van Helsing]]'' |Dylan |4 episodes |- |2022–present |''[[From (TV series)|From]]'' |Julie Matthews<ref>{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Jasneet|date=2024-11-11|title='From' Season 3 Episode 8 Recap: Born and Murdered in the Dark|url=https://collider.com/from-season-3-episode-8-recap/|access-date=2026-06-02|website=Collider|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=From cast: Full list of characters in MGM+ series {{!}} Radio Times|url=https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/sci-fi/from-sky-sci-fi-cast/|access-date=2026-06-02|website=www.radiotimes.com|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Moser|first=Zach|date=2023-06-10|title=From TV Show Cast & Character Guide|url=https://screenrant.com/from-show-cast-character-guide/|access-date=2026-06-02|website=ScreenRant|language=en}}</ref> |Maist role |} == References == {{reflist}} == Fremmit airtins == {{sister project links|d=Q62083805|q=no|c=no|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|wikt=no|s=no|species=no}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cheramy, Hannah}} [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:2003 births]] [[Category:Canadian film actresses]] [[Category:Actresses frae Vancouver]] [[Category:Canadian televeesion actresses]] [[Category:21st-century Canadian actresses]] kok857w5i5d9b9wboov2z10nqvtz7ld 0 233739 926780 919514 2026-11-08T18:00:08Z Monospaced 75295 926780 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Bathgate swimming pool - geograph.org.uk - 1985910.jpg|alt=Swimming Pool In Bathket|thumb|The soummin puil in Bathket]] '''Bathket''' (forby kent as '''Bathkit''', [[Inglis leid|Inglis]]: ''Bathgate'') is a toun in [[Wast Lowden]], Scotland, 5 mile wast o [[Leivinstoun]] an aside the M8 motorwey. Touns near haund are [[Lithgae]], Leivinstoun an West Calder. {{Stub/Scotland}} rtxq42rxnyn2xgxfgdqjfh239cg3en4 0 234124 927142 924542 2026-11-08T23:32:34Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927142 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Italic title}} {{Infobox muisic genre | name = Chanson | stylistic_origins = [[Poetry]] | cultural_origins = Late [[medieval]] eild, [[Fraunce]] | derivatives = {{hlist|''[[Grand chant|Chanson courtoise]]''|''[[Chanson de geste]]''|''[[Motet-chanson]]''}} }} A {{lang|fr|'''chanson'''}} ([[French leid|French]]: ''chanson française'' [[Help:IPA/French|[ʃɑ̃sɔ̃ fʁɑ̃sɛːz]]], <small>lit.</small> 'French [[sang]]') is generally ony leeric-driven French sang. The term is maist commonly uised in Inglis tae refer aither tae the secular [[Polyphony|polyphonic]] French sangs o late [[Medieval muisic|medieval]] an [[Renaissance muisic]] or tae a speceefic style o [[French pop muisic]] that cam oot in the 1950s an 1960s. The [[genre]] haed oreegins in the [[Monophony|monophonic]] sangs o [[Troubadour|troubadours]] an ''[[Trouvère|trouvères]]'', tho the anerly polyphonic precedents wis 16 wirk bi [[Adam de la Halle]] an ane bi [[Jehan de Lescurel]]. Nae till the ''[[ars nova]]'' componer [[Guillaume de Machaut]] did ony componer scrive a signeeficant nummer o polyphonic chansons. A braid term, the wird ''chanson'' literally means "'''sang'''" in French an can thus less commonly refer tae a variety o (uisually [[Secularity|secular]]) French genres throuoot history. This includes the sangs o [[chansonnier]], ''[[chanson de geste]]'' an ''[[Grand chant]]''; coort sangs o the late Renaissance an early [[Baroque muisic]] periods, ''[[air de cour]]''; popular sangs frae the 17t tae 19t yeirhunder, ''[[bergerette]]'', ''[[Brunette (sang form)|brunette]]'', ''[[chanson pour boire]]'', ''[[pastourelle]]'', an [[vaudeville]]; [[airt sang]] o the [[Romantic muisic|romantic]] eild, ''[[mélodie]]''; an fowk muisic, ''{{ill|Chanson populaire (chanson)|fr|lt=chanson populaire}}''. Syne the 1990s, the term mey be uised fur '''[[Nouvelle Chanson]]''', a French sang that aften conteens poetic or poleetical content. == Heich medieval precedents == === ''Chanson de geste'' === The earliest ''chansons'' wis the [[Epic poetry|epic poems]] performit tae semple [[Monophony|monophonic]] melodies bi a professional cless o ''[[Minstrel|jongleurs]]'' or ''[[Minstrel|ménestrels]]''. Thir uisually recoontit the kenspeckle deids (''geste'') o bygane heroes, legendar an hauf-historical. The ''[[Sang o Roland]]'' is the maist kenspeckle o thir, but in general the ''chansons de geste'' are studiet as leeteratur syne a wee bit o thair muisic survives. === ''Chanson courtoise'' === The ''chanson courtoise'' or ''grand chant'' wis an early form o monophonic ''chanson'', the chief leeric poetic genre o the [[Trouvère|trouvères]]. It wis an adaptation tae [[Auld French]] o the [[Occitanie (region)|Occitan]] ''[[Canso (sang)|canso]]''. It wis practisit in the 12t an 13t yeirhunders. Thematically, as its name implies, it wis a sang o [[coortly luve]], scrieved uisually bi a man tae his noble luver. Some later ''chansons'' wis polyphonic an some haed owerwirds an wis caaed ''chansons avec des refrains''. == Late medieval an early Renaissance == === ''Formes fixes'' === In its teepical specialised uisage, the wird ''chanson'' refers tae a polyphonic French sang o the late Middle Ages an Renaissance. Early ''chansons'' tendit tae be in ane o the ''[[formes fixes]]''—[[Ballade (forme fixe)|ballade]], [[Rondeau (forme fixe)|rondeau]] or [[virelai]] (the ''chanson baladée'')—tho some componers later set popular poetry in a variety o forms. The earliest chansons wis fur twa, three or fower vyces, wi furst three becomin the norm, expandin tae fower vyces bi the 16t yeirhunder. Whiles, the sangsters wur accompaniet bi [[Muisical instrument|instruments]]. The furst important componer o ''chansons'' wis [[Guillaume de Machaut]], wha componed three-vyce wirks in the ''formes fixes'' durin the 14t yeirhunder. === Burgundian ''chanson'' === Twa componers frae [[Burgundy]], [[Guillaume Du Fay]] an [[Gilles Binchois]], wha wrate sae-caaed Burgundian ''chansons'', dominatit the succeedin generation o chanson componers ({{circa|1420–1470}}). Thair chansons, whiles some semple in style, are generally in three vyces wi a structural tenor an aa. Thir wirks are teepically aye 3 vyce, wi an active upper vyce (discantus) pitched abuin twa laicher vyces (tenor an altus) uisually skarin the same reenge. Muisicologist [[David Fallows]] includes the Burgundian repertoire in ''A Catalogue of Polyphonic Songs 1415–1480.'' == Mid-late Renaissance ''chanson'' == Later 15t- an early 16t-yearhunner feegurs in the genre includit [[Johannes Ockeghem]] an [[Josquin des Prez]], whase wirks cease tae be haud in bi ''formes fixes'' an begin tae featur a pervadin imitation (aw vyces skarin material an muivin at seemilar speeds), seemilar tae that foond in contemporar [[Motet|motets]] an liturgical muisic. The furst beuk o muisic prentit frae muivable teep wis ''[[Harmonice Musices Odhecaton]]'', a collection o ninety-sax sangs bi mony componers, furthset in Venice in 1501 bi [[Ottaviano Petrucci]]. === Parisian ''chanson'' === Beginnin in the late 1520s throu mid-yearhunner, [[Claudin de Sermisy]], [[Pierre Certon]], [[Clément Janequin]], an [[Philippe Verdelot]] wur componers o sae-caaed Parisian ''chansons'', that gie owre the ''formes fixes'' an aa, aften featurt fower vyces, an wis in a sempler, mair [[Homophony|homophonic]] style. This genre whiles featurt muisic that wis mint tae be evocative o certain imagery sic as birds or the mercatplace. Mony o thir Parisian wirks wis furthset bi [[Pierre Attaingnant]]. Componers o thair generation, as weel as later componers, sic as [[Orlando di Lasso]], wur influenced bi the Italian [[madrigal]]. == Modren ''chanson'' == French solo sang developit in the late 16th yearhunner, probably frae the foresaid Parisian wirks. Durin the 17t yearhunner, the ''[[air de cour]]'', ''[[chanson pour boire]]'' an ither lik genres, generally accompaniet bi lute or keybuird, floorisht, wi contreibutions bi sic componers as [[Antoine Boësset]], [[Denis Gaultier]], [[Michel Lambert]] an [[Michel Richard Delalande|Michel-Richard de Lalande]]. This aye affecks the day's sang as mony French muisickers aye uise hairp an keybuird. Durin the 18t yearhunner, vocal muisic in Fraunce wis dominatit bi [[opera]], but solo sang unnerwint a renaissance in the 19t yearhunner, furst wi [[Salon muisic|salon]] [[Melody|melodies]] an then bi mid-yearhunner wi heichly complex wirks influenced bi the German [[Lied|Lieder]], that haed been introduced intae the kintra. [[Louis Niedermeyer]], unner the pairticular spell o [[Franz Schubert|Schubert]], wis a muckle feegur in this muivement, follaed bi [[Édouard Lalo]], [[Félicien David]] an mony ithers. Anither affshuit o ''chanson'', caaed ''[[chanson réaliste]]'' (realist sang), wis a popular muisical genre in Fraunce, maistly frae the 1880s till the end o Warld War II. Born o the ''[[Café-chantant|cafés-concerts]]'' an [[Cabaret|cabarets]] o the [[Montmartre]] destrict o [[Paris]] an influenced bi leeterar realism an the naituralist muivements in leeteratur an theatre, ''chanson réaliste'' wis a muisical style that wis mainly performit bi wummen an dealt wi the lives o Paris's peer an wirkin cless. Amang the better-kent performers o the genre are [[Marie-Louise Damien|Damia]], [[Fréhel]], an [[Édith Piaf]]. Later 19t-yearhunner componers o French [[Airt sang|airt sangs]], kent as [[mélodie]] an nae chanson, includit [[Ernest Chausson]], [[Emmanuel Chabrier]], [[Gabriel Fauré]], an [[Claude Debussy]], whiles mony 20t-yearhunner an current French componers hae continued this strang tradeetion. === Revival === In the 20t yearhunner, French componers revivit the genre. [[Claude Debussy]] componed ''[[Trois Chansons (Debussy)|Trois Chansons]]'' fur queir [[a cappella]], completit in 1908. [[Maurice Ravel]] wrate ''[[Trois Chansons (Ravel)|Trois Chansons]]'' fur queir a cappella efter the ootbrak o [[Warld War I]] as a return tae French tradeetion, furthset in 1916. === ''Nouvelle chanson'' === In modren-day [[Fraunce]], ''chanson'' or ''chanson française'' is distinguisht frae the rest o French "pop" muisic bi follaein the rhythms o the French leid raither nor thae o Inglis an haein a heicher staundard fur leerics. === Museum === In [[La Planche]], [[Loire-Atlantique]], the [[Musée de la chanson française]] wis estaiblisht in 1992. The museum haes the goal tae mynd the airtists that hae estaiblisht the heritage o the ''chanson''. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Forder readin== *Dobbins, Frank. [http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/opr/t114/e1284 "Chanson."] In ''The Oxford Companion to Music'', editit bi Alison Latham. ''Oxford Music Online''. *Michail Scherbakov. Russian Сhanson. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140112104719/http://rusversion.far.ru/scherbakov.htm "Deja."] * {{cite book |last1=Burkholder |first1=J. Peter |author-link1=J. Peter Burkholder |last2=Grout |first2=Donald Jay |author-link2=Donald Jay Grout |last3=Palisca |first3=Claude V. |author-link3=Claude V. Palisca |year=2014 |title=A History of Western Music |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofwestern0000burk_q9e8 |edition=9th |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-393-91829-8 }} ==Fremmit airtins== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130514010908/http://www.education.lehall.com/on_ne_connait_pas_la_chanson/site.php French historical chanson panorama (French eddication meenister)] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Chanson| ]] [[Category:Muisic o Fraunce]] [[Category:Medieval muisic genres]] [[Category:16t-yearhunner muisic genres]] [[Category:17t-yearhunner muisic genres]] [[Category:18t-yearhunner muisic genres]] [[Category:19t-yearhunner muisic genres]] [[Category:20t-yearhunner muisic genres]] [[Category:21st-yearhunner muisic genres]] [[Category:Renaissance muisic]] [[Category:Sang forms]] [[Category:Sangs in clessical muisic]] [[Category:Choral muisic genres]] fd2nozs7js0ub9yhbismuarssyo8bmg 927147 927142 2026-11-08T23:42:07Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927147 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Italic title}} {{Infobox muisic genre | name = Chanson | stylistic_origins = [[Poetry]] | cultural_origins = Late [[medieval]] eild, [[Fraunce]] | derivatives = {{hlist|''[[Grand chant|Chanson courtoise]]''|''[[Chanson de geste]]''|''[[Motet-chanson]]''}} }} A {{lang|fr|'''chanson'''}} ([[French leid|French]]: ''chanson française'' [[Help:IPA/French|[ʃɑ̃sɔ̃ fʁɑ̃sɛːz]]], <small>lit.</small> 'French [[sang]]') is generally ony leeric-driven French sang. The term is maist commonly uised in Inglis tae refer aither tae the secular [[Polyphony|polyphonic]] French sangs o late [[Medieval muisic|medieval]] an [[Renaissance muisic]] or tae a speceefic style o [[French pop muisic]] that cam oot in the 1950s an 1960s.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=chanson, n.|url=https://www.oed.com/dictionary/chanson_n|url-status=live|access-date=8 November 2026|website=[[Oxford English Dictionary]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=18 December 2017|title=Chanson {{!}} Biography, Paper & Facts {{!}} Britannica|language=en|work=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/chanson|url-status=live|access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> The [[genre]] haed oreegins in the [[Monophony|monophonic]] sangs o [[Troubadour|troubadours]] an ''[[Trouvère|trouvères]]'', tho the anerly polyphonic precedents wis 16 wirk bi [[Adam de la Halle]] an ane bi [[Jehan de Lescurel]]. Nae till the ''[[ars nova]]'' componer [[Guillaume de Machaut]] did ony componer scrive a signeeficant nummer o polyphonic chansons. A braid term, the wird ''chanson'' literally means "'''sang'''" in French an can thus less commonly refer tae a variety o (uisually [[Secularity|secular]]) French genres throuoot history. This includes the sangs o [[chansonnier]], ''[[chanson de geste]]'' an ''[[Grand chant]]''; coort sangs o the late Renaissance an early [[Baroque muisic]] periods, ''[[air de cour]]''; popular sangs frae the 17t tae 19t yeirhunder, ''[[bergerette]]'', ''[[Brunette (sang form)|brunette]]'', ''[[chanson pour boire]]'', ''[[pastourelle]]'', an [[vaudeville]]; [[airt sang]] o the [[Romantic muisic|romantic]] eild, ''[[mélodie]]''; an fowk muisic, ''{{ill|Chanson populaire (chanson)|fr|lt=chanson populaire}}''. Syne the 1990s, the term mey be uised fur '''[[Nouvelle Chanson]]''', a French sang that aften conteens poetic or poleetical content.<ref name=":1" /> == Heich medieval precedents == === ''Chanson de geste'' === The earliest ''chansons'' wis the [[Epic poetry|epic poems]] performit tae semple [[Monophony|monophonic]] melodies bi a professional cless o ''[[Minstrel|jongleurs]]'' or ''[[Minstrel|ménestrels]]''. Thir uisually recoontit the kenspeckle deids (''geste'') o bygane heroes, legendar an hauf-historical. The ''[[Sang o Roland]]'' is the maist kenspeckle o thir, but in general the ''chansons de geste'' are studiet as leeteratur syne a wee bit o thair muisic survives. === ''Chanson courtoise'' === The ''chanson courtoise'' or ''grand chant'' wis an early form o monophonic ''chanson'', the chief leeric poetic genre o the [[Trouvère|trouvères]]. It wis an adaptation tae [[Auld French]] o the [[Occitanie (region)|Occitan]] ''[[Canso (sang)|canso]]''. It wis practisit in the 12t an 13t yeirhunders. Thematically, as its name implies, it wis a sang o [[coortly luve]], scrieved uisually bi a man tae his noble luver. Some later ''chansons'' wis polyphonic an some haed owerwirds an wis caaed ''chansons avec des refrains''. == Late medieval an early Renaissance == === ''Formes fixes'' === In its teepical specialised uisage, the wird ''chanson'' refers tae a polyphonic French sang o the late Middle Ages an Renaissance. Early ''chansons'' tendit tae be in ane o the ''[[formes fixes]]''—[[Ballade (forme fixe)|ballade]], [[Rondeau (forme fixe)|rondeau]] or [[virelai]] (the ''chanson baladée'')—tho some componers later set popular poetry in a variety o forms. The earliest chansons wis fur twa, three or fower vyces, wi furst three becomin the norm, expandin tae fower vyces bi the 16t yeirhunder. Whiles, the sangsters wur accompaniet bi [[Muisical instrument|instruments]]. The furst important componer o ''chansons'' wis [[Guillaume de Machaut]], wha componed three-vyce wirks in the ''formes fixes'' durin the 14t yeirhunder. === Burgundian ''chanson'' === Twa componers frae [[Burgundy]], [[Guillaume Du Fay]] an [[Gilles Binchois]], wha wrate sae-caaed Burgundian ''chansons'', dominatit the succeedin generation o chanson componers ({{circa|1420–1470}}). Thair chansons, whiles some semple in style, are generally in three vyces wi a structural tenor an aa. Thir wirks are teepically aye 3 vyce, wi an active upper vyce (discantus) pitched abuin twa laicher vyces (tenor an altus) uisually skarin the same reenge. Muisicologist [[David Fallows]] includes the Burgundian repertoire in ''A Catalogue of Polyphonic Songs 1415–1480.'' == Mid-late Renaissance ''chanson'' == Later 15t- an early 16t-yearhunner feegurs in the genre includit [[Johannes Ockeghem]] an [[Josquin des Prez]], whase wirks cease tae be haud in bi ''formes fixes'' an begin tae featur a pervadin imitation (aw vyces skarin material an muivin at seemilar speeds), seemilar tae that foond in contemporar [[Motet|motets]] an liturgical muisic. The furst beuk o muisic prentit frae muivable teep wis ''[[Harmonice Musices Odhecaton]]'', a collection o ninety-sax sangs bi mony componers, furthset in Venice in 1501 bi [[Ottaviano Petrucci]]. === Parisian ''chanson'' === Beginnin in the late 1520s throu mid-yearhunner, [[Claudin de Sermisy]], [[Pierre Certon]], [[Clément Janequin]], an [[Philippe Verdelot]] wur componers o sae-caaed Parisian ''chansons'', that gie owre the ''formes fixes'' an aa, aften featurt fower vyces, an wis in a sempler, mair [[Homophony|homophonic]] style. This genre whiles featurt muisic that wis mint tae be evocative o certain imagery sic as birds or the mercatplace. Mony o thir Parisian wirks wis furthset bi [[Pierre Attaingnant]]. Componers o thair generation, as weel as later componers, sic as [[Orlando di Lasso]], wur influenced bi the Italian [[madrigal]]. == Modren ''chanson'' == French solo sang developit in the late 16th yearhunner, probably frae the foresaid Parisian wirks. Durin the 17t yearhunner, the ''[[air de cour]]'', ''[[chanson pour boire]]'' an ither lik genres, generally accompaniet bi lute or keybuird, floorisht, wi contreibutions bi sic componers as [[Antoine Boësset]], [[Denis Gaultier]], [[Michel Lambert]] an [[Michel Richard Delalande|Michel-Richard de Lalande]]. This aye affecks the day's sang as mony French muisickers aye uise hairp an keybuird. Durin the 18t yearhunner, vocal muisic in Fraunce wis dominatit bi [[opera]], but solo sang unnerwint a renaissance in the 19t yearhunner, furst wi [[Salon muisic|salon]] [[Melody|melodies]] an then bi mid-yearhunner wi heichly complex wirks influenced bi the German [[Lied|Lieder]], that haed been introduced intae the kintra. [[Louis Niedermeyer]], unner the pairticular spell o [[Franz Schubert|Schubert]], wis a muckle feegur in this muivement, follaed bi [[Édouard Lalo]], [[Félicien David]] an mony ithers. Anither affshuit o ''chanson'', caaed ''[[chanson réaliste]]'' (realist sang), wis a popular muisical genre in Fraunce, maistly frae the 1880s till the end o Warld War II. Born o the ''[[Café-chantant|cafés-concerts]]'' an [[Cabaret|cabarets]] o the [[Montmartre]] destrict o [[Paris]] an influenced bi leeterar realism an the naituralist muivements in leeteratur an theatre, ''chanson réaliste'' wis a muisical style that wis mainly performit bi wummen an dealt wi the lives o Paris's peer an wirkin cless. Amang the better-kent performers o the genre are [[Marie-Louise Damien|Damia]], [[Fréhel]], an [[Édith Piaf]]. Later 19t-yearhunner componers o French [[Airt sang|airt sangs]], kent as [[mélodie]] an nae chanson, includit [[Ernest Chausson]], [[Emmanuel Chabrier]], [[Gabriel Fauré]], an [[Claude Debussy]], whiles mony 20t-yearhunner an current French componers hae continued this strang tradeetion. === Revival === In the 20t yearhunner, French componers revivit the genre. [[Claude Debussy]] componed ''[[Trois Chansons (Debussy)|Trois Chansons]]'' fur queir [[a cappella]], completit in 1908. [[Maurice Ravel]] wrate ''[[Trois Chansons (Ravel)|Trois Chansons]]'' fur queir a cappella efter the ootbrak o [[Warld War I]] as a return tae French tradeetion, furthset in 1916.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maurice Ravel: "Trois Chansons" and World War I - ProQuest|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1652500530|url-status=live|access-date=8 November 2026|website=www.proquest.com|language=en}}</ref> === ''Nouvelle chanson'' === In modren-day [[Fraunce]], ''chanson'' or ''chanson française'' is distinguisht frae the rest o French "pop" muisic bi follaein the rhythms o the French leid raither nor thae o Inglis an haein a heicher staundard fur leerics. === Museum === In [[La Planche]], [[Loire-Atlantique]], the [[Musée de la chanson française]] wis estaiblisht in 1992. The museum haes the goal tae mynd the airtists that hae estaiblisht the heritage o the ''chanson''. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Forder readin== *Dobbins, Frank. [http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/opr/t114/e1284 "Chanson."] In ''The Oxford Companion to Music'', editit bi Alison Latham. ''Oxford Music Online''. *Michail Scherbakov. Russian Сhanson. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140112104719/http://rusversion.far.ru/scherbakov.htm "Deja."] * {{cite book |last1=Burkholder |first1=J. Peter |author-link1=J. Peter Burkholder |last2=Grout |first2=Donald Jay |author-link2=Donald Jay Grout |last3=Palisca |first3=Claude V. |author-link3=Claude V. Palisca |year=2014 |title=A History of Western Music |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofwestern0000burk_q9e8 |edition=9th |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-393-91829-8 }} ==Fremmit airtins== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130514010908/http://www.education.lehall.com/on_ne_connait_pas_la_chanson/site.php French historical chanson panorama (French eddication meenister)] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Chanson| ]] [[Category:Muisic o Fraunce]] [[Category:Medieval muisic genres]] [[Category:16t-yearhunner muisic genres]] [[Category:17t-yearhunner muisic genres]] [[Category:18t-yearhunner muisic genres]] [[Category:19t-yearhunner muisic genres]] [[Category:20t-yearhunner muisic genres]] [[Category:21st-yearhunner muisic genres]] [[Category:Renaissance muisic]] [[Category:Sang forms]] [[Category:Sangs in clessical muisic]] [[Category:Choral muisic genres]] pd9j0fxtkcr1zoc02jtagoqp2fdtsrb 0 234244 926747 926579 2026-11-08T16:37:28Z Monospaced 75295 /* Career */ short leet citation 926747 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Scots fashion designer an novelist (born 1976)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}} {{Infobox person | name = Douglas Stuart | image = Douglas Stuart (2021) - 2.png | caption = Stuart in 2021 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|31 May 1976|df=y}} | birth_place = Sighthill, [[Glesga]], Scotland | birth_name = | death_date = | death_place = | occupation = {{flatlist| * Novelist * fashion designer}} | spouse = Michael Cary | education = {{plainlist| * {{nowrap|[[Heriot-Watt University|Scottish College of Textiles]] ([[Bachelor o Airts|BA]])}} * Royal College of Art (MA)}} | notable_works = ''Shuggie Bain'' (2020)<br /> ''Young Mungo'' (2022)<br/>''John of John'' (2026) | awards = Booker Prize (2020)<br />Sue Kaufman Prize for First Fiction (2021) | website = {{URL|douglasdstuart.com/}} | citizenship = {{flatlist| *British *American }} }} '''Douglas Stuart''' (born 31 May 1976)<ref name="Douglas Stuart at The Booker Prizes">{{Cite web|title=Douglas Stuart|date=31 May 1976 |publisher=The Booker Prizes|url=https://thebookerprizes.com/author/douglas-stuart|access-date=11 December 2021|archive-date=4 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804085454/https://thebookerprizes.com/author/douglas-stuart|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> is a Scots-American fashion designer an writer. Born in [[Glesga]], he studied at the [[Heriot-Watt University|Scottish College of Textiles]] an at the Royal College of Art in [[Lunnon]]. At the age o 24 he flittit tae [[New York Ceety]], whaur he wrocht in fashion design an stairtit tae write. His first novel, ''Shuggie Bain'', wis awardit the 2020 Booker Prize. His seicont, ''Young Mungo'', wis published in Aprile 2022, an his third, ''John of John'', in Mey 2026. == Early life an eddication == Douglas Stuart wis born in Sighthill, a hoosin scheme in Glesga.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Millen |first=Robbie |date=15 September 2020 |title=Why Douglas Stuart's Shuggie Bain deserves to win the Booker prize |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/douglas-stuarts-shuggie-bain-truly-deserves-a-shot-at-the-booker-prize-9lfwgtzck |url-access=subscription |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=[[The Times]] |archive-date=24 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124095743/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/douglas-stuarts-shuggie-bain-truly-deserves-a-shot-at-the-booker-prize-9lfwgtzck |url-status=live }}</ref> He wis the youngest o three bairns. His faither left the faimily when Stuart wis wee, an he wis brocht up bi a single mither that wis fechtin alcoholism an addiction.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|last=Alter|first=Alexandra|date=23 October 2020|title=How 'Shuggie Bain' Became This Year's Breakout Debut|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/23/books/douglas-stuart-shuggie-bain.html|access-date=24 November 2020|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=23 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123130759/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/23/books/douglas-stuart-shuggie-bain.html|url-status=live}}</ref> His mither died o alcohol-relatit illness when he wis 16.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=20 November 2020|title=Douglas Stuart's "Shuggie Bain" wins the Booker Prize|newspaper=[[The Economist]] (Prospero blog)|author=E.C.|url=https://www.economist.com/prospero/2020/11/20/douglas-stuarts-shuggie-bain-wins-the-booker-prize|access-date=24 November 2020|issn=0013-0613|archive-date=23 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123232041/https://www.economist.com/prospero/2020/11/20/douglas-stuarts-shuggie-bain-wins-the-booker-prize|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Shuggie Bain'' wis inspired bi his relationship wi her.<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 November 2020|title=Shuggie Bain's tale tells us that the Booker prize has matured|url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/nov/22/new-voices-now-speak-louder-than-old-giants-booker-prize-douglas-stuart-shuggie-bain|first=Alex|last=Clark|author-link=Alex Clark (journalist)|access-date=24 November 2020|website=The Guardian|language=en|archive-date=27 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427021927/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/nov/22/new-voices-now-speak-louder-than-old-giants-booker-prize-douglas-stuart-shuggie-bain|url-status=live}}</ref> Efter her daith he bade wi his aulder brither, an at 17 he flittit intae a lodgin hoose.<ref name=":5" /> Writin in ''Literary Hub'' anent workin-cless life in the late 1970s an the 1980s, Stuart haes said he grew up in a hoose wi nae buiks, surroondit bi poverty, efter the economic policies o the Thatcher era haed brocht mass unemployment, alcoholism an drug abuse tae the wast o Scotland.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 February 2020|title=Poverty, Anxiety, and Gender in Scottish Working-Class Literature|url=https://lithub.com/poverty-anxiety-and-gender-in-scottish-working-class-literature/|first=Douglas|last=Stuart|access-date=24 November 2020|website=Literary Hub|language=en-US|archive-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119201753/https://lithub.com/poverty-anxiety-and-gender-in-scottish-working-class-literature/|url-status=live}}</ref> He wis awardit a bachelor's degree frae the [[Heriot-Watt University|Scottish College of Textiles]] (noo Heriot-Watt University) an a maister's degree frae the Royal College of Art in [[Lunnon]].<ref name=":5" /> He haes nae formal eddication in literature. He wantit tae study English literature at college, but a teacher pit him aff it, sayin it wad "not suit someone from his background", sae he studied textiles insteid.<ref name=":5" /> == Career == Stuart flittit tae [[New York Ceety]] at the age o 24 tae stairt a career in fashion design. For mair nor 20 year he wrocht for monie brands, amang them Calvin Klein, Ralph Lauren, Banana Republic an Jack Spade.<ref name=":5" /> He stairtit his first novel while he wis wirkin 12-oor shifts as a senior director o design at Banana Republic.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.departures.com/arts/douglas-stuart-fashion-literature|title=Weaving Wool, Weaving Words: Douglas Stuart, author of 'Shuggie Bain,' on leaving fashion for literature|website=[[Departures (magazine)|Departures]]|first=Sophie|last=Mancini|date=18 January 2022|access-date=15 November 2022|archive-date=23 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323152916/https://www.departures.com/arts/douglas-stuart-fashion-literature|url-status=dead}}</ref> Afore his first novel wis published, his wark haed appeared in ''The New Yorker'' an ''Literary Hub''.<ref name="Douglas Stuart at The Booker Prizes" /> When Stuart wrote his first novel, ''Shuggie Bain'', 32 publishers in the US turnt it doon<ref name="ES">{{cite news|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/londoners-diary/the-londoner-booker-winners-bernadine-evaristo-and-douglas-stuart-say-publishers-are-too-middleclass-b77730.html|title=The Londoner: Booker winners Douglas Stuart and Bernadine Evaristo say publishers are too middle-class|newspaper=[[Evening Standard]]|date=24 November 2020|access-date=24 November 2020|archive-date=24 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124121158/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/londoners-diary/the-londoner-booker-winners-bernadine-evaristo-and-douglas-stuart-say-publishers-are-too-middleclass-b77730.html|url-status=live}}</ref> an 12 in the UK<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/scotland/article/scottish-booker-prize-winner-shuggie-bain-was-rejected-by-44-publishers-bg0p0hcn6|title=Scottish Booker prize winner Shuggie Bain was rejected by 44 publishers|first=Mark|last=Macaskill|newspaper=[[The Times]]|date=29 November 2020|access-date=3 December 2020|archive-date=7 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207112536/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/scottish-booker-prize-winner-shuggie-bain-was-rejected-by-44-publishers-bg0p0hcn6#:~:text=Scottish%20Booker%20prize%20winner%20Shuggie%20Bain%20was%20rejected%20by%2044%20publishers,-Mark%20Macaskill&text=A%20Scottish%20novel%20that%20scooped,themes%20of%20addiction%20and%20poverty.|url-status=live}}</ref> afore it wis selt at last tae the American independent publisher Grove Atlantic,<ref name=":3" /> that published it in hardback on 11 Februar 2020.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Shuggie Bain |url=https://groveatlantic.com/book/shuggie-bain/ |access-date=24 November 2020 |publisher=[[Grove Atlantic]] |archive-date=28 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928035934/https://groveatlantic.com/book/shuggie-bain/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Efter that it wis published in the UK bi Picador, an imprint o Pan Macmillan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shuggie Bain by Douglas Stuart |url=https://www.panmacmillan.com/authors/douglas-stuart/shuggie-bain/9781529019278 |access-date=24 November 2020 |publisher=Pan Macmillan |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127101931/https://www.panmacmillan.com/authors/douglas-stuart/shuggie-bain/9781529019278 |url-status=live }}</ref> As o Aprile 2022, ''Shuggie Bain'' haed selt mair nor 1.5 million copies aw ower the warld.<ref>{{cite news|last=Jones|first=Rebecca|date=14 April 2022|title=Douglas Stuart: Booker Prize-winning author 'feels like an impostor'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-61094627|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=18 October 2022|archive-date=17 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017231954/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-61094627|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|title=Douglas Stuart receives a Golden Pan award as Shuggie Bain sales reach a million|url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/douglas-stuart-receives-a-golden-pan-award-as-shuggie-bain-sales-reach-a-million|date=25 April 2022|first=Sian|last=Bayley|access-date=4 July 2023|magazine=[[The Bookseller]]|archive-date=4 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704074120/https://www.thebookseller.com/news/douglas-stuart-receives-a-golden-pan-award-as-shuggie-bain-sales-reach-a-million|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Shuggie Bain'' wan the 2020 Booker Prize.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Flood |first=Alison |date=19 November 2020 |title=Douglas Stuart wins Booker prize for debut Shuggie Bain |url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/nov/19/douglas-stuart-wins-booker-prize-for-debut-shuggie-bain |access-date=19 November 2020 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |archive-date=22 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122135007/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/nov/19/douglas-stuart-wins-booker-prize-for-debut-shuggie-bain |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-06 |title=Shuggie Bain: Winner of the 2020 Booker Prize |url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/books/shuggie-bain |access-date=2026-06-07 |website=thebookerprizes.com |language=en}}</ref> Stuart wis the seicont Scots writer tae win it in the prize's 51-year history,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/douglas-stuart-interview-shuggie-bain-b1760532.html|title=Booker prize winner Douglas Stuart: 'Homophobia makes you think there's something broken'|first=Martin|last=Chilton|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=26 November 2020|access-date=8 December 2020|archive-date=24 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124165728/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/douglas-stuart-interview-shuggie-bain-b1760532.html|url-status=live}}</ref> efter James Kelman in 1994 for ''How Late It Was, How Late'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Duffy |first=Judith |date=15 November 2020 |title=Douglas Stuart's Shuggie Bain could be second Scottish book to win Booker prize |url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/18872482.douglas-stuarts-shuggie-bain-second-scottish-book-win-booker-prize/ |access-date=19 November 2020 |website=[[The National (Scotland)|The National]] |archive-date=24 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124085929/https://www.thenational.scot/news/18872482.douglas-stuarts-shuggie-bain-second-scottish-book-win-booker-prize/ |url-status=live }}</ref> a buik Stuart haes said chynged his life, acause it wis "one of the first times he had seen his people and dialect on the page."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/douglas-stuart-wins-2020-booker-prize-for-shuggie-bain-1.4414025|title=Douglas Stuart wins 2020 Booker Prize for Shuggie Bain|first=Martin|last=Doyle|newspaper=[[The Irish Times]]|date=19 November 2020|access-date=23 November 2020|archive-date=20 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120162622/https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/douglas-stuart-wins-2020-booker-prize-for-shuggie-bain-1.4414025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bookbrunch.co.uk/page/article-detail/douglas-stuart-wins-booker-prize/|title=Douglas Stuart wins Booker Prize|website=BookBrunch|date=20 November 2020|access-date=25 November 2020|archive-date=27 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427021927/https://www.bookbrunch.co.uk/page/article-detail/douglas-stuart-wins-booker-prize/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thebookerprizes.com/booker-prize/news/interview-longlisted-author-douglas-stuart|title=Interview with longlisted author Douglas Stuart|publisher=The Booker Prizes|date=11 August 2020|access-date=25 November 2020|archive-date=23 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123130809/https://thebookerprizes.com/booker-prize/news/interview-longlisted-author-douglas-stuart|url-status=live}}</ref> Speakin at the prize ceremony, the chair o the judges, Margaret Busby, said the buik wis bound tae be a classic, an cried it a "moving, immersive and nuanced portrait of a tight-knit social world, its people and its values."<ref name=":4" /> ''Shuggie Bain'' wis on the lang leet for the 2021 Andrew Carnegie Medal for Excellence in Fiction,<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/blogs/the-scoop/longlist-for-2021-carnegie-medals-announced/ |title=Longlist for 2021 Carnegie Medals Announced |work=[[American Libraries]] |date=26 October 2020 |access-date=24 November 2020 |archive-date=4 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204233507/https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/blogs/the-scoop/longlist-for-2021-carnegie-medals-announced/ |url-status=live}}</ref> an it wis a finalist for the 2020 Center for Fiction First Novel Prize,<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=2020 First Novel Prize |url=https://centerforfiction.org/book-recs/2020-first-novel-prize-the-long-list |access-date=2026-06-07 |website=The Center for Fiction |language=en-US}}</ref> the 2020 Kirkus Prize<ref name=":7">{{cite web|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/news-and-features/articles/kirkus-prize-finalists-are-announced/|title=Kirkus Prize Finalists Are Announced|first=Michael|last=Schaub|website=Kirkus|date=9 September 2020|access-date=24 November 2020|archive-date=27 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127220420/https://www.kirkusreviews.com/news-and-features/articles/kirkus-prize-finalists-are-announced/|url-status=live}}</ref> an the 2020 National Book Award for Fiction.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vulture.com/2020/10/national-book-award-2020-finalists.html|title=The National Book Awards Finalists Hath Arrived|website=[[Vulture.com]]|first=Madison Malone|last=Kircher|date=6 October 2020|access-date=24 November 2020|archive-date=4 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104190032/https://www.vulture.com/2020/10/national-book-award-2020-finalists.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|date=7 October 2020|title=National Book Awards 2020 shortlists announced|url=https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2020/10/07/157689/national-book-awards-2020-shortlists-announced/|access-date=7 October 2020|website=Books+Publishing|language=en-AU|archive-date=24 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024031317/https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2020/10/07/157689/national-book-awards-2020-shortlists-announced/|url-status=live}}</ref> At the 2021 British Book Awards it wis named baith Debut Book of the Year an Overall Book of the Year.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/extras/indybest/books/british-book-awards-nibbies-2021-b1846831.html|title=British Book Awards: From first-time writers to a teenage activist and a skincare guru|first=Eva|last=Waite-Taylor|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=13 May 2021|access-date=4 July 2023|archive-date=14 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514074623/https://www.independent.co.uk/extras/indybest/books/british-book-awards-nibbies-2021-b1846831.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The novel got maistly guid reviews, amang them in ''The Observer'',<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/aug/09/shuggie-bain-by-douglas-stuart-review-lithe-revelatory-debut|title=Shuggie Bain by Douglas Stuart review – lithe, revelatory debut|first=Alex|last=Preston|newspaper=The Observer|date=9 August 2020|access-date=1 October 2020|archive-date=21 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121072605/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/aug/09/shuggie-bain-by-douglas-stuart-review-lithe-revelatory-debut|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/11/books/review/shuggie-bain-douglas-stuart.html|title=In 1980s Glasgow, a World of Pain Made Bearable by Love|newspaper=The New York Times|first=Leah Hager|last=Cohen|date=11 February 2020|access-date=1 October 2020}}</ref> ''[[The Scotsman]]'',<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/books/book-review-shuggie-bain-douglas-stuart-2950033|title=Book review: Shuggie Bain, by Douglas Stuart|first=Allan|last=Massie|author-link=Allan Massie|newspaper=The Scotsman|date=21 August 2020|access-date=1 October 2020|archive-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119200209/https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/books/book-review-shuggie-bain-douglas-stuart-2950033|url-status=live}}</ref> ''The Times Literary Supplement''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/shuggie-bain-douglas-stuart-review-toby-lichtig/|title=Glasgow kiss: A love letter to a troubled city in Shuggie Bain by Douglas Stuart|work=[[The Times Literary Supplement|TLS]]|first=Toby|last=Lichtig|date=11 September 2020|access-date=1 October 2020|archive-date=20 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120004813/https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/shuggie-bain-douglas-stuart-review-toby-lichtig/|url-status=live}}</ref> an ''The Hindu''.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dasgupta|first=Shougat|date=31 October 2020|title=A terrible beauty: Review of 'Shuggie Bain' and 'Real Life'|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/a-terrible-beauty-review-of-shuggie-bain-and-real-life/article32979838.ece|access-date=24 November 2020|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119180838/https://www.thehindu.com/books/a-terrible-beauty-review-of-shuggie-bain-and-real-life/article32979838.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> It wis praised for its true-tae-life pictur o post-industrial, workin-cless Glesga in the 1980s an early 1990s, an for the wey Stuart catches the "wry, indefatigable [[Gleswegian|Glaswegian]] voice in all its various shades of wit, anger and hope."<ref name=":1" /> In November 2020 Stuart said he haed feenisht his seicont novel, cried ''Loch Awe'' at first.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ferguson |first=Brian |date=19 November 2020 |title=Booker Prize: Glasgow author Douglas Stuart wins with debut novel Shuggie Bain |url=https://www.scotsman.com/whats-on/arts-and-entertainment/booker-prize-glasgow-author-douglas-stuart-wins-debut-novel-shuggie-bain-3041779 |access-date=19 November 2020 |website=The Scotsman |archive-date=20 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120170524/https://www.scotsman.com/whats-on/arts-and-entertainment/booker-prize-glasgow-author-douglas-stuart-wins-debut-novel-shuggie-bain-3041779 |url-status=live}}</ref> It is a luve story atween twa young men. Lik the first, it is set in post-industrial Glesga, in the 1990s, wi its territorial gangs an its sectarian divides. The buik is aboot toxic masculinity an the violence that its pressures on workin-cless laddies can lead tae.<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 August 2020|title=Shuggie Bain|url=https://booksfromscotland.com/2020/08/shuggie-bain/|access-date=24 November 2020|website=Books from Scotland|language=en-US|archive-date=1 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001033557/https://booksfromscotland.com/2020/08/shuggie-bain/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Douglas Stuart {{!}} 'Representation of the working-class is essential for diversity in literature'|work=[[The Bookseller]]|url=https://www.thebookseller.com/profile/douglas-stuart-1219122|first=Caroline|last=Carpenter|date=15 September 2020|access-date=24 November 2020|archive-date=21 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121120225/https://www.thebookseller.com/profile/douglas-stuart-1219122|url-status=live}}</ref> The novel wis published as ''Young Mungo'' bi Grove Press on 5 Aprile 2022<ref>{{Cite book |title=Young Mungo |url=https://groveatlantic.com/book/young-mungo/ |access-date=13 November 2021 |publisher=Grove Atlantic |archive-date=13 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113071752/https://groveatlantic.com/book/young-mungo/ |url-status=live }}</ref> an bi Picador on 14 Aprile 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Young Mungo by Douglas Stuart |url=https://www.panmacmillan.com/authors/douglas-stuart/young-mungo/9781529068764 |access-date=13 November 2021 |website=www.panmacmillan.com |archive-date=13 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113071752/https://www.panmacmillan.com/authors/douglas-stuart/young-mungo/9781529068764 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Oprah Daily'' cried it "a beautiful novel about family love and the dangers of being different in a violent, hyper-masculine world,"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oprahdaily.com/entertainment/books/a38255299/douglas-stuart-young-mungo/|title=Exclusive Cover Reveal: Douglas Stuart's New Book, ''Young Mungo''|first=Hamilton|last=Cain|website=Oprah Daily|date=17 November 2021|access-date=11 December 2021|archive-date=18 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118170331/https://www.oprahdaily.com/entertainment/books/a38255299/douglas-stuart-young-mungo/|url-status=live}}</ref> an ''Kirkus Reviews'' "romantic, terrifying, brutal, tender, and, in the end, sneakily hopeful."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/douglas-stuart/young-mungo/|title=Young Mungo|website=Kirkus|date=15 January 2022|access-date=21 March 2022|archive-date=23 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523074539/https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/douglas-stuart/young-mungo/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2021 Stuart wis awardit an honorary doctorate bi [[Heriot-Watt University]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hw.ac.uk/news/articles/2021/booker-prize-winner-awarded-honorary-degree.htm |title=Booker Prize winner awarded Honorary Degree |publisher=Heriot Watt University |date=10 December 2021 |access-date=3 April 2022 |archive-date=19 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119191159/https://www.hw.ac.uk/news/articles/2021/booker-prize-winner-awarded-honorary-degree.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://theedinburghreporter.co.uk/2021/12/douglas-stuart-receives-honorary-degree/ |title=Douglas Stuart receives honorary degree |newspaper=The Edinburgh Reporter |first=Phyllis |last=Stephen |date=13 December 2021 |access-date=3 April 2022 |archive-date=13 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213115734/https://theedinburghreporter.co.uk/2021/12/douglas-stuart-receives-honorary-degree/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/19777854.scottish-booker-prize-winner-douglas-stuart-given-honorary-degree/|title=Scottish Booker Prize winner Douglas Stuart given honorary degree|newspaper=[[The National (Scotland)|The National]]|first=Gregor|last=Young|date=11 December 2021|access-date=11 December 2021|archive-date=11 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211092744/https://www.thenational.scot/news/19777854.scottish-booker-prize-winner-douglas-stuart-given-honorary-degree/|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2022 it wis confirmed that ''Shuggie Bain'' wad be makkit intae a television drama series, adaptit bi Stuart, tae be filmed in Scotland an shawn on BBC One an iPlayer.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 November 2022 |title=Shuggie Bain: Douglas Stuart's Booker winner gets TV adaptation |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-63625194 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=14 November 2022 |archive-date=14 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114132703/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-63625194 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Yossman |first=K.J. |date=14 November 2022 |title='Shuggie Bain,' Douglas Stuart's Booker Prize-Winning Novel, Set for A24, BBC Adaptation |url=https://variety.com/2022/tv/global/shuggie-bain-douglas-stuart-booker-prize-bbc-drama-adaptation-1235431774/ |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=15 November 2022 |archive-date=14 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114183634/https://variety.com/2022/tv/global/shuggie-bain-douglas-stuart-booker-prize-bbc-drama-adaptation-1235431774/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Stuart wis the subject o a film profile, "Douglas Stuart: Love, Hope and Grit", first shawn in November 2022 in Alan Yentob's BBC One airts documentary series ''Imagine''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m001f89c|title=imagine...Douglas Stuart: Love, Hope and Grit|publisher=BBC One|date=2022|access-date=14 November 2022|archive-date=14 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114231513/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m001f89c|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tv/2022/11/14/imagine-douglas-stuart-review-tough-true-story-behind-shuggie/|title=Imagine… Douglas Stuart, review: the tough true story behind Shuggie Bain was no misery memoir|first=Anita|last=Singh|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=14 November 2022|access-date=15 November 2022|archive-date=15 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115205433/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tv/2022/11/14/imagine-douglas-stuart-review-tough-true-story-behind-shuggie/|url-status=live}}</ref> In Juin 2023 Stuart wis interviewed bi the British-Albanian singer [[Dua Lipa]] at the Hay Literary Festival, maistly aboot his first novel, ''Shuggie Bain''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Listen Now – Dua Lipa: At Your Service Bonus Podcast Episode |url=https://www.service95.com/dua-lipa-podcast-douglas-stuart |access-date=2026-08-03 |website=Service95 |language=en}}</ref> In 2026 Stuart published his third novel, ''John of John''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Varno |first=David |date=December 5, 2025 |title=Spring 2026 Fiction & Nonfiction Preview: Literary Fiction |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/new-titles/adult-announcements/article/99233-spring-2026-fiction-nonfiction-preview-literary-fiction.html |access-date=December 30, 2025 |website=Publishers Weekly |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Heloise |date=June 4, 2025 |title=Douglas Stuart's next novel coming from Picador in 2026 |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/rights/douglas-stuarts-next-novel-coming-from-picador-in-2026 |access-date=December 30, 2025 |website=The Bookseller |language=En}}</ref> The novel is a finalist for the Orwell Prize for Political Fiction.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-17 |title=Finalists {{!}} The Orwell Foundation |url=https://www.orwellfoundation.com/the-orwell-prizes/finalists/ |access-date=2026-05-17 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Finalists for the 2026 Orwell Prizes Revealed |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/news-and-features/articles/finalists-for-the-2026-orwell-prizes-revealed/|first=Michael |last=Schaub |date=May 15, 2026 |access-date=2026-05-17 |website=Kirkus Reviews |language=en}}</ref> In September 2026 it wis on the short leet for the Booker Prize.<ref>{{cite web |title=Previous winners Douglas Stuart and Marlon James lead Booker prize longlist |website=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2026/jul/28/previous-winners-douglas-stuart-and-marlon-james-lead-a-brit-heavy-booker-prize-longlist |first=Emma |last=Loffhagen |date=28 July 2026 |access-date=28 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2026 |title=The shortlist for the Booker Prize 2026 has been announced, featuring two previous winners, a previous shortlistee, and three authors new to the prize |url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/prize-years/2026 |access-date=22 September 2026| website=The Booker Prizes}}</ref> It wis a finalist for the 2026 Kirkus Prize for Fiction an aw.<ref name=2026kirkus/> It wis on the short leet for the 2026 Booker Prize, wi the winner tae be named on 9 November 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Here's the shortlist for the 2026 Booker Prize |url=https://lithub.com/heres-the-shortlist-for-the-2026-booker-prize/ |website=Literary Hub |date=22 September 2026 |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> == Personal life == Stuart haes baith British an American citizenship.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Allfree|first=Claire|date=15 September 2020|title=The Booker Prize has abandoned Britain|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/books/booker-prize/booker-prize-has-abandoned-britain/|url-access=subscription|access-date=29 October 2020|website=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|archive-date=27 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127124353/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/books/booker-prize/booker-prize-has-abandoned-britain/|url-status=live}}</ref> He bides in the East Village in Manhattan wi his husband, Michael Cary, an airt curator at the Gagosian Gallery.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|last=Alter|first=Alexandra|date=19 November 2020|title=Douglas Stuart Wins Booker Prize for 'Shuggie Bain'|language=en-US|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/19/books/booker-prize-winner-douglas-stuart-shuggie-bain.html|access-date=24 November 2020|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=23 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123163024/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/19/books/booker-prize-winner-douglas-stuart-shuggie-bain.html|url-status=live}}</ref> == Selectit awards == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Year !Nominatit wark !Award !Category !Ootcome !Ref. |- ! rowspan="7" |2020 | rowspan="18" |''Shuggie Bain'' |National Book Critics Circle Awards |John Leonard Prize |{{Nominated|Short leet}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schaub |first=Michael |date=2021-01-25 |title=Announcing the Finalists for the 2020 NBCC Awards |url=https://www.bookcritics.org/2021/01/24/announcing-the-finalists-for-the-2020-nbcc-awards/ |access-date=2026-06-07 |website=National Book Critics Circle |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |''Los Angeles Times'' Book Prize |Art Seidenbaum Award for First Fiction |{{Nominated|Short leet}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-02 |title=Isabel Wilkerson, Jacob Soboroff, Akwaeke Emezi among L.A. Times Book Prize finalists |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/books/story/2021-03-02/lat-book-prizes-finalists-2020-wilkerson-emezi-et-al |first=Dorany |last=Pineda |access-date=2026-06-07 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |National Book Award |Fiction |{{Nominated|Short leet}} |<ref name=":8" /> |- |Kirkus Prize |Fiction |{{Nominated|Finalist}} |<ref name=":7" /> |- |Center for Fiction First Novel Prize | |{{Nominated|Short leet}} |<ref name=":6" /> |- |Booker Prize |— |{{won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Booker Prize 2020 |url=https://thebookerprizes.com/fiction/2020 |access-date=11 December 2021 |website=[[Booker Prize|The Booker Prizes]] |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523020215/https://thebookerprizes.com/fiction/2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |Waterstones Scottish Book of the Year |— |{{won}} |<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Chandler |first=Mark |date=16 November 2020 |title=Shuggie Bain named Waterstones Scottish Book of the Year |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/shuggie-bain-named-waterstones-scottish-book-year-1225995 |access-date=11 December 2021 |magazine=[[The Bookseller]] |archive-date=11 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211094724/https://www.thebookseller.com/news/shuggie-bain-named-waterstones-scottish-book-year-1225995 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- ! rowspan="11" |2021 |Sue Kaufman Prize for First Fiction |— |{{won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=2021 Winners |url=https://artsandletters.org/pressrelease/2021-literature-award-winners/ |date=29 March 2021 |access-date=11 December 2021 |website=American Academy of Arts and Letters |archive-date=21 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121223421/https://artsandletters.org/pressrelease/2021-literature-award-winners/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |British Book Awards |Overall Book of the Year |{{won}} |<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Comerford |first=Ruth |date=13 May 2021 |title=Stuart's Shuggie Bain bags Book of the Year at the British Book Awards 2021 |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/stuart-s-shuggie-bain-bags-book-year-british-book-awards-2021-1259528 |access-date=11 December 2021 |magazine=The Bookseller |archive-date=11 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211094723/https://www.thebookseller.com/news/stuart-s-shuggie-bain-bags-book-year-british-book-awards-2021-1259528 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |Debut Book of the Year |{{won}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fmcm.co.uk/news/nibbies2021|title='Truly exceptional' Shuggie Bain is Book of the Year 2021 at the British Book Awards|first=Daniel|last=Kramb|website=FMcM|date=13 May 2021|access-date=4 July 2023|archive-date=4 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704074114/https://fmcm.co.uk/news/nibbies2021|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |Independent Publisher Book Awards |Best Regional Fiction – Europe |Bronze |<ref>{{Cite web |title=2021 Independent Publisher Book Awards Results |url=http://www.independentpublisher.com/article.php?page=2478 |access-date=11 December 2021 |website=[[Independent Publisher Book Awards]] |archive-date=27 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427021912/http://www.independentpublisher.com/article.php?page=2478 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |Andrew Carnegie Medals for Excellence |Fiction |{{Longlisted|Lang leet}} |<ref name=":2" /> |- |Orwell Prize |Political Fiction |{{Longlisted|Lang leet}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Orwell Prizes 2021: The Longlists |url=https://www.orwellfoundation.com/the-orwell-foundation/news-events/news-events/news/orwell-prize-longlists-revealed/ |date=9 April 2021 |access-date=2026-06-07 |website=The Orwell Foundation |language=en-GB}}</ref> |- |Rathbones Folio Prize |— |{{Longlisted|Lang leet}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-20 |title=2021 Rathbones Folio Prize Longlist |url=https://locusmag.com/2021/01/2021-rathbones-folio-prize-longlist/ |access-date=7 June 2026 |website=Locus |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |Polari Prize |First Book |{{Nominated|Short leet}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mendez and Stuart shortlisted for Polari First Book Prize |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/mendez-and-stuart-shortlisted-2021-polari-first-book-prize-1273887 |first=Heloise |last=Wood |date= 28 July 2021 |access-date=2026-06-07 |website=The Bookseller |language=En}}</ref> |- |PEN/Hemingway Award for Debut Novel |— |{{Nominated|Short leet}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-10 |title=Announcing the 2021 PEN America Literary Awards Finalists |url=https://pen.org/2021-pen-america-literary-awards-finalists/ |access-date=2026-06-07 |website=PEN America |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |Dayton Literary Peace Prize |Fiction |{{Nominated|Short leet}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Recognizing the power of literature to promote peace and reconciliation, Dayton Literary Peace Prize announces 2021 finalists in fiction & nonfiction |url=https://www.daytonliterarypeaceprize.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/DLPP_21-Finalists-release.html |date=18 August 2021 |access-date=2026-06-07 |website=www.daytonliterarypeaceprize.org}}</ref> |- |Lambda Literary Awards |Gay Fiction |{{Nominated|Short leet}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2021 |title=2021 Lambda Literary Award Finalists Announced |url=https://lambdaliterary.org/2021/03/2021-lambda-literary-award-finalists/ |access-date=2026-06-07 |website=Lambda Literary |language=en-US}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="2" |2023 | rowspan="2" |''Young Mungo'' |Andrew Carnegie Medals for Excellence |Fiction |{{Longlisted|Lang leet}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=2023 Winners {{!}} Andrew Carnegie Medals for Excellence |url=https://www.ala.org/carnegie-medals/2023-winners |access-date=7 June 2026 |website=www.ala.org |language=en}}</ref> |- |Polari Prize |Book of the Year |{{Nominated|Short leet}} |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Creamer |first=Ella |date=2023-11-24 |title=Julia Armfield and Jon Ransom win the Polari prizes for LGBTQ+ books |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/nov/24/julia-armfield-and-jon-ransom-win-the-polari-prizes-for-lgbtq-books |access-date=2026-06-07 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="3" |2026 | rowspan="3" |''John of John'' |Orwell Prize |Political Fiction |{{Nominated}} |<ref name=":9" /> |- |Booker Prize |— |{{Nominated|Short leet}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2026 |title=The shortlist for the Booker Prize 2026 has been announced, featuring two previous winners, a previous shortlistee, and three authors new to the prize |url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/features/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-booker-prize-2025-shortlist |access-date=22 September 2026| website=The Booker Prizes}}</ref> |- |Kirkus Prize |Fiction |{{Nominated|Finalist}} |<ref name=2026kirkus>{{Cite web |title=Finalists for the 2026 Kirkus Prize Revealed |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/news-and-features/articles/finalists-for-the-2026-kirkus-prize-revealed/|first= Michael |last=Schaub |date=August 27, 2026 |access-date=2026-10-21 |website=Kirkus Reviews}}</ref> |} == Warks == === Novels === * ''Shuggie Bain'' (2020). New York: Grove Press; UK: Picador. {{ISBN|978-0-8021-4804-9}} * ''Young Mungo'' (2022). New York: Grove Press; UK: Picador. {{ISBN|978-0-8021-5955-7}} * ''John of John'' (2026). Grove Press; UK: Picador. {{ISBN|978-0-8021-6719-4}} === Short stories === * [https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/01/13/found-wanting "Found Wanting"], ''The New Yorker'', 2020 * [https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/09/14/the-englishman "The Englishman"], ''The New Yorker'', 2020 * [https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2026/04/20/a-private-view-fiction-douglas-stuart "A Private View"], ''The New Yorker'', 2026 === Essays === * [https://lithub.com/poverty-anxiety-and-gender-in-scottish-working-class-literature/ "Poverty, Anxiety, and Gender in Scottish Working-Class Literature"], ''Literary Hub'', 2020 == References == {{Reflist}} == Freemit airtins == * {{Official website|https://www.douglasdstuart.com}} * Cressida Leyshon, [https://www.newyorker.com/books/this-week-in-fiction/douglas-stuart-01-13-20 "Douglas Stuart on Growing Up Queer Before the Internet"], ''The New Yorker'', 6 Januar 2020. * Lisa Allardice, [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/nov/21/booker-winner-douglas-stuart-i-owe-scotland-everything "Interview | Booker winner Douglas Stuart: 'I owe Scotland everything{{'"}}], ''The Guardian'', 21 November 2020. * Teddy Jamieson, [https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/20047828.douglas-stuart-sexuality-sectarianism-life-booker-love/ "Douglas Stuart on sexuality, sectarianism, life after the Booker and love"], ''The Herald'', 8 April 2022. {{DEFAULTSORT:Stuart, Douglas}} [[Category:1976 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:21st-century American novelists]] [[Category:LGBT fashion designers]] [[Category:LGBT fowk frae New York (state)]] [[Category:Scots emigrants tae the Unitit States]] [[Category:Writers frae Glesga]] [[Category:Writers frae New York Ceety]] m0zff4hy9779jd76rruewyq5f1nuepm 926960 926747 2026-11-08T21:31:31Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 926960 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Scots fashion designer an novelist (born 1976)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}} {{Infobox person | name = Douglas Stuart | image = Douglas Stuart (2021) - 2.png | caption = Stuart in 2021 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|31 May 1976|df=y}} | birth_place = Sighthill, [[Glesga]], Scotland | birth_name = | death_date = | death_place = | occupation = {{flatlist| * Novelist * fashion designer}} | spouse = Michael Cary | education = {{plainlist| * {{nowrap|[[Heriot-Watt University|Scottish College of Textiles]] ([[Bachelor o Airts|BA]])}} * Royal College of Art (MA)}} | notable_works = ''Shuggie Bain'' (2020)<br /> ''Young Mungo'' (2022)<br/>''John of John'' (2026) | awards = Booker Prize (2020)<br />Sue Kaufman Prize for First Fiction (2021) | website = {{URL|douglasdstuart.com/}} | citizenship = {{flatlist| *British *American }} }} '''Douglas Stuart''' (born 31 May 1976)<ref name="Douglas Stuart at The Booker Prizes">{{Cite web|title=Douglas Stuart|date=31 May 1976 |publisher=The Booker Prizes|url=https://thebookerprizes.com/author/douglas-stuart|access-date=11 December 2021|archive-date=4 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804085454/https://thebookerprizes.com/author/douglas-stuart|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> is a Scots-American fashion designer an writer. Born in [[Glesga]], he studied at the [[Heriot-Watt University|Scottish College of Textiles]] an at the Royal College of Art in [[Lunnon]]. At the age o 24 he flittit tae [[New York Ceety]], whaur he wrocht in fashion design an stairtit tae write. His first novel, ''Shuggie Bain'', wis awardit the 2020 Booker Prize. His seicont, ''Young Mungo'', wis published in Aprile 2022, an his third, ''John of John'', in Mey 2026. == Early life an eddication == Douglas Stuart wis born in Sighthill, a hoosin scheme in Glesga.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Millen |first=Robbie |date=15 September 2020 |title=Why Douglas Stuart's Shuggie Bain deserves to win the Booker prize |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/douglas-stuarts-shuggie-bain-truly-deserves-a-shot-at-the-booker-prize-9lfwgtzck |url-access=subscription |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=[[The Times]] |archive-date=24 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124095743/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/douglas-stuarts-shuggie-bain-truly-deserves-a-shot-at-the-booker-prize-9lfwgtzck |url-status=live }}</ref> He wis the youngest o three bairns. His faither left the faimily when Stuart wis wee, an he wis brocht up bi a single mither that wis fechtin alcoholism an addiction.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|last=Alter|first=Alexandra|date=23 October 2020|title=How 'Shuggie Bain' Became This Year's Breakout Debut|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/23/books/douglas-stuart-shuggie-bain.html|access-date=24 November 2020|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=23 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123130759/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/23/books/douglas-stuart-shuggie-bain.html|url-status=live}}</ref> His mither died o alcohol-relatit illness when he wis 16.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=20 November 2020|title=Douglas Stuart's "Shuggie Bain" wins the Booker Prize|newspaper=[[The Economist]] (Prospero blog)|author=E.C.|url=https://www.economist.com/prospero/2020/11/20/douglas-stuarts-shuggie-bain-wins-the-booker-prize|access-date=24 November 2020|issn=0013-0613|archive-date=23 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123232041/https://www.economist.com/prospero/2020/11/20/douglas-stuarts-shuggie-bain-wins-the-booker-prize|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Shuggie Bain'' wis inspired bi his relationship wi her.<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 November 2020|title=Shuggie Bain's tale tells us that the Booker prize has matured|url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/nov/22/new-voices-now-speak-louder-than-old-giants-booker-prize-douglas-stuart-shuggie-bain|first=Alex|last=Clark|author-link=Alex Clark (journalist)|access-date=24 November 2020|website=The Guardian|language=en|archive-date=27 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427021927/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/nov/22/new-voices-now-speak-louder-than-old-giants-booker-prize-douglas-stuart-shuggie-bain|url-status=live}}</ref> Efter her daith he bade wi his aulder brither, an at 17 he flittit intae a lodgin hoose.<ref name=":5" /> Writin in ''Literary Hub'' anent workin-cless life in the late 1970s an the 1980s, Stuart haes said he grew up in a hoose wi nae buiks, surroondit bi poverty, efter the economic policies o the Thatcher era haed brocht mass unemployment, alcoholism an drug abuse tae the wast o Scotland.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 February 2020|title=Poverty, Anxiety, and Gender in Scottish Working-Class Literature|url=https://lithub.com/poverty-anxiety-and-gender-in-scottish-working-class-literature/|first=Douglas|last=Stuart|access-date=24 November 2020|website=Literary Hub|language=en-US|archive-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119201753/https://lithub.com/poverty-anxiety-and-gender-in-scottish-working-class-literature/|url-status=live}}</ref> He wis awardit a bachelor's degree frae the [[Heriot-Watt University|Scottish College of Textiles]] (noo Heriot-Watt University) an a maister's degree frae the Royal College of Art in [[Lunnon]].<ref name=":5" /> He haes nae formal eddication in literature. He wantit tae study English literature at college, but a teacher pit him aff it, sayin it wad "not suit someone from his background", sae he studied textiles insteid.<ref name=":5" /> == Career == Stuart flittit tae [[New York Ceety]] at the age o 24 tae stairt a career in fashion design. For mair nor 20 year he wrocht for monie brands, amang them Calvin Klein, Ralph Lauren, Banana Republic an Jack Spade.<ref name=":5" /> He stairtit his first novel while he wis wirkin 12-oor shifts as a senior director o design at Banana Republic.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.departures.com/arts/douglas-stuart-fashion-literature|title=Weaving Wool, Weaving Words: Douglas Stuart, author of 'Shuggie Bain,' on leaving fashion for literature|website=[[Departures (magazine)|Departures]]|first=Sophie|last=Mancini|date=18 January 2022|access-date=15 November 2022|archive-date=23 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323152916/https://www.departures.com/arts/douglas-stuart-fashion-literature|url-status=dead}}</ref> Afore his first novel wis published, his wark haed appeared in ''The New Yorker'' an ''Literary Hub''.<ref name="Douglas Stuart at The Booker Prizes" /> When Stuart wrote his first novel, ''Shuggie Bain'', 32 publishers in the US turnt it doon<ref name="ES">{{cite news|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/londoners-diary/the-londoner-booker-winners-bernadine-evaristo-and-douglas-stuart-say-publishers-are-too-middleclass-b77730.html|title=The Londoner: Booker winners Douglas Stuart and Bernadine Evaristo say publishers are too middle-class|newspaper=[[Evening Standard]]|date=24 November 2020|access-date=24 November 2020|archive-date=24 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124121158/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/londoners-diary/the-londoner-booker-winners-bernadine-evaristo-and-douglas-stuart-say-publishers-are-too-middleclass-b77730.html|url-status=live}}</ref> an 12 in the UK<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/scotland/article/scottish-booker-prize-winner-shuggie-bain-was-rejected-by-44-publishers-bg0p0hcn6|title=Scottish Booker prize winner Shuggie Bain was rejected by 44 publishers|first=Mark|last=Macaskill|newspaper=[[The Times]]|date=29 November 2020|access-date=3 December 2020|archive-date=7 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207112536/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/scottish-booker-prize-winner-shuggie-bain-was-rejected-by-44-publishers-bg0p0hcn6#:~:text=Scottish%20Booker%20prize%20winner%20Shuggie%20Bain%20was%20rejected%20by%2044%20publishers,-Mark%20Macaskill&text=A%20Scottish%20novel%20that%20scooped,themes%20of%20addiction%20and%20poverty.|url-status=live}}</ref> afore it wis selt at last tae the American independent publisher Grove Atlantic,<ref name=":3" /> that published it in hardback on 11 Februar 2020.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Shuggie Bain |url=https://groveatlantic.com/book/shuggie-bain/ |access-date=24 November 2020 |publisher=[[Grove Atlantic]] |archive-date=28 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928035934/https://groveatlantic.com/book/shuggie-bain/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Efter that it wis published in the UK bi Picador, an imprint o Pan Macmillan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shuggie Bain by Douglas Stuart |url=https://www.panmacmillan.com/authors/douglas-stuart/shuggie-bain/9781529019278 |access-date=24 November 2020 |publisher=Pan Macmillan |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127101931/https://www.panmacmillan.com/authors/douglas-stuart/shuggie-bain/9781529019278 |url-status=live }}</ref> As o Aprile 2022, ''Shuggie Bain'' haed selt mair nor 1.5 million copies aw ower the warld.<ref>{{cite news|last=Jones|first=Rebecca|date=14 April 2022|title=Douglas Stuart: Booker Prize-winning author 'feels like an impostor'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-61094627|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=18 October 2022|archive-date=17 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017231954/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-61094627|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|title=Douglas Stuart receives a Golden Pan award as Shuggie Bain sales reach a million|url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/douglas-stuart-receives-a-golden-pan-award-as-shuggie-bain-sales-reach-a-million|date=25 April 2022|first=Sian|last=Bayley|access-date=4 July 2023|magazine=[[The Bookseller]]|archive-date=4 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704074120/https://www.thebookseller.com/news/douglas-stuart-receives-a-golden-pan-award-as-shuggie-bain-sales-reach-a-million|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Shuggie Bain'' wan the 2020 Booker Prize.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Flood |first=Alison |date=19 November 2020 |title=Douglas Stuart wins Booker prize for debut Shuggie Bain |url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/nov/19/douglas-stuart-wins-booker-prize-for-debut-shuggie-bain |access-date=19 November 2020 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |archive-date=22 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122135007/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/nov/19/douglas-stuart-wins-booker-prize-for-debut-shuggie-bain |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-06 |title=Shuggie Bain: Winner of the 2020 Booker Prize |url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/books/shuggie-bain |access-date=2026-06-07 |website=thebookerprizes.com |language=en}}</ref> Stuart wis the seicont Scots writer tae win it in the prize's 51-year history,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/douglas-stuart-interview-shuggie-bain-b1760532.html|title=Booker prize winner Douglas Stuart: 'Homophobia makes you think there's something broken'|first=Martin|last=Chilton|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=26 November 2020|access-date=8 December 2020|archive-date=24 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124165728/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/douglas-stuart-interview-shuggie-bain-b1760532.html|url-status=live}}</ref> efter James Kelman in 1994 for ''How Late It Was, How Late'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Duffy |first=Judith |date=15 November 2020 |title=Douglas Stuart's Shuggie Bain could be second Scottish book to win Booker prize |url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/18872482.douglas-stuarts-shuggie-bain-second-scottish-book-win-booker-prize/ |access-date=19 November 2020 |website=[[The National (Scotland)|The National]] |archive-date=24 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124085929/https://www.thenational.scot/news/18872482.douglas-stuarts-shuggie-bain-second-scottish-book-win-booker-prize/ |url-status=live }}</ref> a buik Stuart haes said chynged his life, acause it wis "one of the first times he had seen his people and dialect on the page."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/douglas-stuart-wins-2020-booker-prize-for-shuggie-bain-1.4414025|title=Douglas Stuart wins 2020 Booker Prize for Shuggie Bain|first=Martin|last=Doyle|newspaper=[[The Irish Times]]|date=19 November 2020|access-date=23 November 2020|archive-date=20 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120162622/https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/douglas-stuart-wins-2020-booker-prize-for-shuggie-bain-1.4414025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bookbrunch.co.uk/page/article-detail/douglas-stuart-wins-booker-prize/|title=Douglas Stuart wins Booker Prize|website=BookBrunch|date=20 November 2020|access-date=25 November 2020|archive-date=27 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427021927/https://www.bookbrunch.co.uk/page/article-detail/douglas-stuart-wins-booker-prize/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thebookerprizes.com/booker-prize/news/interview-longlisted-author-douglas-stuart|title=Interview with longlisted author Douglas Stuart|publisher=The Booker Prizes|date=11 August 2020|access-date=25 November 2020|archive-date=23 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123130809/https://thebookerprizes.com/booker-prize/news/interview-longlisted-author-douglas-stuart|url-status=live}}</ref> Speakin at the prize ceremony, the chair o the judges, Margaret Busby, said the buik wis bound tae be a classic, an cried it a "moving, immersive and nuanced portrait of a tight-knit social world, its people and its values."<ref name=":4" /> ''Shuggie Bain'' wis on the lang leet for the 2021 Andrew Carnegie Medal for Excellence in Fiction,<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/blogs/the-scoop/longlist-for-2021-carnegie-medals-announced/ |title=Longlist for 2021 Carnegie Medals Announced |work=[[American Libraries]] |date=26 October 2020 |access-date=24 November 2020 |archive-date=4 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204233507/https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/blogs/the-scoop/longlist-for-2021-carnegie-medals-announced/ |url-status=live}}</ref> an it wis a finalist for the 2020 Center for Fiction First Novel Prize,<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=2020 First Novel Prize |url=https://centerforfiction.org/book-recs/2020-first-novel-prize-the-long-list |access-date=2026-06-07 |website=The Center for Fiction |language=en-US}}</ref> the 2020 Kirkus Prize<ref name=":7">{{cite web|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/news-and-features/articles/kirkus-prize-finalists-are-announced/|title=Kirkus Prize Finalists Are Announced|first=Michael|last=Schaub|website=Kirkus|date=9 September 2020|access-date=24 November 2020|archive-date=27 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127220420/https://www.kirkusreviews.com/news-and-features/articles/kirkus-prize-finalists-are-announced/|url-status=live}}</ref> an the 2020 National Book Award for Fiction.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vulture.com/2020/10/national-book-award-2020-finalists.html|title=The National Book Awards Finalists Hath Arrived|website=[[Vulture.com]]|first=Madison Malone|last=Kircher|date=6 October 2020|access-date=24 November 2020|archive-date=4 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104190032/https://www.vulture.com/2020/10/national-book-award-2020-finalists.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|date=7 October 2020|title=National Book Awards 2020 shortlists announced|url=https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2020/10/07/157689/national-book-awards-2020-shortlists-announced/|access-date=7 October 2020|website=Books+Publishing|language=en-AU|archive-date=24 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024031317/https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2020/10/07/157689/national-book-awards-2020-shortlists-announced/|url-status=live}}</ref> At the 2021 British Book Awards it wis named baith Debut Book of the Year an Overall Book of the Year.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/extras/indybest/books/british-book-awards-nibbies-2021-b1846831.html|title=British Book Awards: From first-time writers to a teenage activist and a skincare guru|first=Eva|last=Waite-Taylor|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=13 May 2021|access-date=4 July 2023|archive-date=14 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514074623/https://www.independent.co.uk/extras/indybest/books/british-book-awards-nibbies-2021-b1846831.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The novel got maistly guid reviews, amang them in ''The Observer'',<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/aug/09/shuggie-bain-by-douglas-stuart-review-lithe-revelatory-debut|title=Shuggie Bain by Douglas Stuart review – lithe, revelatory debut|first=Alex|last=Preston|newspaper=The Observer|date=9 August 2020|access-date=1 October 2020|archive-date=21 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121072605/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/aug/09/shuggie-bain-by-douglas-stuart-review-lithe-revelatory-debut|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/11/books/review/shuggie-bain-douglas-stuart.html|title=In 1980s Glasgow, a World of Pain Made Bearable by Love|newspaper=The New York Times|first=Leah Hager|last=Cohen|date=11 February 2020|access-date=1 October 2020}}</ref> ''[[The Scotsman]]'',<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/books/book-review-shuggie-bain-douglas-stuart-2950033|title=Book review: Shuggie Bain, by Douglas Stuart|first=Allan|last=Massie|author-link=Allan Massie|newspaper=The Scotsman|date=21 August 2020|access-date=1 October 2020|archive-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119200209/https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/books/book-review-shuggie-bain-douglas-stuart-2950033|url-status=live}}</ref> ''The Times Literary Supplement''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/shuggie-bain-douglas-stuart-review-toby-lichtig/|title=Glasgow kiss: A love letter to a troubled city in Shuggie Bain by Douglas Stuart|work=[[The Times Literary Supplement|TLS]]|first=Toby|last=Lichtig|date=11 September 2020|access-date=1 October 2020|archive-date=20 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120004813/https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/shuggie-bain-douglas-stuart-review-toby-lichtig/|url-status=live}}</ref> an ''The Hindu''.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dasgupta|first=Shougat|date=31 October 2020|title=A terrible beauty: Review of 'Shuggie Bain' and 'Real Life'|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/a-terrible-beauty-review-of-shuggie-bain-and-real-life/article32979838.ece|access-date=24 November 2020|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119180838/https://www.thehindu.com/books/a-terrible-beauty-review-of-shuggie-bain-and-real-life/article32979838.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> It wis praised for its true-tae-life pictur o post-industrial, workin-cless Glesga in the 1980s an early 1990s, an for the wey Stuart catches the "wry, indefatigable [[Gleswegian|Glaswegian]] voice in all its various shades of wit, anger and hope."<ref name=":1" /> In November 2020 Stuart said he haed feenisht his seicont novel, cried ''Loch Awe'' at first.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ferguson |first=Brian |date=19 November 2020 |title=Booker Prize: Glasgow author Douglas Stuart wins with debut novel Shuggie Bain |url=https://www.scotsman.com/whats-on/arts-and-entertainment/booker-prize-glasgow-author-douglas-stuart-wins-debut-novel-shuggie-bain-3041779 |access-date=19 November 2020 |website=The Scotsman |archive-date=20 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120170524/https://www.scotsman.com/whats-on/arts-and-entertainment/booker-prize-glasgow-author-douglas-stuart-wins-debut-novel-shuggie-bain-3041779 |url-status=live}}</ref> It is a luve story atween twa young men. Lik the first, it is set in post-industrial Glesga, in the 1990s, wi its territorial gangs an its sectarian divides. The buik is aboot toxic masculinity an the violence that its pressures on workin-cless laddies can lead tae.<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 August 2020|title=Shuggie Bain|url=https://booksfromscotland.com/2020/08/shuggie-bain/|access-date=24 November 2020|website=Books from Scotland|language=en-US|archive-date=1 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001033557/https://booksfromscotland.com/2020/08/shuggie-bain/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Douglas Stuart {{!}} 'Representation of the working-class is essential for diversity in literature'|work=[[The Bookseller]]|url=https://www.thebookseller.com/profile/douglas-stuart-1219122|first=Caroline|last=Carpenter|date=15 September 2020|access-date=24 November 2020|archive-date=21 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121120225/https://www.thebookseller.com/profile/douglas-stuart-1219122|url-status=live}}</ref> The novel wis published as ''Young Mungo'' bi Grove Press on 5 Aprile 2022<ref>{{Cite book |title=Young Mungo |url=https://groveatlantic.com/book/young-mungo/ |access-date=13 November 2021 |publisher=Grove Atlantic |archive-date=13 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113071752/https://groveatlantic.com/book/young-mungo/ |url-status=live }}</ref> an bi Picador on 14 Aprile 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Young Mungo by Douglas Stuart |url=https://www.panmacmillan.com/authors/douglas-stuart/young-mungo/9781529068764 |access-date=13 November 2021 |website=www.panmacmillan.com |archive-date=13 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113071752/https://www.panmacmillan.com/authors/douglas-stuart/young-mungo/9781529068764 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''Oprah Daily'' cried it "a beautiful novel about family love and the dangers of being different in a violent, hyper-masculine world,"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oprahdaily.com/entertainment/books/a38255299/douglas-stuart-young-mungo/|title=Exclusive Cover Reveal: Douglas Stuart's New Book, ''Young Mungo''|first=Hamilton|last=Cain|website=Oprah Daily|date=17 November 2021|access-date=11 December 2021|archive-date=18 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118170331/https://www.oprahdaily.com/entertainment/books/a38255299/douglas-stuart-young-mungo/|url-status=live}}</ref> an ''Kirkus Reviews'' "romantic, terrifying, brutal, tender, and, in the end, sneakily hopeful."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/douglas-stuart/young-mungo/|title=Young Mungo|website=Kirkus|date=15 January 2022|access-date=21 March 2022|archive-date=23 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523074539/https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/douglas-stuart/young-mungo/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2021 Stuart wis awardit an honorary doctorate bi [[Heriot-Watt University]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hw.ac.uk/news/articles/2021/booker-prize-winner-awarded-honorary-degree.htm |title=Booker Prize winner awarded Honorary Degree |publisher=Heriot Watt University |date=10 December 2021 |access-date=3 April 2022 |archive-date=19 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119191159/https://www.hw.ac.uk/news/articles/2021/booker-prize-winner-awarded-honorary-degree.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://theedinburghreporter.co.uk/2021/12/douglas-stuart-receives-honorary-degree/ |title=Douglas Stuart receives honorary degree |newspaper=The Edinburgh Reporter |first=Phyllis |last=Stephen |date=13 December 2021 |access-date=3 April 2022 |archive-date=13 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213115734/https://theedinburghreporter.co.uk/2021/12/douglas-stuart-receives-honorary-degree/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/19777854.scottish-booker-prize-winner-douglas-stuart-given-honorary-degree/|title=Scottish Booker Prize winner Douglas Stuart given honorary degree|newspaper=[[The National (Scotland)|The National]]|first=Gregor|last=Young|date=11 December 2021|access-date=11 December 2021|archive-date=11 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211092744/https://www.thenational.scot/news/19777854.scottish-booker-prize-winner-douglas-stuart-given-honorary-degree/|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2022 it wis confirmed that ''Shuggie Bain'' wad be makkit intae a television drama series, adaptit bi Stuart, tae be filmed in Scotland an shawn on BBC One an iPlayer.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 November 2022 |title=Shuggie Bain: Douglas Stuart's Booker winner gets TV adaptation |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-63625194 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=14 November 2022 |archive-date=14 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114132703/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-63625194 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Yossman |first=K.J. |date=14 November 2022 |title='Shuggie Bain,' Douglas Stuart's Booker Prize-Winning Novel, Set for A24, BBC Adaptation |url=https://variety.com/2022/tv/global/shuggie-bain-douglas-stuart-booker-prize-bbc-drama-adaptation-1235431774/ |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=15 November 2022 |archive-date=14 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114183634/https://variety.com/2022/tv/global/shuggie-bain-douglas-stuart-booker-prize-bbc-drama-adaptation-1235431774/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Stuart wis the subject o a film profile, "Douglas Stuart: Love, Hope and Grit", first shawn in November 2022 in Alan Yentob's BBC One airts documentary series ''Imagine''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m001f89c|title=imagine...Douglas Stuart: Love, Hope and Grit|publisher=BBC One|date=2022|access-date=14 November 2022|archive-date=14 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114231513/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m001f89c|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tv/2022/11/14/imagine-douglas-stuart-review-tough-true-story-behind-shuggie/|title=Imagine… Douglas Stuart, review: the tough true story behind Shuggie Bain was no misery memoir|first=Anita|last=Singh|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=14 November 2022|access-date=15 November 2022|archive-date=15 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115205433/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tv/2022/11/14/imagine-douglas-stuart-review-tough-true-story-behind-shuggie/|url-status=live}}</ref> In Juin 2023 Stuart wis interviewed bi the British-Albanian singer [[Dua Lipa]] at the Hay Literary Festival, maistly aboot his first novel, ''Shuggie Bain''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Listen Now – Dua Lipa: At Your Service Bonus Podcast Episode |url=https://www.service95.com/dua-lipa-podcast-douglas-stuart |access-date=2026-08-03 |website=Service95 |language=en}}</ref> In 2026 Stuart published his third novel, ''John of John''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Varno |first=David |date=December 5, 2025 |title=Spring 2026 Fiction & Nonfiction Preview: Literary Fiction |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/new-titles/adult-announcements/article/99233-spring-2026-fiction-nonfiction-preview-literary-fiction.html |access-date=December 30, 2025 |website=Publishers Weekly |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Heloise |date=June 4, 2025 |title=Douglas Stuart's next novel coming from Picador in 2026 |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/rights/douglas-stuarts-next-novel-coming-from-picador-in-2026 |access-date=December 30, 2025 |website=The Bookseller |language=En}}</ref> The novel is a finalist for the Orwell Prize for Political Fiction.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-17 |title=Finalists {{!}} The Orwell Foundation |url=https://www.orwellfoundation.com/the-orwell-prizes/finalists/ |access-date=2026-05-17 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Finalists for the 2026 Orwell Prizes Revealed |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/news-and-features/articles/finalists-for-the-2026-orwell-prizes-revealed/|first=Michael |last=Schaub |date=May 15, 2026 |access-date=2026-05-17 |website=Kirkus Reviews |language=en}}</ref> In September 2026 it wis on the short leet for the Booker Prize.<ref>{{cite web |title=Previous winners Douglas Stuart and Marlon James lead Booker prize longlist |website=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2026/jul/28/previous-winners-douglas-stuart-and-marlon-james-lead-a-brit-heavy-booker-prize-longlist |first=Emma |last=Loffhagen |date=28 July 2026 |access-date=28 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2026 |title=The shortlist for the Booker Prize 2026 has been announced, featuring two previous winners, a previous shortlistee, and three authors new to the prize |url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/prize-years/2026 |access-date=22 September 2026| website=The Booker Prizes}}</ref> It wis a finalist for the 2026 Kirkus Prize for Fiction an aw.<ref name=2026kirkus/> It wis on the short leet for the 2026 Booker Prize, wi the winner tae be named on 9 November 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Here's the shortlist for the 2026 Booker Prize |url=https://lithub.com/heres-the-shortlist-for-the-2026-booker-prize/ |website=Literary Hub |date=22 September 2026 |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> == Personal life == Stuart haes baith British an American citizenship.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Allfree|first=Claire|date=15 September 2020|title=The Booker Prize has abandoned Britain|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/books/booker-prize/booker-prize-has-abandoned-britain/|url-access=subscription|access-date=29 October 2020|website=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|archive-date=27 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127124353/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/books/booker-prize/booker-prize-has-abandoned-britain/|url-status=live}}</ref> He bides in the East Village in Manhattan wi his husband, Michael Cary, an airt curator at the Gagosian Gallery.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|last=Alter|first=Alexandra|date=19 November 2020|title=Douglas Stuart Wins Booker Prize for 'Shuggie Bain'|language=en-US|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/19/books/booker-prize-winner-douglas-stuart-shuggie-bain.html|access-date=24 November 2020|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=23 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123163024/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/19/books/booker-prize-winner-douglas-stuart-shuggie-bain.html|url-status=live}}</ref> == Selectit awards == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Year !Nominatit wark !Award !Category !Ootcome !Ref. |- ! rowspan="7" |2020 | rowspan="18" |''Shuggie Bain'' |National Book Critics Circle Awards |John Leonard Prize |{{Nominated|Short leet}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schaub |first=Michael |date=2021-01-25 |title=Announcing the Finalists for the 2020 NBCC Awards |url=https://www.bookcritics.org/2021/01/24/announcing-the-finalists-for-the-2020-nbcc-awards/ |access-date=2026-06-07 |website=National Book Critics Circle |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |''Los Angeles Times'' Book Prize |Art Seidenbaum Award for First Fiction |{{Nominated|Short leet}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-02 |title=Isabel Wilkerson, Jacob Soboroff, Akwaeke Emezi among L.A. Times Book Prize finalists |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/books/story/2021-03-02/lat-book-prizes-finalists-2020-wilkerson-emezi-et-al |first=Dorany |last=Pineda |access-date=2026-06-07 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |National Book Award |Fiction |{{Nominated|Short leet}} |<ref name=":8" /> |- |Kirkus Prize |Fiction |{{Nominated|Finalist}} |<ref name=":7" /> |- |Center for Fiction First Novel Prize | |{{Nominated|Short leet}} |<ref name=":6" /> |- |Booker Prize |— |{{won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Booker Prize 2020 |url=https://thebookerprizes.com/fiction/2020 |access-date=11 December 2021 |website=[[Booker Prize|The Booker Prizes]] |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523020215/https://thebookerprizes.com/fiction/2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |Waterstones Scottish Book of the Year |— |{{won}} |<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Chandler |first=Mark |date=16 November 2020 |title=Shuggie Bain named Waterstones Scottish Book of the Year |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/shuggie-bain-named-waterstones-scottish-book-year-1225995 |access-date=11 December 2021 |magazine=[[The Bookseller]] |archive-date=11 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211094724/https://www.thebookseller.com/news/shuggie-bain-named-waterstones-scottish-book-year-1225995 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- ! rowspan="11" |2021 |Sue Kaufman Prize for First Fiction |— |{{won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=2021 Winners |url=https://artsandletters.org/pressrelease/2021-literature-award-winners/ |date=29 March 2021 |access-date=11 December 2021 |website=American Academy of Arts and Letters |archive-date=21 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121223421/https://artsandletters.org/pressrelease/2021-literature-award-winners/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |British Book Awards |Overall Book of the Year |{{won}} |<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Comerford |first=Ruth |date=13 May 2021 |title=Stuart's Shuggie Bain bags Book of the Year at the British Book Awards 2021 |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/stuart-s-shuggie-bain-bags-book-year-british-book-awards-2021-1259528 |access-date=11 December 2021 |magazine=The Bookseller |archive-date=11 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211094723/https://www.thebookseller.com/news/stuart-s-shuggie-bain-bags-book-year-british-book-awards-2021-1259528 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |Debut Book of the Year |{{won}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fmcm.co.uk/news/nibbies2021|title='Truly exceptional' Shuggie Bain is Book of the Year 2021 at the British Book Awards|first=Daniel|last=Kramb|website=FMcM|date=13 May 2021|access-date=4 July 2023|archive-date=4 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704074114/https://fmcm.co.uk/news/nibbies2021|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |Independent Publisher Book Awards |Best Regional Fiction – Europe |Bronze |<ref>{{Cite web |title=2021 Independent Publisher Book Awards Results |url=http://www.independentpublisher.com/article.php?page=2478 |access-date=11 December 2021 |website=[[Independent Publisher Book Awards]] |archive-date=27 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427021912/http://www.independentpublisher.com/article.php?page=2478 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |Andrew Carnegie Medals for Excellence |Fiction |{{Longlisted|Lang leet}} |<ref name=":2" /> |- |Orwell Prize |Political Fiction |{{Longlisted|Lang leet}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Orwell Prizes 2021: The Longlists |url=https://www.orwellfoundation.com/the-orwell-foundation/news-events/news-events/news/orwell-prize-longlists-revealed/ |date=9 April 2021 |access-date=2026-06-07 |website=The Orwell Foundation |language=en-GB}}</ref> |- |Rathbones Folio Prize |— |{{Longlisted|Lang leet}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-20 |title=2021 Rathbones Folio Prize Longlist |url=https://locusmag.com/2021/01/2021-rathbones-folio-prize-longlist/ |access-date=7 June 2026 |website=Locus |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |Polari Prize |First Book |{{Nominated|Short leet}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mendez and Stuart shortlisted for Polari First Book Prize |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/mendez-and-stuart-shortlisted-2021-polari-first-book-prize-1273887 |first=Heloise |last=Wood |date= 28 July 2021 |access-date=2026-06-07 |website=The Bookseller |language=En}}</ref> |- |PEN/Hemingway Award for Debut Novel |— |{{Nominated|Short leet}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-10 |title=Announcing the 2021 PEN America Literary Awards Finalists |url=https://pen.org/2021-pen-america-literary-awards-finalists/ |access-date=2026-06-07 |website=PEN America |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |Dayton Literary Peace Prize |Fiction |{{Nominated|Short leet}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Recognizing the power of literature to promote peace and reconciliation, Dayton Literary Peace Prize announces 2021 finalists in fiction & nonfiction |url=https://www.daytonliterarypeaceprize.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/DLPP_21-Finalists-release.html |date=18 August 2021 |access-date=2026-06-07 |website=www.daytonliterarypeaceprize.org}}</ref> |- |Lambda Literary Awards |Gay Fiction |{{Nominated|Short leet}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2021 |title=2021 Lambda Literary Award Finalists Announced |url=https://lambdaliterary.org/2021/03/2021-lambda-literary-award-finalists/ |access-date=2026-06-07 |website=Lambda Literary |language=en-US}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="2" |2023 | rowspan="2" |''Young Mungo'' |Andrew Carnegie Medals for Excellence |Fiction |{{Longlisted|Lang leet}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=2023 Winners {{!}} Andrew Carnegie Medals for Excellence |url=https://www.ala.org/carnegie-medals/2023-winners |access-date=7 June 2026 |website=www.ala.org |language=en}}</ref> |- |Polari Prize |Book of the Year |{{Nominated|Short leet}} |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Creamer |first=Ella |date=2023-11-24 |title=Julia Armfield and Jon Ransom win the Polari prizes for LGBTQ+ books |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/nov/24/julia-armfield-and-jon-ransom-win-the-polari-prizes-for-lgbtq-books |access-date=2026-06-07 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="3" |2026 | rowspan="3" |''John of John'' |Orwell Prize |Political Fiction |{{Nominated}} |<ref name=":9" /> |- |Booker Prize |— |{{Nominated|Short leet}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2026 |title=The shortlist for the Booker Prize 2026 has been announced, featuring two previous winners, a previous shortlistee, and three authors new to the prize |url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/features/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-booker-prize-2025-shortlist |access-date=22 September 2026| website=The Booker Prizes}}</ref> |- |Kirkus Prize |Fiction |{{Nominated|Finalist}} |<ref name=2026kirkus>{{Cite web |title=Finalists for the 2026 Kirkus Prize Revealed |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/news-and-features/articles/finalists-for-the-2026-kirkus-prize-revealed/|first= Michael |last=Schaub |date=August 27, 2026 |access-date=2026-10-21 |website=Kirkus Reviews}}</ref> |} == Warks == === Novels === * ''Shuggie Bain'' (2020). New York: Grove Press; UK: Picador. {{ISBN|978-0-8021-4804-9}} * ''Young Mungo'' (2022). New York: Grove Press; UK: Picador. {{ISBN|978-0-8021-5955-7}} * ''John of John'' (2026). Grove Press; UK: Picador. {{ISBN|978-0-8021-6719-4}} === Short stories === * [https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/01/13/found-wanting "Found Wanting"], ''The New Yorker'', 2020 * [https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/09/14/the-englishman "The Englishman"], ''The New Yorker'', 2020 * [https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2026/04/20/a-private-view-fiction-douglas-stuart "A Private View"], ''The New Yorker'', 2026 === Essays === * [https://lithub.com/poverty-anxiety-and-gender-in-scottish-working-class-literature/ "Poverty, Anxiety, and Gender in Scottish Working-Class Literature"], ''Literary Hub'', 2020 == References == {{Reflist}} == Freemit airtins == * {{Official website|https://www.douglasdstuart.com}} * Cressida Leyshon, [https://www.newyorker.com/books/this-week-in-fiction/douglas-stuart-01-13-20 "Douglas Stuart on Growing Up Queer Before the Internet"], ''The New Yorker'', 6 Januar 2020. * Lisa Allardice, [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/nov/21/booker-winner-douglas-stuart-i-owe-scotland-everything "Interview | Booker winner Douglas Stuart: 'I owe Scotland everything{{'"}}], ''The Guardian'', 21 November 2020. * Teddy Jamieson, [https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/20047828.douglas-stuart-sexuality-sectarianism-life-booker-love/ "Douglas Stuart on sexuality, sectarianism, life after the Booker and love"], ''The Herald'', 8 April 2022. {{DEFAULTSORT:Stuart, Douglas}} [[Category:1976 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:21st-century American novelists]] [[Category:LGBT fashion designers]] [[Category:LGBT fowk frae New York (state)]] [[Category:Scots emigrants tae the Unitit States]] [[Category:Writers frae Glesga]] [[Category:Writers frae New York Ceety]] gvev53mc3d7hwlseybh2uys3fcx5pih 0 234251 926716 926600 2026-11-08T15:12:59Z Xqbot 2526 Fixin dooble reguidal til [[Anthropology]] 926716 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Anthropology]] rbhe0scciydiqldqcddzb7hhzq66pev 1 234252 926717 926602 2026-11-08T15:13:04Z Xqbot 2526 Fixin dooble reguidal til [[Collogue:Anthropology]] 926717 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Collogue:Anthropology]] n9yn2610nvbomq7bt94n1to1tlnrjsw 0 234266 926713 2026-11-08T15:10:09Z CiphriusKane 74958 CiphriusKane flittit page [[Antropology]] til [[Anthropology]]: Misspelt title 926713 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Anthropology]] rbhe0scciydiqldqcddzb7hhzq66pev 1 234267 926715 2026-11-08T15:10:09Z CiphriusKane 74958 CiphriusKane flittit page [[Collogue:Antropology]] til [[Collogue:Anthropology]]: Misspelt title 926715 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Collogue:Anthropology]] n9yn2610nvbomq7bt94n1to1tlnrjsw 1 234268 926724 2026-11-08T15:42:57Z Monospaced 75295 Made page wi "{{Translatit page|en|Zeus|version=1383867358}}" 926724 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|en|Zeus|version=1383867358}} 4gzrrdgobs3qvb4nv3uooo7sttw6lqz 10 234269 926727 2026-11-08T16:01:42Z Monospaced 75295 Did ye ken for November 2026 926727 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Frae a collection o Wikipedia's airticles:'' <div style="float:right;margin-left:0.5em;"> [[File:Apostol-Andrey-Pervozvannyj.jpg|right|100px]] </div> {{*mp}}... that [[Guy Fawkes Nicht]] gaes back tae an Act that makkit 5 November a yearly day o thanksgiein efter the Gunpowder Plot? {{*mp}}... that John Steinbeck teuk the title o his novel ''Of Mice and Men'' frae Burns's poem "[[To a Mouse]]"? {{*mp}}... that [[Remembrance Day]] wis set apairt bi King George V on 7 November 1919? {{*mp}}... that [[Saunt Andra]] (''picturt'') is said tae hae asked tae be crucified on an X-shapit cross? {{*mp}}... that the [[Scots leid]] wis gien official status in Scotland on 30 November 2025? <div style="text-align: right;" class="noprint">'''[[Template:DYK|Archives]]''' &ndash; '''<span class="plainlinks">[https://www.scotslanguage.com/news/5724 Start a new article]</span>''' &ndash; '''[[Wikipedia:DYK|Nominate an article]]'''</div><noinclude> [[Category:Wikipaedia Did ye ken]] </noinclude> dinawx90d63uvpdirrb0p33dfk25a2f 0 234270 926729 2026-11-08T16:07:01Z Monospaced 75295 Monospaced flittit page [[Scots leeteratur]] til [[Scots literature]]: Misspelt title: 'Leeteratur' is a respellin, recordit anerly ance, for comic effect, in 1855. 'Literature' is the better attestit Scots spellin 926729 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Scots literature]] e6kv44gw8kut4rbomvpm950fexcjc88 1 234271 926731 2026-11-08T16:08:04Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin info 926731 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|en|Scots-language literature|version=1381020684}} e5ld271n1v9zlq3klnaj8xnfz8dwbvd 10 234272 926733 2026-11-08T16:12:22Z Monospaced 75295 On this day for 8 November 926733 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[8 November]]''': <div style="float:right;margin-left:0.5em"> [[File:Roentgen2.jpg|130x130px]] </div> *[[1895]] &ndash; Experimentin wi electricity, [[Wilhelm Röntgen]] ''(picturt)'' discovers the X-ray. *[[1923]] &ndash; In [[Munich]], [[Adolf Hitler]] leads the Nazis in a failed attempt tae owerthraw the German government, the Beer Hall Putsch. *1960 &ndash; [[John F. Kennedy]] is electit the 35t [[Preses o the Unitit States]], defeatin the sittin Vice Preses, [[Richard Nixon]]. *1987 &ndash; A [[PIRA (Provos)|Provisional IRA]] bomb gangs aff durin a [[Remembrance Day|Remembrance Sunday]] ceremony in [[Enniskillen]], Northren Ireland, killin 12 fowk an injurin 63 ithers. *[[2013]] &ndash; [[Typhoon Haiyan]] strikes the Visayas region o the [[Philippines]], killin at least 6,300 fowk, the deidliest typhoon in the Philippines in modren history. '''[[Duns Scotus]]''' (d.&nbsp;1308){{·}} '''[[Edmond Halley]]''' (b.&nbsp;1656){{·}} '''[[Gordon Ramsay]]''' (b.&nbsp;1966) </li> {{SelAnnivFooter|Month=November}} <noinclude> </noinclude> 4fpch21ycl15lkm3l72q1khyru0f2a8 10 234273 926734 2026-11-08T16:12:58Z Monospaced 75295 On this day for 9 November 926734 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[9 November]]''': <div style="float:right;margin-left:0.5em"> [[File:Berlinermauer.jpg|130x130px]] </div> *[[1901]] &ndash; Prince George, Duke o Cornwall, later [[George V]], becomes Prince o Wales an Earl o Chester. *[[1918]] &ndash; [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Kaiser Wilhelm II]] o Germany abdicates efter the German Revolution, an Germany is proclaimed a republic, the [[Weimar Republic]]. *[[1938]] &ndash; ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' begins, as SA stormtroopers an ceevilians wreck Jewish hames, businesses an synagogues in Germany an Austrie. At least 90 fowk are killed, an 30,000 men are sent tae concentration camps. *1967 &ndash; NASA launches the uncrewed ''Apollo 4'' test spacecraft on the first Saturn V rocket, as pairt o the [[Apollo programme]]. *1989 &ndash; [[East Germany]] opens the crossins in the [[Berlin Waw]] ''(picturt)'', lettin its citizens traivel tae Wast Germany, an the Waw comes doun that nicht. '''[[Edward VII]]''' (b.&nbsp;1841){{·}} '''[[Ramsay MacDonald]]''' (d.&nbsp;1937){{·}} '''[[Neville Chamberlain]]''' (d.&nbsp;1940){{·}} '''[[Charles de Gaulle]]''' (d.&nbsp;1970) </li> {{SelAnnivFooter|Month=November}} <noinclude> </noinclude> gaotvmm0osjmp1hu38dvdry3tipppdn 926735 926734 2026-11-08T16:15:14Z Monospaced 75295 On this day for 9 November 926735 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[9 November]]''': <div style="float:right;margin-left:0.5em"> [[File:Berlinermauer.jpg|130x130px]] </div> *[[1901]] &ndash; Prince George, Duke o Cornwall, later [[George V]], becomes Prince o Wales an Earl o Chester. *[[1918]] &ndash; [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Kaiser Wilhelm II]] o Germany abdicates efter the German Revolution, an Germany is proclaimed a republic, the [[Weimar Republic]]. *[[1938]] &ndash; ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' begins, as SA stormtroopers an ceevilians wreck Jewish hames, businesses an synagogues in Germany an Austrie. At least 90 fowk are killed, an 30,000 men are sent tae concentration camps. *1967 &ndash; [[NASA]] launches the uncrewed ''Apollo 4'' test spacecraft on the first Saturn V rocket, as pairt o the [[Apollo programme]]. *1989 &ndash; [[East Germany]] opens the crossins in the [[Berlin Waw|Berlin Wa]] ''(picturt)'', lettin its citizens traivel tae [[Wast Germany]], an the Wa comes doun that nicht. '''[[Edward VII]]''' (b.&nbsp;1841){{·}} '''[[Ramsay MacDonald]]''' (d.&nbsp;1937){{·}} '''[[Neville Chamberlain]]''' (d.&nbsp;1940){{·}} '''[[Charles de Gaulle]]''' (d.&nbsp;1970) </li> {{SelAnnivFooter|Month=November}} <noinclude> </noinclude> 6m04suh8brc51j2qzq4xzbtiy515pbv 10 234274 926736 2026-11-08T16:16:16Z Monospaced 75295 On this day for 10 November 926736 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[10 November]]''': <div style="float:right;margin-left:0.5em"> [[File:Lucas Cranach d.Ä. - Martin Luther, 1528 (Veste Coburg).jpg|130x130px]] </div> *1202 &ndash; Fourth Crusade: Despite letters frae [[Pape Innocent III]] forbiddin it an threatenin excommunication, Catholic crusaders begin a siege o Zara, nou Zadar in Croatie. *1775 &ndash; The [[Unitit States Marine Corps]] is foondit at Tun Tavern in [[Philadelphia]]. *1969 &ndash; The bairns' television series ''[[Sesame Street]]'' first gangs oot in the Unitit States. *1983 &ndash; Microsoft introduces [[Microsoft Windows|Windows 1.0]]. *2019 &ndash; The Preses o [[Bolivie]], [[Evo Morales]], an several o his government resign efter 19 days o ceevil protests. '''[[Martin Luther]]''' ''(picturt)'' (b.&nbsp;1483){{·}} '''[[Friedrich Schiller]]''' (b.&nbsp;1759){{·}} '''[[Richard Burton]]''' (b.&nbsp;1925){{·}} '''[[Ruth Davidson]]''' (b.&nbsp;1978){{·}} '''[[Arthur Rimbaud]]''' (d.&nbsp;1891) </li> {{SelAnnivFooter|Month=November}} <noinclude> </noinclude> bqeolz8cb4oc61h582ajhf8rhmj16io 10 234275 926738 2026-11-08T16:19:53Z Monospaced 75295 On this day for 12 November 926738 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[12 November]]''': <div style="float:right;margin-left:0.5em"> [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-R15068, Leo Dawidowitsch Trotzki.jpg|130x130px]] </div> *[[1927]] &ndash; [[Leon Trotsky]] ''(picturt)'' is expelled frae the Soviet Communist Pairty, leavin [[Joseph Stalin]] in undisputit control o the [[Soviet Union]]. *[[1944]] &ndash; Seicont Warld War: The [[Ryal Air Force]] sinks the German battleship ''Tirpitz'' near Tromsø, [[Norawa]], killin aboot 1,000 sailors on board. *1980 &ndash; The NASA space probe ''Voyager 1'' maks its closest approach tae [[Saturn]] an taks the first heich-resolution images o its rings. *1990 &ndash; Tim Berners-Lee publishes a formal proposal for the [[World Wide Web]]. *2014 &ndash; The ''Philae'' lander, frae the European Space Agency's ''[[Rosetta (spacecraft)|Rosetta]]'' probe, touches doun on the comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, the first spacecraft tae come doun on a comet. '''[[Charles Bell]]''' (b.&nbsp;1774){{·}} '''[[Cnut the Great]]''' (d.&nbsp;1035){{·}} '''[[Duncan II o Scotland]]''' (d.&nbsp;1094){{·}} '''[[Stan Lee]]''' (d.&nbsp;2018) </li> {{SelAnnivFooter|Month=November}} <noinclude> </noinclude> l8wqynsylh1xos064ieg77xyc0icpa9 10 234276 926739 2026-11-08T16:20:14Z Monospaced 75295 On this day for 13 November 926739 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[13 November]]''': <div style="float:right;margin-left:0.5em"> [[File:Malcolm3Canmore.jpg|130x130px]] </div> *1093 &ndash; At the Battle o Alnwick, in an Inglis victory ower the Scots, [[Malcolm III o Scotland]] ''(picturt)'' an his son Edward are killed. *1715 &ndash; At the Battle o Sheriffmuir, the forces o the [[Kinrick o Great Breetain]] halt the [[Jacobite risins|Jacobite]] advance, tho the battle is inconclusive. *[[1940]] &ndash; [[Walt Disney]]'s animatit film ''Fantasia'' is first shawn, at the Broadway Theatre in New York. *[[1994]] &ndash; In a referendum, voters in [[Swaden]] decide tae jyne the [[European Union]]. *2015 &ndash; [[Islamic State o Iraq an the Levant|Islamic State]] attackers cairy oot a series o co-ordinatit terrorist attacks in [[Paris]], killin 130 fowk an injurin 413 ithers. '''[[Augustinus|Augustine o Hippo]]''' (b.&nbsp;354){{·}} '''[[Edward III o Ingland]]''' (b.&nbsp;1312){{·}} '''[[Robert Louis Stevenson]]''' (b.&nbsp;1850){{·}} '''[[Henry the Navigator]]''' (d.&nbsp;1460) </li> {{SelAnnivFooter|Month=November}} <noinclude> </noinclude> 4fa7u1z3kaa9yqu58j9k3kigkrqawlo 10 234277 926741 2026-11-08T16:22:29Z Monospaced 75295 On this day for 15 November 926741 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[15 November]]''': <div style="float:right;margin-left:0.5em"> [[File:Buran on An-225 (Le Bourget 1989) (cropped).JPEG|130x130px]] </div> *655 &ndash; [[Penda o Mercia]] an Æthelhere o East Anglia are defeatit bi Oswiu o Northumbria at the Battle o the Winwaed in Yorkshire. *1859 &ndash; Peyed for bi the Greek businessman Evangelos Zappas, the first modren revival o the Olympic Games taks place in [[Athens]]. *[[1908]] &ndash; Efter monie atrocities in the territory, the [[Congo Free State]] is annexed tae [[Belgium]] as the Belgian Congo. *[[1943]] &ndash; The [[Holocaust]]: Heinrich Himmler orders that the [[Romani fowk|Romani]] are tae be pit "on the same level as Jews and placed in concentration camps". *1988 &ndash; The Soviet spacecraft ''Buran'' ''(picturt)'', a reusable craft biggit tae answer [[NASA]]'s Space Shuttle, is launched, wi naebody on board, on its anerly flicht. '''[[Johannes Kepler]]''' (d.&nbsp;1630){{·}} '''[[William Herschel]]''' (b.&nbsp;1738) </li> {{SelAnnivFooter|Month=November}} <noinclude> </noinclude> t2xnuq65ls3g762cc49ap4fa4l8074h 926742 926741 2026-11-08T16:23:44Z Monospaced 75295 Expandit 926742 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[15 November]]''': <div style="float:right;margin-left:0.5em"> [[File:Buran on An-225 (Le Bourget 1989) (cropped).JPEG|130x130px]] </div> *655 &ndash; [[Penda o Mercia]] an Æthelhere o East Anglia are defeatit bi Oswiu o Northumbria at the Battle o the Winwaed in Yorkshire. *1859 &ndash; Peyed for bi the Greek businessman Evangelos Zappas, the first modren revival o the Olympic Games taks place in [[Athens]]. *[[1908]] &ndash; Efter monie atrocities in the territory, the [[Congo Free State]] is annexed tae [[Belgium]] as the Belgian Congo. *[[1943]] &ndash; The [[Holocaust]]: Heinrich Himmler orders that the [[Romani fowk|Romani]] are tae be pit "on the same level as Jews and placed in concentration camps". *1985 &ndash; The Breetish Prime Meenister, [[Margaret Thatcher]], an the Taoiseach, Garret FitzGerald, sign the Anglo-Irish Agreement on Northren Ireland. *1988 &ndash; The Soviet spacecraft ''Buran'' ''(picturt)'', a reusable craft biggit tae answer [[NASA]]'s Space Shuttle, is launched, wi naebody on board, on its anerly flicht. '''[[Albertus Magnus]]''' (d.&nbsp;1280){{·}} '''[[Johannes Kepler]]''' (d.&nbsp;1630){{·}} '''[[William Herschel]]''' (b.&nbsp;1738) </li> {{SelAnnivFooter|Month=November}} <noinclude> </noinclude> 62b2t88u6swo3d6hlftgfcdyx80py5x 0 234278 926748 2026-11-08T16:38:04Z Monospaced 75295 New stub, owerset frae the Inglis Wikipedia's lead 926748 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wast Germany''' wis the common Inglis nem for the '''Federal Republic o Germany''' (German: {{lang|de|Bundesrepublik Deutschland}}) frae its foondin on 23 Mey 1949 till its [[German reunification|reunification]] wi [[East Germany]] on 3 October 1990. It wis whiles cried the '''Bonn Republic''', efter its capital, [[Bonn]].<ref>''The Bonn Republic&nbsp;— West German democracy, 1945–1990,'' Anthony James Nicholls, Longman, 1997</ref> It wis set up durin the Allied occupation o Germany efter [[Warld War II]], frae twal states in the three zones held bi the [[Unitit States]], the [[Unitit Kinrick]] an [[Fraunce]]. In the [[Cauld War]], [[Europe]] wis split atween the Wastren an Eastren blocs, an Germany wis split intae twa kintras. Wast Germany, alang wi Wast Berlin, wis pairt o the Wastren Bloc. At first it claimed tae be the anerly democratic continuation o the German Reich o 1871–1945.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Germany |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Germany/Ostpolitik-and-reconciliation-1969 |access-date=9 May 2022 |edition=Online}}</ref> In the "economic miracle" o the 1950s ({{lang|de|Wirtschaftswunder}}), Wast Germany rase frae the ruin o the war tae be the warld's seicont-biggest economy. Its first Chancellor, [[Konrad Adenauer]], that held office till 1963, teuk it intae [[NATO]] raither than keepin it neutral, an backit the agreements that grew intae the [[European Union]]. Efter the faw o the Eastren Bloc, merkit bi the openin o the [[Berlin Waw]] in 1989, the twa states wirkit tae jyne thegither again. East Germany votit tae dissolve itsel an jyne the Federal Republic, an its states jyned on 3 October 1990. The reunitit [[Germany]] is the same state as Wast Germany, no a new ane. == References == {{reflist}} {{Stub}} [[Category:Germany]] [[Category:Cauld War]] [[Category:Umwhile kintras in Europe]] q01och9fpf8f9bvil873fgsucmnknrd 1 234279 926749 2026-11-08T16:38:35Z Monospaced 75295 Made page wi "{{Translatit page|en|West Germany|version=1383411187}}" 926749 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|en|West Germany|version=1383411187}} nrrdltt3dodxlepr31919xsva294mzw 0 234280 926753 2026-11-08T16:45:27Z Monospaced 75295 New stub, owerset frae the Inglis Wikipedia's lead 926753 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Booker Prize''' is a literary award gien ilka year for the best single wark o sustained fiction in [[Inglis leid|Inglis]] published in the [[Unitit Kinrick]] or [[Ireland]]. It wis kent as the '''Booker Prize for Fiction''' frae 1969 tae 2001, an as the '''Man Booker Prize''' frae 2002 tae 2019. It is thoucht o as ane o the maist prestigious literary awards, wi the winner gettin £50,000, as weel as warldwide publicity that for ordinar gies monie mair sales.<ref name="Sutherland">{{Cite news |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/books/2008/10/booker-prize-british-literary |title=The Booker's Big Bang |author= Sutherland, John |work=[[New Statesman]] |date=9 October 2008 |access-date=12 March 2024|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227193902/http://www.newstatesman.com/books/2008/10/booker-prize-british-literary|archive-date=27 February 2012}}</ref> Whan the prize wis set up, anerly novels bi citizens o the [[Commonweel o Nations|Commonweel]], Ireland an [[Sooth Africae|Sooth Africa]] (an later [[Zimbabwe]]) coud win it. In 2014 it wis appent tae ony novel in Inglis, a chynge that wis controversial.<ref name="Booker 2014">{{cite web |title=Meet The Man Booker Prize 2014 Judges |url=http://themanbookerprize.com/news/2013/12/12/meet-man-booker-prize-2014-judges |publisher=The Booker Prizes|date=12 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="BBC 2013-09-18">{{Cite news |title='A surprise and a risk': Reaction to Booker Prize upheaval |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-24126882 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |access-date=19 September 2013 |date=18 September 2013}}</ref> Ilka year the Booker Prize Foundation appynts a panel o five tae choose the winnin buik: authors, publishers an journalists, as weel as politeecians, actors, airtists an musicians.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Booker Prize 2024 |url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/prize-years/2024 |website=The Booker Prizes |access-date=20 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Booker Prize {{!}} The Booker Prizes |url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-prize |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=thebookerprizes.com |language=en}}</ref> Critics hae notit that it is a merk o distinction for a writer tae be pit on the short leet, or even on the lang leet.<ref name="Sutherland" /> In 2020, whan the ceremony wis held online acause o the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the prize gaed tae [[Douglas Stuart]] for his first novel, ''Shuggie Bain'', that mair nor 30 publishers haed turnt doun.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Booker Prize 2020 |url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/prize-years/2020 |website=The Booker Prizes}}</ref> A sister prize, the International Booker Prize, is gien for a wark o fiction owerset intae Inglis an published in the Unitit Kinrick or Ireland.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Booker Prizes |publisher=Booker Prize Foundation |url=https://thebookerprizes.com/}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{Stub}} [[Category:Awairds]] p5ocgvsvpiodjst9utqwvy0c01l5kdi 926761 926753 2026-11-08T16:51:11Z Monospaced 75295 /* */ 926761 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Booker Prize''' is a literary award gien ilka year for the best single wark o sustained fiction in [[Inglis leid|Inglis]] published in the [[Unitit Kinrick]] or [[Ireland]]. It wis kent as the '''Booker Prize for Fiction''' frae 1969 tae 2001, an as the '''Man Booker Prize''' frae 2002 tae 2019. It is thoucht o as ane o the maist prestigious literary awards, wi the winner gettin £50,000, as weel as warldwide publicity that for ordinar gies monie mair sales.<ref name="Sutherland">{{Cite news |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/books/2008/10/booker-prize-british-literary |title=The Booker's Big Bang |author= Sutherland, John |work=[[New Statesman]] |date=9 October 2008 |access-date=12 March 2024|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227193902/http://www.newstatesman.com/books/2008/10/booker-prize-british-literary|archive-date=27 February 2012}}</ref> Whan the prize wis set up, anerly novels bi citizens o the [[Commonweel o Nations|Commonweel]], Ireland an [[Sooth Africae|Sooth Africa]] (an later [[Zimbabwe]]) coud win it. In 2014 it wis appent tae ony novel in Inglis, a chynge that wis controversial.<ref name="Booker 2014">{{cite web |title=Meet The Man Booker Prize 2014 Judges |url=http://themanbookerprize.com/news/2013/12/12/meet-man-booker-prize-2014-judges |publisher=The Booker Prizes|date=12 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="BBC 2013-09-18">{{Cite news |title='A surprise and a risk': Reaction to Booker Prize upheaval |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-24126882 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |access-date=19 September 2013 |date=18 September 2013}}</ref> Ilka year the Booker Prize Foundation appynts a panel o five tae choose the winnin buik: authors, publishers an journalists, as weel as politicians, actors, airtists an musicians.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Booker Prize 2024 |url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/prize-years/2024 |website=The Booker Prizes |access-date=20 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Booker Prize {{!}} The Booker Prizes |url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-prize |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=thebookerprizes.com |language=en}}</ref> Critics hae notit that it is a merk o distinction for a writer tae be pit on the short leet, or even on the lang leet.<ref name="Sutherland" /> In 2020, whan the ceremony wis held online acause o the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the prize gaed tae [[Douglas Stuart]] for his first novel, ''Shuggie Bain'', that mair nor 30 publishers haed turnt doun.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Booker Prize 2020 |url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/prize-years/2020 |website=The Booker Prizes}}</ref> A sister prize, the International Booker Prize, is gien for a wark o fiction owerset intae Inglis an published in the Unitit Kinrick or Ireland.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Booker Prizes |publisher=Booker Prize Foundation |url=https://thebookerprizes.com/}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{Stub}} [[Category:Awairds]] poq0bhxvw896kfpymspqny9s4mnrjlr 1 234281 926754 2026-11-08T16:45:58Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin info 926754 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|en|Booker Prize|version=1376317505}} 1n7bhag2jgg70iywim1kbaw1ewqnghr 0 234282 926756 2026-11-08T16:48:35Z Monospaced 75295 New stub, owerset frae the Inglis Wikipedia's lead 926756 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rhun ap Iorwerth''' (born 27 August 1972) is a Welsh politician an umwhile broadcaster that haes been [[First Meenister o Wales]] syne 2026 an leader o [[Plaid Cymru]] syne 2023.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Who is Plaid Cymru leader Rhun ap Iorwerth? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cxee8lgz44ko |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> He haes been a Member o the Senedd (MS) syne 2013, for Bangor Conwy Môn, an for Ynys Môn till 2026. Born in Tonteg, he wis brocht up on [[Anglesey]] an studied politics an Welsh at Cardiff University. He wrocht as a journalist for BBC Cymru Wales frae 1994, amang ither things as chief political correspondent, an then as a radio an television presenter. In 2013 he left broadcastin for politics. He stuid for Plaid Cymru in the Ynys Môn bye-election an wan it, sae he becam an Assembly Member (AM).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Mosalski |first=Ruth |date=2026-05-08 |title=Who is Rhun ap Iorwerth, the man set to be Wales' new leader? |url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/politics/who-rhun-ap-iorwerth-man-33913750 |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=Wales Online |language=en}}</ref> He wis re-electit in 2016 an 2021. He wis Plaid Cymru's shadda meenister for heal, an held ither posts on the pairty's front bench, amang them depute leader efter he lost the 2018 leadership election. He wis electit leader in 2023 wi naebody staundin agin him, an wis nominatit as First Meenister efter Plaid Cymru wan the 2026 Senedd election.<ref name=":0" /> He is the first First Meenister frae a pairty ither than Welsh Labour or the [[Co-operative Pairty]], an his appyntment endit Labour's unbroken time in the Welsh Government syne devolution in 1999.<ref>{{Cite news |last=McKernan |first=Bethan |last2=Morris |first2=Steven |date=2026-05-08 |title=Plaid Cymru wins Welsh Senedd elections, ending 100 years of Labour control |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2026/may/08/plaid-cymru-biggest-party-wales-senedd-labour-reform |access-date=2026-07-06 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{Stub/Politics}} [[Category:1972 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Plaid Cymru politeecians]] atzxn1v6jlnv4il6k6a1vk6t82ucpuq 1 234283 926757 2026-11-08T16:48:56Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin info 926757 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|en|Rhun ap Iorwerth|version=1383633503}} 5cr7pvlj8em7v42k1xq5dhogmggbcws 0 234284 926758 2026-11-08T16:49:43Z Monospaced 75295 New stub, owerset frae the Inglis Wikipedia's lead 926758 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Michelle O'Neill''' (born '''Michelle Doris''', 10 Januar 1977)<ref name="bbc">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-38715441 |title=Michelle O'Neill: Who is Sinn Féin's new Northern leader? |date=23 January 2017 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=25 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125153621/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-38715441 |archive-date=25 January 2017}}</ref> is an Erse politician that haes been First Meenister o [[Norlin Airlan|Northren Ireland]] syne Februar 2024, an Vice Preses o [[Sinn Féin]] syne 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hughes |first1=Brendan |last2=Fox |first2=Matt |title=Stormont: Michelle O'Neill makes history as nationalist first minister |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-politics-68180505 |url-status=live |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=3 February 2024 |access-date=4 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204021454/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-politics-68180505 |archive-date=4 February 2024}}</ref> She haes been a member o the [[Norlin Airlan Assemlie|Northren Ireland Assembly]] for Mid Ulster syne 2007. She wis depute First Meenister frae 2020 tae 2022. In 2010–2011 she wis the first wumman tae be Mayor o Dungannon an South Tyrone. In 2011 the depute First Meenister, [[Martin McGuinness]], appyntit her tae the [[Norlin Airlan Executive|Northren Ireland Executive]] as Meenister for Agriculture an Rural Development, an in 2016 she wis makkit Meenister o Heal.<ref name="it">{{cite news |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/michelle-o-neill-takes-over-as-new-sinn-f%C3%A9in-leader-in-north-1.2947808 |title=Michelle O'Neill takes over as new Sinn Féin leader in North |first=Gerry |last=Moriarty |date=23 January 2017 |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |issn=0791-5144 |location=Dublin |language=en-IE |access-date=23 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222124408/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/michelle-o-neill-takes-over-as-new-sinn-f%C3%A9in-leader-in-north-1.2947808 |archive-date=22 February 2017}}</ref> In Januar 2020 she becam depute First Meenister, efter the New Decade, New Approach agreement brocht back the pouer-sharin executive. She lost the post automatically whan Paul Givan resigned as First Meenister on 3 Februar 2022.<ref name=":2">{{cite news |last=Kearney |first=Vincent |authorlink=Vincent Kearney|date=3 February 2022 |title=Paul Givan resigns as NI First Minister |url=https://www.rte.ie/news/ulster/2022/0203/1277530-paul-givan/ |publisher=[[RTÉ News]] |language=en-IE |access-date=3 February 2022 |archive-date=3 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203164521/https://www.rte.ie/news/ulster/2022/0203/1277530-paul-givan/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Sinn Féin becam the biggest pairty in the 2022 Assembly election, sae O'Neill wis in line tae be First Meenister, but she didnae tak up the post for twa year, acause the [[Democratic Unionist Party]] wadnae nominate a depute First Meenister in protest at the Northren Ireland Protocol. She wis appyntit First Meenister on 3 Februar 2024, the first time an [[Erse naitionalism|Erse naitionalist]] haed held the title.<ref name="bbc" /> == References == {{reflist}} {{Stub/Politics}} {{Stub/Ireland}} [[Category:1977 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] fauvmw94be2si95zbzj5xtwk0wn78uf 926759 926758 2026-11-08T16:50:12Z Monospaced 75295 926759 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Michelle O'Neill''' (born '''Michelle Doris''', 10 Januar 1977)<ref name="bbc">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-38715441 |title=Michelle O'Neill: Who is Sinn Féin's new Northern leader? |date=23 January 2017 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=25 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125153621/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-38715441 |archive-date=25 January 2017}}</ref> is an Erse politician that haes been First Meenister o [[Norlin Airlan|Northren Ireland]] syne Februar 2024, an Vice Preses o [[Sinn Féin]] syne 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hughes |first1=Brendan |last2=Fox |first2=Matt |title=Stormont: Michelle O'Neill makes history as nationalist first minister |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-politics-68180505 |url-status=live |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=3 February 2024 |access-date=4 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204021454/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-politics-68180505 |archive-date=4 February 2024}}</ref> She haes been a member o the [[Norlin Airlan Assemlie|Northren Ireland Assembly]] for Mid Ulster syne 2007. She wis depute First Meenister frae 2020 tae 2022. In 2010–2011 she wis the first wumman tae be Mayor o Dungannon an South Tyrone. In 2011 the depute First Meenister, [[Martin McGuinness]], appyntit her tae the [[Norlin Airlan Executive|Northren Ireland Executive]] as Meenister for Agriculture an Rural Development, an in 2016 she wis makkit Meenister o Heal.<ref name="it">{{cite news |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/michelle-o-neill-takes-over-as-new-sinn-f%C3%A9in-leader-in-north-1.2947808 |title=Michelle O'Neill takes over as new Sinn Féin leader in North |first=Gerry |last=Moriarty |date=23 January 2017 |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |issn=0791-5144 |location=Dublin |language=en-IE |access-date=23 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222124408/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/michelle-o-neill-takes-over-as-new-sinn-f%C3%A9in-leader-in-north-1.2947808 |archive-date=22 February 2017}}</ref> In Januar 2020 she becam depute First Meenister, efter the New Decade, New Approach agreement brocht back the pouer-sharin executive. She lost the post automatically whan Paul Givan resigned as First Meenister on 3 Februar 2022.<ref name=":2">{{cite news |last=Kearney |first=Vincent |authorlink=Vincent Kearney|date=3 February 2022 |title=Paul Givan resigns as NI First Minister |url=https://www.rte.ie/news/ulster/2022/0203/1277530-paul-givan/ |publisher=[[RTÉ News]] |language=en-IE |access-date=3 February 2022 |archive-date=3 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203164521/https://www.rte.ie/news/ulster/2022/0203/1277530-paul-givan/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Sinn Féin becam the biggest pairty in the 2022 Assembly election, sae O'Neill wis in line tae be First Meenister, but she didnae tak up the post for twa year, acause the [[Democratic Unionist Party]] wadnae nominate a depute First Meenister in protest at the Northren Ireland Protocol. She wis appyntit First Meenister on 3 Februar 2024, the first time an [[Erse naitionalism|Erse naitionalist]] haed held the title.<ref name="bbc" /> == References == {{reflist}} {{Stub/Politics}} {{Stub/Ireland}} {{Stub/NorthrenIreland}} [[Category:1977 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] gzriu7l2tobbwzyh81j7ahokpdphhw8 1 234285 926760 2026-11-08T16:50:37Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin info 926760 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|en|Michelle O'Neill|version=1382651793}} 3wilrkpe4zheebefbrwd3dyhu81birm 0 234286 926764 2026-11-08T16:53:15Z Monospaced 75295 New leet o the days o the year, for the On this day footer 926764 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a '''leet o historical anniversaries''', ane page for ilka day o the year. Ilka day's page gies the events, births an daiths that fell on that day in history. == [[Januar]] == <div class="hlist"> * [[1 Januar]] * [[2 Januar]] * [[3 Januar]] * [[4 Januar]] * [[5 Januar]] * [[6 Januar]] * [[7 Januar]] * [[8 Januar]] * [[9 Januar]] * [[10 Januar]] * [[11 Januar]] * [[12 Januar]] * [[13 Januar]] * [[14 Januar]] * [[15 Januar]] * [[16 Januar]] * [[17 Januar]] * [[18 Januar]] * [[19 Januar]] * [[20 Januar]] * [[21 Januar]] * [[22 Januar]] * [[23 Januar]] * [[24 Januar]] * [[25 Januar]] * [[26 Januar]] * [[27 Januar]] * [[28 Januar]] * [[29 Januar]] * [[30 Januar]] * [[31 Januar]] </div> == [[Februar]] == <div class="hlist"> * [[1 Februar]] * [[2 Februar]] * [[3 Februar]] * [[4 Februar]] * [[5 Februar]] * [[6 Februar]] * [[7 Februar]] * [[8 Februar]] * [[9 Februar]] * [[10 Februar]] * [[11 Februar]] * [[12 Februar]] * [[13 Februar]] * [[14 Februar]] * [[15 Februar]] * [[16 Februar]] * [[17 Februar]] * [[18 Februar]] * [[19 Februar]] * [[20 Februar]] * [[21 Februar]] * [[22 Februar]] * [[23 Februar]] * [[24 Februar]] * [[25 Februar]] * [[26 Februar]] * [[27 Februar]] * [[28 Februar]] * [[29 Februar]] </div> == [[Mairch]] == <div class="hlist"> * [[1 Mairch]] * [[2 Mairch]] * [[3 Mairch]] * [[4 Mairch]] * [[5 Mairch]] * [[6 Mairch]] * [[7 Mairch]] * [[8 Mairch]] * [[9 Mairch]] * [[10 Mairch]] * [[11 Mairch]] * [[12 Mairch]] * [[13 Mairch]] * [[14 Mairch]] * [[15 Mairch]] * [[16 Mairch]] * [[17 Mairch]] * [[18 Mairch]] * [[19 Mairch]] * [[20 Mairch]] * [[21 Mairch]] * [[22 Mairch]] * [[23 Mairch]] * [[24 Mairch]] * [[25 Mairch]] * [[26 Mairch]] * [[27 Mairch]] * [[28 Mairch]] * [[29 Mairch]] * [[30 Mairch]] * [[31 Mairch]] </div> == [[Aprile]] == <div class="hlist"> * [[1 Aprile]] * [[2 Aprile]] * [[3 Aprile]] * [[4 Aprile]] * [[5 Aprile]] * [[6 Aprile]] * [[7 Aprile]] * [[8 Aprile]] * [[9 Aprile]] * [[10 Aprile]] * [[11 Aprile]] * [[12 Aprile]] * [[13 Aprile]] * [[14 Aprile]] * [[15 Aprile]] * [[16 Aprile]] * [[17 Aprile]] * [[18 Aprile]] * [[19 Aprile]] * [[20 Aprile]] * [[21 Aprile]] * [[22 Aprile]] * [[23 Aprile]] * [[24 Aprile]] * [[25 Aprile]] * [[26 Aprile]] * [[27 Aprile]] * [[28 Aprile]] * [[29 Aprile]] * [[30 Aprile]] </div> == [[Mey]] == <div class="hlist"> * [[1 Mey]] * [[2 Mey]] * [[3 Mey]] * [[4 Mey]] * [[5 Mey]] * [[6 Mey]] * [[7 Mey]] * [[8 Mey]] * [[9 Mey]] * [[10 Mey]] * [[11 Mey]] * [[12 Mey]] * [[13 Mey]] * [[14 Mey]] * [[15 Mey]] * [[16 Mey]] * [[17 Mey]] * [[18 Mey]] * [[19 Mey]] * [[20 Mey]] * [[21 Mey]] * [[22 Mey]] * [[23 Mey]] * [[24 Mey]] * [[25 Mey]] * [[26 Mey]] * [[27 Mey]] * [[28 Mey]] * [[29 Mey]] * [[30 Mey]] * [[31 Mey]] </div> == [[Juin]] == <div class="hlist"> * [[1 Juin]] * [[2 Juin]] * [[3 Juin]] * [[4 Juin]] * [[5 Juin]] * [[6 Juin]] * [[7 Juin]] * [[8 Juin]] * [[9 Juin]] * [[10 Juin]] * [[11 Juin]] * [[12 Juin]] * [[13 Juin]] * [[14 Juin]] * [[15 Juin]] * [[16 Juin]] * [[17 Juin]] * [[18 Juin]] * [[19 Juin]] * [[20 Juin]] * [[21 Juin]] * [[22 Juin]] * [[23 Juin]] * [[24 Juin]] * [[25 Juin]] * [[26 Juin]] * [[27 Juin]] * [[28 Juin]] * [[29 Juin]] * [[30 Juin]] </div> == [[Julie]] == <div class="hlist"> * [[1 Julie]] * [[2 Julie]] * [[3 Julie]] * [[4 Julie]] * [[5 Julie]] * [[6 Julie]] * [[7 Julie]] * [[8 Julie]] * [[9 Julie]] * [[10 Julie]] * [[11 Julie]] * [[12 Julie]] * [[13 Julie]] * [[14 Julie]] * [[15 Julie]] * [[16 Julie]] * [[17 Julie]] * [[18 Julie]] * [[19 Julie]] * [[20 Julie]] * [[21 Julie]] * [[22 Julie]] * [[23 Julie]] * [[24 Julie]] * [[25 Julie]] * [[26 Julie]] * [[27 Julie]] * [[28 Julie]] * [[29 Julie]] * [[30 Julie]] * [[31 Julie]] </div> == [[August]] == <div class="hlist"> * [[1 August]] * [[2 August]] * [[3 August]] * [[4 August]] * [[5 August]] * [[6 August]] * [[7 August]] * [[8 August]] * [[9 August]] * [[10 August]] * [[11 August]] * [[12 August]] * [[13 August]] * [[14 August]] * [[15 August]] * [[16 August]] * [[17 August]] * [[18 August]] * [[19 August]] * [[20 August]] * [[21 August]] * [[22 August]] * [[23 August]] * [[24 August]] * [[25 August]] * [[26 August]] * [[27 August]] * [[28 August]] * [[29 August]] * [[30 August]] * [[31 August]] </div> == [[September]] == <div class="hlist"> * [[1 September]] * [[2 September]] * [[3 September]] * [[4 September]] * [[5 September]] * [[6 September]] * [[7 September]] * [[8 September]] * [[9 September]] * [[10 September]] * [[11 September]] * [[12 September]] * [[13 September]] * [[14 September]] * [[15 September]] * [[16 September]] * [[17 September]] * [[18 September]] * [[19 September]] * [[20 September]] * [[21 September]] * [[22 September]] * [[23 September]] * [[24 September]] * [[25 September]] * [[26 September]] * [[27 September]] * [[28 September]] * [[29 September]] * [[30 September]] </div> == [[October]] == <div class="hlist"> * [[1 October]] * [[2 October]] * [[3 October]] * [[4 October]] * [[5 October]] * [[6 October]] * [[7 October]] * [[8 October]] * [[9 October]] * [[10 October]] * [[11 October]] * [[12 October]] * [[13 October]] * [[14 October]] * [[15 October]] * [[16 October]] * [[17 October]] * [[18 October]] * [[19 October]] * [[20 October]] * [[21 October]] * [[22 October]] * [[23 October]] * [[24 October]] * [[25 October]] * [[26 October]] * [[27 October]] * [[28 October]] * [[29 October]] * [[30 October]] * [[31 October]] </div> == [[November]] == <div class="hlist"> * [[1 November]] * [[2 November]] * [[3 November]] * [[4 November]] * [[5 November]] * [[6 November]] * [[7 November]] * [[8 November]] * [[9 November]] * [[10 November]] * [[11 November]] * [[12 November]] * [[13 November]] * [[14 November]] * [[15 November]] * [[16 November]] * [[17 November]] * [[18 November]] * [[19 November]] * [[20 November]] * [[21 November]] * [[22 November]] * [[23 November]] * [[24 November]] * [[25 November]] * [[26 November]] * [[27 November]] * [[28 November]] * [[29 November]] * [[30 November]] </div> == [[December]] == <div class="hlist"> * [[1 December]] * [[2 December]] * [[3 December]] * [[4 December]] * [[5 December]] * [[6 December]] * [[7 December]] * [[8 December]] * [[9 December]] * [[10 December]] * [[11 December]] * [[12 December]] * [[13 December]] * [[14 December]] * [[15 December]] * [[16 December]] * [[17 December]] * [[18 December]] * [[19 December]] * [[20 December]] * [[21 December]] * [[22 December]] * [[23 December]] * [[24 December]] * [[25 December]] * [[26 December]] * [[27 December]] * [[28 December]] * [[29 December]] * [[30 December]] * [[31 December]] </div> [[Category:Days o the year| ]] 0r5jtyts7oq5g9nu4c92ro3vw8eqhyk 4 234287 926765 2026-11-08T16:54:47Z Monospaced 75295 Archive o the On this day selections for November 926765 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''On this day''' selections for [[November]] on the [[Main Page]]. Days wi nae selection yet are leetit at the fit, for onybody that wants tae mak ane. == [[8 November]] == {{On this day/8 November}} == [[9 November]] == {{On this day/9 November}} == [[10 November]] == {{On this day/10 November}} == [[11 November]] == {{On this day/11 November}} == [[12 November]] == {{On this day/12 November}} == [[13 November]] == {{On this day/13 November}} == [[14 November]] == {{On this day/14 November}} == [[15 November]] == {{On this day/15 November}} == [[17 November]] == {{On this day/17 November}} == Days wi nae selection yet == <div class="hlist"> * [[Template:On this day/1 November|1 November]] * [[Template:On this day/2 November|2 November]] * [[Template:On this day/3 November|3 November]] * [[Template:On this day/4 November|4 November]] * [[Template:On this day/5 November|5 November]] * [[Template:On this day/6 November|6 November]] * [[Template:On this day/7 November|7 November]] * [[Template:On this day/16 November|16 November]] * [[Template:On this day/18 November|18 November]] * [[Template:On this day/19 November|19 November]] * [[Template:On this day/20 November|20 November]] * [[Template:On this day/21 November|21 November]] * [[Template:On this day/22 November|22 November]] * [[Template:On this day/23 November|23 November]] * [[Template:On this day/24 November|24 November]] * [[Template:On this day/25 November|25 November]] * [[Template:On this day/26 November|26 November]] * [[Template:On this day/27 November|27 November]] * [[Template:On this day/28 November|28 November]] * [[Template:On this day/29 November|29 November]] * [[Template:On this day/30 November|30 November]] </div> 8b7ee47tegcgf669twua6xe22z58c1d 2 234288 926806 2026-11-08T18:22:47Z Monospaced 75295 Uiser page 926806 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#babel:|en-N|sco-N|ja-2|gla-1|es-1|fr-1}} A'm a native spikker o West Central Scots. A wrote the [[Ben Lomond]] airticle. A'm wirkin throu the airticles tagged {{tl|Fix Scots}}: reddin up the short anes, addin soorces, an rewritin the bigger anes frae soorces insteid o fixin them wird bi wird. A help keep the [[Main Page]] up tae date an aw: ''Did ye ken'', ''On this day'' an ''In the news''. If ye see something A've got wrang, tell me on [[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|ma collogue page]]. gq0ln1vh2p5zik7cwk8woudgwecnzgp 926807 926806 2026-11-08T18:22:59Z Monospaced 75295 926807 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#babel:|en-N|sco-N|ja-2|gla-1|es-1|fr-1}} A'm a native spikker o West Central Scots. A'm wirkin throu the airticles tagged {{tl|Fix Scots}}: reddin up the short anes, addin soorces, an rewritin the bigger anes frae soorces insteid o fixin them wird bi wird. A help keep the [[Main Page]] up tae date an aw: ''Did ye ken'', ''On this day'' an ''In the news''. If ye see something A've got wrang, tell me on [[Uiser collogue:Monospaced|ma collogue page]]. qc9snk9o5vxgkuqvdjvpjj1c4bmbjd3 0 234289 926843 2026-11-08T18:52:07Z CiphriusKane 74958 CiphriusKane flittit page [[Larry Dean (comedian)]] til [[Larry Dean]]: Nae ither pages cried Larry Dean on the wiki 926843 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Larry Dean]] hknv62t2gpsnkivfqebp9qtnomhj7nt 0 234290 926869 2026-11-08T20:12:05Z Monospaced 75295 New stub, owerset frae the Inglis Wikipedia 926869 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rebecca Perry''' (born 1986) is an Inglis poet an novelist frae Croydon in sooth Lunnon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thequietus.com/culture/books/rebecca-perry-beauty-beauty-poetry-interview-crispin-best/|title=Peer Review: Ornate Resignation – Crispin Best Interviews Rebecca Perry|work=The Quietus|first=Crispin|last=Best|date=1 March 2015|accessdate=29 July 2026}}</ref> She stairtit oot writin poetry. Her first collection, ''Beauty / Beauty'', cam oot in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/jan/30/beauty-beauty-rebecca-perry-poetry-review|title=Beauty/Beauty by Rebecca Perry review – curiosity, clumsiness and charm|work=The Guardian|first=Evan|last=Jones|date=30 January 2016|accessdate=29 July 2026}}</ref> Her first novel, ''May We Feed the King'', wis published bi Granta Books in 2026.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebookseller.com/rights/ts-eliot-prize-shortlisted-poets-debut-novel-acquired-granta-books|title=TS Eliot Prize-shortlisted poet's debut novel acquired by Granta Books|work=The Bookseller|first=Isabel|last=Dempsey|date=2 June 2025|accessdate=29 July 2026}}</ref> It follaes twa timelines, ane o a medieval keeng an ane o a curator the day.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2026/jan/23/may-we-feed-the-king-by-rebecca-perry-review-a-dazzling-puzzle-box-of-a-debut|title=May We Feed the King by Rebecca Perry review – a dazzling puzzle-box of a debut|work=The Guardian|first=Melissa|last=Harrison|date=23 January 2026|accessdate=29 July 2026}}</ref> It wan the Waterstones Debut Fiction Prize, wis ane o the 13 novels on the [[Booker Prize]] lang leet for 2026,<ref>{{cite news |last1=McIntosh |first1=Steven |title=Booker Prize longlist: See the 13 'dynamite' novels up for this year's prestigious award |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/czekl599087o |date=28 July 2026 |agency=BBC News}}</ref> an then got on the short leet.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Here's the shortlist for the 2026 Booker Prize |url=https://lithub.com/heres-the-shortlist-for-the-2026-booker-prize/ |website=Literary Hub |date=22 September 2026 |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{Stub}} [[Category:1986 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Inglis poets]] [[Category:Inglis novelists]] o37w9dw7ah3cs9i83f5nt8bmmj520v2 926902 926869 2026-11-08T20:32:56Z Monospaced 75295 Expandit: infobox, life, career an warks, soorced 926902 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | name = Rebecca Perry | image = Rebecca Perry.jpg | caption = Perry in 2026 | birth_date = 1986 | birth_place = Croydon, [[Lunnon]], [[Ingland]] | education = [[University of Manchester|Varsity o Manchester]] (MA) | occupation = Poet, novelist | period = 2011–the day | notableworks = ''Beauty / Beauty'' (2015)<br>''May We Feed the King'' (2026) | awards = 2011 Purple Moose Poetry Prize<br>2017 Michael Murphy Memorial Poetry Prize<br>2026 [[Waterstones Debut Fiction Prize]] }} '''Rebecca Perry''' (born 1986) is an Inglis poet an novelist frae Croydon in sooth Lunnon.<ref name="quietus">{{Cite web|url=https://thequietus.com/culture/books/rebecca-perry-beauty-beauty-poetry-interview-crispin-best/|title=Peer Review: Ornate Resignation – Crispin Best Interviews Rebecca Perry|work=The Quietus|first=Crispin|last=Best|date=1 March 2015|accessdate=29 July 2026}}</ref> She stairtit oot writin poetry. Her first collection, ''Beauty / Beauty'', cam oot in 2015.<ref name="jones">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/jan/30/beauty-beauty-rebecca-perry-poetry-review|title=Beauty/Beauty by Rebecca Perry review – curiosity, clumsiness and charm|work=The Guardian|first=Evan|last=Jones|date=30 January 2016|accessdate=29 July 2026}}</ref> Her first novel, ''May We Feed the King'', wis published bi Granta Books in 2026.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebookseller.com/rights/ts-eliot-prize-shortlisted-poets-debut-novel-acquired-granta-books|title=TS Eliot Prize-shortlisted poet's debut novel acquired by Granta Books|work=The Bookseller|first=Isabel|last=Dempsey|date=2 June 2025|accessdate=29 July 2026}}</ref> It follaes twa timelines, ane o a medieval keeng an ane o a curator the day.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2026/jan/23/may-we-feed-the-king-by-rebecca-perry-review-a-dazzling-puzzle-box-of-a-debut|title=May We Feed the King by Rebecca Perry review – a dazzling puzzle-box of a debut|work=The Guardian|first=Melissa|last=Harrison|date=23 January 2026|accessdate=29 July 2026}}</ref> It wan the Waterstones Debut Fiction Prize, wis ane o the 13 novels on the [[Booker Prize]] lang leet for 2026,<ref>{{cite news |last1=McIntosh |first1=Steven |title=Booker Prize longlist: See the 13 'dynamite' novels up for this year's prestigious award |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/czekl599087o |date=28 July 2026 |agency=BBC News}}</ref> an then got on the short leet.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Here's the shortlist for the 2026 Booker Prize |url=https://lithub.com/heres-the-shortlist-for-the-2026-booker-prize/ |website=Literary Hub |date=22 September 2026 |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> == Early life an eddication == Perry comes frae Croydon in sooth [[Lunnon]].<ref name="quietus" /> She feenisht a Maister o Airts (MA) in creative writin at the [[Manchester Centre for New Writing]] in 2008.<ref name="manc 16">{{Cite web|url=https://www.alc.manchester.ac.uk/centrefornewwriting/about/our-people/writers-in-residence/|title=Writers in residence|work=University of Manchester Centre for New Writing|accessdate=29 July 2026}}</ref> == Career == Her first pamphlet o poems, ''Little Armoured'', wan the ''Poetry Wales'' Purple Moose Poetry Prize in 2011, an wis published bi Seren Books.<ref name="sb may 17">{{Cite web|url=https://www.serenbooks.com/2017/05/friday-poem-almost-but-not-quite-there-rebecca-perry/|title=Friday Poem – 'Almost but not quite there', Rebecca Perry|work=Seren Books|date=5 May 2017|accessdate=29 July 2026}}</ref><ref name="tq oct 13">{{Cite web|url=https://thequietus.com/culture/books/two-poems-rebecca-perry/|title=Two Poems By: Rebecca Perry|work=The Quietus|first=Karl|last=Smith|date=20 October 2013|accessdate=29 July 2026}}</ref> Her first collection, ''Beauty / Beauty'', cam oot frae Bloodaxe Books in 2015.<ref name="jones" /> It wis on the short leet for the [[T. S. Eliot Prize]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Flood |first=Alison |date=2015-10-22 |title=TS Eliot poetry prize shortlist stretches to Jamaica and beyond |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/oct/22/ts-eliot-poetry-prize-shortlist-claudia-rankine |access-date=2024-10-20 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> the Poetry Society's Fenton Aldeburgh First Collection Prize<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://poetrysociety.org.uk/news/fenton-aldeburgh-first-collection-prize-shortlist/|title=Fenton Aldeburgh First Collection Prize – shortlist|work=The Poetry Society|date=19 October 2015|accessdate=29 July 2026}}</ref> an the Seamus Heaney Centre Prize for First Collection,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.seamusheaneycentre.com/news/WinnerAnnounced.html|title=Winner Announced|work=The Seamus Heaney Centre|publisher=Queen's University Belfast|date=30 June 2016|accessdate=29 July 2026}}</ref> an wan the Michael Murphy Memorial Poetry Prize in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloodaxebooks.com/news?articleid=730|title=Rebecca Perry wins 2017 Michael Murphy Prize|work=Bloodaxe Books|date=28 September 2017|accessdate=29 July 2026}}</ref> In the spring o 2016 she gaed back tae the Manchester Centre for New Writing as a Poetry Fellow an ane o its twa writers in residence.<ref name="manc 16" /> Her neist pamphlets war ''Cleanliness of Rooms and Walls'' in 2017, an ''Insect & Lilac'', wi Amy Key, an ''Beaches'' in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecoronettheatre.com/whats-on/poetry-club-tbc/|title=Poetry Club: A K Blakemore, Mary Jean Chan + Rebecca Perry|work=The Coronet Theatre|date=28 October 2019|accessdate=24 June 2025}}</ref> Her seicont collection, ''Stone Fruit'', cam oot in 2021,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pnreview.co.uk/archive/on-rebecca-perry/11155|title=on Rebecca Perry|work=PN Review|first=Genevieve|last=Stevens|date=November 2021|accessdate=29 July 2026}}</ref> an wis the Poetry Book Society's simmer recommendation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.poetrybooks.co.uk/blogs/news/summer-recommendation-stone-fruit-by-rebecca-perry?srsltid=AfmBOoqTZvSFQqgOGl9THTRL6uk_LMi2UR8BM-AcLUrvDfOFC67760JC|title=Summer Recommendation: Stone Fruit by Rebecca Perry|work=Poetry Book Society|date=21 May 2021|accessdate=29 July 2026}}</ref> Her first non-fiction wark, ''On Trampolining'', wis published bi Makina Books in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://granta.com/books-of-the-year-2023/|title=Books of the Year 2023|work=Granta|first=Seán|last=Hewitt|author-link=Seán Hewitt|date=12 December 2023|accessdate=29 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thecoldmagazine.co.uk/rebecca-perry/?v=01c054100e77|title=Rebecca Perry on Her Debut 'May We Feed the King'|work=Cold|first=Valeria|last=Berghinz|date=27 January 2026|accessdate=29 July 2026}}</ref> Her novel ''May We Feed the King'' wan the [[Waterstones Debut Fiction Prize]] in 2026,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2026/jul/16/rebecca-perry-waterstones-debut-fiction-prize-may-we-feed-the-king|title=Rebecca Perry wins Waterstones debut fiction prize for 'delicious and dream-like' novel|work=The Guardian|first=Emma|last=Loffhagen|date=16 July 2026|accessdate=16 July 2026}}</ref> an ''The Observer'' nemmed her ane o the ten best first novelists o the year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://observer.co.uk/culture/books/article/the-best-debut-novelists-2026 |title=The best debut novelists of 2026|work=The Observer|first=Anthony|last=Cummins|date=23 January 2026|accessdate=30 July 2026}}</ref> == Warks == === Novels === * ''May We Feed the King'' (2026) === Non-fiction === * ''On Trampolining'' (2023) === Poetry collections === * ''Beauty / Beauty'' (2015) * ''Stone Fruit'' (2021) === Pamphlets === * ''little armoured'' (2011) * ''cleanliness of rooms and walls'' (2017) * ''insect & lilac'' (2019), wi Amy Key * ''Beaches'' (2019) == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:1986 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Inglis poets]] [[Category:Inglis novelists]] [[Category:Inglis weemen poets]] [[Category:Inglis weemen novelists]] ta15qgeahr3u7gfjbtv57l26oq4airs 0 234291 926892 2026-11-08T20:25:45Z Monospaced 75295 New page, owerset frae the Inglis Wikipedia 926892 wikitext text/x-wiki '''M. John Harrison''' (born '''Michael John Harrison''', 26 Julie 1945) is an Inglis writer an literary critic.<ref name="gk">Kelley, George. "Harrison, M(ichael) John" in Jay P. Pederson (ed.), ''St. James guide to science fiction writers''. New York: St. James Press, 1996. {{ISBN|9781558621794}} (pp. 422–3).</ref> He is best kent for the Viriconium novels an stories (1971–1984), ''Climbers'' (1989), an the Kefahuchi Tract trilogy: ''Light'' (2002), ''Nova Swing'' (2006) an ''Empty Space'' (2012). He is weel thocht o as ane o the main stylists o modren [[fantasy]] an [[science fiction]], an a "genre contrarian".<ref name=lea>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2012/jul/20/m-john-harrison-life-in-writing |title=M John Harrison: a life in writing |author=Richard Lea |date=20 July 2012 |access-date=20 July 2012 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> [[Robert Macfarlane]] haes said: "Harrison is best known as one of the restless fathers of modern SF, but to my mind he is among the most brilliant novelists writing today, with regard to whom the question of genre is an irrelevance."<ref name=macfarlane>{{cite web|last1=Macfarlane|first1=Robert|title=Robert Macfarlane: rereading Climbers by M. John Harrison|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/may/10/robert-macfarlane-rereading-climbers|website=The Guardian|publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited|date=20 July 2012|access-date=10 May 2013}}</ref> He wis electit a Fellae o the [[Royal Society of Literature]] in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-17 |title=Harrison, M. John |url=https://rsliterature.org/fellows/m-john-harrison/ |access-date=2026-07-14 |website=Royal Society of Literature |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Early life == Harrison wis born in [[Rugby, Warwickshire|Rugby]], Warwickshire, in 1945, intae a faimly o engineers. His faither deed whan he wis a laddie, an he wis "bored, alienated, resentful and entrapped", an plunkit the schuil.<ref name=lea/> His first short story wis published in 1966 in the magazine ''Science Fantasy'', an on the strenth o it he flittit tae [[Lunnon]]. There he met [[Michael Moorcock]], that wis editin the magazine ''New Worlds''. Harrison stairtit writin reviews an short stories for it, an bi 1968 he wis its buiks editor.<ref name=lea/> == Career == The first o the Viriconium novels, ''The Pastel City'', cam oot in 1971, an Harrison wrote mair o the series till 1984.<ref name="gk"/> Later he flittit tae [[Manchester]]. His novel ''Climbers'' (1989), that cam oot o his ain rock climmin, wan the Boardman Tasker Prize for Mountain Literature.{{fact}} In 2002, ''Light'' wis a return tae science fiction an the stairt o the Kefahuchi Tract trilogy. Its sequel, ''Nova Swing'' (2006), wan the [[Arthur C. Clarke Award]] in 2007<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/may/03/arthurcclarkeaward.awardsandprizes] guardian.co.uk article</ref> an the [[Philip K. Dick Award]] in 2008.<ref>[http://news.ansible.co.uk/a249.html#03] ''Ansible'' newsletter.</ref> The third novel, ''Empty Space: A Haunting'', cam oot in 2012. His novel ''The Sunken Land Begins to Rise Again'' cam oot in 2020<ref name="The Sunken Land Begins to Rise Again by M John Harrison review – brilliantly unsettling">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jun/19/the-sunken-land-begins-to-rise-again-by-m-john-harrison-review-brilliantly-unsettling| title=The Sunken Land Begins to Rise Again by M John Harrison review – brilliantly unsettling|last=Laing|first=Olivia|date=19 June 2020|work=[[The Guardian]]| access-date=16 August 2020}}</ref> an wan the [[Goldsmiths Prize]] that year.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Goldsmiths Prize won by Harrison for 'literary masterpiece' {{!}} The Bookseller|url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/goldsmiths-prize-won-harrison-literary-masterpiece-1225506|access-date=2020-11-11|website=www.thebookseller.com}}</ref> In 2023 he published ''Wish I Was Here'', an "anti-memoir".<ref>{{cite web|title=WISH I WAS HERE|url=https://serpentstail.com/work/wish-i-was-here/|website=Serpent's Tail|access-date=5 May 2023}}</ref> His novel ''The End of Everything'' wis published in Juin 2026,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The End of Everything |url=https://blackwells.co.uk/bookshop/product/The-End-of-Everything-by-M-John-Harrison/9781800812949 |access-date=2026-06-11 |website=blackwells.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> an wis on the short leet for the 2026 [[Booker Prize]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Here's the shortlist for the 2026 Booker Prize |url=https://lithub.com/heres-the-shortlist-for-the-2026-booker-prize/ |website=Literary Hub |date=22 September 2026 |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:1945 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Inglis novelists]] dwpm0xwobizdk5wptk63kh81yzsby7c 926895 926892 2026-11-08T20:29:48Z Monospaced 75295 Infobox, photo an list o warks addit 926895 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | name = M. John Harrison | honorific_suffix = [[Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature|FRSL]] | image = M John Harrison 2017 (A42SClp-9fI).jpg | caption = Harrison in 2017 | birth_name = Michael John Harrison | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1945|7|26|df=y}} | birth_place = Rugby, Warwickshire, [[Ingland]] | occupation = Writer | period = 1966–the day | genre = [[Science fiction]], [[fantasy]], horror, literary fiction | awards = 2007 [[Arthur C. Clarke Award]]<br>2008 [[Philip K. Dick Award]]<br>2020 [[Goldsmiths Prize]]<br>2025 Fellow o the [[Royal Society of Literature]] }} '''M. John Harrison''' (born '''Michael John Harrison''', 26 Julie 1945) is an Inglis writer an literary critic.<ref name="gk">Kelley, George. "Harrison, M(ichael) John" in Jay P. Pederson (ed.), ''St. James guide to science fiction writers''. New York: St. James Press, 1996. {{ISBN|9781558621794}} (pp. 422–3).</ref> He is best kent for the Viriconium novels an stories (1971–1984), ''Climbers'' (1989), an the Kefahuchi Tract trilogy: ''Light'' (2002), ''Nova Swing'' (2006) an ''Empty Space'' (2012). He is weel thocht o as ane o the main stylists o modren [[fantasy]] an [[science fiction]], an a "genre contrarian".<ref name=lea>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2012/jul/20/m-john-harrison-life-in-writing |title=M John Harrison: a life in writing |author=Richard Lea |date=20 July 2012 |access-date=20 July 2012 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> [[Robert Macfarlane]] haes said: "Harrison is best known as one of the restless fathers of modern SF, but to my mind he is among the most brilliant novelists writing today, with regard to whom the question of genre is an irrelevance."<ref name=macfarlane>{{cite web|last1=Macfarlane|first1=Robert|title=Robert Macfarlane: rereading Climbers by M. John Harrison|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/may/10/robert-macfarlane-rereading-climbers|website=The Guardian|publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited|date=20 July 2012|access-date=10 May 2013}}</ref> He wis electit a Fellae o the [[Royal Society of Literature]] in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-17 |title=Harrison, M. John |url=https://rsliterature.org/fellows/m-john-harrison/ |access-date=2026-07-14 |website=Royal Society of Literature |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Early life == Harrison wis born in [[Rugby, Warwickshire|Rugby]], Warwickshire, in 1945, intae a faimly o engineers. His faither deed whan he wis a laddie, an he wis "bored, alienated, resentful and entrapped", an plunkit the schuil.<ref name=lea/> His first short story wis published in 1966 in the magazine ''Science Fantasy'', an on the strenth o it he flittit tae [[Lunnon]]. There he met [[Michael Moorcock]], that wis editin the magazine ''New Worlds''. Harrison stairtit writin reviews an short stories for it, an bi 1968 he wis its buiks editor.<ref name=lea/> == Career == The first o the Viriconium novels, ''The Pastel City'', cam oot in 1971, an Harrison wrote mair o the series till 1984.<ref name="gk"/> Later he flittit tae [[Manchester]]. His novel ''Climbers'' (1989), that cam oot o his ain rock climmin, wan the Boardman Tasker Prize for Mountain Literature.{{fact}} In 2002, ''Light'' wis a return tae science fiction an the stairt o the Kefahuchi Tract trilogy. Its sequel, ''Nova Swing'' (2006), wan the [[Arthur C. Clarke Award]] in 2007<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/may/03/arthurcclarkeaward.awardsandprizes] guardian.co.uk article</ref> an the [[Philip K. Dick Award]] in 2008.<ref>[http://news.ansible.co.uk/a249.html#03] ''Ansible'' newsletter.</ref> The third novel, ''Empty Space: A Haunting'', cam oot in 2012. His novel ''The Sunken Land Begins to Rise Again'' cam oot in 2020<ref name="The Sunken Land Begins to Rise Again by M John Harrison review – brilliantly unsettling">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jun/19/the-sunken-land-begins-to-rise-again-by-m-john-harrison-review-brilliantly-unsettling| title=The Sunken Land Begins to Rise Again by M John Harrison review – brilliantly unsettling|last=Laing|first=Olivia|date=19 June 2020|work=[[The Guardian]]| access-date=16 August 2020}}</ref> an wan the [[Goldsmiths Prize]] that year.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Goldsmiths Prize won by Harrison for 'literary masterpiece' {{!}} The Bookseller|url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/goldsmiths-prize-won-harrison-literary-masterpiece-1225506|access-date=2020-11-11|website=www.thebookseller.com}}</ref> In 2023 he published ''Wish I Was Here'', an "anti-memoir".<ref>{{cite web|title=WISH I WAS HERE|url=https://serpentstail.com/work/wish-i-was-here/|website=Serpent's Tail|access-date=5 May 2023}}</ref> His novel ''The End of Everything'' wis published in Juin 2026,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The End of Everything |url=https://blackwells.co.uk/bookshop/product/The-End-of-Everything-by-M-John-Harrison/9781800812949 |access-date=2026-06-11 |website=blackwells.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> an wis on the short leet for the 2026 [[Booker Prize]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Here's the shortlist for the 2026 Booker Prize |url=https://lithub.com/heres-the-shortlist-for-the-2026-booker-prize/ |website=Literary Hub |date=22 September 2026 |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> == Warks == === Novels === * ''The Committed Men'' (1971) * ''The Pastel City'' (1971) * ''The Centauri Device'' (1974) * ''A Storm of Wings'' (1980) * ''In Viriconium'' (1982) * ''Climbers'' (1989) * ''The Course of the Heart'' (1992) * ''Signs of Life'' (1996) * ''Light'' (2002) * ''Nova Swing'' (2006) * ''Empty Space: A Haunting'' (2012) * ''The Sunken Land Begins to Rise Again'' (2020) * ''The End of Everything'' (2026) === Short stories === * ''The Machine in Shaft Ten and Other Stories'' (1975) * ''The Ice Monkey'' (1983) * ''Viriconium Nights'' (1984) * ''Travel Arrangements'' (2000) * ''Things That Never Happen'' (2002) * ''You Should Come With Me Now'' (2017) === Ither warks === * ''Wish I Was Here'' (2023) == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:1945 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Inglis novelists]] 2qj42sfeb970lb4s55ddegsgmztzb7o 927128 926895 2026-11-08T23:11:28Z CiphriusKane 74958 /* Career */ 927128 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | name = M. John Harrison | honorific_suffix = [[Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature|FRSL]] | image = M John Harrison 2017 (A42SClp-9fI).jpg | caption = Harrison in 2017 | birth_name = Michael John Harrison | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1945|7|26|df=y}} | birth_place = Rugby, Warwickshire, [[Ingland]] | occupation = Writer | period = 1966–the day | genre = [[Science fiction]], [[fantasy]], horror, literary fiction | awards = 2007 [[Arthur C. Clarke Award]]<br>2008 [[Philip K. Dick Award]]<br>2020 [[Goldsmiths Prize]]<br>2025 Fellow o the [[Royal Society of Literature]] }} '''M. John Harrison''' (born '''Michael John Harrison''', 26 Julie 1945) is an Inglis writer an literary critic.<ref name="gk">Kelley, George. "Harrison, M(ichael) John" in Jay P. Pederson (ed.), ''St. James guide to science fiction writers''. New York: St. James Press, 1996. {{ISBN|9781558621794}} (pp. 422–3).</ref> He is best kent for the Viriconium novels an stories (1971–1984), ''Climbers'' (1989), an the Kefahuchi Tract trilogy: ''Light'' (2002), ''Nova Swing'' (2006) an ''Empty Space'' (2012). He is weel thocht o as ane o the main stylists o modren [[fantasy]] an [[science fiction]], an a "genre contrarian".<ref name=lea>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2012/jul/20/m-john-harrison-life-in-writing |title=M John Harrison: a life in writing |author=Richard Lea |date=20 July 2012 |access-date=20 July 2012 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> [[Robert Macfarlane]] haes said: "Harrison is best known as one of the restless fathers of modern SF, but to my mind he is among the most brilliant novelists writing today, with regard to whom the question of genre is an irrelevance."<ref name=macfarlane>{{cite web|last1=Macfarlane|first1=Robert|title=Robert Macfarlane: rereading Climbers by M. John Harrison|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/may/10/robert-macfarlane-rereading-climbers|website=The Guardian|publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited|date=20 July 2012|access-date=10 May 2013}}</ref> He wis electit a Fellae o the [[Royal Society of Literature]] in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-17 |title=Harrison, M. John |url=https://rsliterature.org/fellows/m-john-harrison/ |access-date=2026-07-14 |website=Royal Society of Literature |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Early life == Harrison wis born in [[Rugby, Warwickshire|Rugby]], Warwickshire, in 1945, intae a faimly o engineers. His faither deed whan he wis a laddie, an he wis "bored, alienated, resentful and entrapped", an plunkit the schuil.<ref name=lea/> His first short story wis published in 1966 in the magazine ''Science Fantasy'', an on the strenth o it he flittit tae [[Lunnon]]. There he met [[Michael Moorcock]], that wis editin the magazine ''New Worlds''. Harrison stairtit writin reviews an short stories for it, an bi 1968 he wis its buiks editor.<ref name=lea/> == Career == The first o the Viriconium novels, ''The Pastel City'', cam oot in 1971, an Harrison wrote mair o the series till 1984.<ref name="gk"/> Later he flittit tae [[Manchester]]. His novel ''Climbers'' (1989), that cam oot o his ain rock climmin, wan the Boardman Tasker Prize for Mountain Literature.<ref>{{cite web |title=Archive |url=https://www.boardmantasker.com/archive |website=The Boardman Tasker Prize for Mountain Literature |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> In 2002, ''Light'' wis a return tae science fiction an the stairt o the Kefahuchi Tract trilogy. Its sequel, ''Nova Swing'' (2006), wan the [[Arthur C. Clarke Award]] in 2007<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/may/03/arthurcclarkeaward.awardsandprizes] guardian.co.uk article</ref> an the [[Philip K. Dick Award]] in 2008.<ref>[http://news.ansible.co.uk/a249.html#03] ''Ansible'' newsletter.</ref> The third novel, ''Empty Space: A Haunting'', cam oot in 2012. His novel ''The Sunken Land Begins to Rise Again'' cam oot in 2020<ref name="The Sunken Land Begins to Rise Again by M John Harrison review – brilliantly unsettling">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jun/19/the-sunken-land-begins-to-rise-again-by-m-john-harrison-review-brilliantly-unsettling| title=The Sunken Land Begins to Rise Again by M John Harrison review – brilliantly unsettling|last=Laing|first=Olivia|date=19 June 2020|work=[[The Guardian]]| access-date=16 August 2020}}</ref> an wan the [[Goldsmiths Prize]] that year.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Goldsmiths Prize won by Harrison for 'literary masterpiece' {{!}} The Bookseller|url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/goldsmiths-prize-won-harrison-literary-masterpiece-1225506|access-date=2020-11-11|website=www.thebookseller.com}}</ref> In 2023 he published ''Wish I Was Here'', an "anti-memoir".<ref>{{cite web|title=WISH I WAS HERE|url=https://serpentstail.com/work/wish-i-was-here/|website=Serpent's Tail|access-date=5 May 2023}}</ref> His novel ''The End of Everything'' wis published in Juin 2026,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The End of Everything |url=https://blackwells.co.uk/bookshop/product/The-End-of-Everything-by-M-John-Harrison/9781800812949 |access-date=2026-06-11 |website=blackwells.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> an wis on the short leet for the 2026 [[Booker Prize]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Here's the shortlist for the 2026 Booker Prize |url=https://lithub.com/heres-the-shortlist-for-the-2026-booker-prize/ |website=Literary Hub |date=22 September 2026 |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> == Warks == === Novels === * ''The Committed Men'' (1971) * ''The Pastel City'' (1971) * ''The Centauri Device'' (1974) * ''A Storm of Wings'' (1980) * ''In Viriconium'' (1982) * ''Climbers'' (1989) * ''The Course of the Heart'' (1992) * ''Signs of Life'' (1996) * ''Light'' (2002) * ''Nova Swing'' (2006) * ''Empty Space: A Haunting'' (2012) * ''The Sunken Land Begins to Rise Again'' (2020) * ''The End of Everything'' (2026) === Short stories === * ''The Machine in Shaft Ten and Other Stories'' (1975) * ''The Ice Monkey'' (1983) * ''Viriconium Nights'' (1984) * ''Travel Arrangements'' (2000) * ''Things That Never Happen'' (2002) * ''You Should Come With Me Now'' (2017) === Ither warks === * ''Wish I Was Here'' (2023) == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:1945 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Inglis novelists]] nmmkma7ypcfdav43mpupdhjkdbbu97j 927130 927128 2026-11-08T23:11:41Z CiphriusKane 74958 /* Career */ 927130 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | name = M. John Harrison | honorific_suffix = [[Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature|FRSL]] | image = M John Harrison 2017 (A42SClp-9fI).jpg | caption = Harrison in 2017 | birth_name = Michael John Harrison | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1945|7|26|df=y}} | birth_place = Rugby, Warwickshire, [[Ingland]] | occupation = Writer | period = 1966–the day | genre = [[Science fiction]], [[fantasy]], horror, literary fiction | awards = 2007 [[Arthur C. Clarke Award]]<br>2008 [[Philip K. Dick Award]]<br>2020 [[Goldsmiths Prize]]<br>2025 Fellow o the [[Royal Society of Literature]] }} '''M. John Harrison''' (born '''Michael John Harrison''', 26 Julie 1945) is an Inglis writer an literary critic.<ref name="gk">Kelley, George. "Harrison, M(ichael) John" in Jay P. Pederson (ed.), ''St. James guide to science fiction writers''. New York: St. James Press, 1996. {{ISBN|9781558621794}} (pp. 422–3).</ref> He is best kent for the Viriconium novels an stories (1971–1984), ''Climbers'' (1989), an the Kefahuchi Tract trilogy: ''Light'' (2002), ''Nova Swing'' (2006) an ''Empty Space'' (2012). He is weel thocht o as ane o the main stylists o modren [[fantasy]] an [[science fiction]], an a "genre contrarian".<ref name=lea>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2012/jul/20/m-john-harrison-life-in-writing |title=M John Harrison: a life in writing |author=Richard Lea |date=20 July 2012 |access-date=20 July 2012 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> [[Robert Macfarlane]] haes said: "Harrison is best known as one of the restless fathers of modern SF, but to my mind he is among the most brilliant novelists writing today, with regard to whom the question of genre is an irrelevance."<ref name=macfarlane>{{cite web|last1=Macfarlane|first1=Robert|title=Robert Macfarlane: rereading Climbers by M. John Harrison|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/may/10/robert-macfarlane-rereading-climbers|website=The Guardian|publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited|date=20 July 2012|access-date=10 May 2013}}</ref> He wis electit a Fellae o the [[Royal Society of Literature]] in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-17 |title=Harrison, M. John |url=https://rsliterature.org/fellows/m-john-harrison/ |access-date=2026-07-14 |website=Royal Society of Literature |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Early life == Harrison wis born in [[Rugby, Warwickshire|Rugby]], Warwickshire, in 1945, intae a faimly o engineers. His faither deed whan he wis a laddie, an he wis "bored, alienated, resentful and entrapped", an plunkit the schuil.<ref name=lea/> His first short story wis published in 1966 in the magazine ''Science Fantasy'', an on the strenth o it he flittit tae [[Lunnon]]. There he met [[Michael Moorcock]], that wis editin the magazine ''New Worlds''. Harrison stairtit writin reviews an short stories for it, an bi 1968 he wis its buiks editor.<ref name=lea/> == Career == The first o the Viriconium novels, ''The Pastel City'', cam oot in 1971, an Harrison wrote mair o the series till 1984.<ref name="gk"/> Later he flittit tae [[Manchester]]. His novel ''Climbers'' (1989), that cam oot o his ain rock climmin, wan the Boardman Tasker Prize for Mountain Literature.<ref>{{cite web |title=Archive |url=https://www.boardmantasker.com/archive |website=The Boardman Tasker Prize for Mountain Literature |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> In 2002, ''Light'' wis a return tae science fiction an the stairt o the Kefahuchi Tract trilogy. Its sequel, ''Nova Swing'' (2006), wan the [[Arthur C. Clarke Award]] in 2007<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/may/03/arthurcclarkeaward.awardsandprizes] guardian.co.uk article</ref> an the [[Philip K. Dick Award]] in 2008.<ref>[http://news.ansible.co.uk/a249.html#03] ''Ansible'' newsletter.</ref> The third novel, ''Empty Space: A Haunting'', cam oot in 2012. His novel ''The Sunken Land Begins to Rise Again'' cam oot in 2020<ref name="The Sunken Land Begins to Rise Again by M John Harrison review – brilliantly unsettling">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jun/19/the-sunken-land-begins-to-rise-again-by-m-john-harrison-review-brilliantly-unsettling| title=The Sunken Land Begins to Rise Again by M John Harrison review – brilliantly unsettling|last=Laing|first=Olivia|date=19 June 2020|work=[[The Guardian]]| access-date=16 August 2020}}</ref> an wan the [[Goldsmiths Prize]] that year.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Goldsmiths Prize won by Harrison for 'literary masterpiece' {{!}} The Bookseller|url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/goldsmiths-prize-won-harrison-literary-masterpiece-1225506|access-date=2020-11-11|website=www.thebookseller.com}}</ref> In 2023 he published ''Wish I Was Here'', an "anti-memoir".<ref>{{cite web|title=WISH I WAS HERE|url=https://serpentstail.com/work/wish-i-was-here/|website=Serpent's Tail|access-date=5 May 2023}}</ref> His novel ''The End of Everything'' wis published in Juin 2026,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The End of Everything |url=https://blackwells.co.uk/bookshop/product/The-End-of-Everything-by-M-John-Harrison/9781800812949 |access-date=2026-06-11 |website=blackwells.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> an wis on the short leet for the 2026 [[Booker Prize]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Here's the shortlist for the 2026 Booker Prize |url=https://lithub.com/heres-the-shortlist-for-the-2026-booker-prize/ |website=Literary Hub |date=22 September 2026 |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> == Warks == === Novels === * ''The Committed Men'' (1971) * ''The Pastel City'' (1971) * ''The Centauri Device'' (1974) * ''A Storm of Wings'' (1980) * ''In Viriconium'' (1982) * ''Climbers'' (1989) * ''The Course of the Heart'' (1992) * ''Signs of Life'' (1996) * ''Light'' (2002) * ''Nova Swing'' (2006) * ''Empty Space: A Haunting'' (2012) * ''The Sunken Land Begins to Rise Again'' (2020) * ''The End of Everything'' (2026) === Short stories === * ''The Machine in Shaft Ten and Other Stories'' (1975) * ''The Ice Monkey'' (1983) * ''Viriconium Nights'' (1984) * ''Travel Arrangements'' (2000) * ''Things That Never Happen'' (2002) * ''You Should Come With Me Now'' (2017) === Ither warks === * ''Wish I Was Here'' (2023) == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:1945 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Inglis novelists]] ahrmjg9aalg2795mwzsh4eqq3pg14l8 1 234292 926893 2026-11-08T20:26:13Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin info 926893 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|en|M. John Harrison|version=1383229252}} 912rc11udh9t4cfq69m828m5bvhvx9f 0 234293 926896 2026-11-08T20:30:17Z Monospaced 75295 New page, owerset frae the Inglis Wikipedia 926896 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | name = Marlon James | image = Marlon james 2014.jpg | caption = James in 2014 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1970|11|24}} | birth_place = [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]], [[Jamaica]] | occupation = Novelist | organizations = [[Macalester College]] | education = [[University of the West Indies]]<br>[[Wilkes University]] (MFA) | genre = Fiction | notable_works = ''A Brief History of Seven Killings'' (2014) | awards = [[Booker Prize]], 2015 }} '''Marlon James''' (born 24 November 1970)<ref name="lf">[http://www.literaryfestivals.co.uk/announcements/man-booker-prize-for-fiction-winner-a-brief-history-of-seven-killings-by-marlon-james "Man Booker Prize for Fiction Winner: A Brief History of Seven Killings by Marlon James"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019164201/http://www.literaryfestivals.co.uk/announcements/man-booker-prize-for-fiction-winner-a-brief-history-of-seven-killings-by-marlon-james |date=19 October 2018 }}, LiteraryFestivals.co.uk, 14 October 2015.</ref> is a [[Jamaica]]n writer. He haes written sax novels: ''John Crow's Devil'' (2005), ''The Book of Night Women'' (2009), ''[[A Brief History of Seven Killings]]'' (2014), that wan him the [[Booker Prize]] in 2015, ''Black Leopard, Red Wolf'' (2019), ''Moon Witch, Spider King'' (2022) an ''The Disappearers'' (2026). He wis the first Jamaican tae win the Booker.<ref>Richards, Kimberley (14 October 2015), [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/marlon-james-becomes-first-jamaican-winner-of-booker-prize_561d8d79e4b050c6c4a355bf "Marlon James Becomes First Jamaican Winner Of Booker Prize"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223141756/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/marlon-james-becomes-first-jamaican-winner-of-booker-prize_561d8d79e4b050c6c4a355bf |date=23 December 2015 }}, ''Huffington Post'' – Arts & Culture.</ref> He bides nou in [[Minneapolis]], Minnesota, in the [[Unitit States]], an teaches literature at [[Macalester College]] in Saint Paul.<ref name=nytimes>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/15/magazine/from-jamaica-to-minnesota-to-myself.html|title=From Jamaica to Minnesota to Myself|last=James|first=Marlon|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=10 March 2015|language=en|archive-date=31 July 2019|access-date=22 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731160335/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/15/magazine/from-jamaica-to-minnesota-to-myself.html|url-status=live}}</ref> == Early life an eddication == James wis born in [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]], Jamaica. Baith his parents were in the Jamaican polis: his mither becam a detective, an his faither wis a lawyer.<ref>{{cite news|last=Akbar|first= Arifa |date=14 October 2015|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/marlon-james-i-don-t-believe-in-pg-violence-a6694431.html |title=Marlon James: 'I don't believe in PG violence'|newspaper=The Independent}}</ref> He graduatit frae the [[University of the West Indies]] in 1991, whaur he studied leid an literature.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.macalester.edu/english-and-creative-writing/facultystaff/marlonjames/|title=Academics {{!}} Marlon James|publisher=Macalester College|access-date=14 October 2026}}</ref> He left Jamaica tae win awa frae violence agin gay fowk, an frae a life whaur he felt his career wad gang naewhaur,<ref>Wright, André (15 October 2015), [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/oct/15/marlon-james-jamaica-booker-homophobic "Why Marlon James had to get out of Jamaica to win the Booker prize"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102002216/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/oct/15/marlon-james-jamaica-booker-homophobic |date=2 November 2015 }}, ''[[The Guardian]]''.</ref> an said efter: "Whether it was in a plane or a coffin, I knew I had to get out of Jamaica."<ref name=nytimes /> He got a Maister o Fine Airts in creative writin frae Wilkes University in [[Pennsylvanie]] in 2006.<ref>{{cite web | title=Wilkes University Creative Writing Alumnus Marlon James Wins Man Booker Prize For Novel |website=News@WilkesUniversity | url=https://news.wilkes.edu/2015/10/14/wilkes-university-creative-writing-alumnus-marlon-james-wins-man-booker-prize-for-novel/ |date=14 October 2015 |access-date=2026-04-14}}</ref> == Career == His first novel, ''John Crow's Devil'' (2005), wis turnt doun 70 times afore it wis taen for publication.<ref>[http://www.channel4.com/news/man-booker-prize-winner-marlon-james-in-exile-from-jamaica "Man Booker Prize winner Marlon James 'in exile' from Jamaica"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016181703/http://www.channel4.com/news/man-booker-prize-winner-marlon-james-in-exile-from-jamaica |date=16 October 2015 }}, ''[[Channel 4 News]]'', 14 October 2015.</ref> ''A Brief History of Seven Killings'' wan the Booker Prize in 2015.<ref name="lf"/> His novel ''The Disappearers'' wis on the short leet for the 2026 [[Booker Prize]].<ref name="lithub">{{Cite web |title=Here's the shortlist for the 2026 Booker Prize |url=https://lithub.com/heres-the-shortlist-for-the-2026-booker-prize/ |website=Literary Hub |date=22 September 2026 |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> == Warks == * ''John Crow's Devil'' (2005) * ''The Book of Night Women'' (2009) * ''A Brief History of Seven Killings'' (2014) * ''Black Leopard, Red Wolf'' (2019) * ''Moon Witch, Spider King'' (2022) * ''The Disappearers'' (2026) == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:1970 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] a1f4tzo92tz5irqkj7v7at119iuklnf 1 234294 926897 2026-11-08T20:30:49Z Monospaced 75295 Made page wi "{{Translatit page|en|Marlon James (novelist)|version=1384008468}}" 926897 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|en|Marlon James (novelist)|version=1384008468}} 8lk04vnhtu45vlohqta4pcesgzlb8dq 0 234295 926898 2026-11-08T20:31:25Z Monospaced 75295 New page, owerset frae the Inglis Wikipedia 926898 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | name = Luke Kennard | image = Luke Kennard 20260716 192513.jpg | caption = Kennard in 2026 | birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1981}} | birth_place = [[Kingston upon Thames]], [[Ingland]] | occupation = Poet, critic, novelist an lecturer | organizations = [[University of Birmingham]] | notable_works = ''The Solex Brothers'' (2005); ''The Transition'' (2017); ''Notes on the Sonnets'' (2021); ''Black Bag'' (2026) | awards = [[Eric Gregory Award]]<br>[[Forward Prizes for Poetry|Forward Prize for Best Collection]] }} '''Luke Kennard''' (born 1981)<ref>{{cite web|title=Luke Kennard|url=http://www.poetryinternationalweb.net/pi/site/poet/item/18215/29/Luke-Kennard|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712204430/http://www.poetryinternationalweb.net/pi/site/poet/item/18215/29/Luke-Kennard|url-status=usurped|archive-date=12 July 2012|website=Poetry International|access-date=2 May 2015}}</ref> is a Breetish poet, critic, novelist an lecturer. He wis the youngest poet iver tae be nominatit for the [[Forward Prizes for Poetry|Forward Prize]] for Best Collection, an his novel ''Black Bag'' wis on the short leet for the 2026 [[Booker Prize]].<ref name="lithub">{{Cite web |title=Here's the shortlist for the 2026 Booker Prize |url=https://lithub.com/heres-the-shortlist-for-the-2026-booker-prize/ |website=Literary Hub |date=22 September 2026 |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> == Early life an eddication == Kennard wis born in [[Kingston upon Thames]] an grew up in [[Luton]].<ref name="Poetry Society">[https://poetrysociety.org.uk/poets/luke-kennard/ Luke Kennard] at [[The Poetry Society]].</ref> He studied Inglis an Creative Writin at the [[University of Exeter]], whaur he got his BA, MA an PhD.<ref name="University of Birmingham">{{cite web|url=https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/staff/profiles/fcw/kennard-luke|title=Professor Luke Kennard BA Hons, MA, PhD|publisher=University of Birmingham|access-date=8 October 2026}}</ref> He lectures in Creative Writin at the [[University of Birmingham]].<ref name="University of Birmingham" /> == Career == Kennard wan an [[Eric Gregory Award]] in 2005<ref>{{cite web|title=Eric Gregory Award Past Winners|url=http://www.societyofauthors.org/eric-gregory-past-winners|website=The Society of Authors|access-date=2 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908050942/http://www.societyofauthors.org/eric-gregory-past-winners|archive-date=8 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> for his first collection, ''The Solex Brothers''.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kinson|first1=Sarah|title=Why I Write: Luke Kennard|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jun/24/whyiwrite|access-date=2 May 2015|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=24 June 2008}}</ref> His seicont collection, ''The Harbour Beyond The Movie'', wis on the short leet for the 2007 Forward Prize for Best Collection, that makkit him the youngest poet iver tae be nominatit.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Love|first1=Emma|title=Rising star: Luke Kennard, Poet|url=https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2007/sep/23/features.magazine37|access-date=2 May 2015|newspaper=[[The Observer]]|date=23 September 2007}}</ref> In 2014 he wis named ane o the [[Poetry Book Society]]'s Next Generation Poets.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Poetry Book Society, Next Generation Poets 2014|url=http://poetrybooks.co.uk/projects/51/|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205073745/http://poetrybooks.co.uk/projects/51/|archivedate=2014-12-05}}</ref> His first novel, ''The Transition'', wis published bi Fourth Estate in Mairch 2017,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thebookseller.com/news/fourth-estate-acquires-luke-kennards-debut-novel-318290|title=Luke Kennard's debut novel to Fourth Estate |first=Natasha |last=Onwuemezi|work= [[The Bookseller]]|date=9 December 2015|access-date=2 July 2016}}</ref> an wis a ''Book at Bedtime'' on [[BBC Radio 4]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=BBC Radio 4| title=Book at Bedtime|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b08fchsp}}</ref> His poetry collection ''Notes on the Sonnets'' wan the Forward Prize for Best Collection in 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Flood |first1=Alison |title=Luke Kennard wins Forward poetry prize for ‘anarchic’ response to Shakespeare |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/oct/24/luke-kennard-wins-forward-poetry-prize-for-anarchic-response-to-shakespeare-notes-on-the-sonnets |newspaper=The Guardian |date=24 October 2021}}</ref> His novel ''Black Bag'' cam oot in 2026<ref>{{Cite news |last=Simon |first=Scott |date=2026-03-14 |title=Author Luke Kennard talks about his novel, 'Black Bag' |url=https://www.npr.org/2026/03/14/nx-s1-5700045/author-luke-kennard-talks-about-his-novel-black-bag |access-date=2026-03-20 |work=NPR |language=en}}</ref> an wis on the short leet for the Booker Prize.<ref name="lithub"/> == Warks == * ''The Solex Brothers'' (2005) * ''The Harbour Beyond The Movie'' (2007) * ''The Migraine Hotel'' (2009) * ''Planet Shaped Horse'' (2011) * ''The Necropolis Boat'' (2012) * ''Holophin'' (2012) * ''A Lost Expression'' (2012) * ''Cain'' (2016) * ''The Transition'' (2017) * ''Truffle Hound'' (2018) * ''The Answer to Everything'' (2021) * ''Bad Sermons'' (2021) * ''Notes on the Sonnets'' (2021) * ''The Book of Jonah'' (2025) * ''Black Bag'' (2026) == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:1981 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Inglis poets]] [[Category:Inglis novelists]] dq1dodkn2fh23dgh3mr9ju4e9tpcidr 1 234296 926899 2026-11-08T20:31:46Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin info 926899 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|en|Luke Kennard (poet)|version=1380166457}} tcm47v88xu15mo8qkp0tkg83pkx8ptr 0 234297 926900 2026-11-08T20:32:17Z Monospaced 75295 New page, owerset frae the Inglis Wikipedia 926900 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | name = Elizabeth Strout | image = Elizabeth Strout 2015.jpg | caption = Strout in 2015 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1956|1|6}} | birth_place = [[Portland, Maine]], [[Unitit States]] | occupation = Novelist an short-story writer | genre = Literary fiction | notable_works = ''Olive Kitteridge'' (2008)<br>''My Name Is Lucy Barton'' (2016) | awards = [[Pulitzer Prize for Fiction]] (2009) }} '''Elizabeth Strout''' (born 6 Januar 1956) is an American novelist. She wis born an brocht up in [[Portland, Maine|Portland]], [[Maine]], an the makkit-up toun o Shirley Falls, Maine, is the settin o fower o her ten novels.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jul/13/the-burgess-boys-elizabeth-strout-review|title=The Burgess Boys by Elizabeth Strout – review|last=Mackay|first=Shena|date=July 13, 2013|work=The Guardian|access-date=June 7, 2017|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Her novel ''[[Olive Kitteridge]]'' (2008) selt mair nor a million copies<ref name="Elizabeth Strout’s Long Homecoming">{{Cite magazine|url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/05/01/elizabeth-strouts-long-homecoming|title=Elizabeth Strout's Long Homecoming|first=Ariel|last=Levy|author-link=Ariel Levy (writer)|magazine=The New Yorker|date=April 24, 2017|access-date=June 7, 2017}}</ref> an wan the [[Pulitzer Prize for Fiction]] in 2009.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pulitzer.org/winners/elizabeth-strout|title=The 2009 Pulitzer Prize Winner in Fiction|website=www.pulitzer.org|language=en|access-date=June 7, 2017}}</ref> Her novel ''The Things We Never Say'' wis on the short leet for the 2026 [[Booker Prize]].<ref name="lithub">{{Cite web |title=Here's the shortlist for the 2026 Booker Prize |url=https://lithub.com/heres-the-shortlist-for-the-2026-booker-prize/ |website=Literary Hub |date=22 September 2026 |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> == Early life an eddication == Strout wis born in Portland, Maine, an brocht up in sma touns in Maine an in Durham, New Hampshire. Her faither wis a professor o science, an her mither wis a professor o Inglis that taucht writin in a heich schuil nearhaund.<ref name="npr.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2016/01/13/462912164/my-ears-are-open-novelist-elizabeth-strout-finds-inspiration-in-every-day-life|title='My Ears Are Open': Novelist Elizabeth Strout Finds Inspiration In Everyday Life|publisher=NPR|first=Terry|last=Gross|work=Fresh Air|date= January 13, 2016|access-date= October 1, 2018}}</ref><ref name="MorningNews">{{Cite web|last=Birnbaum|first=Robert|title=Elizabeth Strout|url=https://themorningnews.org/article/elizabeth-strout|access-date=February 20, 2022|website=The Morning News}}</ref> Efter Bates College, she studied law, an got her law degree frae [[Syracuse University]] in 1982. That year her first story wis published, in the magazine ''New Letters''.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Write Stuff: Syracuse University College of Law |url=http://law.syr.edu/publication/magazine/the-write-stuff |access-date=August 4, 2021 |work=law.syr.edu}}</ref><ref name="MorningNews" /> == Career == Her first novel, ''Amy and Isabelle'' (1998), wis on the short leet for the 2000 [[Women's Prize for Fiction|Orange Prize]], an wis makkit intae a television film.<ref name="MorningNews" /> ''Olive Kitteridge'' wis follit bi ''The Burgess Boys'' (2013) an ''My Name Is Lucy Barton'' (2016), the first o a series o novels aboot Lucy Barton.<ref name="Elizabeth Strout’s Long Homecoming"/> ''Olive Kitteridge'' wis makkit intae a television series that wan several [[Emmy Award]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/09/20/entertainment/emmy-awards-2015-feat/|title='Olive Kitteridge,' 'Game of Thrones' big Emmy winners |first=Brandon |last=Griggs|publisher=CNN|date=September 21, 2015 |access-date= October 1, 2018}}</ref> == Warks == * ''Amy and Isabelle'' (1998) * ''Abide with Me'' (2006) * ''Olive Kitteridge'' (2008) * ''The Burgess Boys'' (2013) * ''My Name Is Lucy Barton'' (2016) * ''The Things We Never Say'' (2026) == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:1956 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:American novelists]] [[Category:American weemen novelists]] s98z9arzwjg0u9taybj44q2gvxqg67u 1 234298 926901 2026-11-08T20:32:28Z Monospaced 75295 Made page wi "{{Translatit page|en|Elizabeth Strout|version=1377578487}}" 926901 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|en|Elizabeth Strout|version=1377578487}} 8accoyx21j7iuhevvy85cqvs1mf7yfn 1 234299 926925 2026-11-08T21:11:40Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin info 926925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|en|President of the United States|version=1384527802}} a8urspw7w2fdn9qgu4rlmd6f4xm3t73 1 234300 926982 2026-11-08T21:44:50Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin ref 926982 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|en|Guy Fawkes Night|version=1383991104}} bopuyf864om4mn6t39pqa7md1ujbb91 1 234301 926989 2026-11-08T22:00:16Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin ref 926989 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|en|Mathematics|version=1382435376}} fsh1y4h93284hy20j7aoycunuu3w98c 1 234302 927014 2026-11-08T22:11:39Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin ref 927014 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|en|Grand Theft Auto VI|version=1384514269}} etlph8nyavuf0rejdsochvpe00m6cib 0 234303 927043 2026-11-08T22:25:38Z Monospaced 75295 Monospaced flittit page [[Fantasie]] til [[Fantasy]]: Misspelt title 927043 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Fantasy]] clf0b7x75lsqxmd7dp4oq23a3xdp83v 10 234304 927049 2026-11-08T22:27:51Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Mr.Murdoch78 flittit page [[Template:Infobox language]] til [[Template:Infobox leid]] ower reguidal 927049 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Infobox leid]] 9b37vzeqi87d8n5k3o59z3ilyg4i24z 1 234305 927070 2026-11-08T22:33:03Z Monospaced 75295 Owersettin ref 927070 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translatit page|en|Fantasy|version=1384539560}} 3nbkrcvd5j789cvenmqinlx9vfgmyap 0 234306 927111 2026-11-08T22:47:07Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Reguidin tae [[Ryan Reynolds]] 927111 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Ryan Reynolds]] kf8kbszpsppwy570znom9du46a7kb2m 1 234307 927148 2026-11-08T23:42:42Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Made page wi "{{Tauk header}}" 927148 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tauk header}} 6o6wr3r4uysq5k54n6xqu0hv37rvxk3 0 234308 927151 2026-11-08T23:59:42Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 New airticle aboot an American telly series 927151 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Zoo''''' is an American drama telly series based on the 2012 novelle bi James Patterson an Michael Ledwidge, the umwhile servin as an executive producer fur the series an aw, that starns James Wolk, Kristen Connolly, Nonso Anozie, Nora Arnezeder an Billy Burke as a group o professionals wha speir a meesterious ootbrak o violent ainimal attacks on bodies aw ower the warld. ''Zoo'' premiered on 30 Juin 2015, on CBS. CBS renewed the series fur a thrid saison in August 2016, that aired atween 29 Juin an 21 September 2017. On 23 October 2017, CBS annoonced the series haed been cancelt efter three saisons. == Cast == === Main === * James Wolk as Jackson Oz, a zoologist * Kristen Connolly as Jamie Campbell, a jurnalist * Nonso Anozie as Abraham Kenyatta, a safari guide * Nora Arnezeder as Chloe Tousignant, a French speirar o wittins (saisons 1–2) * Billy Burke as Dr. Mitch Morgan, a veterinar pathologist * Alyssa Diaz as Dariela Marzan (saisons 2–3) * Josh Salatin as Logan Jones/Edward Collins (saisons 2–3) * Gracie Dzienny as Clementine Lewis (guest saison 2; main saison 3) 2c23nxyo095olv0jvxxqm07mjmgs07s 927152 927151 2026-11-09T00:11:14Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927152 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Zoo''''' is an American drama telly series based on the 2012 novelle bi James Patterson an Michael Ledwidge, the umwhile servin as an executive producer fur the series an aw, that starns James Wolk, Kristen Connolly, Nonso Anozie, Nora Arnezeder an Billy Burke as a group o professionals wha speir a meesterious ootbrak o violent ainimal attacks on bodies aw ower the warld. ''Zoo'' premiered on 30 Juin 2015, on CBS. CBS renewed the series fur a thrid saison in August 2016, that aired atween 29 Juin an 21 September 2017. On 23 October 2017, CBS annoonced the series haed been cancelt efter three saisons. == Owerview == Violent ainimal attacks on bodies are gaun on aw ower the warld. Jackson Oz, an American zoologist an his Kenyan freend, Abraham Kenyatta, a safari guide, as weel as Jamie Campbell, a Los Angeles reporter, Mitch Morgan, a quirkie veterinar pathologist, an a French speirar o wittins, Chloe Tousignant, aw seek tae speir the meesterious pandemic as the attacks become mair coordinatit. == Cast == === Main === * James Wolk as Jackson Oz, a zoologist * Kristen Connolly as Jamie Campbell, a jurnalist * Nonso Anozie as Abraham Kenyatta, a safari guide * Nora Arnezeder as Chloe Tousignant, a French speirar o wittins (saisons 1–2) * Billy Burke as Dr. Mitch Morgan, a veterinar pathologist * Alyssa Diaz as Dariela Marzan (saisons 2–3) * Josh Salatin as Logan Jones/Edward Collins (saisons 2–3) * Gracie Dzienny as Clementine Lewis (guest saison 2; main saison 3) === Recurrin === * Ken Olin as Professor Robert Oz * Bess Armstrong as Dr. Elizabeth Oz * Benoit Cransac as Pascal * Henri Lubatti as Gaspard Alves * Marcus Hester as Evan Lee Hartley * Carl Lumbly as Thomas Delavenne * Geoff Stults as FBI Agent Ben Shaffer * Madison Wolfe as Yung Clementine Lewis (saisons 1–2) * Anastasia Griffith as Audra Lewis * Gonzalo Menendez as Gustavo Silva * Michael Scott as Enzo * Yvonne Welch as Gabriela Machado * Steven Culp as Clayton Burke * Xander Berkeley as Ronnie Brannigan * Warren Christie as Ray Endicott * Jayne Atkinson as Amelia Sage * April Grace as Eleanor * Tom Butler as Greg Hopper * Peter Outerbridge as General Andrew Davies * Joanne Kelly as Allison Shaw * Edward Foy as Faither Pete Harris * Robin Thomas as Dr. Max Morgan * Athena Karkanis as Abigail Westbrook * Hilary Jardine as Tessa * Sophina Brown as Leanne Ducovny * Michael Hogan as Henry Garrison * Delon de Metz as Sam Parker * Lee Majdoub as Tad Larson (Saison 3) === Guest === * Brian Tee as Philip Weber * Tamara Tunie as Brenda Montgomery * Tamlyn Tomita as Minako Oz * Jay Paulson as Leo Butler * James DuMont as Dr. Humbolt Swinney * Simon Kassianides as Jean-Michel Lion * Scottie Thompson as Sheriff Rebecca Bowman * David Jensen as Victor Holman stc0845t0hr6wmjdlcis3u0p43rzevr 927154 927152 2026-11-09T00:13:47Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927154 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox televeesion | image = | image_size = | genre = {{Plainlist| * [[Drama (film an telly)|Drama]] * [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]] * [[Science fiction on telly|Science Fiction]] }} | based_on = {{based on|''[[Zoo (Patterson novelle)|Zoo]]''|[[James Patterson]] an [[Michael Ledwidge]]}} | developer = {{plainlist| * [[Josh Appelbaum]] * [[André Nemec]] * [[Jeff Pinkner]] * [[Scott Rosenberg]] }} | starring = {{plainlist| * [[James Wolk]] * [[Kristen Connolly]] * [[Nonso Anozie]] * [[Nora Arnezeder]] * [[Billy Burke (actor)|Billy Burke]] * [[Alyssa Diaz]] * Josh Salatin * [[Gracie Dzienny]] }} | theme_music_composer = [[John Carpenter]] | composer = [[Chris Tilton]] | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | num_seasons = 3 | num_episodes = 39 | list_episodes = Leet o Zoo episodes | executive_producer = {{Plainlist| * Jeff Pinkner * Josh Appelbaum * André Nemec * Scott Rosenberg * Michael Katleman * [[James Mangold]] * Cathy Konrad * James Patterson * Bill Robinson * [[Leopoldo Gout]] * Steve Bowen }} | runtime = 39–45 meenit | company = {{Plainlist| * Midnight Radio * Tree Line Film * [[James Patterson|James Patterson Entertainment]] * [[CBS Television Studios]] }} | network = [[CBS]] | first_aired = {{Start date|2015|06|30}} | last_aired = {{End date|2017|09|21}} }} '''''Zoo''''' is an American drama telly series based on the 2012 novelle bi James Patterson an Michael Ledwidge, the umwhile servin as an executive producer fur the series an aw, that starns James Wolk, Kristen Connolly, Nonso Anozie, Nora Arnezeder an Billy Burke as a group o professionals wha speir a meesterious ootbrak o violent ainimal attacks on bodies aw ower the warld. ''Zoo'' premiered on 30 Juin 2015, on CBS. CBS renewed the series fur a thrid saison in August 2016, that aired atween 29 Juin an 21 September 2017. On 23 October 2017, CBS annoonced the series haed been cancelt efter three saisons. == Owerview == Violent ainimal attacks on bodies are gaun on aw ower the warld. Jackson Oz, an American zoologist an his Kenyan freend, Abraham Kenyatta, a safari guide, as weel as Jamie Campbell, a Los Angeles reporter, Mitch Morgan, a quirkie veterinar pathologist, an a French speirar o wittins, Chloe Tousignant, aw seek tae speir the meesterious pandemic as the attacks become mair coordinatit. == Cast == === Main === * James Wolk as Jackson Oz, a zoologist * Kristen Connolly as Jamie Campbell, a jurnalist * Nonso Anozie as Abraham Kenyatta, a safari guide * Nora Arnezeder as Chloe Tousignant, a French speirar o wittins (saisons 1–2) * Billy Burke as Dr. Mitch Morgan, a veterinar pathologist * Alyssa Diaz as Dariela Marzan (saisons 2–3) * Josh Salatin as Logan Jones/Edward Collins (saisons 2–3) * Gracie Dzienny as Clementine Lewis (guest saison 2; main saison 3) === Recurrin === * Ken Olin as Professor Robert Oz * Bess Armstrong as Dr. Elizabeth Oz * Benoit Cransac as Pascal * Henri Lubatti as Gaspard Alves * Marcus Hester as Evan Lee Hartley * Carl Lumbly as Thomas Delavenne * Geoff Stults as FBI Agent Ben Shaffer * Madison Wolfe as Yung Clementine Lewis (saisons 1–2) * Anastasia Griffith as Audra Lewis * Gonzalo Menendez as Gustavo Silva * Michael Scott as Enzo * Yvonne Welch as Gabriela Machado * Steven Culp as Clayton Burke * Xander Berkeley as Ronnie Brannigan * Warren Christie as Ray Endicott * Jayne Atkinson as Amelia Sage * April Grace as Eleanor * Tom Butler as Greg Hopper * Peter Outerbridge as General Andrew Davies * Joanne Kelly as Allison Shaw * Edward Foy as Faither Pete Harris * Robin Thomas as Dr. Max Morgan * Athena Karkanis as Abigail Westbrook * Hilary Jardine as Tessa * Sophina Brown as Leanne Ducovny * Michael Hogan as Henry Garrison * Delon de Metz as Sam Parker * Lee Majdoub as Tad Larson (Saison 3) === Guest === * Brian Tee as Philip Weber * Tamara Tunie as Brenda Montgomery * Tamlyn Tomita as Minako Oz * Jay Paulson as Leo Butler * James DuMont as Dr. Humbolt Swinney * Simon Kassianides as Jean-Michel Lion * Scottie Thompson as Sheriff Rebecca Bowman * David Jensen as Victor Holman lhqh7tbj3b1d1qbwvirtj0boupjqhd1 927155 927154 2026-11-09T00:29:23Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927155 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox televeesion | image = | image_size = | genre = {{Plainlist| * [[Drama (film an telly)|Drama]] * [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]] * [[Science fiction on telly|Science Fiction]] }} | based_on = {{based on|''[[Zoo (Patterson novelle)|Zoo]]''|[[James Patterson]] an [[Michael Ledwidge]]}} | developer = {{plainlist| * [[Josh Appelbaum]] * [[André Nemec]] * [[Jeff Pinkner]] * [[Scott Rosenberg]] }} | starring = {{plainlist| * [[James Wolk]] * [[Kristen Connolly]] * [[Nonso Anozie]] * [[Nora Arnezeder]] * [[Billy Burke (actor)|Billy Burke]] * [[Alyssa Diaz]] * Josh Salatin * [[Gracie Dzienny]] }} | theme_music_composer = [[John Carpenter]] | composer = [[Chris Tilton]] | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | num_seasons = 3 | num_episodes = 39 | list_episodes = Leet o Zoo episodes | executive_producer = {{Plainlist| * Jeff Pinkner * Josh Appelbaum * André Nemec * Scott Rosenberg * Michael Katleman * [[James Mangold]] * Cathy Konrad * James Patterson * Bill Robinson * [[Leopoldo Gout]] * Steve Bowen }} | runtime = 39–45 meenit | company = {{Plainlist| * Midnight Radio * Tree Line Film * [[James Patterson|James Patterson Entertainment]] * [[CBS Television Studios]] }} | network = [[CBS]] | first_aired = {{Start date|2015|06|30}} | last_aired = {{End date|2017|09|21}} }} '''''Zoo''''' is an American drama telly series based on the 2012 novelle bi James Patterson an Michael Ledwidge, the umwhile servin as an executive producer fur the series an aw, that starns James Wolk, Kristen Connolly, Nonso Anozie, Nora Arnezeder an Billy Burke as a group o professionals wha speir a meesterious ootbrak o violent ainimal attacks on bodies aw ower the warld. ''Zoo'' premiered on 30 Juin 2015, on CBS. CBS renewed the series fur a thrid saison in August 2016, that aired atween 29 Juin an 21 September 2017. On 23 October 2017, CBS annoonced the series haed been cancelt efter three saisons. == Owerview == Violent ainimal attacks on bodies are gaun on aw ower the warld. Jackson Oz, an American zoologist an his Kenyan freend, Abraham Kenyatta, a safari guide, as weel as Jamie Campbell, a Los Angeles reporter, Mitch Morgan, a quirkie veterinar pathologist, an a French speirar o wittins, Chloe Tousignant, aw seek tae speir the meesterious pandemic as the attacks become mair coordinatit. == Cast == === Main === * James Wolk as Jackson Oz, a zoologist * Kristen Connolly as Jamie Campbell, a jurnalist * Nonso Anozie as Abraham Kenyatta, a safari guide * Nora Arnezeder as Chloe Tousignant, a French speirar o wittins (saisons 1–2) * Billy Burke as Dr. Mitch Morgan, a veterinar pathologist * Alyssa Diaz as Dariela Marzan (saisons 2–3) * Josh Salatin as Logan Jones/Edward Collins (saisons 2–3) * Gracie Dzienny as Clementine Lewis (guest saison 2; main saison 3) === Recurrin === * Ken Olin as Professor Robert Oz * Bess Armstrong as Dr. Elizabeth Oz * Benoit Cransac as Pascal * Henri Lubatti as Gaspard Alves * Marcus Hester as Evan Lee Hartley * Carl Lumbly as Thomas Delavenne * Geoff Stults as FBI Agent Ben Shaffer * Madison Wolfe as Yung Clementine Lewis (saisons 1–2) * Anastasia Griffith as Audra Lewis * Gonzalo Menendez as Gustavo Silva * Michael Scott as Enzo * Yvonne Welch as Gabriela Machado * Steven Culp as Clayton Burke * Xander Berkeley as Ronnie Brannigan * Warren Christie as Ray Endicott * Jayne Atkinson as Amelia Sage * April Grace as Eleanor * Tom Butler as Greg Hopper * Peter Outerbridge as General Andrew Davies * Joanne Kelly as Allison Shaw * Edward Foy as Faither Pete Harris * Robin Thomas as Dr. Max Morgan * Athena Karkanis as Abigail Westbrook * Hilary Jardine as Tessa * Sophina Brown as Leanne Ducovny * Michael Hogan as Henry Garrison * Delon de Metz as Sam Parker * Lee Majdoub as Tad Larson (Saison 3) === Guest === * Brian Tee as Philip Weber * Tamara Tunie as Brenda Montgomery * Tamlyn Tomita as Minako Oz * Jay Paulson as Leo Butler * James DuMont as Dr. Humbolt Swinney * Simon Kassianides as Jean-Michel Lion * Scottie Thompson as Sheriff Rebecca Bowman * David Jensen as Victor Holman == Production == === Development === In October 2013, it wis annoonced that CBS haed gien ''Zoo'' "a rare pilot production commitment fur a pitch oreeginatin frae siblin CBS TV Studios." In Julie 2014, the series wis gien a 13-episode straucht-tae-series order an eikit tae the netwirk's simmer schedule. The series premiered on 30 Juin 2015, on CBS. On 2 October 2015, ''Zoo'' wis renewed bi CBS fur a seicont saison, whilk premiered on 28 Juin 2016. On 10 August 2016, CBS renewed the series fur a thrid saison, whilk premiered on 29 Juin 2017. Thair will nae be a saison 4 as it wis cancelt owin tae laich ratins. === Castin === James Wolk wis the furst tae be cast, in November 2014, follaed later the same month bi Nora Arnezeder an Nonso Anozie. The main cast wis roondit oot in Januar 2015, wi Kristen Connolly an Billy Burke. In Februar, Geoff Stults wis cast in a recurrin role fur a "multi-episode arc". In Mairch, Carl Lumbly wis cast in a recurrin role. In Mairch, 2016, Josh Salatin an Alyssa Diaz wur eikit tae the cast as series reglars in the seicont saison. In Aprile, Joanne Kelly wis cast in a recurrin role. In December 2016, Gracie Dzienny, wha guest-starned in the seicont-saison finale, wis promotit tae series reglar fur the thrid saison. In Januar, 2017, Aleks Paunovic wis cast in a recurrin role. In Februar, Athena Karkanis, Hilary Jardine, an Sophina Brown wur cast in recurrin roles. === Filmin === The series stairtit filmin in New Orleans in Januar 2015. Production fur the seicont saison begoud filmin in Februar 2016 in an athort Vancouver, Breetish Columbie, Canadae. The thrid saison stairtit filmin in mid-Januar 2017, forby in an athort Vancouver, Breetish Columbie. == Braidcast == ''Zoo'' aired in Austrailie the day efter the U.S. premiere, an wis simulcast in Canadae. It wis forby aired in the UK an Ireland on Sky One, an in Israel on Yes Action. Netflix cairiet the streamin richts in aicht kintras wi mony regions, losin the programme in Juin 2022. bqihmf39ro7gtdwgs6ah152atwtgoj5 927156 927155 2026-11-09T00:34:00Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927156 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox televeesion | image = | image_size = | genre = {{Plainlist| * [[Drama (film an telly)|Drama]] * [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]] * [[Science fiction on telly|Science Fiction]] }} | based_on = {{based on|''[[Zoo (Patterson novelle)|Zoo]]''|[[James Patterson]] an [[Michael Ledwidge]]}} | developer = {{plainlist| * [[Josh Appelbaum]] * [[André Nemec]] * [[Jeff Pinkner]] * [[Scott Rosenberg]] }} | starring = {{plainlist| * [[James Wolk]] * [[Kristen Connolly]] * [[Nonso Anozie]] * [[Nora Arnezeder]] * [[Billy Burke (actor)|Billy Burke]] * [[Alyssa Diaz]] * Josh Salatin * [[Gracie Dzienny]] }} | theme_music_composer = [[John Carpenter]] | composer = [[Chris Tilton]] | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | num_seasons = 3 | num_episodes = 39 | list_episodes = Leet o Zoo episodes | executive_producer = {{Plainlist| * Jeff Pinkner * Josh Appelbaum * André Nemec * Scott Rosenberg * Michael Katleman * [[James Mangold]] * Cathy Konrad * James Patterson * Bill Robinson * [[Leopoldo Gout]] * Steve Bowen }} | runtime = 39–45 meenit | company = {{Plainlist| * Midnight Radio * Tree Line Film * [[James Patterson|James Patterson Entertainment]] * [[CBS Television Studios]] }} | network = [[CBS]] | first_aired = {{Start date|2015|06|30}} | last_aired = {{End date|2017|09|21}} }} '''''Zoo''''' is an American drama telly series based on the 2012 novelle bi James Patterson an Michael Ledwidge, the umwhile servin as an executive producer fur the series an aw, that starns James Wolk, Kristen Connolly, Nonso Anozie, Nora Arnezeder an Billy Burke as a group o professionals wha speir a meesterious ootbrak o violent ainimal attacks on bodies aw ower the warld. ''Zoo'' premiered on 30 Juin 2015, on CBS. CBS renewed the series fur a thrid saison in August 2016, that aired atween 29 Juin an 21 September 2017. On 23 October 2017, CBS annoonced the series haed been cancelt efter three saisons. == Owerview == Violent ainimal attacks on bodies are gaun on aw ower the warld. Jackson Oz, an American zoologist an his Kenyan freend, Abraham Kenyatta, a safari guide, as weel as Jamie Campbell, a Los Angeles reporter, Mitch Morgan, a quirkie veterinar pathologist, an a French speirar o wittins, Chloe Tousignant, aw seek tae speir the meesterious pandemic as the attacks become mair coordinatit. == Cast == === Main === * James Wolk as Jackson Oz, a zoologist * Kristen Connolly as Jamie Campbell, a jurnalist * Nonso Anozie as Abraham Kenyatta, a safari guide * Nora Arnezeder as Chloe Tousignant, a French speirar o wittins (saisons 1–2) * Billy Burke as Dr. Mitch Morgan, a veterinar pathologist * Alyssa Diaz as Dariela Marzan (saisons 2–3) * Josh Salatin as Logan Jones/Edward Collins (saisons 2–3) * Gracie Dzienny as Clementine Lewis (guest saison 2; main saison 3) === Recurrin === * Ken Olin as Professor Robert Oz * Bess Armstrong as Dr. Elizabeth Oz * Benoit Cransac as Pascal * Henri Lubatti as Gaspard Alves * Marcus Hester as Evan Lee Hartley * Carl Lumbly as Thomas Delavenne * Geoff Stults as FBI Agent Ben Shaffer * Madison Wolfe as Yung Clementine Lewis (saisons 1–2) * Anastasia Griffith as Audra Lewis * Gonzalo Menendez as Gustavo Silva * Michael Scott as Enzo * Yvonne Welch as Gabriela Machado * Steven Culp as Clayton Burke * Xander Berkeley as Ronnie Brannigan * Warren Christie as Ray Endicott * Jayne Atkinson as Amelia Sage * April Grace as Eleanor * Tom Butler as Greg Hopper * Peter Outerbridge as General Andrew Davies * Joanne Kelly as Allison Shaw * Edward Foy as Faither Pete Harris * Robin Thomas as Dr. Max Morgan * Athena Karkanis as Abigail Westbrook * Hilary Jardine as Tessa * Sophina Brown as Leanne Ducovny * Michael Hogan as Henry Garrison * Delon de Metz as Sam Parker * Lee Majdoub as Tad Larson (Saison 3) === Guest === * Brian Tee as Philip Weber * Tamara Tunie as Brenda Montgomery * Tamlyn Tomita as Minako Oz * Jay Paulson as Leo Butler * James DuMont as Dr. Humbolt Swinney * Simon Kassianides as Jean-Michel Lion * Scottie Thompson as Sheriff Rebecca Bowman * David Jensen as Victor Holman == Production == === Development === In October 2013, it wis annoonced that CBS haed gien ''Zoo'' "a rare pilot production commitment fur a pitch oreeginatin frae siblin CBS TV Studios." In Julie 2014, the series wis gien a 13-episode straucht-tae-series order an eikit tae the netwirk's simmer schedule. The series premiered on 30 Juin 2015, on CBS. On 2 October 2015, ''Zoo'' wis renewed bi CBS fur a seicont saison, whilk premiered on 28 Juin 2016. On 10 August 2016, CBS renewed the series fur a thrid saison, whilk premiered on 29 Juin 2017. Thair will nae be a saison 4 as it wis cancelt owin tae laich ratins. === Castin === James Wolk wis the furst tae be cast, in November 2014, follaed later the same month bi Nora Arnezeder an Nonso Anozie. The main cast wis roondit oot in Januar 2015, wi Kristen Connolly an Billy Burke. In Februar, Geoff Stults wis cast in a recurrin role fur a "multi-episode arc". In Mairch, Carl Lumbly wis cast in a recurrin role. In Mairch, 2016, Josh Salatin an Alyssa Diaz wur eikit tae the cast as series reglars in the seicont saison. In Aprile, Joanne Kelly wis cast in a recurrin role. In December 2016, Gracie Dzienny, wha guest-starned in the seicont-saison finale, wis promotit tae series reglar fur the thrid saison. In Januar, 2017, Aleks Paunovic wis cast in a recurrin role. In Februar, Athena Karkanis, Hilary Jardine, an Sophina Brown wur cast in recurrin roles. === Filmin === The series stairtit filmin in New Orleans in Januar 2015. Production fur the seicont saison begoud filmin in Februar 2016 in an athort Vancouver, Breetish Columbie, Canadae. The thrid saison stairtit filmin in mid-Januar 2017, forby in an athort Vancouver, Breetish Columbie. == Braidcast == ''Zoo'' aired in Austrailie the day efter the U.S. premiere, an wis simulcast in Canadae. It wis forby aired in the UK an Ireland on Sky One, an in Israel on Yes Action. Netflix cairiet the streamin richts in aicht kintras wi mony regions, losin the programme in Juin 2022. ==References== {{reflist|30em}} ==Fremmit airtins== * {{Offeecial wabsteid}} * {{IMDb title}} [[Category:2010s American drama televeesion series]] [[Category:2015 American televeesion series debuts]] [[Category:2015 Inglis-leid televeesion series debuts]] [[Category:2017 American televeesion series endins]] [[Category:2017 Inglis-leid televeesion series endins]] [[Category:Apocalyptic television series]] [[Category:Inglis-leid American televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Ethology]] [[Category:Serial drama televeesion series]] [[Category:Televeesion programmes aboot teenage pregnancy]] [[Category:Televeesion programmes based on American novelles]] [[Category:Television programmes scored bi John Carpenter]] [[Category:Televeesion series bi CBS Studios]] [[Category:Televeesion series creatit bi Josh Appelbaum an André Nemec]] [[Category:Televeesion series creatit bi Scott Rosenberg]] [[Category:Televeesion programmes shot in Vancouver]] [[Category:Televeesion series aboot ainimals]] [[Category:Televeesion series aboot jurnalism]] [[Category:CBS science fiction dramas]] 96c8hw054ak15bk9r8euivm2h1ifqcl 927158 927156 2026-11-09T00:49:11Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 927158 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox televeesion | image = | image_size = | genre = {{Plainlist| * [[Drama (film an telly)|Drama]] * [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]] * [[Science fiction on telly|Science Fiction]] }} | based_on = {{based on|''[[Zoo (Patterson novelle)|Zoo]]''|[[James Patterson]] an [[Michael Ledwidge]]}} | developer = {{plainlist| * [[Josh Appelbaum]] * [[André Nemec]] * [[Jeff Pinkner]] * [[Scott Rosenberg]] }} | starring = {{plainlist| * [[James Wolk]] * [[Kristen Connolly]] * [[Nonso Anozie]] * [[Nora Arnezeder]] * [[Billy Burke (actor)|Billy Burke]] * [[Alyssa Diaz]] * Josh Salatin * [[Gracie Dzienny]] }} | theme_music_composer = [[John Carpenter]] | composer = [[Chris Tilton]] | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | num_seasons = 3 | num_episodes = 39 | list_episodes = Leet o Zoo episodes | executive_producer = {{Plainlist| * Jeff Pinkner * Josh Appelbaum * André Nemec * Scott Rosenberg * Michael Katleman * [[James Mangold]] * Cathy Konrad * James Patterson * Bill Robinson * [[Leopoldo Gout]] * Steve Bowen }} | runtime = 39–45 meenit | company = {{Plainlist| * Midnight Radio * Tree Line Film * [[James Patterson|James Patterson Entertainment]] * [[CBS Television Studios]] }} | network = [[CBS]] | first_aired = {{Start date|2015|06|30}} | last_aired = {{End date|2017|09|21}} }} '''''Zoo''''' is an American drama telly series based on the [[Zoo (Patterson novelle)|2012 novelle]] bi [[James Patterson]] an [[Michael Ledwidge]], the umwhile servin as an executive producer fur the series an aw, that starns [[James Wolk]], [[Kristen Connolly]], [[Nonso Anozie]], [[Nora Arnezeder]] an [[Billy Burke (actor)|Billy Burke]] as a group o professionals wha speir a meesterious ootbrak o violent ainimal attacks on bodies aw ower the warld. ''Zoo'' premiered on 30 Juin 2015, on [[CBS]]. CBS renewed the series fur a thrid saison in August 2016, that aired atween 29 Juin an 21 September 2017. On 23 October 2017, CBS annoonced the series haed been cancelt efter three saisons. == Owerview == Violent ainimal attacks on bodies are gaun on aw ower the warld. Jackson Oz, an American [[Zoology|zoologist]] an his Kenyan freend, Abraham Kenyatta, a safari guide, as weel as Jamie Campbell, a Los Angeles reporter, Mitch Morgan, a quirkie veterinar pathologist, an a French speirar o wittins, Chloe Tousignant, aw seek tae speir the meesterious [[pandemic]] as the attacks become mair coordinatit. == Cast == === Main === * [[James Wolk]] as Jackson Oz, a zoologist * [[Kristen Connolly]] as Jamie Campbell, a jurnalist * [[Nonso Anozie]] as Abraham Kenyatta, a safari guide * [[Nora Arnezeder]] as Chloe Tousignant, a French speirar o wittins (saisons 1–2) * [[Billy Burke (actor)|Billy Burke]] as Dr. Mitch Morgan, a veterinar pathologist * [[Alyssa Diaz]] as Dariela Marzan (saisons 2–3) * Josh Salatin as Logan Jones/Edward Collins (saisons 2–3) * [[Gracie Dzienny]] as Clementine Lewis (guest saison 2; main saison 3) === Recurrin === * [[Ken Olin]] as Professor Robert Oz * [[Bess Armstrong]] as Dr. Elizabeth Oz * Benoit Cransac as Pascal * Henri Lubatti as Gaspard Alves * Marcus Hester as Evan Lee Hartley * [[Carl Lumbly]] as Thomas Delavenne * [[Geoff Stults]] as FBI Agent Ben Shaffer * [[Madison Wolfe]] as Yung Clementine Lewis (saisons 1–2) * [[Anastasia Griffith]] as Audra Lewis * Gonzalo Menendez as Gustavo Silva * Michael Scott as Enzo * Yvonne Welch as Gabriela Machado * [[Steven Culp]] as Clayton Burke * [[Xander Berkeley]] as Ronnie Brannigan * [[Warren Christie]] as Ray Endicott * [[Jayne Atkinson]] as Amelia Sage * April Grace as Eleanor * [[Tom Butler (actor)|Tom Butler]] as Greg Hopper * [[Peter Outerbridge]] as General Andrew Davies * [[Joanne Kelly]] as Allison Shaw * Edward Foy as Faither Pete Harris * [[Robin Thomas]] as Dr. Max Morgan * [[Athena Karkanis]] as Abigail Westbrook * Hilary Jardine as Tessa * [[Sophina Brown]] as Leanne Ducovny * [[Michael Hogan (Canadian actor)|Michael Hogan]] as Henry Garrison * Delon de Metz as Sam Parker * [[Lee Majdoub]] as Tad Larson (Saison 3) === Guest === * [[Brian Tee]] as Philip Weber * [[Tamara Tunie]] as Brenda Montgomery * [[Tamlyn Tomita]] as Minako Oz * [[Jay Paulson]] as Leo Butler * James DuMont as Dr. Humbolt Swinney * [[Simon Kassianides]] as Jean-Michel Lion * [[Scottie Thompson (actress)|Scottie Thompson]] as Sheriff Rebecca Bowman * David Jensen as Victor Holman == Production == === Development === In October 2013, it wis annoonced that CBS haed gien ''Zoo'' "a rare pilot production commitment fur a pitch oreeginatin frae siblin CBS TV Studios." In Julie 2014, the series wis gien a 13-episode straucht-tae-series order an eikit tae the netwirk's simmer schedule. The series premiered on 30 Juin 2015, on [[CBS]]. On 2 October 2015, ''Zoo'' wis renewed bi CBS fur a seicont saison, whilk premiered on 28 Juin 2016. On 10 August 2016, CBS renewed the series fur a thrid saison, whilk premiered on 29 Juin 2017. Thair will nae be a saison 4 as it wis cancelt owin tae laich ratins. === Castin === [[James Wolk]] wis the furst tae be cast, in November 2014, follaed later the same month bi [[Nora Arnezeder]] an [[Nonso Anozie]]. The main cast wis roondit oot in Januar 2015, wi [[Kristen Connolly]] an [[Billy Burke (actor)|Billy Burke]]. In Februar, [[Geoff Stults]] wis cast in a recurrin role fur a "multi-episode arc". In Mairch, [[Carl Lumbly]] wis cast in a recurrin role. In Mairch, 2016, [[Josh Salatin]] an [[Alyssa Diaz]] wur eikit tae the cast as series reglars in the seicont saison. In Aprile, [[Joanne Kelly]] wis cast in a recurrin role. In December 2016, [[Gracie Dzienny]], wha guest-starned in the seicont-saison finale, wis promotit tae series reglar fur the thrid saison. In Januar, 2017, Aleks Paunovic wis cast in a recurrin role. In Februar, [[Athena Karkanis]], Hilary Jardine, an [[Sophina Brown]] wur cast in recurrin roles. === Filmin === The series stairtit filmin in [[New Orleans]] in Januar 2015. Production fur the seicont saison begoud filmin in Februar 2016 in an athort [[Vancouver]], [[Breetish Columbie]], [[Canadae]]. The thrid saison stairtit filmin in mid-Januar 2017, forby in an athort [[Vancouver]], [[Breetish Columbie]]. == Braidcast == ''Zoo'' aired in Austrailie the day efter the U.S. premiere, an wis simulcast in Canadae. It wis forby aired in the UK an Ireland on [[Sky One]], an in Israel on [[Yes TV Shows Channels|Yes Action]]. Netflix cairiet the streamin richts in aicht kintras wi mony regions, losin the programme in Juin 2022. ==References== {{reflist|30em}} ==Fremmit airtins== * {{Offeecial wabsteid}} * {{IMDb title}} [[Category:2010s American drama televeesion series]] [[Category:2015 American televeesion series debuts]] [[Category:2015 Inglis-leid televeesion series debuts]] [[Category:2017 American televeesion series endins]] [[Category:2017 Inglis-leid televeesion series endins]] [[Category:Apocalyptic television series]] [[Category:Inglis-leid American televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Ethology]] [[Category:Serial drama televeesion series]] [[Category:Televeesion programmes aboot teenage pregnancy]] [[Category:Televeesion programmes based on American novelles]] [[Category:Television programmes scored bi John Carpenter]] [[Category:Televeesion series bi CBS Studios]] [[Category:Televeesion series creatit bi Josh Appelbaum an André Nemec]] [[Category:Televeesion series creatit bi Scott Rosenberg]] [[Category:Televeesion programmes shot in Vancouver]] [[Category:Televeesion series aboot ainimals]] [[Category:Televeesion series aboot jurnalism]] [[Category:CBS science fiction dramas]] hhp0p2xxd04tuujlw09mmftp86h9hw3 2 234309 927165 2026-11-09T01:34:47Z Monospaced 75295 Made page wi "Intendit to be a bot accoont. No ready juist yet. Owned by ~~~" 927165 wikitext text/x-wiki Intendit to be a bot accoont. No ready juist yet. 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